WEBVTT

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Stand<00:00:03.520><c> under</c><00:00:03.840><c> the</c><00:00:04.000><c> night</c><00:00:04.319><c> sky</c><00:00:04.799><c> on</c><00:00:05.040><c> a</c><00:00:05.200><c> clear,</c>

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Stand under the night sky on a clear,
 

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Stand under the night sky on a clear,
cold<00:00:06.000><c> evening,</c><00:00:06.960><c> and</c><00:00:07.200><c> the</c><00:00:07.440><c> universe</c><00:00:08.320><c> will</c>

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cold evening, and the universe will
 

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cold evening, and the universe will
seduce<00:00:09.120><c> you.</c>

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Stars<00:00:12.445><c> [music]</c><00:00:12.719><c> pin</c><00:00:13.040><c> prick</c><00:00:13.280><c> the</c><00:00:13.440><c> darkness</c><00:00:13.840><c> in</c>

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Stars [music] pin prick the darkness in
 

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Stars [music] pin prick the darkness in
familiar<00:00:14.559><c> constellations.</c><00:00:16.000><c> Jupiter's</c><00:00:16.560><c> moons</c>

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familiar constellations. Jupiter's moons
 

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familiar constellations. Jupiter's moons
march<00:00:17.279><c> in</c><00:00:17.520><c> perfect</c><00:00:17.840><c> order.</c><00:00:18.340><c> [music]</c><00:00:18.720><c> Galaxies</c>

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march in perfect order. [music] Galaxies
 

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march in perfect order. [music] Galaxies
spiral<00:00:20.000><c> like</c><00:00:20.320><c> frozen</c><00:00:20.800><c> fireworks.</c>

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spiral like frozen fireworks.
 

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spiral like frozen fireworks.
It<00:00:22.800><c> is</c><00:00:23.039><c> beauty</c><00:00:23.840><c> on</c><00:00:24.080><c> the</c><00:00:24.235><c> [music]</c><00:00:24.320><c> grandest</c>

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It is beauty on the [music] grandest
 

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It is beauty on the [music] grandest
possible<00:00:25.439><c> scale.</c>

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But<00:00:29.039><c> beauty</c><00:00:29.439><c> in</c><00:00:29.760><c> nature</c><00:00:30.480><c> is</c><00:00:30.800><c> more</c><00:00:31.119><c> than</c><00:00:31.359><c> just</c>

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But beauty in nature is more than just
 

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But beauty in nature is more than just
what<00:00:31.679><c> the</c><00:00:31.840><c> eye</c><00:00:32.079><c> can</c><00:00:32.399><c> see.</c>

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what the eye can see.
 

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what the eye can see.
In<00:00:34.960><c> the</c><00:00:35.120><c> subatomic</c><00:00:35.760><c> world,</c><00:00:36.160><c> the</c><00:00:36.399><c> same</c>

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In the subatomic world, the same
 

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In the subatomic world, the same
patterns<00:00:37.120><c> repeat.</c><00:00:38.079><c> Symmetries,</c>

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patterns repeat. Symmetries,
 

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patterns repeat. Symmetries,
proportions,<00:00:40.399><c> harmonies.</c><00:00:41.760><c> Beauty</c><00:00:42.160><c> is</c><00:00:42.399><c> not</c>

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proportions, harmonies. Beauty is not
 

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proportions, harmonies. Beauty is not
simply<00:00:42.960><c> decoration,</c><00:00:43.920><c> but</c><00:00:44.399><c> structure.</c><00:00:45.360><c> A</c>

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simply decoration, but structure. A
 

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simply decoration, but structure. A
language<00:00:46.160><c> written</c><00:00:46.559><c> deep</c><00:00:46.800><c> into</c><00:00:47.120><c> the</c><00:00:47.280><c> laws</c><00:00:47.600><c> of</c>

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language written deep into the laws of
 

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language written deep into the laws of
reality.<00:00:48.800><c> Indeed,</c><00:00:49.200><c> again</c><00:00:49.440><c> and</c><00:00:49.600><c> again,</c><00:00:50.000><c> our</c>

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reality. Indeed, again and again, our
 

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reality. Indeed, again and again, our
study<00:00:50.559><c> of</c><00:00:50.719><c> physics</c><00:00:51.120><c> has</c><00:00:51.360><c> confirmed</c><00:00:51.920><c> this.</c>

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study of physics has confirmed this.
 

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study of physics has confirmed this.
Newton<00:00:53.440><c> found</c><00:00:53.680><c> a</c><00:00:53.920><c> single</c><00:00:54.160><c> equation</c><00:00:54.559><c> to</c>

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Newton found a single equation to
 

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Newton found a single equation to
explain<00:00:55.120><c> both</c><00:00:55.280><c> the</c><00:00:55.440><c> fall</c><00:00:55.680><c> of</c><00:00:55.840><c> an</c><00:00:56.000><c> apple</c><00:00:56.320><c> and</c>

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explain both the fall of an apple and
 

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explain both the fall of an apple and
the<00:00:56.719><c> orbit</c><00:00:57.039><c> of</c><00:00:57.199><c> the</c><00:00:57.360><c> moon.</c><00:00:58.239><c> Einstein's</c>

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the orbit of the moon. Einstein's
 

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the orbit of the moon. Einstein's
equations<00:00:59.440><c> bent</c><00:00:59.840><c> space</c><00:01:00.160><c> and</c><00:01:00.399><c> time</c>

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equations bent space and time
 

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equations bent space and time
themselves.

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themselves.
 

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themselves.
And<00:01:03.120><c> yet,</c><00:01:03.920><c> the</c><00:01:04.159><c> history</c><00:01:04.479><c> of</c><00:01:04.640><c> science</c><00:01:05.119><c> is</c><00:01:05.360><c> also</c>

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And yet, the history of science is also
 

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And yet, the history of science is also
littered<00:01:06.240><c> with</c><00:01:06.640><c> failed,</c><00:01:07.360><c> beautiful</c>

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littered with failed, beautiful
 

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littered with failed, beautiful
theories.<00:01:09.040><c> The</c><00:01:09.200><c> beauty</c><00:01:09.520><c> alone</c><00:01:10.320><c> is</c><00:01:10.640><c> not</c>

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theories. The beauty alone is not
 

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theories. The beauty alone is not
enough.<00:01:11.920><c> A</c><00:01:12.159><c> successful</c><00:01:12.640><c> theory</c><00:01:13.040><c> must</c><00:01:13.360><c> survive</c>

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enough. A successful theory must survive
 

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enough. A successful theory must survive
its<00:01:14.000><c> trial</c><00:01:14.720><c> in</c><00:01:15.040><c> nature's</c><00:01:15.600><c> courtroom.</c><00:01:17.040><c> And</c>

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its trial in nature's courtroom. And
 

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its trial in nature's courtroom. And
now,<00:01:17.680><c> at</c><00:01:17.920><c> the</c><00:01:18.080><c> center</c><00:01:18.240><c> of</c><00:01:18.400><c> that</c><00:01:18.640><c> courtroom</c>

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now, at the center of that courtroom
 

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now, at the center of that courtroom
stands<00:01:20.479><c> string</c><00:01:20.880><c> theory.</c>

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String<00:01:28.799><c> theory</c><00:01:29.119><c> is</c><00:01:29.360><c> arguably</c><00:01:29.759><c> the</c><00:01:30.000><c> most</c>

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String theory is arguably the most
 

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String theory is arguably the most
audacious<00:01:30.720><c> and</c><00:01:31.040><c> seductive</c><00:01:31.600><c> vision</c>

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audacious and seductive vision
 

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audacious and seductive vision
physicists<00:01:32.799><c> have</c><00:01:33.040><c> ever</c><00:01:33.280><c> produced.</c><00:01:34.400><c> The</c>

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physicists have ever produced. The
 

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physicists have ever produced. The
remarkable<00:01:34.976><c> [music]</c><00:01:35.200><c> suggestion</c><00:01:35.759><c> that</c><00:01:36.079><c> all</c>

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remarkable [music] suggestion that all
 

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remarkable [music] suggestion that all
particles<00:01:36.720><c> and</c><00:01:36.960><c> forces</c><00:01:37.360><c> in</c><00:01:37.520><c> the</c><00:01:37.680><c> universe</c><00:01:38.159><c> are</c>

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particles and forces in the universe are
 

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particles and forces in the universe are
nothing<00:01:38.720><c> more</c><00:01:39.040><c> than</c><00:01:39.280><c> the</c><00:01:39.520><c> vibrations</c><00:01:40.240><c> of</c><00:01:40.560><c> tiny</c>

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nothing more than the vibrations of tiny
 

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nothing more than the vibrations of tiny
strings.<00:01:42.320><c> Gravity,</c><00:01:43.040><c> electromagnetism,</c>

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strings. Gravity, electromagnetism,
 

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strings. Gravity, electromagnetism,
quantum<00:01:44.560><c> mechanics,</c><00:01:45.200><c> even</c><00:01:45.520><c> time</c><00:01:45.920><c> itself.</c>

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quantum mechanics, even time itself.
 

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quantum mechanics, even time itself.
[music]<00:01:47.280><c> All</c><00:01:47.600><c> could</c><00:01:47.840><c> be</c><00:01:48.000><c> woven</c><00:01:48.399><c> together</c><00:01:48.799><c> by</c><00:01:49.040><c> a</c>

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[music] All could be woven together by a
 

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[music] All could be woven together by a
single<00:01:49.680><c> thread.</c><00:01:50.640><c> A</c><00:01:50.960><c> final</c><00:01:51.360><c> theory,</c><00:01:52.159><c> the</c>

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single thread. A final theory, the
 

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single thread. A final theory, the
ultimate<00:01:52.960><c> unification,</c><00:01:54.399><c> a</c><00:01:54.640><c> glorious</c><00:01:55.200><c> hymn</c><00:01:55.680><c> to</c>

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ultimate unification, a glorious hymn to
 

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ultimate unification, a glorious hymn to
symmetry<00:01:56.720><c> and</c><00:01:57.040><c> elegance.</c>

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symmetry and elegance.
 

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symmetry and elegance.
But<00:02:00.399><c> there's</c><00:02:00.640><c> a</c><00:02:00.880><c> catch.</c><00:02:02.000><c> For</c><00:02:02.159><c> unlike</c><00:02:02.560><c> Newton's</c>

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But there's a catch. For unlike Newton's
 

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But there's a catch. For unlike Newton's
gravity<00:02:03.520><c> or</c><00:02:03.759><c> Einstein's</c><00:02:04.479><c> curvature,</c><00:02:05.520><c> string</c>

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gravity or Einstein's curvature, string
 

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gravity or Einstein's curvature, string
theory<00:02:06.479><c> is</c><00:02:06.799><c> still</c><00:02:07.200><c> on</c><00:02:07.520><c> trial.</c><00:02:08.879><c> For</c><00:02:09.200><c> almost</c><00:02:09.759><c> 60</c>

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theory is still on trial. For almost 60
 

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theory is still on trial. For almost 60
years,<00:02:10.640><c> it</c><00:02:10.879><c> has</c><00:02:11.039><c> resisted</c><00:02:11.440><c> every</c><00:02:11.760><c> attempt</c><00:02:12.160><c> at</c>

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years, it has resisted every attempt at
 

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years, it has resisted every attempt at
empirical<00:02:12.959><c> confirmation.</c><00:02:14.160><c> Each</c><00:02:14.480><c> time</c>

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empirical confirmation. Each time
 

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empirical confirmation. Each time
experiment<00:02:15.520><c> has</c><00:02:15.680><c> cornered</c><00:02:16.080><c> it,</c><00:02:16.560><c> the</c><00:02:16.800><c> theory</c>

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experiment has cornered it, the theory
 

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experiment has cornered it, the theory
has<00:02:17.360><c> adapted,</c><00:02:18.080><c> reformed,</c><00:02:18.800><c> and</c><00:02:19.120><c> survived.</c>

02:24.869 --> 02:24.879 align:start position:0%
 
 

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And<00:02:25.120><c> so</c><00:02:25.360><c> string</c><00:02:25.680><c> theory</c><00:02:26.239><c> finds</c><00:02:26.480><c> itself</c><00:02:26.879><c> in</c><00:02:27.040><c> the</c>

02:27.190 --> 02:27.200 align:start position:0%
And so string theory finds itself in the
 

02:27.200 --> 02:29.990 align:start position:0%
And so string theory finds itself in the
dock.

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dock.
 

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dock.
On<00:02:30.319><c> one</c><00:02:30.480><c> side,</c><00:02:30.959><c> the</c><00:02:31.200><c> defense</c><00:02:32.080><c> invoking</c><00:02:32.720><c> beauty</c>

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On one side, the defense invoking beauty
 

02:33.120 --> 02:35.430 align:start position:0%
On one side, the defense invoking beauty
as<00:02:33.360><c> their</c><00:02:33.519><c> alibi.</c><00:02:34.480><c> On</c><00:02:34.720><c> the</c><00:02:34.879><c> other,</c><00:02:35.200><c> the</c>

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as their alibi. On the other, the
 

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as their alibi. On the other, the
prosecution<00:02:36.560><c> demanding</c><00:02:37.360><c> hard</c><00:02:37.680><c> evidence.</c>

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prosecution demanding hard evidence.
 

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prosecution demanding hard evidence.
Every<00:02:39.440><c> triumph</c><00:02:39.920><c> will</c><00:02:40.160><c> be</c><00:02:40.239><c> cross-examined,</c>

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Every triumph will be cross-examined,
 

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Every triumph will be cross-examined,
every<00:02:41.599><c> failure</c><00:02:42.080><c> entered</c><00:02:42.480><c> into</c><00:02:42.720><c> the</c><00:02:42.879><c> record.</c>

02:43.830 --> 02:43.840 align:start position:0%
every failure entered into the record.
 

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every failure entered into the record.
Witnesses<00:02:44.319><c> will</c><00:02:44.640><c> testify.</c><00:02:45.519><c> Some</c><00:02:45.840><c> foly,</c>

02:47.016 --> 02:47.026 align:start position:0%
Witnesses will testify. Some foly,
 

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Witnesses will testify. Some foly,
[music]<00:02:47.040><c> others</c><00:02:47.360><c> against</c><00:02:47.680><c> it.</c><00:02:48.879><c> And</c><00:02:49.120><c> finally,</c>

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[music] others against it. And finally,
 

02:49.599 --> 02:51.589 align:start position:0%
[music] others against it. And finally,
the<00:02:49.840><c> jury</c><00:02:50.239><c> will</c><00:02:50.400><c> weigh</c><00:02:50.720><c> the</c><00:02:50.879><c> evidence</c><00:02:51.280><c> in</c>

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the jury will weigh the evidence in
 

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the jury will weigh the evidence in
pursuit<00:02:52.160><c> of</c><00:02:52.319><c> a</c><00:02:52.560><c> verdict.</c>

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pursuit of a verdict.
 

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pursuit of a verdict.
Is<00:02:54.400><c> string</c><00:02:54.800><c> theory</c><00:02:55.120><c> a</c><00:02:55.360><c> glimpse</c><00:02:55.680><c> of</c><00:02:55.840><c> the</c>

02:56.070 --> 02:56.080 align:start position:0%
Is string theory a glimpse of the
 

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Is string theory a glimpse of the
ultimate<00:02:56.480><c> truth,</c><00:02:57.280><c> or</c><00:02:57.519><c> is</c><00:02:57.680><c> it</c><00:02:57.920><c> a</c><00:02:58.160><c> beautiful</c>

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ultimate truth, or is it a beautiful
 

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ultimate truth, or is it a beautiful
illusion<00:02:59.440><c> destined</c><00:02:59.840><c> to</c><00:03:00.000><c> be</c><00:03:00.160><c> remembered</c><00:03:00.640><c> as</c>

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illusion destined to be remembered as
 

03:00.879 --> 03:05.270 align:start position:0%
illusion destined to be remembered as
physics<00:03:01.360><c> most</c><00:03:01.519><c> seductive</c><00:03:02.400><c> false</c><00:03:02.800><c> promise?</c>

03:05.270 --> 03:05.280 align:start position:0%
physics most seductive false promise?
 

03:05.280 --> 03:17.830 align:start position:0%
physics most seductive false promise?
The<00:03:05.599><c> courtroom</c><00:03:06.800><c> is</c><00:03:07.040><c> now</c><00:03:07.280><c> in</c><00:03:07.519><c> session.</c>

03:13.439 --> 03:23.510 align:start position:0%
link in the description and get that
appointment<00:04:41.280><c> off</c><00:04:41.440><c> your</c><00:04:41.600><c> to-do</c><00:04:41.919><c> list.</c>

03:23.510 --> 03:23.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:23.520 --> 03:25.510 align:start position:0%
 
We<00:04:50.960><c> have</c><00:04:51.120><c> to</c><00:04:51.280><c> remember</c><00:04:51.680><c> that</c><00:04:51.919><c> what</c><00:04:52.160><c> we</c><00:04:52.320><c> observe</c>

03:25.510 --> 03:25.520 align:start position:0%
We have to remember that what we observe
 

03:25.520 --> 03:29.030 align:start position:0%
We have to remember that what we observe
is<00:04:52.960><c> not</c><00:04:53.199><c> nature</c><00:04:53.520><c> itself,</c><00:04:54.720><c> but</c><00:04:55.040><c> nature</c><00:04:55.759><c> exposed</c>

03:29.030 --> 03:29.040 align:start position:0%
is not nature itself, but nature exposed
 

03:29.040 --> 03:32.709 align:start position:0%
is not nature itself, but nature exposed
to<00:04:56.400><c> our</c><00:04:56.720><c> method</c><00:04:56.960><c> of</c><00:04:57.199><c> questioning.</c>

03:32.709 --> 03:32.719 align:start position:0%
to our method of questioning.
 

03:32.719 --> 03:35.590 align:start position:0%
to our method of questioning.
Flames<00:05:00.560><c> leap</c><00:05:00.880><c> from</c><00:05:01.040><c> the</c><00:05:01.280><c> stovetop.</c><00:05:02.320><c> Knives</c>

03:35.590 --> 03:35.600 align:start position:0%
Flames leap from the stovetop. Knives
 

03:35.600 --> 03:37.910 align:start position:0%
Flames leap from the stovetop. Knives
flash.<00:05:03.520><c> Pans</c><00:05:03.919><c> hiss</c><00:05:03.939><c> [music]</c><00:05:04.160><c> and</c><00:05:04.400><c> simmer.</c>

03:37.910 --> 03:37.920 align:start position:0%
flash. Pans hiss [music] and simmer.
 

03:37.920 --> 03:40.310 align:start position:0%
flash. Pans hiss [music] and simmer.
Somewhere<00:05:05.600><c> behind</c><00:05:05.919><c> a</c><00:05:06.080><c> wall,</c><00:05:06.720><c> a</c><00:05:06.960><c> chef</c><00:05:07.199><c> is</c>

03:40.310 --> 03:40.320 align:start position:0%
Somewhere behind a wall, a chef is
 

03:40.320 --> 03:43.510 align:start position:0%
Somewhere behind a wall, a chef is
cooking.<00:05:08.400><c> But</c><00:05:08.639><c> you</c><00:05:09.039><c> can</c><00:05:09.199><c> see</c><00:05:09.520><c> none</c><00:05:09.759><c> of</c><00:05:09.919><c> this.</c>

03:43.510 --> 03:43.520 align:start position:0%
cooking. But you can see none of this.
 

03:43.520 --> 03:47.350 align:start position:0%
cooking. But you can see none of this.
All<00:05:10.960><c> you</c><00:05:11.280><c> have</c><00:05:11.680><c> is</c><00:05:11.919><c> a</c><00:05:12.080><c> hatch</c><00:05:12.720><c> in</c><00:05:12.960><c> the</c><00:05:13.120><c> wall.</c>

03:47.350 --> 03:47.360 align:start position:0%
All you have is a hatch in the wall.
 

03:47.360 --> 03:49.269 align:start position:0%
All you have is a hatch in the wall.
From<00:05:14.880><c> one</c><00:05:15.120><c> side,</c><00:05:15.440><c> you</c><00:05:15.680><c> can</c><00:05:15.759><c> see</c><00:05:15.919><c> a</c><00:05:16.080><c> tray</c><00:05:16.240><c> of</c>

03:49.269 --> 03:49.279 align:start position:0%
From one side, you can see a tray of
 

03:49.279 --> 03:52.310 align:start position:0%
From one side, you can see a tray of
ingredients.<00:05:17.520><c> Lamb,</c><00:05:18.000><c> garlic,</c><00:05:18.639><c> turmeric.</c>

03:52.310 --> 03:52.320 align:start position:0%
ingredients. Lamb, garlic, turmeric.
 

03:52.320 --> 03:54.390 align:start position:0%
ingredients. Lamb, garlic, turmeric.
Later,<00:05:19.840><c> a</c><00:05:20.080><c> finished</c><00:05:20.400><c> plate</c><00:05:20.800><c> is</c><00:05:21.039><c> pushed</c><00:05:21.360><c> back</c>

03:54.390 --> 03:54.400 align:start position:0%
Later, a finished plate is pushed back
 

03:54.400 --> 03:56.230 align:start position:0%
Later, a finished plate is pushed back
out.<00:05:22.263><c> [music]</c><00:05:22.400><c> But</c><00:05:22.560><c> you</c><00:05:22.800><c> never</c><00:05:22.960><c> glimpse</c>

03:56.230 --> 03:56.240 align:start position:0%
out. [music] But you never glimpse
 

03:56.240 --> 03:58.709 align:start position:0%
out. [music] But you never glimpse
inside<00:05:23.919><c> the</c><00:05:24.240><c> kitchen.</c><00:05:24.960><c> You</c><00:05:25.120><c> never</c><00:05:25.360><c> hear</c><00:05:25.680><c> the</c>

03:58.709 --> 03:58.719 align:start position:0%
inside the kitchen. You never hear the
 

03:58.719 --> 04:02.150 align:start position:0%
inside the kitchen. You never hear the
chef.<00:05:26.960><c> You</c><00:05:27.120><c> simply</c><00:05:27.520><c> see</c><00:05:27.759><c> what</c><00:05:28.080><c> went</c><00:05:28.320><c> in</c><00:05:29.039><c> and</c>

04:02.150 --> 04:02.160 align:start position:0%
chef. You simply see what went in and
 

04:02.160 --> 04:04.390 align:start position:0%
chef. You simply see what went in and
what<00:05:29.468><c> [music]</c><00:05:29.840><c> came</c><00:05:30.080><c> out.</c>

04:04.390 --> 04:04.400 align:start position:0%
what [music] came out.
 

04:04.400 --> 04:07.110 align:start position:0%
what [music] came out.
So<00:05:31.840><c> you</c><00:05:32.080><c> start</c><00:05:32.479><c> paying</c><00:05:32.800><c> attention.</c><00:05:33.919><c> When</c><00:05:34.160><c> you</c>

04:07.110 --> 04:07.120 align:start position:0%
So you start paying attention. When you
 

04:07.120 --> 04:09.670 align:start position:0%
So you start paying attention. When you
provide<00:05:34.720><c> chili,</c><00:05:35.280><c> coconut,</c><00:05:35.840><c> and</c><00:05:36.080><c> lime,</c><00:05:36.720><c> the</c>

04:09.670 --> 04:09.680 align:start position:0%
provide chili, coconut, and lime, the
 

04:09.680 --> 04:12.470 align:start position:0%
provide chili, coconut, and lime, the
same<00:05:37.120><c> dish</c><00:05:37.440><c> always</c><00:05:37.840><c> returns.</c><00:05:39.039><c> Swap</c><00:05:39.360><c> the</c><00:05:39.520><c> lime</c>

04:12.470 --> 04:12.480 align:start position:0%
same dish always returns. Swap the lime
 

04:12.480 --> 04:13.750 align:start position:0%
same dish always returns. Swap the lime
for<00:05:39.840><c> tamarind,</c><00:05:39.948><c> [music]</c><00:05:40.400><c> and</c><00:05:40.639><c> something</c>

04:13.750 --> 04:13.760 align:start position:0%
for tamarind, [music] and something
 

04:13.760 --> 04:16.470 align:start position:0%
for tamarind, [music] and something
entirely<00:05:41.520><c> different</c><00:05:41.919><c> emerges.</c><00:05:43.039><c> Over</c><00:05:43.280><c> time,</c>

04:16.470 --> 04:16.480 align:start position:0%
entirely different emerges. Over time,
 

04:16.480 --> 04:19.190 align:start position:0%
entirely different emerges. Over time,
the<00:05:43.919><c> patterns</c><00:05:44.400><c> become</c><00:05:44.800><c> clear.</c><00:05:45.600><c> The</c><00:05:45.919><c> recipes</c>

04:19.190 --> 04:19.200 align:start position:0%
the patterns become clear. The recipes
 

04:19.200 --> 04:22.230 align:start position:0%
the patterns become clear. The recipes
may<00:05:46.639><c> stay</c><00:05:46.880><c> hidden,</c><00:05:47.520><c> but</c><00:05:47.840><c> the</c><00:05:48.000><c> correlations</c>

04:22.230 --> 04:22.240 align:start position:0%
may stay hidden, but the correlations
 

04:22.240 --> 04:25.269 align:start position:0%
may stay hidden, but the correlations
don't.<00:05:50.639><c> Eventually,</c><00:05:51.199><c> you</c><00:05:51.440><c> stop</c><00:05:51.759><c> asking</c><00:05:52.160><c> how</c>

04:25.269 --> 04:25.279 align:start position:0%
don't. Eventually, you stop asking how
 

04:25.279 --> 04:27.829 align:start position:0%
don't. Eventually, you stop asking how
the<00:05:52.720><c> food</c><00:05:52.960><c> is</c><00:05:53.120><c> made.</c><00:05:54.000><c> You</c><00:05:54.240><c> just</c><00:05:54.560><c> learn</c><00:05:54.800><c> the</c>

04:27.829 --> 04:27.839 align:start position:0%
the food is made. You just learn the
 

04:27.839 --> 04:29.510 align:start position:0%
the food is made. You just learn the
rules.

04:29.510 --> 04:29.520 align:start position:0%
rules.
 

04:29.520 --> 04:36.709 align:start position:0%
rules.
Input,<00:05:57.840><c> output.</c>

04:36.709 --> 04:36.719 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:36.719 --> 04:38.709 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:06:04.160><c> was</c><00:06:04.240><c> the</c><00:06:04.479><c> situation</c><00:06:05.039><c> facing</c><00:06:05.440><c> particle</c>

04:38.709 --> 04:38.719 align:start position:0%
This was the situation facing particle
 

04:38.719 --> 04:41.590 align:start position:0%
This was the situation facing particle
physicists<00:06:06.560><c> in</c><00:06:06.880><c> the</c><00:06:06.960><c> late</c><00:06:07.280><c> 1960s.</c>

04:41.590 --> 04:41.600 align:start position:0%
physicists in the late 1960s.
 

04:41.600 --> 04:43.910 align:start position:0%
physicists in the late 1960s.
Only<00:06:09.120><c> their</c><00:06:09.520><c> ingredients</c><00:06:10.240><c> were</c><00:06:10.560><c> colliding</c>

04:43.910 --> 04:43.920 align:start position:0%
Only their ingredients were colliding
 

04:43.920 --> 04:46.709 align:start position:0%
Only their ingredients were colliding
particles<00:06:12.080><c> and</c><00:06:12.319><c> the</c><00:06:12.479><c> resulting</c><00:06:12.960><c> dishes</c><00:06:13.600><c> were</c>

04:46.709 --> 04:46.719 align:start position:0%
particles and the resulting dishes were
 

04:46.719 --> 04:48.950 align:start position:0%
particles and the resulting dishes were
sprays<00:06:14.319><c> of</c><00:06:14.479><c> stranger,</c><00:06:15.280><c> more</c><00:06:15.520><c> exotic</c>

04:48.950 --> 04:48.960 align:start position:0%
sprays of stranger, more exotic
 

04:48.960 --> 04:51.989 align:start position:0%
sprays of stranger, more exotic
particles.<00:06:17.440><c> But</c><00:06:17.680><c> the</c><00:06:18.000><c> recipe,</c><00:06:18.880><c> the</c><00:06:19.039><c> thing</c>

04:51.989 --> 04:51.999 align:start position:0%
particles. But the recipe, the thing
 

04:51.999 --> 04:54.390 align:start position:0%
particles. But the recipe, the thing
that<00:06:19.440><c> told</c><00:06:19.680><c> them</c><00:06:19.840><c> how</c><00:06:20.080><c> one</c><00:06:20.319><c> became</c><00:06:20.639><c> the</c><00:06:20.880><c> other,</c>

04:54.390 --> 04:54.400 align:start position:0%
that told them how one became the other,
 

04:54.400 --> 04:55.670 align:start position:0%
that told them how one became the other,
remained<00:06:22.080><c> completely</c><00:06:22.524><c> [music]</c>

04:55.670 --> 04:55.680 align:start position:0%
remained completely [music]
 

04:55.680 --> 04:57.190 align:start position:0%
remained completely [music]
inaccessible.

04:57.190 --> 04:57.200 align:start position:0%
inaccessible.
 

04:57.200 --> 04:58.950 align:start position:0%
inaccessible.
And<00:06:24.639><c> nowhere</c><00:06:25.039><c> was</c><00:06:25.280><c> this</c><00:06:25.440><c> more</c><00:06:25.680><c> vividly</c>

04:58.950 --> 04:58.960 align:start position:0%
And nowhere was this more vividly
 

04:58.960 --> 05:01.750 align:start position:0%
And nowhere was this more vividly
embodied<00:06:26.880><c> than</c><00:06:27.120><c> in</c><00:06:27.440><c> California,</c><00:06:28.479><c> a</c><00:06:28.800><c> place</c>

05:01.750 --> 05:01.760 align:start position:0%
embodied than in California, a place
 

05:01.760 --> 05:04.390 align:start position:0%
embodied than in California, a place
where<00:06:29.199><c> two</c><00:06:29.600><c> very</c><00:06:30.000><c> different</c><00:06:30.479><c> revolutions</c>

05:04.390 --> 05:04.400 align:start position:0%
where two very different revolutions
 

05:04.400 --> 05:10.790 align:start position:0%
where two very different revolutions
were<00:06:31.840><c> unfolding.</c>

05:10.790 --> 05:10.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:10.800 --> 05:13.030 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:06:38.240><c> air</c><00:06:38.479><c> is</c><00:06:38.720><c> thick</c><00:06:39.120><c> with</c><00:06:39.360><c> incense</c><00:06:39.919><c> and</c>

05:13.030 --> 05:13.040 align:start position:0%
The air is thick with incense and
 

05:13.040 --> 05:15.670 align:start position:0%
The air is thick with incense and
rebellion.<00:06:41.280><c> Long-head</c><00:06:41.840><c> teenagers</c><00:06:42.479><c> dance</c>

05:15.670 --> 05:15.680 align:start position:0%
rebellion. Long-head teenagers dance
 

05:15.680 --> 05:18.070 align:start position:0%
rebellion. Long-head teenagers dance
barefoot<00:06:43.440><c> in</c><00:06:43.600><c> Golden</c><00:06:44.000><c> Gate</c><00:06:44.319><c> Park,</c><00:06:44.800><c> preaching</c>

05:18.070 --> 05:18.080 align:start position:0%
barefoot in Golden Gate Park, preaching
 

05:18.080 --> 05:21.109 align:start position:0%
barefoot in Golden Gate Park, preaching
peace<00:06:45.680><c> and</c><00:06:45.919><c> rejecting</c><00:06:46.400><c> the</c><00:06:46.639><c> establishment.</c>

05:21.109 --> 05:21.119 align:start position:0%
peace and rejecting the establishment.
 

05:21.119 --> 05:22.630 align:start position:0%
peace and rejecting the establishment.
Jefferson<00:06:48.800><c> Airplane,</c><00:06:49.379><c> [music]</c><00:06:49.440><c> Janice</c>

05:22.630 --> 05:22.640 align:start position:0%
Jefferson Airplane, [music] Janice
 

05:22.640 --> 05:24.709 align:start position:0%
Jefferson Airplane, [music] Janice
Joplin,<00:06:50.319><c> and</c><00:06:50.479><c> Jimmyi</c><00:06:50.800><c> Hendris</c><00:06:51.280><c> blare</c><00:06:51.680><c> from</c>

05:24.709 --> 05:24.719 align:start position:0%
Joplin, and Jimmyi Hendris blare from
 

05:24.719 --> 05:27.510 align:start position:0%
Joplin, and Jimmyi Hendris blare from
nearby<00:06:52.319><c> speakers</c><00:06:52.960><c> as</c><00:06:53.280><c> a</c><00:06:53.440><c> 100,000</c><00:06:54.240><c> hippies</c>

05:27.510 --> 05:27.520 align:start position:0%
nearby speakers as a 100,000 hippies
 

05:27.520 --> 05:30.630 align:start position:0%
nearby speakers as a 100,000 hippies
descend<00:06:55.120><c> on</c><00:06:55.360><c> San</c><00:06:55.600><c> Francisco</c><00:06:56.720><c> to</c><00:06:56.960><c> turn</c><00:06:57.199><c> on,</c>

05:30.630 --> 05:30.640 align:start position:0%
descend on San Francisco to turn on,
 

05:30.640 --> 05:34.310 align:start position:0%
descend on San Francisco to turn on,
tune<00:06:58.160><c> in,</c><00:06:58.720><c> and</c><00:06:59.039><c> drop</c><00:06:59.280><c> out.</c>

05:34.310 --> 05:34.320 align:start position:0%
tune in, and drop out.
 

05:34.320 --> 05:38.150 align:start position:0%
tune in, and drop out.
It<00:07:01.840><c> is</c><00:07:02.240><c> 1967,</c><00:07:03.680><c> the</c><00:07:03.919><c> summer</c><00:07:04.240><c> of</c><00:07:04.479><c> love,</c><00:07:05.120><c> and</c>

05:38.150 --> 05:38.160 align:start position:0%
It is 1967, the summer of love, and
 

05:38.160 --> 05:39.670 align:start position:0%
It is 1967, the summer of love, and
couldn't<00:07:05.680><c> be</c><00:07:05.840><c> more</c><00:07:06.080><c> different</c><00:07:06.479><c> from</c><00:07:06.720><c> the</c>

05:39.670 --> 05:39.680 align:start position:0%
couldn't be more different from the
 

05:39.680 --> 05:41.670 align:start position:0%
couldn't be more different from the
sterile<00:07:07.440><c> scene</c><00:07:07.759><c> unfolding</c><00:07:08.319><c> high</c><00:07:08.479><c> upon</c><00:07:08.720><c> a</c>

05:41.670 --> 05:41.680 align:start position:0%
sterile scene unfolding high upon a
 

05:41.680 --> 05:45.750 align:start position:0%
sterile scene unfolding high upon a
hillside<00:07:09.759><c> just</c><00:07:10.000><c> across</c><00:07:10.240><c> the</c><00:07:10.479><c> bay.</c><00:07:11.919><c> For</c><00:07:12.160><c> there</c>

05:45.750 --> 05:45.760 align:start position:0%
hillside just across the bay. For there
 

05:45.760 --> 05:48.630 align:start position:0%
hillside just across the bay. For there
physicists<00:07:13.919><c> clad</c><00:07:14.319><c> in</c><00:07:14.560><c> starched</c><00:07:15.120><c> shirts,</c>

05:48.630 --> 05:48.640 align:start position:0%
physicists clad in starched shirts,
 

05:48.640 --> 05:51.350 align:start position:0%
physicists clad in starched shirts,
ties,<00:07:16.240><c> and</c><00:07:16.479><c> elbow</c><00:07:16.800><c> patches</c><00:07:17.520><c> hover</c><00:07:17.919><c> over</c><00:07:18.160><c> dusty</c>

05:51.350 --> 05:51.360 align:start position:0%
ties, and elbow patches hover over dusty
 

05:51.360 --> 05:55.429 align:start position:0%
ties, and elbow patches hover over dusty
chalkboards<00:07:19.360><c> and</c><00:07:19.680><c> computer</c><00:07:20.080><c> printouts.</c>

05:55.429 --> 05:55.439 align:start position:0%
chalkboards and computer printouts.
 

05:55.439 --> 05:57.590 align:start position:0%
chalkboards and computer printouts.
And<00:07:22.800><c> yet,</c><00:07:23.199><c> arguably,</c><00:07:23.919><c> the</c><00:07:24.080><c> hippies</c><00:07:24.479><c> and</c><00:07:24.639><c> the</c>

05:57.590 --> 05:57.600 align:start position:0%
And yet, arguably, the hippies and the
 

05:57.600 --> 05:59.750 align:start position:0%
And yet, arguably, the hippies and the
physicists<00:07:25.520><c> have</c><00:07:25.680><c> more</c><00:07:25.919><c> in</c><00:07:26.160><c> common</c><00:07:26.479><c> than</c><00:07:26.720><c> it</c>

05:59.750 --> 05:59.760 align:start position:0%
physicists have more in common than it
 

05:59.760 --> 06:02.630 align:start position:0%
physicists have more in common than it
first<00:07:27.199><c> appears.</c><00:07:28.400><c> For</c><00:07:28.560><c> in</c><00:07:28.720><c> their</c><00:07:28.960><c> own</c><00:07:29.120><c> ways,</c>

06:02.630 --> 06:02.640 align:start position:0%
first appears. For in their own ways,
 

06:02.640 --> 06:05.590 align:start position:0%
first appears. For in their own ways,
both<00:07:30.240><c> are</c><00:07:30.479><c> seeking</c><00:07:30.720><c> a</c><00:07:30.960><c> higher</c><00:07:31.360><c> truth.</c><00:07:32.479><c> One</c>

06:05.590 --> 06:05.600 align:start position:0%
both are seeking a higher truth. One
 

06:05.600 --> 06:08.470 align:start position:0%
both are seeking a higher truth. One
through<00:07:33.120><c> free</c><00:07:33.440><c> love</c><00:07:33.599><c> and</c><00:07:33.840><c> LSD,</c><00:07:35.120><c> the</c><00:07:35.360><c> other</c>

06:08.470 --> 06:08.480 align:start position:0%
through free love and LSD, the other
 

06:08.480 --> 06:11.190 align:start position:0%
through free love and LSD, the other
through<00:07:36.080><c> fastmoving</c><00:07:36.720><c> protons</c><00:07:37.680><c> and</c><00:07:38.000><c> liquid</c>

06:11.190 --> 06:11.200 align:start position:0%
through fastmoving protons and liquid
 

06:11.200 --> 06:12.870 align:start position:0%
through fastmoving protons and liquid
hydrogen.

06:12.870 --> 06:12.880 align:start position:0%
hydrogen.
 

06:12.880 --> 06:15.829 align:start position:0%
hydrogen.
By<00:07:40.400><c> the</c><00:07:40.560><c> late</c><00:07:40.800><c> 1960s,</c><00:07:41.840><c> the</c><00:07:42.080><c> Beverron</c><00:07:42.800><c> at</c><00:07:42.960><c> the</c>

06:15.829 --> 06:15.839 align:start position:0%
By the late 1960s, the Beverron at the
 

06:15.839 --> 06:17.750 align:start position:0%
By the late 1960s, the Beverron at the
Lawrence<00:07:43.440><c> Berkeley</c><00:07:43.840><c> National</c><00:07:44.240><c> Laboratory</c><00:07:44.720><c> in</c>

06:17.750 --> 06:17.760 align:start position:0%
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in
 

06:17.760 --> 06:20.070 align:start position:0%
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in
California<00:07:45.840><c> ranked</c><00:07:46.160><c> among</c><00:07:46.479><c> the</c><00:07:46.720><c> world's</c><00:07:47.039><c> most</c>

06:20.070 --> 06:20.080 align:start position:0%
California ranked among the world's most
 

06:20.080 --> 06:22.790 align:start position:0%
California ranked among the world's most
advanced<00:07:48.000><c> particle</c><00:07:48.479><c> accelerators.</c><00:07:49.759><c> The</c>

06:22.790 --> 06:22.800 align:start position:0%
advanced particle accelerators. The
 

06:22.800 --> 06:25.350 align:start position:0%
advanced particle accelerators. The
Beverron<00:07:50.639><c> was</c><00:07:50.800><c> a</c><00:07:50.960><c> proton</c><00:07:51.599><c> synretron.</c><00:07:51.619><c> [music]</c>

06:25.350 --> 06:25.360 align:start position:0%
Beverron was a proton synretron. [music]
 

06:25.360 --> 06:27.269 align:start position:0%
Beverron was a proton synretron. [music]
Within<00:07:52.960><c> this</c><00:07:53.120><c> type</c><00:07:53.280><c> of</c><00:07:53.440><c> accelerator,</c>

06:27.269 --> 06:27.279 align:start position:0%
Within this type of accelerator,
 

06:27.279 --> 06:29.510 align:start position:0%
Within this type of accelerator,
physicists<00:07:55.199><c> speed</c><00:07:55.599><c> protons</c><00:07:56.080><c> up</c><00:07:56.240><c> to</c><00:07:56.400><c> nearly</c>

06:29.510 --> 06:29.520 align:start position:0%
physicists speed protons up to nearly
 

06:29.520 --> 06:31.750 align:start position:0%
physicists speed protons up to nearly
the<00:07:56.960><c> speed</c><00:07:57.199><c> of</c><00:07:57.360><c> light</c><00:07:58.000><c> before</c><00:07:58.319><c> aiming</c><00:07:58.639><c> them</c><00:07:58.800><c> at</c>

06:31.750 --> 06:31.760 align:start position:0%
the speed of light before aiming them at
 

06:31.760 --> 06:33.669 align:start position:0%
the speed of light before aiming them at
a<00:07:59.120><c> tank</c><00:07:59.360><c> of</c><00:07:59.465><c> [music]</c><00:07:59.520><c> liquid</c><00:07:59.919><c> hydrogen</c><00:08:00.560><c> held</c>

06:33.669 --> 06:33.679 align:start position:0%
a tank of [music] liquid hydrogen held
 

06:33.679 --> 06:36.790 align:start position:0%
a tank of [music] liquid hydrogen held
just<00:08:01.120><c> below</c><00:08:01.440><c> boiling</c><00:08:01.840><c> point.</c><00:08:03.280><c> The</c><00:08:03.520><c> protons</c>

06:36.790 --> 06:36.800 align:start position:0%
just below boiling point. The protons
 

06:36.800 --> 06:38.709 align:start position:0%
just below boiling point. The protons
ripped<00:08:04.319><c> through</c><00:08:04.479><c> the</c><00:08:04.639><c> hydrogen</c><00:08:05.199><c> like</c><00:08:05.520><c> machine</c>

06:38.709 --> 06:38.719 align:start position:0%
ripped through the hydrogen like machine
 

06:38.719 --> 06:41.510 align:start position:0%
ripped through the hydrogen like machine
gun<00:08:06.240><c> fire.</c><00:08:06.879><c> New</c><00:08:07.199><c> particles</c><00:08:07.840><c> ricochet</c><00:08:08.400><c> into</c>

06:41.510 --> 06:41.520 align:start position:0%
gun fire. New particles ricochet into
 

06:41.520 --> 06:43.669 align:start position:0%
gun fire. New particles ricochet into
existence.<00:08:09.599><c> children</c><00:08:10.000><c> of</c><00:08:10.240><c> the</c><00:08:10.400><c> carefully</c>

06:43.669 --> 06:43.679 align:start position:0%
existence. children of the carefully
 

06:43.679 --> 06:45.829 align:start position:0%
existence. children of the carefully
instigated<00:08:11.520><c> collisions.</c>

06:45.829 --> 06:45.839 align:start position:0%
instigated collisions.
 

06:45.839 --> 06:47.510 align:start position:0%
instigated collisions.
The<00:08:13.199><c> physicists</c><00:08:13.759><c> have</c><00:08:13.919><c> cleverly</c><00:08:14.319><c> set</c><00:08:14.560><c> all</c>

06:47.510 --> 06:47.520 align:start position:0%
The physicists have cleverly set all
 

06:47.520 --> 06:49.669 align:start position:0%
The physicists have cleverly set all
this<00:08:14.879><c> up</c><00:08:15.120><c> inside</c><00:08:15.185><c> [music]</c><00:08:15.440><c> a</c><00:08:15.680><c> magnetic</c><00:08:16.240><c> field</c>

06:49.669 --> 06:49.679 align:start position:0%
this up inside [music] a magnetic field
 

06:49.679 --> 06:51.590 align:start position:0%
this up inside [music] a magnetic field
which<00:08:17.120><c> cajolles</c><00:08:17.759><c> the</c><00:08:17.919><c> charged</c><00:08:18.319><c> particles</c>

06:51.590 --> 06:51.600 align:start position:0%
which cajolles the charged particles
 

06:51.600 --> 06:54.070 align:start position:0%
which cajolles the charged particles
into<00:08:19.120><c> curved</c><00:08:19.599><c> paths</c><00:08:20.240><c> the</c><00:08:20.400><c> exact</c><00:08:20.800><c> shape</c><00:08:21.120><c> of</c>

06:54.070 --> 06:54.080 align:start position:0%
into curved paths the exact shape of
 

06:54.080 --> 06:56.630 align:start position:0%
into curved paths the exact shape of
which<00:08:21.759><c> betrays</c><00:08:22.240><c> the</c><00:08:22.479><c> mass</c><00:08:22.800><c> and</c><00:08:23.199><c> charge</c><00:08:23.599><c> of</c>

06:56.630 --> 06:56.640 align:start position:0%
which betrays the mass and charge of
 

06:56.640 --> 06:59.030 align:start position:0%
which betrays the mass and charge of
their<00:08:24.080><c> creators</c><00:08:25.199><c> with</c><00:08:25.520><c> millions</c><00:08:26.000><c> of</c>

06:59.030 --> 06:59.040 align:start position:0%
their creators with millions of
 

06:59.040 --> 07:00.709 align:start position:0%
their creators with millions of
photographic<00:08:26.800><c> plates</c><00:08:27.199><c> capturing</c><00:08:27.680><c> this</c>

07:00.709 --> 07:00.719 align:start position:0%
photographic plates capturing this
 

07:00.719 --> 07:03.350 align:start position:0%
photographic plates capturing this
intricate<00:08:28.479><c> dance</c><00:08:29.199><c> as</c><00:08:29.440><c> particles</c><00:08:30.000><c> pirouet</c>

07:03.350 --> 07:03.360 align:start position:0%
intricate dance as particles pirouet
 

07:03.360 --> 07:05.189 align:start position:0%
intricate dance as particles pirouet
like<00:08:30.720><c> ice</c><00:08:30.960><c> skaters.</c><00:08:31.840><c> This</c><00:08:32.000><c> way</c><00:08:32.159><c> and</c><00:08:32.215><c> [music]</c>

07:05.189 --> 07:05.199 align:start position:0%
like ice skaters. This way and [music]
 

07:05.199 --> 07:15.670 align:start position:0%
like ice skaters. This way and [music]
that.

07:15.670 --> 07:15.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

07:15.680 --> 07:16.949 align:start position:0%
 
Thanks<00:08:43.120><c> to</c><00:08:43.350><c> [music]</c><00:08:43.360><c> experiments</c><00:08:44.000><c> like</c>

07:16.949 --> 07:16.959 align:start position:0%
Thanks to [music] experiments like
 

07:16.959 --> 07:19.270 align:start position:0%
Thanks to [music] experiments like
these,<00:08:44.800><c> the</c><00:08:45.120><c> number</c><00:08:45.279><c> of</c><00:08:45.519><c> new</c><00:08:45.839><c> subatomic</c>

07:19.270 --> 07:19.280 align:start position:0%
these, the number of new subatomic
 

07:19.280 --> 07:22.230 align:start position:0%
these, the number of new subatomic
particles<00:08:47.279><c> exploded</c><00:08:47.920><c> as</c><00:08:48.160><c> the</c><00:08:48.399><c> 1960s</c><00:08:49.120><c> drew</c><00:08:49.360><c> to</c>

07:22.230 --> 07:22.240 align:start position:0%
particles exploded as the 1960s drew to
 

07:22.240 --> 07:24.656 align:start position:0%
particles exploded as the 1960s drew to
a<00:08:49.680><c> close.</c><00:08:50.560><c> But</c><00:08:50.720><c> when</c><00:08:51.040><c> physicists</c><00:08:51.680><c> tried</c>

07:24.656 --> 07:24.666 align:start position:0%
a close. But when physicists tried
 

07:24.666 --> 07:26.309 align:start position:0%
a close. But when physicists tried
[music]<00:08:51.920><c> to</c><00:08:52.080><c> use</c><00:08:52.320><c> their</c><00:08:52.560><c> existing</c><00:08:53.120><c> quantum</c>

07:26.309 --> 07:26.319 align:start position:0%
[music] to use their existing quantum
 

07:26.319 --> 07:28.230 align:start position:0%
[music] to use their existing quantum
rule<00:08:53.839><c> book</c><00:08:54.080><c> to</c><00:08:54.240><c> predict</c><00:08:54.560><c> the</c><00:08:54.720><c> trajectories</c><00:08:55.279><c> of</c>

07:28.230 --> 07:28.240 align:start position:0%
rule book to predict the trajectories of
 

07:28.240 --> 07:30.710 align:start position:0%
rule book to predict the trajectories of
these<00:08:55.760><c> new</c><00:08:55.920><c> particles,</c><00:08:56.959><c> they</c><00:08:57.360><c> failed</c>

07:30.710 --> 07:30.720 align:start position:0%
these new particles, they failed
 

07:30.720 --> 07:33.110 align:start position:0%
these new particles, they failed
miserably.<00:08:59.040><c> Whatever</c><00:08:59.440><c> was</c><00:08:59.600><c> happening</c><00:08:59.920><c> at</c><00:09:00.160><c> the</c>

07:33.110 --> 07:33.120 align:start position:0%
miserably. Whatever was happening at the
 

07:33.120 --> 07:35.110 align:start position:0%
miserably. Whatever was happening at the
point<00:09:00.480><c> of</c><00:09:00.720><c> collision,</c><00:09:01.519><c> they</c><00:09:01.760><c> were</c><00:09:01.920><c> missing</c>

07:35.110 --> 07:35.120 align:start position:0%
point of collision, they were missing
 

07:35.120 --> 07:37.910 align:start position:0%
point of collision, they were missing
something<00:09:02.959><c> fundamental.</c><00:09:04.240><c> However</c><00:09:04.640><c> hard</c><00:09:04.880><c> they</c>

07:37.910 --> 07:37.920 align:start position:0%
something fundamental. However hard they
 

07:37.920 --> 07:39.510 align:start position:0%
something fundamental. However hard they
tried,<00:09:05.621><c> [music]</c><00:09:05.760><c> they</c><00:09:06.080><c> couldn't</c><00:09:06.320><c> glimpse</c>

07:39.510 --> 07:39.520 align:start position:0%
tried, [music] they couldn't glimpse
 

07:39.520 --> 07:42.996 align:start position:0%
tried, [music] they couldn't glimpse
within<00:09:07.360><c> the</c><00:09:07.680><c> particle</c><00:09:08.160><c> kitchen.</c><00:09:09.360><c> So</c><00:09:09.600><c> instead,</c>

07:42.996 --> 07:43.006 align:start position:0%
within the particle kitchen. So instead,
 

07:43.006 --> 07:45.189 align:start position:0%
within the particle kitchen. So instead,
[music]<00:09:10.399><c> they</c><00:09:10.720><c> were</c><00:09:10.880><c> reduced</c><00:09:11.440><c> to</c><00:09:11.680><c> focusing</c><00:09:12.080><c> on</c>

07:45.189 --> 07:45.199 align:start position:0%
[music] they were reduced to focusing on
 

07:45.199 --> 07:48.390 align:start position:0%
[music] they were reduced to focusing on
results,<00:09:13.360><c> not</c><00:09:13.680><c> process.</c>

07:48.390 --> 07:48.400 align:start position:0%
results, not process.
 

07:48.400 --> 07:50.150 align:start position:0%
results, not process.
Eventually,<00:09:16.160><c> they</c><00:09:16.320><c> turned</c><00:09:16.560><c> to</c><00:09:16.640><c> a</c><00:09:16.800><c> pragmatic</c>

07:50.150 --> 07:50.160 align:start position:0%
Eventually, they turned to a pragmatic
 

07:50.160 --> 07:52.166 align:start position:0%
Eventually, they turned to a pragmatic
workaround<00:09:18.160><c> called</c><00:09:18.560><c> scattering</c><00:09:19.040><c> matrix</c>

07:52.166 --> 07:52.176 align:start position:0%
workaround called scattering matrix
 

07:52.176 --> 07:55.270 align:start position:0%
workaround called scattering matrix
[music]<00:09:19.600><c> or</c><00:09:20.000><c> smatrix</c><00:09:20.800><c> theory.</c><00:09:21.839><c> This</c><00:09:22.080><c> method</c>

07:55.270 --> 07:55.280 align:start position:0%
[music] or smatrix theory. This method
 

07:55.280 --> 07:57.270 align:start position:0%
[music] or smatrix theory. This method
sidestepped<00:09:23.040><c> the</c><00:09:23.200><c> messy</c><00:09:23.600><c> details</c><00:09:24.000><c> of</c><00:09:24.240><c> what</c>

07:57.270 --> 07:57.280 align:start position:0%
sidestepped the messy details of what
 

07:57.280 --> 07:59.590 align:start position:0%
sidestepped the messy details of what
actually<00:09:24.880><c> happened</c><00:09:25.279><c> during</c><00:09:25.600><c> the</c><00:09:25.760><c> collision.</c>

07:59.590 --> 07:59.600 align:start position:0%
actually happened during the collision.
 

07:59.600 --> 08:01.830 align:start position:0%
actually happened during the collision.
And<00:09:27.200><c> like</c><00:09:27.440><c> the</c><00:09:27.680><c> chef's</c><00:09:28.080><c> hatch</c><00:09:28.320><c> in</c><00:09:28.560><c> the</c><00:09:28.640><c> kitchen</c>

08:01.830 --> 08:01.840 align:start position:0%
And like the chef's hatch in the kitchen
 

08:01.840 --> 08:05.110 align:start position:0%
And like the chef's hatch in the kitchen
wall,<00:09:30.080><c> focused</c><00:09:30.560><c> only</c><00:09:30.800><c> on</c><00:09:31.040><c> matching</c><00:09:31.440><c> inputs</c>

08:05.110 --> 08:05.120 align:start position:0%
wall, focused only on matching inputs
 

08:05.120 --> 08:07.749 align:start position:0%
wall, focused only on matching inputs
with<00:09:32.720><c> outputs.</c><00:09:33.920><c> For</c><00:09:34.000><c> example,</c><00:09:34.560><c> the</c><00:09:34.800><c> more</c>

08:07.749 --> 08:07.759 align:start position:0%
with outputs. For example, the more
 

08:07.759 --> 08:09.430 align:start position:0%
with outputs. For example, the more
energy<00:09:35.440><c> physicists</c><00:09:36.000><c> fed</c><00:09:36.240><c> into</c><00:09:36.480><c> their</c>

08:09.430 --> 08:09.440 align:start position:0%
energy physicists fed into their
 

08:09.440 --> 08:11.816 align:start position:0%
energy physicists fed into their
collisions,<00:09:37.440><c> the</c><00:09:37.600><c> bigger</c><00:09:37.839><c> the</c><00:09:38.000><c> portion</c><00:09:38.399><c> sizes</c>

08:11.816 --> 08:11.826 align:start position:0%
collisions, the bigger the portion sizes
 

08:11.826 --> 08:14.629 align:start position:0%
collisions, the bigger the portion sizes
[music]<00:09:39.040><c> that</c><00:09:39.279><c> came</c><00:09:39.519><c> back.</c><00:09:40.880><c> But</c><00:09:41.120><c> still,</c><00:09:41.600><c> the</c>

08:14.629 --> 08:14.639 align:start position:0%
[music] that came back. But still, the
 

08:14.639 --> 08:17.030 align:start position:0%
[music] that came back. But still, the
recipe<00:09:42.240><c> itself</c><00:09:43.040><c> stayed</c><00:09:43.360><c> firmly</c><00:09:43.839><c> locked</c>

08:17.030 --> 08:17.040 align:start position:0%
recipe itself stayed firmly locked
 

08:17.040 --> 08:21.590 align:start position:0%
recipe itself stayed firmly locked
behind<00:09:44.560><c> the</c><00:09:44.800><c> wall.</c><00:09:46.240><c> That</c><00:09:46.560><c> was</c><00:09:46.959><c> until</c><00:09:47.519><c> 1968</c>

08:21.590 --> 08:21.600 align:start position:0%
behind the wall. That was until 1968
 

08:21.600 --> 08:23.430 align:start position:0%
behind the wall. That was until 1968
when<00:09:49.040><c> a</c><00:09:49.279><c> young</c><00:09:49.519><c> physicist</c><00:09:50.160><c> working</c><00:09:50.399><c> in</c>

08:23.430 --> 08:23.440 align:start position:0%
when a young physicist working in
 

08:23.440 --> 08:25.830 align:start position:0%
when a young physicist working in
relative<00:09:51.040><c> obscurity</c><00:09:52.080><c> found</c><00:09:52.320><c> a</c><00:09:52.560><c> key</c><00:09:52.800><c> to</c>

08:25.830 --> 08:25.840 align:start position:0%
relative obscurity found a key to
 

08:25.840 --> 08:28.710 align:start position:0%
relative obscurity found a key to
unlocking<00:09:53.519><c> the</c><00:09:53.839><c> subatomic</c><00:09:54.560><c> secrets.</c>

08:28.710 --> 08:28.720 align:start position:0%
unlocking the subatomic secrets.
 

08:28.720 --> 08:36.870 align:start position:0%
unlocking the subatomic secrets.
Gabrielle<00:09:56.640><c> Venetsiano.</c>

08:36.870 --> 08:36.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

08:36.880 --> 08:38.629 align:start position:0%
 
Venetsiano<00:10:04.880><c> was</c><00:10:05.040><c> born</c><00:10:05.200><c> in</c><00:10:05.226><c> [music]</c><00:10:05.440><c> Florence</c>

08:38.629 --> 08:38.639 align:start position:0%
Venetsiano was born in [music] Florence
 

08:38.639 --> 08:42.150 align:start position:0%
Venetsiano was born in [music] Florence
in<00:10:06.160><c> 1942.</c><00:10:07.600><c> A</c><00:10:07.839><c> shy</c><00:10:08.160><c> but</c><00:10:08.399><c> technically</c><00:10:08.880><c> gifted</c>

08:42.150 --> 08:42.160 align:start position:0%
in 1942. A shy but technically gifted
 

08:42.160 --> 08:44.390 align:start position:0%
in 1942. A shy but technically gifted
student,<00:10:09.920><c> Venetsiano</c><00:10:10.720><c> had</c><00:10:10.880><c> moved</c><00:10:11.040><c> to</c><00:10:11.200><c> Israel</c>

08:44.390 --> 08:44.400 align:start position:0%
student, Venetsiano had moved to Israel
 

08:44.400 --> 08:46.950 align:start position:0%
student, Venetsiano had moved to Israel
to<00:10:11.839><c> complete</c><00:10:12.080><c> his</c><00:10:12.320><c> PhD</c><00:10:13.200><c> before</c><00:10:13.519><c> taking</c><00:10:13.760><c> up</c><00:10:13.920><c> a</c>

08:46.950 --> 08:46.960 align:start position:0%
to complete his PhD before taking up a
 

08:46.960 --> 08:49.430 align:start position:0%
to complete his PhD before taking up a
research<00:10:14.480><c> position</c><00:10:14.880><c> at</c><00:10:15.200><c> CERN</c><00:10:15.920><c> near</c><00:10:16.160><c> the</c><00:10:16.320><c> Swiss</c>

08:49.430 --> 08:49.440 align:start position:0%
research position at CERN near the Swiss
 

08:49.440 --> 08:51.670 align:start position:0%
research position at CERN near the Swiss
city<00:10:16.800><c> of</c><00:10:16.959><c> Geneva.</c><00:10:18.079><c> Although</c><00:10:18.480><c> widely</c>

08:51.670 --> 08:51.680 align:start position:0%
city of Geneva. Although widely
 

08:51.680 --> 08:53.749 align:start position:0%
city of Geneva. Although widely
respected,<00:10:19.600><c> CERN</c><00:10:20.000><c> had</c><00:10:20.160><c> yet</c><00:10:20.320><c> to</c><00:10:20.399><c> become</c><00:10:20.720><c> the</c>

08:53.749 --> 08:53.759 align:start position:0%
respected, CERN had yet to become the
 

08:53.759 --> 08:55.670 align:start position:0%
respected, CERN had yet to become the
particle<00:10:21.360><c> physics</c><00:10:21.760><c> powerhouse</c><00:10:22.240><c> that</c><00:10:22.560><c> it</c><00:10:22.720><c> is</c>

08:55.670 --> 08:55.680 align:start position:0%
particle physics powerhouse that it is
 

08:55.680 --> 08:58.710 align:start position:0%
particle physics powerhouse that it is
today.<00:10:23.839><c> And</c><00:10:24.079><c> it</c><00:10:24.240><c> would</c><00:10:24.399><c> be</c><00:10:24.560><c> at</c><00:10:24.800><c> CERN</c><00:10:25.440><c> in</c><00:10:25.680><c> a</c>

08:58.710 --> 08:58.720 align:start position:0%
today. And it would be at CERN in a
 

08:58.720 --> 09:01.030 align:start position:0%
today. And it would be at CERN in a
small<00:10:26.079><c> office</c><00:10:26.640><c> that</c><00:10:26.880><c> Venetiano</c><00:10:27.839><c> stumbled</c>

09:01.030 --> 09:01.040 align:start position:0%
small office that Venetiano stumbled
 

09:01.040 --> 09:03.110 align:start position:0%
small office that Venetiano stumbled
across<00:10:28.480><c> a</c><00:10:28.720><c> formula</c><00:10:29.360><c> originally</c><00:10:29.920><c> discovered</c>

09:03.110 --> 09:03.120 align:start position:0%
across a formula originally discovered
 

09:03.120 --> 09:06.550 align:start position:0%
across a formula originally discovered
by<00:10:30.640><c> Swiss</c><00:10:31.040><c> mathematician</c><00:10:32.000><c> Lenhard</c><00:10:32.560><c> Oiler</c>

09:06.550 --> 09:06.560 align:start position:0%
by Swiss mathematician Lenhard Oiler
 

09:06.560 --> 09:08.550 align:start position:0%
by Swiss mathematician Lenhard Oiler
known<00:10:34.000><c> as</c><00:10:34.079><c> the</c><00:10:34.240><c> Oiler</c><00:10:34.720><c> beta</c><00:10:35.120><c> equation.</c>

09:08.550 --> 09:08.560 align:start position:0%
known as the Oiler beta equation.
 

09:08.560 --> 09:10.869 align:start position:0%
known as the Oiler beta equation.
Venetiano<00:10:36.720><c> plucked</c><00:10:37.040><c> it</c><00:10:37.200><c> from</c><00:10:37.360><c> the</c><00:10:37.519><c> annals</c><00:10:38.000><c> of</c>

09:10.869 --> 09:10.879 align:start position:0%
Venetiano plucked it from the annals of
 

09:10.879 --> 09:13.350 align:start position:0%
Venetiano plucked it from the annals of
18th<00:10:38.480><c> century</c><00:10:38.800><c> mathematics</c><00:10:39.680><c> and</c><00:10:40.000><c> applied</c><00:10:40.320><c> it</c>

09:13.350 --> 09:13.360 align:start position:0%
18th century mathematics and applied it
 

09:13.360 --> 09:16.470 align:start position:0%
18th century mathematics and applied it
to<00:10:40.880><c> 20th</c><00:10:41.360><c> century</c><00:10:41.760><c> particle</c><00:10:42.240><c> physics.</c><00:10:43.440><c> It</c><00:10:43.600><c> was</c>

09:16.470 --> 09:16.480 align:start position:0%
to 20th century particle physics. It was
 

09:16.480 --> 09:18.550 align:start position:0%
to 20th century particle physics. It was
as<00:10:43.839><c> if</c><00:10:44.079><c> he'd</c><00:10:44.399><c> stumbled</c><00:10:44.800><c> across</c><00:10:45.040><c> the</c><00:10:45.279><c> chef's</c>

09:18.550 --> 09:18.560 align:start position:0%
as if he'd stumbled across the chef's
 

09:18.560 --> 09:21.189 align:start position:0%
as if he'd stumbled across the chef's
secret<00:10:46.240><c> menu.</c><00:10:46.880><c> the</c><00:10:47.120><c> guide</c><00:10:47.440><c> that</c><00:10:47.920><c> for</c><00:10:48.160><c> the</c>

09:21.189 --> 09:21.199 align:start position:0%
secret menu. the guide that for the
 

09:21.199 --> 09:23.670 align:start position:0%
secret menu. the guide that for the
first<00:10:48.720><c> time</c><00:10:49.200><c> revealed</c><00:10:49.680><c> exactly</c><00:10:50.240><c> how</c><00:10:50.640><c> the</c>

09:23.670 --> 09:23.680 align:start position:0%
first time revealed exactly how the
 

09:23.680 --> 09:25.350 align:start position:0%
first time revealed exactly how the
portion<00:10:51.279><c> sizes</c><00:10:51.760><c> scaled</c><00:10:52.160><c> with</c><00:10:52.320><c> the</c>

09:25.350 --> 09:25.360 align:start position:0%
portion sizes scaled with the
 

09:25.360 --> 09:27.749 align:start position:0%
portion sizes scaled with the
ingredients.<00:10:53.839><c> What</c><00:10:54.079><c> input</c><00:10:54.352><c> [music]</c>

09:27.749 --> 09:27.759 align:start position:0%
ingredients. What input [music]
 

09:27.759 --> 09:31.189 align:start position:0%
ingredients. What input [music]
matched<00:10:55.760><c> what</c><00:10:56.079><c> output.</c><00:10:57.360><c> Fetsiano</c><00:10:58.160><c> published</c>

09:31.189 --> 09:31.199 align:start position:0%
matched what output. Fetsiano published
 

09:31.199 --> 09:32.869 align:start position:0%
matched what output. Fetsiano published
his<00:10:58.640><c> paper</c><00:10:58.880><c> and</c><00:10:59.120><c> then</c><00:10:59.279><c> headed</c><00:10:59.680><c> off</c><00:10:59.760><c> on</c><00:10:59.920><c> a</c>

09:32.869 --> 09:32.879 align:start position:0%
his paper and then headed off on a
 

09:32.879 --> 09:35.990 align:start position:0%
his paper and then headed off on a
4-week<00:11:00.640><c> vacation</c><00:11:01.519><c> and</c><00:11:01.839><c> in</c><00:11:02.000><c> his</c><00:11:02.160><c> own</c><00:11:02.320><c> words</c><00:11:03.040><c> did</c>

09:35.990 --> 09:36.000 align:start position:0%
4-week vacation and in his own words did
 

09:36.000 --> 09:38.230 align:start position:0%
4-week vacation and in his own words did
not<00:11:03.360><c> think</c><00:11:03.600><c> much</c><00:11:03.839><c> about</c><00:11:04.160><c> it.</c><00:11:04.832><c> [music]</c><00:11:05.120><c> But</c><00:11:05.279><c> by</c>

09:38.230 --> 09:38.240 align:start position:0%
not think much about it. [music] But by
 

09:38.240 --> 09:40.629 align:start position:0%
not think much about it. [music] But by
the<00:11:05.600><c> time</c><00:11:05.760><c> he</c><00:11:06.000><c> returned,</c><00:11:06.800><c> his</c><00:11:07.040><c> formula</c><00:11:07.600><c> had</c>

09:40.629 --> 09:40.639 align:start position:0%
the time he returned, his formula had
 

09:40.639 --> 09:45.189 align:start position:0%
the time he returned, his formula had
already<00:11:08.079><c> become</c><00:11:08.399><c> the</c><00:11:08.640><c> talk</c><00:11:08.880><c> of</c><00:11:09.040><c> the</c><00:11:09.200><c> town.</c>

09:45.189 --> 09:45.199 align:start position:0%
 
 

09:45.199 --> 09:47.189 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:11:12.560><c> it</c><00:11:12.800><c> would</c><00:11:12.880><c> be</c><00:11:13.040><c> this</c><00:11:13.360><c> formula</c><00:11:13.920><c> that</c><00:11:14.160><c> would</c>

09:47.189 --> 09:47.199 align:start position:0%
And it would be this formula that would
 

09:47.199 --> 09:49.830 align:start position:0%
And it would be this formula that would
turn<00:11:14.560><c> out</c><00:11:14.720><c> to</c><00:11:14.880><c> be</c><00:11:15.040><c> the</c><00:11:15.279><c> founding</c><00:11:15.760><c> discovery</c><00:11:16.720><c> of</c>

09:49.830 --> 09:49.840 align:start position:0%
turn out to be the founding discovery of
 

09:49.840 --> 09:52.629 align:start position:0%
turn out to be the founding discovery of
string<00:11:17.360><c> theory.</c>

09:52.629 --> 09:52.639 align:start position:0%
string theory.
 

09:52.639 --> 09:55.189 align:start position:0%
string theory.
To<00:11:20.079><c> the</c><00:11:20.240><c> defense,</c><00:11:20.959><c> this</c><00:11:21.200><c> was</c><00:11:21.440><c> beauty</c><00:11:21.920><c> in</c><00:11:22.160><c> its</c>

09:55.189 --> 09:55.199 align:start position:0%
To the defense, this was beauty in its
 

09:55.199 --> 09:58.150 align:start position:0%
To the defense, this was beauty in its
rurest<00:11:22.959><c> form.</c><00:11:23.760><c> A</c><00:11:24.000><c> centuries</c><00:11:24.480><c> old</c><00:11:24.800><c> equation</c>

09:58.150 --> 09:58.160 align:start position:0%
rurest form. A centuries old equation
 

09:58.160 --> 10:01.110 align:start position:0%
rurest form. A centuries old equation
traced<00:11:25.839><c> perfectly</c><00:11:26.399><c> over</c><00:11:26.800><c> brand</c><00:11:27.120><c> new</c><00:11:27.519><c> data.</c>

10:01.110 --> 10:01.120 align:start position:0%
traced perfectly over brand new data.
 

10:01.120 --> 10:03.270 align:start position:0%
traced perfectly over brand new data.
Venetiano's<00:11:29.279><c> equation</c><00:11:29.760><c> would</c><00:11:30.000><c> become</c><00:11:30.240><c> the</c>

10:03.270 --> 10:03.280 align:start position:0%
Venetiano's equation would become the
 

10:03.280 --> 10:05.510 align:start position:0%
Venetiano's equation would become the
first<00:11:30.720><c> exhibit</c><00:11:31.360><c> in</c><00:11:31.600><c> what</c><00:11:31.839><c> would</c><00:11:32.079><c> grow</c><00:11:32.399><c> into</c>

10:05.510 --> 10:05.520 align:start position:0%
first exhibit in what would grow into
 

10:05.520 --> 10:07.510 align:start position:0%
first exhibit in what would grow into
one<00:11:32.880><c> of</c><00:11:32.959><c> the</c><00:11:33.120><c> longest</c><00:11:33.600><c> running</c><00:11:34.000><c> trials</c><00:11:34.399><c> in</c>

10:07.510 --> 10:07.520 align:start position:0%
one of the longest running trials in
 

10:07.520 --> 10:09.990 align:start position:0%
one of the longest running trials in
theoretical<00:11:35.440><c> physics.</c><00:11:36.560><c> Although</c><00:11:36.800><c> at</c><00:11:37.040><c> the</c>

10:09.990 --> 10:10.000 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics. Although at the
 

10:10.000 --> 10:13.270 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics. Although at the
time,<00:11:38.000><c> no</c><00:11:38.240><c> one</c><00:11:38.399><c> realized</c><00:11:38.800><c> it.</c><00:11:39.920><c> Indeed,</c><00:11:40.320><c> as</c>

10:13.270 --> 10:13.280 align:start position:0%
time, no one realized it. Indeed, as
 

10:13.280 --> 10:15.670 align:start position:0%
time, no one realized it. Indeed, as
Vanetsiano<00:11:41.279><c> later</c><00:11:41.440><c> admitted,</c><00:11:42.240><c> "I</c><00:11:42.560><c> was</c><00:11:42.640><c> just</c>

10:15.670 --> 10:15.680 align:start position:0%
Vanetsiano later admitted, "I was just
 

10:15.680 --> 10:18.309 align:start position:0%
Vanetsiano later admitted, "I was just
looking<00:11:43.040><c> for</c><00:11:43.200><c> a</c><00:11:43.360><c> model.</c><00:11:44.160><c> I</c><00:11:44.320><c> had</c><00:11:44.480><c> no</c><00:11:44.720><c> idea</c><00:11:45.279><c> it</c>

10:18.309 --> 10:18.319 align:start position:0%
looking for a model. I had no idea it
 

10:18.319 --> 10:20.629 align:start position:0%
looking for a model. I had no idea it
would<00:11:45.680><c> lead</c><00:11:45.920><c> to</c><00:11:46.079><c> strings."</c><00:11:47.200><c> And</c><00:11:47.360><c> so,</c><00:11:47.600><c> armed</c>

10:20.629 --> 10:20.639 align:start position:0%
would lead to strings." And so, armed
 

10:20.639 --> 10:23.030 align:start position:0%
would lead to strings." And so, armed
with<00:11:48.000><c> Venetsiano's</c><00:11:48.880><c> equation,</c><00:11:49.600><c> physicists</c>

10:23.030 --> 10:23.040 align:start position:0%
with Venetsiano's equation, physicists
 

10:23.040 --> 10:25.350 align:start position:0%
with Venetsiano's equation, physicists
could<00:11:50.560><c> finally</c><00:11:50.959><c> match</c><00:11:51.279><c> the</c><00:11:51.440><c> inputs</c><00:11:52.079><c> to</c><00:11:52.320><c> the</c>

10:25.350 --> 10:25.360 align:start position:0%
could finally match the inputs to the
 

10:25.360 --> 10:27.749 align:start position:0%
could finally match the inputs to the
outputs.<00:11:53.519><c> It</c><00:11:53.760><c> was</c><00:11:53.839><c> a</c><00:11:54.000><c> persuasive</c><00:11:54.560><c> piece</c><00:11:54.720><c> of</c>

10:27.749 --> 10:27.759 align:start position:0%
outputs. It was a persuasive piece of
 

10:27.759 --> 10:30.150 align:start position:0%
outputs. It was a persuasive piece of
evidence,<00:11:55.600><c> but</c><00:11:56.000><c> circumstantial.</c><00:11:57.040><c> There</c><00:11:57.200><c> was</c>

10:30.150 --> 10:30.160 align:start position:0%
evidence, but circumstantial. There was
 

10:30.160 --> 10:31.910 align:start position:0%
evidence, but circumstantial. There was
still<00:11:57.600><c> no</c><00:11:57.839><c> closer</c><00:11:58.160><c> to</c><00:11:58.399><c> describing</c><00:11:58.880><c> what</c>

10:31.910 --> 10:31.920 align:start position:0%
still no closer to describing what
 

10:31.920 --> 10:33.830 align:start position:0%
still no closer to describing what
exactly<00:11:59.519><c> was</c><00:11:59.760><c> actually</c><00:12:00.160><c> occurring</c><00:12:00.640><c> at</c><00:12:00.800><c> the</c>

10:33.830 --> 10:33.840 align:start position:0%
exactly was actually occurring at the
 

10:33.840 --> 10:36.069 align:start position:0%
exactly was actually occurring at the
point<00:12:01.200><c> of</c><00:12:01.440><c> collision.</c><00:12:02.240><c> They</c><00:12:02.480><c> could</c><00:12:02.640><c> still</c><00:12:02.959><c> not</c>

10:36.069 --> 10:36.079 align:start position:0%
point of collision. They could still not
 

10:36.079 --> 10:38.869 align:start position:0%
point of collision. They could still not
see<00:12:03.600><c> inside</c><00:12:04.160><c> the</c><00:12:04.399><c> kitchen,</c><00:12:05.120><c> understand</c><00:12:05.680><c> why</c>

10:38.869 --> 10:38.879 align:start position:0%
see inside the kitchen, understand why
 

10:38.879 --> 10:41.270 align:start position:0%
see inside the kitchen, understand why
or<00:12:06.480><c> how</c><00:12:06.880><c> all</c><00:12:07.040><c> these</c><00:12:07.279><c> new</c><00:12:07.519><c> particles</c><00:12:08.240><c> were</c>

10:41.270 --> 10:41.280 align:start position:0%
or how all these new particles were
 

10:41.280 --> 10:43.510 align:start position:0%
or how all these new particles were
created.<00:12:09.440><c> The</c><00:12:09.680><c> answer</c><00:12:09.839><c> to</c><00:12:10.000><c> this,</c><00:12:10.240><c> however,</c>

10:43.510 --> 10:43.520 align:start position:0%
created. The answer to this, however,
 

10:43.520 --> 10:45.350 align:start position:0%
created. The answer to this, however,
came<00:12:10.959><c> sooner</c><00:12:11.360><c> than</c><00:12:11.600><c> expected.</c><00:12:12.160><c> For</c><00:12:12.399><c> in</c>

10:45.350 --> 10:45.360 align:start position:0%
came sooner than expected. For in
 

10:45.360 --> 10:48.230 align:start position:0%
came sooner than expected. For in
September<00:12:13.040><c> 1969,</c><00:12:14.480><c> mere</c><00:12:14.800><c> weeks</c><00:12:15.120><c> after</c><00:12:15.279><c> the</c>

10:48.230 --> 10:48.240 align:start position:0%
September 1969, mere weeks after the
 

10:48.240 --> 10:49.910 align:start position:0%
September 1969, mere weeks after the
hippie<00:12:15.839><c> movement</c><00:12:16.160><c> reached</c><00:12:16.480><c> its</c><00:12:16.720><c> cultural</c>

10:49.910 --> 10:49.920 align:start position:0%
hippie movement reached its cultural
 

10:49.920 --> 10:52.390 align:start position:0%
hippie movement reached its cultural
crescendo<00:12:17.600><c> at</c><00:12:17.760><c> Woodstock,</c><00:12:18.880><c> a</c><00:12:19.120><c> radical</c>

10:52.390 --> 10:52.400 align:start position:0%
crescendo at Woodstock, a radical
 

10:52.400 --> 10:54.869 align:start position:0%
crescendo at Woodstock, a radical
reinterpretation<00:12:20.480><c> of</c><00:12:20.639><c> Venetiano's</c><00:12:21.600><c> idea</c>

10:54.869 --> 10:54.879 align:start position:0%
reinterpretation of Venetiano's idea
 

10:54.879 --> 10:56.790 align:start position:0%
reinterpretation of Venetiano's idea
would<00:12:22.320><c> come</c><00:12:22.480><c> in</c><00:12:22.720><c> part</c><00:12:23.120><c> from</c><00:12:23.440><c> physicist</c>

10:56.790 --> 10:56.800 align:start position:0%
would come in part from physicist
 

10:56.800 --> 10:59.110 align:start position:0%
would come in part from physicist
Leonard<00:12:24.480><c> Suskin,</c><00:12:25.519><c> a</c><00:12:25.760><c> witness</c><00:12:26.000><c> for</c><00:12:26.160><c> the</c>

10:59.110 --> 10:59.120 align:start position:0%
Leonard Suskin, a witness for the
 

10:59.120 --> 11:01.270 align:start position:0%
Leonard Suskin, a witness for the
defense<00:12:26.639><c> of</c><00:12:26.800><c> string</c><00:12:27.120><c> theory</c><00:12:27.839><c> we</c><00:12:28.079><c> will</c><00:12:28.240><c> meet</c>

11:01.270 --> 11:01.280 align:start position:0%
defense of string theory we will meet
 

11:01.280 --> 11:06.869 align:start position:0%
defense of string theory we will meet
many,<00:12:28.959><c> many</c><00:12:29.360><c> times.</c>

11:06.869 --> 11:06.879 align:start position:0%
 
 

11:06.879 --> 11:08.950 align:start position:0%
 
Suskin<00:12:34.639><c> was</c><00:12:34.800><c> born</c><00:12:34.959><c> in</c><00:12:35.200><c> the</c><00:12:35.360><c> New</c><00:12:35.519><c> York</c><00:12:35.760><c> burough</c>

11:08.950 --> 11:08.960 align:start position:0%
Suskin was born in the New York burough
 

11:08.960 --> 11:11.990 align:start position:0%
Suskin was born in the New York burough
of<00:12:36.320><c> the</c><00:12:36.480><c> Bronx</c><00:12:36.959><c> in</c><00:12:37.200><c> 1940,</c><00:12:38.160><c> a</c><00:12:38.399><c> cultural</c><00:12:38.880><c> world</c>

11:11.990 --> 11:12.000 align:start position:0%
of the Bronx in 1940, a cultural world
 

11:12.000 --> 11:14.470 align:start position:0%
of the Bronx in 1940, a cultural world
away<00:12:39.440><c> from</c><00:12:39.600><c> hippie,</c><00:12:40.079><c> California.</c><00:12:41.120><c> His</c><00:12:41.360><c> father</c>

11:14.470 --> 11:14.480 align:start position:0%
away from hippie, California. His father
 

11:14.480 --> 11:15.749 align:start position:0%
away from hippie, California. His father
was<00:12:41.839><c> a</c><00:12:42.079><c> local</c><00:12:42.399><c> plumber</c><00:12:42.428><c> [music]</c>

11:15.749 --> 11:15.759 align:start position:0%
was a local plumber [music]
 

11:15.759 --> 11:17.350 align:start position:0%
was a local plumber [music]
working<00:12:43.200><c> the</c><00:12:43.440><c> rotten</c><00:12:43.760><c> tenementss</c><00:12:44.240><c> in</c><00:12:44.399><c> and</c>

11:17.350 --> 11:17.360 align:start position:0%
working the rotten tenementss in and
 

11:17.360 --> 11:19.670 align:start position:0%
working the rotten tenementss in and
around<00:12:44.880><c> Harlem.</c><00:12:45.920><c> And</c><00:12:46.160><c> after</c><00:12:46.399><c> attending</c>

11:19.670 --> 11:19.680 align:start position:0%
around Harlem. And after attending
 

11:19.680 --> 11:21.749 align:start position:0%
around Harlem. And after attending
college<00:12:47.200><c> to</c><00:12:47.440><c> study</c><00:12:47.760><c> heating</c><00:12:48.160><c> engineering,</c>

11:21.749 --> 11:21.759 align:start position:0%
college to study heating engineering,
 

11:21.759 --> 11:24.390 align:start position:0%
college to study heating engineering,
Suskin<00:12:49.519><c> Jr.</c><00:12:49.839><c> fell</c><00:12:50.160><c> in</c><00:12:50.320><c> love</c><00:12:50.560><c> with</c><00:12:50.720><c> an</c><00:12:50.959><c> unlikely</c>

11:24.390 --> 11:24.400 align:start position:0%
Suskin Jr. fell in love with an unlikely
 

11:24.400 --> 11:28.390 align:start position:0%
Suskin Jr. fell in love with an unlikely
muse,<00:12:52.959><c> theoretical</c><00:12:53.760><c> physics.</c><00:12:55.120><c> Eventually,</c>

11:28.390 --> 11:28.400 align:start position:0%
muse, theoretical physics. Eventually,
 

11:28.400 --> 11:29.990 align:start position:0%
muse, theoretical physics. Eventually,
he<00:12:55.760><c> plucked</c><00:12:56.079><c> up</c><00:12:56.160><c> the</c><00:12:56.320><c> courage</c><00:12:56.560><c> to</c><00:12:56.720><c> tell</c><00:12:56.880><c> his</c>

11:29.990 --> 11:30.000 align:start position:0%
he plucked up the courage to tell his
 

11:30.000 --> 11:32.550 align:start position:0%
he plucked up the courage to tell his
father<00:12:57.440><c> that</c><00:12:57.680><c> he</c><00:12:57.839><c> wanted</c><00:12:58.079><c> to</c><00:12:58.240><c> be</c><00:12:58.320><c> a</c><00:12:58.480><c> physicist.</c>

11:32.550 --> 11:32.560 align:start position:0%
father that he wanted to be a physicist.
 

11:32.560 --> 11:34.069 align:start position:0%
father that he wanted to be a physicist.
Get<00:12:59.920><c> out</c><00:13:00.079><c> of</c><00:13:00.240><c> here.</c><00:13:00.560><c> You</c><00:13:00.720><c> ain't</c><00:13:00.959><c> going</c><00:13:01.040><c> to</c><00:13:01.120><c> work</c>

11:34.069 --> 11:34.079 align:start position:0%
Get out of here. You ain't going to work
 

11:34.079 --> 11:36.950 align:start position:0%
Get out of here. You ain't going to work
in<00:13:01.440><c> no</c><00:13:01.680><c> drugstore,</c><00:13:02.399><c> came</c><00:13:02.639><c> the</c><00:13:02.880><c> reply.</c><00:13:03.760><c> Not</c><00:13:03.920><c> a</c>

11:36.950 --> 11:36.960 align:start position:0%
in no drugstore, came the reply. Not a
 

11:36.960 --> 11:40.109 align:start position:0%
in no drugstore, came the reply. Not a
pharmacist,<00:13:05.120><c> a</c><00:13:05.440><c> physicist</c><00:13:06.160><c> like</c><00:13:06.480><c> Einstein,</c>

11:40.109 --> 11:40.119 align:start position:0%
pharmacist, a physicist like Einstein,
 

11:40.119 --> 11:45.749 align:start position:0%
pharmacist, a physicist like Einstein,
[music]<00:13:07.360><c> Suskin</c><00:13:07.839><c> Jr.</c><00:13:08.079><c> had</c><00:13:08.320><c> clarified.</c>

11:45.749 --> 11:45.759 align:start position:0%
 
 

11:45.759 --> 11:48.790 align:start position:0%
 
At<00:13:13.120><c> the</c><00:13:13.279><c> end</c><00:13:13.360><c> of</c><00:13:13.519><c> the</c><00:13:13.680><c> 1960s,</c><00:13:14.880><c> Suskin</c><00:13:15.519><c> hit</c><00:13:15.760><c> upon</c>

11:48.790 --> 11:48.800 align:start position:0%
At the end of the 1960s, Suskin hit upon
 

11:48.800 --> 11:51.110 align:start position:0%
At the end of the 1960s, Suskin hit upon
a<00:13:16.240><c> new</c><00:13:16.480><c> interpretation</c><00:13:17.120><c> of</c><00:13:17.360><c> Venetsiano's</c>

11:51.110 --> 11:51.120 align:start position:0%
a new interpretation of Venetsiano's
 

11:51.120 --> 11:53.670 align:start position:0%
a new interpretation of Venetsiano's
work.<00:13:19.279><c> In</c><00:13:19.600><c> Chicago,</c><00:13:19.764><c> [music]</c><00:13:20.240><c> the</c><00:13:20.480><c> same</c><00:13:20.639><c> truth</c>

11:53.670 --> 11:53.680 align:start position:0%
work. In Chicago, [music] the same truth
 

11:53.680 --> 11:55.510 align:start position:0%
work. In Chicago, [music] the same truth
was<00:13:21.120><c> dawning</c><00:13:21.440><c> on</c><00:13:21.680><c> Japanese</c><00:13:22.079><c> physicist</c>

11:55.510 --> 11:55.520 align:start position:0%
was dawning on Japanese physicist
 

11:55.520 --> 11:57.910 align:start position:0%
was dawning on Japanese physicist
Yuichiri<00:13:23.360><c> Nambu</c><00:13:24.000><c> and</c><00:13:24.240><c> Danish</c><00:13:24.560><c> physicist</c>

11:57.910 --> 11:57.920 align:start position:0%
Yuichiri Nambu and Danish physicist
 

11:57.920 --> 12:00.550 align:start position:0%
Yuichiri Nambu and Danish physicist
Holgo<00:13:25.760><c> Nielsen</c><00:13:26.320><c> also</c><00:13:26.639><c> independently</c><00:13:27.360><c> had</c><00:13:27.519><c> the</c>

12:00.550 --> 12:00.560 align:start position:0%
Holgo Nielsen also independently had the
 

12:00.560 --> 12:03.110 align:start position:0%
Holgo Nielsen also independently had the
same<00:13:27.920><c> light</c><00:13:28.160><c> bulb</c><00:13:28.560><c> moment.</c><00:13:29.440><c> The</c><00:13:29.680><c> trio</c><00:13:30.079><c> each</c>

12:03.110 --> 12:03.120 align:start position:0%
same light bulb moment. The trio each
 

12:03.120 --> 12:04.869 align:start position:0%
same light bulb moment. The trio each
realized<00:13:30.720><c> that</c><00:13:31.040><c> the</c><00:13:31.200><c> root</c><00:13:31.519><c> cause</c><00:13:31.839><c> of</c>

12:04.869 --> 12:04.879 align:start position:0%
realized that the root cause of
 

12:04.879 --> 12:06.069 align:start position:0%
realized that the root cause of
physicists<00:13:32.720><c> problems</c><00:13:32.864><c> [music]</c><00:13:33.040><c> with</c>

12:06.069 --> 12:06.079 align:start position:0%
physicists problems [music] with
 

12:06.079 --> 12:08.069 align:start position:0%
physicists problems [music] with
colliding<00:13:33.760><c> protons</c><00:13:34.399><c> was</c><00:13:34.639><c> that</c><00:13:34.800><c> they'd</c><00:13:35.120><c> been</c>

12:08.069 --> 12:08.079 align:start position:0%
colliding protons was that they'd been
 

12:08.079 --> 12:11.270 align:start position:0%
colliding protons was that they'd been
treating<00:13:35.600><c> them</c><00:13:36.000><c> as</c><00:13:36.320><c> pointlike</c><00:13:36.959><c> particles.</c>

12:11.270 --> 12:11.280 align:start position:0%
treating them as pointlike particles.
 

12:11.280 --> 12:13.030 align:start position:0%
treating them as pointlike particles.
Infinite<00:13:38.759><c> [music]</c><00:13:38.959><c> decimally</c><00:13:39.519><c> small</c><00:13:39.839><c> specs</c>

12:13.030 --> 12:13.040 align:start position:0%
Infinite [music] decimally small specs
 

12:13.040 --> 12:15.590 align:start position:0%
Infinite [music] decimally small specs
with<00:13:40.480><c> no</c><00:13:40.800><c> dimensions,</c><00:13:41.920><c> much</c><00:13:42.160><c> as</c><00:13:42.399><c> we</c><00:13:42.560><c> still</c>

12:15.590 --> 12:15.600 align:start position:0%
with no dimensions, much as we still
 

12:15.600 --> 12:18.390 align:start position:0%
with no dimensions, much as we still
think<00:13:43.040><c> of</c><00:13:43.360><c> electrons</c><00:13:44.079><c> today.</c><00:13:45.040><c> Namboo,</c>

12:18.390 --> 12:18.400 align:start position:0%
think of electrons today. Namboo,
 

12:18.400 --> 12:20.710 align:start position:0%
think of electrons today. Namboo,
Neielson,<00:13:46.000><c> and</c><00:13:46.160><c> Suskin</c><00:13:46.880><c> suspected</c><00:13:47.360><c> a</c><00:13:47.519><c> deeper</c>

12:20.710 --> 12:20.720 align:start position:0%
Neielson, and Suskin suspected a deeper
 

12:20.720 --> 12:22.790 align:start position:0%
Neielson, and Suskin suspected a deeper
truth<00:13:48.240><c> was</c><00:13:48.480><c> hiding</c><00:13:48.800><c> behind</c><00:13:49.120><c> Venitziano's</c>

12:22.790 --> 12:22.800 align:start position:0%
truth was hiding behind Venitziano's
 

12:22.800 --> 12:25.830 align:start position:0%
truth was hiding behind Venitziano's
equation.<00:13:50.880><c> Protons</c><00:13:51.839><c> weren't</c><00:13:52.320><c> pointlike,</c>

12:25.830 --> 12:25.840 align:start position:0%
equation. Protons weren't pointlike,
 

12:25.840 --> 12:29.889 align:start position:0%
equation. Protons weren't pointlike,
they<00:13:53.279><c> proposed.</c><00:13:54.560><c> They</c><00:13:55.440><c> were</c><00:13:55.760><c> strings,</c>

12:29.889 --> 12:29.899 align:start position:0%
they proposed. They were strings,
 

12:29.899 --> 12:31.830 align:start position:0%
they proposed. They were strings,
[music]<00:13:57.279><c> one-dimensional</c><00:13:58.079><c> ropes</c><00:13:58.639><c> that</c><00:13:58.880><c> could</c>

12:31.830 --> 12:31.840 align:start position:0%
[music] one-dimensional ropes that could
 

12:31.840 --> 12:35.510 align:start position:0%
[music] one-dimensional ropes that could
vibrate<00:13:59.600><c> in</c><00:13:59.839><c> different</c><00:14:00.160><c> ways.</c><00:14:01.600><c> Rejection</c><00:14:02.320><c> was</c>

12:35.510 --> 12:35.520 align:start position:0%
vibrate in different ways. Rejection was
 

12:35.520 --> 12:37.749 align:start position:0%
vibrate in different ways. Rejection was
swift.<00:14:03.519><c> Reviewers</c><00:14:04.000><c> dismissed</c><00:14:04.480><c> it,</c><00:14:04.639><c> and</c><00:14:04.880><c> the</c>

12:37.749 --> 12:37.759 align:start position:0%
swift. Reviewers dismissed it, and the
 

12:37.759 --> 12:40.950 align:start position:0%
swift. Reviewers dismissed it, and the
[music]<00:14:05.120><c> dismissal</c><00:14:05.680><c> cut</c><00:14:06.000><c> deep.</c><00:14:07.199><c> Boom.</c><00:14:07.760><c> I</c><00:14:07.920><c> felt</c>

12:40.950 --> 12:40.960 align:start position:0%
[music] dismissal cut deep. Boom. I felt
 

12:40.960 --> 12:42.390 align:start position:0%
[music] dismissal cut deep. Boom. I felt
like<00:14:08.240><c> I'd</c><00:14:08.560><c> gotten</c><00:14:08.720><c> hit</c><00:14:08.880><c> over</c><00:14:09.040><c> the</c><00:14:09.199><c> head</c><00:14:09.279><c> with</c><00:14:09.440><c> a</c>

12:42.390 --> 12:42.400 align:start position:0%
like I'd gotten hit over the head with a
 

12:42.400 --> 12:44.309 align:start position:0%
like I'd gotten hit over the head with a
trash<00:14:09.920><c> can.</c><00:14:10.399><c> I</c><00:14:10.639><c> was</c><00:14:10.800><c> very,</c><00:14:10.854><c> [music]</c><00:14:11.199><c> very</c>

12:44.309 --> 12:44.319 align:start position:0%
trash can. I was very, [music] very
 

12:44.319 --> 12:47.110 align:start position:0%
trash can. I was very, [music] very
deeply<00:14:11.920><c> upset.</c><00:14:12.480><c> Suskin</c><00:14:12.959><c> would</c><00:14:13.120><c> later</c><00:14:13.360><c> recall,</c>

12:47.110 --> 12:47.120 align:start position:0%
deeply upset. Suskin would later recall,
 

12:47.120 --> 12:49.110 align:start position:0%
deeply upset. Suskin would later recall,
"According<00:14:14.800><c> to</c><00:14:14.959><c> the</c><00:14:15.120><c> new</c><00:14:15.360><c> hydronic</c><00:14:16.000><c> string</c>

12:49.110 --> 12:49.120 align:start position:0%
"According to the new hydronic string
 

12:49.120 --> 12:51.350 align:start position:0%
"According to the new hydronic string
theory<00:14:16.639><c> they</c><00:14:16.880><c> had</c><00:14:17.040><c> proposed,</c><00:14:17.760><c> the</c><00:14:18.000><c> mysterious</c>

12:51.350 --> 12:51.360 align:start position:0%
theory they had proposed, the mysterious
 

12:51.360 --> 12:53.510 align:start position:0%
theory they had proposed, the mysterious
escalating<00:14:19.199><c> melody</c><00:14:19.600><c> of</c><00:14:19.760><c> masses</c><00:14:20.240><c> inside</c><00:14:20.560><c> the</c>

12:53.510 --> 12:53.520 align:start position:0%
escalating melody of masses inside the
 

12:53.520 --> 12:55.429 align:start position:0%
escalating melody of masses inside the
Bevetron<00:14:21.519><c> wasn't</c><00:14:21.920><c> a</c><00:14:22.079><c> collection</c><00:14:22.399><c> of</c>

12:55.429 --> 12:55.439 align:start position:0%
Bevetron wasn't a collection of
 

12:55.439 --> 12:57.399 align:start position:0%
Bevetron wasn't a collection of
completely<00:14:23.040><c> different</c><00:14:23.440><c> particles,</c><00:14:24.320><c> but</c>

12:57.399 --> 12:57.409 align:start position:0%
completely different particles, but
 

12:57.409 --> 12:59.270 align:start position:0%
completely different particles, but
[music]<00:14:24.639><c> instead</c><00:14:25.360><c> came</c><00:14:25.600><c> from</c><00:14:25.839><c> the</c><00:14:26.079><c> same</c>

12:59.270 --> 12:59.280 align:start position:0%
[music] instead came from the same
 

12:59.280 --> 13:01.030 align:start position:0%
[music] instead came from the same
string<00:14:27.040><c> vibrating</c><00:14:27.600><c> at</c><00:14:27.839><c> different</c>

13:01.030 --> 13:01.040 align:start position:0%
string vibrating at different
 

13:01.040 --> 13:02.710 align:start position:0%
string vibrating at different
frequencies.

13:02.710 --> 13:02.720 align:start position:0%
frequencies.
 

13:02.720 --> 13:04.604 align:start position:0%
frequencies.
Was<00:14:30.079><c> this</c><00:14:30.240><c> the</c><00:14:30.480><c> chef's</c><00:14:30.800><c> secret</c><00:14:31.199><c> recipe?</c>

13:04.604 --> 13:04.614 align:start position:0%
Was this the chef's secret recipe?
 

13:04.614 --> 13:06.309 align:start position:0%
Was this the chef's secret recipe?
[music]<00:14:32.000><c> Was</c><00:14:32.240><c> nature</c><00:14:32.800><c> cooking</c><00:14:33.199><c> with</c>

13:06.309 --> 13:06.319 align:start position:0%
[music] Was nature cooking with
 

13:06.319 --> 13:08.150 align:start position:0%
[music] Was nature cooking with
strings?"

13:08.150 --> 13:08.160 align:start position:0%
strings?"
 

13:08.160 --> 13:10.550 align:start position:0%
strings?"
For<00:14:35.600><c> a</c><00:14:35.760><c> brief</c><00:14:36.000><c> moment,</c><00:14:36.639><c> physicists,</c><00:14:37.519><c> just</c>

13:10.550 --> 13:10.560 align:start position:0%
For a brief moment, physicists, just
 

13:10.560 --> 13:12.230 align:start position:0%
For a brief moment, physicists, just
like<00:14:37.839><c> the</c><00:14:38.079><c> hippies,</c><00:14:38.720><c> had</c><00:14:38.880><c> elevated</c>

13:12.230 --> 13:12.240 align:start position:0%
like the hippies, had elevated
 

13:12.240 --> 13:13.749 align:start position:0%
like the hippies, had elevated
themselves<00:14:39.675><c> [music]</c><00:14:39.920><c> to</c><00:14:40.079><c> a</c><00:14:40.320><c> state</c><00:14:40.480><c> of</c><00:14:40.720><c> deep</c>

13:13.749 --> 13:13.759 align:start position:0%
themselves [music] to a state of deep
 

13:13.759 --> 13:15.270 align:start position:0%
themselves [music] to a state of deep
enlightenment.

13:15.270 --> 13:15.280 align:start position:0%
enlightenment.
 

13:15.280 --> 13:22.869 align:start position:0%
enlightenment.
The<00:14:42.720><c> trouble</c><00:14:42.959><c> is</c><00:14:44.240><c> they</c><00:14:44.480><c> were</c><00:14:44.720><c> wrong.</c>

13:22.869 --> 13:22.879 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:22.879 --> 13:24.950 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:14:50.320><c> unsettling</c><00:14:50.880><c> realization</c><00:14:51.600><c> came</c><00:14:51.839><c> on</c><00:14:52.000><c> the</c>

13:24.950 --> 13:24.960 align:start position:0%
This unsettling realization came on the
 

13:24.960 --> 13:26.790 align:start position:0%
This unsettling realization came on the
back<00:14:52.320><c> of</c><00:14:52.399><c> an</c><00:14:52.560><c> experiment</c><00:14:53.199><c> taking</c><00:14:53.519><c> place</c><00:14:53.760><c> less</c>

13:26.790 --> 13:26.800 align:start position:0%
back of an experiment taking place less
 

13:26.800 --> 13:28.710 align:start position:0%
back of an experiment taking place less
than<00:14:54.160><c> an</c><00:14:54.399><c> hour's</c><00:14:54.720><c> drive</c><00:14:55.040><c> south</c><00:14:55.360><c> of</c><00:14:55.519><c> Golden</c>

13:28.710 --> 13:28.720 align:start position:0%
than an hour's drive south of Golden
 

13:28.720 --> 13:30.950 align:start position:0%
than an hour's drive south of Golden
Gate<00:14:56.240><c> Park</c><00:14:56.800><c> at</c><00:14:57.040><c> a</c><00:14:57.199><c> completely</c><00:14:57.600><c> different</c><00:14:57.920><c> type</c>

13:30.950 --> 13:30.960 align:start position:0%
Gate Park at a completely different type
 

13:30.960 --> 13:33.270 align:start position:0%
Gate Park at a completely different type
of<00:14:58.320><c> accelerator</c><00:14:58.880><c> to</c><00:14:59.040><c> the</c><00:14:59.120><c> Beverron,</c><00:15:00.240><c> the</c>

13:33.270 --> 13:33.280 align:start position:0%
of accelerator to the Beverron, the
 

13:33.280 --> 13:36.869 align:start position:0%
of accelerator to the Beverron, the
Stanford<00:15:01.040><c> linear</c><00:15:01.519><c> accelerator</c><00:15:02.160><c> center.</c>

13:36.869 --> 13:36.879 align:start position:0%
Stanford linear accelerator center.
 

13:36.879 --> 13:39.749 align:start position:0%
Stanford linear accelerator center.
Here,<00:15:04.560><c> physicists</c><00:15:05.199><c> weren't</c><00:15:05.519><c> firing</c><00:15:06.000><c> protons.</c>

13:39.749 --> 13:39.759 align:start position:0%
Here, physicists weren't firing protons.
 

13:39.759 --> 13:41.270 align:start position:0%
Here, physicists weren't firing protons.
They<00:15:07.199><c> were</c><00:15:07.360><c> using</c><00:15:07.600><c> them</c><00:15:07.839><c> for</c><00:15:08.079><c> target</c>

13:41.270 --> 13:41.280 align:start position:0%
They were using them for target
 

13:41.280 --> 13:43.989 align:start position:0%
They were using them for target
practice.<00:15:09.680><c> The</c><00:15:09.920><c> accelerator</c><00:15:10.560><c> center</c><00:15:10.959><c> was</c>

13:43.989 --> 13:43.999 align:start position:0%
practice. The accelerator center was
 

13:43.999 --> 13:46.550 align:start position:0%
practice. The accelerator center was
effectively<00:15:11.680><c> a</c><00:15:11.920><c> high-speed</c><00:15:12.639><c> gun</c><00:15:13.279><c> shooting</c>

13:46.550 --> 13:46.560 align:start position:0%
effectively a high-speed gun shooting
 

13:46.560 --> 13:49.590 align:start position:0%
effectively a high-speed gun shooting
electrons<00:15:14.399><c> down</c><00:15:14.639><c> a</c><00:15:14.800><c> 2-m</c><00:15:15.360><c> long</c><00:15:15.600><c> range.</c><00:15:16.560><c> The</c>

13:49.590 --> 13:49.600 align:start position:0%
electrons down a 2-m long range. The
 

13:49.600 --> 13:51.749 align:start position:0%
electrons down a 2-m long range. The
hope<00:15:17.040><c> was</c><00:15:17.199><c> that</c><00:15:17.360><c> by</c><00:15:17.519><c> relentlessly</c><00:15:18.240><c> bombarding</c>

13:51.749 --> 13:51.759 align:start position:0%
hope was that by relentlessly bombarding
 

13:51.759 --> 13:54.550 align:start position:0%
hope was that by relentlessly bombarding
protons,<00:15:20.000><c> physicists</c><00:15:20.720><c> could</c><00:15:20.959><c> finally</c><00:15:21.440><c> see</c>

13:54.550 --> 13:54.560 align:start position:0%
protons, physicists could finally see
 

13:54.560 --> 13:57.110 align:start position:0%
protons, physicists could finally see
what<00:15:22.079><c> they</c><00:15:22.240><c> were</c><00:15:22.480><c> made</c><00:15:22.639><c> of.</c><00:15:23.360><c> The</c><00:15:23.600><c> Beverron</c><00:15:24.160><c> was</c>

13:57.110 --> 13:57.120 align:start position:0%
what they were made of. The Beverron was
 

13:57.120 --> 13:58.710 align:start position:0%
what they were made of. The Beverron was
like<00:15:24.480><c> a</c><00:15:24.639><c> butterfly</c><00:15:25.120><c> net,</c><00:15:25.440><c> hoping</c><00:15:25.525><c> [music]</c><00:15:25.760><c> to</c>

13:58.710 --> 13:58.720 align:start position:0%
like a butterfly net, hoping [music] to
 

13:58.720 --> 14:00.470 align:start position:0%
like a butterfly net, hoping [music] to
catch<00:15:26.240><c> whichever</c><00:15:26.720><c> strange</c><00:15:27.040><c> subatomic</c>

14:00.470 --> 14:00.480 align:start position:0%
catch whichever strange subatomic
 

14:00.480 --> 14:02.790 align:start position:0%
catch whichever strange subatomic
creatures<00:15:28.079><c> fluttered</c><00:15:28.560><c> past.</c><00:15:29.360><c> The</c><00:15:29.519><c> Stanford</c>

14:02.790 --> 14:02.800 align:start position:0%
creatures fluttered past. The Stanford
 

14:02.800 --> 14:04.629 align:start position:0%
creatures fluttered past. The Stanford
Linear<00:15:30.320><c> Accelerator</c><00:15:30.959><c> Center</c><00:15:31.279><c> was</c><00:15:31.519><c> more</c><00:15:31.680><c> like</c>

14:04.629 --> 14:04.639 align:start position:0%
Linear Accelerator Center was more like
 

14:04.639 --> 14:07.110 align:start position:0%
Linear Accelerator Center was more like
a<00:15:32.000><c> surgical</c><00:15:32.639><c> scalpel</c><00:15:33.440><c> slicing</c><00:15:33.920><c> open</c><00:15:34.079><c> the</c>

14:07.110 --> 14:07.120 align:start position:0%
a surgical scalpel slicing open the
 

14:07.120 --> 14:09.989 align:start position:0%
a surgical scalpel slicing open the
proton<00:15:34.880><c> to</c><00:15:35.120><c> see</c><00:15:35.279><c> what</c><00:15:35.440><c> was</c><00:15:35.600><c> inside.</c><00:15:36.959><c> If</c>

14:09.989 --> 14:09.999 align:start position:0%
proton to see what was inside. If
 

14:09.999 --> 14:12.629 align:start position:0%
proton to see what was inside. If
protons<00:15:37.760><c> were</c><00:15:38.240><c> large</c><00:15:38.639><c> clouds</c><00:15:39.040><c> of</c><00:15:39.199><c> charge,</c><00:15:39.680><c> as</c>

14:12.629 --> 14:12.639 align:start position:0%
protons were large clouds of charge, as
 

14:12.639 --> 14:14.069 align:start position:0%
protons were large clouds of charge, as
had<00:15:40.079><c> been</c><00:15:40.160><c> the</c><00:15:40.320><c> assumption,</c><00:15:40.959><c> then</c><00:15:41.120><c> the</c>

14:14.069 --> 14:14.079 align:start position:0%
had been the assumption, then the
 

14:14.079 --> 14:15.910 align:start position:0%
had been the assumption, then the
incoming<00:15:41.680><c> electrons</c><00:15:42.320><c> shouldn't</c><00:15:42.639><c> lose</c><00:15:42.880><c> a</c><00:15:43.040><c> lot</c>

14:15.910 --> 14:15.920 align:start position:0%
incoming electrons shouldn't lose a lot
 

14:15.920 --> 14:17.830 align:start position:0%
incoming electrons shouldn't lose a lot
of<00:15:43.279><c> energy</c><00:15:43.519><c> upon</c><00:15:43.920><c> collision</c><00:15:44.240><c> with</c><00:15:44.480><c> their</c><00:15:44.639><c> tiny</c>

14:17.830 --> 14:17.840 align:start position:0%
of energy upon collision with their tiny
 

14:17.840 --> 14:19.749 align:start position:0%
of energy upon collision with their tiny
targets<00:15:45.519><c> and</c><00:15:45.760><c> would</c><00:15:45.920><c> be</c><00:15:46.079><c> scattered</c><00:15:46.480><c> off</c><00:15:46.639><c> at</c>

14:19.749 --> 14:19.759 align:start position:0%
targets and would be scattered off at
 

14:19.759 --> 14:22.069 align:start position:0%
targets and would be scattered off at
shallow<00:15:47.360><c> angles.</c><00:15:48.399><c> Except</c><00:15:48.720><c> that's</c><00:15:48.880><c> not</c><00:15:49.040><c> what</c>

14:22.069 --> 14:22.079 align:start position:0%
shallow angles. Except that's not what
 

14:22.079 --> 14:24.069 align:start position:0%
shallow angles. Except that's not what
physicists<00:15:50.000><c> saw</c><00:15:50.320><c> at</c><00:15:50.480><c> the</c><00:15:50.639><c> accelerator</c>

14:24.069 --> 14:24.079 align:start position:0%
physicists saw at the accelerator
 

14:24.079 --> 14:26.950 align:start position:0%
physicists saw at the accelerator
center.<00:15:52.240><c> Instead,</c><00:15:53.040><c> electrons</c><00:15:53.680><c> lost</c>

14:26.950 --> 14:26.960 align:start position:0%
center. Instead, electrons lost
 

14:26.960 --> 14:28.869 align:start position:0%
center. Instead, electrons lost
significant<00:15:54.720><c> energy</c><00:15:55.120><c> and</c><00:15:55.360><c> pinged</c><00:15:55.680><c> off</c><00:15:55.839><c> at</c>

14:28.869 --> 14:28.879 align:start position:0%
significant energy and pinged off at
 

14:28.879 --> 14:31.910 align:start position:0%
significant energy and pinged off at
surprisingly<00:15:56.880><c> large</c><00:15:57.199><c> angles.</c><00:15:58.399><c> It</c><00:15:58.639><c> was</c><00:15:58.720><c> as</c><00:15:58.880><c> if</c>

14:31.910 --> 14:31.920 align:start position:0%
surprisingly large angles. It was as if
 

14:31.920 --> 14:33.749 align:start position:0%
surprisingly large angles. It was as if
the<00:15:59.360><c> electrons</c><00:16:00.000><c> were</c><00:16:00.240><c> hitting</c><00:16:00.560><c> hard</c>

14:33.749 --> 14:33.759 align:start position:0%
the electrons were hitting hard
 

14:33.759 --> 14:37.910 align:start position:0%
the electrons were hitting hard
substructures<00:16:02.000><c> within</c><00:16:02.720><c> the</c><00:16:02.959><c> proton</c><00:16:03.440><c> itself.</c>

14:37.910 --> 14:37.920 align:start position:0%
substructures within the proton itself.
 

14:37.920 --> 14:39.429 align:start position:0%
substructures within the proton itself.
The<00:16:05.360><c> idea</c><00:16:05.680><c> had</c><00:16:05.920><c> already</c><00:16:06.160><c> been</c><00:16:06.320><c> floating</c>

14:39.429 --> 14:39.439 align:start position:0%
The idea had already been floating
 

14:39.439 --> 14:41.429 align:start position:0%
The idea had already been floating
around<00:16:06.959><c> in</c><00:16:07.120><c> the</c><00:16:07.279><c> physics</c><00:16:07.680><c> ether</c><00:16:08.000><c> for</c><00:16:08.240><c> half</c><00:16:08.480><c> a</c>

14:41.429 --> 14:41.439 align:start position:0%
around in the physics ether for half a
 

14:41.439 --> 14:44.549 align:start position:0%
around in the physics ether for half a
decade.<00:16:09.440><c> In</c><00:16:09.680><c> 1964,</c><00:16:10.800><c> physicists</c><00:16:11.440><c> Murray</c>

14:44.549 --> 14:44.559 align:start position:0%
decade. In 1964, physicists Murray
 

14:44.559 --> 14:47.030 align:start position:0%
decade. In 1964, physicists Murray
Galman<00:16:12.320><c> and</c><00:16:12.480><c> George</c><00:16:12.800><c> Zvig</c><00:16:13.440><c> had</c><00:16:13.680><c> proposed</c><00:16:14.000><c> that</c>

14:47.030 --> 14:47.040 align:start position:0%
Galman and George Zvig had proposed that
 

14:47.040 --> 14:49.030 align:start position:0%
Galman and George Zvig had proposed that
some<00:16:14.560><c> particles</c><00:16:15.120><c> were</c><00:16:15.360><c> in</c><00:16:15.519><c> turn</c><00:16:15.839><c> made</c><00:16:16.079><c> of</c>

14:49.030 --> 14:49.040 align:start position:0%
some particles were in turn made of
 

14:49.040 --> 14:52.390 align:start position:0%
some particles were in turn made of
smaller<00:16:16.720><c> particles,</c><00:16:17.920><c> quarks.</c><00:16:18.959><c> Some</c><00:16:19.199><c> models</c>

14:52.390 --> 14:52.400 align:start position:0%
smaller particles, quarks. Some models
 

14:52.400 --> 14:54.230 align:start position:0%
smaller particles, quarks. Some models
worked<00:16:19.920><c> better</c><00:16:20.160><c> with</c><00:16:20.320><c> them,</c><00:16:20.720><c> but</c><00:16:20.959><c> until</c><00:16:21.279><c> the</c>

14:54.230 --> 14:54.240 align:start position:0%
worked better with them, but until the
 

14:54.240 --> 14:55.749 align:start position:0%
worked better with them, but until the
experiments<00:16:21.920><c> at</c><00:16:22.079><c> the</c><00:16:22.240><c> Stanford</c><00:16:22.639><c> Linear</c>

14:55.749 --> 14:55.759 align:start position:0%
experiments at the Stanford Linear
 

14:55.759 --> 14:57.590 align:start position:0%
experiments at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator<00:16:23.600><c> Center,</c><00:16:24.079><c> it</c><00:16:24.320><c> wasn't</c><00:16:24.560><c> clear</c>

14:57.590 --> 14:57.600 align:start position:0%
Accelerator Center, it wasn't clear
 

14:57.600 --> 14:59.590 align:start position:0%
Accelerator Center, it wasn't clear
whether<00:16:25.199><c> quarks</c><00:16:25.600><c> were</c><00:16:25.839><c> real</c><00:16:26.240><c> or</c><00:16:26.480><c> mere</c>

14:59.590 --> 14:59.600 align:start position:0%
whether quarks were real or mere
 

14:59.600 --> 15:01.910 align:start position:0%
whether quarks were real or mere
mathematical<00:16:27.360><c> slight</c><00:16:27.759><c> of</c><00:16:27.920><c> hand.</c><00:16:28.800><c> But</c><00:16:28.959><c> it</c>

15:01.910 --> 15:01.920 align:start position:0%
mathematical slight of hand. But it
 

15:01.920 --> 15:03.910 align:start position:0%
mathematical slight of hand. But it
wouldn't<00:16:29.279><c> take</c><00:16:29.519><c> long</c><00:16:29.839><c> for</c><00:16:30.079><c> physicists</c><00:16:30.720><c> to</c><00:16:30.880><c> tie</c>

15:03.910 --> 15:03.920 align:start position:0%
wouldn't take long for physicists to tie
 

15:03.920 --> 15:06.230 align:start position:0%
wouldn't take long for physicists to tie
the<00:16:31.279><c> loose</c><00:16:31.600><c> ends</c><00:16:31.920><c> together.</c><00:16:32.720><c> Within</c><00:16:33.040><c> a</c><00:16:33.279><c> few</c>

15:06.230 --> 15:06.240 align:start position:0%
the loose ends together. Within a few
 

15:06.240 --> 15:08.150 align:start position:0%
the loose ends together. Within a few
years,<00:16:33.920><c> the</c><00:16:34.160><c> proton</c><00:16:34.639><c> structure</c><00:16:35.040><c> had</c><00:16:35.279><c> been</c>

15:08.150 --> 15:08.160 align:start position:0%
years, the proton structure had been
 

15:08.160 --> 15:09.910 align:start position:0%
years, the proton structure had been
neatly<00:16:35.759><c> bundled</c><00:16:36.160><c> into</c><00:16:36.320><c> a</c><00:16:36.480><c> theory</c><00:16:36.880><c> called</c>

15:09.910 --> 15:09.920 align:start position:0%
neatly bundled into a theory called
 

15:09.920 --> 15:13.270 align:start position:0%
neatly bundled into a theory called
quantum<00:16:37.600><c> chromodnamics</c><00:16:38.720><c> or</c><00:16:38.886><c> [music]</c><00:16:39.040><c> QCD.</c>

15:13.270 --> 15:13.280 align:start position:0%
quantum chromodnamics or [music] QCD.
 

15:13.280 --> 15:15.270 align:start position:0%
quantum chromodnamics or [music] QCD.
This<00:16:40.720><c> theory</c><00:16:41.120><c> perfectly</c><00:16:41.680><c> explained</c><00:16:42.240><c> how</c>

15:15.270 --> 15:15.280 align:start position:0%
This theory perfectly explained how
 

15:15.280 --> 15:17.590 align:start position:0%
This theory perfectly explained how
protons<00:16:42.959><c> are</c><00:16:43.120><c> made</c><00:16:43.279><c> of</c><00:16:43.440><c> three</c><00:16:43.759><c> quarks</c><00:16:44.560><c> bound</c>

15:17.590 --> 15:17.600 align:start position:0%
protons are made of three quarks bound
 

15:17.600 --> 15:19.429 align:start position:0%
protons are made of three quarks bound
together<00:16:45.120><c> by</c><00:16:45.360><c> the</c><00:16:45.600><c> exchange</c><00:16:45.920><c> of</c><00:16:46.079><c> particles</c>

15:19.429 --> 15:19.439 align:start position:0%
together by the exchange of particles
 

15:19.439 --> 15:22.309 align:start position:0%
together by the exchange of particles
called<00:16:47.040><c> gluons.</c><00:16:48.160><c> And</c><00:16:48.320><c> so</c><00:16:48.480><c> the</c><00:16:48.720><c> electrons</c><00:16:49.360><c> of</c>

15:22.309 --> 15:22.319 align:start position:0%
called gluons. And so the electrons of
 

15:22.319 --> 15:24.230 align:start position:0%
called gluons. And so the electrons of
the<00:16:49.600><c> Stanford</c><00:16:50.000><c> Linear</c><00:16:50.320><c> Accelerator</c><00:16:50.959><c> Center</c>

15:24.230 --> 15:24.240 align:start position:0%
the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
 

15:24.240 --> 15:26.390 align:start position:0%
the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
were<00:16:51.680><c> pinging</c><00:16:52.000><c> off</c><00:16:52.160><c> the</c><00:16:52.320><c> quarks</c><00:16:52.959><c> inside</c><00:16:53.360><c> the</c>

15:26.390 --> 15:26.400 align:start position:0%
were pinging off the quarks inside the
 

15:26.400 --> 15:31.830 align:start position:0%
were pinging off the quarks inside the
protons.

15:31.830 --> 15:31.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:31.840 --> 15:33.910 align:start position:0%
 
Quarks<00:16:59.519><c> and</c><00:16:59.600><c> quantum</c><00:17:00.000><c> chromodnamics</c><00:17:00.800><c> were</c><00:17:00.959><c> a</c>

15:33.910 --> 15:33.920 align:start position:0%
Quarks and quantum chromodnamics were a
 

15:33.920 --> 15:35.989 align:start position:0%
Quarks and quantum chromodnamics were a
hammer<00:17:01.440><c> blow</c><00:17:01.759><c> for</c><00:17:01.920><c> the</c><00:17:02.079><c> infant</c><00:17:02.480><c> idea</c><00:17:02.959><c> of</c>

15:35.989 --> 15:35.999 align:start position:0%
hammer blow for the infant idea of
 

15:35.999 --> 15:38.869 align:start position:0%
hammer blow for the infant idea of
string<00:17:03.600><c> theory.</c><00:17:04.640><c> In</c><00:17:04.880><c> courtroom</c><00:17:05.439><c> terms,</c><00:17:05.919><c> it</c>

15:38.869 --> 15:38.879 align:start position:0%
string theory. In courtroom terms, it
 

15:38.879 --> 15:40.869 align:start position:0%
string theory. In courtroom terms, it
was<00:17:06.160><c> as</c><00:17:06.319><c> if</c><00:17:06.480><c> the</c><00:17:06.720><c> prosecution</c><00:17:07.360><c> had</c><00:17:07.520><c> landed</c><00:17:07.839><c> a</c>

15:40.869 --> 15:40.879 align:start position:0%
was as if the prosecution had landed a
 

15:40.879 --> 15:43.349 align:start position:0%
was as if the prosecution had landed a
devastating<00:17:08.720><c> cross-examination.</c><00:17:10.079><c> The</c><00:17:10.319><c> case</c>

15:43.349 --> 15:43.359 align:start position:0%
devastating cross-examination. The case
 

15:43.359 --> 15:44.950 align:start position:0%
devastating cross-examination. The case
for<00:17:10.720><c> string</c><00:17:11.039><c> theory</c><00:17:11.439><c> had</c><00:17:11.600><c> barely</c><00:17:11.919><c> been</c>

15:44.950 --> 15:44.960 align:start position:0%
for string theory had barely been
 

15:44.960 --> 15:47.510 align:start position:0%
for string theory had barely been
opened,<00:17:12.799><c> but</c><00:17:12.959><c> now</c><00:17:13.280><c> it</c><00:17:13.520><c> seemed</c><00:17:13.760><c> to</c><00:17:13.919><c> slam</c><00:17:14.240><c> firmly</c>

15:47.510 --> 15:47.520 align:start position:0%
opened, but now it seemed to slam firmly
 

15:47.520 --> 15:51.030 align:start position:0%
opened, but now it seemed to slam firmly
shut.

15:51.030 --> 15:51.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:51.040 --> 15:53.349 align:start position:0%
 
Most<00:17:18.559><c> physicists</c><00:17:19.360><c> quietly</c><00:17:19.839><c> left</c><00:17:20.000><c> the</c><00:17:20.240><c> field</c>

15:53.349 --> 15:53.359 align:start position:0%
Most physicists quietly left the field
 

15:53.359 --> 15:55.030 align:start position:0%
Most physicists quietly left the field
behind<00:17:21.120><c> and</c><00:17:21.360><c> moved</c><00:17:21.461><c> [music]</c><00:17:21.600><c> on</c><00:17:21.760><c> to</c><00:17:21.919><c> other</c>

15:55.030 --> 15:55.040 align:start position:0%
behind and moved [music] on to other
 

15:55.040 --> 15:57.430 align:start position:0%
behind and moved [music] on to other
projects.<00:17:23.120><c> Only</c><00:17:23.439><c> a</c><00:17:23.600><c> few</c><00:17:23.839><c> hardy</c><00:17:24.240><c> souls</c>

15:57.430 --> 15:57.440 align:start position:0%
projects. Only a few hardy souls
 

15:57.440 --> 15:59.989 align:start position:0%
projects. Only a few hardy souls
remained,<00:17:25.360><c> leaving</c><00:17:25.679><c> string</c><00:17:26.000><c> theory</c><00:17:26.400><c> lifeless</c>

15:59.989 --> 15:59.999 align:start position:0%
remained, leaving string theory lifeless
 

15:59.999 --> 16:03.110 align:start position:0%
remained, leaving string theory lifeless
but<00:17:27.520><c> not</c><00:17:27.760><c> completely</c><00:17:28.319><c> dead.</c><00:17:29.760><c> But</c><00:17:29.919><c> those</c><00:17:30.080><c> who</c>

16:03.110 --> 16:03.120 align:start position:0%
but not completely dead. But those who
 

16:03.120 --> 16:05.990 align:start position:0%
but not completely dead. But those who
stayed<00:17:30.559><c> behind</c><00:17:31.440><c> started</c><00:17:31.840><c> asking</c><00:17:32.400><c> a</c><00:17:32.720><c> different</c>

16:05.990 --> 16:06.000 align:start position:0%
stayed behind started asking a different
 

16:06.000 --> 16:08.630 align:start position:0%
stayed behind started asking a different
question.<00:17:34.320><c> What</c><00:17:34.480><c> if</c><00:17:34.720><c> string</c><00:17:35.120><c> theory</c><00:17:35.520><c> wasn't</c>

16:08.630 --> 16:08.640 align:start position:0%
question. What if string theory wasn't
 

16:08.640 --> 16:10.550 align:start position:0%
question. What if string theory wasn't
just<00:17:36.000><c> a</c><00:17:36.240><c> failed</c><00:17:36.640><c> detour</c><00:17:37.039><c> in</c><00:17:37.280><c> particle</c>

16:10.550 --> 16:10.560 align:start position:0%
just a failed detour in particle
 

16:10.560 --> 16:13.510 align:start position:0%
just a failed detour in particle
physics,<00:17:38.720><c> but</c><00:17:38.960><c> the</c><00:17:39.200><c> first</c><00:17:39.440><c> clue</c><00:17:39.919><c> in</c><00:17:40.160><c> a</c><00:17:40.400><c> far</c>

16:13.510 --> 16:13.520 align:start position:0%
physics, but the first clue in a far
 

16:13.520 --> 16:16.469 align:start position:0%
physics, but the first clue in a far
deeper<00:17:41.200><c> mystery?</c><00:17:42.400><c> Not</c><00:17:42.640><c> just</c><00:17:42.799><c> a</c><00:17:42.960><c> theory</c><00:17:43.360><c> of</c><00:17:43.520><c> the</c>

16:16.469 --> 16:16.479 align:start position:0%
deeper mystery? Not just a theory of the
 

16:16.479 --> 16:18.150 align:start position:0%
deeper mystery? Not just a theory of the
subatomic,

16:18.150 --> 16:18.160 align:start position:0%
subatomic,
 

16:18.160 --> 16:32.070 align:start position:0%
subatomic,
but<00:17:45.520><c> a</c><00:17:45.760><c> theory</c><00:17:46.960><c> of</c><00:17:47.360><c> everything.</c>

16:32.070 --> 16:32.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:32.080 --> 16:34.550 align:start position:0%
 
String<00:17:59.679><c> theory</c><00:18:00.080><c> is</c><00:18:00.240><c> a</c><00:18:00.400><c> part</c><00:18:00.480><c> of</c><00:18:00.720><c> 21st</c><00:18:01.280><c> century</c>

16:34.550 --> 16:34.560 align:start position:0%
String theory is a part of 21st century
 

16:34.560 --> 16:37.110 align:start position:0%
String theory is a part of 21st century
physics<00:18:02.400><c> that</c><00:18:02.640><c> fell</c><00:18:02.960><c> by</c><00:18:03.200><c> accident</c><00:18:03.840><c> into</c><00:18:04.160><c> the</c>

16:37.110 --> 16:37.120 align:start position:0%
physics that fell by accident into the
 

16:37.120 --> 16:40.757 align:start position:0%
physics that fell by accident into the
20th<00:18:04.799><c> century.</c>

16:40.757 --> 16:40.767 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:40.767 --> 16:42.790 align:start position:0%
 
[music]<00:18:08.160><c> A</c><00:18:08.400><c> pipe</c><00:18:08.720><c> rests</c><00:18:09.200><c> gently</c><00:18:09.600><c> on</c><00:18:09.840><c> a</c>

16:42.790 --> 16:42.800 align:start position:0%
[music] A pipe rests gently on a
 

16:42.800 --> 16:45.750 align:start position:0%
[music] A pipe rests gently on a
scattered<00:18:10.400><c> pile</c><00:18:10.640><c> of</c><00:18:10.799><c> dogeared</c><00:18:11.360><c> papers.</c><00:18:12.559><c> Books</c>

16:45.750 --> 16:45.760 align:start position:0%
scattered pile of dogeared papers. Books
 

16:45.760 --> 16:47.349 align:start position:0%
scattered pile of dogeared papers. Books
jut<00:18:13.280><c> out</c><00:18:13.520><c> precariously</c><00:18:14.240><c> from</c><00:18:14.400><c> the</c><00:18:14.517><c> [music]</c>

16:47.349 --> 16:47.359 align:start position:0%
jut out precariously from the [music]
 

16:47.359 --> 16:49.750 align:start position:0%
jut out precariously from the [music]
edge<00:18:14.720><c> of</c><00:18:14.880><c> the</c><00:18:15.039><c> table.</c><00:18:16.000><c> A</c><00:18:16.320><c> single</c><00:18:16.640><c> piece</c><00:18:16.799><c> of</c>

16:49.750 --> 16:49.760 align:start position:0%
edge of the table. A single piece of
 

16:49.760 --> 16:51.910 align:start position:0%
edge of the table. A single piece of
chalk<00:18:17.360><c> lies</c><00:18:17.679><c> expectantly</c><00:18:18.320><c> on</c><00:18:18.480><c> a</c><00:18:18.640><c> ledge</c>

16:51.910 --> 16:51.920 align:start position:0%
chalk lies expectantly on a ledge
 

16:51.920 --> 16:53.829 align:start position:0%
chalk lies expectantly on a ledge
beneath<00:18:19.440><c> a</c><00:18:19.600><c> blackboard</c><00:18:20.240><c> filled</c><00:18:20.720><c> with</c>

16:53.829 --> 16:53.839 align:start position:0%
beneath a blackboard filled with
 

16:53.839 --> 16:57.190 align:start position:0%
beneath a blackboard filled with
frantically<00:18:21.679><c> written</c><00:18:22.000><c> equations.</c>

16:57.190 --> 16:57.200 align:start position:0%
frantically written equations.
 

16:57.200 --> 16:59.190 align:start position:0%
frantically written equations.
After<00:18:24.720><c> Albert</c><00:18:25.120><c> Einstein</c><00:18:25.652><c> [music]</c><00:18:25.840><c> died</c><00:18:26.160><c> in</c>

16:59.190 --> 16:59.200 align:start position:0%
After Albert Einstein [music] died in
 

16:59.200 --> 17:01.990 align:start position:0%
After Albert Einstein [music] died in
April<00:18:26.799><c> 1955,</c><00:18:28.080><c> this</c><00:18:28.320><c> was</c><00:18:28.480><c> the</c><00:18:28.640><c> state</c><00:18:28.880><c> of</c><00:18:29.039><c> his</c>

17:01.990 --> 17:02.000 align:start position:0%
April 1955, this was the state of his
 

17:02.000 --> 17:04.337 align:start position:0%
April 1955, this was the state of his
office,<00:18:30.000><c> and</c><00:18:30.160><c> it</c><00:18:30.400><c> was</c><00:18:30.480><c> a</c><00:18:30.720><c> scene</c><00:18:31.200><c> we</c><00:18:31.440><c> were</c>

17:04.337 --> 17:04.347 align:start position:0%
office, and it was a scene we were
 

17:04.347 --> 17:07.190 align:start position:0%
office, and it was a scene we were
[music]<00:18:31.600><c> never</c><00:18:31.919><c> supposed</c><00:18:32.240><c> to</c><00:18:32.559><c> see.</c><00:18:33.760><c> When</c><00:18:34.000><c> Life</c>

17:07.190 --> 17:07.200 align:start position:0%
[music] never supposed to see. When Life
 

17:07.200 --> 17:08.922 align:start position:0%
[music] never supposed to see. When Life
magazine<00:18:34.880><c> photographer</c><00:18:35.440><c> Ralph</c><00:18:35.840><c> Morse</c>

17:08.922 --> 17:08.932 align:start position:0%
magazine photographer Ralph Morse
 

17:08.932 --> 17:10.630 align:start position:0%
magazine photographer Ralph Morse
[music]<00:18:36.320><c> heard</c><00:18:36.480><c> of</c><00:18:36.640><c> the</c><00:18:36.799><c> physicist's</c><00:18:37.440><c> death,</c>

17:10.630 --> 17:10.640 align:start position:0%
[music] heard of the physicist's death,
 

17:10.640 --> 17:12.870 align:start position:0%
[music] heard of the physicist's death,
he<00:18:38.000><c> raced</c><00:18:38.400><c> the</c><00:18:38.720><c> 90</c><00:18:38.960><c> mi</c><00:18:39.280><c> from</c><00:18:39.520><c> his</c><00:18:39.679><c> home</c><00:18:39.840><c> to</c>

17:12.870 --> 17:12.880 align:start position:0%
he raced the 90 mi from his home to
 

17:12.880 --> 17:14.950 align:start position:0%
he raced the 90 mi from his home to
Princeton.<00:18:40.720><c> And</c><00:18:40.960><c> after</c><00:18:41.120><c> bribing</c><00:18:41.600><c> his</c><00:18:41.840><c> way</c><00:18:41.919><c> in</c>

17:14.950 --> 17:14.960 align:start position:0%
Princeton. And after bribing his way in
 

17:14.960 --> 17:17.110 align:start position:0%
Princeton. And after bribing his way in
with<00:18:42.320><c> a</c><00:18:42.480><c> bottle</c><00:18:42.720><c> of</c><00:18:42.960><c> scotch,</c><00:18:43.600><c> Morse</c><00:18:44.000><c> was</c><00:18:44.160><c> able</c>

17:17.110 --> 17:17.120 align:start position:0%
with a bottle of scotch, Morse was able
 

17:17.120 --> 17:19.030 align:start position:0%
with a bottle of scotch, Morse was able
to<00:18:44.480><c> photograph</c><00:18:44.960><c> Einstein's</c><00:18:45.679><c> desk</c><00:18:45.957><c> [music]</c>

17:19.030 --> 17:19.040 align:start position:0%
to photograph Einstein's desk [music]
 

17:19.040 --> 17:21.910 align:start position:0%
to photograph Einstein's desk [music]
within<00:18:46.640><c> hours</c><00:18:47.039><c> of</c><00:18:47.360><c> his</c><00:18:47.520><c> death.</c>

17:21.910 --> 17:21.920 align:start position:0%
within hours of his death.
 

17:21.920 --> 17:23.750 align:start position:0%
within hours of his death.
But<00:18:49.280><c> it's</c><00:18:49.440><c> what's</c><00:18:49.679><c> on</c><00:18:49.840><c> the</c><00:18:50.000><c> blackboard</c><00:18:50.559><c> that's</c>

17:23.750 --> 17:23.760 align:start position:0%
But it's what's on the blackboard that's
 

17:23.760 --> 17:25.750 align:start position:0%
But it's what's on the blackboard that's
perhaps<00:18:51.198><c> [music]</c><00:18:51.280><c> the</c><00:18:51.520><c> most</c><00:18:51.760><c> telling.</c><00:18:52.720><c> This</c>

17:25.750 --> 17:25.760 align:start position:0%
perhaps [music] the most telling. This
 

17:25.760 --> 17:28.150 align:start position:0%
perhaps [music] the most telling. This
was<00:18:53.120><c> Einstein's</c><00:18:53.919><c> final</c><00:18:54.240><c> attempt</c><00:18:54.640><c> to</c><00:18:54.880><c> solve</c><00:18:55.120><c> a</c>

17:28.150 --> 17:28.160 align:start position:0%
was Einstein's final attempt to solve a
 

17:28.160 --> 17:29.750 align:start position:0%
was Einstein's final attempt to solve a
problem<00:18:55.520><c> that</c><00:18:55.760><c> had</c><00:18:55.919><c> become</c><00:18:56.160><c> a</c><00:18:56.320><c> decadesl</c><00:18:56.799><c> long</c>

17:29.750 --> 17:29.760 align:start position:0%
problem that had become a decadesl long
 

17:29.760 --> 17:31.430 align:start position:0%
problem that had become a decadesl long
obsession.

17:31.430 --> 17:31.440 align:start position:0%
obsession.
 

17:31.440 --> 17:33.158 align:start position:0%
obsession.
Einstein<00:18:59.120><c> was</c><00:18:59.360><c> searching</c><00:18:59.600><c> for</c><00:18:59.840><c> a</c><00:19:00.000><c> unified</c>

17:33.158 --> 17:33.168 align:start position:0%
Einstein was searching for a unified
 

17:33.168 --> 17:35.510 align:start position:0%
Einstein was searching for a unified
[music]<00:19:00.640><c> field</c><00:19:00.960><c> theory,</c><00:19:01.679><c> a</c><00:19:01.919><c> single</c><00:19:02.240><c> framework</c>

17:35.510 --> 17:35.520 align:start position:0%
[music] field theory, a single framework
 

17:35.520 --> 17:37.510 align:start position:0%
[music] field theory, a single framework
that<00:19:02.960><c> could</c><00:19:03.200><c> explain</c><00:19:03.520><c> both</c><00:19:03.840><c> gravity</c><00:19:04.320><c> and</c><00:19:04.559><c> the</c>

17:37.510 --> 17:37.520 align:start position:0%
that could explain both gravity and the
 

17:37.520 --> 17:39.750 align:start position:0%
that could explain both gravity and the
electromagnetic<00:19:05.679><c> force.</c><00:19:06.263><c> [music]</c><00:19:06.480><c> And</c><00:19:06.720><c> yet,</c>

17:39.750 --> 17:39.760 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force. [music] And yet,
 

17:39.760 --> 17:42.630 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force. [music] And yet,
despite<00:19:07.440><c> 30</c><00:19:07.760><c> years</c><00:19:08.000><c> of</c><00:19:08.240><c> trying,</c><00:19:09.039><c> his</c><00:19:09.360><c> holy</c>

17:42.630 --> 17:42.640 align:start position:0%
despite 30 years of trying, his holy
 

17:42.640 --> 17:44.230 align:start position:0%
despite 30 years of trying, his holy
grail<00:19:10.240><c> remained</c><00:19:10.640><c> agonizingly</c><00:19:10.848><c> [music]</c>

17:44.230 --> 17:44.240 align:start position:0%
grail remained agonizingly [music]
 

17:44.240 --> 17:46.709 align:start position:0%
grail remained agonizingly [music]
out<00:19:11.600><c> of</c><00:19:11.760><c> reach.</c><00:19:12.799><c> Someone</c><00:19:13.120><c> else</c><00:19:13.360><c> would</c><00:19:13.600><c> have</c><00:19:13.679><c> to</c>

17:46.709 --> 17:46.719 align:start position:0%
out of reach. Someone else would have to
 

17:46.719 --> 17:49.589 align:start position:0%
out of reach. Someone else would have to
step<00:19:14.080><c> forward,</c><00:19:14.799><c> reopen</c><00:19:15.280><c> the</c><00:19:15.440><c> case,</c><00:19:16.080><c> and</c><00:19:16.400><c> find</c>

17:49.589 --> 17:49.599 align:start position:0%
step forward, reopen the case, and find
 

17:49.599 --> 17:59.670 align:start position:0%
step forward, reopen the case, and find
what<00:19:17.120><c> even</c><00:19:17.280><c> the</c><00:19:17.520><c> great</c><00:19:17.760><c> man</c><00:19:18.320><c> could</c><00:19:18.559><c> not.</c>

17:59.670 --> 17:59.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:59.680 --> 18:01.349 align:start position:0%
 
By<00:19:27.120><c> the</c><00:19:27.280><c> time</c><00:19:27.440><c> string</c><00:19:27.760><c> theory</c><00:19:28.080><c> appeared</c><00:19:28.400><c> at</c>

18:01.349 --> 18:01.359 align:start position:0%
By the time string theory appeared at
 

18:01.359 --> 18:03.750 align:start position:0%
By the time string theory appeared at
the<00:19:28.720><c> end</c><00:19:28.799><c> of</c><00:19:28.880><c> the</c><00:19:29.039><c> 1960s,</c><00:19:30.160><c> physicists</c><00:19:30.799><c> were</c>

18:03.750 --> 18:03.760 align:start position:0%
the end of the 1960s, physicists were
 

18:03.760 --> 18:06.390 align:start position:0%
the end of the 1960s, physicists were
attempting<00:19:31.360><c> to</c><00:19:31.600><c> do</c><00:19:31.840><c> just</c><00:19:32.160><c> that.</c><00:19:33.120><c> To</c><00:19:33.280><c> tie</c>

18:06.390 --> 18:06.400 align:start position:0%
attempting to do just that. To tie
 

18:06.400 --> 18:07.873 align:start position:0%
attempting to do just that. To tie
gravity<00:19:34.000><c> to</c><00:19:34.160><c> not</c><00:19:34.400><c> only</c><00:19:34.559><c> the</c><00:19:34.799><c> electromagnetic</c>

18:07.873 --> 18:07.883 align:start position:0%
gravity to not only the electromagnetic
 

18:07.883 --> 18:08.469 align:start position:0%
gravity to not only the electromagnetic
[music]

18:08.469 --> 18:08.479 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

18:08.479 --> 18:10.390 align:start position:0%
[music]
force,<00:19:36.160><c> but</c><00:19:36.400><c> to</c><00:19:36.559><c> the</c><00:19:36.799><c> strong</c><00:19:37.039><c> and</c><00:19:37.280><c> weak</c>

18:10.390 --> 18:10.400 align:start position:0%
force, but to the strong and weak
 

18:10.400 --> 18:14.070 align:start position:0%
force, but to the strong and weak
forces,<00:19:38.160><c> too.</c><00:19:39.039><c> One</c><00:19:39.760><c> beautiful,</c><00:19:40.400><c> elegant,</c><00:19:40.960><c> and</c>

18:14.070 --> 18:14.080 align:start position:0%
forces, too. One beautiful, elegant, and
 

18:14.080 --> 18:17.349 align:start position:0%
forces, too. One beautiful, elegant, and
coherent<00:19:42.288><c> [music]</c><00:19:42.559><c> theory</c><00:19:42.880><c> of</c><00:19:43.120><c> everything.</c>

18:17.349 --> 18:17.359 align:start position:0%
coherent [music] theory of everything.
 

18:17.359 --> 18:19.829 align:start position:0%
coherent [music] theory of everything.
The<00:19:44.799><c> trouble</c><00:19:45.200><c> was,</c><00:19:45.919><c> gravity</c><00:19:46.400><c> spoke</c><00:19:46.640><c> a</c><00:19:46.880><c> very</c>

18:19.829 --> 18:19.839 align:start position:0%
The trouble was, gravity spoke a very
 

18:19.839 --> 18:21.190 align:start position:0%
The trouble was, gravity spoke a very
different<00:19:47.280><c> language</c><00:19:47.760><c> to</c><00:19:48.000><c> the</c><00:19:48.183><c> [music]</c><00:19:48.240><c> other</c>

18:21.190 --> 18:21.200 align:start position:0%
different language to the [music] other
 

18:21.200 --> 18:23.990 align:start position:0%
different language to the [music] other
three<00:19:48.720><c> fundamental</c><00:19:49.440><c> forces.</c><00:19:50.559><c> It</c><00:19:50.799><c> is</c><00:19:50.960><c> best</c>

18:23.990 --> 18:24.000 align:start position:0%
three fundamental forces. It is best
 

18:24.000 --> 18:26.150 align:start position:0%
three fundamental forces. It is best
described<00:19:51.600><c> by</c><00:19:51.840><c> Einstein's</c><00:19:52.559><c> own</c><00:19:52.880><c> general</c>

18:26.150 --> 18:26.160 align:start position:0%
described by Einstein's own general
 

18:26.160 --> 18:28.870 align:start position:0%
described by Einstein's own general
theory<00:19:53.679><c> of</c><00:19:53.840><c> relativity</c><00:19:54.720><c> and</c><00:19:55.039><c> introduces</c><00:19:55.760><c> the</c>

18:28.870 --> 18:28.880 align:start position:0%
theory of relativity and introduces the
 

18:28.880 --> 18:31.453 align:start position:0%
theory of relativity and introduces the
smooth<00:19:56.880><c> continuous</c><00:19:57.520><c> fabric</c><00:19:57.840><c> of</c><00:19:58.080><c> spacetime.</c>

18:31.453 --> 18:31.463 align:start position:0%
smooth continuous fabric of spacetime.
 

18:31.463 --> 18:31.990 align:start position:0%
smooth continuous fabric of spacetime.
[music]

18:31.990 --> 18:32.000 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

18:32.000 --> 18:34.070 align:start position:0%
[music]
A<00:19:59.360><c> fabric</c><00:19:59.679><c> that</c><00:19:59.919><c> is</c><00:20:00.080><c> warped</c><00:20:00.400><c> by</c><00:20:00.640><c> objects</c><00:20:00.960><c> with</c>

18:34.070 --> 18:34.080 align:start position:0%
A fabric that is warped by objects with
 

18:34.080 --> 18:36.070 align:start position:0%
A fabric that is warped by objects with
mass<00:20:01.760><c> to</c><00:20:02.000><c> provide</c><00:20:02.240><c> the</c><00:20:02.559><c> illusion</c><00:20:02.880><c> of</c><00:20:03.120><c> an</c>

18:36.070 --> 18:36.080 align:start position:0%
mass to provide the illusion of an
 

18:36.080 --> 18:39.110 align:start position:0%
mass to provide the illusion of an
invisible<00:20:03.760><c> gravitational</c><00:20:04.559><c> pull.</c><00:20:05.600><c> In</c><00:20:05.840><c> quantum</c>

18:39.110 --> 18:39.120 align:start position:0%
invisible gravitational pull. In quantum
 

18:39.120 --> 18:41.030 align:start position:0%
invisible gravitational pull. In quantum
physics,<00:20:06.720><c> on</c><00:20:06.880><c> the</c><00:20:07.039><c> other</c><00:20:07.200><c> hand,</c><00:20:07.679><c> the</c><00:20:07.919><c> language</c>

18:41.030 --> 18:41.040 align:start position:0%
physics, on the other hand, the language
 

18:41.040 --> 18:43.349 align:start position:0%
physics, on the other hand, the language
of<00:20:08.400><c> the</c><00:20:08.559><c> other</c><00:20:08.799><c> three</c><00:20:09.120><c> fundamental</c><00:20:09.679><c> forces,</c>

18:43.349 --> 18:43.359 align:start position:0%
of the other three fundamental forces,
 

18:43.359 --> 18:45.190 align:start position:0%
of the other three fundamental forces,
electromagnetism<00:20:11.520><c> and</c><00:20:11.679><c> the</c><00:20:11.760><c> strong</c><00:20:11.919><c> and</c><00:20:12.160><c> weak</c>

18:45.190 --> 18:45.200 align:start position:0%
electromagnetism and the strong and weak
 

18:45.200 --> 18:47.910 align:start position:0%
electromagnetism and the strong and weak
force,<00:20:13.360><c> this</c><00:20:13.679><c> smoothness</c><00:20:14.383><c> [music]</c><00:20:14.640><c> is</c>

18:47.910 --> 18:47.920 align:start position:0%
force, this smoothness [music] is
 

18:47.920 --> 18:50.870 align:start position:0%
force, this smoothness [music] is
jarred.<00:20:16.240><c> In</c><00:20:16.480><c> the</c><00:20:16.640><c> quantum</c><00:20:17.039><c> world,</c><00:20:17.679><c> everything</c>

18:50.870 --> 18:50.880 align:start position:0%
jarred. In the quantum world, everything
 

18:50.880 --> 18:53.430 align:start position:0%
jarred. In the quantum world, everything
comes<00:20:18.320><c> in</c><00:20:18.640><c> blocks</c><00:20:19.039><c> of</c><00:20:19.360><c> fixed</c><00:20:19.840><c> pre-ordained</c>

18:53.430 --> 18:53.440 align:start position:0%
comes in blocks of fixed pre-ordained
 

18:53.440 --> 18:56.344 align:start position:0%
comes in blocks of fixed pre-ordained
sizes.<00:20:21.600><c> The</c><00:20:21.840><c> universe</c><00:20:22.240><c> it</c><00:20:22.480><c> describes</c><00:20:23.200><c> is</c>

18:56.344 --> 18:56.354 align:start position:0%
sizes. The universe it describes is
 

18:56.354 --> 18:58.230 align:start position:0%
sizes. The universe it describes is
[music]<00:20:23.600><c> grainy,</c><00:20:24.400><c> the</c><00:20:24.640><c> very</c><00:20:24.960><c> opposite</c><00:20:25.280><c> of</c>

18:58.230 --> 18:58.240 align:start position:0%
[music] grainy, the very opposite of
 

18:58.240 --> 19:00.390 align:start position:0%
[music] grainy, the very opposite of
that<00:20:25.679><c> described</c><00:20:26.160><c> by</c><00:20:26.400><c> Einstein</c><00:20:27.039><c> in</c><00:20:27.360><c> his</c>

19:00.390 --> 19:00.400 align:start position:0%
that described by Einstein in his
 

19:00.400 --> 19:02.949 align:start position:0%
that described by Einstein in his
theory.<00:20:28.720><c> These</c><00:20:29.039><c> two</c><00:20:29.280><c> worlds</c><00:20:29.760><c> seemed</c>

19:02.949 --> 19:02.959 align:start position:0%
theory. These two worlds seemed
 

19:02.959 --> 19:05.514 align:start position:0%
theory. These two worlds seemed
unresolvably<00:20:31.200><c> at</c><00:20:31.440><c> odds.</c>

19:05.514 --> 19:05.524 align:start position:0%
unresolvably at odds.
 

19:05.524 --> 19:05.829 align:start position:0%
unresolvably at odds.
&gt;&gt; [music]

19:05.829 --> 19:05.839 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

19:05.839 --> 19:08.390 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; Remarkably,<00:20:33.679><c> however,</c><00:20:34.480><c> string</c><00:20:34.880><c> theory,</c>

19:08.390 --> 19:08.400 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Remarkably, however, string theory,
 

19:08.400 --> 19:10.150 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Remarkably, however, string theory,
despite<00:20:36.000><c> being</c><00:20:36.240><c> bruised</c><00:20:36.640><c> and</c><00:20:36.799><c> battered</c><00:20:37.200><c> by</c>

19:10.150 --> 19:10.160 align:start position:0%
despite being bruised and battered by
 

19:10.160 --> 19:11.829 align:start position:0%
despite being bruised and battered by
its<00:20:37.600><c> run-in</c><00:20:38.000><c> with</c><00:20:38.159><c> quarks</c><00:20:38.559><c> and</c><00:20:38.720><c> quantum</c>

19:11.829 --> 19:11.839 align:start position:0%
its run-in with quarks and quantum
 

19:11.839 --> 19:15.190 align:start position:0%
its run-in with quarks and quantum
chromodnamics,<00:20:40.240><c> offered</c><00:20:40.640><c> a</c><00:20:40.799><c> ray</c><00:20:40.960><c> of</c><00:20:41.200><c> hope,</c><00:20:42.159><c> a</c>

19:15.190 --> 19:15.200 align:start position:0%
chromodnamics, offered a ray of hope, a
 

19:15.200 --> 19:17.670 align:start position:0%
chromodnamics, offered a ray of hope, a
faint<00:20:42.799><c> glimmer</c><00:20:43.280><c> of</c><00:20:43.440><c> a</c><00:20:43.600><c> theory</c><00:20:43.919><c> of</c><00:20:44.159><c> everything,</c>

19:17.670 --> 19:17.680 align:start position:0%
faint glimmer of a theory of everything,
 

19:17.680 --> 19:19.750 align:start position:0%
faint glimmer of a theory of everything,
a<00:20:45.120><c> potential</c><00:20:45.520><c> way</c><00:20:45.760><c> to</c><00:20:45.919><c> explain</c><00:20:46.320><c> all</c><00:20:46.640><c> four</c>

19:19.750 --> 19:19.760 align:start position:0%
a potential way to explain all four
 

19:19.760 --> 19:21.589 align:start position:0%
a potential way to explain all four
fundamental<00:20:47.520><c> forces</c><00:20:47.789><c> [music]</c><00:20:48.159><c> using</c><00:20:48.559><c> the</c>

19:21.589 --> 19:21.599 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces [music] using the
 

19:21.599 --> 19:25.430 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces [music] using the
same<00:20:49.120><c> language,</c><00:20:50.400><c> the</c><00:20:50.720><c> language</c><00:20:51.600><c> of</c><00:20:51.919><c> vibrating</c>

19:25.430 --> 19:25.440 align:start position:0%
same language, the language of vibrating
 

19:25.440 --> 19:31.750 align:start position:0%
same language, the language of vibrating
strings.

19:31.750 --> 19:31.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:31.760 --> 19:33.829 align:start position:0%
 
Originally,<00:21:00.000><c> physicists</c><00:21:00.559><c> had</c><00:21:00.799><c> only</c>

19:33.829 --> 19:33.839 align:start position:0%
Originally, physicists had only
 

19:33.839 --> 19:36.230 align:start position:0%
Originally, physicists had only
considered<00:21:01.760><c> open</c><00:21:02.159><c> strings,</c><00:21:02.854><c> [music]</c><00:21:03.200><c> those</c>

19:36.230 --> 19:36.240 align:start position:0%
considered open strings, [music] those
 

19:36.240 --> 19:37.990 align:start position:0%
considered open strings, [music] those
where<00:21:03.679><c> the</c><00:21:03.840><c> ends</c><00:21:04.000><c> were</c><00:21:04.159><c> free</c><00:21:04.320><c> to</c><00:21:04.480><c> dangle</c><00:21:04.960><c> like</c>

19:37.990 --> 19:38.000 align:start position:0%
where the ends were free to dangle like
 

19:38.000 --> 19:40.390 align:start position:0%
where the ends were free to dangle like
an<00:21:05.360><c> ordinary</c><00:21:05.760><c> piece</c><00:21:05.919><c> of</c><00:21:06.080><c> rope.</c><00:21:06.799><c> A</c><00:21:07.039><c> photon,</c><00:21:07.520><c> for</c>

19:40.390 --> 19:40.400 align:start position:0%
an ordinary piece of rope. A photon, for
 

19:40.400 --> 19:41.990 align:start position:0%
an ordinary piece of rope. A photon, for
example,<00:21:08.080><c> the</c><00:21:08.320><c> particle</c><00:21:08.640><c> that</c><00:21:08.799><c> carries</c><00:21:09.039><c> the</c>

19:41.990 --> 19:42.000 align:start position:0%
example, the particle that carries the
 

19:42.000 --> 19:44.390 align:start position:0%
example, the particle that carries the
electromagnetic<00:21:10.000><c> force,</c><00:21:10.640><c> is</c><00:21:10.880><c> represented</c><00:21:11.440><c> by</c>

19:44.390 --> 19:44.400 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force, is represented by
 

19:44.400 --> 19:47.270 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force, is represented by
a<00:21:11.840><c> single</c><00:21:12.240><c> vibrating</c><00:21:12.960><c> string.</c><00:21:13.919><c> The</c><00:21:14.080><c> ends</c><00:21:14.400><c> of</c>

19:47.270 --> 19:47.280 align:start position:0%
a single vibrating string. The ends of
 

19:47.280 --> 19:49.990 align:start position:0%
a single vibrating string. The ends of
the<00:21:14.720><c> string</c><00:21:15.200><c> represent</c><00:21:15.679><c> charged</c><00:21:16.159><c> particles.</c>

19:49.990 --> 19:50.000 align:start position:0%
the string represent charged particles.
 

19:50.000 --> 19:52.150 align:start position:0%
the string represent charged particles.
At<00:21:17.440><c> one</c><00:21:17.600><c> end</c><00:21:17.760><c> is</c><00:21:18.000><c> the</c><00:21:18.159><c> electron</c><00:21:18.799><c> and</c><00:21:19.039><c> at</c><00:21:19.200><c> the</c>

19:52.150 --> 19:52.160 align:start position:0%
At one end is the electron and at the
 

19:52.160 --> 19:54.469 align:start position:0%
At one end is the electron and at the
other<00:21:19.520><c> end</c><00:21:19.679><c> is</c><00:21:19.919><c> its</c><00:21:20.159><c> antimatter</c><00:21:20.799><c> partner,</c><00:21:21.440><c> a</c>

19:54.469 --> 19:54.479 align:start position:0%
other end is its antimatter partner, a
 

19:54.479 --> 19:57.510 align:start position:0%
other end is its antimatter partner, a
particle<00:21:22.320><c> called</c><00:21:22.559><c> a</c><00:21:22.720><c> posetron.</c><00:21:24.000><c> The</c><00:21:24.240><c> photon</c>

19:57.510 --> 19:57.520 align:start position:0%
particle called a posetron. The photon
 

19:57.520 --> 19:59.510 align:start position:0%
particle called a posetron. The photon
string<00:21:25.120><c> is</c><00:21:25.360><c> literally</c><00:21:25.760><c> the</c><00:21:26.000><c> link</c><00:21:26.320><c> between</c>

19:59.510 --> 19:59.520 align:start position:0%
string is literally the link between
 

19:59.520 --> 20:01.670 align:start position:0%
string is literally the link between
them,<00:21:27.440><c> explaining</c><00:21:27.840><c> the</c><00:21:28.080><c> attraction</c><00:21:28.559><c> between</c>

20:01.670 --> 20:01.680 align:start position:0%
them, explaining the attraction between
 

20:01.680 --> 20:04.469 align:start position:0%
them, explaining the attraction between
their<00:21:29.120><c> opposing</c><00:21:29.520><c> electric</c><00:21:30.000><c> charges.</c><00:21:31.200><c> When</c><00:21:31.440><c> a</c>

20:04.469 --> 20:04.479 align:start position:0%
their opposing electric charges. When a
 

20:04.479 --> 20:05.829 align:start position:0%
their opposing electric charges. When a
particle<00:21:32.000><c> meets</c><00:21:32.240><c> its</c><00:21:32.480><c> antimatter</c>

20:05.829 --> 20:05.839 align:start position:0%
particle meets its antimatter
 

20:05.839 --> 20:08.070 align:start position:0%
particle meets its antimatter
equivalent,<00:21:33.679><c> they</c><00:21:34.000><c> annihilate</c><00:21:34.640><c> one</c><00:21:34.799><c> another</c>

20:08.070 --> 20:08.080 align:start position:0%
equivalent, they annihilate one another
 

20:08.080 --> 20:09.910 align:start position:0%
equivalent, they annihilate one another
with<00:21:35.440><c> their</c><00:21:35.679><c> combined</c><00:21:36.080><c> masses</c><00:21:36.559><c> turning</c><00:21:36.880><c> into</c>

20:09.910 --> 20:09.920 align:start position:0%
with their combined masses turning into
 

20:09.920 --> 20:12.469 align:start position:0%
with their combined masses turning into
a<00:21:37.280><c> flurry</c><00:21:37.600><c> of</c><00:21:37.840><c> energy.</c><00:21:38.960><c> String</c><00:21:39.280><c> theory,</c>

20:12.469 --> 20:12.479 align:start position:0%
a flurry of energy. String theory,
 

20:12.479 --> 20:14.790 align:start position:0%
a flurry of energy. String theory,
therefore,<00:21:40.159><c> elegantly</c><00:21:40.640><c> paints</c><00:21:40.960><c> annihilation</c>

20:14.790 --> 20:14.800 align:start position:0%
therefore, elegantly paints annihilation
 

20:14.800 --> 20:17.589 align:start position:0%
therefore, elegantly paints annihilation
as<00:21:42.320><c> the</c><00:21:42.559><c> simple</c><00:21:42.880><c> act</c><00:21:43.200><c> of</c><00:21:43.520><c> two</c><00:21:43.840><c> string</c><00:21:44.159><c> ends</c>

20:17.589 --> 20:17.599 align:start position:0%
as the simple act of two string ends
 

20:17.599 --> 20:21.510 align:start position:0%
as the simple act of two string ends
meeting.<00:21:46.000><c> So</c><00:21:46.320><c> far,</c><00:21:46.960><c> so</c><00:21:47.280><c> straightforward.</c><00:21:48.559><c> But</c>

20:21.510 --> 20:21.520 align:start position:0%
meeting. So far, so straightforward. But
 

20:21.520 --> 20:23.190 align:start position:0%
meeting. So far, so straightforward. But
it<00:21:48.799><c> was</c><00:21:48.960><c> only</c><00:21:49.120><c> when</c><00:21:49.360><c> string</c><00:21:49.679><c> theorists</c>

20:23.190 --> 20:23.200 align:start position:0%
it was only when string theorists
 

20:23.200 --> 20:25.110 align:start position:0%
it was only when string theorists
started<00:21:50.799><c> exploring</c><00:21:51.200><c> the</c><00:21:51.440><c> properties</c><00:21:51.919><c> of</c>

20:25.110 --> 20:25.120 align:start position:0%
started exploring the properties of
 

20:25.120 --> 20:27.670 align:start position:0%
started exploring the properties of
closed<00:21:52.799><c> strings.</c><00:21:54.080><c> Those</c><00:21:54.240><c> were</c><00:21:54.480><c> the</c><00:21:54.640><c> ends</c>

20:27.670 --> 20:27.680 align:start position:0%
closed strings. Those were the ends
 

20:27.680 --> 20:29.510 align:start position:0%
closed strings. Those were the ends
joined<00:21:55.200><c> together</c><00:21:55.520><c> to</c><00:21:55.760><c> form</c><00:21:56.000><c> a</c><00:21:56.159><c> continuous</c>

20:29.510 --> 20:29.520 align:start position:0%
joined together to form a continuous
 

20:29.520 --> 20:32.949 align:start position:0%
joined together to form a continuous
loop<00:21:57.360><c> that</c><00:21:57.600><c> their</c><00:21:57.840><c> jaws</c><00:21:58.559><c> began</c><00:21:58.880><c> to</c><00:21:59.039><c> drop.</c><00:22:00.000><c> And</c>

20:32.949 --> 20:32.959 align:start position:0%
loop that their jaws began to drop. And
 

20:32.959 --> 20:34.709 align:start position:0%
loop that their jaws began to drop. And
to<00:22:00.480><c> understand</c><00:22:00.500><c> [music]</c><00:22:00.960><c> the</c><00:22:01.280><c> importance</c><00:22:01.679><c> of</c>

20:34.709 --> 20:34.719 align:start position:0%
to understand [music] the importance of
 

20:34.719 --> 20:36.630 align:start position:0%
to understand [music] the importance of
closed<00:22:02.480><c> strings</c><00:22:02.960><c> to</c><00:22:03.200><c> a</c><00:22:03.360><c> theory</c><00:22:03.679><c> of</c>

20:36.630 --> 20:36.640 align:start position:0%
closed strings to a theory of
 

20:36.640 --> 20:38.870 align:start position:0%
closed strings to a theory of
everything,<00:22:04.799><c> we</c><00:22:05.039><c> need</c><00:22:05.120><c> to</c><00:22:05.360><c> talk</c><00:22:05.600><c> about</c><00:22:05.840><c> a</c>

20:38.870 --> 20:38.880 align:start position:0%
everything, we need to talk about a
 

20:38.880 --> 20:41.829 align:start position:0%
everything, we need to talk about a
strange<00:22:06.400><c> property</c><00:22:06.799><c> of</c><00:22:06.960><c> subatomic</c><00:22:07.679><c> particles</c>

20:41.829 --> 20:41.839 align:start position:0%
strange property of subatomic particles
 

20:41.839 --> 20:47.990 align:start position:0%
strange property of subatomic particles
called<00:22:09.520><c> spin.</c>

20:47.990 --> 20:48.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

20:48.000 --> 20:50.550 align:start position:0%
 
About<00:22:15.520><c> a</c><00:22:15.679><c> century</c><00:22:16.000><c> ago,</c><00:22:16.559><c> physicists</c><00:22:17.280><c> realized</c>

20:50.550 --> 20:50.560 align:start position:0%
About a century ago, physicists realized
 

20:50.560 --> 20:53.030 align:start position:0%
About a century ago, physicists realized
that<00:22:18.080><c> orbiting</c><00:22:18.559><c> subatomic</c><00:22:19.200><c> particles</c><00:22:19.919><c> like</c>

20:53.030 --> 20:53.040 align:start position:0%
that orbiting subatomic particles like
 

20:53.040 --> 20:54.790 align:start position:0%
that orbiting subatomic particles like
electrons<00:22:21.120><c> behave</c><00:22:21.520><c> like</c><00:22:21.679><c> they</c><00:22:21.840><c> were</c>

20:54.790 --> 20:54.800 align:start position:0%
electrons behave like they were
 

20:54.800 --> 20:58.310 align:start position:0%
electrons behave like they were
generating<00:22:22.640><c> two</c><00:22:22.960><c> magnetic</c><00:22:23.679><c> fields.</c><00:22:24.960><c> Magnetic</c>

20:58.310 --> 20:58.320 align:start position:0%
generating two magnetic fields. Magnetic
 

20:58.320 --> 21:00.390 align:start position:0%
generating two magnetic fields. Magnetic
fields<00:22:25.760><c> are</c><00:22:26.000><c> created</c><00:22:26.320><c> when</c><00:22:26.559><c> electric</c><00:22:27.039><c> charges</c>

21:00.390 --> 21:00.400 align:start position:0%
fields are created when electric charges
 

21:00.400 --> 21:02.310 align:start position:0%
fields are created when electric charges
move.<00:22:28.240><c> So,</c><00:22:28.400><c> it</c><00:22:28.640><c> followed</c><00:22:28.960><c> that</c><00:22:29.200><c> if</c><00:22:29.360><c> the</c>

21:02.310 --> 21:02.320 align:start position:0%
move. So, it followed that if the
 

21:02.320 --> 21:03.829 align:start position:0%
move. So, it followed that if the
negatively<00:22:30.000><c> charged</c><00:22:30.320><c> electron</c><00:22:30.625><c> [music]</c><00:22:30.799><c> has</c>

21:03.829 --> 21:03.839 align:start position:0%
negatively charged electron [music] has
 

21:03.839 --> 21:05.910 align:start position:0%
negatively charged electron [music] has
two<00:22:31.280><c> magnetic</c><00:22:31.840><c> fields,</c><00:22:32.320><c> then</c><00:22:32.559><c> it</c><00:22:32.720><c> must</c><00:22:32.960><c> be</c>

21:05.910 --> 21:05.920 align:start position:0%
two magnetic fields, then it must be
 

21:05.920 --> 21:09.190 align:start position:0%
two magnetic fields, then it must be
moving<00:22:33.600><c> in</c><00:22:33.919><c> two</c><00:22:34.240><c> different</c><00:22:34.640><c> ways.</c><00:22:35.840><c> An</c><00:22:36.080><c> obvious</c>

21:09.190 --> 21:09.200 align:start position:0%
moving in two different ways. An obvious
 

21:09.200 --> 21:10.870 align:start position:0%
moving in two different ways. An obvious
movement<00:22:36.799><c> was</c><00:22:36.960><c> the</c><00:22:37.200><c> electron's</c><00:22:37.679><c> orbital</c>

21:10.870 --> 21:10.880 align:start position:0%
movement was the electron's orbital
 

21:10.880 --> 21:13.270 align:start position:0%
movement was the electron's orbital
motion<00:22:38.480><c> around</c><00:22:38.720><c> the</c><00:22:38.960><c> nucleus</c><00:22:39.280><c> of</c><00:22:39.440><c> an</c><00:22:39.679><c> atom.</c>

21:13.270 --> 21:13.280 align:start position:0%
motion around the nucleus of an atom.
 

