WEBVTT

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Nuclear<00:00:01.360><c> war,</c><00:00:02.159><c> outofcontrol</c><00:00:02.960><c> artificial</c>

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Nuclear war, outofcontrol artificial
 

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Nuclear war, outofcontrol artificial
intelligence,<00:00:04.560><c> planet</c><00:00:05.040><c> decimating</c>

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intelligence, planet decimating
 

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intelligence, planet decimating
pandemics,<00:00:06.480><c> asteroid</c><00:00:07.040><c> strikes,</c>

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pandemics, asteroid strikes,
 

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pandemics, asteroid strikes,
superpowered<00:00:08.800><c> gammaray</c><00:00:09.519><c> bursts.</c><00:00:10.719><c> There</c><00:00:10.880><c> are</c>

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superpowered gammaray bursts. There are
 

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superpowered gammaray bursts. There are
many<00:00:11.280><c> ways</c><00:00:11.679><c> humanity</c><00:00:12.400><c> could</c><00:00:12.639><c> meet</c><00:00:12.800><c> its</c><00:00:13.120><c> end,</c>

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many ways humanity could meet its end,
 

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many ways humanity could meet its end,
and<00:00:14.400><c> philosopher</c><00:00:15.040><c> Nick</c><00:00:15.360><c> Bostonramm</c><00:00:16.240><c> has</c><00:00:16.480><c> been</c>

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and philosopher Nick Bostonramm has been
 

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and philosopher Nick Bostonramm has been
trying<00:00:16.880><c> to</c><00:00:17.039><c> list</c><00:00:17.359><c> them</c><00:00:17.600><c> all.</c>

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trying to list them all.
 

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trying to list them all.
Bostonramm<00:00:19.680><c> spends</c><00:00:19.920><c> most</c><00:00:20.160><c> nights</c><00:00:20.480><c> alone</c><00:00:20.800><c> in</c>

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Bostonramm spends most nights alone in
 

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Bostonramm spends most nights alone in
his<00:00:21.279><c> office,</c><00:00:21.920><c> working</c><00:00:22.320><c> obsessively</c><00:00:22.960><c> until</c>

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his office, working obsessively until
 

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his office, working obsessively until
the<00:00:23.439><c> early</c><00:00:23.680><c> morning.</c><00:00:24.400><c> When</c><00:00:24.560><c> he</c><00:00:24.720><c> does</c><00:00:24.960><c> sleep,</c>

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the early morning. When he does sleep,
 

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the early morning. When he does sleep,
he<00:00:25.359><c> uses</c><00:00:25.600><c> a</c><00:00:25.840><c> bed</c><00:00:26.080><c> near</c><00:00:26.320><c> his</c><00:00:26.560><c> desk.</c><00:00:27.279><c> He</c><00:00:27.439><c> almost</c>

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he uses a bed near his desk. He almost
 

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he uses a bed near his desk. He almost
always<00:00:28.320><c> seems</c><00:00:28.720><c> concerned</c><00:00:29.840><c> and</c><00:00:30.080><c> maybe</c><00:00:30.640><c> with</c>

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always seems concerned and maybe with
 

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always seems concerned and maybe with
good<00:00:31.119><c> reason,</c><00:00:32.399><c> for</c><00:00:32.559><c> he</c><00:00:32.800><c> has</c><00:00:32.960><c> found</c><00:00:33.440><c> one</c>

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good reason, for he has found one
 

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good reason, for he has found one
particular<00:00:34.239><c> threat</c><00:00:34.559><c> to</c><00:00:34.880><c> humanity</c><00:00:35.840><c> that</c><00:00:36.079><c> is</c>

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particular threat to humanity that is
 

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particular threat to humanity that is
seemingly<00:00:37.360><c> unavoidable.</c>

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In<00:00:43.120><c> 2003,</c><00:00:44.160><c> Bostonramm</c><00:00:44.719><c> wrote</c><00:00:44.879><c> a</c><00:00:45.040><c> provocative</c>

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In 2003, Bostonramm wrote a provocative
 

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In 2003, Bostonramm wrote a provocative
paper<00:00:45.920><c> with</c><00:00:46.160><c> a</c><00:00:46.399><c> potentially</c><00:00:46.879><c> dire</c><00:00:47.360><c> outlook</c>

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paper with a potentially dire outlook
 

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paper with a potentially dire outlook
for<00:00:47.920><c> the</c><00:00:48.160><c> human</c><00:00:48.399><c> race</c><00:00:49.039><c> that</c><00:00:49.280><c> stated</c><00:00:49.600><c> that</c>

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for the human race that stated that
 

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for the human race that stated that
either<00:00:50.160><c> we</c><00:00:50.320><c> all</c><00:00:50.559><c> live</c><00:00:50.719><c> in</c><00:00:50.879><c> a</c><00:00:51.039><c> simulation</c><00:00:52.399><c> or</c>

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either we all live in a simulation or
 

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either we all live in a simulation or
we're<00:00:53.440><c> all</c><00:00:53.680><c> doomed.</c><00:00:55.039><c> The</c><00:00:55.280><c> argument</c><00:00:56.320><c> goes</c><00:00:56.640><c> like</c>

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we're all doomed. The argument goes like
 

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we're all doomed. The argument goes like
this.

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this.
 

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this.
To<00:00:58.800><c> begin</c><00:00:58.960><c> with,</c><00:00:59.280><c> assume</c><00:00:59.680><c> that</c><00:00:59.920><c> intelligence</c>

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To begin with, assume that intelligence
 

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To begin with, assume that intelligence
and<00:01:00.719><c> consciousness</c><00:01:01.440><c> don't</c><00:01:01.760><c> require</c><00:01:02.160><c> a</c>

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and consciousness don't require a
 

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and consciousness don't require a
biological<00:01:03.120><c> brain.</c><00:01:03.760><c> That</c><00:01:04.000><c> it</c><00:01:04.159><c> might</c><00:01:04.320><c> be</c>

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biological brain. That it might be
 

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biological brain. That it might be
possible<00:01:04.799><c> to</c><00:01:04.960><c> create</c><00:01:05.199><c> a</c><00:01:05.439><c> machine</c>

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possible to create a machine
 

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possible to create a machine
intelligence<00:01:06.320><c> with</c><00:01:06.560><c> hardware</c><00:01:07.040><c> and</c><00:01:07.280><c> silicon</c>

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intelligence with hardware and silicon
 

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intelligence with hardware and silicon
rather<00:01:08.240><c> than</c><00:01:08.479><c> neurons</c><00:01:09.040><c> and</c><00:01:09.280><c> sodium</c><00:01:09.840><c> ions.</c>

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rather than neurons and sodium ions.
 

01:10.560 --> 01:13.109 align:start position:0%
rather than neurons and sodium ions.
Assume<00:01:11.280><c> also</c><00:01:11.600><c> that</c><00:01:11.840><c> as</c><00:01:12.000><c> time</c><00:01:12.240><c> goes</c><00:01:12.479><c> on,</c><00:01:12.880><c> our</c>

01:13.109 --> 01:13.119 align:start position:0%
Assume also that as time goes on, our
 

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Assume also that as time goes on, our
computing<00:01:13.600><c> prowess</c><00:01:14.080><c> grows</c><00:01:14.400><c> ever</c><00:01:14.640><c> more</c>

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computing prowess grows ever more
 

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computing prowess grows ever more
sophisticated<00:01:15.920><c> and</c><00:01:16.080><c> that</c><00:01:16.320><c> someday,</c><00:01:17.040><c> far</c><00:01:17.360><c> into</c>

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sophisticated and that someday, far into
 

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sophisticated and that someday, far into
the<00:01:17.840><c> future,</c><00:01:18.320><c> we</c><00:01:18.560><c> could</c><00:01:18.799><c> build</c><00:01:18.960><c> a</c><00:01:19.200><c> computer</c><00:01:19.680><c> so</c>

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the future, we could build a computer so
 

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the future, we could build a computer so
powerful<00:01:20.640><c> that</c><00:01:20.880><c> it</c><00:01:21.119><c> is</c><00:01:21.280><c> capable</c><00:01:21.680><c> of</c>

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powerful that it is capable of
 

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powerful that it is capable of
simulating<00:01:22.640><c> the</c><00:01:22.960><c> entire</c><00:01:23.520><c> universe</c><00:01:24.560><c> up</c><00:01:24.799><c> to</c><00:01:24.960><c> and</c>

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simulating the entire universe up to and
 

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simulating the entire universe up to and
including<00:01:25.759><c> the</c><00:01:26.000><c> appearance</c><00:01:26.400><c> of</c><00:01:26.640><c> digital</c>

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including the appearance of digital
 

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including the appearance of digital
beings<00:01:27.759><c> that</c><00:01:28.000><c> are</c><00:01:28.159><c> fully</c><00:01:28.479><c> conscious,</c>

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beings that are fully conscious,
 

01:29.200 --> 01:30.630 align:start position:0%
beings that are fully conscious,
curious,<00:01:29.840><c> and</c><00:01:30.000><c> aware</c><00:01:30.320><c> of</c><00:01:30.479><c> their</c>

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curious, and aware of their
 

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curious, and aware of their
surroundings,<00:01:31.439><c> but</c><00:01:31.840><c> completely</c><00:01:32.320><c> unaware</c>

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surroundings, but completely unaware
 

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surroundings, but completely unaware
that<00:01:33.119><c> they</c><00:01:33.280><c> live</c><00:01:33.439><c> in</c><00:01:33.680><c> a</c><00:01:33.840><c> digital</c><00:01:34.320><c> recreation.</c>

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that they live in a digital recreation.
 

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that they live in a digital recreation.
How<00:01:35.840><c> many</c><00:01:36.079><c> digital</c><00:01:36.560><c> beings</c><00:01:36.960><c> would</c><00:01:37.280><c> exist?</c><00:01:38.400><c> The</c>

01:38.630 --> 01:38.640 align:start position:0%
How many digital beings would exist? The
 

01:38.640 --> 01:41.190 align:start position:0%
How many digital beings would exist? The
number<00:01:38.880><c> could</c><00:01:39.200><c> be</c><00:01:39.600><c> enormous.</c>

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number could be enormous.
 

01:41.200 --> 01:42.870 align:start position:0%
number could be enormous.
Today,<00:01:41.680><c> there</c><00:01:41.840><c> are</c><00:01:42.000><c> roughly</c><00:01:42.240><c> 8</c><00:01:42.479><c> billion</c>

01:42.870 --> 01:42.880 align:start position:0%
Today, there are roughly 8 billion
 

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Today, there are roughly 8 billion
people<00:01:43.119><c> on</c><00:01:43.439><c> Earth,</c><00:01:43.920><c> which</c><00:01:44.159><c> represents</c>

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people on Earth, which represents
 

01:44.720 --> 01:46.870 align:start position:0%
people on Earth, which represents
roughly<00:01:45.119><c> 7%</c><00:01:45.759><c> of</c><00:01:45.920><c> all</c><00:01:46.079><c> the</c><00:01:46.240><c> humans</c><00:01:46.479><c> that</c><00:01:46.640><c> have</c>

01:46.870 --> 01:46.880 align:start position:0%
roughly 7% of all the humans that have
 

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roughly 7% of all the humans that have
ever<00:01:47.040><c> lived</c><00:01:47.280><c> since</c><00:01:47.520><c> we</c><00:01:47.759><c> first</c><00:01:48.000><c> arose</c><00:01:48.320><c> to</c>

01:48.550 --> 01:48.560 align:start position:0%
ever lived since we first arose to
 

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ever lived since we first arose to
consciousness<00:01:49.200><c> 200,000</c><00:01:50.159><c> years</c><00:01:50.399><c> ago.</c><00:01:51.200><c> But</c>

01:51.350 --> 01:51.360 align:start position:0%
consciousness 200,000 years ago. But
 

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consciousness 200,000 years ago. But
compare<00:01:51.680><c> that</c><00:01:52.159><c> to</c><00:01:52.399><c> the</c><00:01:52.560><c> trillions</c><00:01:53.040><c> upon</c>

01:53.510 --> 01:53.520 align:start position:0%
compare that to the trillions upon
 

01:53.520 --> 01:55.910 align:start position:0%
compare that to the trillions upon
trillions<00:01:54.079><c> of</c><00:01:54.320><c> digital</c><00:01:54.880><c> creations</c><00:01:55.439><c> that</c><00:01:55.680><c> we</c>

01:55.910 --> 01:55.920 align:start position:0%
trillions of digital creations that we
 

01:55.920 --> 01:58.950 align:start position:0%
trillions of digital creations that we
have<00:01:56.079><c> made</c><00:01:56.240><c> in</c><00:01:56.479><c> only</c><00:01:56.960><c> half</c><00:01:57.200><c> a</c><00:01:57.439><c> century.</c><00:01:58.560><c> And</c><00:01:58.719><c> so</c>

01:58.950 --> 01:58.960 align:start position:0%
have made in only half a century. And so
 

01:58.960 --> 02:00.789 align:start position:0%
have made in only half a century. And so
once<00:01:59.280><c> some</c><00:01:59.520><c> intelligent</c><00:02:00.000><c> species</c><00:02:00.479><c> somewhere</c>

02:00.789 --> 02:00.799 align:start position:0%
once some intelligent species somewhere
 

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once some intelligent species somewhere
in<00:02:00.960><c> the</c><00:02:01.119><c> universe,</c><00:02:01.600><c> whether</c><00:02:01.920><c> us</c><00:02:02.079><c> or</c><00:02:02.320><c> somebody</c>

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in the universe, whether us or somebody
 

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in the universe, whether us or somebody
else,<00:02:03.200><c> successfully</c><00:02:03.920><c> builds</c><00:02:04.240><c> a</c><00:02:04.479><c> digital</c>

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else, successfully builds a digital
 

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else, successfully builds a digital
recreation<00:02:05.360><c> of</c><00:02:05.520><c> the</c><00:02:05.680><c> cosmos,</c>

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recreation of the cosmos,
 

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recreation of the cosmos,
argues<00:02:07.840><c> there's</c><00:02:08.160><c> no</c><00:02:08.319><c> turning</c><00:02:08.720><c> back.</c><00:02:09.840><c> The</c>

02:10.070 --> 02:10.080 align:start position:0%
argues there's no turning back. The
 

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argues there's no turning back. The
number<00:02:10.239><c> of</c><00:02:10.399><c> simulated</c><00:02:11.039><c> conscious</c><00:02:11.440><c> beings</c>

02:11.830 --> 02:11.840 align:start position:0%
number of simulated conscious beings
 

02:11.840 --> 02:13.589 align:start position:0%
number of simulated conscious beings
will<00:02:12.080><c> inevitably</c><00:02:12.640><c> dwarf</c><00:02:13.040><c> the</c><00:02:13.280><c> number</c><00:02:13.440><c> of</c>

02:13.589 --> 02:13.599 align:start position:0%
will inevitably dwarf the number of
 

02:13.599 --> 02:16.470 align:start position:0%
will inevitably dwarf the number of
organic<00:02:14.160><c> brains.</c><00:02:15.280><c> And</c><00:02:15.520><c> by</c><00:02:15.680><c> sheer</c><00:02:16.080><c> weight</c><00:02:16.319><c> of</c>

02:16.470 --> 02:16.480 align:start position:0%
organic brains. And by sheer weight of
 

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organic brains. And by sheer weight of
numbers,<00:02:17.120><c> the</c><00:02:17.440><c> chances</c><00:02:17.760><c> that</c><00:02:18.000><c> we</c><00:02:18.400><c> are</c><00:02:18.480><c> a</c>

02:18.630 --> 02:18.640 align:start position:0%
numbers, the chances that we are a
 

02:18.640 --> 02:27.510 align:start position:0%
numbers, the chances that we are a
simulation<00:02:19.520><c> become</c><00:02:19.840><c> nearly</c><00:02:20.160><c> a</c><00:02:20.319><c> certainty.</c>

02:27.510 --> 02:27.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:27.520 --> 02:29.430 align:start position:0%
 
If<00:02:27.680><c> it's</c><00:02:27.920><c> possible</c><00:02:28.400><c> to</c><00:02:28.720><c> simulate</c><00:02:29.120><c> the</c>

02:29.430 --> 02:29.440 align:start position:0%
If it's possible to simulate the
 

02:29.440 --> 02:32.309 align:start position:0%
If it's possible to simulate the
universe,<00:02:30.400><c> the</c><00:02:30.560><c> odds</c><00:02:31.040><c> say</c><00:02:31.280><c> that</c><00:02:31.440><c> we</c><00:02:31.680><c> should</c><00:02:31.840><c> be</c>

02:32.309 --> 02:32.319 align:start position:0%
universe, the odds say that we should be
 

02:32.319 --> 02:34.630 align:start position:0%
universe, the odds say that we should be
living<00:02:32.560><c> in</c><00:02:32.720><c> a</c><00:02:32.959><c> simulation.</c>

02:34.630 --> 02:34.640 align:start position:0%
living in a simulation.
 

02:34.640 --> 02:36.390 align:start position:0%
living in a simulation.
That<00:02:34.879><c> is,</c><00:02:35.280><c> unless</c><00:02:35.680><c> there's</c><00:02:36.080><c> something</c>

02:36.390 --> 02:36.400 align:start position:0%
That is, unless there's something
 

02:36.400 --> 02:39.270 align:start position:0%
That is, unless there's something
preventing<00:02:37.200><c> the</c><00:02:37.440><c> appearance</c><00:02:38.160><c> of</c><00:02:38.480><c> simulated</c>

02:39.270 --> 02:39.280 align:start position:0%
preventing the appearance of simulated
 

02:39.280 --> 02:42.229 align:start position:0%
preventing the appearance of simulated
beings.

02:42.229 --> 02:42.239 align:start position:0%
beings.
 

02:42.239 --> 02:43.910 align:start position:0%
beings.
Boston<00:02:42.800><c> argued</c><00:02:43.120><c> that</c><00:02:43.280><c> there</c><00:02:43.440><c> was</c><00:02:43.599><c> another</c>

02:43.910 --> 02:43.920 align:start position:0%
Boston argued that there was another
 

02:43.920 --> 02:46.390 align:start position:0%
Boston argued that there was another
possibility,<00:02:44.879><c> a</c><00:02:45.120><c> way</c><00:02:45.280><c> out</c><00:02:45.519><c> of</c><00:02:45.680><c> the</c><00:02:45.840><c> inevitable</c>

02:46.390 --> 02:46.400 align:start position:0%
possibility, a way out of the inevitable
 

02:46.400 --> 02:48.390 align:start position:0%
possibility, a way out of the inevitable
conclusion<00:02:46.879><c> that</c><00:02:47.120><c> we</c><00:02:47.360><c> almost</c><00:02:47.680><c> certainly</c><00:02:48.160><c> live</c>

02:48.390 --> 02:48.400 align:start position:0%
conclusion that we almost certainly live
 

02:48.400 --> 02:50.390 align:start position:0%
conclusion that we almost certainly live
in<00:02:48.560><c> a</c><00:02:48.720><c> simulation.</c>

02:50.390 --> 02:50.400 align:start position:0%
in a simulation.
 

02:50.400 --> 02:52.070 align:start position:0%
in a simulation.
It<00:02:50.640><c> could</c><00:02:50.800><c> be</c><00:02:51.040><c> impossible</c><00:02:51.599><c> to</c><00:02:51.760><c> build</c>

02:52.070 --> 02:52.080 align:start position:0%
It could be impossible to build
 

02:52.080 --> 02:54.150 align:start position:0%
It could be impossible to build
simulated<00:02:52.640><c> universes</c><00:02:53.280><c> with</c><00:02:53.599><c> simulated</c>

02:54.150 --> 02:54.160 align:start position:0%
simulated universes with simulated
 

02:54.160 --> 02:57.190 align:start position:0%
simulated universes with simulated
brains<00:02:55.120><c> because</c><00:02:55.440><c> no</c><00:02:55.760><c> civilization</c><00:02:56.800><c> becomes</c>

02:57.190 --> 02:57.200 align:start position:0%
brains because no civilization becomes
 

02:57.200 --> 03:00.309 align:start position:0%
brains because no civilization becomes
advanced<00:02:57.680><c> enough</c><00:02:58.000><c> to</c><00:02:58.319><c> accomplish</c><00:02:58.800><c> it.</c><00:03:00.080><c> That</c>

03:00.309 --> 03:00.319 align:start position:0%
advanced enough to accomplish it. That
 

03:00.319 --> 03:02.309 align:start position:0%
advanced enough to accomplish it. That
all<00:03:00.640><c> intelligent</c><00:03:01.280><c> species</c><00:03:01.920><c> reduce</c>

03:02.309 --> 03:02.319 align:start position:0%
all intelligent species reduce
 

03:02.319 --> 03:04.470 align:start position:0%
all intelligent species reduce
themselves<00:03:02.720><c> to</c><00:03:02.959><c> ashes</c><00:03:03.680><c> once</c><00:03:03.920><c> they</c><00:03:04.159><c> harness</c>

03:04.470 --> 03:04.480 align:start position:0%
themselves to ashes once they harness
 

03:04.480 --> 03:06.710 align:start position:0%
themselves to ashes once they harness
the<00:03:04.720><c> energies</c><00:03:05.120><c> and</c><00:03:05.280><c> technologies</c><00:03:05.920><c> capable</c><00:03:06.480><c> of</c>

03:06.710 --> 03:06.720 align:start position:0%
the energies and technologies capable of
 

03:06.720 --> 03:09.910 align:start position:0%
the energies and technologies capable of
such<00:03:06.959><c> a</c><00:03:07.120><c> feat.</c><00:03:08.400><c> In</c><00:03:08.560><c> other</c><00:03:08.800><c> words,</c><00:03:09.360><c> we</c><00:03:09.599><c> can</c><00:03:09.680><c> rest</c>

03:09.910 --> 03:09.920 align:start position:0%
such a feat. In other words, we can rest
 

03:09.920 --> 03:11.830 align:start position:0%
such a feat. In other words, we can rest
assured<00:03:10.400><c> that</c><00:03:10.640><c> we</c><00:03:10.879><c> are</c><00:03:11.040><c> definitely</c><00:03:11.519><c> not</c>

03:11.830 --> 03:11.840 align:start position:0%
assured that we are definitely not
 

03:11.840 --> 03:15.030 align:start position:0%
assured that we are definitely not
simulated<00:03:12.800><c> if</c><00:03:13.280><c> the</c><00:03:13.519><c> end</c><00:03:13.680><c> of</c><00:03:13.840><c> our</c><00:03:14.080><c> species</c><00:03:14.720><c> is</c>

03:15.030 --> 03:15.040 align:start position:0%
simulated if the end of our species is
 

03:15.040 --> 03:17.589 align:start position:0%
simulated if the end of our species is
right<00:03:15.280><c> around</c><00:03:15.519><c> the</c><00:03:15.760><c> corner.</c><00:03:16.879><c> And</c><00:03:17.040><c> so</c><00:03:17.280><c> if</c><00:03:17.440><c> we</c>

03:17.589 --> 03:17.599 align:start position:0%
right around the corner. And so if we
 

03:17.599 --> 03:19.750 align:start position:0%
right around the corner. And so if we
could<00:03:17.840><c> conclusively</c><00:03:18.640><c> determine</c><00:03:19.200><c> whether</c><00:03:19.519><c> or</c>

03:19.750 --> 03:19.760 align:start position:0%
could conclusively determine whether or
 

03:19.760 --> 03:22.229 align:start position:0%
could conclusively determine whether or
not<00:03:19.920><c> we</c><00:03:20.159><c> live</c><00:03:20.319><c> in</c><00:03:20.480><c> a</c><00:03:20.720><c> simulation,</c><00:03:21.760><c> then</c><00:03:22.000><c> we</c>

03:22.229 --> 03:22.239 align:start position:0%
not we live in a simulation, then we
 

03:22.239 --> 03:24.710 align:start position:0%
not we live in a simulation, then we
could<00:03:22.400><c> know</c><00:03:22.800><c> what</c><00:03:23.120><c> fate</c><00:03:23.519><c> is</c><00:03:23.680><c> in</c><00:03:23.920><c> store</c><00:03:24.319><c> for</c>

03:24.710 --> 03:24.720 align:start position:0%
could know what fate is in store for
 

03:24.720 --> 03:26.309 align:start position:0%
could know what fate is in store for
humanity.

03:26.309 --> 03:26.319 align:start position:0%
humanity.
 

03:26.319 --> 03:29.190 align:start position:0%
humanity.
But<00:03:26.560><c> how</c><00:03:27.120><c> could</c><00:03:27.360><c> we</c><00:03:27.519><c> do</c><00:03:27.760><c> this?</c><00:03:28.560><c> Is</c><00:03:28.800><c> there</c><00:03:28.959><c> a</c><00:03:29.120><c> way</c>

03:29.190 --> 03:29.200 align:start position:0%
But how could we do this? Is there a way
 

03:29.200 --> 03:30.949 align:start position:0%
But how could we do this? Is there a way
to<00:03:29.440><c> figure</c><00:03:29.680><c> out</c><00:03:30.000><c> whether</c><00:03:30.319><c> we</c><00:03:30.480><c> live</c><00:03:30.560><c> in</c><00:03:30.720><c> a</c>

03:30.949 --> 03:30.959 align:start position:0%
to figure out whether we live in a
 

03:30.959 --> 03:35.030 align:start position:0%
to figure out whether we live in a
simulation<00:03:31.760><c> or</c><00:03:32.080><c> not?</c><00:03:33.519><c> Is</c><00:03:33.760><c> there</c><00:03:33.920><c> a</c><00:03:34.159><c> way</c><00:03:34.720><c> to</c>

03:35.030 --> 03:35.040 align:start position:0%
simulation or not? Is there a way to
 

03:35.040 --> 03:47.910 align:start position:0%
simulation or not? Is there a way to
save<00:03:35.360><c> the</c><00:03:35.599><c> human</c><00:03:35.920><c> race?</c>

03:38.865 --> 03:44.135 align:start position:0%
for supporting educational content on
YouTube.

03:44.135 --> 03:44.145 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:44.145 --> 03:46.535 align:start position:0%
 
How<00:05:05.520><c> much</c><00:05:05.840><c> information</c><00:05:06.560><c> would</c><00:05:06.800><c> you</c><00:05:06.960><c> need</c><00:05:07.440><c> to</c>

03:46.535 --> 03:46.545 align:start position:0%
How much information would you need to
 

03:46.545 --> 03:50.855 align:start position:0%
How much information would you need to
simulate<00:05:08.560><c> the</c><00:05:08.880><c> entire</c><00:05:09.360><c> universe?</c>

03:50.855 --> 03:50.865 align:start position:0%
simulate the entire universe?
 

03:50.865 --> 03:53.334 align:start position:0%
simulate the entire universe?
The<00:05:12.240><c> summit</c><00:05:12.560><c> of</c><00:05:12.800><c> Sero</c><00:05:13.199><c> Pachchon</c><00:05:13.759><c> in</c><00:05:14.000><c> the</c><00:05:14.160><c> dry</c>

03:53.334 --> 03:53.344 align:start position:0%
The summit of Sero Pachchon in the dry
 

03:53.344 --> 03:55.334 align:start position:0%
The summit of Sero Pachchon in the dry
high<00:05:14.720><c> altitude</c><00:05:15.199><c> Kimbo</c><00:05:15.759><c> region</c><00:05:16.000><c> of</c><00:05:16.160><c> northern</c>

03:55.334 --> 03:55.344 align:start position:0%
high altitude Kimbo region of northern
 

03:55.344 --> 03:58.935 align:start position:0%
high altitude Kimbo region of northern
Chile<00:05:17.120><c> is</c><00:05:17.360><c> a</c><00:05:17.600><c> lonely</c><00:05:18.000><c> place.</c><00:05:19.360><c> It's</c><00:05:19.600><c> surrounded</c>

03:58.935 --> 03:58.945 align:start position:0%
Chile is a lonely place. It's surrounded
 

03:58.945 --> 04:01.415 align:start position:0%
Chile is a lonely place. It's surrounded
by<00:05:20.240><c> a</c><00:05:20.400><c> vast</c><00:05:20.880><c> desert</c><00:05:21.520><c> with</c><00:05:21.759><c> what</c><00:05:22.000><c> little</c><00:05:22.240><c> scrub</c>

04:01.415 --> 04:01.425 align:start position:0%
by a vast desert with what little scrub
 

04:01.425 --> 04:03.095 align:start position:0%
by a vast desert with what little scrub
and<00:05:22.720><c> succulents</c><00:05:23.280><c> there</c><00:05:23.440><c> are</c><00:05:23.759><c> largely</c>

04:03.095 --> 04:03.105 align:start position:0%
and succulents there are largely
 

04:03.105 --> 04:05.015 align:start position:0%
and succulents there are largely
supported<00:05:24.639><c> by</c><00:05:24.880><c> occasional</c><00:05:25.360><c> mists</c><00:05:25.759><c> that</c><00:05:25.919><c> blow</c>

04:05.015 --> 04:05.025 align:start position:0%
supported by occasional mists that blow
 

04:05.025 --> 04:07.494 align:start position:0%
supported by occasional mists that blow
in<00:05:26.320><c> from</c><00:05:26.479><c> the</c><00:05:26.720><c> coast.</c><00:05:27.680><c> Some</c><00:05:28.000><c> animals</c><00:05:28.400><c> make</c><00:05:28.560><c> a</c>

04:07.494 --> 04:07.504 align:start position:0%
in from the coast. Some animals make a
 

04:07.504 --> 04:09.815 align:start position:0%
in from the coast. Some animals make a
meager<00:05:29.039><c> living</c><00:05:29.199><c> here,</c><00:05:29.600><c> hunted</c><00:05:30.000><c> by</c><00:05:30.160><c> foxes</c><00:05:30.720><c> and</c>

04:09.815 --> 04:09.825 align:start position:0%
meager living here, hunted by foxes and
 

04:09.825 --> 04:13.815 align:start position:0%
meager living here, hunted by foxes and
migratory<00:05:31.600><c> birds.</c><00:05:32.880><c> And</c><00:05:33.120><c> yet,</c><00:05:33.919><c> this</c><00:05:34.240><c> isolated</c>

04:13.815 --> 04:13.825 align:start position:0%
migratory birds. And yet, this isolated
 

04:13.825 --> 04:15.975 align:start position:0%
migratory birds. And yet, this isolated
mountain<00:05:35.440><c> serves</c><00:05:35.840><c> as</c><00:05:36.080><c> humanity's</c><00:05:36.720><c> focal</c>

04:15.975 --> 04:15.985 align:start position:0%
mountain serves as humanity's focal
 

04:15.985 --> 04:18.695 align:start position:0%
mountain serves as humanity's focal
point<00:05:37.759><c> in</c><00:05:38.000><c> its</c><00:05:38.240><c> attempts</c><00:05:38.880><c> to</c><00:05:39.120><c> peer</c><00:05:39.440><c> into</c><00:05:39.680><c> the</c>

04:18.695 --> 04:18.705 align:start position:0%
point in its attempts to peer into the
 

04:18.705 --> 04:24.295 align:start position:0%
point in its attempts to peer into the
cosmos.

04:24.295 --> 04:24.305 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:24.305 --> 04:26.935 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:05:45.600><c> Vera</c><00:05:46.080><c> C.</c><00:05:46.240><c> Rubin</c><00:05:46.639><c> Observatory</c><00:05:47.440><c> is</c><00:05:47.680><c> not</c><00:05:47.840><c> a</c>

04:26.935 --> 04:26.945 align:start position:0%
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is not a
 

04:26.945 --> 04:29.975 align:start position:0%
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is not a
normal<00:05:48.479><c> telescope.</c><00:05:49.680><c> At</c><00:05:49.919><c> its</c><00:05:50.160><c> heart</c><00:05:50.639><c> sits</c><00:05:50.960><c> a</c>

04:29.975 --> 04:29.985 align:start position:0%
normal telescope. At its heart sits a
 

04:29.985 --> 04:32.375 align:start position:0%
normal telescope. At its heart sits a
digital<00:05:51.520><c> camera</c><00:05:51.840><c> the</c><00:05:52.160><c> size</c><00:05:52.320><c> of</c><00:05:52.479><c> a</c><00:05:52.639><c> car</c><00:05:53.039><c> with</c><00:05:53.280><c> a</c>

04:32.375 --> 04:32.385 align:start position:0%
digital camera the size of a car with a
 

04:32.385 --> 04:35.655 align:start position:0%
digital camera the size of a car with a
resolution<00:05:53.919><c> of</c><00:05:54.240><c> 3,200</c><00:05:55.280><c> megapixels.</c><00:05:56.560><c> And</c>

04:35.655 --> 04:35.665 align:start position:0%
resolution of 3,200 megapixels. And
 

04:35.665 --> 04:38.054 align:start position:0%
resolution of 3,200 megapixels. And
every<00:05:57.120><c> single</c><00:05:57.440><c> night,</c><00:05:57.919><c> the</c><00:05:58.160><c> telescope</c><00:05:58.720><c> scans</c>

04:38.054 --> 04:38.064 align:start position:0%
every single night, the telescope scans
 

04:38.064 --> 04:40.535 align:start position:0%
every single night, the telescope scans
nearly<00:05:59.520><c> the</c><00:05:59.759><c> entire</c><00:06:00.240><c> southern</c><00:06:00.720><c> sky,</c>

04:40.535 --> 04:40.545 align:start position:0%
nearly the entire southern sky,
 

04:40.545 --> 04:43.655 align:start position:0%
nearly the entire southern sky,
producing<00:06:02.160><c> roughly</c><00:06:02.720><c> 20</c><00:06:03.039><c> terabytes</c><00:06:03.680><c> of</c><00:06:03.840><c> data.</c>

04:43.655 --> 04:43.665 align:start position:0%
producing roughly 20 terabytes of data.
 

