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00:00 The First Brain
10:00 - Part 1 - What Is A Brain?
28:08 - Part 2 - How Did Brains Evolve?
49:41 - Part 3 - When Did Brains Evolve?



Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Edited by James Devonport
Audio & Additional Editing by Pete Kelly
Narration by David Kelly
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza



Sources -



  • https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128311-800-a-brief-history-of-the-brain/

  • https://www.the-scientist.com/what-was-the-first-animal-to-evolve-a-brain-71245

  • https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a62684718/fungi-mycelium-brains/

  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5844904/

  • https://karger.com/bbe/article-abstract/74/3/177/47032/On-the-Independent-Origins-of-Complex-Brains-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext 

  • https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/fossilised-dinosaur-brain-tissue-identified-for-the-first-time

  • https://www.newscientist.com/article/2127625-entire-nervous-system-of-an-animal-recorded-for-the-first-time/

  • https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/philosophy/minds-and-mental-phenomena-introduction/content-section-1

  • https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/brain-the-inside-story/your-emotional-brain/beyond-our-lizard-brain 

  • https://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_05/d_05_cr/d_05_cr_her/d_05_cr_her.html https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0046#d1e469

  • https://news.arizona.edu/news/525-million-year-old-fossil-defies-textbook-explanation-brain-evolution

  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098222201096X

  • https://phys.org/news/2022-07-million-year-old-fossilized-brains-stanleycaris-prompt.html

  • Other Minds - Peter Godfrey Smith

  • https://www.bbc.co.uk/future/article/20240517-the-human-brain-has-been-shrinking-and-no-one-quite-knows-why 

  • https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/eyes-on-the-prize-evolution-of-vision.html 

  • https://phys.org/news/2022-07-million-year-old-fossilized-brains-stanleycaris-prompt.html 

  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5844904/ 

  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098222201096X 

  • https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-did-dinosaurs-see-smell-hear-and-move/ 

  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098222201096X#bib6 

  • https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn6264 



Image Sources:



INTRO



Julian Johnsonmortimer/Pexels;
T. Jeffrey Parker, A Manual of Zoology (1900);
Holliday Lab, “Alligator Trigeminal Nerve and Brain” (Sketchfab), CC BY-SA 4.0;
Crocodile Brain: CK12;
Nobu Tamura, Mike Fisher, Versal, Auge=mit, 511KeV – all CC BY(-SA);
Brasilodon quadrangularis, Anatomical Society/Wiley.



PART 1



Polygon data: DBCLS BodyParts3D, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Ratiu et al. (2004);
Wilgus Collection photo, CC BY-SA 3.0;
Cicero Moraes, M. Oktar Guloglu, Dr. Jana, Bruttokolliko, Quorumetrix – all CC BY(-SA);
Van Horn et al. (2012), PLoS ONE, CC BY 2.5;
Walsh et al., Bradbury/PLoS, Hermann Cuntz/PLoS, Minerbi et al., CC BY 2.5;
Erald Mecani, H. Zell, Trebol-a – CC BY-SA.



PART 2



Eric Kilby, IssamBarhoumi, Wapondaponda, Mary Harrsch – CC BY(-SA);
Orthodoxe-heilige.ch, Khalili Collections – CC BY 4.0;
Jl FilpoC, Daniel Jolivet, MartinPoulter, Werner Ustorf, Mohammed Kamal, Ridwan0810, Chi King – CC BY(-SA);
Zoo Duisburg (Anil Öztas), Silesian Museum exhibits – CC BY(-NC)-SA;
Bartolini-Lucenti et al., Mauricio Antón, Muséum de Toulouse, Robert S. Burrett, OpenStax – CC BY(-SA);
Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Pbuergler, Di Loreto & Hurlbert (Smithsonian), Tim Evanson, Shalom – CC BY(-SA);
Olleyolin, Mariana Ruiz, Jmarchn – own work;
Sergey Karpov, Daniel Stoupin – CC BY-SA (choano.org);
Nikolić et al., CC BY 2.5.



PART 3



Fraser et al., CC0; Stephen Hudson, Oleg Kuznetsov (3depix), Didier Descouens – CC BY(-SA);
Muséum de Toulouse, Tim Evanson – CC BY-SA;
Gonzales et al., Brasier et al. (Lyell Collection), Jamie Hiscocks, Oast House Archive – various CC BY(-SA);
Nobu Tamura (spinops.blogspot), Marcus Ringer, Alina Zienowicz, Junnn11 – CC BY(-SA);
Moysiuk & Caron, Qohelet12, Park et al. (Nature), Sirius Passet images – CC BY 4.0;
Dlyj0604, Martin Smith, B Kimmel/Geoff Gallice – CC BY(-SA);
Cardiodictyon catenulum: Strausfeld/Univ. Arizona (Science.org);
Ryan Somma, Dunn et al., Verisimilus, Nhobgood, Smith609 – CC BY(-SA/2.5);
Aleksey Nagovitsyn (Alnagov), 3depix, MUSE – CC BY-SA;
Smokeybjb, James St. John – CC BY(-SA);
Pates et al., ANU TV, Prehistorica CM, Dongjing Fu et al. – CC BY 4.0;
Ma et al. (2014), Jie Yang et al. – Nat. Commun., CC BY 4.0;
Strausfeld (Spinops), CC BY-SA;
Life Science Databases (LSDB), CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Danielsabinasz, Tree of Life (Neal Olander), zeevveez, Cephas, Jón Helgi Jónsson, Ester Inbar, LiquidGhoul – CC BY(-SA);
Del Mouro et al., Cranitch et al. (Zootaxa), FunkMonk – CC BY(-SA).