21:13.280 --> 21:14.870 align:start position:0%
motion around the nucleus of an atom.
But<00:22:40.720><c> physicists</c><00:22:41.360><c> wondered</c><00:22:41.760><c> whether</c>

21:14.870 --> 21:14.880 align:start position:0%
But physicists wondered whether
 

21:14.880 --> 21:16.790 align:start position:0%
But physicists wondered whether
electrons<00:22:42.640><c> could</c><00:22:42.880><c> also</c><00:22:43.200><c> be</c><00:22:43.440><c> spinning</c><00:22:43.725><c> [music]</c>

21:16.790 --> 21:16.800 align:start position:0%
electrons could also be spinning [music]
 

21:16.800 --> 21:19.990 align:start position:0%
electrons could also be spinning [music]
on<00:22:44.320><c> the</c><00:22:44.559><c> spot.</c><00:22:45.840><c> If</c><00:22:46.080><c> true,</c><00:22:46.480><c> electrons</c><00:22:46.880><c> would</c><00:22:47.120><c> be</c>

21:19.990 --> 21:20.000 align:start position:0%
on the spot. If true, electrons would be
 

21:20.000 --> 21:22.230 align:start position:0%
on the spot. If true, electrons would be
a<00:22:47.280><c> bit</c><00:22:47.440><c> like</c><00:22:47.600><c> the</c><00:22:47.840><c> Earth,</c><00:22:48.640><c> which</c><00:22:48.880><c> both</c><00:22:49.120><c> spins</c>

21:22.230 --> 21:22.240 align:start position:0%
a bit like the Earth, which both spins
 

21:22.240 --> 21:25.110 align:start position:0%
a bit like the Earth, which both spins
on<00:22:49.600><c> its</c><00:22:49.840><c> axis</c><00:22:50.159><c> and</c><00:22:50.480><c> orbits</c><00:22:50.960><c> around</c><00:22:51.120><c> the</c><00:22:51.360><c> sun.</c>

21:25.110 --> 21:25.120 align:start position:0%
on its axis and orbits around the sun.
 

21:25.120 --> 21:27.110 align:start position:0%
on its axis and orbits around the sun.
However,<00:22:52.880><c> physicists</c><00:22:53.520><c> quickly</c><00:22:53.840><c> realized</c>

21:27.110 --> 21:27.120 align:start position:0%
However, physicists quickly realized
 

21:27.120 --> 21:29.615 align:start position:0%
However, physicists quickly realized
their<00:22:54.559><c> mistake.</c><00:22:55.520><c> In</c><00:22:55.760><c> order</c><00:22:55.919><c> to</c><00:22:56.159><c> generate</c><00:22:56.559><c> that</c>

21:29.615 --> 21:29.625 align:start position:0%
their mistake. In order to generate that
 

21:29.625 --> 21:31.670 align:start position:0%
their mistake. In order to generate that
[music]<00:22:56.880><c> magnetic</c><00:22:57.440><c> field,</c><00:22:58.080><c> electrons</c><00:22:58.640><c> would</c>

21:31.670 --> 21:31.680 align:start position:0%
[music] magnetic field, electrons would
 

21:31.680 --> 21:33.589 align:start position:0%
[music] magnetic field, electrons would
have<00:22:58.960><c> to</c><00:22:59.120><c> be</c><00:22:59.200><c> spinning</c><00:22:59.679><c> faster</c><00:23:00.240><c> than</c><00:23:00.480><c> the</c>

21:33.589 --> 21:33.599 align:start position:0%
have to be spinning faster than the
 

21:33.599 --> 21:35.589 align:start position:0%
have to be spinning faster than the
speed<00:23:01.039><c> of</c><00:23:01.200><c> light.</c><00:23:02.080><c> And</c><00:23:02.240><c> of</c><00:23:02.400><c> course,</c><00:23:02.559><c> that</c>

21:35.589 --> 21:35.599 align:start position:0%
speed of light. And of course, that
 

21:35.599 --> 21:38.230 align:start position:0%
speed of light. And of course, that
would<00:23:02.960><c> be</c><00:23:03.039><c> impossible.</c><00:23:04.320><c> So</c><00:23:04.559><c> while</c><00:23:04.880><c> physicists</c>

21:38.230 --> 21:38.240 align:start position:0%
would be impossible. So while physicists
 

21:38.240 --> 21:40.070 align:start position:0%
would be impossible. So while physicists
no<00:23:05.679><c> longer</c><00:23:05.919><c> think</c><00:23:06.080><c> of</c><00:23:06.240><c> subatomic</c><00:23:06.880><c> particles</c>

21:40.070 --> 21:40.080 align:start position:0%
no longer think of subatomic particles
 

21:40.080 --> 21:42.060 align:start position:0%
no longer think of subatomic particles
as<00:23:07.600><c> actually</c><00:23:08.080><c> spinning,</c><00:23:08.799><c> they</c><00:23:09.039><c> still</c><00:23:09.200><c> use</c>

21:42.060 --> 21:42.070 align:start position:0%
as actually spinning, they still use
 

21:42.070 --> 21:43.829 align:start position:0%
as actually spinning, they still use
[music]<00:23:09.440><c> the</c><00:23:09.600><c> word</c><00:23:09.919><c> spin</c><00:23:10.400><c> when</c><00:23:10.559><c> it</c><00:23:10.720><c> comes</c><00:23:10.880><c> to</c>

21:43.829 --> 21:43.839 align:start position:0%
[music] the word spin when it comes to
 

21:43.839 --> 21:45.589 align:start position:0%
[music] the word spin when it comes to
describing<00:23:11.600><c> the</c><00:23:11.760><c> source</c><00:23:12.080><c> of</c><00:23:12.240><c> that</c><00:23:12.480><c> second</c>

21:45.589 --> 21:45.599 align:start position:0%
describing the source of that second
 

21:45.599 --> 21:47.589 align:start position:0%
describing the source of that second
magnetic<00:23:13.360><c> field,</c><00:23:13.919><c> which</c><00:23:14.240><c> turned</c><00:23:14.480><c> out</c><00:23:14.640><c> to</c>

21:47.589 --> 21:47.599 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, which turned out to
 

21:47.599 --> 21:49.589 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, which turned out to
simply<00:23:15.120><c> be</c><00:23:15.280><c> a</c><00:23:15.440><c> property</c><00:23:15.679><c> of</c><00:23:15.840><c> the</c><00:23:16.000><c> particle,</c>

21:49.589 --> 21:49.599 align:start position:0%
simply be a property of the particle,
 

21:49.599 --> 21:56.070 align:start position:0%
simply be a property of the particle,
not<00:23:17.039><c> something</c><00:23:17.360><c> caused</c><00:23:17.760><c> by</c><00:23:18.000><c> actual</c><00:23:18.400><c> spinning.</c>

21:56.070 --> 21:56.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

21:56.080 --> 21:57.829 align:start position:0%
 
Different<00:23:23.600><c> particles</c><00:23:24.159><c> have</c><00:23:24.400><c> different</c><00:23:24.640><c> spin</c>

21:57.829 --> 21:57.839 align:start position:0%
Different particles have different spin
 

21:57.839 --> 21:59.829 align:start position:0%
Different particles have different spin
values<00:23:25.600><c> and</c><00:23:25.840><c> that's</c><00:23:26.000><c> what</c><00:23:26.240><c> distinguishes</c><00:23:26.799><c> the</c>

21:59.829 --> 21:59.839 align:start position:0%
values and that's what distinguishes the
 

21:59.839 --> 22:01.430 align:start position:0%
values and that's what distinguishes the
two<00:23:27.200><c> families</c><00:23:27.520><c> of</c><00:23:27.760><c> particles</c><00:23:28.240><c> from</c><00:23:28.480><c> one</c>

22:01.430 --> 22:01.440 align:start position:0%
two families of particles from one
 

22:01.440 --> 22:05.430 align:start position:0%
two families of particles from one
another.<00:23:29.520><c> Firmians</c><00:23:30.400><c> and</c><00:23:30.720><c> Bzons.</c><00:23:31.919><c> Firmians</c>

22:05.430 --> 22:05.440 align:start position:0%
another. Firmians and Bzons. Firmians
 

22:05.440 --> 22:07.750 align:start position:0%
another. Firmians and Bzons. Firmians
such<00:23:32.799><c> as</c><00:23:32.960><c> electrons,</c><00:23:33.600><c> quarks,</c><00:23:33.919><c> and</c><00:23:34.080><c> neutrinos</c>

22:07.750 --> 22:07.760 align:start position:0%
such as electrons, quarks, and neutrinos
 

22:07.760 --> 22:10.550 align:start position:0%
such as electrons, quarks, and neutrinos
all<00:23:35.200><c> have</c><00:23:35.440><c> spins</c><00:23:35.919><c> equal</c><00:23:36.240><c> to</c><00:23:36.400><c> a</c><00:23:36.640><c> half.</c><00:23:37.520><c> By</c>

22:10.550 --> 22:10.560 align:start position:0%
all have spins equal to a half. By
 

22:10.560 --> 22:12.630 align:start position:0%
all have spins equal to a half. By
contrast,<00:23:38.480><c> bzons</c><00:23:39.039><c> always</c><00:23:39.280><c> have</c><00:23:39.440><c> a</c><00:23:39.600><c> spin</c>

22:12.630 --> 22:12.640 align:start position:0%
contrast, bzons always have a spin
 

22:12.640 --> 22:14.949 align:start position:0%
contrast, bzons always have a spin
that's<00:23:40.159><c> equal</c><00:23:40.480><c> to</c><00:23:40.640><c> a</c><00:23:40.799><c> whole</c><00:23:41.120><c> number.</c><00:23:41.679><c> The</c><00:23:41.840><c> Higs</c>

22:14.949 --> 22:14.959 align:start position:0%
that's equal to a whole number. The Higs
 

22:14.959 --> 22:17.750 align:start position:0%
that's equal to a whole number. The Higs
Bzon,<00:23:42.640><c> for</c><00:23:42.720><c> example,</c><00:23:43.200><c> has</c><00:23:43.440><c> a</c><00:23:43.600><c> spin</c><00:23:43.840><c> of</c><00:23:44.080><c> zero.</c>

22:17.750 --> 22:17.760 align:start position:0%
Bzon, for example, has a spin of zero.
 

22:17.760 --> 22:19.510 align:start position:0%
Bzon, for example, has a spin of zero.
Other<00:23:45.200><c> Bzons</c><00:23:45.760><c> are</c><00:23:45.919><c> responsible</c><00:23:46.320><c> for</c><00:23:46.480><c> carrying</c>

22:19.510 --> 22:19.520 align:start position:0%
Other Bzons are responsible for carrying
 

22:19.520 --> 22:21.349 align:start position:0%
Other Bzons are responsible for carrying
the<00:23:46.960><c> electromagnetic,</c><00:23:47.840><c> weak,</c><00:23:48.080><c> and</c><00:23:48.320><c> strong</c>

22:21.349 --> 22:21.359 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic, weak, and strong
 

22:21.359 --> 22:23.750 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic, weak, and strong
forces,<00:23:49.200><c> and</c><00:23:49.440><c> all</c><00:23:49.600><c> of</c><00:23:49.840><c> them</c><00:23:50.000><c> have</c><00:23:50.240><c> spins</c><00:23:50.640><c> equal</c>

22:23.750 --> 22:23.760 align:start position:0%
forces, and all of them have spins equal
 

22:23.760 --> 22:26.949 align:start position:0%
forces, and all of them have spins equal
to<00:23:51.280><c> one.</c><00:23:52.320><c> Yet,</c><00:23:52.640><c> according</c><00:23:52.960><c> to</c><00:23:53.200><c> string</c><00:23:53.600><c> theory,</c>

22:26.949 --> 22:26.959 align:start position:0%
to one. Yet, according to string theory,
 

22:26.959 --> 22:28.870 align:start position:0%
to one. Yet, according to string theory,
the<00:23:54.320><c> vibration</c><00:23:54.720><c> of</c><00:23:54.880><c> a</c><00:23:55.039><c> closed</c><00:23:55.440><c> string</c><00:23:55.840><c> will</c>

22:28.870 --> 22:28.880 align:start position:0%
the vibration of a closed string will
 

22:28.880 --> 22:31.190 align:start position:0%
the vibration of a closed string will
always<00:23:56.320><c> represent</c><00:23:56.720><c> a</c><00:23:56.960><c> particle</c><00:23:57.520><c> with</c><00:23:57.760><c> a</c><00:23:58.000><c> spin</c>

22:31.190 --> 22:31.200 align:start position:0%
always represent a particle with a spin
 

22:31.200 --> 22:34.230 align:start position:0%
always represent a particle with a spin
equal<00:23:58.880><c> to</c><00:23:59.280><c> two.</c><00:24:00.400><c> And</c><00:24:00.640><c> though</c><00:24:00.799><c> it</c><00:24:00.960><c> may</c><00:24:01.120><c> not</c><00:24:01.280><c> seem</c>

22:34.230 --> 22:34.240 align:start position:0%
equal to two. And though it may not seem
 

22:34.240 --> 22:36.949 align:start position:0%
equal to two. And though it may not seem
like<00:24:01.679><c> it,</c><00:24:02.240><c> this</c><00:24:02.480><c> subtle</c><00:24:02.960><c> realization</c><00:24:03.760><c> was</c><00:24:03.919><c> a</c>

22:36.949 --> 22:36.959 align:start position:0%
like it, this subtle realization was a
 

22:36.959 --> 22:38.870 align:start position:0%
like it, this subtle realization was a
landmark<00:24:04.640><c> moment</c><00:24:05.039><c> both</c><00:24:05.280><c> in</c><00:24:05.520><c> the</c><00:24:05.679><c> storied</c>

22:38.870 --> 22:38.880 align:start position:0%
landmark moment both in the storied
 

22:38.880 --> 22:40.870 align:start position:0%
landmark moment both in the storied
history<00:24:06.320><c> of</c><00:24:06.559><c> string</c><00:24:06.880><c> theory</c><00:24:07.440><c> and</c><00:24:07.679><c> in</c><00:24:07.919><c> the</c>

22:40.870 --> 22:40.880 align:start position:0%
history of string theory and in the
 

22:40.880 --> 22:44.310 align:start position:0%
history of string theory and in the
entire<00:24:08.480><c> history</c><00:24:08.799><c> of</c><00:24:09.039><c> physics</c><00:24:10.000><c> itself.</c>

22:44.310 --> 22:44.320 align:start position:0%
entire history of physics itself.
 

22:44.320 --> 22:49.910 align:start position:0%
entire history of physics itself.
For<00:24:11.760><c> the</c><00:24:12.000><c> defense,</c><00:24:12.880><c> this</c><00:24:13.520><c> was</c><00:24:13.840><c> exhibit</c><00:24:14.400><c> A.</c>

22:49.910 --> 22:49.920 align:start position:0%
For the defense, this was exhibit A.
 

22:49.920 --> 22:52.230 align:start position:0%
For the defense, this was exhibit A.
Long<00:24:17.440><c> before</c><00:24:17.919><c> string</c><00:24:18.320><c> theory,</c><00:24:18.799><c> physicists</c>

22:52.230 --> 22:52.240 align:start position:0%
Long before string theory, physicists
 

22:52.240 --> 22:55.190 align:start position:0%
Long before string theory, physicists
had<00:24:19.679><c> speculated</c><00:24:20.320><c> about</c><00:24:20.559><c> a</c><00:24:20.799><c> spin</c><00:24:21.200><c> 2</c><00:24:21.520><c> particle.</c>

22:55.190 --> 22:55.200 align:start position:0%
had speculated about a spin 2 particle.
 

22:55.200 --> 22:57.110 align:start position:0%
had speculated about a spin 2 particle.
Now<00:24:22.640><c> it</c><00:24:22.799><c> appeared</c><00:24:23.039><c> to</c><00:24:23.200><c> fall</c><00:24:23.440><c> naturally</c><00:24:23.919><c> out</c><00:24:24.159><c> of</c>

22:57.110 --> 22:57.120 align:start position:0%
Now it appeared to fall naturally out of
 

22:57.120 --> 23:00.069 align:start position:0%
Now it appeared to fall naturally out of
closed<00:24:24.880><c> strings.</c><00:24:25.919><c> The</c><00:24:26.159><c> jury</c><00:24:26.559><c> surely</c><00:24:26.960><c> had</c><00:24:27.120><c> to</c>

23:00.069 --> 23:00.079 align:start position:0%
closed strings. The jury surely had to
 

23:00.079 --> 23:02.469 align:start position:0%
closed strings. The jury surely had to
take<00:24:27.520><c> notice.</c><00:24:28.320><c> As</c><00:24:28.559><c> so</c><00:24:28.720><c> to</c><00:24:28.880><c> hammer</c><00:24:29.120><c> home</c><00:24:29.440><c> their</c>

23:02.469 --> 23:02.479 align:start position:0%
take notice. As so to hammer home their
 

23:02.479 --> 23:04.709 align:start position:0%
take notice. As so to hammer home their
case,<00:24:30.400><c> the</c><00:24:30.640><c> defense</c><00:24:31.120><c> called</c><00:24:31.440><c> Soviet</c>

23:04.709 --> 23:04.719 align:start position:0%
case, the defense called Soviet
 

23:04.719 --> 23:07.270 align:start position:0%
case, the defense called Soviet
physicist<00:24:32.559><c> Dmitri</c><00:24:33.120><c> Blockv</c><00:24:34.080><c> to</c><00:24:34.320><c> the</c><00:24:34.421><c> [music]</c>

23:07.270 --> 23:07.280 align:start position:0%
physicist Dmitri Blockv to the [music]
 

23:07.280 --> 23:10.310 align:start position:0%
physicist Dmitri Blockv to the [music]
stand.<00:24:35.679><c> Blockins</c><00:24:36.480><c> was</c><00:24:36.559><c> a</c><00:24:36.720><c> big</c><00:24:36.960><c> hitter</c><00:24:37.279><c> in</c>

23:10.310 --> 23:10.320 align:start position:0%
stand. Blockins was a big hitter in
 

23:10.320 --> 23:12.469 align:start position:0%
stand. Blockins was a big hitter in
Soviet<00:24:37.919><c> society.</c><00:24:38.640><c> Indeed,</c><00:24:38.960><c> he</c><00:24:39.120><c> once</c><00:24:39.360><c> wrote</c><00:24:39.520><c> a</c>

23:12.469 --> 23:12.479 align:start position:0%
Soviet society. Indeed, he once wrote a
 

23:12.479 --> 23:13.910 align:start position:0%
Soviet society. Indeed, he once wrote a
book<00:24:39.840><c> on</c><00:24:40.000><c> the</c><00:24:40.159><c> implications</c><00:24:40.559><c> of</c><00:24:40.799><c> quantum</c>

23:13.910 --> 23:13.920 align:start position:0%
book on the implications of quantum
 

23:13.920 --> 23:15.910 align:start position:0%
book on the implications of quantum
mechanics<00:24:41.840><c> that</c><00:24:42.000><c> aligned</c><00:24:42.400><c> physics</c><00:24:42.880><c> with</c>

23:15.910 --> 23:15.920 align:start position:0%
mechanics that aligned physics with
 

23:15.920 --> 23:18.469 align:start position:0%
mechanics that aligned physics with
Marxist<00:24:43.600><c> Leninist</c><00:24:44.159><c> philosophy.</c><00:24:45.120><c> It</c><00:24:45.279><c> won</c><00:24:45.520><c> him</c>

23:18.469 --> 23:18.479 align:start position:0%
Marxist Leninist philosophy. It won him
 

23:18.479 --> 23:21.349 align:start position:0%
Marxist Leninist philosophy. It won him
the<00:24:45.840><c> Stalin</c><00:24:46.320><c> Prize</c><00:24:46.640><c> in</c><00:24:46.880><c> 1952</c><00:24:47.840><c> and</c><00:24:48.080><c> four</c><00:24:48.320><c> years</c>

23:21.349 --> 23:21.359 align:start position:0%
the Stalin Prize in 1952 and four years
 

23:21.359 --> 23:23.349 align:start position:0%
the Stalin Prize in 1952 and four years
later<00:24:48.880><c> he</c><00:24:49.039><c> was</c><00:24:49.120><c> made</c><00:24:49.279><c> a</c><00:24:49.440><c> hero</c><00:24:49.760><c> of</c><00:24:50.000><c> socialist</c>

23:23.349 --> 23:23.359 align:start position:0%
later he was made a hero of socialist
 

23:23.359 --> 23:26.550 align:start position:0%
later he was made a hero of socialist
labor.<00:24:51.120><c> When</c><00:24:51.360><c> Dincan</c><00:24:52.080><c> died</c><00:24:52.320><c> in</c><00:24:52.559><c> 1979,</c><00:24:53.600><c> his</c>

23:26.550 --> 23:26.560 align:start position:0%
labor. When Dincan died in 1979, his
 

23:26.560 --> 23:28.550 align:start position:0%
labor. When Dincan died in 1979, his
obituary<00:24:54.400><c> was</c><00:24:54.559><c> signed</c><00:24:54.880><c> by</c><00:24:55.039><c> Soviet</c><00:24:55.440><c> leader</c>

23:28.550 --> 23:28.560 align:start position:0%
obituary was signed by Soviet leader
 

23:28.560 --> 23:30.870 align:start position:0%
obituary was signed by Soviet leader
Leonard<00:24:56.080><c> Brenv</c><00:24:56.640><c> personally</c><00:24:57.279><c> who</c><00:24:57.520><c> lamented</c>

23:30.870 --> 23:30.880 align:start position:0%
Leonard Brenv personally who lamented
 

23:30.880 --> 23:33.190 align:start position:0%
Leonard Brenv personally who lamented
that<00:24:58.400><c> Soviet</c><00:24:58.880><c> science</c><00:24:59.279><c> has</c><00:24:59.520><c> suffered</c><00:24:59.840><c> a</c><00:25:00.080><c> heavy</c>

23:33.190 --> 23:33.200 align:start position:0%
that Soviet science has suffered a heavy
 

23:33.200 --> 23:36.709 align:start position:0%
that Soviet science has suffered a heavy
loss.<00:25:01.520><c> And</c><00:25:01.760><c> it</c><00:25:01.919><c> was</c><00:25:02.000><c> in</c><00:25:02.240><c> 1934</c><00:25:03.600><c> working</c>

23:36.709 --> 23:36.719 align:start position:0%
loss. And it was in 1934 working
 

23:36.719 --> 23:39.750 align:start position:0%
loss. And it was in 1934 working
alongside<00:25:04.400><c> Fodor</c><00:25:04.880><c> Galperin</c><00:25:05.840><c> that</c><00:25:06.080><c> Blockinf</c>

23:39.750 --> 23:39.760 align:start position:0%
alongside Fodor Galperin that Blockinf
 

23:39.760 --> 23:42.469 align:start position:0%
alongside Fodor Galperin that Blockinf
coined<00:25:07.360><c> the</c><00:25:07.600><c> word</c><00:25:08.320><c> graviton</c><00:25:09.137><c> [music]</c><00:25:09.360><c> to</c>

23:42.469 --> 23:42.479 align:start position:0%
coined the word graviton [music] to
 

23:42.479 --> 23:44.469 align:start position:0%
coined the word graviton [music] to
describe<00:25:09.919><c> a</c><00:25:10.159><c> hypothetical</c><00:25:10.799><c> particle</c><00:25:11.440><c> that</c>

23:44.469 --> 23:44.479 align:start position:0%
describe a hypothetical particle that
 

23:44.479 --> 23:48.230 align:start position:0%
describe a hypothetical particle that
would<00:25:11.840><c> carry</c><00:25:12.159><c> the</c><00:25:12.400><c> gravitational</c><00:25:13.120><c> force.</c>

23:48.230 --> 23:48.240 align:start position:0%
would carry the gravitational force.
 

23:48.240 --> 23:50.630 align:start position:0%
would carry the gravitational force.
The<00:25:15.679><c> other</c><00:25:15.919><c> three</c><00:25:16.159><c> forces,</c><00:25:16.799><c> electromagnetic,</c>

23:50.630 --> 23:50.640 align:start position:0%
The other three forces, electromagnetic,
 

23:50.640 --> 23:52.310 align:start position:0%
The other three forces, electromagnetic,
weak,<00:25:18.080><c> and</c><00:25:18.307><c> [music]</c><00:25:18.400><c> strong,</c><00:25:18.960><c> can</c><00:25:19.120><c> all</c><00:25:19.360><c> be</c>

23:52.310 --> 23:52.320 align:start position:0%
weak, and [music] strong, can all be
 

23:52.320 --> 23:54.230 align:start position:0%
weak, and [music] strong, can all be
neatly<00:25:19.919><c> explained</c><00:25:20.400><c> by</c><00:25:20.640><c> the</c><00:25:20.799><c> exchange</c><00:25:21.200><c> of</c>

23:54.230 --> 23:54.240 align:start position:0%
neatly explained by the exchange of
 

23:54.240 --> 23:56.310 align:start position:0%
neatly explained by the exchange of
particles.<00:25:22.480><c> These</c><00:25:22.799><c> particles</c><00:25:23.200><c> have</c><00:25:23.360><c> been</c>

23:56.310 --> 23:56.320 align:start position:0%
particles. These particles have been
 

23:56.320 --> 23:57.589 align:start position:0%
particles. These particles have been
detected<00:25:23.840><c> through</c><00:25:24.159><c> experiments</c><00:25:24.202><c> [music]</c>

23:57.589 --> 23:57.599 align:start position:0%
detected through experiments [music]
 

23:57.599 --> 24:00.150 align:start position:0%
detected through experiments [music]
time<00:25:25.039><c> and</c><00:25:25.360><c> time</c><00:25:25.600><c> again,</c><00:25:26.240><c> like</c><00:25:26.480><c> the</c><00:25:26.640><c> photon</c><00:25:27.120><c> for</c>

24:00.150 --> 24:00.160 align:start position:0%
time and time again, like the photon for
 

24:00.160 --> 24:03.110 align:start position:0%
time and time again, like the photon for
the<00:25:27.440><c> electromagnetic</c><00:25:28.320><c> force.</c><00:25:29.520><c> However,</c><00:25:30.080><c> no</c>

24:03.110 --> 24:03.120 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic force. However, no
 

24:03.120 --> 24:06.230 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic force. However, no
one<00:25:30.480><c> has</c><00:25:30.640><c> ever</c><00:25:30.960><c> found</c><00:25:31.600><c> a</c><00:25:31.919><c> graviton.</c><00:25:33.120><c> This</c><00:25:33.279><c> is</c>

24:06.230 --> 24:06.240 align:start position:0%
one has ever found a graviton. This is
 

24:06.240 --> 24:08.790 align:start position:0%
one has ever found a graviton. This is
because<00:25:33.760><c> the</c><00:25:34.080><c> idea</c><00:25:34.400><c> of</c><00:25:34.559><c> a</c><00:25:34.720><c> graviton</c><00:25:35.600><c> has</c>

24:08.790 --> 24:08.800 align:start position:0%
because the idea of a graviton has
 

24:08.800 --> 24:11.829 align:start position:0%
because the idea of a graviton has
deeper<00:25:36.480><c> problems.</c><00:25:37.840><c> The</c><00:25:38.080><c> other</c><00:25:38.320><c> three</c><00:25:38.559><c> forces</c>

24:11.829 --> 24:11.839 align:start position:0%
deeper problems. The other three forces
 

24:11.839 --> 24:13.510 align:start position:0%
deeper problems. The other three forces
and<00:25:39.279><c> their</c><00:25:39.440><c> Bzons</c><00:25:40.159><c> can</c><00:25:40.400><c> all</c><00:25:40.559><c> be</c><00:25:40.580><c> [music]</c>

24:13.510 --> 24:13.520 align:start position:0%
and their Bzons can all be [music]
 

24:13.520 --> 24:16.150 align:start position:0%
and their Bzons can all be [music]
explained<00:25:41.120><c> by</c><00:25:41.360><c> a</c><00:25:41.600><c> set</c><00:25:41.679><c> of</c><00:25:41.919><c> rules</c><00:25:42.400><c> known</c><00:25:42.880><c> as</c><00:25:43.120><c> a</c>

24:16.150 --> 24:16.160 align:start position:0%
explained by a set of rules known as a
 

24:16.160 --> 24:18.870 align:start position:0%
explained by a set of rules known as a
quantum<00:25:43.919><c> field</c><00:25:44.320><c> theory.</c><00:25:45.200><c> A</c><00:25:45.440><c> type</c><00:25:45.600><c> of</c><00:25:45.760><c> theory</c>

24:18.870 --> 24:18.880 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory. A type of theory
 

24:18.880 --> 24:20.709 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory. A type of theory
that<00:25:46.400><c> physicists</c><00:25:46.960><c> can</c><00:25:47.200><c> use</c><00:25:47.440><c> clever</c><00:25:47.782><c> [music]</c>

24:20.709 --> 24:20.719 align:start position:0%
that physicists can use clever [music]
 

24:20.719 --> 24:23.110 align:start position:0%
that physicists can use clever [music]
tricks<00:25:48.240><c> to</c><00:25:48.480><c> keep</c><00:25:48.799><c> stable.</c><00:25:49.679><c> With</c><00:25:49.840><c> these</c><00:25:50.080><c> other</c>

24:23.110 --> 24:23.120 align:start position:0%
tricks to keep stable. With these other
 

24:23.120 --> 24:24.949 align:start position:0%
tricks to keep stable. With these other
three<00:25:50.480><c> forces,</c><00:25:51.279><c> physicists</c><00:25:51.919><c> can</c>

24:24.949 --> 24:24.959 align:start position:0%
three forces, physicists can
 

24:24.959 --> 24:26.469 align:start position:0%
three forces, physicists can
mathematically<00:25:52.367><c> [music]</c><00:25:52.880><c> patch</c><00:25:53.200><c> up</c><00:25:53.440><c> any</c>

24:26.469 --> 24:26.479 align:start position:0%
mathematically [music] patch up any
 

24:26.479 --> 24:28.310 align:start position:0%
mathematically [music] patch up any
holes<00:25:54.000><c> that</c><00:25:54.159><c> appear</c><00:25:54.400><c> in</c><00:25:54.559><c> their</c><00:25:54.799><c> theories</c>

24:28.310 --> 24:28.320 align:start position:0%
holes that appear in their theories
 

24:28.320 --> 24:31.349 align:start position:0%
holes that appear in their theories
using<00:25:55.840><c> a</c><00:25:56.000><c> trick</c><00:25:56.320><c> called</c><00:25:56.720><c> reormalization.</c>

24:31.349 --> 24:31.359 align:start position:0%
using a trick called reormalization.
 

24:31.359 --> 24:34.390 align:start position:0%
using a trick called reormalization.
Not<00:25:58.799><c> so</c><00:25:59.200><c> with</c><00:25:59.520><c> gravity.</c><00:26:00.480><c> Instead,</c><00:26:01.120><c> patching</c>

24:34.390 --> 24:34.400 align:start position:0%
Not so with gravity. Instead, patching
 

24:34.400 --> 24:37.110 align:start position:0%
Not so with gravity. Instead, patching
one<00:26:01.840><c> hole</c><00:26:02.320><c> seems</c><00:26:02.640><c> to</c><00:26:02.799><c> create</c><00:26:03.120><c> several</c><00:26:03.600><c> more.</c>

24:37.110 --> 24:37.120 align:start position:0%
one hole seems to create several more.
 

24:37.120 --> 24:38.630 align:start position:0%
one hole seems to create several more.
Trying<00:26:04.559><c> to</c><00:26:04.720><c> patch</c><00:26:04.812><c> [music]</c><00:26:05.039><c> those</c><00:26:05.279><c> holes</c>

24:38.630 --> 24:38.640 align:start position:0%
Trying to patch [music] those holes
 

24:38.640 --> 24:41.430 align:start position:0%
Trying to patch [music] those holes
creates<00:26:06.320><c> more</c><00:26:06.720><c> still.</c><00:26:07.600><c> In</c><00:26:07.840><c> other</c><00:26:08.000><c> words,</c><00:26:08.400><c> a</c>

24:41.430 --> 24:41.440 align:start position:0%
creates more still. In other words, a
 

24:41.440 --> 24:44.069 align:start position:0%
creates more still. In other words, a
quantum<00:26:09.200><c> field</c><00:26:09.600><c> theory</c><00:26:10.000><c> of</c><00:26:10.159><c> gravity,</c><00:26:11.120><c> one</c>

24:44.069 --> 24:44.079 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory of gravity, one
 

24:44.079 --> 24:46.870 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory of gravity, one
that<00:26:11.520><c> contains</c><00:26:12.080><c> gravitons,</c><00:26:13.279><c> quickly</c><00:26:13.760><c> breaks</c>

24:46.870 --> 24:46.880 align:start position:0%
that contains gravitons, quickly breaks
 

24:46.880 --> 24:55.990 align:start position:0%
that contains gravitons, quickly breaks
down<00:26:14.480><c> at</c><00:26:14.720><c> very</c><00:26:15.039><c> high</c><00:26:15.279><c> energies.</c>

24:55.990 --> 24:56.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

24:56.000 --> 24:57.190 align:start position:0%
 
Of<00:26:23.360><c> course,</c><00:26:23.520><c> this</c><00:26:23.679><c> hasn't</c><00:26:24.000><c> stopped</c>

24:57.190 --> 24:57.200 align:start position:0%
Of course, this hasn't stopped
 

24:57.200 --> 24:58.630 align:start position:0%
Of course, this hasn't stopped
physicists<00:26:24.463><c> [music]</c><00:26:24.960><c> from</c><00:26:25.200><c> working</c><00:26:25.440><c> out</c><00:26:25.600><c> just</c>

24:58.630 --> 24:58.640 align:start position:0%
physicists [music] from working out just
 

24:58.640 --> 25:01.349 align:start position:0%
physicists [music] from working out just
what<00:26:26.080><c> properties</c><00:26:26.400><c> a</c><00:26:26.640><c> graviton</c><00:26:27.279><c> should</c><00:26:27.600><c> have.</c>

25:01.349 --> 25:01.359 align:start position:0%
what properties a graviton should have.
 

25:01.359 --> 25:03.190 align:start position:0%
what properties a graviton should have.
First<00:26:28.720><c> of</c><00:26:28.880><c> all,</c><00:26:29.120><c> it</c><00:26:29.279><c> has</c><00:26:29.440><c> to</c><00:26:29.600><c> be</c><00:26:29.679><c> massless,</c>

25:03.190 --> 25:03.200 align:start position:0%
First of all, it has to be massless,
 

25:03.200 --> 25:05.190 align:start position:0%
First of all, it has to be massless,
just<00:26:30.559><c> like</c><00:26:30.720><c> the</c><00:26:30.960><c> photon.</c><00:26:32.159><c> The</c><00:26:32.323><c> [music]</c>

25:05.190 --> 25:05.200 align:start position:0%
just like the photon. The [music]
 

25:05.200 --> 25:07.030 align:start position:0%
just like the photon. The [music]
distance<00:26:32.640><c> over</c><00:26:32.880><c> which</c><00:26:33.039><c> a</c><00:26:33.200><c> force</c><00:26:33.520><c> operates,</c>

25:07.030 --> 25:07.040 align:start position:0%
distance over which a force operates,
 

25:07.040 --> 25:09.430 align:start position:0%
distance over which a force operates,
its<00:26:34.559><c> range,</c><00:26:35.279><c> is</c><00:26:35.520><c> linked</c><00:26:35.840><c> to</c><00:26:36.000><c> the</c><00:26:36.159><c> mass</c><00:26:36.400><c> of</c><00:26:36.480><c> the</c>

25:09.430 --> 25:09.440 align:start position:0%
its range, is linked to the mass of the
 

25:09.440 --> 25:11.829 align:start position:0%
its range, is linked to the mass of the
Bzons<00:26:37.200><c> that</c><00:26:37.440><c> carry</c><00:26:37.760><c> it.</c><00:26:38.400><c> The</c><00:26:38.640><c> heavier</c><00:26:38.960><c> the</c>

25:11.829 --> 25:11.839 align:start position:0%
Bzons that carry it. The heavier the
 

25:11.839 --> 25:14.069 align:start position:0%
Bzons that carry it. The heavier the
Bzon,<00:26:39.679><c> the</c><00:26:39.840><c> shorter</c><00:26:40.159><c> the</c><00:26:40.320><c> range.</c><00:26:40.838><c> [music]</c>

25:14.069 --> 25:14.079 align:start position:0%
Bzon, the shorter the range. [music]
 

25:14.079 --> 25:15.910 align:start position:0%
Bzon, the shorter the range. [music]
Gravity,<00:26:41.760><c> just</c><00:26:42.000><c> like</c><00:26:42.080><c> the</c><00:26:42.240><c> electromagnetic</c>

25:15.910 --> 25:15.920 align:start position:0%
Gravity, just like the electromagnetic
 

25:15.920 --> 25:18.310 align:start position:0%
Gravity, just like the electromagnetic
force,<00:26:43.679><c> has</c><00:26:43.840><c> an</c><00:26:44.080><c> infinite</c><00:26:44.480><c> range.</c><00:26:45.120><c> And</c><00:26:45.279><c> so,</c>

25:18.310 --> 25:18.320 align:start position:0%
force, has an infinite range. And so,
 

25:18.320 --> 25:20.833 align:start position:0%
force, has an infinite range. And so,
gravitons<00:26:46.320><c> must</c><00:26:46.640><c> have</c><00:26:46.799><c> a</c><00:26:46.960><c> mass</c><00:26:47.200><c> of</c><00:26:47.440><c> zero.</c>

25:20.833 --> 25:20.843 align:start position:0%
gravitons must have a mass of zero.
 

25:20.843 --> 25:23.430 align:start position:0%
gravitons must have a mass of zero.
[music]<00:26:48.480><c> Gravity</c><00:26:49.039><c> also</c><00:26:49.360><c> affects</c><00:26:49.919><c> all</c><00:26:50.240><c> matter</c>

25:23.430 --> 25:23.440 align:start position:0%
[music] Gravity also affects all matter
 

25:23.440 --> 25:25.670 align:start position:0%
[music] Gravity also affects all matter
in<00:26:50.880><c> the</c><00:26:51.039><c> universe,</c><00:26:52.000><c> regardless</c><00:26:52.480><c> of</c><00:26:52.640><c> other</c>

25:25.670 --> 25:25.680 align:start position:0%
in the universe, regardless of other
 

25:25.680 --> 25:28.630 align:start position:0%
in the universe, regardless of other
properties<00:26:53.440><c> such</c><00:26:53.600><c> as</c><00:26:53.840><c> electrical</c><00:26:54.400><c> charge.</c>

25:28.630 --> 25:28.640 align:start position:0%
properties such as electrical charge.
 

25:28.640 --> 25:31.030 align:start position:0%
properties such as electrical charge.
And<00:26:56.080><c> it</c><00:26:56.320><c> turns</c><00:26:56.559><c> out</c><00:26:56.960><c> the</c><00:26:57.200><c> only</c><00:26:57.360><c> way</c><00:26:57.600><c> gravitons</c>

25:31.030 --> 25:31.040 align:start position:0%
And it turns out the only way gravitons
 

25:31.040 --> 25:33.589 align:start position:0%
And it turns out the only way gravitons
would<00:26:58.480><c> be</c><00:26:58.559><c> able</c><00:26:58.720><c> to</c><00:26:58.880><c> do</c><00:26:59.039><c> this</c><00:26:59.600><c> is</c><00:26:59.840><c> if</c><00:27:00.159><c> they</c><00:27:00.480><c> are</c>

25:33.589 --> 25:33.599 align:start position:0%
would be able to do this is if they are
 

25:33.599 --> 25:36.390 align:start position:0%
would be able to do this is if they are
spin<00:27:01.360><c> 2</c><00:27:01.760><c> particles.</c><00:27:02.960><c> Indeed,</c><00:27:03.360><c> this</c>

25:36.390 --> 25:36.400 align:start position:0%
spin 2 particles. Indeed, this
 

25:36.400 --> 25:38.870 align:start position:0%
spin 2 particles. Indeed, this
relationship<00:27:04.159><c> is</c><00:27:04.400><c> so</c><00:27:04.640><c> sacrosanked</c><00:27:05.600><c> that</c><00:27:05.919><c> in</c>

25:38.870 --> 25:38.880 align:start position:0%
relationship is so sacrosanked that in
 

25:38.880 --> 25:40.949 align:start position:0%
relationship is so sacrosanked that in
fact<00:27:06.320><c> any</c><00:27:06.559><c> massless</c><00:27:07.120><c> particle</c><00:27:07.520><c> with</c><00:27:07.679><c> a</c><00:27:07.840><c> spin</c>

25:40.949 --> 25:40.959 align:start position:0%
fact any massless particle with a spin
 

25:40.959 --> 25:43.349 align:start position:0%
fact any massless particle with a spin
equal<00:27:08.480><c> to</c><00:27:08.720><c> two</c><00:27:09.279><c> must</c><00:27:09.679><c> behave</c><00:27:10.159><c> like</c><00:27:10.320><c> a</c>

25:43.349 --> 25:43.359 align:start position:0%
equal to two must behave like a
 

25:43.359 --> 25:45.270 align:start position:0%
equal to two must behave like a
graviton.<00:27:11.360><c> And</c><00:27:11.600><c> according</c><00:27:11.919><c> to</c><00:27:12.080><c> string</c>

25:45.270 --> 25:45.280 align:start position:0%
graviton. And according to string
 

25:45.280 --> 25:48.390 align:start position:0%
graviton. And according to string
theory,<00:27:13.039><c> a</c><00:27:13.360><c> closed</c><00:27:13.760><c> string</c><00:27:14.320><c> creates</c><00:27:14.640><c> a</c><00:27:14.880><c> spin</c><00:27:15.279><c> 2</c>

25:48.390 --> 25:48.400 align:start position:0%
theory, a closed string creates a spin 2
 

25:48.400 --> 25:51.618 align:start position:0%
theory, a closed string creates a spin 2
particle.<00:27:16.720><c> On</c><00:27:17.039><c> paper,</c><00:27:18.240><c> that's</c><00:27:18.559><c> a</c><00:27:18.720><c> graviton.</c>

25:51.618 --> 25:51.628 align:start position:0%
particle. On paper, that's a graviton.
 

25:51.628 --> 25:53.510 align:start position:0%
particle. On paper, that's a graviton.
[music]

25:53.510 --> 25:53.520 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

25:53.520 --> 25:55.670 align:start position:0%
[music]
And<00:27:20.880><c> it</c><00:27:21.120><c> is</c><00:27:21.279><c> here</c><00:27:21.600><c> that</c><00:27:21.840><c> we</c><00:27:22.080><c> arrive</c><00:27:22.400><c> at</c><00:27:22.640><c> the</c>

25:55.670 --> 25:55.680 align:start position:0%
And it is here that we arrive at the
 

25:55.680 --> 25:57.110 align:start position:0%
And it is here that we arrive at the
single<00:27:23.279><c> biggest</c><00:27:23.413><c> [music]</c><00:27:23.679><c> attraction</c><00:27:24.080><c> of</c>

25:57.110 --> 25:57.120 align:start position:0%
single biggest [music] attraction of
 

25:57.120 --> 25:59.349 align:start position:0%
single biggest [music] attraction of
string<00:27:24.720><c> theory.</c><00:27:25.520><c> The</c><00:27:25.760><c> thing</c><00:27:25.919><c> that</c><00:27:26.080><c> has</c><00:27:26.320><c> seen</c>

25:59.349 --> 25:59.359 align:start position:0%
string theory. The thing that has seen
 

25:59.359 --> 26:01.990 align:start position:0%
string theory. The thing that has seen
schools<00:27:26.960><c> of</c><00:27:27.120><c> scientists</c><00:27:27.760><c> rally</c><00:27:28.159><c> behind</c><00:27:28.480><c> it.</c>

26:01.990 --> 26:02.000 align:start position:0%
schools of scientists rally behind it.
 

26:02.000 --> 26:03.829 align:start position:0%
schools of scientists rally behind it.
The<00:27:29.440><c> reason</c><00:27:29.760><c> billions</c><00:27:30.240><c> of</c><00:27:30.400><c> dollars</c><00:27:30.720><c> have</c><00:27:30.960><c> been</c>

26:03.829 --> 26:03.839 align:start position:0%
The reason billions of dollars have been
 

26:03.839 --> 26:05.374 align:start position:0%
The reason billions of dollars have been
poured<00:27:31.360><c> into</c><00:27:31.520><c> the</c><00:27:31.760><c> field</c><00:27:32.000><c> in</c><00:27:32.159><c> the</c><00:27:32.320><c> decades</c>

26:05.374 --> 26:05.384 align:start position:0%
poured into the field in the decades
 

26:05.384 --> 26:07.430 align:start position:0%
poured into the field in the decades
[music]<00:27:32.799><c> since.</c><00:27:33.679><c> A</c><00:27:33.840><c> key</c><00:27:34.000><c> pillar</c><00:27:34.320><c> of</c><00:27:34.480><c> its</c>

26:07.430 --> 26:07.440 align:start position:0%
[music] since. A key pillar of its
 

26:07.440 --> 26:09.910 align:start position:0%
[music] since. A key pillar of its
courtroom<00:27:35.120><c> defense.</c><00:27:36.000><c> And</c><00:27:36.159><c> the</c><00:27:36.400><c> very</c><00:27:36.640><c> idea</c>

26:09.910 --> 26:09.920 align:start position:0%
courtroom defense. And the very idea
 

26:09.920 --> 26:11.910 align:start position:0%
courtroom defense. And the very idea
that<00:27:37.360><c> saw</c><00:27:37.600><c> it</c><00:27:37.760><c> resurrected</c><00:27:38.479><c> [music]</c><00:27:38.720><c> from</c><00:27:38.960><c> the</c>

26:11.910 --> 26:11.920 align:start position:0%
that saw it resurrected [music] from the
 

26:11.920 --> 26:15.030 align:start position:0%
that saw it resurrected [music] from the
dead<00:27:40.240><c> without</c><00:27:40.640><c> even</c><00:27:41.039><c> trying,</c><00:27:41.679><c> merely</c><00:27:42.000><c> by</c>

26:15.030 --> 26:15.040 align:start position:0%
dead without even trying, merely by
 

26:15.040 --> 26:16.509 align:start position:0%
dead without even trying, merely by
considering<00:27:42.720><c> what</c><00:27:42.880><c> happens</c><00:27:43.120><c> if</c><00:27:43.279><c> a</c><00:27:43.520><c> string</c>

26:16.509 --> 26:16.519 align:start position:0%
considering what happens if a string
 

26:16.519 --> 26:18.870 align:start position:0%
considering what happens if a string
[music]<00:27:43.840><c> forms</c><00:27:44.240><c> a</c><00:27:44.400><c> closed</c><00:27:44.880><c> loop.</c><00:27:45.600><c> Suddenly,</c>

26:18.870 --> 26:18.880 align:start position:0%
[music] forms a closed loop. Suddenly,
 

26:18.880 --> 26:20.630 align:start position:0%
[music] forms a closed loop. Suddenly,
one<00:27:46.240><c> of</c><00:27:46.320><c> the</c><00:27:46.480><c> most</c><00:27:46.720><c> sought-after</c><00:27:47.360><c> particles</c>

26:20.630 --> 26:20.640 align:start position:0%
one of the most sought-after particles
 

26:20.640 --> 26:22.709 align:start position:0%
one of the most sought-after particles
in<00:27:48.000><c> all</c><00:27:48.240><c> of</c><00:27:48.400><c> physics</c><00:27:48.959><c> [music]</c><00:27:49.120><c> pops</c><00:27:49.520><c> out</c><00:27:49.760><c> of</c>

26:22.709 --> 26:22.719 align:start position:0%
in all of physics [music] pops out of
 

26:22.719 --> 26:25.430 align:start position:0%
in all of physics [music] pops out of
the<00:27:50.159><c> theory.</c><00:27:51.120><c> It</c><00:27:51.279><c> was</c><00:27:51.440><c> as</c><00:27:51.520><c> if</c><00:27:51.760><c> the</c><00:27:51.919><c> witness</c><00:27:52.320><c> had</c>

26:25.430 --> 26:25.440 align:start position:0%
the theory. It was as if the witness had
 

26:25.440 --> 26:27.270 align:start position:0%
the theory. It was as if the witness had
suddenly<00:27:53.039><c> confessed</c><00:27:53.600><c> before</c><00:27:53.919><c> anyone</c><00:27:54.240><c> had</c>

26:27.270 --> 26:27.280 align:start position:0%
suddenly confessed before anyone had
 

26:27.280 --> 26:29.670 align:start position:0%
suddenly confessed before anyone had
even<00:27:54.720><c> posed</c><00:27:55.120><c> the</c><00:27:55.360><c> question</c><00:27:56.240><c> and</c><00:27:56.640><c> in</c><00:27:56.819><c> [music]</c>

26:29.670 --> 26:29.680 align:start position:0%
even posed the question and in [music]
 

26:29.680 --> 26:31.829 align:start position:0%
even posed the question and in [music]
the<00:27:57.120><c> same</c><00:27:57.279><c> breath</c><00:27:57.840><c> laid</c><00:27:58.159><c> out</c><00:27:58.320><c> the</c><00:27:58.559><c> rest</c><00:27:58.720><c> of</c><00:27:58.799><c> the</c>

26:31.829 --> 26:31.839 align:start position:0%
the same breath laid out the rest of the
 

26:31.839 --> 26:34.469 align:start position:0%
the same breath laid out the rest of the
evidence.<00:28:00.320><c> A</c><00:28:00.559><c> single</c><00:28:00.880><c> theory</c><00:28:01.200><c> that</c><00:28:01.440><c> would</c><00:28:01.600><c> be</c>

26:34.469 --> 26:34.479 align:start position:0%
evidence. A single theory that would be
 

26:34.479 --> 26:35.910 align:start position:0%
evidence. A single theory that would be
able<00:28:01.840><c> to</c><00:28:02.000><c> predict</c><00:28:02.240><c> the</c><00:28:02.480><c> existence</c><00:28:02.880><c> and</c>

26:35.910 --> 26:35.920 align:start position:0%
able to predict the existence and
 

26:35.920 --> 26:37.469 align:start position:0%
able to predict the existence and
properties<00:28:03.520><c> of</c><00:28:03.679><c> the</c><00:28:03.840><c> Bzons</c><00:28:04.399><c> that</c><00:28:04.640><c> carry</c>

26:37.469 --> 26:37.479 align:start position:0%
properties of the Bzons that carry
 

26:37.479 --> 26:41.430 align:start position:0%
properties of the Bzons that carry
[music]<00:28:05.039><c> all</c><00:28:05.360><c> four</c><00:28:05.840><c> fundamental</c><00:28:06.480><c> forces,</c>

26:41.430 --> 26:41.440 align:start position:0%
[music] all four fundamental forces,
 

26:41.440 --> 26:45.270 align:start position:0%
[music] all four fundamental forces,
even<00:28:09.120><c> gravity.</c><00:28:10.559><c> And</c><00:28:10.880><c> so</c><00:28:11.200><c> unsurprisingly,</c>

26:45.270 --> 26:45.280 align:start position:0%
even gravity. And so unsurprisingly,
 

26:45.280 --> 26:47.589 align:start position:0%
even gravity. And so unsurprisingly,
this<00:28:12.720><c> version</c><00:28:13.039><c> of</c><00:28:13.200><c> string</c><00:28:13.520><c> theory</c><00:28:14.240><c> came</c><00:28:14.480><c> to</c><00:28:14.640><c> be</c>

26:47.589 --> 26:47.599 align:start position:0%
this version of string theory came to be
 

26:47.599 --> 26:56.790 align:start position:0%
this version of string theory came to be
known<00:28:15.279><c> as</c><00:28:15.600><c> Bzonic</c><00:28:16.320><c> string</c><00:28:16.640><c> theory.</c>

26:56.790 --> 26:56.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:56.800 --> 26:59.430 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:28:24.240><c> was</c><00:28:24.480><c> physics</c><00:28:24.880><c> at</c><00:28:25.120><c> its</c><00:28:25.440><c> most</c><00:28:25.760><c> beautiful.</c>

26:59.430 --> 26:59.440 align:start position:0%
This was physics at its most beautiful.
 

26:59.440 --> 27:01.349 align:start position:0%
This was physics at its most beautiful.
And<00:28:26.880><c> the</c><00:28:27.039><c> defense</c><00:28:27.520><c> argued</c><00:28:28.000><c> that</c><00:28:28.240><c> this</c>

27:01.349 --> 27:01.359 align:start position:0%
And the defense argued that this
 

27:01.359 --> 27:03.189 align:start position:0%
And the defense argued that this
inherent<00:28:29.039><c> beauty</c><00:28:29.600><c> strengthened</c><00:28:30.080><c> the</c><00:28:30.240><c> case</c>

27:03.189 --> 27:03.199 align:start position:0%
inherent beauty strengthened the case
 

27:03.199 --> 27:04.949 align:start position:0%
inherent beauty strengthened the case
for<00:28:30.559><c> Bzonic</c><00:28:31.200><c> string</c><00:28:31.440><c> theory</c><00:28:31.534><c> [music]</c>

27:04.949 --> 27:04.959 align:start position:0%
for Bzonic string theory [music]
 

27:04.959 --> 27:07.910 align:start position:0%
for Bzonic string theory [music]
even<00:28:32.559><c> further.</c><00:28:33.840><c> By</c><00:28:34.080><c> treating</c><00:28:34.320><c> the</c><00:28:34.559><c> graviton</c>

27:07.910 --> 27:07.920 align:start position:0%
even further. By treating the graviton
 

27:07.920 --> 27:09.750 align:start position:0%
even further. By treating the graviton
as<00:28:35.279><c> a</c><00:28:35.440><c> closed</c><00:28:35.919><c> string</c><00:28:36.399><c> rather</c><00:28:36.640><c> than</c><00:28:36.799><c> a</c>

27:09.750 --> 27:09.760 align:start position:0%
as a closed string rather than a
 

27:09.760 --> 27:11.750 align:start position:0%
as a closed string rather than a
pointlike<00:28:37.440><c> particle,</c><00:28:38.080><c> the</c><00:28:38.320><c> holes</c><00:28:38.640><c> in</c><00:28:38.799><c> its</c>

27:11.750 --> 27:11.760 align:start position:0%
pointlike particle, the holes in its
 

27:11.760 --> 27:13.910 align:start position:0%
pointlike particle, the holes in its
quantum<00:28:39.440><c> field</c><00:28:39.760><c> theory</c><00:28:40.320><c> suddenly</c><00:28:40.720><c> could</c><00:28:40.960><c> be</c>

27:13.910 --> 27:13.920 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory suddenly could be
 

27:13.920 --> 27:16.114 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory suddenly could be
patched<00:28:41.760><c> just</c><00:28:42.000><c> like</c><00:28:42.159><c> the</c><00:28:42.399><c> other</c><00:28:42.559><c> forces.</c>

27:16.114 --> 27:16.124 align:start position:0%
patched just like the other forces.
 

27:16.124 --> 27:17.750 align:start position:0%
patched just like the other forces.
[music]<00:28:43.440><c> There's</c><00:28:43.679><c> no</c><00:28:43.840><c> runaway</c><00:28:44.399><c> chaos</c><00:28:44.799><c> that</c>

27:17.750 --> 27:17.760 align:start position:0%
[music] There's no runaway chaos that
 

27:17.760 --> 27:20.709 align:start position:0%
[music] There's no runaway chaos that
obliterates<00:28:45.520><c> the</c><00:28:45.679><c> theory</c><00:28:46.080><c> at</c><00:28:46.320><c> high</c><00:28:46.559><c> energies.</c>

27:20.709 --> 27:20.719 align:start position:0%
obliterates the theory at high energies.
 

27:20.719 --> 27:22.550 align:start position:0%
obliterates the theory at high energies.
And<00:28:48.080><c> to</c><00:28:48.320><c> understand</c><00:28:48.720><c> this,</c><00:28:49.219><c> [music]</c><00:28:49.440><c> let's</c>

27:22.550 --> 27:22.560 align:start position:0%
And to understand this, [music] let's
 

27:22.560 --> 27:25.030 align:start position:0%
And to understand this, [music] let's
imagine<00:28:50.159><c> two</c><00:28:50.480><c> masses</c><00:28:50.960><c> inching</c><00:28:51.440><c> ever</c><00:28:51.679><c> closer</c>

27:25.030 --> 27:25.040 align:start position:0%
imagine two masses inching ever closer
 

27:25.040 --> 27:30.550 align:start position:0%
imagine two masses inching ever closer
to<00:28:52.480><c> one</c><00:28:52.720><c> another.</c>

27:30.550 --> 27:30.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

27:30.560 --> 27:33.030 align:start position:0%
 
Physicists<00:28:58.480><c> describe</c><00:28:59.039><c> gravity</c><00:28:59.600><c> using</c><00:29:00.000><c> an</c>

27:33.030 --> 27:33.040 align:start position:0%
Physicists describe gravity using an
 

27:33.040 --> 27:35.430 align:start position:0%
Physicists describe gravity using an
inverse<00:29:00.880><c> square</c><00:29:01.279><c> law.</c><00:29:01.919><c> This</c><00:29:02.159><c> means</c><00:29:02.399><c> that</c>

27:35.430 --> 27:35.440 align:start position:0%
inverse square law. This means that
 

27:35.440 --> 27:37.349 align:start position:0%
inverse square law. This means that
every<00:29:02.880><c> time</c><00:29:03.039><c> you</c><00:29:03.360><c> have</c><00:29:03.600><c> the</c><00:29:03.840><c> distance</c><00:29:04.240><c> between</c>

27:37.349 --> 27:37.359 align:start position:0%
every time you have the distance between
 

27:37.359 --> 27:39.349 align:start position:0%
every time you have the distance between
the<00:29:04.799><c> masses,</c><00:29:05.520><c> their</c><00:29:05.840><c> gravitational</c>

27:39.349 --> 27:39.359 align:start position:0%
the masses, their gravitational
 

27:39.359 --> 27:41.750 align:start position:0%
the masses, their gravitational
attraction<00:29:07.360><c> quadruples.</c>

27:41.750 --> 27:41.760 align:start position:0%
attraction quadruples.
 

27:41.760 --> 27:44.150 align:start position:0%
attraction quadruples.
As<00:29:09.120><c> the</c><00:29:09.360><c> two</c><00:29:09.520><c> masses</c><00:29:10.000><c> edge</c><00:29:10.480><c> closer</c><00:29:10.799><c> and</c><00:29:11.039><c> closer</c>

27:44.150 --> 27:44.160 align:start position:0%
As the two masses edge closer and closer
 

27:44.160 --> 27:46.150 align:start position:0%
As the two masses edge closer and closer
together,<00:29:11.840><c> the</c><00:29:12.080><c> attraction</c><00:29:12.559><c> between</c><00:29:12.880><c> them</c>

27:46.150 --> 27:46.160 align:start position:0%
together, the attraction between them
 

27:46.160 --> 27:48.870 align:start position:0%
together, the attraction between them
skyrockets.<00:29:14.640><c> And</c><00:29:14.799><c> as</c><00:29:15.039><c> the</c><00:29:15.200><c> gap</c><00:29:15.440><c> shrinks</c><00:29:15.840><c> to</c>

27:48.870 --> 27:48.880 align:start position:0%
skyrockets. And as the gap shrinks to
 

27:48.880 --> 27:51.270 align:start position:0%
skyrockets. And as the gap shrinks to
zero,<00:29:16.720><c> the</c><00:29:16.960><c> strength</c><00:29:17.279><c> of</c><00:29:17.440><c> gravity</c><00:29:18.000><c> becomes</c>

27:51.270 --> 27:51.280 align:start position:0%
zero, the strength of gravity becomes
 

27:51.280 --> 27:54.790 align:start position:0%
zero, the strength of gravity becomes
infinite<00:29:19.200><c> and</c><00:29:19.440><c> the</c><00:29:19.600><c> theory</c><00:29:20.399><c> breaks</c><00:29:20.799><c> down.</c><00:29:21.840><c> But</c>

27:54.790 --> 27:54.800 align:start position:0%
infinite and the theory breaks down. But
 

27:54.800 --> 27:57.030 align:start position:0%
infinite and the theory breaks down. But
the<00:29:22.159><c> gap</c><00:29:22.480><c> can</c><00:29:22.640><c> only</c><00:29:22.880><c> shrink</c><00:29:23.120><c> to</c><00:29:23.360><c> zero</c><00:29:23.760><c> if</c><00:29:24.000><c> the</c>

27:57.030 --> 27:57.040 align:start position:0%
the gap can only shrink to zero if the
 

27:57.040 --> 27:58.690 align:start position:0%
the gap can only shrink to zero if the
particles<00:29:24.640><c> are</c><00:29:24.880><c> treated</c><00:29:25.279><c> as</c><00:29:25.600><c> pointlike</c>

27:58.690 --> 27:58.700 align:start position:0%
particles are treated as pointlike
 

27:58.700 --> 28:01.510 align:start position:0%
particles are treated as pointlike
[music]<00:29:26.240><c> with</c><00:29:26.480><c> no</c><00:29:26.640><c> width,</c><00:29:27.120><c> depth,</c><00:29:27.520><c> or</c><00:29:27.760><c> height.</c>

28:01.510 --> 28:01.520 align:start position:0%
[music] with no width, depth, or height.
 

28:01.520 --> 28:04.150 align:start position:0%
[music] with no width, depth, or height.
Bzonic<00:29:29.360><c> string</c><00:29:29.760><c> theory</c><00:29:30.320><c> replaces</c><00:29:30.720><c> this</c><00:29:30.960><c> idea</c>

28:04.150 --> 28:04.160 align:start position:0%
Bzonic string theory replaces this idea
 

28:04.160 --> 28:06.390 align:start position:0%
Bzonic string theory replaces this idea
with<00:29:31.679><c> particles</c><00:29:32.159><c> as</c><00:29:32.559><c> one-dimensional</c>

28:06.390 --> 28:06.400 align:start position:0%
with particles as one-dimensional
 

28:06.400 --> 28:09.030 align:start position:0%
with particles as one-dimensional
strings.<00:29:34.799><c> And</c><00:29:34.960><c> so</c><00:29:35.120><c> if</c><00:29:35.279><c> gravity</c><00:29:35.760><c> works</c><00:29:36.080><c> through</c>

28:09.030 --> 28:09.040 align:start position:0%
strings. And so if gravity works through
 

28:09.040 --> 28:11.589 align:start position:0%
strings. And so if gravity works through
the<00:29:36.480><c> exchange</c><00:29:36.799><c> of</c><00:29:36.960><c> gravitons,</c><00:29:37.919><c> and</c><00:29:38.159><c> gravitons</c>

28:11.589 --> 28:11.599 align:start position:0%
the exchange of gravitons, and gravitons
 

28:11.599 --> 28:13.510 align:start position:0%
the exchange of gravitons, and gravitons
are<00:29:38.960><c> closed</c><00:29:39.440><c> strings</c><00:29:40.000><c> that</c><00:29:40.320><c> have</c><00:29:40.559><c> a</c>

28:13.510 --> 28:13.520 align:start position:0%
are closed strings that have a
 

28:13.520 --> 28:16.069 align:start position:0%
are closed strings that have a
dimension,<00:29:41.679><c> the</c><00:29:41.919><c> two</c><00:29:42.159><c> masses</c><00:29:42.559><c> can</c><00:29:42.799><c> no</c><00:29:42.960><c> longer</c>

28:16.069 --> 28:16.079 align:start position:0%
dimension, the two masses can no longer
 

28:16.079 --> 28:18.150 align:start position:0%
dimension, the two masses can no longer
get<00:29:43.520><c> infinitely</c><00:29:44.080><c> close</c><00:29:44.320><c> to</c><00:29:44.480><c> one</c><00:29:44.720><c> another</c><00:29:45.120><c> and</c>

28:18.150 --> 28:18.160 align:start position:0%
get infinitely close to one another and
 

28:18.160 --> 28:20.949 align:start position:0%
get infinitely close to one another and
still<00:29:45.600><c> be</c><00:29:45.840><c> exchanging</c><00:29:46.559><c> gravitons.</c>

28:20.949 --> 28:20.959 align:start position:0%
still be exchanging gravitons.
 

28:20.959 --> 28:23.189 align:start position:0%
still be exchanging gravitons.
With<00:29:48.399><c> no</c><00:29:48.720><c> runaway</c><00:29:49.279><c> rampage</c><00:29:49.919><c> towards</c>

28:23.189 --> 28:23.199 align:start position:0%
With no runaway rampage towards
 

28:23.199 --> 28:25.829 align:start position:0%
With no runaway rampage towards
infinity,<00:29:51.440><c> physicists</c><00:29:52.080><c> can</c><00:29:52.320><c> patch</c><00:29:52.559><c> the</c><00:29:52.799><c> holes</c>

28:25.829 --> 28:25.839 align:start position:0%
infinity, physicists can patch the holes
 

28:25.839 --> 28:28.069 align:start position:0%
infinity, physicists can patch the holes
in<00:29:53.200><c> the</c><00:29:53.360><c> theory</c><00:29:54.000><c> just</c><00:29:54.159><c> as</c><00:29:54.320><c> they</c><00:29:54.559><c> did</c><00:29:54.799><c> with</c><00:29:55.039><c> the</c>

28:28.069 --> 28:28.079 align:start position:0%
in the theory just as they did with the
 

28:28.079 --> 28:30.150 align:start position:0%
in the theory just as they did with the
other<00:29:55.520><c> three</c><00:29:55.840><c> forces.</c>

28:30.150 --> 28:30.160 align:start position:0%
other three forces.
 

28:30.160 --> 28:32.390 align:start position:0%
other three forces.
This<00:29:57.679><c> was</c><00:29:57.840><c> a</c><00:29:58.080><c> prime</c><00:29:58.399><c> example</c><00:29:58.880><c> of</c><00:29:59.120><c> beauty</c>

28:32.390 --> 28:32.400 align:start position:0%
This was a prime example of beauty
 

28:32.400 --> 28:34.949 align:start position:0%
This was a prime example of beauty
offering<00:30:00.000><c> more</c><00:30:00.320><c> than</c><00:30:00.559><c> mere</c><00:30:00.960><c> decoration.</c>

28:34.949 --> 28:34.959 align:start position:0%
offering more than mere decoration.
 

28:34.959 --> 28:37.349 align:start position:0%
offering more than mere decoration.
Instead,<00:30:02.799><c> it</c><00:30:03.039><c> offered</c><00:30:03.360><c> salvation,</c><00:30:04.399><c> the</c>

28:37.349 --> 28:37.359 align:start position:0%
Instead, it offered salvation, the
 

28:37.359 --> 28:39.750 align:start position:0%
Instead, it offered salvation, the
elegant<00:30:05.039><c> geometry</c><00:30:05.520><c> of</c><00:30:05.760><c> strings</c><00:30:06.320><c> vanquishing</c>

28:39.750 --> 28:39.760 align:start position:0%
elegant geometry of strings vanquishing
 

28:39.760 --> 28:41.670 align:start position:0%
elegant geometry of strings vanquishing
infinities<00:30:07.679><c> in</c><00:30:07.919><c> a</c><00:30:08.080><c> way</c><00:30:08.159><c> that</c><00:30:08.320><c> pointlike</c>

28:41.670 --> 28:41.680 align:start position:0%
infinities in a way that pointlike
 

28:41.680 --> 28:44.949 align:start position:0%
infinities in a way that pointlike
particles<00:30:09.760><c> simply</c><00:30:10.240><c> couldn't.</c><00:30:11.440><c> The</c><00:30:11.679><c> defense</c>

28:44.949 --> 28:44.959 align:start position:0%
particles simply couldn't. The defense
 

28:44.959 --> 28:47.670 align:start position:0%
particles simply couldn't. The defense
had<00:30:12.480><c> seized</c><00:30:12.799><c> the</c><00:30:12.960><c> momentum</c><00:30:13.679><c> with</c><00:30:13.919><c> a</c><00:30:14.159><c> simple,</c>

28:47.670 --> 28:47.680 align:start position:0%
had seized the momentum with a simple,
 

28:47.680 --> 28:49.990 align:start position:0%
had seized the momentum with a simple,
intoxicating<00:30:15.840><c> idea.</c><00:30:16.559><c> The</c><00:30:16.799><c> apparent</c>

28:49.990 --> 28:50.000 align:start position:0%
intoxicating idea. The apparent
 

28:50.000 --> 28:51.510 align:start position:0%
intoxicating idea. The apparent
differences<00:30:17.760><c> between</c><00:30:18.159><c> gravity</c><00:30:18.300><c> [music]</c><00:30:18.559><c> and</c>

28:51.510 --> 28:51.520 align:start position:0%
differences between gravity [music] and
 

28:51.520 --> 28:53.430 align:start position:0%
differences between gravity [music] and
its<00:30:18.960><c> fellow</c><00:30:19.279><c> forces</c><00:30:19.840><c> could</c><00:30:20.000><c> be</c><00:30:20.159><c> explained</c>

28:53.430 --> 28:53.440 align:start position:0%
its fellow forces could be explained
 

28:53.440 --> 28:55.910 align:start position:0%
its fellow forces could be explained
away<00:30:21.279><c> as</c><00:30:21.600><c> the</c><00:30:21.760><c> difference</c><00:30:22.240><c> between</c><00:30:22.480><c> a</c><00:30:22.720><c> closed</c>

28:55.910 --> 28:55.920 align:start position:0%
away as the difference between a closed
 

28:55.920 --> 28:58.550 align:start position:0%
away as the difference between a closed
string<00:30:23.600><c> and</c><00:30:23.840><c> an</c><00:30:24.080><c> open</c><00:30:24.320><c> one.</c><00:30:25.039><c> And</c><00:30:25.279><c> at</c><00:30:25.440><c> the</c><00:30:25.600><c> heart</c>

28:58.550 --> 28:58.560 align:start position:0%
string and an open one. And at the heart
 

28:58.560 --> 29:00.790 align:start position:0%
string and an open one. And at the heart
of<00:30:25.840><c> the</c><00:30:26.000><c> matter,</c><00:30:26.480><c> the</c><00:30:26.720><c> forces</c><00:30:27.120><c> were</c><00:30:27.360><c> united</c><00:30:27.760><c> by</c>

29:00.790 --> 29:00.800 align:start position:0%
of the matter, the forces were united by
 

29:00.800 --> 29:04.150 align:start position:0%
of the matter, the forces were united by
a<00:30:28.240><c> single</c><00:30:28.640><c> notion.</c><00:30:29.760><c> Everything</c><00:30:30.399><c> is</c><00:30:30.720><c> vibrating</c>

29:04.150 --> 29:04.160 align:start position:0%
a single notion. Everything is vibrating
 

29:04.160 --> 29:11.030 align:start position:0%
a single notion. Everything is vibrating
strings.

29:11.030 --> 29:11.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

29:11.040 --> 29:12.870 align:start position:0%
 
If<00:30:38.480><c> bonic</c><00:30:38.606><c> [music]</c><00:30:39.120><c> string</c><00:30:39.440><c> theory</c><00:30:39.840><c> were</c>

29:12.870 --> 29:12.880 align:start position:0%
If bonic [music] string theory were
 

29:12.880 --> 29:14.630 align:start position:0%
If bonic [music] string theory were
correct,<00:30:40.720><c> it</c><00:30:40.960><c> seemed</c><00:30:41.200><c> to</c><00:30:41.279><c> offer</c><00:30:41.600><c> something</c>

29:14.630 --> 29:14.640 align:start position:0%
correct, it seemed to offer something
 

29:14.640 --> 29:17.430 align:start position:0%
correct, it seemed to offer something
that<00:30:42.080><c> even</c><00:30:42.320><c> Einstein</c><00:30:42.960><c> couldn't</c><00:30:43.440><c> muster.</c><00:30:44.480><c> A</c>

29:17.430 --> 29:17.440 align:start position:0%
that even Einstein couldn't muster. A
 

29:17.440 --> 29:20.870 align:start position:0%
that even Einstein couldn't muster. A
possible<00:30:45.120><c> path</c><00:30:45.760><c> to</c><00:30:46.000><c> a</c><00:30:46.240><c> theory</c><00:30:46.559><c> of</c><00:30:46.799><c> everything.</c>

29:20.870 --> 29:20.880 align:start position:0%
possible path to a theory of everything.
 

29:20.880 --> 29:22.531 align:start position:0%
possible path to a theory of everything.
The<00:30:48.320><c> end</c><00:30:48.480><c> of</c><00:30:48.640><c> physics</c><00:30:49.039><c> as</c><00:30:49.279><c> we</c><00:30:49.440><c> knew</c><00:30:49.600><c> it,</c>

29:22.531 --> 29:22.541 align:start position:0%
The end of physics as we knew it,
 

29:22.541 --> 29:24.709 align:start position:0%
The end of physics as we knew it,
[music]<00:30:50.080><c> and</c><00:30:50.320><c> the</c><00:30:50.559><c> beginning</c><00:30:51.120><c> of</c><00:30:51.440><c> something</c>

29:24.709 --> 29:24.719 align:start position:0%
[music] and the beginning of something
 

29:24.719 --> 29:26.870 align:start position:0%
[music] and the beginning of something
far<00:30:52.240><c> greater.</c>

29:26.870 --> 29:26.880 align:start position:0%
far greater.
 

29:26.880 --> 29:28.630 align:start position:0%
far greater.
And<00:30:54.399><c> yet,</c><00:30:54.960><c> if</c><00:30:55.200><c> it</c><00:30:55.360><c> were</c><00:30:55.520><c> that</c>

29:28.630 --> 29:28.640 align:start position:0%
And yet, if it were that
 

29:28.640 --> 29:30.709 align:start position:0%
And yet, if it were that
straightforward,<00:30:56.880><c> physicists</c><00:30:57.520><c> wouldn't</c>

29:30.709 --> 29:30.719 align:start position:0%
straightforward, physicists wouldn't
 

29:30.719 --> 29:32.949 align:start position:0%
straightforward, physicists wouldn't
still<00:30:58.080><c> be</c><00:30:58.240><c> arguing</c><00:30:58.640><c> over</c><00:30:58.960><c> string</c><00:30:59.279><c> theory</c><00:30:59.919><c> to</c>

29:32.949 --> 29:32.959 align:start position:0%
still be arguing over string theory to
 

29:32.959 --> 29:35.589 align:start position:0%
still be arguing over string theory to
this<00:31:00.399><c> day.</c><00:31:01.600><c> There</c><00:31:01.760><c> would</c><00:31:01.919><c> be</c><00:31:02.080><c> no</c><00:31:02.240><c> need</c><00:31:02.399><c> to</c><00:31:02.640><c> put</c>

29:35.589 --> 29:35.599 align:start position:0%
this day. There would be no need to put
 

29:35.599 --> 29:37.510 align:start position:0%
this day. There would be no need to put
string<00:31:03.120><c> theory</c><00:31:03.440><c> on</c><00:31:03.679><c> trial.</c><00:31:04.151><c> [music]</c><00:31:04.480><c> No</c>

29:37.510 --> 29:37.520 align:start position:0%
string theory on trial. [music] No
 

29:37.520 --> 29:40.069 align:start position:0%
string theory on trial. [music] No
courtroom,<00:31:05.440><c> no</c><00:31:05.679><c> lawyers,</c><00:31:06.399><c> and</c><00:31:06.640><c> plenty</c><00:31:07.039><c> of</c>

29:40.069 --> 29:40.079 align:start position:0%
courtroom, no lawyers, and plenty of
 

29:40.079 --> 29:43.110 align:start position:0%
courtroom, no lawyers, and plenty of
Nobel<00:31:07.760><c> prizes.</c>

29:43.110 --> 29:43.120 align:start position:0%
Nobel prizes.
 

29:43.120 --> 29:44.870 align:start position:0%
Nobel prizes.
Every<00:31:10.640><c> trial</c><00:31:11.039><c> begins</c><00:31:11.360><c> with</c><00:31:11.600><c> opening</c>

29:44.870 --> 29:44.880 align:start position:0%
Every trial begins with opening
 

29:44.880 --> 29:47.750 align:start position:0%
Every trial begins with opening
statements<00:31:12.799><c> designed</c><00:31:13.440><c> to</c><00:31:13.760><c> dazzle.</c><00:31:14.720><c> The</c>

29:47.750 --> 29:47.760 align:start position:0%
statements designed to dazzle. The
 

29:47.760 --> 29:49.750 align:start position:0%
statements designed to dazzle. The
defense<00:31:15.279><c> had</c><00:31:15.520><c> made</c><00:31:15.679><c> its</c><00:31:15.919><c> case</c><00:31:16.159><c> with</c><00:31:16.399><c> elegance</c>

29:49.750 --> 29:49.760 align:start position:0%
defense had made its case with elegance
 

29:49.760 --> 29:52.390 align:start position:0%
defense had made its case with elegance
and<00:31:17.360><c> flare,</c><00:31:18.399><c> but</c><00:31:18.640><c> now</c><00:31:19.120><c> came</c><00:31:19.360><c> the</c>

29:52.390 --> 29:52.400 align:start position:0%
and flare, but now came the
 

29:52.400 --> 29:53.990 align:start position:0%
and flare, but now came the
cross-examination,

29:53.990 --> 29:54.000 align:start position:0%
cross-examination,
 

29:54.000 --> 29:56.390 align:start position:0%
cross-examination,
and<00:31:21.440><c> the</c><00:31:21.600><c> prosecution's</c><00:31:22.399><c> evidence</c><00:31:23.360><c> was</c>

29:56.390 --> 29:56.400 align:start position:0%
and the prosecution's evidence was
 

29:56.400 --> 30:09.589 align:start position:0%
and the prosecution's evidence was
damning.

30:09.589 --> 30:09.599 align:start position:0%
 
 

30:09.599 --> 30:13.430 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:31:37.039><c> physics,</c><00:31:37.760><c> as</c><00:31:38.000><c> in</c><00:31:38.240><c> art,</c><00:31:39.200><c> symmetry</c><00:31:40.000><c> is</c><00:31:40.240><c> a</c><00:31:40.399><c> key</c>

30:13.430 --> 30:13.440 align:start position:0%
In physics, as in art, symmetry is a key
 

30:13.440 --> 30:15.586 align:start position:0%
In physics, as in art, symmetry is a key
to<00:31:40.880><c> beauty.</c>

30:15.586 --> 30:15.596 align:start position:0%
to beauty.
 

30:15.596 --> 30:16.870 align:start position:0%
to beauty.
[music]

30:16.870 --> 30:16.880 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

30:16.880 --> 30:19.270 align:start position:0%
[music]
A<00:31:44.320><c> large</c><00:31:44.640><c> crowd</c><00:31:45.120><c> gathers</c><00:31:45.519><c> around</c><00:31:45.840><c> the</c><00:31:46.080><c> tiny</c>

30:19.270 --> 30:19.280 align:start position:0%
A large crowd gathers around the tiny
 

30:19.280 --> 30:21.270 align:start position:0%
A large crowd gathers around the tiny
computer<00:31:46.880><c> screen,</c><00:31:47.440><c> eager</c><00:31:47.760><c> to</c><00:31:48.000><c> watch</c><00:31:48.240><c> the</c>

30:21.270 --> 30:21.280 align:start position:0%
computer screen, eager to watch the
 

30:21.280 --> 30:24.469 align:start position:0%
computer screen, eager to watch the
drama<00:31:48.960><c> unfold.</c><00:31:50.240><c> Suddenly,</c><00:31:50.799><c> the</c><00:31:51.120><c> message</c>

30:24.469 --> 30:24.479 align:start position:0%
drama unfold. Suddenly, the message
 

30:24.479 --> 30:26.721 align:start position:0%
drama unfold. Suddenly, the message
arrives.<00:31:52.799><c> It's</c><00:31:53.120><c> clear,</c><00:31:53.600><c> timestamped,</c>

30:26.721 --> 30:26.731 align:start position:0%
arrives. It's clear, timestamped,
 

30:26.731 --> 30:30.630 align:start position:0%
arrives. It's clear, timestamped,
[music]<00:31:54.320><c> and</c><00:31:54.559><c> intact.</c><00:31:56.000><c> But</c><00:31:56.240><c> 3</c><00:31:56.559><c> minutes</c><00:31:56.880><c> later,</c>

30:30.630 --> 30:30.640 align:start position:0%
[music] and intact. But 3 minutes later,
 

30:30.640 --> 30:34.230 align:start position:0%
[music] and intact. But 3 minutes later,
the<00:31:58.080><c> physicist</c><00:31:59.200><c> sends</c><00:31:59.600><c> it.</c>

30:34.230 --> 30:34.240 align:start position:0%
the physicist sends it.
 

30:34.240 --> 30:35.829 align:start position:0%
the physicist sends it.
Something<00:32:01.792><c> [music]</c><00:32:01.919><c> has</c><00:32:02.240><c> clearly</c><00:32:02.720><c> gone</c>

30:35.829 --> 30:35.839 align:start position:0%
Something [music] has clearly gone
 

30:35.839 --> 30:38.949 align:start position:0%
Something [music] has clearly gone
wrong.<00:32:03.840><c> But</c><00:32:04.080><c> not</c><00:32:04.240><c> with</c><00:32:04.399><c> the</c><00:32:04.559><c> equipment,</c><00:32:05.840><c> with</c>

30:38.949 --> 30:38.959 align:start position:0%
wrong. But not with the equipment, with
 

30:38.959 --> 30:41.349 align:start position:0%
wrong. But not with the equipment, with
reality.

30:41.349 --> 30:41.359 align:start position:0%
reality.
 

30:41.359 --> 30:44.150 align:start position:0%
reality.
The<00:32:08.799><c> message</c><00:32:09.120><c> arrived</c><00:32:09.760><c> before</c><00:32:10.159><c> it</c><00:32:10.399><c> was</c><00:32:10.559><c> sent.</c>

30:44.150 --> 30:44.160 align:start position:0%
The message arrived before it was sent.
 

30:44.160 --> 30:46.390 align:start position:0%
The message arrived before it was sent.
Its<00:32:11.679><c> information</c><00:32:12.240><c> traveling</c><00:32:12.799><c> backwards</c><00:32:13.279><c> in</c>

30:46.390 --> 30:46.400 align:start position:0%
Its information traveling backwards in
 

30:46.400 --> 30:48.949 align:start position:0%
Its information traveling backwards in
time.<00:32:14.320><c> The</c><00:32:14.480><c> usually</c><00:32:14.960><c> ironclad</c><00:32:15.679><c> rules</c><00:32:16.000><c> of</c>

30:48.949 --> 30:48.959 align:start position:0%
time. The usually ironclad rules of
 

30:48.959 --> 30:57.110 align:start position:0%
time. The usually ironclad rules of
cause<00:32:16.399><c> and</c><00:32:16.640><c> effect</c><00:32:17.279><c> upended</c><00:32:18.320><c> entirely.</c>

30:57.110 --> 30:57.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

30:57.120 --> 30:59.189 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:32:24.559><c> unnerving</c><00:32:25.200><c> paradox</c><00:32:25.679><c> is</c><00:32:25.919><c> the</c><00:32:26.080><c> kind</c><00:32:26.240><c> of</c>

30:59.189 --> 30:59.199 align:start position:0%
This unnerving paradox is the kind of
 

30:59.199 --> 31:00.782 align:start position:0%
This unnerving paradox is the kind of
thing<00:32:26.480><c> that</c><00:32:26.720><c> happens</c><00:32:27.039><c> when</c><00:32:27.279><c> you</c><00:32:27.440><c> introduce</c>

31:00.782 --> 31:00.792 align:start position:0%
thing that happens when you introduce
 

31:00.792 --> 31:02.870 align:start position:0%
thing that happens when you introduce
[music]<00:32:28.000><c> hypothetical</c><00:32:28.799><c> particles</c><00:32:29.600><c> called</c>

31:02.870 --> 31:02.880 align:start position:0%
[music] hypothetical particles called
 

31:02.880 --> 31:05.589 align:start position:0%
[music] hypothetical particles called
tachons.<00:32:31.440><c> particles</c><00:32:32.000><c> that</c><00:32:32.240><c> can</c><00:32:32.399><c> travel</c>

31:05.589 --> 31:05.599 align:start position:0%
tachons. particles that can travel
 

31:05.599 --> 31:09.110 align:start position:0%
tachons. particles that can travel
faster<00:32:33.279><c> than</c><00:32:33.519><c> the</c><00:32:33.760><c> speed</c><00:32:34.000><c> of</c><00:32:34.159><c> light.</c><00:32:35.600><c> Tachons</c>

31:09.110 --> 31:09.120 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of light. Tachons
 

31:09.120 --> 31:11.430 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of light. Tachons
were<00:32:36.480><c> a</c><00:32:36.640><c> fundamental</c><00:32:37.279><c> flaw</c><00:32:37.600><c> in</c><00:32:37.760><c> Bzonic</c><00:32:38.399><c> string</c>

31:11.430 --> 31:11.440 align:start position:0%
were a fundamental flaw in Bzonic string
 

31:11.440 --> 31:13.349 align:start position:0%
were a fundamental flaw in Bzonic string
theory<00:32:39.279><c> which</c><00:32:39.519><c> bizarrely</c><00:32:40.159><c> seemed</c><00:32:40.399><c> to</c><00:32:40.437><c> [music]</c>

31:13.349 --> 31:13.359 align:start position:0%
theory which bizarrely seemed to [music]
 

31:13.359 --> 31:15.670 align:start position:0%
theory which bizarrely seemed to [music]
predict<00:32:40.880><c> their</c><00:32:41.120><c> existence.</c><00:32:42.240><c> For</c><00:32:42.480><c> all</c><00:32:42.640><c> its</c>

31:15.670 --> 31:15.680 align:start position:0%
predict their existence. For all its
 

31:15.680 --> 31:18.390 align:start position:0%
predict their existence. For all its
elegance<00:32:43.360><c> and</c><00:32:43.600><c> beauty,</c><00:32:44.240><c> Bonic</c><00:32:44.880><c> string</c><00:32:45.120><c> theory</c>

31:18.390 --> 31:18.400 align:start position:0%
elegance and beauty, Bonic string theory
 

31:18.400 --> 31:20.150 align:start position:0%
elegance and beauty, Bonic string theory
seemed<00:32:45.919><c> to</c><00:32:46.080><c> summon</c><00:32:46.399><c> the</c><00:32:46.559><c> spectre</c><00:32:46.987><c> [music]</c><00:32:47.039><c> of</c>

31:20.150 --> 31:20.160 align:start position:0%
seemed to summon the spectre [music] of
 

31:20.160 --> 31:23.110 align:start position:0%
seemed to summon the spectre [music] of
super<00:32:47.679><c> lumininal</c><00:32:48.240><c> travel.</c><00:32:49.279><c> The</c><00:32:49.519><c> prosecution</c>

31:23.110 --> 31:23.120 align:start position:0%
super lumininal travel. The prosecution
 

31:23.120 --> 31:25.670 align:start position:0%
super lumininal travel. The prosecution
pounced.<00:32:51.200><c> This</c><00:32:51.440><c> was</c><00:32:51.600><c> not</c><00:32:51.840><c> beauty,</c><00:32:52.399><c> but</c><00:32:52.640><c> a</c>

31:25.670 --> 31:25.680 align:start position:0%
pounced. This was not beauty, but a
 

31:25.680 --> 31:28.469 align:start position:0%
pounced. This was not beauty, but a
grotesque<00:32:53.679><c> gargoyle.</c><00:32:54.720><c> Surely</c><00:32:55.120><c> the</c><00:32:55.360><c> correct</c>

31:28.469 --> 31:28.479 align:start position:0%
grotesque gargoyle. Surely the correct
 

31:28.479 --> 31:30.230 align:start position:0%
grotesque gargoyle. Surely the correct
theory<00:32:56.080><c> of</c><00:32:56.240><c> everything</c><00:32:56.720><c> couldn't</c><00:32:57.039><c> allow</c>

31:30.230 --> 31:30.240 align:start position:0%
theory of everything couldn't allow
 

31:30.240 --> 31:32.949 align:start position:0%
theory of everything couldn't allow
this.<00:32:58.480><c> And</c><00:32:58.640><c> yet</c><00:32:58.880><c> Tachons</c><00:32:59.679><c> were</c><00:33:00.000><c> just</c><00:33:00.087><c> [music]</c>

31:32.949 --> 31:32.959 align:start position:0%
this. And yet Tachons were just [music]
 

31:32.959 --> 31:35.030 align:start position:0%
this. And yet Tachons were just [music]
the<00:33:00.399><c> beginning.</c><00:33:01.200><c> For</c><00:33:01.440><c> faster</c><00:33:01.840><c> than</c><00:33:02.000><c> light</c>

31:35.030 --> 31:35.040 align:start position:0%
the beginning. For faster than light
 

31:35.040 --> 31:36.870 align:start position:0%
the beginning. For faster than light
particles<00:33:02.880><c> turned</c><00:33:03.120><c> out</c><00:33:03.200><c> to</c><00:33:03.360><c> be</c><00:33:03.440><c> the</c><00:33:03.600><c> least</c><00:33:03.840><c> of</c>

31:36.870 --> 31:36.880 align:start position:0%
particles turned out to be the least of
 

31:36.880 --> 31:38.790 align:start position:0%
particles turned out to be the least of
string<00:33:04.399><c> theory's</c><00:33:04.799><c> problems.</c><00:33:05.600><c> They</c><00:33:05.840><c> were</c>

31:38.790 --> 31:38.800 align:start position:0%
string theory's problems. They were
 

31:38.800 --> 31:40.309 align:start position:0%
string theory's problems. They were
merely<00:33:06.320><c> the</c><00:33:06.559><c> first</c><00:33:06.799><c> piece</c><00:33:06.960><c> of</c><00:33:07.120><c> evidence</c>

31:40.309 --> 31:40.319 align:start position:0%
merely the first piece of evidence
 

31:40.319 --> 31:42.949 align:start position:0%
merely the first piece of evidence
introduced<00:33:08.000><c> by</c><00:33:08.159><c> the</c><00:33:08.320><c> prosecution</c><00:33:09.279><c> in</c><00:33:09.519><c> a</c><00:33:09.679><c> long</c>

31:42.949 --> 31:42.959 align:start position:0%
introduced by the prosecution in a long
 

31:42.959 --> 31:44.667 align:start position:0%
introduced by the prosecution in a long
and<00:33:10.399><c> seemingly</c><00:33:11.039><c> watertight</c><00:33:11.679><c> rebuttal.</c>

31:44.667 --> 31:44.677 align:start position:0%
and seemingly watertight rebuttal.
 

31:44.677 --> 31:51.670 align:start position:0%
and seemingly watertight rebuttal.
[music]

31:51.670 --> 31:51.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

31:51.680 --> 31:53.349 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:33:19.120><c> speed</c><00:33:19.360><c> of</c><00:33:19.519><c> light</c><00:33:19.760><c> as</c><00:33:20.000><c> the</c><00:33:20.240><c> ultimate</c>

31:53.349 --> 31:53.359 align:start position:0%
The speed of light as the ultimate
 

31:53.359 --> 31:55.349 align:start position:0%
The speed of light as the ultimate
cosmic<00:33:20.960><c> limit</c><00:33:21.279><c> is</c><00:33:21.519><c> a</c><00:33:21.679><c> cornerstone</c><00:33:22.320><c> of</c>

31:55.349 --> 31:55.359 align:start position:0%
cosmic limit is a cornerstone of
 

31:55.359 --> 31:57.829 align:start position:0%
cosmic limit is a cornerstone of
Einstein's<00:33:23.360><c> special</c><00:33:23.760><c> relativity.</c><00:33:24.799><c> and</c>

31:57.829 --> 31:57.839 align:start position:0%
Einstein's special relativity. and
 

31:57.839 --> 31:59.750 align:start position:0%
Einstein's special relativity. and
special<00:33:25.440><c> relativity</c><00:33:26.240><c> rests</c><00:33:26.559><c> on</c><00:33:26.720><c> an</c>

31:59.750 --> 31:59.760 align:start position:0%
special relativity rests on an
 

31:59.760 --> 32:02.150 align:start position:0%
special relativity rests on an
assumption<00:33:27.440><c> so</c><00:33:27.760><c> important</c><00:33:28.559><c> that</c><00:33:28.880><c> breaking</c><00:33:29.200><c> it</c>

32:02.150 --> 32:02.160 align:start position:0%
assumption so important that breaking it
 

32:02.160 --> 32:05.030 align:start position:0%
assumption so important that breaking it
would<00:33:29.519><c> be</c><00:33:29.679><c> tantamount</c><00:33:30.240><c> to</c><00:33:30.480><c> physics</c><00:33:30.960><c> perjury.</c>

32:05.030 --> 32:05.040 align:start position:0%
would be tantamount to physics perjury.
 

32:05.040 --> 32:07.829 align:start position:0%
would be tantamount to physics perjury.
Lorent<00:33:33.279><c> invariance.</c>

32:07.829 --> 32:07.839 align:start position:0%
Lorent invariance.
 

32:07.839 --> 32:09.910 align:start position:0%
Lorent invariance.
Lorent<00:33:35.519><c> invariance</c><00:33:36.159><c> is</c><00:33:36.399><c> the</c><00:33:36.559><c> idea</c><00:33:36.720><c> that</c><00:33:36.960><c> the</c>

32:09.910 --> 32:09.920 align:start position:0%
Lorent invariance is the idea that the
 

32:09.920 --> 32:12.870 align:start position:0%
Lorent invariance is the idea that the
laws<00:33:37.360><c> of</c><00:33:37.519><c> physics</c><00:33:38.159><c> don't</c><00:33:38.480><c> play</c><00:33:38.880><c> favorites.</c>

32:12.870 --> 32:12.880 align:start position:0%
laws of physics don't play favorites.
 

32:12.880 --> 32:14.630 align:start position:0%
laws of physics don't play favorites.
Whether<00:33:40.320><c> you're</c><00:33:40.480><c> drifting</c><00:33:40.880><c> in</c><00:33:41.120><c> space,</c>

32:14.630 --> 32:14.640 align:start position:0%
Whether you're drifting in space,
 

32:14.640 --> 32:16.630 align:start position:0%
Whether you're drifting in space,
sprinting<00:33:42.240><c> down</c><00:33:42.480><c> a</c><00:33:42.640><c> corridor,</c><00:33:43.120><c> or</c><00:33:43.360><c> hurtling</c>

32:16.630 --> 32:16.640 align:start position:0%
sprinting down a corridor, or hurtling
 

32:16.640 --> 32:19.349 align:start position:0%
sprinting down a corridor, or hurtling
past<00:33:44.000><c> the</c><00:33:44.240><c> Earth</c><00:33:44.480><c> at</c><00:33:44.720><c> 99.9%</c><00:33:46.000><c> the</c><00:33:46.240><c> speed</c><00:33:46.399><c> of</c>

32:19.349 --> 32:19.359 align:start position:0%
past the Earth at 99.9% the speed of
 

32:19.359 --> 32:21.910 align:start position:0%
past the Earth at 99.9% the speed of
light,<00:33:47.519><c> the</c><00:33:47.760><c> rules</c><00:33:48.399><c> should</c><00:33:48.720><c> remain</c>

32:21.910 --> 32:21.920 align:start position:0%
light, the rules should remain
 

32:21.920 --> 32:23.430 align:start position:0%
light, the rules should remain
unchanged.

32:23.430 --> 32:23.440 align:start position:0%
unchanged.
 

32:23.440 --> 32:25.430 align:start position:0%
unchanged.
No<00:33:50.880><c> observer</c><00:33:51.440><c> can</c><00:33:51.679><c> have</c><00:33:51.760><c> a</c><00:33:51.919><c> privileged</c><00:33:52.480><c> view</c>

32:25.430 --> 32:25.440 align:start position:0%
No observer can have a privileged view
 

32:25.440 --> 32:28.309 align:start position:0%
No observer can have a privileged view
of<00:33:52.880><c> reality.</c><00:33:53.919><c> The</c><00:33:54.159><c> speed</c><00:33:54.320><c> of</c><00:33:54.480><c> light</c><00:33:54.960><c> is</c><00:33:55.200><c> the</c>

32:28.309 --> 32:28.319 align:start position:0%
of reality. The speed of light is the
 

32:28.319 --> 32:31.189 align:start position:0%
of reality. The speed of light is the
same<00:33:56.000><c> for</c><00:33:56.240><c> all</c><00:33:56.559><c> observers.</c><00:33:57.760><c> And</c><00:33:57.919><c> so</c><00:33:58.159><c> strip</c>

32:31.189 --> 32:31.199 align:start position:0%
same for all observers. And so strip
 

32:31.199 --> 32:33.589 align:start position:0%
same for all observers. And so strip
away<00:33:58.640><c> Len's</c><00:33:59.120><c> invariance</c><00:33:59.679><c> and</c><00:33:59.919><c> reality</c><00:34:00.480><c> starts</c>

32:33.589 --> 32:33.599 align:start position:0%
away Len's invariance and reality starts
 

32:33.599 --> 32:35.750 align:start position:0%
away Len's invariance and reality starts
to<00:34:00.960><c> waver.</c><00:34:01.840><c> Particles</c><00:34:02.399><c> might</c><00:34:02.640><c> behave</c>

32:35.750 --> 32:35.760 align:start position:0%
to waver. Particles might behave
 

32:35.760 --> 32:37.510 align:start position:0%
to waver. Particles might behave
differently<00:34:03.519><c> depending</c><00:34:03.840><c> on</c><00:34:04.000><c> how</c><00:34:04.159><c> fast</c><00:34:04.399><c> you're</c>

32:37.510 --> 32:37.520 align:start position:0%
differently depending on how fast you're
 

32:37.520 --> 32:39.910 align:start position:0%
differently depending on how fast you're
moving.<00:34:05.440><c> The</c><00:34:05.600><c> whole</c><00:34:05.840><c> of</c><00:34:06.000><c> physics</c><00:34:06.640><c> begins</c><00:34:06.960><c> to</c>

32:39.910 --> 32:39.920 align:start position:0%
moving. The whole of physics begins to
 

32:39.920 --> 32:42.550 align:start position:0%
moving. The whole of physics begins to
crumble.<00:34:08.240><c> In</c><00:34:08.399><c> other</c><00:34:08.639><c> words,</c><00:34:09.280><c> Lorent's</c>

32:42.550 --> 32:42.560 align:start position:0%
crumble. In other words, Lorent's
 

32:42.560 --> 32:46.070 align:start position:0%
crumble. In other words, Lorent's
invariance<00:34:10.720><c> seems</c><00:34:11.599><c> non-negotiable.</c>

32:46.070 --> 32:46.080 align:start position:0%
invariance seems non-negotiable.
 

32:46.080 --> 32:47.990 align:start position:0%
invariance seems non-negotiable.
And<00:34:13.440><c> yet,</c><00:34:13.599><c> when</c><00:34:13.839><c> string</c><00:34:14.159><c> theorists</c><00:34:14.800><c> tried</c><00:34:15.040><c> to</c>

32:47.990 --> 32:48.000 align:start position:0%
And yet, when string theorists tried to
 

32:48.000 --> 32:49.990 align:start position:0%
And yet, when string theorists tried to
apply<00:34:15.520><c> quantum</c><00:34:16.000><c> physics</c><00:34:16.320><c> to</c><00:34:16.480><c> their</c><00:34:16.720><c> elegant</c>

32:49.990 --> 32:50.000 align:start position:0%
apply quantum physics to their elegant
 

32:50.000 --> 32:53.429 align:start position:0%
apply quantum physics to their elegant
strings,<00:34:18.320><c> the</c><00:34:18.560><c> algebra</c><00:34:19.280><c> buckled.</c><00:34:20.159><c> Loren</c>

32:53.429 --> 32:53.439 align:start position:0%
strings, the algebra buckled. Loren
 

32:53.439 --> 32:56.469 align:start position:0%
strings, the algebra buckled. Loren
invariance<00:34:21.440><c> seemed</c><00:34:21.760><c> to</c><00:34:21.919><c> collapse.</c><00:34:23.280><c> And</c><00:34:23.520><c> that</c>

32:56.469 --> 32:56.479 align:start position:0%
invariance seemed to collapse. And that
 

32:56.479 --> 32:59.270 align:start position:0%
invariance seemed to collapse. And that
wasn't<00:34:24.000><c> all.</c><00:34:24.399><c> The</c><00:34:24.639><c> prosecution</c><00:34:25.280><c> pressed</c><00:34:25.599><c> on.</c>

32:59.270 --> 32:59.280 align:start position:0%
wasn't all. The prosecution pressed on.
 

32:59.280 --> 33:01.270 align:start position:0%
wasn't all. The prosecution pressed on.
They<00:34:26.720><c> reminded</c><00:34:27.119><c> the</c><00:34:27.359><c> jury</c><00:34:27.679><c> that</c><00:34:27.919><c> in</c><00:34:28.079><c> quantum</c>

33:01.270 --> 33:01.280 align:start position:0%
They reminded the jury that in quantum
 

33:01.280 --> 33:03.669 align:start position:0%
They reminded the jury that in quantum
theory,<00:34:29.040><c> particles</c><00:34:29.520><c> can't</c><00:34:29.839><c> take</c><00:34:30.000><c> on</c><00:34:30.320><c> just</c><00:34:30.560><c> any</c>

33:03.669 --> 33:03.679 align:start position:0%
theory, particles can't take on just any
 

33:03.679 --> 33:07.350 align:start position:0%
theory, particles can't take on just any
value,<00:34:31.919><c> only</c><00:34:32.320><c> certain</c><00:34:32.960><c> allowed</c><00:34:33.440><c> ones.</c><00:34:34.320><c> Yet,</c>

33:07.350 --> 33:07.360 align:start position:0%
value, only certain allowed ones. Yet,
 

33:07.360 --> 33:09.350 align:start position:0%
value, only certain allowed ones. Yet,
when<00:34:34.800><c> physicists</c><00:34:35.440><c> tried</c><00:34:35.679><c> to</c><00:34:35.919><c> quantize</c>

33:09.350 --> 33:09.360 align:start position:0%
when physicists tried to quantize
 

33:09.360 --> 33:11.830 align:start position:0%
when physicists tried to quantize
bosonic<00:34:37.200><c> strings,</c><00:34:37.760><c> the</c><00:34:38.000><c> math</c><00:34:38.399><c> spat</c><00:34:38.720><c> out</c>

33:11.830 --> 33:11.840 align:start position:0%
bosonic strings, the math spat out
 

33:11.840 --> 33:13.750 align:start position:0%
bosonic strings, the math spat out
phantom<00:34:39.520><c> states</c><00:34:40.079><c> with</c><00:34:40.399><c> negative</c>

33:13.750 --> 33:13.760 align:start position:0%
phantom states with negative
 

33:13.760 --> 33:15.590 align:start position:0%
phantom states with negative
probabilities,

33:15.590 --> 33:15.600 align:start position:0%
probabilities,
 

33:15.600 --> 33:17.429 align:start position:0%
probabilities,
ghosts.

33:17.429 --> 33:17.439 align:start position:0%
ghosts.
 

33:17.439 --> 33:18.230 align:start position:0%
ghosts.
Probabilities<00:34:44.888><c> [music]</c>

33:18.230 --> 33:18.240 align:start position:0%
Probabilities [music]
 

33:18.240 --> 33:21.669 align:start position:0%
Probabilities [music]
usually<00:34:45.839><c> live</c><00:34:46.000><c> on</c><00:34:46.240><c> a</c><00:34:46.399><c> scale</c><00:34:46.800><c> from</c><00:34:47.200><c> 0</c><00:34:47.679><c> to</c><00:34:48.000><c> one.</c>

33:21.669 --> 33:21.679 align:start position:0%
usually live on a scale from 0 to one.
 

33:21.679 --> 33:24.149 align:start position:0%
usually live on a scale from 0 to one.
Zero<00:34:49.280><c> means</c><00:34:49.599><c> impossible.</c><00:34:50.560><c> One</c><00:34:51.040><c> means</c>

33:24.149 --> 33:24.159 align:start position:0%
Zero means impossible. One means
 

33:24.159 --> 33:26.790 align:start position:0%
Zero means impossible. One means
certain.<00:34:52.159><c> But</c><00:34:52.399><c> bzonic</c><00:34:52.960><c> string</c><00:34:53.359><c> theory</c><00:34:53.760><c> seem</c>

33:26.790 --> 33:26.800 align:start position:0%
certain. But bzonic string theory seem
 

33:26.800 --> 33:30.149 align:start position:0%
certain. But bzonic string theory seem
to<00:34:54.159><c> introduce</c><00:34:54.639><c> probabilities</c><00:34:55.760><c> below</c><00:34:56.240><c> zero.</c>

33:30.149 --> 33:30.159 align:start position:0%
to introduce probabilities below zero.
 

33:30.159 --> 33:32.470 align:start position:0%
to introduce probabilities below zero.
And<00:34:57.599><c> a</c><00:34:57.760><c> negative</c><00:34:58.240><c> probability</c><00:34:58.960><c> isn't</c><00:34:59.359><c> more</c>

33:32.470 --> 33:32.480 align:start position:0%
And a negative probability isn't more
 

33:32.480 --> 33:35.350 align:start position:0%
And a negative probability isn't more
impossible.<00:35:00.880><c> It's</c><00:35:01.119><c> nonsensical.</c><00:35:02.400><c> Like</c>

33:35.350 --> 33:35.360 align:start position:0%
impossible. It's nonsensical. Like
 

33:35.360 --> 33:37.270 align:start position:0%
impossible. It's nonsensical. Like
betting<00:35:02.880><c> on</c><00:35:03.040><c> a</c><00:35:03.200><c> horse</c><00:35:03.440><c> with</c><00:35:03.680><c> odds</c><00:35:03.920><c> of</c><00:35:04.160><c> minus</c>

33:37.270 --> 33:37.280 align:start position:0%
betting on a horse with odds of minus
 

33:37.280 --> 33:40.230 align:start position:0%
betting on a horse with odds of minus
one,<00:35:05.200><c> it</c><00:35:05.440><c> just</c><00:35:05.599><c> doesn't</c><00:35:06.000><c> work.</c><00:35:06.880><c> And</c><00:35:07.040><c> so</c><00:35:07.280><c> a</c>

33:40.230 --> 33:40.240 align:start position:0%
one, it just doesn't work. And so a
 

33:40.240 --> 33:42.710 align:start position:0%
one, it just doesn't work. And so a
theory<00:35:07.680><c> that</c><00:35:07.920><c> allows</c><00:35:08.320><c> such</c><00:35:08.560><c> absurdities</c><00:35:09.520><c> is</c><00:35:09.760><c> a</c>

33:42.710 --> 33:42.720 align:start position:0%
theory that allows such absurdities is a
 

33:42.720 --> 33:45.909 align:start position:0%
theory that allows such absurdities is a
theory<00:35:10.480><c> in</c><00:35:10.720><c> contempt</c><00:35:11.200><c> of</c><00:35:11.440><c> court.</c><00:35:12.880><c> The</c>

33:45.909 --> 33:45.919 align:start position:0%
theory in contempt of court. The
 

33:45.919 --> 33:47.670 align:start position:0%
theory in contempt of court. The
prosecution<00:35:13.760><c> had</c><00:35:14.000><c> landed</c><00:35:14.320><c> yet</c><00:35:14.560><c> another</c>

33:47.670 --> 33:47.680 align:start position:0%
prosecution had landed yet another
 

33:47.680 --> 33:50.070 align:start position:0%
prosecution had landed yet another
hammer<00:35:15.280><c> blow.</c><00:35:15.920><c> But</c><00:35:16.079><c> they</c><00:35:16.240><c> weren't</c><00:35:16.560><c> finished.</c>

33:50.070 --> 33:50.080 align:start position:0%
hammer blow. But they weren't finished.
 

33:50.080 --> 33:52.070 align:start position:0%
hammer blow. But they weren't finished.
They<00:35:17.440><c> were</c><00:35:17.639><c> [music]</c><00:35:17.680><c> going</c><00:35:18.000><c> three</c><00:35:18.240><c> for</c><00:35:18.560><c> three.</c>

33:52.070 --> 33:52.080 align:start position:0%
They were [music] going three for three.
 

33:52.080 --> 33:53.909 align:start position:0%
They were [music] going three for three.
The<00:35:19.520><c> string</c><00:35:19.839><c> theory</c><00:35:20.240><c> also</c><00:35:20.560><c> failed</c><00:35:20.960><c> to</c>

33:53.909 --> 33:53.919 align:start position:0%
The string theory also failed to
 

33:53.919 --> 33:55.909 align:start position:0%
The string theory also failed to
reproduce<00:35:21.520><c> a</c><00:35:21.760><c> phenomenon</c><00:35:22.400><c> already</c><00:35:22.720><c> proven</c>

33:55.909 --> 33:55.919 align:start position:0%
reproduce a phenomenon already proven
 

33:55.919 --> 33:58.470 align:start position:0%
reproduce a phenomenon already proven
beyond<00:35:23.599><c> reasonable</c><00:35:24.160><c> doubt.</c>

33:58.470 --> 33:58.480 align:start position:0%
beyond reasonable doubt.
 

33:58.480 --> 34:01.670 align:start position:0%
beyond reasonable doubt.
Parity<00:35:26.160><c> violation.</c><00:35:27.599><c> The</c><00:35:27.839><c> prosecution</c><00:35:28.560><c> now</c>

34:01.670 --> 34:01.680 align:start position:0%
Parity violation. The prosecution now
 

34:01.680 --> 34:09.670 align:start position:0%
Parity violation. The prosecution now
called<00:35:29.200><c> its</c><00:35:29.440><c> star</c><00:35:29.839><c> witness.</c><00:35:30.960><c> Shen</c><00:35:31.359><c> Shan</c><00:35:31.680><c> Wu.</c>

34:09.670 --> 34:09.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

34:09.680 --> 34:11.389 align:start position:0%
 
Wu<00:35:37.280><c> was</c><00:35:37.440><c> born</c><00:35:37.680><c> in</c><00:35:37.920><c> the</c><00:35:38.079><c> Chinese</c><00:35:38.400><c> province</c>

34:11.389 --> 34:11.399 align:start position:0%
Wu was born in the Chinese province
 

34:11.399 --> 34:14.470 align:start position:0%
Wu was born in the Chinese province
[music]<00:35:38.720><c> of</c><00:35:38.880><c> Djang</c><00:35:39.200><c> Su</c><00:35:39.599><c> in</c><00:35:39.920><c> 1912,</c><00:35:41.040><c> mere</c><00:35:41.359><c> weeks</c>

34:14.470 --> 34:14.480 align:start position:0%
[music] of Djang Su in 1912, mere weeks
 

34:14.480 --> 34:17.110 align:start position:0%
[music] of Djang Su in 1912, mere weeks
after<00:35:41.839><c> the</c><00:35:42.079><c> sinking</c><00:35:42.400><c> of</c><00:35:42.480><c> the</c><00:35:42.640><c> Titanic.</c>

34:17.110 --> 34:17.120 align:start position:0%
after the sinking of the Titanic.
 

34:17.120 --> 34:18.869 align:start position:0%
after the sinking of the Titanic.
She'd<00:35:44.640><c> stay</c><00:35:44.800><c> in</c><00:35:45.040><c> and</c><00:35:45.200><c> listen</c><00:35:45.359><c> to</c><00:35:45.520><c> the</c><00:35:45.680><c> radio</c>

34:18.869 --> 34:18.879 align:start position:0%
She'd stay in and listen to the radio
 

34:18.879 --> 34:20.550 align:start position:0%
She'd stay in and listen to the radio
instead<00:35:46.400><c> of</c><00:35:46.560><c> playing</c><00:35:46.800><c> outside</c><00:35:47.280><c> with</c><00:35:47.520><c> other</c>

34:20.550 --> 34:20.560 align:start position:0%
instead of playing outside with other
 

34:20.560 --> 34:22.389 align:start position:0%
instead of playing outside with other
children.<00:35:48.320><c> Her</c><00:35:48.800><c> father</c><00:35:49.040><c> would</c><00:35:49.280><c> read</c><00:35:49.440><c> her</c>

34:22.389 --> 34:22.399 align:start position:0%
children. Her father would read her
 

34:22.399 --> 34:24.230 align:start position:0%
children. Her father would read her
passages<00:35:50.000><c> from</c><00:35:50.240><c> scientific</c><00:35:50.880><c> journals</c>

34:24.230 --> 34:24.240 align:start position:0%
passages from scientific journals
 

34:24.240 --> 34:27.750 align:start position:0%
passages from scientific journals
instead<00:35:51.839><c> of</c><00:35:52.000><c> children's</c><00:35:52.400><c> stories.</c><00:35:53.760><c> In</c><00:35:54.000><c> 1936,</c>

34:27.750 --> 34:27.760 align:start position:0%
instead of children's stories. In 1936,
 

34:27.760 --> 34:30.470 align:start position:0%
instead of children's stories. In 1936,
she<00:35:55.200><c> left</c><00:35:55.520><c> China</c><00:35:55.839><c> for</c><00:35:56.000><c> the</c><00:35:56.240><c> United</c><00:35:56.640><c> States.</c><00:35:57.440><c> It</c>

34:30.470 --> 34:30.480 align:start position:0%
she left China for the United States. It
 

34:30.480 --> 34:32.550 align:start position:0%
she left China for the United States. It
was<00:35:57.760><c> a</c><00:35:57.920><c> jarring</c><00:35:58.320><c> transition.</c><00:35:59.359><c> She</c><00:35:59.520><c> looked</c>

34:32.550 --> 34:32.560 align:start position:0%
was a jarring transition. She looked
 

34:32.560 --> 34:33.990 align:start position:0%
was a jarring transition. She looked
into<00:36:00.000><c> attending</c><00:36:00.400><c> the</c><00:36:00.640><c> University</c><00:36:00.960><c> of</c>

34:33.990 --> 34:34.000 align:start position:0%
into attending the University of
 

34:34.000 --> 34:35.830 align:start position:0%
into attending the University of
Michigan,<00:36:01.760><c> but</c><00:36:02.000><c> women</c><00:36:02.240><c> weren't</c><00:36:02.560><c> even</c><00:36:02.720><c> allowed</c>

34:35.830 --> 34:35.840 align:start position:0%
Michigan, but women weren't even allowed
 

34:35.840 --> 34:38.230 align:start position:0%
Michigan, but women weren't even allowed
to<00:36:03.119><c> use</c><00:36:03.359><c> the</c><00:36:03.520><c> front</c><00:36:03.839><c> entrance.</c><00:36:04.799><c> [music]</c><00:36:05.280><c> The</c>

34:38.230 --> 34:38.240 align:start position:0%
to use the front entrance. [music] The
 

34:38.240 --> 34:40.070 align:start position:0%
to use the front entrance. [music] The
University<00:36:05.760><c> of</c><00:36:06.000><c> California,</c><00:36:06.640><c> Berkeley,</c>

34:40.070 --> 34:40.080 align:start position:0%
University of California, Berkeley,
 

34:40.080 --> 34:42.230 align:start position:0%
University of California, Berkeley,
promised<00:36:07.599><c> a</c><00:36:07.760><c> more</c><00:36:08.000><c> liberal</c><00:36:08.320><c> life.</c><00:36:08.880><c> Yet,</c><00:36:09.119><c> Woo</c>

34:42.230 --> 34:42.240 align:start position:0%
promised a more liberal life. Yet, Woo
 

34:42.240 --> 34:44.470 align:start position:0%
promised a more liberal life. Yet, Woo
remained<00:36:09.839><c> culturally</c><00:36:10.320><c> a</c><00:36:10.560><c> drift</c><00:36:10.880><c> and</c><00:36:11.119><c> far</c><00:36:11.359><c> from</c>

34:44.470 --> 34:44.480 align:start position:0%
remained culturally a drift and far from
 

34:44.480 --> 34:46.550 align:start position:0%
remained culturally a drift and far from
home,<00:36:12.320><c> often</c><00:36:12.640><c> finding</c><00:36:12.960><c> comfort</c><00:36:13.280><c> in</c><00:36:13.520><c> meals</c>

34:46.550 --> 34:46.560 align:start position:0%
home, often finding comfort in meals
 

34:46.560 --> 34:49.270 align:start position:0%
home, often finding comfort in meals
from<00:36:13.920><c> a</c><00:36:14.079><c> nearby</c><00:36:14.480><c> Chinese</c><00:36:14.960><c> restaurant.</c>

34:49.270 --> 34:49.280 align:start position:0%
from a nearby Chinese restaurant.
 

34:49.280 --> 34:53.030 align:start position:0%
from a nearby Chinese restaurant.
But<00:36:16.800><c> scientifically,</c><00:36:18.160><c> Woo</c><00:36:18.640><c> flourished.</c><00:36:20.000><c> She</c>

34:53.030 --> 34:53.040 align:start position:0%
But scientifically, Woo flourished. She
 

34:53.040 --> 34:55.030 align:start position:0%
But scientifically, Woo flourished. She
was<00:36:20.400><c> recruited</c><00:36:20.800><c> into</c><00:36:21.040><c> the</c><00:36:21.200><c> Manhattan</c><00:36:21.839><c> Project</c>

34:55.030 --> 34:55.040 align:start position:0%
was recruited into the Manhattan Project
 

34:55.040 --> 34:57.909 align:start position:0%
was recruited into the Manhattan Project
and<00:36:22.480><c> helped</c><00:36:22.800><c> develop</c><00:36:23.119><c> the</c><00:36:23.280><c> atomic</c><00:36:23.760><c> bomb.</c><00:36:24.880><c> She</c>

34:57.909 --> 34:57.919 align:start position:0%
and helped develop the atomic bomb. She
 

34:57.919 --> 35:00.149 align:start position:0%
and helped develop the atomic bomb. She
later<00:36:25.359><c> became</c><00:36:25.760><c> known</c><00:36:26.079><c> as</c><00:36:26.320><c> the</c><00:36:26.560><c> first</c><00:36:26.880><c> lady</c><00:36:27.200><c> of</c>

35:00.149 --> 35:00.159 align:start position:0%
later became known as the first lady of
 

35:00.159 --> 35:03.030 align:start position:0%
later became known as the first lady of
physics<00:36:28.160><c> and</c><00:36:28.400><c> in</c><00:36:28.560><c> some</c><00:36:28.800><c> circles</c><00:36:29.520><c> the</c><00:36:29.760><c> Chinese</c>

35:03.030 --> 35:03.040 align:start position:0%
physics and in some circles the Chinese
 

35:03.040 --> 35:07.430 align:start position:0%
physics and in some circles the Chinese
Mari.

35:07.430 --> 35:07.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

35:07.440 --> 35:10.790 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:36:34.880><c> her</c><00:36:35.040><c> most</c><00:36:35.280><c> famous</c><00:36:35.680><c> work</c><00:36:36.000><c> came</c><00:36:36.240><c> in</c><00:36:36.480><c> 1956</c>

35:10.790 --> 35:10.800 align:start position:0%
But her most famous work came in 1956
 

35:10.800 --> 35:13.110 align:start position:0%
But her most famous work came in 1956
when<00:36:38.240><c> she</c><00:36:38.480><c> performed</c><00:36:39.040><c> a</c><00:36:39.280><c> clever</c><00:36:39.760><c> intricate</c>

35:13.110 --> 35:13.120 align:start position:0%
when she performed a clever intricate
 

35:13.120 --> 35:15.510 align:start position:0%
when she performed a clever intricate
experiment<00:36:40.960><c> to</c><00:36:41.200><c> show</c><00:36:41.359><c> that</c><00:36:41.520><c> the</c><00:36:41.680><c> weak</c><00:36:42.000><c> force,</c>

35:15.510 --> 35:15.520 align:start position:0%
experiment to show that the weak force,
 

35:15.520 --> 35:17.270 align:start position:0%
experiment to show that the weak force,
the<00:36:42.960><c> one</c><00:36:43.200><c> responsible</c><00:36:43.680><c> for</c><00:36:43.839><c> radioactive</c>

35:17.270 --> 35:17.280 align:start position:0%
the one responsible for radioactive
 

35:17.280 --> 35:21.475 align:start position:0%
the one responsible for radioactive
decay,<00:36:45.680><c> violates</c><00:36:46.640><c> par.</c>

35:21.475 --> 35:21.485 align:start position:0%
decay, violates par.
 

35:21.485 --> 35:23.110 align:start position:0%
decay, violates par.
[music]

35:23.110 --> 35:23.120 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

35:23.120 --> 35:25.670 align:start position:0%
[music]
To<00:36:50.640><c> understand</c><00:36:51.119><c> par,</c><00:36:51.760><c> imagine</c><00:36:52.160><c> a</c><00:36:52.400><c> clock</c>

35:25.670 --> 35:25.680 align:start position:0%
To understand par, imagine a clock
 

35:25.680 --> 35:28.070 align:start position:0%
To understand par, imagine a clock
reflected<00:36:53.359><c> in</c><00:36:53.520><c> a</c><00:36:53.680><c> mirror.</c><00:36:54.480><c> The</c><00:36:54.720><c> numbers</c><00:36:55.040><c> may</c>

35:28.070 --> 35:28.080 align:start position:0%
reflected in a mirror. The numbers may
 

35:28.080 --> 35:29.990 align:start position:0%
reflected in a mirror. The numbers may
be<00:36:55.440><c> reversed,</c><00:36:56.000><c> but</c><00:36:56.240><c> the</c><00:36:56.400><c> hands</c><00:36:56.720><c> still</c><00:36:56.960><c> go</c>

35:29.990 --> 35:30.000 align:start position:0%
be reversed, but the hands still go
 

35:30.000 --> 35:32.550 align:start position:0%
be reversed, but the hands still go
round<00:36:57.440><c> in</c><00:36:57.599><c> the</c><00:36:57.760><c> usual</c><00:36:58.160><c> direction</c><00:36:58.800><c> from</c><00:36:59.119><c> 12</c><00:36:59.520><c> to</c>

35:32.550 --> 35:32.560 align:start position:0%
round in the usual direction from 12 to
 

35:32.560 --> 35:35.030 align:start position:0%
round in the usual direction from 12 to
3<00:37:00.079><c> to</c><00:37:00.320><c> 6</c><00:37:00.640><c> to</c><00:37:00.960><c> 9.</c>

35:35.030 --> 35:35.040 align:start position:0%
3 to 6 to 9.
 

35:35.040 --> 35:37.190 align:start position:0%
3 to 6 to 9.
The<00:37:02.480><c> reflected</c><00:37:03.040><c> clock</c><00:37:03.440><c> behaves</c><00:37:03.760><c> just</c><00:37:04.000><c> like</c><00:37:04.160><c> a</c>

35:37.190 --> 35:37.200 align:start position:0%
The reflected clock behaves just like a
 

35:37.200 --> 35:38.950 align:start position:0%
The reflected clock behaves just like a
clock<00:37:04.560><c> in</c><00:37:04.800><c> the</c><00:37:04.880><c> real</c><00:37:05.119><c> world.</c><00:37:05.680><c> And</c><00:37:05.839><c> so</c>

35:38.950 --> 35:38.960 align:start position:0%
clock in the real world. And so
 

35:38.960 --> 35:41.510 align:start position:0%
clock in the real world. And so
physicists<00:37:06.800><c> would</c><00:37:07.040><c> say</c><00:37:07.359><c> that</c><00:37:07.599><c> the</c><00:37:07.839><c> two</c><00:37:08.079><c> clocks</c>

35:41.510 --> 35:41.520 align:start position:0%
physicists would say that the two clocks
 

35:41.520 --> 35:43.909 align:start position:0%
physicists would say that the two clocks
exhibit<00:37:09.599><c> parity.</c>

35:43.909 --> 35:43.919 align:start position:0%
exhibit parity.
 

35:43.919 --> 35:46.149 align:start position:0%
exhibit parity.
However,<00:37:11.520><c> not</c><00:37:11.760><c> all</c><00:37:11.920><c> the</c><00:37:12.079><c> fundamental</c><00:37:12.640><c> forces</c>

35:46.149 --> 35:46.159 align:start position:0%
However, not all the fundamental forces
 

35:46.159 --> 35:48.869 align:start position:0%
However, not all the fundamental forces
behave<00:37:13.760><c> this</c><00:37:14.079><c> way.</c><00:37:14.960><c> And</c><00:37:15.119><c> it</c><00:37:15.280><c> was</c><00:37:15.440><c> Woo</c><00:37:15.839><c> that</c>

35:48.869 --> 35:48.879 align:start position:0%
behave this way. And it was Woo that
 

35:48.879 --> 35:52.230 align:start position:0%
behave this way. And it was Woo that
proved<00:37:16.400><c> it.</c><00:37:17.599><c> Woo</c><00:37:18.079><c> trapped</c><00:37:18.640><c> spinning</c><00:37:19.040><c> cobalt</c>

35:52.230 --> 35:52.240 align:start position:0%
proved it. Woo trapped spinning cobalt
 

35:52.240 --> 35:54.869 align:start position:0%
proved it. Woo trapped spinning cobalt
nuclei<00:37:20.000><c> in</c><00:37:20.240><c> a</c><00:37:20.400><c> magnetic</c><00:37:20.960><c> field</c><00:37:21.520><c> and</c><00:37:21.760><c> waited</c>

35:54.869 --> 35:54.879 align:start position:0%
nuclei in a magnetic field and waited
 

35:54.879 --> 35:56.710 align:start position:0%
nuclei in a magnetic field and waited
for<00:37:22.320><c> some</c><00:37:22.480><c> of</c><00:37:22.560><c> the</c><00:37:22.720><c> neutrons</c><00:37:23.200><c> to</c><00:37:23.359><c> decay</c><00:37:23.680><c> into</c>

35:56.710 --> 35:56.720 align:start position:0%
for some of the neutrons to decay into
 

35:56.720 --> 35:58.950 align:start position:0%
for some of the neutrons to decay into
protons,<00:37:24.720><c> emitting</c><00:37:25.200><c> electrons</c><00:37:25.760><c> in</c><00:37:26.000><c> the</c>

35:58.950 --> 35:58.960 align:start position:0%
protons, emitting electrons in the
 

35:58.960 --> 36:01.430 align:start position:0%
protons, emitting electrons in the
process.<00:37:27.359><c> The</c><00:37:27.680><c> first</c><00:37:27.839><c> time</c><00:37:28.000><c> she</c><00:37:28.240><c> ran</c><00:37:28.400><c> the</c>

36:01.430 --> 36:01.440 align:start position:0%
process. The first time she ran the
 

36:01.440 --> 36:03.430 align:start position:0%
process. The first time she ran the
experiment,<00:37:29.359><c> most</c><00:37:29.599><c> of</c><00:37:29.680><c> the</c><00:37:29.920><c> electrons</c><00:37:30.400><c> were</c>

36:03.430 --> 36:03.440 align:start position:0%
experiment, most of the electrons were
 

36:03.440 --> 36:05.909 align:start position:0%
experiment, most of the electrons were
emitted<00:37:31.119><c> downwards.</c><00:37:32.400><c> Look</c><00:37:32.640><c> at</c><00:37:32.800><c> this</c>

36:05.909 --> 36:05.919 align:start position:0%
emitted downwards. Look at this
 

36:05.919 --> 36:07.750 align:start position:0%
emitted downwards. Look at this
reflected<00:37:33.520><c> in</c><00:37:33.680><c> a</c><00:37:33.839><c> mirror,</c><00:37:34.160><c> and</c><00:37:34.400><c> you'd</c><00:37:34.640><c> see</c><00:37:34.720><c> the</c>

36:07.750 --> 36:07.760 align:start position:0%
reflected in a mirror, and you'd see the
 

36:07.760 --> 36:10.629 align:start position:0%
reflected in a mirror, and you'd see the
nuclei<00:37:35.599><c> spin</c><00:37:35.920><c> direction</c><00:37:36.480><c> reversed,</c><00:37:37.440><c> just</c><00:37:37.680><c> as</c>

36:10.629 --> 36:10.639 align:start position:0%
nuclei spin direction reversed, just as
 

36:10.639 --> 36:13.030 align:start position:0%
nuclei spin direction reversed, just as
the<00:37:38.079><c> numbers</c><00:37:38.320><c> on</c><00:37:38.560><c> the</c><00:37:38.720><c> clock</c><00:37:39.040><c> were,</c><00:37:39.599><c> but</c><00:37:40.000><c> like</c>

36:13.030 --> 36:13.040 align:start position:0%
the numbers on the clock were, but like
 

36:13.040 --> 36:15.110 align:start position:0%
the numbers on the clock were, but like
the<00:37:40.480><c> hand</c><00:37:40.720><c> on</c><00:37:40.880><c> the</c><00:37:41.040><c> clock,</c><00:37:41.440><c> the</c><00:37:41.760><c> direction</c><00:37:42.160><c> of</c>

36:15.110 --> 36:15.120 align:start position:0%
the hand on the clock, the direction of
 

36:15.120 --> 36:17.030 align:start position:0%
the hand on the clock, the direction of
the<00:37:42.480><c> emitted</c><00:37:42.880><c> electrons</c><00:37:43.440><c> would</c><00:37:43.760><c> stay</c><00:37:44.000><c> the</c>

36:17.030 --> 36:17.040 align:start position:0%
the emitted electrons would stay the
 

36:17.040 --> 36:20.310 align:start position:0%
the emitted electrons would stay the
same.<00:37:45.359><c> And</c><00:37:45.520><c> so,</c><00:37:45.760><c> Woo</c><00:37:46.160><c> tested</c><00:37:46.560><c> this</c><00:37:46.880><c> reflection</c>

36:20.310 --> 36:20.320 align:start position:0%
same. And so, Woo tested this reflection
 

36:20.320 --> 36:22.070 align:start position:0%
same. And so, Woo tested this reflection
by<00:37:47.760><c> flipping</c><00:37:48.160><c> the</c><00:37:48.400><c> orientation</c><00:37:48.960><c> of</c><00:37:49.119><c> the</c>

36:22.070 --> 36:22.080 align:start position:0%
by flipping the orientation of the
 

36:22.080 --> 36:24.629 align:start position:0%
by flipping the orientation of the
magnetic<00:37:49.920><c> field,</c><00:37:50.640><c> which</c><00:37:50.960><c> sent</c><00:37:51.119><c> the</c><00:37:51.280><c> nuclei</c>

36:24.629 --> 36:24.639 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, which sent the nuclei
 

36:24.639 --> 36:26.389 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, which sent the nuclei
spinning<00:37:52.160><c> in</c><00:37:52.320><c> the</c><00:37:52.480><c> opposite</c><00:37:52.800><c> direction,</c><00:37:53.440><c> just</c>

36:26.389 --> 36:26.399 align:start position:0%
spinning in the opposite direction, just
 

36:26.399 --> 36:29.750 align:start position:0%
spinning in the opposite direction, just
as<00:37:53.760><c> in</c><00:37:54.000><c> the</c><00:37:54.079><c> mirror</c><00:37:54.480><c> image.</c><00:37:55.520><c> Except</c><00:37:55.920><c> now</c><00:37:56.720><c> most</c>

36:29.750 --> 36:29.760 align:start position:0%
as in the mirror image. Except now most
 

36:29.760 --> 36:33.350 align:start position:0%
as in the mirror image. Except now most
of<00:37:57.119><c> the</c><00:37:57.359><c> electrons</c><00:37:58.000><c> were</c><00:37:58.240><c> spat</c><00:37:58.560><c> out</c><00:37:59.440><c> upwards.</c>

36:33.350 --> 36:33.360 align:start position:0%
of the electrons were spat out upwards.
 

36:33.360 --> 36:35.110 align:start position:0%
of the electrons were spat out upwards.
The<00:38:00.720><c> mirror</c><00:38:01.040><c> image</c><00:38:01.359><c> did</c><00:38:01.599><c> not</c><00:38:01.760><c> match</c><00:38:02.000><c> what</c><00:38:02.160><c> we</c>

36:35.110 --> 36:35.120 align:start position:0%
The mirror image did not match what we
 

36:35.120 --> 36:37.350 align:start position:0%
The mirror image did not match what we
see<00:38:02.480><c> in</c><00:38:02.640><c> the</c><00:38:02.800><c> real</c><00:38:03.040><c> world</c><00:38:03.680><c> and</c><00:38:03.920><c> so</c><00:38:04.079><c> the</c><00:38:04.240><c> weak</c>

36:37.350 --> 36:37.360 align:start position:0%
see in the real world and so the weak
 

36:37.360 --> 36:41.830 align:start position:0%
see in the real world and so the weak
force<00:38:05.200><c> did</c><00:38:05.520><c> not</c><00:38:06.000><c> obey</c><00:38:06.720><c> par.</c><00:38:08.000><c> Woo</c><00:38:08.400><c> found</c><00:38:08.880><c> that</c>

36:41.830 --> 36:41.840 align:start position:0%
force did not obey par. Woo found that
 

36:41.840 --> 36:43.670 align:start position:0%
force did not obey par. Woo found that
there<00:38:09.280><c> was</c><00:38:09.359><c> a</c><00:38:09.520><c> left</c><00:38:09.760><c> and</c><00:38:10.000><c> right</c><00:38:10.560><c> to</c>

36:43.670 --> 36:43.680 align:start position:0%
there was a left and right to
 

36:43.680 --> 36:51.190 align:start position:0%
there was a left and right to
fundamental<00:38:11.520><c> physics.</c>

36:51.190 --> 36:51.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

36:51.200 --> 36:54.230 align:start position:0%
 
By<00:38:18.640><c> the</c><00:38:18.800><c> early</c><00:38:19.040><c> 1970s,</c><00:38:20.079><c> Wu's</c><00:38:20.560><c> result</c><00:38:20.960><c> wasn't</c>

36:54.230 --> 36:54.240 align:start position:0%
By the early 1970s, Wu's result wasn't
 

36:54.240 --> 36:56.710 align:start position:0%
By the early 1970s, Wu's result wasn't
in<00:38:21.680><c> question.</c><00:38:22.480><c> Parity</c><00:38:22.960><c> violation</c><00:38:23.440><c> had</c><00:38:23.760><c> long</c>

36:56.710 --> 36:56.720 align:start position:0%
in question. Parity violation had long
 

36:56.720 --> 36:58.869 align:start position:0%
in question. Parity violation had long
been<00:38:24.079><c> written</c><00:38:24.400><c> into</c><00:38:24.640><c> the</c><00:38:24.800><c> rules</c><00:38:25.119><c> of</c><00:38:25.359><c> physics,</c>

36:58.869 --> 36:58.879 align:start position:0%
been written into the rules of physics,
 

36:58.879 --> 37:01.670 align:start position:0%
been written into the rules of physics,
proven<00:38:26.480><c> time</c><00:38:26.720><c> and</c><00:38:26.960><c> time</c><00:38:27.200><c> again.</c><00:38:28.160><c> And</c><00:38:28.320><c> yet</c><00:38:28.560><c> once</c>

37:01.670 --> 37:01.680 align:start position:0%
proven time and time again. And yet once
 

37:01.680 --> 37:04.310 align:start position:0%
proven time and time again. And yet once
again,<00:38:29.440><c> ozonic</c><00:38:30.079><c> string</c><00:38:30.400><c> theory,</c><00:38:30.880><c> for</c><00:38:31.119><c> all</c><00:38:31.280><c> its</c>

37:04.310 --> 37:04.320 align:start position:0%
again, ozonic string theory, for all its
 

37:04.320 --> 37:06.230 align:start position:0%
again, ozonic string theory, for all its
elegance<00:38:32.000><c> and</c><00:38:32.240><c> potential</c><00:38:32.640><c> as</c><00:38:32.800><c> a</c><00:38:32.960><c> theory</c><00:38:33.280><c> of</c>

37:06.230 --> 37:06.240 align:start position:0%
elegance and potential as a theory of
 

37:06.240 --> 37:08.790 align:start position:0%
elegance and potential as a theory of
everything,<00:38:34.560><c> simply</c><00:38:35.040><c> couldn't</c><00:38:35.440><c> account</c><00:38:35.760><c> for</c>

37:08.790 --> 37:08.800 align:start position:0%
everything, simply couldn't account for
 

37:08.800 --> 37:11.670 align:start position:0%
everything, simply couldn't account for
it.<00:38:36.800><c> It</c><00:38:36.960><c> was</c><00:38:37.119><c> yet</c><00:38:37.359><c> another</c><00:38:37.920><c> gaping</c><00:38:38.400><c> hole</c><00:38:38.720><c> in</c>

37:11.670 --> 37:11.680 align:start position:0%
it. It was yet another gaping hole in
 

37:11.680 --> 37:14.629 align:start position:0%
it. It was yet another gaping hole in
the<00:38:39.040><c> defense's</c><00:38:39.599><c> testimony.</c>

37:14.629 --> 37:14.639 align:start position:0%
the defense's testimony.
 

37:14.639 --> 37:16.310 align:start position:0%
the defense's testimony.
Here,<00:38:42.079><c> the</c><00:38:42.320><c> contradiction</c><00:38:42.800><c> at</c><00:38:43.040><c> the</c><00:38:43.200><c> heart</c><00:38:43.359><c> of</c>

37:16.310 --> 37:16.320 align:start position:0%
Here, the contradiction at the heart of
 

37:16.320 --> 37:19.110 align:start position:0%
Here, the contradiction at the heart of
string<00:38:43.920><c> theory</c><00:38:44.320><c> was</c><00:38:44.560><c> laid</c><00:38:44.800><c> bare.</c><00:38:45.760><c> Sometimes</c>

37:19.110 --> 37:19.120 align:start position:0%
string theory was laid bare. Sometimes
 

37:19.120 --> 37:21.430 align:start position:0%
string theory was laid bare. Sometimes
it<00:38:46.560><c> wasn't</c><00:38:46.880><c> beautiful</c><00:38:47.280><c> enough,</c><00:38:48.160><c> spawning</c>

37:21.430 --> 37:21.440 align:start position:0%
it wasn't beautiful enough, spawning
 

37:21.440 --> 37:24.550 align:start position:0%
it wasn't beautiful enough, spawning
hideous<00:38:49.119><c> tachons.</c><00:38:50.240><c> Other</c><00:38:50.640><c> times</c><00:38:50.960><c> it</c><00:38:51.200><c> was</c><00:38:51.359><c> too</c>

37:24.550 --> 37:24.560 align:start position:0%
hideous tachons. Other times it was too
 

37:24.560 --> 37:26.389 align:start position:0%
hideous tachons. Other times it was too
beautiful,<00:38:52.320><c> unable</c><00:38:52.800><c> to</c><00:38:52.880><c> accommodate</c><00:38:53.440><c> the</c>

37:26.389 --> 37:26.399 align:start position:0%
beautiful, unable to accommodate the
 

37:26.399 --> 37:28.950 align:start position:0%
beautiful, unable to accommodate the
messy<00:38:54.079><c> asymmetries</c><00:38:54.640><c> of</c><00:38:54.880><c> the</c><00:38:55.040><c> real</c><00:38:55.359><c> world</c><00:38:55.920><c> like</c>

37:28.950 --> 37:28.960 align:start position:0%
messy asymmetries of the real world like
 

37:28.960 --> 37:32.149 align:start position:0%
messy asymmetries of the real world like
parity<00:38:56.560><c> violation.</c><00:38:57.920><c> Beauty,</c><00:38:58.400><c> it</c><00:38:58.640><c> seemed,</c>

37:32.149 --> 37:32.159 align:start position:0%
parity violation. Beauty, it seemed,
 

37:32.159 --> 37:34.790 align:start position:0%
parity violation. Beauty, it seemed,
could<00:38:59.599><c> cut</c><00:38:59.839><c> both</c><00:39:00.160><c> ways.</c>

37:34.790 --> 37:34.800 align:start position:0%
could cut both ways.
 

37:34.800 --> 37:37.430 align:start position:0%
could cut both ways.
Tachons,<00:39:03.040><c> impossible</c><00:39:03.680><c> ghosts,</c><00:39:04.272><c> [music]</c><00:39:04.400><c> no</c>

37:37.430 --> 37:37.440 align:start position:0%
Tachons, impossible ghosts, [music] no
 

37:37.440 --> 37:39.909 align:start position:0%
Tachons, impossible ghosts, [music] no
Lorentin<00:39:05.280><c> variance</c><00:39:05.599><c> or</c><00:39:05.839><c> parity</c><00:39:06.240><c> violation.</c>

37:39.909 --> 37:39.919 align:start position:0%
Lorentin variance or parity violation.
 

37:39.919 --> 37:41.350 align:start position:0%
Lorentin variance or parity violation.
Any<00:39:07.440><c> one</c><00:39:07.599><c> of</c><00:39:07.680><c> these</c><00:39:07.920><c> would</c><00:39:08.160><c> be</c><00:39:08.240><c> enough</c><00:39:08.400><c> to</c>

37:41.350 --> 37:41.360 align:start position:0%
Any one of these would be enough to
 

37:41.360 --> 37:43.190 align:start position:0%
Any one of these would be enough to
consign<00:39:08.960><c> a</c><00:39:09.200><c> theory</c><00:39:09.440><c> to</c><00:39:09.680><c> the</c><00:39:09.760><c> dustpin</c><00:39:10.240><c> of</c>

37:43.190 --> 37:43.200 align:start position:0%
consign a theory to the dustpin of
 

37:43.200 --> 37:46.389 align:start position:0%
consign a theory to the dustpin of
history.<00:39:11.359><c> And</c><00:39:11.520><c> yet,</c><00:39:11.920><c> string</c><00:39:12.320><c> theory</c><00:39:13.040><c> physics</c>

37:46.389 --> 37:46.399 align:start position:0%
history. And yet, string theory physics
 

37:46.399 --> 37:49.270 align:start position:0%
history. And yet, string theory physics
perennial<00:39:14.240><c> survivor</c><00:39:15.200><c> squirmed</c><00:39:15.839><c> and</c><00:39:16.000><c> wriggled</c>

37:49.270 --> 37:49.280 align:start position:0%
perennial survivor squirmed and wriggled
 

37:49.280 --> 37:52.950 align:start position:0%
perennial survivor squirmed and wriggled
its<00:39:16.720><c> way</c><00:39:17.440><c> out</c><00:39:17.680><c> of</c><00:39:17.839><c> all</c><00:39:18.079><c> of</c><00:39:18.240><c> them.</c>

37:52.950 --> 37:52.960 align:start position:0%
its way out of all of them.
 

37:52.960 --> 37:54.389 align:start position:0%
its way out of all of them.
Cornered<00:39:20.560><c> and</c><00:39:20.647><c> [music]</c><00:39:20.720><c> battered,</c><00:39:21.359><c> the</c>

37:54.389 --> 37:54.399 align:start position:0%
Cornered and [music] battered, the
 

37:54.399 --> 37:57.350 align:start position:0%
Cornered and [music] battered, the
defense<00:39:22.000><c> turned</c><00:39:22.320><c> to</c><00:39:22.560><c> an</c><00:39:22.720><c> unlikely</c><00:39:23.359><c> savior.</c>

37:57.350 --> 37:57.360 align:start position:0%
defense turned to an unlikely savior.
 

37:57.360 --> 37:58.710 align:start position:0%
defense turned to an unlikely savior.
English<00:39:24.960><c> physicist</c><00:39:25.232><c> [music]</c>

37:58.710 --> 37:58.720 align:start position:0%
English physicist [music]
 

37:58.720 --> 38:05.430 align:start position:0%
English physicist [music]
Claude<00:39:26.320><c> Love</c><00:39:26.560><c> Lace.</c>

38:05.430 --> 38:05.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

38:05.440 --> 38:07.350 align:start position:0%
 
Love<00:39:32.960><c> Lace</c><00:39:33.280><c> was</c><00:39:33.440><c> a</c><00:39:33.599><c> paid</c><00:39:33.839><c> up</c><00:39:34.000><c> member</c><00:39:34.240><c> of</c><00:39:34.400><c> the</c>

38:07.350 --> 38:07.360 align:start position:0%
Love Lace was a paid up member of the
 

38:07.360 --> 38:10.070 align:start position:0%
Love Lace was a paid up member of the
eccentric<00:39:35.200><c> physicist</c><00:39:35.760><c> club.</c><00:39:36.720><c> Known</c><00:39:36.960><c> to</c><00:39:37.040><c> be</c><00:39:37.119><c> a</c>

38:10.070 --> 38:10.080 align:start position:0%
eccentric physicist club. Known to be a
 

38:10.080 --> 38:11.750 align:start position:0%
eccentric physicist club. Known to be a
bit<00:39:37.359><c> of</c><00:39:37.440><c> a</c><00:39:37.599><c> loner,</c><00:39:38.079><c> he</c><00:39:38.240><c> would</c><00:39:38.320><c> often</c><00:39:38.560><c> avoid</c>

38:11.750 --> 38:11.760 align:start position:0%
bit of a loner, he would often avoid
 

38:11.760 --> 38:13.909 align:start position:0%
bit of a loner, he would often avoid
major<00:39:39.359><c> conferences</c><00:39:40.000><c> yet</c><00:39:40.320><c> still</c><00:39:40.560><c> sent</c><00:39:40.800><c> in</c>

38:13.909 --> 38:13.919 align:start position:0%
major conferences yet still sent in
 

38:13.919 --> 38:16.710 align:start position:0%
major conferences yet still sent in
important<00:39:41.680><c> scientific</c><00:39:42.240><c> papers.</c><00:39:43.359><c> In</c><00:39:43.599><c> later</c>

38:16.710 --> 38:16.720 align:start position:0%
important scientific papers. In later
 

38:16.720 --> 38:18.470 align:start position:0%
important scientific papers. In later
life,<00:39:44.320><c> Love</c><00:39:44.560><c> Lace</c><00:39:44.880><c> filled</c><00:39:45.119><c> his</c><00:39:45.280><c> home</c><00:39:45.440><c> with</c>

38:18.470 --> 38:18.480 align:start position:0%
life, Love Lace filled his home with
 

38:18.480 --> 38:19.909 align:start position:0%
life, Love Lace filled his home with
parakeetses<00:39:46.192><c> [music]</c><00:39:46.320><c> and</c><00:39:46.560><c> thousands</c><00:39:46.960><c> of</c>

38:19.909 --> 38:19.919 align:start position:0%
parakeetses [music] and thousands of
 

38:19.919 --> 38:22.070 align:start position:0%
parakeetses [music] and thousands of
classical<00:39:47.520><c> music</c><00:39:47.920><c> CDs.</c><00:39:48.560><c> The</c><00:39:48.800><c> unusual</c>

38:22.070 --> 38:22.080 align:start position:0%
classical music CDs. The unusual
 

38:22.080 --> 38:24.790 align:start position:0%
classical music CDs. The unusual
combination<00:39:49.839><c> helped</c><00:39:50.160><c> him</c><00:39:50.480><c> think.</c><00:39:51.440><c> Somehow,</c>

38:24.790 --> 38:24.800 align:start position:0%
combination helped him think. Somehow,
 

38:24.800 --> 38:26.149 align:start position:0%
combination helped him think. Somehow,
Love<00:39:52.240><c> Lace</c><00:39:52.480><c> had</c><00:39:52.640><c> managed</c><00:39:52.880><c> to</c><00:39:52.960><c> become</c><00:39:53.119><c> a</c>

38:26.149 --> 38:26.159 align:start position:0%
Love Lace had managed to become a
 

38:26.159 --> 38:28.149 align:start position:0%
Love Lace had managed to become a
physics<00:39:53.680><c> professor</c><00:39:54.320><c> without</c><00:39:54.720><c> ever</c><00:39:54.960><c> obtaining</c>

38:28.149 --> 38:28.159 align:start position:0%
physics professor without ever obtaining
 

38:28.159 --> 38:30.869 align:start position:0%
physics professor without ever obtaining
a<00:39:55.599><c> PhD.</c><00:39:56.640><c> He</c><00:39:56.800><c> studied</c><00:39:57.119><c> one</c><00:39:57.280><c> in</c><00:39:57.520><c> London,</c><00:39:57.839><c> but</c>

38:30.869 --> 38:30.879 align:start position:0%
a PhD. He studied one in London, but
 

38:30.879 --> 38:33.670 align:start position:0%
a PhD. He studied one in London, but
dropped<00:39:58.400><c> out</c><00:39:58.560><c> before</c><00:39:58.880><c> completing</c><00:39:59.359><c> it.</c>

38:33.670 --> 38:33.680 align:start position:0%
dropped out before completing it.
 

38:33.680 --> 38:37.510 align:start position:0%
dropped out before completing it.
That<00:40:01.200><c> doesn't</c><00:40:01.440><c> seem</c><00:40:02.079><c> to</c><00:40:02.240><c> have</c><00:40:02.400><c> held</c><00:40:02.640><c> him</c><00:40:02.880><c> back.</c>

38:37.510 --> 38:37.520 align:start position:0%
That doesn't seem to have held him back.
 

38:37.520 --> 38:40.470 align:start position:0%
That doesn't seem to have held him back.
For<00:40:04.880><c> in</c><00:40:05.119><c> 1971,</c><00:40:06.560><c> Love</c><00:40:06.880><c> Lace</c><00:40:07.152><c> [music]</c><00:40:07.280><c> made</c><00:40:07.440><c> a</c>

38:40.470 --> 38:40.480 align:start position:0%
For in 1971, Love Lace [music] made a
 

38:40.480 --> 38:42.470 align:start position:0%
For in 1971, Love Lace [music] made a
fundamental<00:40:08.560><c> but</c><00:40:08.720><c> often</c><00:40:09.119><c> overlooked</c>

38:42.470 --> 38:42.480 align:start position:0%
fundamental but often overlooked
 

38:42.480 --> 38:45.590 align:start position:0%
fundamental but often overlooked
contribution<00:40:10.400><c> to</c><00:40:10.720><c> string</c><00:40:11.119><c> theory.</c><00:40:12.000><c> He</c><00:40:12.320><c> argued</c>

38:45.590 --> 38:45.600 align:start position:0%
contribution to string theory. He argued
 

38:45.600 --> 38:47.990 align:start position:0%
contribution to string theory. He argued
that<00:40:13.040><c> the</c><00:40:13.359><c> universe</c><00:40:14.320><c> has</c><00:40:14.357><c> [music]</c><00:40:14.640><c> hidden</c>

38:47.990 --> 38:48.000 align:start position:0%
that the universe has [music] hidden
 

38:48.000 --> 38:51.190 align:start position:0%
that the universe has [music] hidden
dimensions,<00:40:16.640><c> secret</c><00:40:17.200><c> locked</c><00:40:17.599><c> rooms.</c><00:40:18.160><c> The</c>

38:51.190 --> 38:51.200 align:start position:0%
dimensions, secret locked rooms. The
 

38:51.200 --> 38:53.510 align:start position:0%
dimensions, secret locked rooms. The
defense<00:40:18.960><c> urged</c><00:40:19.280><c> the</c><00:40:19.520><c> jury</c><00:40:19.839><c> to</c><00:40:20.000><c> imagine,</c>

38:53.510 --> 38:53.520 align:start position:0%
defense urged the jury to imagine,
 

38:53.520 --> 38:55.510 align:start position:0%
defense urged the jury to imagine,
evidence<00:40:20.907><c> [music]</c><00:40:21.359><c> concealed</c><00:40:21.920><c> from</c><00:40:22.160><c> view,</c>

38:55.510 --> 38:55.520 align:start position:0%
evidence [music] concealed from view,
 

38:55.520 --> 39:02.470 align:start position:0%
evidence [music] concealed from view,
but<00:40:23.040><c> essential</c><00:40:23.599><c> to</c><00:40:23.920><c> their</c><00:40:24.160><c> case.</c>

39:02.470 --> 39:02.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

39:02.480 --> 39:04.470 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:40:30.000><c> world</c><00:40:30.160><c> around</c><00:40:30.480><c> us</c><00:40:31.040><c> seems</c><00:40:31.359><c> to</c><00:40:31.520><c> be</c>

39:04.470 --> 39:04.480 align:start position:0%
The world around us seems to be
 

39:04.480 --> 39:06.550 align:start position:0%
The world around us seems to be
four-dimensional.<00:40:32.960><c> There</c><00:40:33.200><c> are</c><00:40:33.280><c> the</c><00:40:33.520><c> three</c>

39:06.550 --> 39:06.560 align:start position:0%
four-dimensional. There are the three
 

39:06.560 --> 39:09.030 align:start position:0%
four-dimensional. There are the three
spatial<00:40:34.240><c> dimensions,</c><00:40:35.119><c> left,</c><00:40:35.520><c> right,</c><00:40:35.920><c> up,</c>

39:09.030 --> 39:09.040 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions, left, right, up,
 

39:09.040 --> 39:11.590 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions, left, right, up,
down,<00:40:36.720><c> front,</c><00:40:37.119><c> back.</c><00:40:38.079><c> Then</c><00:40:38.320><c> the</c><00:40:38.560><c> one</c>

39:11.590 --> 39:11.600 align:start position:0%
down, front, back. Then the one
 

39:11.600 --> 39:13.830 align:start position:0%
down, front, back. Then the one
dimension<00:40:39.200><c> of</c><00:40:39.359><c> time.</c><00:40:40.160><c> In</c><00:40:40.320><c> other</c><00:40:40.480><c> words,</c><00:40:40.800><c> we</c>

39:13.830 --> 39:13.840 align:start position:0%
dimension of time. In other words, we
 

39:13.840 --> 39:15.830 align:start position:0%
dimension of time. In other words, we
always<00:40:41.280><c> need</c><00:40:41.520><c> four</c><00:40:41.839><c> numbers</c><00:40:42.320><c> to</c><00:40:42.560><c> accurately</c>

39:15.830 --> 39:15.840 align:start position:0%
always need four numbers to accurately
 

39:15.840 --> 39:18.470 align:start position:0%
always need four numbers to accurately
describe<00:40:43.440><c> an</c><00:40:43.680><c> object's</c><00:40:44.240><c> location.</c><00:40:45.119><c> Three</c><00:40:45.440><c> for</c>

39:18.470 --> 39:18.480 align:start position:0%
describe an object's location. Three for
 

39:18.480 --> 39:21.030 align:start position:0%
describe an object's location. Three for
where<00:40:45.920><c> it</c><00:40:46.079><c> is</c><00:40:46.480><c> and</c><00:40:46.720><c> another</c><00:40:47.119><c> one</c><00:40:47.599><c> for</c><00:40:47.839><c> when</c><00:40:48.079><c> it</c>

39:21.030 --> 39:21.040 align:start position:0%
where it is and another one for when it
 

39:21.040 --> 39:23.590 align:start position:0%
where it is and another one for when it
is.<00:40:49.119><c> However,</c><00:40:49.440><c> Love</c><00:40:49.760><c> Lace</c><00:40:50.079><c> wondered</c><00:40:50.560><c> what</c>

39:23.590 --> 39:23.600 align:start position:0%
is. However, Love Lace wondered what
 

39:23.600 --> 39:25.510 align:start position:0%
is. However, Love Lace wondered what
would<00:40:50.960><c> happen</c><00:40:51.200><c> if</c><00:40:51.520><c> vibrating</c><00:40:52.160><c> quantum</c>

39:25.510 --> 39:25.520 align:start position:0%
would happen if vibrating quantum
 

39:25.520 --> 39:27.909 align:start position:0%
would happen if vibrating quantum
strings<00:40:53.359><c> didn't</c><00:40:53.680><c> have</c><00:40:53.839><c> to</c><00:40:54.000><c> be</c><00:40:54.160><c> confined</c><00:40:54.880><c> to</c>

39:27.909 --> 39:27.919 align:start position:0%
strings didn't have to be confined to
 

39:27.919 --> 39:31.109 align:start position:0%
strings didn't have to be confined to
our<00:40:55.440><c> fourdimensional</c><00:40:56.400><c> world.</c><00:40:57.680><c> And</c><00:40:57.920><c> slowly</c>

39:31.109 --> 39:31.119 align:start position:0%
our fourdimensional world. And slowly
 

39:31.119 --> 39:33.750 align:start position:0%
our fourdimensional world. And slowly
but<00:40:58.640><c> surely,</c><00:40:59.280><c> he</c><00:40:59.520><c> ramped</c><00:40:59.920><c> up</c><00:41:00.079><c> the</c><00:41:00.319><c> number</c><00:41:00.640><c> of</c>

39:33.750 --> 39:33.760 align:start position:0%
but surely, he ramped up the number of
 

39:33.760 --> 39:35.270 align:start position:0%
but surely, he ramped up the number of
dimensions.

39:35.270 --> 39:35.280 align:start position:0%
dimensions.
 

39:35.280 --> 39:36.149 align:start position:0%
dimensions.
First<00:41:02.800><c> five,</c><00:41:02.828><c> [music]</c>

39:36.149 --> 39:36.159 align:start position:0%
First five, [music]
 

39:36.159 --> 39:40.389 align:start position:0%
First five, [music]
then<00:41:03.680><c> six,</c><00:41:04.400><c> 7,</c><00:41:05.040><c> 8,</c><00:41:05.680><c> 9,</c><00:41:06.640><c> eventually</c><00:41:07.280><c> had</c><00:41:07.440><c> a</c>

39:40.389 --> 39:40.399 align:start position:0%
then six, 7, 8, 9, eventually had a
 

39:40.399 --> 39:44.230 align:start position:0%
then six, 7, 8, 9, eventually had a
total<00:41:07.760><c> of</c><00:41:08.079><c> 26</c><00:41:08.800><c> dimensions.</c><00:41:10.000><c> 25</c><00:41:10.560><c> space</c><00:41:10.880><c> and</c><00:41:11.119><c> one</c>

39:44.230 --> 39:44.240 align:start position:0%
total of 26 dimensions. 25 space and one
 

39:44.240 --> 39:47.990 align:start position:0%
total of 26 dimensions. 25 space and one
time.<00:41:12.319><c> String</c><00:41:12.720><c> theory</c><00:41:13.359><c> seemed</c><00:41:13.680><c> to</c><00:41:13.839><c> stabilize.</c>

39:47.990 --> 39:48.000 align:start position:0%
time. String theory seemed to stabilize.
 

39:48.000 --> 39:50.149 align:start position:0%
time. String theory seemed to stabilize.
Others,<00:41:15.680><c> including</c><00:41:16.079><c> Holbeck</c><00:41:16.640><c> Neielson,</c><00:41:17.119><c> ran</c>

39:50.149 --> 39:50.159 align:start position:0%
Others, including Holbeck Neielson, ran
 

39:50.159 --> 39:51.990 align:start position:0%
Others, including Holbeck Neielson, ran
with<00:41:17.520><c> the</c><00:41:17.760><c> idea,</c><00:41:18.319><c> proving</c><00:41:18.640><c> that</c><00:41:18.800><c> it</c><00:41:19.040><c> both</c>

39:51.990 --> 39:52.000 align:start position:0%
with the idea, proving that it both
 

39:52.000 --> 39:54.310 align:start position:0%
with the idea, proving that it both
eliminated<00:41:19.680><c> the</c><00:41:19.920><c> probabilistic</c><00:41:20.560><c> ghosts</c><00:41:21.200><c> and</c>

39:54.310 --> 39:54.320 align:start position:0%
eliminated the probabilistic ghosts and
 

39:54.320 --> 39:57.270 align:start position:0%
eliminated the probabilistic ghosts and
maintained<00:41:22.160><c> Loren</c><00:41:22.800><c> variance.</c><00:41:24.079><c> Born</c><00:41:24.319><c> in</c>

39:57.270 --> 39:57.280 align:start position:0%
maintained Loren variance. Born in
 

39:57.280 --> 40:00.230 align:start position:0%
maintained Loren variance. Born in
Copenhagen<00:41:25.200><c> in</c><00:41:25.440><c> 1941,</c><00:41:26.480><c> Neielson</c><00:41:26.960><c> was</c><00:41:27.119><c> another</c>

40:00.230 --> 40:00.240 align:start position:0%
Copenhagen in 1941, Neielson was another
 

40:00.240 --> 40:02.790 align:start position:0%
Copenhagen in 1941, Neielson was another
of<00:41:27.680><c> physics</c><00:41:28.160><c> eccentrics.</c><00:41:29.280><c> the</c><00:41:29.520><c> unckempt</c>

40:02.790 --> 40:02.800 align:start position:0%
of physics eccentrics. the unckempt
 

40:02.800 --> 40:05.190 align:start position:0%
of physics eccentrics. the unckempt
hair,<00:41:30.400><c> the</c><00:41:30.560><c> everpresent</c><00:41:31.119><c> bow</c><00:41:31.440><c> tie,</c><00:41:32.160><c> and</c>

40:05.190 --> 40:05.200 align:start position:0%
hair, the everpresent bow tie, and
 

40:05.200 --> 40:06.629 align:start position:0%
hair, the everpresent bow tie, and
indeed<00:41:32.720><c> back</c><00:41:32.880><c> in</c><00:41:33.040><c> the</c><00:41:33.200><c> earliest</c><00:41:33.440><c> days</c><00:41:33.680><c> of</c>

40:06.629 --> 40:06.639 align:start position:0%
indeed back in the earliest days of
 

40:06.639 --> 40:08.869 align:start position:0%
indeed back in the earliest days of
string<00:41:34.160><c> theory,</c><00:41:34.640><c> it</c><00:41:34.800><c> had</c><00:41:34.960><c> been</c><00:41:35.119><c> Neielen</c><00:41:35.680><c> who</c>

40:08.869 --> 40:08.879 align:start position:0%
string theory, it had been Neielen who
 

40:08.879 --> 40:10.950 align:start position:0%
string theory, it had been Neielen who
alongside<00:41:36.560><c> Nambo</c><00:41:37.040><c> and</c><00:41:37.119><c> Suskin</c><00:41:37.543><c> [music]</c><00:41:37.920><c> had</c>

40:10.950 --> 40:10.960 align:start position:0%
alongside Nambo and Suskin [music] had
 

40:10.960 --> 40:13.350 align:start position:0%
alongside Nambo and Suskin [music] had
realized<00:41:38.480><c> that</c><00:41:38.640><c> Venitziano's</c><00:41:39.599><c> work</c><00:41:39.839><c> implied</c>

40:13.350 --> 40:13.360 align:start position:0%
realized that Venitziano's work implied
 

40:13.360 --> 40:16.550 align:start position:0%
realized that Venitziano's work implied
strings.<00:41:41.760><c> Unfiltered</c><00:41:42.480><c> and</c><00:41:42.720><c> unpredictable,</c>

40:16.550 --> 40:16.560 align:start position:0%
strings. Unfiltered and unpredictable,
 

40:16.560 --> 40:18.550 align:start position:0%
strings. Unfiltered and unpredictable,
perhaps<00:41:44.160><c> Lovely</c><00:41:44.640><c> and</c><00:41:44.720><c> Neielson's</c><00:41:45.359><c> maverick</c>

40:18.550 --> 40:18.560 align:start position:0%
perhaps Lovely and Neielson's maverick
 

40:18.560 --> 40:20.629 align:start position:0%
perhaps Lovely and Neielson's maverick
nature<00:41:46.319><c> was</c><00:41:46.480><c> just</c><00:41:46.720><c> what</c><00:41:46.880><c> was</c><00:41:47.040><c> needed</c><00:41:47.440><c> to</c><00:41:47.680><c> open</c>

40:20.629 --> 40:20.639 align:start position:0%
nature was just what was needed to open
 

40:20.639 --> 40:27.430 align:start position:0%
nature was just what was needed to open
up<00:41:48.000><c> the</c><00:41:48.240><c> extra</c><00:41:48.560><c> dimensions.</c>

40:27.430 --> 40:27.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:27.440 --> 40:29.590 align:start position:0%
 
String<00:41:55.040><c> theory</c><00:41:55.280><c> was</c><00:41:55.520><c> suddenly</c><00:41:56.000><c> on</c><00:41:56.319><c> slightly</c>

40:29.590 --> 40:29.600 align:start position:0%
String theory was suddenly on slightly
 

40:29.600 --> 40:31.990 align:start position:0%
String theory was suddenly on slightly
stronger<00:41:57.280><c> footing.</c><00:41:58.160><c> The</c><00:41:58.400><c> defense</c><00:41:58.720><c> lawyers</c>

40:31.990 --> 40:32.000 align:start position:0%
stronger footing. The defense lawyers
 

40:32.000 --> 40:34.710 align:start position:0%
stronger footing. The defense lawyers
were<00:41:59.440><c> regaining</c><00:42:00.079><c> ground.</c><00:42:01.119><c> But</c><00:42:01.280><c> this</c><00:42:01.440><c> newfound</c>

40:34.710 --> 40:34.720 align:start position:0%
were regaining ground. But this newfound
 

40:34.720 --> 40:37.270 align:start position:0%
were regaining ground. But this newfound
stability<00:42:02.640><c> involved</c><00:42:03.040><c> a</c><00:42:03.280><c> massive</c><00:42:03.680><c> trade-off,</c>

40:37.270 --> 40:37.280 align:start position:0%
stability involved a massive trade-off,
 

40:37.280 --> 40:39.190 align:start position:0%
stability involved a massive trade-off,
one<00:42:04.640><c> that</c><00:42:04.800><c> the</c><00:42:05.040><c> prosecution</c><00:42:05.599><c> will</c><00:42:05.839><c> seize</c><00:42:06.160><c> upon</c>

40:39.190 --> 40:39.200 align:start position:0%
one that the prosecution will seize upon
 

40:39.200 --> 40:41.190 align:start position:0%
one that the prosecution will seize upon
to<00:42:06.640><c> undermine</c><00:42:07.040><c> the</c><00:42:07.200><c> case</c><00:42:07.440><c> for</c><00:42:07.599><c> string</c><00:42:08.000><c> theory</c>

40:41.190 --> 40:41.200 align:start position:0%
to undermine the case for string theory
 

40:41.200 --> 40:44.310 align:start position:0%
to undermine the case for string theory
time<00:42:08.720><c> and</c><00:42:08.960><c> time</c><00:42:09.280><c> again.</c><00:42:10.319><c> In</c><00:42:10.640><c> order</c><00:42:10.800><c> to</c><00:42:11.040><c> explain</c>

40:44.310 --> 40:44.320 align:start position:0%
time and time again. In order to explain
 

40:44.320 --> 40:46.389 align:start position:0%
time and time again. In order to explain
things,<00:42:11.839><c> we</c><00:42:12.079><c> have</c><00:42:12.160><c> a</c><00:42:12.319><c> lot</c><00:42:12.400><c> of</c><00:42:12.560><c> evidence</c><00:42:12.880><c> for</c>

40:46.389 --> 40:46.399 align:start position:0%
things, we have a lot of evidence for
 

40:46.399 --> 40:48.070 align:start position:0%
things, we have a lot of evidence for
normal<00:42:14.000><c> probabilities</c><00:42:14.640><c> and</c><00:42:14.880><c> the</c><00:42:14.960><c> rent</c>

40:48.070 --> 40:48.080 align:start position:0%
normal probabilities and the rent
 

40:48.080 --> 40:50.310 align:start position:0%
normal probabilities and the rent
invariance.<00:42:16.400><c> String</c><00:42:16.720><c> theory</c><00:42:17.040><c> would</c><00:42:17.280><c> have</c><00:42:17.359><c> to</c>

40:50.310 --> 40:50.320 align:start position:0%
invariance. String theory would have to
 

40:50.320 --> 40:53.190 align:start position:0%
invariance. String theory would have to
invent<00:42:18.000><c> 22</c><00:42:18.560><c> additional</c><00:42:19.040><c> dimensions</c><00:42:19.920><c> that</c><00:42:20.240><c> we</c>

40:53.190 --> 40:53.200 align:start position:0%
invent 22 additional dimensions that we
 

40:53.200 --> 40:56.070 align:start position:0%
invent 22 additional dimensions that we
have<00:42:20.560><c> no</c><00:42:20.880><c> evidence</c><00:42:21.280><c> for.</c><00:42:22.240><c> And</c><00:42:22.400><c> even</c><00:42:22.720><c> then,</c>

40:56.070 --> 40:56.080 align:start position:0%
have no evidence for. And even then,
 

40:56.080 --> 40:58.550 align:start position:0%
have no evidence for. And even then,
this<00:42:23.599><c> sprawling</c><00:42:24.240><c> mega-dimensional</c><00:42:25.119><c> reality</c>

40:58.550 --> 40:58.560 align:start position:0%
this sprawling mega-dimensional reality
 

40:58.560 --> 41:00.310 align:start position:0%
this sprawling mega-dimensional reality
can't<00:42:26.079><c> solve</c><00:42:26.319><c> all</c><00:42:26.560><c> of</c><00:42:26.720><c> string</c><00:42:27.040><c> theory's</c>

41:00.310 --> 41:00.320 align:start position:0%
can't solve all of string theory's
 

41:00.320 --> 41:02.149 align:start position:0%
can't solve all of string theory's
problems.