04:43.665 --> 04:45.494 align:start position:0%
producing roughly 20 terabytes of data.
This<00:06:04.960><c> is</c><00:06:05.120><c> so</c><00:06:05.360><c> much</c><00:06:05.600><c> that</c><00:06:05.840><c> astronomers</c><00:06:06.400><c> had</c><00:06:06.560><c> to</c>

04:45.494 --> 04:45.504 align:start position:0%
This is so much that astronomers had to
 

04:45.504 --> 04:47.494 align:start position:0%
This is so much that astronomers had to
build<00:06:06.800><c> an</c><00:06:07.039><c> entire</c><00:06:07.520><c> dedicated</c><00:06:08.160><c> digital</c>

04:47.494 --> 04:47.504 align:start position:0%
build an entire dedicated digital
 

04:47.504 --> 04:49.334 align:start position:0%
build an entire dedicated digital
infrastructure<00:06:09.280><c> to</c><00:06:09.520><c> pipe</c><00:06:09.840><c> the</c><00:06:10.000><c> data</c><00:06:10.240><c> down</c>

04:49.334 --> 04:49.344 align:start position:0%
infrastructure to pipe the data down
 

04:49.344 --> 04:51.095 align:start position:0%
infrastructure to pipe the data down
from<00:06:10.720><c> the</c><00:06:10.880><c> mountaintop</c><00:06:11.440><c> to</c><00:06:11.600><c> a</c><00:06:11.840><c> processing</c>

04:51.095 --> 04:51.105 align:start position:0%
from the mountaintop to a processing
 

04:51.105 --> 04:53.735 align:start position:0%
from the mountaintop to a processing
facility<00:06:12.639><c> in</c><00:06:12.880><c> Lasserena,</c><00:06:13.680><c> almost</c><00:06:14.000><c> 100</c><00:06:14.319><c> km</c>

04:53.735 --> 04:53.745 align:start position:0%
facility in Lasserena, almost 100 km
 

04:53.745 --> 04:56.535 align:start position:0%
facility in Lasserena, almost 100 km
away.<00:06:15.680><c> Indeed,</c><00:06:16.160><c> during</c><00:06:16.400><c> its</c><00:06:16.720><c> planned</c><00:06:17.120><c> 10-year</c>

04:56.535 --> 04:56.545 align:start position:0%
away. Indeed, during its planned 10-year
 

04:56.545 --> 04:58.774 align:start position:0%
away. Indeed, during its planned 10-year
mission,<00:06:18.240><c> it</c><00:06:18.400><c> will</c><00:06:18.560><c> accumulate</c><00:06:19.120><c> a</c><00:06:19.360><c> total</c><00:06:19.600><c> of</c>

04:58.774 --> 04:58.784 align:start position:0%
mission, it will accumulate a total of
 

04:58.784 --> 05:02.135 align:start position:0%
mission, it will accumulate a total of
500<00:06:20.560><c> pabytes</c><00:06:21.199><c> of</c><00:06:21.360><c> data,</c><00:06:22.160><c> equivalent</c><00:06:22.720><c> to</c><00:06:22.960><c> every</c>

05:02.135 --> 05:02.145 align:start position:0%
500 pabytes of data, equivalent to every
 

05:02.145 --> 05:04.215 align:start position:0%
500 pabytes of data, equivalent to every
single<00:06:23.680><c> thing</c><00:06:24.160><c> written</c><00:06:24.479><c> by</c><00:06:24.720><c> every</c><00:06:24.960><c> single</c>

05:04.215 --> 05:04.225 align:start position:0%
single thing written by every single
 

05:04.225 --> 05:07.015 align:start position:0%
single thing written by every single
human<00:06:26.000><c> in</c><00:06:26.240><c> all</c><00:06:26.479><c> of</c><00:06:26.639><c> history.</c><00:06:27.520><c> It</c><00:06:27.759><c> will</c><00:06:27.919><c> map</c>

05:07.015 --> 05:07.025 align:start position:0%
human in all of history. It will map
 

05:07.025 --> 05:09.975 align:start position:0%
human in all of history. It will map
over<00:06:28.720><c> 17</c><00:06:29.120><c> billion</c><00:06:29.600><c> stars</c><00:06:30.000><c> in</c><00:06:30.160><c> the</c><00:06:30.319><c> Milky</c><00:06:30.639><c> Way</c>

05:09.975 --> 05:09.985 align:start position:0%
over 17 billion stars in the Milky Way
 

05:09.985 --> 05:12.135 align:start position:0%
over 17 billion stars in the Milky Way
and<00:06:31.520><c> 20</c><00:06:31.759><c> billion</c><00:06:32.080><c> galaxies</c><00:06:32.560><c> in</c><00:06:32.720><c> the</c><00:06:32.960><c> local</c>

05:12.135 --> 05:12.145 align:start position:0%
and 20 billion galaxies in the local
 

05:12.145 --> 05:14.695 align:start position:0%
and 20 billion galaxies in the local
universe.<00:06:34.240><c> And</c><00:06:34.400><c> it</c><00:06:34.560><c> will</c><00:06:34.720><c> do</c><00:06:34.880><c> it</c><00:06:35.039><c> again</c><00:06:35.520><c> and</c>

05:14.695 --> 05:14.705 align:start position:0%
universe. And it will do it again and
 

05:14.705 --> 05:17.334 align:start position:0%
universe. And it will do it again and
again<00:06:36.240><c> and</c><00:06:36.560><c> again,</c><00:06:37.199><c> night</c><00:06:37.440><c> after</c><00:06:37.840><c> night,</c>

05:17.334 --> 05:17.344 align:start position:0%
again and again, night after night,
 

05:17.344 --> 05:20.295 align:start position:0%
again and again, night after night,
providing<00:06:38.960><c> an</c><00:06:39.199><c> unprecedented</c><00:06:40.080><c> time</c><00:06:40.400><c> lapse</c><00:06:41.199><c> of</c>

05:20.295 --> 05:20.305 align:start position:0%
providing an unprecedented time lapse of
 

05:20.305 --> 05:27.255 align:start position:0%
providing an unprecedented time lapse of
all<00:06:41.680><c> the</c><00:06:41.919><c> activity</c><00:06:42.319><c> in</c><00:06:42.479><c> the</c><00:06:42.639><c> heavens.</c>

05:27.255 --> 05:27.265 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:27.265 --> 05:29.815 align:start position:0%
 
However,<00:06:49.199><c> the</c><00:06:49.360><c> Vera</c><00:06:49.759><c> Rubin</c><00:06:50.160><c> Observatory</c><00:06:50.720><c> will</c>

05:29.815 --> 05:29.825 align:start position:0%
However, the Vera Rubin Observatory will
 

05:29.825 --> 05:32.614 align:start position:0%
However, the Vera Rubin Observatory will
barely<00:06:51.360><c> scratch</c><00:06:51.680><c> the</c><00:06:51.919><c> surface</c><00:06:52.400><c> of</c><00:06:52.639><c> the</c><00:06:52.880><c> sky.</c>

05:32.614 --> 05:32.624 align:start position:0%
barely scratch the surface of the sky.
 

05:32.624 --> 05:34.855 align:start position:0%
barely scratch the surface of the sky.
Its<00:06:54.000><c> catalog</c><00:06:54.400><c> of</c><00:06:54.639><c> stars</c><00:06:55.120><c> will</c><00:06:55.360><c> represent</c><00:06:55.759><c> less</c>

05:34.855 --> 05:34.865 align:start position:0%
Its catalog of stars will represent less
 

05:34.865 --> 05:37.894 align:start position:0%
Its catalog of stars will represent less
than<00:06:56.240><c> 5%</c><00:06:56.960><c> of</c><00:06:57.199><c> all</c><00:06:57.360><c> the</c><00:06:57.520><c> stars</c><00:06:57.759><c> in</c><00:06:57.919><c> our</c><00:06:58.160><c> galaxy.</c>

05:37.894 --> 05:37.904 align:start position:0%
than 5% of all the stars in our galaxy.
 

05:37.904 --> 05:39.975 align:start position:0%
than 5% of all the stars in our galaxy.
Its<00:06:59.280><c> catalog</c><00:06:59.599><c> of</c><00:06:59.840><c> galaxies,</c><00:07:00.560><c> the</c><00:07:00.800><c> largest</c>

05:39.975 --> 05:39.985 align:start position:0%
Its catalog of galaxies, the largest
 

05:39.985 --> 05:42.295 align:start position:0%
Its catalog of galaxies, the largest
we've<00:07:01.440><c> ever</c><00:07:01.680><c> produced,</c><00:07:02.400><c> will</c><00:07:02.720><c> still</c><00:07:03.039><c> be</c><00:07:03.199><c> less</c>

05:42.295 --> 05:42.305 align:start position:0%
we've ever produced, will still be less
 

05:42.305 --> 05:44.375 align:start position:0%
we've ever produced, will still be less
than<00:07:03.680><c> 1%</c><00:07:04.240><c> of</c><00:07:04.400><c> all</c><00:07:04.560><c> the</c><00:07:04.720><c> galaxies</c><00:07:05.199><c> in</c><00:07:05.360><c> the</c>

05:44.375 --> 05:44.385 align:start position:0%
than 1% of all the galaxies in the
 

05:44.385 --> 05:47.415 align:start position:0%
than 1% of all the galaxies in the
observable<00:07:06.160><c> universe.</c><00:07:07.440><c> For</c><00:07:07.680><c> every</c><00:07:07.919><c> supernova</c>

05:47.415 --> 05:47.425 align:start position:0%
observable universe. For every supernova
 

05:47.425 --> 05:50.614 align:start position:0%
observable universe. For every supernova
it<00:07:08.800><c> records,</c><00:07:09.599><c> it</c><00:07:09.759><c> will</c><00:07:10.000><c> miss</c><00:07:10.240><c> thousands.</c><00:07:11.520><c> And</c>

05:50.614 --> 05:50.624 align:start position:0%
it records, it will miss thousands. And
 

05:50.624 --> 05:52.454 align:start position:0%
it records, it will miss thousands. And
this<00:07:12.000><c> is</c><00:07:12.080><c> a</c><00:07:12.319><c> pattern</c><00:07:12.720><c> repeated</c><00:07:13.120><c> across</c>

05:52.454 --> 05:52.464 align:start position:0%
this is a pattern repeated across
 

05:52.464 --> 05:54.774 align:start position:0%
this is a pattern repeated across
telescopes<00:07:14.240><c> and</c><00:07:14.479><c> experiments</c><00:07:15.280><c> throughout</c>

05:54.774 --> 05:54.784 align:start position:0%
telescopes and experiments throughout
 

05:54.784 --> 05:57.015 align:start position:0%
telescopes and experiments throughout
all<00:07:16.160><c> of</c><00:07:16.400><c> human</c><00:07:16.720><c> history.</c><00:07:17.520><c> We've</c><00:07:17.840><c> barely</c>

05:57.015 --> 05:57.025 align:start position:0%
all of human history. We've barely
 

05:57.025 --> 05:59.575 align:start position:0%
all of human history. We've barely
scratched<00:07:18.560><c> the</c><00:07:18.720><c> surface</c><00:07:19.120><c> of</c><00:07:19.280><c> the</c><00:07:19.440><c> cosmos.</c><00:07:20.400><c> All</c>

05:59.575 --> 05:59.585 align:start position:0%
scratched the surface of the cosmos. All
 

05:59.585 --> 06:01.655 align:start position:0%
scratched the surface of the cosmos. All
93<00:07:21.280><c> billion</c><00:07:21.680><c> lightyears</c><00:07:22.080><c> across</c><00:07:22.479><c> we</c><00:07:22.639><c> have</c>

06:01.655 --> 06:01.665 align:start position:0%
93 billion lightyears across we have
 

06:01.665 --> 06:04.295 align:start position:0%
93 billion lightyears across we have
access<00:07:23.120><c> to</c><00:07:23.599><c> and</c><00:07:23.840><c> all</c><00:07:24.080><c> 10</c><00:07:24.400><c> to</c><00:07:24.560><c> the</c><00:07:24.639><c> power</c><00:07:24.800><c> of</c><00:07:24.960><c> 88</c>

06:04.295 --> 06:04.305 align:start position:0%
access to and all 10 to the power of 88
 

06:04.305 --> 06:08.295 align:start position:0%
access to and all 10 to the power of 88
particles<00:07:26.160><c> it</c><00:07:26.400><c> contains.</c><00:07:27.840><c> Indeed,</c><00:07:28.160><c> in</c><00:07:28.319><c> a</c><00:07:28.639><c> 2009</c>

06:08.295 --> 06:08.305 align:start position:0%
particles it contains. Indeed, in a 2009
 

06:08.305 --> 06:10.614 align:start position:0%
particles it contains. Indeed, in a 2009
paper,<00:07:30.000><c> physicists</c><00:07:30.720><c> Charles</c><00:07:31.120><c> Egan</c><00:07:31.599><c> and</c>

06:10.614 --> 06:10.624 align:start position:0%
paper, physicists Charles Egan and
 

06:10.624 --> 06:13.015 align:start position:0%
paper, physicists Charles Egan and
Charles<00:07:32.080><c> Linewaver</c><00:07:33.039><c> calculated</c><00:07:33.599><c> that</c><00:07:33.840><c> our</c>

06:13.015 --> 06:13.025 align:start position:0%
Charles Linewaver calculated that our
 

06:13.025 --> 06:15.334 align:start position:0%
Charles Linewaver calculated that our
universe<00:07:34.560><c> has</c><00:07:34.720><c> a</c><00:07:34.880><c> total</c><00:07:35.360><c> information</c><00:07:35.919><c> content</c>

06:15.334 --> 06:15.344 align:start position:0%
universe has a total information content
 

06:15.344 --> 06:19.334 align:start position:0%
universe has a total information content
of<00:07:36.720><c> roughly</c><00:07:37.120><c> 10</c><00:07:37.440><c> to</c><00:07:37.599><c> the</c><00:07:37.759><c> power</c><00:07:37.919><c> of</c><00:07:38.720><c> 122</c><00:07:39.440><c> bits.</c>

06:19.334 --> 06:19.344 align:start position:0%
of roughly 10 to the power of 122 bits.
 

06:19.344 --> 06:22.855 align:start position:0%
of roughly 10 to the power of 122 bits.
A<00:07:40.720><c> single</c><00:07:41.039><c> star</c><00:07:41.360><c> has</c><00:07:41.520><c> 10</c><00:07:42.000><c> ^</c><00:07:42.160><c> of</c><00:07:42.319><c> 59.</c><00:07:43.280><c> A</c><00:07:43.520><c> gram</c><00:07:43.759><c> of</c>

06:22.855 --> 06:22.865 align:start position:0%
A single star has 10 ^ of 59. A gram of
 

06:22.865 --> 06:26.695 align:start position:0%
A single star has 10 ^ of 59. A gram of
water<00:07:44.560><c> 10</c><00:07:45.120><c> ^</c><00:07:45.360><c> of</c><00:07:45.599><c> 24.</c><00:07:46.880><c> A</c><00:07:47.120><c> rough</c><00:07:47.280><c> estimate</c><00:07:47.680><c> of</c>

06:26.695 --> 06:26.705 align:start position:0%
water 10 ^ of 24. A rough estimate of
 

06:26.705 --> 06:28.215 align:start position:0%
water 10 ^ of 24. A rough estimate of
all<00:07:48.000><c> the</c><00:07:48.240><c> data</c><00:07:48.479><c> contained</c><00:07:48.880><c> by</c><00:07:49.039><c> all</c><00:07:49.199><c> the</c>

06:28.215 --> 06:28.225 align:start position:0%
all the data contained by all the
 

06:28.225 --> 06:29.975 align:start position:0%
all the data contained by all the
computers<00:07:49.759><c> and</c><00:07:50.000><c> all</c><00:07:50.080><c> the</c><00:07:50.240><c> servers</c><00:07:50.639><c> on</c><00:07:50.800><c> Earth</c>

06:29.975 --> 06:29.985 align:start position:0%
computers and all the servers on Earth
 

06:29.985 --> 06:33.174 align:start position:0%
computers and all the servers on Earth
comes<00:07:51.360><c> in</c><00:07:51.520><c> at</c><00:07:51.680><c> roughly</c><00:07:52.080><c> 200</c><00:07:52.639><c> zetabytes.</c><00:07:53.919><c> That</c>

06:33.174 --> 06:33.184 align:start position:0%
comes in at roughly 200 zetabytes. That
 

06:33.184 --> 06:37.975 align:start position:0%
comes in at roughly 200 zetabytes. That
is<00:07:54.639><c> also</c><00:07:55.120><c> 10</c><00:07:55.440><c> to</c><00:07:55.520><c> the^</c><00:07:55.919><c> of</c><00:07:56.160><c> 24.</c><00:07:57.599><c> The</c><00:07:57.919><c> universe</c>

06:37.975 --> 06:37.985 align:start position:0%
is also 10 to the^ of 24. The universe
 

06:37.985 --> 06:41.334 align:start position:0%
is also 10 to the^ of 24. The universe
is<00:07:59.520><c> very</c><00:07:59.919><c> big.</c><00:08:01.280><c> And</c><00:08:01.440><c> even</c><00:08:01.680><c> that</c><00:08:01.919><c> is</c><00:08:02.080><c> just</c><00:08:02.319><c> the</c>

06:41.334 --> 06:41.344 align:start position:0%
is very big. And even that is just the
 

06:41.344 --> 06:43.494 align:start position:0%
is very big. And even that is just the
observable<00:08:03.120><c> universe.</c><00:08:04.000><c> the</c><00:08:04.240><c> only</c><00:08:04.400><c> part</c><00:08:04.479><c> of</c>

06:43.494 --> 06:43.504 align:start position:0%
observable universe. the only part of
 

06:43.504 --> 06:45.494 align:start position:0%
observable universe. the only part of
the<00:08:04.720><c> cosmos</c><00:08:05.199><c> that</c><00:08:05.360><c> we</c><00:08:05.520><c> could</c><00:08:05.599><c> ever</c><00:08:05.840><c> access</c><00:08:06.400><c> or</c>

06:45.494 --> 06:45.504 align:start position:0%
the cosmos that we could ever access or
 

06:45.504 --> 06:47.575 align:start position:0%
the cosmos that we could ever access or
have<00:08:06.800><c> any</c><00:08:07.120><c> causal</c><00:08:07.599><c> contact</c><00:08:07.919><c> with</c><00:08:08.240><c> due</c><00:08:08.400><c> to</c><00:08:08.560><c> the</c>

06:47.575 --> 06:47.585 align:start position:0%
have any causal contact with due to the
 

06:47.585 --> 06:50.054 align:start position:0%
have any causal contact with due to the
limited<00:08:09.039><c> speed</c><00:08:09.280><c> of</c><00:08:09.440><c> light</c><00:08:09.840><c> in</c><00:08:10.080><c> the</c><00:08:10.319><c> 13.8</c>

06:50.054 --> 06:50.064 align:start position:0%
limited speed of light in the 13.8
 

06:50.064 --> 06:52.935 align:start position:0%
limited speed of light in the 13.8
billion<00:08:11.520><c> years</c><00:08:11.919><c> since</c><00:08:12.240><c> it</c><00:08:12.479><c> began.</c><00:08:13.759><c> Beyond</c>

06:52.935 --> 06:52.945 align:start position:0%
billion years since it began. Beyond
 

06:52.945 --> 06:56.375 align:start position:0%
billion years since it began. Beyond
that<00:08:14.319><c> boundary,</c><00:08:15.120><c> who</c><00:08:15.360><c> knows?</c><00:08:16.400><c> It</c><00:08:16.639><c> could</c><00:08:16.879><c> be</c>

06:56.375 --> 06:56.385 align:start position:0%
that boundary, who knows? It could be
 

06:56.385 --> 07:02.215 align:start position:0%
that boundary, who knows? It could be
infinite.

07:02.215 --> 07:02.225 align:start position:0%
 
 

07:02.225 --> 07:04.295 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:08:23.520><c> yet,</c><00:08:23.759><c> despite</c><00:08:24.160><c> the</c><00:08:24.319><c> relative</c><00:08:24.639><c> pority</c><00:08:25.199><c> of</c>

07:04.295 --> 07:04.305 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite the relative pority of
 

07:04.305 --> 07:08.054 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite the relative pority of
information,<00:08:26.400><c> we</c><00:08:26.639><c> have</c><00:08:26.879><c> learned</c><00:08:27.440><c> much.</c>

07:08.054 --> 07:08.064 align:start position:0%
information, we have learned much.
 

07:08.064 --> 07:09.975 align:start position:0%
information, we have learned much.
We<00:08:29.440><c> can</c><00:08:29.599><c> trace</c><00:08:29.840><c> the</c><00:08:30.080><c> history</c><00:08:30.240><c> of</c><00:08:30.400><c> the</c><00:08:30.560><c> universe</c>

07:09.975 --> 07:09.985 align:start position:0%
We can trace the history of the universe
 

07:09.985 --> 07:11.495 align:start position:0%
We can trace the history of the universe
all<00:08:31.280><c> the</c><00:08:31.440><c> way</c><00:08:31.520><c> back</c><00:08:31.680><c> to</c><00:08:31.840><c> some</c><00:08:32.000><c> of</c><00:08:32.080><c> the</c><00:08:32.240><c> earliest</c>

07:11.495 --> 07:11.505 align:start position:0%
all the way back to some of the earliest
 

07:11.505 --> 07:13.814 align:start position:0%
all the way back to some of the earliest
moments<00:08:33.039><c> of</c><00:08:33.200><c> the</c><00:08:33.440><c> big</c><00:08:33.760><c> bang.</c><00:08:34.560><c> We</c><00:08:34.800><c> can</c>

07:13.814 --> 07:13.824 align:start position:0%
moments of the big bang. We can
 

07:13.824 --> 07:15.735 align:start position:0%
moments of the big bang. We can
reconstruct<00:08:35.599><c> the</c><00:08:35.839><c> formation</c><00:08:36.240><c> of</c><00:08:36.399><c> the</c><00:08:36.560><c> solar</c>

07:15.735 --> 07:15.745 align:start position:0%
reconstruct the formation of the solar
 

07:15.745 --> 07:18.454 align:start position:0%
reconstruct the formation of the solar
system<00:08:37.200><c> and</c><00:08:37.440><c> the</c><00:08:37.599><c> lineage</c><00:08:38.000><c> of</c><00:08:38.159><c> life</c><00:08:38.399><c> on</c><00:08:38.719><c> Earth.</c>

07:18.454 --> 07:18.464 align:start position:0%
system and the lineage of life on Earth.
 

07:18.464 --> 07:20.295 align:start position:0%
system and the lineage of life on Earth.
We<00:08:39.839><c> understand</c><00:08:40.159><c> the</c><00:08:40.399><c> mechanisms</c><00:08:40.880><c> of</c><00:08:41.039><c> the</c><00:08:41.200><c> cell</c>

07:20.295 --> 07:20.305 align:start position:0%
We understand the mechanisms of the cell
 

07:20.305 --> 07:22.535 align:start position:0%
We understand the mechanisms of the cell
and<00:08:41.599><c> the</c><00:08:41.760><c> interaction</c><00:08:42.159><c> of</c><00:08:42.320><c> its</c><00:08:42.479><c> molecules.</c><00:08:43.519><c> We</c>

07:22.535 --> 07:22.545 align:start position:0%
and the interaction of its molecules. We
 

07:22.545 --> 07:24.134 align:start position:0%
and the interaction of its molecules. We
have<00:08:43.839><c> traced</c><00:08:44.240><c> the</c><00:08:44.480><c> rules</c><00:08:44.720><c> of</c><00:08:44.880><c> quantum</c>

07:24.134 --> 07:24.144 align:start position:0%
have traced the rules of quantum
 

07:24.144 --> 07:27.015 align:start position:0%
have traced the rules of quantum
mechanics<00:08:46.000><c> and</c><00:08:46.160><c> the</c><00:08:46.320><c> subatomic</c><00:08:47.120><c> world.</c><00:08:48.000><c> And</c>

07:27.015 --> 07:27.025 align:start position:0%
mechanics and the subatomic world. And
 

07:27.025 --> 07:29.415 align:start position:0%
mechanics and the subatomic world. And
so<00:08:48.399><c> if</c><00:08:48.560><c> we</c><00:08:48.720><c> had</c><00:08:48.880><c> the</c><00:08:49.120><c> capacity,</c><00:08:49.920><c> do</c><00:08:50.160><c> we</c><00:08:50.320><c> know</c>

07:29.415 --> 07:29.425 align:start position:0%
so if we had the capacity, do we know
 

07:29.425 --> 07:31.814 align:start position:0%
so if we had the capacity, do we know
enough<00:08:50.880><c> about</c><00:08:51.120><c> how</c><00:08:51.360><c> the</c><00:08:51.600><c> universe</c><00:08:52.080><c> works</c><00:08:52.720><c> to</c>

07:31.814 --> 07:31.824 align:start position:0%
enough about how the universe works to
 

07:31.824 --> 07:36.535 align:start position:0%
enough about how the universe works to
simulate<00:08:53.920><c> everything</c><00:08:54.399><c> in</c><00:08:54.640><c> it?</c>

07:36.535 --> 07:36.545 align:start position:0%
 
 

07:36.545 --> 07:40.535 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:08:57.920><c> so</c><00:08:58.160><c> perhaps</c><00:08:58.880><c> here</c><00:08:59.600><c> lies</c><00:08:59.920><c> the</c><00:09:00.160><c> key.</c><00:09:01.440><c> We</c>

07:40.535 --> 07:40.545 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps here lies the key. We
 

07:40.545 --> 07:42.535 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps here lies the key. We
have<00:09:01.839><c> to</c><00:09:02.000><c> work</c><00:09:02.160><c> out</c><00:09:02.399><c> if</c><00:09:02.640><c> it's</c><00:09:02.880><c> possible</c><00:09:03.440><c> to</c>

07:42.535 --> 07:42.545 align:start position:0%
have to work out if it's possible to
 

07:42.545 --> 07:44.615 align:start position:0%
have to work out if it's possible to
create<00:09:03.920><c> a</c><00:09:04.160><c> onetoone</c><00:09:04.800><c> simulation</c><00:09:05.360><c> of</c><00:09:05.519><c> our</c>

07:44.615 --> 07:44.625 align:start position:0%
create a onetoone simulation of our
 

07:44.625 --> 07:47.015 align:start position:0%
create a onetoone simulation of our
universe<00:09:06.720><c> and</c><00:09:07.040><c> hopefully</c><00:09:07.600><c> through</c><00:09:07.920><c> that</c>

07:47.015 --> 07:47.025 align:start position:0%
universe and hopefully through that
 

07:47.025 --> 07:49.335 align:start position:0%
universe and hopefully through that
process<00:09:08.720><c> discover</c><00:09:09.040><c> whether</c><00:09:09.360><c> Boston's</c><00:09:10.000><c> fears</c>

07:49.335 --> 07:49.345 align:start position:0%
process discover whether Boston's fears
 

07:49.345 --> 07:59.175 align:start position:0%
process discover whether Boston's fears
are<00:09:10.720><c> founded</c><00:09:11.920><c> or</c><00:09:12.240><c> if</c><00:09:12.399><c> humanity</c><00:09:13.600><c> can</c><00:09:13.839><c> be</c><00:09:14.080><c> saved.</c>

07:59.175 --> 07:59.185 align:start position:0%
 
 

07:59.185 --> 08:01.895 align:start position:0%
 
Let's<00:09:20.640><c> start</c><00:09:20.880><c> with</c><00:09:21.040><c> the</c><00:09:21.279><c> cosmic</c><00:09:22.160><c> and</c><00:09:22.480><c> work</c><00:09:22.720><c> our</c>

08:01.895 --> 08:01.905 align:start position:0%
Let's start with the cosmic and work our
 

08:01.905 --> 08:03.975 align:start position:0%
Let's start with the cosmic and work our
way<00:09:23.200><c> down.</c>

08:03.975 --> 08:03.985 align:start position:0%
way down.
 

08:03.985 --> 08:06.134 align:start position:0%
way down.
One<00:09:25.360><c> of</c><00:09:25.440><c> the</c><00:09:25.600><c> preeminent</c><00:09:26.240><c> software</c><00:09:26.720><c> tools</c><00:09:27.040><c> for</c>

08:06.134 --> 08:06.144 align:start position:0%
One of the preeminent software tools for
 

08:06.144 --> 08:08.694 align:start position:0%
One of the preeminent software tools for
simulating<00:09:27.839><c> the</c><00:09:28.080><c> entire</c><00:09:28.560><c> universe</c><00:09:29.519><c> at</c><00:09:29.600><c> least</c>

08:08.694 --> 08:08.704 align:start position:0%
simulating the entire universe at least
 

08:08.704 --> 08:12.694 align:start position:0%
simulating the entire universe at least
at<00:09:30.080><c> large</c><00:09:30.320><c> scales</c><00:09:31.200><c> is</c><00:09:31.440><c> called</c><00:09:32.000><c> a</c><00:09:32.240><c> repo.</c><00:09:33.519><c> First</c>

08:12.694 --> 08:12.704 align:start position:0%
at large scales is called a repo. First
 

08:12.704 --> 08:15.095 align:start position:0%
at large scales is called a repo. First
released<00:09:34.240><c> in</c><00:09:34.480><c> 2019,</c><00:09:35.440><c> it</c><00:09:35.680><c> continues</c><00:09:36.000><c> to</c><00:09:36.160><c> be</c>

08:15.095 --> 08:15.105 align:start position:0%
released in 2019, it continues to be
 

08:15.105 --> 08:17.895 align:start position:0%
released in 2019, it continues to be
updated<00:09:36.640><c> and</c><00:09:36.959><c> maintained</c><00:09:37.440><c> today.</c><00:09:38.399><c> The</c><00:09:38.640><c> code</c>

08:17.895 --> 08:17.905 align:start position:0%
updated and maintained today. The code
 

08:17.905 --> 08:19.895 align:start position:0%
updated and maintained today. The code
starts<00:09:39.519><c> by</c><00:09:39.760><c> dividing</c><00:09:40.160><c> up</c><00:09:40.320><c> a</c><00:09:40.480><c> portion</c><00:09:40.720><c> of</c><00:09:40.880><c> the</c>

08:19.895 --> 08:19.905 align:start position:0%
starts by dividing up a portion of the
 

08:19.905 --> 08:22.134 align:start position:0%
starts by dividing up a portion of the
universe<00:09:42.000><c> volume</c><00:09:42.240><c> of</c><00:09:42.399><c> up</c><00:09:42.560><c> to</c><00:09:42.640><c> a</c><00:09:42.800><c> few</c><00:09:42.959><c> billion</c>

08:22.134 --> 08:22.144 align:start position:0%
universe volume of up to a few billion
 

08:22.144 --> 08:24.535 align:start position:0%
universe volume of up to a few billion
lightyears<00:09:43.760><c> on</c><00:09:43.920><c> a</c><00:09:44.160><c> side</c><00:09:44.720><c> into</c><00:09:44.959><c> a</c><00:09:45.120><c> large</c><00:09:45.440><c> number</c>

08:24.535 --> 08:24.545 align:start position:0%
lightyears on a side into a large number
 

08:24.545 --> 08:27.095 align:start position:0%
lightyears on a side into a large number
of<00:09:46.000><c> individual</c><00:09:46.720><c> cells.</c><00:09:47.680><c> For</c><00:09:47.839><c> the</c><00:09:48.000><c> very</c>

08:27.095 --> 08:27.105 align:start position:0%
of individual cells. For the very
 

08:27.105 --> 08:29.415 align:start position:0%
of individual cells. For the very
largest<00:09:48.640><c> simulations,</c><00:09:49.440><c> individual</c><00:09:50.080><c> cells</c>

08:29.415 --> 08:29.425 align:start position:0%
largest simulations, individual cells
 

08:29.425 --> 08:31.735 align:start position:0%
largest simulations, individual cells
can<00:09:50.800><c> be</c><00:09:50.959><c> much</c><00:09:51.200><c> smaller</c><00:09:51.519><c> than</c><00:09:51.760><c> galaxies,</c><00:09:52.640><c> but</c>

08:31.735 --> 08:31.745 align:start position:0%
can be much smaller than galaxies, but
 

08:31.745 --> 08:33.895 align:start position:0%
can be much smaller than galaxies, but
this<00:09:53.120><c> requires</c><00:09:53.680><c> using</c><00:09:53.920><c> some</c><00:09:54.160><c> of</c><00:09:54.320><c> the</c><00:09:54.480><c> largest,</c>

08:33.895 --> 08:33.905 align:start position:0%
this requires using some of the largest,
 

08:33.905 --> 08:36.775 align:start position:0%
this requires using some of the largest,
most<00:09:55.360><c> powerful</c><00:09:55.839><c> computers</c><00:09:56.320><c> on</c><00:09:56.560><c> the</c><00:09:56.800><c> planet.</c>

08:36.775 --> 08:36.785 align:start position:0%
most powerful computers on the planet.
 

08:36.785 --> 08:38.295 align:start position:0%
most powerful computers on the planet.
Each<00:09:58.160><c> cell</c><00:09:58.480><c> keeps</c><00:09:58.800><c> track</c><00:09:58.959><c> of</c><00:09:59.120><c> what</c><00:09:59.279><c> the</c>

08:38.295 --> 08:38.305 align:start position:0%
Each cell keeps track of what the
 

08:38.305 --> 08:41.015 align:start position:0%
Each cell keeps track of what the
universe<00:09:59.760><c> is</c><00:10:00.000><c> like</c><00:10:00.320><c> inside</c><00:10:00.720><c> its</c><00:10:01.120><c> volume.</c><00:10:01.920><c> How</c>

08:41.015 --> 08:41.025 align:start position:0%
universe is like inside its volume. How
 

08:41.025 --> 08:42.535 align:start position:0%
universe is like inside its volume. How
much<00:10:02.320><c> dark</c><00:10:02.560><c> matter</c><00:10:02.800><c> there</c><00:10:02.959><c> is,</c><00:10:03.360><c> how</c><00:10:03.519><c> much</c>

08:42.535 --> 08:42.545 align:start position:0%
much dark matter there is, how much
 

08:42.545 --> 08:44.374 align:start position:0%
much dark matter there is, how much
regular<00:10:04.160><c> gas,</c><00:10:04.720><c> the</c><00:10:04.959><c> temperature</c><00:10:05.279><c> and</c>

08:44.374 --> 08:44.384 align:start position:0%
regular gas, the temperature and
 

08:44.384 --> 08:46.455 align:start position:0%
regular gas, the temperature and
pressure<00:10:05.760><c> of</c><00:10:05.920><c> that</c><00:10:06.160><c> gas,</c><00:10:06.720><c> any</c><00:10:06.959><c> magnetic</c><00:10:07.440><c> or</c>

08:46.455 --> 08:46.465 align:start position:0%
pressure of that gas, any magnetic or
 

08:46.465 --> 08:48.295 align:start position:0%
pressure of that gas, any magnetic or
electric<00:10:08.080><c> fields,</c><00:10:08.640><c> the</c><00:10:08.880><c> state</c><00:10:09.040><c> of</c><00:10:09.200><c> any</c>

08:48.295 --> 08:48.305 align:start position:0%
electric fields, the state of any
 

08:48.305 --> 08:50.615 align:start position:0%
electric fields, the state of any
radiation,<00:10:10.080><c> and</c><00:10:10.240><c> so</c><00:10:10.480><c> on.</c><00:10:11.200><c> It's</c><00:10:11.360><c> as</c><00:10:11.519><c> if</c><00:10:11.680><c> you</c>

08:50.615 --> 08:50.625 align:start position:0%
radiation, and so on. It's as if you
 

08:50.625 --> 08:52.775 align:start position:0%
radiation, and so on. It's as if you
took<00:10:12.000><c> a</c><00:10:12.080><c> chunk</c><00:10:12.320><c> of</c><00:10:12.399><c> a</c><00:10:12.560><c> galaxy,</c><00:10:13.360><c> smoothed</c><00:10:13.760><c> it</c>

08:52.775 --> 08:52.785 align:start position:0%
took a chunk of a galaxy, smoothed it
 

08:52.785 --> 08:55.015 align:start position:0%
took a chunk of a galaxy, smoothed it
over,<00:10:14.320><c> and</c><00:10:14.560><c> described</c><00:10:14.959><c> that</c><00:10:15.279><c> chunk</c><00:10:15.600><c> by</c><00:10:15.920><c> its</c>

08:55.015 --> 08:55.025 align:start position:0%
over, and described that chunk by its
 

08:55.025 --> 08:57.575 align:start position:0%
over, and described that chunk by its
averages.<00:10:17.200><c> The</c><00:10:17.360><c> code</c><00:10:17.680><c> can</c><00:10:17.839><c> also</c><00:10:18.079><c> estimate</c><00:10:18.480><c> how</c>

08:57.575 --> 08:57.585 align:start position:0%
averages. The code can also estimate how
 

08:57.585 --> 08:59.735 align:start position:0%
averages. The code can also estimate how
many<00:10:18.959><c> stars</c><00:10:19.360><c> are</c><00:10:19.600><c> inside</c><00:10:19.920><c> that</c><00:10:20.240><c> cell,</c><00:10:20.720><c> if</c>

08:59.735 --> 08:59.745 align:start position:0%
many stars are inside that cell, if
 

08:59.745 --> 09:01.814 align:start position:0%
many stars are inside that cell, if
there<00:10:21.040><c> are</c><00:10:21.200><c> any</c><00:10:21.440><c> supernova</c><00:10:22.160><c> occurring,</c><00:10:22.720><c> and</c>

09:01.814 --> 09:01.824 align:start position:0%
there are any supernova occurring, and
 

09:01.824 --> 09:03.575 align:start position:0%
there are any supernova occurring, and
if<00:10:23.120><c> giant</c><00:10:23.519><c> black</c><00:10:23.839><c> holes</c><00:10:24.240><c> happen</c><00:10:24.480><c> to</c><00:10:24.640><c> be</c>

09:03.575 --> 09:03.585 align:start position:0%
if giant black holes happen to be
 

09:03.585 --> 09:06.455 align:start position:0%
if giant black holes happen to be
belching<00:10:25.200><c> out</c><00:10:25.360><c> matter</c><00:10:25.760><c> and</c><00:10:26.000><c> radiation</c><00:10:27.279><c> given</c>

09:06.455 --> 09:06.465 align:start position:0%
belching out matter and radiation given
 

09:06.465 --> 09:08.694 align:start position:0%
belching out matter and radiation given
a<00:10:27.839><c> state</c><00:10:28.000><c> of</c><00:10:28.160><c> the</c><00:10:28.399><c> universe,</c><00:10:29.120><c> the</c><00:10:29.360><c> code</c><00:10:29.680><c> can</c>

09:08.694 --> 09:08.704 align:start position:0%
a state of the universe, the code can
 

09:08.704 --> 09:11.254 align:start position:0%
a state of the universe, the code can
then<00:10:30.079><c> leap</c><00:10:30.399><c> forward</c><00:10:30.800><c> in</c><00:10:31.120><c> time</c><00:10:31.760><c> using</c><00:10:32.079><c> all</c><00:10:32.240><c> the</c>

09:11.254 --> 09:11.264 align:start position:0%
then leap forward in time using all the
 

09:11.264 --> 09:13.175 align:start position:0%
then leap forward in time using all the
appropriate<00:10:32.800><c> laws</c><00:10:33.120><c> of</c><00:10:33.279><c> physics</c><00:10:33.839><c> to</c><00:10:34.079><c> figure</c>

09:13.175 --> 09:13.185 align:start position:0%
appropriate laws of physics to figure
 

09:13.185 --> 09:15.015 align:start position:0%
appropriate laws of physics to figure
out<00:10:34.480><c> what</c><00:10:34.800><c> happens</c><00:10:35.120><c> in</c><00:10:35.360><c> the</c><00:10:35.519><c> intervening</c>

09:15.015 --> 09:15.025 align:start position:0%
out what happens in the intervening
 

09:15.025 --> 09:17.975 align:start position:0%
out what happens in the intervening
millions<00:10:36.560><c> of</c><00:10:36.800><c> years.</c><00:10:37.839><c> Dark</c><00:10:38.160><c> matter</c><00:10:38.640><c> shuttling</c>

09:17.975 --> 09:17.985 align:start position:0%
millions of years. Dark matter shuttling
 

09:17.985 --> 09:19.975 align:start position:0%
millions of years. Dark matter shuttling
around<00:10:39.440><c> due</c><00:10:39.680><c> to</c><00:10:39.760><c> its</c><00:10:40.000><c> gravity,</c><00:10:40.720><c> gas</c>

09:19.975 --> 09:19.985 align:start position:0%
around due to its gravity, gas
 

09:19.985 --> 09:22.295 align:start position:0%
around due to its gravity, gas
collapsing<00:10:41.600><c> and</c><00:10:41.839><c> igniting</c><00:10:42.240><c> into</c><00:10:42.560><c> stars,</c>

09:22.295 --> 09:22.305 align:start position:0%
collapsing and igniting into stars,
 

09:22.305 --> 09:24.215 align:start position:0%
collapsing and igniting into stars,
galaxies<00:10:44.000><c> approaching</c><00:10:44.480><c> each</c><00:10:44.720><c> other</c><00:10:45.040><c> and</c>

09:24.215 --> 09:24.225 align:start position:0%
galaxies approaching each other and
 

09:24.225 --> 09:27.814 align:start position:0%
galaxies approaching each other and
merging<00:10:45.760><c> together.</c><00:10:46.800><c> And</c><00:10:47.040><c> a</c><00:10:47.200><c> repo</c><00:10:47.680><c> adapts,</c>

09:27.814 --> 09:27.824 align:start position:0%
merging together. And a repo adapts,
 

09:27.824 --> 09:29.895 align:start position:0%
merging together. And a repo adapts,
automatically<00:10:49.600><c> assigning</c><00:10:50.160><c> more</c><00:10:50.399><c> and</c><00:10:50.640><c> smaller</c>

09:29.895 --> 09:29.905 align:start position:0%
automatically assigning more and smaller
 

09:29.905 --> 09:32.055 align:start position:0%
automatically assigning more and smaller
subdivisions<00:10:51.519><c> in</c><00:10:51.760><c> the</c><00:10:51.920><c> complex</c><00:10:52.320><c> parts</c><00:10:52.959><c> and</c>

09:32.055 --> 09:32.065 align:start position:0%
subdivisions in the complex parts and
 

09:32.065 --> 09:38.855 align:start position:0%
subdivisions in the complex parts and
freeing<00:10:53.600><c> up</c><00:10:53.760><c> memory</c><00:10:54.240><c> in</c><00:10:54.480><c> the</c><00:10:54.640><c> empty</c><00:10:54.959><c> parts.</c>

09:38.855 --> 09:38.865 align:start position:0%
 
 

09:38.865 --> 09:40.855 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:11:00.160><c> for</c><00:11:00.320><c> all</c><00:11:00.480><c> their</c><00:11:00.720><c> impressive</c><00:11:01.200><c> power,</c>

09:40.855 --> 09:40.865 align:start position:0%
But for all their impressive power,
 

09:40.865 --> 09:42.855 align:start position:0%
But for all their impressive power,
cosmological<00:11:02.800><c> simulations</c><00:11:03.600><c> cannot</c>

09:42.855 --> 09:42.865 align:start position:0%
cosmological simulations cannot
 

09:42.865 --> 09:44.615 align:start position:0%
cosmological simulations cannot
simultaneously<00:11:04.959><c> capture</c><00:11:05.360><c> both</c><00:11:05.519><c> the</c>

09:44.615 --> 09:44.625 align:start position:0%
simultaneously capture both the
 

09:44.625 --> 09:47.015 align:start position:0%
simultaneously capture both the
evolution<00:11:06.160><c> of</c><00:11:06.320><c> the</c><00:11:06.480><c> universe</c><00:11:07.440><c> and</c><00:11:08.000><c> for</c>

09:47.015 --> 09:47.025 align:start position:0%
evolution of the universe and for
 

09:47.025 --> 09:50.615 align:start position:0%
evolution of the universe and for
example<00:11:08.800><c> the</c><00:11:09.120><c> dynamics</c><00:11:09.680><c> of</c><00:11:09.839><c> a</c><00:11:10.079><c> single</c><00:11:10.560><c> planet.</c>

09:50.615 --> 09:50.625 align:start position:0%
example the dynamics of a single planet.
 