41:02.149 --> 41:02.159 align:start position:0%
problems.
 

41:02.159 --> 41:04.710 align:start position:0%
problems.
Timetraveling<00:42:30.160><c> tachons</c><00:42:30.960><c> were</c><00:42:31.200><c> still</c><00:42:31.440><c> center</c>

41:04.710 --> 41:04.720 align:start position:0%
Timetraveling tachons were still center
 

41:04.720 --> 41:07.109 align:start position:0%
Timetraveling tachons were still center
stage,<00:42:32.640><c> and</c><00:42:32.800><c> the</c><00:42:32.960><c> lack</c><00:42:33.119><c> of</c><00:42:33.280><c> parity</c><00:42:33.680><c> violation</c>

41:07.109 --> 41:07.119 align:start position:0%
stage, and the lack of parity violation
 

41:07.119 --> 41:09.430 align:start position:0%
stage, and the lack of parity violation
remained<00:42:34.640><c> a</c><00:42:34.800><c> gaping</c><00:42:35.200><c> hole</c><00:42:35.440><c> in</c><00:42:35.599><c> the</c><00:42:35.839><c> theory,</c>

41:09.430 --> 41:09.440 align:start position:0%
remained a gaping hole in the theory,
 

41:09.440 --> 41:10.869 align:start position:0%
remained a gaping hole in the theory,
but<00:42:36.880><c> there</c><00:42:37.040><c> were</c><00:42:37.200><c> answers</c><00:42:37.520><c> to</c><00:42:37.680><c> be</c><00:42:37.839><c> found</c>

41:10.869 --> 41:10.879 align:start position:0%
but there were answers to be found
 

41:10.879 --> 41:14.310 align:start position:0%
but there were answers to be found
there,<00:42:39.040><c> too.</c><00:42:40.079><c> The</c><00:42:40.319><c> defense</c><00:42:40.880><c> calls</c><00:42:41.119><c> for</c><00:42:41.280><c> its</c>

41:14.310 --> 41:14.320 align:start position:0%
there, too. The defense calls for its
 

41:14.320 --> 41:18.389 align:start position:0%
there, too. The defense calls for its
own<00:42:41.920><c> star</c><00:42:42.240><c> witness,</c><00:42:43.440><c> Yuri</c><00:42:43.920><c> Gund.</c>

41:18.389 --> 41:18.399 align:start position:0%
own star witness, Yuri Gund.
 

41:18.399 --> 41:22.310 align:start position:0%
own star witness, Yuri Gund.
Gund<00:42:46.160><c> was</c><00:42:46.319><c> born</c><00:42:46.480><c> in</c><00:42:46.720><c> 1922</c><00:42:47.680><c> in</c><00:42:48.000><c> KKE</c><00:42:48.960><c> which</c><00:42:49.200><c> today</c>

41:22.310 --> 41:22.320 align:start position:0%
Gund was born in 1922 in KKE which today
 

41:22.320 --> 41:24.950 align:start position:0%
Gund was born in 1922 in KKE which today
is<00:42:49.839><c> Ukraine's</c><00:42:50.480><c> second</c><00:42:50.800><c> largest</c><00:42:51.200><c> city.</c><00:42:51.920><c> Even</c>

41:24.950 --> 41:24.960 align:start position:0%
is Ukraine's second largest city. Even
 

41:24.960 --> 41:27.190 align:start position:0%
is Ukraine's second largest city. Even
from<00:42:52.319><c> an</c><00:42:52.480><c> early</c><00:42:52.720><c> age,</c><00:42:53.119><c> he</c><00:42:53.359><c> showed</c><00:42:53.680><c> precocious</c>

41:27.190 --> 41:27.200 align:start position:0%
from an early age, he showed precocious
 

41:27.200 --> 41:29.109 align:start position:0%
from an early age, he showed precocious
talent.<00:42:55.119><c> He</c><00:42:55.359><c> started</c><00:42:55.599><c> playing</c><00:42:55.839><c> chess</c><00:42:56.160><c> with</c>

41:29.109 --> 41:29.119 align:start position:0%
talent. He started playing chess with
 

41:29.119 --> 41:30.950 align:start position:0%
talent. He started playing chess with
his<00:42:56.480><c> father</c><00:42:56.800><c> aged</c><00:42:57.200><c> just</c><00:42:57.454><c> [music]</c><00:42:57.520><c> four</c><00:42:57.920><c> and</c>

41:30.950 --> 41:30.960 align:start position:0%
his father aged just [music] four and
 

41:30.960 --> 41:32.550 align:start position:0%
his father aged just [music] four and
soon<00:42:58.400><c> became</c><00:42:58.720><c> the</c><00:42:58.880><c> better</c><00:42:59.200><c> player,</c>

41:32.550 --> 41:32.560 align:start position:0%
soon became the better player,
 

41:32.560 --> 41:34.389 align:start position:0%
soon became the better player,
underscoring<00:43:00.319><c> the</c><00:43:00.480><c> impact</c><00:43:00.800><c> he</c><00:43:01.040><c> would</c><00:43:01.200><c> have</c>

41:34.389 --> 41:34.399 align:start position:0%
underscoring the impact he would have
 

41:34.399 --> 41:36.149 align:start position:0%
underscoring the impact he would have
both<00:43:01.839><c> on</c><00:43:02.079><c> physics</c><00:43:02.400><c> and</c><00:43:02.640><c> the</c><00:43:02.880><c> people</c><00:43:03.040><c> around</c>

41:36.149 --> 41:36.159 align:start position:0%
both on physics and the people around
 

41:36.159 --> 41:38.470 align:start position:0%
both on physics and the people around
him.<00:43:03.920><c> Fellow</c><00:43:04.319><c> physicist</c><00:43:04.880><c> and</c><00:43:05.040><c> Nobel</c><00:43:05.359><c> Peace</c>

41:38.470 --> 41:38.480 align:start position:0%
him. Fellow physicist and Nobel Peace
 

41:38.480 --> 41:40.710 align:start position:0%
him. Fellow physicist and Nobel Peace
Prize<00:43:05.920><c> winner</c><00:43:06.240><c> Andre</c><00:43:06.640><c> Sakarov</c><00:43:07.359><c> once</c><00:43:07.680><c> called</c>

41:40.710 --> 41:40.720 align:start position:0%
Prize winner Andre Sakarov once called
 

41:40.720 --> 41:44.710 align:start position:0%
Prize winner Andre Sakarov once called
Gund<00:43:08.640><c> a</c><00:43:08.800><c> Mozart</c><00:43:09.440><c> of</c><00:43:09.680><c> physics.</c><00:43:10.720><c> Picture</c><00:43:11.760><c> a</c>

41:44.710 --> 41:44.720 align:start position:0%
Gund a Mozart of physics. Picture a
 

41:44.720 --> 41:46.710 align:start position:0%
Gund a Mozart of physics. Picture a
chessboard<00:43:12.640><c> like</c><00:43:12.880><c> the</c><00:43:13.040><c> one</c><00:43:13.200><c> Dolphins</c><00:43:13.680><c> spent</c>

41:46.710 --> 41:46.720 align:start position:0%
chessboard like the one Dolphins spent
 

41:46.720 --> 41:49.109 align:start position:0%
chessboard like the one Dolphins spent
so<00:43:14.079><c> much</c><00:43:14.319><c> time</c><00:43:14.480><c> playing</c><00:43:14.800><c> on</c><00:43:15.040><c> as</c><00:43:15.280><c> a</c><00:43:15.520><c> boy.</c><00:43:16.160><c> A</c>

41:49.109 --> 41:49.119 align:start position:0%
so much time playing on as a boy. A
 

41:49.119 --> 41:52.070 align:start position:0%
so much time playing on as a boy. A
chessboard<00:43:16.880><c> has</c><00:43:17.200><c> 64</c><00:43:17.920><c> squares</c><00:43:18.800><c> divided</c>

41:52.070 --> 41:52.080 align:start position:0%
chessboard has 64 squares divided
 

41:52.080 --> 41:54.230 align:start position:0%
chessboard has 64 squares divided
equally<00:43:19.680><c> between</c><00:43:20.079><c> black</c><00:43:20.319><c> and</c><00:43:20.380><c> [music]</c><00:43:20.560><c> white.</c>

41:54.230 --> 41:54.240 align:start position:0%
equally between black and [music] white.
 

41:54.240 --> 41:56.310 align:start position:0%
equally between black and [music] white.
In<00:43:21.599><c> other</c><00:43:21.839><c> words,</c><00:43:22.240><c> for</c><00:43:22.480><c> every</c><00:43:22.720><c> white</c><00:43:23.040><c> square,</c>

41:56.310 --> 41:56.320 align:start position:0%
In other words, for every white square,
 

41:56.320 --> 41:58.790 align:start position:0%
In other words, for every white square,
there<00:43:23.680><c> is</c><00:43:23.839><c> a</c><00:43:24.000><c> corresponding</c><00:43:24.800><c> black</c><00:43:25.119><c> square.</c>

41:58.790 --> 41:58.800 align:start position:0%
there is a corresponding black square.
 

41:58.800 --> 42:01.030 align:start position:0%
there is a corresponding black square.
In<00:43:26.240><c> this</c><00:43:26.480><c> way,</c><00:43:26.880><c> a</c><00:43:27.119><c> chessboard</c><00:43:27.839><c> has</c><00:43:28.000><c> an</c>

42:01.030 --> 42:01.040 align:start position:0%
In this way, a chessboard has an
 

42:01.040 --> 42:04.790 align:start position:0%
In this way, a chessboard has an
underlying<00:43:29.040><c> symmetry.</c><00:43:30.160><c> In</c><00:43:30.480><c> 1971,</c>

42:04.790 --> 42:04.800 align:start position:0%
underlying symmetry. In 1971,
 

42:04.800 --> 42:06.869 align:start position:0%
underlying symmetry. In 1971,
Gund<00:43:32.640><c> became</c><00:43:32.880><c> one</c><00:43:33.119><c> of</c><00:43:33.200><c> the</c><00:43:33.359><c> first</c><00:43:33.520><c> to</c><00:43:33.680><c> propose</c>

42:06.869 --> 42:06.879 align:start position:0%
Gund became one of the first to propose
 

42:06.879 --> 42:08.869 align:start position:0%
Gund became one of the first to propose
that<00:43:34.240><c> the</c><00:43:34.400><c> subatomic</c><00:43:35.119><c> world</c><00:43:35.440><c> exhibits</c><00:43:35.920><c> a</c>

42:08.869 --> 42:08.879 align:start position:0%
that the subatomic world exhibits a
 

42:08.879 --> 42:11.350 align:start position:0%
that the subatomic world exhibits a
similar<00:43:36.560><c> kind</c><00:43:36.720><c> of</c><00:43:36.960><c> symmetry,</c>

42:11.350 --> 42:11.360 align:start position:0%
similar kind of symmetry,
 

42:11.360 --> 42:18.310 align:start position:0%
similar kind of symmetry,
super<00:43:38.960><c> symmetry.</c>

42:18.310 --> 42:18.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

42:18.320 --> 42:19.909 align:start position:0%
 
Just<00:43:45.760><c> as</c><00:43:45.920><c> every</c><00:43:46.240><c> black</c><00:43:46.560><c> square</c><00:43:46.800><c> on</c><00:43:46.960><c> a</c>

42:19.909 --> 42:19.919 align:start position:0%
Just as every black square on a
 

42:19.919 --> 42:21.670 align:start position:0%
Just as every black square on a
chessboard<00:43:47.599><c> has</c><00:43:47.760><c> a</c><00:43:47.920><c> corresponding</c><00:43:48.560><c> white</c>

42:21.670 --> 42:21.680 align:start position:0%
chessboard has a corresponding white
 

42:21.680 --> 42:25.430 align:start position:0%
chessboard has a corresponding white
square,<00:43:49.839><c> so</c><00:43:50.240><c> suggested</c><00:43:50.720><c> Gund,</c><00:43:51.599><c> every</c><00:43:52.000><c> Bzon</c>

42:25.430 --> 42:25.440 align:start position:0%
square, so suggested Gund, every Bzon
 

42:25.440 --> 42:28.869 align:start position:0%
square, so suggested Gund, every Bzon
has<00:43:52.880><c> a</c><00:43:53.040><c> corresponding</c><00:43:53.760><c> firm</c><00:43:54.480><c> and</c><00:43:54.880><c> vice</c><00:43:55.119><c> versa.</c>

42:28.869 --> 42:28.879 align:start position:0%
has a corresponding firm and vice versa.
 

42:28.879 --> 42:30.869 align:start position:0%
has a corresponding firm and vice versa.
To<00:43:56.319><c> name</c><00:43:56.560><c> the</c><00:43:56.720><c> super</c><00:43:56.960><c> symmetric</c><00:43:57.440><c> partner</c><00:43:57.760><c> of</c><00:43:57.920><c> a</c>

42:30.869 --> 42:30.879 align:start position:0%
To name the super symmetric partner of a
 

42:30.879 --> 42:34.790 align:start position:0%
To name the super symmetric partner of a
firm,<00:43:58.880><c> you</c><00:43:59.119><c> simply</c><00:43:59.440><c> add</c><00:43:59.680><c> an</c><00:43:59.920><c> s</c><00:44:00.240><c> before</c><00:44:00.560><c> it.</c><00:44:01.520><c> So</c>

42:34.790 --> 42:34.800 align:start position:0%
firm, you simply add an s before it. So
 

42:34.800 --> 42:37.430 align:start position:0%
firm, you simply add an s before it. So
charmingly,<00:44:02.720><c> the</c><00:44:02.960><c> partner</c><00:44:03.200><c> of</c><00:44:03.359><c> a</c><00:44:03.520><c> quark</c><00:44:04.160><c> is</c><00:44:04.400><c> a</c>

42:37.430 --> 42:37.440 align:start position:0%
charmingly, the partner of a quark is a
 

42:37.440 --> 42:39.909 align:start position:0%
charmingly, the partner of a quark is a
squawk.<00:44:05.680><c> An</c><00:44:05.920><c> electron</c><00:44:06.400><c> is</c><00:44:06.560><c> paired</c><00:44:06.800><c> with</c><00:44:06.880><c> a</c>

42:39.909 --> 42:39.919 align:start position:0%
squawk. An electron is paired with a
 

42:39.919 --> 42:42.310 align:start position:0%
squawk. An electron is paired with a
selectron<00:44:07.920><c> and</c><00:44:08.079><c> neutrinos</c><00:44:08.880><c> are</c><00:44:09.040><c> matched</c><00:44:09.280><c> to</c>

42:42.310 --> 42:42.320 align:start position:0%
selectron and neutrinos are matched to
 

42:42.320 --> 42:44.629 align:start position:0%
selectron and neutrinos are matched to
neutrinos.<00:44:10.640><c> Indeed,</c><00:44:10.960><c> laser</c><00:44:11.280><c> string</c><00:44:11.599><c> theory</c>

42:44.629 --> 42:44.639 align:start position:0%
neutrinos. Indeed, laser string theory
 

42:44.639 --> 42:46.869 align:start position:0%
neutrinos. Indeed, laser string theory
pioneer<00:44:12.319><c> John</c><00:44:12.560><c> Schwarz</c><00:44:13.200><c> once</c><00:44:13.599><c> quipped</c><00:44:13.920><c> that</c>

42:46.869 --> 42:46.879 align:start position:0%
pioneer John Schwarz once quipped that
 

42:46.879 --> 42:50.230 align:start position:0%
pioneer John Schwarz once quipped that
he<00:44:14.319><c> wasn't</c><00:44:14.640><c> responsible</c><00:44:15.359><c> for</c><00:44:15.599><c> this</c><00:44:15.920><c> slang.</c>

42:50.230 --> 42:50.240 align:start position:0%
he wasn't responsible for this slang.
 

42:50.240 --> 42:51.830 align:start position:0%
he wasn't responsible for this slang.
However,<00:44:17.760><c> the</c><00:44:17.920><c> super</c><00:44:18.160><c> symmetric</c><00:44:18.640><c> partners</c><00:44:18.960><c> of</c>

42:51.830 --> 42:51.840 align:start position:0%
However, the super symmetric partners of
 

42:51.840 --> 42:54.070 align:start position:0%
However, the super symmetric partners of
Bzons<00:44:19.680><c> are</c><00:44:19.839><c> named</c><00:44:20.079><c> slightly</c><00:44:20.480><c> differently</c>

42:54.070 --> 42:54.080 align:start position:0%
Bzons are named slightly differently
 

42:54.080 --> 42:56.470 align:start position:0%
Bzons are named slightly differently
simply<00:44:21.599><c> by</c><00:44:21.839><c> adding</c><00:44:22.079><c> an</c><00:44:22.240><c> eno</c><00:44:22.640><c> to</c><00:44:22.800><c> the</c><00:44:22.960><c> end.</c><00:44:23.520><c> So,</c>

42:56.470 --> 42:56.480 align:start position:0%
simply by adding an eno to the end. So,
 

42:56.480 --> 42:58.629 align:start position:0%
simply by adding an eno to the end. So,
the<00:44:23.839><c> famous</c><00:44:24.160><c> Higs</c><00:44:24.480><c> Bzon</c><00:44:24.960><c> has</c><00:44:25.119><c> a</c><00:44:25.280><c> partner</c><00:44:25.599><c> that</c>

42:58.629 --> 42:58.639 align:start position:0%
the famous Higs Bzon has a partner that
 

42:58.639 --> 43:00.710 align:start position:0%
the famous Higs Bzon has a partner that
sounds<00:44:26.079><c> a</c><00:44:26.319><c> little</c><00:44:26.400><c> bit</c><00:44:26.560><c> like</c><00:44:26.720><c> a</c><00:44:26.960><c> magician,</c><00:44:27.680><c> the</c>

43:00.710 --> 43:00.720 align:start position:0%
sounds a little bit like a magician, the
 

43:00.720 --> 43:03.270 align:start position:0%
sounds a little bit like a magician, the
stupendous<00:44:28.800><c> Higzeno.</c>

43:03.270 --> 43:03.280 align:start position:0%
stupendous Higzeno.
 

43:03.280 --> 43:05.030 align:start position:0%
stupendous Higzeno.
Though<00:44:30.720><c> in</c><00:44:30.880><c> practice,</c><00:44:31.359><c> physicists</c><00:44:31.920><c> often</c>

43:05.030 --> 43:05.040 align:start position:0%
Though in practice, physicists often
 

43:05.040 --> 43:07.510 align:start position:0%
Though in practice, physicists often
bend<00:44:32.560><c> the</c><00:44:32.720><c> rules.</c><00:44:33.359><c> Hence</c><00:44:33.680><c> names</c><00:44:33.839><c> like</c><00:44:34.079><c> gluino</c>

43:07.510 --> 43:07.520 align:start position:0%
bend the rules. Hence names like gluino
 

43:07.520 --> 43:10.629 align:start position:0%
bend the rules. Hence names like gluino
for<00:44:34.880><c> the</c><00:44:35.040><c> firmionic</c><00:44:35.599><c> partner</c><00:44:35.920><c> of</c><00:44:36.079><c> the</c><00:44:36.240><c> gluon.</c>

43:10.629 --> 43:10.639 align:start position:0%
for the firmionic partner of the gluon.
 

43:10.639 --> 43:13.109 align:start position:0%
for the firmionic partner of the gluon.
Although<00:44:38.240><c> to</c><00:44:38.480><c> this</c><00:44:38.720><c> day</c><00:44:39.200><c> no</c><00:44:39.520><c> super</c><00:44:39.839><c> symmetric</c>

43:13.109 --> 43:13.119 align:start position:0%
Although to this day no super symmetric
 

43:13.119 --> 43:15.190 align:start position:0%
Although to this day no super symmetric
particles<00:44:40.800><c> have</c><00:44:41.040><c> yet</c><00:44:41.200><c> been</c><00:44:41.520><c> found.</c><00:44:42.240><c> An</c>

43:15.190 --> 43:15.200 align:start position:0%
particles have yet been found. An
 

43:15.200 --> 43:17.109 align:start position:0%
particles have yet been found. An
absence<00:44:42.800><c> that</c><00:44:43.040><c> the</c><00:44:43.200><c> prosecution</c><00:44:43.839><c> will</c><00:44:44.079><c> pounce</c>

43:17.109 --> 43:17.119 align:start position:0%
absence that the prosecution will pounce
 

43:17.119 --> 43:22.710 align:start position:0%
absence that the prosecution will pounce
upon<00:44:44.640><c> later</c><00:44:45.040><c> in</c><00:44:45.280><c> the</c><00:44:45.440><c> case.</c>

43:22.710 --> 43:22.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:22.720 --> 43:25.750 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:44:50.160><c> so</c><00:44:50.640><c> at</c><00:44:50.800><c> the</c><00:44:50.960><c> start</c><00:44:51.119><c> of</c><00:44:51.280><c> the</c><00:44:51.520><c> 1970s</c><00:44:52.640><c> several</c>

43:25.750 --> 43:25.760 align:start position:0%
And so at the start of the 1970s several
 

43:25.760 --> 43:27.830 align:start position:0%
And so at the start of the 1970s several
other<00:44:53.200><c> physicists</c><00:44:53.760><c> were</c><00:44:54.000><c> also</c><00:44:54.319><c> dabbling</c><00:44:54.800><c> with</c>

43:27.830 --> 43:27.840 align:start position:0%
other physicists were also dabbling with
 

43:27.840 --> 43:31.270 align:start position:0%
other physicists were also dabbling with
similar<00:44:55.440><c> ideas.</c><00:44:56.800><c> Eventually,</c><00:44:57.520><c> they</c><00:44:57.839><c> combined</c>

43:31.270 --> 43:31.280 align:start position:0%
similar ideas. Eventually, they combined
 

43:31.280 --> 43:33.109 align:start position:0%
similar ideas. Eventually, they combined
super<00:44:58.800><c> symmetry</c><00:44:59.280><c> with</c><00:44:59.520><c> Love</c><00:44:59.839><c> Lac's</c>

43:33.109 --> 43:33.119 align:start position:0%
super symmetry with Love Lac's
 

43:33.119 --> 43:35.430 align:start position:0%
super symmetry with Love Lac's
26dimensional<00:45:01.359><c> version</c><00:45:01.520><c> of</c><00:45:01.760><c> Bzonic</c><00:45:02.400><c> string</c>

43:35.430 --> 43:35.440 align:start position:0%
26dimensional version of Bzonic string
 

43:35.440 --> 43:42.070 align:start position:0%
26dimensional version of Bzonic string
theory<00:45:03.520><c> and</c><00:45:03.920><c> super</c><00:45:04.240><c> string</c><00:45:04.560><c> theory</c><00:45:05.280><c> was</c><00:45:05.520><c> born.</c>

43:42.070 --> 43:42.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:42.080 --> 43:44.710 align:start position:0%
 
Initial<00:45:09.760><c> results</c><00:45:10.421><c> [music]</c><00:45:10.480><c> were</c><00:45:10.800><c> promising.</c>

43:44.710 --> 43:44.720 align:start position:0%
Initial results [music] were promising.
 

43:44.720 --> 43:46.470 align:start position:0%
Initial results [music] were promising.
This<00:45:12.160><c> new</c><00:45:12.400><c> theory</c><00:45:12.800><c> could</c><00:45:13.040><c> now</c><00:45:13.200><c> account</c><00:45:13.520><c> for</c>

43:46.470 --> 43:46.480 align:start position:0%
This new theory could now account for
 

43:46.480 --> 43:49.190 align:start position:0%
This new theory could now account for
firmians<00:45:14.480><c> as</c><00:45:14.640><c> well</c><00:45:14.800><c> as</c><00:45:15.040><c> Bzons.</c><00:45:15.920><c> The</c><00:45:16.079><c> inclusion</c>

43:49.190 --> 43:49.200 align:start position:0%
firmians as well as Bzons. The inclusion
 

43:49.200 --> 43:51.750 align:start position:0%
firmians as well as Bzons. The inclusion
of<00:45:16.560><c> firmians</c><00:45:17.280><c> could</c><00:45:17.440><c> see</c><00:45:17.680><c> off</c><00:45:17.839><c> the</c><00:45:18.000><c> par</c><00:45:18.400><c> issue,</c>

43:51.750 --> 43:51.760 align:start position:0%
of firmians could see off the par issue,
 

43:51.760 --> 43:54.149 align:start position:0%
of firmians could see off the par issue,
providing<00:45:19.359><c> a</c><00:45:19.520><c> way</c><00:45:19.680><c> for</c><00:45:19.839><c> it</c><00:45:20.000><c> to</c><00:45:20.160><c> be</c><00:45:20.240><c> violated.</c>

43:54.149 --> 43:54.159 align:start position:0%
providing a way for it to be violated.
 

43:54.159 --> 43:55.990 align:start position:0%
providing a way for it to be violated.
It<00:45:21.599><c> also</c><00:45:21.839><c> did</c><00:45:22.079><c> away</c><00:45:22.400><c> with</c><00:45:22.560><c> those</c><00:45:22.800><c> pesky</c>

43:55.990 --> 43:56.000 align:start position:0%
It also did away with those pesky
 

43:56.000 --> 43:59.190 align:start position:0%
It also did away with those pesky
tachons.<00:45:24.480><c> No</c><00:45:24.800><c> faster</c><00:45:25.119><c> than</c><00:45:25.280><c> light</c><00:45:25.520><c> travel,</c><00:45:26.079><c> no</c>

43:59.190 --> 43:59.200 align:start position:0%
tachons. No faster than light travel, no
 

43:59.200 --> 44:02.550 align:start position:0%
tachons. No faster than light travel, no
effect<00:45:26.960><c> preceding</c><00:45:27.599><c> cause.</c><00:45:28.880><c> What's</c><00:45:29.119><c> more,</c><00:45:29.520><c> the</c>

44:02.550 --> 44:02.560 align:start position:0%
effect preceding cause. What's more, the
 

44:02.560 --> 44:04.230 align:start position:0%
effect preceding cause. What's more, the
number<00:45:29.920><c> of</c><00:45:30.160><c> spatial</c><00:45:30.560><c> dimensions</c><00:45:31.119><c> came</c>

44:04.230 --> 44:04.240 align:start position:0%
number of spatial dimensions came
 

44:04.240 --> 44:07.990 align:start position:0%
number of spatial dimensions came
crashing<00:45:32.000><c> down</c><00:45:32.640><c> from</c><00:45:32.880><c> Love</c><00:45:33.119><c> Lacy's</c><00:45:33.520><c> unruly</c><00:45:34.160><c> 25</c>

44:07.990 --> 44:08.000 align:start position:0%
crashing down from Love Lacy's unruly 25
 

44:08.000 --> 44:11.190 align:start position:0%
crashing down from Love Lacy's unruly 25
to<00:45:35.359><c> a</c><00:45:35.520><c> slightly</c><00:45:35.839><c> more</c><00:45:36.079><c> manageable</c><00:45:37.040><c> nine.</c><00:45:38.240><c> And</c>

44:11.190 --> 44:11.200 align:start position:0%
to a slightly more manageable nine. And
 

44:11.200 --> 44:12.950 align:start position:0%
to a slightly more manageable nine. And
so,<00:45:38.640><c> having</c><00:45:38.960><c> been</c><00:45:39.119><c> on</c><00:45:39.280><c> the</c><00:45:39.440><c> ropes</c><00:45:39.760><c> for</c><00:45:39.920><c> much</c><00:45:40.079><c> of</c>

44:12.950 --> 44:12.960 align:start position:0%
so, having been on the ropes for much of
 

44:12.960 --> 44:15.350 align:start position:0%
so, having been on the ropes for much of
the<00:45:40.319><c> prosecution's</c><00:45:41.040><c> cross-examination,</c><00:45:42.319><c> the</c>

44:15.350 --> 44:15.360 align:start position:0%
the prosecution's cross-examination, the
 

44:15.360 --> 44:17.670 align:start position:0%
the prosecution's cross-examination, the
defense<00:45:42.880><c> team</c><00:45:43.119><c> had</c><00:45:43.359><c> rallied.</c><00:45:44.319><c> For</c><00:45:44.560><c> each</c><00:45:44.720><c> of</c>

44:17.670 --> 44:17.680 align:start position:0%
defense team had rallied. For each of
 

44:17.680 --> 44:19.190 align:start position:0%
defense team had rallied. For each of
the<00:45:45.040><c> major</c><00:45:45.359><c> issues</c><00:45:45.680><c> with</c><00:45:45.920><c> the</c><00:45:46.079><c> original</c>

44:19.190 --> 44:19.200 align:start position:0%
the major issues with the original
 

44:19.200 --> 44:21.430 align:start position:0%
the major issues with the original
Bzonic<00:45:47.040><c> string</c><00:45:47.280><c> theory,</c><00:45:48.000><c> super</c><00:45:48.319><c> string</c>

44:21.430 --> 44:21.440 align:start position:0%
Bzonic string theory, super string
 

44:21.440 --> 44:23.909 align:start position:0%
Bzonic string theory, super string
theory<00:45:49.040><c> now</c><00:45:49.280><c> provided</c><00:45:49.680><c> an</c><00:45:49.839><c> alibi.</c><00:45:50.720><c> What</c><00:45:50.960><c> had</c>

44:23.909 --> 44:23.919 align:start position:0%
theory now provided an alibi. What had
 

44:23.919 --> 44:26.389 align:start position:0%
theory now provided an alibi. What had
looked<00:45:51.359><c> like</c><00:45:51.440><c> a</c><00:45:51.680><c> lost</c><00:45:52.000><c> cause</c><00:45:52.560><c> had</c><00:45:52.800><c> yet</c><00:45:53.040><c> again</c>

44:26.389 --> 44:26.399 align:start position:0%
looked like a lost cause had yet again
 

44:26.399 --> 44:29.030 align:start position:0%
looked like a lost cause had yet again
surged<00:45:54.160><c> back</c><00:45:54.319><c> to</c><00:45:54.560><c> life.</c><00:45:55.440><c> Beauty</c><00:45:55.839><c> had</c><00:45:56.079><c> become</c>

44:29.030 --> 44:29.040 align:start position:0%
surged back to life. Beauty had become
 

44:29.040 --> 44:31.350 align:start position:0%
surged back to life. Beauty had become
the<00:45:56.480><c> compass</c><00:45:56.960><c> once</c><00:45:57.280><c> more,</c><00:45:57.760><c> pointing</c><00:45:58.160><c> towards</c>

44:31.350 --> 44:31.360 align:start position:0%
the compass once more, pointing towards
 

44:31.360 --> 44:33.350 align:start position:0%
the compass once more, pointing towards
a<00:45:58.720><c> hidden</c><00:45:59.040><c> country</c><00:45:59.520><c> where</c><00:45:59.760><c> string</c><00:46:00.160><c> theories</c>

44:33.350 --> 44:33.360 align:start position:0%
a hidden country where string theories
 

44:33.360 --> 44:41.750 align:start position:0%
a hidden country where string theories
problems<00:46:01.040><c> seem</c><00:46:01.280><c> to</c><00:46:01.440><c> dissolve</c><00:46:02.160><c> into</c><00:46:02.480><c> the</c><00:46:02.640><c> mist.</c>

44:41.750 --> 44:41.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

44:41.760 --> 44:43.590 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:46:09.119><c> that</c><00:46:09.359><c> wasn't</c><00:46:09.599><c> the</c><00:46:09.760><c> end,</c><00:46:10.480><c> for</c><00:46:10.640><c> the</c>

44:43.590 --> 44:43.600 align:start position:0%
But that wasn't the end, for the
 

44:43.600 --> 44:46.389 align:start position:0%
But that wasn't the end, for the
prosecution<00:46:11.440><c> were</c><00:46:11.680><c> forced</c><00:46:12.160><c> to</c><00:46:12.480><c> pivot,</c><00:46:13.200><c> honing</c>

44:46.389 --> 44:46.399 align:start position:0%
prosecution were forced to pivot, honing
 

44:46.399 --> 44:48.869 align:start position:0%
prosecution were forced to pivot, honing
in<00:46:13.760><c> on</c><00:46:14.000><c> a</c><00:46:14.160><c> new</c><00:46:14.319><c> line</c><00:46:14.560><c> of</c><00:46:14.720><c> attack</c><00:46:15.440><c> and</c><00:46:15.680><c> not</c><00:46:15.920><c> an</c>

44:48.869 --> 44:48.879 align:start position:0%
in on a new line of attack and not an
 

44:48.879 --> 44:51.909 align:start position:0%
in on a new line of attack and not an
unreasonable<00:46:16.720><c> one.</c>

44:51.909 --> 44:51.919 align:start position:0%
unreasonable one.
 

44:51.919 --> 44:55.109 align:start position:0%
unreasonable one.
If<00:46:19.359><c> these</c><00:46:19.680><c> extra</c><00:46:20.079><c> dimensions</c><00:46:20.800><c> exist,</c><00:46:22.079><c> why</c>

44:55.109 --> 44:55.119 align:start position:0%
If these extra dimensions exist, why
 

44:55.119 --> 44:58.230 align:start position:0%
If these extra dimensions exist, why
can't<00:46:22.560><c> we</c><00:46:22.800><c> see</c><00:46:23.040><c> them?</c><00:46:24.319><c> Six</c><00:46:24.640><c> extra</c><00:46:24.960><c> dimensions</c>

44:58.230 --> 44:58.240 align:start position:0%
can't we see them? Six extra dimensions
 

44:58.240 --> 45:00.389 align:start position:0%
can't we see them? Six extra dimensions
that<00:46:25.680><c> we</c><00:46:25.839><c> had</c><00:46:26.000><c> no</c><00:46:26.160><c> evidence</c><00:46:26.480><c> for</c><00:46:27.040><c> were</c><00:46:27.280><c> hardly</c>

45:00.389 --> 45:00.399 align:start position:0%
that we had no evidence for were hardly
 

45:00.399 --> 45:03.430 align:start position:0%
that we had no evidence for were hardly
more<00:46:27.760><c> credible</c><00:46:28.079><c> to</c><00:46:28.240><c> the</c><00:46:28.400><c> jury</c><00:46:28.880><c> than</c><00:46:29.280><c> 22.</c><00:46:30.480><c> And</c>

45:03.430 --> 45:03.440 align:start position:0%
more credible to the jury than 22. And
 

45:03.440 --> 45:05.109 align:start position:0%
more credible to the jury than 22. And
so,<00:46:30.800><c> for</c><00:46:30.987><c> [music]</c><00:46:31.040><c> String</c><00:46:31.359><c> Theory's</c><00:46:31.760><c> case</c><00:46:32.079><c> to</c>

45:05.109 --> 45:05.119 align:start position:0%
so, for [music] String Theory's case to
 

45:05.119 --> 45:07.109 align:start position:0%
so, for [music] String Theory's case to
remain<00:46:32.640><c> stable,</c><00:46:33.359><c> string</c><00:46:33.760><c> theorists</c>

45:07.109 --> 45:07.119 align:start position:0%
remain stable, string theorists
 

45:07.119 --> 45:09.190 align:start position:0%
remain stable, string theorists
desperately<00:46:34.880><c> needed</c><00:46:35.119><c> an</c><00:46:35.440><c> answer</c><00:46:35.680><c> to</c><00:46:35.920><c> a</c><00:46:36.160><c> very</c>

45:09.190 --> 45:09.200 align:start position:0%
desperately needed an answer to a very
 

45:09.200 --> 45:11.350 align:start position:0%
desperately needed an answer to a very
basic<00:46:36.880><c> question.</c><00:46:37.760><c> If</c><00:46:37.920><c> these</c><00:46:38.240><c> extra</c>

45:11.350 --> 45:11.360 align:start position:0%
basic question. If these extra
 

45:11.360 --> 45:13.990 align:start position:0%
basic question. If these extra
dimensions<00:46:39.280><c> really</c><00:46:39.680><c> did</c><00:46:39.920><c> exist,</c><00:46:40.157><c> [music]</c>

45:13.990 --> 45:14.000 align:start position:0%
dimensions really did exist, [music]
 

45:14.000 --> 45:28.950 align:start position:0%
dimensions really did exist, [music]
where<00:46:41.359><c> were</c><00:46:41.599><c> they?</c>

45:28.950 --> 45:28.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

45:28.960 --> 45:30.710 align:start position:0%
 
Why,<00:46:56.560><c> you</c><00:46:56.800><c> may</c><00:46:56.960><c> ask,</c><00:46:57.359><c> do</c><00:46:57.520><c> the</c><00:46:57.680><c> string</c>

45:30.710 --> 45:30.720 align:start position:0%
Why, you may ask, do the string
 

45:30.720 --> 45:32.710 align:start position:0%
Why, you may ask, do the string
theorists<00:46:58.480><c> insist</c><00:46:59.040><c> that</c><00:46:59.440><c> space</c><00:46:59.680><c> is</c>

45:32.710 --> 45:32.720 align:start position:0%
theorists insist that space is
 

45:32.720 --> 45:34.230 align:start position:0%
theorists insist that space is
nine-dimensional?

45:34.230 --> 45:34.240 align:start position:0%
nine-dimensional?
 

45:34.240 --> 45:36.149 align:start position:0%
nine-dimensional?
Simply<00:47:01.760><c> because</c><00:47:02.160><c> string</c><00:47:02.560><c> theory</c><00:47:03.040><c> doesn't</c>

45:36.149 --> 45:36.159 align:start position:0%
Simply because string theory doesn't
 

45:36.159 --> 45:41.109 align:start position:0%
Simply because string theory doesn't
make<00:47:03.520><c> sense</c><00:47:03.920><c> in</c><00:47:04.160><c> any</c><00:47:04.400><c> other</c><00:47:04.560><c> kind</c><00:47:04.800><c> of</c><00:47:05.040><c> space.</c>

45:41.109 --> 45:41.119 align:start position:0%
 
 

45:41.119 --> 45:43.510 align:start position:0%
 
Theodore<00:47:08.880><c> Kuza</c><00:47:09.599><c> stands</c><00:47:09.920><c> on</c><00:47:10.079><c> the</c><00:47:10.240><c> edge</c><00:47:10.400><c> of</c><00:47:10.480><c> the</c>

45:43.510 --> 45:43.520 align:start position:0%
Theodore Kuza stands on the edge of the
 

45:43.520 --> 45:46.629 align:start position:0%
Theodore Kuza stands on the edge of the
water,<00:47:11.440><c> ready</c><00:47:11.680><c> to</c><00:47:11.920><c> prove</c><00:47:12.160><c> a</c><00:47:12.400><c> point.</c><00:47:13.440><c> Now</c><00:47:13.680><c> in</c>

45:46.629 --> 45:46.639 align:start position:0%
water, ready to prove a point. Now in
 

45:46.639 --> 45:48.869 align:start position:0%
water, ready to prove a point. Now in
his<00:47:14.079><c> 30s,</c><00:47:14.217><c> [music]</c><00:47:14.640><c> the</c><00:47:14.880><c> polygot</c><00:47:15.520><c> theoretical</c>

45:48.869 --> 45:48.879 align:start position:0%
his 30s, [music] the polygot theoretical
 

45:48.879 --> 45:51.109 align:start position:0%
his 30s, [music] the polygot theoretical
physicist<00:47:16.800><c> never</c><00:47:17.119><c> learned</c><00:47:17.440><c> to</c><00:47:17.680><c> swim</c><00:47:17.920><c> as</c><00:47:18.160><c> a</c>

45:51.109 --> 45:51.119 align:start position:0%
physicist never learned to swim as a
 

45:51.119 --> 45:53.510 align:start position:0%
physicist never learned to swim as a
child.<00:47:19.200><c> But</c><00:47:19.359><c> who</c><00:47:19.520><c> needs</c><00:47:19.839><c> practice</c><00:47:20.240><c> when</c><00:47:20.560><c> you</c>

45:53.510 --> 45:53.520 align:start position:0%
child. But who needs practice when you
 

45:53.520 --> 45:56.230 align:start position:0%
child. But who needs practice when you
have<00:47:20.880><c> books</c><00:47:21.359><c> and</c><00:47:21.680><c> theories,</c><00:47:22.720><c> Kuza</c><00:47:23.200><c> has</c>

45:56.230 --> 45:56.240 align:start position:0%
have books and theories, Kuza has
 

45:56.240 --> 45:57.990 align:start position:0%
have books and theories, Kuza has
recently<00:47:23.760><c> swatted</c><00:47:24.160><c> up</c><00:47:24.319><c> on</c><00:47:24.480><c> how</c><00:47:24.640><c> to</c><00:47:24.800><c> swim</c><00:47:25.040><c> in</c>

45:57.990 --> 45:58.000 align:start position:0%
recently swatted up on how to swim in
 

45:58.000 --> 46:00.389 align:start position:0%
recently swatted up on how to swim in
the<00:47:25.359><c> pages</c><00:47:25.680><c> of</c><00:47:25.760><c> a</c><00:47:26.000><c> manual.</c><00:47:26.800><c> And</c><00:47:26.960><c> upon</c><00:47:27.200><c> entering</c>

46:00.389 --> 46:00.399 align:start position:0%
the pages of a manual. And upon entering
 

46:00.399 --> 46:02.389 align:start position:0%
the pages of a manual. And upon entering
the<00:47:27.760><c> water,</c><00:47:28.240><c> he</c><00:47:28.480><c> duly</c><00:47:28.880><c> swims</c><00:47:29.200><c> at</c><00:47:29.282><c> [music]</c><00:47:29.359><c> his</c>

46:02.389 --> 46:02.399 align:start position:0%
the water, he duly swims at [music] his
 

46:02.399 --> 46:04.550 align:start position:0%
the water, he duly swims at [music] his
first<00:47:29.760><c> attempt,</c><00:47:30.640><c> a</c><00:47:30.880><c> triumph</c><00:47:31.359><c> for</c><00:47:31.599><c> the</c>

46:04.550 --> 46:04.560 align:start position:0%
first attempt, a triumph for the
 

46:04.560 --> 46:13.030 align:start position:0%
first attempt, a triumph for the
theoretical<00:47:32.720><c> over</c><00:47:33.040><c> the</c><00:47:33.200><c> practical.</c>

46:13.030 --> 46:13.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

46:13.040 --> 46:14.790 align:start position:0%
 
Kuza's<00:47:40.960><c> mind</c><00:47:41.280><c> was</c><00:47:41.520><c> certainly</c><00:47:41.727><c> [music]</c><00:47:41.760><c> a</c>

46:14.790 --> 46:14.800 align:start position:0%
Kuza's mind was certainly [music] a
 

46:14.800 --> 46:17.590 align:start position:0%
Kuza's mind was certainly [music] a
fertile<00:47:42.480><c> one.</c><00:47:43.119><c> He</c><00:47:43.359><c> could</c><00:47:43.520><c> speak</c><00:47:43.839><c> at</c><00:47:43.839><c> least</c><00:47:44.319><c> 15</c>

46:17.590 --> 46:17.600 align:start position:0%
fertile one. He could speak at least 15
 

46:17.600 --> 46:19.590 align:start position:0%
fertile one. He could speak at least 15
languages<00:47:45.599><c> and</c><00:47:45.839><c> like</c><00:47:46.079><c> literature</c><00:47:46.480><c> and</c>

46:19.590 --> 46:19.600 align:start position:0%
languages and like literature and
 

46:19.600 --> 46:21.510 align:start position:0%
languages and like literature and
philosophy<00:47:47.359><c> almost</c><00:47:47.680><c> as</c><00:47:47.839><c> much</c><00:47:48.000><c> as</c><00:47:48.160><c> mathematics</c>

46:21.510 --> 46:21.520 align:start position:0%
philosophy almost as much as mathematics
 

46:21.520 --> 46:24.389 align:start position:0%
philosophy almost as much as mathematics
and<00:47:49.040><c> physics.</c><00:47:50.160><c> And</c><00:47:50.319><c> like</c><00:47:50.560><c> many</c><00:47:50.800><c> physicists</c>

46:24.389 --> 46:24.399 align:start position:0%
and physics. And like many physicists
 

46:24.399 --> 46:26.869 align:start position:0%
and physics. And like many physicists
before<00:47:52.000><c> and</c><00:47:52.400><c> since,</c><00:47:52.863><c> [music]</c><00:47:53.200><c> Kuza</c><00:47:53.760><c> became</c>

46:26.869 --> 46:26.879 align:start position:0%
before and since, [music] Kuza became
 

46:26.879 --> 46:30.710 align:start position:0%
before and since, [music] Kuza became
transfixed<00:47:54.880><c> with</c><00:47:55.119><c> the</c><00:47:55.359><c> idea</c><00:47:55.839><c> of</c><00:47:56.160><c> unification.</c>

46:30.710 --> 46:30.720 align:start position:0%
transfixed with the idea of unification.
 

46:30.720 --> 46:32.710 align:start position:0%
transfixed with the idea of unification.
Just<00:47:58.160><c> as</c><00:47:58.400><c> medieval</c><00:47:58.960><c> kings</c><00:47:59.359><c> would</c><00:47:59.599><c> try</c><00:47:59.760><c> to</c>

46:32.710 --> 46:32.720 align:start position:0%
Just as medieval kings would try to
 

46:32.720 --> 46:34.790 align:start position:0%
Just as medieval kings would try to
unite<00:48:00.319><c> their</c><00:48:00.560><c> respective</c><00:48:01.040><c> kingdoms</c><00:48:01.760><c> through</c>

46:34.790 --> 46:34.800 align:start position:0%
unite their respective kingdoms through
 

46:34.800 --> 46:37.443 align:start position:0%
unite their respective kingdoms through
key<00:48:02.319><c> and</c><00:48:02.560><c> strategic</c><00:48:03.119><c> marriages,</c><00:48:04.240><c> physicists</c>

46:37.443 --> 46:37.453 align:start position:0%
key and strategic marriages, physicists
 

46:37.453 --> 46:39.350 align:start position:0%
key and strategic marriages, physicists
[music]<00:48:05.040><c> try</c><00:48:05.280><c> to</c><00:48:05.440><c> do</c><00:48:05.599><c> the</c><00:48:05.839><c> same</c><00:48:06.160><c> with</c>

46:39.350 --> 46:39.360 align:start position:0%
[music] try to do the same with
 

46:39.360 --> 46:41.590 align:start position:0%
[music] try to do the same with
theories.<00:48:07.680><c> Why</c><00:48:07.920><c> have</c><00:48:08.160><c> two</c><00:48:08.480><c> different</c>

46:41.590 --> 46:41.600 align:start position:0%
theories. Why have two different
 

46:41.600 --> 46:44.389 align:start position:0%
theories. Why have two different
theories<00:48:09.520><c> when</c><00:48:09.760><c> a</c><00:48:10.000><c> single</c><00:48:10.400><c> combined</c><00:48:10.960><c> theory</c>

46:44.389 --> 46:44.399 align:start position:0%
theories when a single combined theory
 

46:44.399 --> 46:47.750 align:start position:0%
theories when a single combined theory
could<00:48:11.920><c> suffice?</c><00:48:13.280><c> Kuza's</c><00:48:13.920><c> big</c><00:48:14.079><c> idea</c><00:48:14.560><c> was</c><00:48:14.720><c> to</c>

46:47.750 --> 46:47.760 align:start position:0%
could suffice? Kuza's big idea was to
 

46:47.760 --> 46:49.590 align:start position:0%
could suffice? Kuza's big idea was to
seek<00:48:15.119><c> a</c><00:48:15.280><c> matrimonial</c><00:48:16.000><c> bond</c><00:48:16.480><c> between</c>

46:49.590 --> 46:49.600 align:start position:0%
seek a matrimonial bond between
 

46:49.600 --> 46:51.853 align:start position:0%
seek a matrimonial bond between
Einstein's<00:48:17.440><c> general</c><00:48:17.760><c> theory</c><00:48:18.079><c> of</c><00:48:18.240><c> relativity</c>

46:51.853 --> 46:51.863 align:start position:0%
Einstein's general theory of relativity
 

46:51.863 --> 46:52.710 align:start position:0%
Einstein's general theory of relativity
[music]<00:48:19.119><c> and</c><00:48:19.359><c> the</c><00:48:19.520><c> rules</c><00:48:19.760><c> of</c>

46:52.710 --> 46:52.720 align:start position:0%
[music] and the rules of
 

46:52.720 --> 46:55.510 align:start position:0%
[music] and the rules of
electromagnetism,<00:48:21.359><c> a</c><00:48:21.599><c> love</c><00:48:21.839><c> match</c><00:48:22.240><c> between</c>

46:55.510 --> 46:55.520 align:start position:0%
electromagnetism, a love match between
 

46:55.520 --> 46:58.230 align:start position:0%
electromagnetism, a love match between
gravity<00:48:23.440><c> and</c><00:48:23.648><c> [music]</c><00:48:23.760><c> light.</c><00:48:24.800><c> The</c><00:48:25.040><c> obstacle</c>

46:58.230 --> 46:58.240 align:start position:0%
gravity and [music] light. The obstacle
 

46:58.240 --> 46:59.909 align:start position:0%
gravity and [music] light. The obstacle
to<00:48:25.599><c> such</c><00:48:25.839><c> wedded</c><00:48:26.240><c> bliss</c><00:48:26.640><c> is</c><00:48:26.800><c> that</c><00:48:26.960><c> the</c>

46:59.909 --> 46:59.919 align:start position:0%
to such wedded bliss is that the
 

46:59.919 --> 47:01.750 align:start position:0%
to such wedded bliss is that the
mathematics<00:48:27.680><c> of</c><00:48:27.839><c> each</c><00:48:28.000><c> of</c><00:48:28.160><c> the</c><00:48:28.319><c> theories</c><00:48:28.720><c> is</c>

47:01.750 --> 47:01.760 align:start position:0%
mathematics of each of the theories is
 

47:01.760 --> 47:03.670 align:start position:0%
mathematics of each of the theories is
fundamentally<00:48:29.680><c> incompatible</c><00:48:30.480><c> with</c><00:48:30.720><c> the</c>

47:03.670 --> 47:03.680 align:start position:0%
fundamentally incompatible with the
 

47:03.680 --> 47:05.670 align:start position:0%
fundamentally incompatible with the
other.<00:48:31.440><c> As</c><00:48:31.599><c> we've</c><00:48:31.839><c> seen</c><00:48:32.079><c> before,</c><00:48:32.640><c> the</c>

47:05.670 --> 47:05.680 align:start position:0%
other. As we've seen before, the
 

47:05.680 --> 47:07.510 align:start position:0%
other. As we've seen before, the
equations<00:48:33.440><c> explode</c><00:48:33.920><c> in</c><00:48:34.160><c> a</c><00:48:34.319><c> fit</c><00:48:34.559><c> of</c>

47:07.510 --> 47:07.520 align:start position:0%
equations explode in a fit of
 

47:07.520 --> 47:10.790 align:start position:0%
equations explode in a fit of
infinities.<00:48:35.839><c> And</c><00:48:36.000><c> yet,</c><00:48:36.160><c> in</c><00:48:36.400><c> a</c><00:48:36.559><c> 1921</c><00:48:37.440><c> paper,</c>

47:10.790 --> 47:10.800 align:start position:0%
infinities. And yet, in a 1921 paper,
 

47:10.800 --> 47:13.270 align:start position:0%
infinities. And yet, in a 1921 paper,
Kuza<00:48:38.559><c> was</c><00:48:38.720><c> able</c><00:48:38.880><c> to</c><00:48:38.960><c> get</c><00:48:39.119><c> them</c><00:48:39.280><c> to</c><00:48:39.440><c> gel</c><00:48:40.079><c> under</c>

47:13.270 --> 47:13.280 align:start position:0%
Kuza was able to get them to gel under
 

47:13.280 --> 47:15.909 align:start position:0%
Kuza was able to get them to gel under
one<00:48:40.880><c> condition,</c><00:48:42.000><c> that</c><00:48:42.240><c> the</c><00:48:42.480><c> universe</c><00:48:42.643><c> [music]</c>

47:15.909 --> 47:15.919 align:start position:0%
one condition, that the universe [music]
 

47:15.919 --> 47:18.869 align:start position:0%
one condition, that the universe [music]
had<00:48:43.440><c> five</c><00:48:43.839><c> dimensions,</c><00:48:45.040><c> one</c><00:48:45.359><c> more</c><00:48:45.680><c> than</c><00:48:45.839><c> the</c>

47:18.869 --> 47:18.879 align:start position:0%
had five dimensions, one more than the
 

47:18.879 --> 47:21.430 align:start position:0%
had five dimensions, one more than the
four<00:48:46.319><c> we</c><00:48:46.480><c> are</c><00:48:46.640><c> used</c><00:48:46.880><c> to.</c><00:48:47.599><c> Kuza</c><00:48:48.160><c> was</c><00:48:48.319><c> clearly</c>

47:21.430 --> 47:21.440 align:start position:0%
four we are used to. Kuza was clearly
 

47:21.440 --> 47:23.190 align:start position:0%
four we are used to. Kuza was clearly
excited<00:48:49.119><c> by</c><00:48:49.359><c> the</c><00:48:49.520><c> benefit</c><00:48:49.839><c> of</c><00:48:50.000><c> adding</c><00:48:50.240><c> an</c>

47:23.190 --> 47:23.200 align:start position:0%
excited by the benefit of adding an
 

47:23.200 --> 47:24.950 align:start position:0%
excited by the benefit of adding an
extra<00:48:50.640><c> dimension</c><00:48:51.119><c> of</c><00:48:51.158><c> [music]</c><00:48:51.359><c> space,</c>

47:24.950 --> 47:24.960 align:start position:0%
extra dimension of [music] space,
 

47:24.960 --> 47:26.950 align:start position:0%
extra dimension of [music] space,
writing<00:48:52.480><c> in</c><00:48:52.720><c> his</c><00:48:52.880><c> paper</c><00:48:53.440><c> that</c><00:48:53.680><c> it</c><00:48:53.839><c> could</c><00:48:54.000><c> not</c>

47:26.950 --> 47:26.960 align:start position:0%
writing in his paper that it could not
 

47:26.960 --> 47:29.190 align:start position:0%
writing in his paper that it could not
amount<00:48:54.640><c> to</c><00:48:54.800><c> the</c><00:48:54.960><c> mere</c><00:48:55.280><c> alluring</c><00:48:55.839><c> play</c><00:48:56.160><c> of</c><00:48:56.240><c> a</c>

47:29.190 --> 47:29.200 align:start position:0%
amount to the mere alluring play of a
 

47:29.200 --> 47:31.270 align:start position:0%
amount to the mere alluring play of a
capricious<00:48:56.960><c> accident.</c><00:48:57.708><c> [music]</c><00:48:57.920><c> And</c><00:48:58.079><c> indeed,</c>

47:31.270 --> 47:31.280 align:start position:0%
capricious accident. [music] And indeed,
 

47:31.280 --> 47:33.590 align:start position:0%
capricious accident. [music] And indeed,
when<00:48:58.640><c> he</c><00:48:58.800><c> wrote</c><00:48:58.960><c> to</c><00:48:59.119><c> Einstein,</c><00:49:00.000><c> the</c><00:49:00.240><c> great</c><00:49:00.480><c> man</c>

47:33.590 --> 47:33.600 align:start position:0%
when he wrote to Einstein, the great man
 

47:33.600 --> 47:35.990 align:start position:0%
when he wrote to Einstein, the great man
was<00:49:01.040><c> more</c><00:49:01.359><c> than</c><00:49:01.599><c> encouraging.</c><00:49:02.559><c> The</c><00:49:02.800><c> idea</c><00:49:03.040><c> of</c>

47:35.990 --> 47:36.000 align:start position:0%
was more than encouraging. The idea of
 

47:36.000 --> 47:37.190 align:start position:0%
was more than encouraging. The idea of
achieving<00:49:03.599><c> this</c><00:49:03.920><c> through</c><00:49:04.160><c> a</c><00:49:04.258><c> [music]</c>

47:37.190 --> 47:37.200 align:start position:0%
achieving this through a [music]
 

47:37.200 --> 47:39.109 align:start position:0%
achieving this through a [music]
five-dimensional<00:49:05.359><c> world</c><00:49:05.839><c> has</c><00:49:06.079><c> never</c>

47:39.109 --> 47:39.119 align:start position:0%
five-dimensional world has never
 

47:39.119 --> 47:41.909 align:start position:0%
five-dimensional world has never
occurred<00:49:06.640><c> to</c><00:49:06.800><c> me</c><00:49:07.119><c> and</c><00:49:07.359><c> is</c><00:49:07.680><c> probably</c><00:49:08.079><c> new.</c><00:49:08.880><c> I</c>

47:41.909 --> 47:41.919 align:start position:0%
occurred to me and is probably new. I
 

47:41.919 --> 47:49.270 align:start position:0%
occurred to me and is probably new. I
like<00:49:09.280><c> your</c><00:49:09.520><c> idea</c><00:49:10.079><c> immensely.</c>

47:49.270 --> 47:49.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

47:49.280 --> 47:51.510 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:49:16.720><c> of</c><00:49:16.960><c> course,</c><00:49:17.359><c> as</c><00:49:17.599><c> with</c><00:49:17.760><c> any</c><00:49:18.000><c> attempt</c><00:49:18.480><c> to</c>

47:51.510 --> 47:51.520 align:start position:0%
But of course, as with any attempt to
 

47:51.520 --> 47:53.190 align:start position:0%
But of course, as with any attempt to
explain<00:49:19.040><c> the</c><00:49:19.280><c> world</c><00:49:19.599><c> through</c><00:49:19.920><c> extra</c>

47:53.190 --> 47:53.200 align:start position:0%
explain the world through extra
 

47:53.200 --> 47:55.030 align:start position:0%
explain the world through extra
dimensions,<00:49:21.359><c> the</c><00:49:21.599><c> fact</c><00:49:21.680><c> that</c><00:49:21.839><c> we</c><00:49:22.000><c> don't</c>

47:55.030 --> 47:55.040 align:start position:0%
dimensions, the fact that we don't
 

47:55.040 --> 47:57.109 align:start position:0%
dimensions, the fact that we don't
experience<00:49:22.880><c> more</c><00:49:23.119><c> than</c><00:49:23.280><c> four</c><00:49:23.599><c> dimensions</c><00:49:24.079><c> in</c>

47:57.109 --> 47:57.119 align:start position:0%
experience more than four dimensions in
 

47:57.119 --> 47:59.270 align:start position:0%
experience more than four dimensions in
our<00:49:24.480><c> everyday</c><00:49:24.880><c> lives</c><00:49:25.440><c> was</c><00:49:25.680><c> the</c><00:49:25.839><c> proverbial</c>

47:59.270 --> 47:59.280 align:start position:0%
our everyday lives was the proverbial
 

47:59.280 --> 48:01.990 align:start position:0%
our everyday lives was the proverbial
elephant<00:49:26.880><c> in</c><00:49:27.040><c> the</c><00:49:27.200><c> room.</c><00:49:28.000><c> If</c><00:49:28.240><c> Kuza's</c><00:49:28.800><c> extra</c>

48:01.990 --> 48:02.000 align:start position:0%
elephant in the room. If Kuza's extra
 

48:02.000 --> 48:04.230 align:start position:0%
elephant in the room. If Kuza's extra
dimension<00:49:29.760><c> really</c><00:49:30.079><c> did</c><00:49:30.319><c> exist,</c><00:49:31.200><c> where</c>

48:04.230 --> 48:04.240 align:start position:0%
dimension really did exist, where
 

48:04.240 --> 48:07.270 align:start position:0%
dimension really did exist, where
exactly<00:49:32.000><c> was</c><00:49:32.240><c> it?</c><00:49:33.119><c> A</c><00:49:33.359><c> potential</c><00:49:33.760><c> answer</c><00:49:34.240><c> would</c>

48:07.270 --> 48:07.280 align:start position:0%
exactly was it? A potential answer would
 

48:07.280 --> 48:11.670 align:start position:0%
exactly was it? A potential answer would
come<00:49:34.640><c> from</c><00:49:34.880><c> Swedish</c><00:49:35.280><c> physicist</c><00:49:36.240><c> Oscar</c><00:49:36.720><c> Klene.</c>

48:11.670 --> 48:11.680 align:start position:0%
come from Swedish physicist Oscar Klene.
 

48:11.680 --> 48:13.909 align:start position:0%
come from Swedish physicist Oscar Klene.
The<00:49:39.040><c> son</c><00:49:39.280><c> of</c><00:49:39.440><c> Stockholm's</c><00:49:40.160><c> first</c><00:49:40.400><c> rabbi,</c>

48:13.909 --> 48:13.919 align:start position:0%
The son of Stockholm's first rabbi,
 

48:13.919 --> 48:15.830 align:start position:0%
The son of Stockholm's first rabbi,
Klene<00:49:41.440><c> became</c><00:49:41.760><c> enchanted</c><00:49:42.240><c> with</c><00:49:42.400><c> science</c><00:49:42.800><c> at</c>

48:15.830 --> 48:15.840 align:start position:0%
Klene became enchanted with science at
 

48:15.840 --> 48:18.310 align:start position:0%
Klene became enchanted with science at
an<00:49:43.200><c> early</c><00:49:43.440><c> age.</c><00:49:44.400><c> Years</c><00:49:44.720><c> later,</c><00:49:45.119><c> he</c><00:49:45.359><c> would</c>

48:18.310 --> 48:18.320 align:start position:0%
an early age. Years later, he would
 

48:18.320 --> 48:19.830 align:start position:0%
an early age. Years later, he would
recount<00:49:45.839><c> the</c><00:49:46.000><c> time</c><00:49:46.160><c> when</c><00:49:46.319><c> he</c><00:49:46.559><c> borrowed</c><00:49:46.880><c> his</c>

48:19.830 --> 48:19.840 align:start position:0%
recount the time when he borrowed his
 

48:19.840 --> 48:21.670 align:start position:0%
recount the time when he borrowed his
mother's<00:49:47.280><c> opera</c><00:49:47.489><c> [music]</c><00:49:47.680><c> glasses</c><00:49:48.319><c> and</c><00:49:48.559><c> used</c>

48:21.670 --> 48:21.680 align:start position:0%
mother's opera [music] glasses and used
 

48:21.680 --> 48:24.310 align:start position:0%
mother's opera [music] glasses and used
them<00:49:49.040><c> to</c><00:49:49.280><c> stare</c><00:49:49.599><c> up</c><00:49:49.760><c> at</c><00:49:49.920><c> the</c><00:49:50.079><c> stars.</c><00:49:51.200><c> Working</c>

48:24.310 --> 48:24.320 align:start position:0%
them to stare up at the stars. Working
 

48:24.320 --> 48:26.470 align:start position:0%
them to stare up at the stars. Working
his<00:49:51.760><c> way</c><00:49:51.920><c> through</c><00:49:52.160><c> school</c><00:49:52.559><c> and</c><00:49:52.800><c> university,</c>

48:26.470 --> 48:26.480 align:start position:0%
his way through school and university,
 

48:26.480 --> 48:28.139 align:start position:0%
his way through school and university,
Klene<00:49:54.079><c> ended</c><00:49:54.319><c> up</c><00:49:54.480><c> studying</c><00:49:54.960><c> chemistry</c>

48:28.139 --> 48:28.149 align:start position:0%
Klene ended up studying chemistry
 

48:28.149 --> 48:30.470 align:start position:0%
Klene ended up studying chemistry
[music]<00:49:55.599><c> before</c><00:49:55.920><c> pivoting</c><00:49:56.319><c> to</c><00:49:56.559><c> physics.</c><00:49:57.440><c> And</c>

48:30.470 --> 48:30.480 align:start position:0%
[music] before pivoting to physics. And
 

48:30.480 --> 48:32.950 align:start position:0%
[music] before pivoting to physics. And
independently<00:49:58.480><c> to</c><00:49:58.720><c> Kuza,</c><00:49:59.520><c> he</c><00:49:59.760><c> came</c><00:49:59.920><c> up</c><00:50:00.079><c> with</c>

48:32.950 --> 48:32.960 align:start position:0%
independently to Kuza, he came up with
 

48:32.960 --> 48:36.230 align:start position:0%
independently to Kuza, he came up with
the<00:50:00.400><c> idea</c><00:50:00.720><c> of</c><00:50:00.880><c> a</c><00:50:01.119><c> five-dimensional</c><00:50:02.160><c> universe.</c>

48:36.230 --> 48:36.240 align:start position:0%
the idea of a five-dimensional universe.
 

48:36.240 --> 48:37.830 align:start position:0%
the idea of a five-dimensional universe.
However,<00:50:03.839><c> this</c><00:50:03.864><c> [music]</c><00:50:04.160><c> time</c><00:50:04.480><c> offering</c><00:50:04.880><c> up</c>

48:37.830 --> 48:37.840 align:start position:0%
However, this [music] time offering up
 

48:37.840 --> 48:40.310 align:start position:0%
However, this [music] time offering up
an<00:50:05.280><c> explanation</c><00:50:05.839><c> for</c><00:50:06.079><c> why</c><00:50:06.319><c> we</c><00:50:06.559><c> don't</c><00:50:06.800><c> see</c><00:50:07.200><c> this</c>

48:40.310 --> 48:40.320 align:start position:0%
an explanation for why we don't see this
 

48:40.320 --> 48:43.430 align:start position:0%
an explanation for why we don't see this
mysterious<00:50:08.079><c> fifth</c><00:50:08.559><c> dimension.</c><00:50:09.599><c> It</c><00:50:09.839><c> is</c><00:50:10.240><c> Klene</c>

48:43.430 --> 48:43.440 align:start position:0%
mysterious fifth dimension. It is Klene
 

48:43.440 --> 48:47.510 align:start position:0%
mysterious fifth dimension. It is Klene
argued<00:50:11.520><c> curled</c><00:50:11.920><c> up</c><00:50:12.319><c> incredibly</c><00:50:13.119><c> small.</c><00:50:14.400><c> How</c>

48:47.510 --> 48:47.520 align:start position:0%
argued curled up incredibly small. How
 

48:47.520 --> 48:50.550 align:start position:0%
argued curled up incredibly small. How
small?<00:50:15.440><c> On</c><00:50:15.599><c> the</c><00:50:15.760><c> order</c><00:50:16.160><c> of</c><00:50:16.319><c> the</c><00:50:16.559><c> plank</c><00:50:16.960><c> length,</c>

48:50.550 --> 48:50.560 align:start position:0%
small? On the order of the plank length,
 

48:50.560 --> 48:53.349 align:start position:0%
small? On the order of the plank length,
the<00:50:18.079><c> smallest</c><00:50:18.640><c> meaningful</c><00:50:19.200><c> distance</c><00:50:20.079><c> in</c><00:50:20.400><c> the</c>

48:53.349 --> 48:53.359 align:start position:0%
the smallest meaningful distance in the
 

48:53.359 --> 49:01.030 align:start position:0%
the smallest meaningful distance in the
universe.

49:01.030 --> 49:01.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

49:01.040 --> 49:03.349 align:start position:0%
 
When<00:50:28.480><c> we</c><00:50:28.640><c> think</c><00:50:28.800><c> of</c><00:50:29.040><c> truly</c><00:50:29.599><c> small</c><00:50:30.079><c> things</c><00:50:30.319><c> in</c>

49:03.349 --> 49:03.359 align:start position:0%
When we think of truly small things in
 

49:03.359 --> 49:05.349 align:start position:0%
When we think of truly small things in
physics,<00:50:31.359><c> one</c><00:50:31.520><c> of</c><00:50:31.599><c> the</c><00:50:31.760><c> first</c><00:50:32.000><c> objects</c><00:50:32.400><c> that</c>

49:05.349 --> 49:05.359 align:start position:0%
physics, one of the first objects that
 

49:05.359 --> 49:08.389 align:start position:0%
physics, one of the first objects that
comes<00:50:32.800><c> to</c><00:50:33.040><c> mind</c><00:50:33.599><c> is</c><00:50:33.839><c> the</c><00:50:34.160><c> atom.</c><00:50:35.040><c> Indeed,</c><00:50:35.440><c> a</c>

49:08.389 --> 49:08.399 align:start position:0%
comes to mind is the atom. Indeed, a
 

49:08.399 --> 49:10.230 align:start position:0%
comes to mind is the atom. Indeed, a
typical<00:50:35.839><c> atom</c><00:50:36.319><c> is</c><00:50:36.559><c> just</c><00:50:36.720><c> a</c><00:50:36.880><c> tenth</c><00:50:37.200><c> of</c><00:50:37.280><c> a</c>

49:10.230 --> 49:10.240 align:start position:0%
typical atom is just a tenth of a
 

49:10.240 --> 49:13.430 align:start position:0%
typical atom is just a tenth of a
nanometer<00:50:38.079><c> across.</c><00:50:39.040><c> You'd</c><00:50:39.359><c> need</c><00:50:39.440><c> to</c><00:50:39.599><c> line</c><00:50:39.839><c> up</c>

49:13.430 --> 49:13.440 align:start position:0%
nanometer across. You'd need to line up
 

49:13.440 --> 49:15.990 align:start position:0%
nanometer across. You'd need to line up
150<00:50:41.119><c> million</c><00:50:41.520><c> atoms</c><00:50:42.000><c> side</c><00:50:42.240><c> by</c><00:50:42.559><c> side</c><00:50:42.800><c> in</c><00:50:43.040><c> order</c>

49:15.990 --> 49:16.000 align:start position:0%
150 million atoms side by side in order
 

49:16.000 --> 49:17.430 align:start position:0%
150 million atoms side by side in order
to<00:50:43.359><c> match</c><00:50:43.599><c> the</c><00:50:43.760><c> width</c><00:50:44.000><c> of</c><00:50:44.160><c> one</c><00:50:44.400><c> of</c><00:50:44.480><c> your</c>

49:17.430 --> 49:17.440 align:start position:0%
to match the width of one of your
 

49:17.440 --> 49:19.030 align:start position:0%
to match the width of one of your
fingernails.

49:19.030 --> 49:19.040 align:start position:0%
fingernails.
 

49:19.040 --> 49:22.470 align:start position:0%
fingernails.
Small,<00:50:47.119><c> but</c><00:50:47.359><c> not</c><00:50:47.680><c> small</c><00:50:48.079><c> enough</c><00:50:49.280><c> for</c><00:50:49.520><c> the</c>

49:22.470 --> 49:22.480 align:start position:0%
Small, but not small enough for the
 

49:22.480 --> 49:25.830 align:start position:0%
Small, but not small enough for the
plank<00:50:50.079><c> length</c><00:50:50.559><c> is</c><00:50:51.040><c> 16</c><00:50:51.680><c> trillion</c><00:50:52.480><c> trillion</c>

49:25.830 --> 49:25.840 align:start position:0%
plank length is 16 trillion trillion
 

49:25.840 --> 49:28.470 align:start position:0%
plank length is 16 trillion trillion
times<00:50:53.359><c> smaller</c><00:50:53.839><c> still.</c><00:50:54.720><c> In</c><00:50:54.880><c> fact,</c><00:50:55.119><c> the</c><00:50:55.280><c> plank</c>

49:28.470 --> 49:28.480 align:start position:0%
times smaller still. In fact, the plank
 

49:28.480 --> 49:30.470 align:start position:0%
times smaller still. In fact, the plank
length<00:50:55.920><c> is</c><00:50:56.079><c> to</c><00:50:56.240><c> the</c><00:50:56.400><c> width</c><00:50:56.559><c> of</c><00:50:56.640><c> an</c><00:50:56.800><c> atom,</c><00:50:57.599><c> but</c>

49:30.470 --> 49:30.480 align:start position:0%
length is to the width of an atom, but
 

49:30.480 --> 49:32.550 align:start position:0%
length is to the width of an atom, but
the<00:50:57.920><c> width</c><00:50:58.079><c> of</c><00:50:58.240><c> an</c><00:50:58.400><c> atom</c><00:50:58.720><c> is</c><00:50:58.960><c> to</c><00:50:59.119><c> the</c><00:50:59.359><c> size</c><00:50:59.599><c> of</c>

49:32.550 --> 49:32.560 align:start position:0%
the width of an atom is to the size of
 

49:32.560 --> 49:35.670 align:start position:0%
the width of an atom is to the size of
the<00:51:00.000><c> entire</c><00:51:00.400><c> solar</c><00:51:00.800><c> system.</c><00:51:02.240><c> In</c><00:51:02.400><c> the</c><00:51:02.559><c> language</c>

49:35.670 --> 49:35.680 align:start position:0%
the entire solar system. In the language
 

49:35.680 --> 49:38.070 align:start position:0%
the entire solar system. In the language
of<00:51:03.040><c> physicists,</c><00:51:03.839><c> the</c><00:51:04.160><c> extra</c><00:51:04.480><c> dimension</c><00:51:05.040><c> in</c>

49:38.070 --> 49:38.080 align:start position:0%
of physicists, the extra dimension in
 

49:38.080 --> 49:41.430 align:start position:0%
of physicists, the extra dimension in
Kuza<00:51:05.839><c> Klein</c><00:51:06.160><c> theory</c><00:51:06.640><c> is</c><00:51:07.040><c> compactified.</c>

49:41.430 --> 49:41.440 align:start position:0%
Kuza Klein theory is compactified.
 

49:41.440 --> 49:42.810 align:start position:0%
Kuza Klein theory is compactified.
In<00:51:08.880><c> other</c><00:51:09.040><c> words,</c><00:51:09.359><c> it</c><00:51:09.520><c> is</c><00:51:09.680><c> so</c><00:51:09.920><c> vanishingly</c>

49:42.810 --> 49:42.820 align:start position:0%
In other words, it is so vanishingly
 

49:42.820 --> 49:43.430 align:start position:0%
In other words, it is so vanishingly
[music]

49:43.430 --> 49:43.440 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

49:43.440 --> 49:45.990 align:start position:0%
[music]
small<00:51:10.960><c> that</c><00:51:11.280><c> we</c><00:51:11.520><c> can't</c><00:51:11.760><c> see</c><00:51:12.000><c> it.</c><00:51:12.800><c> And</c><00:51:12.880><c> to</c><00:51:13.119><c> see</c>

49:45.990 --> 49:46.000 align:start position:0%
small that we can't see it. And to see
 

49:46.000 --> 49:48.389 align:start position:0%
small that we can't see it. And to see
how<00:51:13.440><c> this</c><00:51:13.599><c> works</c><00:51:13.920><c> in</c><00:51:14.160><c> practice,</c><00:51:14.960><c> imagine</c><00:51:15.359><c> an</c>

49:48.389 --> 49:48.399 align:start position:0%
how this works in practice, imagine an
 

49:48.399 --> 49:52.070 align:start position:0%
how this works in practice, imagine an
ant<00:51:16.319><c> crawling</c><00:51:16.800><c> along</c><00:51:17.040><c> the</c><00:51:17.280><c> branch</c><00:51:17.520><c> of</c><00:51:17.680><c> a</c><00:51:17.839><c> tree.</c>

49:52.070 --> 49:52.080 align:start position:0%
ant crawling along the branch of a tree.
 

49:52.080 --> 49:54.470 align:start position:0%
ant crawling along the branch of a tree.
From<00:51:19.520><c> some</c><00:51:19.839><c> distance</c><00:51:20.240><c> away,</c><00:51:20.880><c> the</c><00:51:21.119><c> tree</c><00:51:21.359><c> looks</c>

49:54.470 --> 49:54.480 align:start position:0%
From some distance away, the tree looks
 

49:54.480 --> 49:56.950 align:start position:0%
From some distance away, the tree looks
flat<00:51:22.160><c> and</c><00:51:22.480><c> two-dimensional,</c><00:51:23.359><c> as</c><00:51:23.599><c> if</c><00:51:23.839><c> painted</c>

49:56.950 --> 49:56.960 align:start position:0%
flat and two-dimensional, as if painted
 

49:56.960 --> 50:00.470 align:start position:0%
flat and two-dimensional, as if painted
on<00:51:24.400><c> some</c><00:51:24.640><c> faroff</c><00:51:25.200><c> canvas.</c><00:51:26.559><c> But</c><00:51:26.720><c> the</c><00:51:26.880><c> ant</c><00:51:27.359><c> knows</c>

50:00.470 --> 50:00.480 align:start position:0%
on some faroff canvas. But the ant knows
 

50:00.480 --> 50:03.270 align:start position:0%
on some faroff canvas. But the ant knows
the<00:51:27.920><c> truth.</c><00:51:28.880><c> There's</c><00:51:29.200><c> a</c><00:51:29.359><c> third</c><00:51:29.680><c> dimension,</c>

50:03.270 --> 50:03.280 align:start position:0%
the truth. There's a third dimension,
 

50:03.280 --> 50:05.430 align:start position:0%
the truth. There's a third dimension,
and<00:51:30.800><c> safe</c><00:51:31.119><c> in</c><00:51:31.359><c> this</c><00:51:31.520><c> knowledge,</c><00:51:32.240><c> it</c><00:51:32.480><c> can</c>

50:05.430 --> 50:05.440 align:start position:0%
and safe in this knowledge, it can
 

50:05.440 --> 50:07.270 align:start position:0%
and safe in this knowledge, it can
happily<00:51:33.040><c> crawl</c><00:51:33.359><c> around</c><00:51:33.520><c> the</c><00:51:33.760><c> circumference</c>

50:07.270 --> 50:07.280 align:start position:0%
happily crawl around the circumference
 

50:07.280 --> 50:09.990 align:start position:0%
happily crawl around the circumference
of<00:51:34.720><c> the</c><00:51:34.960><c> branch.</c><00:51:35.920><c> In</c><00:51:36.160><c> the</c><00:51:36.319><c> same</c><00:51:36.559><c> way</c><00:51:36.880><c> our</c>

50:09.990 --> 50:10.000 align:start position:0%
of the branch. In the same way our
 

50:10.000 --> 50:11.830 align:start position:0%
of the branch. In the same way our
universe<00:51:37.680><c> would</c><00:51:37.920><c> look</c><00:51:38.240><c> four-dimensional</c>

50:11.830 --> 50:11.840 align:start position:0%
universe would look four-dimensional
 

50:11.840 --> 50:13.909 align:start position:0%
universe would look four-dimensional
from<00:51:39.280><c> up</c><00:51:39.440><c> here</c><00:51:39.760><c> on</c><00:51:40.000><c> the</c><00:51:40.160><c> scale</c><00:51:40.400><c> of</c><00:51:40.640><c> plants,</c>

50:13.909 --> 50:13.919 align:start position:0%
from up here on the scale of plants,
 

50:13.919 --> 50:16.215 align:start position:0%
from up here on the scale of plants,
people<00:51:41.440><c> and</c><00:51:41.680><c> planets,</c><00:51:42.640><c> but</c><00:51:42.720><c> there</c><00:51:42.960><c> could</c><00:51:43.200><c> be</c>

50:16.215 --> 50:16.225 align:start position:0%
people and planets, but there could be
 

50:16.225 --> 50:17.750 align:start position:0%
people and planets, but there could be
[music]<00:51:43.520><c> compactified</c><00:51:44.400><c> curled</c><00:51:44.720><c> up</c>

50:17.750 --> 50:17.760 align:start position:0%
[music] compactified curled up
 

50:17.760 --> 50:20.070 align:start position:0%
[music] compactified curled up
dimensions<00:51:45.839><c> languishing</c><00:51:46.559><c> in</c><00:51:46.800><c> the</c><00:51:46.960><c> hidden</c>

50:20.070 --> 50:20.080 align:start position:0%
dimensions languishing in the hidden
 

50:20.080 --> 50:25.590 align:start position:0%
dimensions languishing in the hidden
depths<00:51:47.599><c> of</c><00:51:47.760><c> reality.</c>

50:25.590 --> 50:25.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

50:25.600 --> 50:27.590 align:start position:0%
 
Despite<00:51:53.280><c> receiving</c><00:51:53.599><c> a</c><00:51:53.760><c> warm</c><00:51:54.079><c> reception</c><00:51:54.559><c> from</c>

50:27.590 --> 50:27.600 align:start position:0%
Despite receiving a warm reception from
 

50:27.600 --> 50:29.670 align:start position:0%
Despite receiving a warm reception from
several<00:51:55.119><c> towering</c><00:51:55.599><c> figures</c><00:51:55.920><c> at</c><00:51:56.160><c> the</c><00:51:56.319><c> time,</c>

50:29.670 --> 50:29.680 align:start position:0%
several towering figures at the time,
 

50:29.680 --> 50:31.750 align:start position:0%
several towering figures at the time,
Kuzu<00:51:57.359><c> and</c><00:51:57.440><c> Klein's</c><00:51:57.839><c> insights</c><00:51:58.319><c> were</c><00:51:58.480><c> largely</c>

50:31.750 --> 50:31.760 align:start position:0%
Kuzu and Klein's insights were largely
 

50:31.760 --> 50:33.750 align:start position:0%
Kuzu and Klein's insights were largely
conceded<00:51:59.440><c> to</c><00:51:59.599><c> a</c><00:51:59.760><c> mere</c><00:52:00.000><c> footnote</c><00:52:00.559><c> in</c><00:52:00.800><c> the</c>

50:33.750 --> 50:33.760 align:start position:0%
conceded to a mere footnote in the
 

50:33.760 --> 50:36.869 align:start position:0%
conceded to a mere footnote in the
history<00:52:01.200><c> of</c><00:52:01.359><c> early</c><00:52:01.760><c> 20th</c><00:52:02.160><c> century</c><00:52:02.640><c> physics</c>

50:36.869 --> 50:36.879 align:start position:0%
history of early 20th century physics
 

50:36.879 --> 50:39.430 align:start position:0%
history of early 20th century physics
until<00:52:04.559><c> string</c><00:52:04.960><c> theory</c><00:52:05.599><c> once</c><00:52:05.920><c> more</c><00:52:06.240><c> summoned</c>

50:39.430 --> 50:39.440 align:start position:0%
until string theory once more summoned
 

50:39.440 --> 50:42.070 align:start position:0%
until string theory once more summoned
the<00:52:06.800><c> spectre</c><00:52:07.200><c> of</c><00:52:07.359><c> hidden</c><00:52:07.760><c> dimensions</c><00:52:08.800><c> in</c><00:52:09.040><c> the</c>

50:42.070 --> 50:42.080 align:start position:0%
the spectre of hidden dimensions in the
 

50:42.080 --> 50:45.030 align:start position:0%
the spectre of hidden dimensions in the
1970s.

50:45.030 --> 50:45.040 align:start position:0%
1970s.
 

50:45.040 --> 50:47.590 align:start position:0%
1970s.
By<00:52:12.480><c> the</c><00:52:12.640><c> start</c><00:52:12.800><c> of</c><00:52:12.960><c> the</c><00:52:13.200><c> 1980s,</c><00:52:14.240><c> superstring</c>

50:47.590 --> 50:47.600 align:start position:0%
By the start of the 1980s, superstring
 

50:47.600 --> 50:49.670 align:start position:0%
By the start of the 1980s, superstring
theory<00:52:15.280><c> predicted</c><00:52:15.680><c> the</c><00:52:15.920><c> existence</c><00:52:16.319><c> of</c><00:52:16.559><c> no</c>

50:49.670 --> 50:49.680 align:start position:0%
theory predicted the existence of no
 

50:49.680 --> 50:51.510 align:start position:0%
theory predicted the existence of no
fewer<00:52:17.359><c> than</c><00:52:17.680><c> six</c><00:52:18.079><c> extra</c><00:52:18.141><c> [music]</c>

50:51.510 --> 50:51.520 align:start position:0%
fewer than six extra [music]
 

50:51.520 --> 50:54.389 align:start position:0%
fewer than six extra [music]
spatial<00:52:19.119><c> dimensions.</c><00:52:20.240><c> The</c><00:52:20.480><c> prosecution</c><00:52:21.280><c> was</c>

50:54.389 --> 50:54.399 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions. The prosecution was
 

50:54.399 --> 50:56.470 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions. The prosecution was
circling.<00:52:22.400><c> With</c><00:52:22.640><c> the</c><00:52:22.720><c> Tachion</c><00:52:23.359><c> problem</c>

50:56.470 --> 50:56.480 align:start position:0%
circling. With the Tachion problem
 

50:56.480 --> 50:58.710 align:start position:0%
circling. With the Tachion problem
subdued<00:52:24.240><c> and</c><00:52:24.559><c> super</c><00:52:24.800><c> symmetry</c><00:52:25.200><c> now</c><00:52:25.440><c> on</c><00:52:25.599><c> life</c>

50:58.710 --> 50:58.720 align:start position:0%
subdued and super symmetry now on life
 

50:58.720 --> 51:00.790 align:start position:0%
subdued and super symmetry now on life
support,<00:52:26.656><c> [music]</c><00:52:26.800><c> string</c><00:52:27.200><c> theory</c><00:52:27.599><c> still</c><00:52:27.839><c> had</c>

51:00.790 --> 51:00.800 align:start position:0%
support, [music] string theory still had
 

51:00.800 --> 51:02.790 align:start position:0%
support, [music] string theory still had
to<00:52:28.240><c> answer</c><00:52:28.559><c> for</c><00:52:28.800><c> the</c><00:52:28.960><c> six</c><00:52:29.280><c> extra</c><00:52:29.599><c> spatial</c>

51:02.790 --> 51:02.800 align:start position:0%
to answer for the six extra spatial
 

51:02.800 --> 51:04.950 align:start position:0%
to answer for the six extra spatial
dimensions<00:52:30.720><c> that</c><00:52:30.960><c> stubbornly</c><00:52:31.520><c> refused</c><00:52:31.920><c> to</c>

51:04.950 --> 51:04.960 align:start position:0%
dimensions that stubbornly refused to
 

51:04.960 --> 51:07.909 align:start position:0%
dimensions that stubbornly refused to
show<00:52:32.400><c> themselves.</c><00:52:33.599><c> The</c><00:52:33.920><c> court</c><00:52:34.400><c> was</c><00:52:34.720><c> losing</c>

51:07.909 --> 51:07.919 align:start position:0%
show themselves. The court was losing
 

51:07.919 --> 51:10.710 align:start position:0%
show themselves. The court was losing
patience.<00:52:36.240><c> If</c><00:52:36.400><c> the</c><00:52:36.640><c> defense</c><00:52:37.040><c> had</c><00:52:37.280><c> no</c><00:52:37.520><c> credible</c>

51:10.710 --> 51:10.720 align:start position:0%
patience. If the defense had no credible
 

51:10.720 --> 51:12.389 align:start position:0%
patience. If the defense had no credible
explanation<00:52:38.559><c> for</c><00:52:38.800><c> where</c><00:52:38.960><c> these</c><00:52:39.200><c> hidden</c>

51:12.389 --> 51:12.399 align:start position:0%
explanation for where these hidden
 

51:12.399 --> 51:14.869 align:start position:0%
explanation for where these hidden
dimensions<00:52:40.079><c> were</c><00:52:40.319><c> hiding,</c><00:52:41.119><c> the</c><00:52:41.359><c> whole</c><00:52:41.520><c> case</c>

51:14.869 --> 51:14.879 align:start position:0%
dimensions were hiding, the whole case
 

51:14.879 --> 51:16.710 align:start position:0%
dimensions were hiding, the whole case
might<00:52:42.400><c> collapse.</c>

51:16.710 --> 51:16.720 align:start position:0%
might collapse.
 

51:16.720 --> 51:18.710 align:start position:0%
might collapse.
Enter<00:52:44.319><c> the</c><00:52:44.640><c> expert</c><00:52:44.996><c> [music]</c><00:52:45.040><c> witnesses</c><00:52:45.680><c> for</c>

51:18.710 --> 51:18.720 align:start position:0%
Enter the expert [music] witnesses for
 

51:18.720 --> 51:22.070 align:start position:0%
Enter the expert [music] witnesses for
the<00:52:46.079><c> defense.</c><00:52:47.040><c> Auheno</c><00:52:47.839><c> Kalabi</c><00:52:48.640><c> and</c><00:52:48.960><c> Shing</c>

51:22.070 --> 51:22.080 align:start position:0%
the defense. Auheno Kalabi and Shing
 

51:22.080 --> 51:24.550 align:start position:0%
the defense. Auheno Kalabi and Shing
Tang<00:52:49.520><c> Yao.</c>

51:24.550 --> 51:24.560 align:start position:0%
Tang Yao.
 

51:24.560 --> 51:27.349 align:start position:0%
Tang Yao.
Just<00:52:52.000><c> like</c><00:52:52.160><c> Yuri</c><00:52:52.559><c> Gund,</c><00:52:53.200><c> both</c><00:52:53.440><c> Kalabi</c><00:52:54.000><c> and</c><00:52:54.160><c> Yao</c>

51:27.349 --> 51:27.359 align:start position:0%
Just like Yuri Gund, both Kalabi and Yao
 

51:27.359 --> 51:29.830 align:start position:0%
Just like Yuri Gund, both Kalabi and Yao
had<00:52:54.720><c> had</c><00:52:54.880><c> their</c><00:52:55.119><c> political</c><00:52:55.599><c> troubles.</c><00:52:56.480><c> Kalabi</c>

51:29.830 --> 51:29.840 align:start position:0%
had had their political troubles. Kalabi
 

51:29.840 --> 51:31.750 align:start position:0%
had had their political troubles. Kalabi
was<00:52:57.200><c> born</c><00:52:57.359><c> into</c><00:52:57.599><c> a</c><00:52:57.760><c> Jewish</c><00:52:58.079><c> family</c><00:52:58.319><c> in</c><00:52:58.559><c> Italy</c>

51:31.750 --> 51:31.760 align:start position:0%
was born into a Jewish family in Italy
 

51:31.760 --> 51:33.590 align:start position:0%
was born into a Jewish family in Italy
in<00:52:59.200><c> 1923.</c>

51:33.590 --> 51:33.600 align:start position:0%
in 1923.
 

51:33.600 --> 51:35.590 align:start position:0%
in 1923.
Family<00:53:01.119><c> was</c><00:53:01.280><c> forced</c><00:53:01.599><c> to</c><00:53:01.760><c> flee</c><00:53:02.079><c> when</c><00:53:02.319><c> Kalabi</c>

51:35.590 --> 51:35.600 align:start position:0%
Family was forced to flee when Kalabi
 

51:35.600 --> 51:37.990 align:start position:0%
Family was forced to flee when Kalabi
was<00:53:02.960><c> just</c><00:53:03.200><c> 15.</c><00:53:03.920><c> Kalabi</c><00:53:04.400><c> eventually</c><00:53:04.800><c> settled</c>

51:37.990 --> 51:38.000 align:start position:0%
was just 15. Kalabi eventually settled
 

51:38.000 --> 51:40.389 align:start position:0%
was just 15. Kalabi eventually settled
in<00:53:05.440><c> the</c><00:53:05.599><c> United</c><00:53:06.079><c> States.</c>

51:40.389 --> 51:40.399 align:start position:0%
in the United States.
 

51:40.399 --> 51:42.470 align:start position:0%
in the United States.
Yao,<00:53:08.000><c> however,</c><00:53:08.400><c> had</c><00:53:08.640><c> ended</c><00:53:08.880><c> up</c><00:53:09.040><c> stateless</c><00:53:09.520><c> for</c>

51:42.470 --> 51:42.480 align:start position:0%
Yao, however, had ended up stateless for
 

51:42.480 --> 51:44.550 align:start position:0%
Yao, however, had ended up stateless for
more<00:53:09.839><c> than</c><00:53:10.000><c> a</c><00:53:10.160><c> decade.</c><00:53:10.880><c> He'd</c><00:53:11.200><c> grown</c><00:53:11.359><c> up</c><00:53:11.520><c> in</c>

51:44.550 --> 51:44.560 align:start position:0%
more than a decade. He'd grown up in
 

51:44.560 --> 51:47.109 align:start position:0%
more than a decade. He'd grown up in
Hong<00:53:12.000><c> Kong</c><00:53:12.319><c> in</c><00:53:12.559><c> the</c><00:53:12.720><c> 1950s,</c><00:53:13.680><c> but</c><00:53:13.920><c> the</c><00:53:14.079><c> British</c>

51:47.109 --> 51:47.119 align:start position:0%
Hong Kong in the 1950s, but the British
 

51:47.119 --> 51:49.670 align:start position:0%
Hong Kong in the 1950s, but the British
consulate<00:53:14.800><c> removed</c><00:53:15.119><c> his</c><00:53:15.359><c> status</c><00:53:15.680><c> in</c><00:53:15.920><c> 1978</c>

51:49.670 --> 51:49.680 align:start position:0%
consulate removed his status in 1978
 

51:49.680 --> 51:52.070 align:start position:0%
consulate removed his status in 1978
after<00:53:17.200><c> he</c><00:53:17.359><c> was</c><00:53:17.520><c> granted</c><00:53:17.920><c> US</c><00:53:18.319><c> residency.</c>

51:52.070 --> 51:52.080 align:start position:0%
after he was granted US residency.
 

51:52.080 --> 51:54.230 align:start position:0%
after he was granted US residency.
However,<00:53:19.680><c> he</c><00:53:19.920><c> didn't</c><00:53:20.160><c> gain</c><00:53:20.480><c> US</c><00:53:20.800><c> citizenship</c>

51:54.230 --> 51:54.240 align:start position:0%
However, he didn't gain US citizenship
 

51:54.240 --> 51:56.790 align:start position:0%
However, he didn't gain US citizenship
until<00:53:21.920><c> 1990.</c><00:53:22.986><c> [music]</c><00:53:23.040><c> And</c><00:53:23.119><c> so,</c><00:53:23.280><c> when</c><00:53:23.440><c> Yao</c><00:53:23.839><c> won</c>

51:56.790 --> 51:56.800 align:start position:0%
until 1990. [music] And so, when Yao won
 

51:56.800 --> 51:59.270 align:start position:0%
until 1990. [music] And so, when Yao won
the<00:53:24.079><c> prestigious</c><00:53:24.640><c> Fields</c><00:53:24.960><c> Medal</c><00:53:25.280><c> in</c><00:53:25.520><c> 1982,</c>

51:59.270 --> 51:59.280 align:start position:0%
the prestigious Fields Medal in 1982,
 

51:59.280 --> 52:01.109 align:start position:0%
the prestigious Fields Medal in 1982,
the<00:53:26.720><c> mathematical</c><00:53:27.280><c> equivalent</c><00:53:27.680><c> of</c><00:53:27.839><c> a</c><00:53:28.000><c> Nobel</c>

52:01.109 --> 52:01.119 align:start position:0%
the mathematical equivalent of a Nobel
 

52:01.119 --> 52:03.510 align:start position:0%
the mathematical equivalent of a Nobel
Prize,<00:53:28.960><c> he</c><00:53:29.200><c> didn't</c><00:53:29.359><c> hold</c><00:53:29.599><c> a</c><00:53:29.760><c> passport</c><00:53:30.240><c> of</c><00:53:30.480><c> any</c>

52:03.510 --> 52:03.520 align:start position:0%
Prize, he didn't hold a passport of any
 

52:03.520 --> 52:08.710 align:start position:0%
Prize, he didn't hold a passport of any
country.<00:53:30.847><c> [music]</c>

52:08.710 --> 52:08.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

52:08.720 --> 52:11.349 align:start position:0%
 
Yao's<00:53:36.480><c> big</c><00:53:36.640><c> breakthrough</c><00:53:37.119><c> in</c><00:53:37.280><c> the</c><00:53:37.440><c> late</c><00:53:37.680><c> 1970s</c>

52:11.349 --> 52:11.359 align:start position:0%
Yao's big breakthrough in the late 1970s
 

52:11.359 --> 52:13.590 align:start position:0%
Yao's big breakthrough in the late 1970s
was<00:53:38.800><c> to</c><00:53:38.960><c> build</c><00:53:39.119><c> on</c><00:53:39.280><c> the</c><00:53:39.440><c> early</c><00:53:39.680><c> work</c><00:53:39.839><c> of</c><00:53:40.079><c> Kalabi</c>

52:13.590 --> 52:13.600 align:start position:0%
was to build on the early work of Kalabi
 

52:13.600 --> 52:16.389 align:start position:0%
was to build on the early work of Kalabi
to<00:53:41.119><c> develop</c><00:53:41.440><c> what</c><00:53:41.680><c> are</c><00:53:41.839><c> now</c><00:53:42.079><c> known</c><00:53:42.720><c> as</c><00:53:43.040><c> Kalabi</c>

52:16.389 --> 52:16.399 align:start position:0%
to develop what are now known as Kalabi
 

52:16.399 --> 52:18.310 align:start position:0%
to develop what are now known as Kalabi
Yao<00:53:44.000><c> manifolds.</c>

52:18.310 --> 52:18.320 align:start position:0%
Yao manifolds.
 

52:18.320 --> 52:20.629 align:start position:0%
Yao manifolds.
To<00:53:45.760><c> understand</c><00:53:46.079><c> the</c><00:53:46.240><c> Kabi</c><00:53:46.720><c> Yao</c><00:53:47.040><c> manifold,</c>

52:20.629 --> 52:20.639 align:start position:0%
To understand the Kabi Yao manifold,
 

52:20.639 --> 52:22.710 align:start position:0%
To understand the Kabi Yao manifold,
imagine<00:53:48.160><c> you</c><00:53:48.400><c> have</c><00:53:48.559><c> a</c><00:53:48.880><c> 9-dimensional</c><00:53:49.680><c> piece</c>

52:22.710 --> 52:22.720 align:start position:0%
imagine you have a 9-dimensional piece
 

52:22.720 --> 52:26.310 align:start position:0%
imagine you have a 9-dimensional piece
of<00:53:50.079><c> origami</c><00:53:50.720><c> paper</c><00:53:51.119><c> that</c><00:53:51.440><c> represents</c><00:53:52.079><c> space.</c>

52:26.310 --> 52:26.320 align:start position:0%
of origami paper that represents space.
 

52:26.320 --> 52:30.310 align:start position:0%
of origami paper that represents space.
Simple<00:53:54.000><c> enough,</c><00:53:55.040><c> sort</c><00:53:55.359><c> of,</c><00:53:56.640><c> except</c><00:53:56.960><c> you</c><00:53:57.200><c> now</c>

52:30.310 --> 52:30.320 align:start position:0%
Simple enough, sort of, except you now
 

52:30.320 --> 52:32.550 align:start position:0%
Simple enough, sort of, except you now
have<00:53:57.680><c> to</c><00:53:57.839><c> fold</c><00:53:58.079><c> it</c><00:53:58.240><c> up</c><00:53:58.480><c> so</c><00:53:58.640><c> that</c><00:53:58.880><c> it</c><00:53:59.119><c> only</c><00:53:59.280><c> looks</c>

52:32.550 --> 52:32.560 align:start position:0%
have to fold it up so that it only looks
 

52:32.560 --> 52:34.710 align:start position:0%
have to fold it up so that it only looks
three-dimensional,<00:54:01.040><c> matching</c><00:54:01.440><c> the</c><00:54:01.680><c> three</c>

52:34.710 --> 52:34.720 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional, matching the three
 

52:34.720 --> 52:36.470 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional, matching the three
spatial<00:54:02.319><c> dimensions</c><00:54:02.800><c> we</c><00:54:03.119><c> experience</c>

52:36.470 --> 52:36.480 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions we experience
 

52:36.480 --> 52:38.710 align:start position:0%
spatial dimensions we experience
daytoday.<00:54:04.960><c> But</c><00:54:05.200><c> if</c><00:54:05.359><c> you</c><00:54:05.520><c> fold</c><00:54:05.680><c> it</c>

52:38.710 --> 52:38.720 align:start position:0%
daytoday. But if you fold it
 

52:38.720 --> 52:40.230 align:start position:0%
daytoday. But if you fold it
half-hazardly,<00:54:06.880><c> your</c><00:54:07.119><c> new</c>

52:40.230 --> 52:40.240 align:start position:0%
half-hazardly, your new
 

52:40.240 --> 52:42.389 align:start position:0%
half-hazardly, your new
three-dimensional<00:54:08.240><c> universe</c><00:54:08.800><c> will</c><00:54:09.040><c> have</c><00:54:09.200><c> no</c>

52:42.389 --> 52:42.399 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional universe will have no
 

52:42.399 --> 52:44.869 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional universe will have no
super<00:54:09.839><c> symmetry,</c><00:54:10.800><c> a</c><00:54:11.040><c> key</c><00:54:11.280><c> part</c><00:54:11.440><c> of</c><00:54:11.680><c> string</c>

52:44.869 --> 52:44.879 align:start position:0%
super symmetry, a key part of string
 

52:44.879 --> 52:46.790 align:start position:0%
super symmetry, a key part of string
theory.<00:54:12.800><c> This</c><00:54:13.040><c> means</c><00:54:13.280><c> that</c><00:54:13.440><c> the</c><00:54:13.680><c> extra</c>

52:46.790 --> 52:46.800 align:start position:0%
theory. This means that the extra
 

52:46.800 --> 52:48.629 align:start position:0%
theory. This means that the extra
dimensions<00:54:14.640><c> aren't</c><00:54:14.880><c> some</c><00:54:15.119><c> mere</c><00:54:15.440><c> hidden</c>

52:48.629 --> 52:48.639 align:start position:0%
dimensions aren't some mere hidden
 

52:48.639 --> 52:50.149 align:start position:0%
dimensions aren't some mere hidden
inconvenience.

52:50.149 --> 52:50.159 align:start position:0%
inconvenience.
 

52:50.159 --> 52:52.550 align:start position:0%
inconvenience.
They<00:54:17.680><c> play</c><00:54:17.920><c> a</c><00:54:18.160><c> pivotal</c><00:54:18.640><c> role</c><00:54:18.960><c> in</c><00:54:19.200><c> the</c><00:54:19.440><c> shaping</c>

52:52.550 --> 52:52.560 align:start position:0%
They play a pivotal role in the shaping
 

52:52.560 --> 52:55.349 align:start position:0%
They play a pivotal role in the shaping
of<00:54:19.920><c> our</c><00:54:20.160><c> reality.</c><00:54:21.119><c> They</c><00:54:21.440><c> are</c><00:54:21.599><c> the</c><00:54:21.839><c> silent</c>

52:55.349 --> 52:55.359 align:start position:0%
of our reality. They are the silent
 

52:55.359 --> 52:57.750 align:start position:0%
of our reality. They are the silent
invisible<00:54:23.200><c> conductors</c><00:54:24.079><c> of</c><00:54:24.319><c> the</c><00:54:24.480><c> great</c>

52:57.750 --> 52:57.760 align:start position:0%
invisible conductors of the great
 

52:57.760 --> 53:00.869 align:start position:0%
invisible conductors of the great
superstring<00:54:25.680><c> orchestra.</c><00:54:27.040><c> It</c><00:54:27.280><c> turns</c><00:54:27.520><c> out</c><00:54:27.760><c> that</c>

53:00.869 --> 53:00.879 align:start position:0%
superstring orchestra. It turns out that
 

53:00.879 --> 53:03.510 align:start position:0%
superstring orchestra. It turns out that
only<00:54:28.400><c> one</c><00:54:28.960><c> incredibly</c><00:54:29.599><c> ornate</c><00:54:30.079><c> and</c><00:54:30.240><c> intricate</c>

53:03.510 --> 53:03.520 align:start position:0%
only one incredibly ornate and intricate
 

53:03.520 --> 53:06.869 align:start position:0%
only one incredibly ornate and intricate
folding<00:54:31.200><c> process</c><00:54:31.760><c> works.</c><00:54:32.880><c> One</c><00:54:33.119><c> with</c><00:54:33.440><c> all</c><00:54:33.839><c> the</c>

53:06.869 --> 53:06.879 align:start position:0%
folding process works. One with all the
 

53:06.879 --> 53:09.270 align:start position:0%
folding process works. One with all the
creases<00:54:34.640><c> perfectly</c><00:54:35.200><c> aligned</c><00:54:35.680><c> so</c><00:54:35.920><c> that</c><00:54:36.160><c> super</c>

53:09.270 --> 53:09.280 align:start position:0%
creases perfectly aligned so that super
 

53:09.280 --> 53:11.670 align:start position:0%
creases perfectly aligned so that super
symmetry<00:54:36.960><c> survives.</c><00:54:38.079><c> And</c><00:54:38.319><c> that</c><00:54:38.559><c> final</c>

53:11.670 --> 53:11.680 align:start position:0%
symmetry survives. And that final
 

53:11.680 --> 53:14.149 align:start position:0%
symmetry survives. And that final
origami<00:54:39.599><c> shape</c><00:54:40.079><c> is</c><00:54:40.240><c> the</c><00:54:40.480><c> calabi</c><00:54:40.960><c> yao</c>

53:14.149 --> 53:14.159 align:start position:0%
origami shape is the calabi yao
 

53:14.159 --> 53:16.310 align:start position:0%
origami shape is the calabi yao
manifold.

53:16.310 --> 53:16.320 align:start position:0%
manifold.
 

53:16.320 --> 53:18.470 align:start position:0%
manifold.
Even<00:54:43.839><c> then,</c><00:54:44.160><c> however,</c><00:54:44.640><c> only</c><00:54:44.960><c> some</c><00:54:45.359><c> super</c>

53:18.470 --> 53:18.480 align:start position:0%
Even then, however, only some super
 

53:18.480 --> 53:20.710 align:start position:0%
Even then, however, only some super
symmetry<00:54:46.079><c> survives</c><00:54:46.480><c> the</c><00:54:46.720><c> folding</c><00:54:47.119><c> process.</c>

53:20.710 --> 53:20.720 align:start position:0%
symmetry survives the folding process.
 

53:20.720 --> 53:23.190 align:start position:0%
symmetry survives the folding process.
Not<00:54:48.160><c> all,</c><00:54:48.880><c> just</c><00:54:49.119><c> enough</c><00:54:49.520><c> that</c><00:54:49.760><c> it</c><00:54:50.000><c> can</c><00:54:50.160><c> still</c>

53:23.190 --> 53:23.200 align:start position:0%
Not all, just enough that it can still
 

53:23.200 --> 53:24.790 align:start position:0%
Not all, just enough that it can still
explain<00:54:50.720><c> the</c><00:54:50.960><c> particles</c><00:54:51.359><c> we</c><00:54:51.599><c> see</c><00:54:51.680><c> in</c><00:54:51.839><c> the</c>

53:24.790 --> 53:24.800 align:start position:0%
explain the particles we see in the
 

53:24.800 --> 53:26.950 align:start position:0%
explain the particles we see in the
subatomic<00:54:52.640><c> world</c><00:54:53.200><c> and</c><00:54:53.440><c> the</c><00:54:53.599><c> interactions</c>

53:26.950 --> 53:26.960 align:start position:0%
subatomic world and the interactions
 

53:26.960 --> 53:33.109 align:start position:0%
subatomic world and the interactions
between<00:54:54.559><c> them.</c>

53:33.109 --> 53:33.119 align:start position:0%
 
 

53:33.119 --> 53:35.590 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:55:00.559><c> so</c><00:55:00.720><c> the</c><00:55:00.880><c> folds</c><00:55:01.280><c> of</c><00:55:01.440><c> Calabi</c><00:55:01.920><c> and</c><00:55:02.079><c> Yao</c><00:55:02.559><c> were</c>

53:35.590 --> 53:35.600 align:start position:0%
And so the folds of Calabi and Yao were
 

53:35.600 --> 53:37.909 align:start position:0%
And so the folds of Calabi and Yao were
undeniably<00:55:03.599><c> beautiful,</c><00:55:04.640><c> but</c><00:55:04.880><c> the</c>

53:37.909 --> 53:37.919 align:start position:0%
undeniably beautiful, but the
 

53:37.919 --> 53:40.550 align:start position:0%
undeniably beautiful, but the
prosecution<00:55:06.079><c> was</c><00:55:06.400><c> suspicious.</c><00:55:06.478><c> [music]</c>

53:40.550 --> 53:40.560 align:start position:0%
prosecution was suspicious. [music]
 

53:40.560 --> 53:43.190 align:start position:0%
prosecution was suspicious. [music]
Was<00:55:07.920><c> this</c><00:55:08.240><c> physics</c><00:55:09.040><c> or</c><00:55:09.280><c> mere</c><00:55:09.599><c> mathematical</c>

53:43.190 --> 53:43.200 align:start position:0%
Was this physics or mere mathematical
 

53:43.200 --> 53:45.909 align:start position:0%
Was this physics or mere mathematical
stage<00:55:10.800><c> craft?</c><00:55:11.920><c> And</c><00:55:12.079><c> so</c><00:55:12.240><c> it</c><00:55:12.400><c> took</c><00:55:12.559><c> a</c><00:55:12.720><c> while</c><00:55:12.960><c> for</c>

53:45.909 --> 53:45.919 align:start position:0%
stage craft? And so it took a while for
 

53:45.919 --> 53:47.750 align:start position:0%
stage craft? And so it took a while for
the<00:55:13.359><c> abstract</c><00:55:13.839><c> mathematical</c><00:55:14.480><c> concept</c><00:55:14.800><c> of</c>

53:47.750 --> 53:47.760 align:start position:0%
the abstract mathematical concept of
 

53:47.760 --> 53:50.070 align:start position:0%
the abstract mathematical concept of
calabao<00:55:15.680><c> manifolds</c><00:55:16.319><c> to</c><00:55:16.559><c> cross</c><00:55:16.800><c> over</c><00:55:16.960><c> into</c>

53:50.070 --> 53:50.080 align:start position:0%
calabao manifolds to cross over into
 

53:50.080 --> 53:52.368 align:start position:0%
calabao manifolds to cross over into
physics<00:55:17.760><c> and</c><00:55:18.079><c> reach</c><00:55:18.400><c> string</c><00:55:18.800><c> theorists.</c>

53:52.368 --> 53:52.378 align:start position:0%
physics and reach string theorists.
 

53:52.378 --> 53:54.869 align:start position:0%
physics and reach string theorists.
[music]<00:55:19.760><c> But</c><00:55:20.000><c> by</c><00:55:20.240><c> 1985</c><00:55:21.280><c> they</c><00:55:21.440><c> had</c><00:55:21.680><c> built</c><00:55:21.839><c> it</c>

53:54.869 --> 53:54.879 align:start position:0%
[music] But by 1985 they had built it
 

53:54.879 --> 53:57.590 align:start position:0%
[music] But by 1985 they had built it
into<00:55:22.319><c> their</c><00:55:22.559><c> ideas.</c><00:55:23.760><c> Once</c><00:55:24.079><c> more</c><00:55:24.319><c> they'd</c><00:55:24.559><c> taken</c>

53:57.590 --> 53:57.600 align:start position:0%
into their ideas. Once more they'd taken
 

53:57.600 --> 54:00.550 align:start position:0%
into their ideas. Once more they'd taken
a<00:55:24.960><c> defibrillator</c><00:55:25.599><c> to</c><00:55:25.839><c> a</c><00:55:26.000><c> dying</c><00:55:26.480><c> theory.</c><00:55:27.440><c> Super</c>

54:00.550 --> 54:00.560 align:start position:0%
a defibrillator to a dying theory. Super
 

54:00.560 --> 54:03.349 align:start position:0%
a defibrillator to a dying theory. Super
string<00:55:28.000><c> theory</c><00:55:28.480><c> rose</c><00:55:28.880><c> Lazaruslike</c><00:55:30.240><c> once</c>

54:03.349 --> 54:03.359 align:start position:0%
string theory rose Lazaruslike once
 

54:03.359 --> 54:06.310 align:start position:0%
string theory rose Lazaruslike once
again.<00:55:31.760><c> The</c><00:55:32.000><c> realization</c><00:55:32.640><c> that</c><00:55:32.800><c> calabao</c>

54:06.310 --> 54:06.320 align:start position:0%
again. The realization that calabao
 

54:06.320 --> 54:08.149 align:start position:0%
again. The realization that calabao
manifolds<00:55:34.079><c> could</c><00:55:34.240><c> curl</c><00:55:34.480><c> up</c><00:55:34.640><c> the</c><00:55:34.800><c> six</c><00:55:35.040><c> extra</c>

54:08.149 --> 54:08.159 align:start position:0%
manifolds could curl up the six extra
 

54:08.159 --> 54:10.053 align:start position:0%
manifolds could curl up the six extra
dimensions<00:55:36.000><c> while</c><00:55:36.319><c> still</c><00:55:36.559><c> preserving</c><00:55:37.119><c> super</c>

54:10.053 --> 54:10.063 align:start position:0%
dimensions while still preserving super
 

54:10.063 --> 54:12.310 align:start position:0%
dimensions while still preserving super
[music]<00:55:37.440><c> symmetry</c><00:55:38.079><c> was</c><00:55:38.319><c> a</c><00:55:38.480><c> huge</c><00:55:38.800><c> part</c><00:55:39.119><c> of</c><00:55:39.359><c> what</c>

54:12.310 --> 54:12.320 align:start position:0%
[music] symmetry was a huge part of what
 

54:12.320 --> 54:14.869 align:start position:0%
[music] symmetry was a huge part of what
is<00:55:39.680><c> known</c><00:55:39.920><c> today</c><00:55:40.400><c> as</c><00:55:40.640><c> the</c><00:55:40.960><c> first</c><00:55:41.440><c> super</c><00:55:41.760><c> string</c>

54:14.869 --> 54:14.879 align:start position:0%
is known today as the first super string
 

54:14.879 --> 54:17.258 align:start position:0%
is known today as the first super string
revolution.<00:55:42.880><c> It</c><00:55:43.119><c> granted</c><00:55:43.520><c> string</c><00:55:43.839><c> theory</c><00:55:44.240><c> a</c>

54:17.258 --> 54:17.268 align:start position:0%
revolution. It granted string theory a
 

54:17.268 --> 54:19.190 align:start position:0%
revolution. It granted string theory a
[music]<00:55:44.480><c> stay</c><00:55:44.720><c> of</c><00:55:44.880><c> execution,</c><00:55:45.680><c> a</c><00:55:45.920><c> lastminute</c>

54:19.190 --> 54:19.200 align:start position:0%
[music] stay of execution, a lastminute
 

54:19.200 --> 54:22.498 align:start position:0%
[music] stay of execution, a lastminute
reprieve,<00:55:47.359><c> but</c><00:55:47.599><c> not</c><00:55:47.760><c> a</c><00:55:48.000><c> pardon.</c><00:55:49.200><c> Indeed,</c><00:55:49.680><c> the</c>

54:22.498 --> 54:22.508 align:start position:0%
reprieve, but not a pardon. Indeed, the
 

54:22.508 --> 54:24.710 align:start position:0%
reprieve, but not a pardon. Indeed, the
[music]<00:55:49.920><c> prosecution</c><00:55:50.640><c> justifiably</c><00:55:51.440><c> argued</c>

54:24.710 --> 54:24.720 align:start position:0%
[music] prosecution justifiably argued
 

54:24.720 --> 54:26.790 align:start position:0%
[music] prosecution justifiably argued
that<00:55:52.160><c> such</c><00:55:52.480><c> intricate</c><00:55:52.960><c> and</c><00:55:53.200><c> unobservable</c>

54:26.790 --> 54:26.800 align:start position:0%
that such intricate and unobservable
 

54:26.800 --> 54:28.790 align:start position:0%
that such intricate and unobservable
constructs<00:55:54.480><c> amounted</c><00:55:54.960><c> to</c><00:55:55.119><c> little</c><00:55:55.359><c> more</c><00:55:55.680><c> than</c>

54:28.790 --> 54:28.800 align:start position:0%
constructs amounted to little more than
 

54:28.800 --> 54:31.909 align:start position:0%
constructs amounted to little more than
theoretical<00:55:56.640><c> hearsay.</c><00:55:57.920><c> Calabia</c><00:55:58.640><c> manifolds</c>

54:31.909 --> 54:31.919 align:start position:0%
theoretical hearsay. Calabia manifolds
 

54:31.919 --> 54:33.750 align:start position:0%
theoretical hearsay. Calabia manifolds
weren't<00:55:59.440><c> evidence.</c><00:56:00.319><c> They</c><00:56:00.480><c> were</c><00:56:00.640><c> just</c><00:56:00.799><c> an</c>

54:33.750 --> 54:33.760 align:start position:0%
weren't evidence. They were just an
 

54:33.760 --> 54:36.070 align:start position:0%
weren't evidence. They were just an
elegant<00:56:01.359><c> alibi</c><00:56:02.000><c> engineered</c><00:56:02.799><c> to</c><00:56:02.819><c> [music]</c><00:56:03.040><c> hide</c>

54:36.070 --> 54:36.080 align:start position:0%
elegant alibi engineered to [music] hide
 

54:36.080 --> 54:38.869 align:start position:0%
elegant alibi engineered to [music] hide
a<00:56:03.520><c> lack</c><00:56:03.839><c> of</c><00:56:04.000><c> evidence.</c><00:56:05.119><c> String</c><00:56:05.440><c> theory</c><00:56:05.839><c> was</c>

54:38.869 --> 54:38.879 align:start position:0%
a lack of evidence. String theory was
 

54:38.879 --> 54:41.493 align:start position:0%
a lack of evidence. String theory was
still<00:56:06.319><c> very</c><00:56:06.559><c> much</c><00:56:06.720><c> on</c><00:56:07.040><c> trial</c><00:56:07.680><c> and</c><00:56:07.920><c> the</c><00:56:08.079><c> stakes</c>

54:41.493 --> 54:41.503 align:start position:0%
still very much on trial and the stakes
 

54:41.503 --> 54:46.790 align:start position:0%
still very much on trial and the stakes
[music]<00:56:08.799><c> were</c><00:56:09.040><c> rising.</c>

54:46.790 --> 54:46.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

54:46.800 --> 54:49.349 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:56:14.240><c> so</c><00:56:14.400><c> the</c><00:56:14.640><c> courtroom</c><00:56:15.200><c> buzzed</c><00:56:15.760><c> as</c><00:56:16.079><c> two</c><00:56:16.319><c> more</c>

54:49.349 --> 54:49.359 align:start position:0%
And so the courtroom buzzed as two more
 

54:49.359 --> 54:51.990 align:start position:0%
And so the courtroom buzzed as two more
key<00:56:16.880><c> witnesses</c><00:56:17.520><c> prepared</c><00:56:17.839><c> to</c><00:56:18.079><c> testify.</c>

54:51.990 --> 54:52.000 align:start position:0%
key witnesses prepared to testify.
 

54:52.000 --> 54:55.903 align:start position:0%
key witnesses prepared to testify.
Michael<00:56:19.599><c> Green</c><00:56:20.400><c> and</c><00:56:20.640><c> John</c><00:56:20.960><c> Schwarz.</c>

54:55.903 --> 54:55.913 align:start position:0%
Michael Green and John Schwarz.
 

54:55.913 --> 54:56.790 align:start position:0%
Michael Green and John Schwarz.
[music]

54:56.790 --> 54:56.800 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

54:56.800 --> 54:58.790 align:start position:0%
[music]
Imagine<00:56:24.480><c> that</c><00:56:24.720><c> the</c><00:56:24.960><c> universe</c><00:56:25.520><c> is</c><00:56:25.760><c> a</c>

54:58.790 --> 54:58.800 align:start position:0%
Imagine that the universe is a
 

54:58.800 --> 55:00.869 align:start position:0%
Imagine that the universe is a
smartphone<00:56:26.960><c> and</c><00:56:27.119><c> that</c><00:56:27.359><c> a</c><00:56:27.520><c> theory</c><00:56:27.839><c> of</c>

55:00.869 --> 55:00.879 align:start position:0%
smartphone and that a theory of
 

55:00.879 --> 55:03.190 align:start position:0%
smartphone and that a theory of
everything<00:56:28.559><c> like</c><00:56:28.880><c> string</c><00:56:29.280><c> theory</c><00:56:29.920><c> represents</c>

55:03.190 --> 55:03.200 align:start position:0%
everything like string theory represents
 

55:03.200 --> 55:05.750 align:start position:0%
everything like string theory represents
the<00:56:30.640><c> phone's</c><00:56:31.119><c> operating</c><00:56:31.680><c> system.</c><00:56:32.480><c> It</c><00:56:32.720><c> powers</c>

55:05.750 --> 55:05.760 align:start position:0%
the phone's operating system. It powers
 

55:05.760 --> 55:07.990 align:start position:0%
the phone's operating system. It powers
the<00:56:33.200><c> phone's</c><00:56:33.520><c> key</c><00:56:33.760><c> processes</c><00:56:34.559><c> ensuring</c><00:56:34.960><c> they</c>

55:07.990 --> 55:08.000 align:start position:0%
the phone's key processes ensuring they
 

55:08.000 --> 55:10.470 align:start position:0%
the phone's key processes ensuring they
all<00:56:35.359><c> run</c><00:56:35.680><c> smoothly.</c>

55:10.470 --> 55:10.480 align:start position:0%
all run smoothly.
 

55:10.480 --> 55:13.109 align:start position:0%
all run smoothly.
In<00:56:37.920><c> the</c><00:56:38.079><c> early</c><00:56:38.319><c> 1980s,</c><00:56:39.359><c> the</c><00:56:39.599><c> string</c><00:56:40.000><c> theory</c>

55:13.109 --> 55:13.119 align:start position:0%
In the early 1980s, the string theory
 

55:13.119 --> 55:15.190 align:start position:0%
In the early 1980s, the string theory
operating<00:56:40.880><c> system</c><00:56:41.440><c> kept</c><00:56:41.839><c> producing</c>

55:15.190 --> 55:15.200 align:start position:0%
operating system kept producing
 

55:15.200 --> 55:18.070 align:start position:0%
operating system kept producing
anomalies<00:56:42.960><c> in</c><00:56:43.200><c> the</c><00:56:43.359><c> universe.</c><00:56:44.319><c> Deep</c><00:56:44.640><c> bugs</c><00:56:45.040><c> in</c>

55:18.070 --> 55:18.080 align:start position:0%
anomalies in the universe. Deep bugs in
 

55:18.080 --> 55:20.070 align:start position:0%
anomalies in the universe. Deep bugs in
the<00:56:45.440><c> code</c><00:56:45.839><c> that</c><00:56:46.079><c> would</c><00:56:46.240><c> make</c><00:56:46.400><c> the</c><00:56:46.559><c> apps</c><00:56:46.880><c> crash</c>

55:20.070 --> 55:20.080 align:start position:0%
the code that would make the apps crash
 

55:20.080 --> 55:22.950 align:start position:0%
the code that would make the apps crash
and<00:56:47.520><c> the</c><00:56:47.760><c> clock</c><00:56:48.160><c> skip.</c><00:56:49.040><c> Clearly,</c><00:56:49.520><c> any</c><00:56:49.760><c> theory</c>

55:22.950 --> 55:22.960 align:start position:0%
and the clock skip. Clearly, any theory
 

55:22.960 --> 55:24.710 align:start position:0%
and the clock skip. Clearly, any theory
of<00:56:50.319><c> everything</c><00:56:50.799><c> worth</c><00:56:51.040><c> its</c><00:56:51.279><c> [music]</c><00:56:51.280><c> salt</c><00:56:51.680><c> had</c>

55:24.710 --> 55:24.720 align:start position:0%
of everything worth its [music] salt had
 

55:24.720 --> 55:28.149 align:start position:0%
of everything worth its [music] salt had
to<00:56:52.079><c> be</c><00:56:52.240><c> more</c><00:56:52.640><c> stable.</c><00:56:53.680><c> much</c><00:56:54.079><c> more</c><00:56:54.400><c> stable.</c><00:56:55.200><c> And</c>

55:28.149 --> 55:28.159 align:start position:0%
to be more stable. much more stable. And
 

55:28.159 --> 55:31.109 align:start position:0%
to be more stable. much more stable. And
so<00:56:55.520><c> in</c><00:56:55.760><c> 1984,</c><00:56:56.799><c> Green</c><00:56:57.119><c> and</c><00:56:57.280><c> Schwarz</c><00:56:57.839><c> invented</c>

55:31.109 --> 55:31.119 align:start position:0%
so in 1984, Green and Schwarz invented
 

55:31.119 --> 55:34.470 align:start position:0%
so in 1984, Green and Schwarz invented
the<00:56:58.559><c> equivalent</c><00:56:59.200><c> of</c><00:56:59.440><c> a</c><00:56:59.680><c> software</c><00:57:00.079><c> patch</c><00:57:01.280><c> known</c>

55:34.470 --> 55:34.480 align:start position:0%
the equivalent of a software patch known
 

55:34.480 --> 55:36.389 align:start position:0%
the equivalent of a software patch known
as<00:57:01.839><c> the</c><00:57:02.000><c> Green</c><00:57:02.319><c> Schwarz</c><00:57:02.799><c> mechanism.</c><00:57:03.440><c> It</c>

55:36.389 --> 55:36.399 align:start position:0%
as the Green Schwarz mechanism. It
 

55:36.399 --> 55:38.629 align:start position:0%
as the Green Schwarz mechanism. It
deployed<00:57:04.000><c> a</c><00:57:04.240><c> sort</c><00:57:04.400><c> of</c><00:57:04.559><c> diagnostic</c><00:57:05.280><c> tool</c><00:57:05.599><c> into</c>

55:38.629 --> 55:38.639 align:start position:0%
deployed a sort of diagnostic tool into
 

55:38.639 --> 55:40.950 align:start position:0%
deployed a sort of diagnostic tool into
the<00:57:06.079><c> code</c><00:57:06.400><c> that</c><00:57:06.720><c> could</c><00:57:07.040><c> identify</c><00:57:07.520><c> and</c><00:57:07.839><c> fix</c>

55:40.950 --> 55:40.960 align:start position:0%
the code that could identify and fix
 

55:40.960 --> 55:44.149 align:start position:0%
the code that could identify and fix
bugs<00:57:08.559><c> in</c><00:57:08.880><c> real</c><00:57:09.200><c> time.</c><00:57:10.079><c> And</c><00:57:10.240><c> at</c><00:57:10.480><c> a</c><00:57:10.720><c> stroke,</c>

55:44.149 --> 55:44.159 align:start position:0%
bugs in real time. And at a stroke,
 

55:44.159 --> 55:48.389 align:start position:0%
bugs in real time. And at a stroke,
Superstring<00:57:12.000><c> theory</c><00:57:12.799><c> was</c><00:57:13.200><c> stable.</c>

55:48.389 --> 55:48.399 align:start position:0%
Superstring theory was stable.
 

55:48.399 --> 55:50.310 align:start position:0%
Superstring theory was stable.
In<00:57:15.760><c> a</c><00:57:16.000><c> sense,</c><00:57:16.319><c> beauty</c><00:57:16.799><c> had</c><00:57:17.040><c> been</c><00:57:17.119><c> called</c><00:57:17.359><c> to</c>

55:50.310 --> 55:50.320 align:start position:0%
In a sense, beauty had been called to
 

55:50.320 --> 55:52.550 align:start position:0%
In a sense, beauty had been called to
the<00:57:17.760><c> stand</c><00:57:18.000><c> again,</c><00:57:18.720><c> but</c><00:57:18.960><c> not</c><00:57:19.119><c> the</c><00:57:19.280><c> soaring</c>

55:52.550 --> 55:52.560 align:start position:0%
the stand again, but not the soaring
 

55:52.560 --> 55:54.790 align:start position:0%
the stand again, but not the soaring
elegance<00:57:20.240><c> of</c><00:57:20.480><c> symmetry</c><00:57:20.960><c> this</c><00:57:21.200><c> time,</c><00:57:21.599><c> but</c><00:57:21.839><c> the</c>

55:54.790 --> 55:54.800 align:start position:0%
elegance of symmetry this time, but the
 

55:54.800 --> 55:57.030 align:start position:0%
elegance of symmetry this time, but the
precise<00:57:22.480><c> economy</c><00:57:22.960><c> of</c><00:57:23.119><c> a</c><00:57:23.280><c> patch</c><00:57:23.599><c> that</c><00:57:23.920><c> saved</c>

55:57.030 --> 55:57.040 align:start position:0%
precise economy of a patch that saved
 

55:57.040 --> 55:59.430 align:start position:0%
precise economy of a patch that saved
the<00:57:24.400><c> theory</c><00:57:24.799><c> from</c><00:57:25.040><c> collapse.</c>

55:59.430 --> 55:59.440 align:start position:0%
the theory from collapse.
 

55:59.440 --> 56:01.670 align:start position:0%
the theory from collapse.
To<00:57:26.880><c> the</c><00:57:27.040><c> defense,</c><00:57:27.599><c> it</c><00:57:27.839><c> showed</c><00:57:28.160><c> resilience</c><00:57:28.640><c> and</c>

56:01.670 --> 56:01.680 align:start position:0%
To the defense, it showed resilience and
 

56:01.680 --> 56:04.070 align:start position:0%
To the defense, it showed resilience and
adaptability<00:57:29.680><c> under</c><00:57:30.000><c> pressure.</c><00:57:30.880><c> But</c><00:57:30.960><c> to</c><00:57:31.119><c> the</c>

56:04.070 --> 56:04.080 align:start position:0%
adaptability under pressure. But to the
 

56:04.080 --> 56:06.310 align:start position:0%
adaptability under pressure. But to the
prosecution,<00:57:32.000><c> it</c><00:57:32.160><c> was</c><00:57:32.319><c> but</c><00:57:32.480><c> a</c><00:57:32.640><c> bandage</c><00:57:33.040><c> over</c><00:57:33.280><c> a</c>

56:06.310 --> 56:06.320 align:start position:0%
prosecution, it was but a bandage over a
 

56:06.320 --> 56:09.109 align:start position:0%
prosecution, it was but a bandage over a
deeper<00:57:33.839><c> wound,</c><00:57:34.720><c> a</c><00:57:34.960><c> clever</c><00:57:35.280><c> fix</c><00:57:35.839><c> masking</c>

56:09.109 --> 56:09.119 align:start position:0%
deeper wound, a clever fix masking
 

56:09.119 --> 56:14.470 align:start position:0%
deeper wound, a clever fix masking
fragility.

56:14.470 --> 56:14.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

56:14.480 --> 56:16.310 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:57:41.839><c> of</c><00:57:42.000><c> course,</c><00:57:42.160><c> the</c><00:57:42.319><c> case</c><00:57:42.640><c> for</c><00:57:42.960><c> and</c><00:57:43.200><c> against</c>

56:16.310 --> 56:16.320 align:start position:0%
But of course, the case for and against
 

56:16.320 --> 56:18.869 align:start position:0%
But of course, the case for and against
string<00:57:43.839><c> theory</c><00:57:44.319><c> is</c><00:57:44.640><c> never</c><00:57:44.960><c> straightforward.</c>

56:18.869 --> 56:18.879 align:start position:0%
string theory is never straightforward.
 

56:18.879 --> 56:20.950 align:start position:0%
string theory is never straightforward.
It's<00:57:46.240><c> arguably</c><00:57:46.720><c> the</c><00:57:46.960><c> most</c><00:57:47.200><c> complex</c><00:57:47.680><c> trial</c>

56:20.950 --> 56:20.960 align:start position:0%
It's arguably the most complex trial
 

56:20.960 --> 56:23.270 align:start position:0%
It's arguably the most complex trial
physics<00:57:48.559><c> has</c><00:57:48.720><c> ever</c><00:57:48.960><c> faced,</c><00:57:49.760><c> which</c><00:57:49.920><c> is</c><00:57:50.079><c> exactly</c>

56:23.270 --> 56:23.280 align:start position:0%
physics has ever faced, which is exactly
 

56:23.280 --> 56:25.750 align:start position:0%
physics has ever faced, which is exactly
what<00:57:50.720><c> makes</c><00:57:50.960><c> arriving</c><00:57:51.359><c> at</c><00:57:51.520><c> a</c><00:57:51.680><c> verdict</c><00:57:52.480><c> such</c><00:57:52.720><c> a</c>

56:25.750 --> 56:25.760 align:start position:0%
what makes arriving at a verdict such a
 

56:25.760 --> 56:29.030 align:start position:0%
what makes arriving at a verdict such a
gargantuan<00:57:53.760><c> and</c><00:57:54.079><c> intimidating</c><00:57:54.960><c> task.</c><00:57:56.079><c> And</c>

56:29.030 --> 56:29.040 align:start position:0%
gargantuan and intimidating task. And
 

56:29.040 --> 56:31.030 align:start position:0%
gargantuan and intimidating task. And
indeed,<00:57:56.720><c> under</c><00:57:57.040><c> cross-examination,</c><00:57:58.000><c> the</c>

56:31.030 --> 56:31.040 align:start position:0%
indeed, under cross-examination, the
 

56:31.040 --> 56:33.270 align:start position:0%
indeed, under cross-examination, the
prosecution<00:57:59.040><c> found</c><00:57:59.280><c> a</c><00:57:59.520><c> hole</c><00:57:59.839><c> in</c><00:58:00.079><c> Green</c><00:58:00.319><c> and</c>

56:33.270 --> 56:33.280 align:start position:0%
prosecution found a hole in Green and
 

56:33.280 --> 56:35.589 align:start position:0%
prosecution found a hole in Green and
Schwarz's<00:58:01.040><c> testimony.</c>

56:35.589 --> 56:35.599 align:start position:0%
Schwarz's testimony.
 

56:35.599 --> 56:37.670 align:start position:0%
Schwarz's testimony.
In<00:58:03.040><c> order</c><00:58:03.200><c> for</c><00:58:03.280><c> the</c><00:58:03.440><c> bugs</c><00:58:03.839><c> to</c><00:58:04.000><c> be</c><00:58:04.160><c> fixed</c><00:58:04.640><c> and</c>

56:37.670 --> 56:37.680 align:start position:0%
In order for the bugs to be fixed and
 

56:37.680 --> 56:39.589 align:start position:0%
In order for the bugs to be fixed and
for<00:58:05.040><c> the</c><00:58:05.200><c> resulting</c><00:58:05.599><c> strings</c><00:58:06.000><c> to</c><00:58:06.240><c> still</c><00:58:06.480><c> carry</c>

56:39.589 --> 56:39.599 align:start position:0%
for the resulting strings to still carry
 

56:39.599 --> 56:41.830 align:start position:0%
for the resulting strings to still carry
charges<00:58:07.280><c> and</c><00:58:07.599><c> interact</c><00:58:08.000><c> with</c><00:58:08.240><c> one</c><00:58:08.480><c> another,</c>

56:41.830 --> 56:41.840 align:start position:0%
charges and interact with one another,
 

56:41.840 --> 56:44.629 align:start position:0%
charges and interact with one another,
only<00:58:09.359><c> certain</c><00:58:09.760><c> symmetries</c><00:58:10.400><c> were</c><00:58:10.640><c> allowed.</c>

56:44.629 --> 56:44.639 align:start position:0%
only certain symmetries were allowed.
 

56:44.639 --> 56:47.109 align:start position:0%
only certain symmetries were allowed.
Even<00:58:12.160><c> more</c><00:58:12.559><c> careful</c><00:58:12.960><c> and</c><00:58:13.200><c> specific</c><00:58:13.760><c> folds</c><00:58:14.160><c> in</c>

56:47.109 --> 56:47.119 align:start position:0%
Even more careful and specific folds in
 

56:47.119 --> 56:49.750 align:start position:0%
Even more careful and specific folds in
the<00:58:14.480><c> intricate</c><00:58:14.880><c> origami</c><00:58:15.520><c> of</c><00:58:15.760><c> the</c><00:58:15.920><c> universe.</c>

56:49.750 --> 56:49.760 align:start position:0%
the intricate origami of the universe.
 

56:49.760 --> 56:52.070 align:start position:0%
the intricate origami of the universe.
And<00:58:17.200><c> there</c><00:58:17.359><c> was</c><00:58:17.520><c> an</c><00:58:17.680><c> even</c><00:58:17.920><c> bigger</c><00:58:18.319><c> problem.</c>

56:52.070 --> 56:52.080 align:start position:0%
And there was an even bigger problem.
 

56:52.080 --> 56:54.389 align:start position:0%
And there was an even bigger problem.
Suddenly,<00:58:19.839><c> there</c><00:58:20.079><c> wasn't</c><00:58:20.400><c> just</c><00:58:20.559><c> one</c><00:58:21.040><c> coherent</c>

56:54.389 --> 56:54.399 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, there wasn't just one coherent
 

56:54.399 --> 56:56.869 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, there wasn't just one coherent
superstring<00:58:22.160><c> theory</c><00:58:22.559><c> that</c><00:58:22.799><c> worked.</c><00:58:23.920><c> There</c>

56:56.869 --> 56:56.879 align:start position:0%
superstring theory that worked. There
 

56:56.879 --> 56:59.830 align:start position:0%
superstring theory that worked. There
were<00:58:24.319><c> three.</c><00:58:25.440><c> Which</c><00:58:25.680><c> one,</c><00:58:26.160><c> if</c><00:58:26.400><c> any,</c>

56:59.830 --> 56:59.840 align:start position:0%
were three. Which one, if any,
 

56:59.840 --> 57:01.990 align:start position:0%
were three. Which one, if any,
represented<00:58:27.599><c> the</c><00:58:27.760><c> true</c><00:58:28.079><c> operating</c><00:58:28.640><c> system</c><00:58:28.960><c> of</c>

57:01.990 --> 57:02.000 align:start position:0%
represented the true operating system of
 

57:02.000 --> 57:04.550 align:start position:0%
represented the true operating system of
the<00:58:29.440><c> universe?</c><00:58:30.640><c> String</c><00:58:31.040><c> theorists</c><00:58:31.599><c> were</c>

57:04.550 --> 57:04.560 align:start position:0%
the universe? String theorists were
 

57:04.560 --> 57:11.670 align:start position:0%
the universe? String theorists were
about<00:58:32.000><c> to</c><00:58:32.160><c> sink</c><00:58:32.480><c> deeper</c><00:58:33.280><c> into</c><00:58:33.520><c> the</c><00:58:33.680><c> quagmire.</c>

57:11.670 --> 57:11.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

57:11.680 --> 57:14.070 align:start position:0%
 
At<00:58:39.119><c> the</c><00:58:39.280><c> beginning</c><00:58:39.440><c> of</c><00:58:39.599><c> the</c><00:58:39.839><c> 1970s,</c><00:58:41.040><c> after</c>

57:14.070 --> 57:14.080 align:start position:0%
At the beginning of the 1970s, after
 

57:14.080 --> 57:15.750 align:start position:0%
At the beginning of the 1970s, after
Quarks<00:58:41.760><c> had</c><00:58:42.000><c> put</c><00:58:42.079><c> the</c><00:58:42.240><c> original</c><00:58:42.640><c> string</c>

57:15.750 --> 57:15.760 align:start position:0%
Quarks had put the original string
 

57:15.760 --> 57:17.750 align:start position:0%
Quarks had put the original string
theory<00:58:43.280><c> to</c><00:58:43.440><c> the</c><00:58:43.599><c> sword,</c><00:58:44.319><c> there</c><00:58:44.480><c> had</c><00:58:44.640><c> been</c><00:58:44.720><c> a</c>

57:17.750 --> 57:17.760 align:start position:0%
theory to the sword, there had been a
 

57:17.760 --> 57:19.750 align:start position:0%
theory to the sword, there had been a
massive<00:58:45.280><c> exodus</c><00:58:45.760><c> of</c><00:58:45.920><c> researchers</c><00:58:46.480><c> from</c><00:58:46.720><c> the</c>

57:19.750 --> 57:19.760 align:start position:0%
massive exodus of researchers from the
 

57:19.760 --> 57:21.909 align:start position:0%
massive exodus of researchers from the
field.<00:58:47.760><c> The</c><00:58:48.000><c> number</c><00:58:48.160><c> of</c><00:58:48.319><c> people</c><00:58:48.640><c> working</c><00:58:48.880><c> on</c>

57:21.909 --> 57:21.919 align:start position:0%
field. The number of people working on
 

57:21.919 --> 57:24.389 align:start position:0%
field. The number of people working on
string<00:58:49.440><c> theory</c><00:58:49.839><c> had</c><00:58:50.000><c> dwindled</c><00:58:50.480><c> to</c><00:58:50.720><c> a</c><00:58:50.960><c> handful,</c>

57:24.389 --> 57:24.399 align:start position:0%
string theory had dwindled to a handful,
 

57:24.399 --> 57:27.349 align:start position:0%
string theory had dwindled to a handful,
toiling<00:58:52.079><c> away</c><00:58:52.400><c> on</c><00:58:52.640><c> the</c><00:58:52.799><c> fringes</c><00:58:53.200><c> of</c><00:58:53.440><c> physics.</c>

57:27.349 --> 57:27.359 align:start position:0%
toiling away on the fringes of physics.
 

57:27.359 --> 57:29.190 align:start position:0%
toiling away on the fringes of physics.
But<00:58:54.720><c> the</c><00:58:54.880><c> combination</c><00:58:55.280><c> of</c><00:58:55.440><c> the</c><00:58:55.599><c> green</c><00:58:55.920><c> schwarz</c>

57:29.190 --> 57:29.200 align:start position:0%
But the combination of the green schwarz
 

57:29.200 --> 57:31.430 align:start position:0%
But the combination of the green schwarz
mechanism<00:58:56.799><c> and</c><00:58:56.960><c> the</c><00:58:57.119><c> calabao</c><00:58:57.839><c> manifolds</c>

57:31.430 --> 57:31.440 align:start position:0%
mechanism and the calabao manifolds
 

57:31.440 --> 57:33.109 align:start position:0%
mechanism and the calabao manifolds
ushered<00:58:59.040><c> in</c><00:58:59.200><c> the</c><00:58:59.359><c> first</c><00:58:59.680><c> superstring</c>

57:33.109 --> 57:33.119 align:start position:0%
ushered in the first superstring
 

57:33.119 --> 57:35.510 align:start position:0%
ushered in the first superstring
revolution,<00:59:01.359><c> convincing</c><00:59:01.839><c> many</c><00:59:02.079><c> that</c><00:59:02.400><c> string</c>

57:35.510 --> 57:35.520 align:start position:0%
revolution, convincing many that string
 

57:35.520 --> 57:38.230 align:start position:0%
revolution, convincing many that string
theory<00:59:03.119><c> was</c><00:59:03.359><c> viable</c><00:59:03.839><c> once</c><00:59:04.160><c> again.</c><00:59:04.880><c> And</c><00:59:05.040><c> so</c><00:59:05.200><c> a</c>

57:38.230 --> 57:38.240 align:start position:0%
theory was viable once again. And so a
 

57:38.240 --> 57:40.389 align:start position:0%
theory was viable once again. And so a
tsunami<00:59:06.000><c> of</c><00:59:06.240><c> new</c><00:59:06.480><c> physicists</c><00:59:07.119><c> joined</c><00:59:07.440><c> the</c>

57:40.389 --> 57:40.399 align:start position:0%
tsunami of new physicists joined the
 

57:40.399 --> 57:43.349 align:start position:0%
tsunami of new physicists joined the
fry.<00:59:08.559><c> And</c><00:59:08.720><c> among</c><00:59:09.119><c> them</c><00:59:09.440><c> were</c><00:59:09.760><c> four</c><00:59:10.000><c> physicists</c>

57:43.349 --> 57:43.359 align:start position:0%
fry. And among them were four physicists
 

57:43.359 --> 57:46.389 align:start position:0%
fry. And among them were four physicists
from<00:59:10.799><c> Princeton</c><00:59:11.359><c> University.</c><00:59:12.480><c> David</c><00:59:12.880><c> Gross,</c>

57:46.389 --> 57:46.399 align:start position:0%
from Princeton University. David Gross,
 

57:46.399 --> 57:49.190 align:start position:0%
from Princeton University. David Gross,
Jeffrey<00:59:14.000><c> Harvey,</c><00:59:14.559><c> Emil</c><00:59:15.040><c> Martin,</c><00:59:15.760><c> and</c><00:59:16.000><c> Ryan</c>

57:49.190 --> 57:49.200 align:start position:0%
Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martin, and Ryan
 

57:49.200 --> 57:51.990 align:start position:0%
Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martin, and Ryan
Rome.<00:59:17.280><c> They</c><00:59:17.520><c> quickly</c><00:59:17.839><c> became</c><00:59:18.240><c> known</c><00:59:18.799><c> as</c><00:59:19.040><c> the</c>

57:51.990 --> 57:52.000 align:start position:0%
Rome. They quickly became known as the
 

57:52.000 --> 57:54.710 align:start position:0%
Rome. They quickly became known as the
Princeton<00:59:19.760><c> String</c><00:59:20.079><c> Quartet.</c>

57:54.710 --> 57:54.720 align:start position:0%
Princeton String Quartet.
 

57:54.720 --> 57:56.710 align:start position:0%
Princeton String Quartet.
Together<00:59:22.400><c> they</c><00:59:22.720><c> worked</c><00:59:23.040><c> on</c><00:59:23.200><c> the</c><00:59:23.359><c> idea</c><00:59:23.680><c> of</c>

57:56.710 --> 57:56.720 align:start position:0%
Together they worked on the idea of
 

57:56.720 --> 57:59.589 align:start position:0%
Together they worked on the idea of
heterotic<00:59:24.720><c> strings.</c><00:59:25.520><c> A</c><00:59:25.680><c> heterotic</c><00:59:26.319><c> string</c><00:59:26.640><c> is</c>

57:59.589 --> 57:59.599 align:start position:0%
heterotic strings. A heterotic string is
 

57:59.599 --> 58:02.470 align:start position:0%
heterotic strings. A heterotic string is
a<00:59:27.040><c> chimera.</c><00:59:28.160><c> It</c><00:59:28.400><c> is</c><00:59:28.559><c> a</c><00:59:28.720><c> hybrid</c><00:59:29.119><c> of</c><00:59:29.280><c> a</c><00:59:29.440><c> super</c>

58:02.470 --> 58:02.480 align:start position:0%
a chimera. It is a hybrid of a super
 

58:02.480 --> 58:04.950 align:start position:0%
a chimera. It is a hybrid of a super
string<00:59:30.000><c> and</c><00:59:30.240><c> the</c><00:59:30.400><c> original</c><00:59:30.799><c> bzonic</c><00:59:31.440><c> string.</c>

58:04.950 --> 58:04.960 align:start position:0%
string and the original bzonic string.
 

58:04.960 --> 58:07.109 align:start position:0%
string and the original bzonic string.
The<00:59:32.400><c> Princeton</c><00:59:32.880><c> string</c><00:59:33.200><c> quartet</c><00:59:33.920><c> realized</c>

58:07.109 --> 58:07.119 align:start position:0%
The Princeton string quartet realized
 

58:07.119 --> 58:09.109 align:start position:0%
The Princeton string quartet realized
that<00:59:34.480><c> there</c><00:59:34.720><c> were</c><00:59:34.880><c> two</c><00:59:35.359><c> different</c><00:59:35.680><c> heterotic</c>

58:09.109 --> 58:09.119 align:start position:0%
that there were two different heterotic
 

58:09.119 --> 58:11.030 align:start position:0%
that there were two different heterotic
superstring<00:59:36.880><c> theories</c><00:59:37.359><c> that</c><00:59:37.599><c> could</c><00:59:37.760><c> also</c><00:59:38.000><c> run</c>

58:11.030 --> 58:11.040 align:start position:0%
superstring theories that could also run
 

58:11.040 --> 58:13.030 align:start position:0%
superstring theories that could also run
like<00:59:38.400><c> the</c><00:59:38.640><c> universe's</c><00:59:39.280><c> operating</c><00:59:39.760><c> system</c>

58:13.030 --> 58:13.040 align:start position:0%
like the universe's operating system
 

58:13.040 --> 58:15.270 align:start position:0%
like the universe's operating system
without<00:59:40.799><c> bugs,</c><00:59:41.520><c> still</c><00:59:41.839><c> yielding</c><00:59:42.240><c> the</c>

58:15.270 --> 58:15.280 align:start position:0%
without bugs, still yielding the
 

58:15.280 --> 58:17.349 align:start position:0%
without bugs, still yielding the
necessary<00:59:42.960><c> super</c><00:59:43.280><c> symmetry</c><00:59:43.839><c> and</c><00:59:44.160><c> summoning</c>

58:17.349 --> 58:17.359 align:start position:0%
necessary super symmetry and summoning
 

58:17.359 --> 58:20.389 align:start position:0%
necessary super symmetry and summoning
all<00:59:44.720><c> the</c><00:59:44.960><c> particles</c><00:59:45.440><c> and</c><00:59:45.680><c> forces</c><00:59:46.160><c> to</c><00:59:46.480><c> boot.</c>

58:20.389 --> 58:20.399 align:start position:0%
all the particles and forces to boot.
 

58:20.399 --> 58:22.310 align:start position:0%
all the particles and forces to boot.
Add<00:59:47.920><c> those</c><00:59:48.160><c> two</c><00:59:48.400><c> theories</c><00:59:48.799><c> to</c><00:59:49.040><c> the</c><00:59:49.200><c> three</c><00:59:49.359><c> that</c>

58:22.310 --> 58:22.320 align:start position:0%
Add those two theories to the three that
 

58:22.320 --> 58:23.990 align:start position:0%
Add those two theories to the three that
Green<00:59:49.760><c> and</c><00:59:49.920><c> Schwarz</c><00:59:50.319><c> had</c><00:59:50.559><c> discovered.</c><00:59:51.119><c> And</c>

58:23.990 --> 58:24.000 align:start position:0%
Green and Schwarz had discovered. And
 

58:24.000 --> 58:25.909 align:start position:0%
Green and Schwarz had discovered. And
there<00:59:51.440><c> was</c><00:59:51.520><c> no</c><00:59:51.760><c> longer</c><00:59:52.079><c> a</c><00:59:52.400><c> single</c><00:59:52.799><c> super</c>

58:25.909 --> 58:25.919 align:start position:0%
there was no longer a single super
 

58:25.919 --> 58:28.310 align:start position:0%
there was no longer a single super
string<00:59:53.440><c> theory,</c><00:59:53.920><c> but</c><00:59:54.160><c> a</c><00:59:54.400><c> total</c><00:59:54.720><c> of</c><00:59:55.040><c> five</c>

58:28.310 --> 58:28.320 align:start position:0%
string theory, but a total of five
 

58:28.320 --> 58:30.710 align:start position:0%
string theory, but a total of five
possible<00:59:56.000><c> super</c><00:59:56.319><c> string</c><00:59:56.640><c> theories.</c><00:59:57.520><c> Any</c><00:59:57.760><c> one</c>

58:30.710 --> 58:30.720 align:start position:0%
possible super string theories. Any one
 

58:30.720 --> 58:32.550 align:start position:0%
possible super string theories. Any one
of<00:59:58.079><c> them</c><00:59:58.319><c> could</c><00:59:58.559><c> be</c><00:59:58.640><c> the</c><00:59:58.880><c> long</c><00:59:59.119><c> sought</c><00:59:59.440><c> after</c>

58:32.550 --> 58:32.560 align:start position:0%
of them could be the long sought after
 

58:32.560 --> 58:41.589 align:start position:0%
of them could be the long sought after
theory<01:00:00.160><c> of</c><01:00:00.400><c> everything</c><01:00:01.440><c> or</c><01:00:02.559><c> none</c><01:00:02.880><c> of</c><01:00:03.040><c> them.</c>

58:41.589 --> 58:41.599 align:start position:0%
 
 

58:41.599 --> 58:46.790 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:00:09.040><c> so</c><01:00:10.079><c> let's</c><01:00:10.319><c> summarize</c><01:00:10.799><c> the</c><01:00:11.040><c> case</c><01:00:11.359><c> so</c><01:00:11.760><c> far.</c>

58:46.790 --> 58:46.800 align:start position:0%
And so let's summarize the case so far.
 

58:46.800 --> 58:48.310 align:start position:0%
And so let's summarize the case so far.
String<01:00:14.319><c> theory</c><01:00:14.339><c> [music]</c><01:00:14.799><c> started</c><01:00:15.200><c> out</c>

58:48.310 --> 58:48.320 align:start position:0%
String theory [music] started out
 

58:48.320 --> 58:50.629 align:start position:0%
String theory [music] started out
simple.<01:00:16.400><c> Particles</c><01:00:16.960><c> were</c><01:00:17.200><c> vibrating</c>

58:50.629 --> 58:50.639 align:start position:0%
simple. Particles were vibrating
 

58:50.639 --> 58:53.750 align:start position:0%
simple. Particles were vibrating
strings,<01:00:18.640><c> not</c><01:00:18.960><c> pointlike.</c><01:00:20.000><c> But</c><01:00:20.160><c> abominations</c>

58:53.750 --> 58:53.760 align:start position:0%
strings, not pointlike. But abominations
 

58:53.760 --> 58:56.070 align:start position:0%
strings, not pointlike. But abominations
like<01:00:21.280><c> tachons</c><01:00:22.000><c> entered</c><01:00:22.240><c> the</c><01:00:22.319><c> fray,</c><01:00:23.040><c> and</c>

58:56.070 --> 58:56.080 align:start position:0%
like tachons entered the fray, and
 

58:56.080 --> 58:58.470 align:start position:0%
like tachons entered the fray, and
suddenly<01:00:23.680><c> the</c><01:00:24.000><c> universe</c><01:00:24.400><c> needed</c><01:00:24.720><c> to</c><01:00:24.880><c> have</c><01:00:25.119><c> 22</c>

58:58.470 --> 58:58.480 align:start position:0%
suddenly the universe needed to have 22
 

58:58.480 --> 59:01.830 align:start position:0%
suddenly the universe needed to have 22
extra<01:00:26.160><c> dimensions</c><01:00:26.640><c> of</c><01:00:26.960><c> space.</c><01:00:28.160><c> First,</c><01:00:28.720><c> super</c>

59:01.830 --> 59:01.840 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions of space. First, super
 

59:01.840 --> 59:03.589 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions of space. First, super
symmetry<01:00:29.520><c> was</c><01:00:29.760><c> required</c><01:00:30.079><c> to</c><01:00:30.240><c> vanquish</c><01:00:30.559><c> the</c>

59:03.589 --> 59:03.599 align:start position:0%
symmetry was required to vanquish the
 

59:03.599 --> 59:05.430 align:start position:0%
symmetry was required to vanquish the
tachons.<01:00:31.760><c> But</c><01:00:31.920><c> this</c><01:00:32.016><c> [music]</c><01:00:32.079><c> proceeded</c><01:00:32.559><c> to</c>

59:05.430 --> 59:05.440 align:start position:0%
tachons. But this [music] proceeded to
 

59:05.440 --> 59:07.270 align:start position:0%
tachons. But this [music] proceeded to
predict<01:00:32.960><c> the</c><01:00:33.200><c> existence</c><01:00:33.520><c> of</c><01:00:33.760><c> a</c><01:00:33.920><c> whole</c><01:00:34.160><c> range</c>

59:07.270 --> 59:07.280 align:start position:0%
predict the existence of a whole range
 

59:07.280 --> 59:09.510 align:start position:0%
predict the existence of a whole range
of<01:00:34.640><c> particles</c><01:00:35.200><c> that</c><01:00:35.520><c> still</c><01:00:35.839><c> no</c><01:00:36.079><c> one</c><01:00:36.240><c> has</c><01:00:36.480><c> ever</c>

59:09.510 --> 59:09.520 align:start position:0%
of particles that still no one has ever
 

59:09.520 --> 59:11.750 align:start position:0%
of particles that still no one has ever
seen.<01:00:37.359><c> Although</c><01:00:37.760><c> super</c><01:00:38.000><c> symmetry</c><01:00:38.480><c> did</c><01:00:38.720><c> manage</c>

59:11.750 --> 59:11.760 align:start position:0%
seen. Although super symmetry did manage
 

59:11.760 --> 59:13.670 align:start position:0%
seen. Although super symmetry did manage
to<01:00:39.200><c> reduce</c><01:00:39.599><c> the</c><01:00:39.839><c> number</c><01:00:40.000><c> of</c><01:00:40.160><c> extra</c><01:00:40.480><c> spatial</c>

59:13.670 --> 59:13.680 align:start position:0%
to reduce the number of extra spatial
 

59:13.680 --> 59:16.869 align:start position:0%
to reduce the number of extra spatial
dimensions<01:00:41.440><c> from</c><01:00:41.760><c> 22</c><01:00:42.240><c> to</c><01:00:42.559><c> 6,</c><01:00:43.280><c> but</c><01:00:43.520><c> these</c><01:00:43.839><c> still</c>

59:16.869 --> 59:16.879 align:start position:0%
dimensions from 22 to 6, but these still
 

59:16.879 --> 59:19.109 align:start position:0%
dimensions from 22 to 6, but these still
needed<01:00:44.400><c> to</c><01:00:44.640><c> rather</c><01:00:45.040><c> conveniently</c><01:00:45.839><c> be</c><01:00:46.000><c> curled</c>

59:19.109 --> 59:19.119 align:start position:0%
needed to rather conveniently be curled
 

59:19.119 --> 59:21.190 align:start position:0%
needed to rather conveniently be curled
up<01:00:46.480><c> so</c><01:00:46.799><c> small</c><01:00:47.200><c> that</c><01:00:47.440><c> they</c><01:00:47.680><c> remain</c><01:00:48.000><c> out</c><01:00:48.160><c> of</c>

59:21.190 --> 59:21.200 align:start position:0%
up so small that they remain out of
 

59:21.200 --> 59:23.190 align:start position:0%
up so small that they remain out of
sight.<01:00:49.359><c> And</c><01:00:49.520><c> the</c><01:00:49.680><c> only</c><01:00:49.920><c> way</c><01:00:50.160><c> to</c><01:00:50.357><c> [music]</c>

59:23.190 --> 59:23.200 align:start position:0%
sight. And the only way to [music]
 

59:23.200 --> 59:25.030 align:start position:0%
sight. And the only way to [music]
actually<01:00:50.720><c> curl</c><01:00:51.040><c> them</c><01:00:51.200><c> up</c><01:00:51.359><c> and</c><01:00:51.520><c> preserve</c><01:00:51.920><c> super</c>

59:25.030 --> 59:25.040 align:start position:0%
actually curl them up and preserve super
 

59:25.040 --> 59:27.190 align:start position:0%
actually curl them up and preserve super
symmetry<01:00:52.799><c> was</c><01:00:53.040><c> by</c><01:00:53.280><c> following</c><01:00:53.599><c> the</c><01:00:53.839><c> elaborate</c>

59:27.190 --> 59:27.200 align:start position:0%
symmetry was by following the elaborate
 

59:27.200 --> 59:31.349 align:start position:0%
symmetry was by following the elaborate
folds<01:00:55.040><c> prescribed</c><01:00:55.599><c> by</c><01:00:55.839><c> Kalabi</c><01:00:56.559><c> and</c><01:00:56.799><c> Yao.</c><01:00:58.240><c> Even</c>

59:31.349 --> 59:31.359 align:start position:0%
folds prescribed by Kalabi and Yao. Even
 

59:31.359 --> 59:33.270 align:start position:0%
folds prescribed by Kalabi and Yao. Even
then,<01:00:58.960><c> only</c><01:00:59.200><c> a</c><01:00:59.440><c> watered</c><01:00:59.839><c> down</c><01:01:00.079><c> version</c><01:01:00.319><c> of</c>

59:33.270 --> 59:33.280 align:start position:0%
then, only a watered down version of
 

59:33.280 --> 59:35.270 align:start position:0%
then, only a watered down version of
super<01:01:00.799><c> symmetry</c><01:01:01.280><c> remained.</c><01:01:02.147><c> [music]</c><01:01:02.240><c> a</c>

59:35.270 --> 59:35.280 align:start position:0%
super symmetry remained. [music] a
 

59:35.280 --> 59:37.349 align:start position:0%
super symmetry remained. [music] a
diluted<01:01:03.119><c> superstring</c><01:01:03.680><c> theory</c><01:01:04.160><c> that</c><01:01:04.400><c> was</c>

59:37.349 --> 59:37.359 align:start position:0%
diluted superstring theory that was
 

59:37.359 --> 59:39.430 align:start position:0%
diluted superstring theory that was
unstable<01:01:05.200><c> and</c><01:01:05.359><c> less</c><01:01:05.599><c> patched</c><01:01:06.000><c> by</c><01:01:06.160><c> the</c><01:01:06.319><c> green</c>

59:39.430 --> 59:39.440 align:start position:0%
unstable and less patched by the green
 

59:39.440 --> 59:41.670 align:start position:0%
unstable and less patched by the green
Schwarz<01:01:07.040><c> mechanism</c><01:01:07.680><c> and</c><01:01:07.920><c> that</c><01:01:08.079><c> created</c><01:01:08.559><c> five</c>

59:41.670 --> 59:41.680 align:start position:0%
Schwarz mechanism and that created five
 

59:41.680 --> 59:44.107 align:start position:0%
Schwarz mechanism and that created five
possible<01:01:09.359><c> superstring</c><01:01:09.920><c> theories</c><01:01:10.880><c> instead</c><01:01:11.200><c> of</c>

59:44.107 --> 59:44.117 align:start position:0%
possible superstring theories instead of
 

59:44.117 --> 59:45.909 align:start position:0%
possible superstring theories instead of
[music]<01:01:11.440><c> one.</c>

59:45.909 --> 59:45.919 align:start position:0%
[music] one.
 

59:45.919 --> 59:48.070 align:start position:0%
[music] one.
The<01:01:13.359><c> courtroom</c><01:01:14.160><c> was</c><01:01:14.480><c> drowning</c><01:01:15.040><c> in</c>

59:48.070 --> 59:48.080 align:start position:0%
The courtroom was drowning in
 

59:48.080 --> 59:49.670 align:start position:0%
The courtroom was drowning in
contradictions.

59:49.670 --> 59:49.680 align:start position:0%
contradictions.
 

59:49.680 --> 59:51.430 align:start position:0%
contradictions.
Five<01:01:17.359><c> different</c><01:01:17.680><c> versions</c><01:01:18.079><c> of</c><01:01:18.319><c> string</c>

59:51.430 --> 59:51.440 align:start position:0%
Five different versions of string
 

59:51.440 --> 59:53.750 align:start position:0%
Five different versions of string
theory,<01:01:19.440><c> each</c><01:01:19.832><c> [music]</c><01:01:19.920><c> promising</c><01:01:20.400><c> to</c><01:01:20.640><c> be</c><01:01:20.799><c> the</c>

59:53.750 --> 59:53.760 align:start position:0%
theory, each [music] promising to be the
 

59:53.760 --> 59:56.070 align:start position:0%
theory, each [music] promising to be the
one<01:01:21.200><c> true</c><01:01:21.520><c> narrative.</c>

59:56.070 --> 59:56.080 align:start position:0%
one true narrative.
 

59:56.080 --> 59:58.629 align:start position:0%
one true narrative.
In<01:01:23.520><c> a</c><01:01:23.680><c> real</c><01:01:23.920><c> trial,</c><01:01:24.480><c> five</c><01:01:24.799><c> mutually</c><01:01:25.359><c> exclusive</c>

59:58.629 --> 59:58.639 align:start position:0%
In a real trial, five mutually exclusive
 

59:58.639 --> 01:00:00.710 align:start position:0%
In a real trial, five mutually exclusive
alibis<01:01:26.799><c> are</c><01:01:26.960><c> rarely</c><01:01:27.037><c> [music]</c><01:01:27.359><c> a</c><01:01:27.599><c> sign</c><01:01:27.839><c> of</c>

01:00:00.710 --> 01:00:00.720 align:start position:0%
alibis are rarely [music] a sign of
 

01:00:00.720 --> 01:00:03.510 align:start position:0%
alibis are rarely [music] a sign of
innocence.<01:01:29.119><c> And</c><01:01:29.359><c> that</c><01:01:29.599><c> wasn't</c><01:01:29.920><c> all.</c><01:01:30.559><c> The</c>

01:00:03.510 --> 01:00:03.520 align:start position:0%
innocence. And that wasn't all. The
 

01:00:03.520 --> 01:00:05.750 align:start position:0%
innocence. And that wasn't all. The
prosecution<01:01:31.359><c> was</c><01:01:31.599><c> about</c><01:01:31.760><c> to</c><01:01:31.920><c> call</c><01:01:32.160><c> in</c><01:01:32.400><c> a</c><01:01:32.640><c> heavy</c>

01:00:05.750 --> 01:00:05.760 align:start position:0%
prosecution was about to call in a heavy
 

01:00:05.760 --> 01:00:09.030 align:start position:0%
prosecution was about to call in a heavy
hitter.<01:01:34.000><c> Richard</c><01:01:34.480><c> Fineman</c><01:01:35.119><c> took</c><01:01:35.359><c> the</c><01:01:35.520><c> stand</c>

01:00:09.030 --> 01:00:09.040 align:start position:0%
hitter. Richard Fineman took the stand
 

01:00:09.040 --> 01:00:11.670 align:start position:0%
hitter. Richard Fineman took the stand
and<01:01:36.480><c> with</c><01:01:36.799><c> surgical</c><01:01:37.280><c> precision</c><01:01:38.240><c> tore</c><01:01:38.559><c> through</c>

01:00:11.670 --> 01:00:11.680 align:start position:0%
and with surgical precision tore through
 

01:00:11.680 --> 01:00:13.670 align:start position:0%
and with surgical precision tore through
the<01:01:39.119><c> defense's</c><01:01:39.760><c> increasingly</c><01:01:40.400><c> tangled</c>

01:00:13.670 --> 01:00:13.680 align:start position:0%
the defense's increasingly tangled
 

01:00:13.680 --> 01:00:18.629 align:start position:0%
the defense's increasingly tangled
testimony.