09:50.625 --> 09:53.655 align:start position:0%
example the dynamics of a single planet.
For<00:11:12.000><c> that</c><00:11:12.560><c> we</c><00:11:12.800><c> must</c><00:11:13.040><c> turn</c><00:11:13.519><c> to</c><00:11:13.839><c> another</c><00:11:14.240><c> kind</c><00:11:14.560><c> of</c>

09:53.655 --> 09:53.665 align:start position:0%
For that we must turn to another kind of
 

09:53.665 --> 09:57.095 align:start position:0%
For that we must turn to another kind of
simulation.

09:57.095 --> 09:57.105 align:start position:0%
 
 

09:57.105 --> 10:00.374 align:start position:0%
 
On<00:11:18.480><c> August</c><00:11:18.800><c> the</c><00:11:19.040><c> 13th,</c><00:11:19.839><c> 1958,</c><00:11:20.880><c> a</c><00:11:21.120><c> team</c><00:11:21.279><c> of</c>

10:00.374 --> 10:00.384 align:start position:0%
On August the 13th, 1958, a team of
 

10:00.384 --> 10:02.374 align:start position:0%
On August the 13th, 1958, a team of
physicists<00:11:22.079><c> and</c><00:11:22.320><c> meteorologists</c><00:11:23.120><c> at</c><00:11:23.360><c> the</c>

10:02.374 --> 10:02.384 align:start position:0%
physicists and meteorologists at the
 

10:02.384 --> 10:05.175 align:start position:0%
physicists and meteorologists at the
University<00:11:23.920><c> of</c><00:11:24.079><c> Chicago</c><00:11:25.120><c> created</c><00:11:25.519><c> the</c><00:11:25.839><c> first</c>

10:05.175 --> 10:05.185 align:start position:0%
University of Chicago created the first
 

10:05.185 --> 10:08.615 align:start position:0%
University of Chicago created the first
hurricane<00:11:27.120><c> crystal</c><00:11:27.600><c> ball.</c><00:11:28.880><c> At</c><00:11:29.120><c> the</c><00:11:29.360><c> time,</c>

10:08.615 --> 10:08.625 align:start position:0%
hurricane crystal ball. At the time,
 

10:08.625 --> 10:10.694 align:start position:0%
hurricane crystal ball. At the time,
tropical<00:11:30.240><c> storm</c><00:11:30.640><c> Becky</c><00:11:31.120><c> had</c><00:11:31.360><c> formed</c><00:11:31.600><c> in</c><00:11:31.760><c> the</c>

10:10.694 --> 10:10.704 align:start position:0%
tropical storm Becky had formed in the
 

10:10.704 --> 10:12.694 align:start position:0%
tropical storm Becky had formed in the
Mid-Atlantic<00:11:32.560><c> and</c><00:11:32.800><c> was</c><00:11:33.040><c> steadily</c><00:11:33.440><c> marching</c>

10:12.694 --> 10:12.704 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic and was steadily marching
 

10:12.704 --> 10:15.735 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic and was steadily marching
westwards<00:11:34.480><c> to</c><00:11:34.720><c> the</c><00:11:34.880><c> Americas.</c><00:11:35.920><c> The</c><00:11:36.160><c> team</c><00:11:36.399><c> used</c>

10:15.735 --> 10:15.745 align:start position:0%
westwards to the Americas. The team used
 

10:15.745 --> 10:18.055 align:start position:0%
westwards to the Americas. The team used
digitalized<00:11:37.600><c> data</c><00:11:38.000><c> of</c><00:11:38.160><c> the</c><00:11:38.399><c> storm's</c><00:11:38.800><c> current</c>

10:18.055 --> 10:18.065 align:start position:0%
digitalized data of the storm's current
 

10:18.065 --> 10:20.215 align:start position:0%
digitalized data of the storm's current
status,<00:11:40.079><c> its</c><00:11:40.320><c> wind</c><00:11:40.560><c> speeds,</c><00:11:40.880><c> and</c><00:11:41.120><c> pressure</c>

10:20.215 --> 10:20.225 align:start position:0%
status, its wind speeds, and pressure
 

10:20.225 --> 10:22.374 align:start position:0%
status, its wind speeds, and pressure
readings<00:11:41.760><c> throughout</c><00:11:42.079><c> its</c><00:11:42.399><c> volume.</c><00:11:43.279><c> They</c>

10:22.374 --> 10:22.384 align:start position:0%
readings throughout its volume. They
 

10:22.384 --> 10:24.615 align:start position:0%
readings throughout its volume. They
then<00:11:43.680><c> fed</c><00:11:44.000><c> this</c><00:11:44.240><c> into</c><00:11:44.480><c> a</c><00:11:44.640><c> physical</c><00:11:45.120><c> model</c><00:11:45.519><c> that</c>

10:24.615 --> 10:24.625 align:start position:0%
then fed this into a physical model that
 

10:24.625 --> 10:27.254 align:start position:0%
then fed this into a physical model that
predicted<00:11:46.240><c> how</c><00:11:46.399><c> the</c><00:11:46.640><c> storm</c><00:11:46.959><c> would</c><00:11:47.279><c> advance.</c>

10:27.254 --> 10:27.264 align:start position:0%
predicted how the storm would advance.
 

10:27.264 --> 10:29.575 align:start position:0%
predicted how the storm would advance.
And<00:11:48.640><c> in</c><00:11:48.800><c> doing</c><00:11:49.040><c> so,</c><00:11:49.360><c> they</c><00:11:49.680><c> created</c><00:11:50.160><c> the</c><00:11:50.480><c> first</c>

10:29.575 --> 10:29.585 align:start position:0%
And in doing so, they created the first
 

10:29.585 --> 10:32.694 align:start position:0%
And in doing so, they created the first
ever<00:11:51.279><c> computerized</c><00:11:52.320><c> hurricane</c><00:11:52.880><c> prediction.</c>

10:32.694 --> 10:32.704 align:start position:0%
ever computerized hurricane prediction.
 

10:32.704 --> 10:34.855 align:start position:0%
ever computerized hurricane prediction.
And<00:11:54.079><c> today,</c><00:11:54.640><c> government</c><00:11:55.040><c> agencies</c><00:11:55.600><c> around</c>

10:34.855 --> 10:34.865 align:start position:0%
And today, government agencies around
 

10:34.865 --> 10:37.175 align:start position:0%
And today, government agencies around
the<00:11:56.240><c> world</c><00:11:56.720><c> employ</c><00:11:57.200><c> dozens</c><00:11:57.680><c> of</c><00:11:57.839><c> monitoring</c>

10:37.175 --> 10:37.185 align:start position:0%
the world employ dozens of monitoring
 

10:37.185 --> 10:39.335 align:start position:0%
the world employ dozens of monitoring
satellites<00:11:58.800><c> to</c><00:11:59.040><c> provide</c><00:11:59.360><c> realtime</c><00:12:00.000><c> data,</c>

10:39.335 --> 10:39.345 align:start position:0%
satellites to provide realtime data,
 

10:39.345 --> 10:41.015 align:start position:0%
satellites to provide realtime data,
which<00:12:00.720><c> feeds</c><00:12:01.120><c> into</c><00:12:01.360><c> giant</c><00:12:01.760><c> computer</c>

10:41.015 --> 10:41.025 align:start position:0%
which feeds into giant computer
 

10:41.025 --> 10:43.495 align:start position:0%
which feeds into giant computer
simulations<00:12:02.720><c> that</c><00:12:03.040><c> run</c><00:12:03.200><c> around</c><00:12:03.440><c> the</c><00:12:03.680><c> clock.</c>

10:43.495 --> 10:43.505 align:start position:0%
simulations that run around the clock.
 

10:43.505 --> 10:45.254 align:start position:0%
simulations that run around the clock.
This<00:12:04.880><c> means</c><00:12:05.200><c> that</c><00:12:05.360><c> when</c><00:12:05.519><c> a</c><00:12:05.760><c> large</c><00:12:06.079><c> storm</c>

10:45.254 --> 10:45.264 align:start position:0%
This means that when a large storm
 

10:45.264 --> 10:47.575 align:start position:0%
This means that when a large storm
approaches,<00:12:07.360><c> we</c><00:12:07.600><c> can</c><00:12:07.760><c> finally</c><00:12:08.160><c> speak</c><00:12:08.480><c> with</c>

10:47.575 --> 10:47.585 align:start position:0%
approaches, we can finally speak with
 

10:47.585 --> 10:49.494 align:start position:0%
approaches, we can finally speak with
remarkable<00:12:09.279><c> confidence</c><00:12:09.760><c> about</c><00:12:10.000><c> its</c><00:12:10.240><c> future</c>

10:49.494 --> 10:49.504 align:start position:0%
remarkable confidence about its future
 

10:49.504 --> 10:52.295 align:start position:0%
remarkable confidence about its future
track,<00:12:11.360><c> guided</c><00:12:11.839><c> by</c><00:12:12.000><c> our</c><00:12:12.320><c> simulations</c><00:12:13.040><c> of</c><00:12:13.200><c> the</c>

10:52.295 --> 10:52.305 align:start position:0%
track, guided by our simulations of the
 

10:52.305 --> 10:58.055 align:start position:0%
track, guided by our simulations of the
future<00:12:14.079><c> of</c><00:12:14.320><c> the</c><00:12:14.560><c> world.</c>

10:58.055 --> 10:58.065 align:start position:0%
 
 

10:58.065 --> 11:00.134 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:12:19.440><c> yet</c><00:12:19.760><c> again,</c><00:12:20.399><c> these</c><00:12:20.800><c> powerful</c>

11:00.134 --> 11:00.144 align:start position:0%
But yet again, these powerful
 

11:00.144 --> 11:02.694 align:start position:0%
But yet again, these powerful
simulations<00:12:22.079><c> and</c><00:12:22.320><c> exquisite</c><00:12:22.880><c> predictions</c>

11:02.694 --> 11:02.704 align:start position:0%
simulations and exquisite predictions
 

11:02.704 --> 11:05.254 align:start position:0%
simulations and exquisite predictions
still<00:12:24.160><c> have</c><00:12:24.399><c> their</c><00:12:24.720><c> limitations.</c>

11:05.254 --> 11:05.264 align:start position:0%
still have their limitations.
 

11:05.264 --> 11:07.335 align:start position:0%
still have their limitations.
Their<00:12:26.639><c> view</c><00:12:26.880><c> of</c><00:12:27.040><c> a</c><00:12:27.200><c> major</c><00:12:27.519><c> storm</c><00:12:27.839><c> is</c><00:12:28.079><c> limited</c>

11:07.335 --> 11:07.345 align:start position:0%
Their view of a major storm is limited
 

11:07.345 --> 11:10.775 align:start position:0%
Their view of a major storm is limited
to<00:12:28.639><c> a</c><00:12:28.880><c> resolution</c><00:12:29.360><c> of</c><00:12:29.600><c> around</c><00:12:30.000><c> 1</c><00:12:30.240><c> to</c><00:12:30.480><c> 2</c><00:12:30.720><c> km.</c>

11:10.775 --> 11:10.785 align:start position:0%
to a resolution of around 1 to 2 km.
 

11:10.785 --> 11:13.494 align:start position:0%
to a resolution of around 1 to 2 km.
Below<00:12:32.320><c> that,</c><00:12:32.720><c> they</c><00:12:32.959><c> must</c><00:12:33.120><c> average</c><00:12:33.519><c> it</c><00:12:33.680><c> out.</c><00:12:34.399><c> In</c>

11:13.494 --> 11:13.504 align:start position:0%
Below that, they must average it out. In
 

11:13.504 --> 11:15.494 align:start position:0%
Below that, they must average it out. In
other<00:12:34.800><c> words,</c><00:12:35.440><c> they</c><00:12:35.680><c> can't</c><00:12:36.079><c> follow</c><00:12:36.320><c> or</c>

11:15.494 --> 11:15.504 align:start position:0%
other words, they can't follow or
 

11:15.504 --> 11:17.975 align:start position:0%
other words, they can't follow or
predict<00:12:37.040><c> individual</c><00:12:37.680><c> raindrops</c><00:12:38.639><c> or</c><00:12:38.880><c> the</c>

11:17.975 --> 11:17.985 align:start position:0%
predict individual raindrops or the
 

11:17.985 --> 11:21.575 align:start position:0%
predict individual raindrops or the
molecules<00:12:39.839><c> inside</c><00:12:40.320><c> the</c><00:12:40.560><c> drops</c><00:12:41.040><c> themselves.</c>

11:21.575 --> 11:21.585 align:start position:0%
molecules inside the drops themselves.
 

11:21.585 --> 11:24.215 align:start position:0%
molecules inside the drops themselves.
To<00:12:42.959><c> do</c><00:12:43.120><c> that</c><00:12:43.839><c> takes</c><00:12:44.160><c> yet</c><00:12:44.399><c> another</c><00:12:44.959><c> kind</c><00:12:45.120><c> of</c>

11:24.215 --> 11:24.225 align:start position:0%
To do that takes yet another kind of
 

11:24.225 --> 11:30.535 align:start position:0%
To do that takes yet another kind of
simulation,<00:12:46.800><c> one</c><00:12:47.120><c> powered</c><00:12:47.920><c> by</c><00:12:48.320><c> PlayStations.</c>

11:30.535 --> 11:30.545 align:start position:0%
 
 

11:30.545 --> 11:33.175 align:start position:0%
 
It<00:12:51.920><c> is</c><00:12:52.079><c> 3</c><00:12:52.320><c> minutes</c><00:12:53.040><c> 3</c><00:12:53.360><c> on</c><00:12:53.519><c> the</c><00:12:53.680><c> 23rd</c><00:12:54.160><c> of</c>

11:33.175 --> 11:33.185 align:start position:0%
It is 3 minutes 3 on the 23rd of
 

11:33.185 --> 11:36.134 align:start position:0%
It is 3 minutes 3 on the 23rd of
September,<00:12:54.959><c> 1992</c><00:12:55.920><c> at</c><00:12:56.160><c> the</c><00:12:56.320><c> Nevada</c><00:12:56.720><c> test</c><00:12:56.959><c> site</c>

11:36.134 --> 11:36.144 align:start position:0%
September, 1992 at the Nevada test site
 

11:36.144 --> 11:39.175 align:start position:0%
September, 1992 at the Nevada test site
in<00:12:57.440><c> the</c><00:12:57.519><c> southern</c><00:12:57.920><c> United</c><00:12:58.399><c> States,</c><00:12:59.519><c> and</c><00:12:59.839><c> all</c>

11:39.175 --> 11:39.185 align:start position:0%
in the southern United States, and all
 

11:39.185 --> 11:41.975 align:start position:0%
in the southern United States, and all
is<00:13:00.639><c> eerily</c><00:13:01.200><c> silent.</c>

11:41.975 --> 11:41.985 align:start position:0%
is eerily silent.
 

11:41.985 --> 11:44.295 align:start position:0%
is eerily silent.
The<00:13:03.360><c> hot</c><00:13:03.600><c> sun</c><00:13:04.000><c> beams</c><00:13:04.480><c> down</c><00:13:04.720><c> on</c><00:13:04.880><c> the</c><00:13:05.040><c> cracked</c>

11:44.295 --> 11:44.305 align:start position:0%
The hot sun beams down on the cracked
 

11:44.305 --> 11:46.455 align:start position:0%
The hot sun beams down on the cracked
desert<00:13:05.839><c> ground</c><00:13:06.320><c> as</c><00:13:06.560><c> a</c><00:13:06.720><c> collection</c><00:13:07.040><c> of</c><00:13:07.279><c> small</c>

11:46.455 --> 11:46.465 align:start position:0%
desert ground as a collection of small
 

11:46.465 --> 11:48.855 align:start position:0%
desert ground as a collection of small
white<00:13:07.920><c> buildings</c><00:13:08.480><c> absorb</c><00:13:08.880><c> and</c><00:13:09.120><c> reflect</c><00:13:09.680><c> its</c>

11:48.855 --> 11:48.865 align:start position:0%
white buildings absorb and reflect its
 

11:48.865 --> 11:51.494 align:start position:0%
white buildings absorb and reflect its
brutal<00:13:10.480><c> midday</c><00:13:11.040><c> glare.</c>

11:51.494 --> 11:51.504 align:start position:0%
brutal midday glare.
 

11:51.504 --> 11:54.055 align:start position:0%
brutal midday glare.
Then,<00:13:13.279><c> suddenly,</c><00:13:14.000><c> as</c><00:13:14.160><c> the</c><00:13:14.320><c> clock</c><00:13:14.639><c> ticks</c><00:13:14.880><c> over</c>

11:54.055 --> 11:54.065 align:start position:0%
Then, suddenly, as the clock ticks over
 

11:54.065 --> 11:57.095 align:start position:0%
Then, suddenly, as the clock ticks over
1<00:13:15.519><c> second</c><00:13:15.839><c> to</c><00:13:16.079><c> form</c><00:13:16.560><c> its</c><00:13:16.800><c> past</c><00:13:17.040><c> 3,</c><00:13:17.760><c> the</c><00:13:18.000><c> ground</c>

11:57.095 --> 11:57.105 align:start position:0%
1 second to form its past 3, the ground
 

11:57.105 --> 11:59.735 align:start position:0%
1 second to form its past 3, the ground
itself<00:13:18.880><c> begins</c><00:13:19.200><c> to</c><00:13:19.360><c> violently</c><00:13:19.839><c> shake.</c>

11:59.735 --> 11:59.745 align:start position:0%
itself begins to violently shake.
 

11:59.745 --> 12:02.455 align:start position:0%
itself begins to violently shake.
Something<00:13:21.200><c> has</c><00:13:21.519><c> exploded</c><00:13:22.240><c> deep</c><00:13:22.480><c> below</c><00:13:23.279><c> for</c>

12:02.455 --> 12:02.465 align:start position:0%
Something has exploded deep below for
 

12:02.465 --> 12:05.575 align:start position:0%
Something has exploded deep below for
the<00:13:23.760><c> last</c><00:13:24.079><c> time.</c><00:13:25.440><c> This</c><00:13:25.680><c> was</c><00:13:25.839><c> the</c><00:13:26.079><c> divider</c>

12:05.575 --> 12:05.585 align:start position:0%
the last time. This was the divider
 

12:05.585 --> 12:07.814 align:start position:0%
the last time. This was the divider
nuclear<00:13:27.200><c> test</c><00:13:27.920><c> carried</c><00:13:28.240><c> out</c><00:13:28.399><c> by</c><00:13:28.560><c> the</c><00:13:28.720><c> Los</c>

12:07.814 --> 12:07.824 align:start position:0%
nuclear test carried out by the Los
 

12:07.824 --> 12:10.775 align:start position:0%
nuclear test carried out by the Los
Alamos<00:13:29.519><c> laboratory</c><00:13:30.320><c> 47</c><00:13:31.040><c> years</c><00:13:31.360><c> after</c><00:13:31.680><c> they</c>

12:10.775 --> 12:10.785 align:start position:0%
Alamos laboratory 47 years after they
 

12:10.785 --> 12:14.374 align:start position:0%
Alamos laboratory 47 years after they
carried<00:13:32.240><c> out</c><00:13:32.480><c> the</c><00:13:32.720><c> very</c><00:13:33.040><c> first,</c><00:13:34.000><c> the</c><00:13:34.880><c> 154th</c>

12:14.374 --> 12:14.384 align:start position:0%
carried out the very first, the 154th
 

12:14.384 --> 12:16.215 align:start position:0%
carried out the very first, the 154th
nuclear<00:13:35.920><c> test</c><00:13:36.240><c> carried</c><00:13:36.480><c> out</c><00:13:36.639><c> by</c><00:13:36.800><c> the</c><00:13:36.959><c> United</c>

12:16.215 --> 12:16.225 align:start position:0%
nuclear test carried out by the United
 

12:16.225 --> 12:18.694 align:start position:0%
nuclear test carried out by the United
States.<00:13:38.240><c> It</c><00:13:38.480><c> would</c><00:13:38.560><c> be</c><00:13:38.720><c> the</c><00:13:38.959><c> last</c><00:13:39.279><c> by</c><00:13:39.519><c> either</c>

12:18.694 --> 12:18.704 align:start position:0%
States. It would be the last by either
 

12:18.704 --> 12:20.934 align:start position:0%
States. It would be the last by either
the<00:13:40.079><c> US</c><00:13:40.320><c> or</c><00:13:40.560><c> the</c><00:13:40.720><c> Soviet</c><00:13:41.200><c> Union</c><00:13:41.600><c> before</c><00:13:41.920><c> the</c>

12:20.934 --> 12:20.944 align:start position:0%
the US or the Soviet Union before the
 

12:20.944 --> 12:22.934 align:start position:0%
the US or the Soviet Union before the
signing<00:13:42.320><c> of</c><00:13:42.480><c> the</c><00:13:42.639><c> nuclear</c><00:13:42.959><c> testban</c><00:13:43.440><c> treaty</c><00:13:43.760><c> in</c>

12:22.934 --> 12:22.944 align:start position:0%
signing of the nuclear testban treaty in
 

12:22.944 --> 12:24.615 align:start position:0%
signing of the nuclear testban treaty in
1996.

12:24.615 --> 12:24.625 align:start position:0%
1996.
 

12:24.625 --> 12:26.615 align:start position:0%
1996.
And<00:13:46.079><c> indeed,</c><00:13:46.560><c> ever</c><00:13:46.800><c> since</c><00:13:47.120><c> that</c><00:13:47.360><c> nuclear</c>

12:26.615 --> 12:26.625 align:start position:0%
And indeed, ever since that nuclear
 

12:26.625 --> 12:28.694 align:start position:0%
And indeed, ever since that nuclear
testban<00:13:48.240><c> treaty,</c><00:13:48.720><c> the</c><00:13:48.959><c> United</c><00:13:49.279><c> States</c><00:13:49.600><c> has</c>

12:28.694 --> 12:28.704 align:start position:0%
testban treaty, the United States has
 

12:28.704 --> 12:30.615 align:start position:0%
testban treaty, the United States has
not<00:13:50.000><c> directly</c><00:13:50.480><c> tested</c><00:13:50.880><c> any</c><00:13:51.120><c> of</c><00:13:51.200><c> the</c><00:13:51.360><c> weapons</c>

12:30.615 --> 12:30.625 align:start position:0%
not directly tested any of the weapons
 

12:30.625 --> 12:32.775 align:start position:0%
not directly tested any of the weapons
in<00:13:51.920><c> its</c><00:13:52.079><c> nuclear</c><00:13:52.560><c> arsenal.</c><00:13:53.440><c> And</c><00:13:53.600><c> so,</c><00:13:53.760><c> how</c>

12:32.775 --> 12:32.785 align:start position:0%
in its nuclear arsenal. And so, how
 

12:32.785 --> 12:35.015 align:start position:0%
in its nuclear arsenal. And so, how
could<00:13:54.079><c> it</c><00:13:54.320><c> ensure</c><00:13:54.800><c> the</c><00:13:55.120><c> reliability</c><00:13:55.839><c> and</c>

12:35.015 --> 12:35.025 align:start position:0%
could it ensure the reliability and
 

12:35.025 --> 12:37.175 align:start position:0%
could it ensure the reliability and
performance<00:13:56.560><c> of</c><00:13:56.800><c> those</c><00:13:57.120><c> bombs</c><00:13:57.760><c> should</c><00:13:58.079><c> the</c>

12:37.175 --> 12:37.185 align:start position:0%
performance of those bombs should the
 

12:37.185 --> 12:38.934 align:start position:0%
performance of those bombs should the
need<00:13:58.560><c> arise?</c>

12:38.934 --> 12:38.944 align:start position:0%
need arise?
 

12:38.944 --> 12:41.335 align:start position:0%
need arise?
The<00:14:00.320><c> answer,</c><00:14:01.279><c> simulate</c><00:14:01.920><c> their</c><00:14:02.160><c> inner</c>

12:41.335 --> 12:41.345 align:start position:0%
The answer, simulate their inner
 

12:41.345 --> 12:48.535 align:start position:0%
The answer, simulate their inner
workings<00:14:03.279><c> as</c><00:14:03.519><c> they</c><00:14:03.680><c> lie</c><00:14:04.000><c> in</c><00:14:04.240><c> storage.</c>

12:48.535 --> 12:48.545 align:start position:0%
 
 

12:48.545 --> 12:50.054 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:14:09.839><c> has</c><00:14:10.000><c> made</c><00:14:10.240><c> the</c><00:14:10.399><c> US</c><00:14:10.720><c> Department</c><00:14:11.040><c> of</c>

12:50.054 --> 12:50.064 align:start position:0%
This has made the US Department of
 

12:50.064 --> 12:52.295 align:start position:0%
This has made the US Department of
Energy<00:14:11.760><c> one</c><00:14:11.920><c> of</c><00:14:12.000><c> the</c><00:14:12.160><c> biggest</c><00:14:12.560><c> proponents</c><00:14:13.040><c> of</c>

12:52.295 --> 12:52.305 align:start position:0%
Energy one of the biggest proponents of
 

12:52.305 --> 12:54.934 align:start position:0%
Energy one of the biggest proponents of
largecale<00:14:14.160><c> supercomputers.</c><00:14:15.600><c> And</c><00:14:15.760><c> yet</c><00:14:15.920><c> the</c>

12:54.934 --> 12:54.944 align:start position:0%
largecale supercomputers. And yet the
 

12:54.944 --> 12:56.694 align:start position:0%
largecale supercomputers. And yet the
road<00:14:16.320><c> to</c><00:14:16.480><c> the</c><00:14:16.639><c> most</c><00:14:16.800><c> powerful</c><00:14:17.279><c> computer</c><00:14:17.600><c> in</c>

12:56.694 --> 12:56.704 align:start position:0%
road to the most powerful computer in
 

12:56.704 --> 12:59.655 align:start position:0%
road to the most powerful computer in
the<00:14:18.000><c> world</c><00:14:18.320><c> had</c><00:14:18.560><c> an</c><00:14:18.720><c> unlikely</c><00:14:19.279><c> way</c><00:14:19.519><c> point.</c><00:14:20.480><c> In</c>

12:59.655 --> 12:59.665 align:start position:0%
the world had an unlikely way point. In
 

12:59.665 --> 13:01.895 align:start position:0%
the world had an unlikely way point. In
2010,<00:14:21.440><c> the</c><00:14:21.680><c> US</c><00:14:22.000><c> Air</c><00:14:22.240><c> Force</c><00:14:22.560><c> Research</c>

13:01.895 --> 13:01.905 align:start position:0%
2010, the US Air Force Research
 

13:01.905 --> 13:03.655 align:start position:0%
2010, the US Air Force Research
Laboratory<00:14:23.760><c> wanted</c><00:14:24.000><c> to</c><00:14:24.160><c> build</c><00:14:24.320><c> a</c><00:14:24.560><c> new</c>

13:03.655 --> 13:03.665 align:start position:0%
Laboratory wanted to build a new
 

13:03.665 --> 13:05.975 align:start position:0%
Laboratory wanted to build a new
supercomput<00:14:25.600><c> of</c><00:14:25.839><c> their</c><00:14:26.079><c> own.</c><00:14:26.639><c> And</c><00:14:26.880><c> looking</c>

13:05.975 --> 13:05.985 align:start position:0%
supercomput of their own. And looking
 

13:05.985 --> 13:07.655 align:start position:0%
supercomput of their own. And looking
around<00:14:27.360><c> for</c><00:14:27.600><c> vendors</c><00:14:28.000><c> to</c><00:14:28.160><c> supply</c><00:14:28.399><c> the</c><00:14:28.560><c> chips</c>

13:07.655 --> 13:07.665 align:start position:0%
around for vendors to supply the chips
 

13:07.665 --> 13:09.655 align:start position:0%
around for vendors to supply the chips
for<00:14:28.959><c> the</c><00:14:29.120><c> computer,</c><00:14:29.680><c> they</c><00:14:30.000><c> realized</c><00:14:30.480><c> that</c><00:14:30.639><c> was</c>

13:09.655 --> 13:09.665 align:start position:0%
for the computer, they realized that was
 

13:09.665 --> 13:12.054 align:start position:0%
for the computer, they realized that was
already<00:14:31.120><c> a</c><00:14:31.360><c> commercially</c><00:14:31.839><c> available</c><00:14:32.320><c> option.</c>

13:12.054 --> 13:12.064 align:start position:0%
already a commercially available option.
 

13:12.064 --> 13:14.374 align:start position:0%
already a commercially available option.
In<00:14:33.519><c> 2006,</c><00:14:34.480><c> Sony</c><00:14:34.880><c> had</c><00:14:35.040><c> released</c><00:14:35.279><c> the</c>

13:14.374 --> 13:14.384 align:start position:0%
In 2006, Sony had released the
 

13:14.384 --> 13:16.694 align:start position:0%
In 2006, Sony had released the
PlayStation<00:14:36.320><c> 3.</c><00:14:36.959><c> They</c><00:14:37.120><c> had</c><00:14:37.360><c> collaborated</c>

13:16.694 --> 13:16.704 align:start position:0%
PlayStation 3. They had collaborated
 

13:16.704 --> 13:19.415 align:start position:0%
PlayStation 3. They had collaborated
with<00:14:38.000><c> IBM</c><00:14:38.639><c> to</c><00:14:38.880><c> create</c><00:14:39.040><c> the</c><00:14:39.360><c> cell</c><00:14:39.680><c> chip,</c><00:14:40.320><c> a</c>

13:19.415 --> 13:19.425 align:start position:0%
with IBM to create the cell chip, a
 

13:19.425 --> 13:21.735 align:start position:0%
with IBM to create the cell chip, a
powerful<00:14:40.959><c> microprocessor.</c><00:14:42.240><c> And</c><00:14:42.480><c> it</c><00:14:42.720><c> turned</c>

13:21.735 --> 13:21.745 align:start position:0%
powerful microprocessor. And it turned
 

13:21.745 --> 13:23.814 align:start position:0%
powerful microprocessor. And it turned
out<00:14:43.199><c> that</c><00:14:43.519><c> the</c><00:14:43.680><c> kinds</c><00:14:43.920><c> of</c><00:14:44.079><c> computations</c><00:14:44.720><c> that</c>

13:23.814 --> 13:23.824 align:start position:0%
out that the kinds of computations that
 

13:23.824 --> 13:25.975 align:start position:0%
out that the kinds of computations that
the<00:14:45.120><c> cell</c><00:14:45.360><c> chip</c><00:14:45.680><c> excelled</c><00:14:46.079><c> at</c><00:14:46.560><c> were</c><00:14:46.800><c> very</c>

13:25.975 --> 13:25.985 align:start position:0%
the cell chip excelled at were very
 

13:25.985 --> 13:27.735 align:start position:0%
the cell chip excelled at were very
similar<00:14:47.440><c> to</c><00:14:47.600><c> the</c><00:14:47.839><c> kinds</c><00:14:48.000><c> of</c><00:14:48.160><c> calculations</c>

13:27.735 --> 13:27.745 align:start position:0%
similar to the kinds of calculations
 

13:27.745 --> 13:29.895 align:start position:0%
similar to the kinds of calculations
that<00:14:49.120><c> the</c><00:14:49.279><c> Air</c><00:14:49.440><c> Force</c><00:14:49.760><c> needed.</c><00:14:50.480><c> And</c><00:14:50.639><c> so</c><00:14:50.800><c> in</c>

13:29.895 --> 13:29.905 align:start position:0%
that the Air Force needed. And so in
 

13:29.905 --> 13:31.814 align:start position:0%
that the Air Force needed. And so in
2010,<00:14:51.680><c> researchers</c><00:14:52.160><c> with</c><00:14:52.320><c> the</c><00:14:52.399><c> Air</c><00:14:52.560><c> Force</c>

13:31.814 --> 13:31.824 align:start position:0%
2010, researchers with the Air Force
 

13:31.824 --> 13:34.134 align:start position:0%
2010, researchers with the Air Force
plugged<00:14:53.279><c> together</c><00:14:53.680><c> a,760</c>

13:34.134 --> 13:34.144 align:start position:0%
plugged together a,760
 

13:34.144 --> 13:36.295 align:start position:0%
plugged together a,760
PlayStation<00:14:55.920><c> 3</c><00:14:56.160><c> consoles</c><00:14:56.800><c> and</c><00:14:56.959><c> got</c><00:14:57.120><c> them</c><00:14:57.279><c> to</c>

13:36.295 --> 13:36.305 align:start position:0%
PlayStation 3 consoles and got them to
 

13:36.305 --> 13:38.855 align:start position:0%
PlayStation 3 consoles and got them to
work<00:14:57.600><c> together,</c><00:14:58.480><c> creating</c><00:14:59.120><c> the</c><00:14:59.440><c> Condor</c>

13:38.855 --> 13:38.865 align:start position:0%
work together, creating the Condor
 

13:38.865 --> 13:41.335 align:start position:0%
work together, creating the Condor
Cluster,<00:15:00.800><c> using</c><00:15:01.120><c> that</c><00:15:01.360><c> machinery</c><00:15:01.920><c> to</c><00:15:02.160><c> process</c>

13:41.335 --> 13:41.345 align:start position:0%
Cluster, using that machinery to process
 

13:41.345 --> 13:43.415 align:start position:0%
Cluster, using that machinery to process
highresolution<00:15:03.279><c> satellite</c><00:15:03.680><c> imagery</c><00:15:04.240><c> for</c>

13:43.415 --> 13:43.425 align:start position:0%
highresolution satellite imagery for
 

13:43.425 --> 13:45.254 align:start position:0%
highresolution satellite imagery for
only<00:15:04.720><c> a</c><00:15:04.880><c> tenth</c><00:15:05.120><c> of</c><00:15:05.279><c> the</c><00:15:05.440><c> cost</c><00:15:05.680><c> of</c><00:15:05.839><c> a</c><00:15:06.079><c> typical</c>

13:45.254 --> 13:45.264 align:start position:0%
only a tenth of the cost of a typical
 

13:45.264 --> 13:51.254 align:start position:0%
only a tenth of the cost of a typical
supercomput.

13:51.254 --> 13:51.264 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:51.264 --> 13:53.415 align:start position:0%
 
Today,<00:15:13.040><c> our</c><00:15:13.279><c> simulations</c><00:15:13.920><c> of</c><00:15:14.160><c> various</c>

13:53.415 --> 13:53.425 align:start position:0%
Today, our simulations of various
 

13:53.425 --> 13:55.575 align:start position:0%
Today, our simulations of various
physical<00:15:14.959><c> processes</c><00:15:15.760><c> span</c><00:15:16.160><c> almost</c><00:15:16.480><c> the</c>

13:55.575 --> 13:55.585 align:start position:0%
physical processes span almost the
 

13:55.585 --> 13:58.455 align:start position:0%
physical processes span almost the
entire<00:15:17.199><c> breadth</c><00:15:17.680><c> of</c><00:15:17.920><c> physical</c><00:15:18.399><c> existence.</c>

13:58.455 --> 13:58.465 align:start position:0%
entire breadth of physical existence.
 

13:58.465 --> 13:59.895 align:start position:0%
entire breadth of physical existence.
They<00:15:19.839><c> can</c><00:15:20.000><c> take</c><00:15:20.160><c> us</c><00:15:20.320><c> from</c><00:15:20.560><c> the</c><00:15:20.720><c> earliest</c>

13:59.895 --> 13:59.905 align:start position:0%
They can take us from the earliest
 

13:59.905 --> 14:01.895 align:start position:0%
They can take us from the earliest
moments<00:15:21.360><c> of</c><00:15:21.519><c> the</c><00:15:21.680><c> Big</c><00:15:21.920><c> Bang</c><00:15:22.320><c> to</c><00:15:22.560><c> the</c><00:15:22.720><c> present</c>

14:01.895 --> 14:01.905 align:start position:0%
moments of the Big Bang to the present
 

14:01.905 --> 14:04.455 align:start position:0%
moments of the Big Bang to the present
day.<00:15:23.920><c> But</c><00:15:24.079><c> to</c><00:15:24.320><c> go</c><00:15:24.480><c> even</c><00:15:24.800><c> deeper</c><00:15:25.199><c> into</c><00:15:25.440><c> the</c>

14:04.455 --> 14:04.465 align:start position:0%
day. But to go even deeper into the
 

14:04.465 --> 14:07.335 align:start position:0%
day. But to go even deeper into the
bedrock<00:15:26.079><c> of</c><00:15:26.240><c> reality,</c><00:15:27.040><c> we</c><00:15:27.279><c> must</c><00:15:27.600><c> cross</c><00:15:28.000><c> into</c><00:15:28.320><c> a</c>

14:07.335 --> 14:07.345 align:start position:0%
bedrock of reality, we must cross into a
 

14:07.345 --> 14:10.374 align:start position:0%
bedrock of reality, we must cross into a
completely<00:15:29.040><c> different</c><00:15:29.519><c> realm.</c><00:15:30.959><c> We</c><00:15:31.199><c> must</c>

14:10.374 --> 14:10.384 align:start position:0%
completely different realm. We must
 

14:10.384 --> 14:19.735 align:start position:0%
completely different realm. We must
cross<00:15:32.480><c> into</c><00:15:32.800><c> the</c><00:15:32.959><c> quantum</c><00:15:33.519><c> world.</c>

14:19.735 --> 14:19.745 align:start position:0%
 
 

14:19.745 --> 14:22.615 align:start position:0%
 
Could<00:15:41.199><c> we</c><00:15:41.360><c> find</c><00:15:41.680><c> computational</c><00:15:42.480><c> clues</c><00:15:43.040><c> hiding</c>

14:22.615 --> 14:22.625 align:start position:0%
Could we find computational clues hiding
 

14:22.625 --> 14:26.054 align:start position:0%
Could we find computational clues hiding
in<00:15:44.079><c> the</c><00:15:44.240><c> fabric</c><00:15:44.639><c> of</c><00:15:44.800><c> the</c><00:15:45.040><c> universe?</c>

14:26.054 --> 14:26.064 align:start position:0%
in the fabric of the universe?
 

14:26.064 --> 14:27.494 align:start position:0%
in the fabric of the universe?
If<00:15:47.440><c> we</c><00:15:47.600><c> were</c><00:15:47.680><c> to</c><00:15:47.839><c> go</c><00:15:48.079><c> looking</c><00:15:48.320><c> for</c><00:15:48.480><c> the</c>

14:27.494 --> 14:27.504 align:start position:0%
If we were to go looking for the
 

14:27.504 --> 14:29.895 align:start position:0%
If we were to go looking for the
fingerprints<00:15:49.120><c> of</c><00:15:49.279><c> a</c><00:15:49.440><c> creator</c><00:15:50.000><c> or</c><00:15:50.320><c> a</c><00:15:50.560><c> systems</c>

14:29.895 --> 14:29.905 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of a creator or a systems
 

14:29.905 --> 14:31.814 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of a creator or a systems
architect,<00:15:51.839><c> we</c><00:15:52.079><c> might</c><00:15:52.240><c> not</c><00:15:52.399><c> find</c><00:15:52.560><c> them</c><00:15:52.720><c> in</c>

14:31.814 --> 14:31.824 align:start position:0%
architect, we might not find them in
 

14:31.824 --> 14:34.215 align:start position:0%
architect, we might not find them in
ancient<00:15:53.279><c> texts</c><00:15:53.680><c> or</c><00:15:53.920><c> burning</c><00:15:54.320><c> bushes,</c><00:15:54.959><c> but</c><00:15:55.199><c> in</c>

14:34.215 --> 14:34.225 align:start position:0%
ancient texts or burning bushes, but in
 

14:34.225 --> 14:37.095 align:start position:0%
ancient texts or burning bushes, but in
the<00:15:55.519><c> very</c><00:15:55.839><c> constraints</c><00:15:56.480><c> of</c><00:15:56.720><c> physics.</c><00:15:57.920><c> Every</c>

14:37.095 --> 14:37.105 align:start position:0%
the very constraints of physics. Every
 

14:37.105 --> 14:38.694 align:start position:0%
the very constraints of physics. Every
programmer<00:15:58.720><c> knows</c><00:15:59.040><c> that</c><00:15:59.279><c> even</c><00:15:59.440><c> the</c><00:15:59.680><c> most</c>

14:38.694 --> 14:38.704 align:start position:0%
programmer knows that even the most
 

14:38.704 --> 14:41.175 align:start position:0%
programmer knows that even the most
powerful<00:16:00.320><c> hardware</c><00:16:00.880><c> has</c><00:16:01.120><c> a</c><00:16:01.360><c> budget.</c><00:16:02.160><c> You</c>

14:41.175 --> 14:41.185 align:start position:0%
powerful hardware has a budget. You
 

14:41.185 --> 14:42.775 align:start position:0%
powerful hardware has a budget. You
can't<00:16:02.560><c> render</c><00:16:02.880><c> an</c><00:16:03.040><c> infinite</c><00:16:03.440><c> amount</c><00:16:03.680><c> of</c>

14:42.775 --> 14:42.785 align:start position:0%
can't render an infinite amount of
 

14:42.785 --> 14:45.814 align:start position:0%
can't render an infinite amount of
detail<00:16:04.320><c> at</c><00:16:04.560><c> an</c><00:16:04.720><c> infinite</c><00:16:05.279><c> speed.</c><00:16:06.079><c> the</c><00:16:06.399><c> system</c>

14:45.814 --> 14:45.824 align:start position:0%
detail at an infinite speed. the system
 

14:45.824 --> 14:48.374 align:start position:0%
detail at an infinite speed. the system
would<00:16:07.279><c> crash.</c><00:16:08.399><c> And</c><00:16:08.639><c> indeed,</c><00:16:09.040><c> when</c><00:16:09.199><c> we</c><00:16:09.279><c> look</c><00:16:09.440><c> at</c>

14:48.374 --> 14:48.384 align:start position:0%
would crash. And indeed, when we look at
 

14:48.384 --> 14:50.934 align:start position:0%
would crash. And indeed, when we look at
our<00:16:09.839><c> universe,</c><00:16:10.720><c> we</c><00:16:11.040><c> see</c><00:16:11.199><c> analogies</c><00:16:11.839><c> to</c>

14:50.934 --> 14:50.944 align:start position:0%
our universe, we see analogies to
 

14:50.944 --> 14:53.254 align:start position:0%
our universe, we see analogies to
precisely<00:16:12.639><c> these</c><00:16:13.040><c> kinds</c><00:16:13.279><c> of</c><00:16:13.440><c> optimization</c>

14:53.254 --> 14:53.264 align:start position:0%
precisely these kinds of optimization
 

14:53.264 --> 14:56.614 align:start position:0%
precisely these kinds of optimization
tricks.<00:16:15.759><c> Take</c><00:16:16.160><c> to</c><00:16:16.399><c> begin</c><00:16:16.560><c> with</c><00:16:17.040><c> the</c><00:16:17.279><c> speed</c><00:16:17.600><c> of</c>

14:56.614 --> 14:56.624 align:start position:0%
tricks. Take to begin with the speed of
 

14:56.624 --> 15:02.215 align:start position:0%
tricks. Take to begin with the speed of
light.<00:16:18.800><c> To</c><00:16:19.040><c> us,</c><00:16:19.440><c> 299,792,458</c>

15:02.215 --> 15:02.225 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:02.225 --> 15:06.455 align:start position:0%
 
m/s<00:16:24.800><c> feels</c><00:16:25.120><c> like</c><00:16:25.360><c> the</c><00:16:25.600><c> cosmic</c><00:16:26.079><c> speed</c><00:16:26.399><c> limit,</c><00:16:27.360><c> a</c>

15:06.455 --> 15:06.465 align:start position:0%
m/s feels like the cosmic speed limit, a
 

15:06.465 --> 15:09.575 align:start position:0%
m/s feels like the cosmic speed limit, a
barrier<00:16:28.000><c> that</c><00:16:28.240><c> nothing</c><00:16:28.880><c> can</c><00:16:29.120><c> cross.</c><00:16:30.320><c> But</c><00:16:30.560><c> in</c>

15:09.575 --> 15:09.585 align:start position:0%
barrier that nothing can cross. But in
 

15:09.585 --> 15:11.735 align:start position:0%
barrier that nothing can cross. But in
the<00:16:30.880><c> language</c><00:16:31.199><c> of</c><00:16:31.440><c> computation,</c><00:16:32.399><c> the</c><00:16:32.639><c> speed</c>

15:11.735 --> 15:11.745 align:start position:0%
the language of computation, the speed
 

15:11.745 --> 15:13.895 align:start position:0%
the language of computation, the speed
of<00:16:33.040><c> light</c><00:16:33.519><c> begins</c><00:16:33.839><c> to</c><00:16:34.000><c> look</c><00:16:34.160><c> a</c><00:16:34.320><c> lot</c><00:16:34.480><c> less</c><00:16:34.800><c> like</c>

15:13.895 --> 15:13.905 align:start position:0%
of light begins to look a lot less like
 

15:13.905 --> 15:17.175 align:start position:0%
of light begins to look a lot less like
a<00:16:35.279><c> law</c><00:16:35.519><c> of</c><00:16:35.680><c> physics</c><00:16:36.639><c> and</c><00:16:36.959><c> more</c><00:16:37.360><c> like</c><00:16:37.600><c> a</c><00:16:37.839><c> global</c>

15:17.175 --> 15:17.185 align:start position:0%
a law of physics and more like a global
 

15:17.185 --> 15:19.735 align:start position:0%
a law of physics and more like a global
clock<00:16:38.720><c> speed.</c><00:16:39.759><c> After</c><00:16:40.079><c> all,</c><00:16:40.399><c> it</c><00:16:40.560><c> is</c><00:16:40.639><c> the</c>

15:19.735 --> 15:19.745 align:start position:0%
clock speed. After all, it is the
 

15:19.745 --> 15:21.735 align:start position:0%
clock speed. After all, it is the
maximum<00:16:41.279><c> rate</c><00:16:41.519><c> at</c><00:16:41.759><c> which</c><00:16:42.000><c> information</c><00:16:42.560><c> can</c><00:16:42.720><c> be</c>

15:21.735 --> 15:21.745 align:start position:0%
maximum rate at which information can be
 

15:21.745 --> 15:24.215 align:start position:0%
maximum rate at which information can be
updated<00:16:43.440><c> from</c><00:16:43.680><c> one</c><00:16:44.000><c> cell</c><00:16:44.320><c> of</c><00:16:44.480><c> the</c><00:16:44.639><c> universe</c><00:16:45.120><c> to</c>

15:24.215 --> 15:24.225 align:start position:0%
updated from one cell of the universe to
 

15:24.225 --> 15:27.095 align:start position:0%
updated from one cell of the universe to
the<00:16:45.600><c> next.</c><00:16:46.560><c> If</c><00:16:46.800><c> the</c><00:16:46.959><c> supposed</c><00:16:47.440><c> simulation</c><00:16:48.000><c> is</c>

15:27.095 --> 15:27.105 align:start position:0%
the next. If the supposed simulation is
 

15:27.105 --> 15:29.814 align:start position:0%
the next. If the supposed simulation is
to<00:16:48.399><c> remain</c><00:16:48.720><c> coherent,</c><00:16:49.680><c> no</c><00:16:50.000><c> signal</c><00:16:50.399><c> can</c><00:16:50.639><c> travel</c>

15:29.814 --> 15:29.824 align:start position:0%
to remain coherent, no signal can travel
 

15:29.824 --> 15:32.215 align:start position:0%
to remain coherent, no signal can travel
faster<00:16:51.360><c> than</c><00:16:51.600><c> the</c><00:16:51.839><c> hardware</c><00:16:52.320><c> can</c><00:16:52.639><c> refresh</c><00:16:53.040><c> the</c>

15:32.215 --> 15:32.225 align:start position:0%
faster than the hardware can refresh the
 

15:32.225 --> 15:35.254 align:start position:0%
faster than the hardware can refresh the
frame.<00:16:54.720><c> Then</c><00:16:55.040><c> there's</c><00:16:55.360><c> the</c><00:16:55.600><c> finetuning</c>

15:35.254 --> 15:35.264 align:start position:0%
frame. Then there's the finetuning
 

15:35.264 --> 15:37.814 align:start position:0%
frame. Then there's the finetuning
problem.<00:16:57.279><c> Why</c><00:16:57.519><c> is</c><00:16:57.680><c> our</c><00:16:57.920><c> universe</c><00:16:58.639><c> so</c>

15:37.814 --> 15:37.824 align:start position:0%
problem. Why is our universe so
 

15:37.824 --> 15:40.535 align:start position:0%
problem. Why is our universe so
perfectly<00:16:59.440><c> calibrated</c><00:17:00.079><c> for</c><00:17:00.320><c> life?</c><00:17:01.279><c> If</c><00:17:01.519><c> the</c>

15:40.535 --> 15:40.545 align:start position:0%
perfectly calibrated for life? If the
 

15:40.545 --> 15:42.295 align:start position:0%
perfectly calibrated for life? If the
strength<00:17:01.920><c> of</c><00:17:02.160><c> gravity</c><00:17:02.560><c> or</c><00:17:02.800><c> the</c><00:17:02.959><c> mass</c><00:17:03.120><c> of</c><00:17:03.279><c> an</c>

15:42.295 --> 15:42.305 align:start position:0%
strength of gravity or the mass of an
 

15:42.305 --> 15:44.455 align:start position:0%
strength of gravity or the mass of an
electron<00:17:04.000><c> were</c><00:17:04.160><c> even</c><00:17:04.400><c> slightly</c><00:17:04.880><c> different,</c>

15:44.455 --> 15:44.465 align:start position:0%
electron were even slightly different,
 

15:44.465 --> 15:46.934 align:start position:0%
electron were even slightly different,
stars<00:17:06.000><c> wouldn't</c><00:17:06.400><c> form</c><00:17:06.959><c> and</c><00:17:07.280><c> we</c><00:17:07.679><c> wouldn't</c>

15:46.934 --> 15:46.944 align:start position:0%
stars wouldn't form and we wouldn't
 

15:46.944 --> 15:49.495 align:start position:0%
stars wouldn't form and we wouldn't
exist.<00:17:09.199><c> To</c><00:17:09.360><c> the</c><00:17:09.520><c> devout,</c><00:17:10.079><c> this</c><00:17:10.240><c> might</c><00:17:10.400><c> suggest</c>

15:49.495 --> 15:49.505 align:start position:0%
exist. To the devout, this might suggest
 

15:49.505 --> 15:51.735 align:start position:0%
exist. To the devout, this might suggest
a<00:17:10.880><c> benevolent</c><00:17:11.439><c> creator.</c><00:17:12.319><c> But</c><00:17:12.480><c> to</c><00:17:12.640><c> a</c>

15:51.735 --> 15:51.745 align:start position:0%
a benevolent creator. But to a
 

15:51.745 --> 15:54.375 align:start position:0%
a benevolent creator. But to a
programmer,<00:17:13.600><c> it</c><00:17:13.919><c> suggests</c><00:17:14.880><c> parameter</c>

15:54.375 --> 15:54.385 align:start position:0%
programmer, it suggests parameter
 

15:54.385 --> 15:57.015 align:start position:0%
programmer, it suggests parameter
tuning.<00:17:16.319><c> The</c><00:17:16.559><c> simulation</c><00:17:17.120><c> that</c><00:17:17.360><c> we</c><00:17:17.520><c> lived</c><00:17:17.839><c> in</c>

15:57.015 --> 15:57.025 align:start position:0%
tuning. The simulation that we lived in
 

15:57.025 --> 15:59.735 align:start position:0%
tuning. The simulation that we lived in
might<00:17:18.400><c> be</c><00:17:18.559><c> version</c><00:17:18.959><c> 1</c><00:17:19.199><c> million1,</c><00:17:20.400><c> one</c><00:17:20.640><c> of</c><00:17:20.720><c> the</c>

15:59.735 --> 15:59.745 align:start position:0%
might be version 1 million1, one of the
 

15:59.745 --> 16:01.814 align:start position:0%
might be version 1 million1, one of the
few<00:17:21.120><c> successful</c><00:17:21.679><c> runs</c><00:17:22.079><c> where</c><00:17:22.319><c> the</c><00:17:22.480><c> variables</c>

16:01.814 --> 16:01.824 align:start position:0%
few successful runs where the variables
 

16:01.824 --> 16:04.135 align:start position:0%
few successful runs where the variables
were<00:17:23.199><c> balanced</c><00:17:23.679><c> just</c><00:17:24.000><c> right</c><00:17:24.559><c> to</c><00:17:24.799><c> see</c><00:17:24.959><c> what</c>

16:04.135 --> 16:04.145 align:start position:0%
were balanced just right to see what
 

16:04.145 --> 16:07.174 align:start position:0%
were balanced just right to see what
intelligence<00:17:26.240><c> would</c><00:17:26.559><c> do.</c>

16:07.174 --> 16:07.184 align:start position:0%
intelligence would do.
 

16:07.184 --> 16:09.495 align:start position:0%
intelligence would do.
And<00:17:28.559><c> finally,</c><00:17:29.200><c> there</c><00:17:29.440><c> is</c><00:17:29.520><c> the</c><00:17:29.679><c> plank</c><00:17:30.080><c> scale</c><00:17:30.400><c> to</c>

16:09.495 --> 16:09.505 align:start position:0%
And finally, there is the plank scale to
 

16:09.505 --> 16:12.215 align:start position:0%
And finally, there is the plank scale to
consider<00:17:31.679><c> as</c><00:17:31.919><c> we</c><00:17:32.160><c> zoom</c><00:17:32.480><c> into</c><00:17:32.720><c> the</c><00:17:32.880><c> fabric</c><00:17:33.200><c> of</c>

16:12.215 --> 16:12.225 align:start position:0%
consider as we zoom into the fabric of
 

16:12.225 --> 16:14.215 align:start position:0%
consider as we zoom into the fabric of
reality.<00:17:34.160><c> We</c><00:17:34.400><c> eventually</c><00:17:34.720><c> reach</c><00:17:34.960><c> a</c><00:17:35.200><c> point</c>

16:14.215 --> 16:14.225 align:start position:0%
reality. We eventually reach a point
 

16:14.225 --> 16:16.135 align:start position:0%
reality. We eventually reach a point
where<00:17:35.600><c> the</c><00:17:35.840><c> smooth</c><00:17:36.160><c> curves</c><00:17:36.559><c> of</c><00:17:36.799><c> space</c><00:17:37.039><c> and</c>

16:16.135 --> 16:16.145 align:start position:0%
where the smooth curves of space and
 

16:16.145 --> 16:19.575 align:start position:0%
where the smooth curves of space and
time<00:17:37.840><c> break</c><00:17:38.160><c> down</c><00:17:38.559><c> into</c><00:17:38.960><c> tangled</c><00:17:39.440><c> mess.</c><00:17:40.559><c> And</c>

16:19.575 --> 16:19.585 align:start position:0%
time break down into tangled mess. And
 

16:19.585 --> 16:21.815 align:start position:0%
time break down into tangled mess. And
so<00:17:40.960><c> some</c><00:17:41.200><c> theories</c><00:17:41.520><c> of</c><00:17:41.760><c> physics</c><00:17:42.320><c> like</c><00:17:42.640><c> loop</c>

16:21.815 --> 16:21.825 align:start position:0%
so some theories of physics like loop
 

16:21.825 --> 16:25.015 align:start position:0%
so some theories of physics like loop
quantum<00:17:43.440><c> gravity</c><00:17:44.559><c> envision</c><00:17:45.120><c> spacetime</c><00:17:45.840><c> as</c>

16:25.015 --> 16:25.025 align:start position:0%
quantum gravity envision spacetime as
 

16:25.025 --> 16:28.695 align:start position:0%
quantum gravity envision spacetime as
discrete<00:17:47.120><c> almost</c><00:17:47.679><c> pixelated</c><00:17:48.480><c> chunks.</c><00:17:49.679><c> Just</c>

16:28.695 --> 16:28.705 align:start position:0%
discrete almost pixelated chunks. Just
 

16:28.705 --> 16:30.774 align:start position:0%
discrete almost pixelated chunks. Just
as<00:17:50.080><c> a</c><00:17:50.240><c> digital</c><00:17:50.640><c> image</c><00:17:51.120><c> dissolves</c><00:17:51.600><c> into</c>

16:30.774 --> 16:30.784 align:start position:0%
as a digital image dissolves into
 

16:30.784 --> 16:33.255 align:start position:0%
as a digital image dissolves into
squares<00:17:52.320><c> when</c><00:17:52.559><c> you</c><00:17:52.720><c> lean</c><00:17:52.880><c> in</c><00:17:53.120><c> too</c><00:17:53.360><c> close.</c><00:17:54.160><c> The</c>

16:33.255 --> 16:33.265 align:start position:0%
squares when you lean in too close. The
 

16:33.265 --> 16:35.414 align:start position:0%
squares when you lean in too close. The
entire<00:17:54.799><c> universe</c><00:17:55.679><c> could</c><00:17:55.919><c> have</c><00:17:56.000><c> a</c><00:17:56.160><c> minimum</c>

16:35.414 --> 16:35.424 align:start position:0%
entire universe could have a minimum
 

16:35.424 --> 16:43.654 align:start position:0%
entire universe could have a minimum
resolution.

16:43.654 --> 16:43.664 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:43.664 --> 16:45.975 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:18:05.039><c> so</c><00:18:05.280><c> perhaps</c><00:18:05.520><c> what</c><00:18:05.760><c> we</c><00:18:06.000><c> see</c><00:18:06.160><c> as</c><00:18:06.400><c> inviable</c>

16:45.975 --> 16:45.985 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps what we see as inviable
 

16:45.985 --> 16:48.695 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps what we see as inviable
constraints<00:18:07.600><c> on</c><00:18:07.840><c> physical</c><00:18:08.240><c> reality</c><00:18:09.200><c> are</c><00:18:09.440><c> just</c>

16:48.695 --> 16:48.705 align:start position:0%
constraints on physical reality are just
 

16:48.705 --> 16:51.175 align:start position:0%
constraints on physical reality are just
system<00:18:10.240><c> settings</c><00:18:11.120><c> designed</c><00:18:11.520><c> to</c><00:18:11.760><c> maintain</c>

16:51.175 --> 16:51.185 align:start position:0%
system settings designed to maintain
 

16:51.185 --> 16:54.055 align:start position:0%
system settings designed to maintain
efficiency.<00:18:13.600><c> Maybe</c><00:18:13.919><c> the</c><00:18:14.160><c> universe</c><00:18:14.720><c> is</c><00:18:15.039><c> trying</c>

16:54.055 --> 16:54.065 align:start position:0%
efficiency. Maybe the universe is trying
 

16:54.065 --> 16:56.295 align:start position:0%
efficiency. Maybe the universe is trying
to<00:18:15.360><c> save</c><00:18:15.600><c> on</c><00:18:15.840><c> memory.</c><00:18:16.640><c> Indeed,</c><00:18:17.039><c> by</c><00:18:17.200><c> only</c>

16:56.295 --> 16:56.305 align:start position:0%
to save on memory. Indeed, by only
 

16:56.305 --> 16:58.215 align:start position:0%
to save on memory. Indeed, by only
rendering<00:18:17.840><c> the</c><00:18:18.000><c> subatomic</c><00:18:18.799><c> world</c><00:18:19.039><c> when</c>

16:58.215 --> 16:58.225 align:start position:0%
rendering the subatomic world when
 

16:58.225 --> 17:00.375 align:start position:0%
rendering the subatomic world when
somebody<00:18:19.600><c> is</c><00:18:19.840><c> looking</c><00:18:20.080><c> at</c><00:18:20.320><c> it,</c><00:18:20.799><c> the</c><00:18:21.039><c> hallmark</c>

17:00.375 --> 17:00.385 align:start position:0%
somebody is looking at it, the hallmark
 

17:00.385 --> 17:02.695 align:start position:0%
somebody is looking at it, the hallmark
of<00:18:21.760><c> quantum</c><00:18:22.160><c> mechanics,</c><00:18:23.039><c> the</c><00:18:23.280><c> computer</c><00:18:23.600><c> that</c>

17:02.695 --> 17:02.705 align:start position:0%
of quantum mechanics, the computer that
 

17:02.705 --> 17:04.615 align:start position:0%
of quantum mechanics, the computer that
runs<00:18:24.160><c> the</c><00:18:24.320><c> universe,</c><00:18:24.880><c> could</c><00:18:25.039><c> save</c><00:18:25.360><c> massive</c>

17:04.615 --> 17:04.625 align:start position:0%
runs the universe, could save massive
 

17:04.625 --> 17:08.534 align:start position:0%
runs the universe, could save massive
amounts<00:18:26.240><c> of</c><00:18:26.480><c> processing</c><00:18:27.039><c> power.</c>

17:08.534 --> 17:08.544 align:start position:0%
amounts of processing power.
 

17:08.544 --> 17:10.774 align:start position:0%
amounts of processing power.
But<00:18:29.919><c> other</c><00:18:30.160><c> than</c><00:18:30.320><c> that,</c><00:18:31.039><c> quantum</c><00:18:31.440><c> mechanics</c>

17:10.774 --> 17:10.784 align:start position:0%
But other than that, quantum mechanics
 

17:10.784 --> 17:12.534 align:start position:0%
But other than that, quantum mechanics
would<00:18:32.160><c> perhaps</c><00:18:32.480><c> be</c><00:18:32.640><c> the</c><00:18:32.799><c> biggest</c><00:18:33.120><c> obstacle</c>

17:12.534 --> 17:12.544 align:start position:0%
would perhaps be the biggest obstacle
 

17:12.544 --> 17:14.935 align:start position:0%
would perhaps be the biggest obstacle
one<00:18:34.000><c> would</c><00:18:34.160><c> face</c><00:18:34.480><c> when</c><00:18:34.799><c> creating</c><00:18:35.120><c> a</c><00:18:35.440><c> one-toone</c>

17:14.935 --> 17:14.945 align:start position:0%
one would face when creating a one-toone
 

17:14.945 --> 17:18.295 align:start position:0%
one would face when creating a one-toone
simulation<00:18:36.799><c> of</c><00:18:37.039><c> our</c><00:18:37.360><c> universe.</c><00:18:38.559><c> A</c><00:18:38.799><c> seemingly</c>

17:18.295 --> 17:18.305 align:start position:0%
simulation of our universe. A seemingly
 

17:18.305 --> 17:20.695 align:start position:0%
simulation of our universe. A seemingly
completely<00:18:39.919><c> unpredictable</c><00:18:40.640><c> subatomic</c><00:18:41.280><c> realm</c>

17:20.695 --> 17:20.705 align:start position:0%
completely unpredictable subatomic realm
 

17:20.705 --> 17:22.615 align:start position:0%
completely unpredictable subatomic realm
where<00:18:42.080><c> objects</c><00:18:42.559><c> can</c><00:18:42.799><c> be</c><00:18:42.880><c> in</c><00:18:43.039><c> two</c><00:18:43.280><c> places</c><00:18:43.520><c> at</c>

17:22.615 --> 17:22.625 align:start position:0%
where objects can be in two places at
 

17:22.625 --> 17:25.255 align:start position:0%
where objects can be in two places at
once,<00:18:44.160><c> and</c><00:18:44.480><c> nothing</c><00:18:44.720><c> is</c><00:18:45.039><c> ever</c><00:18:45.280><c> truly</c><00:18:45.760><c> certain.</c>

17:25.255 --> 17:25.265 align:start position:0%
once, and nothing is ever truly certain.
 

17:25.265 --> 17:27.015 align:start position:0%
once, and nothing is ever truly certain.
Even<00:18:46.640><c> the</c><00:18:46.799><c> most</c><00:18:47.039><c> modern</c><00:18:47.440><c> computer</c><00:18:47.919><c> would</c>

17:27.015 --> 17:27.025 align:start position:0%
Even the most modern computer would
 

17:27.025 --> 17:29.095 align:start position:0%
Even the most modern computer would
collapse,<00:18:48.799><c> attempting</c><00:18:49.280><c> to</c><00:18:49.440><c> recreate</c><00:18:49.919><c> its</c>

17:29.095 --> 17:29.105 align:start position:0%
collapse, attempting to recreate its
 

17:29.105 --> 17:31.335 align:start position:0%
collapse, attempting to recreate its
various<00:18:50.559><c> intricacies,</c><00:18:51.600><c> and</c><00:18:51.840><c> thus</c><00:18:52.160><c> the</c>

17:31.335 --> 17:31.345 align:start position:0%
various intricacies, and thus the
 

17:31.345 --> 17:35.175 align:start position:0%
various intricacies, and thus the
macroscopic<00:18:53.200><c> world</c><00:18:53.600><c> that</c><00:18:53.919><c> forms</c><00:18:54.320><c> from</c><00:18:54.640><c> it.</c>

17:35.175 --> 17:35.185 align:start position:0%
macroscopic world that forms from it.
 

17:35.185 --> 17:37.255 align:start position:0%
macroscopic world that forms from it.
That<00:18:56.480><c> is</c><00:18:56.720><c> of</c><00:18:56.960><c> course</c><00:18:57.440><c> unless</c><00:18:57.840><c> the</c><00:18:58.080><c> computer</c>

17:37.255 --> 17:37.265 align:start position:0%
That is of course unless the computer
 

17:37.265 --> 17:43.894 align:start position:0%
That is of course unless the computer
itself<00:18:59.840><c> was</c><00:19:00.240><c> quantum.</c>

17:43.894 --> 17:43.904 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:43.904 --> 17:46.695 align:start position:0%
 
It<00:19:05.280><c> was</c><00:19:05.360><c> the</c><00:19:05.600><c> early</c><00:19:05.840><c> 1980s</c><00:19:06.799><c> and</c><00:19:07.039><c> a</c><00:19:07.200><c> young</c><00:19:07.520><c> David</c>

17:46.695 --> 17:46.705 align:start position:0%
It was the early 1980s and a young David
 

17:46.705 --> 17:48.615 align:start position:0%
It was the early 1980s and a young David
Deutsch<00:19:08.320><c> was</c><00:19:08.480><c> at</c><00:19:08.640><c> a</c><00:19:08.799><c> party</c><00:19:09.120><c> hosted</c><00:19:09.520><c> by</c>

17:48.615 --> 17:48.625 align:start position:0%
Deutsch was at a party hosted by
 

17:48.625 --> 17:51.575 align:start position:0%
Deutsch was at a party hosted by
legendary<00:19:10.240><c> physicist</c><00:19:11.120><c> John</c><00:19:11.600><c> Wheeler.</c><00:19:12.480><c> Ever</c>

17:51.575 --> 17:51.585 align:start position:0%
legendary physicist John Wheeler. Ever
 

17:51.585 --> 17:53.414 align:start position:0%
legendary physicist John Wheeler. Ever
the<00:19:12.880><c> gregarious</c><00:19:13.520><c> host,</c><00:19:14.000><c> Wheeler</c><00:19:14.400><c> was</c>

17:53.414 --> 17:53.424 align:start position:0%
the gregarious host, Wheeler was
 

17:53.424 --> 17:55.414 align:start position:0%
the gregarious host, Wheeler was
entertaining<00:19:14.960><c> his</c><00:19:15.280><c> guests</c><00:19:15.679><c> with</c><00:19:15.919><c> expansive</c>

17:55.414 --> 17:55.424 align:start position:0%
entertaining his guests with expansive
 

17:55.424 --> 17:57.414 align:start position:0%
entertaining his guests with expansive
speculations<00:19:17.360><c> about</c><00:19:17.600><c> the</c><00:19:17.919><c> fundamental</c>

17:57.414 --> 17:57.424 align:start position:0%
speculations about the fundamental
 

17:57.424 --> 17:59.815 align:start position:0%
speculations about the fundamental
nature<00:19:18.880><c> of</c><00:19:19.120><c> reality</c><00:19:19.840><c> and</c><00:19:20.080><c> indeed</c><00:19:20.480><c> had</c><00:19:20.640><c> thrown</c>

17:59.815 --> 17:59.825 align:start position:0%
nature of reality and indeed had thrown
 

17:59.825 --> 18:01.654 align:start position:0%
nature of reality and indeed had thrown
the<00:19:21.120><c> party</c><00:19:21.440><c> specifically</c><00:19:22.080><c> to</c><00:19:22.320><c> encourage</c>

18:01.654 --> 18:01.664 align:start position:0%
the party specifically to encourage
 

18:01.664 --> 18:03.815 align:start position:0%
the party specifically to encourage
conversations<00:19:23.440><c> between</c><00:19:23.919><c> guests</c><00:19:24.480><c> about</c><00:19:24.720><c> the</c>

18:03.815 --> 18:03.825 align:start position:0%
conversations between guests about the
 

18:03.825 --> 18:06.774 align:start position:0%
conversations between guests about the
topic<00:19:25.360><c> of</c><00:19:25.679><c> computing.</c><00:19:26.960><c> There</c><00:19:27.200><c> was</c><00:19:27.280><c> an</c><00:19:27.440><c> idea</c>

18:06.774 --> 18:06.784 align:start position:0%
topic of computing. There was an idea
 

18:06.784 --> 18:08.695 align:start position:0%
topic of computing. There was an idea
circulating<00:19:28.480><c> in</c><00:19:28.720><c> physics</c><00:19:29.039><c> circles</c><00:19:29.440><c> at</c><00:19:29.600><c> the</c>

18:08.695 --> 18:08.705 align:start position:0%
circulating in physics circles at the
 

18:08.705 --> 18:10.615 align:start position:0%
circulating in physics circles at the
time,<00:19:30.160><c> one</c><00:19:30.400><c> heavily</c><00:19:30.720><c> promoted</c><00:19:31.200><c> by</c><00:19:31.360><c> Richard</c>

18:10.615 --> 18:10.625 align:start position:0%
time, one heavily promoted by Richard
 

18:10.625 --> 18:12.295 align:start position:0%
time, one heavily promoted by Richard
Fineman<00:19:32.320><c> that</c><00:19:32.559><c> Wheeler</c><00:19:32.960><c> had</c><00:19:33.120><c> become</c>

18:12.295 --> 18:12.305 align:start position:0%
Fineman that Wheeler had become
 

18:12.305 --> 18:14.615 align:start position:0%
Fineman that Wheeler had become
interested<00:19:33.840><c> in.</c><00:19:34.400><c> If</c><00:19:34.640><c> the</c><00:19:34.880><c> fundamental</c><00:19:35.440><c> nature</c>

18:14.615 --> 18:14.625 align:start position:0%
interested in. If the fundamental nature
 

18:14.625 --> 18:17.495 align:start position:0%
interested in. If the fundamental nature
of<00:19:36.000><c> reality</c><00:19:36.559><c> is</c><00:19:36.799><c> inherently</c><00:19:37.600><c> quantum,</c><00:19:38.480><c> then</c>

18:17.495 --> 18:17.505 align:start position:0%
of reality is inherently quantum, then
 

18:17.505 --> 18:19.414 align:start position:0%
of reality is inherently quantum, then
how<00:19:38.799><c> could</c><00:19:39.039><c> classical</c><00:19:39.600><c> computers</c><00:19:40.240><c> ever</c>

18:19.414 --> 18:19.424 align:start position:0%
how could classical computers ever
 

18:19.424 --> 18:22.695 align:start position:0%
how could classical computers ever
simulate<00:19:41.120><c> reality</c><00:19:42.080><c> at</c><00:19:42.320><c> its</c><00:19:42.559><c> deepest</c><00:19:43.039><c> level?</c>

18:22.695 --> 18:22.705 align:start position:0%
simulate reality at its deepest level?
 