01:00:18.629 --> 01:00:18.639 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:00:18.639 --> 01:00:20.950 align:start position:0%
 
String<01:01:46.160><c> theorists</c><01:01:46.799><c> don't</c><01:01:46.960><c> make</c><01:01:47.200><c> predictions,</c>

01:00:20.950 --> 01:00:20.960 align:start position:0%
String theorists don't make predictions,
 

01:00:20.960 --> 01:00:24.149 align:start position:0%
String theorists don't make predictions,
they<01:01:48.400><c> make</c><01:01:48.640><c> excuses.</c><01:01:50.079><c> I</c><01:01:50.319><c> do</c><01:01:50.559><c> feel</c><01:01:50.799><c> strongly</c>

01:00:24.149 --> 01:00:24.159 align:start position:0%
they make excuses. I do feel strongly
 

01:00:24.159 --> 01:00:27.270 align:start position:0%
they make excuses. I do feel strongly
that<01:01:51.599><c> this</c><01:01:51.760><c> is</c><01:01:52.000><c> nonsense.</c><01:01:53.040><c> I</c><01:01:53.280><c> can't</c><01:01:53.440><c> help</c><01:01:53.680><c> it.</c>

01:00:27.270 --> 01:00:27.280 align:start position:0%
that this is nonsense. I can't help it.
 

01:00:27.280 --> 01:00:28.869 align:start position:0%
that this is nonsense. I can't help it.
Perhaps<01:01:54.799><c> I</c><01:01:55.040><c> could</c><01:01:55.200><c> entertain</c><01:01:55.680><c> future</c>

01:00:28.869 --> 01:00:28.879 align:start position:0%
Perhaps I could entertain future
 

01:00:28.879 --> 01:00:31.109 align:start position:0%
Perhaps I could entertain future
historians<01:01:56.880><c> by</c><01:01:57.200><c> saying</c><01:01:57.440><c> I</c><01:01:57.680><c> think</c><01:01:57.760><c> all</c><01:01:58.000><c> of</c><01:01:58.079><c> this</c>

01:00:31.109 --> 01:00:31.119 align:start position:0%
historians by saying I think all of this
 

01:00:31.119 --> 01:00:33.270 align:start position:0%
historians by saying I think all of this
super<01:01:58.559><c> string</c><01:01:58.880><c> stuff</c><01:01:59.119><c> is</c><01:01:59.359><c> crazy</c><01:01:59.839><c> and</c><01:02:00.079><c> is</c><01:02:00.240><c> in</c>

01:00:33.270 --> 01:00:33.280 align:start position:0%
super string stuff is crazy and is in
 

01:00:33.280 --> 01:00:35.750 align:start position:0%
super string stuff is crazy and is in
the<01:02:00.640><c> wrong</c><01:02:00.799><c> direction.</c><01:02:02.240><c> I</c><01:02:02.400><c> don't</c><01:02:02.559><c> like</c><01:02:02.720><c> that</c>

01:00:35.750 --> 01:00:35.760 align:start position:0%
the wrong direction. I don't like that
 

01:00:35.760 --> 01:00:37.109 align:start position:0%
the wrong direction. I don't like that
for<01:02:03.119><c> anything</c><01:02:03.359><c> that</c><01:02:03.520><c> disagrees</c><01:02:04.000><c> with</c>

01:00:37.109 --> 01:00:37.119 align:start position:0%
for anything that disagrees with
 

01:00:37.119 --> 01:00:39.830 align:start position:0%
for anything that disagrees with
experiment,<01:02:05.040><c> they</c><01:02:05.280><c> cook</c><01:02:05.520><c> up</c><01:02:05.680><c> an</c><01:02:05.839><c> explanation,</c>

01:00:39.830 --> 01:00:39.840 align:start position:0%
experiment, they cook up an explanation,
 

01:00:39.840 --> 01:00:42.869 align:start position:0%
experiment, they cook up an explanation,
a<01:02:07.280><c> fixup</c><01:02:07.920><c> to</c><01:02:08.240><c> say,</c><01:02:08.880><c> well,</c><01:02:09.200><c> it</c><01:02:09.440><c> still</c><01:02:09.680><c> might</c><01:02:09.839><c> be</c>

01:00:42.869 --> 01:00:42.879 align:start position:0%
a fixup to say, well, it still might be
 

01:00:42.879 --> 01:00:45.349 align:start position:0%
a fixup to say, well, it still might be
true.<01:02:10.880><c> It</c><01:02:11.040><c> has</c><01:02:11.200><c> to</c><01:02:11.359><c> be</c><01:02:11.520><c> excused</c><01:02:12.000><c> most</c><01:02:12.240><c> of</c><01:02:12.319><c> the</c>

01:00:45.349 --> 01:00:45.359 align:start position:0%
true. It has to be excused most of the
 

01:00:45.359 --> 01:00:52.470 align:start position:0%
true. It has to be excused most of the
time.<01:02:13.440><c> Doesn't</c><01:02:13.760><c> look</c><01:02:14.000><c> right.</c>

01:00:52.470 --> 01:00:52.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:00:52.480 --> 01:00:54.550 align:start position:0%
 
Here,<01:02:20.240><c> the</c><01:02:20.480><c> prosecution</c><01:02:21.119><c> landed</c><01:02:21.520><c> its</c>

01:00:54.550 --> 01:00:54.560 align:start position:0%
Here, the prosecution landed its
 

01:00:54.560 --> 01:00:56.790 align:start position:0%
Here, the prosecution landed its
sharpest<01:02:22.057><c> [music]</c><01:02:22.240><c> counter</c><01:02:22.640><c> punch</c><01:02:22.960><c> yet.</c>

01:00:56.790 --> 01:00:56.800 align:start position:0%
sharpest [music] counter punch yet.
 

01:00:56.800 --> 01:00:59.109 align:start position:0%
sharpest [music] counter punch yet.
Beauty,<01:02:24.559><c> they</c><01:02:24.799><c> argued,</c><01:02:25.440><c> hadn't</c><01:02:25.839><c> become</c><01:02:26.079><c> a</c>

01:00:59.109 --> 01:00:59.119 align:start position:0%
Beauty, they argued, hadn't become a
 

01:00:59.119 --> 01:01:02.550 align:start position:0%
Beauty, they argued, hadn't become a
compass,<01:02:27.200><c> but</c><01:02:27.440><c> a</c><01:02:27.680><c> mask,</c><01:02:28.720><c> a</c><01:02:28.960><c> way</c><01:02:29.119><c> of</c><01:02:29.200><c> evading</c>

01:01:02.550 --> 01:01:02.560 align:start position:0%
compass, but a mask, a way of evading
 

01:01:02.560 --> 01:01:05.270 align:start position:0%
compass, but a mask, a way of evading
reality<01:02:30.640><c> whenever</c><01:02:31.119><c> reality</c><01:02:31.920><c> failed</c><01:02:32.240><c> to</c>

01:01:05.270 --> 01:01:05.280 align:start position:0%
reality whenever reality failed to
 

01:01:05.280 --> 01:01:08.389 align:start position:0%
reality whenever reality failed to
comply.<01:02:33.839><c> Every</c><01:02:34.240><c> time</c><01:02:34.559><c> string</c><01:02:34.960><c> theory</c><01:02:35.359><c> was</c>

01:01:08.389 --> 01:01:08.399 align:start position:0%
comply. Every time string theory was
 

01:01:08.399 --> 01:01:10.790 align:start position:0%
comply. Every time string theory was
challenged,<01:02:36.480><c> instead</c><01:02:36.799><c> of</c><01:02:36.960><c> collapsing,</c><01:02:37.760><c> it</c>

01:01:10.790 --> 01:01:10.800 align:start position:0%
challenged, instead of collapsing, it
 

01:01:10.800 --> 01:01:12.950 align:start position:0%
challenged, instead of collapsing, it
shapeshifted.<01:02:39.359><c> And</c><01:02:39.520><c> so,</c><01:02:39.680><c> if</c><01:02:39.839><c> string</c>

01:01:12.950 --> 01:01:12.960 align:start position:0%
shapeshifted. And so, if string
 

01:01:12.960 --> 01:01:14.869 align:start position:0%
shapeshifted. And so, if string
theorists<01:02:40.640><c> were</c><01:02:40.880><c> going</c><01:02:40.960><c> to</c><01:02:41.119><c> make</c><01:02:41.280><c> headway</c><01:02:41.839><c> and</c>

01:01:14.869 --> 01:01:14.879 align:start position:0%
theorists were going to make headway and
 

01:01:14.879 --> 01:01:17.909 align:start position:0%
theorists were going to make headway and
convince<01:02:42.559><c> the</c><01:02:42.799><c> restless</c><01:02:43.359><c> jury,</c><01:02:44.400><c> they</c><01:02:44.640><c> clearly</c>

01:01:17.909 --> 01:01:17.919 align:start position:0%
convince the restless jury, they clearly
 

01:01:17.919 --> 01:01:19.030 align:start position:0%
convince the restless jury, they clearly
were<01:02:45.359><c> going</c><01:02:45.440><c> to</c><01:02:45.599><c> have</c><01:02:45.638><c> [music]</c><01:02:45.760><c> to</c><01:02:45.920><c> choose</c>

01:01:19.030 --> 01:01:19.040 align:start position:0%
were going to have [music] to choose
 

01:01:19.040 --> 01:01:24.950 align:start position:0%
were going to have [music] to choose
which<01:02:46.640><c> string</c><01:02:47.040><c> theory</c><01:02:47.760><c> was</c><01:02:48.000><c> the</c><01:02:48.240><c> right</c><01:02:48.559><c> one.</c>

01:01:24.950 --> 01:01:24.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:01:24.960 --> 01:01:42.790 align:start position:0%
 
Or<01:02:53.280><c> maybe</c><01:02:53.599><c> they</c><01:02:53.839><c> wouldn't</c><01:02:54.160><c> have</c><01:02:54.400><c> to.</c>

01:01:42.790 --> 01:01:42.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:01:42.800 --> 01:01:44.710 align:start position:0%
 
It<01:03:10.240><c> was</c><01:03:10.400><c> very</c><01:03:10.640><c> clear</c><01:03:10.880><c> that</c><01:03:11.119><c> if</c><01:03:11.280><c> I</c><01:03:11.440><c> didn't</c><01:03:11.680><c> spend</c>

01:01:44.710 --> 01:01:44.720 align:start position:0%
It was very clear that if I didn't spend
 

01:01:44.720 --> 01:01:47.430 align:start position:0%
It was very clear that if I didn't spend
my<01:03:12.160><c> life</c><01:03:12.400><c> concentrating</c><01:03:13.040><c> on</c><01:03:13.359><c> string</c><01:03:13.760><c> theory,</c>

01:01:47.430 --> 01:01:47.440 align:start position:0%
my life concentrating on string theory,
 

01:01:47.440 --> 01:01:49.829 align:start position:0%
my life concentrating on string theory,
I<01:03:14.880><c> would</c><01:03:15.039><c> simply</c><01:03:15.359><c> be</c><01:03:15.520><c> missing</c><01:03:16.319><c> my</c><01:03:16.640><c> life's</c>

01:01:49.829 --> 01:01:49.839 align:start position:0%
I would simply be missing my life's
 

01:01:49.839 --> 01:01:53.510 align:start position:0%
I would simply be missing my life's
calling.

01:01:53.510 --> 01:01:53.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:01:53.520 --> 01:01:55.909 align:start position:0%
 
Is<01:03:20.960><c> this</c><01:03:21.200><c> on?</c>

01:01:55.909 --> 01:01:55.919 align:start position:0%
Is this on?
 

01:01:55.919 --> 01:01:58.070 align:start position:0%
Is this on?
It<01:03:23.359><c> was</c><01:03:23.520><c> with</c><01:03:23.680><c> these</c><01:03:24.000><c> innocuous</c><01:03:24.640><c> words</c><01:03:25.039><c> that</c>

01:01:58.070 --> 01:01:58.080 align:start position:0%
It was with these innocuous words that
 

01:01:58.080 --> 01:01:59.750 align:start position:0%
It was with these innocuous words that
Ed<01:03:25.520><c> Wittton</c><01:03:26.079><c> stepped</c><01:03:26.319><c> to</c><01:03:26.480><c> the</c><01:03:26.559><c> front</c><01:03:26.720><c> of</c><01:03:26.799><c> the</c>

01:01:59.750 --> 01:01:59.760 align:start position:0%
Ed Wittton stepped to the front of the
 

01:01:59.760 --> 01:02:01.510 align:start position:0%
Ed Wittton stepped to the front of the
lecture<01:03:27.280><c> theater</c><01:03:27.680><c> at</c><01:03:27.920><c> the</c><01:03:28.079><c> University</c><01:03:28.559><c> of</c>

01:02:01.510 --> 01:02:01.520 align:start position:0%
lecture theater at the University of
 

01:02:01.520 --> 01:02:05.030 align:start position:0%
lecture theater at the University of
Southern<01:03:29.119><c> California</c><01:03:29.920><c> in</c><01:03:30.240><c> 1995.</c>

01:02:05.030 --> 01:02:05.040 align:start position:0%
Southern California in 1995.
 

01:02:05.040 --> 01:02:07.109 align:start position:0%
Southern California in 1995.
Wearing<01:03:32.400><c> a</c><01:03:32.559><c> black</c><01:03:32.799><c> suit,</c><01:03:33.200><c> a</c><01:03:33.440><c> red</c><01:03:33.680><c> tie,</c><01:03:34.079><c> and</c>

01:02:07.109 --> 01:02:07.119 align:start position:0%
Wearing a black suit, a red tie, and
 

01:02:07.119 --> 01:02:09.349 align:start position:0%
Wearing a black suit, a red tie, and
thick<01:03:34.640><c> rimmed</c><01:03:34.960><c> spectacles,</c><01:03:35.839><c> his</c><01:03:36.079><c> voice</c><01:03:36.319><c> was</c>

01:02:09.349 --> 01:02:09.359 align:start position:0%
thick rimmed spectacles, his voice was
 

01:02:09.359 --> 01:02:11.750 align:start position:0%
thick rimmed spectacles, his voice was
high<01:03:36.880><c> and</c><01:03:37.119><c> squeaky,</c><01:03:38.079><c> and</c><01:03:38.240><c> he</c><01:03:38.480><c> was</c><01:03:38.640><c> about</c><01:03:38.799><c> to</c>

01:02:11.750 --> 01:02:11.760 align:start position:0%
high and squeaky, and he was about to
 

01:02:11.760 --> 01:02:15.109 align:start position:0%
high and squeaky, and he was about to
change<01:03:39.280><c> physics</c><01:03:40.319><c> forever.</c>

01:02:15.109 --> 01:02:15.119 align:start position:0%
change physics forever.
 

01:02:15.119 --> 01:02:17.109 align:start position:0%
change physics forever.
&gt;&gt; Indeed,<01:03:42.640><c> physics</c><01:03:42.960><c> has</c><01:03:43.200><c> often</c><01:03:43.520><c> been</c><01:03:43.760><c> reshaped</c>

01:02:17.109 --> 01:02:17.119 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Indeed, physics has often been reshaped
 

01:02:17.119 --> 01:02:19.349 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Indeed, physics has often been reshaped
by<01:03:44.559><c> nomads</c><01:03:45.119><c> who</c><01:03:45.359><c> crossed</c><01:03:45.839><c> scientific</c>

01:02:19.349 --> 01:02:19.359 align:start position:0%
by nomads who crossed scientific
 

01:02:19.359 --> 01:02:20.869 align:start position:0%
by nomads who crossed scientific
borders.

01:02:20.869 --> 01:02:20.879 align:start position:0%
borders.
 

01:02:20.879 --> 01:02:23.190 align:start position:0%
borders.
Einstein,<01:03:48.799><c> the</c><01:03:49.039><c> patent</c><01:03:49.440><c> cler</c><01:03:49.760><c> who</c><01:03:49.920><c> remade</c>

01:02:23.190 --> 01:02:23.200 align:start position:0%
Einstein, the patent cler who remade
 

01:02:23.200 --> 01:02:25.909 align:start position:0%
Einstein, the patent cler who remade
space<01:03:50.640><c> and</c><01:03:50.880><c> time.</c><01:03:51.760><c> Claude</c><01:03:52.160><c> Love</c><01:03:52.400><c> Lace,</c><01:03:52.880><c> the</c>

01:02:25.909 --> 01:02:25.919 align:start position:0%
space and time. Claude Love Lace, the
 

01:02:25.919 --> 01:02:27.909 align:start position:0%
space and time. Claude Love Lace, the
mathematician<01:03:53.839><c> who</c><01:03:54.079><c> solved</c><01:03:54.400><c> string</c><01:03:54.720><c> theory's</c>

01:02:27.909 --> 01:02:27.919 align:start position:0%
mathematician who solved string theory's
 

01:02:27.919 --> 01:02:29.829 align:start position:0%
mathematician who solved string theory's
problems<01:03:55.440><c> through</c><01:03:55.760><c> extra</c><01:03:56.160><c> dimensions</c><01:03:56.799><c> when</c>

01:02:29.829 --> 01:02:29.839 align:start position:0%
problems through extra dimensions when
 

01:02:29.839 --> 01:02:32.310 align:start position:0%
problems through extra dimensions when
no<01:03:57.280><c> one</c><01:03:57.440><c> else</c><01:03:57.760><c> could.</c><01:03:58.799><c> But</c><01:03:58.960><c> nobody</c><01:03:59.280><c> has</c>

01:02:32.310 --> 01:02:32.320 align:start position:0%
no one else could. But nobody has
 

01:02:32.320 --> 01:02:34.790 align:start position:0%
no one else could. But nobody has
embodied<01:04:00.079><c> this</c><01:04:00.319><c> pattern</c><01:04:00.799><c> more</c><01:04:01.039><c> completely</c>

01:02:34.790 --> 01:02:34.800 align:start position:0%
embodied this pattern more completely
 

01:02:34.800 --> 01:02:36.950 align:start position:0%
embodied this pattern more completely
than<01:04:02.319><c> Ed</c><01:04:02.640><c> Witten.</c>

01:02:36.950 --> 01:02:36.960 align:start position:0%
than Ed Witten.
 

01:02:36.960 --> 01:02:39.190 align:start position:0%
than Ed Witten.
Whitten<01:04:04.559><c> initially</c><01:04:04.960><c> studied</c><01:04:05.440><c> history,</c><01:04:06.160><c> then</c>

01:02:39.190 --> 01:02:39.200 align:start position:0%
Whitten initially studied history, then
 

01:02:39.200 --> 01:02:41.750 align:start position:0%
Whitten initially studied history, then
tried<01:04:06.720><c> economics,</c><01:04:07.440><c> then</c><01:04:07.760><c> philosophy.</c><01:04:08.640><c> Only</c>

01:02:41.750 --> 01:02:41.760 align:start position:0%
tried economics, then philosophy. Only
 

01:02:41.760 --> 01:02:44.230 align:start position:0%
tried economics, then philosophy. Only
then<01:04:09.200><c> did</c><01:04:09.359><c> he</c><01:04:09.599><c> finally</c><01:04:09.920><c> turn</c><01:04:10.160><c> to</c><01:04:10.400><c> physics.</c><01:04:11.280><c> And</c>

01:02:44.230 --> 01:02:44.240 align:start position:0%
then did he finally turn to physics. And
 

01:02:44.240 --> 01:02:46.550 align:start position:0%
then did he finally turn to physics. And
yet<01:04:11.760><c> within</c><01:04:12.079><c> a</c><01:04:12.240><c> decade</c><01:04:12.480><c> of</c><01:04:12.720><c> doing</c><01:04:12.960><c> so,</c><01:04:13.359><c> he</c><01:04:13.599><c> was</c>

01:02:46.550 --> 01:02:46.560 align:start position:0%
yet within a decade of doing so, he was
 

01:02:46.560 --> 01:02:48.389 align:start position:0%
yet within a decade of doing so, he was
being<01:04:14.000><c> hailed</c><01:04:14.400><c> as</c><01:04:14.640><c> the</c><01:04:14.799><c> greatest</c><01:04:15.200><c> living</c>

01:02:48.389 --> 01:02:48.399 align:start position:0%
being hailed as the greatest living
 

01:02:48.399 --> 01:02:50.230 align:start position:0%
being hailed as the greatest living
theoretical<01:04:16.319><c> physicist.</c><01:04:16.684><c> [music]</c>

01:02:50.230 --> 01:02:50.240 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicist. [music]
 

01:02:50.240 --> 01:02:52.149 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicist. [music]
A<01:04:17.680><c> man</c><01:04:17.839><c> whose</c><01:04:18.079><c> command</c><01:04:18.400><c> of</c><01:04:18.559><c> mathematics</c><01:04:19.119><c> was</c>

01:02:52.149 --> 01:02:52.159 align:start position:0%
A man whose command of mathematics was
 

01:02:52.159 --> 01:02:54.470 align:start position:0%
A man whose command of mathematics was
so<01:04:19.599><c> complete</c><01:04:20.319><c> that</c><01:04:20.640><c> colleagues</c><01:04:21.119><c> compared</c><01:04:21.520><c> him</c>

01:02:54.470 --> 01:02:54.480 align:start position:0%
so complete that colleagues compared him
 

01:02:54.480 --> 01:03:02.550 align:start position:0%
so complete that colleagues compared him
not<01:04:21.839><c> to</c><01:04:22.000><c> other</c><01:04:22.240><c> scientists,</c><01:04:23.440><c> but</c><01:04:23.680><c> to</c><01:04:23.839><c> Mozart.</c>

01:03:02.550 --> 01:03:02.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:03:02.560 --> 01:03:04.470 align:start position:0%
 
It's<01:04:30.000><c> hard</c><01:04:30.160><c> to</c><01:04:30.319><c> put</c><01:04:30.480><c> into</c><01:04:30.799><c> words</c><01:04:31.119><c> the</c><01:04:31.359><c> esteem</c>

01:03:04.470 --> 01:03:04.480 align:start position:0%
It's hard to put into words the esteem
 

01:03:04.480 --> 01:03:06.470 align:start position:0%
It's hard to put into words the esteem
with<01:04:31.839><c> which</c><01:04:32.000><c> Whitten</c><01:04:32.480><c> is</c><01:04:32.640><c> now</c><01:04:32.799><c> held</c><01:04:33.119><c> by</c><01:04:33.359><c> large</c>

01:03:06.470 --> 01:03:06.480 align:start position:0%
with which Whitten is now held by large
 

01:03:06.480 --> 01:03:08.950 align:start position:0%
with which Whitten is now held by large
parts<01:04:33.920><c> of</c><01:04:34.079><c> the</c><01:04:34.240><c> physics</c><01:04:34.640><c> community.</c>

01:03:08.950 --> 01:03:08.960 align:start position:0%
parts of the physics community.
 

01:03:08.960 --> 01:03:11.430 align:start position:0%
parts of the physics community.
By<01:04:36.480><c> 1990,</c><01:04:37.280><c> people</c><01:04:37.520><c> were</c><01:04:37.760><c> already</c><01:04:38.160><c> calling</c><01:04:38.480><c> him</c>

01:03:11.430 --> 01:03:11.440 align:start position:0%
By 1990, people were already calling him
 

01:03:11.440 --> 01:03:13.589 align:start position:0%
By 1990, people were already calling him
the<01:04:38.799><c> smartest</c><01:04:39.200><c> living</c><01:04:39.520><c> physicist.</c><01:04:40.319><c> And</c><01:04:40.480><c> that</c>

01:03:13.589 --> 01:03:13.599 align:start position:0%
the smartest living physicist. And that
 

01:03:13.599 --> 01:03:15.589 align:start position:0%
the smartest living physicist. And that
year<01:04:41.119><c> he</c><01:04:41.359><c> became</c><01:04:41.599><c> the</c><01:04:41.760><c> first</c><01:04:42.000><c> physicist</c><01:04:42.559><c> ever</c>

01:03:15.589 --> 01:03:15.599 align:start position:0%
year he became the first physicist ever
 

01:03:15.599 --> 01:03:17.670 align:start position:0%
year he became the first physicist ever
to<01:04:43.119><c> receive</c><01:04:43.359><c> the</c><01:04:43.599><c> prestigious</c><01:04:44.160><c> mathematics</c>

01:03:17.670 --> 01:03:17.680 align:start position:0%
to receive the prestigious mathematics
 

01:03:17.680 --> 01:03:20.790 align:start position:0%
to receive the prestigious mathematics
prize,<01:04:45.520><c> the</c><01:04:45.760><c> Fields</c><01:04:46.240><c> Medal.</c><01:04:47.039><c> So</c><01:04:47.280><c> when</c><01:04:47.520><c> Witten</c>

01:03:20.790 --> 01:03:20.800 align:start position:0%
prize, the Fields Medal. So when Witten
 

01:03:20.800 --> 01:03:22.310 align:start position:0%
prize, the Fields Medal. So when Witten
stepped<01:04:48.319><c> up</c><01:04:48.400><c> to</c><01:04:48.640><c> speak</c><01:04:48.880><c> at</c><01:04:49.039><c> the</c><01:04:49.200><c> Future</c>

01:03:22.310 --> 01:03:22.320 align:start position:0%
stepped up to speak at the Future
 

01:03:22.320 --> 01:03:24.149 align:start position:0%
stepped up to speak at the Future
Perspectives<01:04:50.000><c> in</c><01:04:50.240><c> string</c><01:04:50.559><c> theory</c><01:04:50.960><c> conference</c>

01:03:24.149 --> 01:03:24.159 align:start position:0%
Perspectives in string theory conference
 

01:03:24.159 --> 01:03:26.389 align:start position:0%
Perspectives in string theory conference
in<01:04:51.599><c> March</c><01:04:52.000><c> 1995,</c>

01:03:26.389 --> 01:03:26.399 align:start position:0%
in March 1995,
 

01:03:26.399 --> 01:03:29.829 align:start position:0%
in March 1995,
expectations<01:04:54.400><c> were</c><01:04:54.720><c> already</c><01:04:55.359><c> skyhigh.</c><01:04:56.720><c> Heads</c>

01:03:29.829 --> 01:03:29.839 align:start position:0%
expectations were already skyhigh. Heads
 

01:03:29.839 --> 01:03:32.550 align:start position:0%
expectations were already skyhigh. Heads
turned,<01:04:57.680><c> notebooks</c><01:04:58.319><c> opened,</c><01:04:59.200><c> everyone</c>

01:03:32.550 --> 01:03:32.560 align:start position:0%
turned, notebooks opened, everyone
 

01:03:32.560 --> 01:03:40.070 align:start position:0%
turned, notebooks opened, everyone
wanted<01:05:00.079><c> to</c><01:05:00.240><c> hear</c><01:05:00.559><c> what</c><01:05:00.799><c> Witten</c><01:05:01.520><c> had</c><01:05:01.760><c> to</c><01:05:01.920><c> say.</c>

01:03:40.070 --> 01:03:40.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:03:40.080 --> 01:03:42.550 align:start position:0%
 
Within<01:05:07.680><c> physics,</c><01:05:08.559><c> the</c><01:05:08.799><c> big</c><01:05:08.960><c> revelations</c>

01:03:42.550 --> 01:03:42.560 align:start position:0%
Within physics, the big revelations
 

01:03:42.560 --> 01:03:44.494 align:start position:0%
Within physics, the big revelations
don't<01:05:10.079><c> arrive</c><01:05:10.400><c> in</c><01:05:10.640><c> woodpaneled</c><01:05:11.359><c> courtrooms</c>

01:03:44.494 --> 01:03:44.504 align:start position:0%
don't arrive in woodpaneled courtrooms
 

01:03:44.504 --> 01:03:46.550 align:start position:0%
don't arrive in woodpaneled courtrooms
[music]<01:05:12.079><c> or</c><01:05:12.319><c> in</c><01:05:12.480><c> front</c><01:05:12.640><c> of</c><01:05:12.799><c> gavl</c><01:05:13.280><c> wielding</c>

01:03:46.550 --> 01:03:46.560 align:start position:0%
[music] or in front of gavl wielding
 

01:03:46.560 --> 01:03:49.080 align:start position:0%
[music] or in front of gavl wielding
judges.<01:05:14.799><c> They</c><01:05:15.039><c> happen</c><01:05:15.359><c> at</c><01:05:15.680><c> blackboards,</c>

01:03:49.080 --> 01:03:49.090 align:start position:0%
judges. They happen at blackboards,
 

01:03:49.090 --> 01:03:50.950 align:start position:0%
judges. They happen at blackboards,
[music]<01:05:16.559><c> in</c><01:05:16.799><c> lecture</c><01:05:17.200><c> theaters,</c><01:05:17.599><c> and</c><01:05:17.760><c> on</c><01:05:18.000><c> the</c>

01:03:50.950 --> 01:03:50.960 align:start position:0%
[music] in lecture theaters, and on the
 

01:03:50.960 --> 01:03:53.670 align:start position:0%
[music] in lecture theaters, and on the
conference<01:05:18.640><c> floor.</c><01:05:19.520><c> And</c><01:05:19.680><c> so</c><01:05:19.920><c> on</c><01:05:20.079><c> that</c><01:05:20.240><c> day</c><01:05:20.559><c> at</c>

01:03:53.670 --> 01:03:53.680 align:start position:0%
conference floor. And so on that day at
 

01:03:53.680 --> 01:03:55.829 align:start position:0%
conference floor. And so on that day at
the<01:05:21.039><c> University</c><01:05:21.520><c> of</c><01:05:21.680><c> Southern</c><01:05:22.079><c> California,</c>

01:03:55.829 --> 01:03:55.839 align:start position:0%
the University of Southern California,
 

01:03:55.839 --> 01:03:58.389 align:start position:0%
the University of Southern California,
the<01:05:23.359><c> stage</c><01:05:23.760><c> became</c><01:05:24.079><c> the</c><01:05:24.240><c> deacto</c><01:05:24.880><c> courtroom</c><01:05:25.359><c> of</c>

01:03:58.389 --> 01:03:58.399 align:start position:0%
the stage became the deacto courtroom of
 

01:03:58.399 --> 01:04:00.470 align:start position:0%
the stage became the deacto courtroom of
theoretical<01:05:26.115><c> [music]</c><01:05:26.240><c> physics.</c><01:05:27.280><c> And</c><01:05:27.440><c> the</c>

01:04:00.470 --> 01:04:00.480 align:start position:0%
theoretical [music] physics. And the
 

01:04:00.480 --> 01:04:03.589 align:start position:0%
theoretical [music] physics. And the
jury<01:05:28.400><c> was</c><01:05:28.720><c> packed.</c><01:05:29.680><c> But</c><01:05:29.839><c> Witten</c><01:05:30.319><c> hadn't</c><01:05:30.640><c> come</c>

01:04:03.589 --> 01:04:03.599 align:start position:0%
jury was packed. But Witten hadn't come
 

01:04:03.599 --> 01:04:06.149 align:start position:0%
jury was packed. But Witten hadn't come
to<01:05:30.960><c> this</c><01:05:31.119><c> makeshift</c><01:05:31.599><c> court</c><01:05:32.000><c> empty-handed.</c>

01:04:06.149 --> 01:04:06.159 align:start position:0%
to this makeshift court empty-handed.
 

01:04:06.159 --> 01:04:08.950 align:start position:0%
to this makeshift court empty-handed.
The<01:05:33.680><c> key</c><01:05:33.839><c> to</c><01:05:34.079><c> his</c><01:05:34.319><c> new</c><01:05:34.480><c> defense,</c><01:05:35.760><c> something</c>

01:04:08.950 --> 01:04:08.960 align:start position:0%
The key to his new defense, something
 

01:04:08.960 --> 01:04:12.389 align:start position:0%
The key to his new defense, something
called<01:05:37.200><c> dualities.</c>

01:04:12.389 --> 01:04:12.399 align:start position:0%
called dualities.
 

01:04:12.399 --> 01:04:14.950 align:start position:0%
called dualities.
Physics<01:05:40.079><c> is</c><01:05:40.319><c> full</c><01:05:40.559><c> of</c><01:05:40.720><c> dualities.</c><01:05:41.839><c> Perhaps</c>

01:04:14.950 --> 01:04:14.960 align:start position:0%
Physics is full of dualities. Perhaps
 

01:04:14.960 --> 01:04:16.790 align:start position:0%
Physics is full of dualities. Perhaps
the<01:05:42.319><c> most</c><01:05:42.559><c> famous</c><01:05:42.880><c> is</c><01:05:43.119><c> wave</c><01:05:43.520><c> particle</c>

01:04:16.790 --> 01:04:16.800 align:start position:0%
the most famous is wave particle
 

01:04:16.800 --> 01:04:19.349 align:start position:0%
the most famous is wave particle
duality.<01:05:44.960><c> Sometimes</c><01:05:45.440><c> light</c><01:05:45.839><c> behaves</c><01:05:46.160><c> like</c><01:05:46.319><c> a</c>

01:04:19.349 --> 01:04:19.359 align:start position:0%
duality. Sometimes light behaves like a
 

01:04:19.359 --> 01:04:21.589 align:start position:0%
duality. Sometimes light behaves like a
wave,<01:05:47.119><c> but</c><01:05:47.440><c> other</c><01:05:47.680><c> times</c><01:05:47.920><c> it</c><01:05:48.079><c> behaves</c><01:05:48.400><c> like</c><01:05:48.640><c> a</c>

01:04:21.589 --> 01:04:21.599 align:start position:0%
wave, but other times it behaves like a
 

01:04:21.599 --> 01:04:23.990 align:start position:0%
wave, but other times it behaves like a
particle.<01:05:49.599><c> It</c><01:05:49.839><c> all</c><01:05:50.000><c> depends</c><01:05:50.319><c> on</c><01:05:50.559><c> exactly</c><01:05:50.960><c> how</c>

01:04:23.990 --> 01:04:24.000 align:start position:0%
particle. It all depends on exactly how
 

01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:26.629 align:start position:0%
particle. It all depends on exactly how
you<01:05:51.359><c> look</c><01:05:51.520><c> at</c><01:05:51.760><c> it.</c><01:05:52.640><c> In</c><01:05:52.880><c> the</c><01:05:53.039><c> years</c><01:05:53.280><c> after</c><01:05:53.599><c> the</c>

01:04:26.629 --> 01:04:26.639 align:start position:0%
you look at it. In the years after the
 

01:04:26.639 --> 01:04:28.950 align:start position:0%
you look at it. In the years after the
first<01:05:54.160><c> superstring</c><01:05:54.799><c> revolution,</c><01:05:55.599><c> physicists</c>

01:04:28.950 --> 01:04:28.960 align:start position:0%
first superstring revolution, physicists
 

01:04:28.960 --> 01:04:31.030 align:start position:0%
first superstring revolution, physicists
began<01:05:56.480><c> to</c><01:05:56.640><c> look</c><01:05:56.720><c> for</c><01:05:56.880><c> dualities</c><01:05:57.680><c> between</c><01:05:58.000><c> the</c>

01:04:31.030 --> 01:04:31.040 align:start position:0%
began to look for dualities between the
 

01:04:31.040 --> 01:04:33.750 align:start position:0%
began to look for dualities between the
five<01:05:58.559><c> possible</c><01:05:59.200><c> superstring</c><01:05:59.760><c> theories</c><01:06:00.559><c> in</c><01:06:00.799><c> an</c>

01:04:33.750 --> 01:04:33.760 align:start position:0%
five possible superstring theories in an
 

01:04:33.760 --> 01:04:36.149 align:start position:0%
five possible superstring theories in an
effort<01:06:01.200><c> to</c><01:06:01.440><c> make</c><01:06:01.680><c> sense</c><01:06:01.920><c> of</c><01:06:02.079><c> them.</c><01:06:02.880><c> And</c><01:06:03.119><c> in</c>

01:04:36.149 --> 01:04:36.159 align:start position:0%
effort to make sense of them. And in
 

01:04:36.159 --> 01:04:38.629 align:start position:0%
effort to make sense of them. And in
doing<01:06:03.680><c> so,</c><01:06:04.400><c> interesting</c><01:06:04.960><c> relationships</c>

01:04:38.629 --> 01:04:38.639 align:start position:0%
doing so, interesting relationships
 

01:04:38.639 --> 01:04:42.310 align:start position:0%
doing so, interesting relationships
began<01:06:06.240><c> to</c><01:06:06.480><c> emerge.</c>

01:04:42.310 --> 01:04:42.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:04:42.320 --> 01:04:45.589 align:start position:0%
 
In<01:06:09.839><c> 1987,</c><01:06:10.960><c> Balacandrron</c><01:06:11.680><c> Satia</c><01:06:12.160><c> Palan</c>

01:04:45.589 --> 01:04:45.599 align:start position:0%
In 1987, Balacandrron Satia Palan
 

01:04:45.599 --> 01:04:47.270 align:start position:0%
In 1987, Balacandrron Satia Palan
published<01:06:13.119><c> an</c><01:06:13.359><c> obscure,</c><01:06:14.000><c> initially</c>

01:04:47.270 --> 01:04:47.280 align:start position:0%
published an obscure, initially
 

01:04:47.280 --> 01:04:49.510 align:start position:0%
published an obscure, initially
overlooked<01:06:15.039><c> paper</c><01:06:15.520><c> in</c><01:06:15.760><c> which</c><01:06:15.920><c> he</c><01:06:16.160><c> explored</c>

01:04:49.510 --> 01:04:49.520 align:start position:0%
overlooked paper in which he explored
 

01:04:49.520 --> 01:04:53.510 align:start position:0%
overlooked paper in which he explored
the<01:06:16.960><c> idea</c><01:06:17.440><c> of</c><01:06:17.839><c> T</c><01:06:18.240><c> duality.</c><01:06:19.359><c> In</c><01:06:19.520><c> this</c><01:06:19.760><c> case,</c><01:06:20.240><c> T</c>

01:04:53.510 --> 01:04:53.520 align:start position:0%
the idea of T duality. In this case, T
 

01:04:53.520 --> 01:04:55.510 align:start position:0%
the idea of T duality. In this case, T
stands<01:06:20.960><c> for</c><01:06:21.200><c> target</c><01:06:21.599><c> space,</c><01:06:22.160><c> the</c><01:06:22.480><c> regions</c>

01:04:55.510 --> 01:04:55.520 align:start position:0%
stands for target space, the regions
 

01:04:55.520 --> 01:04:59.510 align:start position:0%
stands for target space, the regions
that<01:06:22.960><c> strings</c><01:06:23.359><c> are</c><01:06:23.520><c> able</c><01:06:23.760><c> to</c><01:06:23.920><c> move</c><01:06:24.160><c> in.</c>

01:04:59.510 --> 01:04:59.520 align:start position:0%
that strings are able to move in.
 

01:04:59.520 --> 01:05:01.510 align:start position:0%
that strings are able to move in.
To<01:06:27.039><c> understand</c><01:06:27.359><c> this,</c><01:06:27.839><c> imagine</c><01:06:28.240><c> that</c><01:06:28.400><c> one</c><01:06:28.559><c> of</c>

01:05:01.510 --> 01:05:01.520 align:start position:0%
To understand this, imagine that one of
 

01:05:01.520 --> 01:05:03.829 align:start position:0%
To understand this, imagine that one of
the<01:06:28.880><c> extra</c><01:06:29.359><c> hidden</c><01:06:29.760><c> dimensions</c><01:06:30.319><c> invoked</c><01:06:30.799><c> by</c>

01:05:03.829 --> 01:05:03.839 align:start position:0%
the extra hidden dimensions invoked by
 

01:05:03.839 --> 01:05:06.149 align:start position:0%
the extra hidden dimensions invoked by
superstring<01:06:31.599><c> theories</c><01:06:32.160><c> is</c><01:06:32.480><c> curled</c><01:06:32.799><c> up</c><01:06:32.960><c> in</c><01:06:33.200><c> a</c>

01:05:06.149 --> 01:05:06.159 align:start position:0%
superstring theories is curled up in a
 

01:05:06.159 --> 01:05:09.430 align:start position:0%
superstring theories is curled up in a
circle<01:06:33.839><c> or</c><01:06:34.079><c> a</c><01:06:34.319><c> loop.</c><01:06:35.440><c> A</c><01:06:35.680><c> string</c><01:06:35.920><c> like</c><01:06:36.160><c> this</c><01:06:36.400><c> can</c>

01:05:09.430 --> 01:05:09.440 align:start position:0%
circle or a loop. A string like this can
 

01:05:09.440 --> 01:05:11.510 align:start position:0%
circle or a loop. A string like this can
do<01:06:36.720><c> one</c><01:06:36.960><c> of</c><01:06:37.119><c> two</c><01:06:37.359><c> things.</c><01:06:38.160><c> It</c><01:06:38.319><c> can</c><01:06:38.480><c> either</c>

01:05:11.510 --> 01:05:11.520 align:start position:0%
do one of two things. It can either
 

01:05:11.520 --> 01:05:13.909 align:start position:0%
do one of two things. It can either
travel<01:06:38.960><c> in</c><01:06:39.200><c> a</c><01:06:39.359><c> circle</c><01:06:39.599><c> along</c><01:06:39.920><c> the</c><01:06:40.160><c> loop</c><01:06:40.559><c> or</c><01:06:40.880><c> it</c>

01:05:13.909 --> 01:05:13.919 align:start position:0%
travel in a circle along the loop or it
 

01:05:13.919 --> 01:05:15.990 align:start position:0%
travel in a circle along the loop or it
can<01:06:41.280><c> wrap</c><01:06:41.520><c> and</c><01:06:41.760><c> twist</c><01:06:42.079><c> itself</c><01:06:42.559><c> around</c><01:06:42.960><c> the</c>

01:05:15.990 --> 01:05:16.000 align:start position:0%
can wrap and twist itself around the
 

01:05:16.000 --> 01:05:19.030 align:start position:0%
can wrap and twist itself around the
loop.<01:06:44.079><c> Satia</c><01:06:44.559><c> Palan's</c><01:06:45.119><c> big</c><01:06:45.280><c> insight</c><01:06:45.839><c> was</c><01:06:46.079><c> to</c>

01:05:19.030 --> 01:05:19.040 align:start position:0%
loop. Satia Palan's big insight was to
 

01:05:19.040 --> 01:05:21.670 align:start position:0%
loop. Satia Palan's big insight was to
realize<01:06:46.640><c> something</c><01:06:47.119><c> remarkable.</c><01:06:48.240><c> A</c><01:06:48.480><c> string</c>

01:05:21.670 --> 01:05:21.680 align:start position:0%
realize something remarkable. A string
 

01:05:21.680 --> 01:05:23.909 align:start position:0%
realize something remarkable. A string
traveling<01:06:49.280><c> along</c><01:06:49.680><c> a</c><01:06:49.839><c> small</c><01:06:50.160><c> circle</c><01:06:50.799><c> is</c>

01:05:23.909 --> 01:05:23.919 align:start position:0%
traveling along a small circle is
 

01:05:23.919 --> 01:05:26.149 align:start position:0%
traveling along a small circle is
exactly<01:06:51.599><c> the</c><01:06:51.839><c> same</c><01:06:52.079><c> as</c><01:06:52.319><c> a</c><01:06:52.559><c> string</c><01:06:52.960><c> wound</c>

01:05:26.149 --> 01:05:26.159 align:start position:0%
exactly the same as a string wound
 

01:05:26.159 --> 01:05:29.190 align:start position:0%
exactly the same as a string wound
around<01:06:53.920><c> a</c><01:06:54.160><c> large</c><01:06:54.559><c> circle.</c><01:06:55.440><c> Similarly,</c><01:06:56.160><c> a</c>

01:05:29.190 --> 01:05:29.200 align:start position:0%
around a large circle. Similarly, a
 

01:05:29.200 --> 01:05:31.750 align:start position:0%
around a large circle. Similarly, a
string<01:06:56.799><c> traveling</c><01:06:57.200><c> along</c><01:06:57.440><c> a</c><01:06:57.680><c> large</c><01:06:58.000><c> circle</c><01:06:58.720><c> is</c>

01:05:31.750 --> 01:05:31.760 align:start position:0%
string traveling along a large circle is
 

01:05:31.760 --> 01:05:34.310 align:start position:0%
string traveling along a large circle is
the<01:06:59.280><c> same</c><01:06:59.440><c> as</c><01:06:59.680><c> a</c><01:06:59.920><c> string</c><01:07:00.240><c> wound</c><01:07:00.640><c> around</c><01:07:01.200><c> a</c>

01:05:34.310 --> 01:05:34.320 align:start position:0%
the same as a string wound around a
 

01:05:34.320 --> 01:05:37.270 align:start position:0%
the same as a string wound around a
small<01:07:01.839><c> circle.</c><01:07:02.880><c> And</c><01:07:03.039><c> this</c><01:07:03.280><c> meant</c><01:07:03.839><c> that</c><01:07:04.079><c> two</c><01:07:04.319><c> of</c>

01:05:37.270 --> 01:05:37.280 align:start position:0%
small circle. And this meant that two of
 

01:05:37.280 --> 01:05:39.670 align:start position:0%
small circle. And this meant that two of
Green<01:07:04.720><c> and</c><01:07:04.880><c> Schwarz's</c><01:07:05.440><c> superstring</c><01:07:06.000><c> theories</c>

01:05:39.670 --> 01:05:39.680 align:start position:0%
Green and Schwarz's superstring theories
 

01:05:39.680 --> 01:05:42.310 align:start position:0%
Green and Schwarz's superstring theories
were<01:07:07.359><c> identical.</c><01:07:08.400><c> The</c><01:07:08.559><c> apparent</c><01:07:08.960><c> differences</c>

01:05:42.310 --> 01:05:42.320 align:start position:0%
were identical. The apparent differences
 

01:05:42.320 --> 01:05:44.070 align:start position:0%
were identical. The apparent differences
simply<01:07:09.920><c> stemming</c><01:07:10.240><c> from</c><01:07:10.400><c> the</c><01:07:10.640><c> fact</c><01:07:10.799><c> that</c><01:07:11.039><c> we're</c>

01:05:44.070 --> 01:05:44.080 align:start position:0%
simply stemming from the fact that we're
 

01:05:44.080 --> 01:05:45.750 align:start position:0%
simply stemming from the fact that we're
looking<01:07:11.440><c> at</c><01:07:11.599><c> them</c><01:07:11.839><c> through</c><01:07:12.160><c> differentiz</c>

01:05:45.750 --> 01:05:45.760 align:start position:0%
looking at them through differentiz
 

01:05:45.760 --> 01:05:48.470 align:start position:0%
looking at them through differentiz
lenses.<01:07:14.079><c> Like</c><01:07:14.400><c> light</c><01:07:14.799><c> behaving</c><01:07:15.119><c> as</c><01:07:15.280><c> a</c><01:07:15.440><c> wave</c>

01:05:48.470 --> 01:05:48.480 align:start position:0%
lenses. Like light behaving as a wave
 

01:05:48.480 --> 01:05:50.230 align:start position:0%
lenses. Like light behaving as a wave
when<01:07:16.000><c> traveling</c><01:07:16.400><c> and</c><01:07:16.640><c> a</c><01:07:16.880><c> particle</c><01:07:17.200><c> when</c>

01:05:50.230 --> 01:05:50.240 align:start position:0%
when traveling and a particle when
 

01:05:50.240 --> 01:05:52.869 align:start position:0%
when traveling and a particle when
interacting,<01:07:18.559><c> at</c><01:07:18.799><c> their</c><01:07:19.039><c> heart</c><01:07:19.520><c> they</c><01:07:19.760><c> are</c><01:07:19.920><c> one</c>

01:05:52.869 --> 01:05:52.879 align:start position:0%
interacting, at their heart they are one
 

01:05:52.879 --> 01:05:55.190 align:start position:0%
interacting, at their heart they are one
and<01:07:20.319><c> the</c><01:07:20.480><c> same.</c><01:07:21.119><c> One</c><01:07:21.440><c> heads,</c><01:07:22.000><c> the</c><01:07:22.160><c> other</c>

01:05:55.190 --> 01:05:55.200 align:start position:0%
and the same. One heads, the other
 

01:05:55.200 --> 01:05:58.470 align:start position:0%
and the same. One heads, the other
tails,<01:07:23.200><c> but</c><01:07:23.440><c> it's</c><01:07:23.680><c> still</c><01:07:23.920><c> the</c><01:07:24.160><c> same</c><01:07:24.480><c> coin.</c><01:07:25.440><c> And</c>

01:05:58.470 --> 01:05:58.480 align:start position:0%
tails, but it's still the same coin. And
 

01:05:58.480 --> 01:06:00.310 align:start position:0%
tails, but it's still the same coin. And
as<01:07:25.839><c> well</c><01:07:26.000><c> as</c><01:07:26.160><c> this,</c><01:07:26.480><c> the</c><01:07:26.720><c> two</c><01:07:26.880><c> heterotic</c>

01:06:00.310 --> 01:06:00.320 align:start position:0%
as well as this, the two heterotic
 

01:06:00.320 --> 01:06:02.389 align:start position:0%
as well as this, the two heterotic
string<01:07:27.839><c> theories</c><01:07:28.240><c> were</c><01:07:28.559><c> also</c><01:07:28.799><c> found</c><01:07:29.119><c> to</c><01:07:29.280><c> be</c>

01:06:02.389 --> 01:06:02.399 align:start position:0%
string theories were also found to be
 

01:06:02.399 --> 01:06:05.349 align:start position:0%
string theories were also found to be
identical<01:07:30.000><c> in</c><01:07:30.319><c> this</c><01:07:30.640><c> way.</c><01:07:31.520><c> T-</c><01:07:31.839><c> duality</c><01:07:32.319><c> means</c>

01:06:05.349 --> 01:06:05.359 align:start position:0%
identical in this way. T- duality means
 

01:06:05.359 --> 01:06:06.950 align:start position:0%
identical in this way. T- duality means
that<01:07:32.720><c> really</c><01:07:33.039><c> there</c><01:07:33.200><c> were</c><01:07:33.440><c> only</c><01:07:33.680><c> three</c>

01:06:06.950 --> 01:06:06.960 align:start position:0%
that really there were only three
 

01:06:06.960 --> 01:06:09.829 align:start position:0%
that really there were only three
superstring<01:07:34.720><c> theories,</c><01:07:35.599><c> not</c><01:07:35.920><c> five.</c><01:07:36.799><c> We</c>

01:06:09.829 --> 01:06:09.839 align:start position:0%
superstring theories, not five. We
 

01:06:09.839 --> 01:06:11.270 align:start position:0%
superstring theories, not five. We
shouldn't<01:07:37.280><c> double</c><01:07:37.599><c> count</c><01:07:37.839><c> those</c><01:07:38.079><c> that</c><01:07:38.319><c> are</c>

01:06:11.270 --> 01:06:11.280 align:start position:0%
shouldn't double count those that are
 

01:06:11.280 --> 01:06:14.629 align:start position:0%
shouldn't double count those that are
mathematically<01:07:39.359><c> identical.</c><01:07:40.480><c> And</c><01:07:40.720><c> Tuality</c>

01:06:14.629 --> 01:06:14.639 align:start position:0%
mathematically identical. And Tuality
 

01:06:14.639 --> 01:06:24.470 align:start position:0%
mathematically identical. And Tuality
was<01:07:42.079><c> just</c><01:07:42.319><c> the</c><01:07:42.559><c> beginning.</c>

01:06:24.470 --> 01:06:24.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:06:24.480 --> 01:06:26.470 align:start position:0%
 
Crystal<01:07:52.319><c> clearar</c><01:07:52.640><c> waves</c><01:07:53.280><c> lap</c><01:07:53.491><c> [music]</c>

01:06:26.470 --> 01:06:26.480 align:start position:0%
Crystal clearar waves lap [music]
 

01:06:26.480 --> 01:06:29.670 align:start position:0%
Crystal clearar waves lap [music]
against<01:07:54.160><c> miles</c><01:07:54.559><c> and</c><01:07:54.880><c> miles</c><01:07:55.359><c> of</c><01:07:55.599><c> soft</c><01:07:56.480><c> white</c>

01:06:29.670 --> 01:06:29.680 align:start position:0%
against miles and miles of soft white
 

01:06:29.680 --> 01:06:31.190 align:start position:0%
against miles and miles of soft white
sand.

01:06:31.190 --> 01:06:31.200 align:start position:0%
sand.
 

01:06:31.200 --> 01:06:33.829 align:start position:0%
sand.
Nestled<01:07:58.880><c> in</c><01:07:59.039><c> the</c><01:07:59.200><c> Caribbean</c><01:07:59.680><c> Sea,</c><01:08:00.240><c> 12</c><01:08:00.559><c> mi</c><01:08:00.880><c> off</c>

01:06:33.829 --> 01:06:33.839 align:start position:0%
Nestled in the Caribbean Sea, 12 mi off
 

01:06:33.839 --> 01:06:36.550 align:start position:0%
Nestled in the Caribbean Sea, 12 mi off
the<01:08:01.200><c> coast</c><01:08:01.359><c> of</c><01:08:01.520><c> Venezuela,</c><01:08:02.559><c> Margarita</c><01:08:03.280><c> Island</c>

01:06:36.550 --> 01:06:36.560 align:start position:0%
the coast of Venezuela, Margarita Island
 

01:06:36.560 --> 01:06:39.670 align:start position:0%
the coast of Venezuela, Margarita Island
is<01:08:04.000><c> a</c><01:08:04.240><c> little</c><01:08:04.480><c> slice</c><01:08:04.799><c> of</c><01:08:05.039><c> paradise.</c><01:08:06.480><c> And</c><01:08:06.640><c> in</c>

01:06:39.670 --> 01:06:39.680 align:start position:0%
is a little slice of paradise. And in
 

01:06:39.680 --> 01:06:41.829 align:start position:0%
is a little slice of paradise. And in
the<01:08:06.960><c> summer</c><01:08:07.200><c> of</c><01:08:07.359><c> 1974,</c>

01:06:41.829 --> 01:06:41.839 align:start position:0%
the summer of 1974,
 

01:06:41.839 --> 01:06:44.470 align:start position:0%
the summer of 1974,
14-year-old<01:08:09.760><c> Anamaria</c><01:08:10.480><c> Font</c><01:08:11.119><c> moved</c><01:08:11.359><c> to</c><01:08:11.520><c> the</c>

01:06:44.470 --> 01:06:44.480 align:start position:0%
14-year-old Anamaria Font moved to the
 

01:06:44.480 --> 01:06:46.550 align:start position:0%
14-year-old Anamaria Font moved to the
island<01:08:12.079><c> with</c><01:08:12.319><c> her</c><01:08:12.559><c> family.</c><01:08:13.142><c> [music]</c><01:08:13.440><c> It</c><01:08:13.599><c> was</c>

01:06:46.550 --> 01:06:46.560 align:start position:0%
island with her family. [music] It was
 

01:06:46.560 --> 01:06:48.629 align:start position:0%
island with her family. [music] It was
on<01:08:13.920><c> Margarita</c><01:08:14.480><c> Island</c><01:08:14.720><c> that</c><01:08:15.039><c> Anamaria</c><01:08:15.680><c> would</c>

01:06:48.629 --> 01:06:48.639 align:start position:0%
on Margarita Island that Anamaria would
 

01:06:48.639 --> 01:06:50.949 align:start position:0%
on Margarita Island that Anamaria would
complete<01:08:16.159><c> her</c><01:08:16.400><c> final</c><01:08:16.719><c> year</c><01:08:16.880><c> of</c><01:08:17.120><c> high</c><01:08:17.440><c> school.</c>

01:06:50.949 --> 01:06:50.959 align:start position:0%
complete her final year of high school.
 

01:06:50.959 --> 01:06:53.350 align:start position:0%
complete her final year of high school.
And<01:08:18.319><c> despite</c><01:08:18.640><c> the</c><01:08:18.880><c> remote</c><01:08:19.199><c> location,</c><01:08:20.159><c> Font</c>

01:06:53.350 --> 01:06:53.360 align:start position:0%
And despite the remote location, Font
 

01:06:53.360 --> 01:06:55.350 align:start position:0%
And despite the remote location, Font
fondly<01:08:21.040><c> recalls</c><01:08:21.520><c> how</c><01:08:21.759><c> the</c><01:08:21.920><c> chemistry</c><01:08:22.319><c> and</c>

01:06:55.350 --> 01:06:55.360 align:start position:0%
fondly recalls how the chemistry and
 

01:06:55.360 --> 01:06:57.350 align:start position:0%
fondly recalls how the chemistry and
physics<01:08:22.880><c> lectures</c><01:08:23.359><c> included</c><01:08:23.839><c> regular</c><01:08:24.239><c> lab</c>

01:06:57.350 --> 01:06:57.360 align:start position:0%
physics lectures included regular lab
 

01:06:57.360 --> 01:07:00.549 align:start position:0%
physics lectures included regular lab
sessions.<01:08:25.600><c> She</c><01:08:25.839><c> soon</c><01:08:26.319><c> became</c><01:08:26.640><c> enthralled.</c>

01:07:00.549 --> 01:07:00.559 align:start position:0%
sessions. She soon became enthralled.
 

01:07:00.559 --> 01:07:02.870 align:start position:0%
sessions. She soon became enthralled.
After<01:08:28.080><c> leaving</c><01:08:28.400><c> Margarita</c><01:08:29.040><c> Island</c><01:08:29.359><c> behind,</c>

01:07:02.870 --> 01:07:02.880 align:start position:0%
After leaving Margarita Island behind,
 

01:07:02.880 --> 01:07:04.790 align:start position:0%
After leaving Margarita Island behind,
Font<01:08:30.480><c> moved</c><01:08:30.640><c> to</c><01:08:30.799><c> the</c><01:08:30.880><c> Venezuelan</c><01:08:31.520><c> capital,</c>

01:07:04.790 --> 01:07:04.800 align:start position:0%
Font moved to the Venezuelan capital,
 

01:07:04.800 --> 01:07:05.670 align:start position:0%
Font moved to the Venezuelan capital,
Caracus,<01:08:32.137><c> [music]</c>

01:07:05.670 --> 01:07:05.680 align:start position:0%
Caracus, [music]
 

01:07:05.680 --> 01:07:08.469 align:start position:0%
Caracus, [music]
to<01:08:33.120><c> study</c><01:08:33.520><c> physics.</c><01:08:34.560><c> Next</c><01:08:34.799><c> on</c><01:08:35.040><c> her</c><01:08:35.120><c> meandering</c>

01:07:08.469 --> 01:07:08.479 align:start position:0%
to study physics. Next on her meandering
 

01:07:08.479 --> 01:07:10.949 align:start position:0%
to study physics. Next on her meandering
itinerary<01:08:36.319><c> was</c><01:08:36.560><c> Austin,</c><01:08:37.120><c> Texas,</c><01:08:37.759><c> where</c><01:08:38.000><c> she</c>

01:07:10.949 --> 01:07:10.959 align:start position:0%
itinerary was Austin, Texas, where she
 

01:07:10.959 --> 01:07:14.149 align:start position:0%
itinerary was Austin, Texas, where she
would<01:08:38.400><c> complete</c><01:08:38.640><c> her</c><01:08:38.960><c> PhD</c><01:08:39.520><c> in</c><01:08:39.759><c> 1987</c><01:08:40.880><c> amid</c><01:08:41.199><c> the</c>

01:07:14.149 --> 01:07:14.159 align:start position:0%
would complete her PhD in 1987 amid the
 

01:07:14.159 --> 01:07:16.390 align:start position:0%
would complete her PhD in 1987 amid the
heady<01:08:41.759><c> days</c><01:08:42.080><c> of</c><01:08:42.319><c> the</c><01:08:42.560><c> first</c><01:08:42.960><c> superstring</c>

01:07:16.390 --> 01:07:16.400 align:start position:0%
heady days of the first superstring
 

01:07:16.400 --> 01:07:17.989 align:start position:0%
heady days of the first superstring
revolution.

01:07:17.989 --> 01:07:17.999 align:start position:0%
revolution.
 

01:07:17.999 --> 01:07:20.230 align:start position:0%
revolution.
And<01:08:45.440><c> 3</c><01:08:45.759><c> years</c><01:08:46.000><c> later</c><01:08:46.480><c> came</c><01:08:46.719><c> a</c><01:08:46.960><c> sizable</c>

01:07:20.230 --> 01:07:20.240 align:start position:0%
And 3 years later came a sizable
 

01:07:20.240 --> 01:07:23.589 align:start position:0%
And 3 years later came a sizable
breakthrough.<01:08:48.640><c> In</c><01:08:48.960><c> 1990,</c><01:08:49.920><c> a</c><01:08:50.239><c> new</c><01:08:50.400><c> type</c><01:08:50.640><c> of</c>

01:07:23.589 --> 01:07:23.599 align:start position:0%
breakthrough. In 1990, a new type of
 

01:07:23.599 --> 01:07:25.830 align:start position:0%
breakthrough. In 1990, a new type of
duality<01:08:51.440><c> entered</c><01:08:51.759><c> the</c><01:08:51.920><c> lexicorn</c><01:08:52.480><c> of</c><01:08:52.719><c> string</c>

01:07:25.830 --> 01:07:25.840 align:start position:0%
duality entered the lexicorn of string
 

01:07:25.840 --> 01:07:27.750 align:start position:0%
duality entered the lexicorn of string
theorists.<01:08:53.752><c> [music]</c><01:08:54.080><c> Thanks</c><01:08:54.400><c> to</c><01:08:54.480><c> the</c><01:08:54.640><c> work</c><01:08:54.799><c> of</c>

01:07:27.750 --> 01:07:27.760 align:start position:0%
theorists. [music] Thanks to the work of
 

01:07:27.760 --> 01:07:30.069 align:start position:0%
theorists. [music] Thanks to the work of
font<01:08:55.440><c> and</c><01:08:55.600><c> her</c><01:08:55.839><c> colleagues</c><01:08:56.319><c> Lewis</c><01:08:56.560><c> Ibanz,</c>

01:07:30.069 --> 01:07:30.079 align:start position:0%
font and her colleagues Lewis Ibanz,
 

01:07:30.079 --> 01:07:32.549 align:start position:0%
font and her colleagues Lewis Ibanz,
Dieter<01:08:57.759><c> Lust</c><01:08:58.080><c> and</c><01:08:58.239><c> Fernando</c><01:08:58.719><c> Cavdo,</c>

01:07:32.549 --> 01:07:32.559 align:start position:0%
Dieter Lust and Fernando Cavdo,
 

01:07:32.559 --> 01:07:34.949 align:start position:0%
Dieter Lust and Fernando Cavdo,
something<01:09:00.159><c> called</c><01:09:00.719><c> s</c><01:09:00.960><c> duality</c><01:09:01.679><c> was</c><01:09:01.920><c> applied</c>

01:07:34.949 --> 01:07:34.959 align:start position:0%
something called s duality was applied
 

01:07:34.959 --> 01:07:37.670 align:start position:0%
something called s duality was applied
to<01:09:02.400><c> string</c><01:09:02.719><c> theory</c><01:09:03.199><c> for</c><01:09:03.440><c> the</c><01:09:03.600><c> first</c><01:09:03.920><c> time</c><01:09:04.719><c> or</c>

01:07:37.670 --> 01:07:37.680 align:start position:0%
to string theory for the first time or
 

01:07:37.680 --> 01:07:40.230 align:start position:0%
to string theory for the first time or
to<01:09:05.040><c> give</c><01:09:05.120><c> it</c><01:09:05.279><c> its</c><01:09:05.520><c> full</c><01:09:05.759><c> name,</c><01:09:06.640><c> strong</c><01:09:07.040><c> weak</c>

01:07:40.230 --> 01:07:40.240 align:start position:0%
to give it its full name, strong weak
 

01:07:40.240 --> 01:07:44.310 align:start position:0%
to give it its full name, strong weak
duality.

01:07:44.310 --> 01:07:44.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:07:44.320 --> 01:07:46.949 align:start position:0%
 
To<01:09:11.839><c> understand</c><01:09:12.400><c> suality,</c><01:09:13.359><c> let's</c><01:09:13.679><c> return</c><01:09:14.000><c> to</c>

01:07:46.949 --> 01:07:46.959 align:start position:0%
To understand suality, let's return to
 

01:07:46.959 --> 01:07:53.190 align:start position:0%
To understand suality, let's return to
the<01:09:14.319><c> shores</c><01:09:14.960><c> of</c><01:09:15.279><c> Margarita</c><01:09:15.920><c> Island.</c>

01:07:53.190 --> 01:07:53.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:07:53.200 --> 01:07:55.989 align:start position:0%
 
Water<01:09:20.880><c> is</c><01:09:21.040><c> a</c><01:09:21.199><c> miraculous</c><01:09:21.920><c> material.</c><01:09:22.880><c> It</c><01:09:23.120><c> can</c>

01:07:55.989 --> 01:07:55.999 align:start position:0%
Water is a miraculous material. It can
 

01:07:55.999 --> 01:07:58.230 align:start position:0%
Water is a miraculous material. It can
be<01:09:23.359><c> liquid</c><01:09:23.759><c> as</c><01:09:23.920><c> in</c><01:09:24.080><c> the</c><01:09:24.239><c> Caribbean</c><01:09:24.719><c> Sea,</c><01:09:25.279><c> but</c>

01:07:58.230 --> 01:07:58.240 align:start position:0%
be liquid as in the Caribbean Sea, but
 

01:07:58.240 --> 01:08:01.270 align:start position:0%
be liquid as in the Caribbean Sea, but
it<01:09:25.679><c> can</c><01:09:25.759><c> also</c><01:09:26.000><c> become</c><01:09:26.400><c> ice</c><01:09:26.799><c> and</c><01:09:27.199><c> steam.</c><01:09:28.080><c> These</c>

01:08:01.270 --> 01:08:01.280 align:start position:0%
it can also become ice and steam. These
 

01:08:01.280 --> 01:08:03.509 align:start position:0%
it can also become ice and steam. These
three<01:09:28.719><c> states</c><01:09:29.040><c> of</c><01:09:29.279><c> water</c><01:09:29.679><c> look</c><01:09:30.000><c> and</c><01:09:30.239><c> behave</c>

01:08:03.509 --> 01:08:03.519 align:start position:0%
three states of water look and behave
 

01:08:03.519 --> 01:08:05.430 align:start position:0%
three states of water look and behave
incredibly<01:09:31.359><c> differently,</c><01:09:32.000><c> but</c><01:09:32.239><c> they</c><01:09:32.319><c> all</c>

01:08:05.430 --> 01:08:05.440 align:start position:0%
incredibly differently, but they all
 

01:08:05.440 --> 01:08:07.430 align:start position:0%
incredibly differently, but they all
contain<01:09:33.120><c> the</c><01:09:33.359><c> same</c><01:09:33.600><c> underlying</c><01:09:34.239><c> water</c>

01:08:07.430 --> 01:08:07.440 align:start position:0%
contain the same underlying water
 

01:08:07.440 --> 01:08:09.989 align:start position:0%
contain the same underlying water
molecules.<01:09:35.920><c> The</c><01:09:36.159><c> only</c><01:09:36.400><c> difference</c><01:09:36.799><c> is</c>

01:08:09.989 --> 01:08:09.999 align:start position:0%
molecules. The only difference is
 

01:08:09.999 --> 01:08:12.469 align:start position:0%
molecules. The only difference is
temperature.

01:08:12.469 --> 01:08:12.479 align:start position:0%
temperature.
 

01:08:12.479 --> 01:08:15.350 align:start position:0%
temperature.
When<01:09:39.920><c> it</c><01:09:40.080><c> comes</c><01:09:40.239><c> to</c><01:09:40.480><c> suality,</c><01:09:41.759><c> temperature</c><01:09:42.319><c> is</c>

01:08:15.350 --> 01:08:15.360 align:start position:0%
When it comes to suality, temperature is
 

01:08:15.360 --> 01:08:17.989 align:start position:0%
When it comes to suality, temperature is
replaced<01:09:43.040><c> with</c><01:09:43.359><c> interaction</c><01:09:44.080><c> strength.</c><01:09:44.960><c> How</c>

01:08:17.989 --> 01:08:17.999 align:start position:0%
replaced with interaction strength. How
 

01:08:17.999 --> 01:08:20.149 align:start position:0%
replaced with interaction strength. How
likely<01:09:45.600><c> strings</c><01:09:45.920><c> are</c><01:09:46.159><c> to</c><01:09:46.319><c> break</c><01:09:46.560><c> apart</c><01:09:47.120><c> or</c>

01:08:20.149 --> 01:08:20.159 align:start position:0%
likely strings are to break apart or
 

01:08:20.159 --> 01:08:22.870 align:start position:0%
likely strings are to break apart or
join<01:09:47.679><c> up</c><01:09:47.839><c> with</c><01:09:48.080><c> other</c><01:09:48.319><c> strings.</c><01:09:49.440><c> In</c><01:09:49.679><c> liquid</c>

01:08:22.870 --> 01:08:22.880 align:start position:0%
join up with other strings. In liquid
 

01:08:22.880 --> 01:08:25.270 align:start position:0%
join up with other strings. In liquid
water,<01:09:50.480><c> the</c><01:09:50.640><c> Hto</c><01:09:51.279><c> molecules</c><01:09:51.759><c> are</c><01:09:52.000><c> relatively</c>

01:08:25.270 --> 01:08:25.280 align:start position:0%
water, the Hto molecules are relatively
 

01:08:25.280 --> 01:08:27.750 align:start position:0%
water, the Hto molecules are relatively
free<01:09:52.799><c> to</c><01:09:53.040><c> move</c><01:09:53.279><c> and</c><01:09:53.520><c> interact</c><01:09:54.000><c> weakly.</c>

01:08:27.750 --> 01:08:27.760 align:start position:0%
free to move and interact weakly.
 

01:08:27.760 --> 01:08:30.070 align:start position:0%
free to move and interact weakly.
Whereas<01:09:55.280><c> in</c><01:09:55.520><c> ice,</c><01:09:56.000><c> they</c><01:09:56.239><c> are</c><01:09:56.400><c> rigidly</c><01:09:56.880><c> bound</c>

01:08:30.070 --> 01:08:30.080 align:start position:0%
Whereas in ice, they are rigidly bound
 

01:08:30.080 --> 01:08:32.469 align:start position:0%
Whereas in ice, they are rigidly bound
and<01:09:57.600><c> interact</c><01:09:58.159><c> strongly.</c><01:09:59.120><c> These</c><01:09:59.440><c> two</c>

01:08:32.469 --> 01:08:32.479 align:start position:0%
and interact strongly. These two
 

01:08:32.479 --> 01:08:33.670 align:start position:0%
and interact strongly. These two
differing<01:10:00.080><c> amounts</c><01:10:00.320><c> of</c><01:10:00.480><c> particle</c>

01:08:33.670 --> 01:08:33.680 align:start position:0%
differing amounts of particle
 

01:08:33.680 --> 01:08:35.350 align:start position:0%
differing amounts of particle
interactions<01:10:01.520><c> are</c><01:10:01.760><c> responsible</c><01:10:02.159><c> for</c><01:10:02.320><c> the</c>

01:08:35.350 --> 01:08:35.360 align:start position:0%
interactions are responsible for the
 

01:08:35.360 --> 01:08:37.910 align:start position:0%
interactions are responsible for the
contrasting<01:10:03.120><c> behavior</c><01:10:03.520><c> of</c><01:10:03.760><c> water</c><01:10:04.080><c> and</c><01:10:04.320><c> ice.</c>

01:08:37.910 --> 01:08:37.920 align:start position:0%
contrasting behavior of water and ice.
 

01:08:37.920 --> 01:08:40.390 align:start position:0%
contrasting behavior of water and ice.
But<01:10:05.199><c> it</c><01:10:05.360><c> is</c><01:10:05.520><c> still</c><01:10:05.760><c> just</c><01:10:06.080><c> one</c><01:10:06.400><c> substance</c><01:10:07.280><c> in</c>

01:08:40.390 --> 01:08:40.400 align:start position:0%
But it is still just one substance in
 

01:08:40.400 --> 01:08:42.550 align:start position:0%
But it is still just one substance in
two<01:10:07.840><c> different</c><01:10:08.320><c> states.</c>

01:08:42.550 --> 01:08:42.560 align:start position:0%
two different states.
 

01:08:42.560 --> 01:08:45.029 align:start position:0%
two different states.
And<01:10:10.000><c> so</c><01:10:10.159><c> through</c><01:10:10.400><c> their</c><01:10:10.640><c> work</c><01:10:10.880><c> on</c><01:10:11.120><c> suuality,</c>

01:08:45.029 --> 01:08:45.039 align:start position:0%
And so through their work on suuality,
 

01:08:45.039 --> 01:08:46.870 align:start position:0%
And so through their work on suuality,
Font<01:10:12.640><c> and</c><01:10:12.800><c> her</c><01:10:12.960><c> colleagues</c><01:10:13.520><c> were</c><01:10:13.760><c> able</c><01:10:14.000><c> to</c>

01:08:46.870 --> 01:08:46.880 align:start position:0%
Font and her colleagues were able to
 

01:08:46.880 --> 01:08:48.630 align:start position:0%
Font and her colleagues were able to
show<01:10:14.320><c> that</c><01:10:14.480><c> one</c><01:10:14.640><c> of</c><01:10:14.800><c> Green</c><01:10:15.040><c> and</c><01:10:15.199><c> Schwarz's</c>

01:08:48.630 --> 01:08:48.640 align:start position:0%
show that one of Green and Schwarz's
 

01:08:48.640 --> 01:08:50.710 align:start position:0%
show that one of Green and Schwarz's
string<01:10:16.159><c> theories</c><01:10:16.880><c> was</c><01:10:17.120><c> due</c><01:10:17.440><c> to</c><01:10:17.600><c> one</c><01:10:17.679><c> of</c><01:10:17.760><c> the</c>

01:08:50.710 --> 01:08:50.720 align:start position:0%
string theories was due to one of the
 

01:08:50.720 --> 01:08:52.550 align:start position:0%
string theories was due to one of the
heterotic<01:10:18.640><c> string</c><01:10:18.880><c> theories</c><01:10:19.440><c> of</c><01:10:19.600><c> the</c>

01:08:52.550 --> 01:08:52.560 align:start position:0%
heterotic string theories of the
 

01:08:52.560 --> 01:08:55.430 align:start position:0%
heterotic string theories of the
Princeton<01:10:20.320><c> string</c><01:10:20.719><c> quartet.</c><01:10:22.080><c> Not</c><01:10:22.320><c> two</c>

01:08:55.430 --> 01:08:55.440 align:start position:0%
Princeton string quartet. Not two
 

01:08:55.440 --> 01:08:57.670 align:start position:0%
Princeton string quartet. Not two
separate<01:10:23.040><c> theories</c><01:10:23.440><c> at</c><01:10:23.679><c> all,</c><01:10:24.080><c> but</c><01:10:24.320><c> a</c><01:10:24.640><c> single</c>

01:08:57.670 --> 01:08:57.680 align:start position:0%
separate theories at all, but a single
 

01:08:57.680 --> 01:08:59.910 align:start position:0%
separate theories at all, but a single
theory<01:10:25.520><c> glimpsed</c><01:10:26.080><c> through</c><01:10:26.400><c> two</c><01:10:26.800><c> different</c>

01:08:59.910 --> 01:08:59.920 align:start position:0%
theory glimpsed through two different
 

01:08:59.920 --> 01:09:02.630 align:start position:0%
theory glimpsed through two different
lenses,<01:10:28.080><c> as</c><01:10:28.239><c> if</c><01:10:28.480><c> ice</c><01:10:28.719><c> and</c><01:10:28.960><c> water</c><01:10:29.440><c> had</c><01:10:29.679><c> been</c>

01:09:02.630 --> 01:09:02.640 align:start position:0%
lenses, as if ice and water had been
 

01:09:02.640 --> 01:09:11.270 align:start position:0%
lenses, as if ice and water had been
misfiled<01:10:30.560><c> as</c><01:10:30.800><c> separate</c><01:10:31.199><c> substances.</c>

01:09:11.270 --> 01:09:11.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:09:11.280 --> 01:09:14.310 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:10:38.800><c> discovery</c><01:10:39.120><c> of</c><01:10:39.360><c> both</c><01:10:39.679><c> T</c><01:10:40.080><c> and</c><01:10:40.400><c> sualities</c>

01:09:14.310 --> 01:09:14.320 align:start position:0%
The discovery of both T and sualities
 

01:09:14.320 --> 01:09:16.390 align:start position:0%
The discovery of both T and sualities
clearly<01:10:41.920><c> showed</c><01:10:42.239><c> that</c><01:10:42.400><c> the</c><01:10:42.640><c> five</c><01:10:42.960><c> superstring</c>

01:09:16.390 --> 01:09:16.400 align:start position:0%
clearly showed that the five superstring
 

01:09:16.400 --> 01:09:18.390 align:start position:0%
clearly showed that the five superstring
theories<01:10:44.080><c> were</c><01:10:44.320><c> not</c><01:10:44.480><c> to</c><01:10:44.640><c> be</c><01:10:44.800><c> considered</c><01:10:45.280><c> in</c>

01:09:18.390 --> 01:09:18.400 align:start position:0%
theories were not to be considered in
 

01:09:18.400 --> 01:09:19.910 align:start position:0%
theories were not to be considered in
isolation.

01:09:19.910 --> 01:09:19.920 align:start position:0%
isolation.
 

01:09:19.920 --> 01:09:22.310 align:start position:0%
isolation.
There<01:10:47.280><c> were</c><01:10:47.520><c> deep,</c><01:10:48.159><c> intimate</c><01:10:48.640><c> and</c><01:10:48.880><c> profound</c>

01:09:22.310 --> 01:09:22.320 align:start position:0%
There were deep, intimate and profound
 

01:09:22.320 --> 01:09:24.790 align:start position:0%
There were deep, intimate and profound
connections<01:10:50.080><c> between</c><01:10:50.480><c> them</c><01:10:51.199><c> and</c><01:10:51.440><c> this</c><01:10:51.760><c> was</c>

01:09:24.790 --> 01:09:24.800 align:start position:0%
connections between them and this was
 

01:09:24.800 --> 01:09:27.029 align:start position:0%
connections between them and this was
more<01:10:52.159><c> than</c><01:10:52.320><c> enough</c><01:10:52.640><c> to</c><01:10:52.880><c> turn</c><01:10:53.120><c> Edwitten's</c><01:10:53.840><c> head</c>

01:09:27.029 --> 01:09:27.039 align:start position:0%
more than enough to turn Edwitten's head
 

01:09:27.039 --> 01:09:29.350 align:start position:0%
more than enough to turn Edwitten's head
and<01:10:54.480><c> he</c><01:10:54.640><c> ferociously</c><01:10:55.440><c> set</c><01:10:55.679><c> about</c><01:10:56.000><c> exploring</c>

01:09:29.350 --> 01:09:29.360 align:start position:0%
and he ferociously set about exploring
 

01:09:29.360 --> 01:09:31.350 align:start position:0%
and he ferociously set about exploring
further<01:10:56.960><c> links</c><01:10:57.360><c> between</c><01:10:57.679><c> the</c><01:10:58.000><c> five</c>

01:09:31.350 --> 01:09:31.360 align:start position:0%
further links between the five
 

01:09:31.360 --> 01:09:35.830 align:start position:0%
further links between the five
superstring<01:10:59.199><c> theories.</c>

01:09:35.830 --> 01:09:35.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:09:35.840 --> 01:09:37.910 align:start position:0%
 
When<01:11:03.280><c> Witten</c><01:11:03.760><c> stepped</c><01:11:04.080><c> up</c><01:11:04.320><c> to</c><01:11:04.480><c> the</c><01:11:04.640><c> overhead</c>

01:09:37.910 --> 01:09:37.920 align:start position:0%
When Witten stepped up to the overhead
 

01:09:37.920 --> 01:09:39.270 align:start position:0%
When Witten stepped up to the overhead
projector<01:11:05.520><c> at</c><01:11:05.679><c> the</c><01:11:05.840><c> string</c><01:11:06.159><c> theory</c>

01:09:39.270 --> 01:09:39.280 align:start position:0%
projector at the string theory
 

01:09:39.280 --> 01:09:41.830 align:start position:0%
projector at the string theory
conference<01:11:06.880><c> in</c><01:11:07.199><c> March</c><01:11:07.520><c> 1995,</c>

01:09:41.830 --> 01:09:41.840 align:start position:0%
conference in March 1995,
 

01:09:41.840 --> 01:09:44.390 align:start position:0%
conference in March 1995,
he<01:11:09.280><c> was</c><01:11:09.440><c> ready</c><01:11:09.679><c> to</c><01:11:09.920><c> reveal</c><01:11:10.320><c> to</c><01:11:10.480><c> the</c><01:11:10.640><c> audience</c><01:11:11.280><c> a</c>

01:09:44.390 --> 01:09:44.400 align:start position:0%
he was ready to reveal to the audience a
 

01:09:44.400 --> 01:09:49.110 align:start position:0%
he was ready to reveal to the audience a
series<01:11:12.000><c> of</c><01:11:12.320><c> staggering</c><01:11:12.880><c> truths.</c>

01:09:49.110 --> 01:09:49.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:09:49.120 --> 01:09:51.750 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:11:16.560><c> universe</c><01:11:17.199><c> does</c><01:11:17.440><c> not</c><01:11:17.679><c> have</c><01:11:17.920><c> 10</c><01:11:18.239><c> dimensions</c>

01:09:51.750 --> 01:09:51.760 align:start position:0%
The universe does not have 10 dimensions
 

01:09:51.760 --> 01:09:55.750 align:start position:0%
The universe does not have 10 dimensions
after<01:11:19.199><c> all.</c><01:11:19.520><c> He</c><01:11:19.760><c> said</c><01:11:20.480><c> it</c><01:11:20.800><c> has</c><01:11:21.440><c> 11.</c><01:11:22.560><c> There</c><01:11:22.719><c> were</c>

01:09:55.750 --> 01:09:55.760 align:start position:0%
after all. He said it has 11. There were
 

01:09:55.760 --> 01:09:57.430 align:start position:0%
after all. He said it has 11. There were
not<01:11:23.280><c> five</c><01:11:23.679><c> different</c><01:11:24.000><c> super</c><01:11:24.320><c> string</c>

01:09:57.430 --> 01:09:57.440 align:start position:0%
not five different super string
 

01:09:57.440 --> 01:10:01.110 align:start position:0%
not five different super string
theories.<01:11:25.679><c> There</c><01:11:25.920><c> was</c><01:11:26.080><c> just</c><01:11:26.400><c> one.</c>

01:10:01.110 --> 01:10:01.120 align:start position:0%
theories. There was just one.
 

01:10:01.120 --> 01:10:03.350 align:start position:0%
theories. There was just one.
The<01:11:28.560><c> audience</c><01:11:29.040><c> looked</c><01:11:29.280><c> on</c><01:11:29.520><c> wideeyed</c><01:11:30.320><c> and</c>

01:10:03.350 --> 01:10:03.360 align:start position:0%
The audience looked on wideeyed and
 

01:10:03.360 --> 01:10:05.029 align:start position:0%
The audience looked on wideeyed and
wide-mouthed.

01:10:05.029 --> 01:10:05.039 align:start position:0%
wide-mouthed.
 

01:10:05.039 --> 01:10:06.550 align:start position:0%
wide-mouthed.
However,<01:11:32.640><c> it</c><01:11:32.880><c> would</c><01:11:33.040><c> be</c><01:11:33.199><c> wrong</c><01:11:33.440><c> to</c><01:11:33.600><c> give</c>

01:10:06.550 --> 01:10:06.560 align:start position:0%
However, it would be wrong to give
 

01:10:06.560 --> 01:10:09.110 align:start position:0%
However, it would be wrong to give
Whitton<01:11:34.239><c> all</c><01:11:34.480><c> of</c><01:11:34.560><c> the</c><01:11:34.719><c> credit.</c><01:11:35.679><c> Indeed,</c><01:11:36.080><c> his</c>

01:10:09.110 --> 01:10:09.120 align:start position:0%
Whitton all of the credit. Indeed, his
 

01:10:09.120 --> 01:10:10.790 align:start position:0%
Whitton all of the credit. Indeed, his
talk<01:11:36.560><c> was</c><01:11:36.719><c> not</c><01:11:36.880><c> the</c><01:11:37.120><c> first</c><01:11:37.360><c> hint</c><01:11:37.679><c> of</c><01:11:37.840><c> a</c>

01:10:10.790 --> 01:10:10.800 align:start position:0%
talk was not the first hint of a
 

01:10:10.800 --> 01:10:14.070 align:start position:0%
talk was not the first hint of a
possible<01:11:38.400><c> 11th</c><01:11:38.960><c> dimension.</c><01:11:39.840><c> Back</c><01:11:40.000><c> in</c><01:11:40.239><c> 1978,</c>

01:10:14.070 --> 01:10:14.080 align:start position:0%
possible 11th dimension. Back in 1978,
 

01:10:14.080 --> 01:10:16.710 align:start position:0%
possible 11th dimension. Back in 1978,
Eugene<01:11:41.840><c> Kmer,</c><01:11:42.400><c> Bernard</c><01:11:42.880><c> Julia,</c><01:11:43.280><c> and</c><01:11:43.520><c> Joel</c>

01:10:16.710 --> 01:10:16.720 align:start position:0%
Eugene Kmer, Bernard Julia, and Joel
 

01:10:16.720 --> 01:10:19.430 align:start position:0%
Eugene Kmer, Bernard Julia, and Joel
Sherk<01:11:44.640><c> had</c><01:11:44.880><c> shown</c><01:11:45.040><c> that</c><01:11:45.280><c> 11</c><01:11:45.679><c> was</c><01:11:45.920><c> the</c><01:11:46.080><c> maximum</c>

01:10:19.430 --> 01:10:19.440 align:start position:0%
Sherk had shown that 11 was the maximum
 

01:10:19.440 --> 01:10:21.190 align:start position:0%
Sherk had shown that 11 was the maximum
number<01:11:46.800><c> of</c><01:11:47.040><c> dimensions</c><01:11:47.600><c> possible</c><01:11:48.000><c> if</c><01:11:48.239><c> you</c>

01:10:21.190 --> 01:10:21.200 align:start position:0%
number of dimensions possible if you
 

01:10:21.200 --> 01:10:23.029 align:start position:0%
number of dimensions possible if you
wanted<01:11:48.560><c> to</c><01:11:48.719><c> preserve</c><01:11:49.120><c> both</c><01:11:49.520><c> super</c><01:11:49.760><c> symmetry</c>

01:10:23.029 --> 01:10:23.039 align:start position:0%
wanted to preserve both super symmetry
 

01:10:23.039 --> 01:10:25.750 align:start position:0%
wanted to preserve both super symmetry
and<01:11:50.480><c> a</c><01:11:50.719><c> single</c><01:11:51.040><c> type</c><01:11:51.280><c> of</c><01:11:51.520><c> graviton.</c><01:11:52.640><c> This</c>

01:10:25.750 --> 01:10:25.760 align:start position:0%
and a single type of graviton. This
 

01:10:25.760 --> 01:10:28.469 align:start position:0%
and a single type of graviton. This
11dimensional<01:11:53.920><c> theory</c><01:11:54.480><c> was</c><01:11:54.800><c> known</c><01:11:55.040><c> as</c><01:11:55.280><c> super</c>

01:10:28.469 --> 01:10:28.479 align:start position:0%
11dimensional theory was known as super
 

01:10:28.479 --> 01:10:31.430 align:start position:0%
11dimensional theory was known as super
gravity.<01:11:56.560><c> The</c><01:11:56.800><c> trouble</c><01:11:57.120><c> was,</c><01:11:57.760><c> physicists</c><01:11:58.400><c> had</c>

01:10:31.430 --> 01:10:31.440 align:start position:0%
gravity. The trouble was, physicists had
 

01:10:31.440 --> 01:10:34.150 align:start position:0%
gravity. The trouble was, physicists had
no<01:11:58.800><c> evidence</c><01:11:59.280><c> it</c><01:11:59.520><c> was</c><01:11:59.760><c> true.</c><01:12:00.719><c> Just</c><01:12:01.040><c> weeks</c>

01:10:34.150 --> 01:10:34.160 align:start position:0%
no evidence it was true. Just weeks
 

01:10:34.160 --> 01:10:35.830 align:start position:0%
no evidence it was true. Just weeks
before<01:12:01.600><c> Whitten's</c><01:12:01.739><c> [music]</c><01:12:02.159><c> talk,</c><01:12:02.640><c> British</c>

01:10:35.830 --> 01:10:35.840 align:start position:0%
before Whitten's [music] talk, British
 

01:10:35.840 --> 01:10:37.670 align:start position:0%
before Whitten's [music] talk, British
physicists<01:12:03.679><c> Christopher</c><01:12:04.080><c> Hull</c><01:12:04.480><c> and</c><01:12:04.640><c> Paul</c>

01:10:37.670 --> 01:10:37.680 align:start position:0%
physicists Christopher Hull and Paul
 

01:10:37.680 --> 01:10:39.509 align:start position:0%
physicists Christopher Hull and Paul
Townsend<01:12:05.600><c> proposed</c><01:12:06.080><c> something</c><01:12:06.400><c> else</c>

01:10:39.509 --> 01:10:39.519 align:start position:0%
Townsend proposed something else
 

01:10:39.519 --> 01:10:41.670 align:start position:0%
Townsend proposed something else
extraordinary.<01:12:07.920><c> That</c><01:12:08.080><c> the</c><01:12:08.320><c> five</c><01:12:08.560><c> known</c>

01:10:41.670 --> 01:10:41.680 align:start position:0%
extraordinary. That the five known
 

01:10:41.680 --> 01:10:43.750 align:start position:0%
extraordinary. That the five known
string<01:12:09.199><c> theories</c><01:12:09.679><c> and</c><01:12:10.000><c> 11dimensional</c>

01:10:43.750 --> 01:10:43.760 align:start position:0%
string theories and 11dimensional
 

01:10:43.760 --> 01:10:46.230 align:start position:0%
string theories and 11dimensional
supergravity<01:12:11.760><c> were</c><01:12:12.080><c> not</c><01:12:12.239><c> separate</c><01:12:12.640><c> at</c><01:12:12.880><c> all,</c>

01:10:46.230 --> 01:10:46.240 align:start position:0%
supergravity were not separate at all,
 

01:10:46.240 --> 01:10:48.390 align:start position:0%
supergravity were not separate at all,
but<01:12:13.760><c> different</c><01:12:14.080><c> parts</c><01:12:14.480><c> of</c><01:12:14.719><c> one</c><01:12:15.120><c> deeper</c>

01:10:48.390 --> 01:10:48.400 align:start position:0%
but different parts of one deeper
 

01:10:48.400 --> 01:10:51.110 align:start position:0%
but different parts of one deeper
theory.<01:12:16.640><c> Their</c><01:12:16.880><c> paper,</c><01:12:17.600><c> Unity</c><01:12:18.080><c> of</c>

01:10:51.110 --> 01:10:51.120 align:start position:0%
theory. Their paper, Unity of
 

01:10:51.120 --> 01:10:54.070 align:start position:0%
theory. Their paper, Unity of
Superstring<01:12:18.880><c> Dualities</c><01:12:19.840><c> lit</c><01:12:20.080><c> the</c><01:12:20.239><c> match.</c>

01:10:54.070 --> 01:10:54.080 align:start position:0%
Superstring Dualities lit the match.
 

01:10:54.080 --> 01:11:00.870 align:start position:0%
Superstring Dualities lit the match.
Witten<01:12:22.159><c> set</c><01:12:22.320><c> it</c><01:12:22.560><c> ablaze.</c>

01:11:00.870 --> 01:11:00.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:11:00.880 --> 01:11:02.390 align:start position:0%
 
One<01:12:28.400><c> thing</c><01:12:28.480><c> that</c><01:12:28.719><c> is</c><01:12:28.880><c> certain</c><01:12:29.199><c> is</c><01:12:29.440><c> that</c>

01:11:02.390 --> 01:11:02.400 align:start position:0%
One thing that is certain is that
 

01:11:02.400 --> 01:11:04.790 align:start position:0%
One thing that is certain is that
Whitten<01:12:30.000><c> was</c><01:12:30.159><c> the</c><01:12:30.320><c> one</c><01:12:30.560><c> to</c><01:12:30.800><c> name</c><01:12:31.280><c> this</c><01:12:31.600><c> brave</c>

01:11:04.790 --> 01:11:04.800 align:start position:0%
Whitten was the one to name this brave
 

01:11:04.800 --> 01:11:08.949 align:start position:0%
Whitten was the one to name this brave
new<01:12:32.320><c> world.</c><01:12:33.120><c> He</c><01:12:33.440><c> called</c><01:12:33.600><c> it</c><01:12:34.480><c> M</c><01:12:34.800><c> theory</c><01:12:35.840><c> and</c>

01:11:08.949 --> 01:11:08.959 align:start position:0%
new world. He called it M theory and
 

01:11:08.959 --> 01:11:11.430 align:start position:0%
new world. He called it M theory and
physicists<01:12:36.880><c> once</c><01:12:37.199><c> again</c><01:12:37.679><c> had</c><01:12:37.920><c> a</c><01:12:38.159><c> single</c>

01:11:11.430 --> 01:11:11.440 align:start position:0%
physicists once again had a single
 

01:11:11.440 --> 01:11:14.390 align:start position:0%
physicists once again had a single
theory<01:12:39.040><c> of</c><01:12:39.280><c> everything.</c><01:12:40.640><c> Whiten</c><01:12:41.280><c> is</c><01:12:41.440><c> now</c>

01:11:14.390 --> 01:11:14.400 align:start position:0%
theory of everything. Whiten is now
 

01:11:14.400 --> 01:11:16.710 align:start position:0%
theory of everything. Whiten is now
regarded<01:12:42.080><c> as</c><01:12:42.239><c> a</c><01:12:42.480><c> landmark</c><01:12:43.040><c> moment</c><01:12:43.360><c> in</c><01:12:43.600><c> string</c>

01:11:16.710 --> 01:11:16.720 align:start position:0%
regarded as a landmark moment in string
 

01:11:16.720 --> 01:11:19.029 align:start position:0%
regarded as a landmark moment in string
theory<01:12:44.400><c> and</c><01:12:44.640><c> quickly</c><01:12:44.960><c> ushered</c><01:12:45.360><c> in</c><01:12:45.600><c> the</c><01:12:45.840><c> second</c>

01:11:19.029 --> 01:11:19.039 align:start position:0%
theory and quickly ushered in the second
 

01:11:19.039 --> 01:11:21.190 align:start position:0%
theory and quickly ushered in the second
string<01:12:46.640><c> theory</c><01:12:46.960><c> revolution.</c><01:12:47.840><c> Just</c><01:12:48.080><c> over</c><01:12:48.239><c> a</c>

01:11:21.190 --> 01:11:21.200 align:start position:0%
string theory revolution. Just over a
 

01:11:21.200 --> 01:11:23.989 align:start position:0%
string theory revolution. Just over a
decade<01:12:48.800><c> after</c><01:12:49.040><c> the</c><01:12:49.280><c> first,</c><01:12:50.239><c> the</c><01:12:50.480><c> defense</c><01:12:50.880><c> team</c>

01:11:23.989 --> 01:11:23.999 align:start position:0%
decade after the first, the defense team
 

01:11:23.999 --> 01:11:27.509 align:start position:0%
decade after the first, the defense team
had<01:12:51.440><c> wrenched</c><01:12:51.840><c> back</c><01:12:52.320><c> the</c><01:12:52.560><c> upper</c><01:12:52.960><c> hand.</c><01:12:54.400><c> To</c>

01:11:27.509 --> 01:11:27.519 align:start position:0%
had wrenched back the upper hand. To
 

01:11:27.519 --> 01:11:30.070 align:start position:0%
had wrenched back the upper hand. To
understand<01:12:55.040><c> the</c><01:12:55.280><c> basic</c><01:12:55.600><c> idea</c><01:12:55.920><c> of</c><01:12:56.239><c> M</c><01:12:56.480><c> theory,</c>

01:11:30.070 --> 01:11:30.080 align:start position:0%
understand the basic idea of M theory,
 

01:11:30.080 --> 01:11:31.910 align:start position:0%
understand the basic idea of M theory,
take<01:12:57.440><c> a</c><01:12:57.679><c> look</c><01:12:57.760><c> at</c><01:12:58.000><c> three</c><01:12:58.320><c> shadows</c><01:12:58.719><c> on</c><01:12:58.960><c> the</c>

01:11:31.910 --> 01:11:31.920 align:start position:0%
take a look at three shadows on the
 

01:11:31.920 --> 01:11:34.469 align:start position:0%
take a look at three shadows on the
inside<01:12:59.440><c> of</c><01:12:59.600><c> a</c><01:12:59.760><c> box.</c><01:13:00.640><c> The</c><01:13:00.880><c> shadows</c><01:13:01.280><c> are</c><01:13:01.440><c> all</c>

01:11:34.469 --> 01:11:34.479 align:start position:0%
inside of a box. The shadows are all
 

01:11:34.479 --> 01:11:36.469 align:start position:0%
inside of a box. The shadows are all
different<01:13:02.000><c> shapes,</c><01:13:02.719><c> so</c><01:13:02.880><c> it</c><01:13:03.040><c> would</c><01:13:03.199><c> be</c><01:13:03.360><c> natural</c>

01:11:36.469 --> 01:11:36.479 align:start position:0%
different shapes, so it would be natural
 

01:11:36.479 --> 01:11:38.310 align:start position:0%
different shapes, so it would be natural
to<01:13:03.920><c> assume</c><01:13:04.239><c> that</c><01:13:04.480><c> they</c><01:13:04.640><c> are</c><01:13:04.800><c> being</c><01:13:05.040><c> cast</c><01:13:05.280><c> by</c>

01:11:38.310 --> 01:11:38.320 align:start position:0%
to assume that they are being cast by
 

01:11:38.320 --> 01:11:41.350 align:start position:0%
to assume that they are being cast by
three<01:13:05.840><c> separate</c><01:13:06.320><c> objects.</c><01:13:07.600><c> However,</c><01:13:08.239><c> they</c>

01:11:41.350 --> 01:11:41.360 align:start position:0%
three separate objects. However, they
 

01:11:41.360 --> 01:11:45.350 align:start position:0%
three separate objects. However, they
aren't.<01:13:09.840><c> With</c><01:13:10.159><c> one</c><01:13:10.640><c> 3D</c><01:13:11.120><c> object,</c><01:13:12.159><c> three</c>

01:11:45.350 --> 01:11:45.360 align:start position:0%
aren't. With one 3D object, three
 

01:11:45.360 --> 01:11:47.750 align:start position:0%
aren't. With one 3D object, three
different<01:13:13.040><c> 2D</c><01:13:13.520><c> shadows</c><01:13:14.000><c> can</c><01:13:14.159><c> appear</c>

01:11:47.750 --> 01:11:47.760 align:start position:0%
different 2D shadows can appear
 

01:11:47.760 --> 01:11:49.830 align:start position:0%
different 2D shadows can appear
depending<01:13:15.360><c> on</c><01:13:15.520><c> the</c><01:13:15.679><c> direction</c><01:13:16.239><c> of</c><01:13:16.480><c> the</c><01:13:16.640><c> torch</c>

01:11:49.830 --> 01:11:49.840 align:start position:0%
depending on the direction of the torch
 

01:11:49.840 --> 01:11:52.870 align:start position:0%
depending on the direction of the torch
beam.<01:13:17.920><c> And</c><01:13:18.159><c> in</c><01:13:18.320><c> the</c><01:13:18.560><c> same</c><01:13:18.800><c> way,</c><01:13:19.280><c> in</c><01:13:19.520><c> Witten's</c>

01:11:52.870 --> 01:11:52.880 align:start position:0%
beam. And in the same way, in Witten's
 

01:11:52.880 --> 01:11:55.670 align:start position:0%
beam. And in the same way, in Witten's
mysterious<01:13:20.640><c> new</c><01:13:20.960><c> world,</c><01:13:21.600><c> there</c><01:13:21.760><c> is</c><01:13:21.920><c> only</c><01:13:22.159><c> one</c>

01:11:55.670 --> 01:11:55.680 align:start position:0%
mysterious new world, there is only one
 

01:11:55.680 --> 01:11:58.070 align:start position:0%
mysterious new world, there is only one
11dimensional<01:13:23.920><c> theory.</c><01:13:24.719><c> The</c><01:13:24.960><c> five</c>

01:11:58.070 --> 01:11:58.080 align:start position:0%
11dimensional theory. The five
 

01:11:58.080 --> 01:12:00.230 align:start position:0%
11dimensional theory. The five
10-dimensional<01:13:26.159><c> superstring</c><01:13:26.800><c> theories</c><01:13:27.199><c> that</c>

01:12:00.230 --> 01:12:00.240 align:start position:0%
10-dimensional superstring theories that
 

01:12:00.240 --> 01:12:01.670 align:start position:0%
10-dimensional superstring theories that
physicists<01:13:28.000><c> have</c><01:13:28.159><c> been</c><01:13:28.320><c> struggling</c><01:13:28.640><c> to</c>

01:12:01.670 --> 01:12:01.680 align:start position:0%
physicists have been struggling to
 

01:12:01.680 --> 01:12:03.750 align:start position:0%
physicists have been struggling to
choose<01:13:29.120><c> between</c><01:13:29.840><c> were</c><01:13:30.000><c> the</c><01:13:30.239><c> equivalent</c><01:13:30.719><c> of</c>

01:12:03.750 --> 01:12:03.760 align:start position:0%
choose between were the equivalent of
 

01:12:03.760 --> 01:12:06.790 align:start position:0%
choose between were the equivalent of
the<01:13:31.199><c> shadows.</c><01:13:32.480><c> Everything</c><01:13:33.199><c> was</c><01:13:33.520><c> actually</c>

01:12:06.790 --> 01:12:06.800 align:start position:0%
the shadows. Everything was actually
 

01:12:06.800 --> 01:12:08.870 align:start position:0%
the shadows. Everything was actually
one.

01:12:08.870 --> 01:12:08.880 align:start position:0%
one.
 

01:12:08.880 --> 01:12:10.550 align:start position:0%
one.
There<01:13:36.239><c> has</c><01:13:36.400><c> been</c><01:13:36.560><c> much</c><01:13:36.800><c> confusion</c><01:13:37.360><c> over</c><01:13:37.600><c> what</c>

01:12:10.550 --> 01:12:10.560 align:start position:0%
There has been much confusion over what
 

01:12:10.560 --> 01:12:13.270 align:start position:0%
There has been much confusion over what
the<01:13:38.000><c> M</c><01:13:38.239><c> in</c><01:13:38.560><c> M</c><01:13:38.800><c> theory</c><01:13:39.120><c> is</c><01:13:39.280><c> meant</c><01:13:39.440><c> to</c><01:13:39.600><c> stand</c><01:13:39.840><c> for.</c>

01:12:13.270 --> 01:12:13.280 align:start position:0%
the M in M theory is meant to stand for.
 

01:12:13.280 --> 01:12:14.949 align:start position:0%
the M in M theory is meant to stand for.
Whitten<01:13:40.960><c> himself</c><01:13:41.440><c> has</c><01:13:41.520><c> said</c><01:13:41.679><c> that</c><01:13:41.840><c> it</c><01:13:42.000><c> could</c>

01:12:14.949 --> 01:12:14.959 align:start position:0%
Whitten himself has said that it could
 

01:12:14.959 --> 01:12:17.509 align:start position:0%
Whitten himself has said that it could
stand<01:13:42.400><c> for</c><01:13:42.640><c> magic</c><01:13:43.040><c> or</c><01:13:43.520><c> mystery,</c><01:13:44.159><c> but</c><01:13:44.480><c> much</c>

01:12:17.509 --> 01:12:17.519 align:start position:0%
stand for magic or mystery, but much
 

01:12:17.519 --> 01:12:19.430 align:start position:0%
stand for magic or mystery, but much
later<01:13:45.040><c> did</c><01:13:45.280><c> concede.</c><01:13:46.080><c> I</c><01:13:46.320><c> thought</c><01:13:46.480><c> my</c>

01:12:19.430 --> 01:12:19.440 align:start position:0%
later did concede. I thought my
 

01:12:19.440 --> 01:12:20.949 align:start position:0%
later did concede. I thought my
colleagues<01:13:47.040><c> would</c><01:13:47.280><c> understand</c><01:13:47.679><c> that</c><01:13:48.000><c> it</c>

01:12:20.949 --> 01:12:20.959 align:start position:0%
colleagues would understand that it
 

01:12:20.959 --> 01:12:27.190 align:start position:0%
colleagues would understand that it
really<01:13:48.480><c> stood</c><01:13:48.719><c> for</c><01:13:48.880><c> membrane.</c>

01:12:27.190 --> 01:12:27.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:12:27.200 --> 01:12:30.230 align:start position:0%
 
Membranes<01:13:55.280><c> or</c><01:13:55.600><c> brains</c><01:13:56.080><c> for</c><01:13:56.320><c> short</c><01:13:56.960><c> play</c><01:13:57.199><c> an</c>

01:12:30.230 --> 01:12:30.240 align:start position:0%
Membranes or brains for short play an
 

01:12:30.240 --> 01:12:33.830 align:start position:0%
Membranes or brains for short play an
indispensable<01:13:58.320><c> role</c><01:13:58.640><c> in</c><01:13:59.040><c> M</c><01:13:59.280><c> theory.</c><01:14:00.640><c> If</c><01:14:00.880><c> a</c>

01:12:33.830 --> 01:12:33.840 align:start position:0%
indispensable role in M theory. If a
 

01:12:33.840 --> 01:12:36.150 align:start position:0%
indispensable role in M theory. If a
string<01:14:01.280><c> is</c><01:14:01.440><c> a</c><01:14:01.600><c> one-dimensional</c><01:14:02.320><c> object,</c><01:14:03.040><c> one</c>

01:12:36.150 --> 01:12:36.160 align:start position:0%
string is a one-dimensional object, one
 

01:12:36.160 --> 01:12:37.989 align:start position:0%
string is a one-dimensional object, one
specific<01:14:03.760><c> type</c><01:14:03.920><c> of</c><01:14:04.159><c> brain</c><01:14:04.719><c> is</c><01:14:04.960><c> a</c>

01:12:37.989 --> 01:12:37.999 align:start position:0%
specific type of brain is a
 

01:12:37.999 --> 01:12:40.550 align:start position:0%
specific type of brain is a
two-dimensional<01:14:06.080><c> sheet.</c><01:14:07.040><c> And</c><01:14:07.280><c> Whitten</c>

01:12:40.550 --> 01:12:40.560 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional sheet. And Whitten
 

01:12:40.560 --> 01:12:42.790 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional sheet. And Whitten
realized<01:14:08.400><c> that</c><01:14:08.640><c> if</c><01:14:08.880><c> you</c><01:14:09.040><c> wrap</c><01:14:09.360><c> one</c><01:14:09.600><c> of</c><01:14:09.679><c> these</c>

01:12:42.790 --> 01:12:42.800 align:start position:0%
realized that if you wrap one of these
 

01:12:42.800 --> 01:12:45.430 align:start position:0%
realized that if you wrap one of these
2D<01:14:10.560><c> brains</c><01:14:11.280><c> around</c><01:14:11.431><c> [music]</c><01:14:11.840><c> the</c><01:14:12.080><c> 11th</c>

01:12:45.430 --> 01:12:45.440 align:start position:0%
2D brains around [music] the 11th
 

01:12:45.440 --> 01:12:48.550 align:start position:0%
2D brains around [music] the 11th
dimension,<01:14:13.679><c> then</c><01:14:13.920><c> it</c><01:14:14.080><c> would</c><01:14:14.239><c> look</c><01:14:14.719><c> like</c><01:14:14.960><c> a</c><01:14:15.199><c> 1D</c>

01:12:48.550 --> 01:12:48.560 align:start position:0%
dimension, then it would look like a 1D
 

01:12:48.560 --> 01:12:51.670 align:start position:0%
dimension, then it would look like a 1D
string.<01:14:16.960><c> Just</c><01:14:17.199><c> as</c><01:14:17.440><c> compactifying</c><01:14:18.480><c> six</c>

01:12:51.670 --> 01:12:51.680 align:start position:0%
string. Just as compactifying six
 

01:12:51.680 --> 01:12:53.270 align:start position:0%
string. Just as compactifying six
dimensions<01:14:19.360><c> of</c><01:14:19.520><c> a</c><01:14:19.679><c> 10-dimensional</c>

01:12:53.270 --> 01:12:53.280 align:start position:0%
dimensions of a 10-dimensional
 

01:12:53.280 --> 01:12:55.110 align:start position:0%
dimensions of a 10-dimensional
superstring<01:14:21.040><c> theory</c><01:14:21.520><c> looks</c><01:14:21.840><c> like</c><01:14:22.000><c> our</c>

01:12:55.110 --> 01:12:55.120 align:start position:0%
superstring theory looks like our
 

01:12:55.120 --> 01:12:58.070 align:start position:0%
superstring theory looks like our
everyday<01:14:22.800><c> 4D</c><01:14:23.360><c> world,</c><01:14:24.239><c> compactifying</c><01:14:25.040><c> the</c>

01:12:58.070 --> 01:12:58.080 align:start position:0%
everyday 4D world, compactifying the
 

01:12:58.080 --> 01:13:00.469 align:start position:0%
everyday 4D world, compactifying the
11th<01:14:25.679><c> dimension</c><01:14:26.080><c> of</c><01:14:26.239><c> M</c><01:14:26.480><c> theory</c><01:14:27.199><c> looks</c><01:14:27.520><c> like</c>

01:13:00.469 --> 01:13:00.479 align:start position:0%
11th dimension of M theory looks like
 

01:13:00.479 --> 01:13:02.870 align:start position:0%
11th dimension of M theory looks like
the<01:14:27.920><c> five</c><01:14:28.400><c> 10-dimensional</c><01:14:29.440><c> superstring</c>

01:13:02.870 --> 01:13:02.880 align:start position:0%
the five 10-dimensional superstring
 

01:13:02.880 --> 01:13:08.390 align:start position:0%
the five 10-dimensional superstring
theories.

01:13:08.390 --> 01:13:08.400 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:13:08.400 --> 01:13:11.190 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:14:35.840><c> so</c><01:14:36.480><c> M</c><01:14:36.719><c> theory</c><01:14:37.120><c> relegates</c><01:14:37.760><c> strings</c><01:14:38.239><c> from</c>

01:13:11.190 --> 01:13:11.200 align:start position:0%
And so M theory relegates strings from
 

01:13:11.200 --> 01:13:12.949 align:start position:0%
And so M theory relegates strings from
their<01:14:38.640><c> privileged</c><01:14:39.120><c> position</c><01:14:39.520><c> as</c><01:14:39.760><c> the</c><01:14:39.920><c> most</c>

01:13:12.949 --> 01:13:12.959 align:start position:0%
their privileged position as the most
 

01:13:12.959 --> 01:13:14.550 align:start position:0%
their privileged position as the most
fundamental<01:14:40.719><c> building</c><01:14:41.040><c> blocks</c><01:14:41.360><c> of</c><01:14:41.520><c> the</c>

01:13:14.550 --> 01:13:14.560 align:start position:0%
fundamental building blocks of the
 

01:13:14.560 --> 01:13:17.430 align:start position:0%
fundamental building blocks of the
universe.<01:14:42.719><c> Everything</c><01:14:43.040><c> is</c><01:14:43.280><c> atoms.</c><01:14:44.080><c> Atoms</c><01:14:44.480><c> are</c>

01:13:17.430 --> 01:13:17.440 align:start position:0%
universe. Everything is atoms. Atoms are
 

01:13:17.440 --> 01:13:19.830 align:start position:0%
universe. Everything is atoms. Atoms are
subatomic<01:14:45.199><c> particles.</c><01:14:45.920><c> Subatomic</c><01:14:46.640><c> particles</c>

01:13:19.830 --> 01:13:19.840 align:start position:0%
subatomic particles. Subatomic particles
 

01:13:19.840 --> 01:13:22.469 align:start position:0%
subatomic particles. Subatomic particles
are<01:14:47.280><c> strings.</c><01:14:48.080><c> And</c><01:14:48.320><c> strings</c><01:14:49.040><c> are</c><01:14:49.280><c> just</c><01:14:49.440><c> one</c>

01:13:22.469 --> 01:13:22.479 align:start position:0%
are strings. And strings are just one
 

01:13:22.479 --> 01:13:25.190 align:start position:0%
are strings. And strings are just one
kind<01:14:49.920><c> of</c><01:14:50.159><c> brain.</c><01:14:51.520><c> And</c><01:14:51.679><c> yet</c><01:14:51.840><c> there</c><01:14:52.000><c> is</c><01:14:52.159><c> more</c>

01:13:25.190 --> 01:13:25.200 align:start position:0%
kind of brain. And yet there is more
 

01:13:25.200 --> 01:13:28.150 align:start position:0%
kind of brain. And yet there is more
than<01:14:52.640><c> one</c><01:14:52.960><c> type</c><01:14:53.199><c> of</c><01:14:53.440><c> brain</c><01:14:53.760><c> in</c><01:14:54.000><c> M</c><01:14:54.239><c> theory.</c><01:14:55.120><c> And</c>

01:13:28.150 --> 01:13:28.160 align:start position:0%
than one type of brain in M theory. And
 

01:13:28.160 --> 01:13:30.150 align:start position:0%
than one type of brain in M theory. And
understanding<01:14:55.920><c> what</c><01:14:56.159><c> they</c><01:14:56.480><c> are</c><01:14:56.880><c> and</c><01:14:57.120><c> the</c>

01:13:30.150 --> 01:13:30.160 align:start position:0%
understanding what they are and the
 

01:13:30.160 --> 01:13:32.710 align:start position:0%
understanding what they are and the
differences<01:14:57.840><c> between</c><01:14:58.159><c> them</c><01:14:58.560><c> is</c><01:14:58.800><c> a</c><01:14:59.040><c> vital</c><01:14:59.520><c> step</c>

01:13:32.710 --> 01:13:32.720 align:start position:0%
differences between them is a vital step
 

01:13:32.720 --> 01:13:34.949 align:start position:0%
differences between them is a vital step
in<01:15:00.239><c> grasping</c><01:15:00.640><c> what</c><01:15:00.960><c> followed.</c><01:15:01.840><c> Now</c><01:15:02.000><c> that</c>

01:13:34.949 --> 01:13:34.959 align:start position:0%
in grasping what followed. Now that
 

01:13:34.959 --> 01:13:36.949 align:start position:0%
in grasping what followed. Now that
Witten<01:15:02.560><c> had</c><01:15:02.800><c> opened</c><01:15:03.040><c> the</c><01:15:03.120><c> floodgates</c><01:15:03.840><c> and</c>

01:13:36.949 --> 01:13:36.959 align:start position:0%
Witten had opened the floodgates and
 

01:13:36.959 --> 01:13:39.910 align:start position:0%
Witten had opened the floodgates and
kickstarted<01:15:05.120><c> the</c><01:15:05.440><c> second</c><01:15:06.400><c> superstring</c>

01:13:39.910 --> 01:13:39.920 align:start position:0%
kickstarted the second superstring
 

01:13:39.920 --> 01:13:43.590 align:start position:0%
kickstarted the second superstring
revolution.

01:13:43.590 --> 01:13:43.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:13:43.600 --> 01:13:46.550 align:start position:0%
 
Imagine<01:15:11.280><c> reality</c><01:15:12.000><c> is</c><01:15:12.239><c> a</c><01:15:12.480><c> grand</c><01:15:12.880><c> and</c><01:15:13.280><c> beautiful</c>

01:13:46.550 --> 01:13:46.560 align:start position:0%
Imagine reality is a grand and beautiful
 

01:13:46.560 --> 01:13:49.350 align:start position:0%
Imagine reality is a grand and beautiful
library.<01:15:15.040><c> The</c><01:15:15.280><c> open</c><01:15:15.600><c> strings</c><01:15:16.000><c> that</c><01:15:16.239><c> make</c><01:15:16.400><c> up</c>

01:13:49.350 --> 01:13:49.360 align:start position:0%
library. The open strings that make up
 

01:13:49.360 --> 01:13:52.150 align:start position:0%
library. The open strings that make up
ordinary<01:15:17.120><c> particles</c><01:15:17.760><c> are</c><01:15:18.000><c> its</c><01:15:18.320><c> books.</c>

01:13:52.150 --> 01:13:52.160 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles are its books.
 

01:13:52.160 --> 01:13:54.310 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles are its books.
However,<01:15:19.840><c> brains</c><01:15:20.560><c> are</c><01:15:20.719><c> what</c><01:15:20.880><c> the</c><01:15:21.120><c> library</c>

01:13:54.310 --> 01:13:54.320 align:start position:0%
However, brains are what the library
 

01:13:54.320 --> 01:13:57.430 align:start position:0%
However, brains are what the library
itself<01:15:22.239><c> is</c><01:15:22.560><c> built</c><01:15:22.880><c> from.</c><01:15:23.760><c> Just</c><01:15:23.920><c> as</c><01:15:24.080><c> in</c><01:15:24.239><c> a</c><01:15:24.400><c> real</c>

01:13:57.430 --> 01:13:57.440 align:start position:0%
itself is built from. Just as in a real
 

01:13:57.440 --> 01:13:59.509 align:start position:0%
itself is built from. Just as in a real
library,<01:15:25.120><c> books</c><01:15:25.440><c> cannot</c><01:15:25.760><c> simply</c><01:15:26.080><c> float</c><01:15:26.480><c> in</c>

01:13:59.509 --> 01:13:59.519 align:start position:0%
library, books cannot simply float in
 

01:13:59.519 --> 01:14:03.110 align:start position:0%
library, books cannot simply float in
midair.<01:15:27.760><c> They</c><01:15:27.920><c> must</c><01:15:28.239><c> rest</c><01:15:28.480><c> on</c><01:15:28.800><c> shelves.</c><01:15:30.000><c> These</c>

01:14:03.110 --> 01:14:03.120 align:start position:0%
midair. They must rest on shelves. These
 

01:14:03.120 --> 01:14:06.150 align:start position:0%
midair. They must rest on shelves. These
shelves<01:15:30.800><c> are</c><01:15:31.040><c> called</c><01:15:31.360><c> dirishle</c><01:15:32.080><c> brains</c><01:15:32.880><c> or</c>

01:14:06.150 --> 01:14:06.160 align:start position:0%
shelves are called dirishle brains or
 

01:14:06.160 --> 01:14:09.989 align:start position:0%
shelves are called dirishle brains or
dbrains<01:15:34.080><c> for</c><01:15:34.320><c> short.</c><01:15:35.120><c> Without</c><01:15:35.760><c> Drains,</c><01:15:36.800><c> open</c>

01:14:09.989 --> 01:14:09.999 align:start position:0%
dbrains for short. Without Drains, open
 

01:14:09.999 --> 01:14:12.150 align:start position:0%
dbrains for short. Without Drains, open
strings<01:15:37.520><c> would</c><01:15:37.760><c> have</c><01:15:37.920><c> nowhere</c><01:15:38.239><c> to</c><01:15:38.480><c> end</c><01:15:39.120><c> and</c>

01:14:12.150 --> 01:14:12.160 align:start position:0%
strings would have nowhere to end and
 

01:14:12.160 --> 01:14:13.989 align:start position:0%
strings would have nowhere to end and
many<01:15:39.600><c> of</c><01:15:39.679><c> the</c><01:15:39.840><c> familiar</c><01:15:40.159><c> subatomic</c><01:15:40.800><c> particles</c>

01:14:13.989 --> 01:14:13.999 align:start position:0%
many of the familiar subatomic particles
 

01:14:13.999 --> 01:14:17.190 align:start position:0%
many of the familiar subatomic particles
and<01:15:41.440><c> forces</c><01:15:41.840><c> we</c><01:15:42.080><c> know</c><01:15:42.640><c> would</c><01:15:43.040><c> vanish.</c><01:15:44.000><c> As</c><01:15:44.239><c> well</c>

01:14:17.190 --> 01:14:17.200 align:start position:0%
and forces we know would vanish. As well
 

01:14:17.200 --> 01:14:19.350 align:start position:0%
and forces we know would vanish. As well
as<01:15:44.560><c> this,</c><01:15:44.960><c> there</c><01:15:45.120><c> are</c><01:15:45.199><c> the</c><01:15:45.440><c> more</c><01:15:45.679><c> structural</c>

01:14:19.350 --> 01:14:19.360 align:start position:0%
as this, there are the more structural
 

01:14:19.360 --> 01:14:22.390 align:start position:0%
as this, there are the more structural
Mbrains,<01:15:47.840><c> the</c><01:15:48.080><c> equivalent</c><01:15:48.560><c> of</c><01:15:48.800><c> the</c><01:15:49.040><c> library</c>

01:14:22.390 --> 01:14:22.400 align:start position:0%
Mbrains, the equivalent of the library
 

01:14:22.400 --> 01:14:25.750 align:start position:0%
Mbrains, the equivalent of the library
walls.<01:15:50.719><c> M</c><01:15:50.960><c> theory</c><01:15:51.360><c> contains</c><01:15:51.840><c> two</c><01:15:52.239><c> fundamental</c>

01:14:25.750 --> 01:14:25.760 align:start position:0%
walls. M theory contains two fundamental
 

01:14:25.760 --> 01:14:29.350 align:start position:0%
walls. M theory contains two fundamental
types.<01:15:53.920><c> The</c><01:15:54.239><c> two-dimensional</c><01:15:55.199><c> M2</c><01:15:55.840><c> brain</c><01:15:56.320><c> and</c>

01:14:29.350 --> 01:14:29.360 align:start position:0%
types. The two-dimensional M2 brain and
 

01:14:29.360 --> 01:14:32.870 align:start position:0%
types. The two-dimensional M2 brain and
the<01:15:56.880><c> five-dimensional</c><01:15:57.920><c> M5</c><01:15:58.719><c> brain.</c><01:15:59.520><c> Wrap</c><01:15:59.840><c> an</c>

01:14:32.870 --> 01:14:32.880 align:start position:0%
the five-dimensional M5 brain. Wrap an
 

01:14:32.880 --> 01:14:35.509 align:start position:0%
the five-dimensional M5 brain. Wrap an
M5<01:16:00.719><c> brain</c><01:16:01.120><c> around</c><01:16:01.360><c> the</c><01:16:01.520><c> 11th</c><01:16:02.000><c> dimension</c><01:16:02.480><c> in</c>

01:14:35.509 --> 01:14:35.519 align:start position:0%
M5 brain around the 11th dimension in
 

01:14:35.519 --> 01:14:37.350 align:start position:0%
M5 brain around the 11th dimension in
just<01:16:02.880><c> the</c><01:16:03.120><c> right</c><01:16:03.360><c> way.</c><01:16:04.000><c> And</c><01:16:04.159><c> from</c><01:16:04.400><c> the</c>

01:14:37.350 --> 01:14:37.360 align:start position:0%
just the right way. And from the
 

01:14:37.360 --> 01:14:38.949 align:start position:0%
just the right way. And from the
perspective<01:16:04.747><c> [music]</c><01:16:04.960><c> of</c><01:16:05.120><c> a</c><01:16:05.360><c> 10-dimensional</c>

01:14:38.949 --> 01:14:38.959 align:start position:0%
perspective [music] of a 10-dimensional
 

01:14:38.959 --> 01:14:42.790 align:start position:0%
perspective [music] of a 10-dimensional
theory,<01:16:06.880><c> it</c><01:16:07.120><c> can</c><01:16:07.280><c> appear</c><01:16:07.840><c> as</c><01:16:08.080><c> a</c><01:16:08.320><c> Dbrain.</c><01:16:09.679><c> At</c>

01:14:42.790 --> 01:14:42.800 align:start position:0%
theory, it can appear as a Dbrain. At
 

01:14:42.800 --> 01:14:45.029 align:start position:0%
theory, it can appear as a Dbrain. At
first,<01:16:10.320><c> this</c><01:16:10.480><c> may</c><01:16:10.719><c> not</c><01:16:10.880><c> seem</c><01:16:11.120><c> so</c><01:16:11.440><c> strange,</c><01:16:12.080><c> but</c>

01:14:45.029 --> 01:14:45.039 align:start position:0%
first, this may not seem so strange, but
 

01:14:45.039 --> 01:14:47.190 align:start position:0%
first, this may not seem so strange, but
it's<01:16:12.480><c> actually</c><01:16:12.800><c> like</c><01:16:13.120><c> folding</c><01:16:13.840><c> part</c><01:16:14.080><c> of</c><01:16:14.159><c> a</c>

01:14:47.190 --> 01:14:47.200 align:start position:0%
it's actually like folding part of a
 

01:14:47.200 --> 01:14:49.590 align:start position:0%
it's actually like folding part of a
vast<01:16:14.800><c> wall</c><01:16:15.120><c> in</c><01:16:15.280><c> the</c><01:16:15.520><c> library</c><01:16:16.159><c> so</c><01:16:16.400><c> that</c><01:16:16.560><c> it</c>

01:14:49.590 --> 01:14:49.600 align:start position:0%
vast wall in the library so that it
 

01:14:49.600 --> 01:14:52.390 align:start position:0%
vast wall in the library so that it
becomes<01:16:17.199><c> a</c><01:16:17.600><c> row</c><01:16:17.760><c> of</c><01:16:18.000><c> shelves.</c><01:16:19.120><c> From</c><01:16:19.360><c> one</c>

01:14:52.390 --> 01:14:52.400 align:start position:0%
becomes a row of shelves. From one
 

01:14:52.400 --> 01:14:54.710 align:start position:0%
becomes a row of shelves. From one
perspective,<01:16:20.159><c> it's</c><01:16:20.480><c> still</c><01:16:20.640><c> a</c><01:16:20.880><c> wall.</c><01:16:21.520><c> But</c><01:16:21.679><c> from</c>

01:14:54.710 --> 01:14:54.720 align:start position:0%
perspective, it's still a wall. But from
 

01:14:54.720 --> 01:14:58.310 align:start position:0%
perspective, it's still a wall. But from
another,<01:16:22.560><c> it</c><01:16:22.800><c> now</c><01:16:23.040><c> supports</c><01:16:23.679><c> books.</c><01:16:24.719><c> Dbrains</c>

01:14:58.310 --> 01:14:58.320 align:start position:0%
another, it now supports books. Dbrains
 

01:14:58.320 --> 01:15:02.630 align:start position:0%
another, it now supports books. Dbrains
emerging<01:16:26.000><c> from</c><01:16:26.159><c> the</c><01:16:26.320><c> geometry</c><01:16:27.120><c> of</c><01:16:27.520><c> Mbrains.</c>

01:15:02.630 --> 01:15:02.640 align:start position:0%
emerging from the geometry of Mbrains.
 

01:15:02.640 --> 01:15:07.910 align:start position:0%
emerging from the geometry of Mbrains.
Simple.

01:15:07.910 --> 01:15:07.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:15:07.920 --> 01:15:10.230 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:16:35.360><c> mere</c><01:16:35.679><c> months</c><01:16:35.920><c> after</c><01:16:36.159><c> Whitten's</c><01:16:36.719><c> talk,</c><01:16:37.199><c> a</c>

01:15:10.230 --> 01:15:10.240 align:start position:0%
And mere months after Whitten's talk, a
 

01:15:10.240 --> 01:15:11.670 align:start position:0%
And mere months after Whitten's talk, a
further<01:16:37.840><c> crucial</c><01:16:38.239><c> breakthrough</c><01:16:38.640><c> would</c>

01:15:11.670 --> 01:15:11.680 align:start position:0%
further crucial breakthrough would
 

01:15:11.680 --> 01:15:13.910 align:start position:0%
further crucial breakthrough would
emerge.<01:16:39.600><c> As</c><01:16:39.920><c> the</c><01:16:40.080><c> second</c><01:16:40.480><c> superstring</c>

01:15:13.910 --> 01:15:13.920 align:start position:0%
emerge. As the second superstring
 

01:15:13.920 --> 01:15:17.110 align:start position:0%
emerge. As the second superstring
revolution<01:16:41.760><c> reached</c><01:16:42.159><c> fever</c><01:16:42.560><c> pitch,</c><01:16:43.920><c> Joseph</c>

01:15:17.110 --> 01:15:17.120 align:start position:0%
revolution reached fever pitch, Joseph
 

01:15:17.120 --> 01:15:19.750 align:start position:0%
revolution reached fever pitch, Joseph
Pchinsky<01:16:45.040><c> was</c><01:16:45.280><c> ready</c><01:16:45.440><c> to</c><01:16:45.600><c> testify</c><01:16:46.480><c> with</c><01:16:46.719><c> the</c>

01:15:19.750 --> 01:15:19.760 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky was ready to testify with the
 

01:15:19.760 --> 01:15:26.070 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky was ready to testify with the
most<01:16:47.199><c> surprising</c><01:16:47.760><c> evidence</c><01:16:48.159><c> yet.</c>

01:15:26.070 --> 01:15:26.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:15:26.080 --> 01:15:28.150 align:start position:0%
 
I<01:16:53.520><c> could</c><01:16:53.679><c> feel</c><01:16:53.920><c> my</c><01:16:54.159><c> heart</c><01:16:54.400><c> pounding.</c><01:16:55.040><c> It</c><01:16:55.280><c> was</c>

01:15:28.150 --> 01:15:28.160 align:start position:0%
I could feel my heart pounding. It was
 

01:15:28.160 --> 01:15:29.670 align:start position:0%
I could feel my heart pounding. It was
one<01:16:55.520><c> of</c><01:16:55.600><c> those</c><01:16:55.840><c> moments</c><01:16:56.159><c> when</c><01:16:56.400><c> you</c><01:16:56.560><c> realize</c>

01:15:29.670 --> 01:15:29.680 align:start position:0%
one of those moments when you realize
 

01:15:29.680 --> 01:15:31.830 align:start position:0%
one of those moments when you realize
that<01:16:57.120><c> something</c><01:16:57.600><c> deep</c><01:16:57.920><c> and</c><01:16:58.239><c> true</c><01:16:58.560><c> has</c><01:16:58.800><c> been</c>

01:15:31.830 --> 01:15:31.840 align:start position:0%
that something deep and true has been
 

01:15:31.840 --> 01:15:34.230 align:start position:0%
that something deep and true has been
found,<01:16:59.840><c> that</c><01:17:00.000><c> the</c><01:17:00.320><c> world</c><01:17:00.640><c> is</c><01:17:00.880><c> not</c><01:17:01.040><c> as</c><01:17:01.280><c> you</c>

01:15:34.230 --> 01:15:34.240 align:start position:0%
found, that the world is not as you
 

01:15:34.240 --> 01:15:37.270 align:start position:0%
found, that the world is not as you
thought<01:17:01.600><c> it</c><01:17:01.840><c> was.</c><01:17:02.960><c> Writing</c><01:17:03.440><c> in</c><01:17:03.600><c> his</c><01:17:03.760><c> memoirs,</c>

01:15:37.270 --> 01:15:37.280 align:start position:0%
thought it was. Writing in his memoirs,
 

01:15:37.280 --> 01:15:39.430 align:start position:0%
thought it was. Writing in his memoirs,
Pulchinsky<01:17:05.120><c> recalls</c><01:17:05.520><c> how</c><01:17:05.760><c> it</c><01:17:05.920><c> felt</c><01:17:06.239><c> to</c><01:17:06.480><c> make</c>

01:15:39.430 --> 01:15:39.440 align:start position:0%
Pulchinsky recalls how it felt to make
 

01:15:39.440 --> 01:15:42.070 align:start position:0%
Pulchinsky recalls how it felt to make
the<01:17:06.800><c> breakthrough</c><01:17:07.199><c> of</c><01:17:07.440><c> his</c><01:17:07.600><c> life,</c><01:17:08.480><c> a</c><01:17:08.719><c> life</c>

01:15:42.070 --> 01:15:42.080 align:start position:0%
the breakthrough of his life, a life
 

01:15:42.080 --> 01:15:44.949 align:start position:0%
the breakthrough of his life, a life
tragically<01:17:10.000><c> cut</c><01:17:10.320><c> short.</c><01:17:11.199><c> Those</c><01:17:11.440><c> memoirs</c><01:17:12.000><c> were</c>

01:15:44.949 --> 01:15:44.959 align:start position:0%
tragically cut short. Those memoirs were
 

01:15:44.959 --> 01:15:46.469 align:start position:0%
tragically cut short. Those memoirs were
written<01:17:12.400><c> while</c><01:17:12.640><c> he</c><01:17:12.800><c> was</c><01:17:12.960><c> battling</c><01:17:13.360><c> brain</c>

01:15:46.469 --> 01:15:46.479 align:start position:0%
written while he was battling brain
 

01:15:46.479 --> 01:15:48.070 align:start position:0%
written while he was battling brain
cancer,<01:17:14.239><c> a</c><01:17:14.400><c> battle</c><01:17:14.719><c> that</c><01:17:14.880><c> he</c><01:17:15.120><c> would</c>

01:15:48.070 --> 01:15:48.080 align:start position:0%
cancer, a battle that he would
 

01:15:48.080 --> 01:15:50.710 align:start position:0%
cancer, a battle that he would
ultimately<01:17:15.679><c> lose</c><01:17:16.000><c> in</c><01:17:16.239><c> 2018</c><01:17:17.120><c> at</c><01:17:17.360><c> the</c><01:17:17.520><c> age</c><01:17:17.760><c> of</c>

01:15:50.710 --> 01:15:50.720 align:start position:0%
ultimately lose in 2018 at the age of
 

01:15:50.720 --> 01:15:53.670 align:start position:0%
ultimately lose in 2018 at the age of
just<01:17:18.239><c> 63.</c><01:17:19.520><c> If</c><01:17:19.679><c> there's</c><01:17:19.920><c> one</c><01:17:20.080><c> thing</c><01:17:20.239><c> I</c><01:17:20.400><c> hope</c><01:17:20.560><c> I'm</c>

01:15:53.670 --> 01:15:53.680 align:start position:0%
just 63. If there's one thing I hope I'm
 

01:15:53.680 --> 01:15:55.750 align:start position:0%
just 63. If there's one thing I hope I'm
remembered<01:17:21.199><c> for,</c><01:17:21.679><c> it's</c><01:17:21.920><c> the</c><01:17:22.159><c> realization</c>

01:15:55.750 --> 01:15:55.760 align:start position:0%
remembered for, it's the realization
 

01:15:55.760 --> 01:16:02.550 align:start position:0%
remembered for, it's the realization
that<01:17:23.360><c> DBrains</c><01:17:24.480><c> are</c><01:17:24.719><c> physical</c><01:17:25.199><c> objects.</c>

01:16:02.550 --> 01:16:02.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:16:02.560 --> 01:16:04.870 align:start position:0%
 
Before<01:17:30.080><c> Pchinsky,</c><01:17:31.040><c> Dbrains</c><01:17:31.600><c> were</c><01:17:31.760><c> treated</c>

01:16:04.870 --> 01:16:04.880 align:start position:0%
Before Pchinsky, Dbrains were treated
 

01:16:04.880 --> 01:16:06.469 align:start position:0%
Before Pchinsky, Dbrains were treated
like<01:17:32.320><c> the</c><01:17:32.480><c> Earth's</c><01:17:32.518><c> [music]</c><01:17:32.800><c> equator</c><01:17:33.360><c> or</c>

01:16:06.469 --> 01:16:06.479 align:start position:0%
like the Earth's [music] equator or
 

01:16:06.479 --> 01:16:10.390 align:start position:0%
like the Earth's [music] equator or
rotation<01:17:34.239><c> axis.</c><01:17:35.199><c> Useful</c><01:17:36.000><c> but</c><01:17:36.320><c> imaginary.</c>

01:16:10.390 --> 01:16:10.400 align:start position:0%
rotation axis. Useful but imaginary.
 

01:16:10.400 --> 01:16:12.230 align:start position:0%
rotation axis. Useful but imaginary.
Lines<01:17:37.920><c> on</c><01:17:38.000><c> a</c><01:17:38.239><c> map</c><01:17:38.560><c> don't</c><01:17:38.800><c> bend</c><01:17:39.068><c> [music]</c><01:17:39.120><c> the</c>

01:16:12.230 --> 01:16:12.240 align:start position:0%
Lines on a map don't bend [music] the
 

01:16:12.240 --> 01:16:14.949 align:start position:0%
Lines on a map don't bend [music] the
planet.<01:17:40.320><c> But</c><01:17:40.560><c> Bolchinsky</c><01:17:41.360><c> showed</c><01:17:41.920><c> that</c>

01:16:14.949 --> 01:16:14.959 align:start position:0%
planet. But Bolchinsky showed that
 

01:16:14.959 --> 01:16:18.469 align:start position:0%
planet. But Bolchinsky showed that
Dbrains<01:17:43.520><c> are</c><01:17:43.760><c> real.</c><01:17:44.719><c> We</c><01:17:45.040><c> wouldn't</c><01:17:45.280><c> be</c><01:17:45.360><c> able</c><01:17:45.520><c> to</c>

01:16:18.469 --> 01:16:18.479 align:start position:0%
Dbrains are real. We wouldn't be able to
 

01:16:18.479 --> 01:16:20.630 align:start position:0%
Dbrains are real. We wouldn't be able to
see<01:17:45.840><c> them</c><01:17:46.159><c> directly.</c><01:17:47.040><c> They</c><01:17:47.280><c> live</c><01:17:47.520><c> in</c><01:17:47.679><c> the</c>

01:16:20.630 --> 01:16:20.640 align:start position:0%
see them directly. They live in the
 

01:16:20.640 --> 01:16:23.430 align:start position:0%
see them directly. They live in the
extra<01:17:48.239><c> dimensions</c><01:17:48.960><c> string</c><01:17:49.280><c> theory</c><01:17:49.679><c> demands.</c>

01:16:23.430 --> 01:16:23.440 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions string theory demands.
 

01:16:23.440 --> 01:16:25.989 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions string theory demands.
Yet,<01:17:50.880><c> they</c><01:17:51.120><c> would</c><01:17:51.360><c> be</c><01:17:51.679><c> physical</c><01:17:52.239><c> objects.</c>

01:16:25.989 --> 01:16:25.999 align:start position:0%
Yet, they would be physical objects.
 

01:16:25.999 --> 01:16:28.949 align:start position:0%
Yet, they would be physical objects.
They<01:17:53.520><c> have</c><01:17:53.679><c> mass.</c><01:17:54.320><c> They</c><01:17:54.560><c> carry</c><01:17:54.960><c> charge.</c><01:17:55.920><c> and</c>

01:16:28.949 --> 01:16:28.959 align:start position:0%
They have mass. They carry charge. and
 

01:16:28.959 --> 01:16:30.870 align:start position:0%
They have mass. They carry charge. and
their<01:17:56.320><c> presence</c><01:17:56.800><c> could</c><01:17:57.040><c> warp</c><01:17:57.520><c> the</c><01:17:57.760><c> very</c>

01:16:30.870 --> 01:16:30.880 align:start position:0%
their presence could warp the very
 

01:16:30.880 --> 01:16:33.509 align:start position:0%
their presence could warp the very
fabric<01:17:58.400><c> of</c><01:17:58.560><c> the</c><01:17:58.800><c> universe.</c><01:17:59.840><c> What</c><01:18:00.159><c> began</c><01:18:00.480><c> as</c>

01:16:33.509 --> 01:16:33.519 align:start position:0%
fabric of the universe. What began as
 

01:16:33.519 --> 01:16:36.310 align:start position:0%
fabric of the universe. What began as
notional<01:18:01.280><c> shelves</c><01:18:01.760><c> for</c><01:18:02.000><c> open</c><01:18:02.320><c> strings</c><01:18:03.199><c> turned</c>

01:16:36.310 --> 01:16:36.320 align:start position:0%
notional shelves for open strings turned
 

01:16:36.320 --> 01:16:38.630 align:start position:0%
notional shelves for open strings turned
out<01:18:03.760><c> to</c><01:18:03.920><c> be</c><01:18:04.159><c> massive</c><01:18:04.640><c> structures</c><01:18:05.440><c> that</c><01:18:05.679><c> can</c>

01:16:38.630 --> 01:16:38.640 align:start position:0%
out to be massive structures that can
 

01:16:38.640 --> 01:16:40.630 align:start position:0%
out to be massive structures that can
bend<01:18:06.159><c> the</c><01:18:06.480><c> space</c><01:18:06.960><c> within</c><01:18:07.280><c> the</c><01:18:07.520><c> library</c>

01:16:40.630 --> 01:16:40.640 align:start position:0%
bend the space within the library
 

01:16:40.640 --> 01:16:42.150 align:start position:0%
bend the space within the library
itself.

01:16:42.150 --> 01:16:42.160 align:start position:0%
itself.
 

01:16:42.160 --> 01:16:43.670 align:start position:0%
itself.
And<01:18:09.520><c> so</c><01:18:09.679><c> what</c><01:18:09.840><c> had</c><01:18:10.080><c> been</c><01:18:10.239><c> dismissed</c><01:18:10.640><c> as</c>

01:16:43.670 --> 01:16:43.680 align:start position:0%
And so what had been dismissed as
 

01:16:43.680 --> 01:16:46.070 align:start position:0%
And so what had been dismissed as
mathematical<01:18:11.520><c> window</c><01:18:11.920><c> dressing</c><01:18:12.560><c> was</c><01:18:12.800><c> now</c>

01:16:46.070 --> 01:16:46.080 align:start position:0%
mathematical window dressing was now
 

01:16:46.080 --> 01:16:48.949 align:start position:0%
mathematical window dressing was now
material<01:18:13.920><c> fact.</c><01:18:14.880><c> It</c><01:18:15.120><c> was</c><01:18:15.199><c> as</c><01:18:15.360><c> if</c><01:18:15.520><c> the</c><01:18:15.679><c> defense</c>

01:16:48.949 --> 01:16:48.959 align:start position:0%
material fact. It was as if the defense
 

01:16:48.959 --> 01:16:51.029 align:start position:0%
material fact. It was as if the defense
had<01:18:16.480><c> finally</c><01:18:16.880><c> produced</c><01:18:17.280><c> a</c><01:18:17.520><c> key</c><01:18:17.760><c> piece</c><01:18:18.000><c> of</c>

01:16:51.029 --> 01:16:51.039 align:start position:0%
had finally produced a key piece of
 

01:16:51.039 --> 01:16:53.910 align:start position:0%
had finally produced a key piece of
forensic<01:18:18.719><c> evidence.</c><01:18:19.840><c> Fingerprints</c><01:18:20.719><c> at</c><01:18:20.960><c> the</c>

01:16:53.910 --> 01:16:53.920 align:start position:0%
forensic evidence. Fingerprints at the
 

01:16:53.920 --> 01:16:55.989 align:start position:0%
forensic evidence. Fingerprints at the
scene.

01:16:55.989 --> 01:16:55.999 align:start position:0%
scene.
 

01:16:55.999 --> 01:16:58.310 align:start position:0%
scene.
Pchinsky<01:18:23.920><c> almost</c><01:18:24.239><c> didn't</c><01:18:24.560><c> publish</c><01:18:24.960><c> this</c><01:18:25.199><c> key</c>

01:16:58.310 --> 01:16:58.320 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky almost didn't publish this key
 

01:16:58.320 --> 01:17:00.230 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky almost didn't publish this key
insight,<01:18:26.320><c> thinking</c><01:18:26.640><c> it</c><01:18:26.880><c> might</c><01:18:27.040><c> be</c><01:18:27.199><c> too</c>

01:17:00.230 --> 01:17:00.240 align:start position:0%
insight, thinking it might be too
 

01:17:00.240 --> 01:17:02.390 align:start position:0%
insight, thinking it might be too
speculative,<01:18:28.320><c> a</c><01:18:28.560><c> hesitation</c><01:18:29.120><c> that</c><01:18:29.440><c> could</c>

01:17:02.390 --> 01:17:02.400 align:start position:0%
speculative, a hesitation that could
 

01:17:02.400 --> 01:17:04.070 align:start position:0%
speculative, a hesitation that could
have<01:18:29.760><c> delayed</c><01:18:30.159><c> the</c><01:18:30.400><c> entire</c><01:18:30.960><c> second</c>

01:17:04.070 --> 01:17:04.080 align:start position:0%
have delayed the entire second
 

01:17:04.080 --> 01:17:06.469 align:start position:0%
have delayed the entire second
Superstring<01:18:31.840><c> Revolution.</c><01:18:32.960><c> Indeed,</c><01:18:33.360><c> it's</c><01:18:33.520><c> the</c>

01:17:06.469 --> 01:17:06.479 align:start position:0%
Superstring Revolution. Indeed, it's the
 

01:17:06.479 --> 01:17:08.630 align:start position:0%
Superstring Revolution. Indeed, it's the
mark<01:18:33.920><c> of</c><01:18:34.000><c> a</c><01:18:34.159><c> humble</c><01:18:34.480><c> and</c><01:18:34.719><c> cautious</c><01:18:35.120><c> man.</c>

01:17:08.630 --> 01:17:08.640 align:start position:0%
mark of a humble and cautious man.
 

01:17:08.640 --> 01:17:10.550 align:start position:0%
mark of a humble and cautious man.
Pulchinsk's<01:18:36.560><c> obituary</c><01:18:37.040><c> in</c><01:18:37.280><c> the</c><01:18:37.360><c> New</c><01:18:37.600><c> York</c>

01:17:10.550 --> 01:17:10.560 align:start position:0%
Pulchinsk's obituary in the New York
 

01:17:10.560 --> 01:17:12.469 align:start position:0%
Pulchinsk's obituary in the New York
Times<01:18:38.320><c> focused</c><01:18:38.719><c> just</c><01:18:38.960><c> as</c><01:18:39.120><c> much</c><01:18:39.280><c> on</c><01:18:39.440><c> his</c>

01:17:12.469 --> 01:17:12.479 align:start position:0%
Times focused just as much on his
 

01:17:12.479 --> 01:17:14.550 align:start position:0%
Times focused just as much on his
kindness<01:18:40.080><c> and</c><01:18:40.320><c> thoughtfulness</c><01:18:41.120><c> as</c><01:18:41.360><c> on</c><01:18:41.520><c> his</c>

01:17:14.550 --> 01:17:14.560 align:start position:0%
kindness and thoughtfulness as on his
 

01:17:14.560 --> 01:17:19.430 align:start position:0%
kindness and thoughtfulness as on his
brilliance.

01:17:19.430 --> 01:17:19.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:17:19.440 --> 01:17:21.270 align:start position:0%
 
With<01:18:46.880><c> the</c><01:18:47.040><c> second</c><01:18:47.280><c> superstring</c><01:18:47.920><c> revolution</c>

01:17:21.270 --> 01:17:21.280 align:start position:0%
With the second superstring revolution
 

01:17:21.280 --> 01:17:24.070 align:start position:0%
With the second superstring revolution
now<01:18:48.800><c> firmly</c><01:18:49.199><c> underway,</c><01:18:50.159><c> physicists</c><01:18:50.800><c> had</c><01:18:51.040><c> once</c>

01:17:24.070 --> 01:17:24.080 align:start position:0%
now firmly underway, physicists had once
 

01:17:24.080 --> 01:17:26.390 align:start position:0%
now firmly underway, physicists had once
more<01:18:51.600><c> shocked</c><01:18:52.000><c> the</c><01:18:52.159><c> theory</c><01:18:52.480><c> back</c><01:18:52.640><c> to</c><01:18:52.880><c> life.</c>

01:17:26.390 --> 01:17:26.400 align:start position:0%
more shocked the theory back to life.
 

01:17:26.400 --> 01:17:28.070 align:start position:0%
more shocked the theory back to life.
What<01:18:53.760><c> had</c><01:18:54.000><c> looked</c><01:18:54.239><c> like</c><01:18:54.480><c> an</c><01:18:54.640><c> intractable</c>

01:17:28.070 --> 01:17:28.080 align:start position:0%
What had looked like an intractable
 

01:17:28.080 --> 01:17:30.710 align:start position:0%
What had looked like an intractable
problem,<01:18:56.080><c> five</c><01:18:56.480><c> superstring</c><01:18:57.040><c> theories,</c><01:18:57.679><c> not</c>

01:17:30.710 --> 01:17:30.720 align:start position:0%
problem, five superstring theories, not
 

01:17:30.720 --> 01:17:32.310 align:start position:0%
problem, five superstring theories, not
one,<01:18:58.480><c> had</c><01:18:58.800><c> been</c><01:18:58.960><c> seemingly</c><01:18:58.980><c> [music]</c>

01:17:32.310 --> 01:17:32.320 align:start position:0%
one, had been seemingly [music]
 

01:17:32.320 --> 01:17:34.870 align:start position:0%
one, had been seemingly [music]
resolved.<01:19:00.560><c> Once</c><01:19:00.880><c> more,</c><01:19:01.280><c> there</c><01:19:01.440><c> was</c><01:19:01.600><c> a</c><01:19:01.760><c> single</c>

01:17:34.870 --> 01:17:34.880 align:start position:0%
resolved. Once more, there was a single
 

01:17:34.880 --> 01:17:37.029 align:start position:0%
resolved. Once more, there was a single
theory<01:19:02.480><c> to</c><01:19:02.719><c> work</c><01:19:02.960><c> with,</c><01:19:03.440><c> one</c><01:19:03.600><c> that</c><01:19:03.840><c> not</c><01:19:04.000><c> only</c>

01:17:37.029 --> 01:17:37.039 align:start position:0%
theory to work with, one that not only
 

01:17:37.039 --> 01:17:38.949 align:start position:0%
theory to work with, one that not only
promised<01:19:04.560><c> to</c><01:19:04.719><c> unite</c><01:19:05.120><c> quantum</c><01:19:05.520><c> physics</c><01:19:05.920><c> with</c>

01:17:38.949 --> 01:17:38.959 align:start position:0%
promised to unite quantum physics with
 

01:17:38.959 --> 01:17:41.029 align:start position:0%
promised to unite quantum physics with
gravity,<01:19:06.880><c> but</c><01:19:07.120><c> also</c><01:19:07.360><c> offered</c><01:19:07.679><c> a</c><01:19:07.920><c> framework</c>

01:17:41.029 --> 01:17:41.039 align:start position:0%
gravity, but also offered a framework
 

01:17:41.039 --> 01:17:42.550 align:start position:0%
gravity, but also offered a framework
for<01:19:08.480><c> understanding</c><01:19:08.804><c> [music]</c><01:19:09.040><c> subatomic</c>

01:17:42.550 --> 01:17:42.560 align:start position:0%
for understanding [music] subatomic
 

01:17:42.560 --> 01:17:45.110 align:start position:0%
for understanding [music] subatomic
particles<01:19:10.159><c> and</c><01:19:10.400><c> their</c><01:19:10.640><c> interactions.</c><01:19:12.000><c> All</c>

01:17:45.110 --> 01:17:45.120 align:start position:0%
particles and their interactions. All
 

01:17:45.120 --> 01:17:47.670 align:start position:0%
particles and their interactions. All
that<01:19:12.480><c> was</c><01:19:12.640><c> needed</c><01:19:13.280><c> was</c><01:19:13.600><c> yet</c><01:19:13.840><c> another</c><01:19:14.480><c> hidden</c>

01:17:47.670 --> 01:17:47.680 align:start position:0%
that was needed was yet another hidden
 

01:17:47.680 --> 01:17:49.989 align:start position:0%
that was needed was yet another hidden
dimension

01:17:49.989 --> 01:17:49.999 align:start position:0%
dimension
 

01:17:49.999 --> 01:17:52.390 align:start position:0%
dimension
for<01:19:17.440><c> the</c><01:19:17.600><c> defense.</c><01:19:18.320><c> This</c><01:19:18.560><c> was</c><01:19:18.719><c> a</c><01:19:18.880><c> rare</c><01:19:19.199><c> moment</c>

01:17:52.390 --> 01:17:52.400 align:start position:0%
for the defense. This was a rare moment
 

01:17:52.400 --> 01:17:55.270 align:start position:0%
for the defense. This was a rare moment
of<01:19:19.920><c> solid</c><01:19:20.320><c> ground.</c><01:19:21.199><c> The</c><01:19:21.440><c> phantom</c><01:19:21.920><c> scaffolding</c>

01:17:55.270 --> 01:17:55.280 align:start position:0%
of solid ground. The phantom scaffolding
 

01:17:55.280 --> 01:17:57.110 align:start position:0%
of solid ground. The phantom scaffolding
of<01:19:22.559><c> [music]</c><01:19:22.640><c> the</c><01:19:22.800><c> theory</c><01:19:23.360><c> seemed</c><01:19:23.760><c> suddenly</c>

01:17:57.110 --> 01:17:57.120 align:start position:0%
of [music] the theory seemed suddenly
 

01:17:57.120 --> 01:17:59.670 align:start position:0%
of [music] the theory seemed suddenly
tangible.<01:19:25.040><c> The</c><01:19:25.280><c> shelves</c><01:19:25.760><c> were</c><01:19:26.080><c> real.</c><01:19:26.640><c> They</c>

01:17:59.670 --> 01:17:59.680 align:start position:0%
tangible. The shelves were real. They
 

01:17:59.680 --> 01:18:02.469 align:start position:0%
tangible. The shelves were real. They
carried<01:19:27.280><c> charge.</c><01:19:27.920><c> They</c><01:19:28.159><c> bent</c><01:19:28.719><c> space.</c><01:19:29.110><c> [music]</c>

01:18:02.469 --> 01:18:02.479 align:start position:0%
carried charge. They bent space. [music]
 

01:18:02.479 --> 01:18:04.870 align:start position:0%
carried charge. They bent space. [music]
Beauty,<01:19:30.400><c> at</c><01:19:30.400><c> least</c><01:19:30.719><c> for</c><01:19:30.880><c> a</c><01:19:31.120><c> moment,</c><01:19:31.679><c> looked</c><01:19:31.920><c> as</c>

01:18:04.870 --> 01:18:04.880 align:start position:0%
Beauty, at least for a moment, looked as
 

01:18:04.880 --> 01:18:08.150 align:start position:0%
Beauty, at least for a moment, looked as
if<01:19:32.239><c> it</c><01:19:32.400><c> might</c><01:19:32.560><c> be</c><01:19:32.800><c> anchored</c><01:19:33.440><c> to</c><01:19:33.760><c> reality.</c>

01:18:08.150 --> 01:18:08.160 align:start position:0%
if it might be anchored to reality.
 

01:18:08.160 --> 01:18:12.230 align:start position:0%
if it might be anchored to reality.
However,<01:19:36.320><c> the</c><01:19:36.560><c> prosecution</c><01:19:37.760><c> was</c><01:19:38.000><c> unmoved.</c>

01:18:12.230 --> 01:18:12.240 align:start position:0%
However, the prosecution was unmoved.
 

01:18:12.240 --> 01:18:14.344 align:start position:0%
However, the prosecution was unmoved.
Not<01:19:39.679><c> a</c><01:19:39.920><c> single</c><01:19:40.320><c> experiment</c><01:19:40.880><c> had</c><01:19:41.120><c> glimpsed</c>

01:18:14.344 --> 01:18:14.354 align:start position:0%
Not a single experiment had glimpsed
 

01:18:14.354 --> 01:18:16.550 align:start position:0%
Not a single experiment had glimpsed
[music]<01:19:41.600><c> these</c><01:19:41.920><c> hidden</c><01:19:42.400><c> structures,</c><01:19:43.440><c> and</c><01:19:43.520><c> so</c>

01:18:16.550 --> 01:18:16.560 align:start position:0%
[music] these hidden structures, and so
 

01:18:16.560 --> 01:18:18.949 align:start position:0%
[music] these hidden structures, and so
for<01:19:44.000><c> now,</c><01:19:44.400><c> the</c><01:19:44.719><c> jury</c><01:19:45.120><c> could</c><01:19:45.280><c> only</c><01:19:45.520><c> mark</c><01:19:45.760><c> it</c><01:19:45.920><c> as</c>

01:18:18.949 --> 01:18:18.959 align:start position:0%
for now, the jury could only mark it as
 

01:18:18.959 --> 01:18:20.949 align:start position:0%
for now, the jury could only mark it as
another<01:19:46.480><c> point</c><01:19:46.880><c> scored</c><01:19:47.280><c> for</c><01:19:47.520><c> beauty</c><01:19:47.920><c> and</c>

01:18:20.949 --> 01:18:20.959 align:start position:0%
another point scored for beauty and
 

01:18:20.959 --> 01:18:25.110 align:start position:0%
another point scored for beauty and
elegance,<01:19:49.520><c> not</c><01:19:50.159><c> for</c><01:19:50.480><c> evidence.</c><01:19:51.679><c> The</c><01:19:51.920><c> defense</c>

01:18:25.110 --> 01:18:25.120 align:start position:0%
elegance, not for evidence. The defense
 

01:18:25.120 --> 01:18:27.430 align:start position:0%
elegance, not for evidence. The defense
had<01:19:52.560><c> reduced</c><01:19:53.120><c> structure,</c><01:19:54.159><c> but</c><01:19:54.400><c> the</c>

01:18:27.430 --> 01:18:27.440 align:start position:0%
had reduced structure, but the
 

01:18:27.440 --> 01:18:36.630 align:start position:0%
had reduced structure, but the
prosecution<01:19:55.760><c> wanted</c><01:19:56.239><c> sightings.</c>

01:18:36.630 --> 01:18:36.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:18:36.640 --> 01:18:39.190 align:start position:0%
 
Yet,<01:20:04.080><c> Pchinsk's</c><01:20:04.880><c> discovery</c><01:20:05.679><c> did</c><01:20:06.000><c> have</c><01:20:06.239><c> a</c>

01:18:39.190 --> 01:18:39.200 align:start position:0%
Yet, Pchinsk's discovery did have a
 

01:18:39.200 --> 01:18:42.150 align:start position:0%
Yet, Pchinsk's discovery did have a
sting<01:20:06.640><c> in</c><01:20:06.880><c> its</c><01:20:07.040><c> tail.</c><01:20:08.080><c> What</c><01:20:08.400><c> if,</c><01:20:08.800><c> in</c><01:20:09.040><c> some</c>

01:18:42.150 --> 01:18:42.160 align:start position:0%
sting in its tail. What if, in some
 

01:18:42.160 --> 01:18:44.230 align:start position:0%
sting in its tail. What if, in some
strange<01:20:09.679><c> and</c><01:20:10.000><c> beautiful</c><01:20:10.480><c> way,</c><01:20:11.199><c> the</c>

01:18:44.230 --> 01:18:44.240 align:start position:0%
strange and beautiful way, the
 

01:18:44.240 --> 01:18:46.630 align:start position:0%
strange and beautiful way, the
bookshelves<01:20:12.320><c> knew</c><01:20:12.719><c> everything</c><01:20:13.280><c> about</c><01:20:13.600><c> the</c>

01:18:46.630 --> 01:18:46.640 align:start position:0%
bookshelves knew everything about the
 

01:18:46.640 --> 01:18:49.509 align:start position:0%
bookshelves knew everything about the
rooms<01:20:14.239><c> they</c><01:20:14.560><c> stood</c><01:20:14.800><c> in?</c><01:20:15.600><c> What</c><01:20:15.760><c> if</c><01:20:15.920><c> the</c><01:20:16.080><c> laws</c>

01:18:49.509 --> 01:18:49.519 align:start position:0%
rooms they stood in? What if the laws
 

01:18:49.519 --> 01:18:51.989 align:start position:0%
rooms they stood in? What if the laws
etched<01:20:16.960><c> on</c><01:20:17.120><c> these</c><01:20:17.440><c> shelves</c><01:20:18.159><c> somehow</c><01:20:18.640><c> encoded</c>

01:18:51.989 --> 01:18:51.999 align:start position:0%
etched on these shelves somehow encoded
 

01:18:51.999 --> 01:18:55.910 align:start position:0%
etched on these shelves somehow encoded
the<01:20:19.440><c> architecture</c><01:20:20.159><c> of</c><01:20:20.480><c> the</c><01:20:20.719><c> library</c><01:20:21.199><c> itself?</c>

01:18:55.910 --> 01:18:55.920 align:start position:0%
the architecture of the library itself?
 

01:18:55.920 --> 01:18:57.509 align:start position:0%
the architecture of the library itself?
Soon,<01:20:23.520><c> this</c><01:20:23.760><c> would</c><01:20:23.920><c> become</c><01:20:24.239><c> more</c><01:20:24.480><c> than</c>

01:18:57.509 --> 01:18:57.519 align:start position:0%
Soon, this would become more than
 

01:18:57.519 --> 01:18:59.750 align:start position:0%
Soon, this would become more than
metaphor.<01:20:25.600><c> It</c><01:20:25.840><c> would</c><01:20:25.920><c> become</c><01:20:26.159><c> a</c><01:20:26.320><c> blueprint</c>

01:18:59.750 --> 01:18:59.760 align:start position:0%
metaphor. It would become a blueprint
 

01:18:59.760 --> 01:19:01.750 align:start position:0%
metaphor. It would become a blueprint
for<01:20:27.199><c> an</c><01:20:27.440><c> entirely</c><01:20:28.080><c> different</c><01:20:28.400><c> kind</c><01:20:28.640><c> of</c>

01:19:01.750 --> 01:19:01.760 align:start position:0%
for an entirely different kind of
 

01:19:01.760 --> 01:19:04.790 align:start position:0%
for an entirely different kind of
universe.<01:20:30.000><c> One</c><01:20:30.239><c> where</c><01:20:30.560><c> space,</c><01:20:31.280><c> time,</c><01:20:31.679><c> and</c>

01:19:04.790 --> 01:19:04.800 align:start position:0%
universe. One where space, time, and
 

01:19:04.800 --> 01:19:20.870 align:start position:0%
universe. One where space, time, and
gravity<01:20:32.400><c> itself</c><01:20:33.679><c> might</c><01:20:34.000><c> be</c><01:20:34.159><c> a</c><01:20:34.320><c> projection.</c>

01:19:20.870 --> 01:19:20.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:19:20.880 --> 01:19:23.110 align:start position:0%
 
It<01:20:48.239><c> is</c><01:20:48.480><c> more</c><01:20:48.640><c> important</c><01:20:49.199><c> to</c><01:20:49.440><c> have</c><01:20:49.679><c> beauty</c><01:20:50.080><c> in</c>

01:19:23.110 --> 01:19:23.120 align:start position:0%
It is more important to have beauty in
 

01:19:23.120 --> 01:19:25.430 align:start position:0%
It is more important to have beauty in
one's<01:20:50.640><c> equations</c><01:20:51.520><c> than</c><01:20:51.760><c> to</c><01:20:52.000><c> have</c><01:20:52.080><c> them</c><01:20:52.320><c> fit</c>

01:19:25.430 --> 01:19:25.440 align:start position:0%
one's equations than to have them fit
 

01:19:25.440 --> 01:19:29.029 align:start position:0%
one's equations than to have them fit
experiment.

01:19:29.029 --> 01:19:29.039 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:19:29.039 --> 01:19:32.469 align:start position:0%
 
In<01:20:56.560><c> 1997,</c><01:20:57.679><c> a</c><01:20:57.920><c> young</c><01:20:58.239><c> Argentine</c><01:20:58.960><c> physicist</c>

01:19:32.469 --> 01:19:32.479 align:start position:0%
In 1997, a young Argentine physicist
 

01:19:32.479 --> 01:19:35.430 align:start position:0%
In 1997, a young Argentine physicist
named<01:21:00.000><c> Juan</c><01:21:00.320><c> Maldis</c><01:21:01.360><c> published</c><01:21:01.760><c> a</c><01:21:01.920><c> paper</c><01:21:02.320><c> that</c>

01:19:35.430 --> 01:19:35.440 align:start position:0%
named Juan Maldis published a paper that
 

01:19:35.440 --> 01:19:37.830 align:start position:0%
named Juan Maldis published a paper that
shook<01:21:02.960><c> the</c><01:21:03.120><c> courtroom</c><01:21:03.600><c> to</c><01:21:03.840><c> its</c><01:21:04.080><c> foundations</c>

01:19:37.830 --> 01:19:37.840 align:start position:0%
shook the courtroom to its foundations
 

01:19:37.840 --> 01:19:40.230 align:start position:0%
shook the courtroom to its foundations
and<01:21:05.280><c> would</c><01:21:05.520><c> go</c><01:21:05.679><c> on</c><01:21:05.840><c> to</c><01:21:06.080><c> become</c><01:21:06.320><c> the</c><01:21:06.560><c> most</c><01:21:06.800><c> cited</c>

01:19:40.230 --> 01:19:40.240 align:start position:0%
and would go on to become the most cited
 

01:19:40.240 --> 01:19:43.350 align:start position:0%
and would go on to become the most cited
in<01:21:07.679><c> string</c><01:21:08.080><c> theories</c><01:21:08.560><c> history.</c><01:21:09.520><c> Yet</c><01:21:09.760><c> Malda</c>

01:19:43.350 --> 01:19:43.360 align:start position:0%
in string theories history. Yet Malda
 

01:19:43.360 --> 01:19:45.750 align:start position:0%
in string theories history. Yet Malda
himself<01:21:11.120><c> never</c><01:21:11.440><c> anticipated</c><01:21:12.080><c> the</c><01:21:12.480><c> scale</c><01:21:12.719><c> of</c>

01:19:45.750 --> 01:19:45.760 align:start position:0%
himself never anticipated the scale of
 

01:19:45.760 --> 01:19:48.230 align:start position:0%
himself never anticipated the scale of
the<01:21:13.120><c> impact.</c><01:21:14.159><c> At</c><01:21:14.400><c> the</c><01:21:14.560><c> time,</c><01:21:14.800><c> I</c><01:21:15.040><c> thought</c><01:21:15.199><c> maybe</c>

01:19:48.230 --> 01:19:48.240 align:start position:0%
the impact. At the time, I thought maybe
 

01:19:48.240 --> 01:19:50.790 align:start position:0%
the impact. At the time, I thought maybe
a<01:21:15.600><c> few</c><01:21:15.760><c> people</c><01:21:16.000><c> would</c><01:21:16.159><c> be</c><01:21:16.320><c> interested.</c>

01:19:50.790 --> 01:19:50.800 align:start position:0%
a few people would be interested.
 