18:22.705 --> 18:24.935 align:start position:0%
simulate reality at its deepest level?
Fineman<00:19:44.400><c> said</c><00:19:44.559><c> at</c><00:19:44.799><c> the</c><00:19:44.880><c> close</c><00:19:45.120><c> of</c><00:19:45.200><c> a</c><00:19:45.360><c> 1981</c>

18:24.935 --> 18:24.945 align:start position:0%
Fineman said at the close of a 1981
 

18:24.945 --> 18:27.095 align:start position:0%
Fineman said at the close of a 1981
lecture,<00:19:46.720><c> "Nature</c><00:19:47.280><c> isn't</c><00:19:47.600><c> classical,</c><00:19:48.080><c> damn</c>

18:27.095 --> 18:27.105 align:start position:0%
lecture, "Nature isn't classical, damn
 

18:27.105 --> 18:28.855 align:start position:0%
lecture, "Nature isn't classical, damn
it.<00:19:48.559><c> And</c><00:19:48.720><c> if</c><00:19:48.880><c> you</c><00:19:49.039><c> want</c><00:19:49.120><c> to</c><00:19:49.200><c> make</c><00:19:49.360><c> a</c><00:19:49.520><c> simulation</c>

18:28.855 --> 18:28.865 align:start position:0%
it. And if you want to make a simulation
 

18:28.865 --> 18:30.855 align:start position:0%
it. And if you want to make a simulation
of<00:19:50.240><c> nature,</c><00:19:50.799><c> you'd</c><00:19:51.039><c> better</c><00:19:51.280><c> make</c><00:19:51.440><c> it</c><00:19:51.600><c> quantum</c>

18:30.855 --> 18:30.865 align:start position:0%
of nature, you'd better make it quantum
 

18:30.865 --> 18:33.095 align:start position:0%
of nature, you'd better make it quantum
mechanical."

18:33.095 --> 18:33.105 align:start position:0%
mechanical."
 

18:33.105 --> 18:35.095 align:start position:0%
mechanical."
And<00:19:54.400><c> yet,</c><00:19:54.640><c> Fineman</c><00:19:55.120><c> and</c><00:19:55.280><c> Wheeler,</c><00:19:55.919><c> for</c><00:19:56.080><c> all</c>

18:35.095 --> 18:35.105 align:start position:0%
And yet, Fineman and Wheeler, for all
 

18:35.105 --> 18:37.095 align:start position:0%
And yet, Fineman and Wheeler, for all
their<00:19:56.400><c> formidable</c><00:19:56.960><c> intellect,</c><00:19:57.679><c> knew</c><00:19:57.919><c> how</c><00:19:58.080><c> to</c>

18:37.095 --> 18:37.105 align:start position:0%
their formidable intellect, knew how to
 

18:37.105 --> 18:39.414 align:start position:0%
their formidable intellect, knew how to
pose<00:19:58.640><c> the</c><00:19:58.880><c> question,</c><00:19:59.679><c> but</c><00:19:59.919><c> didn't</c><00:20:00.160><c> know</c><00:20:00.320><c> how</c>

18:39.414 --> 18:39.424 align:start position:0%
pose the question, but didn't know how
 

18:39.424 --> 18:42.135 align:start position:0%
pose the question, but didn't know how
to<00:20:00.799><c> answer</c><00:20:01.120><c> it.</c><00:20:02.000><c> Deutsch,</c><00:20:02.480><c> however,</c><00:20:02.960><c> was</c>

18:42.135 --> 18:42.145 align:start position:0%
to answer it. Deutsch, however, was
 

18:42.145 --> 18:44.855 align:start position:0%
to answer it. Deutsch, however, was
different.<00:20:04.160><c> and</c><00:20:04.320><c> just</c><00:20:04.559><c> a</c><00:20:04.720><c> few</c><00:20:04.880><c> years</c><00:20:05.120><c> later</c><00:20:05.760><c> he</c>

18:44.855 --> 18:44.865 align:start position:0%
different. and just a few years later he
 

18:44.865 --> 18:52.215 align:start position:0%
different. and just a few years later he
would<00:20:06.160><c> invent</c><00:20:06.559><c> the</c><00:20:06.799><c> quantum</c><00:20:07.200><c> computer.</c>

18:52.215 --> 18:52.225 align:start position:0%
 
 

18:52.225 --> 18:54.534 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:20:13.600><c> problem</c><00:20:13.919><c> facing</c><00:20:14.400><c> physicists</c><00:20:15.280><c> was</c><00:20:15.440><c> that</c>

18:54.534 --> 18:54.544 align:start position:0%
The problem facing physicists was that
 

18:54.544 --> 18:56.375 align:start position:0%
The problem facing physicists was that
as<00:20:15.840><c> their</c><00:20:16.080><c> sophistication</c><00:20:16.720><c> in</c><00:20:17.039><c> computing</c>

18:56.375 --> 18:56.385 align:start position:0%
as their sophistication in computing
 

18:56.385 --> 18:58.615 align:start position:0%
as their sophistication in computing
grew,<00:20:18.320><c> they</c><00:20:18.559><c> faced</c><00:20:18.880><c> insurmountable</c>

18:58.615 --> 18:58.625 align:start position:0%
grew, they faced insurmountable
 

18:58.625 --> 19:00.534 align:start position:0%
grew, they faced insurmountable
obstacles<00:20:20.400><c> when</c><00:20:20.720><c> trying</c><00:20:20.960><c> to</c><00:20:21.120><c> simulate</c>

19:00.534 --> 19:00.544 align:start position:0%
obstacles when trying to simulate
 

19:00.544 --> 19:03.015 align:start position:0%
obstacles when trying to simulate
quantum<00:20:22.240><c> systems.</c>

19:03.015 --> 19:03.025 align:start position:0%
quantum systems.
 

19:03.025 --> 19:05.735 align:start position:0%
quantum systems.
Subatomic<00:20:24.880><c> systems</c><00:20:25.280><c> were</c><00:20:25.520><c> just</c><00:20:25.679><c> too</c><00:20:25.919><c> complex</c>

19:05.735 --> 19:05.745 align:start position:0%
Subatomic systems were just too complex
 

19:05.745 --> 19:07.735 align:start position:0%
Subatomic systems were just too complex
and<00:20:27.120><c> capturing</c><00:20:27.520><c> the</c><00:20:27.679><c> vagaries</c><00:20:28.320><c> of</c><00:20:28.480><c> quantum</c>

19:07.735 --> 19:07.745 align:start position:0%
and capturing the vagaries of quantum
 

19:07.745 --> 19:09.975 align:start position:0%
and capturing the vagaries of quantum
mechanics<00:20:29.520><c> pushed</c><00:20:29.919><c> traditional</c><00:20:30.480><c> computers</c>

19:09.975 --> 19:09.985 align:start position:0%
mechanics pushed traditional computers
 

19:09.985 --> 19:13.014 align:start position:0%
mechanics pushed traditional computers
well<00:20:31.440><c> beyond</c><00:20:31.919><c> their</c><00:20:32.159><c> limits.</c><00:20:33.440><c> Ironically,</c>

19:13.014 --> 19:13.024 align:start position:0%
well beyond their limits. Ironically,
 

19:13.024 --> 19:14.695 align:start position:0%
well beyond their limits. Ironically,
software<00:20:34.640><c> could</c><00:20:34.799><c> simulate</c><00:20:35.200><c> the</c><00:20:35.360><c> formation</c><00:20:35.679><c> of</c>

19:14.695 --> 19:14.705 align:start position:0%
software could simulate the formation of
 

19:14.705 --> 19:17.495 align:start position:0%
software could simulate the formation of
a<00:20:36.000><c> galaxy</c><00:20:36.640><c> or</c><00:20:36.880><c> the</c><00:20:37.039><c> dying</c><00:20:37.440><c> moments</c><00:20:37.760><c> of</c><00:20:37.919><c> a</c><00:20:38.080><c> star,</c>

19:17.495 --> 19:17.505 align:start position:0%
a galaxy or the dying moments of a star,
 

19:17.505 --> 19:19.414 align:start position:0%
a galaxy or the dying moments of a star,
but<00:20:38.799><c> a</c><00:20:38.960><c> collection</c><00:20:39.360><c> of</c><00:20:39.600><c> simple</c><00:20:39.919><c> subatomic</c>

19:19.414 --> 19:19.424 align:start position:0%
but a collection of simple subatomic
 

19:19.424 --> 19:22.375 align:start position:0%
but a collection of simple subatomic
particle<00:20:41.039><c> interactions</c><00:20:41.919><c> was</c><00:20:42.159><c> beyond</c><00:20:42.480><c> it.</c><00:20:43.360><c> And</c>

19:22.375 --> 19:22.385 align:start position:0%
particle interactions was beyond it. And
 

19:22.385 --> 19:24.215 align:start position:0%
particle interactions was beyond it. And
at<00:20:43.760><c> the</c><00:20:43.840><c> root</c><00:20:44.000><c> of</c><00:20:44.159><c> the</c><00:20:44.400><c> problem</c><00:20:44.880><c> was</c><00:20:45.120><c> a</c>

19:24.215 --> 19:24.225 align:start position:0%
at the root of the problem was a
 

19:24.225 --> 19:26.534 align:start position:0%
at the root of the problem was a
fundamental<00:20:46.159><c> incompatibility.</c>

19:26.534 --> 19:26.544 align:start position:0%
fundamental incompatibility.
 

19:26.544 --> 19:28.855 align:start position:0%
fundamental incompatibility.
Classical<00:20:48.159><c> computers,</c><00:20:48.880><c> as</c><00:20:49.120><c> in</c><00:20:49.440><c> every</c><00:20:49.679><c> single</c>

19:28.855 --> 19:28.865 align:start position:0%
Classical computers, as in every single
 

19:28.865 --> 19:31.175 align:start position:0%
Classical computers, as in every single
computer<00:20:50.480><c> used</c><00:20:50.720><c> in</c><00:20:50.960><c> everyday</c><00:20:51.440><c> life,</c><00:20:52.159><c> are</c>

19:31.175 --> 19:31.185 align:start position:0%
computer used in everyday life, are
 

19:31.185 --> 19:34.855 align:start position:0%
computer used in everyday life, are
built<00:20:52.799><c> on</c><00:20:53.120><c> ones</c><00:20:53.840><c> and</c><00:20:54.159><c> zeros.</c><00:20:55.360><c> A</c><00:20:55.600><c> binary</c>

19:34.855 --> 19:34.865 align:start position:0%
built on ones and zeros. A binary
 

19:34.865 --> 19:36.774 align:start position:0%
built on ones and zeros. A binary
mathematical<00:20:56.559><c> language</c><00:20:56.960><c> that</c><00:20:57.200><c> reduces</c><00:20:57.679><c> all</c>

19:36.774 --> 19:36.784 align:start position:0%
mathematical language that reduces all
 

19:36.784 --> 19:38.774 align:start position:0%
mathematical language that reduces all
information<00:20:58.640><c> into</c><00:20:58.960><c> exceedingly</c><00:20:59.600><c> long</c>

19:38.774 --> 19:38.784 align:start position:0%
information into exceedingly long
 

19:38.784 --> 19:42.135 align:start position:0%
information into exceedingly long
strings<00:21:00.480><c> of</c><00:21:00.720><c> on</c><00:21:01.120><c> or</c><00:21:01.440><c> off</c><00:21:01.919><c> states.</c><00:21:03.039><c> This</c>

19:42.135 --> 19:42.145 align:start position:0%
strings of on or off states. This
 

19:42.145 --> 19:44.055 align:start position:0%
strings of on or off states. This
mathematical<00:21:03.919><c> language</c><00:21:04.320><c> then</c><00:21:04.559><c> maps</c><00:21:04.880><c> onto</c><00:21:05.120><c> the</c>

19:44.055 --> 19:44.065 align:start position:0%
mathematical language then maps onto the
 

19:44.065 --> 19:46.375 align:start position:0%
mathematical language then maps onto the
states<00:21:05.440><c> of</c><00:21:05.600><c> transistors</c><00:21:06.159><c> in</c><00:21:06.400><c> a</c><00:21:06.640><c> circuit.</c>

19:46.375 --> 19:46.385 align:start position:0%
states of transistors in a circuit.
 

19:46.385 --> 19:48.455 align:start position:0%
states of transistors in a circuit.
They're<00:21:07.760><c> either</c><00:21:08.000><c> filled</c><00:21:08.320><c> with</c><00:21:08.480><c> electrons</c><00:21:09.280><c> or</c>

19:48.455 --> 19:48.465 align:start position:0%
They're either filled with electrons or
 

19:48.465 --> 19:51.575 align:start position:0%
They're either filled with electrons or
they<00:21:09.840><c> aren't.</c><00:21:11.280><c> But</c><00:21:11.600><c> binary</c><00:21:12.080><c> on</c><00:21:12.320><c> oroff</c>

19:51.575 --> 19:51.585 align:start position:0%
they aren't. But binary on oroff
 

19:51.585 --> 19:53.975 align:start position:0%
they aren't. But binary on oroff
languages<00:21:13.600><c> just</c><00:21:13.840><c> don't</c><00:21:14.080><c> make</c><00:21:14.320><c> sense</c><00:21:14.799><c> in</c>

19:53.975 --> 19:53.985 align:start position:0%
languages just don't make sense in
 

19:53.985 --> 19:59.975 align:start position:0%
languages just don't make sense in
quantum<00:21:15.600><c> mechanics.</c>

19:59.975 --> 19:59.985 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:59.985 --> 20:01.894 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:21:21.280><c> so</c><00:21:21.520><c> this</c><00:21:21.679><c> would</c><00:21:21.840><c> be</c><00:21:21.919><c> a</c><00:21:22.080><c> hugely</c><00:21:22.480><c> important</c>

20:01.894 --> 20:01.904 align:start position:0%
And so this would be a hugely important
 

20:01.904 --> 20:04.295 align:start position:0%
And so this would be a hugely important
hurdle<00:21:23.440><c> to</c><00:21:23.679><c> overcome</c><00:21:24.240><c> in</c><00:21:24.559><c> creating</c><00:21:24.799><c> a</c><00:21:25.039><c> replica</c>

20:04.295 --> 20:04.305 align:start position:0%
hurdle to overcome in creating a replica
 

20:04.305 --> 20:06.295 align:start position:0%
hurdle to overcome in creating a replica
of<00:21:25.600><c> reality</c><00:21:26.000><c> for</c><00:21:26.320><c> any</c><00:21:26.640><c> super</c><00:21:27.039><c> advanced</c>

20:06.295 --> 20:06.305 align:start position:0%
of reality for any super advanced
 

20:06.305 --> 20:08.695 align:start position:0%
of reality for any super advanced
civilization<00:21:28.640><c> to</c><00:21:28.880><c> truly</c><00:21:29.280><c> create</c><00:21:29.520><c> a</c>

20:08.695 --> 20:08.705 align:start position:0%
civilization to truly create a
 

20:08.705 --> 20:10.774 align:start position:0%
civilization to truly create a
functioning<00:21:30.240><c> similacra</c><00:21:30.880><c> of</c><00:21:31.039><c> our</c><00:21:31.280><c> universe</c><00:21:31.679><c> in</c>

20:10.774 --> 20:10.784 align:start position:0%
functioning similacra of our universe in
 

20:10.784 --> 20:13.414 align:start position:0%
functioning similacra of our universe in
all<00:21:32.080><c> its</c><00:21:32.400><c> detail</c><00:21:33.200><c> or</c><00:21:33.440><c> any</c><00:21:33.679><c> other</c><00:21:33.919><c> universe</c>

20:13.414 --> 20:13.424 align:start position:0%
all its detail or any other universe
 

20:13.424 --> 20:18.695 align:start position:0%
all its detail or any other universe
that<00:21:34.960><c> follows</c><00:21:35.360><c> similar</c><00:21:35.760><c> rules.</c>

20:18.695 --> 20:18.705 align:start position:0%
 
 

20:18.705 --> 20:21.255 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:21:40.080><c> the</c><00:21:40.240><c> subatomic</c><00:21:40.880><c> world,</c><00:21:41.600><c> nothing</c><00:21:41.919><c> in</c><00:21:42.159><c> our</c>

20:21.255 --> 20:21.265 align:start position:0%
In the subatomic world, nothing in our
 

20:21.265 --> 20:24.375 align:start position:0%
In the subatomic world, nothing in our
classical<00:21:42.880><c> experience</c><00:21:43.840><c> makes</c><00:21:44.240><c> sense.</c>

20:24.375 --> 20:24.385 align:start position:0%
classical experience makes sense.
 

20:24.385 --> 20:26.375 align:start position:0%
classical experience makes sense.
Particles<00:21:46.080><c> can</c><00:21:46.320><c> exist</c><00:21:46.559><c> in</c><00:21:46.799><c> multiple</c><00:21:47.200><c> states</c>

20:26.375 --> 20:26.385 align:start position:0%
Particles can exist in multiple states
 

20:26.385 --> 20:28.615 align:start position:0%
Particles can exist in multiple states
at<00:21:47.760><c> once.</c><00:21:48.720><c> You</c><00:21:48.880><c> can't</c><00:21:49.039><c> know</c><00:21:49.200><c> the</c><00:21:49.360><c> outcome</c><00:21:49.600><c> of</c>

20:28.615 --> 20:28.625 align:start position:0%
at once. You can't know the outcome of
 

20:28.625 --> 20:30.855 align:start position:0%
at once. You can't know the outcome of
an<00:21:49.919><c> experiment</c><00:21:50.480><c> until</c><00:21:50.799><c> it's</c><00:21:51.120><c> over.</c>

20:30.855 --> 20:30.865 align:start position:0%
an experiment until it's over.
 

20:30.865 --> 20:33.335 align:start position:0%
an experiment until it's over.
Everything<00:21:52.400><c> is</c><00:21:52.720><c> probabilistic,</c><00:21:54.080><c> and</c>

20:33.335 --> 20:33.345 align:start position:0%
Everything is probabilistic, and
 

20:33.345 --> 20:35.575 align:start position:0%
Everything is probabilistic, and
particles<00:21:55.039><c> don't</c><00:21:55.280><c> act</c><00:21:55.520><c> alone.</c><00:21:56.320><c> They</c><00:21:56.559><c> can</c>

20:35.575 --> 20:35.585 align:start position:0%
particles don't act alone. They can
 

20:35.585 --> 20:37.335 align:start position:0%
particles don't act alone. They can
entangle<00:21:57.280><c> with</c><00:21:57.520><c> others</c><00:21:57.919><c> so</c><00:21:58.080><c> that</c><00:21:58.320><c> the</c>

20:37.335 --> 20:37.345 align:start position:0%
entangle with others so that the
 

20:37.345 --> 20:39.735 align:start position:0%
entangle with others so that the
behavior<00:21:58.799><c> of</c><00:21:59.039><c> one</c><00:21:59.440><c> affects</c><00:21:59.840><c> the</c><00:22:00.080><c> others,</c><00:22:00.799><c> no</c>

20:39.735 --> 20:39.745 align:start position:0%
behavior of one affects the others, no
 

20:39.745 --> 20:42.774 align:start position:0%
behavior of one affects the others, no
matter<00:22:01.280><c> how</c><00:22:01.600><c> distant.</c><00:22:02.960><c> All</c><00:22:03.200><c> of</c><00:22:03.360><c> this</c><00:22:03.679><c> meant</c>

20:42.774 --> 20:42.784 align:start position:0%
matter how distant. All of this meant
 

20:42.784 --> 20:44.855 align:start position:0%
matter how distant. All of this meant
that<00:22:04.080><c> Deutsch</c><00:22:04.799><c> would</c><00:22:05.120><c> have</c><00:22:05.200><c> to</c><00:22:05.440><c> work</c><00:22:05.679><c> out</c>

20:44.855 --> 20:44.865 align:start position:0%
that Deutsch would have to work out
 

20:44.865 --> 20:47.495 align:start position:0%
that Deutsch would have to work out
something<00:22:06.559><c> new.</c><00:22:07.360><c> And</c><00:22:07.520><c> to</c><00:22:07.760><c> best</c><00:22:08.000><c> understand</c>

20:47.495 --> 20:47.505 align:start position:0%
something new. And to best understand
 

20:47.505 --> 20:50.135 align:start position:0%
something new. And to best understand
Deutsch's<00:22:09.200><c> approach</c><00:22:09.520><c> to</c><00:22:09.679><c> quantum</c><00:22:10.159><c> computers,</c>

20:50.135 --> 20:50.145 align:start position:0%
Deutsch's approach to quantum computers,
 

20:50.145 --> 20:58.135 align:start position:0%
Deutsch's approach to quantum computers,
imagine<00:22:11.760><c> you</c><00:22:12.000><c> have</c><00:22:12.640><c> a</c><00:22:12.880><c> rodent</c><00:22:13.440><c> problem.</c>

20:58.135 --> 20:58.145 align:start position:0%
 
 

20:58.145 --> 21:00.215 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:22:19.600><c> solve</c><00:22:19.840><c> the</c><00:22:20.080><c> problem</c><00:22:20.320><c> of</c><00:22:20.480><c> a</c><00:22:20.640><c> mouse</c><00:22:20.960><c> in</c><00:22:21.200><c> your</c>

21:00.215 --> 21:00.225 align:start position:0%
To solve the problem of a mouse in your
 

21:00.225 --> 21:03.495 align:start position:0%
To solve the problem of a mouse in your
home,<00:22:21.919><c> you</c><00:22:22.159><c> decide</c><00:22:22.640><c> to</c><00:22:22.880><c> buy</c><00:22:23.120><c> a</c><00:22:23.360><c> cat.</c><00:22:24.320><c> You</c><00:22:24.480><c> set</c>

21:03.495 --> 21:03.505 align:start position:0%
home, you decide to buy a cat. You set
 

21:03.505 --> 21:05.495 align:start position:0%
home, you decide to buy a cat. You set
the<00:22:24.799><c> cat</c><00:22:25.039><c> loose</c><00:22:25.440><c> and</c><00:22:25.600><c> it</c><00:22:25.840><c> wanders</c><00:22:26.159><c> around</c><00:22:26.400><c> from</c>

21:05.495 --> 21:05.505 align:start position:0%
the cat loose and it wanders around from
 

21:05.505 --> 21:08.455 align:start position:0%
the cat loose and it wanders around from
room<00:22:26.880><c> to</c><00:22:27.120><c> room.</c><00:22:28.000><c> However,</c><00:22:28.400><c> you</c><00:22:28.640><c> are</c><00:22:28.799><c> impatient</c>

21:08.455 --> 21:08.465 align:start position:0%
room to room. However, you are impatient
 

21:08.465 --> 21:11.095 align:start position:0%
room to room. However, you are impatient
and<00:22:29.840><c> you</c><00:22:30.080><c> decide</c><00:22:30.400><c> to</c><00:22:30.559><c> speed</c><00:22:30.880><c> up</c><00:22:31.039><c> the</c><00:22:31.280><c> process.</c>

21:11.095 --> 21:11.105 align:start position:0%
and you decide to speed up the process.
 

21:11.105 --> 21:14.055 align:start position:0%
and you decide to speed up the process.
You<00:22:32.559><c> buy</c><00:22:32.799><c> more</c><00:22:33.200><c> cats,</c><00:22:34.000><c> one</c><00:22:34.240><c> for</c><00:22:34.480><c> each</c><00:22:34.720><c> room</c><00:22:34.960><c> in</c>

21:14.055 --> 21:14.065 align:start position:0%
You buy more cats, one for each room in
 

21:14.065 --> 21:16.375 align:start position:0%
You buy more cats, one for each room in
your<00:22:35.520><c> house.</c><00:22:36.320><c> But</c><00:22:36.480><c> this</c><00:22:36.720><c> solution</c><00:22:37.039><c> isn't</c>

21:16.375 --> 21:16.385 align:start position:0%
your house. But this solution isn't
 

21:16.385 --> 21:18.295 align:start position:0%
your house. But this solution isn't
perfect.<00:22:38.320><c> You'll</c><00:22:38.559><c> be</c><00:22:38.640><c> stuck</c><00:22:38.880><c> with</c><00:22:39.120><c> taking</c>

21:18.295 --> 21:18.305 align:start position:0%
perfect. You'll be stuck with taking
 

21:18.305 --> 21:22.055 align:start position:0%
perfect. You'll be stuck with taking
care<00:22:39.760><c> of</c><00:22:40.000><c> a</c><00:22:40.159><c> lot</c><00:22:40.240><c> of</c><00:22:40.400><c> extra</c><00:22:40.799><c> cats.</c><00:22:42.080><c> And</c><00:22:42.400><c> so</c><00:22:42.960><c> what</c>

21:22.055 --> 21:22.065 align:start position:0%
care of a lot of extra cats. And so what
 

21:22.065 --> 21:24.855 align:start position:0%
care of a lot of extra cats. And so what
if<00:22:43.360><c> there</c><00:22:43.520><c> was</c><00:22:43.679><c> another</c><00:22:44.640><c> quantum</c><00:22:45.280><c> way</c><00:22:45.679><c> to</c>

21:24.855 --> 21:24.865 align:start position:0%
if there was another quantum way to
 

21:24.865 --> 21:27.975 align:start position:0%
if there was another quantum way to
catch<00:22:46.240><c> the</c><00:22:46.559><c> mouse?</c><00:22:48.000><c> Instead</c><00:22:48.320><c> of</c><00:22:48.480><c> the</c><00:22:48.720><c> usual</c>

21:27.975 --> 21:27.985 align:start position:0%
catch the mouse? Instead of the usual
 

21:27.985 --> 21:30.695 align:start position:0%
catch the mouse? Instead of the usual
pet<00:22:49.440><c> store,</c><00:22:50.000><c> you</c><00:22:50.240><c> go</c><00:22:50.480><c> to</c><00:22:50.720><c> Schrodinger's</c><00:22:51.600><c> House</c>

21:30.695 --> 21:30.705 align:start position:0%
pet store, you go to Schrodinger's House
 

21:30.705 --> 21:33.654 align:start position:0%
pet store, you go to Schrodinger's House
of<00:22:52.080><c> Kittens</c><00:22:53.039><c> and</c><00:22:53.200><c> buy</c><00:22:53.440><c> yourself</c><00:22:54.000><c> a</c><00:22:54.320><c> quantum</c>

21:33.654 --> 21:33.664 align:start position:0%
of Kittens and buy yourself a quantum
 

21:33.664 --> 21:36.295 align:start position:0%
of Kittens and buy yourself a quantum
cat.<00:22:55.840><c> You</c><00:22:56.080><c> take</c><00:22:56.240><c> it</c><00:22:56.400><c> home,</c><00:22:56.799><c> placed</c><00:22:57.120><c> in</c><00:22:57.280><c> a</c>

21:36.295 --> 21:36.305 align:start position:0%
cat. You take it home, placed in a
 

21:36.305 --> 21:38.615 align:start position:0%
cat. You take it home, placed in a
single<00:22:57.679><c> room,</c><00:22:58.159><c> and</c><00:22:58.320><c> head</c><00:22:58.480><c> to</c><00:22:58.720><c> bed,</c><00:22:59.440><c> hoping</c>

21:38.615 --> 21:38.625 align:start position:0%
single room, and head to bed, hoping
 

21:38.625 --> 21:41.255 align:start position:0%
single room, and head to bed, hoping
that<00:23:00.000><c> this</c><00:23:00.320><c> new</c><00:23:00.720><c> expensive</c><00:23:01.360><c> cat</c><00:23:01.919><c> does</c><00:23:02.159><c> the</c>

21:41.255 --> 21:41.265 align:start position:0%
that this new expensive cat does the
 

21:41.265 --> 21:43.255 align:start position:0%
that this new expensive cat does the
job.<00:23:03.120><c> And</c><00:23:03.280><c> indeed,</c><00:23:03.679><c> in</c><00:23:03.840><c> the</c><00:23:04.000><c> middle</c><00:23:04.159><c> of</c><00:23:04.240><c> the</c>

21:43.255 --> 21:43.265 align:start position:0%
job. And indeed, in the middle of the
 

21:43.265 --> 21:46.215 align:start position:0%
job. And indeed, in the middle of the
night,<00:23:04.960><c> you</c><00:23:05.200><c> awaken</c><00:23:05.600><c> to</c><00:23:05.760><c> a</c><00:23:06.000><c> noise.</c><00:23:07.120><c> Getting</c>

21:46.215 --> 21:46.225 align:start position:0%
night, you awaken to a noise. Getting
 

21:46.225 --> 21:48.135 align:start position:0%
night, you awaken to a noise. Getting
up,<00:23:07.679><c> you</c><00:23:07.840><c> find</c><00:23:08.000><c> your</c><00:23:08.159><c> quantum</c><00:23:08.640><c> cat</c><00:23:08.880><c> sitting</c>

21:48.135 --> 21:48.145 align:start position:0%
up, you find your quantum cat sitting
 

21:48.145 --> 21:50.774 align:start position:0%
up, you find your quantum cat sitting
calmly<00:23:09.679><c> by</c><00:23:09.840><c> your</c><00:23:10.000><c> bedside.</c><00:23:11.280><c> Then</c><00:23:11.520><c> you</c><00:23:11.760><c> walk</c>

21:50.774 --> 21:50.784 align:start position:0%
calmly by your bedside. Then you walk
 

21:50.784 --> 21:53.095 align:start position:0%
calmly by your bedside. Then you walk
into<00:23:12.159><c> the</c><00:23:12.320><c> hall</c><00:23:12.720><c> and</c><00:23:12.960><c> there</c><00:23:13.120><c> is</c><00:23:13.200><c> an</c><00:23:13.440><c> exact</c><00:23:13.840><c> copy</c>

21:53.095 --> 21:53.105 align:start position:0%
into the hall and there is an exact copy
 

21:53.105 --> 21:56.055 align:start position:0%
into the hall and there is an exact copy
of<00:23:14.480><c> your</c><00:23:14.720><c> quantum</c><00:23:15.360><c> cat</c><00:23:16.400><c> and</c><00:23:16.559><c> another</c><00:23:16.880><c> in</c><00:23:17.039><c> the</c>

21:56.055 --> 21:56.065 align:start position:0%
of your quantum cat and another in the
 

21:56.065 --> 21:58.774 align:start position:0%
of your quantum cat and another in the
bathroom,<00:23:17.919><c> another</c><00:23:18.320><c> in</c><00:23:18.559><c> the</c><00:23:18.640><c> kitchen.</c><00:23:19.440><c> Copy</c>

21:58.774 --> 21:58.784 align:start position:0%
bathroom, another in the kitchen. Copy
 

21:58.784 --> 22:00.295 align:start position:0%
bathroom, another in the kitchen. Copy
seem<00:23:20.080><c> to</c><00:23:20.240><c> have</c><00:23:20.400><c> spread</c><00:23:20.720><c> throughout</c><00:23:21.120><c> every</c>

22:00.295 --> 22:00.305 align:start position:0%
seem to have spread throughout every
 

22:00.305 --> 22:03.175 align:start position:0%
seem to have spread throughout every
room<00:23:21.679><c> in</c><00:23:21.919><c> the</c><00:23:22.080><c> house.</c><00:23:23.039><c> You</c><00:23:23.280><c> decide</c><00:23:23.760><c> to</c><00:23:24.000><c> go</c><00:23:24.159><c> back</c>

22:03.175 --> 22:03.185 align:start position:0%
room in the house. You decide to go back
 

22:03.185 --> 22:05.335 align:start position:0%
room in the house. You decide to go back
to<00:23:24.480><c> bed.</c><00:23:25.120><c> And</c><00:23:25.280><c> so</c><00:23:25.440><c> it</c><00:23:25.600><c> is</c><00:23:25.760><c> only</c><00:23:26.000><c> when</c><00:23:26.159><c> you</c><00:23:26.320><c> wake</c>

22:05.335 --> 22:05.345 align:start position:0%
to bed. And so it is only when you wake
 

22:05.345 --> 22:07.575 align:start position:0%
to bed. And so it is only when you wake
up<00:23:26.640><c> in</c><00:23:26.799><c> the</c><00:23:26.960><c> morning</c><00:23:27.520><c> that</c><00:23:27.760><c> you</c><00:23:27.919><c> find</c><00:23:28.159><c> a</c><00:23:28.480><c> single</c>

22:07.575 --> 22:07.585 align:start position:0%
up in the morning that you find a single
 

22:07.585 --> 22:09.975 align:start position:0%
up in the morning that you find a single
quantum<00:23:29.200><c> cat</c><00:23:29.840><c> next</c><00:23:30.000><c> to</c><00:23:30.159><c> the</c><00:23:30.320><c> sofa</c><00:23:30.720><c> in</c><00:23:30.960><c> the</c>

22:09.975 --> 22:09.985 align:start position:0%
quantum cat next to the sofa in the
 

22:09.985 --> 22:12.455 align:start position:0%
quantum cat next to the sofa in the
living<00:23:31.360><c> room</c><00:23:31.919><c> with</c><00:23:32.080><c> a</c><00:23:32.240><c> dead</c><00:23:32.559><c> mouse</c><00:23:33.120><c> at</c><00:23:33.360><c> its</c>

22:12.455 --> 22:12.465 align:start position:0%
living room with a dead mouse at its
 

22:12.465 --> 22:18.055 align:start position:0%
living room with a dead mouse at its
feet.

22:18.055 --> 22:18.065 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:18.065 --> 22:20.774 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:23:39.360><c> quantum</c><00:23:39.760><c> cat</c><00:23:40.159><c> took</c><00:23:40.480><c> advantage</c><00:23:41.120><c> of</c><00:23:41.520><c> superp</c>

22:20.774 --> 22:20.784 align:start position:0%
The quantum cat took advantage of superp
 

22:20.784 --> 22:23.175 align:start position:0%
The quantum cat took advantage of superp
position,<00:23:42.720><c> the</c><00:23:42.960><c> ability</c><00:23:43.200><c> of</c><00:23:43.360><c> quantum</c><00:23:43.840><c> systems</c>

22:23.175 --> 22:23.185 align:start position:0%
position, the ability of quantum systems
 

22:23.185 --> 22:25.975 align:start position:0%
position, the ability of quantum systems
to<00:23:44.559><c> exist</c><00:23:44.880><c> in</c><00:23:45.120><c> multiple</c><00:23:45.520><c> states</c><00:23:45.840><c> at</c><00:23:46.159><c> once.</c>

22:25.975 --> 22:25.985 align:start position:0%
to exist in multiple states at once.
 