01:19:50.800 --> 01:19:52.630 align:start position:0%
a few people would be interested.
Indeed,<01:21:18.400><c> to</c><01:21:18.560><c> this</c><01:21:18.719><c> day,</c><01:21:18.960><c> he</c><01:21:19.199><c> remains</c><01:21:19.520><c> almost</c>

01:19:52.630 --> 01:19:52.640 align:start position:0%
Indeed, to this day, he remains almost
 

01:19:52.640 --> 01:19:54.390 align:start position:0%
Indeed, to this day, he remains almost
bashful<01:21:20.320><c> about</c><01:21:20.461><c> [music]</c><01:21:20.560><c> it.</c><01:21:21.199><c> He</c><01:21:21.440><c> never</c>

01:19:54.390 --> 01:19:54.400 align:start position:0%
bashful about [music] it. He never
 

01:19:54.400 --> 01:19:56.310 align:start position:0%
bashful about [music] it. He never
raised<01:21:21.920><c> his</c><01:21:22.159><c> voice</c><01:21:22.480><c> and</c><01:21:22.719><c> rarely</c><01:21:23.040><c> used</c><01:21:23.280><c> more</c>

01:19:56.310 --> 01:19:56.320 align:start position:0%
raised his voice and rarely used more
 

01:19:56.320 --> 01:19:58.491 align:start position:0%
raised his voice and rarely used more
words<01:21:23.760><c> than</c><01:21:24.000><c> strictly</c><01:21:24.480><c> necessary,</c><01:21:25.280><c> said</c><01:21:25.520><c> one</c>

01:19:58.491 --> 01:19:58.501 align:start position:0%
words than strictly necessary, said one
 

01:19:58.501 --> 01:20:00.390 align:start position:0%
words than strictly necessary, said one
[music]<01:21:25.760><c> colleague.</c><01:21:26.640><c> And</c><01:21:26.719><c> so,</c><01:21:26.880><c> as</c><01:21:27.120><c> others</c>

01:20:00.390 --> 01:20:00.400 align:start position:0%
[music] colleague. And so, as others
 

01:20:00.400 --> 01:20:02.550 align:start position:0%
[music] colleague. And so, as others
projected<01:21:28.080><c> cosmic</c><01:21:28.640><c> significance</c><01:21:29.199><c> onto</c><01:21:29.520><c> his</c>

01:20:02.550 --> 01:20:02.560 align:start position:0%
projected cosmic significance onto his
 

01:20:02.560 --> 01:20:05.350 align:start position:0%
projected cosmic significance onto his
equations,<01:21:30.719><c> Maldisena</c><01:21:31.600><c> quietly</c><01:21:32.000><c> returned</c><01:21:32.400><c> to</c>

01:20:05.350 --> 01:20:05.360 align:start position:0%
equations, Maldisena quietly returned to
 

01:20:05.360 --> 01:20:08.390 align:start position:0%
equations, Maldisena quietly returned to
work,<01:21:33.520><c> content</c><01:21:34.080><c> to</c><01:21:34.320><c> let</c><01:21:34.480><c> the</c><01:21:34.640><c> mathematics</c>

01:20:08.390 --> 01:20:08.400 align:start position:0%
work, content to let the mathematics
 

01:20:08.400 --> 01:20:11.910 align:start position:0%
work, content to let the mathematics
speak<01:21:35.840><c> for</c><01:21:36.000><c> itself.</c>

01:20:11.910 --> 01:20:11.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:20:11.920 --> 01:20:14.550 align:start position:0%
 
Maldisena's<01:21:40.000><c> big</c><01:21:40.239><c> idea</c><01:21:40.880><c> went</c><01:21:41.120><c> by</c><01:21:41.280><c> the</c><01:21:41.440><c> rather</c>

01:20:14.550 --> 01:20:14.560 align:start position:0%
Maldisena's big idea went by the rather
 

01:20:14.560 --> 01:20:17.350 align:start position:0%
Maldisena's big idea went by the rather
arcane<01:21:42.320><c> name</c><01:21:42.800><c> of</c><01:21:43.040><c> the</c><01:21:43.199><c> ads</c><01:21:43.920><c> CFT</c>

01:20:17.350 --> 01:20:17.360 align:start position:0%
arcane name of the ads CFT
 

01:20:17.360 --> 01:20:18.790 align:start position:0%
arcane name of the ads CFT
correspondence.<01:21:44.696><c> [music]</c>

01:20:18.790 --> 01:20:18.800 align:start position:0%
correspondence. [music]
 

01:20:18.800 --> 01:20:21.190 align:start position:0%
correspondence. [music]
And<01:21:46.159><c> this</c><01:21:46.400><c> obtuse</c><01:21:46.880><c> title</c><01:21:47.280><c> belied</c><01:21:47.679><c> a</c><01:21:47.840><c> dizzying</c>

01:20:21.190 --> 01:20:21.200 align:start position:0%
And this obtuse title belied a dizzying
 

01:20:21.200 --> 01:20:23.270 align:start position:0%
And this obtuse title belied a dizzying
new<01:21:48.640><c> possibility</c><01:21:49.679><c> born</c><01:21:50.000><c> out</c><01:21:50.159><c> of</c><01:21:50.320><c> the</c>

01:20:23.270 --> 01:20:23.280 align:start position:0%
new possibility born out of the
 

01:20:23.280 --> 01:20:26.150 align:start position:0%
new possibility born out of the
exploration<01:21:51.120><c> of</c><01:21:51.360><c> strings</c><01:21:51.840><c> and</c><01:21:52.080><c> brains</c><01:21:53.040><c> that</c>

01:20:26.150 --> 01:20:26.160 align:start position:0%
exploration of strings and brains that
 

01:20:26.160 --> 01:20:35.429 align:start position:0%
exploration of strings and brains that
the<01:21:53.600><c> entire</c><01:21:54.000><c> universe</c><01:21:55.120><c> could</c><01:21:55.360><c> be</c><01:21:55.520><c> a</c><01:21:55.679><c> hologram.</c>

01:20:35.429 --> 01:20:35.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:20:35.439 --> 01:20:37.509 align:start position:0%
 
To<01:22:02.880><c> begin</c><01:22:03.120><c> to</c><01:22:03.360><c> understand</c><01:22:03.920><c> the</c><01:22:04.159><c> intricate</c>

01:20:37.509 --> 01:20:37.519 align:start position:0%
To begin to understand the intricate
 

01:20:37.519 --> 01:20:40.070 align:start position:0%
To begin to understand the intricate
physics<01:22:05.199><c> behind</c><01:22:05.520><c> Malda's</c><01:22:06.320><c> ads</c><01:22:06.800><c> CFT</c>

01:20:40.070 --> 01:20:40.080 align:start position:0%
physics behind Malda's ads CFT
 

01:20:40.080 --> 01:20:42.790 align:start position:0%
physics behind Malda's ads CFT
correspondence,<01:22:08.480><c> let's</c><01:22:08.800><c> return</c><01:22:09.520><c> to</c><01:22:09.760><c> the</c>

01:20:42.790 --> 01:20:42.800 align:start position:0%
correspondence, let's return to the
 

01:20:42.800 --> 01:20:45.910 align:start position:0%
correspondence, let's return to the
grand<01:22:10.400><c> library</c><01:22:10.719><c> of</c><01:22:10.960><c> the</c><01:22:11.120><c> universe.</c>

01:20:45.910 --> 01:20:45.920 align:start position:0%
grand library of the universe.
 

01:20:45.920 --> 01:20:48.630 align:start position:0%
grand library of the universe.
Pchinsky<01:22:13.840><c> had</c><01:22:14.080><c> shown</c><01:22:14.400><c> that</c><01:22:14.800><c> Dbrains</c><01:22:15.520><c> weren't</c>

01:20:48.630 --> 01:20:48.640 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky had shown that Dbrains weren't
 

01:20:48.640 --> 01:20:50.790 align:start position:0%
Pchinsky had shown that Dbrains weren't
just<01:22:16.000><c> a</c><01:22:16.239><c> mathematical</c><01:22:16.880><c> framework.</c><01:22:17.760><c> They</c>

01:20:50.790 --> 01:20:50.800 align:start position:0%
just a mathematical framework. They
 

01:20:50.800 --> 01:20:52.790 align:start position:0%
just a mathematical framework. They
could<01:22:18.159><c> be</c><01:22:18.320><c> physical</c><01:22:18.800><c> objects,</c><01:22:19.679><c> the</c>

01:20:52.790 --> 01:20:52.800 align:start position:0%
could be physical objects, the
 

01:20:52.800 --> 01:20:55.670 align:start position:0%
could be physical objects, the
libraryies<01:22:20.639><c> bookshelves.</c><01:22:21.840><c> Open</c><01:22:22.239><c> strings,</c>

01:20:55.670 --> 01:20:55.680 align:start position:0%
libraryies bookshelves. Open strings,
 

01:20:55.680 --> 01:20:58.310 align:start position:0%
libraryies bookshelves. Open strings,
like<01:22:23.280><c> books,</c><01:22:23.920><c> could</c><01:22:24.159><c> end</c><01:22:24.400><c> on</c><01:22:24.639><c> them.</c><01:22:25.120><c> But</c><01:22:25.280><c> more</c>

01:20:58.310 --> 01:20:58.320 align:start position:0%
like books, could end on them. But more
 

01:20:58.320 --> 01:21:00.949 align:start position:0%
like books, could end on them. But more
than<01:22:25.679><c> that,</c><01:22:26.320><c> these</c><01:22:26.639><c> shelves</c><01:22:27.120><c> had</c><01:22:27.360><c> mass</c><01:22:27.760><c> and</c>

01:21:00.949 --> 01:21:00.959 align:start position:0%
than that, these shelves had mass and
 

01:21:00.959 --> 01:21:03.429 align:start position:0%
than that, these shelves had mass and
charge<01:22:28.960><c> and</c><01:22:29.280><c> could</c><01:22:29.520><c> warp</c><01:22:29.840><c> the</c><01:22:30.000><c> architecture</c>

01:21:03.429 --> 01:21:03.439 align:start position:0%
charge and could warp the architecture
 

01:21:03.439 --> 01:21:06.230 align:start position:0%
charge and could warp the architecture
of<01:22:30.800><c> the</c><01:22:31.040><c> library</c><01:22:31.440><c> itself.</c><01:22:32.719><c> Dbrains</c><01:22:33.167><c> [music]</c>

01:21:06.230 --> 01:21:06.240 align:start position:0%
of the library itself. Dbrains [music]
 

01:21:06.240 --> 01:21:09.750 align:start position:0%
of the library itself. Dbrains [music]
came<01:22:33.679><c> in</c><01:22:33.920><c> various</c><01:22:34.400><c> sizes.</c><01:22:35.280><c> A</c><01:22:35.520><c> D0</c><01:22:36.239><c> brain</c><01:22:36.560><c> is</c><01:22:36.800><c> a</c>

01:21:09.750 --> 01:21:09.760 align:start position:0%
came in various sizes. A D0 brain is a
 

01:21:09.760 --> 01:21:12.310 align:start position:0%
came in various sizes. A D0 brain is a
point-like<01:22:37.440><c> shelf.</c><01:22:38.080><c> A</c><01:22:38.239><c> D1</c><01:22:38.800><c> brain</c><01:22:39.120><c> is</c><01:22:39.360><c> a</c>

01:21:12.310 --> 01:21:12.320 align:start position:0%
point-like shelf. A D1 brain is a
 

01:21:12.320 --> 01:21:14.630 align:start position:0%
point-like shelf. A D1 brain is a
one-dimensional<01:22:40.320><c> string-like</c><01:22:40.880><c> one.</c><01:22:41.520><c> And</c><01:22:41.600><c> a</c>

01:21:14.630 --> 01:21:14.640 align:start position:0%
one-dimensional string-like one. And a
 

01:21:14.640 --> 01:21:17.750 align:start position:0%
one-dimensional string-like one. And a
D3<01:22:42.480><c> brain</c><01:22:42.960><c> spans</c><01:22:43.440><c> three</c><01:22:43.760><c> spatial</c><01:22:44.159><c> dimensions,</c>

01:21:17.750 --> 01:21:17.760 align:start position:0%
D3 brain spans three spatial dimensions,
 

01:21:17.760 --> 01:21:19.830 align:start position:0%
D3 brain spans three spatial dimensions,
the<01:22:45.199><c> same</c><01:22:45.440><c> dimensionality</c><01:22:46.159><c> as</c><01:22:46.400><c> the</c><01:22:46.560><c> space</c><01:22:46.800><c> we</c>

01:21:19.830 --> 01:21:19.840 align:start position:0%
the same dimensionality as the space we
 

01:21:19.840 --> 01:21:22.790 align:start position:0%
the same dimensionality as the space we
inhabit.<01:22:48.080><c> Malda</c><01:22:48.560><c> Sena</c><01:22:48.960><c> asked,</c><01:22:49.360><c> "What</c><01:22:49.760><c> happens</c>

01:21:22.790 --> 01:21:22.800 align:start position:0%
inhabit. Malda Sena asked, "What happens
 

01:21:22.800 --> 01:21:24.969 align:start position:0%
inhabit. Malda Sena asked, "What happens
when<01:22:50.239><c> you</c><01:22:50.400><c> stack</c><01:22:50.800><c> many</c><01:22:51.120><c> of</c><01:22:51.280><c> these</c><01:22:51.600><c> D3</c><01:22:52.159><c> brains</c>

01:21:24.969 --> 01:21:24.979 align:start position:0%
when you stack many of these D3 brains
 

01:21:24.979 --> 01:21:27.750 align:start position:0%
when you stack many of these D3 brains
[music]<01:22:52.560><c> together?</c><01:22:53.520><c> in</c><01:22:53.760><c> effect</c><01:22:54.400><c> filling</c><01:22:54.800><c> a</c>

01:21:27.750 --> 01:21:27.760 align:start position:0%
[music] together? in effect filling a
 

01:21:27.760 --> 01:21:29.350 align:start position:0%
[music] together? in effect filling a
section<01:22:55.199><c> of</c><01:22:55.360><c> the</c><01:22:55.520><c> library</c><01:22:56.000><c> with</c><01:22:56.239><c> this</c>

01:21:29.350 --> 01:21:29.360 align:start position:0%
section of the library with this
 

01:21:29.360 --> 01:21:32.150 align:start position:0%
section of the library with this
familiar<01:22:57.040><c> shelving.</c><01:22:57.920><c> And</c><01:22:58.159><c> what</c><01:22:58.320><c> he</c><01:22:58.480><c> uncovered</c>

01:21:32.150 --> 01:21:32.160 align:start position:0%
familiar shelving. And what he uncovered
 

01:21:32.160 --> 01:21:35.110 align:start position:0%
familiar shelving. And what he uncovered
was<01:22:59.760><c> extraordinary.</c><01:23:01.120><c> The</c><01:23:01.360><c> sheer</c><01:23:01.760><c> mass</c><01:23:02.080><c> and</c>

01:21:35.110 --> 01:21:35.120 align:start position:0%
was extraordinary. The sheer mass and
 

01:21:35.120 --> 01:21:37.830 align:start position:0%
was extraordinary. The sheer mass and
energy<01:23:02.719><c> of</c><01:23:02.880><c> the</c><01:23:03.040><c> stacked</c><01:23:03.520><c> D3</c><01:23:04.080><c> brains</c><01:23:04.639><c> warps</c>

01:21:37.830 --> 01:21:37.840 align:start position:0%
energy of the stacked D3 brains warps
 

01:21:37.840 --> 01:21:39.590 align:start position:0%
energy of the stacked D3 brains warps
the<01:23:05.262><c> [music]</c><01:23:05.280><c> library</c><01:23:05.679><c> to</c><01:23:05.920><c> such</c><01:23:06.080><c> an</c><01:23:06.320><c> extent</c>

01:21:39.590 --> 01:21:39.600 align:start position:0%
the [music] library to such an extent
 

01:21:39.600 --> 01:21:43.029 align:start position:0%
the [music] library to such an extent
that<01:23:07.280><c> space</c><01:23:07.840><c> curves</c><01:23:08.560><c> inwards.</c><01:23:09.600><c> This</c><01:23:09.840><c> inward</c>

01:21:43.029 --> 01:21:43.039 align:start position:0%
that space curves inwards. This inward
 

01:21:43.039 --> 01:21:45.350 align:start position:0%
that space curves inwards. This inward
bend<01:23:10.560><c> is</c><01:23:10.800><c> the</c><01:23:10.960><c> hallmark</c><01:23:11.360><c> of</c><01:23:11.600><c> anti-deitter</c>

01:21:45.350 --> 01:21:45.360 align:start position:0%
bend is the hallmark of anti-deitter
 

01:21:45.360 --> 01:21:49.029 align:start position:0%
bend is the hallmark of anti-deitter
space,<01:23:13.360><c> the</c><01:23:13.600><c> ads</c><01:23:14.159><c> in</c><01:23:14.400><c> Maldisena's</c><01:23:15.280><c> theory.</c>

01:21:49.029 --> 01:21:49.039 align:start position:0%
space, the ads in Maldisena's theory.
 

01:21:49.039 --> 01:21:51.590 align:start position:0%
space, the ads in Maldisena's theory.
And<01:23:16.400><c> there</c><01:23:16.639><c> was</c><01:23:16.800><c> more.</c><01:23:17.520><c> The</c><01:23:17.760><c> open</c><01:23:18.159><c> strings</c>

01:21:51.590 --> 01:21:51.600 align:start position:0%
And there was more. The open strings
 

01:21:51.600 --> 01:21:55.029 align:start position:0%
And there was more. The open strings
moving<01:23:19.199><c> on</c><01:23:19.360><c> the</c><01:23:19.600><c> D3</c><01:23:20.080><c> brains</c><01:23:21.120><c> gave</c><01:23:21.440><c> rise</c><01:23:21.840><c> to</c><01:23:22.080><c> a</c>

01:21:55.029 --> 01:21:55.039 align:start position:0%
moving on the D3 brains gave rise to a
 

01:21:55.039 --> 01:21:57.509 align:start position:0%
moving on the D3 brains gave rise to a
quantum<01:23:22.719><c> field</c><01:23:23.120><c> theory</c><01:23:23.600><c> with</c><01:23:24.000><c> remarkable</c>

01:21:57.509 --> 01:21:57.519 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory with remarkable
 

01:21:57.519 --> 01:22:00.949 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory with remarkable
symmetry.<01:23:25.760><c> A</c><01:23:26.000><c> conformal</c><01:23:26.800><c> field</c><01:23:27.120><c> theory,</c><01:23:27.920><c> the</c>

01:22:00.949 --> 01:22:00.959 align:start position:0%
symmetry. A conformal field theory, the
 

01:22:00.959 --> 01:22:03.509 align:start position:0%
symmetry. A conformal field theory, the
CFT<01:23:28.843><c> [music]</c><01:23:28.880><c> part.</c><01:23:29.760><c> And</c><01:23:29.920><c> while</c><01:23:30.159><c> this</c><01:23:30.320><c> type</c><01:23:30.560><c> of</c>

01:22:03.509 --> 01:22:03.519 align:start position:0%
CFT [music] part. And while this type of
 

01:22:03.519 --> 01:22:06.150 align:start position:0%
CFT [music] part. And while this type of
theory<01:23:31.040><c> is</c><01:23:31.280><c> not</c><01:23:31.440><c> quite</c><01:23:31.840><c> our</c><01:23:32.080><c> quantum</c><01:23:32.560><c> physics,</c>

01:22:06.150 --> 01:22:06.160 align:start position:0%
theory is not quite our quantum physics,
 

01:22:06.160 --> 01:22:08.150 align:start position:0%
theory is not quite our quantum physics,
it<01:23:33.600><c> shares</c><01:23:33.920><c> much</c><01:23:34.080><c> of</c><01:23:34.239><c> the</c><01:23:34.400><c> same</c><01:23:34.639><c> mathematical</c>

01:22:08.150 --> 01:22:08.160 align:start position:0%
it shares much of the same mathematical
 

01:22:08.160 --> 01:22:11.029 align:start position:0%
it shares much of the same mathematical
structure.<01:23:36.320><c> Not</c><01:23:36.560><c> siblings</c><01:23:37.120><c> exactly,</c><01:23:37.840><c> but</c>

01:22:11.029 --> 01:22:11.039 align:start position:0%
structure. Not siblings exactly, but
 

01:22:11.039 --> 01:22:12.949 align:start position:0%
structure. Not siblings exactly, but
close<01:23:38.560><c> cousins</c><01:23:39.199><c> built</c><01:23:39.520><c> from</c><01:23:39.679><c> similar</c>

01:22:12.949 --> 01:22:12.959 align:start position:0%
close cousins built from similar
 

01:22:12.959 --> 01:22:14.790 align:start position:0%
close cousins built from similar
foundations.

01:22:14.790 --> 01:22:14.800 align:start position:0%
foundations.
 

01:22:14.800 --> 01:22:16.790 align:start position:0%
foundations.
And<01:23:42.159><c> it</c><01:23:42.320><c> was</c><01:23:42.480><c> here</c><01:23:42.800><c> that</c><01:23:43.280><c> lay</c><01:23:43.360><c> the</c><01:23:43.520><c> radical</c>

01:22:16.790 --> 01:22:16.800 align:start position:0%
And it was here that lay the radical
 

01:22:16.800 --> 01:22:19.509 align:start position:0%
And it was here that lay the radical
heart<01:23:44.239><c> of</c><01:23:44.400><c> Maldisa's</c><01:23:45.280><c> proposal.</c><01:23:46.400><c> This</c>

01:22:19.509 --> 01:22:19.519 align:start position:0%
heart of Maldisa's proposal. This
 

01:22:19.519 --> 01:22:22.150 align:start position:0%
heart of Maldisa's proposal. This
quantum<01:23:47.199><c> field</c><01:23:47.600><c> theory</c><01:23:48.159><c> doesn't</c><01:23:48.480><c> live</c><01:23:48.719><c> inside</c>

01:22:22.150 --> 01:22:22.160 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory doesn't live inside
 

01:22:22.160 --> 01:22:25.910 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory doesn't live inside
the<01:23:49.600><c> warped</c><01:23:50.080><c> library.</c><01:23:51.280><c> It</c><01:23:51.520><c> lives</c><01:23:52.560><c> on</c><01:23:52.800><c> its</c>

01:22:25.910 --> 01:22:25.920 align:start position:0%
the warped library. It lives on its
 

01:22:25.920 --> 01:22:33.590 align:start position:0%
the warped library. It lives on its
boundary.

01:22:33.590 --> 01:22:33.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:22:33.600 --> 01:22:35.989 align:start position:0%
 
Imagine<01:24:01.120><c> a</c><01:24:01.360><c> 2D</c><01:24:01.920><c> screen</c><01:24:02.320><c> on</c><01:24:02.560><c> the</c><01:24:02.719><c> library's</c>

01:22:35.989 --> 01:22:35.999 align:start position:0%
Imagine a 2D screen on the library's
 

01:22:35.999 --> 01:22:38.230 align:start position:0%
Imagine a 2D screen on the library's
outer<01:24:03.520><c> wall</c><01:24:04.000><c> showing</c><01:24:04.480><c> everything</c><01:24:05.040><c> happening</c>

01:22:38.230 --> 01:22:38.240 align:start position:0%
outer wall showing everything happening
 

01:22:38.240 --> 01:22:40.630 align:start position:0%
outer wall showing everything happening
inside.<01:24:06.480><c> You</c><01:24:06.639><c> never</c><01:24:06.880><c> need</c><01:24:07.040><c> to</c><01:24:07.199><c> step</c><01:24:07.440><c> into</c><01:24:07.679><c> the</c>

01:22:40.630 --> 01:22:40.640 align:start position:0%
inside. You never need to step into the
 

01:22:40.640 --> 01:22:43.830 align:start position:0%
inside. You never need to step into the
hall.<01:24:08.719><c> Every</c><01:24:09.040><c> event</c><01:24:09.520><c> is</c><01:24:09.840><c> faithfully</c><01:24:10.400><c> recorded</c>

01:22:43.830 --> 01:22:43.840 align:start position:0%
hall. Every event is faithfully recorded
 

01:22:43.840 --> 01:22:46.949 align:start position:0%
hall. Every event is faithfully recorded
on<01:24:11.360><c> that</c><01:24:11.600><c> screen.</c><01:24:12.800><c> But</c><01:24:13.040><c> this</c><01:24:13.280><c> screen</c><01:24:13.760><c> is</c><01:24:13.920><c> no</c>

01:22:46.949 --> 01:22:46.959 align:start position:0%
on that screen. But this screen is no
 

01:22:46.959 --> 01:22:49.029 align:start position:0%
on that screen. But this screen is no
mere<01:24:14.400><c> effect</c><01:24:14.719><c> simile.</c><01:24:15.520><c> It</c><01:24:15.760><c> doesn't</c><01:24:16.000><c> just</c>

01:22:49.029 --> 01:22:49.039 align:start position:0%
mere effect simile. It doesn't just
 

01:22:49.039 --> 01:22:52.310 align:start position:0%
mere effect simile. It doesn't just
reflect<01:24:16.719><c> the</c><01:24:16.960><c> interior.</c><01:24:18.000><c> It</c><01:24:18.239><c> is</c><01:24:18.400><c> the</c><01:24:18.639><c> interior</c>

01:22:52.310 --> 01:22:52.320 align:start position:0%
reflect the interior. It is the interior
 

01:22:52.320 --> 01:22:54.949 align:start position:0%
reflect the interior. It is the interior
written<01:24:19.840><c> in</c><01:24:20.080><c> a</c><01:24:20.320><c> different</c><01:24:20.639><c> language.</c>

01:22:54.949 --> 01:22:54.959 align:start position:0%
written in a different language.
 

01:22:54.959 --> 01:22:57.190 align:start position:0%
written in a different language.
Every<01:24:22.480><c> physical</c><01:24:23.040><c> process</c><01:24:23.600><c> occurring</c><01:24:24.080><c> within</c>

01:22:57.190 --> 01:22:57.200 align:start position:0%
Every physical process occurring within
 

01:22:57.200 --> 01:22:59.750 align:start position:0%
Every physical process occurring within
the<01:24:24.639><c> library,</c><01:24:25.360><c> every</c><01:24:25.679><c> book</c><01:24:26.000><c> being</c><01:24:26.239><c> borrowed,</c>

01:22:59.750 --> 01:22:59.760 align:start position:0%
the library, every book being borrowed,
 

01:22:59.760 --> 01:23:02.150 align:start position:0%
the library, every book being borrowed,
every<01:24:27.199><c> rearrangement</c><01:24:27.840><c> of</c><01:24:28.000><c> its</c><01:24:28.239><c> shelves</c><01:24:28.960><c> has</c><01:24:29.120><c> a</c>

01:23:02.150 --> 01:23:02.160 align:start position:0%
every rearrangement of its shelves has a
 

01:23:02.160 --> 01:23:05.429 align:start position:0%
every rearrangement of its shelves has a
precise<01:24:29.840><c> counterpart</c><01:24:30.639><c> on</c><01:24:30.960><c> the</c><01:24:31.199><c> screen.</c><01:24:32.400><c> Those</c>

01:23:05.429 --> 01:23:05.439 align:start position:0%
precise counterpart on the screen. Those
 

01:23:05.439 --> 01:23:08.150 align:start position:0%
precise counterpart on the screen. Those
events<01:24:33.120><c> exist</c><01:24:33.520><c> there</c><01:24:33.920><c> too,</c><01:24:34.639><c> fully</c><01:24:35.040><c> and</c>

01:23:08.150 --> 01:23:08.160 align:start position:0%
events exist there too, fully and
 

01:23:08.160 --> 01:23:10.630 align:start position:0%
events exist there too, fully and
exactly,<01:24:36.320><c> just</c><01:24:36.639><c> expressed</c><01:24:37.280><c> through</c><01:24:37.600><c> a</c>

01:23:10.630 --> 01:23:10.640 align:start position:0%
exactly, just expressed through a
 

01:23:10.640 --> 01:23:14.630 align:start position:0%
exactly, just expressed through a
different<01:24:38.639><c> quantum</c><01:24:39.360><c> set</c><01:24:39.600><c> of</c><01:24:39.840><c> rules.</c><01:24:41.199><c> This</c><01:24:41.600><c> is</c>

01:23:14.630 --> 01:23:14.640 align:start position:0%
different quantum set of rules. This is
 

01:23:14.640 --> 01:23:19.989 align:start position:0%
different quantum set of rules. This is
Malda's<01:24:42.960><c> ADS</c><01:24:43.840><c> CFT</c><01:24:44.480><c> correspondence.</c>

01:23:19.989 --> 01:23:19.999 align:start position:0%
Malda's ADS CFT correspondence.
 

01:23:19.999 --> 01:23:22.390 align:start position:0%
Malda's ADS CFT correspondence.
This<01:24:47.440><c> wasn't</c><01:24:47.760><c> a</c><01:24:47.920><c> cross-examination</c><01:24:49.120><c> or</c><01:24:49.360><c> a</c>

01:23:22.390 --> 01:23:22.400 align:start position:0%
This wasn't a cross-examination or a
 

01:23:22.400 --> 01:23:24.150 align:start position:0%
This wasn't a cross-examination or a
rebuttal.<01:24:50.400><c> It</c><01:24:50.639><c> was</c><01:24:50.800><c> something</c><01:24:51.040><c> else</c>

01:23:24.150 --> 01:23:24.160 align:start position:0%
rebuttal. It was something else
 

01:23:24.160 --> 01:23:26.790 align:start position:0%
rebuttal. It was something else
entirely.<01:24:52.560><c> Maldisena's</c><01:24:53.360><c> holographic</c>

01:23:26.790 --> 01:23:26.800 align:start position:0%
entirely. Maldisena's holographic
 

01:23:26.800 --> 01:23:29.190 align:start position:0%
entirely. Maldisena's holographic
universe<01:24:54.480><c> didn't</c><01:24:54.800><c> just</c><01:24:55.120><c> answer</c><01:24:55.440><c> questions.</c>

01:23:29.190 --> 01:23:29.200 align:start position:0%
universe didn't just answer questions.
 

01:23:29.200 --> 01:23:31.509 align:start position:0%
universe didn't just answer questions.
It<01:24:56.639><c> redefined</c><01:24:57.280><c> what</c><01:24:57.520><c> the</c><01:24:57.760><c> questions</c><01:24:58.320><c> should</c>

01:23:31.509 --> 01:23:31.519 align:start position:0%
It redefined what the questions should
 

01:23:31.519 --> 01:23:34.230 align:start position:0%
It redefined what the questions should
be.<01:24:59.679><c> Beauty</c><01:25:00.080><c> had</c><01:25:00.320><c> returned</c><01:25:00.800><c> in</c><01:25:01.040><c> a</c><01:25:01.199><c> most</c>

01:23:34.230 --> 01:23:34.240 align:start position:0%
be. Beauty had returned in a most
 

01:23:34.240 --> 01:23:37.350 align:start position:0%
be. Beauty had returned in a most
unfamiliar<01:25:02.239><c> guise,</c><01:25:03.360><c> forcing</c><01:25:03.679><c> the</c><01:25:03.920><c> jury</c><01:25:04.320><c> to</c>

01:23:37.350 --> 01:23:37.360 align:start position:0%
unfamiliar guise, forcing the jury to
 

01:23:37.360 --> 01:23:41.350 align:start position:0%
unfamiliar guise, forcing the jury to
reconsider<01:25:05.199><c> the</c><01:25:05.440><c> very</c><01:25:05.760><c> nature</c><01:25:06.080><c> of</c><01:25:06.239><c> the</c><01:25:06.480><c> case.</c>

01:23:41.350 --> 01:23:41.360 align:start position:0%
reconsider the very nature of the case.
 

01:23:41.360 --> 01:23:43.989 align:start position:0%
reconsider the very nature of the case.
A<01:25:08.800><c> universe</c><01:25:09.280><c> with</c><01:25:09.679><c> gravity</c><01:25:10.400><c> contorting</c><01:25:10.960><c> under</c>

01:23:43.989 --> 01:23:43.999 align:start position:0%
A universe with gravity contorting under
 

01:23:43.999 --> 01:23:46.230 align:start position:0%
A universe with gravity contorting under
the<01:25:11.360><c> influence</c><01:25:11.679><c> of</c><01:25:11.840><c> mass</c><01:25:12.080><c> and</c><01:25:12.320><c> energy</c><01:25:13.040><c> somehow</c>

01:23:46.230 --> 01:23:46.240 align:start position:0%
the influence of mass and energy somehow
 

01:23:46.240 --> 01:23:48.390 align:start position:0%
the influence of mass and energy somehow
encoded<01:25:14.000><c> in</c><01:25:14.159><c> a</c><01:25:14.320><c> lower</c><01:25:14.719><c> dimensional</c><01:25:15.199><c> quantum</c>

01:23:48.390 --> 01:23:48.400 align:start position:0%
encoded in a lower dimensional quantum
 

01:23:48.400 --> 01:23:50.230 align:start position:0%
encoded in a lower dimensional quantum
theory<01:25:16.159><c> that</c><01:25:16.480><c> doesn't</c><01:25:16.719><c> even</c><01:25:16.960><c> know</c><01:25:17.120><c> how</c><01:25:17.360><c> to</c>

01:23:50.230 --> 01:23:50.240 align:start position:0%
theory that doesn't even know how to
 

01:23:50.240 --> 01:23:53.429 align:start position:0%
theory that doesn't even know how to
include<01:25:17.840><c> gravity.</c><01:25:19.199><c> The</c><01:25:19.440><c> curvature</c><01:25:19.840><c> of</c><01:25:20.080><c> space,</c>

01:23:53.429 --> 01:23:53.439 align:start position:0%
include gravity. The curvature of space,
 

01:23:53.439 --> 01:23:55.190 align:start position:0%
include gravity. The curvature of space,
the<01:25:20.800><c> relentless</c><01:25:21.360><c> pulling</c><01:25:21.679><c> of</c><01:25:21.840><c> stars</c><01:25:22.159><c> on</c>

01:23:55.190 --> 01:23:55.200 align:start position:0%
the relentless pulling of stars on
 

01:23:55.200 --> 01:23:57.590 align:start position:0%
the relentless pulling of stars on
planets,<01:25:23.199><c> even</c><01:25:23.440><c> the</c><01:25:23.760><c> very</c><01:25:24.159><c> fabric</c><01:25:24.560><c> of</c>

01:23:57.590 --> 01:23:57.600 align:start position:0%
planets, even the very fabric of
 

01:23:57.600 --> 01:24:00.070 align:start position:0%
planets, even the very fabric of
spaceime<01:25:25.280><c> itself,</c><01:25:26.239><c> all</c><01:25:26.400><c> of</c><01:25:26.560><c> it</c><01:25:26.800><c> could</c><01:25:27.040><c> be</c>

01:24:00.070 --> 01:24:00.080 align:start position:0%
spaceime itself, all of it could be
 

01:24:00.080 --> 01:24:03.190 align:start position:0%
spaceime itself, all of it could be
translated<01:25:28.400><c> line</c><01:25:28.719><c> by</c><01:25:29.040><c> line</c><01:25:29.600><c> into</c><01:25:29.920><c> the</c><01:25:30.080><c> cold</c>

01:24:03.190 --> 01:24:03.200 align:start position:0%
translated line by line into the cold
 

01:24:03.200 --> 01:24:05.830 align:start position:0%
translated line by line into the cold
language<01:25:30.880><c> of</c><01:25:31.040><c> quantum</c><01:25:31.520><c> fields</c><01:25:32.560><c> on</c><01:25:32.800><c> the</c>

01:24:05.830 --> 01:24:05.840 align:start position:0%
language of quantum fields on the
 

01:24:05.840 --> 01:24:08.790 align:start position:0%
language of quantum fields on the
boundary.

01:24:08.790 --> 01:24:08.800 align:start position:0%
boundary.
 

01:24:08.800 --> 01:24:12.390 align:start position:0%
boundary.
And<01:25:36.239><c> so</c><01:25:36.480><c> yes,</c><01:25:37.040><c> in</c><01:25:37.280><c> this</c><01:25:37.440><c> sense,</c><01:25:37.920><c> ADS</c><01:25:38.400><c> CFT</c><01:25:39.120><c> is</c><01:25:39.360><c> a</c>

01:24:12.390 --> 01:24:12.400 align:start position:0%
And so yes, in this sense, ADS CFT is a
 

01:24:12.400 --> 01:24:14.870 align:start position:0%
And so yes, in this sense, ADS CFT is a
kind<01:25:39.760><c> of</c><01:25:40.000><c> hologram.</c><01:25:41.120><c> Think</c><01:25:41.280><c> of</c><01:25:41.440><c> the</c><01:25:41.520><c> holograms</c>

01:24:14.870 --> 01:24:14.880 align:start position:0%
kind of hologram. Think of the holograms
 

01:24:14.880 --> 01:24:16.870 align:start position:0%
kind of hologram. Think of the holograms
often<01:25:42.400><c> found</c><01:25:42.560><c> on</c><01:25:42.800><c> the</c><01:25:42.880><c> back</c><01:25:43.040><c> of</c><01:25:43.120><c> a</c><01:25:43.280><c> bank</c><01:25:43.600><c> card.</c>

01:24:16.870 --> 01:24:16.880 align:start position:0%
often found on the back of a bank card.
 

01:24:16.880 --> 01:24:18.790 align:start position:0%
often found on the back of a bank card.
All<01:25:44.320><c> the</c><01:25:44.480><c> information</c><01:25:44.880><c> is</c><01:25:45.120><c> encoded</c><01:25:45.520><c> in</c><01:25:45.760><c> just</c>

01:24:18.790 --> 01:24:18.800 align:start position:0%
All the information is encoded in just
 

01:24:18.800 --> 01:24:21.190 align:start position:0%
All the information is encoded in just
two<01:25:46.320><c> dimensions.</c><01:25:47.120><c> Yet</c><01:25:47.280><c> it</c><01:25:47.440><c> gives</c><01:25:47.679><c> rise</c><01:25:48.000><c> to</c><01:25:48.159><c> an</c>

01:24:21.190 --> 01:24:21.200 align:start position:0%
two dimensions. Yet it gives rise to an
 

01:24:21.200 --> 01:24:23.350 align:start position:0%
two dimensions. Yet it gives rise to an
equivalent<01:25:48.880><c> 3D</c><01:25:49.280><c> image</c><01:25:49.600><c> when</c><01:25:49.840><c> viewed</c><01:25:50.159><c> from</c><01:25:50.320><c> the</c>

01:24:23.350 --> 01:24:23.360 align:start position:0%
equivalent 3D image when viewed from the
 

01:24:23.360 --> 01:24:26.070 align:start position:0%
equivalent 3D image when viewed from the
right<01:25:50.719><c> perspective.</c><01:25:52.080><c> Similarly,</c><01:25:52.800><c> in</c><01:25:53.040><c> this</c>

01:24:26.070 --> 01:24:26.080 align:start position:0%
right perspective. Similarly, in this
 

01:24:26.080 --> 01:24:28.550 align:start position:0%
right perspective. Similarly, in this
theory,<01:25:53.920><c> a</c><01:25:54.239><c> fivedimensional</c><01:25:55.120><c> world</c><01:25:55.440><c> with</c>

01:24:28.550 --> 01:24:28.560 align:start position:0%
theory, a fivedimensional world with
 

01:24:28.560 --> 01:24:31.110 align:start position:0%
theory, a fivedimensional world with
gravity<01:25:56.480><c> could</c><01:25:56.719><c> emerge</c><01:25:57.120><c> entirely</c><01:25:57.840><c> from</c><01:25:58.080><c> a</c>

01:24:31.110 --> 01:24:31.120 align:start position:0%
gravity could emerge entirely from a
 

01:24:31.120 --> 01:24:33.110 align:start position:0%
gravity could emerge entirely from a
four-dimensional<01:25:59.120><c> boundary</c><01:25:59.840><c> with</c><01:26:00.080><c> no</c>

01:24:33.110 --> 01:24:33.120 align:start position:0%
four-dimensional boundary with no
 

01:24:33.120 --> 01:24:36.710 align:start position:0%
four-dimensional boundary with no
gravity<01:26:00.719><c> at</c><01:26:00.960><c> all.</c>

01:24:36.710 --> 01:24:36.720 align:start position:0%
gravity at all.
 

01:24:36.720 --> 01:24:38.070 align:start position:0%
gravity at all.
Concepts<01:26:04.480><c> this</c><01:26:04.719><c> radical</c><01:26:04.739><c> [music]</c>

01:24:38.070 --> 01:24:38.080 align:start position:0%
Concepts this radical [music]
 

01:24:38.080 --> 01:24:40.870 align:start position:0%
Concepts this radical [music]
come<01:26:05.440><c> along</c><01:26:05.760><c> once</c><01:26:06.000><c> in</c><01:26:06.159><c> a</c><01:26:06.320><c> generation</c><01:26:06.960><c> at</c><01:26:07.199><c> best.</c>

01:24:40.870 --> 01:24:40.880 align:start position:0%
come along once in a generation at best.
 

01:24:40.880 --> 01:24:43.270 align:start position:0%
come along once in a generation at best.
If<01:26:08.320><c> true,</c><01:26:08.800><c> Maldosena's</c><01:26:09.679><c> idea</c><01:26:10.000><c> would</c><01:26:10.159><c> be</c><01:26:10.320><c> as</c>

01:24:43.270 --> 01:24:43.280 align:start position:0%
If true, Maldosena's idea would be as
 

01:24:43.280 --> 01:24:45.190 align:start position:0%
If true, Maldosena's idea would be as
paradigm<01:26:10.960><c> shifting</c><01:26:11.440><c> as</c><01:26:11.760><c> discovering</c><01:26:12.159><c> the</c>

01:24:45.190 --> 01:24:45.200 align:start position:0%
paradigm shifting as discovering the
 

01:24:45.200 --> 01:24:47.349 align:start position:0%
paradigm shifting as discovering the
Earth<01:26:12.719><c> orbits</c><01:26:13.120><c> the</c><01:26:13.280><c> Sun</c><01:26:13.920><c> or</c><01:26:14.080><c> that</c><01:26:14.320><c> time</c>

01:24:47.349 --> 01:24:47.359 align:start position:0%
Earth orbits the Sun or that time
 

01:24:47.359 --> 01:24:49.830 align:start position:0%
Earth orbits the Sun or that time
[music]<01:26:14.800><c> dilates</c><01:26:15.360><c> with</c><01:26:15.600><c> speed.</c><01:26:16.400><c> It</c><01:26:16.639><c> forces</c>

01:24:49.830 --> 01:24:49.840 align:start position:0%
[music] dilates with speed. It forces
 

01:24:49.840 --> 01:24:51.830 align:start position:0%
[music] dilates with speed. It forces
physicists<01:26:17.679><c> to</c><01:26:17.840><c> question</c><01:26:18.239><c> assumptions</c><01:26:18.800><c> they</c>

01:24:51.830 --> 01:24:51.840 align:start position:0%
physicists to question assumptions they
 

01:24:51.840 --> 01:24:54.469 align:start position:0%
physicists to question assumptions they
once<01:26:19.440><c> considered</c><01:26:19.920><c> immutable,</c><01:26:21.040><c> that</c><01:26:21.280><c> gravity</c>

01:24:54.469 --> 01:24:54.479 align:start position:0%
once considered immutable, that gravity
 

01:24:54.479 --> 01:25:00.469 align:start position:0%
once considered immutable, that gravity
is<01:26:22.000><c> real</c><01:26:22.419><c> [music]</c><01:26:22.639><c> and</c><01:26:22.960><c> space</c><01:26:23.920><c> has</c><01:26:24.159><c> substance.</c>

01:25:00.469 --> 01:25:00.479 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:25:00.479 --> 01:25:04.150 align:start position:0%
 
But<01:26:28.719><c> unfortunately</c><01:26:29.840><c> it</c><01:26:30.159><c> turned</c><01:26:30.400><c> out</c><01:26:30.960><c> we</c>

01:25:04.150 --> 01:25:04.160 align:start position:0%
But unfortunately it turned out we
 

01:25:04.160 --> 01:25:07.830 align:start position:0%
But unfortunately it turned out we
didn't<01:26:31.679><c> live</c><01:26:32.239><c> in</c><01:26:32.560><c> this</c><01:26:32.800><c> kind</c><01:26:32.960><c> of</c><01:26:33.199><c> universe.</c>

01:25:07.830 --> 01:25:07.840 align:start position:0%
didn't live in this kind of universe.
 

01:25:07.840 --> 01:25:10.630 align:start position:0%
didn't live in this kind of universe.
Antida<01:26:35.920><c> space</c><01:26:36.239><c> has</c><01:26:36.639><c> negative</c><01:26:37.120><c> curvature</c>

01:25:10.630 --> 01:25:10.640 align:start position:0%
Antida space has negative curvature
 

01:25:10.640 --> 01:25:12.710 align:start position:0%
Antida space has negative curvature
where<01:26:38.080><c> the</c><01:26:38.239><c> angles</c><01:26:38.560><c> in</c><01:26:38.800><c> a</c><01:26:38.960><c> triangle</c><01:26:39.360><c> add</c><01:26:39.600><c> up</c><01:26:39.760><c> to</c>

01:25:12.710 --> 01:25:12.720 align:start position:0%
where the angles in a triangle add up to
 

01:25:12.720 --> 01:25:16.150 align:start position:0%
where the angles in a triangle add up to
less<01:26:40.239><c> than</c><01:26:40.880><c> 180°</c><01:26:42.080><c> and</c><01:26:42.320><c> the</c><01:26:42.480><c> best</c><01:26:42.639><c> astronomical</c>

01:25:16.150 --> 01:25:16.160 align:start position:0%
less than 180° and the best astronomical
 

01:25:16.160 --> 01:25:17.989 align:start position:0%
less than 180° and the best astronomical
observations<01:26:44.000><c> available</c><01:26:44.400><c> at</c><01:26:44.560><c> the</c><01:26:44.800><c> time</c>

01:25:17.989 --> 01:25:17.999 align:start position:0%
observations available at the time
 

01:25:17.999 --> 01:25:21.590 align:start position:0%
observations available at the time
suggested<01:26:45.679><c> that</c><01:26:45.920><c> space</c><01:26:46.320><c> is</c><01:26:46.880><c> in</c><01:26:47.120><c> fact</c><01:26:47.920><c> flat</c>

01:25:21.590 --> 01:25:21.600 align:start position:0%
suggested that space is in fact flat
 

01:25:21.600 --> 01:25:24.469 align:start position:0%
suggested that space is in fact flat
with<01:26:49.120><c> no</c><01:26:49.360><c> curvature</c><01:26:49.840><c> at</c><01:26:50.080><c> all.</c><01:26:51.040><c> But</c><01:26:51.280><c> despite</c>

01:25:24.469 --> 01:25:24.479 align:start position:0%
with no curvature at all. But despite
 

01:25:24.479 --> 01:25:27.750 align:start position:0%
with no curvature at all. But despite
this,<01:26:52.000><c> however,</c><01:26:52.639><c> ads</c><01:26:53.199><c> CFT</c><01:26:53.920><c> may</c><01:26:54.159><c> be</c><01:26:54.400><c> pointing</c>

01:25:27.750 --> 01:25:27.760 align:start position:0%
this, however, ads CFT may be pointing
 

01:25:27.760 --> 01:25:31.029 align:start position:0%
this, however, ads CFT may be pointing
towards<01:26:55.520><c> something</c><01:26:56.159><c> deeper.</c><01:26:57.280><c> It</c><01:26:57.600><c> suggests</c>

01:25:31.029 --> 01:25:31.039 align:start position:0%
towards something deeper. It suggests
 

01:25:31.039 --> 01:25:33.350 align:start position:0%
towards something deeper. It suggests
that<01:26:58.639><c> gravity</c><01:26:59.040><c> and</c><01:26:59.280><c> spaceime</c><01:26:59.920><c> might</c><01:27:00.159><c> not</c><01:27:00.400><c> be</c>

01:25:33.350 --> 01:25:33.360 align:start position:0%
that gravity and spaceime might not be
 

01:25:33.360 --> 01:25:37.029 align:start position:0%
that gravity and spaceime might not be
fundamental,<01:27:01.679><c> but</c><01:27:02.000><c> emergent,</c><01:27:03.360><c> woven</c><01:27:03.920><c> from</c>

01:25:37.029 --> 01:25:37.039 align:start position:0%
fundamental, but emergent, woven from
 

01:25:37.039 --> 01:25:39.190 align:start position:0%
fundamental, but emergent, woven from
more<01:27:04.480><c> basic</c><01:27:04.960><c> quantum</c><01:27:05.440><c> interactions</c><01:27:06.000><c> on</c><01:27:06.239><c> a</c>

01:25:39.190 --> 01:25:39.200 align:start position:0%
more basic quantum interactions on a
 

01:25:39.200 --> 01:25:41.590 align:start position:0%
more basic quantum interactions on a
lower<01:27:06.719><c> dimensional</c><01:27:07.360><c> boundary.</c><01:27:08.239><c> And</c><01:27:08.400><c> so,</c><01:27:08.639><c> even</c>

01:25:41.590 --> 01:25:41.600 align:start position:0%
lower dimensional boundary. And so, even
 

01:25:41.600 --> 01:25:43.429 align:start position:0%
lower dimensional boundary. And so, even
though<01:27:08.960><c> our</c><01:27:09.280><c> universe</c><01:27:09.679><c> didn't</c><01:27:10.000><c> appear</c><01:27:10.320><c> to</c><01:27:10.480><c> be</c>

01:25:43.429 --> 01:25:43.439 align:start position:0%
though our universe didn't appear to be
 

01:25:43.439 --> 01:25:46.230 align:start position:0%
though our universe didn't appear to be
built<01:27:10.880><c> from</c><01:27:11.040><c> anti-deit</c><01:27:12.000><c> space,</c><01:27:12.560><c> Malda's</c>

01:25:46.230 --> 01:25:46.240 align:start position:0%
built from anti-deit space, Malda's
 

01:25:46.240 --> 01:25:48.949 align:start position:0%
built from anti-deit space, Malda's
duality<01:27:14.159><c> hinted</c><01:27:14.560><c> at</c><01:27:14.719><c> a</c><01:27:14.880><c> broader</c><01:27:15.360><c> principle</c>

01:25:48.949 --> 01:25:48.959 align:start position:0%
duality hinted at a broader principle
 

01:25:48.959 --> 01:25:51.509 align:start position:0%
duality hinted at a broader principle
that<01:27:16.400><c> the</c><01:27:16.639><c> fabric</c><01:27:16.960><c> of</c><01:27:17.199><c> space</c><01:27:17.440><c> itself</c><01:27:18.320><c> could</c><01:27:18.560><c> be</c>

01:25:51.509 --> 01:25:51.519 align:start position:0%
that the fabric of space itself could be
 

01:25:51.519 --> 01:25:54.550 align:start position:0%
that the fabric of space itself could be
a<01:27:18.880><c> kind</c><01:27:19.120><c> of</c><01:27:19.280><c> hologram.</c><01:27:20.639><c> And</c><01:27:20.880><c> nowhere</c><01:27:21.360><c> is</c><01:27:21.600><c> this</c>

01:25:54.550 --> 01:25:54.560 align:start position:0%
a kind of hologram. And nowhere is this
 

01:25:54.560 --> 01:25:56.469 align:start position:0%
a kind of hologram. And nowhere is this
holographic<01:27:22.400><c> principle</c><01:27:22.880><c> more</c><01:27:23.199><c> sharply</c>

01:25:56.469 --> 01:25:56.479 align:start position:0%
holographic principle more sharply
 

01:25:56.479 --> 01:25:59.830 align:start position:0%
holographic principle more sharply
tested<01:27:24.400><c> than</c><01:27:24.639><c> with</c><01:27:24.960><c> black</c><01:27:25.280><c> holes,</c><01:27:26.560><c> the</c><01:27:26.800><c> most</c>

01:25:59.830 --> 01:25:59.840 align:start position:0%
tested than with black holes, the most
 

01:25:59.840 --> 01:26:02.230 align:start position:0%
tested than with black holes, the most
extreme<01:27:27.600><c> objects</c><01:27:28.080><c> in</c><01:27:28.320><c> the</c><01:27:28.480><c> universe,</c><01:27:29.199><c> where</c>

01:26:02.230 --> 01:26:02.240 align:start position:0%
extreme objects in the universe, where
 

01:26:02.240 --> 01:26:04.550 align:start position:0%
extreme objects in the universe, where
general<01:27:29.840><c> relativity</c><01:27:30.480><c> and</c><01:27:30.719><c> quantum</c><01:27:31.120><c> mechanics</c>

01:26:04.550 --> 01:26:04.560 align:start position:0%
general relativity and quantum mechanics
 

01:26:04.560 --> 01:26:06.790 align:start position:0%
general relativity and quantum mechanics
directly<01:27:32.239><c> contradict</c><01:27:32.800><c> each</c><01:27:32.960><c> other.</c><01:27:33.760><c> And</c>

01:26:06.790 --> 01:26:06.800 align:start position:0%
directly contradict each other. And
 

01:26:06.800 --> 01:26:08.790 align:start position:0%
directly contradict each other. And
resolving<01:27:34.560><c> that</c><01:27:34.880><c> contradiction</c><01:27:35.679><c> is</c>

01:26:08.790 --> 01:26:08.800 align:start position:0%
resolving that contradiction is
 

01:26:08.800 --> 01:26:11.190 align:start position:0%
resolving that contradiction is
precisely<01:27:36.560><c> what</c><01:27:36.880><c> string</c><01:27:37.199><c> theory</c><01:27:37.840><c> was</c><01:27:38.080><c> built</c>

01:26:11.190 --> 01:26:11.200 align:start position:0%
precisely what string theory was built
 

01:26:11.200 --> 01:26:15.750 align:start position:0%
precisely what string theory was built
to<01:27:38.639><c> do.</c>

01:26:15.750 --> 01:26:15.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:26:15.760 --> 01:26:17.910 align:start position:0%
 
In<01:27:43.280><c> particular,</c><01:27:44.000><c> black</c><01:27:44.239><c> holes</c><01:27:44.639><c> raise</c><01:27:44.880><c> a</c>

01:26:17.910 --> 01:26:17.920 align:start position:0%
In particular, black holes raise a
 

01:26:17.920 --> 01:26:19.830 align:start position:0%
In particular, black holes raise a
question<01:27:45.440><c> that</c><01:27:45.679><c> neither</c><01:27:46.080><c> theory</c><01:27:46.480><c> can</c><01:27:46.719><c> answer</c>

01:26:19.830 --> 01:26:19.840 align:start position:0%
question that neither theory can answer
 

01:26:19.840 --> 01:26:22.790 align:start position:0%
question that neither theory can answer
alone.<01:27:48.080><c> What</c><01:27:48.320><c> happens</c><01:27:48.719><c> to</c><01:27:49.040><c> information</c><01:27:49.679><c> that</c>

01:26:22.790 --> 01:26:22.800 align:start position:0%
alone. What happens to information that
 

01:26:22.800 --> 01:26:26.150 align:start position:0%
alone. What happens to information that
falls<01:27:50.480><c> in?</c><01:27:51.600><c> This</c><01:27:51.840><c> is</c><01:27:52.000><c> the</c><01:27:52.239><c> infamous</c><01:27:53.040><c> black</c>

01:26:26.150 --> 01:26:26.160 align:start position:0%
falls in? This is the infamous black
 

01:26:26.160 --> 01:26:29.590 align:start position:0%
falls in? This is the infamous black
hole<01:27:53.840><c> information</c><01:27:54.400><c> paradox.</c>

01:26:29.590 --> 01:26:29.600 align:start position:0%
hole information paradox.
 

01:26:29.600 --> 01:26:32.310 align:start position:0%
hole information paradox.
And<01:27:56.960><c> to</c><01:27:57.199><c> explain</c><01:27:57.520><c> this,</c><01:27:58.159><c> the</c><01:27:58.400><c> court</c><01:27:58.800><c> now</c><01:27:59.120><c> calls</c>

01:26:32.310 --> 01:26:32.320 align:start position:0%
And to explain this, the court now calls
 

01:26:32.320 --> 01:26:38.310 align:start position:0%
And to explain this, the court now calls
Jacob<01:27:59.920><c> Beckenstein</c><01:28:00.960><c> to</c><01:28:01.280><c> the</c><01:28:01.440><c> stand.</c>

01:26:38.310 --> 01:26:38.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:26:38.320 --> 01:26:41.750 align:start position:0%
 
Born<01:28:05.760><c> in</c><01:28:06.000><c> Mexico</c><01:28:06.480><c> City</c><01:28:06.800><c> in</c><01:28:07.040><c> 1947,</c><01:28:08.320><c> Beckinstein</c>

01:26:41.750 --> 01:26:41.760 align:start position:0%
Born in Mexico City in 1947, Beckinstein
 

01:26:41.760 --> 01:26:45.029 align:start position:0%
Born in Mexico City in 1947, Beckinstein
saw<01:28:09.280><c> the</c><01:28:09.520><c> spiritual</c><01:28:10.000><c> side</c><01:28:10.480><c> of</c><01:28:10.800><c> science.</c><01:28:12.080><c> I</c>

01:26:45.029 --> 01:26:45.039 align:start position:0%
saw the spiritual side of science. I
 

01:26:45.039 --> 01:26:47.350 align:start position:0%
saw the spiritual side of science. I
look<01:28:12.400><c> at</c><01:28:12.560><c> the</c><01:28:12.800><c> world</c><01:28:12.960><c> as</c><01:28:13.199><c> a</c><01:28:13.440><c> product</c><01:28:13.679><c> of</c><01:28:13.920><c> God.</c>

01:26:47.350 --> 01:26:47.360 align:start position:0%
look at the world as a product of God.
 

01:26:47.360 --> 01:26:50.150 align:start position:0%
look at the world as a product of God.
He<01:28:14.800><c> set</c><01:28:15.120><c> very</c><01:28:15.440><c> specific</c><01:28:15.920><c> laws</c><01:28:16.560><c> and</c><01:28:16.800><c> we</c><01:28:16.960><c> delight</c>

01:26:50.150 --> 01:26:50.160 align:start position:0%
He set very specific laws and we delight
 

01:26:50.160 --> 01:26:52.310 align:start position:0%
He set very specific laws and we delight
in<01:28:17.600><c> discovering</c><01:28:18.159><c> them</c><01:28:18.480><c> through</c><01:28:18.800><c> scientific</c>

01:26:52.310 --> 01:26:52.320 align:start position:0%
in discovering them through scientific
 

01:26:52.320 --> 01:26:54.870 align:start position:0%
in discovering them through scientific
work.<01:28:20.239><c> He</c><01:28:20.400><c> once</c><01:28:20.639><c> told</c><01:28:20.880><c> the</c><01:28:21.040><c> Israeli</c><01:28:21.520><c> newspaper</c>

01:26:54.870 --> 01:26:54.880 align:start position:0%
work. He once told the Israeli newspaper
 

01:26:54.880 --> 01:26:57.509 align:start position:0%
work. He once told the Israeli newspaper
Harets.<01:28:23.440><c> But</c><01:28:23.600><c> if</c><01:28:23.760><c> there's</c><01:28:24.000><c> any</c><01:28:24.159><c> place</c><01:28:24.320><c> in</c><01:28:24.560><c> the</c>

01:26:57.509 --> 01:26:57.519 align:start position:0%
Harets. But if there's any place in the
 

01:26:57.519 --> 01:26:59.509 align:start position:0%
Harets. But if there's any place in the
universe<01:28:25.199><c> that</c><01:28:25.520><c> stands</c><01:28:25.840><c> as</c><01:28:26.000><c> the</c><01:28:26.159><c> antithesis</c>

01:26:59.509 --> 01:26:59.519 align:start position:0%
universe that stands as the antithesis
 

01:26:59.519 --> 01:27:03.190 align:start position:0%
universe that stands as the antithesis
of<01:28:26.960><c> heaven,</c><01:28:27.760><c> it's</c><01:28:28.080><c> probably</c><01:28:28.639><c> a</c><01:28:28.960><c> black</c><01:28:29.199><c> hole.</c>

01:27:03.190 --> 01:27:03.200 align:start position:0%
of heaven, it's probably a black hole.
 

01:27:03.200 --> 01:27:05.989 align:start position:0%
of heaven, it's probably a black hole.
Inescapable<01:28:31.280><c> chasms</c><01:28:31.840><c> in</c><01:28:32.080><c> the</c><01:28:32.239><c> very</c><01:28:32.560><c> fabric</c><01:28:32.960><c> of</c>

01:27:05.989 --> 01:27:05.999 align:start position:0%
Inescapable chasms in the very fabric of
 

01:27:05.999 --> 01:27:06.949 align:start position:0%
Inescapable chasms in the very fabric of
spacetime.<01:28:33.421><c> [music]</c>

01:27:06.949 --> 01:27:06.959 align:start position:0%
spacetime. [music]
 

01:27:06.959 --> 01:27:09.989 align:start position:0%
spacetime. [music]
They<01:28:34.400><c> relentlessly</c><01:28:35.199><c> heave</c><01:28:35.760><c> and</c><01:28:36.080><c> hoard.</c>

01:27:09.989 --> 01:27:09.999 align:start position:0%
They relentlessly heave and hoard.
 

01:27:09.999 --> 01:27:12.070 align:start position:0%
They relentlessly heave and hoard.
Matter<01:28:37.600><c> is</c><01:28:37.840><c> drawn</c><01:28:38.080><c> inexorably</c><01:28:38.800><c> inwards</c>

01:27:12.070 --> 01:27:12.080 align:start position:0%
Matter is drawn inexorably inwards
 

01:27:12.080 --> 01:27:15.270 align:start position:0%
Matter is drawn inexorably inwards
towards<01:28:39.600><c> an</c><01:28:39.760><c> event</c><01:28:40.080><c> horizon,</c><01:28:41.360><c> torn</c><01:28:41.840><c> limb</c><01:28:42.239><c> from</c>

01:27:15.270 --> 01:27:15.280 align:start position:0%
towards an event horizon, torn limb from
 

01:27:15.280 --> 01:27:17.270 align:start position:0%
towards an event horizon, torn limb from
limb<01:28:42.880><c> before</c><01:28:43.199><c> vanishing</c><01:28:43.679><c> over</c><01:28:43.840><c> the</c><01:28:44.080><c> edge</c><01:28:44.320><c> of</c>

01:27:17.270 --> 01:27:17.280 align:start position:0%
limb before vanishing over the edge of
 

01:27:17.280 --> 01:27:19.670 align:start position:0%
limb before vanishing over the edge of
the<01:28:44.639><c> gravitational</c><01:28:45.440><c> waterfall,</c><01:28:46.480><c> gone</c>

01:27:19.670 --> 01:27:19.680 align:start position:0%
the gravitational waterfall, gone
 

01:27:19.680 --> 01:27:21.270 align:start position:0%
the gravitational waterfall, gone
forever.

01:27:21.270 --> 01:27:21.280 align:start position:0%
forever.
 

01:27:21.280 --> 01:27:24.469 align:start position:0%
forever.
Or<01:28:49.600><c> maybe</c><01:28:50.000><c> not.</c>

01:27:24.469 --> 01:27:24.479 align:start position:0%
Or maybe not.
 

01:27:24.479 --> 01:27:27.989 align:start position:0%
Or maybe not.
From<01:28:52.000><c> 1972,</c><01:28:53.440><c> Ekinstein</c><01:28:54.159><c> founded</c><01:28:54.560><c> the</c><01:28:54.719><c> field</c>

01:27:27.989 --> 01:27:27.999 align:start position:0%
From 1972, Ekinstein founded the field
 

01:27:27.999 --> 01:27:30.550 align:start position:0%
From 1972, Ekinstein founded the field
of<01:28:55.520><c> black</c><01:28:55.840><c> hole</c><01:28:56.239><c> thermodynamics,</c>

01:27:30.550 --> 01:27:30.560 align:start position:0%
of black hole thermodynamics,
 

01:27:30.560 --> 01:27:32.230 align:start position:0%
of black hole thermodynamics,
an<01:28:58.000><c> achievement</c><01:28:58.480><c> that</c><01:28:58.719><c> would</c><01:28:58.960><c> eerily</c>

01:27:32.230 --> 01:27:32.240 align:start position:0%
an achievement that would eerily
 

01:27:32.240 --> 01:27:34.630 align:start position:0%
an achievement that would eerily
foreshadow<01:29:00.080><c> Maldisena's</c><01:29:00.960><c> work</c><01:29:01.199><c> a</c><01:29:01.440><c> quarter</c><01:29:01.679><c> of</c>

01:27:34.630 --> 01:27:34.640 align:start position:0%
foreshadow Maldisena's work a quarter of
 

01:27:34.640 --> 01:27:43.190 align:start position:0%
foreshadow Maldisena's work a quarter of
a<01:29:02.000><c> century</c><01:29:02.400><c> later.</c>

01:27:43.190 --> 01:27:43.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:27:43.200 --> 01:27:45.590 align:start position:0%
 
For<01:29:10.639><c> at</c><01:29:10.800><c> its</c><01:29:11.040><c> heart,</c><01:29:11.600><c> thermodynamics</c><01:29:12.480><c> is</c><01:29:12.639><c> the</c>

01:27:45.590 --> 01:27:45.600 align:start position:0%
For at its heart, thermodynamics is the
 

01:27:45.600 --> 01:27:47.590 align:start position:0%
For at its heart, thermodynamics is the
study<01:29:13.040><c> of</c><01:29:13.199><c> a</c><01:29:13.440><c> property</c><01:29:13.840><c> known</c><01:29:14.320><c> as</c><01:29:14.686><c> [music]</c>

01:27:47.590 --> 01:27:47.600 align:start position:0%
study of a property known as [music]
 

01:27:47.600 --> 01:27:50.230 align:start position:0%
study of a property known as [music]
entropy.<01:29:15.760><c> A</c><01:29:16.000><c> measure</c><01:29:16.239><c> of</c><01:29:16.480><c> how</c><01:29:16.639><c> many</c><01:29:16.880><c> ways</c><01:29:17.120><c> a</c>

01:27:50.230 --> 01:27:50.240 align:start position:0%
entropy. A measure of how many ways a
 

01:27:50.240 --> 01:27:52.710 align:start position:0%
entropy. A measure of how many ways a
system<01:29:17.760><c> can</c><01:29:18.000><c> be</c><01:29:18.159><c> rearranged</c><01:29:18.960><c> internally</c>

01:27:52.710 --> 01:27:52.720 align:start position:0%
system can be rearranged internally
 

01:27:52.720 --> 01:27:55.429 align:start position:0%
system can be rearranged internally
without<01:29:20.400><c> changing</c><01:29:20.719><c> its</c><01:29:21.040><c> outward</c><01:29:21.440><c> appearance.</c>

01:27:55.429 --> 01:27:55.439 align:start position:0%
without changing its outward appearance.
 

01:27:55.439 --> 01:27:59.029 align:start position:0%
without changing its outward appearance.
More<01:29:22.960><c> possibilities</c><01:29:24.080><c> means</c><01:29:24.480><c> higher</c><01:29:24.800><c> entropy.</c>

01:27:59.029 --> 01:27:59.039 align:start position:0%
More possibilities means higher entropy.
 

01:27:59.039 --> 01:28:01.190 align:start position:0%
More possibilities means higher entropy.
And<01:29:26.400><c> so</c><01:29:26.639><c> to</c><01:29:26.880><c> understand</c><01:29:27.280><c> this,</c><01:29:27.920><c> imagine</c>

01:28:01.190 --> 01:28:01.200 align:start position:0%
And so to understand this, imagine
 

01:28:01.200 --> 01:28:03.590 align:start position:0%
And so to understand this, imagine
hurling<01:29:28.800><c> a</c><01:29:28.960><c> book</c><01:29:29.280><c> over</c><01:29:29.440><c> the</c><01:29:29.679><c> event</c><01:29:30.000><c> horizon</c><01:29:30.560><c> of</c>

01:28:03.590 --> 01:28:03.600 align:start position:0%
hurling a book over the event horizon of
 

01:28:03.600 --> 01:28:05.670 align:start position:0%
hurling a book over the event horizon of
a<01:29:31.040><c> black</c><01:29:31.280><c> hole.</c>

01:28:05.670 --> 01:28:05.680 align:start position:0%
a black hole.
 

01:28:05.680 --> 01:28:07.830 align:start position:0%
a black hole.
According<01:29:33.360><c> to</c><01:29:33.520><c> general</c><01:29:33.920><c> relativity,</c><01:29:34.719><c> black</c>

01:28:07.830 --> 01:28:07.840 align:start position:0%
According to general relativity, black
 

01:28:07.840 --> 01:28:09.910 align:start position:0%
According to general relativity, black
holes<01:29:35.360><c> can</c><01:29:35.600><c> be</c><01:29:35.760><c> completely</c><01:29:36.239><c> described</c><01:29:36.800><c> by</c>

01:28:09.910 --> 01:28:09.920 align:start position:0%
holes can be completely described by
 

01:28:09.920 --> 01:28:12.790 align:start position:0%
holes can be completely described by
just<01:29:37.520><c> three</c><01:29:37.840><c> properties.</c><01:29:38.800><c> Their</c><01:29:39.040><c> mass,</c><01:29:39.679><c> their</c>

01:28:12.790 --> 01:28:12.800 align:start position:0%
just three properties. Their mass, their
 

01:28:12.800 --> 01:28:15.590 align:start position:0%
just three properties. Their mass, their
charge,<01:29:40.639><c> and</c><01:29:40.880><c> their</c><01:29:41.199><c> spin.</c><01:29:42.159><c> Of</c><01:29:42.320><c> course,</c><01:29:42.560><c> your</c>

01:28:15.590 --> 01:28:15.600 align:start position:0%
charge, and their spin. Of course, your
 

01:28:15.600 --> 01:28:17.989 align:start position:0%
charge, and their spin. Of course, your
book<01:29:43.040><c> adds</c><01:29:43.280><c> a</c><01:29:43.440><c> tiny</c><01:29:43.679><c> bit</c><01:29:43.840><c> of</c><01:29:44.080><c> mass,</c><01:29:44.800><c> but</c><01:29:45.040><c> all</c>

01:28:17.989 --> 01:28:17.999 align:start position:0%
book adds a tiny bit of mass, but all
 

01:28:17.999 --> 01:28:20.070 align:start position:0%
book adds a tiny bit of mass, but all
the<01:29:45.360><c> fine</c><01:29:45.679><c> grained</c><01:29:46.159><c> details</c><01:29:46.639><c> about</c><01:29:46.880><c> what</c><01:29:47.120><c> was</c>

01:28:20.070 --> 01:28:20.080 align:start position:0%
the fine grained details about what was
 

01:28:20.080 --> 01:28:22.550 align:start position:0%
the fine grained details about what was
on<01:29:47.440><c> each</c><01:29:47.679><c> page.</c><01:29:48.639><c> The</c><01:29:48.880><c> carefully</c><01:29:49.360><c> crafted</c>

01:28:22.550 --> 01:28:22.560 align:start position:0%
on each page. The carefully crafted
 

01:28:22.560 --> 01:28:24.812 align:start position:0%
on each page. The carefully crafted
characters<01:29:50.159><c> and</c><01:29:50.400><c> narrative</c><01:29:50.800><c> arcs</c><01:29:51.679><c> appear</c>

01:28:24.812 --> 01:28:24.822 align:start position:0%
characters and narrative arcs appear
 

01:28:24.822 --> 01:28:27.750 align:start position:0%
characters and narrative arcs appear
[music]<01:29:52.320><c> to</c><01:29:52.639><c> vanish.</c><01:29:53.679><c> And</c><01:29:53.920><c> therein</c><01:29:54.400><c> lies</c><01:29:54.639><c> a</c>

01:28:27.750 --> 01:28:27.760 align:start position:0%
[music] to vanish. And therein lies a
 

01:28:27.760 --> 01:28:29.350 align:start position:0%
[music] to vanish. And therein lies a
problem.<01:29:55.600><c> For</c><01:29:55.840><c> the</c><01:29:56.000><c> second</c><01:29:56.159><c> law</c><01:29:56.400><c> of</c>

01:28:29.350 --> 01:28:29.360 align:start position:0%
problem. For the second law of
 

01:28:29.360 --> 01:28:31.989 align:start position:0%
problem. For the second law of
thermodynamics<01:29:57.760><c> explicitly</c><01:29:58.400><c> forbids</c><01:29:58.960><c> the</c>

01:28:31.989 --> 01:28:31.999 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics explicitly forbids the
 

01:28:31.999 --> 01:28:34.710 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics explicitly forbids the
destruction<01:29:59.760><c> of</c><01:30:00.159><c> entropy.</c><01:30:01.120><c> You</c><01:30:01.280><c> must</c><01:30:01.520><c> always</c>

01:28:34.710 --> 01:28:34.720 align:start position:0%
destruction of entropy. You must always
 

01:28:34.720 --> 01:28:37.029 align:start position:0%
destruction of entropy. You must always
increase<01:30:02.320><c> or</c><01:30:02.719><c> remain</c><01:30:03.199><c> constant.</c>

01:28:37.029 --> 01:28:37.039 align:start position:0%
increase or remain constant.
 

01:28:37.039 --> 01:28:38.630 align:start position:0%
increase or remain constant.
Beckenstein's<01:30:05.040><c> breakthrough</c><01:30:05.440><c> was</c><01:30:05.679><c> to</c>

01:28:38.630 --> 01:28:38.640 align:start position:0%
Beckenstein's breakthrough was to
 

01:28:38.640 --> 01:28:40.630 align:start position:0%
Beckenstein's breakthrough was to
propose<01:30:06.080><c> that</c><01:30:06.320><c> the</c><01:30:06.480><c> black</c><01:30:06.719><c> hole</c><01:30:07.199><c> responds</c><01:30:07.679><c> to</c>

01:28:40.630 --> 01:28:40.640 align:start position:0%
propose that the black hole responds to
 

01:28:40.640 --> 01:28:43.190 align:start position:0%
propose that the black hole responds to
your<01:30:08.239><c> book</c><01:30:08.800><c> by</c><01:30:09.040><c> increasing</c><01:30:09.440><c> the</c><01:30:09.760><c> area</c><01:30:10.000><c> of</c><01:30:10.159><c> its</c>

01:28:43.190 --> 01:28:43.200 align:start position:0%
your book by increasing the area of its
 

01:28:43.200 --> 01:28:45.429 align:start position:0%
your book by increasing the area of its
event<01:30:10.719><c> horizon</c><01:30:11.440><c> and</c><01:30:11.600><c> that</c><01:30:11.840><c> this</c><01:30:12.080><c> area</c>

01:28:45.429 --> 01:28:45.439 align:start position:0%
event horizon and that this area
 

01:28:45.439 --> 01:28:48.310 align:start position:0%
event horizon and that this area
functions<01:30:13.199><c> as</c><01:30:13.440><c> a</c><01:30:13.600><c> kind</c><01:30:13.840><c> of</c><01:30:14.000><c> entropy.</c><01:30:15.040><c> And</c><01:30:15.280><c> in</c>

01:28:48.310 --> 01:28:48.320 align:start position:0%
functions as a kind of entropy. And in
 

01:28:48.320 --> 01:28:50.230 align:start position:0%
functions as a kind of entropy. And in
doing<01:30:15.602><c> [music]</c><01:30:15.840><c> so,</c><01:30:16.400><c> he</c><01:30:16.719><c> preserved</c><01:30:17.199><c> the</c>

01:28:50.230 --> 01:28:50.240 align:start position:0%
doing [music] so, he preserved the
 

01:28:50.240 --> 01:28:54.070 align:start position:0%
doing [music] so, he preserved the
second<01:30:17.840><c> law</c><01:30:18.400><c> and</c><01:30:18.719><c> hinted</c><01:30:19.280><c> at</c><01:30:19.520><c> a</c><01:30:19.760><c> deeper</c><01:30:20.159><c> truth,</c>

01:28:54.070 --> 01:28:54.080 align:start position:0%
second law and hinted at a deeper truth,
 

01:28:54.080 --> 01:28:56.150 align:start position:0%
second law and hinted at a deeper truth,
that<01:30:21.520><c> the</c><01:30:21.679><c> black</c><01:30:21.920><c> hole's</c><01:30:22.320><c> boundary</c><01:30:22.880><c> somehow</c>

01:28:56.150 --> 01:28:56.160 align:start position:0%
that the black hole's boundary somehow
 

01:28:56.160 --> 01:28:58.230 align:start position:0%
that the black hole's boundary somehow
stores<01:30:23.840><c> information</c><01:30:24.639><c> about</c><01:30:25.040><c> everything</c>

01:28:58.230 --> 01:28:58.240 align:start position:0%
stores information about everything
 

01:28:58.240 --> 01:29:00.070 align:start position:0%
stores information about everything
inside.

01:29:00.070 --> 01:29:00.080 align:start position:0%
inside.
 

01:29:00.080 --> 01:29:02.630 align:start position:0%
inside.
That<01:30:27.520><c> sounds</c><01:30:27.760><c> a</c><01:30:28.000><c> lot</c><01:30:28.400><c> like</c><01:30:28.719><c> ADS</c><01:30:29.280><c> CFT</c>

01:29:02.630 --> 01:29:02.640 align:start position:0%
That sounds a lot like ADS CFT
 

01:29:02.640 --> 01:29:04.949 align:start position:0%
That sounds a lot like ADS CFT
correspondence.<01:30:30.012><c> [music]</c>

01:29:04.949 --> 01:29:04.959 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:29:04.959 --> 01:29:08.949 align:start position:0%
 
But<01:30:32.320><c> a</c><01:30:32.560><c> deeper</c><01:30:32.960><c> problem</c><01:30:33.360><c> remained.</c><01:30:34.639><c> In</c><01:30:34.880><c> 1974,</c>

01:29:08.949 --> 01:29:08.959 align:start position:0%
But a deeper problem remained. In 1974,
 

01:29:08.959 --> 01:29:11.029 align:start position:0%
But a deeper problem remained. In 1974,
Steven<01:30:36.639><c> Hawking</c><01:30:37.199><c> showed</c><01:30:37.440><c> the</c><01:30:37.679><c> black</c><01:30:37.840><c> holes</c>

01:29:11.029 --> 01:29:11.039 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking showed the black holes
 

01:29:11.039 --> 01:29:13.750 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking showed the black holes
aren't<01:30:38.639><c> entirely</c><01:30:39.199><c> black.</c><01:30:40.159><c> They</c><01:30:40.400><c> emit</c>

01:29:13.750 --> 01:29:13.760 align:start position:0%
aren't entirely black. They emit
 

01:29:13.760 --> 01:29:16.390 align:start position:0%
aren't entirely black. They emit
radiation.<01:30:42.159><c> Indeed,</c><01:30:42.639><c> over</c><01:30:42.800><c> immense</c><01:30:43.280><c> time</c>

01:29:16.390 --> 01:29:16.400 align:start position:0%
radiation. Indeed, over immense time
 

01:29:16.400 --> 01:29:18.070 align:start position:0%
radiation. Indeed, over immense time
scales,<01:30:43.767><c> [music]</c><01:30:44.159><c> it</c><01:30:44.400><c> was</c><01:30:44.560><c> revealed</c><01:30:44.960><c> that</c><01:30:45.120><c> a</c>

01:29:18.070 --> 01:29:18.080 align:start position:0%
scales, [music] it was revealed that a
 

01:29:18.080 --> 01:29:20.710 align:start position:0%
scales, [music] it was revealed that a
black<01:30:45.520><c> hole</c><01:30:45.840><c> can</c><01:30:46.080><c> evaporate</c><01:30:46.719><c> completely.</c>

01:29:20.710 --> 01:29:20.720 align:start position:0%
black hole can evaporate completely.
 

01:29:20.720 --> 01:29:23.670 align:start position:0%
black hole can evaporate completely.
This<01:30:48.239><c> therefore</c><01:30:48.800><c> created</c><01:30:49.280><c> a</c><01:30:49.520><c> new</c><01:30:49.840><c> paradox.</c>

01:29:23.670 --> 01:29:23.680 align:start position:0%
This therefore created a new paradox.
 

01:29:23.680 --> 01:29:26.070 align:start position:0%
This therefore created a new paradox.
Hawking<01:30:51.360><c> radiation</c><01:30:52.000><c> was</c><01:30:52.320><c> featureless,</c>

01:29:26.070 --> 01:29:26.080 align:start position:0%
Hawking radiation was featureless,
 

01:29:26.080 --> 01:29:28.469 align:start position:0%
Hawking radiation was featureless,
carrying<01:30:53.760><c> no</c><01:30:54.000><c> imprint</c><01:30:54.400><c> of</c><01:30:54.560><c> what</c><01:30:54.800><c> fell</c><01:30:55.040><c> in.</c>

01:29:28.469 --> 01:29:28.479 align:start position:0%
carrying no imprint of what fell in.
 

01:29:28.479 --> 01:29:30.469 align:start position:0%
carrying no imprint of what fell in.
When<01:30:55.920><c> the</c><01:30:56.080><c> black</c><01:30:56.239><c> hole</c><01:30:56.560><c> was</c><01:30:56.719><c> gone</c><01:30:57.040><c> for</c><01:30:57.199><c> good,</c>

01:29:30.469 --> 01:29:30.479 align:start position:0%
When the black hole was gone for good,
 

01:29:30.479 --> 01:29:32.230 align:start position:0%
When the black hole was gone for good,
so<01:30:57.920><c> was</c><01:30:58.080><c> all</c><01:30:58.239><c> the</c><01:30:58.400><c> information</c><01:30:58.800><c> it</c><01:30:59.040><c> once</c>

01:29:32.230 --> 01:29:32.240 align:start position:0%
so was all the information it once
 

01:29:32.240 --> 01:29:34.630 align:start position:0%
so was all the information it once
contained.<01:31:00.560><c> This</c><01:31:00.800><c> violated</c><01:31:01.360><c> not</c><01:31:01.520><c> just</c>

01:29:34.630 --> 01:29:34.640 align:start position:0%
contained. This violated not just
 

01:29:34.640 --> 01:29:37.270 align:start position:0%
contained. This violated not just
thermodynamics,<01:31:02.960><c> but</c><01:31:03.199><c> the</c><01:31:03.520><c> core</c><01:31:03.760><c> of</c><01:31:04.000><c> quantum</c>

01:29:37.270 --> 01:29:37.280 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics, but the core of quantum
 

01:29:37.280 --> 01:29:39.509 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics, but the core of quantum
mechanics,<01:31:05.440><c> which</c><01:31:05.760><c> insists</c><01:31:06.037><c> [music]</c><01:31:06.320><c> that</c>

01:29:39.509 --> 01:29:39.519 align:start position:0%
mechanics, which insists [music] that
 

01:29:39.519 --> 01:29:42.390 align:start position:0%
mechanics, which insists [music] that
information<01:31:07.360><c> cannot</c><01:31:07.760><c> be</c><01:31:07.920><c> destroyed.</c><01:31:09.280><c> And</c>

01:29:42.390 --> 01:29:42.400 align:start position:0%
information cannot be destroyed. And
 

01:29:42.400 --> 01:29:45.429 align:start position:0%
information cannot be destroyed. And
this<01:31:10.159><c> was</c><01:31:10.320><c> the</c><01:31:10.560><c> paradox,</c><01:31:11.679><c> a</c><01:31:11.920><c> conflict</c><01:31:12.400><c> not</c>

01:29:45.429 --> 01:29:45.439 align:start position:0%
this was the paradox, a conflict not
 

01:29:45.439 --> 01:29:47.750 align:start position:0%
this was the paradox, a conflict not
between<01:31:13.040><c> specific</c><01:31:13.520><c> theories,</c><01:31:14.320><c> but</c><01:31:14.639><c> between</c>

01:29:47.750 --> 01:29:47.760 align:start position:0%
between specific theories, but between
 

01:29:47.760 --> 01:29:49.670 align:start position:0%
between specific theories, but between
the<01:31:15.199><c> foundational</c><01:31:15.920><c> rules</c><01:31:16.320><c> of</c><01:31:16.480><c> physics</c>

01:29:49.670 --> 01:29:49.680 align:start position:0%
the foundational rules of physics
 

01:29:49.680 --> 01:29:51.670 align:start position:0%
the foundational rules of physics
themselves.<01:31:18.159><c> And</c><01:31:18.320><c> it</c><01:31:18.480><c> would</c><01:31:18.500><c> [music]</c><01:31:18.639><c> take</c>

01:29:51.670 --> 01:29:51.680 align:start position:0%
themselves. And it would [music] take
 

01:29:51.680 --> 01:29:53.910 align:start position:0%
themselves. And it would [music] take
the<01:31:19.120><c> machinery</c><01:31:19.600><c> of</c><01:31:19.760><c> string</c><01:31:20.159><c> theory</c><01:31:20.639><c> and</c><01:31:20.880><c> the</c>

01:29:53.910 --> 01:29:53.920 align:start position:0%
the machinery of string theory and the
 

01:29:53.920 --> 01:29:57.350 align:start position:0%
the machinery of string theory and the
radical<01:31:21.520><c> duality</c><01:31:22.080><c> of</c><01:31:22.239><c> ads</c><01:31:22.880><c> CFT</c><01:31:23.840><c> to</c><01:31:24.080><c> begin</c><01:31:24.320><c> to</c>

01:29:57.350 --> 01:29:57.360 align:start position:0%
radical duality of ads CFT to begin to
 

01:29:57.360 --> 01:30:02.310 align:start position:0%
radical duality of ads CFT to begin to
resolve<01:31:24.960><c> it.</c>

01:30:02.310 --> 01:30:02.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:30:02.320 --> 01:30:04.949 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:31:29.840><c> here</c><01:31:30.320><c> perhaps</c><01:31:30.960><c> the</c><01:31:31.280><c> courtroom</c><01:31:31.760><c> reaches</c>

01:30:04.949 --> 01:30:04.959 align:start position:0%
And here perhaps the courtroom reaches
 

01:30:04.959 --> 01:30:08.150 align:start position:0%
And here perhaps the courtroom reaches
its<01:31:32.400><c> tensest</c><01:31:32.960><c> moment.</c><01:31:34.080><c> What</c><01:31:34.400><c> began</c><01:31:34.719><c> as</c><01:31:34.960><c> a</c><01:31:35.120><c> case</c>

01:30:08.150 --> 01:30:08.160 align:start position:0%
its tensest moment. What began as a case
 

01:30:08.160 --> 01:30:10.630 align:start position:0%
its tensest moment. What began as a case
about<01:31:35.679><c> strings</c><01:31:36.080><c> and</c><01:31:36.320><c> particles</c><01:31:37.199><c> has</c><01:31:37.440><c> become</c><01:31:37.679><c> a</c>

01:30:10.630 --> 01:30:10.640 align:start position:0%
about strings and particles has become a
 

01:30:10.640 --> 01:30:13.110 align:start position:0%
about strings and particles has become a
trial<01:31:38.239><c> over</c><01:31:38.480><c> the</c><01:31:38.719><c> very</c><01:31:38.960><c> nature</c><01:31:39.199><c> of</c><01:31:39.520><c> space,</c>

01:30:13.110 --> 01:30:13.120 align:start position:0%
trial over the very nature of space,
 

01:30:13.120 --> 01:30:17.830 align:start position:0%
trial over the very nature of space,
time,<01:31:41.040><c> and</c><01:31:41.440><c> information</c><01:31:42.320><c> itself.</c>

01:30:17.830 --> 01:30:17.840 align:start position:0%
time, and information itself.
 

01:30:17.840 --> 01:30:20.949 align:start position:0%
time, and information itself.
Let's<01:31:45.360><c> return</c><01:31:45.840><c> once</c><01:31:46.159><c> more</c><01:31:46.560><c> to</c><01:31:46.800><c> our</c><01:31:47.040><c> grand</c><01:31:47.520><c> ads</c>

01:30:20.949 --> 01:30:20.959 align:start position:0%
Let's return once more to our grand ads
 

01:30:20.959 --> 01:30:24.150 align:start position:0%
Let's return once more to our grand ads
CFT<01:31:48.880><c> library.</c><01:31:49.920><c> From</c><01:31:50.159><c> inside</c><01:31:50.560><c> the</c><01:31:50.800><c> library,</c>

01:30:24.150 --> 01:30:24.160 align:start position:0%
CFT library. From inside the library,
 

01:30:24.160 --> 01:30:26.150 align:start position:0%
CFT library. From inside the library,
when<01:31:51.520><c> a</c><01:31:51.760><c> black</c><01:31:51.920><c> hole</c><01:31:52.239><c> forms</c><01:31:52.639><c> and</c><01:31:52.880><c> eventually</c>

01:30:26.150 --> 01:30:26.160 align:start position:0%
when a black hole forms and eventually
 

01:30:26.160 --> 01:30:27.910 align:start position:0%
when a black hole forms and eventually
evaporates,<01:31:54.239><c> it</c><01:31:54.480><c> seems</c><01:31:54.639><c> as</c><01:31:54.880><c> though</c>

01:30:27.910 --> 01:30:27.920 align:start position:0%
evaporates, it seems as though
 

01:30:27.920 --> 01:30:29.989 align:start position:0%
evaporates, it seems as though
information<01:31:55.600><c> about</c><01:31:55.840><c> what</c><01:31:56.080><c> it</c><01:31:56.320><c> swallowed</c><01:31:56.880><c> has</c>

01:30:29.989 --> 01:30:29.999 align:start position:0%
information about what it swallowed has
 

01:30:29.999 --> 01:30:32.310 align:start position:0%
information about what it swallowed has
been<01:31:57.440><c> lost.</c><01:31:58.400><c> A</c><01:31:58.639><c> book</c><01:31:58.880><c> thrown</c><01:31:59.120><c> into</c><01:31:59.360><c> the</c>

01:30:32.310 --> 01:30:32.320 align:start position:0%
been lost. A book thrown into the
 

01:30:32.320 --> 01:30:34.230 align:start position:0%
been lost. A book thrown into the
gravitational<01:32:00.080><c> abyss</c><01:32:00.560><c> appears</c><01:32:00.880><c> to</c><01:32:01.040><c> vanish</c>

01:30:34.230 --> 01:30:34.240 align:start position:0%
gravitational abyss appears to vanish
 

01:30:34.240 --> 01:30:36.790 align:start position:0%
gravitational abyss appears to vanish
without<01:32:01.760><c> a</c><01:32:02.000><c> trace.</c><01:32:03.040><c> But</c><01:32:03.199><c> the</c><01:32:03.360><c> screen</c><01:32:03.679><c> on</c><01:32:03.840><c> the</c>

01:30:36.790 --> 01:30:36.800 align:start position:0%
without a trace. But the screen on the
 

01:30:36.800 --> 01:30:39.270 align:start position:0%
without a trace. But the screen on the
boundary<01:32:04.480><c> wall,</c><01:32:05.199><c> the</c><01:32:05.440><c> boundary</c><01:32:05.920><c> quantum</c>

01:30:39.270 --> 01:30:39.280 align:start position:0%
boundary wall, the boundary quantum
 

01:30:39.280 --> 01:30:42.469 align:start position:0%
boundary wall, the boundary quantum
theory<01:32:07.280><c> keeps</c><01:32:07.679><c> a</c><01:32:07.920><c> perfect</c><01:32:08.400><c> record.</c><01:32:09.280><c> In</c><01:32:09.520><c> the</c>

01:30:42.469 --> 01:30:42.479 align:start position:0%
theory keeps a perfect record. In the
 

01:30:42.479 --> 01:30:44.790 align:start position:0%
theory keeps a perfect record. In the
language<01:32:10.000><c> of</c><01:32:10.159><c> the</c><01:32:10.400><c> screen,</c><01:32:11.120><c> nothing</c><01:32:11.440><c> is</c><01:32:11.679><c> ever</c>

01:30:44.790 --> 01:30:44.800 align:start position:0%
language of the screen, nothing is ever
 

01:30:44.800 --> 01:30:48.390 align:start position:0%
language of the screen, nothing is ever
truly<01:32:12.560><c> lost.</c><01:32:13.360><c> The</c><01:32:13.600><c> ads</c><01:32:14.080><c> CFT</c><01:32:14.560><c> correspondence</c>

01:30:48.390 --> 01:30:48.400 align:start position:0%
truly lost. The ads CFT correspondence
 

01:30:48.400 --> 01:30:50.550 align:start position:0%
truly lost. The ads CFT correspondence
tells<01:32:15.840><c> us</c><01:32:16.000><c> that</c><01:32:16.159><c> these</c><01:32:16.480><c> two</c><01:32:16.719><c> descriptions,</c>

01:30:50.550 --> 01:30:50.560 align:start position:0%
tells us that these two descriptions,
 

01:30:50.560 --> 01:30:52.710 align:start position:0%
tells us that these two descriptions,
the<01:32:18.000><c> interior</c><01:32:18.480><c> view</c><01:32:18.719><c> with</c><01:32:18.960><c> gravity</c><01:32:19.520><c> and</c><01:32:19.679><c> the</c>

01:30:52.710 --> 01:30:52.720 align:start position:0%
the interior view with gravity and the
 

01:30:52.720 --> 01:30:54.630 align:start position:0%
the interior view with gravity and the
screen's<01:32:20.320><c> quantum</c><01:32:20.719><c> field</c><01:32:21.120><c> theory</c><01:32:21.440><c> without</c>

01:30:54.630 --> 01:30:54.640 align:start position:0%
screen's quantum field theory without
 

01:30:54.640 --> 01:30:57.350 align:start position:0%
screen's quantum field theory without
gravity,<01:32:22.560><c> are</c><01:32:22.719><c> mathematically</c><01:32:23.520><c> equivalent.</c>

01:30:57.350 --> 01:30:57.360 align:start position:0%
gravity, are mathematically equivalent.
 

01:30:57.360 --> 01:30:59.270 align:start position:0%
gravity, are mathematically equivalent.
So<01:32:24.719><c> if</c><01:32:24.880><c> the</c><01:32:25.120><c> screen</c><01:32:25.360><c> evolves</c><01:32:25.760><c> in</c><01:32:25.920><c> a</c><01:32:26.080><c> way</c><01:32:26.239><c> that</c>

01:30:59.270 --> 01:30:59.280 align:start position:0%
So if the screen evolves in a way that
 

01:30:59.280 --> 01:31:01.190 align:start position:0%
So if the screen evolves in a way that
preserves<01:32:26.603><c> [music]</c><01:32:26.960><c> information,</c><01:32:27.920><c> then</c><01:32:28.159><c> the</c>

01:31:01.190 --> 01:31:01.200 align:start position:0%
preserves [music] information, then the
 

01:31:01.200 --> 01:31:04.070 align:start position:0%
preserves [music] information, then the
entire<01:32:28.880><c> library</c><01:32:29.280><c> must</c><01:32:29.920><c> as</c><01:32:30.159><c> well.</c><01:32:30.800><c> What</c><01:32:31.040><c> looked</c>

01:31:04.070 --> 01:31:04.080 align:start position:0%
entire library must as well. What looked
 

01:31:04.080 --> 01:31:06.070 align:start position:0%
entire library must as well. What looked
like<01:32:31.520><c> destruction</c><01:32:32.239><c> from</c><01:32:32.400><c> a</c><01:32:32.639><c> gravitational</c>

01:31:06.070 --> 01:31:06.080 align:start position:0%
like destruction from a gravitational
 

01:31:06.080 --> 01:31:07.908 align:start position:0%
like destruction from a gravitational
perspective<01:32:34.000><c> is</c><01:32:34.239><c> from</c><01:32:34.400><c> the</c><01:32:34.560><c> boundaries</c><01:32:35.040><c> point</c>

01:31:07.908 --> 01:31:07.918 align:start position:0%
perspective is from the boundaries point
 

01:31:07.918 --> 01:31:09.670 align:start position:0%
perspective is from the boundaries point
[music]<01:32:35.280><c> of</c><01:32:35.440><c> view</c><01:32:35.840><c> just</c><01:32:36.080><c> a</c><01:32:36.320><c> particularly</c>

01:31:09.670 --> 01:31:09.680 align:start position:0%
[music] of view just a particularly
 

01:31:09.680 --> 01:31:14.150 align:start position:0%
[music] of view just a particularly
complicated<01:32:37.600><c> translation.</c>

01:31:14.150 --> 01:31:14.160 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:31:14.160 --> 01:31:15.750 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:32:41.520><c> so</c><01:32:41.679><c> the</c><01:32:41.920><c> black</c><01:32:42.080><c> hole</c><01:32:42.480><c> information</c>

01:31:15.750 --> 01:31:15.760 align:start position:0%
And so the black hole information
 

01:31:15.760 --> 01:31:18.949 align:start position:0%
And so the black hole information
paradox<01:32:43.840><c> becomes</c><01:32:44.159><c> not</c><01:32:44.400><c> a</c><01:32:44.639><c> failure</c><01:32:44.960><c> of</c><01:32:45.199><c> physics</c>

01:31:18.949 --> 01:31:18.959 align:start position:0%
paradox becomes not a failure of physics
 

01:31:18.959 --> 01:31:21.429 align:start position:0%
paradox becomes not a failure of physics
but<01:32:46.400><c> a</c><01:32:46.639><c> sign</c><01:32:46.960><c> that</c><01:32:47.360><c> space</c><01:32:48.000><c> gravity</c><01:32:48.400><c> and</c>

01:31:21.429 --> 01:31:21.439 align:start position:0%
but a sign that space gravity and
 

01:31:21.439 --> 01:31:23.270 align:start position:0%
but a sign that space gravity and
information<01:32:49.280><c> are</c><01:32:49.440><c> woven</c><01:32:49.840><c> together</c><01:32:50.239><c> more</c>

01:31:23.270 --> 01:31:23.280 align:start position:0%
information are woven together more
 

01:31:23.280 --> 01:31:28.070 align:start position:0%
information are woven together more
tightly<01:32:51.120><c> than</c><01:32:51.280><c> we'd</c><01:32:51.600><c> ever</c><01:32:51.840><c> imagined.</c>

01:31:28.070 --> 01:31:28.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:31:28.080 --> 01:31:30.870 align:start position:0%
 
But<01:32:55.440><c> of</c><01:32:55.679><c> course,</c><01:32:56.159><c> though</c><01:32:56.400><c> ADS</c><01:32:56.880><c> CFT</c><01:32:57.440><c> may</c><01:32:57.760><c> seem</c>

01:31:30.870 --> 01:31:30.880 align:start position:0%
But of course, though ADS CFT may seem
 

01:31:30.880 --> 01:31:32.550 align:start position:0%
But of course, though ADS CFT may seem
to<01:32:58.239><c> provide</c><01:32:58.560><c> a</c><01:32:58.719><c> compelling</c><01:32:59.120><c> resolution</c><01:32:59.600><c> to</c>

01:31:32.550 --> 01:31:32.560 align:start position:0%
to provide a compelling resolution to
 

01:31:32.560 --> 01:31:34.949 align:start position:0%
to provide a compelling resolution to
the<01:32:59.920><c> black</c><01:33:00.080><c> hole</c><01:33:00.400><c> information</c><01:33:00.880><c> paradox,</c><01:33:01.920><c> it</c>

01:31:34.949 --> 01:31:34.959 align:start position:0%
the black hole information paradox, it
 

01:31:34.959 --> 01:31:38.310 align:start position:0%
the black hole information paradox, it
does<01:33:02.320><c> so</c><01:33:02.560><c> in</c><01:33:02.719><c> a</c><01:33:02.960><c> universe</c><01:33:03.679><c> we</c><01:33:04.000><c> don't</c><01:33:04.320><c> inhabit.</c>

01:31:38.310 --> 01:31:38.320 align:start position:0%
does so in a universe we don't inhabit.
 

01:31:38.320 --> 01:31:40.710 align:start position:0%
does so in a universe we don't inhabit.
After<01:33:05.760><c> all,</c><01:33:06.239><c> we</c><01:33:06.560><c> don't</c><01:33:06.719><c> live</c><01:33:06.880><c> in</c><01:33:07.040><c> anti-deit</c>

01:31:40.710 --> 01:31:40.720 align:start position:0%
After all, we don't live in anti-deit
 

01:31:40.720 --> 01:31:43.350 align:start position:0%
After all, we don't live in anti-deit
space.<01:33:09.040><c> And</c><01:33:09.280><c> so</c><01:33:09.520><c> again,</c><01:33:09.920><c> the</c><01:33:10.080><c> theory's</c>

01:31:43.350 --> 01:31:43.360 align:start position:0%
space. And so again, the theory's
 

01:31:43.360 --> 01:31:44.949 align:start position:0%
space. And so again, the theory's
insights<01:33:11.040><c> are</c><01:33:11.199><c> deep</c><01:33:11.440><c> and</c><01:33:11.679><c> possibly</c>

01:31:44.949 --> 01:31:44.959 align:start position:0%
insights are deep and possibly
 

01:31:44.959 --> 01:31:47.429 align:start position:0%
insights are deep and possibly
universal,<01:33:13.040><c> but</c><01:33:13.280><c> we</c><01:33:13.520><c> still</c><01:33:13.760><c> don't</c><01:33:14.000><c> know</c><01:33:14.400><c> how</c>

01:31:47.429 --> 01:31:47.439 align:start position:0%
universal, but we still don't know how
 

01:31:47.439 --> 01:31:51.830 align:start position:0%
universal, but we still don't know how
to<01:33:14.800><c> apply</c><01:33:15.120><c> it</c><01:33:15.520><c> to</c><01:33:15.760><c> the</c><01:33:15.920><c> real</c><01:33:16.239><c> universe.</c>

01:31:51.830 --> 01:31:51.840 align:start position:0%
to apply it to the real universe.
 

01:31:51.840 --> 01:31:54.150 align:start position:0%
to apply it to the real universe.
And<01:33:19.199><c> so</c><01:33:19.360><c> with</c><01:33:19.520><c> Maldis's</c><01:33:20.320><c> duality,</c><01:33:21.120><c> the</c>

01:31:54.150 --> 01:31:54.160 align:start position:0%
And so with Maldis's duality, the
 

01:31:54.160 --> 01:31:57.029 align:start position:0%
And so with Maldis's duality, the
courtroom<01:33:22.080><c> reeled.</c><01:33:23.120><c> Beauty</c><01:33:23.520><c> had</c><01:33:23.760><c> taken</c><01:33:24.000><c> the</c>

01:31:57.029 --> 01:31:57.039 align:start position:0%
courtroom reeled. Beauty had taken the
 

01:31:57.039 --> 01:31:59.910 align:start position:0%
courtroom reeled. Beauty had taken the
stand<01:33:24.560><c> in</c><01:33:24.800><c> its</c><01:33:25.040><c> purest</c><01:33:25.520><c> form.</c><01:33:26.400><c> An</c><01:33:26.639><c> entire</c>

01:31:59.910 --> 01:31:59.920 align:start position:0%
stand in its purest form. An entire
 

01:31:59.920 --> 01:32:01.429 align:start position:0%
stand in its purest form. An entire
universe<01:33:27.679><c> projected</c><01:33:28.239><c> onto</c><01:33:28.480><c> a</c>

01:32:01.429 --> 01:32:01.439 align:start position:0%
universe projected onto a
 

01:32:01.439 --> 01:32:04.070 align:start position:0%
universe projected onto a
two-dimensional<01:33:29.600><c> screen.</c><01:33:30.480><c> For</c><01:33:30.639><c> the</c><01:33:30.800><c> defense,</c>

01:32:04.070 --> 01:32:04.080 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional screen. For the defense,
 

01:32:04.080 --> 01:32:05.989 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional screen. For the defense,
it<01:33:31.440><c> was</c><01:33:31.520><c> a</c><01:33:31.760><c> master</c><01:33:32.080><c> stroke.</c><01:33:32.800><c> For</c><01:33:32.960><c> the</c>

01:32:05.989 --> 01:32:05.999 align:start position:0%
it was a master stroke. For the
 

01:32:05.999 --> 01:32:08.310 align:start position:0%
it was a master stroke. For the
prosecution,<01:33:34.000><c> just</c><01:33:34.320><c> more</c><01:33:34.560><c> speculation</c><01:33:35.199><c> in</c>

01:32:08.310 --> 01:32:08.320 align:start position:0%
prosecution, just more speculation in
 

01:32:08.320 --> 01:32:11.910 align:start position:0%
prosecution, just more speculation in
silk<01:33:35.840><c> robes,</c><01:33:36.719><c> the</c><01:33:36.960><c> emperor's</c><01:33:37.440><c> new</c><01:33:37.760><c> clothes.</c>

01:32:11.910 --> 01:32:11.920 align:start position:0%
silk robes, the emperor's new clothes.
 

01:32:11.920 --> 01:32:13.910 align:start position:0%
silk robes, the emperor's new clothes.
Once<01:33:39.440><c> more,</c><01:33:39.760><c> the</c><01:33:40.000><c> jury</c><01:33:40.320><c> was</c><01:33:40.560><c> suspended</c>

01:32:13.910 --> 01:32:13.920 align:start position:0%
Once more, the jury was suspended
 

01:32:13.920 --> 01:32:17.110 align:start position:0%
Once more, the jury was suspended
between<01:33:41.520><c> wonder</c><01:33:42.239><c> and</c><01:33:42.560><c> doubt.</c><01:33:43.520><c> Dazzled</c><01:33:44.080><c> by</c>

01:32:17.110 --> 01:32:17.120 align:start position:0%
between wonder and doubt. Dazzled by
 

01:32:17.120 --> 01:32:26.150 align:start position:0%
between wonder and doubt. Dazzled by
beauty,<01:33:45.360><c> but</c><01:33:45.600><c> starved</c><01:33:46.239><c> of</c><01:33:46.560><c> proof.</c>

01:32:26.150 --> 01:32:26.160 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:32:26.160 --> 01:32:27.989 align:start position:0%
 
Indeed,<01:33:53.760><c> there</c><01:33:53.920><c> are</c><01:33:54.080><c> those</c><01:33:54.239><c> that</c><01:33:54.480><c> loathe</c><01:33:54.960><c> this</c>

01:32:27.989 --> 01:32:27.999 align:start position:0%
Indeed, there are those that loathe this
 

01:32:27.999 --> 01:32:29.989 align:start position:0%
Indeed, there are those that loathe this
approach<01:33:55.520><c> to</c><01:33:55.760><c> physics,</c><01:33:56.400><c> not</c><01:33:56.639><c> least</c><01:33:56.880><c> the</c><01:33:57.120><c> fact</c>

01:32:29.989 --> 01:32:29.999 align:start position:0%
approach to physics, not least the fact
 

01:32:29.999 --> 01:32:31.670 align:start position:0%
approach to physics, not least the fact
that<01:33:57.360><c> the</c><01:33:57.520><c> theory</c><01:33:57.840><c> is</c><01:33:58.080><c> currently</c><01:33:58.400><c> impossible</c>

01:32:31.670 --> 01:32:31.680 align:start position:0%
that the theory is currently impossible
 

01:32:31.680 --> 01:32:34.790 align:start position:0%
that the theory is currently impossible
to<01:33:59.120><c> test</c><01:33:59.520><c> or</c><01:33:59.760><c> falsify.</c><01:34:01.120><c> Some</c><01:34:01.360><c> argued</c><01:34:01.760><c> that</c>

01:32:34.790 --> 01:32:34.800 align:start position:0%
to test or falsify. Some argued that
 

01:32:34.800 --> 01:32:36.550 align:start position:0%
to test or falsify. Some argued that
physicists<01:34:02.560><c> were</c><01:34:02.719><c> so</c><01:34:02.960><c> desperate</c><01:34:03.440><c> to</c>

01:32:36.550 --> 01:32:36.560 align:start position:0%
physicists were so desperate to
 

01:32:36.560 --> 01:32:38.790 align:start position:0%
physicists were so desperate to
reconcile<01:34:04.320><c> quantum</c><01:34:04.719><c> theory</c><01:34:05.120><c> with</c><01:34:05.360><c> gravity</c>

01:32:38.790 --> 01:32:38.800 align:start position:0%
reconcile quantum theory with gravity
 

01:32:38.800 --> 01:32:40.469 align:start position:0%
reconcile quantum theory with gravity
that<01:34:06.239><c> they'd</c><01:34:06.560><c> lost</c><01:34:06.800><c> sight</c><01:34:07.040><c> of</c><01:34:07.280><c> the</c><01:34:07.440><c> most</c>

01:32:40.469 --> 01:32:40.479 align:start position:0%
that they'd lost sight of the most
 

01:32:40.479 --> 01:32:42.870 align:start position:0%
that they'd lost sight of the most
fundamental<01:34:08.320><c> aspect</c><01:34:08.719><c> of</c><01:34:08.880><c> a</c><01:34:09.120><c> good</c><01:34:09.440><c> scientific</c>

01:32:42.870 --> 01:32:42.880 align:start position:0%
fundamental aspect of a good scientific
 

01:32:42.880 --> 01:32:45.590 align:start position:0%
fundamental aspect of a good scientific
theory,<01:34:10.880><c> that</c><01:34:11.120><c> it</c><01:34:11.360><c> should</c><01:34:11.840><c> make</c><01:34:12.239><c> testable</c>

01:32:45.590 --> 01:32:45.600 align:start position:0%
theory, that it should make testable
 

01:32:45.600 --> 01:32:47.110 align:start position:0%
theory, that it should make testable
predictions.

01:32:47.110 --> 01:32:47.120 align:start position:0%
predictions.
 

01:32:47.120 --> 01:32:49.509 align:start position:0%
predictions.
Physicist<01:34:14.880><c> Lee</c><01:34:15.199><c> Smolen</c><01:34:15.679><c> once</c><01:34:15.920><c> remarked,</c>

01:32:49.509 --> 01:32:49.519 align:start position:0%
Physicist Lee Smolen once remarked,
 

01:32:49.519 --> 01:32:51.509 align:start position:0%
Physicist Lee Smolen once remarked,
"It's<01:34:17.120><c> not</c><01:34:17.280><c> really</c><01:34:17.440><c> a</c><01:34:17.679><c> theory.</c><01:34:18.400><c> It's</c><01:34:18.639><c> a</c>

01:32:51.509 --> 01:32:51.519 align:start position:0%
"It's not really a theory. It's a
 

01:32:51.519 --> 01:32:53.429 align:start position:0%
"It's not really a theory. It's a
conjecture<01:34:19.199><c> about</c><01:34:19.440><c> a</c><01:34:19.600><c> theory</c><01:34:20.000><c> that</c><01:34:20.239><c> we</c><01:34:20.480><c> would</c>

01:32:53.429 --> 01:32:53.439 align:start position:0%
conjecture about a theory that we would
 

01:32:53.439 --> 01:32:57.029 align:start position:0%
conjecture about a theory that we would
love<01:34:20.800><c> to</c><01:34:21.040><c> believe</c><01:34:21.280><c> in.</c>

01:32:57.029 --> 01:32:57.039 align:start position:0%
love to believe in.
 

01:32:57.039 --> 01:33:00.070 align:start position:0%
love to believe in.
The<01:34:24.480><c> prosecution</c><01:34:25.440><c> pounced</c><01:34:26.239><c> to</c><01:34:26.480><c> them.</c><01:34:26.880><c> Malda</c>

01:33:00.070 --> 01:33:00.080 align:start position:0%
The prosecution pounced to them. Malda
 

01:33:00.080 --> 01:33:02.150 align:start position:0%
The prosecution pounced to them. Malda
Sena's<01:34:27.760><c> entire</c><01:34:27.780><c> [music]</c><01:34:28.159><c> testimony</c><01:34:28.800><c> rire</c><01:34:29.120><c> of</c>

01:33:02.150 --> 01:33:02.160 align:start position:0%
Sena's entire [music] testimony rire of
 

01:33:02.160 --> 01:33:04.630 align:start position:0%
Sena's entire [music] testimony rire of
speculation.<01:34:30.400><c> No</c><01:34:30.639><c> crime</c><01:34:30.960><c> scene,</c><01:34:31.520><c> no</c>

01:33:04.630 --> 01:33:04.640 align:start position:0%
speculation. No crime scene, no
 

01:33:04.640 --> 01:33:07.429 align:start position:0%
speculation. No crime scene, no
fingerprints,<01:34:32.719><c> no</c><01:34:32.880><c> verifiable</c><01:34:33.679><c> timeline,</c>

01:33:07.429 --> 01:33:07.439 align:start position:0%
fingerprints, no verifiable timeline,
 

01:33:07.439 --> 01:33:09.670 align:start position:0%
fingerprints, no verifiable timeline,
just<01:34:34.880><c> elegant</c><01:34:35.360><c> conjectures</c><01:34:36.159><c> stacked</c><01:34:36.560><c> at</c><01:34:36.639><c> top</c>

01:33:09.670 --> 01:33:09.680 align:start position:0%
just elegant conjectures stacked at top
 

01:33:09.680 --> 01:33:12.150 align:start position:0%
just elegant conjectures stacked at top
untestable<01:34:37.520><c> assumptions.</c><01:34:38.719><c> Impressively</c>

01:33:12.150 --> 01:33:12.160 align:start position:0%
untestable assumptions. Impressively
 

01:33:12.160 --> 01:33:15.509 align:start position:0%
untestable assumptions. Impressively
told<01:34:39.840><c> circumstantial</c><01:34:40.639><c> evidence</c><01:34:41.360><c> at</c><01:34:41.679><c> best.</c>

01:33:15.509 --> 01:33:15.519 align:start position:0%
told circumstantial evidence at best.
 

01:33:15.519 --> 01:33:17.590 align:start position:0%
told circumstantial evidence at best.
theoretical<01:34:43.360><c> physics,</c><01:34:44.000><c> they</c><01:34:44.239><c> reminded</c><01:34:44.639><c> the</c>

01:33:17.590 --> 01:33:17.600 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics, they reminded the
 

01:33:17.600 --> 01:33:19.350 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics, they reminded the
jury,<01:34:45.465><c> [music]</c><01:34:45.520><c> should</c><01:34:45.679><c> not</c><01:34:45.840><c> be</c><01:34:46.000><c> judged</c><01:34:46.400><c> by</c>

01:33:19.350 --> 01:33:19.360 align:start position:0%
jury, [music] should not be judged by
 

01:33:19.360 --> 01:33:22.150 align:start position:0%
jury, [music] should not be judged by
aesthetic<01:34:47.120><c> appeal,</c><01:34:47.840><c> but</c><01:34:48.080><c> by</c><01:34:48.400><c> experimental</c>

01:33:22.150 --> 01:33:22.160 align:start position:0%
aesthetic appeal, but by experimental
 

01:33:22.160 --> 01:33:25.190 align:start position:0%
aesthetic appeal, but by experimental
accountability.<01:34:50.719><c> Until</c><01:34:51.040><c> ADS</c><01:34:51.520><c> CFT</c><01:34:52.159><c> made</c>

01:33:25.190 --> 01:33:25.200 align:start position:0%
accountability. Until ADS CFT made
 

01:33:25.200 --> 01:33:27.509 align:start position:0%
accountability. Until ADS CFT made
contact<01:34:52.800><c> with</c><01:34:53.120><c> measurable</c><01:34:53.679><c> reality,</c><01:34:54.635><c> [music]</c>

01:33:27.509 --> 01:33:27.519 align:start position:0%
contact with measurable reality, [music]
 

01:33:27.519 --> 01:33:29.509 align:start position:0%
contact with measurable reality, [music]
until<01:34:54.960><c> it</c><01:34:55.199><c> predicted</c><01:34:55.760><c> something</c><01:34:56.159><c> nature</c>

01:33:29.509 --> 01:33:29.519 align:start position:0%
until it predicted something nature
 

01:33:29.519 --> 01:33:32.469 align:start position:0%
until it predicted something nature
could<01:34:57.040><c> confirm</c><01:34:57.520><c> or</c><01:34:57.760><c> deny,</c><01:34:58.639><c> it</c><01:34:58.880><c> remained</c><01:34:59.440><c> in</c>

01:33:32.469 --> 01:33:32.479 align:start position:0%
could confirm or deny, it remained in
 

01:33:32.479 --> 01:33:34.630 align:start position:0%
could confirm or deny, it remained in
the<01:34:59.840><c> prosecution's</c><01:35:00.480><c> eyes</c><01:35:01.120><c> an</c><01:35:01.440><c> exquisite,</c>

01:33:34.630 --> 01:33:34.640 align:start position:0%
the prosecution's eyes an exquisite,
 

01:33:34.640 --> 01:33:35.190 align:start position:0%
the prosecution's eyes an exquisite,
[music]

01:33:35.190 --> 01:33:35.200 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

01:33:35.200 --> 01:33:37.590 align:start position:0%
[music]
outlandish<01:35:03.280><c> guess.</c>

01:33:37.590 --> 01:33:37.600 align:start position:0%
outlandish guess.
 

01:33:37.600 --> 01:33:39.590 align:start position:0%
outlandish guess.
Not<01:35:05.040><c> for</c><01:35:05.199><c> the</c><01:35:05.360><c> first</c><01:35:05.520><c> time,</c><01:35:05.920><c> the</c><01:35:06.159><c> defense</c><01:35:06.560><c> team</c>

01:33:39.590 --> 01:33:39.600 align:start position:0%
Not for the first time, the defense team
 

01:33:39.600 --> 01:33:42.710 align:start position:0%
Not for the first time, the defense team
was<01:35:07.120><c> scrambling.</c><01:35:08.560><c> Then,</c><01:35:09.040><c> just</c><01:35:09.280><c> as</c><01:35:09.440><c> they</c><01:35:09.600><c> began</c>

01:33:42.710 --> 01:33:42.720 align:start position:0%
was scrambling. Then, just as they began
 

01:33:42.720 --> 01:33:45.270 align:start position:0%
was scrambling. Then, just as they began
to<01:35:10.080><c> regroup,</c><01:35:11.120><c> the</c><01:35:11.360><c> universe</c><01:35:12.000><c> threw</c><01:35:12.320><c> them</c>

01:33:45.270 --> 01:33:45.280 align:start position:0%
to regroup, the universe threw them
 

01:33:45.280 --> 01:33:47.350 align:start position:0%
to regroup, the universe threw them
another<01:35:12.960><c> potentially</c><01:35:13.600><c> catastrophic</c><01:35:14.285><c> [music]</c>

01:33:47.350 --> 01:33:47.360 align:start position:0%
another potentially catastrophic [music]
 

01:33:47.360 --> 01:33:59.670 align:start position:0%
another potentially catastrophic [music]
curveball.

01:33:59.670 --> 01:33:59.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:33:59.680 --> 01:34:01.750 align:start position:0%
 
You<01:35:27.120><c> may</c><01:35:27.360><c> find</c><01:35:27.760><c> that</c><01:35:28.000><c> your</c><01:35:28.239><c> most</c><01:35:28.480><c> elegant</c>

01:34:01.750 --> 01:34:01.760 align:start position:0%
You may find that your most elegant
 

01:34:01.760 --> 01:34:04.949 align:start position:0%
You may find that your most elegant
theory,<01:35:29.679><c> the</c><01:35:29.920><c> one</c><01:35:30.080><c> you</c><01:35:30.239><c> like</c><01:35:30.480><c> the</c><01:35:30.800><c> best,</c><01:35:31.920><c> is</c>

01:34:04.949 --> 01:34:04.959 align:start position:0%
theory, the one you like the best, is
 

01:34:04.959 --> 01:34:07.750 align:start position:0%
theory, the one you like the best, is
simply<01:35:32.639><c> wrong.</c>

01:34:07.750 --> 01:34:07.760 align:start position:0%
simply wrong.
 

01:34:07.760 --> 01:34:10.790 align:start position:0%
simply wrong.
It<01:35:35.199><c> is</c><01:35:35.360><c> the</c><01:35:35.520><c> opening</c><01:35:35.840><c> days</c><01:35:36.159><c> of</c><01:35:36.480><c> 1998.</c><01:35:37.760><c> Bill</c>

01:34:10.790 --> 01:34:10.800 align:start position:0%
It is the opening days of 1998. Bill
 

01:34:10.800 --> 01:34:12.949 align:start position:0%
It is the opening days of 1998. Bill
Clinton<01:35:38.480><c> is</c><01:35:38.719><c> president.</c><01:35:39.360><c> Elton</c><01:35:39.760><c> Jong's</c>

01:34:12.949 --> 01:34:12.959 align:start position:0%
Clinton is president. Elton Jong's
 

01:34:12.959 --> 01:34:14.790 align:start position:0%
Clinton is president. Elton Jong's
reworked<01:35:40.719><c> Candle</c><01:35:41.120><c> in</c><01:35:41.141><c> [music]</c><01:35:41.280><c> the</c><01:35:41.440><c> Wind,</c><01:35:41.840><c> a</c>

01:34:14.790 --> 01:34:14.800 align:start position:0%
reworked Candle in [music] the Wind, a
 

01:34:14.800 --> 01:34:16.710 align:start position:0%
reworked Candle in [music] the Wind, a
tribute<01:35:42.320><c> to</c><01:35:42.480><c> Princess</c><01:35:42.800><c> Diana,</c><01:35:43.360><c> is</c><01:35:43.600><c> finishing</c>

01:34:16.710 --> 01:34:16.720 align:start position:0%
tribute to Princess Diana, is finishing
 

01:34:16.720 --> 01:34:19.190 align:start position:0%
tribute to Princess Diana, is finishing
its<01:35:44.400><c> 14-week</c><01:35:45.120><c> run</c><01:35:45.360><c> at</c><01:35:45.520><c> the</c><01:35:45.679><c> top</c><01:35:45.840><c> of</c><01:35:45.920><c> the</c><01:35:46.080><c> US</c>

01:34:19.190 --> 01:34:19.200 align:start position:0%
its 14-week run at the top of the US
 

01:34:19.200 --> 01:34:21.910 align:start position:0%
its 14-week run at the top of the US
charts.<01:35:47.440><c> Titanic</c><01:35:48.159><c> is</c><01:35:48.346><c> [music]</c><01:35:48.400><c> still</c><01:35:48.639><c> packing</c>

01:34:21.910 --> 01:34:21.920 align:start position:0%
charts. Titanic is [music] still packing
 

01:34:21.920 --> 01:34:24.710 align:start position:0%
charts. Titanic is [music] still packing
cinemas.<01:35:50.560><c> And</c><01:35:50.800><c> against</c><01:35:51.120><c> this</c><01:35:51.360><c> cultural</c>

01:34:24.710 --> 01:34:24.720 align:start position:0%
cinemas. And against this cultural
 

01:34:24.720 --> 01:34:26.949 align:start position:0%
cinemas. And against this cultural
backdrop,<01:35:52.719><c> the</c><01:35:52.960><c> American</c><01:35:53.360><c> Astronomical</c>

01:34:26.949 --> 01:34:26.959 align:start position:0%
backdrop, the American Astronomical
 

01:34:26.959 --> 01:34:29.190 align:start position:0%
backdrop, the American Astronomical
Society<01:35:54.639><c> is</c><01:35:54.880><c> holding</c><01:35:55.120><c> its</c><01:35:55.360><c> annual</c><01:35:55.760><c> meeting</c><01:35:56.080><c> in</c>

01:34:29.190 --> 01:34:29.200 align:start position:0%
Society is holding its annual meeting in
 

01:34:29.200 --> 01:34:31.830 align:start position:0%
Society is holding its annual meeting in
Washington<01:35:56.960><c> DC.</c><01:35:58.159><c> Journalists</c><01:35:58.719><c> and</c>

01:34:31.830 --> 01:34:31.840 align:start position:0%
Washington DC. Journalists and
 

01:34:31.840 --> 01:34:33.590 align:start position:0%
Washington DC. Journalists and
scientists<01:35:59.481><c> [music]</c><01:35:59.760><c> pack</c><01:36:00.000><c> the</c><01:36:00.239><c> room</c><01:36:00.400><c> to</c><01:36:00.639><c> hear</c>

01:34:33.590 --> 01:34:33.600 align:start position:0%
scientists [music] pack the room to hear
 

01:34:33.600 --> 01:34:35.910 align:start position:0%
scientists [music] pack the room to hear
from<01:36:00.960><c> astronomer</c><01:36:01.520><c> Saul</c><01:36:01.920><c> Pearl</c><01:36:02.239><c> Matter.</c><01:36:02.960><c> On</c>

01:34:35.910 --> 01:34:35.920 align:start position:0%
from astronomer Saul Pearl Matter. On
 

01:34:35.920 --> 01:34:38.310 align:start position:0%
from astronomer Saul Pearl Matter. On
the<01:36:03.280><c> screen,</c><01:36:03.760><c> a</c><01:36:04.000><c> decade's</c><01:36:04.560><c> worth</c><01:36:04.719><c> of</c><01:36:04.960><c> data</c>

01:34:38.310 --> 01:34:38.320 align:start position:0%
the screen, a decade's worth of data
 

01:34:38.320 --> 01:34:41.190 align:start position:0%
the screen, a decade's worth of data
reduced<01:36:06.080><c> to</c><01:36:06.320><c> dots</c><01:36:06.719><c> and</c><01:36:06.960><c> lines.</c><01:36:07.840><c> What</c><01:36:08.080><c> he</c><01:36:08.239><c> is</c>

01:34:41.190 --> 01:34:41.200 align:start position:0%
reduced to dots and lines. What he is
 

01:34:41.200 --> 01:34:43.190 align:start position:0%
reduced to dots and lines. What he is
about<01:36:08.560><c> to</c><01:36:08.800><c> reveal</c><01:36:09.280><c> would</c><01:36:09.520><c> later</c><01:36:09.840><c> win</c><01:36:10.000><c> him</c><01:36:10.159><c> a</c>

01:34:43.190 --> 01:34:43.200 align:start position:0%
about to reveal would later win him a
 

01:34:43.200 --> 01:34:45.509 align:start position:0%
about to reveal would later win him a
share<01:36:10.639><c> of</c><01:36:10.880><c> the</c><01:36:11.120><c> 2011</c><01:36:11.840><c> Nobel</c><01:36:12.239><c> Prize</c><01:36:12.480><c> in</c>

01:34:45.509 --> 01:34:45.519 align:start position:0%
share of the 2011 Nobel Prize in
 

01:34:45.519 --> 01:34:47.350 align:start position:0%
share of the 2011 Nobel Prize in
Physics.

01:34:47.350 --> 01:34:47.360 align:start position:0%
Physics.
 

01:34:47.360 --> 01:34:49.190 align:start position:0%
Physics.
Yet,<01:36:14.800><c> in</c><01:36:14.960><c> the</c><01:36:15.120><c> courtroom</c><01:36:15.600><c> of</c><01:36:15.840><c> theoretical</c>

01:34:49.190 --> 01:34:49.200 align:start position:0%
Yet, in the courtroom of theoretical
 

01:34:49.200 --> 01:34:52.390 align:start position:0%
Yet, in the courtroom of theoretical
physics,<01:36:17.280><c> this</c><01:36:17.520><c> was</c><01:36:17.679><c> a</c><01:36:17.840><c> hostile</c><01:36:18.480><c> witness,</c><01:36:19.440><c> one</c>

01:34:52.390 --> 01:34:52.400 align:start position:0%
physics, this was a hostile witness, one
 

01:34:52.400 --> 01:34:53.989 align:start position:0%
physics, this was a hostile witness, one
summoned<01:36:20.000><c> from</c><01:36:20.159><c> a</c><01:36:20.400><c> completely</c><01:36:20.800><c> different</c>

01:34:53.989 --> 01:34:53.999 align:start position:0%
summoned from a completely different
 

01:34:53.999 --> 01:34:56.790 align:start position:0%
summoned from a completely different
field<01:36:21.760><c> with</c><01:36:22.000><c> no</c><01:36:22.239><c> loyalty</c><01:36:22.800><c> to</c><01:36:23.040><c> string</c><01:36:23.360><c> theory.</c>

01:34:56.790 --> 01:34:56.800 align:start position:0%
field with no loyalty to string theory.
 

01:34:56.800 --> 01:34:58.870 align:start position:0%
field with no loyalty to string theory.
And<01:36:24.159><c> the</c><01:36:24.320><c> evidence</c><01:36:24.719><c> PL</c><01:36:25.040><c> Mutter</c><01:36:25.360><c> presented</c>

01:34:58.870 --> 01:34:58.880 align:start position:0%
And the evidence PL Mutter presented
 

01:34:58.880 --> 01:35:00.949 align:start position:0%
And the evidence PL Mutter presented
would<01:36:26.400><c> leave</c><01:36:26.639><c> the</c><01:36:26.800><c> defense</c><01:36:27.280><c> scrambling</c><01:36:27.920><c> and</c>

01:35:00.949 --> 01:35:00.959 align:start position:0%
would leave the defense scrambling and
 

01:35:00.959 --> 01:35:03.830 align:start position:0%
would leave the defense scrambling and
hand<01:36:28.400><c> the</c><01:36:28.639><c> prosecution</c><01:36:29.440><c> an</c><01:36:29.840><c> explosive</c><01:36:30.719><c> new</c>

01:35:03.830 --> 01:35:03.840 align:start position:0%
hand the prosecution an explosive new
 

01:35:03.840 --> 01:35:10.150 align:start position:0%
hand the prosecution an explosive new
line<01:36:31.280><c> of</c><01:36:31.440><c> attack.</c>

01:35:10.150 --> 01:35:10.160 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:35:10.160 --> 01:35:12.310 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:36:37.600><c> vast</c><01:36:37.920><c> majority</c><01:36:38.480><c> of</c><01:36:38.719><c> astronomers</c><01:36:39.280><c> and</c>

01:35:12.310 --> 01:35:12.320 align:start position:0%
The vast majority of astronomers and
 

01:35:12.320 --> 01:35:14.469 align:start position:0%
The vast majority of astronomers and
cosmologists<01:36:40.560><c> accept</c><01:36:40.880><c> that</c><01:36:41.040><c> the</c><01:36:41.280><c> universe</c>

01:35:14.469 --> 01:35:14.479 align:start position:0%
cosmologists accept that the universe
 

01:35:14.479 --> 01:35:17.750 align:start position:0%
cosmologists accept that the universe
began<01:36:42.080><c> in</c><01:36:42.320><c> an</c><01:36:42.560><c> event</c><01:36:42.880><c> known</c><01:36:43.280><c> as</c><01:36:43.520><c> the</c><01:36:43.840><c> Big</c><01:36:44.159><c> Bang</c>

01:35:17.750 --> 01:35:17.760 align:start position:0%
began in an event known as the Big Bang
 

01:35:17.760 --> 01:35:21.830 align:start position:0%
began in an event known as the Big Bang
nearly<01:36:45.520><c> 14</c><01:36:45.920><c> billion</c><01:36:46.400><c> years</c><01:36:46.639><c> ago.</c>

01:35:21.830 --> 01:35:21.840 align:start position:0%
nearly 14 billion years ago.
 

01:35:21.840 --> 01:35:24.949 align:start position:0%
nearly 14 billion years ago.
It<01:36:49.360><c> started</c><01:36:49.679><c> out</c><01:36:50.000><c> unimaginably</c><01:36:51.040><c> small,</c><01:36:51.840><c> far</c>

01:35:24.949 --> 01:35:24.959 align:start position:0%
It started out unimaginably small, far
 

01:35:24.959 --> 01:35:26.650 align:start position:0%
It started out unimaginably small, far
tinier<01:36:52.560><c> than</c><01:36:52.719><c> an</c><01:36:52.880><c> atom,</c><01:36:53.440><c> and</c><01:36:53.600><c> has</c><01:36:53.840><c> been</c>

01:35:26.650 --> 01:35:26.660 align:start position:0%
tinier than an atom, and has been
 

01:35:26.660 --> 01:35:29.110 align:start position:0%
tinier than an atom, and has been
[music]<01:36:54.000><c> expanding</c><01:36:54.560><c> ever</c><01:36:54.880><c> since,</c><01:36:55.760><c> ballooning</c>

01:35:29.110 --> 01:35:29.120 align:start position:0%
[music] expanding ever since, ballooning
 

01:35:29.120 --> 01:35:32.390 align:start position:0%
[music] expanding ever since, ballooning
into<01:36:56.560><c> the</c><01:36:56.719><c> cosmos</c><01:36:57.280><c> we</c><01:36:57.520><c> see</c><01:36:57.840><c> today.</c><01:36:59.040><c> But</c><01:36:59.280><c> by</c>

01:35:32.390 --> 01:35:32.400 align:start position:0%
into the cosmos we see today. But by
 

01:35:32.400 --> 01:35:35.029 align:start position:0%
into the cosmos we see today. But by
now,<01:37:00.239><c> many</c><01:37:00.560><c> eons</c><01:37:01.119><c> later,</c><01:37:01.707><c> [music]</c><01:37:01.920><c> that</c>

01:35:35.029 --> 01:35:35.039 align:start position:0%
now, many eons later, [music] that
 

01:35:35.039 --> 01:35:38.070 align:start position:0%
now, many eons later, [music] that
expansion<01:37:03.040><c> should</c><01:37:03.280><c> be</c><01:37:03.520><c> slowing</c><01:37:04.000><c> down.</c><01:37:05.040><c> The</c>

01:35:38.070 --> 01:35:38.080 align:start position:0%
expansion should be slowing down. The
 

01:35:38.080 --> 01:35:39.989 align:start position:0%
expansion should be slowing down. The
gravitational<01:37:05.920><c> pull</c><01:37:06.320><c> of</c><01:37:06.480><c> all</c><01:37:06.639><c> the</c><01:37:06.800><c> stuff</c><01:37:06.960><c> in</c>

01:35:39.989 --> 01:35:39.999 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull of all the stuff in
 

01:35:39.999 --> 01:35:42.070 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull of all the stuff in
the<01:37:07.360><c> universe,</c><01:37:08.080><c> stars,</c><01:37:08.257><c> [music]</c><01:37:08.639><c> gas,</c>

01:35:42.070 --> 01:35:42.080 align:start position:0%
the universe, stars, [music] gas,
 

01:35:42.080 --> 01:35:43.989 align:start position:0%
the universe, stars, [music] gas,
galaxies,<01:37:09.840><c> dark</c><01:37:10.080><c> matter</c><01:37:10.800><c> ought</c><01:37:10.960><c> to</c><01:37:11.119><c> be</c>

01:35:43.989 --> 01:35:43.999 align:start position:0%
galaxies, dark matter ought to be
 

01:35:43.999 --> 01:35:46.949 align:start position:0%
galaxies, dark matter ought to be
applying<01:37:11.600><c> the</c><01:37:11.920><c> brakes.</c><01:37:13.360><c> And</c><01:37:13.520><c> in</c><01:37:13.760><c> the</c><01:37:13.840><c> mid</c>

01:35:46.949 --> 01:35:46.959 align:start position:0%
applying the brakes. And in the mid
 

01:35:46.959 --> 01:35:49.270 align:start position:0%
applying the brakes. And in the mid
1990s,<01:37:15.040><c> as</c><01:37:15.280><c> the</c><01:37:15.440><c> second</c><01:37:15.840><c> superstring</c>

01:35:49.270 --> 01:35:49.280 align:start position:0%
1990s, as the second superstring
 

01:35:49.280 --> 01:35:50.872 align:start position:0%
1990s, as the second superstring
revolution<01:37:17.199><c> royiled</c><01:37:17.600><c> through</c><01:37:17.920><c> theoretical</c>

01:35:50.872 --> 01:35:50.882 align:start position:0%
revolution royiled through theoretical
 

01:35:50.882 --> 01:35:52.870 align:start position:0%
revolution royiled through theoretical
[music]<01:37:18.480><c> physics,</c><01:37:19.280><c> two</c><01:37:19.520><c> teams</c><01:37:19.840><c> of</c>

01:35:52.870 --> 01:35:52.880 align:start position:0%
[music] physics, two teams of
 

01:35:52.880 --> 01:35:54.630 align:start position:0%
[music] physics, two teams of
astronomers<01:37:20.719><c> had</c><01:37:20.960><c> been</c><01:37:21.119><c> busy</c><01:37:21.360><c> trying</c><01:37:21.679><c> to</c>

01:35:54.630 --> 01:35:54.640 align:start position:0%
astronomers had been busy trying to
 

01:35:54.640 --> 01:35:57.029 align:start position:0%
astronomers had been busy trying to
confirm<01:37:22.400><c> that</c><01:37:22.719><c> deceleration.</c><01:37:23.920><c> It</c><01:37:24.159><c> was</c>

01:35:57.029 --> 01:35:57.039 align:start position:0%
confirm that deceleration. It was
 

01:35:57.039 --> 01:36:00.070 align:start position:0%
confirm that deceleration. It was
supposed<01:37:24.719><c> to</c><01:37:24.960><c> just</c><01:37:25.119><c> be</c><01:37:25.280><c> a</c><01:37:25.520><c> routine</c><01:37:26.080><c> check.</c><01:37:27.040><c> But</c>

01:36:00.070 --> 01:36:00.080 align:start position:0%
supposed to just be a routine check. But
 

01:36:00.080 --> 01:36:01.909 align:start position:0%
supposed to just be a routine check. But
when<01:37:27.520><c> Palm</c><01:37:27.840><c> Matter</c><01:37:28.239><c> announced</c><01:37:28.560><c> his</c><01:37:28.800><c> team's</c>

01:36:01.909 --> 01:36:01.919 align:start position:0%
when Palm Matter announced his team's
 

01:36:01.919 --> 01:36:03.509 align:start position:0%
when Palm Matter announced his team's
results<01:37:29.440><c> at</c><01:37:29.679><c> that</c><01:37:29.840><c> press</c><01:37:30.080><c> conference</c><01:37:30.480><c> in</c>

01:36:03.509 --> 01:36:03.519 align:start position:0%
results at that press conference in
 

01:36:03.519 --> 01:36:06.150 align:start position:0%
results at that press conference in
early<01:37:31.040><c> 1998,</c><01:37:32.320><c> they</c><01:37:32.639><c> stunned</c><01:37:33.119><c> the</c>

01:36:06.150 --> 01:36:06.160 align:start position:0%
early 1998, they stunned the
 

01:36:06.160 --> 01:36:08.310 align:start position:0%
early 1998, they stunned the
astronomical<01:37:34.159><c> community.</c><01:37:34.960><c> For</c><01:37:35.199><c> string</c>

01:36:08.310 --> 01:36:08.320 align:start position:0%
astronomical community. For string
 

01:36:08.320 --> 01:36:10.630 align:start position:0%
astronomical community. For string
theorists,<01:37:36.159><c> it</c><01:37:36.400><c> was</c><01:37:36.480><c> a</c><01:37:36.639><c> bombshell</c><01:37:37.280><c> in</c><01:37:37.440><c> open</c>

01:36:10.630 --> 01:36:10.640 align:start position:0%
theorists, it was a bombshell in open
 

01:36:10.640 --> 01:36:12.710 align:start position:0%
theorists, it was a bombshell in open
court,<01:37:38.480><c> a</c><01:37:38.719><c> line</c><01:37:38.880><c> of</c><01:37:39.040><c> evidence</c><01:37:39.360><c> they</c><01:37:39.520><c> hadn't</c>

01:36:12.710 --> 01:36:12.720 align:start position:0%
court, a line of evidence they hadn't
 

01:36:12.720 --> 01:36:15.110 align:start position:0%
court, a line of evidence they hadn't
anticipated,<01:37:40.960><c> and</c><01:37:41.007><c> [music]</c><01:37:41.280><c> one</c><01:37:41.600><c> they</c><01:37:41.920><c> had</c><01:37:42.080><c> no</c>

01:36:15.110 --> 01:36:15.120 align:start position:0%
anticipated, and [music] one they had no
 

01:36:15.120 --> 01:36:21.989 align:start position:0%
anticipated, and [music] one they had no
ready<01:37:42.719><c> answer</c><01:37:43.040><c> for.</c>

01:36:21.989 --> 01:36:21.999 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:36:21.999 --> 01:36:23.909 align:start position:0%
 
Both<01:37:49.520><c> teams</c><01:37:49.840><c> had</c><01:37:50.000><c> been</c><01:37:50.159><c> using</c><01:37:50.480><c> exploding</c>

01:36:23.909 --> 01:36:23.919 align:start position:0%
Both teams had been using exploding
 

01:36:23.919 --> 01:36:27.029 align:start position:0%
Both teams had been using exploding
stars<01:37:51.920><c> called</c><01:37:52.159><c> type</c><01:37:52.480><c> 1A</c><01:37:52.960><c> supernovi</c><01:37:53.760><c> to</c><01:37:54.000><c> track</c>

01:36:27.029 --> 01:36:27.039 align:start position:0%
stars called type 1A supernovi to track
 

01:36:27.039 --> 01:36:29.830 align:start position:0%
stars called type 1A supernovi to track
the<01:37:54.480><c> expansion</c><01:37:55.040><c> history</c><01:37:55.440><c> of</c><01:37:55.600><c> the</c><01:37:55.920><c> universe.</c>

01:36:29.830 --> 01:36:29.840 align:start position:0%
the expansion history of the universe.
 

01:36:29.840 --> 01:36:32.469 align:start position:0%
the expansion history of the universe.
These<01:37:57.440><c> cosmic</c><01:37:57.920><c> detonations</c><01:37:58.719><c> occur</c><01:37:58.960><c> in</c><01:37:59.199><c> binary</c>

01:36:32.469 --> 01:36:32.479 align:start position:0%
These cosmic detonations occur in binary
 

01:36:32.479 --> 01:36:35.270 align:start position:0%
These cosmic detonations occur in binary
systems<01:38:00.320><c> where</c><01:38:00.560><c> a</c><01:38:00.800><c> dead</c><01:38:01.280><c> dense</c><01:38:01.760><c> white</c><01:38:02.000><c> dwarf</c>

01:36:35.270 --> 01:36:35.280 align:start position:0%
systems where a dead dense white dwarf
 

01:36:35.280 --> 01:36:38.230 align:start position:0%
systems where a dead dense white dwarf
orbits<01:38:02.960><c> alongside</c><01:38:03.440><c> an</c><01:38:03.679><c> ordinary</c><01:38:04.239><c> star.</c><01:38:05.119><c> Over</c>

01:36:38.230 --> 01:36:38.240 align:start position:0%
orbits alongside an ordinary star. Over
 

01:36:38.240 --> 01:36:40.469 align:start position:0%
orbits alongside an ordinary star. Over
time,<01:38:05.840><c> the</c><01:38:06.000><c> white</c><01:38:06.239><c> dwarf's</c><01:38:06.639><c> gravity</c><01:38:07.119><c> siphons</c>

01:36:40.469 --> 01:36:40.479 align:start position:0%
time, the white dwarf's gravity siphons
 

01:36:40.479 --> 01:36:42.630 align:start position:0%
time, the white dwarf's gravity siphons
material<01:38:08.080><c> from</c><01:38:08.320><c> its</c><01:38:08.560><c> companion,</c><01:38:09.360><c> slowly</c>

01:36:42.630 --> 01:36:42.640 align:start position:0%
material from its companion, slowly
 

01:36:42.640 --> 01:36:45.429 align:start position:0%
material from its companion, slowly
growing<01:38:10.239><c> heavier.</c><01:38:11.199><c> But</c><01:38:11.280><c> its</c><01:38:11.520><c> appetite</c><01:38:12.159><c> has</c><01:38:12.400><c> a</c>

01:36:45.429 --> 01:36:45.439 align:start position:0%
growing heavier. But its appetite has a
 

01:36:45.439 --> 01:36:47.989 align:start position:0%
growing heavier. But its appetite has a
hard<01:38:12.880><c> limit.</c><01:38:13.679><c> Once</c><01:38:14.000><c> the</c><01:38:14.080><c> white</c><01:38:14.320><c> dwarf</c><01:38:14.719><c> nears</c><01:38:15.040><c> a</c>

01:36:47.989 --> 01:36:47.999 align:start position:0%
hard limit. Once the white dwarf nears a
 

01:36:47.999 --> 01:36:50.550 align:start position:0%
hard limit. Once the white dwarf nears a
critical<01:38:15.600><c> mass,</c><01:38:16.320><c> about</c><01:38:16.639><c> 1.4</c><01:38:17.040><c> four</c><01:38:17.280><c> times</c><01:38:17.520><c> that</c>

01:36:50.550 --> 01:36:50.560 align:start position:0%
critical mass, about 1.4 four times that
 

01:36:50.560 --> 01:36:52.710 align:start position:0%
critical mass, about 1.4 four times that
of<01:38:17.920><c> the</c><01:38:18.080><c> sun</c><01:38:18.560><c> known</c><01:38:18.800><c> as</c><01:38:18.880><c> the</c><01:38:19.040><c> Chantra</c><01:38:19.520><c> Shakar</c>

01:36:52.710 --> 01:36:52.720 align:start position:0%
of the sun known as the Chantra Shakar
 

01:36:52.720 --> 01:36:56.230 align:start position:0%
of the sun known as the Chantra Shakar
limit.<01:38:20.560><c> It</c><01:38:20.800><c> becomes</c><01:38:21.440><c> unstable.</c><01:38:22.480><c> A</c><01:38:22.800><c> wave</c><01:38:23.119><c> of</c>

01:36:56.230 --> 01:36:56.240 align:start position:0%
limit. It becomes unstable. A wave of
 

01:36:56.240 --> 01:36:58.550 align:start position:0%
limit. It becomes unstable. A wave of
thermonuclear<01:38:24.239><c> reactions</c><01:38:24.800><c> rips</c><01:38:25.199><c> through</c><01:38:25.360><c> it</c>

01:36:58.550 --> 01:36:58.560 align:start position:0%
thermonuclear reactions rips through it
 

01:36:58.560 --> 01:37:01.350 align:start position:0%
thermonuclear reactions rips through it
and<01:38:26.000><c> the</c><01:38:26.239><c> star</c><01:38:26.560><c> is</c><01:38:26.880><c> blown</c><01:38:27.199><c> apart.</c><01:38:28.159><c> But</c><01:38:28.400><c> what</c>

01:37:01.350 --> 01:37:01.360 align:start position:0%
and the star is blown apart. But what
 

01:37:01.360 --> 01:37:04.150 align:start position:0%
and the star is blown apart. But what
makes<01:38:28.880><c> type</c><01:38:29.119><c> 1A</c><01:38:29.600><c> supernovi</c><01:38:30.400><c> so</c><01:38:30.560><c> useful</c><01:38:31.119><c> is</c>

01:37:04.150 --> 01:37:04.160 align:start position:0%
makes type 1A supernovi so useful is
 

01:37:04.160 --> 01:37:06.150 align:start position:0%
makes type 1A supernovi so useful is
that<01:38:31.520><c> they</c><01:38:31.679><c> all</c><01:38:31.920><c> explode</c><01:38:32.400><c> with</c><01:38:32.639><c> roughly</c><01:38:33.040><c> the</c>

01:37:06.150 --> 01:37:06.160 align:start position:0%
that they all explode with roughly the
 

01:37:06.160 --> 01:37:08.949 align:start position:0%
that they all explode with roughly the
same<01:38:33.520><c> amount</c><01:38:33.840><c> of</c><01:38:34.080><c> fuel.</c><01:38:34.960><c> That</c><01:38:35.199><c> means</c><01:38:35.520><c> they</c><01:38:35.840><c> all</c>

01:37:08.949 --> 01:37:08.959 align:start position:0%
same amount of fuel. That means they all
 

01:37:08.959 --> 01:37:11.429 align:start position:0%
same amount of fuel. That means they all
shine<01:38:36.719><c> with</c><01:38:36.960><c> roughly</c><01:38:37.360><c> the</c><01:38:37.600><c> same</c><01:38:37.840><c> intrinsic</c>

01:37:11.429 --> 01:37:11.439 align:start position:0%
shine with roughly the same intrinsic
 

01:37:11.439 --> 01:37:13.670 align:start position:0%
shine with roughly the same intrinsic
brightness.<01:38:39.760><c> Astronomers</c><01:38:40.400><c> call</c><01:38:40.560><c> them</c>

01:37:13.670 --> 01:37:13.680 align:start position:0%
brightness. Astronomers call them
 

01:37:13.680 --> 01:37:15.590 align:start position:0%
brightness. Astronomers call them
standard<01:38:41.268><c> [music]</c><01:38:41.440><c> candles.</c><01:38:42.320><c> And</c><01:38:42.560><c> by</c>

01:37:15.590 --> 01:37:15.600 align:start position:0%
standard [music] candles. And by
 

01:37:15.600 --> 01:37:17.670 align:start position:0%
standard [music] candles. And by
comparing<01:38:43.119><c> how</c><01:38:43.360><c> bright</c><01:38:43.600><c> they</c><01:38:43.840><c> appear</c><01:38:44.400><c> to</c><01:38:44.639><c> how</c>

01:37:17.670 --> 01:37:17.680 align:start position:0%
comparing how bright they appear to how
 

01:37:17.680 --> 01:37:19.509 align:start position:0%
comparing how bright they appear to how
bright<01:38:45.119><c> they</c><01:38:45.440><c> should</c><01:38:45.679><c> be,</c><01:38:46.239><c> they</c><01:38:46.480><c> can</c>

01:37:19.509 --> 01:37:19.519 align:start position:0%
bright they should be, they can
 

01:37:19.519 --> 01:37:22.469 align:start position:0%
bright they should be, they can
determine<01:38:47.199><c> their</c><01:38:47.600><c> distance.</c><01:38:48.639><c> The</c><01:38:48.880><c> dimst</c><01:38:49.520><c> are</c>

01:37:22.469 --> 01:37:22.479 align:start position:0%
determine their distance. The dimst are
 

01:37:22.479 --> 01:37:27.270 align:start position:0%
determine their distance. The dimst are
the<01:38:49.840><c> furthest</c><01:38:50.320><c> away.</c>

01:37:27.270 --> 01:37:27.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:37:27.280 --> 01:37:30.630 align:start position:0%
 
Except<01:38:55.440><c> the</c><01:38:55.679><c> two</c><01:38:56.000><c> rival</c><01:38:56.480><c> teams,</c><01:38:57.119><c> Pelmutter's</c>

01:37:30.630 --> 01:37:30.640 align:start position:0%
Except the two rival teams, Pelmutter's
 

01:37:30.640 --> 01:37:33.270 align:start position:0%
Except the two rival teams, Pelmutter's
supernova<01:38:58.400><c> cosmology</c><01:38:59.040><c> project</c><01:38:59.520><c> and</c><01:38:59.760><c> the</c><01:38:59.920><c> high</c>

01:37:33.270 --> 01:37:33.280 align:start position:0%
supernova cosmology project and the high
 

01:37:33.280 --> 01:37:35.590 align:start position:0%
supernova cosmology project and the high
supernova<01:39:01.119><c> search</c><01:39:01.440><c> team</c><01:39:02.080><c> both</c><01:39:02.400><c> found</c>

01:37:35.590 --> 01:37:35.600 align:start position:0%
supernova search team both found
 

01:37:35.600 --> 01:37:38.390 align:start position:0%
supernova search team both found
something<01:39:03.360><c> deeply</c><01:39:03.840><c> unexpected.</c>

01:37:38.390 --> 01:37:38.400 align:start position:0%
something deeply unexpected.
 

01:37:38.400 --> 01:37:43.110 align:start position:0%
something deeply unexpected.
The<01:39:05.840><c> distant</c><01:39:06.239><c> supernovi</c><01:39:07.440><c> were</c><01:39:07.760><c> too</c><01:39:08.080><c> dim.</c>

01:37:43.110 --> 01:37:43.120 align:start position:0%
The distant supernovi were too dim.
 

01:37:43.120 --> 01:37:45.429 align:start position:0%
The distant supernovi were too dim.
not<01:39:10.560><c> just</c><01:39:10.800><c> farther</c><01:39:11.280><c> than</c><01:39:11.520><c> expected,</c><01:39:12.159><c> but</c><01:39:12.400><c> as</c>

01:37:45.429 --> 01:37:45.439 align:start position:0%
not just farther than expected, but as
 

01:37:45.439 --> 01:37:47.509 align:start position:0%
not just farther than expected, but as
if<01:39:12.960><c> space</c><01:39:13.280><c> had</c><01:39:13.520><c> expanded</c><01:39:14.159><c> more</c><01:39:14.320><c> than</c><01:39:14.560><c> it</c>

01:37:47.509 --> 01:37:47.519 align:start position:0%
if space had expanded more than it
 

01:37:47.519 --> 01:37:49.270 align:start position:0%
if space had expanded more than it
should<01:39:14.960><c> have</c><01:39:15.280><c> since</c><01:39:15.520><c> the</c><01:39:15.760><c> light</c><01:39:16.000><c> began</c><01:39:16.239><c> its</c>

01:37:49.270 --> 01:37:49.280 align:start position:0%
should have since the light began its
 

01:37:49.280 --> 01:37:51.429 align:start position:0%
should have since the light began its
journey<01:39:16.800><c> towards</c><01:39:17.280><c> us.</c><01:39:18.080><c> And</c><01:39:18.239><c> the</c><01:39:18.400><c> only</c>

01:37:51.429 --> 01:37:51.439 align:start position:0%
journey towards us. And the only
 

01:37:51.439 --> 01:37:54.310 align:start position:0%
journey towards us. And the only
explanation<01:39:19.679><c> was</c><01:39:20.080><c> shocking.</c><01:39:20.880><c> The</c><01:39:21.119><c> expansion</c>

01:37:54.310 --> 01:37:54.320 align:start position:0%
explanation was shocking. The expansion
 

01:37:54.320 --> 01:37:57.509 align:start position:0%
explanation was shocking. The expansion
of<01:39:21.679><c> the</c><01:39:21.920><c> universe</c><01:39:22.400><c> wasn't</c><01:39:22.800><c> slowing</c><01:39:23.280><c> down.</c><01:39:24.480><c> It</c>

01:37:57.509 --> 01:37:57.519 align:start position:0%
of the universe wasn't slowing down. It
 

01:37:57.519 --> 01:38:00.790 align:start position:0%
of the universe wasn't slowing down. It
was<01:39:24.880><c> speeding</c><01:39:25.360><c> up.</c><01:39:26.639><c> Even</c><01:39:26.960><c> today,</c><01:39:27.440><c> astronomers</c>

01:38:00.790 --> 01:38:00.800 align:start position:0%
was speeding up. Even today, astronomers
 

01:38:00.800 --> 01:38:02.790 align:start position:0%
was speeding up. Even today, astronomers
have<01:39:28.159><c> no</c><01:39:28.400><c> definitive</c><01:39:28.880><c> answer</c><01:39:29.199><c> as</c><01:39:29.360><c> to</c><01:39:29.600><c> why</c><01:39:29.760><c> this</c>

01:38:02.790 --> 01:38:02.800 align:start position:0%
have no definitive answer as to why this
 

01:38:02.800 --> 01:38:05.029 align:start position:0%
have no definitive answer as to why this
is<01:39:30.159><c> happening.</c><01:39:30.800><c> The</c><01:39:31.040><c> accelerating</c><01:39:31.679><c> expansion</c>

01:38:05.029 --> 01:38:05.039 align:start position:0%
is happening. The accelerating expansion
 

01:38:05.039 --> 01:38:06.949 align:start position:0%
is happening. The accelerating expansion
is<01:39:32.480><c> usually</c><01:39:32.800><c> put</c><01:39:32.960><c> down</c><01:39:33.199><c> to</c><01:39:33.360><c> something</c><01:39:33.760><c> called</c>

01:38:06.949 --> 01:38:06.959 align:start position:0%
is usually put down to something called
 

01:38:06.959 --> 01:38:09.509 align:start position:0%
is usually put down to something called
dark<01:39:34.639><c> energy,</c><01:39:35.280><c> a</c><01:39:35.520><c> shadowy</c><01:39:36.000><c> entity</c><01:39:36.400><c> whose</c>

01:38:09.509 --> 01:38:09.519 align:start position:0%
dark energy, a shadowy entity whose
 

01:38:09.519 --> 01:38:12.469 align:start position:0%
dark energy, a shadowy entity whose
potency<01:39:37.280><c> only</c><01:39:37.600><c> grows</c><01:39:37.920><c> as</c><01:39:38.159><c> the</c><01:39:38.400><c> universe</c><01:39:38.800><c> ages.</c>

01:38:12.469 --> 01:38:12.479 align:start position:0%
potency only grows as the universe ages.
 

01:38:12.479 --> 01:38:14.630 align:start position:0%
potency only grows as the universe ages.
What<01:39:39.920><c> dark</c><01:39:40.159><c> energy</c><01:39:40.560><c> actually</c><01:39:40.800><c> is,</c><01:39:41.119><c> however,</c>

01:38:14.630 --> 01:38:14.640 align:start position:0%
What dark energy actually is, however,
 

01:38:14.640 --> 01:38:18.630 align:start position:0%
What dark energy actually is, however,
remains,<01:39:42.800><c> well,</c><01:39:43.679><c> dark.</c><01:39:44.880><c> But</c><01:39:45.040><c> what</c><01:39:45.199><c> we</c><01:39:45.360><c> do</c><01:39:45.520><c> know</c>

01:38:18.630 --> 01:38:18.640 align:start position:0%
remains, well, dark. But what we do know
 

01:38:18.640 --> 01:38:20.469 align:start position:0%
remains, well, dark. But what we do know
is<01:39:46.080><c> that</c><01:39:46.239><c> dark</c><01:39:46.560><c> energy</c><01:39:46.960><c> implies</c><01:39:47.360><c> something</c>

01:38:20.469 --> 01:38:20.479 align:start position:0%
is that dark energy implies something
 

01:38:20.479 --> 01:38:23.350 align:start position:0%
is that dark energy implies something
about<01:39:47.920><c> a</c><01:39:48.159><c> term</c><01:39:48.400><c> in</c><01:39:48.719><c> Einstein's</c><01:39:49.520><c> equations,</c>

01:38:23.350 --> 01:38:23.360 align:start position:0%
about a term in Einstein's equations,
 

01:38:23.360 --> 01:38:24.710 align:start position:0%
about a term in Einstein's equations,
the<01:39:50.880><c> cosmological</c><01:39:51.354><c> [music]</c>

01:38:24.710 --> 01:38:24.720 align:start position:0%
the cosmological [music]
 

01:38:24.720 --> 01:38:27.270 align:start position:0%
the cosmological [music]
constant,<01:39:52.880><c> usually</c><01:39:53.280><c> denoted</c><01:39:53.760><c> by</c><01:39:53.920><c> the</c><01:39:54.159><c> Greek</c>

01:38:27.270 --> 01:38:27.280 align:start position:0%
constant, usually denoted by the Greek
 

01:38:27.280 --> 01:38:29.590 align:start position:0%
constant, usually denoted by the Greek
letter<01:39:54.800><c> lambda.</c><01:39:55.760><c> Einstein</c><01:39:56.320><c> originally</c>

01:38:29.590 --> 01:38:29.600 align:start position:0%
letter lambda. Einstein originally
 

01:38:29.600 --> 01:38:31.670 align:start position:0%
letter lambda. Einstein originally
introduced<01:39:57.199><c> it</c><01:39:57.440><c> as</c><01:39:57.600><c> a</c><01:39:57.760><c> mathematical</c><01:39:58.400><c> fix</c><01:39:58.719><c> to</c>

01:38:31.670 --> 01:38:31.680 align:start position:0%
introduced it as a mathematical fix to
 

01:38:31.680 --> 01:38:34.070 align:start position:0%
introduced it as a mathematical fix to
hold<01:39:59.119><c> the</c><01:39:59.360><c> universe</c><01:39:59.920><c> still.</c><01:40:00.639><c> And</c><01:40:00.800><c> when</c><01:40:00.960><c> Edwin</c>

01:38:34.070 --> 01:38:34.080 align:start position:0%
hold the universe still. And when Edwin
 

01:38:34.080 --> 01:38:35.509 align:start position:0%
hold the universe still. And when Edwin
Hubble<01:40:01.679><c> discovered</c><01:40:02.000><c> the</c><01:40:02.159><c> universe</c><01:40:02.480><c> was</c>

01:38:35.509 --> 01:38:35.519 align:start position:0%
Hubble discovered the universe was
 

01:38:35.519 --> 01:38:37.270 align:start position:0%
Hubble discovered the universe was
actually<01:40:02.960><c> expanding,</c><01:40:03.799><c> [music]</c><01:40:03.840><c> Einstein</c>

01:38:37.270 --> 01:38:37.280 align:start position:0%
actually expanding, [music] Einstein
 

01:38:37.280 --> 01:38:40.230 align:start position:0%
actually expanding, [music] Einstein
realized<01:40:04.960><c> his</c><01:40:05.360><c> error.</c><01:40:06.080><c> But</c><01:40:06.239><c> lambda</c><01:40:06.880><c> wasn't</c><01:40:07.199><c> a</c>

01:38:40.230 --> 01:38:40.240 align:start position:0%
realized his error. But lambda wasn't a
 

01:38:40.240 --> 01:38:42.710 align:start position:0%
realized his error. But lambda wasn't a
mistake<01:40:07.920><c> after</c><01:40:08.239><c> all.</c><01:40:09.040><c> Today,</c><01:40:09.360><c> it's</c><01:40:09.679><c> clear</c>

01:38:42.710 --> 01:38:42.720 align:start position:0%
mistake after all. Today, it's clear
 

01:38:42.720 --> 01:38:45.029 align:start position:0%
mistake after all. Today, it's clear
that<01:40:10.159><c> the</c><01:40:10.320><c> cosmological</c><01:40:11.199><c> constant,</c><01:40:12.000><c> the</c>

01:38:45.029 --> 01:38:45.039 align:start position:0%
that the cosmological constant, the
 

01:38:45.039 --> 01:38:46.790 align:start position:0%
that the cosmological constant, the
amount<01:40:12.400><c> of</c><01:40:12.560><c> energy</c><01:40:12.880><c> that</c><01:40:13.199><c> occupies</c><01:40:13.600><c> all</c><01:40:13.840><c> of</c>

01:38:46.790 --> 01:38:46.800 align:start position:0%
amount of energy that occupies all of
 

01:38:46.800 --> 01:38:49.270 align:start position:0%
amount of energy that occupies all of
empty<01:40:14.400><c> space</c><01:40:15.119><c> or</c><01:40:15.520><c> something</c><01:40:15.840><c> acting</c><01:40:16.239><c> like</c>

01:38:49.270 --> 01:38:49.280 align:start position:0%
empty space or something acting like
 

01:38:49.280 --> 01:38:51.590 align:start position:0%
empty space or something acting like
that<01:40:17.040><c> is</c><01:40:17.440><c> real</c><01:40:17.554><c> [music]</c><01:40:18.000><c> and</c><01:40:18.239><c> it's</c><01:40:18.480><c> driving</c>

01:38:51.590 --> 01:38:51.600 align:start position:0%
that is real [music] and it's driving
 

01:38:51.600 --> 01:38:53.909 align:start position:0%
that is real [music] and it's driving
the<01:40:19.040><c> acceleration.</c><01:40:20.239><c> And</c><01:40:20.480><c> more</c><01:40:20.719><c> than</c><01:40:20.880><c> just</c>

01:38:53.909 --> 01:38:53.919 align:start position:0%
the acceleration. And more than just
 

01:38:53.919 --> 01:38:56.630 align:start position:0%
the acceleration. And more than just
setting<01:40:21.520><c> space's</c><01:40:22.080><c> expansion</c><01:40:22.560><c> rate,</c><01:40:23.280><c> lambda</c>

01:38:56.630 --> 01:38:56.640 align:start position:0%
setting space's expansion rate, lambda
 

01:38:56.640 --> 01:38:59.350 align:start position:0%
setting space's expansion rate, lambda
also<01:40:24.159><c> affects</c><01:40:24.639><c> its</c><01:40:24.960><c> geometry.</c><01:40:26.080><c> If</c><01:40:26.320><c> this</c>

01:38:59.350 --> 01:38:59.360 align:start position:0%
also affects its geometry. If this
 

01:38:59.360 --> 01:39:01.909 align:start position:0%
also affects its geometry. If this
energy<01:40:26.880><c> is</c><01:40:27.199><c> negative,</c><01:40:28.000><c> the</c><01:40:28.239><c> universe</c><01:40:28.800><c> has</c>

01:39:01.909 --> 01:39:01.919 align:start position:0%
energy is negative, the universe has
 

01:39:01.919 --> 01:39:03.989 align:start position:0%
energy is negative, the universe has
negative<01:40:29.679><c> curvature.</c><01:40:30.639><c> And</c><01:40:30.800><c> if</c><01:40:30.960><c> it's</c>

01:39:03.989 --> 01:39:03.999 align:start position:0%
negative curvature. And if it's
 

01:39:03.999 --> 01:39:06.150 align:start position:0%
negative curvature. And if it's
positive,<01:40:31.760><c> as</c><01:40:31.920><c> the</c><01:40:32.080><c> supernovi</c><01:40:32.719><c> data</c><01:40:32.960><c> seem</c><01:40:33.199><c> to</c>

01:39:06.150 --> 01:39:06.160 align:start position:0%
positive, as the supernovi data seem to
 

01:39:06.160 --> 01:39:08.870 align:start position:0%
positive, as the supernovi data seem to
suggest,<01:40:34.239><c> the</c><01:40:34.480><c> universe</c><01:40:35.199><c> has</c><01:40:35.520><c> positive</c>

01:39:08.870 --> 01:39:08.880 align:start position:0%
suggest, the universe has positive
 

01:39:08.880 --> 01:39:10.790 align:start position:0%
suggest, the universe has positive
curvature.

01:39:10.790 --> 01:39:10.800 align:start position:0%
curvature.
 

01:39:10.800 --> 01:39:14.870 align:start position:0%
curvature.
And<01:40:38.320><c> this</c><01:40:39.040><c> was</c><01:40:39.600><c> and</c><01:40:40.000><c> is</c><01:40:40.639><c> a</c><01:40:40.960><c> big</c><01:40:41.199><c> problem</c><01:40:41.760><c> for</c>

01:39:14.870 --> 01:39:14.880 align:start position:0%
And this was and is a big problem for
 

01:39:14.880 --> 01:39:19.429 align:start position:0%
And this was and is a big problem for
string<01:40:42.400><c> theory.</c>

01:39:19.429 --> 01:39:19.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:39:19.439 --> 01:39:22.150 align:start position:0%
 
We've<01:40:47.040><c> seen</c><01:40:47.360><c> negative</c><01:40:47.840><c> curvature</c><01:40:48.400><c> before.</c>

01:39:22.150 --> 01:39:22.160 align:start position:0%
We've seen negative curvature before.
 