22:25.985 --> 22:28.055 align:start position:0%
to exist in multiple states at once.
Instead<00:23:47.440><c> of</c><00:23:47.600><c> having</c><00:23:47.760><c> a</c><00:23:47.919><c> lone</c><00:23:48.240><c> cat</c><00:23:48.640><c> prowl</c><00:23:49.039><c> from</c>

22:28.055 --> 22:28.065 align:start position:0%
Instead of having a lone cat prowl from
 

22:28.065 --> 22:31.014 align:start position:0%
Instead of having a lone cat prowl from
room<00:23:49.440><c> to</c><00:23:49.600><c> room,</c><00:23:50.080><c> a</c><00:23:50.400><c> single</c><00:23:50.720><c> quantum</c><00:23:51.280><c> cat</c>

22:31.014 --> 22:31.024 align:start position:0%
room to room, a single quantum cat
 

22:31.024 --> 22:33.414 align:start position:0%
room to room, a single quantum cat
simultaneously<00:23:53.120><c> exists</c><00:23:53.520><c> in</c><00:23:53.840><c> all</c><00:23:54.080><c> possible</c>

22:33.414 --> 22:33.424 align:start position:0%
simultaneously exists in all possible
 

22:33.424 --> 22:36.135 align:start position:0%
simultaneously exists in all possible
rooms.<00:23:55.440><c> And</c><00:23:55.600><c> when</c><00:23:55.840><c> its</c><00:23:56.080><c> job</c><00:23:56.240><c> is</c><00:23:56.480><c> complete,</c><00:23:57.039><c> it</c>

22:36.135 --> 22:36.145 align:start position:0%
rooms. And when its job is complete, it
 

22:36.145 --> 22:38.615 align:start position:0%
rooms. And when its job is complete, it
resolves<00:23:57.679><c> to</c><00:23:57.919><c> the</c><00:23:58.080><c> solution,</c><00:23:58.880><c> a</c><00:23:59.120><c> single</c><00:23:59.440><c> dead</c>

22:38.615 --> 22:38.625 align:start position:0%
resolves to the solution, a single dead
 

22:38.625 --> 22:41.815 align:start position:0%
resolves to the solution, a single dead
mouse<00:24:00.400><c> in</c><00:24:00.640><c> a</c><00:24:00.799><c> single</c><00:24:01.120><c> room.</c><00:24:02.080><c> To</c><00:24:02.320><c> put</c><00:24:02.480><c> this</c><00:24:02.720><c> idea</c>

22:41.815 --> 22:41.825 align:start position:0%
mouse in a single room. To put this idea
 

22:41.825 --> 22:44.455 align:start position:0%
mouse in a single room. To put this idea
into<00:24:03.280><c> practice,</c><00:24:04.000><c> quantum</c><00:24:04.480><c> computers</c><00:24:05.039><c> rely</c><00:24:05.360><c> on</c>

22:44.455 --> 22:44.465 align:start position:0%
into practice, quantum computers rely on
 

22:44.465 --> 22:47.495 align:start position:0%
into practice, quantum computers rely on
something<00:24:06.000><c> called</c><00:24:06.720><c> cubits.</c><00:24:08.000><c> Cubits</c>

22:47.495 --> 22:47.505 align:start position:0%
something called cubits. Cubits
 

22:47.505 --> 22:49.255 align:start position:0%
something called cubits. Cubits
represent<00:24:08.960><c> the</c><00:24:09.280><c> fundamental</c><00:24:09.840><c> unit</c><00:24:10.159><c> of</c>

22:49.255 --> 22:49.265 align:start position:0%
represent the fundamental unit of
 

22:49.265 --> 22:51.495 align:start position:0%
represent the fundamental unit of
quantum<00:24:10.880><c> computation.</c><00:24:12.000><c> Unlike</c><00:24:12.400><c> a</c>

22:51.495 --> 22:51.505 align:start position:0%
quantum computation. Unlike a
 

22:51.505 --> 22:53.255 align:start position:0%
quantum computation. Unlike a
traditional<00:24:13.200><c> computer</c><00:24:13.600><c> bit,</c><00:24:14.000><c> which</c><00:24:14.240><c> can</c>

22:53.255 --> 22:53.265 align:start position:0%
traditional computer bit, which can
 

22:53.265 --> 22:56.455 align:start position:0%
traditional computer bit, which can
either<00:24:14.640><c> be</c><00:24:14.799><c> on</c><00:24:15.039><c> or</c><00:24:15.360><c> off,</c><00:24:16.000><c> a</c><00:24:16.240><c> cubit</c><00:24:16.799><c> exists</c><00:24:17.200><c> in</c><00:24:17.440><c> a</c>

22:56.455 --> 22:56.465 align:start position:0%
either be on or off, a cubit exists in a
 

22:56.465 --> 22:58.695 align:start position:0%
either be on or off, a cubit exists in a
superp<00:24:18.000><c> position</c><00:24:18.400><c> of</c><00:24:18.640><c> both</c><00:24:18.960><c> on</c><00:24:19.279><c> and</c><00:24:19.600><c> off</c>

22:58.695 --> 22:58.705 align:start position:0%
superp position of both on and off
 

22:58.705 --> 23:01.014 align:start position:0%
superp position of both on and off
states.<00:24:20.880><c> And</c><00:24:21.039><c> so</c><00:24:21.200><c> by</c><00:24:21.440><c> very</c><00:24:21.679><c> carefully</c>

23:01.014 --> 23:01.024 align:start position:0%
states. And so by very carefully
 

23:01.024 --> 23:03.335 align:start position:0%
states. And so by very carefully
manipulating<00:24:22.880><c> tiny</c><00:24:23.279><c> quantum</c><00:24:23.760><c> systems</c><00:24:24.159><c> and</c>

23:03.335 --> 23:03.345 align:start position:0%
manipulating tiny quantum systems and
 

23:03.345 --> 23:05.495 align:start position:0%
manipulating tiny quantum systems and
keeping<00:24:24.720><c> them</c><00:24:24.960><c> stable,</c><00:24:25.679><c> like</c><00:24:25.919><c> the</c><00:24:26.080><c> spin</c><00:24:26.320><c> of</c><00:24:26.480><c> an</c>

23:05.495 --> 23:05.505 align:start position:0%
keeping them stable, like the spin of an
 

23:05.505 --> 23:08.055 align:start position:0%
keeping them stable, like the spin of an
electron<00:24:27.120><c> or</c><00:24:27.279><c> the</c><00:24:27.440><c> polarization</c><00:24:28.159><c> of</c><00:24:28.400><c> light,</c>

23:08.055 --> 23:08.065 align:start position:0%
electron or the polarization of light,
 

23:08.065 --> 23:10.295 align:start position:0%
electron or the polarization of light,
these<00:24:29.520><c> cubits</c><00:24:30.000><c> can</c><00:24:30.240><c> be</c><00:24:30.320><c> both</c><00:24:30.559><c> on</c><00:24:30.799><c> and</c><00:24:31.039><c> off.</c>

23:10.295 --> 23:10.305 align:start position:0%
these cubits can be both on and off.
 

23:10.305 --> 23:12.055 align:start position:0%
these cubits can be both on and off.
Simultaneously,

23:12.055 --> 23:12.065 align:start position:0%
Simultaneously,
 

23:12.065 --> 23:14.134 align:start position:0%
Simultaneously,
instead<00:24:33.520><c> of</c><00:24:33.600><c> a</c><00:24:33.840><c> single</c><00:24:34.159><c> thread</c><00:24:34.480><c> of</c><00:24:34.640><c> execution</c>

23:14.134 --> 23:14.144 align:start position:0%
instead of a single thread of execution
 

23:14.144 --> 23:16.134 align:start position:0%
instead of a single thread of execution
winding<00:24:35.600><c> its</c><00:24:35.840><c> way</c><00:24:36.000><c> through</c><00:24:36.240><c> a</c><00:24:36.480><c> problem,</c><00:24:37.039><c> a</c>

23:16.134 --> 23:16.144 align:start position:0%
winding its way through a problem, a
 

23:16.144 --> 23:17.815 align:start position:0%
winding its way through a problem, a
quantum<00:24:37.679><c> computer</c><00:24:38.159><c> can</c><00:24:38.320><c> exist</c><00:24:38.559><c> in</c><00:24:38.799><c> all</c>

23:17.815 --> 23:17.825 align:start position:0%
quantum computer can exist in all
 

23:17.825 --> 23:20.295 align:start position:0%
quantum computer can exist in all
possible<00:24:39.360><c> solutions</c><00:24:39.919><c> at</c><00:24:40.159><c> once.</c><00:24:41.120><c> Through</c>

23:20.295 --> 23:20.305 align:start position:0%
possible solutions at once. Through
 

23:20.305 --> 23:22.055 align:start position:0%
possible solutions at once. Through
careful<00:24:41.840><c> manipulation</c><00:24:42.400><c> of</c><00:24:42.640><c> the</c><00:24:42.880><c> entire</c>

23:22.055 --> 23:22.065 align:start position:0%
careful manipulation of the entire
 

23:22.065 --> 23:24.375 align:start position:0%
careful manipulation of the entire
quantum<00:24:43.679><c> system,</c><00:24:44.400><c> the</c><00:24:44.559><c> incorrect</c><00:24:45.039><c> answers</c>

23:24.375 --> 23:24.385 align:start position:0%
quantum system, the incorrect answers
 

23:24.385 --> 23:26.534 align:start position:0%
quantum system, the incorrect answers
fade<00:24:45.840><c> away,</c><00:24:46.320><c> and</c><00:24:46.559><c> the</c><00:24:46.720><c> computer's</c><00:24:47.120><c> end</c><00:24:47.440><c> state</c>

23:26.534 --> 23:26.544 align:start position:0%
fade away, and the computer's end state
 

23:26.544 --> 23:31.414 align:start position:0%
fade away, and the computer's end state
represents<00:24:48.320><c> the</c><00:24:48.559><c> correct</c><00:24:48.880><c> solution.</c>

23:31.414 --> 23:31.424 align:start position:0%
 
 

23:31.424 --> 23:33.335 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:24:52.799><c> for</c><00:24:52.960><c> Deutsch,</c><00:24:53.600><c> this</c><00:24:53.760><c> wasn't</c><00:24:54.080><c> just</c><00:24:54.240><c> a</c>

23:33.335 --> 23:33.345 align:start position:0%
But for Deutsch, this wasn't just a
 

23:33.345 --> 23:35.495 align:start position:0%
But for Deutsch, this wasn't just a
breakthrough<00:24:54.880><c> in</c><00:24:55.120><c> computing.</c><00:24:56.159><c> It</c><00:24:56.320><c> was</c><00:24:56.400><c> a</c>

23:35.495 --> 23:35.505 align:start position:0%
breakthrough in computing. It was a
 

23:35.505 --> 23:38.855 align:start position:0%
breakthrough in computing. It was a
portal<00:24:57.120><c> to</c><00:24:57.360><c> another</c><00:24:57.919><c> universe.</c>

23:38.855 --> 23:38.865 align:start position:0%
portal to another universe.
 

23:38.865 --> 23:41.014 align:start position:0%
portal to another universe.
He<00:25:00.320><c> remains</c><00:25:00.720><c> an</c><00:25:00.960><c> ardent</c><00:25:01.360><c> defender</c><00:25:01.760><c> of</c><00:25:01.919><c> the</c>

23:41.014 --> 23:41.024 align:start position:0%
He remains an ardent defender of the
 

23:41.024 --> 23:43.175 align:start position:0%
He remains an ardent defender of the
many<00:25:02.480><c> worlds</c><00:25:02.960><c> interpretation</c><00:25:03.600><c> of</c><00:25:03.840><c> quantum</c>

23:43.175 --> 23:43.185 align:start position:0%
many worlds interpretation of quantum
 

23:43.185 --> 23:45.654 align:start position:0%
many worlds interpretation of quantum
mechanics<00:25:05.440><c> which</c><00:25:05.679><c> states</c><00:25:06.240><c> that</c><00:25:06.400><c> different</c>

23:45.654 --> 23:45.664 align:start position:0%
mechanics which states that different
 

23:45.664 --> 23:47.495 align:start position:0%
mechanics which states that different
universes<00:25:07.440><c> branch</c><00:25:07.760><c> off</c><00:25:08.000><c> every</c><00:25:08.240><c> time</c><00:25:08.400><c> a</c>

23:47.495 --> 23:47.505 align:start position:0%
universes branch off every time a
 

23:47.505 --> 23:49.815 align:start position:0%
universes branch off every time a
quantum<00:25:09.039><c> probability</c><00:25:09.600><c> arises</c><00:25:10.480><c> with</c><00:25:10.640><c> these</c>

23:49.815 --> 23:49.825 align:start position:0%
quantum probability arises with these
 

23:49.825 --> 23:51.894 align:start position:0%
quantum probability arises with these
different<00:25:11.279><c> universes</c><00:25:12.000><c> achieving</c><00:25:12.559><c> different</c>

23:51.894 --> 23:51.904 align:start position:0%
different universes achieving different
 

23:51.904 --> 23:54.455 align:start position:0%
different universes achieving different
results.<00:25:14.080><c> The</c><00:25:14.320><c> quantum</c><00:25:14.720><c> theory</c><00:25:14.960><c> of</c><00:25:15.120><c> parallel</c>

23:54.455 --> 23:54.465 align:start position:0%
results. The quantum theory of parallel
 

23:54.465 --> 23:56.695 align:start position:0%
results. The quantum theory of parallel
universes<00:25:16.159><c> is</c><00:25:16.400><c> not</c><00:25:16.480><c> the</c><00:25:16.720><c> problem.</c><00:25:17.279><c> It</c><00:25:17.440><c> is</c><00:25:17.600><c> the</c>

23:56.695 --> 23:56.705 align:start position:0%
universes is not the problem. It is the
 

23:56.705 --> 23:58.774 align:start position:0%
universes is not the problem. It is the
solution.<00:25:18.400><c> He</c><00:25:18.640><c> wrote</c><00:25:19.360><c> it's</c><00:25:19.520><c> not</c><00:25:19.679><c> some</c>

23:58.774 --> 23:58.784 align:start position:0%
solution. He wrote it's not some
 

23:58.784 --> 24:00.774 align:start position:0%
solution. He wrote it's not some
troublesome<00:25:20.559><c> optional</c><00:25:21.120><c> interpretation</c>

24:00.774 --> 24:00.784 align:start position:0%
troublesome optional interpretation
 

24:00.784 --> 24:02.695 align:start position:0%
troublesome optional interpretation
emerging<00:25:22.400><c> from</c><00:25:22.640><c> arcane</c><00:25:23.200><c> theoretical</c>

24:02.695 --> 24:02.705 align:start position:0%
emerging from arcane theoretical
 

24:02.705 --> 24:05.815 align:start position:0%
emerging from arcane theoretical
considerations.<00:25:25.039><c> It</c><00:25:25.279><c> is</c><00:25:25.520><c> the</c><00:25:25.840><c> explanation.</c>

24:05.815 --> 24:05.825 align:start position:0%
considerations. It is the explanation.
 

24:05.825 --> 24:07.575 align:start position:0%
considerations. It is the explanation.
the<00:25:27.200><c> only</c><00:25:27.360><c> one</c><00:25:27.520><c> that</c><00:25:27.679><c> is</c><00:25:27.840><c> turnable</c><00:25:28.400><c> of</c><00:25:28.559><c> a</c>

24:07.575 --> 24:07.585 align:start position:0%
the only one that is turnable of a
 

24:07.585 --> 24:11.815 align:start position:0%
the only one that is turnable of a
remarkable<00:25:29.440><c> and</c><00:25:29.840><c> counterintuitive</c><00:25:31.279><c> reality.</c>

24:11.815 --> 24:11.825 align:start position:0%
remarkable and counterintuitive reality.
 

24:11.825 --> 24:14.215 align:start position:0%
remarkable and counterintuitive reality.
And<00:25:33.200><c> so</c><00:25:33.360><c> for</c><00:25:33.520><c> Deutsch,</c><00:25:34.159><c> quantum</c><00:25:34.720><c> computers</c>

24:14.215 --> 24:14.225 align:start position:0%
And so for Deutsch, quantum computers
 

24:14.225 --> 24:16.534 align:start position:0%
And so for Deutsch, quantum computers
harness<00:25:35.760><c> the</c><00:25:36.000><c> power</c><00:25:36.240><c> of</c><00:25:36.480><c> parallel</c><00:25:37.039><c> realities</c>

24:16.534 --> 24:16.544 align:start position:0%
harness the power of parallel realities
 

24:16.544 --> 24:19.014 align:start position:0%
harness the power of parallel realities
to<00:25:38.000><c> rapidly</c><00:25:38.480><c> speed</c><00:25:38.720><c> up</c><00:25:38.880><c> computation.</c><00:25:40.000><c> And</c>

24:19.014 --> 24:19.024 align:start position:0%
to rapidly speed up computation. And
 

24:19.024 --> 24:21.014 align:start position:0%
to rapidly speed up computation. And
while<00:25:40.400><c> others</c><00:25:40.720><c> disagree,</c><00:25:41.600><c> nobody</c><00:25:42.000><c> can</c>

24:21.014 --> 24:21.024 align:start position:0%
while others disagree, nobody can
 

24:21.024 --> 24:22.855 align:start position:0%
while others disagree, nobody can
definitively<00:25:42.799><c> agree</c><00:25:43.039><c> on</c><00:25:43.200><c> an</c><00:25:43.440><c> interpretation</c>

24:22.855 --> 24:22.865 align:start position:0%
definitively agree on an interpretation
 

24:22.865 --> 24:25.335 align:start position:0%
definitively agree on an interpretation
of<00:25:44.159><c> quantum</c><00:25:44.559><c> mechanics,</c><00:25:45.440><c> nobody</c><00:25:45.840><c> doubts</c><00:25:46.240><c> the</c>

24:25.335 --> 24:25.345 align:start position:0%
of quantum mechanics, nobody doubts the
 

24:25.345 --> 24:33.654 align:start position:0%
of quantum mechanics, nobody doubts the
computational<00:25:47.120><c> power</c><00:25:47.600><c> of</c><00:25:47.840><c> quantum</c><00:25:48.320><c> systems.</c>

24:33.654 --> 24:33.664 align:start position:0%
 
 

24:33.664 --> 24:35.414 align:start position:0%
 
Today,<00:25:55.279><c> the</c><00:25:55.520><c> most</c><00:25:55.679><c> powerful</c><00:25:56.080><c> quantum</c>

24:35.414 --> 24:35.424 align:start position:0%
Today, the most powerful quantum
 

24:35.424 --> 24:37.495 align:start position:0%
Today, the most powerful quantum
computer<00:25:56.960><c> in</c><00:25:57.120><c> the</c><00:25:57.279><c> world,</c><00:25:57.919><c> at</c><00:25:57.919><c> least</c><00:25:58.320><c> that's</c>

24:37.495 --> 24:37.505 align:start position:0%
computer in the world, at least that's
 

24:37.505 --> 24:41.175 align:start position:0%
computer in the world, at least that's
publicly<00:25:59.120><c> known,</c><00:25:59.520><c> is</c><00:25:59.840><c> IBM's</c><00:26:00.720><c> Condor</c><00:26:01.360><c> machine.</c>

24:41.175 --> 24:41.185 align:start position:0%
publicly known, is IBM's Condor machine.
 

24:41.185 --> 24:44.055 align:start position:0%
publicly known, is IBM's Condor machine.
It<00:26:02.640><c> contains</c><00:26:03.360><c> 1,121</c>

24:44.055 --> 24:44.065 align:start position:0%
It contains 1,121
 

24:44.065 --> 24:46.774 align:start position:0%
It contains 1,121
cubits.<00:26:06.559><c> Of</c><00:26:06.720><c> course,</c><00:26:06.960><c> that</c><00:26:07.120><c> is</c><00:26:07.279><c> trillions</c><00:26:07.760><c> of</c>

24:46.774 --> 24:46.784 align:start position:0%
cubits. Of course, that is trillions of
 

24:46.784 --> 24:48.455 align:start position:0%
cubits. Of course, that is trillions of
times<00:26:08.159><c> smaller</c><00:26:08.480><c> than</c><00:26:08.640><c> the</c><00:26:08.799><c> processor</c><00:26:09.200><c> in</c><00:26:09.360><c> your</c>

24:48.455 --> 24:48.465 align:start position:0%
times smaller than the processor in your
 

24:48.465 --> 24:50.695 align:start position:0%
times smaller than the processor in your
phone.<00:26:10.320><c> But</c><00:26:10.400><c> because</c><00:26:10.799><c> quantum</c><00:26:11.360><c> systems</c><00:26:11.679><c> are</c>

24:50.695 --> 24:50.705 align:start position:0%
phone. But because quantum systems are
 

24:50.705 --> 24:52.935 align:start position:0%
phone. But because quantum systems are
inherently<00:26:12.480><c> powerful,</c><00:26:13.120><c> it</c><00:26:13.360><c> can</c><00:26:13.520><c> still</c><00:26:13.760><c> solve</c>

24:52.935 --> 24:52.945 align:start position:0%
inherently powerful, it can still solve
 

24:52.945 --> 24:54.695 align:start position:0%
inherently powerful, it can still solve
certain<00:26:14.400><c> kinds</c><00:26:14.640><c> of</c><00:26:14.799><c> problems</c><00:26:15.279><c> much</c><00:26:15.600><c> more</c>

24:54.695 --> 24:54.705 align:start position:0%
certain kinds of problems much more
 

24:54.705 --> 24:57.335 align:start position:0%
certain kinds of problems much more
efficiently<00:26:16.480><c> than</c><00:26:16.720><c> any</c><00:26:17.039><c> other</c><00:26:17.440><c> computer.</c><00:26:18.400><c> And</c>

24:57.335 --> 24:57.345 align:start position:0%
efficiently than any other computer. And
 

24:57.345 --> 24:59.495 align:start position:0%
efficiently than any other computer. And
though<00:26:18.640><c> the</c><00:26:18.880><c> computer</c><00:26:19.120><c> itself</c><00:26:19.520><c> is</c><00:26:19.760><c> small,</c><00:26:20.320><c> its</c>

24:59.495 --> 24:59.505 align:start position:0%
though the computer itself is small, its
 

24:59.505 --> 25:02.215 align:start position:0%
though the computer itself is small, its
support<00:26:21.039><c> structure</c><00:26:21.520><c> is</c><00:26:21.919><c> gigantic.</c><00:26:23.120><c> The</c>

25:02.215 --> 25:02.225 align:start position:0%
support structure is gigantic. The
 

25:02.225 --> 25:04.055 align:start position:0%
support structure is gigantic. The
processor<00:26:23.760><c> is</c><00:26:23.919><c> surrounded</c><00:26:24.400><c> by</c><00:26:24.559><c> an</c><00:26:24.720><c> elaborate</c>

25:04.055 --> 25:04.065 align:start position:0%
processor is surrounded by an elaborate
 

25:04.065 --> 25:06.215 align:start position:0%
processor is surrounded by an elaborate
steampunk<00:26:25.840><c> chandelier</c><00:26:26.400><c> of</c><00:26:26.640><c> cooling</c><00:26:27.039><c> tubes</c>

25:06.215 --> 25:06.225 align:start position:0%
steampunk chandelier of cooling tubes
 

25:06.225 --> 25:09.815 align:start position:0%
steampunk chandelier of cooling tubes
and<00:26:27.600><c> wires</c><00:26:28.480><c> known</c><00:26:28.720><c> as</c><00:26:29.039><c> golden</c><00:26:29.440><c> eye.</c>

25:09.815 --> 25:09.825 align:start position:0%
and wires known as golden eye.
 

25:09.825 --> 25:11.894 align:start position:0%
and wires known as golden eye.
However,<00:26:31.679><c> quantum</c><00:26:32.159><c> computers</c><00:26:32.559><c> aren't</c><00:26:32.880><c> a</c>

25:11.894 --> 25:11.904 align:start position:0%
However, quantum computers aren't a
 

25:11.904 --> 25:14.295 align:start position:0%
However, quantum computers aren't a
solution<00:26:33.440><c> to</c><00:26:33.679><c> all</c><00:26:34.000><c> computing</c><00:26:34.480><c> problems.</c>

25:14.295 --> 25:14.305 align:start position:0%
solution to all computing problems.
 

25:14.305 --> 25:16.055 align:start position:0%
solution to all computing problems.
Indeed,<00:26:35.840><c> they</c><00:26:36.000><c> only</c><00:26:36.159><c> excel</c><00:26:36.559><c> in</c><00:26:36.799><c> certain</c>

25:16.055 --> 25:16.065 align:start position:0%
Indeed, they only excel in certain
 

25:16.065 --> 25:18.134 align:start position:0%
Indeed, they only excel in certain
special<00:26:37.600><c> cases.</c><00:26:38.400><c> And</c><00:26:38.480><c> if</c><00:26:38.640><c> it</c><00:26:38.799><c> wasn't</c><00:26:38.960><c> for</c><00:26:39.120><c> the</c>

25:18.134 --> 25:18.144 align:start position:0%
special cases. And if it wasn't for the
 

25:18.144 --> 25:19.894 align:start position:0%
special cases. And if it wasn't for the
fact<00:26:39.440><c> that</c><00:26:39.600><c> one</c><00:26:39.840><c> of</c><00:26:39.919><c> these</c><00:26:40.159><c> special</c><00:26:40.480><c> cases</c><00:26:40.880><c> is</c>

25:19.894 --> 25:19.904 align:start position:0%
fact that one of these special cases is
 

25:19.904 --> 25:21.815 align:start position:0%
fact that one of these special cases is
a<00:26:41.200><c> cornerstone</c><00:26:41.760><c> of</c><00:26:42.000><c> the</c><00:26:42.159><c> modern</c><00:26:42.480><c> digital</c>

25:21.815 --> 25:21.825 align:start position:0%
a cornerstone of the modern digital
 

25:21.825 --> 25:23.894 align:start position:0%
a cornerstone of the modern digital
world,<00:26:43.600><c> the</c><00:26:43.840><c> encryption</c><00:26:44.320><c> that</c><00:26:44.559><c> secures</c>

25:23.894 --> 25:23.904 align:start position:0%
world, the encryption that secures
 

25:23.904 --> 25:25.815 align:start position:0%
world, the encryption that secures
internet<00:26:45.440><c> communication,</c><00:26:46.320><c> there</c><00:26:46.559><c> would</c><00:26:46.720><c> most</c>

25:25.815 --> 25:25.825 align:start position:0%
internet communication, there would most
 

25:25.825 --> 25:27.894 align:start position:0%
internet communication, there would most
likely<00:26:47.360><c> still</c><00:26:47.679><c> today</c><00:26:48.240><c> be</c><00:26:48.400><c> just</c><00:26:48.640><c> another</c>

25:27.894 --> 25:27.904 align:start position:0%
likely still today be just another
 

25:27.904 --> 25:31.975 align:start position:0%
likely still today be just another
arcane<00:26:49.600><c> study</c><00:26:49.919><c> in</c><00:26:50.240><c> theory.</c>

25:31.975 --> 25:31.985 align:start position:0%
arcane study in theory.
 

25:31.985 --> 25:34.134 align:start position:0%
arcane study in theory.
But<00:26:53.279><c> there</c><00:26:53.440><c> is</c><00:26:53.679><c> one</c><00:26:53.919><c> more</c><00:26:54.240><c> thing</c><00:26:54.480><c> that</c><00:26:54.799><c> quantum</c>

25:34.134 --> 25:34.144 align:start position:0%
But there is one more thing that quantum
 

25:34.144 --> 25:35.975 align:start position:0%
But there is one more thing that quantum
computers<00:26:55.760><c> can</c><00:26:56.000><c> do</c><00:26:56.240><c> that</c><00:26:56.640><c> classical</c>

25:35.975 --> 25:35.985 align:start position:0%
computers can do that classical
 

25:35.985 --> 25:38.935 align:start position:0%
computers can do that classical
computers<00:26:57.679><c> cannot.</c><00:26:59.120><c> They</c><00:26:59.360><c> can</c><00:26:59.600><c> easily</c>

25:38.935 --> 25:38.945 align:start position:0%
computers cannot. They can easily
 

25:38.945 --> 25:42.055 align:start position:0%
computers cannot. They can easily
simulate<00:27:00.799><c> the</c><00:27:01.120><c> quantum</c><00:27:01.679><c> world</c><00:27:02.640><c> because</c><00:27:02.960><c> of</c>

25:42.055 --> 25:42.065 align:start position:0%
simulate the quantum world because of
 

25:42.065 --> 25:46.455 align:start position:0%
simulate the quantum world because of
course<00:27:04.000><c> they</c><00:27:04.320><c> are</c><00:27:04.880><c> the</c><00:27:05.120><c> quantum</c><00:27:05.600><c> world.</c>

25:46.455 --> 25:46.465 align:start position:0%
course they are the quantum world.
 

25:46.465 --> 25:48.134 align:start position:0%
course they are the quantum world.
The<00:27:07.840><c> most</c><00:27:08.080><c> important</c><00:27:08.559><c> application</c><00:27:09.039><c> of</c>

25:48.134 --> 25:48.144 align:start position:0%
The most important application of
 

25:48.144 --> 25:49.815 align:start position:0%
The most important application of
quantum<00:27:09.679><c> computing</c><00:27:10.080><c> in</c><00:27:10.240><c> the</c><00:27:10.400><c> future</c><00:27:10.720><c> is</c>

25:49.815 --> 25:49.825 align:start position:0%
quantum computing in the future is
 

25:49.825 --> 25:51.975 align:start position:0%
quantum computing in the future is
likely<00:27:11.279><c> to</c><00:27:11.440><c> be</c><00:27:11.600><c> a</c><00:27:11.840><c> computer</c><00:27:12.240><c> simulation</c><00:27:12.799><c> of</c>

25:51.975 --> 25:51.985 align:start position:0%
likely to be a computer simulation of
 

25:51.985 --> 25:54.615 align:start position:0%
likely to be a computer simulation of
quantum<00:27:13.600><c> systems.</c><00:27:14.480><c> Deutsch</c><00:27:14.799><c> has</c><00:27:15.039><c> written</c>

25:54.615 --> 25:54.625 align:start position:0%
quantum systems. Deutsch has written
 

25:54.625 --> 25:56.295 align:start position:0%
quantum systems. Deutsch has written
because<00:27:16.080><c> that's</c><00:27:16.320><c> an</c><00:27:16.559><c> application</c><00:27:17.039><c> where</c><00:27:17.279><c> we</c>

25:56.295 --> 25:56.305 align:start position:0%
because that's an application where we
 

25:56.305 --> 25:58.375 align:start position:0%
because that's an application where we
know<00:27:17.600><c> for</c><00:27:17.840><c> sure</c><00:27:18.159><c> that</c><00:27:18.480><c> quantum</c><00:27:18.960><c> systems</c><00:27:19.279><c> in</c>

25:58.375 --> 25:58.385 align:start position:0%
know for sure that quantum systems in
 

25:58.385 --> 26:00.055 align:start position:0%
know for sure that quantum systems in
general<00:27:19.919><c> could</c><00:27:20.159><c> not</c><00:27:20.480><c> be</c><00:27:20.640><c> efficiently</c>

26:00.055 --> 26:00.065 align:start position:0%
general could not be efficiently
 

26:00.065 --> 26:03.335 align:start position:0%
general could not be efficiently
simulated<00:27:22.000><c> on</c><00:27:22.240><c> a</c><00:27:22.400><c> classical</c><00:27:22.960><c> computer.</c>

26:03.335 --> 26:03.345 align:start position:0%
simulated on a classical computer.
 

26:03.345 --> 26:05.654 align:start position:0%
simulated on a classical computer.
Quantum<00:27:24.960><c> computers</c><00:27:25.600><c> are</c><00:27:25.840><c> a</c><00:27:26.000><c> macroscopic</c>

26:05.654 --> 26:05.664 align:start position:0%
Quantum computers are a macroscopic
 

26:05.664 --> 26:08.774 align:start position:0%
Quantum computers are a macroscopic
manifestation<00:27:27.840><c> of</c><00:27:28.080><c> subatomic</c><00:27:28.880><c> systems.</c>

26:08.774 --> 26:08.784 align:start position:0%
manifestation of subatomic systems.
 