01:39:22.160 --> 01:39:24.790 align:start position:0%
We've seen negative curvature before.
When<01:40:49.600><c> Pchrinsky</c><01:40:50.400><c> stacked</c><01:40:50.800><c> D3</c><01:40:51.280><c> brains</c><01:40:51.679><c> in</c><01:40:51.840><c> our</c>

01:39:24.790 --> 01:39:24.800 align:start position:0%
When Pchrinsky stacked D3 brains in our
 

01:39:24.800 --> 01:39:26.949 align:start position:0%
When Pchrinsky stacked D3 brains in our
holographic<01:40:52.560><c> library,</c><01:40:53.199><c> the</c><01:40:53.440><c> mass</c><01:40:53.679><c> and</c><01:40:53.920><c> charge</c>

01:39:26.949 --> 01:39:26.959 align:start position:0%
holographic library, the mass and charge
 

01:39:26.959 --> 01:39:29.509 align:start position:0%
holographic library, the mass and charge
of<01:40:54.320><c> the</c><01:40:54.480><c> brains</c><01:40:54.800><c> warped</c><01:40:55.280><c> the</c><01:40:55.520><c> space,</c><01:40:56.239><c> curving</c>

01:39:29.509 --> 01:39:29.519 align:start position:0%
of the brains warped the space, curving
 

01:39:29.519 --> 01:39:32.070 align:start position:0%
of the brains warped the space, curving
the<01:40:56.960><c> library</c><01:40:57.440><c> walls</c><01:40:57.840><c> inwards.</c><01:40:58.960><c> Indeed,</c>

01:39:32.070 --> 01:39:32.080 align:start position:0%
the library walls inwards. Indeed,
 

01:39:32.080 --> 01:39:36.070 align:start position:0%
the library walls inwards. Indeed,
that's<01:40:59.679><c> antida</c><01:41:00.880><c> ads</c><01:41:01.600><c> geometry</c><01:41:02.400><c> with</c><01:41:02.800><c> negative</c>

01:39:36.070 --> 01:39:36.080 align:start position:0%
that's antida ads geometry with negative
 

01:39:36.080 --> 01:39:38.630 align:start position:0%
that's antida ads geometry with negative
curvature.<01:41:04.239><c> But</c><01:41:04.560><c> now</c><01:41:04.880><c> a</c><01:41:05.199><c> fundamental</c>

01:39:38.630 --> 01:39:38.640 align:start position:0%
curvature. But now a fundamental
 

01:39:38.640 --> 01:39:40.550 align:start position:0%
curvature. But now a fundamental
cosmological<01:41:06.639><c> measurement</c><01:41:07.119><c> was</c><01:41:07.360><c> telling</c><01:41:07.600><c> us</c>

01:39:40.550 --> 01:39:40.560 align:start position:0%
cosmological measurement was telling us
 

01:39:40.560 --> 01:39:43.029 align:start position:0%
cosmological measurement was telling us
that<01:41:07.920><c> the</c><01:41:08.159><c> real</c><01:41:08.480><c> universe</c><01:41:09.280><c> curves</c><01:41:09.679><c> the</c><01:41:09.920><c> other</c>

01:39:43.029 --> 01:39:43.039 align:start position:0%
that the real universe curves the other
 

01:39:43.039 --> 01:39:46.710 align:start position:0%
that the real universe curves the other
way.<01:41:10.960><c> The</c><01:41:11.199><c> walls</c><01:41:11.600><c> don't</c><01:41:11.840><c> cave</c><01:41:12.159><c> in,</c><01:41:13.119><c> they</c><01:41:13.360><c> bulge</c>

01:39:46.710 --> 01:39:46.720 align:start position:0%
way. The walls don't cave in, they bulge
 

01:39:46.720 --> 01:39:49.830 align:start position:0%
way. The walls don't cave in, they bulge
outwards.<01:41:15.280><c> In</c><01:41:15.520><c> geometric</c><01:41:16.159><c> terms,</c><01:41:16.639><c> we</c><01:41:16.880><c> didn't</c>

01:39:49.830 --> 01:39:49.840 align:start position:0%
outwards. In geometric terms, we didn't
 

01:39:49.840 --> 01:39:51.270 align:start position:0%
outwards. In geometric terms, we didn't
live<01:41:17.199><c> in</c><01:41:17.360><c> an</c><01:41:17.520><c> anti-deitter</c><01:41:17.815><c> [music]</c>

01:39:51.270 --> 01:39:51.280 align:start position:0%
live in an anti-deitter [music]
 

01:39:51.280 --> 01:39:53.509 align:start position:0%
live in an anti-deitter [music]
space<01:41:18.719><c> with</c><01:41:18.960><c> negative</c><01:41:19.360><c> curvature,</c><01:41:20.159><c> but</c><01:41:20.400><c> in</c><01:41:20.480><c> a</c>

01:39:53.509 --> 01:39:53.519 align:start position:0%
space with negative curvature, but in a
 

01:39:53.519 --> 01:39:55.429 align:start position:0%
space with negative curvature, but in a
desitter-like<01:41:21.520><c> universe</c><01:41:22.239><c> where</c><01:41:22.480><c> the</c>

01:39:55.429 --> 01:39:55.439 align:start position:0%
desitter-like universe where the
 

01:39:55.439 --> 01:39:57.989 align:start position:0%
desitter-like universe where the
curvature<01:41:23.119><c> is</c><01:41:23.280><c> positive</c><01:41:23.920><c> and</c><01:41:24.159><c> the</c><01:41:24.400><c> expansion</c>

01:39:57.989 --> 01:39:57.999 align:start position:0%
curvature is positive and the expansion
 

01:39:57.999 --> 01:40:00.469 align:start position:0%
curvature is positive and the expansion
accelerates<01:41:25.760><c> indefinitely.</c><01:41:27.040><c> And</c><01:41:27.280><c> that's</c><01:41:27.520><c> not</c>

01:40:00.469 --> 01:40:00.479 align:start position:0%
accelerates indefinitely. And that's not
 

01:40:00.479 --> 01:40:02.870 align:start position:0%
accelerates indefinitely. And that's not
merely<01:41:28.000><c> a</c><01:41:28.159><c> mismatch.</c><01:41:29.119><c> It</c><01:41:29.360><c> strikes</c><01:41:29.679><c> at</c><01:41:29.920><c> the</c>

01:40:02.870 --> 01:40:02.880 align:start position:0%
merely a mismatch. It strikes at the
 

01:40:02.880 --> 01:40:04.710 align:start position:0%
merely a mismatch. It strikes at the
heart<01:41:30.320><c> of</c><01:41:30.480><c> the</c><01:41:30.639><c> most</c><01:41:30.800><c> mathematically</c><01:41:31.520><c> mature</c>

01:40:04.710 --> 01:40:04.720 align:start position:0%
heart of the most mathematically mature
 

01:40:04.720 --> 01:40:08.230 align:start position:0%
heart of the most mathematically mature
part<01:41:32.080><c> of</c><01:41:32.320><c> M</c><01:41:32.560><c> theory.</c><01:41:33.360><c> ADSC</c><01:41:34.719><c> for</c><01:41:34.960><c> all</c><01:41:35.119><c> its</c>

01:40:08.230 --> 01:40:08.240 align:start position:0%
part of M theory. ADSC for all its
 

01:40:08.240 --> 01:40:09.989 align:start position:0%
part of M theory. ADSC for all its
evidence<01:41:36.000><c> turned</c><01:41:36.239><c> out</c><01:41:36.400><c> to</c><01:41:36.560><c> be</c><01:41:36.639><c> built</c><01:41:36.880><c> on</c><01:41:37.040><c> a</c>

01:40:09.989 --> 01:40:09.999 align:start position:0%
evidence turned out to be built on a
 

01:40:09.999 --> 01:40:12.310 align:start position:0%
evidence turned out to be built on a
geometry<01:41:37.760><c> that</c><01:41:38.080><c> clearly</c><01:41:38.560><c> clashes</c><01:41:39.199><c> with</c>

01:40:12.310 --> 01:40:12.320 align:start position:0%
geometry that clearly clashes with
 

01:40:12.320 --> 01:40:18.230 align:start position:0%
geometry that clearly clashes with
astronomical<01:41:40.159><c> observations.</c>

01:40:18.230 --> 01:40:18.240 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:40:18.240 --> 01:40:21.270 align:start position:0%
 
Speaking<01:41:45.760><c> in</c><01:41:46.080><c> 2001,</c><01:41:47.040><c> Ed</c><01:41:47.280><c> Witten</c><01:41:47.760><c> said,</c><01:41:48.159><c> "I</c>

01:40:21.270 --> 01:40:21.280 align:start position:0%
Speaking in 2001, Ed Witten said, "I
 

01:40:21.280 --> 01:40:23.029 align:start position:0%
Speaking in 2001, Ed Witten said, "I
don't<01:41:48.639><c> know</c><01:41:48.719><c> of</c><01:41:48.960><c> any</c><01:41:49.199><c> clear</c><01:41:49.520><c> way</c><01:41:49.760><c> to</c><01:41:49.920><c> get</c><01:41:50.080><c> to</c>

01:40:23.029 --> 01:40:23.039 align:start position:0%
don't know of any clear way to get to
 

01:40:23.039 --> 01:40:25.750 align:start position:0%
don't know of any clear way to get to
sitter<01:41:50.639><c> space</c><01:41:51.199><c> from</c><01:41:51.440><c> string</c><01:41:51.840><c> theory</c><01:41:52.320><c> or</c><01:41:52.639><c> M</c>

01:40:25.750 --> 01:40:25.760 align:start position:0%
sitter space from string theory or M
 

01:40:25.760 --> 01:40:28.390 align:start position:0%
sitter space from string theory or M
theory."

01:40:28.390 --> 01:40:28.400 align:start position:0%
theory."
 

01:40:28.400 --> 01:40:30.550 align:start position:0%
theory."
This<01:41:55.840><c> was</c><01:41:56.000><c> a</c><01:41:56.239><c> damning</c><01:41:56.639><c> admission</c><01:41:57.119><c> from</c><01:41:57.440><c> String</c>

01:40:30.550 --> 01:40:30.560 align:start position:0%
This was a damning admission from String
 

01:40:30.560 --> 01:40:32.790 align:start position:0%
This was a damning admission from String
Theory's<01:41:58.239><c> biggest</c><01:41:58.560><c> star</c><01:41:58.880><c> witness.</c><01:41:59.760><c> The</c>

01:40:32.790 --> 01:40:32.800 align:start position:0%
Theory's biggest star witness. The
 

01:40:32.800 --> 01:40:34.870 align:start position:0%
Theory's biggest star witness. The
defense<01:42:00.390><c> [music]</c><01:42:00.480><c> was</c><01:42:00.800><c> once</c><01:42:01.040><c> again</c><01:42:01.679><c> on</c><01:42:01.920><c> the</c>

01:40:34.870 --> 01:40:34.880 align:start position:0%
defense [music] was once again on the
 

01:40:34.880 --> 01:40:37.670 align:start position:0%
defense [music] was once again on the
ropes.<01:42:03.199><c> With</c><01:42:03.440><c> no</c><01:42:03.679><c> explanation</c><01:42:04.239><c> for</c><01:42:04.480><c> dark</c>

01:40:37.670 --> 01:40:37.680 align:start position:0%
ropes. With no explanation for dark
 

01:40:37.680 --> 01:40:40.790 align:start position:0%
ropes. With no explanation for dark
energy,<01:42:05.520><c> the</c><01:42:05.760><c> prosecution</c><01:42:06.639><c> smelt</c><01:42:07.119><c> blood.</c><01:42:07.840><c> And</c>

01:40:40.790 --> 01:40:40.800 align:start position:0%
energy, the prosecution smelt blood. And
 

01:40:40.800 --> 01:40:42.630 align:start position:0%
energy, the prosecution smelt blood. And
though<01:42:08.239><c> what</c><01:42:08.480><c> followed</c><01:42:08.880><c> wasn't</c><01:42:09.199><c> a</c><01:42:09.360><c> knockout</c>

01:40:42.630 --> 01:40:42.640 align:start position:0%
though what followed wasn't a knockout
 

01:40:42.640 --> 01:40:45.110 align:start position:0%
though what followed wasn't a knockout
blow,<01:42:10.560><c> it</c><01:42:10.800><c> might</c><01:42:11.040><c> be</c><01:42:11.199><c> the</c><01:42:11.440><c> defense's</c><01:42:12.000><c> last</c>

01:40:45.110 --> 01:40:45.120 align:start position:0%
blow, it might be the defense's last
 

01:40:45.120 --> 01:40:47.750 align:start position:0%
blow, it might be the defense's last
chance<01:42:12.880><c> to</c><01:42:13.119><c> stay</c><01:42:13.360><c> on</c><01:42:13.490><c> [music]</c><01:42:13.520><c> its</c><01:42:13.760><c> feet.</c>

01:40:47.750 --> 01:40:47.760 align:start position:0%
chance to stay on [music] its feet.
 

01:40:47.760 --> 01:40:49.830 align:start position:0%
chance to stay on [music] its feet.
Desperate,<01:42:15.679><c> the</c><01:42:15.920><c> defense</c><01:42:16.320><c> team</c><01:42:16.719><c> called</c>

01:40:49.830 --> 01:40:49.840 align:start position:0%
Desperate, the defense team called
 

01:40:49.840 --> 01:40:56.550 align:start position:0%
Desperate, the defense team called
Renata<01:42:17.600><c> Kosh</c><01:42:18.400><c> to</c><01:42:18.639><c> the</c><01:42:18.800><c> stand.</c>

01:40:56.550 --> 01:40:56.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:40:56.560 --> 01:40:59.830 align:start position:0%
 
Kosh<01:42:24.320><c> was</c><01:42:24.480><c> born</c><01:42:24.719><c> in</c><01:42:24.960><c> 1943</c><01:42:26.159><c> in</c><01:42:26.400><c> the</c><01:42:26.560><c> culturally</c>

01:40:59.830 --> 01:40:59.840 align:start position:0%
Kosh was born in 1943 in the culturally
 

01:40:59.840 --> 01:41:02.630 align:start position:0%
Kosh was born in 1943 in the culturally
rich<01:42:27.280><c> city</c><01:42:27.520><c> of</c><01:42:27.679><c> Chinzi,</c><01:42:28.560><c> now</c><01:42:28.800><c> part</c><01:42:29.040><c> of</c><01:42:29.199><c> Ukraine</c>

01:41:02.630 --> 01:41:02.640 align:start position:0%
rich city of Chinzi, now part of Ukraine
 

01:41:02.640 --> 01:41:05.670 align:start position:0%
rich city of Chinzi, now part of Ukraine
amid<01:42:30.159><c> the</c><01:42:30.320><c> upheaval</c><01:42:30.800><c> of</c><01:42:31.040><c> World</c><01:42:31.280><c> War</c><01:42:31.440><c> II.</c><01:42:32.639><c> She</c>

01:41:05.670 --> 01:41:05.680 align:start position:0%
amid the upheaval of World War II. She
 

01:41:05.680 --> 01:41:07.989 align:start position:0%
amid the upheaval of World War II. She
came<01:42:33.040><c> of</c><01:42:33.199><c> age</c><01:42:33.520><c> during</c><01:42:33.760><c> the</c><01:42:33.920><c> Kruev</c><01:42:34.480><c> Thor,</c><01:42:34.960><c> a</c>

01:41:07.989 --> 01:41:07.999 align:start position:0%
came of age during the Kruev Thor, a
 

01:41:07.999 --> 01:41:10.230 align:start position:0%
came of age during the Kruev Thor, a
period<01:42:35.440><c> of</c><01:42:35.600><c> relative</c><01:42:36.000><c> openness</c><01:42:36.560><c> and</c><01:42:36.800><c> reform</c>

01:41:10.230 --> 01:41:10.240 align:start position:0%
period of relative openness and reform
 

01:41:10.240 --> 01:41:12.790 align:start position:0%
period of relative openness and reform
following<01:42:37.840><c> Stalin's</c><01:42:38.560><c> death.</c><01:42:39.520><c> Against</c><01:42:39.840><c> this</c>

01:41:12.790 --> 01:41:12.800 align:start position:0%
following Stalin's death. Against this
 

01:41:12.800 --> 01:41:15.110 align:start position:0%
following Stalin's death. Against this
backdrop,<01:42:40.560><c> Kosh</c><01:42:41.040><c> moved</c><01:42:41.199><c> to</c><01:42:41.360><c> Moscow</c><01:42:41.760><c> to</c><01:42:42.000><c> study</c>

01:41:15.110 --> 01:41:15.120 align:start position:0%
backdrop, Kosh moved to Moscow to study
 

01:41:15.120 --> 01:41:18.070 align:start position:0%
backdrop, Kosh moved to Moscow to study
physics<01:42:43.119><c> and</c><01:42:43.360><c> by</c><01:42:43.600><c> 1968,</c><01:42:44.560><c> she'd</c><01:42:44.880><c> earned</c><01:42:45.119><c> her</c>

01:41:18.070 --> 01:41:18.080 align:start position:0%
physics and by 1968, she'd earned her
 

01:41:18.080 --> 01:41:20.630 align:start position:0%
physics and by 1968, she'd earned her
PhD<01:42:45.840><c> from</c><01:42:46.000><c> the</c><01:42:46.159><c> capital's</c><01:42:46.639><c> prestigious</c><01:42:47.199><c> Lebed</c>

01:41:20.630 --> 01:41:20.640 align:start position:0%
PhD from the capital's prestigious Lebed
 

01:41:20.640 --> 01:41:23.110 align:start position:0%
PhD from the capital's prestigious Lebed
Physical<01:42:48.159><c> Institute.</c><01:42:49.119><c> She</c><01:42:49.360><c> would</c><01:42:49.520><c> also</c><01:42:50.000><c> find</c>

01:41:23.110 --> 01:41:23.120 align:start position:0%
Physical Institute. She would also find
 

01:41:23.120 --> 01:41:25.590 align:start position:0%
Physical Institute. She would also find
love<01:42:50.639><c> there.</c><01:42:51.360><c> Seminars</c><01:42:51.840><c> on</c><01:42:52.080><c> cosmological</c>

01:41:25.590 --> 01:41:25.600 align:start position:0%
love there. Seminars on cosmological
 

01:41:25.600 --> 01:41:27.590 align:start position:0%
love there. Seminars on cosmological
phase<01:42:53.119><c> transitions</c><01:42:53.760><c> are</c><01:42:54.000><c> typically</c><01:42:54.400><c> known</c><01:42:54.639><c> as</c>

01:41:27.590 --> 01:41:27.600 align:start position:0%
phase transitions are typically known as
 

01:41:27.600 --> 01:41:29.350 align:start position:0%
phase transitions are typically known as
hot<01:42:55.040><c> beds</c><01:42:55.280><c> of</c><01:42:55.440><c> romance.</c><01:42:56.066><c> [music]</c><01:42:56.159><c> But</c><01:42:56.320><c> it</c><01:42:56.480><c> was</c>

01:41:29.350 --> 01:41:29.360 align:start position:0%
hot beds of romance. [music] But it was
 

01:41:29.360 --> 01:41:31.429 align:start position:0%
hot beds of romance. [music] But it was
during<01:42:56.960><c> one</c><01:42:57.199><c> such</c><01:42:57.520><c> seminar</c><01:42:58.000><c> that</c><01:42:58.239><c> she</c><01:42:58.400><c> caught</c>

01:41:31.429 --> 01:41:31.439 align:start position:0%
during one such seminar that she caught
 

01:41:31.439 --> 01:41:34.949 align:start position:0%
during one such seminar that she caught
the<01:42:58.800><c> eye</c><01:42:59.040><c> of</c><01:42:59.199><c> fellow</c><01:42:59.520><c> physicist</c><01:43:00.400><c> Andre</c><01:43:00.880><c> Linda.</c>

01:41:34.949 --> 01:41:34.959 align:start position:0%
the eye of fellow physicist Andre Linda.
 

01:41:34.959 --> 01:41:37.190 align:start position:0%
the eye of fellow physicist Andre Linda.
They<01:43:02.480><c> began</c><01:43:02.800><c> talking</c><01:43:03.119><c> about</c><01:43:03.440><c> physics.</c><01:43:04.239><c> And</c>

01:41:37.190 --> 01:41:37.200 align:start position:0%
They began talking about physics. And
 

01:41:37.200 --> 01:41:39.429 align:start position:0%
They began talking about physics. And
two<01:43:04.639><c> years</c><01:43:04.800><c> later</c><01:43:05.199><c> they</c><01:43:05.440><c> met</c><01:43:05.679><c> again,</c><01:43:06.480><c> this</c>

01:41:39.429 --> 01:41:39.439 align:start position:0%
two years later they met again, this
 

01:41:39.439 --> 01:41:42.550 align:start position:0%
two years later they met again, this
time<01:43:06.800><c> at</c><01:43:07.040><c> Lake</c><01:43:07.199><c> Loga</c><01:43:07.840><c> near</c><01:43:08.159><c> St.</c><01:43:08.320><c> Petersburg.</c>

01:41:42.550 --> 01:41:42.560 align:start position:0%
time at Lake Loga near St. Petersburg.
 

01:41:42.560 --> 01:41:44.949 align:start position:0%
time at Lake Loga near St. Petersburg.
When<01:43:10.000><c> I</c><01:43:10.159><c> was</c><01:43:10.320><c> leaving</c><01:43:10.639><c> Loga,</c><01:43:11.280><c> I</c><01:43:11.440><c> kept</c><01:43:11.600><c> Renata's</c>

01:41:44.949 --> 01:41:44.959 align:start position:0%
When I was leaving Loga, I kept Renata's
 

01:41:44.959 --> 01:41:47.110 align:start position:0%
When I was leaving Loga, I kept Renata's
hand<01:43:12.320><c> in</c><01:43:12.560><c> mine</c><01:43:12.880><c> just</c><01:43:13.040><c> a</c><01:43:13.280><c> second</c><01:43:13.520><c> longer</c><01:43:13.920><c> than</c><01:43:14.159><c> I</c>

01:41:47.110 --> 01:41:47.120 align:start position:0%
hand in mine just a second longer than I
 

01:41:47.120 --> 01:41:49.270 align:start position:0%
hand in mine just a second longer than I
was<01:43:14.480><c> supposed</c><01:43:14.719><c> to.</c><01:43:15.061><c> [music]</c><01:43:15.199><c> Linda</c><01:43:15.600><c> recalls.</c>

01:41:49.270 --> 01:41:49.280 align:start position:0%
was supposed to. [music] Linda recalls.
 

01:41:49.280 --> 01:41:52.949 align:start position:0%
was supposed to. [music] Linda recalls.
A<01:43:16.719><c> few</c><01:43:16.880><c> months</c><01:43:17.119><c> later,</c><01:43:17.679><c> we</c><01:43:17.920><c> were</c><01:43:18.159><c> married.</c>

01:41:52.949 --> 01:41:52.959 align:start position:0%
A few months later, we were married.
 

01:41:52.959 --> 01:41:54.710 align:start position:0%
A few months later, we were married.
The<01:43:20.400><c> couple</c><01:43:20.719><c> recently</c><01:43:21.119><c> celebrated</c><01:43:21.679><c> their</c>

01:41:54.710 --> 01:41:54.720 align:start position:0%
The couple recently celebrated their
 

01:41:54.720 --> 01:42:00.949 align:start position:0%
The couple recently celebrated their
golden<01:43:22.320><c> wedding</c><01:43:22.639><c> anniversary.</c>

01:42:00.949 --> 01:42:00.959 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:42:00.959 --> 01:42:03.190 align:start position:0%
 
Colossian<01:43:28.719><c> Linda</c><01:43:29.119><c> quickly</c><01:43:29.440><c> became</c><01:43:29.679><c> a</c><01:43:29.920><c> physics</c>

01:42:03.190 --> 01:42:03.200 align:start position:0%
Colossian Linda quickly became a physics
 

01:42:03.200 --> 01:42:06.230 align:start position:0%
Colossian Linda quickly became a physics
power<01:43:30.719><c> couple.</c><01:43:32.000><c> As</c><01:43:32.239><c> the</c><01:43:32.400><c> Soviet</c><01:43:32.800><c> Union</c><01:43:33.199><c> began</c>

01:42:06.230 --> 01:42:06.240 align:start position:0%
power couple. As the Soviet Union began
 

01:42:06.240 --> 01:42:08.390 align:start position:0%
power couple. As the Soviet Union began
to<01:43:33.600><c> collapse,</c><01:43:34.056><c> [music]</c><01:43:34.239><c> they</c><01:43:34.560><c> left</c><01:43:34.960><c> together,</c>

01:42:08.390 --> 01:42:08.400 align:start position:0%
to collapse, [music] they left together,
 

01:42:08.400 --> 01:42:11.029 align:start position:0%
to collapse, [music] they left together,
first<01:43:35.840><c> for</c><01:43:36.080><c> CERN</c><01:43:36.480><c> and</c><01:43:36.719><c> then</c><01:43:36.880><c> in</c><01:43:37.119><c> 1990</c><01:43:38.000><c> to</c>

01:42:11.029 --> 01:42:11.039 align:start position:0%
first for CERN and then in 1990 to
 

01:42:11.039 --> 01:42:13.029 align:start position:0%
first for CERN and then in 1990 to
accept<01:43:38.560><c> joint</c><01:43:38.800><c> professorships</c><01:43:39.520><c> at</c><01:43:39.760><c> Stanford</c>

01:42:13.029 --> 01:42:13.039 align:start position:0%
accept joint professorships at Stanford
 

01:42:13.039 --> 01:42:14.949 align:start position:0%
accept joint professorships at Stanford
University,<01:43:41.119><c> home</c><01:43:41.360><c> to</c><01:43:41.520><c> one</c><01:43:41.679><c> of</c><01:43:41.760><c> the</c><01:43:41.840><c> world's</c>

01:42:14.949 --> 01:42:14.959 align:start position:0%
University, home to one of the world's
 

01:42:14.959 --> 01:42:16.790 align:start position:0%
University, home to one of the world's
leading<01:43:42.560><c> centers</c><01:43:42.960><c> for</c><01:43:43.119><c> cosmology</c><01:43:43.760><c> and</c>

01:42:16.790 --> 01:42:16.800 align:start position:0%
leading centers for cosmology and
 

01:42:16.800 --> 01:42:19.110 align:start position:0%
leading centers for cosmology and
theoretical<01:43:44.719><c> physics.</c><01:43:45.679><c> And</c><01:43:45.840><c> they</c><01:43:46.080><c> were</c><01:43:46.159><c> still</c>

01:42:19.110 --> 01:42:19.120 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics. And they were still
 

01:42:19.120 --> 01:42:21.989 align:start position:0%
theoretical physics. And they were still
at<01:43:46.560><c> Stanford</c><01:43:47.040><c> in</c><01:43:47.280><c> 2003</c><01:43:48.480><c> when</c><01:43:48.719><c> they</c><01:43:48.880><c> helped</c>

01:42:21.989 --> 01:42:21.999 align:start position:0%
at Stanford in 2003 when they helped
 

01:42:21.999 --> 01:42:24.550 align:start position:0%
at Stanford in 2003 when they helped
develop<01:43:49.520><c> an</c><01:43:49.760><c> idea</c><01:43:50.239><c> that</c><01:43:50.560><c> might</c><01:43:50.880><c> rescue</c><01:43:51.360><c> string</c>

01:42:24.550 --> 01:42:24.560 align:start position:0%
develop an idea that might rescue string
 

01:42:24.560 --> 01:42:26.790 align:start position:0%
develop an idea that might rescue string
theory<01:43:52.239><c> from</c><01:43:52.480><c> the</c><01:43:52.639><c> existential</c><01:43:53.360><c> quagmire</c>

01:42:26.790 --> 01:42:26.800 align:start position:0%
theory from the existential quagmire
 

01:42:26.800 --> 01:42:28.870 align:start position:0%
theory from the existential quagmire
brought<01:43:54.320><c> on</c><01:43:54.480><c> by</c><01:43:54.719><c> the</c><01:43:54.960><c> discovery</c><01:43:55.520><c> of</c><01:43:55.760><c> dark</c>

01:42:28.870 --> 01:42:28.880 align:start position:0%
brought on by the discovery of dark
 

01:42:28.880 --> 01:42:30.390 align:start position:0%
brought on by the discovery of dark
energy.

01:42:30.390 --> 01:42:30.400 align:start position:0%
energy.
 

01:42:30.400 --> 01:42:32.390 align:start position:0%
energy.
Working<01:43:58.000><c> alongside</c><01:43:58.480><c> Shamid</c><01:43:58.960><c> Katru</c><01:43:59.440><c> and</c>

01:42:32.390 --> 01:42:32.400 align:start position:0%
Working alongside Shamid Katru and
 

01:42:32.400 --> 01:42:34.550 align:start position:0%
Working alongside Shamid Katru and
Sandep<01:44:00.000><c> Travetti,</c><01:44:00.800><c> they</c><01:44:01.040><c> devised</c><01:44:01.520><c> what</c>

01:42:34.550 --> 01:42:34.560 align:start position:0%
Sandep Travetti, they devised what
 

01:42:34.560 --> 01:42:37.670 align:start position:0%
Sandep Travetti, they devised what
became<01:44:02.080><c> known</c><01:44:02.480><c> as</c><01:44:02.639><c> the</c><01:44:02.880><c> KKLT</c><01:44:03.920><c> mechanism,</c><01:44:04.719><c> a</c>

01:42:37.670 --> 01:42:37.680 align:start position:0%
became known as the KKLT mechanism, a
 

01:42:37.680 --> 01:42:39.429 align:start position:0%
became known as the KKLT mechanism, a
moniker<01:44:05.360><c> formed</c><01:44:05.679><c> from</c><01:44:05.840><c> the</c><01:44:06.000><c> initials</c><01:44:06.400><c> of</c>

01:42:39.429 --> 01:42:39.439 align:start position:0%
moniker formed from the initials of
 

01:42:39.439 --> 01:42:45.110 align:start position:0%
moniker formed from the initials of
their<01:44:06.880><c> surnames.</c>

01:42:45.110 --> 01:42:45.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:42:45.120 --> 01:42:47.750 align:start position:0%
 
Back<01:44:12.560><c> in</c><01:44:12.719><c> the</c><01:44:12.880><c> 1980s,</c><01:44:13.760><c> amid</c><01:44:14.080><c> the</c><01:44:14.320><c> first</c><01:44:14.639><c> super</c>

01:42:47.750 --> 01:42:47.760 align:start position:0%
Back in the 1980s, amid the first super
 

01:42:47.760 --> 01:42:49.830 align:start position:0%
Back in the 1980s, amid the first super
string<01:44:15.280><c> revolution,</c><01:44:16.159><c> physicists</c><01:44:16.719><c> had</c><01:44:16.880><c> made</c>

01:42:49.830 --> 01:42:49.840 align:start position:0%
string revolution, physicists had made
 

01:42:49.840 --> 01:42:51.750 align:start position:0%
string revolution, physicists had made
headway<01:44:17.520><c> in</c><01:44:17.760><c> curling</c><01:44:18.159><c> up</c><01:44:18.400><c> the</c><01:44:18.639><c> extra</c>

01:42:51.750 --> 01:42:51.760 align:start position:0%
headway in curling up the extra
 

01:42:51.760 --> 01:42:53.750 align:start position:0%
headway in curling up the extra
dimensions<01:44:19.440><c> of</c><01:44:19.600><c> string</c><01:44:19.906><c> [music]</c><01:44:20.000><c> theory.</c><01:44:20.800><c> The</c>

01:42:53.750 --> 01:42:53.760 align:start position:0%
dimensions of string [music] theory. The
 

01:42:53.760 --> 01:42:56.150 align:start position:0%
dimensions of string [music] theory. The
work<01:44:21.119><c> of</c><01:44:21.360><c> Calabi</c><01:44:21.840><c> and</c><01:44:22.000><c> Yao</c><01:44:22.560><c> offered</c><01:44:22.880><c> a</c><01:44:23.040><c> way</c><01:44:23.199><c> to</c>

01:42:56.150 --> 01:42:56.160 align:start position:0%
work of Calabi and Yao offered a way to
 

01:42:56.160 --> 01:42:58.630 align:start position:0%
work of Calabi and Yao offered a way to
fold<01:44:23.760><c> the</c><01:44:24.000><c> origami</c><01:44:24.560><c> of</c><01:44:24.719><c> the</c><01:44:24.880><c> universe</c><01:44:25.520><c> into</c>

01:42:58.630 --> 01:42:58.640 align:start position:0%
fold the origami of the universe into
 

01:42:58.640 --> 01:43:01.590 align:start position:0%
fold the origami of the universe into
intricate<01:44:26.560><c> compact</c><01:44:26.960><c> shapes</c><01:44:27.679><c> known</c><01:44:28.080><c> as</c><01:44:28.400><c> Calabi</c>

01:43:01.590 --> 01:43:01.600 align:start position:0%
intricate compact shapes known as Calabi
 

01:43:01.600 --> 01:43:04.390 align:start position:0%
intricate compact shapes known as Calabi
Yao<01:44:29.119><c> manifolds.</c><01:44:30.400><c> But</c><01:44:30.560><c> even</c><01:44:30.800><c> by</c><01:44:31.040><c> the</c><01:44:31.199><c> early</c>

01:43:04.390 --> 01:43:04.400 align:start position:0%
Yao manifolds. But even by the early
 

01:43:04.400 --> 01:43:06.870 align:start position:0%
Yao manifolds. But even by the early
21st<01:44:32.080><c> century,</c><01:44:32.800><c> this</c><01:44:33.040><c> approach</c><01:44:33.440><c> faced</c><01:44:33.760><c> a</c>

01:43:06.870 --> 01:43:06.880 align:start position:0%
21st century, this approach faced a
 

01:43:06.880 --> 01:43:09.750 align:start position:0%
21st century, this approach faced a
serious<01:44:34.560><c> problem.</c><01:44:35.600><c> The</c><01:44:35.840><c> folds</c><01:44:36.480><c> weren't</c>

01:43:09.750 --> 01:43:09.760 align:start position:0%
serious problem. The folds weren't
 

01:43:09.760 --> 01:43:12.150 align:start position:0%
serious problem. The folds weren't
stable.<01:44:37.920><c> The</c><01:44:38.159><c> size</c><01:44:38.400><c> and</c><01:44:38.639><c> shape</c><01:44:38.960><c> of</c><01:44:39.119><c> these</c>

01:43:12.150 --> 01:43:12.160 align:start position:0%
stable. The size and shape of these
 

01:43:12.160 --> 01:43:15.029 align:start position:0%
stable. The size and shape of these
extra<01:44:39.679><c> dimensions</c><01:44:40.320><c> could</c><01:44:40.719><c> fluctuate</c><01:44:41.440><c> wildly,</c>

01:43:15.029 --> 01:43:15.039 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions could fluctuate wildly,
 

01:43:15.039 --> 01:43:16.790 align:start position:0%
extra dimensions could fluctuate wildly,
leading<01:44:42.480><c> to</c><01:44:42.719><c> universes</c><01:44:43.360><c> that</c><01:44:43.520><c> were</c><01:44:43.679><c> either</c>

01:43:16.790 --> 01:43:16.800 align:start position:0%
leading to universes that were either
 

01:43:16.800 --> 01:43:19.590 align:start position:0%
leading to universes that were either
unstable<01:44:44.639><c> or</c><01:44:44.960><c> unrecognizable.</c><01:44:46.239><c> And</c><01:44:46.400><c> so,</c><01:44:46.639><c> like</c>

01:43:19.590 --> 01:43:19.600 align:start position:0%
unstable or unrecognizable. And so, like
 

01:43:19.600 --> 01:43:21.909 align:start position:0%
unstable or unrecognizable. And so, like
the<01:44:46.960><c> Green</c><01:44:47.280><c> Schwarz</c><01:44:47.760><c> mechanism</c><01:44:48.239><c> before</c><01:44:48.560><c> it,</c>

01:43:21.909 --> 01:43:21.919 align:start position:0%
the Green Schwarz mechanism before it,
 

01:43:21.919 --> 01:43:26.150 align:start position:0%
the Green Schwarz mechanism before it,
the<01:44:49.360><c> KKLT</c><01:44:50.320><c> mechanism</c><01:44:51.199><c> was</c><01:44:51.440><c> a</c><01:44:51.679><c> patch,</c><01:44:52.639><c> a</c><01:44:52.880><c> fix</c>

01:43:26.150 --> 01:43:26.160 align:start position:0%
the KKLT mechanism was a patch, a fix
 

01:43:26.160 --> 01:43:29.590 align:start position:0%
the KKLT mechanism was a patch, a fix
for<01:44:53.600><c> a</c><01:44:53.840><c> deeper</c><01:44:54.239><c> flaw.</c><01:44:55.280><c> First,</c><01:44:55.840><c> it</c><01:44:56.080><c> introduced</c>

01:43:29.590 --> 01:43:29.600 align:start position:0%
for a deeper flaw. First, it introduced
 

01:43:29.600 --> 01:43:32.469 align:start position:0%
for a deeper flaw. First, it introduced
fluxes,<01:44:58.000><c> fields</c><01:44:58.639><c> that</c><01:44:58.960><c> thread</c><01:44:59.360><c> through</c><01:44:59.520><c> the</c>

01:43:32.469 --> 01:43:32.479 align:start position:0%
fluxes, fields that thread through the
 

01:43:32.479 --> 01:43:34.790 align:start position:0%
fluxes, fields that thread through the
folds<01:45:00.000><c> of</c><01:45:00.159><c> the</c><01:45:00.320><c> extra</c><01:45:00.639><c> dimensions,</c><01:45:01.679><c> acting</c>

01:43:34.790 --> 01:43:34.800 align:start position:0%
folds of the extra dimensions, acting
 

01:43:34.800 --> 01:43:36.710 align:start position:0%
folds of the extra dimensions, acting
like<01:45:02.159><c> invisible</c><01:45:02.800><c> tape</c><01:45:03.137><c> [music]</c><01:45:03.280><c> to</c><01:45:03.520><c> hold</c><01:45:03.679><c> the</c>

01:43:36.710 --> 01:43:36.720 align:start position:0%
like invisible tape [music] to hold the
 

01:43:36.720 --> 01:43:38.790 align:start position:0%
like invisible tape [music] to hold the
shape<01:45:04.159><c> in</c><01:45:04.400><c> place</c><01:45:04.800><c> and</c><01:45:05.040><c> prevent</c><01:45:05.360><c> it</c><01:45:05.679><c> from</c>

01:43:38.790 --> 01:43:38.800 align:start position:0%
shape in place and prevent it from
 

01:43:38.800 --> 01:43:40.150 align:start position:0%
shape in place and prevent it from
warping.

01:43:40.150 --> 01:43:40.160 align:start position:0%
warping.
 

01:43:40.160 --> 01:43:42.870 align:start position:0%
warping.
But<01:45:07.600><c> that</c><01:45:07.840><c> alone</c><01:45:08.400><c> wasn't</c><01:45:08.880><c> enough.</c><01:45:09.760><c> These</c>

01:43:42.870 --> 01:43:42.880 align:start position:0%
But that alone wasn't enough. These
 

01:43:42.880 --> 01:43:44.790 align:start position:0%
But that alone wasn't enough. These
solutions<01:45:10.800><c> still</c><01:45:11.119><c> tended</c><01:45:11.440><c> to</c><01:45:11.600><c> produce</c>

01:43:44.790 --> 01:43:44.800 align:start position:0%
solutions still tended to produce
 

01:43:44.800 --> 01:43:47.270 align:start position:0%
solutions still tended to produce
universes<01:45:12.639><c> with</c><01:45:12.880><c> negative</c><01:45:13.440><c> curvature,</c>

01:43:47.270 --> 01:43:47.280 align:start position:0%
universes with negative curvature,
 

01:43:47.280 --> 01:43:49.509 align:start position:0%
universes with negative curvature,
anti-deitter<01:45:14.927><c> [music]</c><01:45:15.360><c> space.</c><01:45:16.159><c> And</c><01:45:16.320><c> so</c><01:45:16.480><c> to</c>

01:43:49.509 --> 01:43:49.519 align:start position:0%
anti-deitter [music] space. And so to
 

01:43:49.519 --> 01:43:54.310 align:start position:0%
anti-deitter [music] space. And so to
fix<01:45:17.040><c> this,</c><01:45:17.679><c> KKLT</c><01:45:18.800><c> introduced</c><01:45:19.840><c> antibbrains,</c>

01:43:54.310 --> 01:43:54.320 align:start position:0%
fix this, KKLT introduced antibbrains,
 

01:43:54.320 --> 01:43:56.230 align:start position:0%
fix this, KKLT introduced antibbrains,
objects<01:45:22.000><c> with</c><01:45:22.239><c> the</c><01:45:22.400><c> opposite</c><01:45:22.800><c> energy</c><01:45:23.280><c> and</c>

01:43:56.230 --> 01:43:56.240 align:start position:0%
objects with the opposite energy and
 

01:43:56.240 --> 01:43:59.590 align:start position:0%
objects with the opposite energy and
charge<01:45:23.920><c> to</c><01:45:24.159><c> regular</c><01:45:24.719><c> dbrains.</c><01:45:25.920><c> Adding</c><01:45:26.320><c> them</c>

01:43:59.590 --> 01:43:59.600 align:start position:0%
charge to regular dbrains. Adding them
 

01:43:59.600 --> 01:44:02.150 align:start position:0%
charge to regular dbrains. Adding them
tips<01:45:27.199><c> the</c><01:45:27.360><c> balance,</c><01:45:28.239><c> finally</c><01:45:28.719><c> producing</c><01:45:29.119><c> a</c>

01:44:02.150 --> 01:44:02.160 align:start position:0%
tips the balance, finally producing a
 

01:44:02.160 --> 01:44:04.390 align:start position:0%
tips the balance, finally producing a
universe<01:45:29.840><c> with</c><01:45:30.159><c> positive</c><01:45:30.560><c> curvature,</c><01:45:31.440><c> just</c>

01:44:04.390 --> 01:44:04.400 align:start position:0%
universe with positive curvature, just
 

01:44:04.400 --> 01:44:06.550 align:start position:0%
universe with positive curvature, just
like<01:45:31.760><c> the</c><01:45:31.920><c> ditter</c><01:45:32.480><c> space</c><01:45:32.960><c> implied</c><01:45:33.440><c> by</c><01:45:33.600><c> the</c>

01:44:06.550 --> 01:44:06.560 align:start position:0%
like the ditter space implied by the
 

01:44:06.560 --> 01:44:13.909 align:start position:0%
like the ditter space implied by the
supernova<01:45:34.480><c> results.</c>

01:44:13.909 --> 01:44:13.919 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:44:13.919 --> 01:44:16.710 align:start position:0%
 
But<01:45:42.080><c> it</c><01:45:42.400><c> turned</c><01:45:42.639><c> out</c><01:45:42.880><c> that</c><01:45:43.199><c> there</c><01:45:43.440><c> are</c><01:45:43.600><c> a</c><01:45:43.760><c> lot</c>

01:44:16.710 --> 01:44:16.720 align:start position:0%
But it turned out that there are a lot
 

01:44:16.720 --> 01:44:19.270 align:start position:0%
But it turned out that there are a lot
of<01:45:44.080><c> ways</c><01:45:44.400><c> to</c><01:45:44.639><c> add</c><01:45:44.880><c> fluxes</c><01:45:45.360><c> and</c><01:45:45.520><c> antibbrains</c><01:45:46.239><c> to</c>

01:44:19.270 --> 01:44:19.280 align:start position:0%
of ways to add fluxes and antibbrains to
 

01:44:19.280 --> 01:44:22.310 align:start position:0%
of ways to add fluxes and antibbrains to
calabi<01:45:46.960><c> yao</c><01:45:47.280><c> manifolds.</c><01:45:48.480><c> Each</c><01:45:48.719><c> one</c><01:45:49.040><c> produces</c>

01:44:22.310 --> 01:44:22.320 align:start position:0%
calabi yao manifolds. Each one produces
 

01:44:22.320 --> 01:44:24.550 align:start position:0%
calabi yao manifolds. Each one produces
a<01:45:49.760><c> different</c><01:45:50.080><c> version</c><01:45:50.400><c> of</c><01:45:50.639><c> string</c><01:45:50.960><c> theory</c>

01:44:24.550 --> 01:44:24.560 align:start position:0%
a different version of string theory
 

01:44:24.560 --> 01:44:26.390 align:start position:0%
a different version of string theory
resulting<01:45:52.159><c> in</c><01:45:52.400><c> a</c><01:45:52.560><c> different</c><01:45:52.880><c> version</c><01:45:53.119><c> of</c><01:45:53.360><c> the</c>

01:44:26.390 --> 01:44:26.400 align:start position:0%
resulting in a different version of the
 

01:44:26.400 --> 01:44:29.110 align:start position:0%
resulting in a different version of the
universe<01:45:54.480><c> with</c><01:45:54.719><c> its</c><01:45:54.960><c> own</c><01:45:55.119><c> laws</c><01:45:55.440><c> of</c><01:45:55.600><c> physics,</c>

01:44:29.110 --> 01:44:29.120 align:start position:0%
universe with its own laws of physics,
 

01:44:29.120 --> 01:44:31.670 align:start position:0%
universe with its own laws of physics,
particles,<01:45:56.960><c> and</c><01:45:57.280><c> forces.</c>

01:44:31.670 --> 01:44:31.680 align:start position:0%
particles, and forces.
 

01:44:31.680 --> 01:44:34.630 align:start position:0%
particles, and forces.
And<01:45:59.199><c> this</c><01:45:59.679><c> vast</c><01:46:00.080><c> expanse</c><01:46:00.560><c> of</c><01:46:00.800><c> possibilities</c>

01:44:34.630 --> 01:44:34.640 align:start position:0%
And this vast expanse of possibilities
 

01:44:34.640 --> 01:44:39.110 align:start position:0%
And this vast expanse of possibilities
is<01:46:02.159><c> known</c><01:46:02.880><c> as</c><01:46:03.119><c> the</c><01:46:03.440><c> string</c><01:46:03.920><c> theory</c><01:46:04.480><c> landscape.</c>

01:44:39.110 --> 01:44:39.120 align:start position:0%
is known as the string theory landscape.
 

01:44:39.120 --> 01:44:41.029 align:start position:0%
is known as the string theory landscape.
But<01:46:06.560><c> this</c><01:46:06.800><c> landscape</c><01:46:07.440><c> doesn't</c><01:46:07.679><c> contain</c><01:46:08.080><c> just</c>

01:44:41.029 --> 01:44:41.039 align:start position:0%
But this landscape doesn't contain just
 

01:44:41.039 --> 01:44:43.110 align:start position:0%
But this landscape doesn't contain just
a<01:46:08.480><c> handful</c><01:46:08.880><c> of</c><01:46:09.040><c> different</c><01:46:09.360><c> string</c><01:46:09.679><c> theories</c>

01:44:43.110 --> 01:44:43.120 align:start position:0%
a handful of different string theories
 

01:44:43.120 --> 01:44:45.989 align:start position:0%
a handful of different string theories
or<01:46:10.560><c> even</c><01:46:10.800><c> a</c><01:46:10.960><c> thousand.</c><01:46:12.000><c> Not</c><01:46:12.239><c> even</c><01:46:12.400><c> a</c><01:46:12.639><c> million</c>

01:44:45.989 --> 01:44:45.999 align:start position:0%
or even a thousand. Not even a million
 

01:44:45.999 --> 01:44:48.630 align:start position:0%
or even a thousand. Not even a million
billion<01:46:13.760><c> or</c><01:46:14.000><c> trillion</c><01:46:14.560><c> different</c><01:46:14.960><c> ways,</c><01:46:15.520><c> but</c>

01:44:48.630 --> 01:44:48.640 align:start position:0%
billion or trillion different ways, but
 

01:44:48.640 --> 01:44:51.989 align:start position:0%
billion or trillion different ways, but
at least<01:46:16.400><c> 100</c><01:46:17.119><c> quincexagent</c><01:46:18.159><c> centilion.</c>

01:44:51.989 --> 01:44:51.999 align:start position:0%
at least 100 quincexagent centilion.
 

01:44:51.999 --> 01:44:56.710 align:start position:0%
at least 100 quincexagent centilion.
That's<01:46:19.440><c> a</c><01:46:19.679><c> one</c><01:46:20.320><c> followed</c><01:46:20.639><c> by</c><01:46:21.119><c> 500</c><01:46:22.000><c> zeros.</c>

01:44:56.710 --> 01:44:56.720 align:start position:0%
That's a one followed by 500 zeros.
 

01:44:56.720 --> 01:44:59.110 align:start position:0%
That's a one followed by 500 zeros.
It's<01:46:24.239><c> hard</c><01:46:24.400><c> to</c><01:46:24.560><c> do</c><01:46:24.800><c> justice</c><01:46:25.440><c> to</c><01:46:25.679><c> just</c><01:46:25.920><c> how</c><01:46:26.159><c> big</c>

01:44:59.110 --> 01:44:59.120 align:start position:0%
It's hard to do justice to just how big
 

01:44:59.120 --> 01:45:01.909 align:start position:0%
It's hard to do justice to just how big
a<01:46:26.560><c> number</c><01:46:26.800><c> that</c><01:46:27.040><c> is</c><01:46:27.840><c> compared</c><01:46:28.239><c> to</c><01:46:28.400><c> this</c><01:46:28.639><c> 10</c><01:46:28.880><c> to</c>

01:45:01.909 --> 01:45:01.919 align:start position:0%
a number that is compared to this 10 to
 

01:45:01.919 --> 01:45:04.230 align:start position:0%
a number that is compared to this 10 to
500<01:46:29.600><c> possible</c><01:46:30.000><c> universes.</c><01:46:30.880><c> The</c><01:46:31.119><c> number</c><01:46:31.280><c> of</c>

01:45:04.230 --> 01:45:04.240 align:start position:0%
500 possible universes. The number of
 

01:45:04.240 --> 01:45:06.790 align:start position:0%
500 possible universes. The number of
galaxies,<01:46:32.320><c> stars,</c><01:46:32.719><c> or</c><01:46:32.880><c> even</c><01:46:33.280><c> seconds</c><01:46:33.760><c> since</c>

01:45:06.790 --> 01:45:06.800 align:start position:0%
galaxies, stars, or even seconds since
 

01:45:06.800 --> 01:45:09.590 align:start position:0%
galaxies, stars, or even seconds since
the<01:46:34.239><c> big</c><01:46:34.480><c> bang</c><01:46:34.960><c> are</c><01:46:35.119><c> mere</c><01:46:35.440><c> rounding</c><01:46:35.920><c> errors.</c>

01:45:09.590 --> 01:45:09.600 align:start position:0%
the big bang are mere rounding errors.
 

01:45:09.600 --> 01:45:11.750 align:start position:0%
the big bang are mere rounding errors.
Jacob<01:46:37.199><c> Beckinstein</c><01:46:37.920><c> once</c><01:46:38.239><c> calculated</c><01:46:38.719><c> the</c>

01:45:11.750 --> 01:45:11.760 align:start position:0%
Jacob Beckinstein once calculated the
 

01:45:11.760 --> 01:45:13.509 align:start position:0%
Jacob Beckinstein once calculated the
limit<01:46:39.199><c> of</c><01:46:39.440><c> how</c><01:46:39.600><c> much</c><01:46:39.840><c> information</c><01:46:40.400><c> can</c><01:46:40.560><c> be</c>

01:45:13.509 --> 01:45:13.519 align:start position:0%
limit of how much information can be
 

01:45:13.519 --> 01:45:15.989 align:start position:0%
limit of how much information can be
stored<01:46:41.040><c> in</c><01:46:41.199><c> a</c><01:46:41.360><c> given</c><01:46:41.600><c> region</c><01:46:42.000><c> of</c><01:46:42.239><c> space.</c><01:46:43.040><c> And</c>

01:45:15.989 --> 01:45:15.999 align:start position:0%
stored in a given region of space. And
 

01:45:15.999 --> 01:45:18.150 align:start position:0%
stored in a given region of space. And
so<01:46:43.360><c> if</c><01:46:43.520><c> the</c><01:46:43.679><c> entire</c><01:46:44.000><c> observable</c><01:46:44.719><c> universe</c>

01:45:18.150 --> 01:45:18.160 align:start position:0%
so if the entire observable universe
 

01:45:18.160 --> 01:45:21.110 align:start position:0%
so if the entire observable universe
were<01:46:45.679><c> a</c><01:46:45.920><c> cosmic</c><01:46:46.480><c> hard</c><01:46:46.719><c> drive,</c><01:46:47.600><c> it</c><01:46:47.840><c> could</c><01:46:48.000><c> hold</c>

01:45:21.110 --> 01:45:21.120 align:start position:0%
were a cosmic hard drive, it could hold
 

01:45:21.120 --> 01:45:24.070 align:start position:0%
were a cosmic hard drive, it could hold
around<01:46:48.639><c> 10</c><01:46:49.040><c> the^</c><01:46:49.360><c> of</c><01:46:50.080><c> 122</c><01:46:50.800><c> bits</c><01:46:51.119><c> of</c>

01:45:24.070 --> 01:45:24.080 align:start position:0%
around 10 the^ of 122 bits of
 

01:45:24.080 --> 01:45:26.710 align:start position:0%
around 10 the^ of 122 bits of
information.<01:46:52.320><c> So</c><01:46:52.560><c> adding</c><01:46:52.880><c> the</c><01:46:53.040><c> KKLT</c>

01:45:26.710 --> 01:45:26.720 align:start position:0%
information. So adding the KKLT
 

01:45:26.720 --> 01:45:29.350 align:start position:0%
information. So adding the KKLT
mechanism<01:46:54.880><c> suddenly</c><01:46:55.280><c> gave</c><01:46:55.600><c> us</c><01:46:55.840><c> more</c><01:46:56.159><c> possible</c>

01:45:29.350 --> 01:45:29.360 align:start position:0%
mechanism suddenly gave us more possible
 

01:45:29.360 --> 01:45:31.590 align:start position:0%
mechanism suddenly gave us more possible
versions<01:46:56.960><c> of</c><01:46:57.199><c> string</c><01:46:57.600><c> theory</c><01:46:58.239><c> than</c><01:46:58.400><c> there</c><01:46:58.560><c> is</c>

01:45:31.590 --> 01:45:31.600 align:start position:0%
versions of string theory than there is
 

01:45:31.600 --> 01:45:33.590 align:start position:0%
versions of string theory than there is
information<01:46:59.280><c> available</c><01:46:59.840><c> in</c><01:47:00.159><c> the</c><01:47:00.320><c> entire</c>

01:45:33.590 --> 01:45:33.600 align:start position:0%
information available in the entire
 

01:45:33.600 --> 01:45:36.469 align:start position:0%
information available in the entire
universe<01:47:01.760><c> to</c><01:47:02.000><c> list</c><01:47:02.320><c> them.</c><01:47:03.040><c> No</c><01:47:03.199><c> matter</c><01:47:03.440><c> how</c>

01:45:36.469 --> 01:45:36.479 align:start position:0%
universe to list them. No matter how
 

01:45:36.479 --> 01:45:38.550 align:start position:0%
universe to list them. No matter how
smart<01:47:03.920><c> we</c><01:47:04.159><c> are,</c><01:47:04.560><c> no</c><01:47:04.639><c> matter</c><01:47:04.960><c> the</c><01:47:05.199><c> size</c><01:47:05.360><c> of</c><01:47:05.520><c> the</c>

01:45:38.550 --> 01:45:38.560 align:start position:0%
smart we are, no matter the size of the
 

01:45:38.560 --> 01:45:41.029 align:start position:0%
smart we are, no matter the size of the
computers<01:47:06.159><c> we</c><01:47:06.480><c> build,</c><01:47:06.960><c> we</c><01:47:07.280><c> can't</c><01:47:07.600><c> ever</c><01:47:08.000><c> hope</c>

01:45:41.029 --> 01:45:41.039 align:start position:0%
computers we build, we can't ever hope
 

01:45:41.039 --> 01:45:43.750 align:start position:0%
computers we build, we can't ever hope
to<01:47:08.480><c> catalog,</c><01:47:09.280><c> simulate,</c><01:47:09.920><c> or</c><01:47:10.239><c> analyze</c><01:47:10.719><c> them</c>

01:45:43.750 --> 01:45:43.760 align:start position:0%
to catalog, simulate, or analyze them
 

01:45:43.760 --> 01:45:46.310 align:start position:0%
to catalog, simulate, or analyze them
all.<01:47:11.840><c> Even</c><01:47:12.320><c> in</c><01:47:12.560><c> principle,</c><01:47:13.280><c> the</c>

01:45:46.310 --> 01:45:46.320 align:start position:0%
all. Even in principle, the
 

01:45:46.320 --> 01:45:48.469 align:start position:0%
all. Even in principle, the
computational<01:47:14.239><c> and</c><01:47:14.560><c> physical</c><01:47:14.960><c> limits</c><01:47:15.280><c> of</c><01:47:15.440><c> the</c>

01:45:48.469 --> 01:45:48.479 align:start position:0%
computational and physical limits of the
 

01:45:48.479 --> 01:45:52.469 align:start position:0%
computational and physical limits of the
universe<01:47:16.639><c> make</c><01:47:16.880><c> that</c><01:47:17.360><c> utterly</c><01:47:17.679><c> impossible.</c>

01:45:52.469 --> 01:45:52.479 align:start position:0%
universe make that utterly impossible.
 

01:45:52.479 --> 01:45:54.310 align:start position:0%
universe make that utterly impossible.
And<01:47:19.840><c> so</c><01:47:20.000><c> if</c><01:47:20.239><c> string</c><01:47:20.560><c> theory</c><01:47:20.880><c> had</c><01:47:21.119><c> been</c><01:47:21.199><c> accused</c>

01:45:54.310 --> 01:45:54.320 align:start position:0%
And so if string theory had been accused
 

01:45:54.320 --> 01:45:57.509 align:start position:0%
And so if string theory had been accused
of<01:47:21.679><c> untestability</c><01:47:22.560><c> before,</c><01:47:23.760><c> it</c><01:47:24.000><c> was</c><01:47:24.159><c> now,</c><01:47:24.560><c> in</c>

01:45:57.509 --> 01:45:57.519 align:start position:0%
of untestability before, it was now, in
 

01:45:57.519 --> 01:45:58.949 align:start position:0%
of untestability before, it was now, in
the<01:47:24.800><c> eyes</c><01:47:25.040><c> of</c><01:47:25.119><c> its</c><01:47:25.274><c> [music]</c><01:47:25.360><c> critics,</c>

01:45:58.949 --> 01:45:58.959 align:start position:0%
the eyes of its [music] critics,
 

01:45:58.959 --> 01:46:02.070 align:start position:0%
the eyes of its [music] critics,
irreparably<01:47:27.040><c> so.</c><01:47:27.679><c> To</c><01:47:27.920><c> the</c><01:47:28.080><c> prosecution,</c><01:47:28.960><c> the</c>

01:46:02.070 --> 01:46:02.080 align:start position:0%
irreparably so. To the prosecution, the
 

01:46:02.080 --> 01:46:04.870 align:start position:0%
irreparably so. To the prosecution, the
defense<01:47:29.679><c> had</c><01:47:29.920><c> exchanged</c><01:47:30.480><c> uniqueness</c><01:47:31.600><c> for</c><01:47:31.840><c> a</c>

01:46:04.870 --> 01:46:04.880 align:start position:0%
defense had exchanged uniqueness for a
 

01:46:04.880 --> 01:46:07.234 align:start position:0%
defense had exchanged uniqueness for a
wilderness<01:47:32.480><c> of</c><01:47:32.639><c> alibis.</c><01:47:33.840><c> One</c><01:47:34.080><c> such</c><01:47:34.320><c> critic,</c>

01:46:07.234 --> 01:46:07.244 align:start position:0%
wilderness of alibis. One such critic,
 

01:46:07.244 --> 01:46:09.429 align:start position:0%
wilderness of alibis. One such critic,
[music]<01:47:34.880><c> Lee</c><01:47:35.199><c> Smolan,</c><01:47:35.920><c> didn't</c><01:47:36.080><c> mince</c><01:47:36.400><c> his</c>

01:46:09.429 --> 01:46:09.439 align:start position:0%
[music] Lee Smolan, didn't mince his
 

01:46:09.439 --> 01:46:11.590 align:start position:0%
[music] Lee Smolan, didn't mince his
words.<01:47:37.520><c> If</c><01:47:37.679><c> an</c><01:47:37.840><c> attempt</c><01:47:38.080><c> to</c><01:47:38.239><c> construct</c><01:47:38.560><c> a</c>

01:46:11.590 --> 01:46:11.600 align:start position:0%
words. If an attempt to construct a
 

01:46:11.600 --> 01:46:14.070 align:start position:0%
words. If an attempt to construct a
unique<01:47:39.119><c> theory</c><01:47:39.440><c> of</c><01:47:39.679><c> nature</c><01:47:40.159><c> leads</c><01:47:40.480><c> to</c><01:47:40.639><c> 10</c><01:47:40.960><c> the^</c>

01:46:14.070 --> 01:46:14.080 align:start position:0%
unique theory of nature leads to 10 the^
 

01:46:14.080 --> 01:46:16.710 align:start position:0%
unique theory of nature leads to 10 the^
of<01:47:41.520><c> 500</c><01:47:42.080><c> theories,</c><01:47:42.880><c> that</c><01:47:43.199><c> approach</c><01:47:43.520><c> has</c><01:47:43.760><c> been</c>

01:46:16.710 --> 01:46:16.720 align:start position:0%
of 500 theories, that approach has been
 

01:46:16.720 --> 01:46:25.750 align:start position:0%
of 500 theories, that approach has been
reduced<01:47:44.320><c> to</c><01:47:44.560><c> absurdity.</c>

01:46:25.750 --> 01:46:25.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:46:25.760 --> 01:46:27.590 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:47:53.199><c> defense</c><01:47:53.600><c> argued</c><01:47:54.000><c> that</c><01:47:54.239><c> this</c><01:47:54.400><c> is</c><01:47:54.560><c> simply</c>

01:46:27.590 --> 01:46:27.600 align:start position:0%
The defense argued that this is simply
 

01:46:27.600 --> 01:46:30.790 align:start position:0%
The defense argued that this is simply
what<01:47:55.119><c> frontier</c><01:47:55.679><c> physics</c><01:47:56.239><c> looks</c><01:47:56.560><c> like.</c><01:47:57.280><c> Messy,</c>

01:46:30.790 --> 01:46:30.800 align:start position:0%
what frontier physics looks like. Messy,
 

01:46:30.800 --> 01:46:33.190 align:start position:0%
what frontier physics looks like. Messy,
abstract,<01:47:58.719><c> and</c><01:47:58.960><c> occasionally</c><01:47:59.600><c> lost</c><01:47:59.920><c> in</c><01:48:00.159><c> its</c>

01:46:33.190 --> 01:46:33.200 align:start position:0%
abstract, and occasionally lost in its
 

01:46:33.200 --> 01:46:36.070 align:start position:0%
abstract, and occasionally lost in its
own<01:48:00.639><c> beauty.</c><01:48:01.679><c> The</c><01:48:01.920><c> prosecution,</c><01:48:02.719><c> however,</c>

01:46:36.070 --> 01:46:36.080 align:start position:0%
own beauty. The prosecution, however,
 

01:46:36.080 --> 01:46:38.550 align:start position:0%
own beauty. The prosecution, however,
saw<01:48:03.679><c> something</c><01:48:04.000><c> very</c><01:48:04.320><c> different.</c><01:48:05.199><c> A</c><01:48:05.360><c> theory</c>

01:46:38.550 --> 01:46:38.560 align:start position:0%
saw something very different. A theory
 

01:46:38.560 --> 01:46:40.870 align:start position:0%
saw something very different. A theory
not<01:48:06.080><c> grounded</c><01:48:06.480><c> in</c><01:48:06.719><c> evidence,</c><01:48:07.679><c> but</c>

01:46:40.870 --> 01:46:40.880 align:start position:0%
not grounded in evidence, but
 

01:46:40.880 --> 01:46:43.909 align:start position:0%
not grounded in evidence, but
permanently<01:48:08.719><c> insulated</c><01:48:09.360><c> from</c><01:48:09.600><c> it.</c><01:48:10.560><c> And</c><01:48:10.800><c> so</c><01:48:10.960><c> if</c>

01:46:43.909 --> 01:46:43.919 align:start position:0%
permanently insulated from it. And so if
 

01:46:43.919 --> 01:46:45.830 align:start position:0%
permanently insulated from it. And so if
String<01:48:11.520><c> Theory's</c><01:48:11.920><c> defense</c><01:48:12.320><c> team</c><01:48:12.719><c> were</c><01:48:12.880><c> to</c>

01:46:45.830 --> 01:46:45.840 align:start position:0%
String Theory's defense team were to
 

01:46:45.840 --> 01:46:47.909 align:start position:0%
String Theory's defense team were to
stop<01:48:13.280><c> the</c><01:48:13.440><c> judge</c><01:48:13.679><c> and</c><01:48:13.920><c> jury</c><01:48:14.320><c> throwing</c><01:48:14.719><c> out</c><01:48:14.880><c> the</c>

01:46:47.909 --> 01:46:47.919 align:start position:0%
stop the judge and jury throwing out the
 

01:46:47.919 --> 01:46:50.790 align:start position:0%
stop the judge and jury throwing out the
case<01:48:15.360><c> for</c><01:48:15.679><c> good,</c><01:48:16.560><c> they</c><01:48:16.800><c> had</c><01:48:17.040><c> some</c><01:48:17.280><c> key</c><01:48:17.520><c> blanks</c>

01:46:50.790 --> 01:46:50.800 align:start position:0%
case for good, they had some key blanks
 

01:46:50.800 --> 01:46:53.350 align:start position:0%
case for good, they had some key blanks
to<01:48:18.239><c> fill</c><01:48:18.480><c> in.</c><01:48:19.440><c> If</c><01:48:19.600><c> the</c><01:48:19.840><c> universe</c><01:48:20.239><c> is</c>

01:46:53.350 --> 01:46:53.360 align:start position:0%
to fill in. If the universe is
 

01:46:53.360 --> 01:46:55.429 align:start position:0%
to fill in. If the universe is
accelerating,<01:48:21.520><c> not</c><01:48:21.760><c> just</c><01:48:21.920><c> coasting,</c><01:48:22.400><c> but</c>

01:46:55.429 --> 01:46:55.439 align:start position:0%
accelerating, not just coasting, but
 

01:46:55.439 --> 01:46:57.350 align:start position:0%
accelerating, not just coasting, but
racing<01:48:23.040><c> away</c><01:48:23.360><c> from</c><01:48:23.520><c> itself,</c><01:48:24.224><c> [music]</c><01:48:24.320><c> then</c>

01:46:57.350 --> 01:46:57.360 align:start position:0%
racing away from itself, [music] then
 

01:46:57.360 --> 01:46:58.949 align:start position:0%
racing away from itself, [music] then
we're<01:48:24.880><c> dealing</c><01:48:25.199><c> with</c><01:48:25.440><c> something</c><01:48:25.840><c> far</c>

01:46:58.949 --> 01:46:58.959 align:start position:0%
we're dealing with something far
 

01:46:58.959 --> 01:47:01.350 align:start position:0%
we're dealing with something far
stranger<01:48:26.800><c> than</c><01:48:26.960><c> anyone</c><01:48:27.360><c> had</c><01:48:27.600><c> planned</c><01:48:27.840><c> for,</c>

01:47:01.350 --> 01:47:01.360 align:start position:0%
stranger than anyone had planned for,
 

01:47:01.360 --> 01:47:03.590 align:start position:0%
stranger than anyone had planned for,
instead<01:48:28.960><c> of</c><01:48:29.119><c> a</c><01:48:29.360><c> small</c><01:48:29.600><c> tweak</c><01:48:30.000><c> to</c><01:48:30.159><c> the</c><01:48:30.320><c> cosmic</c>

01:47:03.590 --> 01:47:03.600 align:start position:0%
instead of a small tweak to the cosmic
 

01:47:03.600 --> 01:47:05.270 align:start position:0%
instead of a small tweak to the cosmic
script.<01:48:31.429><c> [music]</c><01:48:31.679><c> It</c><01:48:31.840><c> was</c><01:48:31.920><c> a</c><01:48:32.159><c> complete</c>

01:47:05.270 --> 01:47:05.280 align:start position:0%
script. [music] It was a complete
 

01:47:05.280 --> 01:47:08.390 align:start position:0%
script. [music] It was a complete
rewrite<01:48:33.119><c> of</c><01:48:33.360><c> the</c><01:48:33.600><c> opening</c><01:48:34.080><c> scene.</c>

01:47:08.390 --> 01:47:08.400 align:start position:0%
rewrite of the opening scene.
 

01:47:08.400 --> 01:47:10.390 align:start position:0%
rewrite of the opening scene.
The<01:48:35.840><c> trial</c><01:48:36.239><c> was</c><01:48:36.480><c> no</c><01:48:36.719><c> longer</c><01:48:37.040><c> just</c><01:48:37.280><c> about</c>

01:47:10.390 --> 01:47:10.400 align:start position:0%
The trial was no longer just about
 

01:47:10.400 --> 01:47:12.870 align:start position:0%
The trial was no longer just about
strings<01:48:37.920><c> or</c><01:48:38.159><c> particles.</c><01:48:39.280><c> With</c><01:48:39.520><c> so</c><01:48:39.760><c> many</c>

01:47:12.870 --> 01:47:12.880 align:start position:0%
strings or particles. With so many
 

01:47:12.880 --> 01:47:15.029 align:start position:0%
strings or particles. With so many
possibilities<01:48:40.719><c> now</c><01:48:40.960><c> on</c><01:48:41.119><c> the</c><01:48:41.280><c> table,</c><01:48:42.000><c> the</c>

01:47:15.029 --> 01:47:15.039 align:start position:0%
possibilities now on the table, the
 

01:47:15.039 --> 01:47:16.710 align:start position:0%
possibilities now on the table, the
courtroom<01:48:42.800><c> had</c><01:48:42.960><c> become</c><01:48:43.280><c> something</c><01:48:43.600><c> else</c>

01:47:16.710 --> 01:47:16.720 align:start position:0%
courtroom had become something else
 

01:47:16.720 --> 01:47:19.909 align:start position:0%
courtroom had become something else
entirely.<01:48:45.199><c> A</c><01:48:45.440><c> grand</c><01:48:45.840><c> inquest</c><01:48:46.400><c> into</c><01:48:46.800><c> not</c><01:48:46.960><c> just</c>

01:47:19.909 --> 01:47:19.919 align:start position:0%
entirely. A grand inquest into not just
 

01:47:19.919 --> 01:47:22.949 align:start position:0%
entirely. A grand inquest into not just
how<01:48:47.280><c> the</c><01:48:47.520><c> universe</c><01:48:48.000><c> exists,</c><01:48:48.960><c> but</c><01:48:49.280><c> why</c><01:48:49.679><c> this</c>

01:47:22.949 --> 01:47:22.959 align:start position:0%
how the universe exists, but why this
 

01:47:22.959 --> 01:47:25.190 align:start position:0%
how the universe exists, but why this
particular<01:48:50.719><c> version</c><01:48:50.960><c> of</c><01:48:51.119><c> it</c><01:48:51.280><c> emerged</c><01:48:52.080><c> from</c>

01:47:25.190 --> 01:47:25.200 align:start position:0%
particular version of it emerged from
 

01:47:25.200 --> 01:47:27.750 align:start position:0%
particular version of it emerged from
the<01:48:52.560><c> vastness</c><01:48:53.280><c> of</c><01:48:53.600><c> possibility.</c><01:48:54.800><c> And</c>

01:47:27.750 --> 01:47:27.760 align:start position:0%
the vastness of possibility. And
 

01:47:27.760 --> 01:47:30.070 align:start position:0%
the vastness of possibility. And
whatever<01:48:55.280><c> the</c><01:48:55.520><c> answer</c><01:48:55.760><c> was,</c><01:48:56.560><c> it</c><01:48:56.800><c> wouldn't</c><01:48:57.040><c> be</c>

01:47:30.070 --> 01:47:30.080 align:start position:0%
whatever the answer was, it wouldn't be
 

01:47:30.080 --> 01:47:33.350 align:start position:0%
whatever the answer was, it wouldn't be
local.<01:48:58.239><c> It</c><01:48:58.480><c> wouldn't</c><01:48:58.940><c> [music]</c><01:48:59.119><c> be</c><01:48:59.440><c> small.</c><01:49:00.400><c> And</c>

01:47:33.350 --> 01:47:33.360 align:start position:0%
local. It wouldn't [music] be small. And
 

01:47:33.360 --> 01:47:35.429 align:start position:0%
local. It wouldn't [music] be small. And
it<01:49:00.800><c> certainly</c><01:49:01.360><c> wouldn't</c><01:49:01.760><c> leave</c><01:49:02.000><c> the</c><01:49:02.239><c> early</c>

01:47:35.429 --> 01:47:35.439 align:start position:0%
it certainly wouldn't leave the early
 

01:47:35.439 --> 01:47:47.670 align:start position:0%
it certainly wouldn't leave the early
universe<01:49:03.525><c> [music]</c><01:49:03.840><c> untouched.</c>

01:47:47.670 --> 01:47:47.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:47:47.680 --> 01:47:49.830 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:49:15.040><c> great</c><01:49:15.360><c> tragedy</c><01:49:15.760><c> of</c><01:49:16.000><c> science.</c><01:49:16.880><c> The</c>

01:47:49.830 --> 01:47:49.840 align:start position:0%
The great tragedy of science. The
 

01:47:49.840 --> 01:47:53.029 align:start position:0%
The great tragedy of science. The
slaying<01:49:17.520><c> of</c><01:49:17.679><c> a</c><01:49:17.840><c> beautiful</c><01:49:18.320><c> hypothesis</c><01:49:19.679><c> by</c><01:49:19.920><c> an</c>

01:47:53.029 --> 01:47:53.039 align:start position:0%
slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an
 

01:47:53.039 --> 01:47:56.949 align:start position:0%
slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an
ugly<01:49:20.560><c> fact.</c>

01:47:56.949 --> 01:47:56.959 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:47:56.959 --> 01:47:59.750 align:start position:0%
 
The<01:49:24.480><c> sun</c><01:49:24.880><c> rises</c><01:49:25.440><c> slowly</c><01:49:25.920><c> over</c><01:49:26.239><c> a</c><01:49:26.480><c> picture</c><01:49:26.719><c> of</c>

01:47:59.750 --> 01:47:59.760 align:start position:0%
The sun rises slowly over a picture of
 

01:47:59.760 --> 01:48:02.710 align:start position:0%
The sun rises slowly over a picture of
serenity.<01:49:28.080><c> A</c><01:49:28.239><c> glassy</c><01:49:28.719><c> pond</c><01:49:29.280><c> with</c><01:49:29.520><c> not</c><01:49:29.760><c> a</c>

01:48:02.710 --> 01:48:02.720 align:start position:0%
serenity. A glassy pond with not a
 

01:48:02.720 --> 01:48:05.989 align:start position:0%
serenity. A glassy pond with not a
ripple<01:49:30.239><c> to</c><01:49:30.400><c> be</c><01:49:30.560><c> seen.</c><01:49:31.679><c> A</c><01:49:32.000><c> cool</c><01:49:32.480><c> early</c><01:49:32.880><c> morning</c>

01:48:05.989 --> 01:48:05.999 align:start position:0%
ripple to be seen. A cool early morning
 

01:48:05.999 --> 01:48:09.029 align:start position:0%
ripple to be seen. A cool early morning
mist<01:49:33.600><c> clings</c><01:49:34.080><c> to</c><01:49:34.239><c> the</c><01:49:34.400><c> calm</c><01:49:34.800><c> waters</c><01:49:35.600><c> as</c><01:49:35.840><c> dragon</c>

01:48:09.029 --> 01:48:09.039 align:start position:0%
mist clings to the calm waters as dragon
 

01:48:09.039 --> 01:48:11.270 align:start position:0%
mist clings to the calm waters as dragon
flies<01:49:36.719><c> dance</c><01:49:37.119><c> between</c><01:49:37.360><c> the</c><01:49:37.600><c> reeds.</c><01:49:38.320><c> The</c>

01:48:11.270 --> 01:48:11.280 align:start position:0%
flies dance between the reeds. The
 

01:48:11.280 --> 01:48:13.270 align:start position:0%
flies dance between the reeds. The
silence<01:49:38.960><c> only</c><01:49:39.280><c> broken</c><01:49:39.679><c> by</c><01:49:39.840><c> the</c><01:49:40.000><c> occasional</c>

01:48:13.270 --> 01:48:13.280 align:start position:0%
silence only broken by the occasional
 

01:48:13.280 --> 01:48:17.350 align:start position:0%
silence only broken by the occasional
chirp<01:49:40.800><c> of</c><01:49:40.880><c> a</c><01:49:41.040><c> cricket</c><01:49:41.600><c> or</c><01:49:41.840><c> croak</c><01:49:42.400><c> of</c><01:49:42.560><c> a</c><01:49:42.800><c> frog.</c>

01:48:17.350 --> 01:48:17.360 align:start position:0%
chirp of a cricket or croak of a frog.
 

01:48:17.360 --> 01:48:19.546 align:start position:0%
chirp of a cricket or croak of a frog.
Though<01:49:44.800><c> it</c><01:49:44.960><c> may</c><01:49:45.119><c> not</c><01:49:45.280><c> seem</c><01:49:45.520><c> like</c><01:49:45.760><c> it,</c><01:49:46.480><c> this</c>

01:48:19.546 --> 01:48:19.556 align:start position:0%
Though it may not seem like it, this
 

01:48:19.556 --> 01:48:21.429 align:start position:0%
Though it may not seem like it, this
[music]<01:49:46.800><c> picturesque</c><01:49:47.440><c> pond</c><01:49:47.840><c> shares</c><01:49:48.159><c> a</c><01:49:48.320><c> lot</c><01:49:48.400><c> in</c>

01:48:21.429 --> 01:48:21.439 align:start position:0%
[music] picturesque pond shares a lot in
 

01:48:21.439 --> 01:48:23.989 align:start position:0%
[music] picturesque pond shares a lot in
common<01:49:48.960><c> with</c><01:49:49.119><c> the</c><01:49:49.360><c> modern</c><01:49:49.840><c> universe.</c><01:49:51.040><c> It's</c>

01:48:23.989 --> 01:48:23.999 align:start position:0%
common with the modern universe. It's
 

01:48:23.999 --> 01:48:26.469 align:start position:0%
common with the modern universe. It's
seemingly<01:49:51.760><c> calm,</c><01:49:52.480><c> balanced,</c><01:49:53.119><c> and</c><01:49:53.360><c> most</c>

01:48:26.469 --> 01:48:26.479 align:start position:0%
seemingly calm, balanced, and most
 

01:48:26.479 --> 01:48:28.870 align:start position:0%
seemingly calm, balanced, and most
importantly,<01:49:54.480><c> self-contained.</c>

01:48:28.870 --> 01:48:28.880 align:start position:0%
importantly, self-contained.
 

01:48:28.880 --> 01:48:30.710 align:start position:0%
importantly, self-contained.
Indeed,<01:49:56.560><c> according</c><01:49:56.880><c> to</c><01:49:57.040><c> the</c><01:49:57.280><c> theory</c><01:49:57.600><c> of</c><01:49:57.760><c> the</c>

01:48:30.710 --> 01:48:30.720 align:start position:0%
Indeed, according to the theory of the
 

01:48:30.720 --> 01:48:33.750 align:start position:0%
Indeed, according to the theory of the
Big<01:49:58.159><c> Bang,</c><01:49:58.960><c> this</c><01:49:59.199><c> cosmic</c><01:49:59.760><c> pond</c><01:50:00.239><c> grew</c><01:50:00.560><c> from</c><01:50:00.719><c> a</c>

01:48:33.750 --> 01:48:33.760 align:start position:0%
Big Bang, this cosmic pond grew from a
 

01:48:33.760 --> 01:48:37.509 align:start position:0%
Big Bang, this cosmic pond grew from a
tiny<01:50:01.360><c> puddle</c><01:50:02.080><c> about</c><01:50:02.560><c> 14</c><01:50:02.960><c> billion</c><01:50:03.440><c> years</c><01:50:03.760><c> ago.</c>

01:48:37.509 --> 01:48:37.519 align:start position:0%
tiny puddle about 14 billion years ago.
 

01:48:37.519 --> 01:48:39.270 align:start position:0%
tiny puddle about 14 billion years ago.
But<01:50:04.880><c> like</c><01:50:05.119><c> any</c><01:50:05.440><c> seemingly</c><01:50:06.080><c> still</c><01:50:06.406><c> [music]</c>

01:48:39.270 --> 01:48:39.280 align:start position:0%
But like any seemingly still [music]
 

01:48:39.280 --> 01:48:41.909 align:start position:0%
But like any seemingly still [music]
pond,<01:50:07.119><c> you'd</c><01:50:07.440><c> expect</c><01:50:07.760><c> to</c><01:50:07.920><c> find</c><01:50:08.239><c> disturbances</c>

01:48:41.909 --> 01:48:41.919 align:start position:0%
pond, you'd expect to find disturbances
 

01:48:41.919 --> 01:48:45.110 align:start position:0%
pond, you'd expect to find disturbances
beneath<01:50:09.520><c> the</c><01:50:09.760><c> surface,</c><01:50:10.719><c> eddies,</c><01:50:11.440><c> whirlpools,</c>

01:48:45.110 --> 01:48:45.120 align:start position:0%
beneath the surface, eddies, whirlpools,
 

01:48:45.120 --> 01:48:48.070 align:start position:0%
beneath the surface, eddies, whirlpools,
and<01:50:12.719><c> currents.</c><01:50:13.760><c> Yet,</c><01:50:14.000><c> instead</c><01:50:14.320><c> of</c><01:50:14.480><c> this,</c><01:50:15.040><c> the</c>

01:48:48.070 --> 01:48:48.080 align:start position:0%
and currents. Yet, instead of this, the
 

01:48:48.080 --> 01:48:50.331 align:start position:0%
and currents. Yet, instead of this, the
more<01:50:15.520><c> physicists</c><01:50:16.159><c> studied</c><01:50:16.560><c> the</c><01:50:16.800><c> universe,</c>

01:48:50.331 --> 01:48:50.341 align:start position:0%
more physicists studied the universe,
 

01:48:50.341 --> 01:48:52.630 align:start position:0%
more physicists studied the universe,
[music]<01:50:17.679><c> the</c><01:50:17.920><c> more</c><01:50:18.159><c> unsettlingly</c><01:50:19.119><c> still</c><01:50:19.600><c> it</c>

01:48:52.630 --> 01:48:52.640 align:start position:0%
[music] the more unsettlingly still it
 

01:48:52.640 --> 01:48:55.989 align:start position:0%
[music] the more unsettlingly still it
became.<01:50:21.119><c> The</c><01:50:21.360><c> deeper</c><01:50:21.679><c> they</c><01:50:21.920><c> looked,</c><01:50:22.719><c> the</c><01:50:22.960><c> more</c>

01:48:55.989 --> 01:48:55.999 align:start position:0%
became. The deeper they looked, the more
 

01:48:55.999 --> 01:48:59.429 align:start position:0%
became. The deeper they looked, the more
uncanny<01:50:23.840><c> the</c><01:50:24.159><c> calm.</c><01:50:25.520><c> And</c><01:50:25.679><c> so</c><01:50:25.840><c> in</c><01:50:26.000><c> a</c><01:50:26.159><c> sense,</c><01:50:26.480><c> it</c>

01:48:59.429 --> 01:48:59.439 align:start position:0%
uncanny the calm. And so in a sense, it
 

01:48:59.439 --> 01:49:02.150 align:start position:0%
uncanny the calm. And so in a sense, it
wasn't<01:50:26.880><c> what</c><01:50:27.040><c> they</c><01:50:27.280><c> saw</c><01:50:27.679><c> that</c><01:50:27.920><c> was</c><01:50:28.080><c> alarming.</c>

01:49:02.150 --> 01:49:02.160 align:start position:0%
wasn't what they saw that was alarming.
 

01:49:02.160 --> 01:49:09.029 align:start position:0%
wasn't what they saw that was alarming.
It<01:50:29.520><c> was</c><01:50:29.679><c> what</c><01:50:29.920><c> they</c><01:50:30.239><c> didn't</c><01:50:30.639><c> see.</c>

01:49:09.029 --> 01:49:09.039 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:49:09.039 --> 01:49:11.270 align:start position:0%
 
To<01:50:36.480><c> begin</c><01:50:36.719><c> with,</c><01:50:37.440><c> there</c><01:50:37.679><c> was</c><01:50:37.760><c> the</c><01:50:38.000><c> flatness</c>

01:49:11.270 --> 01:49:11.280 align:start position:0%
To begin with, there was the flatness
 

01:49:11.280 --> 01:49:12.790 align:start position:0%
To begin with, there was the flatness
problem.

01:49:12.790 --> 01:49:12.800 align:start position:0%
problem.
 

01:49:12.800 --> 01:49:14.630 align:start position:0%
problem.
Just<01:50:40.239><c> like</c><01:50:40.400><c> the</c><01:50:40.639><c> surface</c><01:50:40.960><c> of</c><01:50:41.119><c> the</c><01:50:41.360><c> serene</c>

01:49:14.630 --> 01:49:14.640 align:start position:0%
Just like the surface of the serene
 

01:49:14.640 --> 01:49:16.870 align:start position:0%
Just like the surface of the serene
pond,<01:50:42.431><c> [music]</c><01:50:42.639><c> space</c><01:50:42.960><c> today</c><01:50:43.440><c> appears</c><01:50:43.840><c> to</c><01:50:43.920><c> be</c>

01:49:16.870 --> 01:49:16.880 align:start position:0%
pond, [music] space today appears to be
 

01:49:16.880 --> 01:49:19.110 align:start position:0%
pond, [music] space today appears to be
very<01:50:44.320><c> close</c><01:50:44.560><c> to</c><01:50:44.719><c> what</c><01:50:44.960><c> astronomers</c><01:50:45.679><c> call</c>

01:49:19.110 --> 01:49:19.120 align:start position:0%
very close to what astronomers call
 

01:49:19.120 --> 01:49:22.310 align:start position:0%
very close to what astronomers call
flat.<01:50:47.679><c> In</c><01:50:47.920><c> other</c><01:50:48.080><c> words,</c><01:50:48.480><c> it</c><01:50:48.719><c> has</c><01:50:48.880><c> almost</c><01:50:49.199><c> no</c>

01:49:22.310 --> 01:49:22.320 align:start position:0%
flat. In other words, it has almost no
 

01:49:22.320 --> 01:49:24.949 align:start position:0%
flat. In other words, it has almost no
curvature<01:50:50.080><c> at</c><01:50:50.320><c> all.</c><01:50:50.639><c> Any</c><01:50:51.199><c> tiny</c><01:50:51.600><c> deviation</c>

01:49:24.949 --> 01:49:24.959 align:start position:0%
curvature at all. Any tiny deviation
 

01:49:24.959 --> 01:49:27.190 align:start position:0%
curvature at all. Any tiny deviation
from<01:50:52.480><c> flatness</c><01:50:53.119><c> early</c><01:50:53.360><c> on</c><01:50:54.000><c> should</c><01:50:54.239><c> have</c>

01:49:27.190 --> 01:49:27.200 align:start position:0%
from flatness early on should have
 

01:49:27.200 --> 01:49:29.830 align:start position:0%
from flatness early on should have
become<01:50:54.719><c> exaggerated</c><01:50:55.520><c> as</c><01:50:55.840><c> space</c><01:50:56.159><c> expanded,</c>

01:49:29.830 --> 01:49:29.840 align:start position:0%
become exaggerated as space expanded,
 

01:49:29.840 --> 01:49:31.590 align:start position:0%
become exaggerated as space expanded,
warping<01:50:57.520><c> the</c><01:50:57.679><c> surface</c><01:50:58.159><c> into</c><01:50:58.480><c> something</c>

01:49:31.590 --> 01:49:31.600 align:start position:0%
warping the surface into something
 

01:49:31.600 --> 01:49:34.217 align:start position:0%
warping the surface into something
visibly<01:50:59.280><c> bent</c><01:50:59.679><c> today.</c><01:51:00.800><c> And</c><01:51:00.960><c> yet</c><01:51:01.199><c> instead,</c>

01:49:34.217 --> 01:49:34.227 align:start position:0%
visibly bent today. And yet instead,
 

01:49:34.227 --> 01:49:34.870 align:start position:0%
visibly bent today. And yet instead,
[music]

01:49:34.870 --> 01:49:34.880 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

01:49:34.880 --> 01:49:38.070 align:start position:0%
[music]
it's<01:51:02.480><c> astonishingly</c><01:51:03.360><c> smooth.</c><01:51:04.719><c> At</c><01:51:04.960><c> first</c>

01:49:38.070 --> 01:49:38.080 align:start position:0%
it's astonishingly smooth. At first
 

01:49:38.080 --> 01:49:39.429 align:start position:0%
it's astonishingly smooth. At first
glance,<01:51:05.760><c> there</c><01:51:05.920><c> are</c><01:51:06.080><c> two</c><01:51:06.239><c> possible</c>

01:49:39.429 --> 01:49:39.439 align:start position:0%
glance, there are two possible
 

01:49:39.439 --> 01:49:41.429 align:start position:0%
glance, there are two possible
explanations<01:51:07.199><c> for</c><01:51:07.440><c> this.</c><01:51:08.239><c> Perhaps</c><01:51:08.632><c> [music]</c>

01:49:41.429 --> 01:49:41.439 align:start position:0%
explanations for this. Perhaps [music]
 

01:49:41.439 --> 01:49:43.350 align:start position:0%
explanations for this. Perhaps [music]
space<01:51:08.960><c> was</c><01:51:09.119><c> perfectly</c><01:51:09.520><c> flat</c><01:51:09.840><c> to</c><01:51:10.080><c> begin</c><01:51:10.239><c> with</c>

01:49:43.350 --> 01:49:43.360 align:start position:0%
space was perfectly flat to begin with
 

01:49:43.360 --> 01:49:45.270 align:start position:0%
space was perfectly flat to begin with
and<01:51:10.800><c> so</c><01:51:11.040><c> simply</c><01:51:11.360><c> stayed</c><01:51:11.679><c> that</c><01:51:11.920><c> way</c><01:51:12.080><c> as</c><01:51:12.320><c> it</c>

01:49:45.270 --> 01:49:45.280 align:start position:0%
and so simply stayed that way as it
 

01:49:45.280 --> 01:49:47.509 align:start position:0%
and so simply stayed that way as it
grew,<01:51:13.040><c> a</c><01:51:13.199><c> serene</c><01:51:13.600><c> puddle</c><01:51:14.000><c> growing</c><01:51:14.400><c> into</c><01:51:14.560><c> a</c>

01:49:47.509 --> 01:49:47.519 align:start position:0%
grew, a serene puddle growing into a
 

01:49:47.519 --> 01:49:50.070 align:start position:0%
grew, a serene puddle growing into a
serene<01:51:15.199><c> pond.</c><01:51:16.400><c> But</c><01:51:16.480><c> the</c><01:51:16.639><c> odds</c><01:51:16.880><c> of</c><01:51:17.040><c> that</c>

01:49:50.070 --> 01:49:50.080 align:start position:0%
serene pond. But the odds of that
 

01:49:50.080 --> 01:49:52.310 align:start position:0%
serene pond. But the odds of that
happening<01:51:17.600><c> by</c><01:51:17.840><c> chance</c><01:51:18.320><c> are</c><01:51:18.639><c> astronomically</c>

01:49:52.310 --> 01:49:52.320 align:start position:0%
happening by chance are astronomically
 

01:49:52.320 --> 01:49:54.949 align:start position:0%
happening by chance are astronomically
low.<01:51:20.320><c> The</c><01:51:20.560><c> second</c><01:51:20.880><c> option</c><01:51:21.280><c> is</c><01:51:21.440><c> that</c><01:51:21.600><c> the</c><01:51:21.840><c> pond</c>

01:49:54.949 --> 01:49:54.959 align:start position:0%
low. The second option is that the pond
 

01:49:54.959 --> 01:49:57.670 align:start position:0%
low. The second option is that the pond
ballooned<01:51:22.719><c> so</c><01:51:23.040><c> enormously</c><01:51:23.920><c> that</c><01:51:24.159><c> any</c><01:51:24.400><c> initial</c>

01:49:57.670 --> 01:49:57.680 align:start position:0%
ballooned so enormously that any initial
 

01:49:57.680 --> 01:49:59.761 align:start position:0%
ballooned so enormously that any initial
ripples<01:51:25.280><c> were</c><01:51:25.520><c> ironed</c><01:51:25.920><c> out,</c><01:51:26.639><c> flattened</c>

01:49:59.761 --> 01:49:59.771 align:start position:0%
ripples were ironed out, flattened
 

01:49:59.771 --> 01:50:02.469 align:start position:0%
ripples were ironed out, flattened
[music]<01:51:27.280><c> by</c><01:51:27.520><c> sheer</c><01:51:28.000><c> size.</c>

01:50:02.469 --> 01:50:02.479 align:start position:0%
[music] by sheer size.
 

01:50:02.479 --> 01:50:04.710 align:start position:0%
[music] by sheer size.
But<01:51:29.920><c> the</c><01:51:30.239><c> standard</c><01:51:30.639><c> Big</c><01:51:30.880><c> Bang</c><01:51:31.199><c> model</c><01:51:31.600><c> doesn't</c>

01:50:04.710 --> 01:50:04.720 align:start position:0%
But the standard Big Bang model doesn't
 

01:50:04.720 --> 01:50:06.710 align:start position:0%
But the standard Big Bang model doesn't
allow<01:51:32.159><c> for</c><01:51:32.400><c> nearly</c><01:51:32.719><c> enough</c><01:51:32.960><c> expansion</c><01:51:33.520><c> to</c><01:51:33.760><c> do</c>

01:50:06.710 --> 01:50:06.720 align:start position:0%
allow for nearly enough expansion to do
 

01:50:06.720 --> 01:50:09.429 align:start position:0%
allow for nearly enough expansion to do
the<01:51:34.239><c> job.</c>

01:50:09.429 --> 01:50:09.439 align:start position:0%
the job.
 

01:50:09.439 --> 01:50:12.310 align:start position:0%
the job.
And<01:51:36.960><c> then</c><01:51:37.520><c> there's</c><01:51:37.840><c> the</c><01:51:38.080><c> horizon</c><01:51:38.639><c> problem.</c>

01:50:12.310 --> 01:50:12.320 align:start position:0%
And then there's the horizon problem.
 

01:50:12.320 --> 01:50:15.029 align:start position:0%
And then there's the horizon problem.
Even<01:51:39.760><c> though</c><01:51:39.920><c> the</c><01:51:40.159><c> pond</c><01:51:40.480><c> is</c><01:51:40.719><c> now</c><01:51:41.040><c> vast,</c><01:51:41.920><c> too</c>

01:50:15.029 --> 01:50:15.039 align:start position:0%
Even though the pond is now vast, too
 

01:50:15.039 --> 01:50:16.790 align:start position:0%
Even though the pond is now vast, too
wide<01:51:42.480><c> for</c><01:51:42.639><c> a</c><01:51:42.800><c> ripple</c><01:51:43.199><c> to</c><01:51:43.360><c> have</c><01:51:43.520><c> crossed</c><01:51:43.760><c> from</c>

01:50:16.790 --> 01:50:16.800 align:start position:0%
wide for a ripple to have crossed from
 

01:50:16.800 --> 01:50:19.029 align:start position:0%
wide for a ripple to have crossed from
one<01:51:44.159><c> bank</c><01:51:44.480><c> to</c><01:51:44.639><c> the</c><01:51:44.800><c> other</c><01:51:45.040><c> since</c><01:51:45.280><c> it</c><01:51:45.520><c> formed,</c>

01:50:19.029 --> 01:50:19.039 align:start position:0%
one bank to the other since it formed,
 

01:50:19.039 --> 01:50:20.710 align:start position:0%
one bank to the other since it formed,
the<01:51:46.480><c> entire</c><01:51:46.622><c> [music]</c><01:51:46.880><c> surface</c><01:51:47.520><c> looks</c>

01:50:20.710 --> 01:50:20.720 align:start position:0%
the entire [music] surface looks
 

01:50:20.720 --> 01:50:23.590 align:start position:0%
the entire [music] surface looks
perfectly<01:51:48.480><c> coordinated.</c><01:51:49.599><c> No</c><01:51:49.840><c> currents,</c><01:51:50.480><c> no</c>

01:50:23.590 --> 01:50:23.600 align:start position:0%
perfectly coordinated. No currents, no
 

01:50:23.600 --> 01:50:25.429 align:start position:0%
perfectly coordinated. No currents, no
temperature<01:51:51.199><c> differences.</c><01:51:52.000><c> Every</c><01:51:52.320><c> part</c><01:51:52.480><c> of</c>

01:50:25.429 --> 01:50:25.439 align:start position:0%
temperature differences. Every part of
 

01:50:25.439 --> 01:50:28.150 align:start position:0%
temperature differences. Every part of
the<01:51:52.800><c> pond</c><01:51:53.360><c> seems</c><01:51:53.760><c> to</c><01:51:53.920><c> have</c><01:51:54.080><c> agreed</c><01:51:54.800><c> on</c><01:51:55.040><c> the</c>

01:50:28.150 --> 01:50:28.160 align:start position:0%
the pond seems to have agreed on the
 

01:50:28.160 --> 01:50:31.350 align:start position:0%
the pond seems to have agreed on the
same<01:51:55.679><c> conditions.</c><01:51:57.040><c> And</c><01:51:57.280><c> that</c><01:51:57.920><c> shouldn't</c><01:51:58.320><c> be</c>

01:50:31.350 --> 01:50:31.360 align:start position:0%
same conditions. And that shouldn't be
 

01:50:31.360 --> 01:50:33.909 align:start position:0%
same conditions. And that shouldn't be
possible.<01:51:59.520><c> For</c><01:51:59.760><c> one</c><01:52:00.000><c> side</c><01:52:00.239><c> of</c><01:52:00.320><c> a</c><01:52:00.560><c> system</c><01:52:00.880><c> to</c>

01:50:33.909 --> 01:50:33.919 align:start position:0%
possible. For one side of a system to
 

01:50:33.919 --> 01:50:36.230 align:start position:0%
possible. For one side of a system to
know<01:52:01.360><c> about</c><01:52:01.599><c> the</c><01:52:01.840><c> other,</c><01:52:02.320><c> to</c><01:52:02.560><c> equalize,</c>

01:50:36.230 --> 01:50:36.240 align:start position:0%
know about the other, to equalize,
 

01:50:36.240 --> 01:50:38.550 align:start position:0%
know about the other, to equalize,
synchronize,<01:52:04.080><c> or</c><01:52:04.400><c> share</c><01:52:04.719><c> information,</c>

01:50:38.550 --> 01:50:38.560 align:start position:0%
synchronize, or share information,
 

01:50:38.560 --> 01:50:40.870 align:start position:0%
synchronize, or share information,
something<01:52:06.080><c> has</c><01:52:06.320><c> to</c><01:52:06.480><c> travel</c><01:52:06.800><c> between</c><01:52:07.199><c> them.</c><01:52:07.840><c> A</c>

01:50:40.870 --> 01:50:40.880 align:start position:0%
something has to travel between them. A
 

01:50:40.880 --> 01:50:42.630 align:start position:0%
something has to travel between them. A
ripple,<01:52:08.237><c> [music]</c><01:52:08.560><c> a</c><01:52:08.800><c> current,</c><01:52:09.199><c> a</c><01:52:09.440><c> message</c><01:52:09.679><c> in</c>

01:50:42.630 --> 01:50:42.640 align:start position:0%
ripple, [music] a current, a message in
 

01:50:42.640 --> 01:50:45.429 align:start position:0%
ripple, [music] a current, a message in
a<01:52:10.080><c> bottle,</c><01:52:11.040><c> something.</c><01:52:12.000><c> But</c><01:52:12.159><c> in</c><01:52:12.400><c> our</c>

01:50:45.429 --> 01:50:45.439 align:start position:0%
a bottle, something. But in our
 

01:50:45.439 --> 01:50:47.670 align:start position:0%
a bottle, something. But in our
expanding<01:52:13.280><c> pond,</c><01:52:13.840><c> there</c><01:52:14.080><c> simply</c><01:52:14.320><c> hasn't</c><01:52:14.639><c> been</c>

01:50:47.670 --> 01:50:47.680 align:start position:0%
expanding pond, there simply hasn't been
 

01:50:47.680 --> 01:50:50.230 align:start position:0%
expanding pond, there simply hasn't been
time<01:52:15.119><c> for</c><01:52:15.360><c> that.</c><01:52:16.159><c> The</c><01:52:16.400><c> banks</c><01:52:16.719><c> are</c><01:52:16.960><c> too</c><01:52:17.119><c> far</c>

01:50:50.230 --> 01:50:50.240 align:start position:0%
time for that. The banks are too far
 

01:50:50.240 --> 01:50:52.162 align:start position:0%
time for that. The banks are too far
apart.<01:52:18.159><c> There</c><01:52:18.400><c> hasn't</c><01:52:18.639><c> been</c><01:52:18.800><c> enough</c><01:52:19.040><c> time</c><01:52:19.280><c> for</c>

01:50:52.162 --> 01:50:52.172 align:start position:0%
apart. There hasn't been enough time for
 

01:50:52.172 --> 01:50:54.710 align:start position:0%
apart. There hasn't been enough time for
[music]<01:52:19.520><c> ripples</c><01:52:20.159><c> or</c><01:52:20.560><c> information</c><01:52:21.360><c> to</c><01:52:21.599><c> reach</c>

01:50:54.710 --> 01:50:54.720 align:start position:0%
[music] ripples or information to reach
 

01:50:54.720 --> 01:50:56.469 align:start position:0%
[music] ripples or information to reach
from<01:52:22.080><c> one</c><01:52:22.320><c> side</c><01:52:22.560><c> to</c><01:52:22.800><c> the</c><01:52:22.960><c> other</c><01:52:23.440><c> for</c>

01:50:56.469 --> 01:50:56.479 align:start position:0%
from one side to the other for
 

01:50:56.479 --> 01:50:59.270 align:start position:0%
from one side to the other for
everything<01:52:24.320><c> to</c><01:52:24.560><c> even</c><01:52:24.960><c> out.</c><01:52:25.920><c> The</c><01:52:26.159><c> speed</c><01:52:26.320><c> of</c>

01:50:59.270 --> 01:50:59.280 align:start position:0%
everything to even out. The speed of
 

01:50:59.280 --> 01:51:00.870 align:start position:0%
everything to even out. The speed of
light<01:52:26.577><c> [music]</c><01:52:26.800><c> simply</c><01:52:27.119><c> isn't</c><01:52:27.440><c> fast</c><01:52:27.760><c> enough</c>

01:51:00.870 --> 01:51:00.880 align:start position:0%
light [music] simply isn't fast enough
 

01:51:00.880 --> 01:51:02.710 align:start position:0%
light [music] simply isn't fast enough
to<01:52:28.239><c> cover</c><01:52:28.480><c> the</c><01:52:28.719><c> distance</c><01:52:29.040><c> in</c><01:52:29.280><c> the</c><01:52:29.440><c> time</c><01:52:29.599><c> the</c>

01:51:02.710 --> 01:51:02.720 align:start position:0%
to cover the distance in the time the
 

01:51:02.720 --> 01:51:04.710 align:start position:0%
to cover the distance in the time the
universe<01:52:30.320><c> has</c><01:52:30.560><c> existed.</c><01:52:31.360><c> And</c><01:52:31.520><c> yet</c><01:52:31.679><c> its</c>

01:51:04.710 --> 01:51:04.720 align:start position:0%
universe has existed. And yet its
 

01:51:04.720 --> 01:51:10.630 align:start position:0%
universe has existed. And yet its
opposite<01:52:32.320><c> sides</c><01:52:33.199><c> still</c><01:52:33.520><c> appear</c><01:52:34.080><c> identical.</c>

01:51:10.630 --> 01:51:10.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:51:10.640 --> 01:51:12.630 align:start position:0%
 
And<01:52:38.080><c> finally,</c><01:52:38.800><c> there's</c><01:52:39.040><c> the</c><01:52:39.280><c> monopole</c>

01:51:12.630 --> 01:51:12.640 align:start position:0%
And finally, there's the monopole
 

01:51:12.640 --> 01:51:15.509 align:start position:0%
And finally, there's the monopole
problem.<01:52:40.560><c> predicted</c><01:52:41.119><c> particles</c><01:52:41.840><c> that</c><01:52:42.400><c> like</c>

01:51:15.509 --> 01:51:15.519 align:start position:0%
problem. predicted particles that like
 

01:51:15.519 --> 01:51:18.230 align:start position:0%
problem. predicted particles that like
mythical<01:52:43.199><c> leviathans</c><01:52:44.159><c> lurking</c><01:52:44.560><c> in</c><01:52:44.719><c> the</c><01:52:44.880><c> deep</c>

01:51:18.230 --> 01:51:18.240 align:start position:0%
mythical leviathans lurking in the deep
 

01:51:18.240 --> 01:51:20.389 align:start position:0%
mythical leviathans lurking in the deep
should<01:52:45.679><c> be</c><01:52:45.840><c> swimming</c><01:52:46.239><c> through</c><01:52:46.480><c> the</c><01:52:46.639><c> cosmos</c><01:52:47.280><c> in</c>

01:51:20.389 --> 01:51:20.399 align:start position:0%
should be swimming through the cosmos in
 

01:51:20.399 --> 01:51:21.909 align:start position:0%
should be swimming through the cosmos in
droves.

01:51:21.909 --> 01:51:21.919 align:start position:0%
droves.
 

01:51:21.919 --> 01:51:24.230 align:start position:0%
droves.
Magnetic<01:52:49.599><c> poles</c><01:52:50.000><c> without</c><01:52:50.320><c> a</c><01:52:50.560><c> partner,</c><01:52:51.199><c> a</c>

01:51:24.230 --> 01:51:24.240 align:start position:0%
Magnetic poles without a partner, a
 

01:51:24.240 --> 01:51:26.790 align:start position:0%
Magnetic poles without a partner, a
south<01:52:51.760><c> without</c><01:52:52.080><c> a</c><01:52:52.320><c> north,</c><01:52:52.719><c> a</c><01:52:52.880><c> north</c><01:52:53.360><c> without</c><01:52:53.760><c> a</c>

01:51:26.790 --> 01:51:26.800 align:start position:0%
south without a north, a north without a
 

01:51:26.800 --> 01:51:29.270 align:start position:0%
south without a north, a north without a
south.<01:52:54.719><c> Theories</c><01:52:55.119><c> that</c><01:52:55.280><c> try</c><01:52:55.520><c> to</c><01:52:55.679><c> unify</c><01:52:56.159><c> the</c>

01:51:29.270 --> 01:51:29.280 align:start position:0%
south. Theories that try to unify the
 

01:51:29.280 --> 01:51:31.509 align:start position:0%
south. Theories that try to unify the
three<01:52:56.719><c> non-gravitational</c><01:52:57.679><c> forces</c><01:52:58.400><c> suggest</c>

01:51:31.509 --> 01:51:31.519 align:start position:0%
three non-gravitational forces suggest
 

01:51:31.519 --> 01:51:33.509 align:start position:0%
three non-gravitational forces suggest
that<01:52:58.960><c> at</c><01:52:59.119><c> high</c><01:52:59.360><c> energies,</c><01:53:00.159><c> the</c><01:53:00.400><c> early</c>

01:51:33.509 --> 01:51:33.519 align:start position:0%
that at high energies, the early
 

01:51:33.519 --> 01:51:35.350 align:start position:0%
that at high energies, the early
universe<01:53:01.360><c> should</c><01:53:01.520><c> have</c><01:53:01.679><c> produced</c><01:53:02.159><c> huge</c>

01:51:35.350 --> 01:51:35.360 align:start position:0%
universe should have produced huge
 

01:51:35.360 --> 01:51:37.509 align:start position:0%
universe should have produced huge
numbers<01:53:02.880><c> of</c><01:53:03.040><c> them.</c><01:53:03.599><c> And</c><01:53:03.760><c> yet,</c><01:53:04.159><c> we've</c><01:53:04.560><c> never</c>

01:51:37.509 --> 01:51:37.519 align:start position:0%
numbers of them. And yet, we've never
 

01:51:37.519 --> 01:51:40.230 align:start position:0%
numbers of them. And yet, we've never
seen<01:53:05.040><c> one.</c><01:53:05.840><c> That's</c><01:53:06.080><c> a</c><01:53:06.320><c> serious</c><01:53:06.800><c> problem</c><01:53:07.199><c> for</c>

01:51:40.230 --> 01:51:40.240 align:start position:0%
seen one. That's a serious problem for
 

01:51:40.240 --> 01:51:42.469 align:start position:0%
seen one. That's a serious problem for
any<01:53:07.679><c> theory</c><01:53:08.080><c> aiming</c><01:53:08.400><c> to</c><01:53:08.560><c> describe</c><01:53:09.040><c> physics</c><01:53:09.440><c> at</c>

01:51:42.469 --> 01:51:42.479 align:start position:0%
any theory aiming to describe physics at
 

01:51:42.479 --> 01:51:44.790 align:start position:0%
any theory aiming to describe physics at
the<01:53:09.840><c> highest</c><01:53:10.159><c> energies,</c><01:53:11.040><c> string</c><01:53:11.440><c> theory</c>

01:51:44.790 --> 01:51:44.800 align:start position:0%
the highest energies, string theory
 

01:51:44.800 --> 01:51:46.949 align:start position:0%
the highest energies, string theory
included.<01:53:13.119><c> And</c><01:53:13.280><c> so</c><01:53:13.520><c> each</c><01:53:13.738><c> [music]</c><01:53:13.760><c> of</c><01:53:13.840><c> these</c>

01:51:46.949 --> 01:51:46.959 align:start position:0%
included. And so each [music] of these
 

01:51:46.959 --> 01:51:49.670 align:start position:0%
included. And so each [music] of these
three<01:53:14.400><c> problems</c><01:53:14.880><c> alone</c><01:53:15.440><c> was</c><01:53:15.760><c> troubling.</c><01:53:16.639><c> The</c>

01:51:49.670 --> 01:51:49.680 align:start position:0%
three problems alone was troubling. The
 

01:51:49.680 --> 01:51:52.790 align:start position:0%
three problems alone was troubling. The
three<01:53:17.040><c> of</c><01:53:17.199><c> them</c><01:53:17.360><c> together</c><01:53:18.400><c> was</c><01:53:18.800><c> damning.</c><01:53:19.760><c> The</c>

01:51:52.790 --> 01:51:52.800 align:start position:0%
three of them together was damning. The
 

01:51:52.800 --> 01:51:55.190 align:start position:0%
three of them together was damning. The
Big<01:53:20.239><c> Bang</c><01:53:20.639><c> was</c><01:53:20.800><c> our</c><01:53:21.040><c> best</c><01:53:21.360><c> model</c><01:53:21.679><c> of</c><01:53:21.840><c> the</c><01:53:22.080><c> early</c>

01:51:55.190 --> 01:51:55.200 align:start position:0%
Big Bang was our best model of the early
 

01:51:55.200 --> 01:51:57.429 align:start position:0%
Big Bang was our best model of the early
universe.<01:53:23.360><c> But</c><01:53:23.520><c> it</c><01:53:23.679><c> was</c><01:53:23.840><c> leaking</c><01:53:24.239><c> at</c><01:53:24.400><c> the</c>

01:51:57.429 --> 01:51:57.439 align:start position:0%
universe. But it was leaking at the
 

01:51:57.439 --> 01:52:00.630 align:start position:0%
universe. But it was leaking at the
seams.<01:53:25.599><c> If</c><01:53:25.840><c> no</c><01:53:26.080><c> solution</c><01:53:26.560><c> could</c><01:53:26.800><c> be</c><01:53:26.960><c> found,</c><01:53:27.599><c> it</c>

01:52:00.630 --> 01:52:00.640 align:start position:0%
seams. If no solution could be found, it
 

01:52:00.640 --> 01:52:02.870 align:start position:0%
seams. If no solution could be found, it
might<01:53:28.000><c> have</c><01:53:28.159><c> to</c><01:53:28.239><c> be</c><01:53:28.400><c> abandoned</c><01:53:28.960><c> altogether.</c>

01:52:02.870 --> 01:52:02.880 align:start position:0%
might have to be abandoned altogether.
 

01:52:02.880 --> 01:52:04.870 align:start position:0%
might have to be abandoned altogether.
And<01:53:30.239><c> if</c><01:53:30.480><c> even</c><01:53:30.719><c> the</c><01:53:30.960><c> big</c><01:53:31.199><c> bang</c><01:53:31.599><c> couldn't</c><01:53:31.920><c> be</c>

01:52:04.870 --> 01:52:04.880 align:start position:0%
And if even the big bang couldn't be
 

01:52:04.880 --> 01:52:07.110 align:start position:0%
And if even the big bang couldn't be
trusted,<01:53:32.880><c> how</c><01:53:33.040><c> could</c><01:53:33.280><c> grander</c><01:53:33.840><c> frameworks</c>

01:52:07.110 --> 01:52:07.120 align:start position:0%
trusted, how could grander frameworks
 

01:52:07.120 --> 01:52:08.949 align:start position:0%
trusted, how could grander frameworks
like<01:53:34.560><c> super</c><01:53:34.880><c> string</c><01:53:35.199><c> theory,</c><01:53:35.599><c> which</c><01:53:35.840><c> sought</c>

01:52:08.949 --> 01:52:08.959 align:start position:0%
like super string theory, which sought
 

01:52:08.959 --> 01:52:11.190 align:start position:0%
like super string theory, which sought
to<01:53:36.320><c> unify</c><01:53:36.719><c> all</c><01:53:36.960><c> of</c><01:53:37.119><c> physics,</c><01:53:37.840><c> hope</c><01:53:38.159><c> to</c>

01:52:11.190 --> 01:52:11.200 align:start position:0%
to unify all of physics, hope to
 

01:52:11.200 --> 01:52:16.310 align:start position:0%
to unify all of physics, hope to
succeed?

01:52:16.310 --> 01:52:16.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:52:16.320 --> 01:52:18.469 align:start position:0%
 
Luckily<01:53:44.000><c> for</c><01:53:44.320><c> Super</c><01:53:44.639><c> String</c><01:53:44.960><c> and</c><01:53:45.199><c> the</c><01:53:45.440><c> Big</c>

01:52:18.469 --> 01:52:18.479 align:start position:0%
Luckily for Super String and the Big
 

01:52:18.479 --> 01:52:21.429 align:start position:0%
Luckily for Super String and the Big
Bang<01:53:46.000><c> Theory,</c><01:53:46.719><c> one</c><01:53:47.040><c> man</c><01:53:47.360><c> had</c><01:53:47.520><c> a</c><01:53:47.760><c> single</c><01:53:48.080><c> idea</c>

01:52:21.429 --> 01:52:21.439 align:start position:0%
Bang Theory, one man had a single idea
 

01:52:21.439 --> 01:52:24.469 align:start position:0%
Bang Theory, one man had a single idea
that<01:53:48.880><c> could</c><01:53:49.119><c> patch</c><01:53:49.599><c> every</c><01:53:49.920><c> leak</c><01:53:50.239><c> at</c><01:53:50.480><c> once.</c><01:53:51.440><c> The</c>

01:52:24.469 --> 01:52:24.479 align:start position:0%
that could patch every leak at once. The
 

01:52:24.479 --> 01:52:29.270 align:start position:0%
that could patch every leak at once. The
court<01:53:52.239><c> calls</c><01:53:52.560><c> Alan</c><01:53:53.040><c> Guth</c><01:53:53.760><c> to</c><01:53:54.000><c> the</c><01:53:54.239><c> stand.</c>

01:52:29.270 --> 01:52:29.280 align:start position:0%
court calls Alan Guth to the stand.
 

01:52:29.280 --> 01:52:31.989 align:start position:0%
court calls Alan Guth to the stand.
Born<01:53:56.800><c> in</c><01:53:57.040><c> 1947</c><01:53:58.000><c> in</c><01:53:58.239><c> New</c><01:53:58.400><c> Brunswick,</c><01:53:59.040><c> New</c>

01:52:31.989 --> 01:52:31.999 align:start position:0%
Born in 1947 in New Brunswick, New
 

01:52:31.999 --> 01:52:34.550 align:start position:0%
Born in 1947 in New Brunswick, New
Jersey,<01:54:00.000><c> Guth</c><01:54:00.400><c> skipped</c><01:54:00.800><c> his</c><01:54:01.040><c> senior</c><01:54:01.360><c> year</c><01:54:01.520><c> of</c>

01:52:34.550 --> 01:52:34.560 align:start position:0%
Jersey, Guth skipped his senior year of
 

01:52:34.560 --> 01:52:37.110 align:start position:0%
Jersey, Guth skipped his senior year of
high<01:54:02.000><c> school</c><01:54:02.320><c> and</c><01:54:02.560><c> enrolled</c><01:54:02.960><c> at</c><01:54:03.119><c> MIT</c><01:54:03.679><c> at</c><01:54:03.920><c> just</c>

01:52:37.110 --> 01:52:37.120 align:start position:0%
high school and enrolled at MIT at just
 

01:52:37.120 --> 01:52:39.830 align:start position:0%
high school and enrolled at MIT at just
17,<01:54:05.199><c> earning</c><01:54:05.520><c> a</c><01:54:05.679><c> bachelor's,</c><01:54:06.320><c> masters,</c><01:54:06.719><c> and</c><01:54:06.880><c> a</c>

01:52:39.830 --> 01:52:39.840 align:start position:0%
17, earning a bachelor's, masters, and a
 

01:52:39.840 --> 01:52:42.630 align:start position:0%
17, earning a bachelor's, masters, and a
PhD<01:54:07.679><c> all</c><01:54:07.840><c> in</c><01:54:08.080><c> quick</c><01:54:08.320><c> succession.</c><01:54:09.360><c> He</c><01:54:09.599><c> began</c>

01:52:42.630 --> 01:52:42.640 align:start position:0%
PhD all in quick succession. He began
 

01:52:42.640 --> 01:52:44.949 align:start position:0%
PhD all in quick succession. He began
his<01:54:10.080><c> career</c><01:54:10.400><c> in</c><01:54:10.560><c> particle</c><01:54:11.040><c> physics,</c><01:54:11.599><c> studying</c>

01:52:44.949 --> 01:52:44.959 align:start position:0%
his career in particle physics, studying
 

01:52:44.959 --> 01:52:46.949 align:start position:0%
his career in particle physics, studying
quarks<01:54:12.800><c> before</c><01:54:13.119><c> shifting</c><01:54:13.520><c> his</c><01:54:13.679><c> focus</c><01:54:14.000><c> to</c>

01:52:46.949 --> 01:52:46.959 align:start position:0%
quarks before shifting his focus to
 

01:52:46.959 --> 01:52:50.310 align:start position:0%
quarks before shifting his focus to
cosmology<01:54:14.880><c> in</c><01:54:15.040><c> the</c><01:54:15.199><c> mid</c><01:54:15.440><c> 1970s.</c><01:54:16.880><c> drawn</c><01:54:17.280><c> by</c>

01:52:50.310 --> 01:52:50.320 align:start position:0%
cosmology in the mid 1970s. drawn by
 

01:52:50.320 --> 01:52:52.550 align:start position:0%
cosmology in the mid 1970s. drawn by
puzzles<01:54:17.920><c> like</c><01:54:18.159><c> magnetic</c><01:54:18.639><c> monopoles</c><01:54:19.360><c> and</c><01:54:19.599><c> the</c>

01:52:52.550 --> 01:52:52.560 align:start position:0%
puzzles like magnetic monopoles and the
 

01:52:52.560 --> 01:52:55.303 align:start position:0%
puzzles like magnetic monopoles and the
flatness<01:54:20.320><c> of</c><01:54:20.480><c> space.</c><01:54:21.760><c> Yet</c><01:54:22.000><c> Guth</c><01:54:22.480><c> struggled</c>

01:52:55.303 --> 01:52:55.313 align:start position:0%
flatness of space. Yet Guth struggled
 

01:52:55.313 --> 01:52:57.590 align:start position:0%
flatness of space. Yet Guth struggled
[music]<01:54:22.960><c> and</c><01:54:23.280><c> went</c><01:54:23.440><c> from</c><01:54:23.599><c> temporary</c><01:54:24.159><c> post</c><01:54:24.560><c> to</c>

01:52:57.590 --> 01:52:57.600 align:start position:0%
[music] and went from temporary post to
 

01:52:57.600 --> 01:53:00.710 align:start position:0%
[music] and went from temporary post to
temporary<01:54:25.360><c> post</c><01:54:26.320><c> until</c><01:54:26.639><c> late</c><01:54:26.960><c> one</c><01:54:27.199><c> night</c><01:54:27.679><c> in</c>

01:53:00.710 --> 01:53:00.720 align:start position:0%
temporary post until late one night in
 

01:53:00.720 --> 01:53:03.590 align:start position:0%
temporary post until late one night in
December<01:54:28.480><c> 1979</c><01:54:29.719><c> [music]</c><01:54:29.840><c> he</c><01:54:30.159><c> experienced</c>

01:53:03.590 --> 01:53:03.600 align:start position:0%
December 1979 [music] he experienced
 

01:53:03.600 --> 01:53:05.670 align:start position:0%
December 1979 [music] he experienced
what<01:54:31.040><c> he</c><01:54:31.199><c> described</c><01:54:31.599><c> at</c><01:54:31.840><c> the</c><01:54:32.000><c> time</c><01:54:32.400><c> as</c><01:54:32.639><c> a</c>

01:53:05.670 --> 01:53:05.680 align:start position:0%
what he described at the time as a
 

01:53:05.680 --> 01:53:07.909 align:start position:0%
what he described at the time as a
spectacular<01:54:33.599><c> realization.</c>

01:53:07.909 --> 01:53:07.919 align:start position:0%
spectacular realization.
 

01:53:07.919 --> 01:53:10.369 align:start position:0%
spectacular realization.
Guth<01:54:35.440><c> figured</c><01:54:35.679><c> out</c><01:54:36.000><c> that</c><01:54:36.239><c> a</c><01:54:36.480><c> period</c><01:54:36.719><c> of</c><01:54:36.960><c> rapid</c>

01:53:10.369 --> 01:53:10.379 align:start position:0%
Guth figured out that a period of rapid
 

01:53:10.379 --> 01:53:12.230 align:start position:0%
Guth figured out that a period of rapid
[music]<01:54:37.760><c> exponential</c><01:54:38.480><c> expansion</c><01:54:39.199><c> could</c>

01:53:12.230 --> 01:53:12.240 align:start position:0%
[music] exponential expansion could
 

01:53:12.240 --> 01:53:14.870 align:start position:0%
[music] exponential expansion could
solve<01:54:39.760><c> not</c><01:54:40.080><c> one</c><01:54:40.560><c> but</c><01:54:40.800><c> all</c><01:54:41.040><c> three</c><01:54:41.440><c> big</c><01:54:41.679><c> bang</c>

01:53:14.870 --> 01:53:14.880 align:start position:0%
solve not one but all three big bang
 

01:53:14.880 --> 01:53:17.590 align:start position:0%
solve not one but all three big bang
problems.<01:54:42.819><c> [music]</c><01:54:43.040><c> And</c><01:54:43.280><c> by</c><01:54:43.520><c> 1981</c><01:54:44.400><c> he</c><01:54:44.639><c> had</c>

01:53:17.590 --> 01:53:17.600 align:start position:0%
problems. [music] And by 1981 he had
 

01:53:17.600 --> 01:53:20.150 align:start position:0%
problems. [music] And by 1981 he had
formally<01:54:45.199><c> proposed</c><01:54:45.840><c> what</c><01:54:46.159><c> we</c><01:54:46.320><c> now</c><01:54:46.639><c> know</c><01:54:47.040><c> as</c>

01:53:20.150 --> 01:53:20.160 align:start position:0%
formally proposed what we now know as
 

01:53:20.160 --> 01:53:22.630 align:start position:0%
formally proposed what we now know as
cosmic<01:54:47.920><c> inflation</c><01:54:48.800><c> and</c><01:54:49.040><c> his</c><01:54:49.280><c> career</c>

01:53:22.630 --> 01:53:22.640 align:start position:0%
cosmic inflation and his career
 

01:53:22.640 --> 01:53:27.350 align:start position:0%
cosmic inflation and his career
understandably<01:54:51.119><c> took</c><01:54:51.440><c> off.</c>

01:53:27.350 --> 01:53:27.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:53:27.360 --> 01:53:29.364 align:start position:0%
 
Inflation<01:54:55.199><c> is</c><01:54:55.360><c> like</c><01:54:55.520><c> an</c><01:54:55.760><c> underground</c><01:54:56.320><c> pipe</c>

01:53:29.364 --> 01:53:29.374 align:start position:0%
Inflation is like an underground pipe
 

01:53:29.374 --> 01:53:31.989 align:start position:0%
Inflation is like an underground pipe
[music]<01:54:56.880><c> beneath</c><01:54:57.199><c> the</c><01:54:57.440><c> pond.</c><01:54:58.400><c> It</c><01:54:58.639><c> provides</c><01:54:58.960><c> a</c>

01:53:31.989 --> 01:53:31.999 align:start position:0%
[music] beneath the pond. It provides a
 

01:53:31.999 --> 01:53:33.670 align:start position:0%
[music] beneath the pond. It provides a
sort<01:54:59.360><c> of</c><01:54:59.520><c> pressure</c><01:54:59.840><c> surge</c><01:55:00.320><c> that</c><01:55:00.560><c> for</c><01:55:00.800><c> the</c>

01:53:33.670 --> 01:53:33.680 align:start position:0%
sort of pressure surge that for the
 

01:53:33.680 --> 01:53:36.150 align:start position:0%
sort of pressure surge that for the
briefest<01:55:01.360><c> moment</c><01:55:02.000><c> blasts</c><01:55:02.480><c> huge</c><01:55:02.880><c> quantities</c>

01:53:36.150 --> 01:53:36.160 align:start position:0%
briefest moment blasts huge quantities
 

01:53:36.160 --> 01:53:38.550 align:start position:0%
briefest moment blasts huge quantities
of<01:55:03.520><c> water</c><01:55:03.840><c> in</c><01:55:04.159><c> from</c><01:55:04.400><c> below.</c><01:55:05.199><c> The</c><01:55:05.360><c> puddle</c>

01:53:38.550 --> 01:53:38.560 align:start position:0%
of water in from below. The puddle
 

01:53:38.560 --> 01:53:41.750 align:start position:0%
of water in from below. The puddle
doesn't<01:55:06.000><c> just</c><01:55:06.239><c> grow,</c><01:55:07.040><c> it</c><01:55:07.360><c> erupts.</c><01:55:08.480><c> Then</c><01:55:08.719><c> the</c>

01:53:41.750 --> 01:53:41.760 align:start position:0%
doesn't just grow, it erupts. Then the
 

01:53:41.760 --> 01:53:43.750 align:start position:0%
doesn't just grow, it erupts. Then the
pipe<01:55:09.280><c> shuts</c><01:55:09.599><c> off,</c><01:55:10.000><c> leaving</c><01:55:10.239><c> the</c><01:55:10.400><c> pond</c><01:55:10.719><c> to</c>

01:53:43.750 --> 01:53:43.760 align:start position:0%
pipe shuts off, leaving the pond to
 

01:53:43.760 --> 01:53:47.270 align:start position:0%
pipe shuts off, leaving the pond to
expand<01:55:11.280><c> at</c><01:55:11.520><c> a</c><01:55:11.679><c> slower,</c><01:55:12.239><c> steadier</c><01:55:12.800><c> pace.</c>

01:53:47.270 --> 01:53:47.280 align:start position:0%
expand at a slower, steadier pace.
 

01:53:47.280 --> 01:53:49.429 align:start position:0%
expand at a slower, steadier pace.
According<01:55:14.880><c> to</c><01:55:14.960><c> the</c><01:55:15.199><c> theory,</c><01:55:15.920><c> this</c><01:55:16.239><c> initial</c>

01:53:49.429 --> 01:53:49.439 align:start position:0%
According to the theory, this initial
 

01:53:49.439 --> 01:53:51.909 align:start position:0%
According to the theory, this initial
inflationary<01:55:17.440><c> phase</c><01:55:18.000><c> saw</c><01:55:18.239><c> the</c><01:55:18.480><c> universe's</c>

01:53:51.909 --> 01:53:51.919 align:start position:0%
inflationary phase saw the universe's
 

01:53:51.919 --> 01:53:54.389 align:start position:0%
inflationary phase saw the universe's
size<01:55:19.760><c> skyrocket</c><01:55:20.400><c> from</c><01:55:20.639><c> considerably</c><01:55:21.280><c> smaller</c>

01:53:54.389 --> 01:53:54.399 align:start position:0%
size skyrocket from considerably smaller
 

01:53:54.399 --> 01:53:56.469 align:start position:0%
size skyrocket from considerably smaller
than<01:55:21.840><c> an</c><01:55:22.000><c> atom</c><01:55:22.560><c> to</c><01:55:22.800><c> about</c><01:55:23.040><c> the</c><01:55:23.199><c> size</c><01:55:23.360><c> of</c><01:55:23.520><c> a</c>

01:53:56.469 --> 01:53:56.479 align:start position:0%
than an atom to about the size of a
 

01:53:56.479 --> 01:53:58.389 align:start position:0%
than an atom to about the size of a
grapefruit<01:55:24.480><c> in</c><01:55:24.719><c> just</c><01:55:24.739><c> [music]</c><01:55:24.960><c> a</c><01:55:25.119><c> trillionth</c>

01:53:58.389 --> 01:53:58.399 align:start position:0%
grapefruit in just [music] a trillionth
 

01:53:58.399 --> 01:54:00.150 align:start position:0%
grapefruit in just [music] a trillionth
of<01:55:25.679><c> a</c><01:55:25.840><c> trillionth</c><01:55:26.320><c> of</c><01:55:26.400><c> a</c><01:55:26.560><c> trillionth</c><01:55:27.040><c> of</c><01:55:27.199><c> a</c>

01:54:00.150 --> 01:54:00.160 align:start position:0%
of a trillionth of a trillionth of a
 

01:54:00.160 --> 01:54:02.710 align:start position:0%
of a trillionth of a trillionth of a
second,<01:55:28.080><c> doubling</c><01:55:28.560><c> in</c><01:55:28.719><c> size</c><01:55:29.119><c> roughly</c><01:55:29.599><c> 80</c>

01:54:02.710 --> 01:54:02.720 align:start position:0%
second, doubling in size roughly 80
 

01:54:02.720 --> 01:54:05.830 align:start position:0%
second, doubling in size roughly 80
times.<01:55:31.119><c> That</c><01:55:31.360><c> may</c><01:55:31.520><c> not</c><01:55:31.760><c> sound</c><01:55:32.000><c> like</c><01:55:32.239><c> much,</c><01:55:32.800><c> but</c>

01:54:05.830 --> 01:54:05.840 align:start position:0%
times. That may not sound like much, but
 

01:54:05.840 --> 01:54:07.830 align:start position:0%
times. That may not sound like much, but
by<01:55:33.199><c> the</c><01:55:33.360><c> end</c><01:55:33.520><c> of</c><01:55:33.599><c> inflation,</c><01:55:34.320><c> the</c><01:55:34.560><c> universe</c>

01:54:07.830 --> 01:54:07.840 align:start position:0%
by the end of inflation, the universe
 

01:54:07.840 --> 01:54:10.630 align:start position:0%
by the end of inflation, the universe
was<01:55:35.280><c> roughly</c><01:55:35.520><c> 10</c><01:55:36.000><c> ^</c><01:55:36.239><c> of</c><01:55:36.400><c> 78</c><01:55:36.880><c> times</c><01:55:37.119><c> bigger</c><01:55:37.599><c> than</c>

01:54:10.630 --> 01:54:10.640 align:start position:0%
was roughly 10 ^ of 78 times bigger than
 

01:54:10.640 --> 01:54:13.110 align:start position:0%
was roughly 10 ^ of 78 times bigger than
it<01:55:38.000><c> had</c><01:55:38.239><c> been</c><01:55:38.400><c> at</c><01:55:38.639><c> the</c><01:55:38.880><c> start.</c><01:55:39.679><c> To</c><01:55:39.920><c> put</c><01:55:40.080><c> that</c>

01:54:13.110 --> 01:54:13.120 align:start position:0%
it had been at the start. To put that
 

01:54:13.120 --> 01:54:15.190 align:start position:0%
it had been at the start. To put that
number<01:55:40.560><c> into</c><01:55:40.880><c> context,</c><01:55:41.520><c> imagine</c><01:55:41.920><c> taking</c><01:55:42.159><c> an</c>

01:54:15.190 --> 01:54:15.200 align:start position:0%
number into context, imagine taking an
 

01:54:15.200 --> 01:54:16.949 align:start position:0%
number into context, imagine taking an
ordinary<01:55:42.800><c> shipping</c><01:55:43.199><c> container</c><01:55:43.679><c> and</c><01:55:43.920><c> then</c>

01:54:16.949 --> 01:54:16.959 align:start position:0%
ordinary shipping container and then
 

01:54:16.959 --> 01:54:19.190 align:start position:0%
ordinary shipping container and then
expanding<01:55:44.560><c> it</c><01:55:44.719><c> by</c><01:55:44.880><c> the</c><01:55:45.119><c> same</c><01:55:45.280><c> amount.</c>

01:54:19.190 --> 01:54:19.200 align:start position:0%
expanding it by the same amount.
 

01:54:19.200 --> 01:54:21.029 align:start position:0%
expanding it by the same amount.
Suddenly,<01:55:46.880><c> it</c><01:55:47.119><c> would</c><01:55:47.280><c> be</c><01:55:47.440><c> larger</c><01:55:47.760><c> than</c><01:55:48.000><c> the</c>

01:54:21.029 --> 01:54:21.039 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, it would be larger than the
 

01:54:21.039 --> 01:54:25.350 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, it would be larger than the
entire<01:55:48.800><c> observable</c><01:55:49.440><c> universe.</c>

01:54:25.350 --> 01:54:25.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:54:25.360 --> 01:54:26.550 align:start position:0%
 
But<01:55:52.719><c> how</c><01:55:52.960><c> did</c><01:55:53.119><c> this</c><01:55:53.280><c> relatively</c>

01:54:26.550 --> 01:54:26.560 align:start position:0%
But how did this relatively
 

01:54:26.560 --> 01:54:28.310 align:start position:0%
But how did this relatively
straightforward<01:55:54.400><c> addition</c><01:55:54.880><c> solve</c><01:55:55.199><c> all</c><01:55:55.280><c> the</c>

01:54:28.310 --> 01:54:28.320 align:start position:0%
straightforward addition solve all the
 

01:54:28.320 --> 01:54:33.429 align:start position:0%
straightforward addition solve all the
problems<01:55:55.760><c> of</c><01:55:55.920><c> the</c><01:55:56.080><c> Big</c><01:55:56.400><c> Bang?</c>

01:54:33.429 --> 01:54:33.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:54:33.439 --> 01:54:35.429 align:start position:0%
 
Well,<01:56:00.960><c> the</c><01:56:01.199><c> flatness</c><01:56:01.679><c> problem</c><01:56:02.000><c> hinged</c><01:56:02.400><c> on</c><01:56:02.480><c> the</c>

01:54:35.429 --> 01:54:35.439 align:start position:0%
Well, the flatness problem hinged on the
 

01:54:35.439 --> 01:54:36.630 align:start position:0%
Well, the flatness problem hinged on the
fact<01:56:02.719><c> that</c><01:56:02.960><c> there</c><01:56:03.119><c> hadn't</c><01:56:03.360><c> been</c><01:56:03.520><c> enough</c>

01:54:36.630 --> 01:54:36.640 align:start position:0%
fact that there hadn't been enough
 

01:54:36.640 --> 01:54:38.550 align:start position:0%
fact that there hadn't been enough
expansion<01:56:04.480><c> since</c><01:56:04.695><c> [music]</c><01:56:04.719><c> the</c><01:56:04.880><c> Big</c><01:56:05.119><c> Bang</c><01:56:05.520><c> to</c>

01:54:38.550 --> 01:54:38.560 align:start position:0%
expansion since [music] the Big Bang to
 

01:54:38.560 --> 01:54:41.110 align:start position:0%
expansion since [music] the Big Bang to
smooth<01:56:06.080><c> out</c><01:56:06.320><c> any</c><01:56:06.560><c> initial</c><01:56:07.040><c> wrinkles,</c><01:56:08.080><c> but</c>

01:54:41.110 --> 01:54:41.120 align:start position:0%
smooth out any initial wrinkles, but
 

01:54:41.120 --> 01:54:43.750 align:start position:0%
smooth out any initial wrinkles, but
inflation<01:56:08.960><c> adds</c><01:56:09.280><c> in</c><01:56:09.599><c> the</c><01:56:09.840><c> extra</c><01:56:10.320><c> required</c>

01:54:43.750 --> 01:54:43.760 align:start position:0%
inflation adds in the extra required
 

01:54:43.760 --> 01:54:46.230 align:start position:0%
inflation adds in the extra required
expansion.<01:56:12.159><c> Similarly,</c><01:56:12.719><c> the</c><01:56:12.960><c> horizon</c>

01:54:46.230 --> 01:54:46.240 align:start position:0%
expansion. Similarly, the horizon
 

01:54:46.240 --> 01:54:47.590 align:start position:0%
expansion. Similarly, the horizon
problem<01:56:13.760><c> argued</c><01:56:14.159><c> that</c><01:56:14.320><c> there</c><01:56:14.400><c> hasn't</c><01:56:14.639><c> been</c>

01:54:47.590 --> 01:54:47.600 align:start position:0%
problem argued that there hasn't been
 

01:54:47.600 --> 01:54:49.190 align:start position:0%
problem argued that there hasn't been
enough<01:56:15.040><c> time</c><01:56:15.280><c> for</c><01:56:15.440><c> ripples</c><01:56:15.920><c> to</c><01:56:16.080><c> travel</c>

01:54:49.190 --> 01:54:49.200 align:start position:0%
enough time for ripples to travel
 

01:54:49.200 --> 01:54:51.830 align:start position:0%
enough time for ripples to travel
between<01:56:16.719><c> every</c><01:56:17.040><c> part</c><01:56:17.280><c> of</c><01:56:17.440><c> the</c><01:56:17.679><c> pond.</c><01:56:18.560><c> Add</c><01:56:18.800><c> in</c>

01:54:51.830 --> 01:54:51.840 align:start position:0%
between every part of the pond. Add in
 

01:54:51.840 --> 01:54:54.150 align:start position:0%
between every part of the pond. Add in
the<01:56:19.280><c> extra</c><01:56:19.599><c> expansion</c><01:56:20.080><c> from</c><01:56:20.320><c> inflation,</c><01:56:21.199><c> and</c>

01:54:54.150 --> 01:54:54.160 align:start position:0%
the extra expansion from inflation, and
 

01:54:54.160 --> 01:54:56.230 align:start position:0%
the extra expansion from inflation, and
suddenly<01:56:21.679><c> the</c><01:56:21.840><c> puddle</c><01:56:22.320><c> can</c><01:56:22.639><c> start</c><01:56:23.040><c> much</c>

01:54:56.230 --> 01:54:56.240 align:start position:0%
suddenly the puddle can start much
 

01:54:56.240 --> 01:54:58.630 align:start position:0%
suddenly the puddle can start much
smaller,<01:56:24.320><c> much</c><01:56:24.560><c> more</c><01:56:24.719><c> interconnected,</c><01:56:25.599><c> and</c>

01:54:58.630 --> 01:54:58.640 align:start position:0%
smaller, much more interconnected, and
 

01:54:58.640 --> 01:55:00.150 align:start position:0%
smaller, much more interconnected, and
still<01:56:26.080><c> be</c><01:56:26.239><c> capable</c><01:56:26.639><c> of</c><01:56:26.800><c> becoming</c><01:56:27.119><c> the</c>

01:55:00.150 --> 01:55:00.160 align:start position:0%
still be capable of becoming the
 

01:55:00.160 --> 01:55:03.270 align:start position:0%
still be capable of becoming the
enormous<01:56:27.760><c> pond</c><01:56:28.080><c> we</c><01:56:28.320><c> see</c><01:56:28.560><c> today.</c><01:56:29.760><c> And</c><01:56:30.000><c> finally,</c>

01:55:03.270 --> 01:55:03.280 align:start position:0%
enormous pond we see today. And finally,
 

01:55:03.280 --> 01:55:05.750 align:start position:0%
enormous pond we see today. And finally,
what<01:56:30.719><c> about</c><01:56:30.880><c> the</c><01:56:31.040><c> missing</c><01:56:31.360><c> monopoles?</c><01:56:32.560><c> Well,</c>

01:55:05.750 --> 01:55:05.760 align:start position:0%
what about the missing monopoles? Well,
 

01:55:05.760 --> 01:55:07.909 align:start position:0%
what about the missing monopoles? Well,
inflation<01:56:33.599><c> solves</c><01:56:33.920><c> that,</c><01:56:34.170><c> [music]</c><01:56:34.239><c> too.</c><01:56:34.880><c> If</c>

01:55:07.909 --> 01:55:07.919 align:start position:0%
inflation solves that, [music] too. If
 

01:55:07.919 --> 01:55:09.429 align:start position:0%
inflation solves that, [music] too. If
monopoles<01:56:35.679><c> were</c><01:56:35.840><c> formed</c><01:56:36.080><c> in</c><01:56:36.239><c> the</c><01:56:36.400><c> early</c>

01:55:09.429 --> 01:55:09.439 align:start position:0%
monopoles were formed in the early
 

01:55:09.439 --> 01:55:11.670 align:start position:0%
monopoles were formed in the early
universe,<01:56:37.520><c> they</c><01:56:37.760><c> would</c><01:56:37.920><c> have</c><01:56:38.080><c> been</c><01:56:38.239><c> diluted</c>

01:55:11.670 --> 01:55:11.680 align:start position:0%
universe, they would have been diluted
 

01:55:11.680 --> 01:55:14.165 align:start position:0%
universe, they would have been diluted
by<01:56:39.119><c> inflation's</c><01:56:39.840><c> vast</c><01:56:40.159><c> expansion</c><01:56:40.639><c> of</c><01:56:40.880><c> space,</c>

01:55:14.165 --> 01:55:14.175 align:start position:0%
by inflation's vast expansion of space,
 

01:55:14.175 --> 01:55:14.710 align:start position:0%
by inflation's vast expansion of space,
[music]

01:55:14.710 --> 01:55:14.720 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

01:55:14.720 --> 01:55:17.029 align:start position:0%
[music]
stretched<01:56:42.480><c> so</c><01:56:42.800><c> thinly</c><01:56:43.360><c> across</c><01:56:43.599><c> the</c><01:56:43.840><c> cosmic</c>

01:55:17.029 --> 01:55:17.039 align:start position:0%
stretched so thinly across the cosmic
 

01:55:17.039 --> 01:55:19.270 align:start position:0%
stretched so thinly across the cosmic
pond<01:56:44.639><c> that</c><01:56:44.800><c> we'd</c><01:56:45.119><c> expect</c><01:56:45.360><c> to</c><01:56:45.520><c> find</c><01:56:45.840><c> hardly</c><01:56:46.239><c> any</c>

01:55:19.270 --> 01:55:19.280 align:start position:0%
pond that we'd expect to find hardly any
 

01:55:19.280 --> 01:55:21.509 align:start position:0%
pond that we'd expect to find hardly any
at<01:56:46.719><c> all.</c>

01:55:21.509 --> 01:55:21.519 align:start position:0%
at all.
 

01:55:21.519 --> 01:55:23.590 align:start position:0%
at all.
At<01:56:49.040><c> first,</c><01:56:49.599><c> inflation</c><01:56:50.239><c> looked</c><01:56:50.480><c> like</c><01:56:50.639><c> a</c>

01:55:23.590 --> 01:55:23.600 align:start position:0%
At first, inflation looked like a
 

01:55:23.600 --> 01:55:25.989 align:start position:0%
At first, inflation looked like a
miracle<01:56:51.280><c> cure.</c><01:56:52.000><c> It</c><01:56:52.159><c> fixed</c><01:56:52.400><c> the</c><01:56:52.560><c> flatness</c><01:56:52.960><c> and</c>

01:55:25.989 --> 01:55:25.999 align:start position:0%
miracle cure. It fixed the flatness and
 

01:55:25.999 --> 01:55:27.989 align:start position:0%
miracle cure. It fixed the flatness and
horizon<01:56:53.679><c> problems</c><01:56:54.320><c> and</c><01:56:54.560><c> even</c><01:56:54.800><c> swept</c><01:56:55.040><c> the</c>

01:55:27.989 --> 01:55:27.999 align:start position:0%
horizon problems and even swept the
 

01:55:27.999 --> 01:55:30.469 align:start position:0%
horizon problems and even swept the
monopoles<01:56:55.760><c> under</c><01:56:56.000><c> the</c><01:56:56.159><c> cosmic</c><01:56:56.639><c> rug.</c><01:56:57.440><c> But</c>

01:55:30.469 --> 01:55:30.479 align:start position:0%
monopoles under the cosmic rug. But
 

01:55:30.479 --> 01:55:32.469 align:start position:0%
monopoles under the cosmic rug. But
Goop's<01:56:58.080><c> original</c><01:56:58.480><c> idea,</c><01:56:59.040><c> although</c><01:56:59.360><c> highly</c>

01:55:32.469 --> 01:55:32.479 align:start position:0%
Goop's original idea, although highly
 

01:55:32.479 --> 01:55:35.029 align:start position:0%
Goop's original idea, although highly
elegant<01:57:00.080><c> in</c><01:57:00.320><c> theory,</c><01:57:01.040><c> didn't</c><01:57:01.360><c> quite</c><01:57:01.679><c> work</c><01:57:01.920><c> in</c>

01:55:35.029 --> 01:55:35.039 align:start position:0%
elegant in theory, didn't quite work in
 

01:55:35.039 --> 01:55:37.670 align:start position:0%
elegant in theory, didn't quite work in
practice.<01:57:03.199><c> His</c><01:57:03.520><c> version</c><01:57:03.760><c> of</c><01:57:03.920><c> inflation</c><01:57:04.480><c> ended</c>

01:55:37.670 --> 01:55:37.680 align:start position:0%
practice. His version of inflation ended
 

01:55:37.680 --> 01:55:40.310 align:start position:0%
practice. His version of inflation ended
too<01:57:05.199><c> violently,</c><01:57:06.080><c> leaving</c><01:57:06.400><c> behind</c><01:57:06.639><c> a</c><01:57:06.880><c> universe</c>

01:55:40.310 --> 01:55:40.320 align:start position:0%
too violently, leaving behind a universe
 

01:55:40.320 --> 01:55:42.870 align:start position:0%
too violently, leaving behind a universe
riddled<01:57:08.080><c> with</c><01:57:08.480><c> bubbles.</c>

01:55:42.870 --> 01:55:42.880 align:start position:0%
riddled with bubbles.
 

01:55:42.880 --> 01:55:45.029 align:start position:0%
riddled with bubbles.
And<01:57:10.320><c> so,</c><01:57:10.560><c> as</c><01:57:10.800><c> it</c><01:57:10.880><c> happened</c><01:57:11.199><c> many</c><01:57:11.520><c> times</c><01:57:11.840><c> before</c>

01:55:45.029 --> 01:55:45.039 align:start position:0%
And so, as it happened many times before
 

01:55:45.039 --> 01:55:46.949 align:start position:0%
And so, as it happened many times before
in<01:57:12.480><c> physics,</c><01:57:12.816><c> [music]</c><01:57:13.280><c> Guth's</c><01:57:13.760><c> original</c>

01:55:46.949 --> 01:55:46.959 align:start position:0%
in physics, [music] Guth's original
 

01:55:46.959 --> 01:55:49.509 align:start position:0%
in physics, [music] Guth's original
model<01:57:14.560><c> was</c><01:57:14.880><c> beautiful,</c><01:57:15.760><c> but</c><01:57:16.000><c> when</c><01:57:16.239><c> pressed,</c>

01:55:49.509 --> 01:55:49.519 align:start position:0%
model was beautiful, but when pressed,
 

01:55:49.519 --> 01:55:52.230 align:start position:0%
model was beautiful, but when pressed,
it<01:57:16.960><c> cracked</c><01:57:17.440><c> under</c><01:57:17.760><c> cross-examination.</c><01:57:19.199><c> The</c>

01:55:52.230 --> 01:55:52.240 align:start position:0%
it cracked under cross-examination. The
 

01:55:52.240 --> 01:55:53.750 align:start position:0%
it cracked under cross-examination. The
defense<01:57:19.840><c> would</c><01:57:20.080><c> need</c><01:57:20.239><c> a</c><01:57:20.480><c> smoother,</c><01:57:20.676><c> [music]</c>

01:55:53.750 --> 01:55:53.760 align:start position:0%
defense would need a smoother, [music]
 

01:55:53.760 --> 01:55:55.590 align:start position:0%
defense would need a smoother, [music]
more<01:57:21.280><c> controlled</c><01:57:21.760><c> version</c><01:57:22.080><c> of</c><01:57:22.320><c> the</c><01:57:22.560><c> same</c>

01:55:55.590 --> 01:55:55.600 align:start position:0%
more controlled version of the same
 

01:55:55.600 --> 01:55:58.630 align:start position:0%
more controlled version of the same
idea.<01:57:23.840><c> And</c><01:57:24.000><c> that</c><01:57:24.320><c> refinement</c><01:57:25.119><c> would</c><01:57:25.360><c> one</c><01:57:25.599><c> day</c>

01:55:58.630 --> 01:55:58.640 align:start position:0%
idea. And that refinement would one day
 

01:55:58.640 --> 01:56:00.230 align:start position:0%
idea. And that refinement would one day
dramatically<01:57:26.560><c> intersect</c><01:57:27.040><c> with</c><01:57:27.199><c> the</c><01:57:27.226><c> [music]</c>

01:56:00.230 --> 01:56:00.240 align:start position:0%
dramatically intersect with the [music]
 

01:56:00.240 --> 01:56:02.630 align:start position:0%
dramatically intersect with the [music]
world<01:57:27.599><c> of</c><01:57:27.760><c> string</c><01:57:28.159><c> theory.</c><01:57:28.880><c> And</c><01:57:29.040><c> it</c><01:57:29.280><c> came</c><01:57:29.599><c> from</c>

01:56:02.630 --> 01:56:02.640 align:start position:0%
world of string theory. And it came from
 

01:56:02.640 --> 01:56:11.750 align:start position:0%
world of string theory. And it came from
a<01:57:30.080><c> familiar</c><01:57:30.480><c> face,</c><01:57:31.760><c> Andre</c><01:57:32.159><c> Linda.</c>

01:56:11.750 --> 01:56:11.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:56:11.760 --> 01:56:13.750 align:start position:0%
 
Guth's<01:57:39.440><c> inflationary</c><01:57:40.159><c> surge</c><01:57:40.480><c> was</c><01:57:40.719><c> too</c>

01:56:13.750 --> 01:56:13.760 align:start position:0%
Guth's inflationary surge was too
 

01:56:13.760 --> 01:56:15.909 align:start position:0%
Guth's inflationary surge was too
abrupt,<01:57:41.599><c> like</c><01:57:41.840><c> the</c><01:57:42.000><c> underground</c><01:57:42.480><c> pipe</c><01:57:42.880><c> had</c>

01:56:15.909 --> 01:56:15.919 align:start position:0%
abrupt, like the underground pipe had
 

01:56:15.919 --> 01:56:18.790 align:start position:0%
abrupt, like the underground pipe had
burst.<01:57:44.159><c> Linda</c><01:57:44.639><c> added</c><01:57:44.960><c> the</c><01:57:45.119><c> equivalent</c><01:57:45.599><c> of</c><01:57:45.840><c> a</c>

01:56:18.790 --> 01:56:18.800 align:start position:0%
burst. Linda added the equivalent of a
 

01:56:18.800 --> 01:56:20.710 align:start position:0%
burst. Linda added the equivalent of a
pressure<01:57:46.400><c> valve.</c>

01:56:20.710 --> 01:56:20.720 align:start position:0%
pressure valve.
 

01:56:20.720 --> 01:56:23.110 align:start position:0%
pressure valve.
The<01:57:48.159><c> water</c><01:57:48.560><c> still</c><01:57:48.800><c> rushed</c><01:57:49.119><c> in,</c><01:57:49.599><c> expanding</c><01:57:50.080><c> the</c>

01:56:23.110 --> 01:56:23.120 align:start position:0%
The water still rushed in, expanding the
 

01:56:23.120 --> 01:56:25.190 align:start position:0%
The water still rushed in, expanding the
pond<01:57:50.639><c> dramatically,</c><01:57:51.599><c> but</c><01:57:51.840><c> now</c><01:57:52.080><c> in</c><01:57:52.239><c> a</c>

01:56:25.190 --> 01:56:25.200 align:start position:0%
pond dramatically, but now in a
 

01:56:25.200 --> 01:56:27.670 align:start position:0%
pond dramatically, but now in a
smoother,<01:57:52.960><c> more</c><01:57:53.280><c> controlled</c><01:57:53.760><c> fashion.</c><01:57:54.639><c> The</c>

01:56:27.670 --> 01:56:27.680 align:start position:0%
smoother, more controlled fashion. The
 

01:56:27.680 --> 01:56:31.190 align:start position:0%
smoother, more controlled fashion. The
surface<01:57:55.280><c> could</c><01:57:55.599><c> stay</c><01:57:55.920><c> calm,</c><01:57:56.880><c> coherent.</c>

01:56:31.190 --> 01:56:31.200 align:start position:0%
surface could stay calm, coherent.
 

01:56:31.200 --> 01:56:33.029 align:start position:0%
surface could stay calm, coherent.
And<01:57:58.560><c> that</c><01:57:58.800><c> wasn't</c><01:57:59.040><c> the</c><01:57:59.199><c> end</c><01:57:59.360><c> of</c><01:57:59.440><c> it.</c><01:57:59.920><c> For</c><01:58:00.080><c> in</c>

01:56:33.029 --> 01:56:33.039 align:start position:0%
And that wasn't the end of it. For in
 

01:56:33.039 --> 01:56:35.029 align:start position:0%
And that wasn't the end of it. For in
Linda's<01:58:00.719><c> version,</c><01:58:01.119><c> the</c><01:58:01.280><c> valve</c><01:58:01.599><c> didn't</c><01:58:01.920><c> simply</c>

01:56:35.029 --> 01:56:35.039 align:start position:0%
Linda's version, the valve didn't simply
 

01:56:35.039 --> 01:56:37.750 align:start position:0%
Linda's version, the valve didn't simply
shut<01:58:02.480><c> off</c><01:58:02.719><c> all</c><01:58:02.960><c> at</c><01:58:03.199><c> once.</c><01:58:04.159><c> One</c><01:58:04.400><c> region</c><01:58:04.639><c> of</c><01:58:04.800><c> the</c>

01:56:37.750 --> 01:56:37.760 align:start position:0%
shut off all at once. One region of the
 

01:56:37.760 --> 01:56:39.429 align:start position:0%
shut off all at once. One region of the
pond<01:58:05.280><c> might</c><01:58:05.520><c> stop</c><01:58:05.760><c> swelling</c><01:58:06.159><c> and</c><01:58:06.320><c> begin</c>

01:56:39.429 --> 01:56:39.439 align:start position:0%
pond might stop swelling and begin
 

01:56:39.439 --> 01:56:41.350 align:start position:0%
pond might stop swelling and begin
settling,<01:58:07.360><c> but</c><01:58:07.599><c> others</c><01:58:08.000><c> could</c><01:58:08.320><c> keep</c>

01:56:41.350 --> 01:56:41.360 align:start position:0%
settling, but others could keep
 

01:56:41.360 --> 01:56:43.590 align:start position:0%
settling, but others could keep
expanding.<01:58:09.679><c> Some</c><01:58:09.840><c> of</c><01:58:10.000><c> those</c><01:58:10.239><c> regions</c><01:58:10.560><c> would</c>

01:56:43.590 --> 01:56:43.600 align:start position:0%
expanding. Some of those regions would
 

01:56:43.600 --> 01:56:45.909 align:start position:0%
expanding. Some of those regions would
even<01:58:11.040><c> spawn</c><01:58:11.440><c> new</c><01:58:11.760><c> valves</c><01:58:12.159><c> of</c><01:58:12.320><c> their</c><01:58:12.480><c> own,</c>

01:56:45.909 --> 01:56:45.919 align:start position:0%
even spawn new valves of their own,
 

01:56:45.919 --> 01:56:49.110 align:start position:0%
even spawn new valves of their own,
launching<01:58:13.760><c> entirely</c><01:58:14.400><c> new</c><01:58:14.719><c> ponds.</c><01:58:15.920><c> And</c><01:58:16.080><c> this</c>

01:56:49.110 --> 01:56:49.120 align:start position:0%
launching entirely new ponds. And this
 

01:56:49.120 --> 01:56:52.550 align:start position:0%
launching entirely new ponds. And this
process<01:58:17.199><c> would</c><01:58:17.520><c> never</c><01:58:17.920><c> end.</c><01:58:18.719><c> Inflation</c>

01:56:52.550 --> 01:56:52.560 align:start position:0%
process would never end. Inflation
 

01:56:52.560 --> 01:56:56.310 align:start position:0%
process would never end. Inflation
became<01:58:20.320><c> eternal.</c><01:58:21.599><c> Our</c><01:58:21.840><c> serene</c><01:58:22.320><c> pond</c><01:58:22.800><c> just</c><01:58:23.119><c> won</c>

01:56:56.310 --> 01:56:56.320 align:start position:0%
became eternal. Our serene pond just won
 

01:56:56.320 --> 01:56:58.710 align:start position:0%
became eternal. Our serene pond just won
amongst<01:58:24.000><c> countless</c><01:58:24.480><c> others,</c><01:58:25.280><c> each</c><01:58:25.520><c> with</c><01:58:25.760><c> its</c>

01:56:58.710 --> 01:56:58.720 align:start position:0%
amongst countless others, each with its
 

01:56:58.720 --> 01:57:01.190 align:start position:0%
amongst countless others, each with its
own<01:58:26.159><c> currents</c><01:58:26.560><c> and</c><01:58:26.719><c> contours</c><01:58:27.599><c> shaped</c><01:58:28.000><c> by</c><01:58:28.159><c> the</c>

01:57:01.190 --> 01:57:01.200 align:start position:0%
own currents and contours shaped by the
 

01:57:01.200 --> 01:57:03.110 align:start position:0%
own currents and contours shaped by the
exact<01:58:28.800><c> circumstances</c><01:58:29.840><c> of</c><01:58:30.080><c> its</c><01:58:30.107><c> [music]</c>

01:57:03.110 --> 01:57:03.120 align:start position:0%
exact circumstances of its [music]
 

01:57:03.120 --> 01:57:05.989 align:start position:0%
exact circumstances of its [music]
birth.<01:58:31.360><c> In</c><01:58:31.599><c> other</c><01:58:31.840><c> words,</c><01:58:32.320><c> a</c><01:58:32.560><c> vast</c><01:58:32.880><c> and</c>

01:57:05.989 --> 01:57:05.999 align:start position:0%
birth. In other words, a vast and
 

01:57:05.999 --> 01:57:08.949 align:start position:0%
birth. In other words, a vast and
expansive<01:58:34.080><c> landscape</c><01:58:34.719><c> of</c><01:58:34.960><c> pawns</c><01:58:35.760><c> with</c><01:58:36.000><c> each</c>

01:57:08.949 --> 01:57:08.959 align:start position:0%
expansive landscape of pawns with each
 

01:57:08.959 --> 01:57:10.630 align:start position:0%
expansive landscape of pawns with each
one<01:58:36.400><c> having</c><01:58:36.639><c> its</c><01:58:36.880><c> own</c><01:58:37.040><c> particles,</c>

01:57:10.630 --> 01:57:10.640 align:start position:0%
one having its own particles,
 

01:57:10.640 --> 01:57:13.670 align:start position:0%
one having its own particles,
fundamental<01:58:38.400><c> forces,</c><01:58:39.119><c> and</c><01:58:39.360><c> laws</c><01:58:39.679><c> of</c><01:58:39.840><c> physics,</c>

01:57:13.670 --> 01:57:13.680 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces, and laws of physics,
 

01:57:13.680 --> 01:57:15.830 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces, and laws of physics,
a<01:58:41.199><c> multiverse.</c>

01:57:15.830 --> 01:57:15.840 align:start position:0%
a multiverse.
 

01:57:15.840 --> 01:57:18.630 align:start position:0%
a multiverse.
If<01:58:43.280><c> this</c><01:58:43.440><c> idea</c><01:58:43.840><c> sounds</c><01:58:44.159><c> familiar,</c><01:58:44.880><c> it</c><01:58:45.119><c> should.</c>

01:57:18.630 --> 01:57:18.640 align:start position:0%
If this idea sounds familiar, it should.
 

01:57:18.640 --> 01:57:20.949 align:start position:0%
If this idea sounds familiar, it should.
It's<01:58:46.000><c> an</c><01:58:46.159><c> eerie</c><01:58:46.560><c> parallel</c><01:58:47.280><c> of</c><01:58:47.520><c> the</c><01:58:47.760><c> string</c>

01:57:20.949 --> 01:57:20.959 align:start position:0%
It's an eerie parallel of the string
 

01:57:20.959 --> 01:57:23.429 align:start position:0%
It's an eerie parallel of the string
theory<01:58:48.480><c> landscape.</c><01:58:49.920><c> And</c><01:58:50.080><c> so,</c><01:58:50.400><c> here</c><01:58:50.420><c> [music]</c>

01:57:23.429 --> 01:57:23.439 align:start position:0%
theory landscape. And so, here [music]
 

01:57:23.439 --> 01:57:25.750 align:start position:0%
theory landscape. And so, here [music]
was<01:58:50.800><c> a</c><01:58:51.040><c> completely</c><01:58:51.520><c> separate</c><01:58:52.000><c> theory,</c><01:58:52.719><c> one</c>

01:57:25.750 --> 01:57:25.760 align:start position:0%
was a completely separate theory, one
 

01:57:25.760 --> 01:57:27.190 align:start position:0%
was a completely separate theory, one
born<01:58:53.280><c> from</c><01:58:53.440><c> an</c><01:58:53.679><c> entirely</c><01:58:54.080><c> different</c>

01:57:27.190 --> 01:57:27.200 align:start position:0%
born from an entirely different
 

01:57:27.200 --> 01:57:29.350 align:start position:0%
born from an entirely different
perspective,<01:58:55.360><c> arriving</c><01:58:55.840><c> at</c><01:58:56.080><c> the</c><01:58:56.320><c> same</c>

01:57:29.350 --> 01:57:29.360 align:start position:0%
perspective, arriving at the same
 

01:57:29.360 --> 01:57:32.790 align:start position:0%
perspective, arriving at the same
unsettling<01:58:57.360><c> conclusion.</c><01:58:58.560><c> a</c><01:58:58.880><c> vast</c><01:58:59.440><c> multitude</c>

01:57:32.790 --> 01:57:32.800 align:start position:0%
unsettling conclusion. a vast multitude
 

01:57:32.800 --> 01:57:35.670 align:start position:0%
unsettling conclusion. a vast multitude
of<01:59:00.239><c> universes,</c><01:59:01.280><c> each</c><01:59:01.520><c> with</c><01:59:01.760><c> its</c><01:59:02.000><c> own</c><01:59:02.239><c> unique</c>

01:57:35.670 --> 01:57:35.680 align:start position:0%
of universes, each with its own unique
 

01:57:35.680 --> 01:57:38.469 align:start position:0%
of universes, each with its own unique
physics<01:59:03.360><c> fingerprint.</c><01:59:04.560><c> Fixing</c><01:59:04.960><c> the</c><01:59:05.119><c> Big</c><01:59:05.360><c> Bang</c>

01:57:38.469 --> 01:57:38.479 align:start position:0%
physics fingerprint. Fixing the Big Bang
 

01:57:38.479 --> 01:57:40.389 align:start position:0%
physics fingerprint. Fixing the Big Bang
theory<01:59:06.239><c> suddenly</c><01:59:06.639><c> brought</c><01:59:06.800><c> it</c><01:59:06.960><c> into</c><01:59:07.280><c> close</c>

01:57:40.389 --> 01:57:40.399 align:start position:0%
theory suddenly brought it into close
 

01:57:40.399 --> 01:57:42.870 align:start position:0%
theory suddenly brought it into close
alignment<01:59:08.159><c> with</c><01:59:08.480><c> superstring</c><01:59:09.119><c> theory.</c><01:59:09.840><c> The</c>

01:57:42.870 --> 01:57:42.880 align:start position:0%
alignment with superstring theory. The
 

01:57:42.880 --> 01:57:46.389 align:start position:0%
alignment with superstring theory. The
defense's<01:59:10.639><c> case</c><01:59:11.360><c> began</c><01:59:11.760><c> to</c><01:59:11.920><c> glisten.</c>

01:57:46.389 --> 01:57:46.399 align:start position:0%
defense's case began to glisten.
 

01:57:46.399 --> 01:57:48.630 align:start position:0%
defense's case began to glisten.
But<01:59:13.992><c> [music]</c><01:59:14.320><c> just</c><01:59:14.560><c> as</c><01:59:14.719><c> the</c><01:59:14.960><c> two</c><01:59:15.199><c> theories</c>

01:57:48.630 --> 01:57:48.640 align:start position:0%
But [music] just as the two theories
 

01:57:48.640 --> 01:57:50.310 align:start position:0%
But [music] just as the two theories
seemed<01:59:16.080><c> to</c><01:59:16.239><c> be</c><01:59:16.400><c> converging</c><01:59:16.880><c> into</c><01:59:17.199><c> something</c>

01:57:50.310 --> 01:57:50.320 align:start position:0%
seemed to be converging into something
 

01:57:50.320 --> 01:57:52.790 align:start position:0%
seemed to be converging into something
grander,<01:59:18.320><c> deeper</c><01:59:18.800><c> questions</c><01:59:19.440><c> began</c><01:59:19.840><c> to</c>

01:57:52.790 --> 01:57:52.800 align:start position:0%
grander, deeper questions began to
 

01:57:52.800 --> 01:57:56.230 align:start position:0%
grander, deeper questions began to
bubble<01:59:20.400><c> up.</c><01:59:21.360><c> Could</c><01:59:21.599><c> these</c><01:59:21.920><c> lush</c><01:59:22.320><c> ponds,</c><01:59:23.199><c> so</c>

01:57:56.230 --> 01:57:56.240 align:start position:0%
bubble up. Could these lush ponds, so
 

01:57:56.240 --> 01:57:59.190 align:start position:0%
bubble up. Could these lush ponds, so
elegantly<01:59:24.080><c> imagined,</c><01:59:25.040><c> be</c><01:59:25.280><c> nothing</c><01:59:25.599><c> more</c><01:59:26.000><c> than</c>

01:57:59.190 --> 01:57:59.200 align:start position:0%
elegantly imagined, be nothing more than
 

01:57:59.200 --> 01:58:00.949 align:start position:0%
elegantly imagined, be nothing more than
mirages?<01:59:26.437><c> [music]</c>

01:58:00.949 --> 01:58:00.959 align:start position:0%
mirages? [music]
 

01:58:00.959 --> 01:58:02.870 align:start position:0%
mirages? [music]
To<01:59:28.400><c> answer</c><01:59:28.639><c> this</c><01:59:28.880><c> question,</c><01:59:29.520><c> the</c><01:59:29.679><c> court</c>

01:58:02.870 --> 01:58:02.880 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, the court
 

01:58:02.880 --> 01:58:11.590 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, the court
summons<01:59:31.040><c> Cameron</c><01:59:31.520><c> Vafa.</c>

01:58:11.590 --> 01:58:11.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:58:11.600 --> 01:58:14.630 align:start position:0%
 
Vafa<01:59:39.199><c> was</c><01:59:39.360><c> born</c><01:59:39.520><c> in</c><01:59:39.840><c> 1960</c><01:59:40.719><c> in</c><01:59:41.040><c> Thran,</c><01:59:41.679><c> the</c>

01:58:14.630 --> 01:58:14.640 align:start position:0%
Vafa was born in 1960 in Thran, the
 

01:58:14.640 --> 01:58:16.710 align:start position:0%
Vafa was born in 1960 in Thran, the
capital<01:59:42.080><c> of</c><01:59:42.239><c> Iran.</c><01:59:42.880><c> During</c><01:59:43.199><c> a</c><01:59:43.360><c> period</c><01:59:43.679><c> of</c>

01:58:16.710 --> 01:58:16.720 align:start position:0%
capital of Iran. During a period of
 

01:58:16.720 --> 01:58:19.270 align:start position:0%
capital of Iran. During a period of
profound<01:59:44.639><c> political</c><01:59:44.777><c> [music]</c><01:59:45.119><c> turbulence,</c>

01:58:19.270 --> 01:58:19.280 align:start position:0%
profound political [music] turbulence,
 

01:58:19.280 --> 01:58:21.270 align:start position:0%
profound political [music] turbulence,
the<01:59:46.719><c> sha</c><01:59:47.199><c> was</c><01:59:47.360><c> in</c><01:59:47.520><c> the</c><01:59:47.599><c> midst</c><01:59:47.760><c> of</c><01:59:47.840><c> a</c><01:59:48.080><c> sweeping</c>

01:58:21.270 --> 01:58:21.280 align:start position:0%
the sha was in the midst of a sweeping
 

01:58:21.280 --> 01:58:23.270 align:start position:0%
the sha was in the midst of a sweeping
modernization<01:59:49.280><c> campaign</c><01:59:49.920><c> known</c><01:59:50.159><c> as</c><01:59:50.239><c> the</c>

01:58:23.270 --> 01:58:23.280 align:start position:0%
modernization campaign known as the
 

01:58:23.280 --> 01:58:25.909 align:start position:0%
modernization campaign known as the
white<01:59:50.800><c> revolution.</c><01:59:51.840><c> When</c><01:59:52.080><c> vafer</c><01:59:52.480><c> was</c><01:59:52.719><c> four,</c>

01:58:25.909 --> 01:58:25.919 align:start position:0%
white revolution. When vafer was four,
 

01:58:25.919 --> 01:58:28.389 align:start position:0%
white revolution. When vafer was four,
Ayatollini,<01:59:54.239><c> a</c><01:59:54.400><c> fierce</c><01:59:54.719><c> critic</c><01:59:54.960><c> of</c><01:59:55.040><c> the</c><01:59:55.199><c> sha's</c>

01:58:28.389 --> 01:58:28.399 align:start position:0%
Ayatollini, a fierce critic of the sha's
 

01:58:28.399 --> 01:58:31.029 align:start position:0%
Ayatollini, a fierce critic of the sha's
reforms,<01:59:56.159><c> was</c><01:59:56.480><c> exiled.</c><01:59:57.360><c> That</c><01:59:57.599><c> same</c><01:59:57.760><c> year,</c><01:59:58.080><c> the</c>

01:58:31.029 --> 01:58:31.039 align:start position:0%
reforms, was exiled. That same year, the
 

01:58:31.039 --> 01:58:33.110 align:start position:0%
reforms, was exiled. That same year, the
Iranian<01:59:58.719><c> prime</c><01:59:58.960><c> minister</c><01:59:59.440><c> was</c><01:59:59.679><c> assassinated</c>

01:58:33.110 --> 01:58:33.120 align:start position:0%
Iranian prime minister was assassinated
 

01:58:33.120 --> 01:58:35.429 align:start position:0%
Iranian prime minister was assassinated
in<02:00:00.560><c> the</c><02:00:00.800><c> street.</c><02:00:01.599><c> And</c><02:00:01.760><c> so,</c><02:00:02.000><c> with</c><02:00:02.159><c> all</c><02:00:02.239><c> of</c><02:00:02.400><c> this</c>

01:58:35.429 --> 01:58:35.439 align:start position:0%
in the street. And so, with all of this
 

01:58:35.439 --> 01:58:37.110 align:start position:0%
in the street. And so, with all of this
happening<02:00:02.960><c> around</c><02:00:03.280><c> him,</c><02:00:03.773><c> [music]</c><02:00:03.840><c> the</c><02:00:04.080><c> young</c>

01:58:37.110 --> 01:58:37.120 align:start position:0%
happening around him, [music] the young
 

01:58:37.120 --> 01:58:40.070 align:start position:0%
happening around him, [music] the young
Vafer<02:00:04.880><c> turned</c><02:00:05.199><c> his</c><02:00:05.360><c> eyes</c><02:00:05.679><c> a</c><02:00:06.000><c> little</c><02:00:06.159><c> higher</c><02:00:07.040><c> to</c>

01:58:40.070 --> 01:58:40.080 align:start position:0%
Vafer turned his eyes a little higher to
 

01:58:40.080 --> 01:58:42.469 align:start position:0%
Vafer turned his eyes a little higher to
the<02:00:07.440><c> moon.</c><02:00:08.560><c> Whenever</c><02:00:08.880><c> I</c><02:00:09.119><c> would</c><02:00:09.280><c> look</c><02:00:09.360><c> at</c><02:00:09.520><c> the</c>

01:58:42.469 --> 01:58:42.479 align:start position:0%
the moon. Whenever I would look at the
 

01:58:42.479 --> 01:58:44.630 align:start position:0%
the moon. Whenever I would look at the
moon,<02:00:10.239><c> it</c><02:00:10.400><c> was</c><02:00:10.560><c> bothering</c><02:00:10.960><c> me</c><02:00:11.119><c> as</c><02:00:11.280><c> to</c><02:00:11.440><c> why</c><02:00:11.599><c> it</c>

01:58:44.630 --> 01:58:44.640 align:start position:0%
moon, it was bothering me as to why it
 

01:58:44.640 --> 01:58:46.790 align:start position:0%
moon, it was bothering me as to why it
wouldn't<02:00:12.080><c> fall</c><02:00:12.320><c> to</c><02:00:12.560><c> the</c><02:00:12.800><c> ground.</c><02:00:13.679><c> He</c><02:00:13.840><c> would</c>

01:58:46.790 --> 01:58:46.800 align:start position:0%
wouldn't fall to the ground. He would
 

01:58:46.800 --> 01:58:48.710 align:start position:0%
wouldn't fall to the ground. He would
later<02:00:14.253><c> [music]</c><02:00:14.320><c> recall</c><02:00:15.040><c> that</c><02:00:15.280><c> fact</c><02:00:15.599><c> stuck</c>

01:58:48.710 --> 01:58:48.720 align:start position:0%
later [music] recall that fact stuck
 

01:58:48.720 --> 01:58:50.710 align:start position:0%
later [music] recall that fact stuck
with<02:00:16.080><c> me</c><02:00:16.480><c> and</c><02:00:16.639><c> also</c><02:00:16.960><c> why</c><02:00:17.199><c> other</c><02:00:17.520><c> people</c><02:00:17.760><c> were</c>

01:58:50.710 --> 01:58:50.720 align:start position:0%
with me and also why other people were
 

01:58:50.720 --> 01:58:52.389 align:start position:0%
with me and also why other people were
not<02:00:18.159><c> bothered</c><02:00:18.480><c> by</c><02:00:18.639><c> it</c><02:00:18.960><c> and</c><02:00:19.280><c> treated</c><02:00:19.493><c> [music]</c>

01:58:52.389 --> 01:58:52.399 align:start position:0%
not bothered by it and treated [music]
 

01:58:52.399 --> 01:58:55.029 align:start position:0%
not bothered by it and treated [music]
it<02:00:19.840><c> as</c><02:00:20.080><c> if</c><02:00:20.239><c> it</c><02:00:20.400><c> were</c><02:00:20.480><c> irrelevant.</c>

01:58:55.029 --> 01:58:55.039 align:start position:0%
it as if it were irrelevant.
 

01:58:55.039 --> 01:58:57.429 align:start position:0%
it as if it were irrelevant.
These<02:00:22.560><c> musings</c><02:00:23.199><c> would</c><02:00:23.360><c> kickstart</c><02:00:23.840><c> a</c><02:00:24.080><c> lifelong</c>

01:58:57.429 --> 01:58:57.439 align:start position:0%
These musings would kickstart a lifelong
 

01:58:57.439 --> 01:58:59.488 align:start position:0%
These musings would kickstart a lifelong
love<02:00:24.880><c> affair</c><02:00:25.440><c> with</c><02:00:25.679><c> the</c><02:00:25.840><c> biggest</c><02:00:26.239><c> questions</c>

01:58:59.488 --> 01:58:59.498 align:start position:0%
love affair with the biggest questions
 

01:58:59.498 --> 01:59:02.310 align:start position:0%
love affair with the biggest questions
[music]<02:00:26.960><c> about</c><02:00:27.280><c> our</c><02:00:27.599><c> universe.</c>

01:59:02.310 --> 01:59:02.320 align:start position:0%
[music] about our universe.
 

01:59:02.320 --> 01:59:04.870 align:start position:0%
[music] about our universe.
This<02:00:29.840><c> ensuing</c><02:00:30.400><c> quest</c><02:00:30.719><c> for</c><02:00:30.880><c> answers</c><02:00:31.280><c> took</c><02:00:31.599><c> Vafa</c>

01:59:04.870 --> 01:59:04.880 align:start position:0%
This ensuing quest for answers took Vafa
 

01:59:04.880 --> 01:59:07.270 align:start position:0%
This ensuing quest for answers took Vafa
first<02:00:32.320><c> to</c><02:00:32.560><c> MIT,</c><02:00:33.248><c> [music]</c><02:00:33.360><c> then</c><02:00:33.599><c> to</c><02:00:33.840><c> Princeton,</c>

01:59:07.270 --> 01:59:07.280 align:start position:0%
first to MIT, [music] then to Princeton,
 

01:59:07.280 --> 01:59:10.150 align:start position:0%
first to MIT, [music] then to Princeton,
where<02:00:34.719><c> he</c><02:00:34.880><c> completed</c><02:00:35.199><c> his</c><02:00:35.440><c> PhD</c><02:00:36.000><c> in</c><02:00:36.239><c> 1985</c><02:00:37.119><c> under</c>

01:59:10.150 --> 01:59:10.160 align:start position:0%
where he completed his PhD in 1985 under
 

01:59:10.160 --> 01:59:12.790 align:start position:0%
where he completed his PhD in 1985 under
the<02:00:37.520><c> watchful</c><02:00:38.000><c> eye</c><02:00:38.239><c> of</c><02:00:38.400><c> Ed</c><02:00:38.719><c> Wittton.</c><02:00:39.520><c> And</c><02:00:39.679><c> by</c>

01:59:12.790 --> 01:59:12.800 align:start position:0%
the watchful eye of Ed Wittton. And by
 

01:59:12.800 --> 01:59:14.949 align:start position:0%
the watchful eye of Ed Wittton. And by
2008,<02:00:40.453><c> [music]</c><02:00:40.800><c> he'd</c><02:00:41.199><c> made</c><02:00:41.360><c> such</c><02:00:41.679><c> important</c>

01:59:14.949 --> 01:59:14.959 align:start position:0%
2008, [music] he'd made such important
 

01:59:14.959 --> 01:59:16.870 align:start position:0%
2008, [music] he'd made such important
contributions<02:00:42.719><c> to</c><02:00:42.960><c> string</c><02:00:43.280><c> theory</c><02:00:43.679><c> that</c><02:00:43.920><c> he</c>

01:59:16.870 --> 01:59:16.880 align:start position:0%
contributions to string theory that he
 

01:59:16.880 --> 01:59:18.870 align:start position:0%
contributions to string theory that he
was<02:00:44.239><c> awarded</c><02:00:44.560><c> the</c><02:00:44.719><c> prestigious</c><02:00:45.199><c> Draq</c><02:00:45.679><c> medal</c>

01:59:18.870 --> 01:59:18.880 align:start position:0%
was awarded the prestigious Draq medal
 

01:59:18.880 --> 01:59:21.029 align:start position:0%
was awarded the prestigious Draq medal
alongside<02:00:46.639><c> Juan</c><02:00:46.960><c> Malena</c><02:00:47.658><c> [music]</c><02:00:47.760><c> and</c><02:00:47.920><c> Joseph</c>

01:59:21.029 --> 01:59:21.039 align:start position:0%
alongside Juan Malena [music] and Joseph
 

01:59:21.039 --> 01:59:23.590 align:start position:0%
alongside Juan Malena [music] and Joseph
Pulchchinsky.<02:00:49.440><c> And</c><02:00:49.679><c> arguably</c><02:00:50.159><c> Vafer's</c><02:00:50.639><c> most</c>

01:59:23.590 --> 01:59:23.600 align:start position:0%
Pulchchinsky. And arguably Vafer's most
 

01:59:23.600 --> 01:59:25.909 align:start position:0%
Pulchchinsky. And arguably Vafer's most
provocative<02:00:51.360><c> insight</c><02:00:52.000><c> had</c><02:00:52.239><c> come</c><02:00:52.480><c> three</c><02:00:52.800><c> years</c>

01:59:25.909 --> 01:59:25.919 align:start position:0%
provocative insight had come three years
 

01:59:25.919 --> 01:59:28.870 align:start position:0%
provocative insight had come three years
before<02:00:53.553><c> [music]</c><02:00:53.840><c> in</c><02:00:54.239><c> 2005.</c>

01:59:28.870 --> 01:59:28.880 align:start position:0%
before [music] in 2005.
 

01:59:28.880 --> 01:59:31.670 align:start position:0%
before [music] in 2005.
A<02:00:56.320><c> sharp,</c><02:00:56.880><c> unsettling</c><02:00:57.599><c> idea</c><02:00:58.239><c> that</c><02:00:58.480><c> threatened</c>

01:59:31.670 --> 01:59:31.680 align:start position:0%
A sharp, unsettling idea that threatened
 

01:59:31.680 --> 01:59:33.509 align:start position:0%
A sharp, unsettling idea that threatened
to<02:00:59.040><c> throw</c><02:00:59.280><c> both</c><02:00:59.599><c> string</c><02:01:00.000><c> theory</c><02:01:00.400><c> and</c>

01:59:33.509 --> 01:59:33.519 align:start position:0%
to throw both string theory and
 

01:59:33.519 --> 01:59:37.190 align:start position:0%
to throw both string theory and
inflationary<02:01:01.440><c> cosmology</c><02:01:02.400><c> into</c><02:01:02.719><c> disarray.</c>

01:59:37.190 --> 01:59:37.200 align:start position:0%
inflationary cosmology into disarray.
 

01:59:37.200 --> 01:59:45.350 align:start position:0%
inflationary cosmology into disarray.
Welcome<02:01:05.360><c> to</c><02:01:05.599><c> the</c><02:01:05.840><c> swamp</c><02:01:06.320><c> land.</c>

01:59:45.350 --> 01:59:45.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:59:45.360 --> 01:59:47.350 align:start position:0%
 
Vafa<02:01:12.960><c> looked</c><02:01:13.199><c> out</c><02:01:13.440><c> across</c><02:01:13.840><c> the</c><02:01:14.000><c> seemingly</c>

01:59:47.350 --> 01:59:47.360 align:start position:0%
Vafa looked out across the seemingly
 

01:59:47.360 --> 01:59:49.270 align:start position:0%
Vafa looked out across the seemingly
boundless<02:01:15.119><c> landscape</c><02:01:15.599><c> of</c><02:01:15.760><c> inflationary</c>

01:59:49.270 --> 01:59:49.280 align:start position:0%
boundless landscape of inflationary
 

01:59:49.280 --> 01:59:51.750 align:start position:0%
boundless landscape of inflationary
ponds,<02:01:17.119><c> each</c><02:01:17.360><c> one</c><02:01:17.599><c> a</c><02:01:17.840><c> possible</c><02:01:18.239><c> universe</c><02:01:18.719><c> with</c>

01:59:51.750 --> 01:59:51.760 align:start position:0%
ponds, each one a possible universe with
 

01:59:51.760 --> 01:59:54.230 align:start position:0%
ponds, each one a possible universe with
its<02:01:19.199><c> own</c><02:01:19.360><c> shape</c><02:01:19.679><c> and</c><02:01:19.920><c> physics,</c><02:01:20.639><c> and</c><02:01:20.880><c> asked</c><02:01:21.199><c> a</c>

01:59:54.230 --> 01:59:54.240 align:start position:0%
its own shape and physics, and asked a
 

01:59:54.240 --> 01:59:56.469 align:start position:0%
its own shape and physics, and asked a
simple<02:01:21.840><c> question.</c><02:01:22.880><c> Were</c><02:01:23.119><c> any</c><02:01:23.280><c> of</c><02:01:23.440><c> them</c>

01:59:56.469 --> 01:59:56.479 align:start position:0%
simple question. Were any of them
 

01:59:56.479 --> 01:59:59.590 align:start position:0%
simple question. Were any of them
actually<02:01:24.080><c> compatible</c><02:01:24.880><c> with</c><02:01:25.280><c> string</c><02:01:25.679><c> theory?</c>

01:59:59.590 --> 01:59:59.600 align:start position:0%
actually compatible with string theory?
 

01:59:59.600 --> 02:00:02.070 align:start position:0%
actually compatible with string theory?
And<02:01:26.960><c> in</c><02:01:27.199><c> case</c><02:01:27.520><c> after</c><02:01:27.840><c> case,</c><02:01:28.480><c> the</c><02:01:28.719><c> answer</c><02:01:29.040><c> came</c>

02:00:02.070 --> 02:00:02.080 align:start position:0%
And in case after case, the answer came
 

02:00:02.080 --> 02:00:05.830 align:start position:0%
And in case after case, the answer came
back<02:01:30.080><c> a</c><02:01:30.320><c> resounding</c><02:01:31.199><c> no.</c>

02:00:05.830 --> 02:00:05.840 align:start position:0%
back a resounding no.
 

02:00:05.840 --> 02:00:07.670 align:start position:0%
back a resounding no.
No<02:01:33.199><c> matter</c><02:01:33.440><c> how</c><02:01:33.599><c> you</c><02:01:33.840><c> tweaked</c><02:01:34.159><c> the</c><02:01:34.400><c> geometry</c>

02:00:07.670 --> 02:00:07.680 align:start position:0%
No matter how you tweaked the geometry
 

02:00:07.680 --> 02:00:10.389 align:start position:0%
No matter how you tweaked the geometry
or<02:01:35.199><c> rearranged</c><02:01:35.760><c> the</c><02:01:36.000><c> ingredients,</c><02:01:37.199><c> these</c>

02:00:10.389 --> 02:00:10.399 align:start position:0%
or rearranged the ingredients, these
 

02:00:10.399 --> 02:00:13.989 align:start position:0%
or rearranged the ingredients, these
pond-like<02:01:38.320><c> universes</c><02:01:39.199><c> refused</c><02:01:39.679><c> to</c><02:01:39.920><c> form,</c><02:01:40.960><c> or</c>

02:00:13.989 --> 02:00:13.999 align:start position:0%
pond-like universes refused to form, or
 

02:00:13.999 --> 02:00:16.469 align:start position:0%
pond-like universes refused to form, or
worse,<02:01:41.760><c> they</c><02:01:42.000><c> emerged</c><02:01:42.480><c> only</c><02:01:42.800><c> by</c><02:01:43.040><c> violating</c>

02:00:16.469 --> 02:00:16.479 align:start position:0%
worse, they emerged only by violating
 

02:00:16.479 --> 02:00:18.710 align:start position:0%
worse, they emerged only by violating
principles<02:01:44.320><c> string</c><02:01:44.639><c> theory</c><02:01:45.040><c> seems</c><02:01:45.280><c> to</c><02:01:45.440><c> uphold</c>

02:00:18.710 --> 02:00:18.720 align:start position:0%
principles string theory seems to uphold
 

02:00:18.720 --> 02:00:21.110 align:start position:0%
principles string theory seems to uphold
everywhere<02:01:46.400><c> else,</c><02:01:47.199><c> like</c><02:01:47.440><c> how</c><02:01:47.679><c> forces</c><02:01:48.080><c> should</c>

02:00:21.110 --> 02:00:21.120 align:start position:0%
everywhere else, like how forces should
 

02:00:21.120 --> 02:00:24.389 align:start position:0%
everywhere else, like how forces should
behave<02:01:48.800><c> or</c><02:01:49.040><c> how</c><02:01:49.280><c> light</c><02:01:49.679><c> particles</c><02:01:50.239><c> can</c><02:01:50.480><c> be.</c><02:01:51.360><c> In</c>

02:00:24.389 --> 02:00:24.399 align:start position:0%
behave or how light particles can be. In
 

02:00:24.399 --> 02:00:26.150 align:start position:0%
behave or how light particles can be. In
other<02:01:51.760><c> words,</c><02:01:52.159><c> not</c><02:01:52.320><c> every</c><02:01:52.560><c> mathematically</c>

02:00:26.150 --> 02:00:26.160 align:start position:0%
other words, not every mathematically
 

02:00:26.160 --> 02:00:28.230 align:start position:0%
other words, not every mathematically
consistent<02:01:53.840><c> pond</c><02:01:54.239><c> is</c><02:01:54.480><c> actually</c><02:01:54.880><c> physically</c>

02:00:28.230 --> 02:00:28.240 align:start position:0%
consistent pond is actually physically
 

02:00:28.240 --> 02:00:30.790 align:start position:0%
consistent pond is actually physically
viable.<02:01:56.320><c> Some</c><02:01:56.560><c> of</c><02:01:56.639><c> them</c><02:01:56.880><c> may</c><02:01:57.119><c> look</c><02:01:57.360><c> placid</c><02:01:57.760><c> and</c>

02:00:30.790 --> 02:00:30.800 align:start position:0%
viable. Some of them may look placid and
 

02:00:30.800 --> 02:00:33.029 align:start position:0%
viable. Some of them may look placid and
still,<02:01:58.800><c> but</c><02:01:59.040><c> step</c><02:01:59.280><c> in</c><02:01:59.520><c> and</c><02:01:59.760><c> you'll</c><02:02:00.080><c> find</c>

02:00:33.029 --> 02:00:33.039 align:start position:0%
still, but step in and you'll find
 

02:00:33.039 --> 02:00:35.989 align:start position:0%
still, but step in and you'll find
yourself<02:02:00.719><c> sinking</c><02:02:01.280><c> deep</c><02:02:01.599><c> into</c><02:02:01.920><c> the</c><02:02:02.159><c> mud.</c><02:02:02.800><c> What</c>

02:00:35.989 --> 02:00:35.999 align:start position:0%
yourself sinking deep into the mud. What
 

02:00:35.999 --> 02:00:38.070 align:start position:0%
yourself sinking deep into the mud. What
seemed<02:02:03.520><c> like</c><02:02:03.679><c> a</c><02:02:03.920><c> serene</c><02:02:04.294><c> [music]</c><02:02:04.320><c> pond</c><02:02:04.960><c> turns</c>

02:00:38.070 --> 02:00:38.080 align:start position:0%
seemed like a serene [music] pond turns
 

02:00:38.080 --> 02:00:41.830 align:start position:0%
seemed like a serene [music] pond turns
out<02:02:05.599><c> to</c><02:02:05.840><c> be</c><02:02:06.000><c> a</c><02:02:06.239><c> slurried,</c><02:02:07.119><c> stinking</c><02:02:07.679><c> mess.</c>

02:00:41.830 --> 02:00:41.840 align:start position:0%
out to be a slurried, stinking mess.
 

02:00:41.840 --> 02:00:44.150 align:start position:0%
out to be a slurried, stinking mess.
Together,<02:02:09.599><c> these</c><02:02:09.920><c> boggy</c><02:02:10.320><c> outcrops</c><02:02:10.960><c> make</c><02:02:11.199><c> up</c>

02:00:44.150 --> 02:00:44.160 align:start position:0%
Together, these boggy outcrops make up
 

02:00:44.160 --> 02:00:47.509 align:start position:0%
Together, these boggy outcrops make up
Vafer's<02:02:12.000><c> swamp</c><02:02:12.400><c> land.</c><02:02:13.280><c> A</c><02:02:13.440><c> murky,</c><02:02:14.000><c> unstable</c>

02:00:47.509 --> 02:00:47.519 align:start position:0%
Vafer's swamp land. A murky, unstable
 

02:00:47.519 --> 02:00:49.429 align:start position:0%
Vafer's swamp land. A murky, unstable
region<02:02:14.960><c> of</c><02:02:15.119><c> the</c><02:02:15.280><c> inflationary</c><02:02:16.000><c> landscape</c>

02:00:49.429 --> 02:00:49.439 align:start position:0%
region of the inflationary landscape
 

02:00:49.439 --> 02:00:51.190 align:start position:0%
region of the inflationary landscape
that<02:02:16.880><c> cannot</c><02:02:17.199><c> be</c><02:02:17.280><c> derived</c><02:02:17.679><c> from</c><02:02:18.000><c> string</c>

02:00:51.190 --> 02:00:51.200 align:start position:0%
that cannot be derived from string
 

02:00:51.200 --> 02:01:00.310 align:start position:0%
that cannot be derived from string
theory,<02:02:19.040><c> no</c><02:02:19.119><c> matter</c><02:02:19.520><c> how</c><02:02:19.679><c> hard</c><02:02:20.000><c> you</c><02:02:20.239><c> try.</c>

02:01:00.310 --> 02:01:00.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:01:00.320 --> 02:01:02.790 align:start position:0%
 
Swampland<02:02:27.874><c> [music]</c><02:02:28.239><c> had</c><02:02:28.560><c> serious</c><02:02:29.119><c> teeth.</c>

02:01:02.790 --> 02:01:02.800 align:start position:0%
Swampland [music] had serious teeth.
 

02:01:02.800 --> 02:01:04.870 align:start position:0%
Swampland [music] had serious teeth.
Fafa's<02:02:30.480><c> conjectures</c><02:02:30.960><c> aren't</c><02:02:31.280><c> proven,</c><02:02:31.840><c> but</c>

02:01:04.870 --> 02:01:04.880 align:start position:0%
Fafa's conjectures aren't proven, but
 

02:01:04.880 --> 02:01:06.559 align:start position:0%
Fafa's conjectures aren't proven, but
they<02:02:32.320><c> function</c><02:02:32.719><c> like</c><02:02:33.040><c> legal</c><02:02:33.520><c> precedent,</c>

02:01:06.559 --> 02:01:06.569 align:start position:0%
they function like legal precedent,
 

02:01:06.569 --> 02:01:07.350 align:start position:0%
they function like legal precedent,
[music]

02:01:07.350 --> 02:01:07.360 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

02:01:07.360 --> 02:01:09.270 align:start position:0%
[music]
setting<02:02:34.880><c> the</c><02:02:35.040><c> boundaries</c><02:02:35.520><c> any</c><02:02:35.760><c> defense</c><02:02:36.239><c> must</c>

02:01:09.270 --> 02:01:09.280 align:start position:0%
setting the boundaries any defense must
 

02:01:09.280 --> 02:01:11.670 align:start position:0%
setting the boundaries any defense must
reckon<02:02:36.800><c> with.</c><02:02:37.679><c> And</c><02:02:37.840><c> so</c><02:02:38.000><c> what</c><02:02:38.239><c> once</c><02:02:38.560><c> seemed</c>

02:01:11.670 --> 02:01:11.680 align:start position:0%
reckon with. And so what once seemed
 

02:01:11.680 --> 02:01:13.830 align:start position:0%
reckon with. And so what once seemed
like<02:02:39.199><c> safe</c><02:02:39.520><c> theoretical</c><02:02:40.159><c> ground</c><02:02:40.719><c> was</c>

02:01:13.830 --> 02:01:13.840 align:start position:0%
like safe theoretical ground was
 

02:01:13.840 --> 02:01:16.469 align:start position:0%
like safe theoretical ground was
suddenly<02:02:41.520><c> treacherous.</c><02:02:42.719><c> Vafer</c><02:02:43.280><c> wasn't</c><02:02:43.520><c> just</c>

02:01:16.469 --> 02:01:16.479 align:start position:0%
suddenly treacherous. Vafer wasn't just
 

02:01:16.479 --> 02:01:18.870 align:start position:0%
suddenly treacherous. Vafer wasn't just
surveying<02:02:44.159><c> the</c><02:02:44.320><c> landscape.</c><02:02:45.199><c> He</c><02:02:45.440><c> was</c><02:02:45.599><c> issuing</c>

02:01:18.870 --> 02:01:18.880 align:start position:0%
surveying the landscape. He was issuing
 

02:01:18.880 --> 02:01:20.389 align:start position:0%
surveying the landscape. He was issuing
injunctions.

02:01:20.389 --> 02:01:20.399 align:start position:0%
injunctions.
 

02:01:20.399 --> 02:01:28.389 align:start position:0%
injunctions.
entire<02:02:48.080><c> regions</c><02:02:48.800><c> were</c><02:02:49.040><c> now</c><02:02:49.440><c> off</c><02:02:49.760><c> limits.</c>

02:01:28.389 --> 02:01:28.399 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:01:28.399 --> 02:01:30.469 align:start position:0%
 
VAF<02:02:56.080><c> and</c><02:02:56.239><c> others</c><02:02:56.560><c> now</c><02:02:56.800><c> began</c><02:02:57.119><c> deriving</c>

02:01:30.469 --> 02:01:30.479 align:start position:0%
VAF and others now began deriving
 

02:01:30.479 --> 02:01:33.110 align:start position:0%
VAF and others now began deriving
specific<02:02:58.239><c> mathematical</c><02:02:58.960><c> tripwires,</c><02:02:59.969><c> [music]</c>

02:01:33.110 --> 02:01:33.120 align:start position:0%
specific mathematical tripwires, [music]
 

02:01:33.120 --> 02:01:35.190 align:start position:0%
specific mathematical tripwires, [music]
constraints<02:03:00.880><c> that</c><02:03:01.119><c> any</c><02:03:01.360><c> viable</c><02:03:01.840><c> universe</c>

02:01:35.190 --> 02:01:35.200 align:start position:0%
constraints that any viable universe
 

02:01:35.200 --> 02:01:37.670 align:start position:0%
constraints that any viable universe
must<02:03:02.639><c> avoid.</c><02:03:03.599><c> Many</c><02:03:03.920><c> existing</c><02:03:04.320><c> theories</c>

02:01:37.670 --> 02:01:37.680 align:start position:0%
must avoid. Many existing theories
 

02:01:37.680 --> 02:01:39.590 align:start position:0%
must avoid. Many existing theories
stumbled<02:03:05.360><c> right</c><02:03:05.599><c> into</c><02:03:05.840><c> them.</c><02:03:06.400><c> One</c><02:03:06.560><c> of</c><02:03:06.639><c> the</c>

02:01:39.590 --> 02:01:39.600 align:start position:0%
stumbled right into them. One of the
 

02:01:39.600 --> 02:01:42.070 align:start position:0%
stumbled right into them. One of the
biggest<02:03:07.119><c> casualties</c><02:03:07.679><c> was</c><02:03:08.000><c> Colossian</c><02:03:08.560><c> Linda's</c>

02:01:42.070 --> 02:01:42.080 align:start position:0%
biggest casualties was Colossian Linda's
 

02:01:42.080 --> 02:01:45.909 align:start position:0%
biggest casualties was Colossian Linda's
KKLT<02:03:10.239><c> mechanism.</c><02:03:11.199><c> Most</c><02:03:11.520><c> known</c><02:03:12.000><c> KKLT</c><02:03:12.880><c> type</c>

02:01:45.909 --> 02:01:45.919 align:start position:0%
KKLT mechanism. Most known KKLT type
 

02:01:45.919 --> 02:01:48.070 align:start position:0%
KKLT mechanism. Most known KKLT type
solutions<02:03:13.679><c> sit</c><02:03:14.000><c> squarely</c><02:03:14.480><c> in</c><02:03:14.719><c> Fafa</c>

02:01:48.070 --> 02:01:48.080 align:start position:0%
solutions sit squarely in Fafa
 

02:01:48.080 --> 02:01:50.790 align:start position:0%
solutions sit squarely in Fafa
swampland.<02:03:16.560><c> This</c><02:03:16.719><c> is</c><02:03:16.880><c> a</c><02:03:17.119><c> massive</c><02:03:17.520><c> problem</c><02:03:17.760><c> for</c>

02:01:50.790 --> 02:01:50.800 align:start position:0%
swampland. This is a massive problem for
 

02:01:50.800 --> 02:01:52.630 align:start position:0%
swampland. This is a massive problem for
string<02:03:18.320><c> theorists</c><02:03:18.880><c> because</c><02:03:19.119><c> they</c><02:03:19.360><c> need</c><02:03:19.599><c> the</c>

02:01:52.630 --> 02:01:52.640 align:start position:0%
string theorists because they need the
 

02:01:52.640 --> 02:01:55.030 align:start position:0%
string theorists because they need the
KKLT<02:03:20.639><c> mechanism</c><02:03:21.040><c> to</c><02:03:21.280><c> stabilize</c><02:03:21.760><c> the</c><02:03:22.000><c> theory</c>

02:01:55.030 --> 02:01:55.040 align:start position:0%
KKLT mechanism to stabilize the theory
 

02:01:55.040 --> 02:01:56.870 align:start position:0%
KKLT mechanism to stabilize the theory
[music]<02:03:22.480><c> and</c><02:03:22.719><c> make</c><02:03:22.880><c> it</c><02:03:23.119><c> compatible</c><02:03:23.599><c> with</c><02:03:23.840><c> the</c>

02:01:56.870 --> 02:01:56.880 align:start position:0%
[music] and make it compatible with the
 

02:01:56.880 --> 02:01:59.670 align:start position:0%
[music] and make it compatible with the
accelerating<02:03:24.719><c> expansion</c><02:03:25.199><c> of</c><02:03:25.440><c> the</c><02:03:25.679><c> universe.</c>

02:01:59.670 --> 02:01:59.680 align:start position:0%
accelerating expansion of the universe.
 

02:01:59.680 --> 02:02:01.830 align:start position:0%
accelerating expansion of the universe.
And<02:03:27.119><c> indeed,</c><02:03:27.520><c> Vafer's</c><02:03:28.000><c> trip</c><02:03:28.239><c> wires</c><02:03:28.719><c> also</c>

02:02:01.830 --> 02:02:01.840 align:start position:0%
And indeed, Vafer's trip wires also
 

02:02:01.840 --> 02:02:05.110 align:start position:0%
And indeed, Vafer's trip wires also
entangle<02:03:29.599><c> the</c><02:03:29.840><c> theory</c><02:03:30.239><c> of</c><02:03:30.400><c> inflation</c><02:03:31.199><c> itself.</c>

02:02:05.110 --> 02:02:05.120 align:start position:0%
entangle the theory of inflation itself.
 

02:02:05.120 --> 02:02:07.270 align:start position:0%
entangle the theory of inflation itself.
In<02:03:32.639><c> particular,</c><02:03:33.119><c> they</c><02:03:33.360><c> hit</c><02:03:33.760><c> slow</c><02:03:34.159><c> roll</c>

02:02:07.270 --> 02:02:07.280 align:start position:0%
In particular, they hit slow roll
 

02:02:07.280 --> 02:02:09.909 align:start position:0%
In particular, they hit slow roll
inflation<02:03:35.119><c> hard,</c><02:03:35.920><c> the</c><02:03:36.159><c> gentle</c><02:03:36.719><c> controlled</c>

02:02:09.909 --> 02:02:09.919 align:start position:0%
inflation hard, the gentle controlled
 

02:02:09.919 --> 02:02:12.310 align:start position:0%
inflation hard, the gentle controlled
expansion<02:03:37.679><c> described</c><02:03:38.080><c> by</c><02:03:38.320><c> Linda.</c><02:03:39.040><c> According</c>

02:02:12.310 --> 02:02:12.320 align:start position:0%
expansion described by Linda. According
 

02:02:12.320 --> 02:02:14.150 align:start position:0%
expansion described by Linda. According
to<02:03:39.599><c> the</c><02:03:39.760><c> swampland</c><02:03:40.400><c> criteria,</c><02:03:41.119><c> the</c>

02:02:14.150 --> 02:02:14.160 align:start position:0%
to the swampland criteria, the
 

02:02:14.160 --> 02:02:16.070 align:start position:0%
to the swampland criteria, the
conditions<02:03:41.840><c> needed</c><02:03:42.159><c> for</c><02:03:42.400><c> such</c><02:03:42.560><c> a</c><02:03:42.800><c> smooth</c><02:03:43.040><c> and</c>

02:02:16.070 --> 02:02:16.080 align:start position:0%
conditions needed for such a smooth and
 

02:02:16.080 --> 02:02:19.190 align:start position:0%
conditions needed for such a smooth and
steady<02:03:43.679><c> growth</c><02:03:44.239><c> may</c><02:03:44.480><c> simply</c><02:03:44.880><c> not</c><02:03:45.119><c> be</c><02:03:45.360><c> allowed.</c>

02:02:19.190 --> 02:02:19.200 align:start position:0%
steady growth may simply not be allowed.
 

02:02:19.200 --> 02:02:21.590 align:start position:0%
steady growth may simply not be allowed.
The<02:03:46.639><c> process</c><02:03:46.960><c> unfolds</c><02:03:47.599><c> too</c><02:03:47.840><c> slowly</c><02:03:48.480><c> or</c>

02:02:21.590 --> 02:02:21.600 align:start position:0%
The process unfolds too slowly or
 

02:02:21.600 --> 02:02:24.070 align:start position:0%
The process unfolds too slowly or
stretches<02:03:49.280><c> too</c><02:03:49.679><c> far</c><02:03:50.239><c> or</c><02:03:50.400><c> relies</c><02:03:50.719><c> on</c><02:03:50.880><c> a</c><02:03:51.040><c> kind</c><02:03:51.119><c> of</c>

02:02:24.070 --> 02:02:24.080 align:start position:0%
stretches too far or relies on a kind of
 

02:02:24.080 --> 02:02:25.590 align:start position:0%
stretches too far or relies on a kind of
delicate<02:03:51.679><c> balance</c><02:03:51.715><c> [music]</c><02:03:52.159><c> that</c><02:03:52.400><c> string</c>

02:02:25.590 --> 02:02:25.600 align:start position:0%
delicate balance [music] that string
 

02:02:25.600 --> 02:02:28.630 align:start position:0%
delicate balance [music] that string
theory<02:03:53.119><c> seems</c><02:03:53.440><c> unwilling</c><02:03:54.000><c> to</c><02:03:54.239><c> permit.</c><02:03:55.520><c> For</c>

02:02:28.630 --> 02:02:28.640 align:start position:0%
theory seems unwilling to permit. For
 

02:02:28.640 --> 02:02:31.590 align:start position:0%
theory seems unwilling to permit. For
critics,<02:03:56.560><c> this</c><02:03:56.800><c> was</c><02:03:57.040><c> damning.</c><02:03:58.080><c> String</c><02:03:58.400><c> theory</c>

02:02:31.590 --> 02:02:31.600 align:start position:0%
critics, this was damning. String theory
 

02:02:31.600 --> 02:02:33.110 align:start position:0%
critics, this was damning. String theory
couldn't<02:03:59.119><c> comfortably</c><02:03:59.520><c> accommodate</c><02:04:00.080><c> the</c>

02:02:33.110 --> 02:02:33.120 align:start position:0%
couldn't comfortably accommodate the
 

02:02:33.120 --> 02:02:35.110 align:start position:0%
couldn't comfortably accommodate the
best<02:04:00.560><c> known</c><02:04:00.800><c> explanations</c><02:04:01.520><c> for</c><02:04:01.760><c> either</c><02:04:02.080><c> dark</c>

02:02:35.110 --> 02:02:35.120 align:start position:0%
best known explanations for either dark
 

02:02:35.120 --> 02:02:36.950 align:start position:0%
best known explanations for either dark
energy<02:04:02.800><c> or</c><02:04:03.199><c> inflation.</c>

02:02:36.950 --> 02:02:36.960 align:start position:0%
energy or inflation.
 

02:02:36.960 --> 02:02:37.029 align:start position:0%
energy or inflation.
&gt;&gt; [music]

02:02:37.029 --> 02:02:37.039 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

02:02:37.039 --> 02:02:39.350 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; If<02:04:04.400><c> the</c><02:04:04.560><c> swampland</c><02:04:05.199><c> conjectures</c><02:04:05.760><c> are</c><02:04:05.920><c> right,</c>

02:02:39.350 --> 02:02:39.360 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; If the swampland conjectures are right,
 

02:02:39.360 --> 02:02:41.029 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; If the swampland conjectures are right,
then<02:04:06.800><c> two</c><02:04:06.960><c> of</c><02:04:07.040><c> the</c><02:04:07.199><c> most</c><02:04:07.440><c> widely</c><02:04:07.840><c> accepted</c>

02:02:41.029 --> 02:02:41.039 align:start position:0%
then two of the most widely accepted
 

02:02:41.039 --> 02:02:43.509 align:start position:0%
then two of the most widely accepted
pillars<02:04:08.639><c> of</c><02:04:08.800><c> modern</c><02:04:09.119><c> cosmology</c><02:04:10.000><c> are</c><02:04:10.239><c> mutually</c>

02:02:43.509 --> 02:02:43.519 align:start position:0%
pillars of modern cosmology are mutually
 

02:02:43.519 --> 02:02:45.830 align:start position:0%
pillars of modern cosmology are mutually
incompatible<02:04:11.440><c> with</c><02:04:11.679><c> string</c><02:04:12.080><c> theory,</c><02:04:12.800><c> not</c>

02:02:45.830 --> 02:02:45.840 align:start position:0%
incompatible with string theory, not
 

02:02:45.840 --> 02:02:47.830 align:start position:0%
incompatible with string theory, not
flawed<02:04:13.440><c> approximations,</c><02:04:13.986><c> [music]</c>

02:02:47.830 --> 02:02:47.840 align:start position:0%
flawed approximations, [music]
 

02:02:47.840 --> 02:02:55.270 align:start position:0%
flawed approximations, [music]
fundamentally<02:04:16.239><c> incompatible.</c>

02:02:55.270 --> 02:02:55.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:02:55.280 --> 02:02:56.949 align:start position:0%
 
Although<02:04:22.800><c> inflation</c><02:04:23.440><c> does</c><02:04:23.679><c> at</c><02:04:23.679><c> least</c><02:04:24.000><c> have</c>

02:02:56.949 --> 02:02:56.959 align:start position:0%
Although inflation does at least have
 

02:02:56.959 --> 02:02:59.750 align:start position:0%
Although inflation does at least have
one<02:04:24.400><c> advantage</c><02:04:25.040><c> over</c><02:04:25.440><c> KKLT,</c>

02:02:59.750 --> 02:02:59.760 align:start position:0%
one advantage over KKLT,
 

02:02:59.760 --> 02:03:02.790 align:start position:0%
one advantage over KKLT,
it<02:04:27.199><c> might</c><02:04:27.440><c> be</c><02:04:27.679><c> testable.</c>

02:03:02.790 --> 02:03:02.800 align:start position:0%
it might be testable.
 

02:03:02.800 --> 02:03:05.029 align:start position:0%
it might be testable.
One<02:04:30.239><c> of</c><02:04:30.320><c> the</c><02:04:30.480><c> most</c><02:04:30.719><c> promising</c><02:04:31.199><c> tests</c><02:04:31.760><c> comes</c><02:04:32.080><c> in</c>

02:03:05.029 --> 02:03:05.039 align:start position:0%
One of the most promising tests comes in
 

02:03:05.039 --> 02:03:07.029 align:start position:0%
One of the most promising tests comes in
the<02:04:32.400><c> form</c><02:04:32.560><c> of</c><02:04:32.719><c> primordial</c><02:04:33.440><c> gravitational</c>

02:03:07.029 --> 02:03:07.039 align:start position:0%
the form of primordial gravitational
 

02:03:07.039 --> 02:03:09.909 align:start position:0%
the form of primordial gravitational
waves.<02:04:35.599><c> Inflation</c><02:04:36.239><c> should</c><02:04:36.480><c> have</c><02:04:36.639><c> left</c><02:04:36.880><c> its</c>

02:03:09.909 --> 02:03:09.919 align:start position:0%
waves. Inflation should have left its
 

02:03:09.919 --> 02:03:11.909 align:start position:0%
waves. Inflation should have left its
mark<02:04:37.679><c> either</c><02:04:38.000><c> through</c><02:04:38.239><c> subtle</c><02:04:38.560><c> distortions</c>

02:03:11.909 --> 02:03:11.919 align:start position:0%
mark either through subtle distortions
 

02:03:11.919 --> 02:03:14.150 align:start position:0%
mark either through subtle distortions
in<02:04:39.360><c> the</c><02:04:39.520><c> light</c><02:04:39.760><c> left</c><02:04:40.000><c> over</c><02:04:40.159><c> from</c><02:04:40.320><c> the</c><02:04:40.480><c> big</c><02:04:40.719><c> bang</c>

02:03:14.150 --> 02:03:14.160 align:start position:0%
in the light left over from the big bang
 

02:03:14.160 --> 02:03:16.389 align:start position:0%
in the light left over from the big bang
or<02:04:41.679><c> as</c><02:04:41.920><c> faint</c><02:04:42.239><c> waves</c><02:04:42.880><c> still</c><02:04:43.199><c> traveling</c>

02:03:16.389 --> 02:03:16.399 align:start position:0%
or as faint waves still traveling
 

02:03:16.399 --> 02:03:18.949 align:start position:0%
or as faint waves still traveling
through<02:04:43.840><c> the</c><02:04:44.080><c> universe</c><02:04:44.560><c> today.</c><02:04:45.599><c> And</c><02:04:45.760><c> several</c>

02:03:18.949 --> 02:03:18.959 align:start position:0%
through the universe today. And several
 

02:03:18.959 --> 02:03:20.710 align:start position:0%
through the universe today. And several
experiments<02:04:46.719><c> are</c><02:04:46.880><c> hunting</c><02:04:47.199><c> for</c><02:04:47.440><c> them.</c>

02:03:20.710 --> 02:03:20.720 align:start position:0%
experiments are hunting for them.
 

02:03:20.720 --> 02:03:23.110 align:start position:0%
experiments are hunting for them.
Groundbased<02:04:48.560><c> observatories</c><02:04:49.280><c> like</c><02:04:49.599><c> BICE</c><02:04:50.159><c> and</c>

02:03:23.110 --> 02:03:23.120 align:start position:0%
Groundbased observatories like BICE and
 

02:03:23.120 --> 02:03:25.590 align:start position:0%
Groundbased observatories like BICE and
the<02:04:50.400><c> Simon's</c><02:04:50.880><c> Observatory</c><02:04:51.760><c> scan</c><02:04:52.080><c> the</c><02:04:52.320><c> sky</c><02:04:52.560><c> for</c>

02:03:25.590 --> 02:03:25.600 align:start position:0%
the Simon's Observatory scan the sky for
 

02:03:25.600 --> 02:03:28.550 align:start position:0%
the Simon's Observatory scan the sky for
signatures<02:04:53.280><c> in</c><02:04:53.520><c> the</c><02:04:53.679><c> leftover</c><02:04:54.159><c> light.</c><02:04:55.199><c> Soon</c><02:04:55.520><c> a</c>

02:03:28.550 --> 02:03:28.560 align:start position:0%
signatures in the leftover light. Soon a
 

02:03:28.560 --> 02:03:30.870 align:start position:0%
signatures in the leftover light. Soon a
space-based<02:04:56.320><c> mission</c><02:04:56.639><c> will</c><02:04:56.800><c> join</c><02:04:57.040><c> the</c><02:04:57.199><c> chase.</c>

02:03:30.870 --> 02:03:30.880 align:start position:0%
space-based mission will join the chase.
 

02:03:30.880 --> 02:03:33.270 align:start position:0%
space-based mission will join the chase.
Lisa,<02:04:58.800><c> the</c><02:04:59.040><c> laser</c><02:04:59.360><c> interpherometer</c><02:05:00.159><c> space</c>

02:03:33.270 --> 02:03:33.280 align:start position:0%
Lisa, the laser interpherometer space
 

02:03:33.280 --> 02:03:35.350 align:start position:0%
Lisa, the laser interpherometer space
antenna<02:05:01.280><c> scheduled</c><02:05:01.679><c> for</c><02:05:01.920><c> launch</c><02:05:02.239><c> in</c><02:05:02.400><c> the</c>

02:03:35.350 --> 02:03:35.360 align:start position:0%
antenna scheduled for launch in the
 

02:03:35.360 --> 02:03:37.670 align:start position:0%
antenna scheduled for launch in the
2030s,<02:05:03.599><c> LISA</c><02:05:04.159><c> will</c><02:05:04.320><c> be</c><02:05:04.400><c> the</c><02:05:04.639><c> first</c>

02:03:37.670 --> 02:03:37.680 align:start position:0%
2030s, LISA will be the first
 

02:03:37.680 --> 02:03:40.870 align:start position:0%
2030s, LISA will be the first
gravitational<02:05:05.599><c> wave</c><02:05:05.920><c> observatory</c><02:05:06.560><c> in</c><02:05:06.960><c> space.</c>

02:03:40.870 --> 02:03:40.880 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave observatory in space.
 

02:03:40.880 --> 02:03:42.949 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave observatory in space.
Exquisitely<02:05:08.719><c> sensitive</c><02:05:09.119><c> to</c><02:05:09.360><c> low-frequency</c>

02:03:42.949 --> 02:03:42.959 align:start position:0%
Exquisitely sensitive to low-frequency
 

02:03:42.959 --> 02:03:45.190 align:start position:0%
Exquisitely sensitive to low-frequency
waves<02:05:10.639><c> that</c><02:05:10.880><c> groundbased</c><02:05:11.440><c> detectors</c><02:05:12.080><c> can't</c>

02:03:45.190 --> 02:03:45.200 align:start position:0%
waves that groundbased detectors can't
 

02:03:45.200 --> 02:03:48.070 align:start position:0%
waves that groundbased detectors can't
catch.<02:05:13.520><c> If</c><02:05:13.679><c> Lisa</c><02:05:14.159><c> does</c><02:05:14.400><c> see</c><02:05:14.639><c> the</c><02:05:14.880><c> right</c><02:05:15.040><c> kind</c>

02:03:48.070 --> 02:03:48.080 align:start position:0%
catch. If Lisa does see the right kind
 

02:03:48.080 --> 02:03:49.989 align:start position:0%
catch. If Lisa does see the right kind
of<02:05:15.360><c> background</c><02:05:15.840><c> signal,</c><02:05:16.480><c> it</c><02:05:16.719><c> could</c><02:05:16.880><c> offer</c>

02:03:49.989 --> 02:03:49.999 align:start position:0%
of background signal, it could offer
 

02:03:49.999 --> 02:03:51.621 align:start position:0%
of background signal, it could offer
direct<02:05:17.599><c> evidence</c><02:05:18.000><c> that</c><02:05:18.239><c> inflation</c><02:05:18.800><c> really</c>

02:03:51.621 --> 02:03:51.631 align:start position:0%
direct evidence that inflation really
 

02:03:51.631 --> 02:03:53.590 align:start position:0%
direct evidence that inflation really
[music]<02:05:19.199><c> did</c><02:05:19.440><c> shake</c><02:05:19.760><c> the</c><02:05:20.000><c> universe</c><02:05:20.400><c> into</c>

02:03:53.590 --> 02:03:53.600 align:start position:0%
[music] did shake the universe into
 

02:03:53.600 --> 02:03:56.230 align:start position:0%
[music] did shake the universe into
being.<02:05:21.679><c> But</c><02:05:21.840><c> of</c><02:05:22.000><c> course,</c><02:05:22.320><c> even</c><02:05:22.639><c> this</c><02:05:23.040><c> wouldn't</c>

02:03:56.230 --> 02:03:56.240 align:start position:0%
being. But of course, even this wouldn't
 

02:03:56.240 --> 02:03:58.949 align:start position:0%
being. But of course, even this wouldn't
resolve<02:05:23.840><c> the</c><02:05:24.080><c> deeper</c><02:05:24.560><c> question.</c><02:05:25.520><c> For</c><02:05:25.760><c> proving</c>

02:03:58.949 --> 02:03:58.959 align:start position:0%
resolve the deeper question. For proving
 

02:03:58.959 --> 02:04:01.509 align:start position:0%
resolve the deeper question. For proving
inflation<02:05:26.800><c> shaped</c><02:05:27.199><c> our</c><02:05:27.440><c> pond</c><02:05:27.760><c> is</c><02:05:28.000><c> one</c><02:05:28.239><c> thing,</c>

02:04:01.509 --> 02:04:01.519 align:start position:0%
inflation shaped our pond is one thing,
 

02:04:01.519 --> 02:04:03.029 align:start position:0%
inflation shaped our pond is one thing,
but<02:05:29.040><c> proving</c><02:05:29.311><c> [music]</c><02:05:29.440><c> it</c><02:05:29.679><c> filled</c><02:05:30.000><c> a</c>

02:04:03.029 --> 02:04:03.039 align:start position:0%
but proving [music] it filled a
 

02:04:03.039 --> 02:04:05.989 align:start position:0%
but proving [music] it filled a
multiverse<02:05:30.719><c> of</c><02:05:30.880><c> ponds</c><02:05:31.520><c> is</c><02:05:31.840><c> quite</c><02:05:32.159><c> another.</c>

02:04:05.989 --> 02:04:05.999 align:start position:0%
multiverse of ponds is quite another.
 

02:04:05.999 --> 02:04:08.790 align:start position:0%
multiverse of ponds is quite another.
Eternal<02:05:33.760><c> inflation</c><02:05:34.480><c> may</c><02:05:34.719><c> be</c><02:05:34.880><c> compelling,</c><02:05:35.760><c> but</c>

02:04:08.790 --> 02:04:08.800 align:start position:0%
Eternal inflation may be compelling, but
 

02:04:08.800 --> 02:04:10.550 align:start position:0%
Eternal inflation may be compelling, but
it<02:05:36.159><c> remains</c><02:05:36.516><c> [music]</c><02:05:36.560><c> difficult,</c><02:05:37.440><c> maybe</c>

02:04:10.550 --> 02:04:10.560 align:start position:0%
it remains [music] difficult, maybe
 

02:04:10.560 --> 02:04:13.670 align:start position:0%
it remains [music] difficult, maybe
impossible<02:05:38.480><c> to</c><02:05:38.719><c> falsify.</c><02:05:40.000><c> Indeed,</c><02:05:40.480><c> critics</c>

02:04:13.670 --> 02:04:13.680 align:start position:0%
impossible to falsify. Indeed, critics
 

02:04:13.680 --> 02:04:15.350 align:start position:0%
impossible to falsify. Indeed, critics
have<02:05:41.119><c> long</c><02:05:41.360><c> warned</c><02:05:41.760><c> that</c><02:05:42.000><c> it</c><02:05:42.239><c> risks</c><02:05:42.411><c> [music]</c>

02:04:15.350 --> 02:04:15.360 align:start position:0%
have long warned that it risks [music]
 

02:04:15.360 --> 02:04:18.630 align:start position:0%
have long warned that it risks [music]
slipping<02:05:42.960><c> from</c><02:05:43.280><c> science</c><02:05:44.080><c> into</c><02:05:44.480><c> metaphysics.</c>

02:04:18.630 --> 02:04:18.640 align:start position:0%
slipping from science into metaphysics.
 

02:04:18.640 --> 02:04:20.310 align:start position:0%
slipping from science into metaphysics.
Paul<02:05:46.159><c> Steinhart,</c><02:05:46.800><c> one</c><02:05:46.880><c> of</c><02:05:46.960><c> the</c><02:05:47.119><c> original</c>

02:04:20.310 --> 02:04:20.320 align:start position:0%
Paul Steinhart, one of the original
 

02:04:20.320 --> 02:04:22.070 align:start position:0%
Paul Steinhart, one of the original
architects<02:05:48.000><c> of</c><02:05:48.159><c> inflation,</c><02:05:48.880><c> has</c><02:05:49.119><c> since</c>

02:04:22.070 --> 02:04:22.080 align:start position:0%
architects of inflation, has since
 

02:04:22.080 --> 02:04:24.371 align:start position:0%
architects of inflation, has since
become<02:05:49.599><c> one</c><02:05:49.760><c> of</c><02:05:49.840><c> its</c><02:05:50.080><c> most</c><02:05:50.239><c> vocal</c><02:05:50.639><c> detractors.</c>

02:04:24.371 --> 02:04:24.381 align:start position:0%
become one of its most vocal detractors.
 

02:04:24.381 --> 02:04:24.389 align:start position:0%
become one of its most vocal detractors.
&gt;&gt; [music]

02:04:24.389 --> 02:04:24.399 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

02:04:24.399 --> 02:04:26.389 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; He<02:05:51.840><c> now</c><02:05:52.080><c> argues</c><02:05:52.400><c> that</c><02:05:52.639><c> inflation</c><02:05:53.199><c> has</c><02:05:53.360><c> become</c>

02:04:26.389 --> 02:04:26.399 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; He now argues that inflation has become
 

02:04:26.399 --> 02:04:28.949 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; He now argues that inflation has become
a<02:05:53.760><c> self-justifying</c><02:05:54.719><c> idea,</c><02:05:55.440><c> impossible</c><02:05:56.000><c> to</c>

02:04:28.949 --> 02:04:28.959 align:start position:0%
a self-justifying idea, impossible to
 

02:04:28.959 --> 02:04:30.922 align:start position:0%
a self-justifying idea, impossible to
rule<02:05:56.480><c> out</c><02:05:56.800><c> and</c><02:05:57.040><c> ever</c><02:05:57.280><c> more</c><02:05:57.520><c> baroque</c><02:05:57.920><c> in</c><02:05:58.080><c> its</c>

02:04:30.922 --> 02:04:30.932 align:start position:0%
rule out and ever more baroque in its
 

02:04:30.932 --> 02:04:33.670 align:start position:0%
rule out and ever more baroque in its
[music]<02:05:58.320><c> defense.</c><02:05:59.520><c> It's</c><02:05:59.760><c> the</c><02:06:00.000><c> same</c><02:06:00.239><c> criticism</c>

02:04:33.670 --> 02:04:33.680 align:start position:0%
[music] defense. It's the same criticism
 

02:04:33.680 --> 02:04:35.989 align:start position:0%
[music] defense. It's the same criticism
we've<02:06:01.119><c> seen</c><02:06:01.360><c> thrown</c><02:06:01.599><c> at</c><02:06:01.840><c> string</c><02:06:02.159><c> theory</c><02:06:02.880><c> time</c>

02:04:35.989 --> 02:04:35.999 align:start position:0%
we've seen thrown at string theory time
 

02:04:35.999 --> 02:04:43.750 align:start position:0%
we've seen thrown at string theory time
and<02:06:03.440><c> time</c><02:06:03.679><c> again.</c>

02:04:43.750 --> 02:04:43.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:04:43.760 --> 02:04:47.670 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:06:11.199><c> so</c><02:06:11.887><c> [music]</c><02:06:12.000><c> we</c><02:06:12.239><c> reach</c><02:06:12.960><c> an</c><02:06:13.360><c> impass.</c>

02:04:47.670 --> 02:04:47.680 align:start position:0%
And so [music] we reach an impass.
 

02:04:47.680 --> 02:04:49.830 align:start position:0%
And so [music] we reach an impass.
Inflation<02:06:15.520><c> may</c><02:06:15.760><c> be</c><02:06:15.920><c> right,</c><02:06:16.560><c> but</c><02:06:16.800><c> it's</c>

02:04:49.830 --> 02:04:49.840 align:start position:0%
Inflation may be right, but it's
 

02:04:49.840 --> 02:04:52.710 align:start position:0%
Inflation may be right, but it's
slippery.<02:06:17.920><c> KKLT</c><02:06:18.800><c> may</c><02:06:19.040><c> be</c><02:06:19.199><c> beautiful,</c><02:06:19.747><c> [music]</c>

02:04:52.710 --> 02:04:52.720 align:start position:0%
slippery. KKLT may be beautiful, [music]
 

02:04:52.720 --> 02:04:54.790 align:start position:0%
slippery. KKLT may be beautiful, [music]
but<02:06:20.159><c> it's</c><02:06:20.480><c> inadmissible.</c>

02:04:54.790 --> 02:04:54.800 align:start position:0%
but it's inadmissible.
 

02:04:54.800 --> 02:04:57.909 align:start position:0%
but it's inadmissible.
The<02:06:22.239><c> case</c><02:06:22.560><c> had</c><02:06:22.880><c> grown</c><02:06:23.360><c> enormous,</c><02:06:24.400><c> a</c><02:06:24.639><c> legal</c>

02:04:57.909 --> 02:04:57.919 align:start position:0%
The case had grown enormous, a legal
 

02:04:57.919 --> 02:05:01.029 align:start position:0%
The case had grown enormous, a legal
skyscraper<02:06:25.920><c> of</c><02:06:26.159><c> claims</c><02:06:26.560><c> and</c><02:06:26.800><c> counter</c><02:06:27.119><c> claims.</c>

02:05:01.029 --> 02:05:01.039 align:start position:0%
skyscraper of claims and counter claims.
 

02:05:01.039 --> 02:05:04.150 align:start position:0%
skyscraper of claims and counter claims.
But<02:06:28.400><c> at</c><02:06:28.639><c> its</c><02:06:28.880><c> foundation,</c><02:06:29.840><c> sat</c><02:06:30.239><c> one</c><02:06:30.639><c> quiet,</c>

02:05:04.150 --> 02:05:04.160 align:start position:0%
But at its foundation, sat one quiet,
 

02:05:04.160 --> 02:05:06.630 align:start position:0%
But at its foundation, sat one quiet,
unproven<02:06:32.079><c> assumption,</c>

02:05:06.630 --> 02:05:06.640 align:start position:0%
unproven assumption,
 

02:05:06.640 --> 02:05:08.630 align:start position:0%
unproven assumption,
super<02:06:34.159><c> symmetry.</c>

02:05:08.630 --> 02:05:08.640 align:start position:0%
super symmetry.
 

02:05:08.640 --> 02:05:10.230 align:start position:0%
super symmetry.
Indeed,<02:06:36.320><c> the</c><02:06:36.560><c> entire</c><02:06:36.777><c> [music]</c><02:06:36.960><c> defense</c>

02:05:10.230 --> 02:05:10.240 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the entire [music] defense
 

02:05:10.240 --> 02:05:12.710 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the entire [music] defense
rested<02:06:37.840><c> on</c><02:06:38.000><c> it.</c><02:06:38.719><c> After</c><02:06:38.960><c> all,</c><02:06:39.280><c> there</c><02:06:39.520><c> could</c><02:06:39.679><c> be</c>

02:05:12.710 --> 02:05:12.720 align:start position:0%
rested on it. After all, there could be
 

02:05:12.720 --> 02:05:15.429 align:start position:0%
rested on it. After all, there could be
no<02:06:40.239><c> super</c><02:06:40.560><c> string</c><02:06:40.880><c> theory</c><02:06:41.520><c> without</c><02:06:42.239><c> super</c>

02:05:15.429 --> 02:05:15.439 align:start position:0%
no super string theory without super
 

02:05:15.439 --> 02:05:19.350 align:start position:0%
no super string theory without super
symmetry.<02:06:43.760><c> And</c><02:06:44.000><c> yet</c><02:06:44.239><c> now</c><02:06:44.880><c> after</c><02:06:45.360><c> decades</c><02:06:46.320><c> the</c>

02:05:19.350 --> 02:05:19.360 align:start position:0%
symmetry. And yet now after decades the
 

02:05:19.360 --> 02:05:21.750 align:start position:0%
symmetry. And yet now after decades the
court<02:06:46.602><c> [music]</c><02:06:46.960><c> was</c><02:06:47.280><c> finally</c><02:06:47.760><c> ready</c><02:06:48.400><c> to</c><02:06:48.719><c> test</c>

02:05:21.750 --> 02:05:21.760 align:start position:0%
court [music] was finally ready to test
 

02:05:21.760 --> 02:05:35.750 align:start position:0%
court [music] was finally ready to test
it.

02:05:35.750 --> 02:05:35.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:05:35.760 --> 02:05:37.750 align:start position:0%
 
Super<02:07:03.360><c> symmetry</c><02:07:03.920><c> is</c><02:07:04.159><c> the</c><02:07:04.400><c> distinctive</c>

02:05:37.750 --> 02:05:37.760 align:start position:0%
Super symmetry is the distinctive
 

02:05:37.760 --> 02:05:39.989 align:start position:0%
Super symmetry is the distinctive
prediction<02:07:05.360><c> of</c><02:07:05.599><c> string</c><02:07:05.920><c> theory</c><02:07:06.480><c> that</c><02:07:06.800><c> is</c><02:07:06.960><c> most</c>

02:05:39.989 --> 02:05:39.999 align:start position:0%
prediction of string theory that is most
 

02:05:39.999 --> 02:05:44.630 align:start position:0%
prediction of string theory that is most
likely<02:07:07.679><c> to</c><02:07:08.000><c> be</c><02:07:08.159><c> discovered</c><02:07:08.800><c> experimentally.</c>

02:05:44.630 --> 02:05:44.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:05:44.640 --> 02:05:47.350 align:start position:0%
 
The<02:07:12.159><c> spruing</c><02:07:12.800><c> ice</c><02:07:13.119><c> sheets</c><02:07:13.360><c> of</c><02:07:13.520><c> Antarctica</c><02:07:14.320><c> are</c>

02:05:47.350 --> 02:05:47.360 align:start position:0%
The spruing ice sheets of Antarctica are
 

02:05:47.360 --> 02:05:50.630 align:start position:0%
The spruing ice sheets of Antarctica are
a<02:07:14.719><c> white,</c><02:07:15.520><c> bleak</c><02:07:16.000><c> wasteland.</c><02:07:17.440><c> There</c><02:07:17.679><c> was</c>

02:05:50.630 --> 02:05:50.640 align:start position:0%
a white, bleak wasteland. There was
 

02:05:50.640 --> 02:05:52.869 align:start position:0%
a white, bleak wasteland. There was
nothing<02:07:18.079><c> for</c><02:07:18.320><c> miles</c><02:07:18.880><c> save</c><02:07:19.119><c> for</c><02:07:19.360><c> snowstorms</c>

02:05:52.869 --> 02:05:52.879 align:start position:0%
nothing for miles save for snowstorms
 

02:05:52.879 --> 02:05:55.509 align:start position:0%
nothing for miles save for snowstorms
and<02:07:20.320><c> blizzards.</c><02:07:21.199><c> Yet,</c><02:07:21.520><c> as</c><02:07:21.679><c> we</c><02:07:21.920><c> converge</c><02:07:22.480><c> on</c>

02:05:55.509 --> 02:05:55.519 align:start position:0%
and blizzards. Yet, as we converge on
 

02:05:55.519 --> 02:05:58.469 align:start position:0%
and blizzards. Yet, as we converge on
the<02:07:22.880><c> geographic</c><02:07:23.599><c> south</c><02:07:23.920><c> pole,</c><02:07:24.880><c> human-made</c>

02:05:58.469 --> 02:05:58.479 align:start position:0%
the geographic south pole, human-made
 

02:05:58.479 --> 02:06:01.670 align:start position:0%
the geographic south pole, human-made
castles<02:07:26.480><c> rise</c><02:07:26.880><c> above</c><02:07:27.119><c> the</c><02:07:27.280><c> perafrost.</c><02:07:28.639><c> For</c>

02:06:01.670 --> 02:06:01.680 align:start position:0%
castles rise above the perafrost. For
 

02:06:01.680 --> 02:06:04.070 align:start position:0%
castles rise above the perafrost. For
here,<02:07:29.360><c> on</c><02:07:29.520><c> the</c><02:07:29.679><c> high</c><02:07:29.920><c> plateau</c><02:07:30.320><c> of</c><02:07:30.480><c> Antarctica,</c>

02:06:04.070 --> 02:06:04.080 align:start position:0%
here, on the high plateau of Antarctica,
 

02:06:04.080 --> 02:06:06.070 align:start position:0%
here, on the high plateau of Antarctica,
some<02:07:31.599><c> 2,835</c>

02:06:06.070 --> 02:06:06.080 align:start position:0%
some 2,835
 

02:06:06.080 --> 02:06:09.029 align:start position:0%
some 2,835
m<02:07:33.599><c> above</c><02:07:33.920><c> sea</c><02:07:34.159><c> level,</c><02:07:34.639><c> is</c><02:07:34.800><c> the</c><02:07:34.960><c> Ammonson</c><02:07:35.599><c> Scott</c>

02:06:09.029 --> 02:06:09.039 align:start position:0%
m above sea level, is the Ammonson Scott
 

02:06:09.039 --> 02:06:11.509 align:start position:0%
m above sea level, is the Ammonson Scott
South<02:07:36.480><c> Pole</c><02:07:36.880><c> Station.</c><02:07:37.760><c> And</c><02:07:37.920><c> among</c><02:07:38.239><c> the</c><02:07:38.400><c> dozens</c>

02:06:11.509 --> 02:06:11.519 align:start position:0%
South Pole Station. And among the dozens
 

02:06:11.519 --> 02:06:13.029 align:start position:0%
South Pole Station. And among the dozens
of<02:07:38.880><c> buildings</c><02:07:39.280><c> that</c><02:07:39.599><c> dominate</c><02:07:39.658><c> [music]</c><02:07:40.000><c> the</c>

02:06:13.029 --> 02:06:13.039 align:start position:0%
of buildings that dominate [music] the
 

02:06:13.039 --> 02:06:15.830 align:start position:0%
of buildings that dominate [music] the
otherwise<02:07:40.639><c> desolate</c><02:07:41.199><c> landscape</c><02:07:42.000><c> is</c><02:07:42.719><c> Ice</c>

02:06:15.830 --> 02:06:15.840 align:start position:0%
otherwise desolate landscape is Ice
 

02:06:15.840 --> 02:06:18.790 align:start position:0%
otherwise desolate landscape is Ice
Cube,<02:07:43.840><c> a</c><02:07:44.079><c> state-of-the-art</c><02:07:45.280><c> neutrino</c>

02:06:18.790 --> 02:06:18.800 align:start position:0%
Cube, a state-of-the-art neutrino
 

02:06:18.800 --> 02:06:21.190 align:start position:0%
Cube, a state-of-the-art neutrino
observatory.<02:07:47.440><c> And</c><02:07:47.599><c> yet</c><02:07:47.840><c> the</c><02:07:48.000><c> truly</c>

02:06:21.190 --> 02:06:21.200 align:start position:0%
observatory. And yet the truly
 

02:06:21.200 --> 02:06:23.270 align:start position:0%
observatory. And yet the truly
impressive<02:07:48.828><c> [music]</c><02:07:48.880><c> part</c><02:07:49.040><c> of</c><02:07:49.199><c> Ice</c><02:07:49.440><c> Cube</c><02:07:50.159><c> is</c>

02:06:23.270 --> 02:06:23.280 align:start position:0%
impressive [music] part of Ice Cube is
 

02:06:23.280 --> 02:06:31.830 align:start position:0%
impressive [music] part of Ice Cube is
found<02:07:50.800><c> underground.</c>

02:06:31.830 --> 02:06:31.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:06:31.840 --> 02:06:34.790 align:start position:0%
 
In<02:07:59.360><c> 2005,</c><02:08:00.560><c> the</c><02:08:00.880><c> very</c><02:08:01.040><c> same</c><02:08:01.199><c> year</c><02:08:01.520><c> Cameron</c>

02:06:34.790 --> 02:06:34.800 align:start position:0%
In 2005, the very same year Cameron
 

02:06:34.800 --> 02:06:37.029 align:start position:0%
In 2005, the very same year Cameron
Vafer<02:08:02.400><c> went</c><02:08:02.639><c> public</c><02:08:02.880><c> with</c><02:08:03.119><c> swampland,</c>

02:06:37.029 --> 02:06:37.039 align:start position:0%
Vafer went public with swampland,
 

02:06:37.039 --> 02:06:39.029 align:start position:0%
Vafer went public with swampland,
engineers<02:08:04.800><c> began</c><02:08:05.119><c> using</c><02:08:05.440><c> drilling</c><02:08:05.840><c> towers</c>

02:06:39.029 --> 02:06:39.039 align:start position:0%
engineers began using drilling towers
 

02:06:39.039 --> 02:06:41.590 align:start position:0%
engineers began using drilling towers
and<02:08:06.480><c> warm</c><02:08:06.800><c> water</c><02:08:07.040><c> hoses</c><02:08:07.520><c> to</c><02:08:07.760><c> board</c><02:08:08.079><c> deep</c><02:08:08.400><c> holes</c>

02:06:41.590 --> 02:06:41.600 align:start position:0%
and warm water hoses to board deep holes
 

02:06:41.600 --> 02:06:43.590 align:start position:0%
and warm water hoses to board deep holes
into<02:08:09.040><c> the</c><02:08:09.199><c> Antarctic</c><02:08:09.760><c> ice.</c><02:08:09.788><c> [music]</c>

02:06:43.590 --> 02:06:43.600 align:start position:0%
into the Antarctic ice. [music]
 

02:06:43.600 --> 02:06:45.909 align:start position:0%
into the Antarctic ice. [music]
Into<02:08:11.199><c> each</c><02:08:11.440><c> they</c><02:08:11.679><c> lowered</c><02:08:12.079><c> long</c><02:08:12.400><c> strings</c><02:08:12.880><c> with</c>

02:06:45.909 --> 02:06:45.919 align:start position:0%
Into each they lowered long strings with
 

02:06:45.919 --> 02:06:48.550 align:start position:0%
Into each they lowered long strings with
detectors<02:08:13.679><c> hanging</c><02:08:14.000><c> on</c><02:08:14.159><c> the</c><02:08:14.320><c> ends.</c><02:08:15.119><c> The</c><02:08:15.360><c> harsh</c>

02:06:48.550 --> 02:06:48.560 align:start position:0%
detectors hanging on the ends. The harsh
 

02:06:48.560 --> 02:06:50.550 align:start position:0%
detectors hanging on the ends. The harsh
conditions<02:08:16.320><c> and</c><02:08:16.480><c> inhospitable</c><02:08:17.280><c> winters</c>

02:06:50.550 --> 02:06:50.560 align:start position:0%
conditions and inhospitable winters
 

02:06:50.560 --> 02:06:52.710 align:start position:0%
conditions and inhospitable winters
where<02:08:18.000><c> the</c><02:08:18.159><c> sun</c><02:08:18.480><c> doesn't</c><02:08:18.800><c> rise</c><02:08:19.119><c> for</c><02:08:19.360><c> months</c><02:08:19.679><c> on</c>

02:06:52.710 --> 02:06:52.720 align:start position:0%
where the sun doesn't rise for months on
 

02:06:52.720 --> 02:06:55.509 align:start position:0%
where the sun doesn't rise for months on
end<02:08:20.320><c> meant</c><02:08:20.639><c> ice</c><02:08:20.960><c> cube</c><02:08:21.360><c> took</c><02:08:21.679><c> five</c><02:08:22.000><c> long</c><02:08:22.400><c> years</c>

02:06:55.509 --> 02:06:55.519 align:start position:0%
end meant ice cube took five long years
 

02:06:55.519 --> 02:06:57.643 align:start position:0%
end meant ice cube took five long years
to<02:08:23.040><c> complete.</c><02:08:24.000><c> Thousands</c><02:08:24.560><c> of</c><02:08:24.719><c> sensors</c>

02:06:57.643 --> 02:06:57.653 align:start position:0%
to complete. Thousands of sensors
 

02:06:57.653 --> 02:06:59.270 align:start position:0%
to complete. Thousands of sensors
[music]<02:08:25.199><c> were</c><02:08:25.360><c> spread</c><02:08:25.679><c> over</c><02:08:25.840><c> a</c><02:08:26.000><c> cubic</c>

02:06:59.270 --> 02:06:59.280 align:start position:0%
[music] were spread over a cubic
 

02:06:59.280 --> 02:07:01.750 align:start position:0%
[music] were spread over a cubic
kilometer<02:08:27.040><c> of</c><02:08:27.199><c> ice,</c><02:08:27.840><c> making</c><02:08:28.159><c> it</c><02:08:28.320><c> the</c><02:08:28.560><c> largest</c>

02:07:01.750 --> 02:07:01.760 align:start position:0%
kilometer of ice, making it the largest
 

02:07:01.760 --> 02:07:04.230 align:start position:0%
kilometer of ice, making it the largest
neutrino<02:08:29.520><c> telescope</c><02:08:30.079><c> in</c><02:08:30.320><c> the</c><02:08:30.480><c> world.</c><02:08:31.280><c> And</c>

02:07:04.230 --> 02:07:04.240 align:start position:0%
neutrino telescope in the world. And
 

02:07:04.240 --> 02:07:06.230 align:start position:0%
neutrino telescope in the world. And
indeed,<02:08:31.840><c> Ice</c><02:08:32.079><c> Cub's</c><02:08:32.400><c> bread</c><02:08:32.560><c> and</c><02:08:32.800><c> butter</c><02:08:33.119><c> is</c>

02:07:06.230 --> 02:07:06.240 align:start position:0%
indeed, Ice Cub's bread and butter is
 

02:07:06.240 --> 02:07:08.389 align:start position:0%
indeed, Ice Cub's bread and butter is
high<02:08:33.679><c> energy</c><02:08:34.079><c> neutrinos</c><02:08:35.199><c> produced</c><02:08:35.333><c> [music]</c>

02:07:08.389 --> 02:07:08.399 align:start position:0%
high energy neutrinos produced [music]
 

02:07:08.399 --> 02:07:11.190 align:start position:0%
high energy neutrinos produced [music]
by<02:08:35.920><c> calamitous</c><02:08:36.480><c> events</c><02:08:36.880><c> in</c><02:08:37.040><c> the</c><02:08:37.199><c> deep</c><02:08:37.760><c> faroff</c>

02:07:11.190 --> 02:07:11.200 align:start position:0%
by calamitous events in the deep faroff
 

02:07:11.200 --> 02:07:12.710 align:start position:0%
by calamitous events in the deep faroff
universe.

02:07:12.710 --> 02:07:12.720 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

02:07:12.720 --> 02:07:14.949 align:start position:0%
universe.
And<02:08:40.079><c> yet,</c><02:08:40.320><c> it</c><02:08:40.560><c> also</c><02:08:40.880><c> has</c><02:08:41.119><c> its</c><02:08:41.360><c> subterranean</c>

02:07:14.949 --> 02:07:14.959 align:start position:0%
And yet, it also has its subterranean
 

02:07:14.959 --> 02:07:18.070 align:start position:0%
And yet, it also has its subterranean
eyes<02:08:42.719><c> set</c><02:08:43.040><c> a</c><02:08:43.280><c> little</c><02:08:43.520><c> closer</c><02:08:43.920><c> to</c><02:08:44.159><c> home.</c><02:08:45.119><c> For</c>

02:07:18.070 --> 02:07:18.080 align:start position:0%
eyes set a little closer to home. For
 

02:07:18.080 --> 02:07:20.310 align:start position:0%
eyes set a little closer to home. For
Ice<02:08:45.599><c> Cube</c><02:08:45.840><c> is</c><02:08:46.000><c> on</c><02:08:46.159><c> the</c><02:08:46.239><c> lookout</c><02:08:46.560><c> for</c><02:08:46.719><c> nutrinos</c>

02:07:20.310 --> 02:07:20.320 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube is on the lookout for nutrinos
 

02:07:20.320 --> 02:07:22.550 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube is on the lookout for nutrinos
being<02:08:47.760><c> held</c><02:08:48.159><c> up</c><02:08:48.639><c> from</c><02:08:48.880><c> the</c><02:08:49.119><c> core</c><02:08:49.360><c> of</c><02:08:49.520><c> the</c>

02:07:22.550 --> 02:07:22.560 align:start position:0%
being held up from the core of the
 

02:07:22.560 --> 02:07:26.630 align:start position:0%
being held up from the core of the
Earth.<02:08:50.399><c> [music]</c><02:08:50.880><c> nutrinos</c><02:08:51.840><c> produced</c><02:08:53.119><c> by</c><02:08:53.440><c> dark</c>

02:07:26.630 --> 02:07:26.640 align:start position:0%
Earth. [music] nutrinos produced by dark
 

02:07:26.640 --> 02:07:31.989 align:start position:0%
Earth. [music] nutrinos produced by dark
matter.

02:07:31.989 --> 02:07:31.999 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:07:31.999 --> 02:07:33.670 align:start position:0%
 
If<02:08:59.440><c> dark</c><02:08:59.840><c> energy</c><02:09:00.224><c> [music]</c><02:09:00.320><c> had</c><02:09:00.560><c> been</c><02:09:00.719><c> an</c>

02:07:33.670 --> 02:07:33.680 align:start position:0%
If dark energy [music] had been an
 

02:07:33.680 --> 02:07:36.630 align:start position:0%
If dark energy [music] had been an
agonizing<02:09:01.520><c> thorn</c><02:09:01.920><c> in</c><02:09:02.159><c> string</c><02:09:02.480><c> theory's</c><02:09:02.960><c> side,</c>

02:07:36.630 --> 02:07:36.640 align:start position:0%
agonizing thorn in string theory's side,
 

02:07:36.640 --> 02:07:39.509 align:start position:0%
agonizing thorn in string theory's side,
dark<02:09:04.239><c> matter</c><02:09:04.960><c> might</c><02:09:05.280><c> yet</c><02:09:05.599><c> prove</c><02:09:05.920><c> a</c><02:09:06.239><c> powerful</c>

02:07:39.509 --> 02:07:39.519 align:start position:0%
dark matter might yet prove a powerful
 

02:07:39.519 --> 02:07:42.869 align:start position:0%
dark matter might yet prove a powerful
ally.<02:09:07.920><c> As</c><02:09:08.159><c> we've</c><02:09:08.400><c> seen</c><02:09:08.639><c> already,</c><02:09:09.280><c> dark</c><02:09:09.599><c> energy</c>

02:07:42.869 --> 02:07:42.879 align:start position:0%
ally. As we've seen already, dark energy
 

02:07:42.879 --> 02:07:44.949 align:start position:0%
ally. As we've seen already, dark energy
is<02:09:10.239><c> the</c><02:09:10.400><c> mysterious</c><02:09:10.960><c> entity</c><02:09:11.440><c> that</c><02:09:11.760><c> appears</c><02:09:12.000><c> to</c>

02:07:44.949 --> 02:07:44.959 align:start position:0%
is the mysterious entity that appears to
 

02:07:44.959 --> 02:07:46.949 align:start position:0%
is the mysterious entity that appears to
be<02:09:12.400><c> accelerating</c><02:09:13.119><c> the</c><02:09:13.440><c> universe's</c><02:09:13.979><c> [music]</c>

02:07:46.949 --> 02:07:46.959 align:start position:0%
be accelerating the universe's [music]
 

02:07:46.959 --> 02:07:49.590 align:start position:0%
be accelerating the universe's [music]
expansion.<02:09:15.119><c> Dark</c><02:09:15.520><c> matter,</c><02:09:16.000><c> however,</c><02:09:16.480><c> in</c><02:09:16.639><c> a</c>

02:07:49.590 --> 02:07:49.600 align:start position:0%
expansion. Dark matter, however, in a
 

02:07:49.600 --> 02:07:52.469 align:start position:0%
expansion. Dark matter, however, in a
sense<02:09:17.119><c> plays</c><02:09:17.440><c> the</c><02:09:17.679><c> opposite</c><02:09:18.159><c> role.</c><02:09:19.040><c> It</c><02:09:19.360><c> is</c><02:09:19.520><c> the</c>

02:07:52.469 --> 02:07:52.479 align:start position:0%
sense plays the opposite role. It is the
 

02:07:52.479 --> 02:07:55.190 align:start position:0%
sense plays the opposite role. It is the
invisible<02:09:20.400><c> glue</c><02:09:21.040><c> that</c><02:09:21.360><c> binds</c><02:09:21.920><c> cosmic</c>

02:07:55.190 --> 02:07:55.200 align:start position:0%
invisible glue that binds cosmic
 

02:07:55.200 --> 02:07:57.830 align:start position:0%
invisible glue that binds cosmic
structures<02:09:22.880><c> together.</c><02:09:24.000><c> Astronomers</c><02:09:24.719><c> first</c>

02:07:57.830 --> 02:07:57.840 align:start position:0%
structures together. Astronomers first
 

02:07:57.840 --> 02:07:59.909 align:start position:0%
structures together. Astronomers first
noticed<02:09:25.599><c> dark</c><02:09:25.920><c> matter's</c><02:09:26.320><c> effects</c><02:09:26.639><c> as</c><02:09:26.880><c> far</c>

02:07:59.909 --> 02:07:59.919 align:start position:0%
noticed dark matter's effects as far
 

02:07:59.919 --> 02:08:01.989 align:start position:0%
noticed dark matter's effects as far
back<02:09:27.280><c> as</c><02:09:27.440><c> the</c><02:09:27.679><c> 1930s.</c>

02:08:01.989 --> 02:08:01.999 align:start position:0%
back as the 1930s.
 

02:08:01.999 --> 02:08:04.150 align:start position:0%
back as the 1930s.
Galaxies<02:09:29.760><c> within</c><02:09:30.239><c> clusters</c><02:09:30.800><c> seem</c><02:09:31.040><c> to</c><02:09:31.199><c> be</c>

02:08:04.150 --> 02:08:04.160 align:start position:0%
Galaxies within clusters seem to be
 

02:08:04.160 --> 02:08:06.949 align:start position:0%
Galaxies within clusters seem to be
moving<02:09:31.679><c> too</c><02:09:32.000><c> fast.</c><02:09:32.880><c> And</c><02:09:33.119><c> one</c><02:09:33.360><c> way</c><02:09:33.440><c> to</c><02:09:33.679><c> explain</c>

02:08:06.949 --> 02:08:06.959 align:start position:0%
moving too fast. And one way to explain
 

02:08:06.959 --> 02:08:09.029 align:start position:0%
moving too fast. And one way to explain
why<02:09:34.560><c> these</c><02:09:34.880><c> clusters</c><02:09:35.360><c> didn't</c><02:09:35.599><c> simply</c><02:09:36.000><c> fly</c>

02:08:09.029 --> 02:08:09.039 align:start position:0%
why these clusters didn't simply fly
 

02:08:09.039 --> 02:08:11.429 align:start position:0%
why these clusters didn't simply fly
apart<02:09:37.040><c> is</c><02:09:37.280><c> if</c><02:09:37.440><c> there</c><02:09:37.599><c> was</c><02:09:37.760><c> hidden</c><02:09:38.079><c> material</c>

02:08:11.429 --> 02:08:11.439 align:start position:0%
apart is if there was hidden material
 

02:08:11.439 --> 02:08:14.310 align:start position:0%
apart is if there was hidden material
inside,<02:09:39.520><c> exerting</c><02:09:40.079><c> an</c><02:09:40.320><c> extra</c><02:09:40.719><c> gravitational</c>

02:08:14.310 --> 02:08:14.320 align:start position:0%
inside, exerting an extra gravitational
 

02:08:14.320 --> 02:08:17.350 align:start position:0%
inside, exerting an extra gravitational
pull.<02:09:42.560><c> Indeed,</c><02:09:43.040><c> individual</c><02:09:43.520><c> galaxies</c><02:09:44.079><c> told</c><02:09:44.320><c> a</c>

02:08:17.350 --> 02:08:17.360 align:start position:0%
pull. Indeed, individual galaxies told a
 

02:08:17.360 --> 02:08:19.590 align:start position:0%
pull. Indeed, individual galaxies told a
similar<02:09:44.960><c> story.</c><02:09:45.760><c> Stars</c><02:09:46.079><c> on</c><02:09:46.239><c> their</c><02:09:46.400><c> edges</c>

02:08:19.590 --> 02:08:19.600 align:start position:0%
similar story. Stars on their edges
 

02:08:19.600 --> 02:08:22.310 align:start position:0%
similar story. Stars on their edges
orbited<02:09:47.360><c> faster</c><02:09:47.760><c> than</c><02:09:48.000><c> expected.</c><02:09:48.960><c> Perhaps</c>

02:08:22.310 --> 02:08:22.320 align:start position:0%
orbited faster than expected. Perhaps
 

02:08:22.320 --> 02:08:24.790 align:start position:0%
orbited faster than expected. Perhaps
astronomers<02:09:50.159><c> mused.</c><02:09:50.800><c> They</c><02:09:51.119><c> too</c><02:09:51.360><c> were</c><02:09:51.599><c> held</c><02:09:51.840><c> in</c>

02:08:24.790 --> 02:08:24.800 align:start position:0%
astronomers mused. They too were held in
 

02:08:24.800 --> 02:08:26.310 align:start position:0%
astronomers mused. They too were held in
place<02:09:52.320><c> by</c><02:09:52.560><c> some</c><02:09:52.800><c> invisible</c><02:09:53.280><c> [music]</c>

02:08:26.310 --> 02:08:26.320 align:start position:0%
place by some invisible [music]
 

02:08:26.320 --> 02:08:28.070 align:start position:0%
place by some invisible [music]
adhesive.

02:08:28.070 --> 02:08:28.080 align:start position:0%
adhesive.
 

02:08:28.080 --> 02:08:30.310 align:start position:0%
adhesive.
At<02:09:55.520><c> first</c><02:09:55.840><c> though,</c><02:09:56.239><c> scientists</c><02:09:56.800><c> were</c><02:09:57.040><c> stumped</c>

02:08:30.310 --> 02:08:30.320 align:start position:0%
At first though, scientists were stumped
 

02:08:30.320 --> 02:08:32.710 align:start position:0%
At first though, scientists were stumped
as<02:09:57.679><c> to</c><02:09:57.840><c> what</c><02:09:58.079><c> dark</c><02:09:58.320><c> matter</c><02:09:58.719><c> could</c><02:09:58.880><c> be</c><02:09:59.040><c> made</c><02:09:59.280><c> of.</c>

02:08:32.710 --> 02:08:32.720 align:start position:0%
as to what dark matter could be made of.
 

02:08:32.720 --> 02:08:34.310 align:start position:0%
as to what dark matter could be made of.
The<02:10:00.079><c> culprit</c><02:10:00.639><c> seemed</c><02:10:00.880><c> to</c><02:10:01.040><c> have</c><02:10:01.199><c> two</c>

02:08:34.310 --> 02:08:34.320 align:start position:0%
The culprit seemed to have two
 

02:08:34.320 --> 02:08:37.190 align:start position:0%
The culprit seemed to have two
properties.<02:10:02.480><c> It</c><02:10:02.719><c> must</c><02:10:02.960><c> have</c><02:10:03.119><c> mass,</c><02:10:03.920><c> otherwise</c>

02:08:37.190 --> 02:08:37.200 align:start position:0%
properties. It must have mass, otherwise
 

02:08:37.200 --> 02:08:39.110 align:start position:0%
properties. It must have mass, otherwise
it<02:10:04.560><c> wouldn't</c><02:10:04.800><c> exert</c><02:10:05.070><c> [music]</c><02:10:05.280><c> gravity,</c><02:10:06.079><c> and</c>

02:08:39.110 --> 02:08:39.120 align:start position:0%
it wouldn't exert [music] gravity, and
 

02:08:39.120 --> 02:08:41.110 align:start position:0%
it wouldn't exert [music] gravity, and
it<02:10:06.480><c> must</c><02:10:06.719><c> all</c><02:10:06.960><c> interact</c><02:10:07.280><c> with</c><02:10:07.599><c> light,</c>

02:08:41.110 --> 02:08:41.120 align:start position:0%
it must all interact with light,
 

02:08:41.120 --> 02:08:44.469 align:start position:0%
it must all interact with light,
otherwise<02:10:08.960><c> we'd</c><02:10:09.360><c> see</c><02:10:09.599><c> it.</c><02:10:10.400><c> Unfortunately,</c><02:10:11.360><c> no</c>

02:08:44.469 --> 02:08:44.479 align:start position:0%
otherwise we'd see it. Unfortunately, no
 

02:08:44.479 --> 02:08:46.710 align:start position:0%
otherwise we'd see it. Unfortunately, no
suspect<02:10:12.159><c> in</c><02:10:12.320><c> the</c><02:10:12.560><c> standard</c><02:10:12.960><c> model</c><02:10:13.360><c> lineup</c>

02:08:46.710 --> 02:08:46.720 align:start position:0%
suspect in the standard model lineup
 

02:08:46.720 --> 02:08:49.429 align:start position:0%
suspect in the standard model lineup
matched<02:10:14.320><c> that</c><02:10:14.639><c> particular</c><02:10:15.199><c> fit.</c><02:10:16.079><c> And</c><02:10:16.239><c> so</c><02:10:16.400><c> they</c>

02:08:49.429 --> 02:08:49.439 align:start position:0%
matched that particular fit. And so they
 

02:08:49.439 --> 02:08:52.469 align:start position:0%
matched that particular fit. And so they
wondered,<02:10:17.599><c> could</c><02:10:17.920><c> dark</c><02:10:18.239><c> matter</c><02:10:19.040><c> be</c><02:10:19.280><c> lurking</c>

02:08:52.469 --> 02:08:52.479 align:start position:0%
wondered, could dark matter be lurking
 

02:08:52.479 --> 02:08:59.190 align:start position:0%
wondered, could dark matter be lurking
beyond<02:10:20.480><c> the</c><02:10:20.790><c> [music]</c><02:10:20.800><c> standard</c><02:10:21.360><c> model?</c>

02:08:59.190 --> 02:08:59.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:08:59.200 --> 02:09:01.110 align:start position:0%
 
Astronomers<02:10:27.119><c> interest</c><02:10:27.440><c> in</c><02:10:27.679><c> dark</c><02:10:28.000><c> matter</c>

02:09:01.110 --> 02:09:01.120 align:start position:0%
Astronomers interest in dark matter
 

02:09:01.120 --> 02:09:03.830 align:start position:0%
Astronomers interest in dark matter
accelerated<02:10:28.960><c> in</c><02:10:29.199><c> the</c><02:10:29.305><c> [music]</c><02:10:29.360><c> 1970s</c><02:10:30.639><c> just</c><02:10:30.880><c> as</c>

02:09:03.830 --> 02:09:03.840 align:start position:0%
accelerated in the [music] 1970s just as
 

02:09:03.840 --> 02:09:05.350 align:start position:0%
accelerated in the [music] 1970s just as
string<02:10:31.360><c> theorists</c><02:10:31.920><c> were</c><02:10:32.159><c> beginning</c><02:10:32.400><c> to</c>

02:09:05.350 --> 02:09:05.360 align:start position:0%
string theorists were beginning to
 

02:09:05.360 --> 02:09:07.670 align:start position:0%
string theorists were beginning to
juggle<02:10:32.960><c> with</c><02:10:33.280><c> super</c><02:10:33.599><c> symmetry.</c><02:10:34.480><c> And</c><02:10:34.639><c> it</c>

02:09:07.670 --> 02:09:07.680 align:start position:0%
juggle with super symmetry. And it
 

02:09:07.680 --> 02:09:09.509 align:start position:0%
juggle with super symmetry. And it
turned<02:10:35.119><c> out</c><02:10:35.440><c> that</c><02:10:35.679><c> the</c><02:10:35.920><c> lightest</c><02:10:36.400><c> super</c>

02:09:09.509 --> 02:09:09.519 align:start position:0%
turned out that the lightest super
 

02:09:09.519 --> 02:09:12.150 align:start position:0%
turned out that the lightest super
symmetric<02:10:37.199><c> particle,</c><02:10:37.840><c> the</c><02:10:38.079><c> neutral</c><02:10:38.560><c> lenino,</c>

02:09:12.150 --> 02:09:12.160 align:start position:0%
symmetric particle, the neutral lenino,
 

02:09:12.160 --> 02:09:15.270 align:start position:0%
symmetric particle, the neutral lenino,
would<02:10:39.599><c> behave</c><02:10:40.000><c> just</c><02:10:40.320><c> like</c><02:10:40.880><c> dark</c><02:10:41.199><c> matter.</c><02:10:42.320><c> It</c>

02:09:15.270 --> 02:09:15.280 align:start position:0%
would behave just like dark matter. It
 

02:09:15.280 --> 02:09:17.750 align:start position:0%
would behave just like dark matter. It
is<02:10:42.639><c> a</c><02:10:42.800><c> form</c><02:10:43.119><c> of</c><02:10:43.360><c> weakly</c><02:10:43.840><c> interacting</c><02:10:44.480><c> massive</c>

02:09:17.750 --> 02:09:17.760 align:start position:0%
is a form of weakly interacting massive
 

02:09:17.760 --> 02:09:20.949 align:start position:0%
is a form of weakly interacting massive
particle<02:10:45.679><c> or</c><02:10:46.079><c> wimp</c><02:10:46.560><c> for</c><02:10:46.800><c> short.</c><02:10:47.679><c> And</c><02:10:47.840><c> from</c>

02:09:20.949 --> 02:09:20.959 align:start position:0%
particle or wimp for short. And from
 

02:09:20.959 --> 02:09:22.949 align:start position:0%
particle or wimp for short. And from
that<02:10:48.320><c> moment</c><02:10:48.560><c> to</c><02:10:48.880><c> this,</c><02:10:49.440><c> the</c><02:10:49.679><c> search</c><02:10:49.920><c> for</c>

02:09:22.949 --> 02:09:22.959 align:start position:0%
that moment to this, the search for
 

02:09:22.959 --> 02:09:25.750 align:start position:0%
that moment to this, the search for
wimps<02:10:50.880><c> gathered</c><02:10:51.360><c> pace.</c>

02:09:25.750 --> 02:09:25.760 align:start position:0%
wimps gathered pace.
 

02:09:25.760 --> 02:09:27.830 align:start position:0%
wimps gathered pace.
And<02:10:53.199><c> so</c><02:10:53.360><c> it</c><02:10:53.599><c> seemed</c><02:10:53.760><c> that</c><02:10:54.079><c> super</c><02:10:54.400><c> symmetry</c>

02:09:27.830 --> 02:09:27.840 align:start position:0%
And so it seemed that super symmetry
 

02:09:27.840 --> 02:09:30.550 align:start position:0%
And so it seemed that super symmetry
didn't<02:10:55.360><c> just</c><02:10:55.599><c> streamline</c><02:10:56.400><c> string</c><02:10:56.800><c> theory,</c><02:10:57.599><c> it</c>

02:09:30.550 --> 02:09:30.560 align:start position:0%
didn't just streamline string theory, it
 

02:09:30.560 --> 02:09:32.225 align:start position:0%
didn't just streamline string theory, it
also<02:10:58.079><c> seemed</c><02:10:58.320><c> to</c><02:10:58.480><c> predict</c><02:10:59.040><c> one</c><02:10:59.280><c> of</c><02:10:59.360><c> the</c>

02:09:32.225 --> 02:09:32.235 align:start position:0%
also seemed to predict one of the
 

02:09:32.235 --> 02:09:34.469 align:start position:0%
also seemed to predict one of the
[music]<02:10:59.520><c> most</c><02:10:59.840><c> fundamental</c><02:11:00.480><c> aspects</c><02:11:00.960><c> of</c><02:11:01.199><c> our</c>

02:09:34.469 --> 02:09:34.479 align:start position:0%
[music] most fundamental aspects of our
 

02:09:34.479 --> 02:09:37.429 align:start position:0%
[music] most fundamental aspects of our
universe.<02:11:02.880><c> Finding</c><02:11:03.360><c> wimps.</c><02:11:03.840><c> therefore</c><02:11:04.400><c> would</c>

02:09:37.429 --> 02:09:37.439 align:start position:0%
universe. Finding wimps. therefore would
 

02:09:37.439 --> 02:09:39.110 align:start position:0%
universe. Finding wimps. therefore would
be<02:11:04.719><c> a</c><02:11:04.880><c> ringing</c><02:11:05.280><c> endorsement</c><02:11:05.760><c> of</c><02:11:06.000><c> super</c>

02:09:39.110 --> 02:09:39.120 align:start position:0%
be a ringing endorsement of super
 

02:09:39.120 --> 02:09:41.590 align:start position:0%
be a ringing endorsement of super
symmetry<02:11:07.040><c> and</c><02:11:07.360><c> bolster</c><02:11:07.760><c> the</c><02:11:08.000><c> case</c><02:11:08.239><c> for</c><02:11:08.480><c> string</c>

02:09:41.590 --> 02:09:41.600 align:start position:0%
symmetry and bolster the case for string
 

02:09:41.600 --> 02:09:44.949 align:start position:0%
symmetry and bolster the case for string
theory<02:11:09.360><c> to</c><02:11:09.599><c> boot.</c><02:11:11.040><c> And</c><02:11:11.280><c> indeed,</c><02:11:11.679><c> despite</c><02:11:12.000><c> all</c>

02:09:44.949 --> 02:09:44.959 align:start position:0%
theory to boot. And indeed, despite all
 

02:09:44.959 --> 02:09:47.429 align:start position:0%
theory to boot. And indeed, despite all
its<02:11:12.480><c> promise</c><02:11:12.880><c> with</c><02:11:13.119><c> dark</c><02:11:13.520><c> matter,</c><02:11:14.320><c> super</c>

02:09:47.429 --> 02:09:47.439 align:start position:0%
its promise with dark matter, super
 

02:09:47.439 --> 02:09:48.550 align:start position:0%
its promise with dark matter, super
symmetry<02:11:15.119><c> also</c><02:11:15.155><c> [music]</c>

02:09:48.550 --> 02:09:48.560 align:start position:0%
symmetry also [music]
 

02:09:48.560 --> 02:09:51.429 align:start position:0%
symmetry also [music]
had<02:11:16.000><c> an</c><02:11:16.239><c> older</c><02:11:16.560><c> alibi.</c><02:11:17.599><c> After</c><02:11:17.920><c> all,</c><02:11:18.239><c> it</c><02:11:18.480><c> was</c>

02:09:51.429 --> 02:09:51.439 align:start position:0%
had an older alibi. After all, it was
 

02:09:51.439 --> 02:09:53.350 align:start position:0%
had an older alibi. After all, it was
super<02:11:18.960><c> symmetry</c><02:11:19.440><c> that</c><02:11:19.679><c> first</c><02:11:19.920><c> let</c><02:11:20.239><c> string</c>

02:09:53.350 --> 02:09:53.360 align:start position:0%
super symmetry that first let string
 

02:09:53.360 --> 02:09:55.670 align:start position:0%
super symmetry that first let string
theory<02:11:20.960><c> smuggled</c><02:11:21.520><c> gravity</c><02:11:22.079><c> into</c><02:11:22.400><c> quantum</c>

02:09:55.670 --> 02:09:55.680 align:start position:0%
theory smuggled gravity into quantum
 

02:09:55.680 --> 02:09:58.310 align:start position:0%
theory smuggled gravity into quantum
mechanics.<02:11:24.000><c> Without</c><02:11:24.400><c> it,</c><02:11:24.719><c> string</c><02:11:25.119><c> theory's</c>

02:09:58.310 --> 02:09:58.320 align:start position:0%
mechanics. Without it, string theory's
 

02:09:58.320 --> 02:10:00.949 align:start position:0%
mechanics. Without it, string theory's
cleanest<02:11:26.000><c> prediction,</c><02:11:26.719><c> the</c><02:11:26.960><c> graviton,</c>

02:10:00.949 --> 02:10:00.959 align:start position:0%
cleanest prediction, the graviton,
 

02:10:00.959 --> 02:10:03.509 align:start position:0%
cleanest prediction, the graviton,
vanishes.<02:11:29.199><c> And</c><02:11:29.360><c> without</c><02:11:29.599><c> the</c><02:11:29.760><c> graviton,</c><02:11:30.480><c> the</c>

02:10:03.509 --> 02:10:03.519 align:start position:0%
vanishes. And without the graviton, the
 

02:10:03.519 --> 02:10:05.429 align:start position:0%
vanishes. And without the graviton, the
whole<02:11:30.880><c> defense</c><02:11:31.440><c> begins</c><02:11:31.760><c> to</c><02:11:31.920><c> unravel</c><02:11:32.320><c> at</c><02:11:32.480><c> a</c>

02:10:05.429 --> 02:10:05.439 align:start position:0%
whole defense begins to unravel at a
 

02:10:05.439 --> 02:10:08.070 align:start position:0%
whole defense begins to unravel at a
precipitous<02:11:33.280><c> pace.</c><02:11:34.480><c> And</c><02:11:34.639><c> so</c><02:11:34.880><c> string</c>

02:10:08.070 --> 02:10:08.080 align:start position:0%
precipitous pace. And so string
 

02:10:08.080 --> 02:10:10.389 align:start position:0%
precipitous pace. And so string
theorists<02:11:35.920><c> pinned</c><02:11:36.239><c> their</c><02:11:36.480><c> hopes</c><02:11:37.199><c> on</c><02:11:37.440><c> the</c>

02:10:10.389 --> 02:10:10.399 align:start position:0%
theorists pinned their hopes on the
 

02:10:10.399 --> 02:10:17.670 align:start position:0%
theorists pinned their hopes on the
detectors<02:11:38.320><c> hidden</c><02:11:39.119><c> beneath</c><02:11:39.440><c> the</c><02:11:39.679><c> ice.</c>

02:10:17.670 --> 02:10:17.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:10:17.680 --> 02:10:19.750 align:start position:0%
 
If<02:11:45.040><c> the</c><02:11:45.280><c> galaxies</c><02:11:45.840><c> indeed</c><02:11:46.320><c> flooded</c><02:11:46.719><c> with</c>

02:10:19.750 --> 02:10:19.760 align:start position:0%
If the galaxies indeed flooded with
 

02:10:19.760 --> 02:10:21.830 align:start position:0%
If the galaxies indeed flooded with
wimps,<02:11:47.760><c> the</c><02:11:48.000><c> solar</c><02:11:48.400><c> system</c><02:11:48.719><c> should</c><02:11:48.880><c> be</c>

02:10:21.830 --> 02:10:21.840 align:start position:0%
wimps, the solar system should be
 

02:10:21.840 --> 02:10:23.590 align:start position:0%
wimps, the solar system should be
plunging<02:11:49.599><c> through</c><02:11:49.840><c> them</c><02:11:50.079><c> as</c><02:11:50.239><c> it</c><02:11:50.480><c> orbits</c>

02:10:23.590 --> 02:10:23.600 align:start position:0%
plunging through them as it orbits
 

02:10:23.600 --> 02:10:25.909 align:start position:0%
plunging through them as it orbits
around<02:11:51.040><c> the</c><02:11:51.199><c> Milky</c><02:11:51.599><c> Way.</c><02:11:52.480><c> Dark</c><02:11:52.800><c> matter</c>

02:10:25.909 --> 02:10:25.919 align:start position:0%
around the Milky Way. Dark matter
 

02:10:25.919 --> 02:10:27.989 align:start position:0%
around the Milky Way. Dark matter
particles<02:11:53.679><c> should</c><02:11:54.079><c> continually</c><02:11:54.719><c> sink</c><02:11:54.960><c> into</c>

02:10:27.989 --> 02:10:27.999 align:start position:0%
particles should continually sink into
 

02:10:27.999 --> 02:10:29.750 align:start position:0%
particles should continually sink into
the<02:11:55.360><c> core</c><02:11:55.520><c> of</c><02:11:55.679><c> the</c><02:11:55.840><c> Earth</c><02:11:56.320><c> where</c><02:11:56.560><c> they</c><02:11:56.719><c> would</c>

02:10:29.750 --> 02:10:29.760 align:start position:0%
the core of the Earth where they would
 

02:10:29.760 --> 02:10:31.509 align:start position:0%
the core of the Earth where they would
collide<02:11:57.280><c> with</c><02:11:57.440><c> one</c><02:11:57.679><c> another</c><02:11:58.000><c> and</c><02:11:58.320><c> produce</c>

02:10:31.509 --> 02:10:31.519 align:start position:0%
collide with one another and produce
 

02:10:31.519 --> 02:10:34.949 align:start position:0%
collide with one another and produce
neutrinos.<02:12:00.159><c> Neutrinos</c><02:12:00.960><c> that</c><02:12:01.280><c> Ice</c><02:12:01.520><c> Cube</c><02:12:01.920><c> has</c>

02:10:34.949 --> 02:10:34.959 align:start position:0%
neutrinos. Neutrinos that Ice Cube has
 

02:10:34.959 --> 02:10:38.310 align:start position:0%
neutrinos. Neutrinos that Ice Cube has
been<02:12:02.400><c> looking</c><02:12:02.639><c> for.</c><02:12:03.840><c> Simple</c><02:12:04.239><c> enough,</c><02:12:05.199><c> except</c>

02:10:38.310 --> 02:10:38.320 align:start position:0%
been looking for. Simple enough, except
 

02:10:38.320 --> 02:10:41.350 align:start position:0%
been looking for. Simple enough, except
for<02:12:05.679><c> the</c><02:12:05.920><c> fact</c><02:12:06.560><c> it</c><02:12:06.800><c> hasn't</c><02:12:07.199><c> seen</c><02:12:07.520><c> any.</c><02:12:08.211><c> [music]</c>

02:10:41.350 --> 02:10:41.360 align:start position:0%
for the fact it hasn't seen any. [music]
 

02:10:41.360 --> 02:10:44.230 align:start position:0%
for the fact it hasn't seen any. [music]
Indeed,<02:12:08.960><c> a</c><02:12:09.199><c> study</c><02:12:09.440><c> released</c><02:12:09.760><c> in</c><02:12:10.000><c> early</c><02:12:10.239><c> 2025</c>

02:10:44.230 --> 02:10:44.240 align:start position:0%
Indeed, a study released in early 2025
 

02:10:44.240 --> 02:10:45.989 align:start position:0%
Indeed, a study released in early 2025
trolled<02:12:11.840><c> through</c><02:12:12.000><c> a</c><02:12:12.159><c> decade</c><02:12:12.480><c> of</c><02:12:12.719><c> ice</c><02:12:12.960><c> cube</c>

02:10:45.989 --> 02:10:45.999 align:start position:0%
trolled through a decade of ice cube
 

02:10:45.999 --> 02:10:48.389 align:start position:0%
trolled through a decade of ice cube
data<02:12:13.679><c> and</c><02:12:13.920><c> found</c><02:12:14.159><c> absolutely</c><02:12:14.800><c> no</c><02:12:15.119><c> signatures</c>

02:10:48.389 --> 02:10:48.399 align:start position:0%
data and found absolutely no signatures
 

02:10:48.399 --> 02:10:50.550 align:start position:0%
data and found absolutely no signatures
of<02:12:15.760><c> dark</c><02:12:16.079><c> matter</c><02:12:16.560><c> coming</c><02:12:16.880><c> from</c><02:12:17.119><c> the</c><02:12:17.280><c> center</c><02:12:17.599><c> of</c>

02:10:50.550 --> 02:10:50.560 align:start position:0%
of dark matter coming from the center of
 

02:10:50.560 --> 02:10:53.590 align:start position:0%
of dark matter coming from the center of
the<02:12:18.000><c> Earth.</c><02:12:19.440><c> Perhaps</c><02:12:19.920><c> scientists</c><02:12:20.480><c> thought</c>

02:10:53.590 --> 02:10:53.600 align:start position:0%
the Earth. Perhaps scientists thought
 

02:10:53.600 --> 02:10:55.590 align:start position:0%
the Earth. Perhaps scientists thought
another<02:12:21.199><c> team</c><02:12:21.440><c> would</c><02:12:21.599><c> have</c><02:12:21.760><c> more</c><02:12:22.000><c> luck,</c><02:12:22.560><c> this</c>

02:10:55.590 --> 02:10:55.600 align:start position:0%
another team would have more luck, this
 

02:10:55.600 --> 02:10:57.350 align:start position:0%
another team would have more luck, this
time<02:12:22.960><c> with</c><02:12:23.119><c> an</c><02:12:23.360><c> experiment</c><02:12:23.840><c> not</c><02:12:24.000><c> tucked</c><02:12:24.320><c> away</c>

02:10:57.350 --> 02:10:57.360 align:start position:0%
time with an experiment not tucked away
 

02:10:57.360 --> 02:10:59.670 align:start position:0%
time with an experiment not tucked away
under<02:12:24.719><c> the</c><02:12:24.880><c> Antarctic</c><02:12:25.440><c> ice,</c><02:12:26.000><c> but</c><02:12:26.239><c> hidden</c><02:12:26.639><c> a</c>

02:10:59.670 --> 02:10:59.680 align:start position:0%
under the Antarctic ice, but hidden a
 

02:10:59.680 --> 02:11:01.750 align:start position:0%
under the Antarctic ice, but hidden a
mile<02:12:27.040><c> underneath</c><02:12:27.599><c> South</c><02:12:27.840><c> Dakota</c><02:12:28.480><c> in</c><02:12:28.719><c> an</c>

02:11:01.750 --> 02:11:01.760 align:start position:0%
mile underneath South Dakota in an
 

02:11:01.760 --> 02:11:05.110 align:start position:0%
mile underneath South Dakota in an
abandoned<02:12:29.599><c> gold</c><02:12:29.920><c> mine.</c><02:12:31.136><c> [music]</c><02:12:31.360><c> Except</c><02:12:32.000><c> once</c>

02:11:05.110 --> 02:11:05.120 align:start position:0%
abandoned gold mine. [music] Except once
 

02:11:05.120 --> 02:11:07.670 align:start position:0%
abandoned gold mine. [music] Except once
again,<02:12:32.880><c> the</c><02:12:33.119><c> search</c><02:12:33.520><c> here</c><02:12:34.079><c> with</c><02:12:34.320><c> the</c><02:12:34.480><c> Lux</c>

02:11:07.670 --> 02:11:07.680 align:start position:0%
again, the search here with the Lux
 

02:11:07.680 --> 02:11:11.590 align:start position:0%
again, the search here with the Lux
Zeppelin<02:12:35.440><c> experiment</c><02:12:36.400><c> also</c><02:12:37.119><c> came</c><02:12:37.360><c> up</c><02:12:37.599><c> short.</c>

02:11:11.590 --> 02:11:11.600 align:start position:0%
Zeppelin experiment also came up short.
 

02:11:11.600 --> 02:11:13.590 align:start position:0%
Zeppelin experiment also came up short.
But<02:12:39.040><c> perhaps</c><02:12:39.360><c> the</c><02:12:39.520><c> heady</c><02:12:39.920><c> maelstrom</c><02:12:40.480><c> of</c><02:12:40.639><c> the</c>

02:11:13.590 --> 02:11:13.600 align:start position:0%
But perhaps the heady maelstrom of the
 

02:11:13.600 --> 02:11:15.670 align:start position:0%
But perhaps the heady maelstrom of the
galactic<02:12:41.440><c> center</c><02:12:42.079><c> where</c><02:12:42.271><c> [music]</c><02:12:42.320><c> stars</c><02:12:42.639><c> and</c>

02:11:15.670 --> 02:11:15.680 align:start position:0%
galactic center where [music] stars and
 

02:11:15.680 --> 02:11:17.830 align:start position:0%
galactic center where [music] stars and
dust<02:12:43.280><c> are</c><02:12:43.520><c> constantly</c><02:12:44.079><c> swirling</c><02:12:44.560><c> around</c><02:12:44.800><c> a</c>

02:11:17.830 --> 02:11:17.840 align:start position:0%
dust are constantly swirling around a
 

02:11:17.840 --> 02:11:20.150 align:start position:0%
dust are constantly swirling around a
gargantuan<02:12:45.920><c> super</c><02:12:46.239><c> massive</c><02:12:46.639><c> black</c><02:12:46.880><c> hole</c>

02:11:20.150 --> 02:11:20.160 align:start position:0%
gargantuan super massive black hole
 

02:11:20.160 --> 02:11:22.266 align:start position:0%
gargantuan super massive black hole
offers<02:12:47.760><c> more</c><02:12:48.000><c> possibility</c><02:12:48.639><c> for</c><02:12:48.880><c> wimps.</c>

02:11:22.266 --> 02:11:22.276 align:start position:0%
offers more possibility for wimps.
 

02:11:22.276 --> 02:11:23.989 align:start position:0%
offers more possibility for wimps.
[music]<02:12:49.679><c> Indeed,</c><02:12:50.079><c> another</c><02:12:50.480><c> experiment</c><02:12:50.960><c> has</c>

02:11:23.989 --> 02:11:23.999 align:start position:0%
[music] Indeed, another experiment has
 

02:11:23.999 --> 02:11:26.469 align:start position:0%
[music] Indeed, another experiment has
been<02:12:51.360><c> scouring</c><02:12:51.840><c> this</c><02:12:52.079><c> region</c><02:12:52.400><c> for</c><02:12:52.639><c> clues.</c><02:12:53.440><c> The</c>

02:11:26.469 --> 02:11:26.479 align:start position:0%
been scouring this region for clues. The
 

02:11:26.479 --> 02:11:29.270 align:start position:0%
been scouring this region for clues. The
alphaagnetic<02:12:54.639><c> spectrometer</c><02:12:55.760><c> bolted</c><02:12:56.159><c> to</c><02:12:56.320><c> the</c>

02:11:29.270 --> 02:11:29.280 align:start position:0%
alphaagnetic spectrometer bolted to the
 

02:11:29.280 --> 02:11:31.270 align:start position:0%
alphaagnetic spectrometer bolted to the
side<02:12:56.639><c> of</c><02:12:56.800><c> the</c><02:12:56.880><c> International</c><02:12:57.520><c> Space</c><02:12:57.840><c> Station.</c>

02:11:31.270 --> 02:11:31.280 align:start position:0%
side of the International Space Station.
 

02:11:31.280 --> 02:11:35.190 align:start position:0%
side of the International Space Station.
AMSO2<02:12:59.520><c> is</c><02:12:59.760><c> a</c><02:12:59.920><c> hulking</c><02:13:00.800><c> 2</c><02:13:00.960><c> billion</c><02:13:01.760><c> cosmic</c><02:13:02.159><c> ray</c>

02:11:35.190 --> 02:11:35.200 align:start position:0%
AMSO2 is a hulking 2 billion cosmic ray
 

02:11:35.200 --> 02:11:37.429 align:start position:0%
AMSO2 is a hulking 2 billion cosmic ray
detector.<02:13:03.199><c> Since</c><02:13:03.520><c> 2011,</c><02:13:04.239><c> it's</c><02:13:04.560><c> been</c>

02:11:37.429 --> 02:11:37.439 align:start position:0%
detector. Since 2011, it's been
 

02:11:37.439 --> 02:11:39.509 align:start position:0%
detector. Since 2011, it's been
measuring<02:13:05.119><c> high</c><02:13:05.440><c> energy</c><02:13:05.840><c> particles</c><02:13:06.480><c> that</c>

02:11:39.509 --> 02:11:39.519 align:start position:0%
measuring high energy particles that
 

02:11:39.519 --> 02:11:40.869 align:start position:0%
measuring high energy particles that
might<02:13:06.960><c> be</c><02:13:07.119><c> produced</c><02:13:07.161><c> [music]</c><02:13:07.520><c> by</c><02:13:07.760><c> WIMP</c>

02:11:40.869 --> 02:11:40.879 align:start position:0%
might be produced [music] by WIMP
 

02:11:40.879 --> 02:11:43.670 align:start position:0%
might be produced [music] by WIMP
annihilations<02:13:08.960><c> near</c><02:13:09.199><c> the</c><02:13:09.440><c> galactic</c><02:13:10.000><c> center,</c>

02:11:43.670 --> 02:11:43.680 align:start position:0%
annihilations near the galactic center,
 

02:11:43.680 --> 02:11:45.846 align:start position:0%
annihilations near the galactic center,
and<02:13:11.199><c> initial</c><02:13:11.599><c> results</c><02:13:12.239><c> looked</c><02:13:12.639><c> promising.</c>

02:11:45.846 --> 02:11:45.856 align:start position:0%
and initial results looked promising.
 

02:11:45.856 --> 02:11:48.710 align:start position:0%
and initial results looked promising.
[music]<02:13:13.440><c> AMSO2</c><02:13:14.480><c> found</c><02:13:14.800><c> more</c><02:13:15.040><c> posetrons</c><02:13:15.679><c> than</c>

02:11:48.710 --> 02:11:48.720 align:start position:0%
[music] AMSO2 found more posetrons than
 

02:11:48.720 --> 02:11:51.270 align:start position:0%
[music] AMSO2 found more posetrons than
expected,<02:13:16.719><c> raising</c><02:13:17.119><c> hopes</c><02:13:17.440><c> that</c><02:13:17.679><c> dark</c><02:13:17.920><c> matter</c>

02:11:51.270 --> 02:11:51.280 align:start position:0%
expected, raising hopes that dark matter
 

02:11:51.280 --> 02:11:54.310 align:start position:0%
expected, raising hopes that dark matter
might<02:13:18.719><c> be</c><02:13:18.880><c> the</c><02:13:19.040><c> culprit.</c><02:13:20.320><c> But</c><02:13:20.719><c> again,</c><02:13:21.280><c> the</c>

02:11:54.310 --> 02:11:54.320 align:start position:0%
might be the culprit. But again, the
 

02:11:54.320 --> 02:11:57.270 align:start position:0%
might be the culprit. But again, the
signal<02:13:21.920><c> proved</c><02:13:22.320><c> ambiguous.</c><02:13:23.440><c> Pulsars,</c>

02:11:57.270 --> 02:11:57.280 align:start position:0%
signal proved ambiguous. Pulsars,
 

02:11:57.280 --> 02:11:59.270 align:start position:0%
signal proved ambiguous. Pulsars,
rapidly<02:13:24.960><c> spinning</c><02:13:25.360><c> neutron</c><02:13:25.840><c> stars,</c><02:13:26.157><c> [music]</c>

02:11:59.270 --> 02:11:59.280 align:start position:0%
rapidly spinning neutron stars, [music]
 

02:11:59.280 --> 02:12:01.750 align:start position:0%
rapidly spinning neutron stars, [music]
could<02:13:26.719><c> produce</c><02:13:27.119><c> the</c><02:13:27.360><c> same</c><02:13:27.599><c> excess.</c><02:13:28.719><c> This</c>

02:12:01.750 --> 02:12:01.760 align:start position:0%
could produce the same excess. This
 

02:12:01.760 --> 02:12:03.590 align:start position:0%
could produce the same excess. This
means<02:13:29.199><c> that</c><02:13:29.440><c> more</c><02:13:29.599><c> than</c><02:13:29.760><c> a</c><02:13:29.920><c> decade</c><02:13:30.239><c> on,</c>

02:12:03.590 --> 02:12:03.600 align:start position:0%
means that more than a decade on,
 

02:12:03.600 --> 02:12:06.310 align:start position:0%
means that more than a decade on,
physicists<02:13:31.440><c> are</c><02:13:31.599><c> still</c><02:13:31.840><c> debating</c><02:13:32.400><c> what,</c><02:13:33.199><c> if</c>

02:12:06.310 --> 02:12:06.320 align:start position:0%
physicists are still debating what, if
 

02:12:06.320 --> 02:12:14.230 align:start position:0%
physicists are still debating what, if
anything,<02:13:34.239><c> AMSO2</c><02:13:35.199><c> has</c><02:13:35.440><c> seen.</c>

02:12:14.230 --> 02:12:14.240 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:12:14.240 --> 02:12:16.070 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:13:41.679><c> so</c><02:13:42.239><c> the</c><02:13:42.560><c> result</c><02:13:42.960><c> is</c><02:13:43.187><c> [music]</c>

02:12:16.070 --> 02:12:16.080 align:start position:0%
And so the result is [music]
 

02:12:16.080 --> 02:12:18.550 align:start position:0%
And so the result is [music]
frustratingly<02:13:44.159><c> familiar.</c><02:13:45.040><c> Hints,</c>

02:12:18.550 --> 02:12:18.560 align:start position:0%
frustratingly familiar. Hints,
 

02:12:18.560 --> 02:12:21.029 align:start position:0%
frustratingly familiar. Hints,
suggestions,<02:13:46.400><c> and</c><02:13:46.719><c> shadows,</c><02:13:47.679><c> but</c><02:13:47.920><c> never</c>

02:12:21.029 --> 02:12:21.039 align:start position:0%
suggestions, and shadows, but never
 

02:12:21.039 --> 02:12:23.110 align:start position:0%
suggestions, and shadows, but never
certainty.<02:13:49.119><c> The</c><02:13:49.360><c> evidence</c><02:13:49.679><c> for</c><02:13:50.000><c> super</c>

02:12:23.110 --> 02:12:23.120 align:start position:0%
certainty. The evidence for super
 

02:12:23.120 --> 02:12:25.029 align:start position:0%
certainty. The evidence for super
symmetry<02:13:50.800><c> through</c><02:13:51.119><c> dark</c><02:13:51.360><c> matter</c><02:13:51.760><c> searches</c>

02:12:25.029 --> 02:12:25.039 align:start position:0%
symmetry through dark matter searches
 

02:12:25.039 --> 02:12:28.230 align:start position:0%
symmetry through dark matter searches
remains<02:13:52.719><c> agonizingly</c><02:13:53.520><c> elusive.</c>

02:12:28.230 --> 02:12:28.240 align:start position:0%
remains agonizingly elusive.
 

02:12:28.240 --> 02:12:31.350 align:start position:0%
remains agonizingly elusive.
But<02:13:56.480><c> there</c><02:13:56.719><c> is</c><02:13:56.880><c> another</c><02:13:57.280><c> way.</c>

02:12:31.350 --> 02:12:31.360 align:start position:0%
But there is another way.
 

02:12:31.360 --> 02:12:33.190 align:start position:0%
But there is another way.
The<02:13:58.800><c> most</c><02:13:58.907><c> [music]</c><02:13:59.040><c> direct</c><02:13:59.520><c> tests</c><02:13:59.840><c> of</c><02:14:00.079><c> super</c>

02:12:33.190 --> 02:12:33.200 align:start position:0%
The most [music] direct tests of super
 

02:12:33.200 --> 02:12:35.429 align:start position:0%
The most [music] direct tests of super
symmetry<02:14:00.960><c> have</c><02:14:01.280><c> taken</c><02:14:01.599><c> place</c><02:14:01.840><c> at</c><02:14:02.079><c> the</c><02:14:02.239><c> largest</c>

02:12:35.429 --> 02:12:35.439 align:start position:0%
symmetry have taken place at the largest
 

02:12:35.439 --> 02:12:38.230 align:start position:0%
symmetry have taken place at the largest
energies<02:14:03.040><c> achievable</c><02:14:03.679><c> on</c><02:14:04.000><c> Earth.</c><02:14:04.960><c> At</c><02:14:05.199><c> the</c>

02:12:38.230 --> 02:12:38.240 align:start position:0%
energies achievable on Earth. At the
 

02:12:38.240 --> 02:12:40.867 align:start position:0%
energies achievable on Earth. At the
large<02:14:05.840><c> Hadron</c><02:14:06.400><c> Collider</c><02:14:07.599><c> here,</c><02:14:08.000><c> beneath</c>

02:12:40.867 --> 02:12:40.877 align:start position:0%
large Hadron Collider here, beneath
 

02:12:40.877 --> 02:12:43.029 align:start position:0%
large Hadron Collider here, beneath
[music]<02:14:08.320><c> the</c><02:14:08.560><c> French</c><02:14:08.800><c> Swiss</c><02:14:09.119><c> border,</c><02:14:09.760><c> protons</c>

02:12:43.029 --> 02:12:43.039 align:start position:0%
[music] the French Swiss border, protons
 

02:12:43.039 --> 02:12:44.949 align:start position:0%
[music] the French Swiss border, protons
are<02:14:10.480><c> smashed</c><02:14:10.880><c> together</c><02:14:11.199><c> at</c><02:14:11.440><c> near</c><02:14:11.840><c> light</c>

02:12:44.949 --> 02:12:44.959 align:start position:0%
are smashed together at near light
 

02:12:44.959 --> 02:12:47.029 align:start position:0%
are smashed together at near light
speeds<02:14:12.960><c> in</c><02:14:13.199><c> the</c><02:14:13.360><c> hope</c><02:14:13.599><c> that</c><02:14:13.840><c> something</c>

02:12:47.029 --> 02:12:47.039 align:start position:0%
speeds in the hope that something
 

02:12:47.039 --> 02:12:49.909 align:start position:0%
speeds in the hope that something
entirely<02:14:14.880><c> new</c><02:14:15.280><c> might</c><02:14:15.520><c> emerge.</c>

02:12:49.909 --> 02:12:49.919 align:start position:0%
entirely new might emerge.
 

02:12:49.919 --> 02:12:51.509 align:start position:0%
entirely new might emerge.
If<02:14:17.360><c> super</c><02:14:17.679><c> symmetric</c><02:14:18.159><c> particles</c><02:14:18.557><c> [music]</c>

02:12:51.509 --> 02:12:51.519 align:start position:0%
If super symmetric particles [music]
 

02:12:51.519 --> 02:12:54.150 align:start position:0%
If super symmetric particles [music]
exist,<02:14:19.760><c> some</c><02:14:20.079><c> should</c><02:14:20.320><c> be</c><02:14:20.560><c> within</c><02:14:20.880><c> the</c><02:14:21.119><c> Large</c>

02:12:54.150 --> 02:12:54.160 align:start position:0%
exist, some should be within the Large
 

02:12:54.160 --> 02:13:01.173 align:start position:0%
exist, some should be within the Large
Hadron<02:14:21.920><c> Collider's</c><02:14:22.400><c> reach.</c>

02:13:01.173 --> 02:13:01.183 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:13:01.183 --> 02:13:01.429 align:start position:0%
 
&gt;&gt; [music]

02:13:01.429 --> 02:13:01.439 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

02:13:01.439 --> 02:13:04.310 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; The<02:14:28.880><c> LHC</c><02:14:29.520><c> first</c><02:14:29.840><c> turned</c><02:14:30.079><c> on</c><02:14:30.320><c> to</c><02:14:30.480><c> much</c><02:14:30.800><c> fanfare</c>

02:13:04.310 --> 02:13:04.320 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The LHC first turned on to much fanfare
 

02:13:04.320 --> 02:13:07.429 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The LHC first turned on to much fanfare
towards<02:14:31.920><c> the</c><02:14:32.159><c> end</c><02:14:32.239><c> of</c><02:14:32.560><c> 2008</c><02:14:33.760><c> and</c><02:14:33.920><c> within</c><02:14:34.400><c> 4</c>

02:13:07.429 --> 02:13:07.439 align:start position:0%
towards the end of 2008 and within 4
 

02:13:07.439 --> 02:13:09.670 align:start position:0%
towards the end of 2008 and within 4
years<02:14:34.960><c> it</c><02:14:35.199><c> made</c><02:14:35.360><c> headlines</c><02:14:35.840><c> around</c><02:14:36.159><c> the</c><02:14:36.400><c> world</c>

02:13:09.670 --> 02:13:09.680 align:start position:0%
years it made headlines around the world
 

02:13:09.680 --> 02:13:11.429 align:start position:0%
years it made headlines around the world
when<02:14:37.199><c> physicists</c><02:14:37.552><c> [music]</c><02:14:38.000><c> discovered</c><02:14:38.400><c> the</c>

02:13:11.429 --> 02:13:11.439 align:start position:0%
when physicists [music] discovered the
 

02:13:11.439 --> 02:13:16.310 align:start position:0%
when physicists [music] discovered the
Higs<02:14:39.040><c> Bzon,</c><02:14:39.840><c> the</c><02:14:40.079><c> much</c><02:14:40.400><c> lorded</c><02:14:41.199><c> God</c><02:14:41.599><c> particle.</c>

02:13:16.310 --> 02:13:16.320 align:start position:0%
Higs Bzon, the much lorded God particle.
 

02:13:16.320 --> 02:13:17.989 align:start position:0%
Higs Bzon, the much lorded God particle.
The<02:14:43.679><c> Higs</c><02:14:44.000><c> Bzon</c><02:14:44.480><c> and</c><02:14:44.560><c> the</c><02:14:44.719><c> associated</c>

02:13:17.989 --> 02:13:17.999 align:start position:0%
The Higs Bzon and the associated
 

02:13:17.999 --> 02:13:20.630 align:start position:0%
The Higs Bzon and the associated
Higsfield<02:14:46.000><c> is</c><02:14:46.239><c> what</c><02:14:46.480><c> gives</c><02:14:46.800><c> other</c><02:14:47.119><c> particles</c>

02:13:20.630 --> 02:13:20.640 align:start position:0%
Higsfield is what gives other particles
 

02:13:20.640 --> 02:13:23.350 align:start position:0%
Higsfield is what gives other particles
mass.<02:14:48.880><c> And</c><02:14:49.040><c> yet</c><02:14:49.199><c> the</c><02:14:49.440><c> discovery</c><02:14:49.760><c> of</c><02:14:49.840><c> the</c><02:14:50.000><c> Higs</c>

02:13:23.350 --> 02:13:23.360 align:start position:0%
mass. And yet the discovery of the Higs
 

02:13:23.360 --> 02:13:26.070 align:start position:0%
mass. And yet the discovery of the Higs
threw<02:14:50.800><c> up</c><02:14:50.960><c> a</c><02:14:51.119><c> confounding</c><02:14:51.920><c> mystery.</c><02:14:52.800><c> It</c><02:14:53.040><c> was</c><02:14:53.119><c> a</c>

02:13:26.070 --> 02:13:26.080 align:start position:0%
threw up a confounding mystery. It was a
 

02:13:26.080 --> 02:13:27.909 align:start position:0%
threw up a confounding mystery. It was a
lot<02:14:53.440><c> lighter</c><02:14:53.920><c> than</c><02:14:54.239><c> physicists</c><02:14:54.800><c> had</c>

02:13:27.909 --> 02:13:27.919 align:start position:0%
lot lighter than physicists had
 

02:13:27.919 --> 02:13:30.070 align:start position:0%
lot lighter than physicists had
expected.<02:14:56.239><c> With</c><02:14:56.480><c> mass</c><02:14:56.719><c> and</c><02:14:56.960><c> energy</c>

02:13:30.070 --> 02:13:30.080 align:start position:0%
expected. With mass and energy
 

02:13:30.080 --> 02:13:32.230 align:start position:0%
expected. With mass and energy
interchangeable,<02:14:58.239><c> the</c><02:14:58.480><c> energy</c><02:14:58.719><c> of</c><02:14:58.880><c> the</c><02:14:59.040><c> Higs</c>

02:13:32.230 --> 02:13:32.240 align:start position:0%
interchangeable, the energy of the Higs
 

02:13:32.240 --> 02:13:34.949 align:start position:0%
interchangeable, the energy of the Higs
field<02:14:59.920><c> was</c><02:15:00.239><c> surprisingly</c><02:15:01.119><c> low.</c><02:15:01.840><c> And</c><02:15:02.000><c> this</c>

02:13:34.949 --> 02:13:34.959 align:start position:0%
field was surprisingly low. And this
 

02:13:34.959 --> 02:13:36.543 align:start position:0%
field was surprisingly low. And this
meant<02:15:02.320><c> that</c><02:15:02.560><c> super</c><02:15:02.880><c> symmetry</c><02:15:03.440><c> became</c><02:15:03.679><c> a</c>

02:13:36.543 --> 02:13:36.553 align:start position:0%
meant that super symmetry became a
 

02:13:36.553 --> 02:13:38.869 align:start position:0%
meant that super symmetry became a
[music]<02:15:03.920><c> white</c><02:15:04.239><c> knight</c><02:15:05.040><c> riding</c><02:15:05.360><c> in</c><02:15:05.599><c> to</c><02:15:05.840><c> save</c>

02:13:38.869 --> 02:13:38.879 align:start position:0%
[music] white knight riding in to save
 

02:13:38.879 --> 02:13:41.350 align:start position:0%
[music] white knight riding in to save
the<02:15:06.320><c> day.</c><02:15:07.119><c> This</c><02:15:07.280><c> is</c><02:15:07.440><c> because</c><02:15:07.760><c> if</c><02:15:08.000><c> ordinary</c>

02:13:41.350 --> 02:13:41.360 align:start position:0%
the day. This is because if ordinary
 

02:13:41.360 --> 02:13:44.230 align:start position:0%
the day. This is because if ordinary
particles<02:15:09.440><c> have</c><02:15:09.840><c> sparticle</c><02:15:10.400><c> partners,</c><02:15:11.199><c> they</c>

02:13:44.230 --> 02:13:44.240 align:start position:0%
particles have sparticle partners, they
 

02:13:44.240 --> 02:13:46.550 align:start position:0%
particles have sparticle partners, they
would<02:15:11.599><c> partly</c><02:15:12.159><c> cancel</c><02:15:12.560><c> each</c><02:15:12.800><c> other</c><02:15:12.960><c> out</c>

02:13:46.550 --> 02:13:46.560 align:start position:0%
would partly cancel each other out
 

02:13:46.560 --> 02:13:49.750 align:start position:0%
would partly cancel each other out
leading<02:15:14.239><c> to</c><02:15:14.400><c> a</c><02:15:14.639><c> low</c><02:15:14.880><c> energy</c><02:15:15.280><c> Higs</c><02:15:15.760><c> field.</c><02:15:16.719><c> Add</c>

02:13:49.750 --> 02:13:49.760 align:start position:0%
leading to a low energy Higs field. Add
 

02:13:49.760 --> 02:13:51.830 align:start position:0%
leading to a low energy Higs field. Add
in<02:15:17.199><c> the</c><02:15:17.360><c> ability</c><02:15:17.599><c> to</c><02:15:17.840><c> explain</c><02:15:18.239><c> dark</c><02:15:18.560><c> matter</c>

02:13:51.830 --> 02:13:51.840 align:start position:0%
in the ability to explain dark matter
 

02:13:51.840 --> 02:13:53.830 align:start position:0%
in the ability to explain dark matter
and<02:15:19.280><c> the</c><02:15:19.440><c> unification</c><02:15:20.000><c> of</c><02:15:20.159><c> forces</c><02:15:20.560><c> at</c><02:15:20.800><c> high</c>

02:13:53.830 --> 02:13:53.840 align:start position:0%
and the unification of forces at high
 

02:13:53.840 --> 02:13:56.230 align:start position:0%
and the unification of forces at high
energies<02:15:21.840><c> and</c><02:15:22.239><c> super</c><02:15:22.560><c> symmetry</c><02:15:23.119><c> seem</c><02:15:23.403><c> [music]</c>

02:13:56.230 --> 02:13:56.240 align:start position:0%
energies and super symmetry seem [music]
 

02:13:56.240 --> 02:14:00.230 align:start position:0%
energies and super symmetry seem [music]
to<02:15:23.599><c> hold</c><02:15:23.920><c> the</c><02:15:24.159><c> upper</c><02:15:24.480><c> hand.</c><02:15:25.840><c> And</c><02:15:26.079><c> yet</c><02:15:27.119><c> that</c>

02:14:00.230 --> 02:14:00.240 align:start position:0%
to hold the upper hand. And yet that
 

02:14:00.240 --> 02:14:02.630 align:start position:0%
to hold the upper hand. And yet that
cancellation<02:15:28.159><c> only</c><02:15:28.480><c> works</c><02:15:28.800><c> if</c><02:15:29.199><c> sparticles</c>

02:14:02.630 --> 02:14:02.640 align:start position:0%
cancellation only works if sparticles
 

02:14:02.640 --> 02:14:05.750 align:start position:0%
cancellation only works if sparticles
are<02:15:30.159><c> also</c><02:15:30.719><c> relatively</c><02:15:31.440><c> light.</c><02:15:32.400><c> The</c><02:15:32.560><c> heavier</c>

02:14:05.750 --> 02:14:05.760 align:start position:0%
are also relatively light. The heavier
 

02:14:05.760 --> 02:14:07.830 align:start position:0%
are also relatively light. The heavier
they<02:15:33.199><c> are,</c><02:15:33.520><c> the</c><02:15:33.760><c> harder</c><02:15:34.000><c> it</c><02:15:34.239><c> is</c><02:15:34.320><c> to</c><02:15:34.560><c> use</c><02:15:34.800><c> them</c>

02:14:07.830 --> 02:14:07.840 align:start position:0%
they are, the harder it is to use them
 

02:14:07.840 --> 02:14:09.830 align:start position:0%
they are, the harder it is to use them
to<02:15:35.280><c> square</c><02:15:35.599><c> away</c><02:15:35.840><c> the</c><02:15:36.159><c> lowly</c><02:15:36.480><c> mass</c><02:15:36.719><c> of</c><02:15:36.880><c> the</c>

02:14:09.830 --> 02:14:09.840 align:start position:0%
to square away the lowly mass of the
 

02:14:09.840 --> 02:14:11.590 align:start position:0%
to square away the lowly mass of the
Higs.

02:14:11.590 --> 02:14:11.600 align:start position:0%
Higs.
 

02:14:11.600 --> 02:14:17.590 align:start position:0%
Higs.
And<02:15:39.040><c> this</c><02:15:39.280><c> was</c><02:15:39.440><c> the</c><02:15:39.679><c> problem.</c>

02:14:17.590 --> 02:14:17.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:14:17.600 --> 02:14:19.830 align:start position:0%
 
The<02:15:44.960><c> LHC</c><02:15:45.599><c> is</c><02:15:45.760><c> smashing</c><02:15:46.159><c> particles</c><02:15:46.639><c> together</c>

02:14:19.830 --> 02:14:19.840 align:start position:0%
The LHC is smashing particles together
 

02:14:19.840 --> 02:14:22.070 align:start position:0%
The LHC is smashing particles together
with<02:15:47.280><c> such</c><02:15:47.599><c> ferocity</c><02:15:48.480><c> that</c><02:15:48.719><c> it</c><02:15:48.960><c> should</c><02:15:49.119><c> be</c>

02:14:22.070 --> 02:14:22.080 align:start position:0%
with such ferocity that it should be
 

02:14:22.080 --> 02:14:23.909 align:start position:0%
with such ferocity that it should be
producing<02:15:49.920><c> sparticles</c><02:15:50.259><c> [music]</c><02:15:50.719><c> at</c><02:15:50.960><c> the</c>

02:14:23.909 --> 02:14:23.919 align:start position:0%
producing sparticles [music] at the
 

02:14:23.919 --> 02:14:26.230 align:start position:0%
producing sparticles [music] at the
lighter<02:15:51.440><c> end</c><02:15:51.599><c> of</c><02:15:51.760><c> what</c><02:15:51.920><c> is</c><02:15:52.159><c> possible.</c><02:15:53.040><c> And</c><02:15:53.119><c> yet</c>

02:14:26.230 --> 02:14:26.240 align:start position:0%
lighter end of what is possible. And yet
 

02:14:26.240 --> 02:14:29.509 align:start position:0%
lighter end of what is possible. And yet
once<02:15:53.679><c> again,</c><02:15:54.400><c> like</c><02:15:54.719><c> Ice</c><02:15:54.960><c> Cube</c><02:15:55.360><c> and</c><02:15:55.679><c> Lux,</c><02:15:56.400><c> the</c>

02:14:29.509 --> 02:14:29.519 align:start position:0%
once again, like Ice Cube and Lux, the
 

02:14:29.519 --> 02:14:32.550 align:start position:0%
once again, like Ice Cube and Lux, the
silence<02:15:57.599><c> was</c><02:15:57.920><c> deafening.</c><02:15:58.774><c> [music]</c><02:15:59.119><c> The</c><02:15:59.360><c> jury</c>

02:14:32.550 --> 02:14:32.560 align:start position:0%
silence was deafening. [music] The jury
 

02:14:32.560 --> 02:14:34.710 align:start position:0%
silence was deafening. [music] The jury
heard<02:16:00.079><c> the</c><02:16:00.239><c> hush</c><02:16:00.639><c> as</c><02:16:00.800><c> loudly</c><02:16:01.360><c> as</c><02:16:01.599><c> any</c>

02:14:34.710 --> 02:14:34.720 align:start position:0%
heard the hush as loudly as any
 

02:14:34.720 --> 02:14:37.350 align:start position:0%
heard the hush as loudly as any
testimony.<02:16:03.119><c> As</c><02:16:03.360><c> the</c><02:16:03.520><c> prosecution</c><02:16:04.239><c> pressed</c>

02:14:37.350 --> 02:14:37.360 align:start position:0%
testimony. As the prosecution pressed
 

02:14:37.360 --> 02:14:39.429 align:start position:0%
testimony. As the prosecution pressed
home<02:16:04.800><c> the</c><02:16:05.040><c> advantage,</c><02:16:05.840><c> the</c><02:16:06.079><c> defense</c>

02:14:39.429 --> 02:14:39.439 align:start position:0%
home the advantage, the defense
 

02:14:39.439 --> 02:14:41.750 align:start position:0%
home the advantage, the defense
scrambled<02:16:07.199><c> for</c><02:16:07.440><c> explanations.</c><02:16:07.944><c> [music]</c>

02:14:41.750 --> 02:14:41.760 align:start position:0%
scrambled for explanations. [music]
 

02:14:41.760 --> 02:14:44.150 align:start position:0%
scrambled for explanations. [music]
Maybe<02:16:09.360><c> lights</c><02:16:09.760><c> particles</c><02:16:10.320><c> do</c><02:16:10.560><c> exist,</c><02:16:11.119><c> but</c>

02:14:44.150 --> 02:14:44.160 align:start position:0%
Maybe lights particles do exist, but
 

02:14:44.160 --> 02:14:46.790 align:start position:0%
Maybe lights particles do exist, but
somehow<02:16:11.840><c> the</c><02:16:12.000><c> LHC</c><02:16:12.639><c> is</c><02:16:12.880><c> missing</c><02:16:13.280><c> them.</c><02:16:13.760><c> It's</c>

02:14:46.790 --> 02:14:46.800 align:start position:0%
somehow the LHC is missing them. It's
 

02:14:46.800 --> 02:14:48.550 align:start position:0%
somehow the LHC is missing them. It's
unlikely,<02:16:14.560><c> but</c><02:16:14.960><c> possible.</c><02:16:15.149><c> [music]</c>

02:14:48.550 --> 02:14:48.560 align:start position:0%
unlikely, but possible. [music]
 

02:14:48.560 --> 02:14:50.469 align:start position:0%
unlikely, but possible. [music]
More<02:16:16.000><c> likely</c><02:16:16.320><c> is</c><02:16:16.480><c> that</c><02:16:16.639><c> if</c><02:16:16.880><c> sparticles</c><02:16:17.440><c> do</c>

02:14:50.469 --> 02:14:50.479 align:start position:0%
More likely is that if sparticles do
 

02:14:50.479 --> 02:14:53.110 align:start position:0%
More likely is that if sparticles do
exist,<02:16:18.480><c> they're</c><02:16:18.719><c> too</c><02:16:18.960><c> heavy</c><02:16:19.199><c> for</c><02:16:19.440><c> the</c><02:16:19.599><c> LHC</c><02:16:20.159><c> to</c>

02:14:53.110 --> 02:14:53.120 align:start position:0%
exist, they're too heavy for the LHC to
 

02:14:53.120 --> 02:14:55.110 align:start position:0%
exist, they're too heavy for the LHC to
produce<02:16:20.560><c> at</c><02:16:20.800><c> current</c><02:16:21.119><c> energies.</c><02:16:21.699><c> [music]</c><02:16:22.159><c> But</c>

02:14:55.110 --> 02:14:55.120 align:start position:0%
produce at current energies. [music] But
 

02:14:55.120 --> 02:14:57.190 align:start position:0%
produce at current energies. [music] But
that<02:16:22.560><c> then</c><02:16:22.880><c> makes</c><02:16:23.040><c> it</c><02:16:23.280><c> nearly</c><02:16:23.520><c> impossible</c><02:16:24.159><c> for</c>

02:14:57.190 --> 02:14:57.200 align:start position:0%
that then makes it nearly impossible for
 

02:14:57.200 --> 02:14:58.869 align:start position:0%
that then makes it nearly impossible for
super<02:16:24.719><c> symmetry</c><02:16:25.199><c> to</c><02:16:25.440><c> explain</c><02:16:25.840><c> the</c>

02:14:58.869 --> 02:14:58.879 align:start position:0%
super symmetry to explain the
 

02:14:58.879 --> 02:15:01.670 align:start position:0%
super symmetry to explain the
featherweight<02:16:26.639><c> mass</c><02:16:26.960><c> of</c><02:16:27.119><c> the</c><02:16:27.360><c> Higs.</c>

02:15:01.670 --> 02:15:01.680 align:start position:0%
featherweight mass of the Higs.
 

02:15:01.680 --> 02:15:03.909 align:start position:0%
featherweight mass of the Higs.
To<02:16:29.040><c> the</c><02:16:29.280><c> jury,</c><02:16:29.760><c> it</c><02:16:30.000><c> sounded</c><02:16:30.320><c> less</c><02:16:30.719><c> like</c>

02:15:03.909 --> 02:15:03.919 align:start position:0%
To the jury, it sounded less like
 

02:15:03.919 --> 02:15:06.934 align:start position:0%
To the jury, it sounded less like
confidence<02:16:31.840><c> and</c><02:16:32.160><c> more</c><02:16:32.719><c> like</c><02:16:33.040><c> backtracking.</c>

02:15:06.934 --> 02:15:06.944 align:start position:0%
confidence and more like backtracking.
 

02:15:06.944 --> 02:15:08.950 align:start position:0%
confidence and more like backtracking.
[music]<02:16:34.240><c> For</c><02:16:34.559><c> decades,</c><02:16:35.200><c> super</c><02:16:35.519><c> symmetry</c><02:16:35.920><c> had</c>

02:15:08.950 --> 02:15:08.960 align:start position:0%
[music] For decades, super symmetry had
 

02:15:08.960 --> 02:15:12.149 align:start position:0%
[music] For decades, super symmetry had
been<02:16:36.240><c> the</c><02:16:36.399><c> defense's</c><02:16:37.120><c> star</c><02:16:37.519><c> witness.</c><02:16:38.719><c> Beauty</c>

02:15:12.149 --> 02:15:12.159 align:start position:0%
been the defense's star witness. Beauty
 

02:15:12.159 --> 02:15:14.630 align:start position:0%
been the defense's star witness. Beauty
incarnate.<02:16:40.399><c> the</c><02:16:40.719><c> promise</c><02:16:41.040><c> that</c><02:16:41.439><c> string</c>

02:15:14.630 --> 02:15:14.640 align:start position:0%
incarnate. the promise that string
 

02:15:14.640 --> 02:15:16.229 align:start position:0%
incarnate. the promise that string
theory<02:16:42.319><c> could</c><02:16:42.559><c> finally</c><02:16:43.120><c> make</c><02:16:43.314><c> [music]</c>

02:15:16.229 --> 02:15:16.239 align:start position:0%
theory could finally make [music]
 

02:15:16.239 --> 02:15:19.670 align:start position:0%
theory could finally make [music]
contact<02:16:43.840><c> with</c><02:16:44.080><c> reality.</c><02:16:45.519><c> Now</c><02:16:45.920><c> that</c><02:16:46.240><c> witness</c>

02:15:19.670 --> 02:15:19.680 align:start position:0%
contact with reality. Now that witness
 

02:15:19.680 --> 02:15:22.790 align:start position:0%
contact with reality. Now that witness
looked<02:16:47.200><c> evasive,</c><02:16:48.240><c> its</c><02:16:48.559><c> testimony</c><02:16:49.200><c> collapsing</c>

02:15:22.790 --> 02:15:22.800 align:start position:0%
looked evasive, its testimony collapsing
 

02:15:22.800 --> 02:15:25.189 align:start position:0%
looked evasive, its testimony collapsing
under<02:16:50.399><c> cross-examination.</c>

02:15:25.189 --> 02:15:25.199 align:start position:0%
under cross-examination.
 

02:15:25.199 --> 02:15:29.670 align:start position:0%
under cross-examination.
And<02:16:52.639><c> even</c><02:16:52.880><c> that</c><02:16:53.599><c> still</c><02:16:54.559><c> wasn't</c><02:16:54.960><c> the</c><02:16:55.200><c> end.</c><02:16:56.639><c> The</c>

02:15:29.670 --> 02:15:29.680 align:start position:0%
And even that still wasn't the end. The
 

02:15:29.680 --> 02:15:31.189 align:start position:0%
And even that still wasn't the end. The
higher<02:16:57.120><c> the</c><02:16:57.280><c> mass</c><02:16:57.519><c> of</c><02:16:57.599><c> the</c><02:16:57.760><c> sparticles</c>

02:15:31.189 --> 02:15:31.199 align:start position:0%
higher the mass of the sparticles
 

02:15:31.199 --> 02:15:33.509 align:start position:0%
higher the mass of the sparticles
becomes,<02:16:59.200><c> the</c><02:16:59.439><c> harder</c><02:16:59.679><c> it</c><02:16:59.840><c> is</c><02:17:00.000><c> to</c><02:17:00.160><c> use</c><02:17:00.399><c> super</c>

02:15:33.509 --> 02:15:33.519 align:start position:0%
becomes, the harder it is to use super
 

02:15:33.519 --> 02:15:35.109 align:start position:0%
becomes, the harder it is to use super
symmetry<02:17:01.200><c> to</c><02:17:01.519><c> explain</c><02:17:01.654><c> [music]</c><02:17:01.840><c> the</c><02:17:02.080><c> full</c>

02:15:35.109 --> 02:15:35.119 align:start position:0%
symmetry to explain [music] the full
 

02:15:35.119 --> 02:15:37.349 align:start position:0%
symmetry to explain [music] the full
triumpvirate<02:17:03.040><c> of</c><02:17:03.200><c> dark</c><02:17:03.519><c> matter,</c><02:17:04.240><c> force</c>

02:15:37.349 --> 02:15:37.359 align:start position:0%
triumpvirate of dark matter, force
 

02:15:37.359 --> 02:15:40.340 align:start position:0%
triumpvirate of dark matter, force
unification,<02:17:05.519><c> and</c><02:17:05.760><c> Higs</c><02:17:06.160><c> mass.</c><02:17:06.880><c> Physicists</c>

02:15:40.340 --> 02:15:40.350 align:start position:0%
unification, and Higs mass. Physicists
 

02:15:40.350 --> 02:15:42.389 align:start position:0%
unification, and Higs mass. Physicists
[music]<02:17:07.920><c> are</c><02:17:08.080><c> forced</c><02:17:08.399><c> to</c><02:17:08.639><c> fine-tune</c><02:17:09.359><c> the</c>

02:15:42.389 --> 02:15:42.399 align:start position:0%
[music] are forced to fine-tune the
 

02:15:42.399 --> 02:15:44.469 align:start position:0%
[music] are forced to fine-tune the
theory<02:17:10.000><c> with</c><02:17:10.319><c> surgical</c><02:17:10.880><c> precision,</c>

02:15:44.469 --> 02:15:44.479 align:start position:0%
theory with surgical precision,
 

02:15:44.479 --> 02:15:46.550 align:start position:0%
theory with surgical precision,
undermining<02:17:12.319><c> much</c><02:17:12.559><c> of</c><02:17:12.800><c> super</c><02:17:13.120><c> symmetry's</c>

02:15:46.550 --> 02:15:46.560 align:start position:0%
undermining much of super symmetry's
 

02:15:46.560 --> 02:15:49.349 align:start position:0%
undermining much of super symmetry's
original<02:17:14.319><c> far-reaching</c><02:17:15.040><c> appeal.</c><02:17:16.160><c> And</c><02:17:16.319><c> so,</c>

02:15:49.349 --> 02:15:49.359 align:start position:0%
original far-reaching appeal. And so,
 

02:15:49.359 --> 02:15:50.950 align:start position:0%
original far-reaching appeal. And so,
yet<02:17:16.719><c> [music]</c><02:17:16.800><c> again,</c><02:17:17.200><c> when</c><02:17:17.439><c> confronted</c><02:17:18.000><c> with</c>

02:15:50.950 --> 02:15:50.960 align:start position:0%
yet [music] again, when confronted with
 

02:15:50.960 --> 02:15:53.269 align:start position:0%
yet [music] again, when confronted with
a<02:17:18.319><c> deluge</c><02:17:18.960><c> of</c><02:17:19.120><c> experimental</c><02:17:19.760><c> evidence</c><02:17:20.160><c> to</c><02:17:20.319><c> the</c>

02:15:53.269 --> 02:15:53.279 align:start position:0%
a deluge of experimental evidence to the
 

02:15:53.279 --> 02:15:55.509 align:start position:0%
a deluge of experimental evidence to the
contrary,<02:17:21.200><c> the</c><02:17:21.439><c> defense</c><02:17:21.840><c> team</c><02:17:22.240><c> seems</c><02:17:22.479><c> to</c>

02:15:55.509 --> 02:15:55.519 align:start position:0%
contrary, the defense team seems to
 

02:15:55.519 --> 02:15:57.030 align:start position:0%
contrary, the defense team seems to
squirm<02:17:23.120><c> and</c><02:17:23.280><c> wrigle</c><02:17:23.599><c> its</c><02:17:23.840><c> way</c><02:17:23.925><c> [music]</c><02:17:24.000><c> out</c><02:17:24.160><c> of</c>

02:15:57.030 --> 02:15:57.040 align:start position:0%
squirm and wrigle its way [music] out of
 

02:15:57.040 --> 02:15:59.670 align:start position:0%
squirm and wrigle its way [music] out of
it.<02:17:24.880><c> In</c><02:17:25.040><c> an</c><02:17:25.359><c> essay</c><02:17:25.519><c> aimed</c><02:17:25.840><c> at</c><02:17:26.000><c> his</c><02:17:26.160><c> peers,</c>

02:15:59.670 --> 02:15:59.680 align:start position:0%
it. In an essay aimed at his peers,
 

02:15:59.680 --> 02:16:01.955 align:start position:0%
it. In an essay aimed at his peers,
physicist<02:17:27.439><c> male</c><02:17:27.920><c> Schiffman</c><02:17:28.639><c> has</c><02:17:28.960><c> urged</c><02:17:29.120><c> them</c>

02:16:01.955 --> 02:16:01.965 align:start position:0%
physicist male Schiffman has urged them
 

02:16:01.965 --> 02:16:04.070 align:start position:0%
physicist male Schiffman has urged them
[music]<02:17:29.359><c> to</c><02:17:29.519><c> stop</c><02:17:29.840><c> developing</c><02:17:30.479><c> continued</c>

02:16:04.070 --> 02:16:04.080 align:start position:0%
[music] to stop developing continued
 

02:16:04.080 --> 02:16:06.070 align:start position:0%
[music] to stop developing continued
baro-like<02:17:32.080><c> aesthetically</c><02:17:32.639><c> unappealing</c>

02:16:06.070 --> 02:16:06.080 align:start position:0%
baro-like aesthetically unappealing
 

02:16:06.080 --> 02:16:09.189 align:start position:0%
baro-like aesthetically unappealing
modifications<02:17:34.319><c> to</c><02:17:34.639><c> super</c><02:17:34.960><c> symmetry.</c><02:17:36.000><c> It's</c><02:17:36.240><c> a</c>

02:16:09.189 --> 02:16:09.199 align:start position:0%
modifications to super symmetry. It's a
 

02:16:09.199 --> 02:16:12.229 align:start position:0%
modifications to super symmetry. It's a
sharp<02:17:36.880><c> prosecution</c><02:17:37.519><c> argument</c><02:17:38.399><c> with</c><02:17:38.800><c> familiar</c>

02:16:12.229 --> 02:16:12.239 align:start position:0%
sharp prosecution argument with familiar
 

02:16:12.239 --> 02:16:15.509 align:start position:0%
sharp prosecution argument with familiar
sting.<02:17:40.399><c> Super</c><02:17:40.719><c> symmetry</c><02:17:41.280><c> remains</c><02:17:41.840><c> beautiful,</c>

02:16:15.509 --> 02:16:15.519 align:start position:0%
sting. Super symmetry remains beautiful,
 

02:16:15.519 --> 02:16:17.910 align:start position:0%
sting. Super symmetry remains beautiful,
but<02:17:43.040><c> is</c><02:17:43.200><c> increasingly</c><02:17:43.920><c> edging</c><02:17:44.399><c> ever</c><02:17:44.719><c> further</c>

02:16:17.910 --> 02:16:17.920 align:start position:0%
but is increasingly edging ever further
 

02:16:17.920 --> 02:16:26.790 align:start position:0%
but is increasingly edging ever further
away<02:17:45.920><c> from</c><02:17:46.319><c> testable</c><02:17:46.800><c> ground.</c>

02:16:26.790 --> 02:16:26.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:16:26.800 --> 02:16:29.030 align:start position:0%
 
Once<02:17:54.399><c> more,</c><02:17:54.719><c> the</c><02:17:54.960><c> defense</c><02:17:55.359><c> team</c><02:17:55.679><c> was</c><02:17:55.920><c> forced</c>

02:16:29.030 --> 02:16:29.040 align:start position:0%
Once more, the defense team was forced
 

02:16:29.040 --> 02:16:31.830 align:start position:0%
Once more, the defense team was forced
to<02:17:56.399><c> pivot.</c><02:17:57.280><c> Their</c><02:17:57.519><c> original</c><02:17:58.000><c> alibi</c><02:17:58.719><c> that</c>

02:16:31.830 --> 02:16:31.840 align:start position:0%
to pivot. Their original alibi that
 

02:16:31.840 --> 02:16:33.910 align:start position:0%
to pivot. Their original alibi that
super<02:17:59.280><c> symmetry</c><02:17:59.760><c> elegantly</c><02:18:00.479><c> explained</c><02:18:00.960><c> the</c>

02:16:33.910 --> 02:16:33.920 align:start position:0%
super symmetry elegantly explained the
 

02:16:33.920 --> 02:16:37.670 align:start position:0%
super symmetry elegantly explained the
Higs<02:18:01.519><c> mass</c><02:18:02.160><c> was</c><02:18:02.479><c> quietly</c><02:18:03.040><c> shelved.</c><02:18:04.240><c> Now,</c><02:18:04.639><c> a</c>

02:16:37.670 --> 02:16:37.680 align:start position:0%
Higs mass was quietly shelved. Now, a
 

02:16:37.680 --> 02:16:39.990 align:start position:0%
Higs mass was quietly shelved. Now, a
theory<02:18:05.200><c> once</c><02:18:05.519><c> operating</c><02:18:05.920><c> on</c><02:18:06.160><c> the</c><02:18:06.319><c> fringes</c><02:18:06.960><c> was</c>

02:16:39.990 --> 02:16:40.000 align:start position:0%
theory once operating on the fringes was
 

02:16:40.000 --> 02:16:42.710 align:start position:0%
theory once operating on the fringes was
called<02:18:07.439><c> to</c><02:18:07.599><c> the</c><02:18:07.840><c> stand.</c><02:18:08.719><c> An</c><02:18:08.960><c> idea</c><02:18:09.200><c> that</c><02:18:09.439><c> came</c>

02:16:42.710 --> 02:16:42.720 align:start position:0%
called to the stand. An idea that came
 

02:16:42.720 --> 02:16:45.030 align:start position:0%
called to the stand. An idea that came
at least<02:18:10.240><c> in</c><02:18:10.479><c> part</c><02:18:11.040><c> from</c><02:18:11.280><c> Nema</c><02:18:11.760><c> Akani</c>

02:16:45.030 --> 02:16:45.040 align:start position:0%
at least in part from Nema Akani
 

02:16:45.040 --> 02:16:47.189 align:start position:0%
at least in part from Nema Akani
Hamemed.

02:16:47.189 --> 02:16:47.199 align:start position:0%
Hamemed.
 

02:16:47.199 --> 02:16:49.269 align:start position:0%
Hamemed.
Akani<02:18:14.880><c> Hamemed</c><02:18:15.359><c> was</c><02:18:15.519><c> born</c><02:18:15.679><c> in</c><02:18:15.840><c> Houston,</c>

02:16:49.269 --> 02:16:49.279 align:start position:0%
Akani Hamemed was born in Houston,
 

02:16:49.279 --> 02:16:52.229 align:start position:0%
Akani Hamemed was born in Houston,
Texas,<02:18:17.200><c> 10</c><02:18:17.519><c> days</c><02:18:17.840><c> before</c><02:18:18.160><c> Apollo</c><02:18:18.719><c> 16</c><02:18:19.120><c> touched</c>

02:16:52.229 --> 02:16:52.239 align:start position:0%
Texas, 10 days before Apollo 16 touched
 

02:16:52.239 --> 02:16:55.509 align:start position:0%
Texas, 10 days before Apollo 16 touched
down<02:18:19.679><c> on</c><02:18:19.840><c> the</c><02:18:20.000><c> lunar</c><02:18:20.399><c> surface</c><02:18:20.800><c> in</c><02:18:21.120><c> 1972.</c>

02:16:55.509 --> 02:16:55.519 align:start position:0%
down on the lunar surface in 1972.
 

02:16:55.519 --> 02:16:58.229 align:start position:0%
down on the lunar surface in 1972.
His<02:18:22.960><c> Iranian</c><02:18:23.519><c> father,</c><02:18:24.000><c> Jafar,</c><02:18:24.800><c> worked</c><02:18:25.040><c> on</c><02:18:25.200><c> the</c>

02:16:58.229 --> 02:16:58.239 align:start position:0%
His Iranian father, Jafar, worked on the
 

02:16:58.239 --> 02:17:00.469 align:start position:0%
His Iranian father, Jafar, worked on the
program<02:18:25.679><c> for</c><02:18:25.920><c> NASA,</c><02:18:26.479><c> analyzing</c><02:18:27.040><c> the</c><02:18:27.200><c> moon's</c>

02:17:00.469 --> 02:17:00.479 align:start position:0%
program for NASA, analyzing the moon's
 

02:17:00.479 --> 02:17:03.189 align:start position:0%
program for NASA, analyzing the moon's
physical<02:18:28.080><c> properties.</c><02:18:29.519><c> After</c><02:18:29.760><c> the</c><02:18:30.000><c> sha</c><02:18:30.240><c> of</c>

02:17:03.189 --> 02:17:03.199 align:start position:0%
physical properties. After the sha of
 

02:17:03.199 --> 02:17:06.229 align:start position:0%
physical properties. After the sha of
Iran<02:18:30.719><c> was</c><02:18:30.960><c> overthrown</c><02:18:31.439><c> in</c><02:18:31.679><c> 1979,</c><02:18:32.800><c> the</c><02:18:33.120><c> family</c>

02:17:06.229 --> 02:17:06.239 align:start position:0%
Iran was overthrown in 1979, the family
 

02:17:06.239 --> 02:17:08.469 align:start position:0%
Iran was overthrown in 1979, the family
returned<02:18:33.760><c> to</c><02:18:33.920><c> the</c><02:18:34.160><c> country,</c><02:18:34.880><c> but</c><02:18:35.200><c> it</c><02:18:35.439><c> didn't</c>

02:17:08.469 --> 02:17:08.479 align:start position:0%
returned to the country, but it didn't
 

02:17:08.479 --> 02:17:10.870 align:start position:0%
returned to the country, but it didn't
last<02:18:36.000><c> long.</c><02:18:36.639><c> Ayatollah</c><02:18:37.280><c> Kamini</c><02:18:37.760><c> quickly</c>

02:17:10.870 --> 02:17:10.880 align:start position:0%
last long. Ayatollah Kamini quickly
 

02:17:10.880 --> 02:17:13.349 align:start position:0%
last long. Ayatollah Kamini quickly
began<02:18:38.399><c> closing</c><02:18:38.880><c> universities</c><02:18:39.679><c> and</c><02:18:39.920><c> Jafar</c><02:18:40.399><c> was</c>

02:17:13.349 --> 02:17:13.359 align:start position:0%
began closing universities and Jafar was
 

02:17:13.359 --> 02:17:15.590 align:start position:0%
began closing universities and Jafar was
an<02:18:40.719><c> outspoken</c><02:18:41.359><c> critic.</c><02:18:42.160><c> He</c><02:18:42.319><c> was</c><02:18:42.479><c> soon</c>

02:17:15.590 --> 02:17:15.600 align:start position:0%
an outspoken critic. He was soon
 

02:17:15.600 --> 02:17:18.710 align:start position:0%
an outspoken critic. He was soon
blacklisted.<02:18:43.760><c> He'd</c><02:18:44.000><c> be</c><02:18:44.160><c> hanged</c><02:18:44.479><c> if</c><02:18:44.719><c> caught.</c>

02:17:18.710 --> 02:17:18.720 align:start position:0%
blacklisted. He'd be hanged if caught.
 