26:08.784 --> 26:10.935 align:start position:0%
manifestation of subatomic systems.
Classical<00:27:30.400><c> computers</c><00:27:31.039><c> struggle</c><00:27:31.440><c> enormously</c>

26:10.935 --> 26:10.945 align:start position:0%
Classical computers struggle enormously
 

26:10.945 --> 26:13.255 align:start position:0%
Classical computers struggle enormously
when<00:27:32.400><c> dealing</c><00:27:32.640><c> with</c><00:27:32.880><c> quantum</c><00:27:33.279><c> mechanics</c>

26:13.255 --> 26:13.265 align:start position:0%
when dealing with quantum mechanics
 

26:13.265 --> 26:15.335 align:start position:0%
when dealing with quantum mechanics
because<00:27:34.640><c> they</c><00:27:34.960><c> require</c><00:27:35.360><c> so</c><00:27:35.600><c> much</c><00:27:35.840><c> memory</c><00:27:36.240><c> and</c>

26:15.335 --> 26:15.345 align:start position:0%
because they require so much memory and
 

26:15.345 --> 26:17.575 align:start position:0%
because they require so much memory and
so<00:27:36.720><c> much</c><00:27:36.880><c> processing</c><00:27:37.440><c> time</c><00:27:37.679><c> to</c><00:27:38.000><c> keep</c><00:27:38.240><c> track</c><00:27:38.559><c> of</c>

26:17.575 --> 26:17.585 align:start position:0%
so much processing time to keep track of
 

26:17.585 --> 26:19.815 align:start position:0%
so much processing time to keep track of
all<00:27:38.880><c> the</c><00:27:39.120><c> variables</c><00:27:39.679><c> associated</c><00:27:40.320><c> with</c><00:27:40.480><c> even</c><00:27:40.720><c> a</c>

26:19.815 --> 26:19.825 align:start position:0%
all the variables associated with even a
 

26:19.825 --> 26:22.695 align:start position:0%
all the variables associated with even a
handful<00:27:41.360><c> of</c><00:27:41.600><c> subatomic</c><00:27:42.320><c> particles.</c><00:27:43.600><c> But</c>

26:22.695 --> 26:22.705 align:start position:0%
handful of subatomic particles. But
 

26:22.705 --> 26:25.095 align:start position:0%
handful of subatomic particles. But
quantum<00:27:44.320><c> computers</c><00:27:44.880><c> are</c><00:27:45.120><c> designed</c><00:27:45.600><c> to</c><00:27:45.840><c> handle</c>

26:25.095 --> 26:25.105 align:start position:0%
quantum computers are designed to handle
 

26:25.105 --> 26:28.134 align:start position:0%
quantum computers are designed to handle
exactly<00:27:46.960><c> these</c><00:27:47.360><c> kinds</c><00:27:47.600><c> of</c><00:27:47.840><c> problems.</c><00:27:48.960><c> Indeed,</c>

26:28.134 --> 26:28.144 align:start position:0%
exactly these kinds of problems. Indeed,
 

26:28.144 --> 26:29.735 align:start position:0%
exactly these kinds of problems. Indeed,
in<00:27:49.440><c> a</c><00:27:49.679><c> sense,</c><00:27:50.080><c> the</c><00:27:50.320><c> fact</c><00:27:50.400><c> that</c><00:27:50.559><c> they</c><00:27:50.720><c> have</c>

26:29.735 --> 26:29.745 align:start position:0%
in a sense, the fact that they have
 

26:29.745 --> 26:31.975 align:start position:0%
in a sense, the fact that they have
realworld<00:27:51.520><c> applications</c><00:27:52.240><c> is</c><00:27:52.480><c> just</c><00:27:52.640><c> a</c><00:27:52.799><c> fun</c>

26:31.975 --> 26:31.985 align:start position:0%
realworld applications is just a fun
 

26:31.985 --> 26:34.375 align:start position:0%
realworld applications is just a fun
bonus,<00:27:54.080><c> not</c><00:27:54.399><c> the</c><00:27:54.640><c> reason</c><00:27:54.960><c> Fineman</c><00:27:55.360><c> and</c>

26:34.375 --> 26:34.385 align:start position:0%
bonus, not the reason Fineman and
 

26:34.385 --> 26:36.774 align:start position:0%
bonus, not the reason Fineman and
Wheeler<00:27:56.159><c> first</c><00:27:56.399><c> suggested</c><00:27:56.880><c> them.</c><00:27:57.520><c> And</c><00:27:57.679><c> so,</c>

26:36.774 --> 26:36.784 align:start position:0%
Wheeler first suggested them. And so,
 

26:36.784 --> 26:39.654 align:start position:0%
Wheeler first suggested them. And so,
any<00:27:58.240><c> kind</c><00:27:58.480><c> of</c><00:27:58.720><c> total</c><00:27:59.279><c> universe</c><00:27:59.760><c> simulator</c>

26:39.654 --> 26:39.664 align:start position:0%
any kind of total universe simulator
 

26:39.664 --> 26:43.335 align:start position:0%
any kind of total universe simulator
will<00:28:01.200><c> require</c><00:28:01.840><c> a</c><00:28:02.159><c> quantum</c><00:28:02.640><c> component.</c><00:28:04.000><c> When</c><00:28:04.240><c> a</c>

26:43.335 --> 26:43.345 align:start position:0%
will require a quantum component. When a
 

26:43.345 --> 26:45.575 align:start position:0%
will require a quantum component. When a
star<00:28:04.799><c> burns</c><00:28:05.200><c> hydrogen</c><00:28:05.600><c> to</c><00:28:05.840><c> helium,</c><00:28:06.399><c> it</c><00:28:06.559><c> is</c>

26:45.575 --> 26:45.585 align:start position:0%
star burns hydrogen to helium, it is
 

26:45.585 --> 26:47.254 align:start position:0%
star burns hydrogen to helium, it is
quantum<00:28:07.039><c> mechanics</c><00:28:07.600><c> that</c><00:28:07.840><c> dictates</c><00:28:08.240><c> the</c>

26:47.254 --> 26:47.264 align:start position:0%
quantum mechanics that dictates the
 

26:47.264 --> 26:49.654 align:start position:0%
quantum mechanics that dictates the
rates<00:28:08.720><c> of</c><00:28:08.880><c> reactions.</c><00:28:09.760><c> When</c><00:28:10.080><c> light</c><00:28:10.399><c> filters</c>

26:49.654 --> 26:49.664 align:start position:0%
rates of reactions. When light filters
 

26:49.664 --> 26:51.735 align:start position:0%
rates of reactions. When light filters
into<00:28:10.960><c> the</c><00:28:11.039><c> chloroplast</c><00:28:11.760><c> of</c><00:28:11.840><c> a</c><00:28:12.000><c> plant</c><00:28:12.240><c> cell,</c><00:28:12.720><c> it</c>

26:51.735 --> 26:51.745 align:start position:0%
into the chloroplast of a plant cell, it
 

26:51.745 --> 26:53.815 align:start position:0%
into the chloroplast of a plant cell, it
is<00:28:13.039><c> quantum</c><00:28:13.440><c> mechanics</c><00:28:14.000><c> that</c><00:28:14.320><c> determines</c><00:28:14.799><c> how</c>

26:53.815 --> 26:53.825 align:start position:0%
is quantum mechanics that determines how
 

26:53.825 --> 26:56.295 align:start position:0%
is quantum mechanics that determines how
much<00:28:15.200><c> energy</c><00:28:15.520><c> is</c><00:28:15.760><c> absorbed.</c><00:28:16.720><c> And</c><00:28:16.960><c> even</c><00:28:17.200><c> when</c>

26:56.295 --> 26:56.305 align:start position:0%
much energy is absorbed. And even when
 

26:56.305 --> 26:57.815 align:start position:0%
much energy is absorbed. And even when
we<00:28:17.679><c> speculate</c><00:28:18.159><c> whether</c><00:28:18.399><c> we</c><00:28:18.559><c> live</c><00:28:18.640><c> in</c><00:28:18.799><c> a</c>

26:57.815 --> 26:57.825 align:start position:0%
we speculate whether we live in a
 

26:57.825 --> 26:59.894 align:start position:0%
we speculate whether we live in a
simulation<00:28:19.440><c> or</c><00:28:19.679><c> not,</c><00:28:20.320><c> it</c><00:28:20.480><c> is</c><00:28:20.640><c> quantum</c>

26:59.894 --> 26:59.904 align:start position:0%
simulation or not, it is quantum
 

26:59.904 --> 27:02.215 align:start position:0%
simulation or not, it is quantum
mechanical<00:28:21.520><c> interactions</c><00:28:22.480><c> that</c><00:28:22.720><c> power</c><00:28:23.120><c> our</c>

27:02.215 --> 27:02.225 align:start position:0%
mechanical interactions that power our
 

27:02.225 --> 27:12.695 align:start position:0%
mechanical interactions that power our
thoughts.<00:28:24.559><c> We</c><00:28:24.799><c> live</c><00:28:25.440><c> in</c><00:28:25.679><c> a</c><00:28:25.919><c> quantum</c><00:28:26.399><c> universe.</c>

27:12.695 --> 27:12.705 align:start position:0%
 
 

27:12.705 --> 27:15.095 align:start position:0%
 
There<00:28:34.080><c> is</c><00:28:34.320><c> one</c><00:28:34.559><c> further</c><00:28:34.960><c> barrier</c><00:28:35.360><c> to</c><00:28:35.600><c> our</c><00:28:35.840><c> full</c>

27:15.095 --> 27:15.105 align:start position:0%
There is one further barrier to our full
 

27:15.105 --> 27:18.215 align:start position:0%
There is one further barrier to our full
universe<00:28:36.720><c> simulations</c><00:28:38.000><c> and</c><00:28:38.240><c> that's</c><00:28:38.480><c> the</c><00:28:38.720><c> idea</c>

27:18.215 --> 27:18.225 align:start position:0%
universe simulations and that's the idea
 

27:18.225 --> 27:20.134 align:start position:0%
universe simulations and that's the idea
of<00:28:39.679><c> emergence.</c>

27:20.134 --> 27:20.144 align:start position:0%
of emergence.
 

27:20.144 --> 27:22.055 align:start position:0%
of emergence.
Just<00:28:41.520><c> because</c><00:28:41.760><c> we</c><00:28:41.919><c> have</c><00:28:42.080><c> physical</c><00:28:42.559><c> laws</c><00:28:42.960><c> that</c>

27:22.055 --> 27:22.065 align:start position:0%
Just because we have physical laws that
 

27:22.065 --> 27:24.295 align:start position:0%
Just because we have physical laws that
describe<00:28:43.679><c> phenomena</c><00:28:44.159><c> at</c><00:28:44.320><c> certain</c><00:28:44.720><c> scales</c>

27:24.295 --> 27:24.305 align:start position:0%
describe phenomena at certain scales
 

27:24.305 --> 27:26.215 align:start position:0%
describe phenomena at certain scales
doesn't<00:28:45.760><c> mean</c><00:28:45.919><c> that</c><00:28:46.080><c> we</c><00:28:46.240><c> can</c><00:28:46.399><c> use</c><00:28:46.640><c> those</c><00:28:46.880><c> laws</c>

27:26.215 --> 27:26.225 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean that we can use those laws
 

27:26.225 --> 27:28.855 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean that we can use those laws
to<00:28:47.600><c> tell</c><00:28:47.760><c> us</c><00:28:47.919><c> about</c><00:28:48.320><c> other</c><00:28:48.640><c> scales.</c><00:28:49.840><c> For</c>

27:28.855 --> 27:28.865 align:start position:0%
to tell us about other scales. For
 

27:28.865 --> 27:30.695 align:start position:0%
to tell us about other scales. For
example,<00:28:50.480><c> we</c><00:28:50.640><c> know</c><00:28:50.799><c> that</c><00:28:51.039><c> quantum</c><00:28:51.440><c> fields</c>

27:30.695 --> 27:30.705 align:start position:0%
example, we know that quantum fields
 

27:30.705 --> 27:32.455 align:start position:0%
example, we know that quantum fields
provide<00:28:52.159><c> the</c><00:28:52.320><c> backbone</c><00:28:52.799><c> for</c><00:28:53.039><c> force</c><00:28:53.360><c> and</c>

27:32.455 --> 27:32.465 align:start position:0%
provide the backbone for force and
 

27:32.465 --> 27:34.534 align:start position:0%
provide the backbone for force and
particle<00:28:54.000><c> interactions.</c><00:28:54.960><c> And</c><00:28:55.200><c> we</c><00:28:55.360><c> can</c><00:28:55.440><c> use</c>

27:34.534 --> 27:34.544 align:start position:0%
particle interactions. And we can use
 

27:34.544 --> 27:36.615 align:start position:0%
particle interactions. And we can use
quantum<00:28:56.159><c> field</c><00:28:56.480><c> theory</c><00:28:56.960><c> to</c><00:28:57.200><c> describe</c><00:28:57.520><c> how</c>

27:36.615 --> 27:36.625 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory to describe how
 

27:36.625 --> 27:38.534 align:start position:0%
quantum field theory to describe how
atoms<00:28:58.159><c> work</c><00:28:58.480><c> and</c><00:28:58.720><c> what</c><00:28:58.960><c> goes</c><00:28:59.120><c> on</c><00:28:59.279><c> in</c><00:28:59.520><c> our</c>

27:38.534 --> 27:38.544 align:start position:0%
atoms work and what goes on in our
 

27:38.544 --> 27:41.014 align:start position:0%
atoms work and what goes on in our
particle<00:29:00.159><c> accelerators.</c><00:29:01.520><c> But</c><00:29:01.600><c> we</c><00:29:01.760><c> have</c><00:29:01.919><c> no</c>

27:41.014 --> 27:41.024 align:start position:0%
particle accelerators. But we have no
 

27:41.024 --> 27:42.855 align:start position:0%
particle accelerators. But we have no
quantum<00:29:02.559><c> field</c><00:29:02.880><c> description</c><00:29:03.440><c> for</c><00:29:03.679><c> how</c><00:29:03.840><c> a</c>

27:42.855 --> 27:42.865 align:start position:0%
quantum field description for how a
 

27:42.865 --> 27:46.055 align:start position:0%
quantum field description for how a
protein<00:29:04.480><c> folds</c><00:29:05.279><c> or</c><00:29:05.600><c> how</c><00:29:05.760><c> neurons</c><00:29:06.320><c> communicate</c>

27:46.055 --> 27:46.065 align:start position:0%
protein folds or how neurons communicate
 

27:46.065 --> 27:49.815 align:start position:0%
protein folds or how neurons communicate
or<00:29:07.440><c> how</c><00:29:07.760><c> stars</c><00:29:08.480><c> evolve.</c><00:29:09.919><c> We</c><00:29:10.159><c> have</c><00:29:10.240><c> to</c><00:29:10.480><c> turn</c><00:29:10.720><c> to</c>

27:49.815 --> 27:49.825 align:start position:0%
or how stars evolve. We have to turn to
 

27:49.825 --> 27:52.375 align:start position:0%
or how stars evolve. We have to turn to
other<00:29:11.279><c> theories,</c><00:29:12.080><c> other</c><00:29:12.399><c> laws</c><00:29:12.720><c> of</c><00:29:12.880><c> physics</c>

27:52.375 --> 27:52.385 align:start position:0%
other theories, other laws of physics
 

27:52.385 --> 27:55.894 align:start position:0%
other theories, other laws of physics
that<00:29:13.840><c> apply</c><00:29:14.240><c> in</c><00:29:14.480><c> their</c><00:29:14.720><c> respective</c><00:29:15.279><c> domains.</c>

27:55.894 --> 27:55.904 align:start position:0%
that apply in their respective domains.
 

27:55.904 --> 27:58.215 align:start position:0%
that apply in their respective domains.
Indeed,<00:29:17.520><c> so</c><00:29:17.760><c> many</c><00:29:18.000><c> aspects</c><00:29:18.399><c> of</c><00:29:18.640><c> nature</c><00:29:18.960><c> emerge</c>

27:58.215 --> 27:58.225 align:start position:0%
Indeed, so many aspects of nature emerge
 

27:58.225 --> 27:59.975 align:start position:0%
Indeed, so many aspects of nature emerge
from<00:29:19.600><c> collective</c><00:29:20.080><c> action</c><00:29:20.559><c> that</c><00:29:20.799><c> no</c>

27:59.975 --> 27:59.985 align:start position:0%
from collective action that no
 

27:59.985 --> 28:02.615 align:start position:0%
from collective action that no
fundamental<00:29:21.760><c> theory</c><00:29:22.240><c> can</c><00:29:22.480><c> capture.</c><00:29:23.360><c> So</c><00:29:23.600><c> many</c>

28:02.615 --> 28:02.625 align:start position:0%
fundamental theory can capture. So many
 

28:02.625 --> 28:05.335 align:start position:0%
fundamental theory can capture. So many
aspects<00:29:24.159><c> of</c><00:29:24.399><c> nature</c><00:29:25.120><c> emerge</c><00:29:25.919><c> out</c><00:29:26.159><c> of</c><00:29:26.320><c> the</c>

28:05.335 --> 28:05.345 align:start position:0%
aspects of nature emerge out of the
 

28:05.345 --> 28:08.615 align:start position:0%
aspects of nature emerge out of the
mist.<00:29:27.679><c> And</c><00:29:27.919><c> there</c><00:29:28.080><c> is</c><00:29:28.320><c> one</c><00:29:28.799><c> key</c><00:29:29.279><c> emergent</c>

28:08.615 --> 28:08.625 align:start position:0%
mist. And there is one key emergent
 

28:08.625 --> 28:10.695 align:start position:0%
mist. And there is one key emergent
feature<00:29:30.080><c> of</c><00:29:30.240><c> the</c><00:29:30.399><c> universe</c><00:29:31.039><c> that</c><00:29:31.360><c> challenges</c>

28:10.695 --> 28:10.705 align:start position:0%
feature of the universe that challenges
 

28:10.705 --> 28:18.615 align:start position:0%
feature of the universe that challenges
us<00:29:32.399><c> most</c><00:29:32.640><c> of</c><00:29:32.880><c> all.</c>

28:18.615 --> 28:18.625 align:start position:0%
 
 

28:18.625 --> 28:21.175 align:start position:0%
 
We<00:29:40.240><c> are</c><00:29:40.399><c> sentient</c><00:29:40.960><c> beings.</c><00:29:41.760><c> We</c><00:29:42.000><c> are</c>

28:21.175 --> 28:21.185 align:start position:0%
We are sentient beings. We are
 

28:21.185 --> 28:23.654 align:start position:0%
We are sentient beings. We are
conscious.<00:29:43.600><c> But</c><00:29:43.679><c> we</c><00:29:43.919><c> are</c><00:29:44.080><c> not</c><00:29:44.240><c> separate</c><00:29:44.640><c> from</c>

28:23.654 --> 28:23.664 align:start position:0%
conscious. But we are not separate from
 

28:23.664 --> 28:26.615 align:start position:0%
conscious. But we are not separate from
the<00:29:44.960><c> cosmos.</c><00:29:45.840><c> We</c><00:29:46.080><c> are</c><00:29:46.240><c> a</c><00:29:46.480><c> part</c><00:29:46.640><c> of</c><00:29:46.799><c> it.</c><00:29:47.440><c> And</c><00:29:47.520><c> so</c>

28:26.615 --> 28:26.625 align:start position:0%
the cosmos. We are a part of it. And so
 

28:26.625 --> 28:28.134 align:start position:0%
the cosmos. We are a part of it. And so
whatever<00:29:48.080><c> machine</c><00:29:48.399><c> that</c><00:29:48.640><c> can</c><00:29:48.799><c> compute</c><00:29:49.120><c> the</c>

28:28.134 --> 28:28.144 align:start position:0%
whatever machine that can compute the
 

28:28.144 --> 28:30.455 align:start position:0%
whatever machine that can compute the
bits<00:29:49.520><c> of</c><00:29:49.600><c> the</c><00:29:49.840><c> universe</c><00:29:50.640><c> must</c><00:29:50.960><c> also</c><00:29:51.279><c> be</c><00:29:51.440><c> able</c>

28:30.455 --> 28:30.465 align:start position:0%
bits of the universe must also be able
 

28:30.465 --> 28:32.855 align:start position:0%
bits of the universe must also be able
to<00:29:51.760><c> replicate</c><00:29:52.240><c> our</c><00:29:52.559><c> own</c><00:29:53.120><c> emergent</c><00:29:53.679><c> thought</c>

28:32.855 --> 28:32.865 align:start position:0%
to replicate our own emergent thought
 

28:32.865 --> 28:34.534 align:start position:0%
to replicate our own emergent thought
patterns.

28:34.534 --> 28:34.544 align:start position:0%
patterns.
 

28:34.544 --> 28:36.695 align:start position:0%
patterns.
When<00:29:55.919><c> a</c><00:29:56.080><c> group</c><00:29:56.240><c> of</c><00:29:56.480><c> engineers</c><00:29:57.120><c> at</c><00:29:57.360><c> Google's</c>

28:36.695 --> 28:36.705 align:start position:0%
When a group of engineers at Google's
 

28:36.705 --> 28:38.855 align:start position:0%
When a group of engineers at Google's
deep<00:29:58.159><c> mind</c><00:29:58.559><c> division</c><00:29:59.120><c> released</c><00:29:59.360><c> a</c><00:29:59.600><c> paper</c><00:29:59.760><c> in</c>

28:38.855 --> 28:38.865 align:start position:0%
deep mind division released a paper in
 

28:38.865 --> 28:41.654 align:start position:0%
deep mind division released a paper in
2017,<00:30:01.200><c> they</c><00:30:01.440><c> had</c><00:30:01.679><c> no</c><00:30:01.840><c> idea</c><00:30:02.240><c> that</c><00:30:02.480><c> they</c><00:30:02.640><c> would</c>

28:41.654 --> 28:41.664 align:start position:0%
2017, they had no idea that they would
 

28:41.664 --> 28:43.095 align:start position:0%
2017, they had no idea that they would
be<00:30:02.880><c> kickstarting</c><00:30:03.440><c> a</c><00:30:03.600><c> revolution</c><00:30:04.000><c> in</c>

28:43.095 --> 28:43.105 align:start position:0%
be kickstarting a revolution in
 

28:43.105 --> 28:45.654 align:start position:0%
be kickstarting a revolution in
computing<00:30:04.799><c> and</c><00:30:05.200><c> igniting</c><00:30:05.600><c> a</c><00:30:05.760><c> furious</c><00:30:06.240><c> debate</c>

28:45.654 --> 28:45.664 align:start position:0%
computing and igniting a furious debate
 

28:45.664 --> 28:48.215 align:start position:0%
computing and igniting a furious debate
about<00:30:07.039><c> the</c><00:30:07.279><c> nature</c><00:30:07.520><c> of</c><00:30:07.760><c> consciousness.</c><00:30:09.039><c> Their</c>

28:48.215 --> 28:48.225 align:start position:0%
about the nature of consciousness. Their
 

28:48.225 --> 28:50.534 align:start position:0%
about the nature of consciousness. Their
landmark<00:30:09.840><c> paper,</c><00:30:10.559><c> attention</c><00:30:11.039><c> is</c><00:30:11.200><c> all</c><00:30:11.440><c> you</c>

28:50.534 --> 28:50.544 align:start position:0%
landmark paper, attention is all you
 

28:50.544 --> 28:52.615 align:start position:0%
landmark paper, attention is all you
need,<00:30:12.240><c> is</c><00:30:12.480><c> now</c><00:30:12.640><c> considered</c><00:30:13.039><c> a</c><00:30:13.200><c> watershed</c>

28:52.615 --> 28:52.625 align:start position:0%
need, is now considered a watershed
 

28:52.625 --> 28:55.095 align:start position:0%
need, is now considered a watershed
moment<00:30:14.000><c> in</c><00:30:14.320><c> artificial</c><00:30:14.799><c> intelligence.</c><00:30:16.000><c> In</c>

28:55.095 --> 28:55.105 align:start position:0%
moment in artificial intelligence. In
 

28:55.105 --> 28:56.695 align:start position:0%
moment in artificial intelligence. In
their<00:30:16.399><c> paper,</c><00:30:16.799><c> the</c><00:30:16.960><c> Google</c><00:30:17.279><c> engineers</c>

28:56.695 --> 28:56.705 align:start position:0%
their paper, the Google engineers
 

28:56.705 --> 28:58.935 align:start position:0%
their paper, the Google engineers
devised<00:30:18.240><c> a</c><00:30:18.399><c> brutally</c><00:30:18.960><c> simple</c><00:30:19.360><c> scheme</c><00:30:19.840><c> that</c>

28:58.935 --> 28:58.945 align:start position:0%
devised a brutally simple scheme that
 

28:58.945 --> 29:00.935 align:start position:0%
devised a brutally simple scheme that
allowed<00:30:20.399><c> a</c><00:30:20.559><c> neural</c><00:30:20.880><c> network,</c><00:30:21.520><c> a</c><00:30:21.760><c> software</c>

29:00.935 --> 29:00.945 align:start position:0%
allowed a neural network, a software
 

29:00.945 --> 29:02.375 align:start position:0%
allowed a neural network, a software
replication<00:30:22.559><c> of</c><00:30:22.720><c> neurons</c><00:30:23.200><c> connected</c>

29:02.375 --> 29:02.385 align:start position:0%
replication of neurons connected
 

29:02.385 --> 29:04.215 align:start position:0%
replication of neurons connected
together,<00:30:24.159><c> to</c><00:30:24.399><c> capture</c><00:30:24.720><c> the</c><00:30:24.960><c> essential</c>

29:04.215 --> 29:04.225 align:start position:0%
together, to capture the essential
 

29:04.225 --> 29:06.215 align:start position:0%
together, to capture the essential
meaning<00:30:25.600><c> of</c><00:30:25.760><c> a</c><00:30:25.919><c> text</c><00:30:26.240><c> by</c><00:30:26.559><c> jumping</c><00:30:26.880><c> from</c><00:30:27.120><c> word</c>

29:06.215 --> 29:06.225 align:start position:0%
meaning of a text by jumping from word
 

29:06.225 --> 29:08.935 align:start position:0%
meaning of a text by jumping from word
to<00:30:27.600><c> word,</c><00:30:28.480><c> weaving</c><00:30:28.880><c> together</c><00:30:29.360><c> their</c><00:30:29.679><c> shared</c>

29:08.935 --> 29:08.945 align:start position:0%
to word, weaving together their shared
 

29:08.945 --> 29:11.894 align:start position:0%
to word, weaving together their shared
concepts.<00:30:31.360><c> This</c><00:30:31.679><c> engine</c><00:30:32.000><c> of</c><00:30:32.240><c> attention</c><00:30:32.799><c> gave</c>

29:11.894 --> 29:11.904 align:start position:0%
concepts. This engine of attention gave
 

29:11.904 --> 29:13.975 align:start position:0%
concepts. This engine of attention gave
rise<00:30:33.279><c> to</c><00:30:33.440><c> the</c><00:30:33.679><c> explosive</c><00:30:34.320><c> growth</c><00:30:34.559><c> of</c><00:30:34.799><c> large</c>

29:13.975 --> 29:13.985 align:start position:0%
rise to the explosive growth of large
 

29:13.985 --> 29:16.055 align:start position:0%
rise to the explosive growth of large
language<00:30:35.600><c> models</c><00:30:36.320><c> and</c><00:30:36.559><c> the</c><00:30:36.720><c> ability</c><00:30:37.039><c> of</c>

29:16.055 --> 29:16.065 align:start position:0%
language models and the ability of
 

29:16.065 --> 29:17.815 align:start position:0%
language models and the ability of
computers<00:30:37.679><c> to</c><00:30:37.919><c> understand</c><00:30:38.240><c> the</c><00:30:38.480><c> meaning</c><00:30:38.720><c> of</c>

29:17.815 --> 29:17.825 align:start position:0%
computers to understand the meaning of
 

29:17.825 --> 29:20.295 align:start position:0%
computers to understand the meaning of
natural<00:30:39.440><c> language</c><00:30:40.159><c> and</c><00:30:40.480><c> generate</c><00:30:41.039><c> long</c>

29:20.295 --> 29:20.305 align:start position:0%
natural language and generate long
 

29:20.305 --> 29:22.774 align:start position:0%
natural language and generate long
coherent<00:30:41.919><c> messages</c><00:30:42.480><c> back</c><00:30:42.720><c> to</c><00:30:42.960><c> us</c>

29:22.774 --> 29:22.784 align:start position:0%
coherent messages back to us
 

29:22.784 --> 29:24.615 align:start position:0%
coherent messages back to us
immediately.<00:30:44.640><c> Some</c><00:30:44.799><c> AI</c><00:30:45.200><c> proponents</c>

29:24.615 --> 29:24.625 align:start position:0%
immediately. Some AI proponents
 

29:24.625 --> 29:26.055 align:start position:0%
immediately. Some AI proponents
proclaimed<00:30:46.080><c> that</c><00:30:46.240><c> we</c><00:30:46.399><c> were</c><00:30:46.559><c> currently</c><00:30:46.880><c> on</c><00:30:47.039><c> the</c>

29:26.055 --> 29:26.065 align:start position:0%
proclaimed that we were currently on the
 

29:26.065 --> 29:28.534 align:start position:0%
proclaimed that we were currently on the
cusp<00:30:47.520><c> of</c><00:30:47.679><c> artificial</c><00:30:48.399><c> general</c><00:30:48.799><c> intelligence</c>

29:28.534 --> 29:28.544 align:start position:0%
cusp of artificial general intelligence
 

29:28.544 --> 29:30.855 align:start position:0%
cusp of artificial general intelligence
with<00:30:50.000><c> all</c><00:30:50.159><c> the</c><00:30:50.399><c> broad</c><00:30:50.880><c> general</c><00:30:51.279><c> capabilities</c>

29:30.855 --> 29:30.865 align:start position:0%
with all the broad general capabilities
 

29:30.865 --> 29:33.575 align:start position:0%
with all the broad general capabilities
that<00:30:52.240><c> a</c><00:30:52.480><c> human</c><00:30:52.799><c> mind</c><00:30:53.120><c> has.</c><00:30:54.159><c> Though</c><00:30:54.399><c> many,</c>

29:33.575 --> 29:33.585 align:start position:0%
that a human mind has. Though many,
 

29:33.585 --> 29:36.375 align:start position:0%
that a human mind has. Though many,
however,<00:30:55.440><c> disagreed.</c><00:30:56.799><c> But</c><00:30:57.039><c> what</c><00:30:57.200><c> is</c><00:30:57.360><c> not</c>

29:36.375 --> 29:36.385 align:start position:0%
however, disagreed. But what is not
 

29:36.385 --> 29:38.375 align:start position:0%
however, disagreed. But what is not
under<00:30:57.840><c> debate</c><00:30:58.320><c> is</c><00:30:58.559><c> that</c><00:30:58.799><c> large</c><00:30:59.120><c> language</c>

29:38.375 --> 29:38.385 align:start position:0%
under debate is that large language
 

29:38.385 --> 29:40.455 align:start position:0%
under debate is that large language
models<00:31:00.000><c> certainly</c><00:31:00.399><c> don't</c><00:31:00.640><c> learn</c><00:31:00.960><c> in</c><00:31:01.200><c> the</c><00:31:01.440><c> same</c>

29:40.455 --> 29:40.465 align:start position:0%
models certainly don't learn in the same
 

29:40.465 --> 29:42.935 align:start position:0%
models certainly don't learn in the same
way<00:31:01.840><c> we</c><00:31:02.159><c> do</c><00:31:02.559><c> and</c><00:31:02.799><c> don't</c><00:31:03.120><c> process</c><00:31:03.520><c> or</c><00:31:03.760><c> store</c>

29:42.935 --> 29:42.945 align:start position:0%
way we do and don't process or store
 

29:42.945 --> 29:44.855 align:start position:0%
way we do and don't process or store
information<00:31:04.640><c> in</c><00:31:04.880><c> the</c><00:31:05.039><c> same</c><00:31:05.200><c> way</c><00:31:05.279><c> as</c><00:31:05.520><c> a</c><00:31:05.679><c> human</c>

29:44.855 --> 29:44.865 align:start position:0%
information in the same way as a human
 

29:44.865 --> 29:46.375 align:start position:0%
information in the same way as a human
brain.

29:46.375 --> 29:46.385 align:start position:0%
brain.
 

29:46.385 --> 29:49.175 align:start position:0%
brain.
But<00:31:08.080><c> if</c><00:31:08.320><c> we</c><00:31:08.640><c> are</c><00:31:08.960><c> the</c><00:31:09.200><c> end</c><00:31:09.440><c> result</c><00:31:09.760><c> of</c><00:31:10.000><c> such</c><00:31:10.159><c> an</c>

29:49.175 --> 29:49.185 align:start position:0%
But if we are the end result of such an
 

29:49.185 --> 29:51.894 align:start position:0%
But if we are the end result of such an
attention<00:31:10.960><c> engine,</c><00:31:11.840><c> billions</c><00:31:12.320><c> of</c><00:31:12.559><c> digital</c>

29:51.894 --> 29:51.904 align:start position:0%
attention engine, billions of digital
 

29:51.904 --> 29:55.495 align:start position:0%
attention engine, billions of digital
neurons<00:31:13.760><c> firing</c><00:31:14.159><c> in</c><00:31:14.399><c> a</c><00:31:14.559><c> vast</c><00:31:15.039><c> silicon</c><00:31:15.520><c> matrix,</c>

29:55.495 --> 29:55.505 align:start position:0%
neurons firing in a vast silicon matrix,
 

29:55.505 --> 29:57.735 align:start position:0%
neurons firing in a vast silicon matrix,
what<00:31:16.799><c> would</c><00:31:16.960><c> that</c><00:31:17.120><c> mean</c><00:31:17.360><c> for</c><00:31:17.600><c> us?</c><00:31:18.480><c> Would</c><00:31:18.640><c> that</c>

29:57.735 --> 29:57.745 align:start position:0%
what would that mean for us? Would that
 

29:57.745 --> 30:05.414 align:start position:0%
what would that mean for us? Would that
take<00:31:18.960><c> away</c><00:31:19.200><c> our</c><00:31:19.440><c> agency,</c><00:31:20.399><c> our</c><00:31:20.720><c> free</c><00:31:21.039><c> will?</c>

30:05.414 --> 30:05.424 align:start position:0%
 
 

30:05.424 --> 30:07.815 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:31:26.799><c> a</c><00:31:26.960><c> traditional</c><00:31:27.679><c> classical</c><00:31:28.240><c> deterministic</c>

30:07.815 --> 30:07.825 align:start position:0%
In a traditional classical deterministic
 

30:07.825 --> 30:09.815 align:start position:0%
In a traditional classical deterministic
universe,<00:31:29.679><c> we're</c><00:31:30.000><c> often</c><00:31:30.320><c> viewed</c><00:31:30.640><c> as</c>

30:09.815 --> 30:09.825 align:start position:0%
universe, we're often viewed as
 

30:09.825 --> 30:12.295 align:start position:0%
universe, we're often viewed as
biological<00:31:31.760><c> machines.</c><00:31:32.720><c> Our</c><00:31:32.960><c> fates</c>

30:12.295 --> 30:12.305 align:start position:0%
biological machines. Our fates
 

30:12.305 --> 30:14.215 align:start position:0%
biological machines. Our fates
determined<00:31:33.840><c> by</c><00:31:34.000><c> the</c><00:31:34.159><c> microscopic</c><00:31:34.880><c> collisions</c>

30:14.215 --> 30:14.225 align:start position:0%
determined by the microscopic collisions
 

30:14.225 --> 30:16.774 align:start position:0%
determined by the microscopic collisions
of<00:31:35.520><c> atoms.</c><00:31:36.559><c> But</c><00:31:36.720><c> of</c><00:31:36.799><c> course</c><00:31:36.960><c> in</c><00:31:37.120><c> a</c><00:31:37.279><c> simulation</c>

30:16.774 --> 30:16.784 align:start position:0%
of atoms. But of course in a simulation
 

30:16.784 --> 30:19.495 align:start position:0%
of atoms. But of course in a simulation
the<00:31:38.159><c> stakes</c><00:31:38.559><c> are</c><00:31:38.799><c> different.</c><00:31:39.679><c> If</c><00:31:39.919><c> our</c><00:31:40.159><c> minds</c>

30:19.495 --> 30:19.505 align:start position:0%
the stakes are different. If our minds
 

30:19.505 --> 30:21.654 align:start position:0%
the stakes are different. If our minds
are<00:31:40.960><c> code</c><00:31:41.600><c> then</c><00:31:41.840><c> our</c><00:31:42.080><c> thoughts</c><00:31:42.480><c> are</c>

30:21.654 --> 30:21.664 align:start position:0%
are code then our thoughts are
 

30:21.664 --> 30:24.455 align:start position:0%
are code then our thoughts are
algorithms.<00:31:44.159><c> In</c><00:31:44.320><c> such</c><00:31:44.480><c> a</c><00:31:44.640><c> world</c><00:31:45.039><c> free</c><00:31:45.279><c> will</c>

30:24.455 --> 30:24.465 align:start position:0%
algorithms. In such a world free will
 

30:24.465 --> 30:26.134 align:start position:0%
algorithms. In such a world free will
might<00:31:45.760><c> be</c><00:31:45.919><c> nothing</c><00:31:46.159><c> more</c><00:31:46.399><c> than</c><00:31:46.559><c> a</c><00:31:46.799><c> feature</c><00:31:47.120><c> of</c>

30:26.134 --> 30:26.144 align:start position:0%
might be nothing more than a feature of
 

30:26.144 --> 30:28.615 align:start position:0%
might be nothing more than a feature of
the<00:31:47.600><c> software.</c><00:31:48.480><c> A</c><00:31:48.640><c> feeling</c><00:31:48.960><c> of</c><00:31:49.120><c> agency</c>

30:28.615 --> 30:28.625 align:start position:0%
the software. A feeling of agency
 

30:28.625 --> 30:30.215 align:start position:0%
the software. A feeling of agency
designed<00:31:50.159><c> to</c><00:31:50.240><c> make</c><00:31:50.399><c> the</c><00:31:50.559><c> simulation</c><00:31:51.120><c> more</c>

30:30.215 --> 30:30.225 align:start position:0%
designed to make the simulation more
 

30:30.225 --> 30:32.134 align:start position:0%
designed to make the simulation more
realistic<00:31:52.000><c> or</c><00:31:52.240><c> more</c><00:31:52.480><c> productive</c><00:31:52.880><c> for</c><00:31:53.120><c> the</c>

30:32.134 --> 30:32.144 align:start position:0%
realistic or more productive for the
 

30:32.144 --> 30:34.695 align:start position:0%
realistic or more productive for the
observer.<00:31:54.480><c> And</c><00:31:54.640><c> yet</c><00:31:55.120><c> there</c><00:31:55.279><c> is</c><00:31:55.519><c> still</c><00:31:55.679><c> a</c>

30:34.695 --> 30:34.705 align:start position:0%
observer. And yet there is still a
 

30:34.705 --> 30:37.575 align:start position:0%
observer. And yet there is still a
glimmer<00:31:56.240><c> of</c><00:31:56.399><c> hope.</c><00:31:57.519><c> Many</c><00:31:57.840><c> simulations</c><00:31:58.480><c> that</c>

30:37.575 --> 30:37.585 align:start position:0%
glimmer of hope. Many simulations that
 

30:37.585 --> 30:40.215 align:start position:0%
glimmer of hope. Many simulations that
we<00:31:58.960><c> run</c><00:31:59.519><c> require</c><00:31:59.840><c> a</c><00:32:00.080><c> random</c><00:32:00.480><c> number</c><00:32:00.799><c> generator</c>

30:40.215 --> 30:40.225 align:start position:0%
we run require a random number generator
 

30:40.225 --> 30:41.894 align:start position:0%
we run require a random number generator
to<00:32:01.600><c> prevent</c><00:32:01.840><c> the</c><00:32:02.080><c> created</c><00:32:02.480><c> world</c><00:32:02.799><c> from</c>

30:41.894 --> 30:41.904 align:start position:0%
to prevent the created world from
 

30:41.904 --> 30:44.855 align:start position:0%
to prevent the created world from
becoming<00:32:03.360><c> a</c><00:32:03.600><c> static</c><00:32:04.159><c> predictable</c><00:32:04.799><c> loop.</c><00:32:05.840><c> In</c>

30:44.855 --> 30:44.865 align:start position:0%
becoming a static predictable loop. In
 

30:44.865 --> 30:46.935 align:start position:0%
becoming a static predictable loop. In
our<00:32:06.240><c> own</c><00:32:06.399><c> universe,</c><00:32:07.039><c> that</c><00:32:07.279><c> randomness</c><00:32:07.840><c> is</c>