02:17:18.720 --> 02:17:20.790 align:start position:0%
blacklisted. He'd be hanged if caught.
Faced<02:18:46.240><c> with</c><02:18:46.399><c> little</c><02:18:46.639><c> alternative,</c><02:18:47.519><c> Jafar</c>

02:17:20.790 --> 02:17:20.800 align:start position:0%
Faced with little alternative, Jafar
 

02:17:20.800 --> 02:17:23.175 align:start position:0%
Faced with little alternative, Jafar
gave<02:18:48.240><c> up</c><02:18:48.399><c> his</c><02:18:48.719><c> $50,000</c><02:18:49.519><c> life</c><02:18:49.840><c> savings</c><02:18:50.240><c> to</c>

02:17:23.175 --> 02:17:23.185 align:start position:0%
gave up his $50,000 life savings to
 

02:17:23.185 --> 02:17:24.630 align:start position:0%
gave up his $50,000 life savings to
[music]<02:18:50.479><c> people</c><02:18:50.800><c> smugglers</c><02:18:51.439><c> who</c><02:18:51.679><c> were</c>

02:17:24.630 --> 02:17:24.640 align:start position:0%
[music] people smugglers who were
 

02:17:24.640 --> 02:17:26.790 align:start position:0%
[music] people smugglers who were
charged<02:18:52.160><c> with</c><02:18:52.319><c> ushering</c><02:18:52.800><c> Jafar,</c><02:18:53.359><c> Nema,</c><02:18:53.840><c> and</c>

02:17:26.790 --> 02:17:26.800 align:start position:0%
charged with ushering Jafar, Nema, and
 

02:17:26.800 --> 02:17:28.950 align:start position:0%
charged with ushering Jafar, Nema, and
the<02:18:54.160><c> rest</c><02:18:54.240><c> of</c><02:18:54.399><c> the</c><02:18:54.559><c> family</c><02:18:54.960><c> out</c><02:18:55.200><c> of</c><02:18:55.359><c> Iran</c><02:18:55.920><c> on</c>

02:17:28.950 --> 02:17:28.960 align:start position:0%
the rest of the family out of Iran on
 

02:17:28.960 --> 02:17:30.550 align:start position:0%
the rest of the family out of Iran on
horseback.

02:17:30.550 --> 02:17:30.560 align:start position:0%
horseback.
 

02:17:30.560 --> 02:17:33.910 align:start position:0%
horseback.
Except<02:18:58.399><c> it</c><02:18:58.719><c> didn't</c><02:18:58.960><c> go</c><02:18:59.120><c> to</c><02:18:59.359><c> plan.</c><02:19:00.479><c> 10-year-old</c>

02:17:33.910 --> 02:17:33.920 align:start position:0%
Except it didn't go to plan. 10-year-old
 

02:17:33.920 --> 02:17:35.830 align:start position:0%
Except it didn't go to plan. 10-year-old
Nema<02:19:01.599><c> soon</c><02:19:01.840><c> developed</c><02:19:02.160><c> a</c><02:19:02.399><c> fever</c><02:19:02.719><c> and</c>

02:17:35.830 --> 02:17:35.840 align:start position:0%
Nema soon developed a fever and
 

02:17:35.840 --> 02:17:39.189 align:start position:0%
Nema soon developed a fever and
struggled<02:19:03.439><c> to</c><02:19:03.679><c> walk.</c><02:19:04.559><c> Jafar</c><02:19:05.120><c> ran</c><02:19:05.439><c> for</c><02:19:05.599><c> help.</c>

02:17:39.189 --> 02:17:39.199 align:start position:0%
struggled to walk. Jafar ran for help.
 

02:17:39.199 --> 02:17:41.109 align:start position:0%
struggled to walk. Jafar ran for help.
Nomads<02:19:06.960><c> leapt</c><02:19:07.120><c> to</c><02:19:07.280><c> the</c><02:19:07.439><c> family's</c><02:19:07.840><c> aid,</c>

02:17:41.109 --> 02:17:41.119 align:start position:0%
Nomads leapt to the family's aid,
 

02:17:41.119 --> 02:17:43.189 align:start position:0%
Nomads leapt to the family's aid,
carrying<02:19:08.719><c> the</c><02:19:08.880><c> ailing</c><02:19:09.280><c> Nema</c><02:19:09.679><c> over</c><02:19:09.840><c> the</c><02:19:10.000><c> border</c>

02:17:43.189 --> 02:17:43.199 align:start position:0%
carrying the ailing Nema over the border
 

02:17:43.199 --> 02:17:45.429 align:start position:0%
carrying the ailing Nema over the border
on<02:19:10.639><c> one</c><02:19:10.800><c> of</c><02:19:10.880><c> their</c><02:19:11.120><c> horses.</c>

02:17:45.429 --> 02:17:45.439 align:start position:0%
on one of their horses.
 

02:17:45.439 --> 02:17:47.670 align:start position:0%
on one of their horses.
However,<02:19:12.960><c> Nema's</c><02:19:13.519><c> mother</c><02:19:14.000><c> still</c><02:19:14.319><c> feared</c><02:19:14.639><c> he</c>

02:17:47.670 --> 02:17:47.680 align:start position:0%
However, Nema's mother still feared he
 

02:17:47.680 --> 02:17:50.070 align:start position:0%
However, Nema's mother still feared he
would<02:19:15.040><c> die.</c><02:19:15.840><c> And</c><02:19:16.080><c> so,</c><02:19:16.319><c> desperate,</c><02:19:17.040><c> she</c>

02:17:50.070 --> 02:17:50.080 align:start position:0%
would die. And so, desperate, she
 

02:17:50.080 --> 02:17:51.670 align:start position:0%
would die. And so, desperate, she
pointed<02:19:17.679><c> up</c><02:19:17.840><c> to</c><02:19:17.896><c> [music]</c><02:19:18.000><c> the</c><02:19:18.160><c> Milky</c><02:19:18.559><c> Way</c>

02:17:51.670 --> 02:17:51.680 align:start position:0%
pointed up to [music] the Milky Way
 

02:17:51.680 --> 02:17:53.750 align:start position:0%
pointed up to [music] the Milky Way
overhead<02:19:19.679><c> and</c><02:19:19.920><c> promised</c><02:19:20.319><c> her</c><02:19:20.559><c> son</c><02:19:20.719><c> a</c>

02:17:53.750 --> 02:17:53.760 align:start position:0%
overhead and promised her son a
 

02:17:53.760 --> 02:17:56.710 align:start position:0%
overhead and promised her son a
telescope<02:19:21.519><c> if</c><02:19:21.760><c> they</c><02:19:21.920><c> made</c><02:19:22.160><c> it</c><02:19:22.319><c> out.</c><02:19:23.519><c> She</c><02:19:23.760><c> would</c>

02:17:56.710 --> 02:17:56.720 align:start position:0%
telescope if they made it out. She would
 

02:17:56.720 --> 02:17:58.710 align:start position:0%
telescope if they made it out. She would
later<02:19:24.160><c> go</c><02:19:24.319><c> on</c><02:19:24.479><c> to</c><02:19:24.639><c> say</c><02:19:24.960><c> that</c><02:19:25.200><c> she</c><02:19:25.359><c> thinks</c><02:19:25.599><c> her</c>

02:17:58.710 --> 02:17:58.720 align:start position:0%
later go on to say that she thinks her
 

02:17:58.720 --> 02:18:04.790 align:start position:0%
later go on to say that she thinks her
promise<02:19:26.411><c> [music]</c><02:19:26.719><c> saved</c><02:19:27.040><c> his</c><02:19:27.280><c> life.</c>

02:18:04.790 --> 02:18:04.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:18:04.800 --> 02:18:06.710 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:19:32.240><c> that</c><02:19:32.479><c> boy</c><02:19:32.639><c> in</c><02:19:32.800><c> the</c><02:19:32.960><c> mountains</c><02:19:33.439><c> would</c><02:19:33.760><c> grow</c>

02:18:06.710 --> 02:18:06.720 align:start position:0%
And that boy in the mountains would grow
 

02:18:06.720 --> 02:18:08.371 align:start position:0%
And that boy in the mountains would grow
up<02:19:34.080><c> to</c><02:19:34.319><c> become</c><02:19:34.559><c> one</c><02:19:34.719><c> of</c><02:19:34.800><c> the</c><02:19:34.960><c> most</c><02:19:35.120><c> daring</c>

02:18:08.371 --> 02:18:08.381 align:start position:0%
up to become one of the most daring
 

02:18:08.381 --> 02:18:10.870 align:start position:0%
up to become one of the most daring
[music]<02:19:35.599><c> minds</c><02:19:36.080><c> in</c><02:19:36.399><c> modern</c><02:19:36.880><c> physics.</c><02:19:37.920><c> A</c>

02:18:10.870 --> 02:18:10.880 align:start position:0%
[music] minds in modern physics. A
 

02:18:10.880 --> 02:18:13.750 align:start position:0%
[music] minds in modern physics. A
theorist<02:19:38.639><c> unafraid</c><02:19:39.280><c> to</c><02:19:39.519><c> question</c><02:19:39.920><c> orthodoxy</c>

02:18:13.750 --> 02:18:13.760 align:start position:0%
theorist unafraid to question orthodoxy
 

02:18:13.760 --> 02:18:16.389 align:start position:0%
theorist unafraid to question orthodoxy
even<02:19:41.200><c> when</c><02:19:41.439><c> it</c><02:19:41.599><c> means</c><02:19:41.920><c> sacrificing</c><02:19:42.639><c> beauty.</c>

02:18:16.389 --> 02:18:16.399 align:start position:0%
even when it means sacrificing beauty.
 

02:18:16.399 --> 02:18:18.309 align:start position:0%
even when it means sacrificing beauty.
Colleagues<02:19:44.000><c> have</c><02:19:44.160><c> called</c><02:19:44.319><c> a</c><02:19:44.479><c> carnihmed</c><02:19:45.280><c> a</c>

02:18:18.309 --> 02:18:18.319 align:start position:0%
Colleagues have called a carnihmed a
 

02:18:18.319 --> 02:18:20.229 align:start position:0%
Colleagues have called a carnihmed a
messiah.<02:19:46.399><c> And</c><02:19:46.559><c> indeed</c><02:19:46.960><c> according</c><02:19:47.280><c> to</c>

02:18:20.229 --> 02:18:20.239 align:start position:0%
messiah. And indeed according to
 

02:18:20.239 --> 02:18:22.310 align:start position:0%
messiah. And indeed according to
physicist<02:19:47.920><c> Raman</c><02:19:48.319><c> Sundrum,</c><02:19:49.120><c> Nenah's</c>

02:18:22.310 --> 02:18:22.320 align:start position:0%
physicist Raman Sundrum, Nenah's
 

02:18:22.320 --> 02:18:24.950 align:start position:0%
physicist Raman Sundrum, Nenah's
persuasiveness<02:19:50.240><c> is</c><02:19:50.479><c> hypnotic.</c><02:19:51.680><c> A</c><02:19:51.920><c> lot</c><02:19:52.080><c> of</c>

02:18:24.950 --> 02:18:24.960 align:start position:0%
persuasiveness is hypnotic. A lot of
 

02:18:24.960 --> 02:18:27.990 align:start position:0%
persuasiveness is hypnotic. A lot of
people<02:19:52.479><c> follow</c><02:19:53.200><c> where</c><02:19:53.520><c> he</c><02:19:53.680><c> leads.</c><02:19:54.576><c> [music]</c>

02:18:27.990 --> 02:18:28.000 align:start position:0%
people follow where he leads. [music]
 

02:18:28.000 --> 02:18:31.350 align:start position:0%
people follow where he leads. [music]
In<02:19:55.520><c> 2004,</c><02:19:56.640><c> Akani</c><02:19:57.120><c> Hamemed</c><02:19:57.680><c> working</c><02:19:58.080><c> alongside</c>

02:18:31.350 --> 02:18:31.360 align:start position:0%
In 2004, Akani Hamemed working alongside
 

02:18:31.360 --> 02:18:33.670 align:start position:0%
In 2004, Akani Hamemed working alongside
his<02:19:58.800><c> former</c><02:19:59.120><c> adviser</c><02:19:59.520><c> Savast</c><02:19:59.920><c> Demopoulos</c>

02:18:33.670 --> 02:18:33.680 align:start position:0%
his former adviser Savast Demopoulos
 

02:18:33.680 --> 02:18:36.390 align:start position:0%
his former adviser Savast Demopoulos
proposed<02:20:01.439><c> a</c><02:20:01.680><c> radical</c><02:20:02.399><c> twist.</c><02:20:02.437><c> [music]</c>

02:18:36.390 --> 02:18:36.400 align:start position:0%
proposed a radical twist. [music]
 

02:18:36.400 --> 02:18:38.470 align:start position:0%
proposed a radical twist. [music]
What<02:20:03.760><c> if</c><02:20:04.000><c> super</c><02:20:04.319><c> symmetry</c><02:20:04.880><c> wasn't</c><02:20:05.359><c> beautiful</c>

02:18:38.470 --> 02:18:38.480 align:start position:0%
What if super symmetry wasn't beautiful
 

02:18:38.480 --> 02:18:41.990 align:start position:0%
What if super symmetry wasn't beautiful
and<02:20:06.000><c> elegant</c><02:20:06.720><c> at</c><02:20:06.960><c> all?</c><02:20:07.680><c> What</c><02:20:07.840><c> if</c><02:20:08.000><c> nature</c><02:20:08.960><c> has</c>

02:18:41.990 --> 02:18:42.000 align:start position:0%
and elegant at all? What if nature has
 

02:18:42.000 --> 02:18:45.670 align:start position:0%
and elegant at all? What if nature has
carved<02:20:09.600><c> it</c><02:20:09.760><c> in</c><02:20:10.080><c> two?</c><02:20:11.520><c> This</c><02:20:12.000><c> was</c><02:20:12.262><c> [music]</c><02:20:12.319><c> split</c>

02:18:45.670 --> 02:18:45.680 align:start position:0%
carved it in two? This was [music] split
 

02:18:45.680 --> 02:18:47.830 align:start position:0%
carved it in two? This was [music] split
super<02:20:13.200><c> symmetry</c><02:20:14.000><c> where</c><02:20:14.160><c> the</c><02:20:14.399><c> symmetry</c><02:20:14.800><c> is</c>

02:18:47.830 --> 02:18:47.840 align:start position:0%
super symmetry where the symmetry is
 

02:18:47.840 --> 02:18:51.430 align:start position:0%
super symmetry where the symmetry is
still<02:20:15.280><c> real</c><02:20:15.920><c> but</c><02:20:16.160><c> its</c><02:20:16.479><c> effects</c><02:20:17.359><c> are</c><02:20:17.520><c> lopsided.</c>

02:18:51.430 --> 02:18:51.440 align:start position:0%
still real but its effects are lopsided.
 

02:18:51.440 --> 02:18:53.510 align:start position:0%
still real but its effects are lopsided.
The<02:20:18.880><c> particles</c><02:20:19.200><c> that</c><02:20:19.359><c> help</c><02:20:19.600><c> unify</c><02:20:20.000><c> the</c><02:20:20.160><c> forces</c>

02:18:53.510 --> 02:18:53.520 align:start position:0%
The particles that help unify the forces
 

02:18:53.520 --> 02:18:55.109 align:start position:0%
The particles that help unify the forces
and<02:20:20.776><c> [music]</c><02:20:21.040><c> account</c><02:20:21.359><c> for</c><02:20:21.520><c> dark</c><02:20:21.840><c> matter</c>

02:18:55.109 --> 02:18:55.119 align:start position:0%
and [music] account for dark matter
 

02:18:55.119 --> 02:18:57.269 align:start position:0%
and [music] account for dark matter
could<02:20:22.560><c> still</c><02:20:22.720><c> be</c><02:20:22.960><c> light.</c><02:20:23.760><c> But</c><02:20:23.840><c> the</c><02:20:24.080><c> particles</c>

02:18:57.269 --> 02:18:57.279 align:start position:0%
could still be light. But the particles
 

02:18:57.279 --> 02:18:58.950 align:start position:0%
could still be light. But the particles
that<02:20:24.720><c> protect</c><02:20:24.960><c> the</c><02:20:25.120><c> Higs</c><02:20:25.600><c> from</c><02:20:25.760><c> quantum</c>

02:18:58.950 --> 02:18:58.960 align:start position:0%
that protect the Higs from quantum
 

02:18:58.960 --> 02:19:02.390 align:start position:0%
that protect the Higs from quantum
instability<02:20:27.280><c> might</c><02:20:27.520><c> be</c><02:20:27.680><c> unimaginably</c><02:20:28.720><c> heavy.</c>

02:19:02.390 --> 02:19:02.400 align:start position:0%
instability might be unimaginably heavy.
 

02:19:02.400 --> 02:19:04.229 align:start position:0%
instability might be unimaginably heavy.
So<02:20:29.840><c> heavy</c><02:20:29.947><c> [music]</c><02:20:30.240><c> that</c><02:20:30.479><c> the</c><02:20:30.720><c> cancellation</c>

02:19:04.229 --> 02:19:04.239 align:start position:0%
So heavy [music] that the cancellation
 

02:19:04.239 --> 02:19:07.109 align:start position:0%
So heavy [music] that the cancellation
trick<02:20:32.080><c> no</c><02:20:32.319><c> longer</c><02:20:32.800><c> works.</c>

02:19:07.109 --> 02:19:07.119 align:start position:0%
trick no longer works.
 

02:19:07.119 --> 02:19:09.590 align:start position:0%
trick no longer works.
In<02:20:34.479><c> a</c><02:20:34.720><c> sense,</c><02:20:35.120><c> split</c><02:20:35.520><c> super</c><02:20:35.840><c> symmetry</c><02:20:36.399><c> was</c><02:20:36.640><c> a</c>

02:19:09.590 --> 02:19:09.600 align:start position:0%
In a sense, split super symmetry was a
 

02:19:09.600 --> 02:19:11.830 align:start position:0%
In a sense, split super symmetry was a
plea<02:20:37.120><c> bargain.</c><02:20:37.840><c> The</c><02:20:38.080><c> defense</c><02:20:38.399><c> dropped</c><02:20:38.800><c> one</c>

02:19:11.830 --> 02:19:11.840 align:start position:0%
plea bargain. The defense dropped one
 

02:19:11.840 --> 02:19:13.750 align:start position:0%
plea bargain. The defense dropped one
charge<02:20:39.520><c> that</c><02:20:39.760><c> super</c><02:20:40.000><c> symmetry</c><02:20:40.479><c> could</c><02:20:40.640><c> explain</c>

02:19:13.750 --> 02:19:13.760 align:start position:0%
charge that super symmetry could explain
 

02:19:13.760 --> 02:19:16.229 align:start position:0%
charge that super symmetry could explain
the<02:20:41.120><c> Higs</c><02:20:41.439><c> mass</c><02:20:42.000><c> in</c><02:20:42.240><c> favor</c><02:20:42.479><c> of</c><02:20:42.720><c> doubling</c><02:20:43.200><c> down</c>

02:19:16.229 --> 02:19:16.239 align:start position:0%
the Higs mass in favor of doubling down
 

02:19:16.239 --> 02:19:18.950 align:start position:0%
the Higs mass in favor of doubling down
on<02:20:43.680><c> dark</c><02:20:44.000><c> matter</c><02:20:44.399><c> and</c><02:20:44.720><c> force</c><02:20:45.040><c> unification.</c>

02:19:18.950 --> 02:19:18.960 align:start position:0%
on dark matter and force unification.
 

02:19:18.960 --> 02:19:20.790 align:start position:0%
on dark matter and force unification.
Together<02:20:46.720><c> they</c><02:20:46.960><c> still</c><02:20:47.200><c> aligned</c><02:20:47.600><c> with</c><02:20:47.840><c> the</c>

02:19:20.790 --> 02:19:20.800 align:start position:0%
Together they still aligned with the
 

02:19:20.800 --> 02:19:22.870 align:start position:0%
Together they still aligned with the
deep<02:20:48.319><c> structural</c><02:20:48.880><c> architecture</c><02:20:49.439><c> of</c><02:20:49.680><c> string</c>

02:19:22.870 --> 02:19:22.880 align:start position:0%
deep structural architecture of string
 

02:19:22.880 --> 02:19:25.269 align:start position:0%
deep structural architecture of string
theory.<02:20:50.960><c> Super</c><02:20:51.280><c> symmetry</c><02:20:51.840><c> even</c><02:20:52.080><c> in</c><02:20:52.319><c> this</c>

02:19:25.269 --> 02:19:25.279 align:start position:0%
theory. Super symmetry even in this
 

02:19:25.279 --> 02:19:27.990 align:start position:0%
theory. Super symmetry even in this
fractured<02:20:53.040><c> form</c><02:20:53.760><c> was</c><02:20:54.080><c> still</c><02:20:54.399><c> playing</c><02:20:54.720><c> by</c><02:20:55.040><c> the</c>

02:19:27.990 --> 02:19:28.000 align:start position:0%
fractured form was still playing by the
 

02:19:28.000 --> 02:19:29.750 align:start position:0%
fractured form was still playing by the
rules.

02:19:29.750 --> 02:19:29.760 align:start position:0%
rules.
 

02:19:29.760 --> 02:19:31.990 align:start position:0%
rules.
But<02:20:57.439><c> once</c><02:20:57.760><c> again</c><02:20:58.479><c> there</c><02:20:58.720><c> was</c><02:20:58.768><c> [music]</c><02:20:58.960><c> yet</c>

02:19:31.990 --> 02:19:32.000 align:start position:0%
But once again there was [music] yet
 

02:19:32.000 --> 02:19:38.710 align:start position:0%
But once again there was [music] yet
another<02:20:59.760><c> catch</c><02:21:00.720><c> and</c><02:21:01.040><c> this</c><02:21:01.760><c> was</c><02:21:02.000><c> a</c><02:21:02.160><c> costly</c><02:21:02.640><c> one.</c>

02:19:38.710 --> 02:19:38.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:19:38.720 --> 02:19:40.550 align:start position:0%
 
By<02:21:06.240><c> lifting</c><02:21:06.560><c> the</c><02:21:06.720><c> mass</c><02:21:07.040><c> of</c><02:21:07.200><c> the</c><02:21:07.359><c> super</c>

02:19:40.550 --> 02:19:40.560 align:start position:0%
By lifting the mass of the super
 

02:19:40.560 --> 02:19:43.109 align:start position:0%
By lifting the mass of the super
partners<02:21:08.240><c> to</c><02:21:08.560><c> extremely</c><02:21:09.040><c> high</c><02:21:09.359><c> energies</c><02:21:10.000><c> far</c>

02:19:43.109 --> 02:19:43.119 align:start position:0%
partners to extremely high energies far
 

02:19:43.119 --> 02:19:45.350 align:start position:0%
partners to extremely high energies far
beyond<02:21:10.640><c> the</c><02:21:10.800><c> reach</c><02:21:11.040><c> of</c><02:21:11.120><c> the</c><02:21:11.280><c> LHC</c><02:21:12.000><c> or</c><02:21:12.240><c> any</c>

02:19:45.350 --> 02:19:45.360 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of the LHC or any
 

02:19:45.360 --> 02:19:47.590 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of the LHC or any
foreseeable<02:21:13.200><c> collider,</c><02:21:14.080><c> split</c><02:21:14.479><c> super</c>

02:19:47.590 --> 02:19:47.600 align:start position:0%
foreseeable collider, split super
 

02:19:47.600 --> 02:19:49.990 align:start position:0%
foreseeable collider, split super
symmetry<02:21:15.280><c> pays</c><02:21:15.600><c> for</c><02:21:15.760><c> its</c><02:21:16.000><c> survival</c><02:21:16.880><c> with</c>

02:19:49.990 --> 02:19:50.000 align:start position:0%
symmetry pays for its survival with
 

02:19:50.000 --> 02:19:52.550 align:start position:0%
symmetry pays for its survival with
testability.<02:21:18.479><c> The</c><02:21:18.640><c> heavier</c><02:21:18.960><c> the</c><02:21:19.200><c> sparticles</c>

02:19:52.550 --> 02:19:52.560 align:start position:0%
testability. The heavier the sparticles
 

02:19:52.560 --> 02:19:54.790 align:start position:0%
testability. The heavier the sparticles
become,<02:21:20.479><c> the</c><02:21:20.720><c> further</c><02:21:21.120><c> into</c><02:21:21.359><c> the</c><02:21:21.520><c> fog</c><02:21:21.840><c> of</c>

02:19:54.790 --> 02:19:54.800 align:start position:0%
become, the further into the fog of
 

02:19:54.800 --> 02:19:58.470 align:start position:0%
become, the further into the fog of
inaccessibility<02:21:23.439><c> they</c><02:21:23.760><c> recede.</c>

02:19:58.470 --> 02:19:58.480 align:start position:0%
inaccessibility they recede.
 

02:19:58.480 --> 02:20:01.030 align:start position:0%
inaccessibility they recede.
For<02:21:25.920><c> the</c><02:21:26.080><c> prosecution,</c><02:21:27.200><c> this</c><02:21:27.520><c> was</c><02:21:27.680><c> the</c><02:21:28.000><c> same</c>

02:20:01.030 --> 02:20:01.040 align:start position:0%
For the prosecution, this was the same
 

02:20:01.040 --> 02:20:03.750 align:start position:0%
For the prosecution, this was the same
old<02:21:28.560><c> story.</c><02:21:29.600><c> A</c><02:21:29.840><c> theory</c><02:21:30.160><c> that</c><02:21:30.319><c> once</c><02:21:30.640><c> promised</c>

02:20:03.750 --> 02:20:03.760 align:start position:0%
old story. A theory that once promised
 

02:20:03.760 --> 02:20:06.550 align:start position:0%
old story. A theory that once promised
to<02:21:31.120><c> be</c><02:21:31.200><c> falsifiable</c><02:21:31.920><c> at</c><02:21:32.080><c> LHC</c><02:21:32.640><c> energy</c><02:21:33.040><c> scales</c>

02:20:06.550 --> 02:20:06.560 align:start position:0%
to be falsifiable at LHC energy scales
 

02:20:06.560 --> 02:20:08.390 align:start position:0%
to be falsifiable at LHC energy scales
was<02:21:34.000><c> now</c><02:21:34.240><c> hiding</c><02:21:34.640><c> its</c><02:21:34.880><c> most</c><02:21:35.120><c> distinctive</c>

02:20:08.390 --> 02:20:08.400 align:start position:0%
was now hiding its most distinctive
 

02:20:08.400 --> 02:20:10.870 align:start position:0%
was now hiding its most distinctive
particles<02:21:36.080><c> on</c><02:21:36.399><c> energy</c><02:21:36.800><c> scales</c><02:21:37.280><c> we</c><02:21:37.520><c> may</c><02:21:37.760><c> never</c>

02:20:10.870 --> 02:20:10.880 align:start position:0%
particles on energy scales we may never
 

02:20:10.880 --> 02:20:13.910 align:start position:0%
particles on energy scales we may never
probe.<02:21:39.200><c> Experimental</c><02:21:39.920><c> accountability</c><02:21:40.880><c> was</c>

02:20:13.910 --> 02:20:13.920 align:start position:0%
probe. Experimental accountability was
 

02:20:13.920 --> 02:20:16.950 align:start position:0%
probe. Experimental accountability was
once<02:21:41.439><c> again</c><02:21:41.840><c> being</c><02:21:42.160><c> quietly</c><02:21:42.720><c> reclassified</c><02:21:43.920><c> as</c>

02:20:16.950 --> 02:20:16.960 align:start position:0%
once again being quietly reclassified as
 

02:20:16.960 --> 02:20:20.149 align:start position:0%
once again being quietly reclassified as
optional.<02:21:45.520><c> And</c><02:21:45.600><c> yet</c><02:21:45.840><c> having</c><02:21:46.160><c> said</c><02:21:46.399><c> this,</c><02:21:47.120><c> the</c>

02:20:20.149 --> 02:20:20.159 align:start position:0%
optional. And yet having said this, the
 

02:20:20.159 --> 02:20:23.670 align:start position:0%
optional. And yet having said this, the
theory<02:21:47.680><c> is</c><02:21:47.920><c> not</c><02:21:48.240><c> entirely</c><02:21:49.200><c> beyond</c><02:21:49.680><c> reach.</c>

02:20:23.670 --> 02:20:23.680 align:start position:0%
theory is not entirely beyond reach.
 

02:20:23.680 --> 02:20:25.830 align:start position:0%
theory is not entirely beyond reach.
Split<02:21:51.280><c> super</c><02:21:51.600><c> symmetry</c><02:21:52.240><c> still</c><02:21:52.560><c> predicts</c>

02:20:25.830 --> 02:20:25.840 align:start position:0%
Split super symmetry still predicts
 

02:20:25.840 --> 02:20:28.470 align:start position:0%
Split super symmetry still predicts
relatively<02:21:53.600><c> light</c><02:21:54.000><c> Genos,</c><02:21:55.200><c> the</c><02:21:55.439><c> super</c>

02:20:28.470 --> 02:20:28.480 align:start position:0%
relatively light Genos, the super
 

02:20:28.480 --> 02:20:31.430 align:start position:0%
relatively light Genos, the super
partners<02:21:56.080><c> of</c><02:21:56.319><c> the</c><02:21:56.479><c> force</c><02:21:56.880><c> carrier</c><02:21:57.280><c> Bzons.</c>

02:20:31.430 --> 02:20:31.440 align:start position:0%
partners of the force carrier Bzons.
 

02:20:31.440 --> 02:20:33.430 align:start position:0%
partners of the force carrier Bzons.
They<02:21:58.880><c> could</c><02:21:59.200><c> remain</c><02:21:59.680><c> within</c><02:22:00.000><c> the</c><02:22:00.160><c> grasp</c><02:22:00.479><c> of</c>

02:20:33.430 --> 02:20:33.440 align:start position:0%
They could remain within the grasp of
 

02:20:33.440 --> 02:20:35.670 align:start position:0%
They could remain within the grasp of
future<02:22:01.040><c> accelerators</c><02:22:01.920><c> or</c><02:22:02.240><c> maybe</c><02:22:02.479><c> even</c>

02:20:35.670 --> 02:20:35.680 align:start position:0%
future accelerators or maybe even
 

02:20:35.680 --> 02:20:38.710 align:start position:0%
future accelerators or maybe even
cosmological<02:22:03.840><c> measurements.</c><02:22:05.280><c> Split</c><02:22:05.680><c> super</c>

02:20:38.710 --> 02:20:38.720 align:start position:0%
cosmological measurements. Split super
 

02:20:38.720 --> 02:20:40.950 align:start position:0%
cosmological measurements. Split super
symmetry<02:22:06.399><c> also</c><02:22:06.720><c> retains</c><02:22:07.120><c> viable</c><02:22:07.520><c> dark</c><02:22:07.760><c> matter</c>

02:20:40.950 --> 02:20:40.960 align:start position:0%
symmetry also retains viable dark matter
 

02:20:40.960 --> 02:20:43.269 align:start position:0%
symmetry also retains viable dark matter
candidates<02:22:08.960><c> and</c><02:22:09.120><c> its</c><02:22:09.359><c> predictions</c><02:22:09.840><c> for</c><02:22:10.080><c> force</c>

02:20:43.269 --> 02:20:43.279 align:start position:0%
candidates and its predictions for force
 

02:20:43.279 --> 02:20:45.990 align:start position:0%
candidates and its predictions for force
unification<02:22:11.439><c> could</c><02:22:12.000><c> in</c><02:22:12.319><c> principle</c><02:22:13.040><c> be</c>

02:20:45.990 --> 02:20:46.000 align:start position:0%
unification could in principle be
 

02:20:46.000 --> 02:20:48.229 align:start position:0%
unification could in principle be
cross-cheed<02:22:13.920><c> against</c><02:22:14.319><c> future</c><02:22:14.720><c> data</c><02:22:15.120><c> on</c>

02:20:48.229 --> 02:20:48.239 align:start position:0%
cross-cheed against future data on
 

02:20:48.239 --> 02:20:53.030 align:start position:0%
cross-cheed against future data on
effects<02:22:16.000><c> such</c><02:22:16.240><c> as</c><02:22:16.479><c> proton</c><02:22:17.040><c> decay.</c>

02:20:53.030 --> 02:20:53.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:20:53.040 --> 02:20:55.189 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:22:20.479><c> so</c><02:22:20.640><c> while</c><02:22:20.960><c> most</c><02:22:21.280><c> sparticles</c><02:22:21.840><c> may</c><02:22:22.080><c> be</c><02:22:22.160><c> lost</c>

02:20:55.189 --> 02:20:55.199 align:start position:0%
And so while most sparticles may be lost
 

02:20:55.199 --> 02:20:58.070 align:start position:0%
And so while most sparticles may be lost
to<02:22:22.560><c> us,</c><02:22:23.200><c> the</c><02:22:23.439><c> theory's</c><02:22:23.920><c> fingerprints</c><02:22:24.960><c> haven't</c>

02:20:58.070 --> 02:20:58.080 align:start position:0%
to us, the theory's fingerprints haven't
 

02:20:58.080 --> 02:21:03.670 align:start position:0%
to us, the theory's fingerprints haven't
vanished<02:22:25.760><c> entirely.</c>

02:21:03.670 --> 02:21:03.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:21:03.680 --> 02:21:04.790 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:22:31.120><c> so</c><02:22:31.140><c> [music]</c>

02:21:04.790 --> 02:21:04.800 align:start position:0%
And so [music]
 

02:21:04.800 --> 02:21:07.830 align:start position:0%
And so [music]
to<02:22:32.240><c> the</c><02:22:32.399><c> jury,</c><02:22:33.040><c> the</c><02:22:33.359><c> question</c><02:22:33.760><c> becomes</c><02:22:34.160><c> one</c><02:22:34.720><c> of</c>

02:21:07.830 --> 02:21:07.840 align:start position:0%
to the jury, the question becomes one of
 

02:21:07.840 --> 02:21:10.470 align:start position:0%
to the jury, the question becomes one of
burden<02:22:35.439><c> of</c><02:22:35.760><c> proof.</c><02:22:36.880><c> Does</c><02:22:37.120><c> the</c><02:22:37.280><c> theory's</c>

02:21:10.470 --> 02:21:10.480 align:start position:0%
burden of proof. Does the theory's
 

02:21:10.480 --> 02:21:12.870 align:start position:0%
burden of proof. Does the theory's
ability<02:22:38.000><c> to</c><02:22:38.240><c> evolve</c><02:22:38.800><c> in</c><02:22:39.040><c> light</c><02:22:39.200><c> of</c><02:22:39.359><c> new</c><02:22:39.600><c> data</c>

02:21:12.870 --> 02:21:12.880 align:start position:0%
ability to evolve in light of new data
 

02:21:12.880 --> 02:21:15.269 align:start position:0%
ability to evolve in light of new data
count<02:22:40.319><c> in</c><02:22:40.479><c> its</c><02:22:40.800><c> favor?</c><02:22:41.520><c> Or</c><02:22:41.680><c> is</c><02:22:41.840><c> this</c><02:22:42.160><c> yet</c>

02:21:15.269 --> 02:21:15.279 align:start position:0%
count in its favor? Or is this yet
 

02:21:15.279 --> 02:21:17.910 align:start position:0%
count in its favor? Or is this yet
another<02:22:42.800><c> case</c><02:22:43.120><c> of</c><02:22:43.359><c> shifting</c><02:22:43.760><c> the</c><02:22:44.000><c> goalposts,</c>

02:21:17.910 --> 02:21:17.920 align:start position:0%
another case of shifting the goalposts,
 

02:21:17.920 --> 02:21:20.790 align:start position:0%
another case of shifting the goalposts,
a<02:22:45.359><c> defense</c><02:22:45.840><c> based</c><02:22:46.160><c> on</c><02:22:46.399><c> beauty</c><02:22:47.120><c> once</c><02:22:47.520><c> more</c>

02:21:20.790 --> 02:21:20.800 align:start position:0%
a defense based on beauty once more
 

02:21:20.800 --> 02:21:24.070 align:start position:0%
a defense based on beauty once more
slipping<02:22:48.640><c> into</c><02:22:48.960><c> evasion?</c><02:22:50.319><c> The</c><02:22:50.560><c> defense</c><02:22:51.040><c> was</c>

02:21:24.070 --> 02:21:24.080 align:start position:0%
slipping into evasion? The defense was
 

02:21:24.080 --> 02:21:26.630 align:start position:0%
slipping into evasion? The defense was
out<02:22:51.600><c> of</c><02:22:51.840><c> conventional</c><02:22:52.084><c> [music]</c><02:22:52.479><c> witnesses.</c>

02:21:26.630 --> 02:21:26.640 align:start position:0%
out of conventional [music] witnesses.
 

02:21:26.640 --> 02:21:29.269 align:start position:0%
out of conventional [music] witnesses.
What<02:22:54.080><c> remained</c><02:22:54.880><c> was</c><02:22:55.120><c> the</c><02:22:55.359><c> last</c><02:22:55.680><c> resort.</c>

02:21:29.269 --> 02:21:29.279 align:start position:0%
What remained was the last resort.
 

02:21:29.279 --> 02:21:32.470 align:start position:0%
What remained was the last resort.
Another<02:22:57.760><c> radical</c><02:22:58.240><c> reimagining</c><02:22:58.960><c> of</c><02:22:59.120><c> the</c><02:22:59.359><c> case</c>

02:21:32.470 --> 02:21:32.480 align:start position:0%
Another radical reimagining of the case
 

02:21:32.480 --> 02:21:36.149 align:start position:0%
Another radical reimagining of the case
itself.<02:23:01.040><c> Beauty</c><02:23:01.600><c> would</c><02:23:01.920><c> return</c><02:23:02.240><c> to</c><02:23:02.399><c> the</c><02:23:02.640><c> stand</c>

02:21:36.149 --> 02:21:36.159 align:start position:0%
itself. Beauty would return to the stand
 

02:21:36.159 --> 02:21:39.510 align:start position:0%
itself. Beauty would return to the stand
one<02:23:03.840><c> final</c><02:23:04.399><c> time,</c><02:23:05.280><c> but</c><02:23:05.439><c> in</c><02:23:05.600><c> a</c><02:23:05.840><c> form</c><02:23:06.240><c> neither</c>

02:21:39.510 --> 02:21:39.520 align:start position:0%
one final time, but in a form neither
 

02:21:39.520 --> 02:21:41.910 align:start position:0%
one final time, but in a form neither
jury<02:23:07.120><c> nor</c><02:23:07.148><c> [music]</c><02:23:07.520><c> prosecution</c><02:23:08.720><c> could</c><02:23:08.960><c> have</c>

02:21:41.910 --> 02:21:41.920 align:start position:0%
jury nor [music] prosecution could have
 

02:21:41.920 --> 02:21:57.269 align:start position:0%
jury nor [music] prosecution could have
anticipated.

02:21:57.269 --> 02:21:57.279 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:21:57.279 --> 02:21:59.030 align:start position:0%
 
Since<02:23:24.800><c> we</c><02:23:24.960><c> can</c><02:23:25.120><c> never</c><02:23:25.359><c> know</c><02:23:25.600><c> anything</c><02:23:26.000><c> for</c>

02:21:59.030 --> 02:21:59.040 align:start position:0%
Since we can never know anything for
 

02:21:59.040 --> 02:22:01.269 align:start position:0%
Since we can never know anything for
sure,<02:23:26.880><c> it's</c><02:23:27.120><c> simply</c><02:23:27.439><c> not</c><02:23:27.680><c> worth</c><02:23:28.080><c> searching</c>

02:22:01.269 --> 02:22:01.279 align:start position:0%
sure, it's simply not worth searching
 

02:22:01.279 --> 02:22:04.229 align:start position:0%
sure, it's simply not worth searching
for<02:23:28.640><c> certainty.</c><02:23:29.840><c> But</c><02:23:30.000><c> it</c><02:23:30.240><c> is</c><02:23:30.399><c> well</c><02:23:30.720><c> worth</c>

02:22:04.229 --> 02:22:04.239 align:start position:0%
for certainty. But it is well worth
 

02:22:04.239 --> 02:22:11.670 align:start position:0%
for certainty. But it is well worth
searching<02:23:31.920><c> for</c><02:23:32.160><c> truth.</c>

02:22:11.670 --> 02:22:11.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:22:11.680 --> 02:22:14.630 align:start position:0%
 
Thunder<02:23:39.280><c> cracks</c><02:23:39.840><c> as</c><02:23:40.080><c> the</c><02:23:40.319><c> swirling</c><02:23:40.880><c> sea</c><02:23:41.520><c> toys</c>

02:22:14.630 --> 02:22:14.640 align:start position:0%
Thunder cracks as the swirling sea toys
 

02:22:14.640 --> 02:22:17.269 align:start position:0%
Thunder cracks as the swirling sea toys
with<02:23:42.000><c> a</c><02:23:42.160><c> shipwrecked</c><02:23:42.720><c> sailor.</c>

02:22:17.269 --> 02:22:17.279 align:start position:0%
with a shipwrecked sailor.
 

02:22:17.279 --> 02:22:19.910 align:start position:0%
with a shipwrecked sailor.
Exhausted,<02:23:45.359><c> he</c><02:23:45.680><c> closes</c><02:23:46.000><c> his</c><02:23:46.240><c> eyes</c><02:23:46.560><c> for</c><02:23:46.800><c> what</c>

02:22:19.910 --> 02:22:19.920 align:start position:0%
Exhausted, he closes his eyes for what
 

02:22:19.920 --> 02:22:23.269 align:start position:0%
Exhausted, he closes his eyes for what
seems<02:23:47.680><c> like</c><02:23:48.000><c> the</c><02:23:48.240><c> final</c><02:23:48.640><c> time.</c><02:23:49.600><c> Yet</c><02:23:49.920><c> the</c><02:23:50.080><c> storm</c>

02:22:23.269 --> 02:22:23.279 align:start position:0%
seems like the final time. Yet the storm
 

02:22:23.279 --> 02:22:26.550 align:start position:0%
seems like the final time. Yet the storm
clears<02:23:51.120><c> and</c><02:23:51.359><c> the</c><02:23:51.520><c> ocean</c><02:23:52.000><c> calms.</c><02:23:53.120><c> The</c><02:23:53.359><c> gentle</c>

02:22:26.550 --> 02:22:26.560 align:start position:0%
clears and the ocean calms. The gentle
 

02:22:26.560 --> 02:22:28.470 align:start position:0%
clears and the ocean calms. The gentle
waves<02:23:54.080><c> then</c><02:23:54.319><c> deliver</c><02:23:54.640><c> the</c><02:23:54.880><c> sailor</c><02:23:55.200><c> to</c><02:23:55.439><c> the</c>

02:22:28.470 --> 02:22:28.480 align:start position:0%
waves then deliver the sailor to the
 

02:22:28.480 --> 02:22:31.430 align:start position:0%
waves then deliver the sailor to the
safety<02:23:56.000><c> of</c><02:23:56.240><c> a</c><02:23:56.399><c> sandy</c><02:23:56.880><c> beach.</c><02:23:57.840><c> As</c><02:23:58.080><c> the</c><02:23:58.240><c> sailor</c>

02:22:31.430 --> 02:22:31.440 align:start position:0%
safety of a sandy beach. As the sailor
 

02:22:31.440 --> 02:22:33.990 align:start position:0%
safety of a sandy beach. As the sailor
wakes,<02:23:59.040><c> he</c><02:23:59.280><c> takes</c><02:23:59.520><c> in</c><02:23:59.680><c> his</c><02:23:59.920><c> new</c><02:24:00.160><c> surroundings.</c>

02:22:33.990 --> 02:22:34.000 align:start position:0%
wakes, he takes in his new surroundings.
 

02:22:34.000 --> 02:22:35.910 align:start position:0%
wakes, he takes in his new surroundings.
A<02:24:01.359><c> forest</c><02:24:01.680><c> of</c><02:24:01.920><c> trees</c><02:24:02.240><c> buckling</c><02:24:02.720><c> under</c><02:24:02.960><c> the</c>

02:22:35.910 --> 02:22:35.920 align:start position:0%
A forest of trees buckling under the
 

02:22:35.920 --> 02:22:38.310 align:start position:0%
A forest of trees buckling under the
weight<02:24:03.280><c> of</c><02:24:03.520><c> plentiful</c><02:24:04.080><c> fruit.</c><02:24:04.880><c> A</c><02:24:05.120><c> pool</c><02:24:05.359><c> of</c>

02:22:38.310 --> 02:22:38.320 align:start position:0%
weight of plentiful fruit. A pool of
 

02:22:38.320 --> 02:22:41.109 align:start position:0%
weight of plentiful fruit. A pool of
fresh<02:24:05.840><c> water.</c><02:24:06.640><c> A</c><02:24:06.880><c> sturdy</c><02:24:07.280><c> shelter</c><02:24:07.920><c> long</c>

02:22:41.109 --> 02:22:41.119 align:start position:0%
fresh water. A sturdy shelter long
 

02:22:41.119 --> 02:22:42.710 align:start position:0%
fresh water. A sturdy shelter long
abandoned.

02:22:42.710 --> 02:22:42.720 align:start position:0%
abandoned.
 

02:22:42.720 --> 02:22:45.350 align:start position:0%
abandoned.
The<02:24:10.160><c> castaway</c><02:24:10.800><c> is</c><02:24:10.960><c> astonished.</c><02:24:12.000><c> Of</c><02:24:12.240><c> all</c><02:24:12.319><c> the</c>

02:22:45.350 --> 02:22:45.360 align:start position:0%
The castaway is astonished. Of all the
 

02:22:45.360 --> 02:22:47.350 align:start position:0%
The castaway is astonished. Of all the
places<02:24:12.800><c> he</c><02:24:13.040><c> could</c><02:24:13.120><c> have</c><02:24:13.280><c> washed</c><02:24:13.600><c> up,</c><02:24:14.160><c> why</c>

02:22:47.350 --> 02:22:47.360 align:start position:0%
places he could have washed up, why
 

02:22:47.360 --> 02:22:50.390 align:start position:0%
places he could have washed up, why
here?<02:24:15.760><c> He</c><02:24:16.000><c> sits</c><02:24:16.240><c> on</c><02:24:16.479><c> the</c><02:24:16.640><c> warm</c><02:24:16.960><c> sand,</c>

02:22:50.390 --> 02:22:50.400 align:start position:0%
here? He sits on the warm sand,
 

02:22:50.400 --> 02:22:53.350 align:start position:0%
here? He sits on the warm sand,
marveling<02:24:18.160><c> at</c><02:24:18.399><c> his</c><02:24:18.640><c> luck.</c><02:24:19.840><c> Yet,</c><02:24:20.160><c> some</c><02:24:20.319><c> would</c>

02:22:53.350 --> 02:22:53.360 align:start position:0%
marveling at his luck. Yet, some would
 

02:22:53.360 --> 02:22:56.229 align:start position:0%
marveling at his luck. Yet, some would
say<02:24:20.720><c> he</c><02:24:21.040><c> wasn't</c><02:24:21.280><c> really</c><02:24:21.600><c> lucky</c><02:24:22.080><c> at</c><02:24:22.399><c> all.</c>

02:22:56.229 --> 02:22:56.239 align:start position:0%
say he wasn't really lucky at all.
 

02:22:56.239 --> 02:22:58.390 align:start position:0%
say he wasn't really lucky at all.
Indeed,<02:24:23.760><c> the</c><02:24:24.000><c> question</c><02:24:24.240><c> of</c><02:24:24.479><c> why</c><02:24:24.800><c> here</c><02:24:25.359><c> can</c>

02:22:58.390 --> 02:22:58.400 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the question of why here can
 

02:22:58.400 --> 02:22:59.990 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the question of why here can
only<02:24:25.840><c> be</c><02:24:25.920><c> asked</c><02:24:26.160><c> on</c><02:24:26.399><c> an</c><02:24:26.560><c> island</c><02:24:26.960><c> where</c>

02:22:59.990 --> 02:23:00.000 align:start position:0%
only be asked on an island where
 

02:23:00.000 --> 02:23:03.350 align:start position:0%
only be asked on an island where
survival<02:24:28.000><c> was</c><02:24:28.319><c> possible.</c><02:24:29.520><c> After</c><02:24:29.840><c> all,</c><02:24:30.319><c> the</c>

02:23:03.350 --> 02:23:03.360 align:start position:0%
survival was possible. After all, the
 

02:23:03.360 --> 02:23:06.229 align:start position:0%
survival was possible. After all, the
dead<02:24:31.040><c> could</c><02:24:31.280><c> not</c><02:24:31.439><c> reflect</c><02:24:31.920><c> on</c><02:24:32.160><c> their</c><02:24:32.399><c> fate.</c>

02:23:06.229 --> 02:23:06.239 align:start position:0%
dead could not reflect on their fate.
 

02:23:06.239 --> 02:23:08.550 align:start position:0%
dead could not reflect on their fate.
Within<02:24:33.840><c> physics,</c><02:24:34.479><c> this</c><02:24:34.720><c> logic</c><02:24:35.040><c> is</c><02:24:35.359><c> known</c><02:24:35.520><c> as</c>

02:23:08.550 --> 02:23:08.560 align:start position:0%
Within physics, this logic is known as
 

02:23:08.560 --> 02:23:11.269 align:start position:0%
Within physics, this logic is known as
the<02:24:35.920><c> anthropic</c><02:24:36.229><c> [music]</c><02:24:36.640><c> principle.</c><02:24:38.080><c> And</c><02:24:38.319><c> in</c>

02:23:11.269 --> 02:23:11.279 align:start position:0%
the anthropic [music] principle. And in
 

02:23:11.279 --> 02:23:13.670 align:start position:0%
the anthropic [music] principle. And in
the<02:24:38.640><c> early</c><02:24:38.960><c> 2000s,</c><02:24:39.920><c> the</c><02:24:40.160><c> defense</c><02:24:40.560><c> would</c><02:24:40.720><c> come</c>

02:23:13.670 --> 02:23:13.680 align:start position:0%
the early 2000s, the defense would come
 

02:23:13.680 --> 02:23:16.870 align:start position:0%
the early 2000s, the defense would come
to<02:24:41.120><c> rely</c><02:24:41.359><c> on</c><02:24:41.520><c> it</c><02:24:41.760><c> to</c><02:24:42.000><c> justify</c><02:24:42.479><c> their</c><02:24:42.800><c> case.</c><02:24:43.840><c> And</c>

02:23:16.870 --> 02:23:16.880 align:start position:0%
to rely on it to justify their case. And
 

02:23:16.880 --> 02:23:19.350 align:start position:0%
to rely on it to justify their case. And
one<02:24:44.399><c> man</c><02:24:44.800><c> above</c><02:24:45.120><c> all</c><02:24:45.359><c> others</c><02:24:45.840><c> took</c><02:24:46.080><c> up</c><02:24:46.240><c> this</c>

02:23:19.350 --> 02:23:19.360 align:start position:0%
one man above all others took up this
 

02:23:19.360 --> 02:23:21.269 align:start position:0%
one man above all others took up this
cause.<02:24:47.200><c> a</c><02:24:47.439><c> man</c><02:24:47.600><c> who</c><02:24:47.760><c> had</c><02:24:47.920><c> been</c><02:24:48.080><c> part</c><02:24:48.160><c> of</c><02:24:48.319><c> the</c>

02:23:21.269 --> 02:23:21.279 align:start position:0%
cause. a man who had been part of the
 

02:23:21.279 --> 02:23:23.269 align:start position:0%
cause. a man who had been part of the
string<02:24:48.800><c> theory</c><02:24:49.200><c> trial</c><02:24:49.600><c> since</c><02:24:49.920><c> the</c><02:24:50.160><c> very</c>

02:23:23.269 --> 02:23:23.279 align:start position:0%
string theory trial since the very
 

02:23:23.279 --> 02:23:25.430 align:start position:0%
string theory trial since the very
beginning.<02:24:51.280><c> One</c><02:24:51.439><c> of</c><02:24:51.520><c> the</c><02:24:51.680><c> trio</c><02:24:52.000><c> of</c><02:24:52.240><c> people</c><02:24:52.399><c> who</c>

02:23:25.430 --> 02:23:25.440 align:start position:0%
beginning. One of the trio of people who
 

02:23:25.440 --> 02:23:27.109 align:start position:0%
beginning. One of the trio of people who
came<02:24:52.800><c> up</c><02:24:52.960><c> with</c><02:24:53.040><c> the</c><02:24:53.280><c> idea</c><02:24:53.600><c> in</c><02:24:53.840><c> the</c><02:24:54.080><c> first</c>

02:23:27.109 --> 02:23:27.119 align:start position:0%
came up with the idea in the first
 

02:23:27.119 --> 02:23:28.630 align:start position:0%
came up with the idea in the first
place.

02:23:28.630 --> 02:23:28.640 align:start position:0%
place.
 

02:23:28.640 --> 02:23:31.910 align:start position:0%
place.
The<02:24:56.080><c> defense</c><02:24:56.560><c> recalls</c><02:24:57.600><c> Leonard</c><02:24:58.000><c> Suskin</c><02:24:58.880><c> to</c>

02:23:31.910 --> 02:23:31.920 align:start position:0%
The defense recalls Leonard Suskin to
 

02:23:31.920 --> 02:23:36.790 align:start position:0%
The defense recalls Leonard Suskin to
the<02:24:59.280><c> stand.</c>

02:23:36.790 --> 02:23:36.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:23:36.800 --> 02:23:38.390 align:start position:0%
 
Suskin<02:25:04.396><c> [music]</c><02:25:04.640><c> may</c><02:25:04.800><c> have</c><02:25:04.960><c> started</c><02:25:05.200><c> out</c><02:25:05.439><c> as</c>

02:23:38.390 --> 02:23:38.400 align:start position:0%
Suskin [music] may have started out as
 

02:23:38.400 --> 02:23:40.390 align:start position:0%
Suskin [music] may have started out as
the<02:25:05.760><c> Bronx</c><02:25:06.160><c> plumber's</c><02:25:06.640><c> son,</c><02:25:07.120><c> but</c><02:25:07.280><c> he</c><02:25:07.439><c> would</c>

02:23:40.390 --> 02:23:40.400 align:start position:0%
the Bronx plumber's son, but he would
 

02:23:40.400 --> 02:23:42.425 align:start position:0%
the Bronx plumber's son, but he would
become<02:25:07.920><c> string</c><02:25:08.319><c> theory's</c><02:25:08.800><c> street</c><02:25:09.200><c> fighter,</c>

02:23:42.425 --> 02:23:42.435 align:start position:0%
become string theory's street fighter,
 

02:23:42.435 --> 02:23:44.310 align:start position:0%
become string theory's street fighter,
[music]<02:25:10.080><c> arguably</c><02:25:10.560><c> its</c><02:25:10.880><c> most</c><02:25:11.040><c> combative</c>

02:23:44.310 --> 02:23:44.320 align:start position:0%
[music] arguably its most combative
 

02:23:44.320 --> 02:23:46.070 align:start position:0%
[music] arguably its most combative
advocate<02:25:12.080><c> in</c><02:25:12.240><c> the</c><02:25:12.399><c> face</c><02:25:12.560><c> of</c><02:25:12.720><c> all</c><02:25:12.880><c> the</c><02:25:13.040><c> hand</c>

02:23:46.070 --> 02:23:46.080 align:start position:0%
advocate in the face of all the hand
 

02:23:46.080 --> 02:23:48.870 align:start position:0%
advocate in the face of all the hand
grenades<02:25:13.840><c> thrown</c><02:25:14.160><c> in</c><02:25:14.319><c> by</c><02:25:14.479><c> the</c><02:25:14.640><c> prosecution.</c>

02:23:48.870 --> 02:23:48.880 align:start position:0%
grenades thrown in by the prosecution.
 

02:23:48.880 --> 02:23:50.940 align:start position:0%
grenades thrown in by the prosecution.
And<02:25:16.240><c> the</c><02:25:16.399><c> anthropic</c><02:25:17.040><c> principle</c><02:25:17.600><c> would</c><02:25:17.920><c> be</c><02:25:18.080><c> his</c>

02:23:50.940 --> 02:23:50.950 align:start position:0%
And the anthropic principle would be his
 

02:23:50.950 --> 02:23:53.430 align:start position:0%
And the anthropic principle would be his
[music]<02:25:18.319><c> counterpunch.</c><02:25:19.760><c> The</c><02:25:20.000><c> controversial</c>

02:23:53.430 --> 02:23:53.440 align:start position:0%
[music] counterpunch. The controversial
 

02:23:53.440 --> 02:23:57.109 align:start position:0%
[music] counterpunch. The controversial
principle<02:25:21.200><c> comes</c><02:25:21.439><c> in</c><02:25:21.680><c> two</c><02:25:22.000><c> forms,</c><02:25:23.200><c> weak</c><02:25:23.920><c> and</c>

02:23:57.109 --> 02:23:57.119 align:start position:0%
principle comes in two forms, weak and
 

02:23:57.119 --> 02:23:59.670 align:start position:0%
principle comes in two forms, weak and
strong.<02:25:25.359><c> The</c><02:25:25.520><c> weak</c><02:25:25.840><c> anthropic</c><02:25:26.399><c> principle</c>

02:23:59.670 --> 02:23:59.680 align:start position:0%
strong. The weak anthropic principle
 

02:23:59.680 --> 02:24:01.590 align:start position:0%
strong. The weak anthropic principle
simply<02:25:27.280><c> states</c><02:25:27.600><c> that</c><02:25:27.840><c> the</c><02:25:28.080><c> universe</c><02:25:28.479><c> must</c>

02:24:01.590 --> 02:24:01.600 align:start position:0%
simply states that the universe must
 

02:24:01.600 --> 02:24:04.310 align:start position:0%
simply states that the universe must
allow<02:25:29.200><c> observers</c><02:25:29.760><c> like</c><02:25:30.000><c> us.</c><02:25:30.640><c> Otherwise,</c><02:25:31.280><c> we</c>

02:24:04.310 --> 02:24:04.320 align:start position:0%
allow observers like us. Otherwise, we
 

02:24:04.320 --> 02:24:06.630 align:start position:0%
allow observers like us. Otherwise, we
obviously<02:25:31.920><c> wouldn't</c><02:25:32.319><c> be</c><02:25:32.560><c> here.</c><02:25:33.439><c> Take</c><02:25:33.680><c> for</c>

02:24:06.630 --> 02:24:06.640 align:start position:0%
obviously wouldn't be here. Take for
 

02:24:06.640 --> 02:24:08.070 align:start position:0%
obviously wouldn't be here. Take for
example<02:25:34.160><c> the</c><02:25:34.399><c> fact</c><02:25:34.479><c> that</c><02:25:34.640><c> the</c><02:25:34.800><c> Earth</c><02:25:34.960><c> is</c><02:25:35.120><c> at</c>

02:24:08.070 --> 02:24:08.080 align:start position:0%
example the fact that the Earth is at
 

02:24:08.080 --> 02:24:09.830 align:start position:0%
example the fact that the Earth is at
just<02:25:35.439><c> the</c><02:25:35.600><c> right</c><02:25:35.760><c> distance</c><02:25:36.080><c> from</c><02:25:36.240><c> the</c><02:25:36.479><c> sun</c><02:25:36.800><c> to</c>

02:24:09.830 --> 02:24:09.840 align:start position:0%
just the right distance from the sun to
 

02:24:09.840 --> 02:24:11.830 align:start position:0%
just the right distance from the sun to
have<02:25:37.280><c> liquid</c><02:25:37.760><c> water.</c><02:25:38.455><c> [music]</c><02:25:38.640><c> According</c><02:25:38.960><c> to</c>

02:24:11.830 --> 02:24:11.840 align:start position:0%
have liquid water. [music] According to
 

02:24:11.840 --> 02:24:13.990 align:start position:0%
have liquid water. [music] According to
the<02:25:39.200><c> weak</c><02:25:39.439><c> anthropic</c><02:25:40.000><c> principle,</c><02:25:40.640><c> that's</c><02:25:40.960><c> no</c>

02:24:13.990 --> 02:24:14.000 align:start position:0%
the weak anthropic principle, that's no
 

02:24:14.000 --> 02:24:16.550 align:start position:0%
the weak anthropic principle, that's no
coincidence.<02:25:42.160><c> Indeed,</c><02:25:42.479><c> were</c><02:25:42.640><c> it</c><02:25:42.880><c> not</c><02:25:43.120><c> so,</c><02:25:43.520><c> we</c>

02:24:16.550 --> 02:24:16.560 align:start position:0%
coincidence. Indeed, were it not so, we
 

02:24:16.560 --> 02:24:18.790 align:start position:0%
coincidence. Indeed, were it not so, we
wouldn't<02:25:44.000><c> be</c><02:25:44.080><c> here</c><02:25:44.319><c> to</c><02:25:44.560><c> notice</c><02:25:44.880><c> it.</c><02:25:45.600><c> If</c><02:25:45.840><c> the</c>

02:24:18.790 --> 02:24:18.800 align:start position:0%
wouldn't be here to notice it. If the
 

02:24:18.800 --> 02:24:20.390 align:start position:0%
wouldn't be here to notice it. If the
Earth<02:25:46.240><c> had</c><02:25:46.479><c> formed</c><02:25:46.720><c> at</c><02:25:46.960><c> a</c><02:25:47.120><c> different</c><02:25:47.280><c> distance</c>

02:24:20.390 --> 02:24:20.400 align:start position:0%
Earth had formed at a different distance
 

02:24:20.400 --> 02:24:22.790 align:start position:0%
Earth had formed at a different distance
from<02:25:47.840><c> the</c><02:25:48.000><c> Sun,</c><02:25:48.560><c> no</c><02:25:48.800><c> one</c><02:25:48.960><c> would</c><02:25:49.200><c> be</c><02:25:49.359><c> here</c><02:25:49.680><c> to</c>

02:24:22.790 --> 02:24:22.800 align:start position:0%
from the Sun, no one would be here to
 

02:24:22.800 --> 02:24:25.590 align:start position:0%
from the Sun, no one would be here to
ask<02:25:50.319><c> the</c><02:25:50.640><c> question.</c><02:25:51.600><c> Like</c><02:25:51.840><c> the</c><02:25:52.080><c> sailor,</c><02:25:52.560><c> we</c>

02:24:25.590 --> 02:24:25.600 align:start position:0%
ask the question. Like the sailor, we
 

02:24:25.600 --> 02:24:27.670 align:start position:0%
ask the question. Like the sailor, we
marvel<02:25:53.200><c> at</c><02:25:53.439><c> having</c><02:25:53.680><c> been</c><02:25:53.840><c> washed</c><02:25:54.160><c> ashore</c><02:25:54.560><c> on</c><02:25:54.720><c> a</c>

02:24:27.670 --> 02:24:27.680 align:start position:0%
marvel at having been washed ashore on a
 

02:24:27.680 --> 02:24:29.510 align:start position:0%
marvel at having been washed ashore on a
habitable<02:25:55.359><c> island.</c><02:25:56.141><c> [music]</c><02:25:56.160><c> But</c><02:25:56.319><c> of</c><02:25:56.479><c> course,</c>

02:24:29.510 --> 02:24:29.520 align:start position:0%
habitable island. [music] But of course,
 

02:24:29.520 --> 02:24:31.109 align:start position:0%
habitable island. [music] But of course,
we<02:25:56.880><c> could</c><02:25:57.040><c> never</c><02:25:57.200><c> have</c><02:25:57.439><c> emerged</c><02:25:57.840><c> on</c><02:25:58.000><c> any</c><02:25:58.160><c> of</c>

02:24:31.109 --> 02:24:31.119 align:start position:0%
we could never have emerged on any of
 

02:24:31.119 --> 02:24:33.510 align:start position:0%
we could never have emerged on any of
the<02:25:58.479><c> countless</c><02:25:58.880><c> baron</c><02:25:59.359><c> rocks</c><02:25:59.840><c> where</c><02:26:00.080><c> survival</c>

02:24:33.510 --> 02:24:33.520 align:start position:0%
the countless baron rocks where survival
 

02:24:33.520 --> 02:24:36.710 align:start position:0%
the countless baron rocks where survival
is<02:26:00.960><c> impossible.</c><02:26:02.399><c> Similarly,</c><02:26:02.960><c> if</c><02:26:03.200><c> dark</c><02:26:03.520><c> energy</c>

02:24:36.710 --> 02:24:36.720 align:start position:0%
is impossible. Similarly, if dark energy
 

02:24:36.720 --> 02:24:38.630 align:start position:0%
is impossible. Similarly, if dark energy
were<02:26:04.160><c> more</c><02:26:04.319><c> potent</c><02:26:04.800><c> and</c><02:26:05.040><c> the</c><02:26:05.200><c> universe</c><02:26:05.600><c> had</c>

02:24:38.630 --> 02:24:38.640 align:start position:0%
were more potent and the universe had
 

02:24:38.640 --> 02:24:40.070 align:start position:0%
were more potent and the universe had
expanded<02:26:06.479><c> faster,</c><02:26:06.621><c> [music]</c>

02:24:40.070 --> 02:24:40.080 align:start position:0%
expanded faster, [music]
 

02:24:40.080 --> 02:24:41.990 align:start position:0%
expanded faster, [music]
galaxies<02:26:07.840><c> could</c><02:26:08.000><c> never</c><02:26:08.240><c> have</c><02:26:08.479><c> formed</c><02:26:08.880><c> and</c>

02:24:41.990 --> 02:24:42.000 align:start position:0%
galaxies could never have formed and
 

02:24:42.000 --> 02:24:43.750 align:start position:0%
galaxies could never have formed and
stars<02:26:09.520><c> like</c><02:26:09.680><c> the</c><02:26:09.920><c> sun</c><02:26:10.319><c> wouldn't</c><02:26:10.720><c> have</c>

02:24:43.750 --> 02:24:43.760 align:start position:0%
stars like the sun wouldn't have
 

02:24:43.760 --> 02:24:46.070 align:start position:0%
stars like the sun wouldn't have
ignited.<02:26:11.860><c> [music]</c><02:26:12.160><c> It's</c><02:26:12.399><c> no</c><02:26:12.640><c> surprise</c><02:26:13.040><c> then</c>

02:24:46.070 --> 02:24:46.080 align:start position:0%
ignited. [music] It's no surprise then
 

02:24:46.080 --> 02:24:47.910 align:start position:0%
ignited. [music] It's no surprise then
that<02:26:13.520><c> we</c><02:26:13.680><c> observe</c><02:26:14.000><c> an</c><02:26:14.240><c> expansion</c><02:26:14.720><c> rate</c>

02:24:47.910 --> 02:24:47.920 align:start position:0%
that we observe an expansion rate
 

02:24:47.920 --> 02:24:50.550 align:start position:0%
that we observe an expansion rate
compatible<02:26:15.760><c> with</c><02:26:16.160><c> life.</c><02:26:17.439><c> However,</c><02:26:17.756><c> [music]</c>

02:24:50.550 --> 02:24:50.560 align:start position:0%
compatible with life. However, [music]
 

02:24:50.560 --> 02:24:52.790 align:start position:0%
compatible with life. However, [music]
the<02:26:18.000><c> strong</c><02:26:18.319><c> anthropic</c><02:26:18.960><c> principle</c><02:26:19.520><c> goes</c>

02:24:52.790 --> 02:24:52.800 align:start position:0%
the strong anthropic principle goes
 

02:24:52.800 --> 02:24:55.670 align:start position:0%
the strong anthropic principle goes
further,<02:26:20.880><c> arguing</c><02:26:21.280><c> that</c><02:26:21.520><c> the</c><02:26:21.840><c> universe</c><02:26:22.479><c> is</c>

02:24:55.670 --> 02:24:55.680 align:start position:0%
further, arguing that the universe is
 

02:24:55.680 --> 02:24:58.950 align:start position:0%
further, arguing that the universe is
fine-tuned<02:26:23.760><c> for</c><02:26:24.000><c> life.</c><02:26:24.960><c> In</c><02:26:25.280><c> this</c><02:26:25.439><c> case,</c><02:26:25.920><c> the</c>

02:24:58.950 --> 02:24:58.960 align:start position:0%
fine-tuned for life. In this case, the
 

02:24:58.960 --> 02:25:00.870 align:start position:0%
fine-tuned for life. In this case, the
right<02:26:26.399><c> conditions</c><02:26:26.880><c> for</c><02:26:27.120><c> observers</c><02:26:27.520><c> to</c><02:26:27.680><c> emerge</c>

02:25:00.870 --> 02:25:00.880 align:start position:0%
right conditions for observers to emerge
 

02:25:00.880 --> 02:25:03.430 align:start position:0%
right conditions for observers to emerge
aren't<02:26:28.399><c> just</c><02:26:28.640><c> allowed.</c><02:26:29.546><c> [music]</c><02:26:29.760><c> Nature</c><02:26:30.240><c> is</c>

02:25:03.430 --> 02:25:03.440 align:start position:0%
aren't just allowed. [music] Nature is
 

02:25:03.440 --> 02:25:05.910 align:start position:0%
aren't just allowed. [music] Nature is
compelled<02:26:31.280><c> to</c><02:26:31.600><c> produce</c><02:26:32.000><c> them.</c><02:26:32.560><c> The</c><02:26:32.720><c> emergence</c>

02:25:05.910 --> 02:25:05.920 align:start position:0%
compelled to produce them. The emergence
 

02:25:05.920 --> 02:25:08.231 align:start position:0%
compelled to produce them. The emergence
of<02:26:33.280><c> life</c><02:26:33.600><c> not</c><02:26:33.760><c> some</c><02:26:34.000><c> serendipitous</c><02:26:34.800><c> fluke,</c>

02:25:08.231 --> 02:25:08.241 align:start position:0%
of life not some serendipitous fluke,
 

02:25:08.241 --> 02:25:15.990 align:start position:0%
of life not some serendipitous fluke,
[music]<02:26:35.680><c> but</c><02:26:36.000><c> inevitable.</c>

02:25:15.990 --> 02:25:16.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:25:16.000 --> 02:25:17.750 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:26:43.359><c> so</c><02:26:43.520><c> when</c><02:26:43.680><c> it</c><02:26:43.840><c> came</c><02:26:44.000><c> to</c><02:26:44.160><c> string</c><02:26:44.479><c> theory's</c>

02:25:17.750 --> 02:25:17.760 align:start position:0%
And so when it came to string theory's
 

02:25:17.760 --> 02:25:19.910 align:start position:0%
And so when it came to string theory's
failings,<02:26:45.760><c> Suskin</c><02:26:46.240><c> used</c><02:26:46.560><c> the</c><02:26:46.579><c> [music]</c><02:26:46.800><c> strong</c>

02:25:19.910 --> 02:25:19.920 align:start position:0%
failings, Suskin used the [music] strong
 

02:25:19.920 --> 02:25:23.350 align:start position:0%
failings, Suskin used the [music] strong
anthropic<02:26:47.760><c> principle</c><02:26:48.319><c> to</c><02:26:48.560><c> flip</c><02:26:48.880><c> the</c><02:26:49.120><c> script.</c>

02:25:23.350 --> 02:25:23.360 align:start position:0%
anthropic principle to flip the script.
 

02:25:23.360 --> 02:25:25.430 align:start position:0%
anthropic principle to flip the script.
To<02:26:50.800><c> the</c><02:26:50.960><c> prosecution,</c><02:26:51.600><c> the</c><02:26:51.840><c> vast</c><02:26:52.240><c> landscape</c>

02:25:25.430 --> 02:25:25.440 align:start position:0%
To the prosecution, the vast landscape
 

02:25:25.440 --> 02:25:28.536 align:start position:0%
To the prosecution, the vast landscape
of<02:26:52.800><c> 10</c><02:26:53.280><c> ^</c><02:26:53.680><c> 500</c><02:26:54.160><c> possible</c><02:26:54.640><c> universes</c><02:26:55.359><c> had</c><02:26:55.600><c> been</c>

02:25:28.536 --> 02:25:28.546 align:start position:0%
of 10 ^ 500 possible universes had been
 

02:25:28.546 --> 02:25:30.870 align:start position:0%
of 10 ^ 500 possible universes had been
[music]<02:26:55.760><c> a</c><02:26:55.920><c> fatal</c><02:26:56.399><c> flaw.</c><02:26:57.359><c> The</c><02:26:57.520><c> theory</c><02:26:57.840><c> that</c>

02:25:30.870 --> 02:25:30.880 align:start position:0%
[music] a fatal flaw. The theory that
 

02:25:30.880 --> 02:25:32.950 align:start position:0%
[music] a fatal flaw. The theory that
was<02:26:58.240><c> supposed</c><02:26:58.479><c> to</c><02:26:58.640><c> explain</c><02:26:59.040><c> everything,</c><02:26:59.920><c> in</c>

02:25:32.950 --> 02:25:32.960 align:start position:0%
was supposed to explain everything, in
 

02:25:32.960 --> 02:25:35.590 align:start position:0%
was supposed to explain everything, in
fact,<02:27:00.640><c> explaining</c><02:27:01.280><c> nothing.</c><02:27:02.399><c> But</c><02:27:02.560><c> to</c>

02:25:35.590 --> 02:25:35.600 align:start position:0%
fact, explaining nothing. But to
 

02:25:35.600 --> 02:25:38.149 align:start position:0%
fact, explaining nothing. But to
Suskind,<02:27:03.680><c> the</c><02:27:03.920><c> seemingly</c><02:27:04.399><c> endless</c><02:27:04.960><c> string</c>

02:25:38.149 --> 02:25:38.159 align:start position:0%
Suskind, the seemingly endless string
 

02:25:38.159 --> 02:25:40.950 align:start position:0%
Suskind, the seemingly endless string
theory<02:27:05.680><c> landscape</c><02:27:06.479><c> explained</c><02:27:07.040><c> exactly</c><02:27:07.920><c> why</c>

02:25:40.950 --> 02:25:40.960 align:start position:0%
theory landscape explained exactly why
 

02:25:40.960 --> 02:25:48.186 align:start position:0%
theory landscape explained exactly why
we<02:27:08.319><c> are</c><02:27:08.560><c> here.</c>

02:25:48.186 --> 02:25:48.196 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:25:48.196 --> 02:25:49.030 align:start position:0%
 
&gt;&gt; [music]

02:25:49.030 --> 02:25:49.040 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

02:25:49.040 --> 02:25:50.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; Physicists<02:27:16.880><c> had</c><02:27:17.120><c> long</c><02:27:17.280><c> noted</c><02:27:17.680><c> that</c><02:27:17.920><c> our</c>

02:25:50.950 --> 02:25:50.960 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Physicists had long noted that our
 

02:25:50.960 --> 02:25:53.510 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Physicists had long noted that our
existence<02:27:18.560><c> is</c><02:27:18.800><c> balanced</c><02:27:19.200><c> on</c><02:27:19.439><c> a</c><02:27:19.680><c> beautiful</c><02:27:20.319><c> but</c>

02:25:53.510 --> 02:25:53.520 align:start position:0%
existence is balanced on a beautiful but
 

02:25:53.520 --> 02:25:57.189 align:start position:0%
existence is balanced on a beautiful but
precarious<02:27:21.680><c> knife</c><02:27:22.080><c> edge.</c><02:27:23.359><c> An</c><02:27:23.600><c> orchestra</c><02:27:24.160><c> of</c>

02:25:57.189 --> 02:25:57.199 align:start position:0%
precarious knife edge. An orchestra of
 

02:25:57.199 --> 02:25:59.109 align:start position:0%
precarious knife edge. An orchestra of
particles,<02:27:25.120><c> each</c><02:27:25.222><c> [music]</c><02:27:25.359><c> with</c><02:27:25.680><c> precisely</c>

02:25:59.109 --> 02:25:59.119 align:start position:0%
particles, each [music] with precisely
 

02:25:59.119 --> 02:26:02.550 align:start position:0%
particles, each [music] with precisely
tuned<02:27:26.960><c> masses</c><02:27:27.359><c> and</c><02:27:27.600><c> charges.</c><02:27:28.800><c> Gravity</c><02:27:29.280><c> is</c><02:27:29.520><c> the</c>

02:26:02.550 --> 02:26:02.560 align:start position:0%
tuned masses and charges. Gravity is the
 

02:26:02.560 --> 02:26:04.710 align:start position:0%
tuned masses and charges. Gravity is the
conductor<02:27:30.560><c> keeping</c><02:27:30.960><c> time</c><02:27:31.280><c> with</c><02:27:31.520><c> just</c><02:27:31.760><c> the</c>

02:26:04.710 --> 02:26:04.720 align:start position:0%
conductor keeping time with just the
 

02:26:04.720 --> 02:26:07.269 align:start position:0%
conductor keeping time with just the
right<02:27:32.160><c> amount</c><02:27:32.399><c> of</c><02:27:32.560><c> pull.</c><02:27:33.439><c> Dark</c><02:27:33.760><c> energy</c><02:27:34.160><c> is</c><02:27:34.319><c> the</c>

02:26:07.269 --> 02:26:07.279 align:start position:0%
right amount of pull. Dark energy is the
 

02:26:07.279 --> 02:26:09.430 align:start position:0%
right amount of pull. Dark energy is the
counter<02:27:34.800><c> melody</c><02:27:35.439><c> introducing</c><02:27:36.160><c> just</c><02:27:36.399><c> the</c>

02:26:09.430 --> 02:26:09.440 align:start position:0%
counter melody introducing just the
 

02:26:09.440 --> 02:26:12.710 align:start position:0%
counter melody introducing just the
right<02:27:36.880><c> level</c><02:27:37.200><c> of</c><02:27:37.520><c> push.</c><02:27:38.560><c> And</c><02:27:38.720><c> so</c><02:27:39.040><c> how,</c><02:27:39.600><c> despite</c>

02:26:12.710 --> 02:26:12.720 align:start position:0%
right level of push. And so how, despite
 

02:26:12.720 --> 02:26:14.950 align:start position:0%
right level of push. And so how, despite
seemingly<02:27:40.399><c> impossible</c><02:27:40.960><c> odds,</c><02:27:41.680><c> is</c><02:27:41.920><c> the</c>

02:26:14.950 --> 02:26:14.960 align:start position:0%
seemingly impossible odds, is the
 

02:26:14.960 --> 02:26:17.910 align:start position:0%
seemingly impossible odds, is the
universe<02:27:42.800><c> so</c><02:27:43.200><c> perfectly</c><02:27:43.840><c> fine-tuned</c><02:27:44.800><c> for</c>

02:26:17.910 --> 02:26:17.920 align:start position:0%
universe so perfectly fine-tuned for
 

02:26:17.920 --> 02:26:19.830 align:start position:0%
universe so perfectly fine-tuned for
life?

02:26:19.830 --> 02:26:19.840 align:start position:0%
life?
 

02:26:19.840 --> 02:26:22.710 align:start position:0%
life?
Because,<02:27:47.600><c> said</c><02:27:47.920><c> Suskin,</c><02:27:49.040><c> it</c><02:27:49.280><c> isn't</c><02:27:49.520><c> the</c><02:27:49.680><c> only</c>

02:26:22.710 --> 02:26:22.720 align:start position:0%
Because, said Suskin, it isn't the only
 

02:26:22.720 --> 02:26:24.950 align:start position:0%
Because, said Suskin, it isn't the only
one.

02:26:24.950 --> 02:26:24.960 align:start position:0%
one.
 

02:26:24.960 --> 02:26:26.790 align:start position:0%
one.
If<02:27:52.319><c> the</c><02:27:52.560><c> string</c><02:27:52.880><c> theory</c><02:27:53.280><c> landscape</c>

02:26:26.790 --> 02:26:26.800 align:start position:0%
If the string theory landscape
 

02:26:26.800 --> 02:26:28.630 align:start position:0%
If the string theory landscape
represents<02:27:54.042><c> [music]</c><02:27:54.479><c> an</c><02:27:54.720><c> unfathomably</c><02:27:55.520><c> large</c>

02:26:28.630 --> 02:26:28.640 align:start position:0%
represents [music] an unfathomably large
 

02:26:28.640 --> 02:26:30.630 align:start position:0%
represents [music] an unfathomably large
number<02:27:56.080><c> of</c><02:27:56.240><c> different</c><02:27:56.560><c> universes</c><02:27:57.439><c> with</c><02:27:57.680><c> the</c>

02:26:30.630 --> 02:26:30.640 align:start position:0%
number of different universes with the
 

02:26:30.640 --> 02:26:33.109 align:start position:0%
number of different universes with the
constants<02:27:58.240><c> of</c><02:27:58.399><c> physics</c><02:27:58.880><c> varying</c><02:27:59.280><c> in</c><02:27:59.520><c> each,</c>

02:26:33.109 --> 02:26:33.119 align:start position:0%
constants of physics varying in each,
 

02:26:33.119 --> 02:26:35.189 align:start position:0%
constants of physics varying in each,
then<02:28:00.479><c> in</c><02:28:00.640><c> which</c><02:28:00.880><c> of</c><02:28:01.040><c> those</c><02:28:01.280><c> myriad</c><02:28:01.840><c> universes</c>

02:26:35.189 --> 02:26:35.199 align:start position:0%
then in which of those myriad universes
 

02:26:35.199 --> 02:26:37.910 align:start position:0%
then in which of those myriad universes
are<02:28:02.640><c> we</c><02:28:02.800><c> going</c><02:28:03.040><c> to</c><02:28:03.200><c> find</c><02:28:03.520><c> ourselves?</c><02:28:04.720><c> It's</c><02:28:04.960><c> as</c>

02:26:37.910 --> 02:26:37.920 align:start position:0%
are we going to find ourselves? It's as
 

02:26:37.920 --> 02:26:39.910 align:start position:0%
are we going to find ourselves? It's as
though<02:28:05.280><c> the</c><02:28:05.520><c> landscape</c><02:28:06.080><c> were</c><02:28:06.319><c> a</c><02:28:06.560><c> sprawling</c>

02:26:39.910 --> 02:26:39.920 align:start position:0%
though the landscape were a sprawling
 

02:26:39.920 --> 02:26:42.310 align:start position:0%
though the landscape were a sprawling
archipelago.<02:28:08.399><c> Most</c><02:28:08.640><c> of</c><02:28:08.720><c> its</c><02:28:08.960><c> islands</c><02:28:09.280><c> are</c>

02:26:42.310 --> 02:26:42.320 align:start position:0%
archipelago. Most of its islands are
 

02:26:42.320 --> 02:26:44.470 align:start position:0%
archipelago. Most of its islands are
barren,<02:28:10.160><c> storm</c><02:28:10.560><c> lashed</c><02:28:10.880><c> rocks</c><02:28:11.280><c> where</c><02:28:11.439><c> no</c>

02:26:44.470 --> 02:26:44.480 align:start position:0%
barren, storm lashed rocks where no
 

02:26:44.480 --> 02:26:46.950 align:start position:0%
barren, storm lashed rocks where no
sailor<02:28:12.160><c> could</c><02:28:12.319><c> survive.</c><02:28:13.439><c> But</c><02:28:13.600><c> there</c><02:28:13.760><c> are</c><02:28:13.920><c> a</c>

02:26:46.950 --> 02:26:46.960 align:start position:0%
sailor could survive. But there are a
 

02:26:46.960 --> 02:26:49.830 align:start position:0%
sailor could survive. But there are a
few<02:28:14.479><c> rare</c><02:28:14.800><c> oases,</c><02:28:15.840><c> places</c><02:28:16.240><c> with</c><02:28:16.479><c> the</c><02:28:16.640><c> cosmic</c>

02:26:49.830 --> 02:26:49.840 align:start position:0%
few rare oases, places with the cosmic
 

02:26:49.840 --> 02:26:52.149 align:start position:0%
few rare oases, places with the cosmic
equivalent<02:28:17.520><c> of</c><02:28:17.760><c> fresh</c><02:28:18.080><c> water,</c><02:28:18.640><c> fruit,</c><02:28:19.040><c> and</c>

02:26:52.149 --> 02:26:52.159 align:start position:0%
equivalent of fresh water, fruit, and
 

02:26:52.159 --> 02:26:54.310 align:start position:0%
equivalent of fresh water, fruit, and
shelter.<02:28:20.240><c> And</c><02:28:20.479><c> just</c><02:28:20.640><c> as</c><02:28:20.880><c> the</c><02:28:21.040><c> curious</c>

02:26:54.310 --> 02:26:54.320 align:start position:0%
shelter. And just as the curious
 

02:26:54.320 --> 02:26:56.229 align:start position:0%
shelter. And just as the curious
castaway<02:28:22.160><c> could</c><02:28:22.319><c> only</c><02:28:22.560><c> wash</c><02:28:22.800><c> up</c><02:28:22.960><c> on</c><02:28:23.200><c> one</c><02:28:23.359><c> of</c>

02:26:56.229 --> 02:26:56.239 align:start position:0%
castaway could only wash up on one of
 

02:26:56.239 --> 02:26:59.430 align:start position:0%
castaway could only wash up on one of
those<02:28:23.680><c> hospitable</c><02:28:24.319><c> shores,</c><02:28:25.359><c> so</c><02:28:25.760><c> too</c><02:28:26.160><c> can</c><02:28:26.399><c> we</c>

02:26:59.430 --> 02:26:59.440 align:start position:0%
those hospitable shores, so too can we
 

02:26:59.440 --> 02:27:01.189 align:start position:0%
those hospitable shores, so too can we
only<02:28:26.960><c> find</c><02:28:27.200><c> ourselves</c><02:28:27.680><c> in</c><02:28:27.920><c> one</c><02:28:28.080><c> of</c><02:28:28.160><c> the</c>

02:27:01.189 --> 02:27:01.199 align:start position:0%
only find ourselves in one of the
 

02:27:01.199 --> 02:27:10.070 align:start position:0%
only find ourselves in one of the
universes<02:28:29.200><c> where</c><02:28:29.520><c> life</c><02:28:29.760><c> is</c><02:28:30.000><c> possible.</c>

02:27:10.070 --> 02:27:10.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:27:10.080 --> 02:27:12.229 align:start position:0%
 
By<02:28:37.600><c> allying</c><02:28:38.080><c> string</c><02:28:38.399><c> theory</c><02:28:38.800><c> with</c><02:28:38.960><c> the</c><02:28:39.200><c> strong</c>

02:27:12.229 --> 02:27:12.239 align:start position:0%
By allying string theory with the strong
 

02:27:12.239 --> 02:27:14.149 align:start position:0%
By allying string theory with the strong
anthropic<02:28:40.080><c> principle,</c><02:28:40.640><c> Suskin</c><02:28:41.200><c> was</c><02:28:41.220><c> [music]</c>

02:27:14.149 --> 02:27:14.159 align:start position:0%
anthropic principle, Suskin was [music]
 

02:27:14.159 --> 02:27:16.229 align:start position:0%
anthropic principle, Suskin was [music]
turning<02:28:41.600><c> the</c><02:28:41.840><c> very</c><02:28:42.160><c> feature</c><02:28:42.560><c> the</c><02:28:42.800><c> prosecution</c>

02:27:16.229 --> 02:27:16.239 align:start position:0%
turning the very feature the prosecution
 

02:27:16.239 --> 02:27:18.390 align:start position:0%
turning the very feature the prosecution
were<02:28:43.600><c> calling</c><02:28:43.840><c> an</c><02:28:44.000><c> unmititigated</c><02:28:44.720><c> disaster</c>

02:27:18.390 --> 02:27:18.400 align:start position:0%
were calling an unmititigated disaster
 

02:27:18.400 --> 02:27:21.750 align:start position:0%
were calling an unmititigated disaster
into<02:28:45.840><c> a</c><02:28:46.080><c> cornerstone</c><02:28:46.880><c> of</c><02:28:47.120><c> the</c><02:28:47.359><c> defense.</c><02:28:48.720><c> And</c>

02:27:21.750 --> 02:27:21.760 align:start position:0%
into a cornerstone of the defense. And
 

02:27:21.760 --> 02:27:24.070 align:start position:0%
into a cornerstone of the defense. And
he<02:28:49.120><c> laid</c><02:28:49.359><c> out</c><02:28:49.520><c> his</c><02:28:49.760><c> case</c><02:28:50.000><c> in</c><02:28:50.240><c> a</c><02:28:50.373><c> [music]</c><02:28:50.479><c> 2003</c>

02:27:24.070 --> 02:27:24.080 align:start position:0%
he laid out his case in a [music] 2003
 

02:27:24.080 --> 02:27:26.390 align:start position:0%
he laid out his case in a [music] 2003
paper<02:28:51.760><c> entitled</c><02:28:52.319><c> The</c><02:28:52.560><c> Anthropic</c><02:28:53.120><c> Landscape</c>

02:27:26.390 --> 02:27:26.400 align:start position:0%
paper entitled The Anthropic Landscape
 

02:27:26.400 --> 02:27:28.950 align:start position:0%
paper entitled The Anthropic Landscape
of<02:28:53.920><c> String</c><02:28:54.319><c> Theory.</c><02:28:55.200><c> It</c><02:28:55.359><c> was</c><02:28:55.439><c> a</c><02:28:55.680><c> move</c><02:28:55.840><c> that</c>

02:27:28.950 --> 02:27:28.960 align:start position:0%
of String Theory. It was a move that
 

02:27:28.960 --> 02:27:31.590 align:start position:0%
of String Theory. It was a move that
enchanted<02:28:56.880><c> some</c><02:28:57.200><c> members</c><02:28:57.439><c> of</c><02:28:57.600><c> the</c><02:28:57.760><c> jury</c><02:28:58.560><c> while</c>

02:27:31.590 --> 02:27:31.600 align:start position:0%
enchanted some members of the jury while
 

02:27:31.600 --> 02:27:34.149 align:start position:0%
enchanted some members of the jury while
enraging<02:28:59.520><c> the</c><02:28:59.760><c> prosecution.</c>

02:27:34.149 --> 02:27:34.159 align:start position:0%
enraging the prosecution.
 

02:27:34.159 --> 02:27:36.070 align:start position:0%
enraging the prosecution.
Indeed,<02:29:01.840><c> the</c><02:29:02.000><c> defense</c><02:29:02.319><c> was</c><02:29:02.560><c> now</c><02:29:02.800><c> claiming</c>

02:27:36.070 --> 02:27:36.080 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the defense was now claiming
 

02:27:36.080 --> 02:27:38.229 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the defense was now claiming
that<02:29:03.600><c> string</c><02:29:03.920><c> theory</c><02:29:04.319><c> was</c><02:29:04.560><c> the</c><02:29:04.720><c> very</c><02:29:05.040><c> reason</c>

02:27:38.229 --> 02:27:38.239 align:start position:0%
that string theory was the very reason
 

02:27:38.239 --> 02:27:41.430 align:start position:0%
that string theory was the very reason
the<02:29:05.680><c> trial</c><02:29:06.000><c> itself</c><02:29:06.479><c> could</c><02:29:06.720><c> even</c><02:29:07.040><c> be</c><02:29:07.280><c> convened.</c>

02:27:41.430 --> 02:27:41.440 align:start position:0%
the trial itself could even be convened.
 

02:27:41.440 --> 02:27:44.470 align:start position:0%
the trial itself could even be convened.
No<02:29:08.960><c> string</c><02:29:09.280><c> theory,</c><02:29:09.920><c> no</c><02:29:10.240><c> trial.</c><02:29:11.200><c> By</c><02:29:11.520><c> this</c>

02:27:44.470 --> 02:27:44.480 align:start position:0%
No string theory, no trial. By this
 

02:27:44.480 --> 02:27:46.630 align:start position:0%
No string theory, no trial. By this
logic,<02:29:12.399><c> given</c><02:29:12.640><c> that</c><02:29:12.800><c> we</c><02:29:13.040><c> find</c><02:29:13.120><c> ourselves</c><02:29:13.439><c> in</c><02:29:13.680><c> a</c>

02:27:46.630 --> 02:27:46.640 align:start position:0%
logic, given that we find ourselves in a
 

02:27:46.640 --> 02:27:47.269 align:start position:0%
logic, given that we find ourselves in a
courtroom,<02:29:13.953><c> [music]</c>

02:27:47.269 --> 02:27:47.279 align:start position:0%
courtroom, [music]
 

02:27:47.279 --> 02:27:49.189 align:start position:0%
courtroom, [music]
the<02:29:14.640><c> jury</c><02:29:14.960><c> has</c><02:29:15.120><c> to</c><02:29:15.280><c> find</c><02:29:15.520><c> in</c><02:29:15.680><c> string</c><02:29:15.920><c> theory's</c>

02:27:49.189 --> 02:27:49.199 align:start position:0%
the jury has to find in string theory's
 

02:27:49.199 --> 02:27:52.390 align:start position:0%
the jury has to find in string theory's
favor<02:29:17.040><c> almost</c><02:29:17.600><c> by</c><02:29:18.000><c> default.</c>

02:27:52.390 --> 02:27:52.400 align:start position:0%
favor almost by default.
 

02:27:52.400 --> 02:27:54.229 align:start position:0%
favor almost by default.
Of<02:29:19.760><c> course,</c><02:29:20.000><c> the</c><02:29:20.160><c> prosecution</c><02:29:20.720><c> was</c><02:29:20.960><c> quick</c><02:29:21.280><c> to</c>

02:27:54.229 --> 02:27:54.239 align:start position:0%
Of course, the prosecution was quick to
 

02:27:54.239 --> 02:27:56.070 align:start position:0%
Of course, the prosecution was quick to
object<02:29:21.920><c> to</c><02:29:22.160><c> what</c><02:29:22.319><c> they</c><02:29:22.560><c> considered</c>

02:27:56.070 --> 02:27:56.080 align:start position:0%
object to what they considered
 

02:27:56.080 --> 02:27:58.870 align:start position:0%
object to what they considered
scandalous<02:29:24.080><c> circular</c><02:29:24.640><c> reasoning.</c><02:29:25.680><c> To</c><02:29:25.840><c> argue</c>

02:27:58.870 --> 02:27:58.880 align:start position:0%
scandalous circular reasoning. To argue
 

02:27:58.880 --> 02:28:01.350 align:start position:0%
scandalous circular reasoning. To argue
that<02:29:26.240><c> a</c><02:29:26.479><c> theory</c><02:29:26.800><c> must</c><02:29:27.040><c> be</c><02:29:27.280><c> true,</c><02:29:27.920><c> otherwise</c><02:29:28.399><c> we</c>

02:28:01.350 --> 02:28:01.360 align:start position:0%
that a theory must be true, otherwise we
 

02:28:01.360 --> 02:28:03.430 align:start position:0%
that a theory must be true, otherwise we
would<02:29:28.720><c> not</c><02:29:28.880><c> be</c><02:29:29.040><c> here</c><02:29:29.200><c> to</c><02:29:29.359><c> argue</c><02:29:29.680><c> about</c><02:29:30.000><c> it</c>

02:28:03.430 --> 02:28:03.440 align:start position:0%
would not be here to argue about it
 

02:28:03.440 --> 02:28:06.390 align:start position:0%
would not be here to argue about it
wasn't<02:29:31.200><c> evidence.</c><02:29:32.240><c> It</c><02:29:32.399><c> was</c><02:29:32.560><c> yet</c><02:29:32.880><c> more</c><02:29:33.280><c> slight</c>

02:28:06.390 --> 02:28:06.400 align:start position:0%
wasn't evidence. It was yet more slight
 

02:28:06.400 --> 02:28:09.189 align:start position:0%
wasn't evidence. It was yet more slight
of<02:29:33.760><c> hand.</c><02:29:34.560><c> Beauty</c><02:29:35.040><c> somehow</c><02:29:35.439><c> masquerading</c><02:29:36.240><c> as</c>

02:28:09.189 --> 02:28:09.199 align:start position:0%
of hand. Beauty somehow masquerading as
 

02:28:09.199 --> 02:28:10.630 align:start position:0%
of hand. Beauty somehow masquerading as
inevitability.<02:29:36.878><c> [music]</c>

02:28:10.630 --> 02:28:10.640 align:start position:0%
inevitability. [music]
 

02:28:10.640 --> 02:28:12.390 align:start position:0%
inevitability. [music]
And<02:29:37.920><c> so</c><02:29:38.160><c> to</c><02:29:38.399><c> counter</c><02:29:38.720><c> what</c><02:29:38.960><c> they</c><02:29:39.120><c> saw</c><02:29:39.359><c> as</c><02:29:39.520><c> an</c>

02:28:12.390 --> 02:28:12.400 align:start position:0%
And so to counter what they saw as an
 

02:28:12.400 --> 02:28:14.870 align:start position:0%
And so to counter what they saw as an
absurdity,<02:29:40.399><c> the</c><02:29:40.640><c> prosecution</c><02:29:41.520><c> turned</c><02:29:41.760><c> to</c><02:29:41.920><c> a</c>

02:28:14.870 --> 02:28:14.880 align:start position:0%
absurdity, the prosecution turned to a
 

02:28:14.880 --> 02:28:17.510 align:start position:0%
absurdity, the prosecution turned to a
big<02:29:42.319><c> hitter</c><02:29:42.720><c> of</c><02:29:42.880><c> their</c><02:29:43.120><c> own.</c><02:29:44.000><c> A</c><02:29:44.160><c> man</c><02:29:44.319><c> who</c><02:29:44.560><c> would</c>

02:28:17.510 --> 02:28:17.520 align:start position:0%
big hitter of their own. A man who would
 

02:28:17.520 --> 02:28:19.350 align:start position:0%
big hitter of their own. A man who would
repeatedly<02:29:45.280><c> and</c><02:29:45.520><c> publicly</c><02:29:46.080><c> clash</c><02:29:46.399><c> with</c>

02:28:19.350 --> 02:28:19.360 align:start position:0%
repeatedly and publicly clash with
 

02:28:19.360 --> 02:28:21.350 align:start position:0%
repeatedly and publicly clash with
Suskin<02:29:47.200><c> over</c><02:29:47.359><c> his</c><02:29:47.520><c> use</c><02:29:47.680><c> of</c><02:29:47.760><c> the</c><02:29:47.920><c> anthropic</c>

02:28:21.350 --> 02:28:21.360 align:start position:0%
Suskin over his use of the anthropic
 

02:28:21.360 --> 02:28:22.950 align:start position:0%
Suskin over his use of the anthropic
principle<02:29:48.668><c> [music]</c><02:29:49.040><c> to</c><02:29:49.280><c> justify</c><02:29:49.840><c> string</c>

02:28:22.950 --> 02:28:22.960 align:start position:0%
principle [music] to justify string
 

02:28:22.960 --> 02:28:25.189 align:start position:0%
principle [music] to justify string
theory.

02:28:25.189 --> 02:28:25.199 align:start position:0%
theory.
 

02:28:25.199 --> 02:28:32.149 align:start position:0%
theory.
The<02:29:52.640><c> court</c><02:29:53.680><c> calls</c><02:29:54.080><c> Lee</c><02:29:54.399><c> Smolan</c><02:29:55.200><c> to</c><02:29:55.439><c> the</c><02:29:55.680><c> stand.</c>

02:28:32.149 --> 02:28:32.159 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:28:32.159 --> 02:28:33.189 align:start position:0%
 
Like<02:29:59.600><c> Suskin,</c><02:29:59.804><c> [music]</c>

02:28:33.189 --> 02:28:33.199 align:start position:0%
Like Suskin, [music]
 

02:28:33.199 --> 02:28:36.070 align:start position:0%
Like Suskin, [music]
Smolan<02:30:00.880><c> is</c><02:30:01.040><c> a</c><02:30:01.280><c> New</c><02:30:01.439><c> Yorker.</c><02:30:02.399><c> His</c><02:30:02.720><c> own</c><02:30:02.880><c> path</c><02:30:03.120><c> to</c>

02:28:36.070 --> 02:28:36.080 align:start position:0%
Smolan is a New Yorker. His own path to
 

02:28:36.080 --> 02:28:37.670 align:start position:0%
Smolan is a New Yorker. His own path to
physics<02:30:03.680><c> top</c><02:30:04.000><c> table</c><02:30:04.240><c> was</c><02:30:04.479><c> hardly</c>

02:28:37.670 --> 02:28:37.680 align:start position:0%
physics top table was hardly
 

02:28:37.680 --> 02:28:39.590 align:start position:0%
physics top table was hardly
conventional.<02:30:05.840><c> He</c><02:30:06.000><c> dropped</c><02:30:06.319><c> out</c><02:30:06.479><c> of</c><02:30:06.640><c> high</c>

02:28:39.590 --> 02:28:39.600 align:start position:0%
conventional. He dropped out of high
 

02:28:39.600 --> 02:28:41.750 align:start position:0%
conventional. He dropped out of high
school<02:30:07.040><c> due</c><02:30:07.280><c> to</c><02:30:07.439><c> boredom</c><02:30:08.080><c> before</c><02:30:08.479><c> talking</c><02:30:08.720><c> his</c>

02:28:41.750 --> 02:28:41.760 align:start position:0%
school due to boredom before talking his
 

02:28:41.760 --> 02:28:44.149 align:start position:0%
school due to boredom before talking his
way<02:30:09.040><c> into</c><02:30:09.439><c> college.</c><02:30:10.399><c> From</c><02:30:10.640><c> the</c><02:30:10.800><c> outset,</c>

02:28:44.149 --> 02:28:44.159 align:start position:0%
way into college. From the outset,
 

02:28:44.159 --> 02:28:46.149 align:start position:0%
way into college. From the outset,
Smolin<02:30:11.840><c> was</c><02:30:11.920><c> an</c><02:30:12.080><c> outsider</c><02:30:12.800><c> willing</c><02:30:13.120><c> to</c>

02:28:46.149 --> 02:28:46.159 align:start position:0%
Smolin was an outsider willing to
 

02:28:46.159 --> 02:28:48.950 align:start position:0%
Smolin was an outsider willing to
challenge<02:30:13.760><c> the</c><02:30:13.920><c> orthodox</c><02:30:14.560><c> approach.</c><02:30:15.760><c> And</c><02:30:15.920><c> by</c>

02:28:48.950 --> 02:28:48.960 align:start position:0%
challenge the orthodox approach. And by
 

02:28:48.960 --> 02:28:51.750 align:start position:0%
challenge the orthodox approach. And by
the<02:30:16.319><c> early</c><02:30:16.560><c> 2000s,</c><02:30:17.359><c> that</c><02:30:17.680><c> challenge</c><02:30:18.160><c> took</c><02:30:18.479><c> aim</c>

02:28:51.750 --> 02:28:51.760 align:start position:0%
the early 2000s, that challenge took aim
 

02:28:51.760 --> 02:28:54.950 align:start position:0%
the early 2000s, that challenge took aim
squarely<02:30:19.520><c> at</c><02:30:19.760><c> Suskind.</c><02:30:21.040><c> The</c><02:30:21.280><c> two</c><02:30:21.439><c> men</c><02:30:21.760><c> clashed</c>

02:28:54.950 --> 02:28:54.960 align:start position:0%
squarely at Suskind. The two men clashed
 

02:28:54.960 --> 02:28:56.790 align:start position:0%
squarely at Suskind. The two men clashed
bitterly<02:30:22.640><c> over</c><02:30:22.880><c> string</c><02:30:23.280><c> theory's</c><02:30:23.680><c> growing</c>

02:28:56.790 --> 02:28:56.800 align:start position:0%
bitterly over string theory's growing
 

02:28:56.800 --> 02:28:59.510 align:start position:0%
bitterly over string theory's growing
reliance<02:30:24.479><c> on</c><02:30:24.640><c> the</c><02:30:24.800><c> anthropic</c><02:30:25.439><c> principle.</c><02:30:26.560><c> At</c>

02:28:59.510 --> 02:28:59.520 align:start position:0%
reliance on the anthropic principle. At
 

02:28:59.520 --> 02:29:01.590 align:start position:0%
reliance on the anthropic principle. At
first<02:30:26.960><c> it</c><02:30:27.120><c> was</c><02:30:27.280><c> private</c><02:30:27.600><c> emails,</c><02:30:28.479><c> then</c>

02:29:01.590 --> 02:29:01.600 align:start position:0%
first it was private emails, then
 

02:29:01.600 --> 02:29:03.990 align:start position:0%
first it was private emails, then
literary<02:30:29.200><c> agent</c><02:30:29.600><c> John</c><02:30:29.920><c> Brockman</c><02:30:30.399><c> intervened,</c>

02:29:03.990 --> 02:29:04.000 align:start position:0%
literary agent John Brockman intervened,
 

02:29:04.000 --> 02:29:05.990 align:start position:0%
literary agent John Brockman intervened,
staging<02:30:31.600><c> a</c><02:30:31.840><c> kind</c><02:30:32.000><c> of</c><02:30:32.160><c> intellectual</c><02:30:32.800><c> knife</c>

02:29:05.990 --> 02:29:06.000 align:start position:0%
staging a kind of intellectual knife
 

02:29:06.000 --> 02:29:09.350 align:start position:0%
staging a kind of intellectual knife
fight<02:30:33.520><c> on</c><02:30:33.760><c> his</c><02:30:34.000><c> website,</c><02:30:34.560><c> Edge.</c><02:30:35.760><c> Each</c><02:30:36.160><c> man</c>

02:29:09.350 --> 02:29:09.360 align:start position:0%
fight on his website, Edge. Each man
 

02:29:09.360 --> 02:29:12.229 align:start position:0%
fight on his website, Edge. Each man
would<02:30:36.800><c> write</c><02:30:37.120><c> one</c><02:30:37.520><c> final</c><02:30:38.000><c> statement,</c><02:30:38.880><c> unseen</c>

02:29:12.229 --> 02:29:12.239 align:start position:0%
would write one final statement, unseen
 

02:29:12.239 --> 02:29:15.830 align:start position:0%
would write one final statement, unseen
by<02:30:39.680><c> the</c><02:30:39.840><c> other</c><02:30:40.319><c> until</c><02:30:40.800><c> both</c><02:30:41.120><c> were</c><02:30:41.359><c> published.</c>

02:29:15.830 --> 02:29:15.840 align:start position:0%
by the other until both were published.
 

02:29:15.840 --> 02:29:22.710 align:start position:0%
by the other until both were published.
Smolan<02:30:43.840><c> did</c><02:30:44.160><c> not</c><02:30:44.399><c> hold</c><02:30:44.720><c> back.</c>

02:29:22.710 --> 02:29:22.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:29:22.720 --> 02:29:25.189 align:start position:0%
 
The<02:30:50.160><c> anthropic</c><02:30:50.800><c> principle,</c><02:30:51.280><c> he</c><02:30:51.520><c> wrote,</c><02:30:52.160><c> was</c>

02:29:25.189 --> 02:29:25.199 align:start position:0%
The anthropic principle, he wrote, was
 

02:29:25.199 --> 02:29:27.750 align:start position:0%
The anthropic principle, he wrote, was
so<02:30:52.640><c> vague</c><02:30:53.200><c> that</c><02:30:53.439><c> one</c><02:30:53.680><c> can</c><02:30:53.840><c> get</c><02:30:54.000><c> any</c><02:30:54.319><c> conclusion</c>

02:29:27.750 --> 02:29:27.760 align:start position:0%
so vague that one can get any conclusion
 

02:29:27.760 --> 02:29:31.590 align:start position:0%
so vague that one can get any conclusion
one<02:30:55.280><c> wants.</c><02:30:56.160><c> It</c><02:30:56.319><c> cannot</c><02:30:56.720><c> help</c><02:30:56.960><c> us</c><02:30:57.120><c> do</c><02:30:57.439><c> science.</c>

02:29:31.590 --> 02:29:31.600 align:start position:0%
one wants. It cannot help us do science.
 

02:29:31.600 --> 02:29:33.670 align:start position:0%
one wants. It cannot help us do science.
A<02:30:59.040><c> theory</c><02:30:59.359><c> that</c><02:30:59.520><c> could</c><02:30:59.680><c> never</c><02:30:59.920><c> be</c><02:31:00.080><c> falsified,</c>

02:29:33.670 --> 02:29:33.680 align:start position:0%
A theory that could never be falsified,
 

02:29:33.680 --> 02:29:36.229 align:start position:0%
A theory that could never be falsified,
he<02:31:01.120><c> argued,</c><02:31:01.760><c> had</c><02:31:02.080><c> no</c><02:31:02.319><c> place</c><02:31:02.560><c> in</c><02:31:02.800><c> the</c><02:31:02.960><c> courtroom</c>

02:29:36.229 --> 02:29:36.239 align:start position:0%
he argued, had no place in the courtroom
 

02:29:36.239 --> 02:29:38.470 align:start position:0%
he argued, had no place in the courtroom
of<02:31:03.680><c> physics.</c><02:31:04.560><c> It</c><02:31:04.720><c> was</c><02:31:04.880><c> little</c><02:31:05.120><c> more</c><02:31:05.439><c> than</c>

02:29:38.470 --> 02:29:38.480 align:start position:0%
of physics. It was little more than
 

02:29:38.480 --> 02:29:41.350 align:start position:0%
of physics. It was little more than
philosophical<02:31:06.479><c> hearsay.</c><02:31:07.760><c> To</c><02:31:08.000><c> Smolan,</c>

02:29:41.350 --> 02:29:41.360 align:start position:0%
philosophical hearsay. To Smolan,
 

02:29:41.360 --> 02:29:43.510 align:start position:0%
philosophical hearsay. To Smolan,
invoking<02:31:09.040><c> the</c><02:31:09.200><c> sailor's</c><02:31:09.680><c> good</c><02:31:09.920><c> fortune</c><02:31:10.479><c> was</c>

02:29:43.510 --> 02:29:43.520 align:start position:0%
invoking the sailor's good fortune was
 

02:29:43.520 --> 02:29:46.310 align:start position:0%
invoking the sailor's good fortune was
no<02:31:10.960><c> explanation</c><02:31:11.520><c> at</c><02:31:11.840><c> all.</c><02:31:12.560><c> It</c><02:31:12.800><c> was</c><02:31:12.960><c> survival</c>

02:29:46.310 --> 02:29:46.320 align:start position:0%
no explanation at all. It was survival
 

02:29:46.320 --> 02:29:50.149 align:start position:0%
no explanation at all. It was survival
bias<02:31:14.160><c> dressed</c><02:31:14.479><c> up</c><02:31:14.880><c> as</c><02:31:15.200><c> science.</c>

02:29:50.149 --> 02:29:50.159 align:start position:0%
bias dressed up as science.
 

02:29:50.159 --> 02:29:53.109 align:start position:0%
bias dressed up as science.
and<02:31:17.600><c> Suskin</c><02:31:18.319><c> was</c><02:31:18.640><c> equally</c><02:31:19.200><c> cutting.</c><02:31:20.080><c> Let's</c>

02:29:53.109 --> 02:29:53.119 align:start position:0%
and Suskin was equally cutting. Let's
 

02:29:53.119 --> 02:29:55.430 align:start position:0%
and Suskin was equally cutting. Let's
not<02:31:20.479><c> put</c><02:31:20.640><c> the</c><02:31:20.880><c> cart</c><02:31:21.280><c> before</c><02:31:21.520><c> the</c><02:31:21.760><c> horse,</c><02:31:22.399><c> he</c>

02:29:55.430 --> 02:29:55.440 align:start position:0%
not put the cart before the horse, he
 

02:29:55.440 --> 02:29:58.229 align:start position:0%
not put the cart before the horse, he
warned.<02:31:23.840><c> Science</c><02:31:24.240><c> is</c><02:31:24.479><c> the</c><02:31:24.640><c> horse</c><02:31:24.880><c> that</c><02:31:25.120><c> pulls</c>

02:29:58.229 --> 02:29:58.239 align:start position:0%
warned. Science is the horse that pulls
 

02:29:58.239 --> 02:30:01.269 align:start position:0%
warned. Science is the horse that pulls
the<02:31:25.680><c> cart</c><02:31:26.160><c> of</c><02:31:26.399><c> philosophy.</c><02:31:27.840><c> What</c><02:31:28.080><c> critics</c>

02:30:01.269 --> 02:30:01.279 align:start position:0%
the cart of philosophy. What critics
 

02:30:01.279 --> 02:30:03.990 align:start position:0%
the cart of philosophy. What critics
dismissed<02:31:28.960><c> as</c><02:31:29.040><c> unfalsifiable,</c><02:31:30.319><c> he</c><02:31:30.479><c> reframed,</c>

02:30:03.990 --> 02:30:04.000 align:start position:0%
dismissed as unfalsifiable, he reframed,
 

02:30:04.000 --> 02:30:06.790 align:start position:0%
dismissed as unfalsifiable, he reframed,
as<02:31:31.359><c> simply</c><02:31:31.680><c> not</c><02:31:31.920><c> yet</c><02:31:32.240><c> testable.</c><02:31:33.280><c> Then</c><02:31:33.760><c> he</c>

02:30:06.790 --> 02:30:06.800 align:start position:0%
as simply not yet testable. Then he
 

02:30:06.800 --> 02:30:09.030 align:start position:0%
as simply not yet testable. Then he
twisted<02:31:34.399><c> the</c><02:31:34.640><c> knife.</c>

02:30:09.030 --> 02:30:09.040 align:start position:0%
twisted the knife.
 

02:30:09.040 --> 02:30:11.750 align:start position:0%
twisted the knife.
What<02:31:36.479><c> people</c><02:31:36.800><c> usually</c><02:31:37.280><c> mean,</c><02:31:37.760><c> he</c><02:31:38.000><c> added,</c><02:31:38.800><c> is</c>

02:30:11.750 --> 02:30:11.760 align:start position:0%
What people usually mean, he added, is
 

02:30:11.760 --> 02:30:13.350 align:start position:0%
What people usually mean, he added, is
that<02:31:39.120><c> they</c><02:31:39.359><c> themselves</c><02:31:40.020><c> [music]</c><02:31:40.080><c> lack</c><02:31:40.399><c> the</c>

02:30:13.350 --> 02:30:13.360 align:start position:0%
that they themselves [music] lack the
 

02:30:13.360 --> 02:30:17.109 align:start position:0%
that they themselves [music] lack the
imagination<02:31:41.520><c> to</c><02:31:41.760><c> see</c><02:31:41.920><c> how</c><02:31:42.080><c> to</c><02:31:42.240><c> test</c><02:31:42.479><c> the</c><02:31:42.720><c> idea.</c>

02:30:17.109 --> 02:30:17.119 align:start position:0%
imagination to see how to test the idea.
 

02:30:17.119 --> 02:30:20.470 align:start position:0%
imagination to see how to test the idea.
Next<02:31:44.800><c> came</c><02:31:45.040><c> the</c><02:31:45.280><c> alibi.</c><02:31:46.399><c> Quarks,</c><02:31:47.120><c> Suskin</c>

02:30:20.470 --> 02:30:20.480 align:start position:0%
Next came the alibi. Quarks, Suskin
 

02:30:20.480 --> 02:30:22.790 align:start position:0%
Next came the alibi. Quarks, Suskin
reminded<02:31:48.000><c> the</c><02:31:48.160><c> jury,</c><02:31:48.720><c> were</c><02:31:48.960><c> once</c><02:31:49.280><c> derided</c><02:31:49.840><c> as</c>

02:30:22.790 --> 02:30:22.800 align:start position:0%
reminded the jury, were once derided as
 

02:30:22.800 --> 02:30:25.590 align:start position:0%
reminded the jury, were once derided as
unobservable,<02:31:50.960><c> too.</c><02:31:51.840><c> No</c><02:31:52.080><c> one</c><02:31:52.240><c> could</c><02:31:52.399><c> isolate</c>

02:30:25.590 --> 02:30:25.600 align:start position:0%
unobservable, too. No one could isolate
 

02:30:25.600 --> 02:30:27.830 align:start position:0%
unobservable, too. No one could isolate
a<02:31:53.040><c> single</c><02:31:53.359><c> quark,</c><02:31:53.920><c> so</c><02:31:54.240><c> critics</c><02:31:54.720><c> called</c><02:31:54.880><c> the</c>

02:30:27.830 --> 02:30:27.840 align:start position:0%
a single quark, so critics called the
 

02:30:27.840 --> 02:30:29.990 align:start position:0%
a single quark, so critics called the
idea<02:31:55.085><c> [music]</c><02:31:55.439><c> metaphysics.</c><02:31:56.800><c> And</c><02:31:56.960><c> yet,</c>

02:30:29.990 --> 02:30:30.000 align:start position:0%
idea [music] metaphysics. And yet,
 

02:30:30.000 --> 02:30:31.990 align:start position:0%
idea [music] metaphysics. And yet,
quarks<02:31:57.600><c> went</c><02:31:57.760><c> on</c><02:31:57.920><c> to</c><02:31:58.080><c> become</c><02:31:58.319><c> the</c><02:31:58.560><c> bedrock</c><02:31:59.040><c> of</c>

02:30:31.990 --> 02:30:32.000 align:start position:0%
quarks went on to become the bedrock of
 

02:30:32.000 --> 02:30:34.310 align:start position:0%
quarks went on to become the bedrock of
modern<02:31:59.600><c> particle</c><02:32:00.080><c> physics.</c><02:32:01.200><c> Indeed,</c>

02:30:34.310 --> 02:30:34.320 align:start position:0%
modern particle physics. Indeed,
 

02:30:34.320 --> 02:30:35.990 align:start position:0%
modern particle physics. Indeed,
ironically,<02:32:02.080><c> it</c><02:32:02.240><c> was</c><02:32:02.399><c> quarks</c><02:32:02.880><c> that</c><02:32:03.040><c> had</c>

02:30:35.990 --> 02:30:36.000 align:start position:0%
ironically, it was quarks that had
 

02:30:36.000 --> 02:30:38.070 align:start position:0%
ironically, it was quarks that had
killed<02:32:03.520><c> Suskin's</c><02:32:04.080><c> original</c><02:32:04.399><c> hydronic</c><02:32:04.960><c> string</c>

02:30:38.070 --> 02:30:38.080 align:start position:0%
killed Suskin's original hydronic string
 

02:30:38.080 --> 02:30:41.030 align:start position:0%
killed Suskin's original hydronic string
theory<02:32:05.680><c> decades</c><02:32:06.240><c> earlier.</c><02:32:07.359><c> Now,</c><02:32:07.680><c> he</c><02:32:07.840><c> summoned</c>

02:30:41.030 --> 02:30:41.040 align:start position:0%
theory decades earlier. Now, he summoned
 

02:30:41.040 --> 02:30:49.350 align:start position:0%
theory decades earlier. Now, he summoned
them<02:32:08.399><c> back</c><02:32:08.800><c> as</c><02:32:09.120><c> corroborating</c><02:32:09.760><c> evidence.</c>

02:30:49.350 --> 02:30:49.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:30:49.360 --> 02:30:51.990 align:start position:0%
 
The<02:32:16.800><c> clash</c><02:32:17.200><c> between</c><02:32:17.600><c> Suskin</c><02:32:18.080><c> and</c><02:32:18.319><c> Smolan</c><02:32:18.960><c> was</c>

02:30:51.990 --> 02:30:52.000 align:start position:0%
The clash between Suskin and Smolan was
 

02:30:52.000 --> 02:30:54.710 align:start position:0%
The clash between Suskin and Smolan was
more<02:32:19.600><c> than</c><02:32:19.840><c> a</c><02:32:20.080><c> personal</c><02:32:20.560><c> battle.</c><02:32:21.359><c> It</c><02:32:21.520><c> was</c><02:32:21.680><c> the</c>

02:30:54.710 --> 02:30:54.720 align:start position:0%
more than a personal battle. It was the
 

02:30:54.720 --> 02:30:57.590 align:start position:0%
more than a personal battle. It was the
entire<02:32:22.319><c> trial</c><02:32:22.960><c> in</c><02:32:23.280><c> miniature.</c>

02:30:57.590 --> 02:30:57.600 align:start position:0%
entire trial in miniature.
 

02:30:57.600 --> 02:31:00.390 align:start position:0%
entire trial in miniature.
Is<02:32:25.040><c> string</c><02:32:25.439><c> theory</c><02:32:25.840><c> a</c><02:32:26.080><c> bold</c><02:32:26.560><c> but</c><02:32:26.800><c> unfinished</c>

02:31:00.390 --> 02:31:00.400 align:start position:0%
Is string theory a bold but unfinished
 

02:31:00.400 --> 02:31:03.269 align:start position:0%
Is string theory a bold but unfinished
science<02:32:28.479><c> or</c><02:32:28.720><c> an</c><02:32:28.960><c> elaborate</c><02:32:29.439><c> ruse</c><02:32:30.000><c> hiding</c>

02:31:03.269 --> 02:31:03.279 align:start position:0%
science or an elaborate ruse hiding
 

02:31:03.279 --> 02:31:04.950 align:start position:0%
science or an elaborate ruse hiding
beneath<02:32:30.800><c> a</c><02:32:30.960><c> veil</c><02:32:31.280><c> of</c><02:32:31.520><c> beauty</c><02:32:31.920><c> and</c>

02:31:04.950 --> 02:31:04.960 align:start position:0%
beneath a veil of beauty and
 

02:31:04.960 --> 02:31:08.550 align:start position:0%
beneath a veil of beauty and
inevitability.

02:31:08.550 --> 02:31:08.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:31:08.560 --> 02:31:10.870 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:32:36.000><c> so</c><02:32:36.240><c> after</c><02:32:36.560><c> decades</c><02:32:37.040><c> of</c><02:32:37.359><c> claims</c><02:32:37.760><c> and</c>

02:31:10.870 --> 02:31:10.880 align:start position:0%
And so after decades of claims and
 

02:31:10.880 --> 02:31:13.030 align:start position:0%
And so after decades of claims and
counter<02:32:38.399><c> claims,</c><02:32:38.971><c> [music]</c><02:32:39.280><c> the</c><02:32:39.520><c> long-unning</c>

02:31:13.030 --> 02:31:13.040 align:start position:0%
counter claims, [music] the long-unning
 

02:31:13.040 --> 02:31:15.510 align:start position:0%
counter claims, [music] the long-unning
trial<02:32:40.720><c> had</c><02:32:40.960><c> at</c><02:32:41.200><c> last</c><02:32:41.680><c> reached</c><02:32:42.000><c> its</c><02:32:42.319><c> final</c>

02:31:15.510 --> 02:31:15.520 align:start position:0%
trial had at last reached its final
 

02:31:15.520 --> 02:31:18.550 align:start position:0%
trial had at last reached its final
stage.<02:32:43.760><c> It</c><02:32:44.000><c> is</c><02:32:44.160><c> time</c><02:32:44.880><c> for</c><02:32:45.120><c> the</c><02:32:45.359><c> closing</c>

02:31:18.550 --> 02:31:18.560 align:start position:0%
stage. It is time for the closing
 

02:31:18.560 --> 02:31:20.229 align:start position:0%
stage. It is time for the closing
arguments.

02:31:20.229 --> 02:31:20.239 align:start position:0%
arguments.
 

02:31:20.239 --> 02:31:22.390 align:start position:0%
arguments.
For<02:32:47.680><c> the</c><02:32:47.840><c> defense,</c><02:32:48.479><c> the</c><02:32:48.720><c> allure</c><02:32:49.120><c> of</c><02:32:49.280><c> string</c>

02:31:22.390 --> 02:31:22.400 align:start position:0%
For the defense, the allure of string
 

02:31:22.400 --> 02:31:24.950 align:start position:0%
For the defense, the allure of string
theory<02:32:50.160><c> is</c><02:32:50.479><c> simple.</c><02:32:51.439><c> It</c><02:32:51.600><c> is</c><02:32:51.760><c> the</c><02:32:51.920><c> only</c>

02:31:24.950 --> 02:31:24.960 align:start position:0%
theory is simple. It is the only
 

02:31:24.960 --> 02:31:27.430 align:start position:0%
theory is simple. It is the only
framework<02:32:52.800><c> that</c><02:32:53.040><c> has</c><02:32:53.200><c> ever</c><02:32:53.520><c> naturally</c><02:32:54.080><c> united</c>

02:31:27.430 --> 02:31:27.440 align:start position:0%
framework that has ever naturally united
 

02:31:27.440 --> 02:31:29.910 align:start position:0%
framework that has ever naturally united
gravity<02:32:55.280><c> with</c><02:32:55.600><c> quantum</c><02:32:56.000><c> theory</c><02:32:56.720><c> without</c>

02:31:29.910 --> 02:31:29.920 align:start position:0%
gravity with quantum theory without
 

02:31:29.920 --> 02:31:32.149 align:start position:0%
gravity with quantum theory without
breaking<02:32:57.439><c> the</c><02:32:57.680><c> mathematics.</c><02:32:59.120><c> Other</c>

02:31:32.149 --> 02:31:32.159 align:start position:0%
breaking the mathematics. Other
 

02:31:32.159 --> 02:31:33.830 align:start position:0%
breaking the mathematics. Other
contenders<02:32:59.920><c> for</c><02:33:00.080><c> a</c><02:33:00.240><c> theory</c><02:33:00.479><c> of</c><02:33:00.640><c> everything</c>

02:31:33.830 --> 02:31:33.840 align:start position:0%
contenders for a theory of everything
 

02:31:33.840 --> 02:31:36.149 align:start position:0%
contenders for a theory of everything
exist<02:33:01.680><c> like</c><02:33:01.920><c> Smolan's</c><02:33:02.479><c> own</c><02:33:02.640><c> loop</c><02:33:02.960><c> quantum</c>

02:31:36.149 --> 02:31:36.159 align:start position:0%
exist like Smolan's own loop quantum
 

02:31:36.159 --> 02:31:38.229 align:start position:0%
exist like Smolan's own loop quantum
gravity,<02:33:04.160><c> but</c><02:33:04.479><c> none</c><02:33:04.720><c> have</c><02:33:04.960><c> been</c><02:33:05.120><c> able</c><02:33:05.280><c> to</c>

02:31:38.229 --> 02:31:38.239 align:start position:0%
gravity, but none have been able to
 

02:31:38.239 --> 02:31:41.269 align:start position:0%
gravity, but none have been able to
explain<02:33:06.000><c> such</c><02:33:06.240><c> a</c><02:33:06.479><c> wide</c><02:33:06.720><c> range</c><02:33:07.040><c> of</c><02:33:07.200><c> phenomena.</c>

02:31:41.269 --> 02:31:41.279 align:start position:0%
explain such a wide range of phenomena.
 

02:31:41.279 --> 02:31:43.030 align:start position:0%
explain such a wide range of phenomena.
It's<02:33:08.640><c> not</c><02:33:08.800><c> like</c><02:33:08.960><c> there</c><02:33:09.200><c> hasn't</c><02:33:09.439><c> been</c><02:33:09.680><c> progress</c>

02:31:43.030 --> 02:31:43.040 align:start position:0%
It's not like there hasn't been progress
 

02:31:43.040 --> 02:31:45.430 align:start position:0%
It's not like there hasn't been progress
along<02:33:10.640><c> the</c><02:33:10.880><c> way.</c><02:33:11.680><c> Super</c><02:33:12.000><c> symmetry,</c><02:33:12.376><c> [music]</c>

02:31:45.430 --> 02:31:45.440 align:start position:0%
along the way. Super symmetry, [music]
 

02:31:45.440 --> 02:31:47.350 align:start position:0%
along the way. Super symmetry, [music]
the<02:33:12.800><c> green</c><02:33:13.040><c> Schwarz</c><02:33:13.520><c> mechanism,</c><02:33:14.080><c> the</c><02:33:14.240><c> various</c>

02:31:47.350 --> 02:31:47.360 align:start position:0%
the green Schwarz mechanism, the various
 

02:31:47.360 --> 02:31:49.990 align:start position:0%
the green Schwarz mechanism, the various
dualities,<02:33:15.520><c> Dbrains,</c><02:33:16.319><c> the</c><02:33:16.479><c> holographic</c>

02:31:49.990 --> 02:31:50.000 align:start position:0%
dualities, Dbrains, the holographic
 

02:31:50.000 --> 02:31:52.710 align:start position:0%
dualities, Dbrains, the holographic
principle.<02:33:18.240><c> These</c><02:33:18.479><c> aren't</c><02:33:18.800><c> just</c><02:33:19.439><c> beautiful</c>

02:31:52.710 --> 02:31:52.720 align:start position:0%
principle. These aren't just beautiful
 

02:31:52.720 --> 02:31:55.430 align:start position:0%
principle. These aren't just beautiful
mathematical<02:33:20.560><c> concoctions.</c><02:33:21.920><c> They've</c><02:33:22.240><c> become</c>

02:31:55.430 --> 02:31:55.440 align:start position:0%
mathematical concoctions. They've become
 

02:31:55.440 --> 02:31:58.470 align:start position:0%
mathematical concoctions. They've become
important<02:33:23.120><c> tools</c><02:33:23.520><c> in</c><02:33:23.760><c> other</c><02:33:24.080><c> fields.</c><02:33:25.359><c> From</c>

02:31:58.470 --> 02:31:58.480 align:start position:0%
important tools in other fields. From
 

02:31:58.480 --> 02:32:00.230 align:start position:0%
important tools in other fields. From
condensed<02:33:26.080><c> matter</c><02:33:26.399><c> and</c><02:33:26.640><c> quantum</c><02:33:27.120><c> information</c>

02:32:00.230 --> 02:32:00.240 align:start position:0%
condensed matter and quantum information
 

02:32:00.240 --> 02:32:02.630 align:start position:0%
condensed matter and quantum information
[music]<02:33:27.680><c> to</c><02:33:28.000><c> black</c><02:33:28.319><c> holes</c><02:33:28.960><c> and</c><02:33:29.280><c> nuclear</c>

02:32:02.630 --> 02:32:02.640 align:start position:0%
[music] to black holes and nuclear
 

02:32:02.640 --> 02:32:05.269 align:start position:0%
[music] to black holes and nuclear
physics,<02:33:30.960><c> string</c><02:33:31.280><c> theorists</c><02:33:31.760><c> freely</c><02:33:32.160><c> admit</c>

02:32:05.269 --> 02:32:05.279 align:start position:0%
physics, string theorists freely admit
 

02:32:05.279 --> 02:32:06.630 align:start position:0%
physics, string theorists freely admit
that<02:33:32.720><c> many</c><02:33:32.960><c> of</c><02:33:33.040><c> their</c><02:33:33.200><c> predictions</c><02:33:33.680><c> are</c>

02:32:06.630 --> 02:32:06.640 align:start position:0%
that many of their predictions are
 

02:32:06.640 --> 02:32:09.350 align:start position:0%
that many of their predictions are
beyond<02:33:34.160><c> the</c><02:33:34.399><c> reach</c><02:33:34.640><c> of</c><02:33:34.800><c> current</c><02:33:35.200><c> experiments.</c>

02:32:09.350 --> 02:32:09.360 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of current experiments.
 

02:32:09.360 --> 02:32:12.229 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of current experiments.
But<02:33:36.720><c> one</c><02:33:36.960><c> day</c><02:33:37.600><c> that</c><02:33:37.920><c> could</c><02:33:38.240><c> change.</c><02:33:39.200><c> The</c>

02:32:12.229 --> 02:32:12.239 align:start position:0%
But one day that could change. The
 

02:32:12.239 --> 02:32:14.630 align:start position:0%
But one day that could change. The
absence<02:33:39.760><c> of</c><02:33:39.920><c> evidence</c><02:33:40.399><c> is</c><02:33:40.720><c> not</c><02:33:40.960><c> evidence</c><02:33:41.520><c> of</c>

02:32:14.630 --> 02:32:14.640 align:start position:0%
absence of evidence is not evidence of
 

02:32:14.640 --> 02:32:18.149 align:start position:0%
absence of evidence is not evidence of
absence.<02:33:43.200><c> Black</c><02:33:43.439><c> holes,</c><02:33:44.160><c> quarks,</c><02:33:44.880><c> and</c><02:33:45.120><c> even</c>

02:32:18.149 --> 02:32:18.159 align:start position:0%
absence. Black holes, quarks, and even
 

02:32:18.159 --> 02:32:20.229 align:start position:0%
absence. Black holes, quarks, and even
parity<02:33:45.840><c> violation</c><02:33:46.399><c> were</c><02:33:46.640><c> once</c><02:33:46.880><c> dismissed</c><02:33:47.280><c> as</c>

02:32:20.229 --> 02:32:20.239 align:start position:0%
parity violation were once dismissed as
 

02:32:20.239 --> 02:32:22.790 align:start position:0%
parity violation were once dismissed as
absurd<02:33:47.840><c> and</c><02:33:48.160><c> fanciful.</c><02:33:49.056><c> [music]</c><02:33:49.359><c> Now</c><02:33:49.760><c> all</c>

02:32:22.790 --> 02:32:22.800 align:start position:0%
absurd and fanciful. [music] Now all
 

02:32:22.800 --> 02:32:25.910 align:start position:0%
absurd and fanciful. [music] Now all
three<02:33:50.479><c> are</c><02:33:50.640><c> mainstays</c><02:33:51.280><c> of</c><02:33:51.520><c> modern</c><02:33:51.920><c> physics.</c>

02:32:25.910 --> 02:32:25.920 align:start position:0%
three are mainstays of modern physics.
 

02:32:25.920 --> 02:32:28.070 align:start position:0%
three are mainstays of modern physics.
And<02:33:53.280><c> so,</c><02:33:53.439><c> is</c><02:33:53.600><c> it</c><02:33:53.760><c> really</c><02:33:54.000><c> so</c><02:33:54.319><c> hard</c><02:33:54.560><c> to</c><02:33:54.800><c> imagine</c>

02:32:28.070 --> 02:32:28.080 align:start position:0%
And so, is it really so hard to imagine
 

02:32:28.080 --> 02:32:30.070 align:start position:0%
And so, is it really so hard to imagine
that<02:33:55.600><c> strings</c><02:33:56.319><c> vibrating</c><02:33:56.880><c> across</c><02:33:56.916><c> [music]</c>

02:32:30.070 --> 02:32:30.080 align:start position:0%
that strings vibrating across [music]
 

02:32:30.080 --> 02:32:33.109 align:start position:0%
that strings vibrating across [music]
multiple<02:33:57.760><c> dimensions</c><02:33:58.720><c> could</c><02:33:59.040><c> one</c><02:33:59.280><c> day</c><02:34:00.000><c> join</c>

02:32:33.109 --> 02:32:33.119 align:start position:0%
multiple dimensions could one day join
 

02:32:33.119 --> 02:32:38.790 align:start position:0%
multiple dimensions could one day join
that<02:34:00.560><c> list?</c>

02:32:38.790 --> 02:32:38.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:32:38.800 --> 02:32:42.390 align:start position:0%
 
Science<02:34:06.640><c> often</c><02:34:07.200><c> demands</c><02:34:07.840><c> patience.</c><02:34:09.120><c> Like</c><02:34:09.359><c> the</c>

02:32:42.390 --> 02:32:42.400 align:start position:0%
Science often demands patience. Like the
 

02:32:42.400 --> 02:32:44.870 align:start position:0%
Science often demands patience. Like the
cathedrals<02:34:10.160><c> of</c><02:34:10.399><c> old,</c><02:34:10.960><c> a</c><02:34:11.200><c> good</c><02:34:11.359><c> theory</c><02:34:11.840><c> can</c>

02:32:44.870 --> 02:32:44.880 align:start position:0%
cathedrals of old, a good theory can
 

02:32:44.880 --> 02:32:46.790 align:start position:0%
cathedrals of old, a good theory can
take<02:34:12.319><c> more</c><02:34:12.479><c> than</c><02:34:12.640><c> a</c><02:34:12.880><c> human</c><02:34:13.200><c> lifetime</c><02:34:13.760><c> to</c>

02:32:46.790 --> 02:32:46.800 align:start position:0%
take more than a human lifetime to
 

02:32:46.800 --> 02:32:49.350 align:start position:0%
take more than a human lifetime to
build.<02:34:14.640><c> Those</c><02:34:15.120><c> who</c><02:34:15.520><c> lay</c><02:34:15.600><c> the</c><02:34:15.760><c> first</c><02:34:16.000><c> stones</c>

02:32:49.350 --> 02:32:49.360 align:start position:0%
build. Those who lay the first stones
 

02:32:49.360 --> 02:32:50.950 align:start position:0%
build. Those who lay the first stones
know<02:34:16.800><c> they</c><02:34:17.040><c> will</c><02:34:17.200><c> never</c><02:34:17.439><c> see</c><02:34:17.520><c> the</c><02:34:17.760><c> spire</c>

02:32:50.950 --> 02:32:50.960 align:start position:0%
know they will never see the spire
 

02:32:50.960 --> 02:32:53.430 align:start position:0%
know they will never see the spire
completed.<02:34:19.120><c> But</c><02:34:19.280><c> that</c><02:34:19.600><c> doesn't</c><02:34:19.840><c> diminish</c><02:34:20.399><c> the</c>

02:32:53.430 --> 02:32:53.440 align:start position:0%
completed. But that doesn't diminish the
 

02:32:53.440 --> 02:32:55.830 align:start position:0%
completed. But that doesn't diminish the
importance<02:34:21.040><c> of</c><02:34:21.200><c> their</c><02:34:21.520><c> contributions.</c><02:34:22.960><c> And</c>

02:32:55.830 --> 02:32:55.840 align:start position:0%
importance of their contributions. And
 

02:32:55.840 --> 02:32:58.390 align:start position:0%
importance of their contributions. And
so<02:34:23.200><c> in</c><02:34:23.359><c> a</c><02:34:23.600><c> sense,</c><02:34:24.000><c> modern</c><02:34:24.479><c> string</c><02:34:24.800><c> theory</c><02:34:25.359><c> in</c>

02:32:58.390 --> 02:32:58.400 align:start position:0%
so in a sense, modern string theory in
 

02:32:58.400 --> 02:33:00.870 align:start position:0%
so in a sense, modern string theory in
the<02:34:25.760><c> guise</c><02:34:26.080><c> of</c><02:34:26.240><c> multi-dimensional</c><02:34:27.280><c> M</c><02:34:27.520><c> theory</c>

02:33:00.870 --> 02:33:00.880 align:start position:0%
the guise of multi-dimensional M theory
 

02:33:00.880 --> 02:33:04.229 align:start position:0%
the guise of multi-dimensional M theory
is<02:34:28.399><c> a</c><02:34:28.560><c> blueprint</c><02:34:29.200><c> and</c><02:34:29.439><c> a</c><02:34:29.680><c> scaffold,</c><02:34:30.720><c> not</c><02:34:31.120><c> a</c>

02:33:04.229 --> 02:33:04.239 align:start position:0%
is a blueprint and a scaffold, not a
 

02:33:04.239 --> 02:33:07.109 align:start position:0%
is a blueprint and a scaffold, not a
finished<02:34:31.840><c> building.</c>

02:33:07.109 --> 02:33:07.119 align:start position:0%
finished building.
 

02:33:07.119 --> 02:33:09.830 align:start position:0%
finished building.
At<02:34:34.560><c> its</c><02:34:34.880><c> core,</c><02:34:35.359><c> string</c><02:34:35.760><c> theory</c><02:34:36.160><c> has</c><02:34:36.479><c> always</c>

02:33:09.830 --> 02:33:09.840 align:start position:0%
At its core, string theory has always
 

02:33:09.840 --> 02:33:12.470 align:start position:0%
At its core, string theory has always
been<02:34:37.280><c> about</c><02:34:37.680><c> beauty.</c><02:34:38.720><c> the</c><02:34:39.040><c> enchanting</c>

02:33:12.470 --> 02:33:12.480 align:start position:0%
been about beauty. the enchanting
 

02:33:12.480 --> 02:33:14.550 align:start position:0%
been about beauty. the enchanting
compass<02:34:40.240><c> that</c><02:34:40.479><c> has</c><02:34:40.720><c> so</c><02:34:40.880><c> often</c><02:34:41.359><c> pointed</c>

02:33:14.550 --> 02:33:14.560 align:start position:0%
compass that has so often pointed
 

02:33:14.560 --> 02:33:17.350 align:start position:0%
compass that has so often pointed
physicists<02:34:42.399><c> towards</c><02:34:42.960><c> undiscovered</c><02:34:43.680><c> truths</c>

02:33:17.350 --> 02:33:17.360 align:start position:0%
physicists towards undiscovered truths
 

02:33:17.360 --> 02:33:19.750 align:start position:0%
physicists towards undiscovered truths
like<02:34:44.880><c> fingerprints</c><02:34:45.600><c> nature</c><02:34:46.080><c> has</c><02:34:46.319><c> left</c><02:34:46.560><c> at</c><02:34:46.800><c> the</c>

02:33:19.750 --> 02:33:19.760 align:start position:0%
like fingerprints nature has left at the
 

02:33:19.760 --> 02:33:23.189 align:start position:0%
like fingerprints nature has left at the
scene.<02:34:48.160><c> The</c><02:34:48.399><c> defense</c><02:34:48.960><c> concludes</c><02:34:49.760><c> with</c><02:34:49.920><c> an</c><02:34:50.160><c> air</c>

02:33:23.189 --> 02:33:23.199 align:start position:0%
scene. The defense concludes with an air
 

02:33:23.199 --> 02:33:26.070 align:start position:0%
scene. The defense concludes with an air
of<02:34:50.560><c> defiance.</c><02:34:51.840><c> If</c><02:34:52.080><c> string</c><02:34:52.479><c> theory</c><02:34:52.800><c> is</c><02:34:52.960><c> guilty</c>

02:33:26.070 --> 02:33:26.080 align:start position:0%
of defiance. If string theory is guilty
 

02:33:26.080 --> 02:33:28.710 align:start position:0%
of defiance. If string theory is guilty
of<02:34:53.520><c> anything,</c><02:34:54.319><c> it</c><02:34:54.560><c> is</c><02:34:54.720><c> only</c><02:34:55.200><c> of</c><02:34:55.439><c> being</c><02:34:55.600><c> ahead</c>

02:33:28.710 --> 02:33:28.720 align:start position:0%
of anything, it is only of being ahead
 

02:33:28.720 --> 02:33:30.630 align:start position:0%
of anything, it is only of being ahead
of<02:34:56.080><c> its</c><02:34:56.319><c> time.</c>

02:33:30.630 --> 02:33:30.640 align:start position:0%
of its time.
 

02:33:30.640 --> 02:33:34.070 align:start position:0%
of its time.
But<02:34:58.000><c> of</c><02:34:58.240><c> course,</c><02:34:58.960><c> the</c><02:34:59.200><c> prosecution</c><02:35:00.240><c> disagrees</c>

02:33:34.070 --> 02:33:34.080 align:start position:0%
But of course, the prosecution disagrees
 

02:33:34.080 --> 02:33:37.269 align:start position:0%
But of course, the prosecution disagrees
in<02:35:01.520><c> the</c><02:35:01.760><c> strongest</c><02:35:02.240><c> possible</c><02:35:02.720><c> terms.</c><02:35:04.160><c> String</c>

02:33:37.269 --> 02:33:37.279 align:start position:0%
in the strongest possible terms. String
 

02:33:37.279 --> 02:33:39.910 align:start position:0%
in the strongest possible terms. String
theorists,<02:35:05.120><c> they</c><02:35:05.439><c> argue,</c><02:35:06.080><c> have</c><02:35:06.319><c> been</c><02:35:06.479><c> blinded</c>

02:33:39.910 --> 02:33:39.920 align:start position:0%
theorists, they argue, have been blinded
 

02:33:39.920 --> 02:33:43.189 align:start position:0%
theorists, they argue, have been blinded
by<02:35:07.439><c> beauty.</c><02:35:08.479><c> For</c><02:35:08.720><c> nearly</c><02:35:09.120><c> 60</c><02:35:09.520><c> years,</c><02:35:10.240><c> the</c>

02:33:43.189 --> 02:33:43.199 align:start position:0%
by beauty. For nearly 60 years, the
 

02:33:43.199 --> 02:33:45.430 align:start position:0%
by beauty. For nearly 60 years, the
theory<02:35:10.800><c> has</c><02:35:11.040><c> labored</c><02:35:11.439><c> on</c><02:35:11.680><c> without</c><02:35:12.000><c> a</c><02:35:12.240><c> single</c>

02:33:45.430 --> 02:33:45.440 align:start position:0%
theory has labored on without a single
 

02:33:45.440 --> 02:33:47.350 align:start position:0%
theory has labored on without a single
shred<02:35:13.040><c> of</c><02:35:13.200><c> experimental</c><02:35:13.920><c> evidence</c><02:35:14.319><c> to</c>

02:33:47.350 --> 02:33:47.360 align:start position:0%
shred of experimental evidence to
 

02:33:47.360 --> 02:33:49.910 align:start position:0%
shred of experimental evidence to
support<02:35:14.880><c> it.</c><02:35:15.760><c> Searches</c><02:35:16.160><c> for</c><02:35:16.319><c> super</c><02:35:16.640><c> symmetry,</c>

02:33:49.910 --> 02:33:49.920 align:start position:0%
support it. Searches for super symmetry,
 

02:33:49.920 --> 02:33:52.070 align:start position:0%
support it. Searches for super symmetry,
for<02:35:17.200><c> example,</c><02:35:17.840><c> the</c><02:35:18.080><c> most</c><02:35:18.319><c> crucial</c><02:35:18.720><c> aspect</c>

02:33:52.070 --> 02:33:52.080 align:start position:0%
for example, the most crucial aspect
 

02:33:52.080 --> 02:33:54.149 align:start position:0%
for example, the most crucial aspect
that<02:35:19.600><c> saves</c><02:35:20.000><c> string</c><02:35:20.399><c> theory</c><02:35:20.720><c> from</c><02:35:20.960><c> falling</c>

02:33:54.149 --> 02:33:54.159 align:start position:0%
that saves string theory from falling
 

02:33:54.159 --> 02:33:57.030 align:start position:0%
that saves string theory from falling
apart<02:35:21.840><c> into</c><02:35:22.160><c> a</c><02:35:22.319><c> slag</c><02:35:22.720><c> heap</c><02:35:22.960><c> of</c><02:35:23.120><c> tachons</c><02:35:23.760><c> and</c><02:35:23.920><c> no</c>

02:33:57.030 --> 02:33:57.040 align:start position:0%
apart into a slag heap of tachons and no
 

02:33:57.040 --> 02:34:01.350 align:start position:0%
apart into a slag heap of tachons and no
parity<02:35:24.640><c> violation,</c><02:35:26.000><c> continue</c><02:35:26.800><c> to</c><02:35:27.040><c> fail.</c><02:35:28.319><c> And</c>

02:34:01.350 --> 02:34:01.360 align:start position:0%
parity violation, continue to fail. And
 

02:34:01.360 --> 02:34:03.670 align:start position:0%
parity violation, continue to fail. And
yet,<02:35:28.800><c> every</c><02:35:29.040><c> time</c><02:35:29.600><c> experiment</c><02:35:30.240><c> refutes</c><02:35:30.720><c> one</c>

02:34:03.670 --> 02:34:03.680 align:start position:0%
yet, every time experiment refutes one
 

02:34:03.680 --> 02:34:05.670 align:start position:0%
yet, every time experiment refutes one
aspect<02:35:31.200><c> of</c><02:35:31.359><c> string</c><02:35:31.760><c> theory,</c><02:35:32.240><c> it's</c><02:35:32.479><c> seemingly</c>

02:34:05.670 --> 02:34:05.680 align:start position:0%
aspect of string theory, it's seemingly
 

02:34:05.680 --> 02:34:07.510 align:start position:0%
aspect of string theory, it's seemingly
put<02:35:33.120><c> back</c><02:35:33.359><c> together</c><02:35:33.760><c> with</c><02:35:34.000><c> an</c><02:35:34.160><c> even</c><02:35:34.479><c> more</c>

02:34:07.510 --> 02:34:07.520 align:start position:0%
put back together with an even more
 

02:34:07.520 --> 02:34:10.070 align:start position:0%
put back together with an even more
elaborate<02:35:35.280><c> sticking</c><02:35:35.680><c> plaster.</c><02:35:36.640><c> For</c><02:35:36.800><c> a</c><02:35:36.960><c> theory</c>

02:34:10.070 --> 02:34:10.080 align:start position:0%
elaborate sticking plaster. For a theory
 

02:34:10.080 --> 02:34:11.590 align:start position:0%
elaborate sticking plaster. For a theory
that's<02:35:37.600><c> supposed</c><02:35:37.840><c> to</c><02:35:38.000><c> be</c><02:35:38.160><c> elegant</c><02:35:38.560><c> and</c>

02:34:11.590 --> 02:34:11.600 align:start position:0%
that's supposed to be elegant and
 

02:34:11.600 --> 02:34:14.229 align:start position:0%
that's supposed to be elegant and
beautiful,<02:35:39.520><c> it</c><02:35:39.760><c> has</c><02:35:39.920><c> metastasized</c><02:35:40.960><c> into</c><02:35:41.200><c> a</c>

02:34:14.229 --> 02:34:14.239 align:start position:0%
beautiful, it has metastasized into a
 

02:34:14.239 --> 02:34:17.350 align:start position:0%
beautiful, it has metastasized into a
monstrous<02:35:42.160><c> chimera.</c><02:35:43.520><c> Beauty</c><02:35:44.000><c> has</c><02:35:44.240><c> become</c>

02:34:17.350 --> 02:34:17.360 align:start position:0%
monstrous chimera. Beauty has become
 

02:34:17.360 --> 02:34:19.350 align:start position:0%
monstrous chimera. Beauty has become
only<02:35:44.880><c> camouflage,</c><02:35:45.920><c> conceiving</c>

02:34:19.350 --> 02:34:19.360 align:start position:0%
only camouflage, conceiving
 

02:34:19.360 --> 02:34:21.590 align:start position:0%
only camouflage, conceiving
contradictions<02:35:47.520><c> behind</c><02:35:47.840><c> a</c><02:35:48.080><c> veil</c><02:35:48.560><c> of</c>

02:34:21.590 --> 02:34:21.600 align:start position:0%
contradictions behind a veil of
 

02:34:21.600 --> 02:34:24.710 align:start position:0%
contradictions behind a veil of
aesthetic<02:35:49.359><c> appeal.</c><02:35:50.640><c> A</c><02:35:50.880><c> multitude</c><02:35:51.359><c> of</c><02:35:51.520><c> extra</c>

02:34:24.710 --> 02:34:24.720 align:start position:0%
aesthetic appeal. A multitude of extra
 

02:34:24.720 --> 02:34:27.510 align:start position:0%
aesthetic appeal. A multitude of extra
dimensions,<02:35:52.800><c> calabia</c><02:35:53.520><c> manifolds,</c><02:35:54.319><c> wrapped</c>

02:34:27.510 --> 02:34:27.520 align:start position:0%
dimensions, calabia manifolds, wrapped
 

02:34:27.520 --> 02:34:29.750 align:start position:0%
dimensions, calabia manifolds, wrapped
up<02:35:54.817><c> [music]</c><02:35:55.040><c> embraanes,</c><02:35:56.399><c> all</c><02:35:56.560><c> of</c><02:35:56.720><c> them</c>

02:34:29.750 --> 02:34:29.760 align:start position:0%
up [music] embraanes, all of them
 

02:34:29.760 --> 02:34:31.430 align:start position:0%
up [music] embraanes, all of them
necessary<02:35:57.439><c> to</c><02:35:57.760><c> save</c><02:35:58.000><c> string</c><02:35:58.240><c> theories</c>

02:34:31.430 --> 02:34:31.440 align:start position:0%
necessary to save string theories
 

02:34:31.440 --> 02:34:34.550 align:start position:0%
necessary to save string theories
blushes.<02:35:59.760><c> Not</c><02:36:00.080><c> one</c><02:36:00.240><c> of</c><02:36:00.399><c> them</c><02:36:00.800><c> ever</c><02:36:01.120><c> glimpsed</c>

02:34:34.550 --> 02:34:34.560 align:start position:0%
blushes. Not one of them ever glimpsed
 

02:34:34.560 --> 02:34:37.910 align:start position:0%
blushes. Not one of them ever glimpsed
in<02:36:02.000><c> the</c><02:36:02.160><c> real</c><02:36:02.479><c> world.</c><02:36:03.439><c> and</c><02:36:03.600><c> ads</c><02:36:04.160><c> CFT,</c><02:36:04.880><c> which</c>

02:34:37.910 --> 02:34:37.920 align:start position:0%
in the real world. and ads CFT, which
 

02:34:37.920 --> 02:34:39.750 align:start position:0%
in the real world. and ads CFT, which
predicts<02:36:05.439><c> a</c><02:36:05.600><c> curvature</c><02:36:06.000><c> of</c><02:36:06.160><c> the</c><02:36:06.399><c> universe</c>

02:34:39.750 --> 02:34:39.760 align:start position:0%
predicts a curvature of the universe
 

02:34:39.760 --> 02:34:41.590 align:start position:0%
predicts a curvature of the universe
that's<02:36:07.280><c> the</c><02:36:07.520><c> opposite</c><02:36:08.080><c> of</c><02:36:08.319><c> what</c><02:36:08.560><c> we</c><02:36:08.579><c> [music]</c>

02:34:41.590 --> 02:34:41.600 align:start position:0%
that's the opposite of what we [music]
 

02:34:41.600 --> 02:34:44.390 align:start position:0%
that's the opposite of what we [music]
actually<02:36:09.200><c> observe.</c><02:36:10.479><c> But</c><02:36:10.640><c> the</c><02:36:10.880><c> most</c><02:36:11.040><c> egregious</c>

02:34:44.390 --> 02:34:44.400 align:start position:0%
actually observe. But the most egregious
 

02:34:44.400 --> 02:34:46.070 align:start position:0%
actually observe. But the most egregious
overstep,<02:36:12.399><c> the</c><02:36:12.640><c> prosecution</c><02:36:13.158><c> [music]</c>

02:34:46.070 --> 02:34:46.080 align:start position:0%
overstep, the prosecution [music]
 

02:34:46.080 --> 02:34:52.630 align:start position:0%
overstep, the prosecution [music]
insists,<02:36:14.640><c> is</c><02:36:14.880><c> the</c><02:36:15.200><c> string</c><02:36:15.680><c> theory</c><02:36:16.160><c> landscape.</c>

02:34:52.630 --> 02:34:52.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:34:52.640 --> 02:34:54.550 align:start position:0%
 
The<02:36:20.000><c> use</c><02:36:20.240><c> of</c><02:36:20.319><c> the</c><02:36:20.479><c> anthropic</c><02:36:21.120><c> principle</c><02:36:21.520><c> to</c>

02:34:54.550 --> 02:34:54.560 align:start position:0%
The use of the anthropic principle to
 

02:34:54.560 --> 02:34:56.870 align:start position:0%
The use of the anthropic principle to
invert<02:36:22.160><c> the</c><02:36:22.319><c> case</c><02:36:22.560><c> in</c><02:36:22.720><c> string</c><02:36:23.040><c> theory's</c><02:36:23.520><c> favor</c>

02:34:56.870 --> 02:34:56.880 align:start position:0%
invert the case in string theory's favor
 

02:34:56.880 --> 02:34:59.350 align:start position:0%
invert the case in string theory's favor
is<02:36:24.399><c> the</c><02:36:24.640><c> final</c><02:36:25.040><c> abdication</c><02:36:25.680><c> of</c><02:36:26.000><c> science's</c>

02:34:59.350 --> 02:34:59.360 align:start position:0%
is the final abdication of science's
 

02:34:59.360 --> 02:35:01.510 align:start position:0%
is the final abdication of science's
duty<02:36:26.960><c> to</c><02:36:27.200><c> predict</c><02:36:28.000><c> and</c><02:36:28.240><c> have</c><02:36:28.479><c> those</c>

02:35:01.510 --> 02:35:01.520 align:start position:0%
duty to predict and have those
 

02:35:01.520 --> 02:35:03.430 align:start position:0%
duty to predict and have those
predictions<02:36:29.280><c> falsified</c><02:36:30.240><c> through</c>

02:35:03.430 --> 02:35:03.440 align:start position:0%
predictions falsified through
 

02:35:03.440 --> 02:35:06.390 align:start position:0%
predictions falsified through
experiment.<02:36:31.840><c> It</c><02:36:32.000><c> is</c><02:36:32.240><c> no</c><02:36:32.399><c> longer</c><02:36:32.960><c> physics</c><02:36:33.359><c> as</c>

02:35:06.390 --> 02:35:06.400 align:start position:0%
experiment. It is no longer physics as
 

02:35:06.400 --> 02:35:10.310 align:start position:0%
experiment. It is no longer physics as
poetry,<02:36:34.319><c> but</c><02:36:34.720><c> physics</c><02:36:35.760><c> as</c><02:36:36.080><c> religion.</c><02:36:37.280><c> A</c>

02:35:10.310 --> 02:35:10.320 align:start position:0%
poetry, but physics as religion. A
 

02:35:10.320 --> 02:35:12.790 align:start position:0%
poetry, but physics as religion. A
compass<02:36:37.840><c> that</c><02:36:38.080><c> points</c><02:36:38.399><c> in</c><02:36:38.560><c> 10</c><02:36:38.800><c> to</c><02:36:38.880><c> the^</c><02:36:39.200><c> of</c><02:36:39.439><c> 500</c>

02:35:12.790 --> 02:35:12.800 align:start position:0%
compass that points in 10 to the^ of 500
 

02:35:12.800 --> 02:35:15.670 align:start position:0%
compass that points in 10 to the^ of 500
different<02:36:40.319><c> directions</c><02:36:41.280><c> is</c><02:36:41.520><c> no</c><02:36:41.760><c> compass</c><02:36:42.640><c> at</c>

02:35:15.670 --> 02:35:15.680 align:start position:0%
different directions is no compass at
 

02:35:15.680 --> 02:35:22.470 align:start position:0%
different directions is no compass at
all.

02:35:22.470 --> 02:35:22.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:35:22.480 --> 02:35:26.070 align:start position:0%
 
And<02:36:50.000><c> so</c>

02:35:26.070 --> 02:35:26.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:35:26.080 --> 02:35:29.109 align:start position:0%
 
the<02:36:53.520><c> gavl</c><02:36:54.000><c> falls</c><02:36:54.479><c> one</c><02:36:54.800><c> final</c><02:36:55.280><c> time</c><02:36:55.840><c> as</c><02:36:56.160><c> the</c>

02:35:29.109 --> 02:35:29.119 align:start position:0%
the gavl falls one final time as the
 

02:35:29.119 --> 02:35:32.550 align:start position:0%
the gavl falls one final time as the
jury<02:36:56.640><c> retires</c><02:36:57.520><c> to</c><02:36:57.760><c> consider</c><02:36:58.160><c> its</c><02:36:58.399><c> verdict.</c>

02:35:32.550 --> 02:35:32.560 align:start position:0%
jury retires to consider its verdict.
 

02:35:32.560 --> 02:35:34.870 align:start position:0%
jury retires to consider its verdict.
After<02:37:00.080><c> days</c><02:37:00.319><c> of</c><02:37:00.479><c> deliberation,</c><02:37:01.439><c> they</c><02:37:01.680><c> finally</c>

02:35:34.870 --> 02:35:34.880 align:start position:0%
After days of deliberation, they finally
 

02:35:34.880 --> 02:35:37.269 align:start position:0%
After days of deliberation, they finally
return<02:37:02.399><c> to</c><02:37:02.560><c> the</c><02:37:02.720><c> courtroom.</c><02:37:03.760><c> The</c><02:37:04.000><c> foreman</c>

02:35:37.269 --> 02:35:37.279 align:start position:0%
return to the courtroom. The foreman
 

02:35:37.279 --> 02:35:42.070 align:start position:0%
return to the courtroom. The foreman
stands.<02:37:05.520><c> The</c><02:37:05.760><c> jury</c><02:37:06.960><c> is</c><02:37:07.359><c> hung.</c><02:37:08.479><c> Unable</c><02:37:09.040><c> to</c>

02:35:42.070 --> 02:35:42.080 align:start position:0%
stands. The jury is hung. Unable to
 

02:35:42.080 --> 02:35:44.710 align:start position:0%
stands. The jury is hung. Unable to
reach<02:37:09.520><c> a</c><02:37:09.680><c> unanimous</c><02:37:10.240><c> verdict.</c><02:37:11.520><c> Some</c><02:37:11.760><c> are</c>

02:35:44.710 --> 02:35:44.720 align:start position:0%
reach a unanimous verdict. Some are
 

02:35:44.720 --> 02:35:46.710 align:start position:0%
reach a unanimous verdict. Some are
dazzled<02:37:12.319><c> by</c><02:37:12.479><c> String</c><02:37:12.800><c> Theory's</c><02:37:13.120><c> elegance.</c>

02:35:46.710 --> 02:35:46.720 align:start position:0%
dazzled by String Theory's elegance.
 

02:35:46.720 --> 02:35:48.790 align:start position:0%
dazzled by String Theory's elegance.
Others,<02:37:14.319><c> however,</c><02:37:14.800><c> think</c><02:37:15.040><c> it</c><02:37:15.200><c> claims</c><02:37:15.680><c> too</c>

02:35:48.790 --> 02:35:48.800 align:start position:0%
Others, however, think it claims too
 

02:35:48.800 --> 02:35:51.750 align:start position:0%
Others, however, think it claims too
much<02:37:16.240><c> and</c><02:37:16.560><c> explains</c><02:37:17.040><c> too</c><02:37:17.359><c> little.</c><02:37:18.399><c> The</c><02:37:18.560><c> former</c>

02:35:51.750 --> 02:35:51.760 align:start position:0%
much and explains too little. The former
 

02:35:51.760 --> 02:35:54.149 align:start position:0%
much and explains too little. The former
notes<02:37:19.280><c> that</c><02:37:19.600><c> beauty</c><02:37:20.000><c> has</c><02:37:20.240><c> been</c><02:37:20.399><c> both</c><02:37:20.720><c> savior</c>

02:35:54.149 --> 02:35:54.159 align:start position:0%
notes that beauty has been both savior
 

02:35:54.159 --> 02:35:57.030 align:start position:0%
notes that beauty has been both savior
and<02:37:21.680><c> sabotur.</c><02:37:23.120><c> It</c><02:37:23.359><c> rescued</c><02:37:23.840><c> string</c><02:37:23.898><c> [music]</c>

02:35:57.030 --> 02:35:57.040 align:start position:0%
and sabotur. It rescued string [music]
 

02:35:57.040 --> 02:35:59.670 align:start position:0%
and sabotur. It rescued string [music]
theory<02:37:24.560><c> when</c><02:37:24.800><c> evidence</c><02:37:25.280><c> failed,</c><02:37:26.160><c> but</c><02:37:26.399><c> also</c>

02:35:59.670 --> 02:35:59.680 align:start position:0%
theory when evidence failed, but also
 

02:35:59.680 --> 02:36:02.229 align:start position:0%
theory when evidence failed, but also
lured<02:37:27.280><c> it</c><02:37:27.439><c> into</c><02:37:27.680><c> existential</c><02:37:28.399><c> culde-sacs</c>

02:36:02.229 --> 02:36:02.239 align:start position:0%
lured it into existential culde-sacs
 

02:36:02.239 --> 02:36:05.350 align:start position:0%
lured it into existential culde-sacs
that<02:37:29.760><c> make</c><02:37:29.920><c> it</c><02:37:30.160><c> hard</c><02:37:30.319><c> to</c><02:37:30.560><c> support.</c>

02:36:05.350 --> 02:36:05.360 align:start position:0%
that make it hard to support.
 

02:36:05.360 --> 02:36:07.830 align:start position:0%
that make it hard to support.
The<02:37:32.800><c> judge</c><02:37:33.280><c> has</c><02:37:33.520><c> little</c><02:37:33.840><c> choice</c><02:37:34.640><c> but</c><02:37:34.880><c> to</c>

02:36:07.830 --> 02:36:07.840 align:start position:0%
The judge has little choice but to
 

02:36:07.840 --> 02:36:10.070 align:start position:0%
The judge has little choice but to
declare<02:37:35.359><c> a</c><02:37:35.600><c> mistrial.</c>

02:36:10.070 --> 02:36:10.080 align:start position:0%
declare a mistrial.
 

02:36:10.080 --> 02:36:12.070 align:start position:0%
declare a mistrial.
It<02:37:37.520><c> is</c><02:37:37.680><c> clear</c><02:37:38.000><c> that</c><02:37:38.319><c> the</c><02:37:38.479><c> case</c><02:37:38.800><c> cannot</c><02:37:39.120><c> be</c>

02:36:12.070 --> 02:36:12.080 align:start position:0%
It is clear that the case cannot be
 

02:36:12.080 --> 02:36:13.750 align:start position:0%
It is clear that the case cannot be
resolved<02:37:39.760><c> with</c><02:37:39.920><c> the</c><02:37:40.160><c> evidence</c><02:37:40.560><c> currently</c>

02:36:13.750 --> 02:36:13.760 align:start position:0%
resolved with the evidence currently
 

02:36:13.760 --> 02:36:16.630 align:start position:0%
resolved with the evidence currently
before<02:37:41.280><c> the</c><02:37:41.520><c> court</c><02:37:42.399><c> and</c><02:37:42.560><c> so</c><02:37:42.800><c> the</c><02:37:43.040><c> file</c><02:37:43.359><c> is</c><02:37:43.600><c> left</c>

02:36:16.630 --> 02:36:16.640 align:start position:0%
before the court and so the file is left
 

02:36:16.640 --> 02:36:19.670 align:start position:0%
before the court and so the file is left
open<02:37:44.479><c> pending</c><02:37:44.880><c> the</c><02:37:45.040><c> arrival</c><02:37:45.439><c> of</c><02:37:45.680><c> testimony.</c>

02:36:19.670 --> 02:36:19.680 align:start position:0%
open pending the arrival of testimony.
 

02:36:19.680 --> 02:36:24.853 align:start position:0%
open pending the arrival of testimony.
Only<02:37:47.120><c> the</c><02:37:47.439><c> universe</c><02:37:48.319><c> can</c><02:37:48.640><c> provide.</c>

02:36:24.853 --> 02:36:24.863 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:36:24.863 --> 02:36:34.024 align:start position:0%
 
&gt;&gt; [music]

02:36:34.024 --> 02:36:34.034 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:36:34.034 --> 02:36:36.054 align:start position:0%
 
[music]