30:46.935 --> 30:46.945 align:start position:0%
our own universe, that randomness is
 

30:46.945 --> 30:49.575 align:start position:0%
our own universe, that randomness is
found<00:32:08.320><c> in</c><00:32:08.559><c> the</c><00:32:08.720><c> quantum</c><00:32:09.360><c> foam.</c><00:32:10.240><c> And</c><00:32:10.399><c> so,</c><00:32:10.559><c> if</c>

30:49.575 --> 30:49.585 align:start position:0%
found in the quantum foam. And so, if
 

30:49.585 --> 30:51.735 align:start position:0%
found in the quantum foam. And so, if
the<00:32:10.880><c> architect</c><00:32:11.200><c> of</c><00:32:11.360><c> a</c><00:32:11.600><c> universal</c><00:32:12.159><c> simulation</c>

30:51.735 --> 30:51.745 align:start position:0%
the architect of a universal simulation
 

30:51.745 --> 30:54.055 align:start position:0%
the architect of a universal simulation
uses<00:32:13.279><c> true</c><00:32:13.600><c> quantum</c><00:32:14.000><c> randomness</c><00:32:14.640><c> to</c><00:32:14.880><c> drive</c>

30:54.055 --> 30:54.065 align:start position:0%
uses true quantum randomness to drive
 

30:54.065 --> 30:56.534 align:start position:0%
uses true quantum randomness to drive
the<00:32:15.440><c> simulation,</c><00:32:16.320><c> then</c><00:32:16.559><c> our</c><00:32:16.799><c> futures</c><00:32:17.360><c> might</c>

30:56.534 --> 30:56.544 align:start position:0%
the simulation, then our futures might
 

30:56.544 --> 30:59.414 align:start position:0%
the simulation, then our futures might
not<00:32:18.080><c> be</c><00:32:18.399><c> pre-written.</c><00:32:19.679><c> We</c><00:32:19.919><c> may</c><00:32:20.000><c> be</c><00:32:20.159><c> living</c><00:32:20.399><c> in</c>

30:59.414 --> 30:59.424 align:start position:0%
not be pre-written. We may be living in
 

30:59.424 --> 31:01.495 align:start position:0%
not be pre-written. We may be living in
a<00:32:20.799><c> program,</c><00:32:21.360><c> but</c><00:32:21.600><c> we</c><00:32:21.760><c> would</c><00:32:21.919><c> be</c><00:32:22.080><c> a</c><00:32:22.320><c> program</c>

31:01.495 --> 31:01.505 align:start position:0%
a program, but we would be a program
 

31:01.505 --> 31:08.774 align:start position:0%
a program, but we would be a program
with<00:32:22.880><c> open-ended,</c><00:32:23.760><c> undetermined</c><00:32:24.480><c> variables.</c>

31:08.774 --> 31:08.784 align:start position:0%
 
 

31:08.784 --> 31:10.935 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:32:30.159><c> so,</c><00:32:30.720><c> we've</c><00:32:31.039><c> reached</c><00:32:31.279><c> the</c><00:32:31.519><c> end</c><00:32:31.679><c> of</c><00:32:31.840><c> our</c>

31:10.935 --> 31:10.945 align:start position:0%
And so, we've reached the end of our
 

31:10.945 --> 31:13.014 align:start position:0%
And so, we've reached the end of our
current<00:32:32.480><c> computing</c><00:32:33.039><c> limits.</c><00:32:33.840><c> We</c><00:32:34.080><c> can</c>

31:13.014 --> 31:13.024 align:start position:0%
current computing limits. We can
 

31:13.024 --> 31:15.414 align:start position:0%
current computing limits. We can
simulate<00:32:34.640><c> stars</c><00:32:35.200><c> and</c><00:32:35.519><c> planets</c><00:32:36.000><c> and</c><00:32:36.240><c> weather</c>

31:15.414 --> 31:15.424 align:start position:0%
simulate stars and planets and weather
 

31:15.424 --> 31:17.654 align:start position:0%
simulate stars and planets and weather
and<00:32:36.880><c> some</c><00:32:37.039><c> aspects</c><00:32:37.519><c> of</c><00:32:37.760><c> life.</c><00:32:38.480><c> And</c><00:32:38.640><c> with</c>

31:17.654 --> 31:17.664 align:start position:0%
and some aspects of life. And with
 

31:17.664 --> 31:19.735 align:start position:0%
and some aspects of life. And with
further<00:32:39.120><c> advances</c><00:32:39.600><c> in</c><00:32:39.840><c> quantum</c><00:32:40.320><c> computing,</c>

31:19.735 --> 31:19.745 align:start position:0%
further advances in quantum computing,
 

31:19.745 --> 31:21.654 align:start position:0%
further advances in quantum computing,
we<00:32:41.120><c> may</c><00:32:41.279><c> be</c><00:32:41.440><c> able</c><00:32:41.600><c> to</c><00:32:41.760><c> go</c><00:32:42.000><c> deeper</c><00:32:42.399><c> into</c><00:32:42.640><c> the</c>

31:21.654 --> 31:21.664 align:start position:0%
we may be able to go deeper into the
 

31:21.664 --> 31:23.335 align:start position:0%
we may be able to go deeper into the
subatomic<00:32:43.360><c> realm</c><00:32:43.760><c> than</c><00:32:44.000><c> our</c><00:32:44.240><c> current</c>

31:23.335 --> 31:23.345 align:start position:0%
subatomic realm than our current
 

31:23.345 --> 31:25.575 align:start position:0%
subatomic realm than our current
technology<00:32:45.120><c> allows.</c>

31:25.575 --> 31:25.585 align:start position:0%
technology allows.
 

31:25.585 --> 31:27.735 align:start position:0%
technology allows.
As<00:32:46.960><c> far</c><00:32:47.120><c> as</c><00:32:47.279><c> we</c><00:32:47.440><c> can</c><00:32:47.679><c> see,</c><00:32:48.000><c> with</c><00:32:48.240><c> enough</c><00:32:48.559><c> energy</c>

31:27.735 --> 31:27.745 align:start position:0%
As far as we can see, with enough energy
 

31:27.745 --> 31:30.534 align:start position:0%
As far as we can see, with enough energy
and<00:32:49.200><c> ingenuity,</c><00:32:50.000><c> we</c><00:32:50.240><c> arguably</c><00:32:50.880><c> could</c><00:32:51.200><c> create</c>

31:30.534 --> 31:30.544 align:start position:0%
and ingenuity, we arguably could create
 

31:30.544 --> 31:33.254 align:start position:0%
and ingenuity, we arguably could create
something<00:32:52.080><c> similar</c><00:32:52.480><c> to</c><00:32:52.640><c> our</c><00:32:52.960><c> existence,</c><00:32:54.159><c> to</c>

31:33.254 --> 31:33.264 align:start position:0%
something similar to our existence, to
 

31:33.264 --> 31:36.455 align:start position:0%
something similar to our existence, to
our<00:32:54.880><c> universe.</c><00:32:56.320><c> But</c><00:32:56.480><c> of</c><00:32:56.640><c> course,</c><00:32:56.960><c> were</c><00:32:57.200><c> we</c><00:32:57.360><c> to</c>

31:36.455 --> 31:36.465 align:start position:0%
our universe. But of course, were we to
 

31:36.465 --> 31:39.335 align:start position:0%
our universe. But of course, were we to
do<00:32:57.760><c> so,</c><00:32:58.240><c> the</c><00:32:58.480><c> question</c><00:32:58.799><c> would</c><00:32:59.120><c> remain,</c><00:33:00.320><c> what</c>

31:39.335 --> 31:39.345 align:start position:0%
do so, the question would remain, what
 

31:39.345 --> 31:41.815 align:start position:0%
do so, the question would remain, what
would<00:33:00.640><c> that</c><00:33:00.880><c> mean?</c><00:33:02.240><c> What</c><00:33:02.399><c> would</c><00:33:02.559><c> be</c><00:33:02.720><c> the</c>

31:41.815 --> 31:41.825 align:start position:0%
would that mean? What would be the
 

31:41.825 --> 31:56.374 align:start position:0%
would that mean? What would be the
consequences<00:33:04.159><c> of</c><00:33:04.320><c> a</c><00:33:04.559><c> simulated</c><00:33:05.279><c> reality?</c>

31:56.374 --> 31:56.384 align:start position:0%
 
 

31:56.384 --> 31:58.774 align:start position:0%
 
Once<00:33:18.240><c> drunk</c><00:33:18.640><c> Joe</c><00:33:19.039><c> dreamed</c><00:33:19.440><c> he</c><00:33:19.600><c> was</c><00:33:19.679><c> a</c>

31:58.774 --> 31:58.784 align:start position:0%
Once drunk Joe dreamed he was a
 

31:58.784 --> 32:01.175 align:start position:0%
Once drunk Joe dreamed he was a
butterfly.<00:33:20.960><c> A</c><00:33:21.120><c> butterfly</c><00:33:21.760><c> flitting</c><00:33:22.159><c> and</c>

32:01.175 --> 32:01.185 align:start position:0%
butterfly. A butterfly flitting and
 

32:01.185 --> 32:03.495 align:start position:0%
butterfly. A butterfly flitting and
fluttering<00:33:22.799><c> about,</c><00:33:23.600><c> happy</c><00:33:23.840><c> with</c><00:33:24.080><c> himself</c><00:33:24.399><c> and</c>

32:03.495 --> 32:03.505 align:start position:0%
fluttering about, happy with himself and
 

32:03.505 --> 32:06.055 align:start position:0%
fluttering about, happy with himself and
doing<00:33:24.880><c> as</c><00:33:25.039><c> he</c><00:33:25.279><c> pleased.</c><00:33:26.320><c> He</c><00:33:26.480><c> didn't</c><00:33:26.720><c> know</c><00:33:26.960><c> that</c>

32:06.055 --> 32:06.065 align:start position:0%
doing as he pleased. He didn't know that
 

32:06.065 --> 32:09.654 align:start position:0%
doing as he pleased. He didn't know that
he<00:33:27.440><c> was</c><00:33:27.600><c> Drunk</c><00:33:28.000><c> Joe.</c><00:33:29.279><c> Suddenly,</c><00:33:29.760><c> he</c><00:33:29.919><c> woke</c><00:33:30.240><c> up.</c>

32:09.654 --> 32:09.664 align:start position:0%
he was Drunk Joe. Suddenly, he woke up.
 

32:09.664 --> 32:12.134 align:start position:0%
he was Drunk Joe. Suddenly, he woke up.
And<00:33:30.960><c> there</c><00:33:31.200><c> he</c><00:33:31.360><c> was,</c><00:33:31.840><c> solid</c><00:33:32.159><c> and</c><00:33:32.399><c> unmistakably</c>

32:12.134 --> 32:12.144 align:start position:0%
And there he was, solid and unmistakably
 

32:12.144 --> 32:14.695 align:start position:0%
And there he was, solid and unmistakably
drunk<00:33:33.679><c> Joe.</c><00:33:34.559><c> But</c><00:33:34.720><c> he</c><00:33:34.960><c> didn't</c><00:33:35.120><c> know</c><00:33:35.279><c> if</c><00:33:35.519><c> he</c><00:33:35.679><c> was</c>

32:14.695 --> 32:14.705 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe. But he didn't know if he was
 

32:14.705 --> 32:16.215 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe. But he didn't know if he was
drunk<00:33:36.159><c> Joe,</c><00:33:36.399><c> who</c><00:33:36.559><c> had</c><00:33:36.720><c> dreamt</c><00:33:36.960><c> he</c><00:33:37.120><c> was</c><00:33:37.200><c> a</c>

32:16.215 --> 32:16.225 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe, who had dreamt he was a
 

32:16.225 --> 32:18.855 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe, who had dreamt he was a
butterfly<00:33:38.000><c> or</c><00:33:38.240><c> a</c><00:33:38.399><c> butterfly</c><00:33:39.039><c> dreaming</c><00:33:39.679><c> he</c><00:33:39.840><c> was</c>

32:18.855 --> 32:18.865 align:start position:0%
butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was
 

32:18.865 --> 32:21.815 align:start position:0%
butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was
drunk<00:33:40.399><c> Joe.</c>

32:21.815 --> 32:21.825 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe.
 

32:21.825 --> 32:23.894 align:start position:0%
drunk Joe.
Humans<00:33:43.440><c> have</c><00:33:43.679><c> long</c><00:33:44.080><c> been</c><00:33:44.320><c> questioning</c><00:33:44.720><c> our</c>

32:23.894 --> 32:23.904 align:start position:0%
Humans have long been questioning our
 

32:23.904 --> 32:26.774 align:start position:0%
Humans have long been questioning our
senses<00:33:45.519><c> in</c><00:33:45.760><c> the</c><00:33:46.000><c> search</c><00:33:46.240><c> for</c><00:33:46.399><c> a</c><00:33:46.640><c> base</c><00:33:47.039><c> reality.</c>

32:26.774 --> 32:26.784 align:start position:0%
senses in the search for a base reality.
 

32:26.784 --> 32:28.455 align:start position:0%
senses in the search for a base reality.
From<00:33:48.240><c> Plato</c><00:33:48.559><c> and</c><00:33:48.799><c> the</c><00:33:48.960><c> philosophers</c><00:33:49.440><c> of</c>

32:28.455 --> 32:28.465 align:start position:0%
From Plato and the philosophers of
 

32:28.465 --> 32:30.534 align:start position:0%
From Plato and the philosophers of
ancient<00:33:49.919><c> Greece</c><00:33:50.559><c> through</c><00:33:50.880><c> India</c><00:33:51.360><c> and</c><00:33:51.519><c> the</c>

32:30.534 --> 32:30.544 align:start position:0%
ancient Greece through India and the
 

32:30.544 --> 32:32.935 align:start position:0%
ancient Greece through India and the
search<00:33:51.840><c> for</c><00:33:52.080><c> nana</c><00:33:52.960><c> all</c><00:33:53.120><c> the</c><00:33:53.279><c> way</c><00:33:53.440><c> east</c><00:33:53.760><c> to</c>

32:32.935 --> 32:32.945 align:start position:0%
search for nana all the way east to
 

32:32.945 --> 32:35.575 align:start position:0%
search for nana all the way east to
China<00:33:54.399><c> and</c><00:33:54.559><c> the</c><00:33:54.720><c> yin</c><00:33:55.039><c> and</c><00:33:55.200><c> yang</c><00:33:55.600><c> of</c><00:33:55.760><c> existence,</c>

32:35.575 --> 32:35.585 align:start position:0%
China and the yin and yang of existence,
 

32:35.585 --> 32:38.215 align:start position:0%
China and the yin and yang of existence,
what<00:33:56.880><c> we</c><00:33:57.120><c> sense</c><00:33:57.600><c> and</c><00:33:57.840><c> what</c><00:33:58.080><c> is</c><00:33:58.240><c> truly</c><00:33:58.640><c> real</c><00:33:59.120><c> has</c>

32:38.215 --> 32:38.225 align:start position:0%
what we sense and what is truly real has
 

32:38.225 --> 32:39.975 align:start position:0%
what we sense and what is truly real has
been<00:33:59.519><c> a</c><00:33:59.679><c> topic</c><00:33:59.919><c> of</c><00:34:00.080><c> fascination</c><00:34:00.799><c> for</c>

32:39.975 --> 32:39.985 align:start position:0%
been a topic of fascination for
 

32:39.985 --> 32:42.774 align:start position:0%
been a topic of fascination for
millennia.

32:42.774 --> 32:42.784 align:start position:0%
millennia.
 

32:42.784 --> 32:46.215 align:start position:0%
millennia.
And<00:34:04.080><c> in</c><00:34:04.480><c> 1619,</c><00:34:05.679><c> Renie</c><00:34:06.080><c> Deart</c><00:34:06.720><c> joined</c><00:34:07.120><c> that</c>

32:46.215 --> 32:46.225 align:start position:0%
And in 1619, Renie Deart joined that
 

32:46.225 --> 32:48.855 align:start position:0%
And in 1619, Renie Deart joined that
ancient<00:34:07.840><c> struggle</c><00:34:08.639><c> by</c><00:34:08.879><c> sitting</c><00:34:09.200><c> alone</c><00:34:09.599><c> in</c><00:34:09.760><c> a</c>

32:48.855 --> 32:48.865 align:start position:0%
ancient struggle by sitting alone in a
 

32:48.865 --> 32:51.575 align:start position:0%
ancient struggle by sitting alone in a
room<00:34:10.560><c> and</c><00:34:10.800><c> trying</c><00:34:11.040><c> to</c><00:34:11.280><c> destroy</c><00:34:12.079><c> everything</c><00:34:12.399><c> he</c>

32:51.575 --> 32:51.585 align:start position:0%
room and trying to destroy everything he
 

32:51.585 --> 32:54.214 align:start position:0%
room and trying to destroy everything he
knew.

32:54.214 --> 32:54.224 align:start position:0%
knew.
 

32:54.224 --> 32:56.454 align:start position:0%
knew.
Dart<00:34:15.839><c> has</c><00:34:16.079><c> decided</c><00:34:16.480><c> that</c><00:34:16.720><c> if</c><00:34:16.960><c> any</c><00:34:17.280><c> single</c>

32:56.454 --> 32:56.464 align:start position:0%
Dart has decided that if any single
 

32:56.464 --> 32:58.534 align:start position:0%
Dart has decided that if any single
belief<00:34:17.919><c> in</c><00:34:18.079><c> his</c><00:34:18.240><c> head</c><00:34:18.480><c> can</c><00:34:18.720><c> be</c><00:34:18.800><c> doubted,</c><00:34:19.520><c> if</c>

32:58.534 --> 32:58.544 align:start position:0%
belief in his head can be doubted, if
 

32:58.544 --> 33:00.295 align:start position:0%
belief in his head can be doubted, if
there<00:34:19.839><c> is</c><00:34:20.000><c> even</c><00:34:20.159><c> a</c><00:34:20.320><c> hairline</c><00:34:20.879><c> crack</c><00:34:21.200><c> of</c>

33:00.295 --> 33:00.305 align:start position:0%
there is even a hairline crack of
 

33:00.305 --> 33:03.734 align:start position:0%
there is even a hairline crack of
uncertainty,<00:34:22.560><c> it</c><00:34:22.800><c> has</c><00:34:22.960><c> to</c><00:34:23.119><c> go.</c><00:34:24.159><c> He</c><00:34:24.399><c> wants</c><00:34:24.639><c> to</c>

33:03.734 --> 33:03.744 align:start position:0%
uncertainty, it has to go. He wants to
 

33:03.744 --> 33:07.014 align:start position:0%
uncertainty, it has to go. He wants to
find<00:34:25.359><c> bedrock,</c><00:34:26.560><c> something</c><00:34:26.879><c> so</c><00:34:27.280><c> solid</c><00:34:27.679><c> that</c><00:34:27.919><c> no</c>

33:07.014 --> 33:07.024 align:start position:0%
find bedrock, something so solid that no
 

33:07.024 --> 33:09.575 align:start position:0%
find bedrock, something so solid that no
argument<00:34:28.639><c> can</c><00:34:28.800><c> ever</c><00:34:29.040><c> shake</c><00:34:29.359><c> it.</c><00:34:30.159><c> And</c><00:34:30.320><c> so</c><00:34:30.480><c> he</c>

33:09.575 --> 33:09.585 align:start position:0%
argument can ever shake it. And so he
 

33:09.585 --> 33:11.254 align:start position:0%
argument can ever shake it. And so he
starts<00:34:31.119><c> taking</c><00:34:31.359><c> a</c><00:34:31.599><c> hammer</c><00:34:32.000><c> to</c><00:34:32.240><c> the</c>

33:11.254 --> 33:11.264 align:start position:0%
starts taking a hammer to the
 

33:11.264 --> 33:14.615 align:start position:0%
starts taking a hammer to the
foundations<00:34:33.200><c> of</c><00:34:33.440><c> his</c><00:34:33.679><c> own</c><00:34:33.919><c> mind.</c>

33:14.615 --> 33:14.625 align:start position:0%
foundations of his own mind.
 

33:14.625 --> 33:17.014 align:start position:0%
foundations of his own mind.
The<00:34:36.000><c> senses</c><00:34:36.480><c> go</c><00:34:36.800><c> first.</c><00:34:37.440><c> He's</c><00:34:37.760><c> dreamed</c>

33:17.014 --> 33:17.024 align:start position:0%
The senses go first. He's dreamed
 

33:17.024 --> 33:18.774 align:start position:0%
The senses go first. He's dreamed
vividly<00:34:38.639><c> enough</c><00:34:38.879><c> to</c><00:34:39.040><c> know</c><00:34:39.200><c> that</c><00:34:39.359><c> what</c><00:34:39.520><c> we</c><00:34:39.760><c> see</c>

33:18.774 --> 33:18.784 align:start position:0%
vividly enough to know that what we see
 

33:18.784 --> 33:21.895 align:start position:0%
vividly enough to know that what we see
and<00:34:40.240><c> feel</c><00:34:40.480><c> and</c><00:34:40.800><c> hear</c><00:34:41.280><c> can</c><00:34:41.520><c> be</c><00:34:41.679><c> fabricated.</c><00:34:42.800><c> A</c>

33:21.895 --> 33:21.905 align:start position:0%
and feel and hear can be fabricated. A
 

33:21.905 --> 33:23.655 align:start position:0%
and feel and hear can be fabricated. A
dream,<00:34:43.280><c> of</c><00:34:43.440><c> course,</c><00:34:43.679><c> feels</c><00:34:44.000><c> completely</c><00:34:44.480><c> real</c>

33:23.655 --> 33:23.665 align:start position:0%
dream, of course, feels completely real
 

33:23.665 --> 33:25.974 align:start position:0%
dream, of course, feels completely real
while<00:34:45.040><c> you're</c><00:34:45.280><c> inside</c><00:34:45.679><c> it,</c><00:34:46.240><c> which</c><00:34:46.560><c> means</c><00:34:46.879><c> the</c>

33:25.974 --> 33:25.984 align:start position:0%
while you're inside it, which means the
 

33:25.984 --> 33:29.095 align:start position:0%
while you're inside it, which means the
evidence<00:34:47.359><c> of</c><00:34:47.520><c> his</c><00:34:47.760><c> own</c><00:34:47.919><c> eyes</c><00:34:48.399><c> is</c><00:34:48.800><c> worthless.</c>

33:29.095 --> 33:29.105 align:start position:0%
evidence of his own eyes is worthless.
 

33:29.105 --> 33:30.615 align:start position:0%
evidence of his own eyes is worthless.
Everything<00:34:50.560><c> he</c><00:34:50.800><c> thinks</c><00:34:50.960><c> he</c><00:34:51.200><c> knows</c><00:34:51.359><c> about</c><00:34:51.520><c> the</c>

33:30.615 --> 33:30.625 align:start position:0%
Everything he thinks he knows about the
 

33:30.625 --> 33:32.855 align:start position:0%
Everything he thinks he knows about the
world<00:34:52.000><c> comes</c><00:34:52.240><c> in</c><00:34:52.480><c> through</c><00:34:52.639><c> his</c><00:34:52.879><c> senses,</c><00:34:53.760><c> and</c>

33:32.855 --> 33:32.865 align:start position:0%
world comes in through his senses, and
 

33:32.865 --> 33:36.214 align:start position:0%
world comes in through his senses, and
his<00:34:54.240><c> senses</c><00:34:55.200><c> can</c><00:34:55.440><c> lie.</c>

33:36.214 --> 33:36.224 align:start position:0%
his senses can lie.
 

33:36.224 --> 33:38.615 align:start position:0%
his senses can lie.
He<00:34:57.599><c> goes</c><00:34:57.920><c> further.</c><00:34:58.800><c> What</c><00:34:58.960><c> if</c><00:34:59.200><c> there</c><00:34:59.359><c> was</c><00:34:59.520><c> a</c>

33:38.615 --> 33:38.625 align:start position:0%
He goes further. What if there was a
 

33:38.625 --> 33:41.015 align:start position:0%
He goes further. What if there was a
demon?<00:35:00.400><c> He</c><00:35:00.560><c> supposes</c><00:35:01.359><c> an</c><00:35:01.599><c> immensely</c>

33:41.015 --> 33:41.025 align:start position:0%
demon? He supposes an immensely
 

33:41.025 --> 33:43.575 align:start position:0%
demon? He supposes an immensely
powerful,<00:35:02.720><c> immensely</c><00:35:03.280><c> clever</c><00:35:03.680><c> deceiver</c><00:35:04.480><c> who</c>

33:43.575 --> 33:43.585 align:start position:0%
powerful, immensely clever deceiver who
 

33:43.585 --> 33:45.655 align:start position:0%
powerful, immensely clever deceiver who
had<00:35:04.960><c> constructed</c><00:35:05.599><c> a</c><00:35:05.920><c> perfect</c><00:35:06.400><c> illusion</c>

33:45.655 --> 33:45.665 align:start position:0%
had constructed a perfect illusion
 

33:45.665 --> 33:48.295 align:start position:0%
had constructed a perfect illusion
around<00:35:07.119><c> him.</c><00:35:07.760><c> a</c><00:35:08.000><c> demon</c><00:35:08.320><c> who</c><00:35:08.560><c> feeds</c><00:35:08.880><c> him</c><00:35:09.200><c> every</c>

33:48.295 --> 33:48.305 align:start position:0%
around him. a demon who feeds him every
 

33:48.305 --> 33:50.775 align:start position:0%
around him. a demon who feeds him every
sensation,<00:35:10.240><c> every</c><00:35:10.560><c> memory,</c><00:35:11.359><c> every</c><00:35:11.599><c> feeling</c>

33:50.775 --> 33:50.785 align:start position:0%
sensation, every memory, every feeling
 

33:50.785 --> 33:52.615 align:start position:0%
sensation, every memory, every feeling
of<00:35:12.160><c> solidity</c><00:35:12.640><c> and</c><00:35:12.800><c> warmth</c><00:35:13.200><c> and</c><00:35:13.359><c> the</c><00:35:13.440><c> passage</c>

33:52.615 --> 33:52.625 align:start position:0%
of solidity and warmth and the passage
 

33:52.625 --> 33:55.655 align:start position:0%
of solidity and warmth and the passage
of<00:35:13.920><c> time.</c><00:35:14.720><c> All</c><00:35:14.880><c> of</c><00:35:15.040><c> it</c><00:35:15.359><c> false,</c><00:35:16.000><c> all</c><00:35:16.240><c> of</c><00:35:16.320><c> it</c>

33:55.655 --> 33:55.665 align:start position:0%
of time. All of it false, all of it
 

33:55.665 --> 33:59.095 align:start position:0%
of time. All of it false, all of it
designed<00:35:17.440><c> to</c><00:35:17.680><c> fool.</c>

33:59.095 --> 33:59.105 align:start position:0%
designed to fool.
 

33:59.105 --> 34:01.575 align:start position:0%
designed to fool.
And<00:35:20.400><c> he</c><00:35:20.640><c> realizes</c><00:35:21.440><c> there</c><00:35:21.680><c> would</c><00:35:21.839><c> be</c><00:35:22.000><c> no</c><00:35:22.240><c> way</c><00:35:22.400><c> to</c>

34:01.575 --> 34:01.585 align:start position:0%
And he realizes there would be no way to
 

34:01.585 --> 34:03.415 align:start position:0%
And he realizes there would be no way to
know.

34:03.415 --> 34:03.425 align:start position:0%
know.
 

34:03.425 --> 34:06.775 align:start position:0%
know.
The<00:35:24.800><c> deception</c><00:35:25.520><c> would</c><00:35:25.760><c> be</c><00:35:26.000><c> perfect.</c><00:35:27.359><c> Dart</c>

34:06.775 --> 34:06.785 align:start position:0%
The deception would be perfect. Dart
 

34:06.785 --> 34:08.855 align:start position:0%
The deception would be perfect. Dart
couldn't<00:35:28.240><c> disprove</c><00:35:28.720><c> the</c><00:35:28.960><c> demon.</c><00:35:29.599><c> He</c><00:35:29.760><c> couldn't</c>

34:08.855 --> 34:08.865 align:start position:0%
couldn't disprove the demon. He couldn't
 

34:08.865 --> 34:10.694 align:start position:0%
couldn't disprove the demon. He couldn't
disprove<00:35:30.480><c> it</c><00:35:30.640><c> because</c><00:35:30.960><c> any</c><00:35:31.200><c> evidence</c><00:35:31.599><c> he</c>

34:10.694 --> 34:10.704 align:start position:0%
disprove it because any evidence he
 

34:10.704 --> 34:13.015 align:start position:0%
disprove it because any evidence he
might<00:35:32.000><c> use</c><00:35:32.240><c> to</c><00:35:32.400><c> disprove</c><00:35:32.800><c> it</c><00:35:33.200><c> would</c><00:35:33.440><c> itself</c><00:35:33.920><c> be</c>

34:13.015 --> 34:13.025 align:start position:0%
might use to disprove it would itself be
 

34:13.025 --> 34:15.735 align:start position:0%
might use to disprove it would itself be
evidence<00:35:34.640><c> the</c><00:35:34.880><c> demon</c><00:35:35.280><c> had</c><00:35:35.599><c> provided.</c><00:35:36.640><c> The</c>

34:15.735 --> 34:15.745 align:start position:0%
evidence the demon had provided. The
 

34:15.745 --> 34:19.095 align:start position:0%
evidence the demon had provided. The
trap<00:35:37.359><c> seemingly</c><00:35:38.079><c> had</c><00:35:38.320><c> no</c><00:35:38.560><c> exit.</c><00:35:39.680><c> All</c><00:35:39.920><c> he</c><00:35:40.079><c> was</c>

34:19.095 --> 34:19.105 align:start position:0%
trap seemingly had no exit. All he was
 

34:19.105 --> 34:21.335 align:start position:0%
trap seemingly had no exit. All he was
left<00:35:40.480><c> with</c><00:35:40.800><c> in</c><00:35:41.040><c> the</c><00:35:41.200><c> cold</c><00:35:41.440><c> and</c><00:35:41.680><c> the</c><00:35:41.839><c> dark</c><00:35:42.160><c> after</c>

34:21.335 --> 34:21.345 align:start position:0%
left with in the cold and the dark after
 

34:21.345 --> 34:23.175 align:start position:0%
left with in the cold and the dark after
everything<00:35:42.720><c> else</c><00:35:42.960><c> has</c><00:35:43.200><c> been</c><00:35:43.280><c> demolished</c><00:35:44.079><c> is</c>

34:23.175 --> 34:23.185 align:start position:0%
everything else has been demolished is
 

34:23.185 --> 34:28.214 align:start position:0%
everything else has been demolished is
this.<00:35:45.359><c> He</c><00:35:45.680><c> was</c><00:35:46.720><c> thinking,</c><00:35:47.839><c> doubting.</c><00:35:49.200><c> And</c>

34:28.214 --> 34:28.224 align:start position:0%
this. He was thinking, doubting. And
 

34:28.224 --> 34:32.055 align:start position:0%
this. He was thinking, doubting. And
doubting<00:35:50.240><c> requires</c><00:35:51.119><c> a</c><00:35:51.440><c> doubter.</c><00:35:52.560><c> The</c><00:35:52.800><c> demon</c>

34:32.055 --> 34:32.065 align:start position:0%
doubting requires a doubter. The demon
 

34:32.065 --> 34:34.934 align:start position:0%
doubting requires a doubter. The demon
could<00:35:53.440><c> fake</c><00:35:53.760><c> a</c><00:35:54.000><c> world.</c><00:35:54.800><c> It</c><00:35:55.119><c> couldn't</c><00:35:55.440><c> fake</c><00:35:55.839><c> the</c>

34:34.934 --> 34:34.944 align:start position:0%
could fake a world. It couldn't fake the
 

34:34.944 --> 34:37.974 align:start position:0%
could fake a world. It couldn't fake the
act<00:35:56.320><c> of</c><00:35:56.560><c> questioning</c><00:35:57.280><c> itself.</c>

34:37.974 --> 34:37.984 align:start position:0%
act of questioning itself.
 

34:37.984 --> 34:47.015 align:start position:0%
act of questioning itself.
Kato<00:35:59.760><c> ego</c><00:36:00.240><c> sum.</c><00:36:01.119><c> I</c><00:36:01.440><c> think,</c><00:36:02.240><c> therefore</c><00:36:02.720><c> I</c><00:36:02.960><c> am.</c>

34:47.015 --> 34:47.025 align:start position:0%
 
 

34:47.025 --> 34:49.815 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:36:08.480><c> 300</c><00:36:08.960><c> years</c><00:36:09.200><c> later,</c><00:36:09.920><c> a</c><00:36:10.160><c> philosopher</c><00:36:10.640><c> named</c>

34:49.815 --> 34:49.825 align:start position:0%
And 300 years later, a philosopher named
 

34:49.825 --> 34:51.735 align:start position:0%
And 300 years later, a philosopher named
Hillary<00:36:11.280><c> Putnham</c><00:36:11.760><c> updated</c><00:36:12.320><c> Dead</c><00:36:12.560><c> Card's</c>

34:51.735 --> 34:51.745 align:start position:0%
Hillary Putnham updated Dead Card's
 

34:51.745 --> 34:55.974 align:start position:0%
Hillary Putnham updated Dead Card's
demon<00:36:13.520><c> with</c><00:36:13.839><c> better</c><00:36:14.160><c> hardware.</c>

34:55.974 --> 34:55.984 align:start position:0%
demon with better hardware.
 

34:55.984 --> 34:58.375 align:start position:0%
demon with better hardware.
Imagine,<00:36:17.680><c> Putnham</c><00:36:18.240><c> said,</c><00:36:18.720><c> that</c><00:36:18.880><c> your</c><00:36:19.119><c> brain</c>

34:58.375 --> 34:58.385 align:start position:0%
Imagine, Putnham said, that your brain
 

34:58.385 --> 35:00.855 align:start position:0%
Imagine, Putnham said, that your brain
has<00:36:19.760><c> been</c><00:36:19.920><c> removed</c><00:36:20.480><c> from</c><00:36:20.720><c> your</c><00:36:21.040><c> body</c><00:36:21.599><c> and</c><00:36:21.760><c> a</c>

35:00.855 --> 35:00.865 align:start position:0%
has been removed from your body and a
 

35:00.865 --> 35:03.095 align:start position:0%
has been removed from your body and a
supercomput<00:36:23.040><c> wired</c><00:36:23.440><c> into</c><00:36:23.680><c> every</c><00:36:23.920><c> nerve</c>

35:03.095 --> 35:03.105 align:start position:0%
supercomput wired into every nerve
 

35:03.105 --> 35:06.055 align:start position:0%
supercomput wired into every nerve
ending<00:36:24.960><c> feeds</c><00:36:25.280><c> it</c><00:36:25.440><c> a</c><00:36:25.760><c> perfect</c><00:36:26.400><c> continuous</c>

35:06.055 --> 35:06.065 align:start position:0%
ending feeds it a perfect continuous
 

35:06.065 --> 35:08.855 align:start position:0%
ending feeds it a perfect continuous
stream<00:36:27.520><c> of</c><00:36:27.760><c> signals.</c><00:36:28.800><c> every</c><00:36:29.119><c> sensation,</c>

35:08.855 --> 35:08.865 align:start position:0%
stream of signals. every sensation,
 

35:08.865 --> 35:11.015 align:start position:0%
stream of signals. every sensation,
every<00:36:30.320><c> memory,</c><00:36:30.880><c> every</c><00:36:31.200><c> conversation,</c><00:36:32.000><c> every</c>

35:11.015 --> 35:11.025 align:start position:0%
every memory, every conversation, every
 

35:11.025 --> 35:12.934 align:start position:0%
every memory, every conversation, every
heartbreak,<00:36:32.800><c> every</c><00:36:33.040><c> ordinary</c><00:36:33.680><c> Tuesday</c>

35:12.934 --> 35:12.944 align:start position:0%
heartbreak, every ordinary Tuesday
 

35:12.944 --> 35:16.295 align:start position:0%
heartbreak, every ordinary Tuesday
morning<00:36:34.800><c> indistinguishable</c><00:36:35.839><c> from</c><00:36:36.160><c> reality.</c>

35:16.295 --> 35:16.305 align:start position:0%
morning indistinguishable from reality.
 

35:16.305 --> 35:17.974 align:start position:0%
morning indistinguishable from reality.
Because<00:36:37.920><c> as</c><00:36:38.240><c> far</c><00:36:38.320><c> as</c><00:36:38.480><c> your</c><00:36:38.640><c> brain</c><00:36:38.880><c> is</c>

35:17.974 --> 35:17.984 align:start position:0%
Because as far as your brain is
 

35:17.984 --> 35:21.415 align:start position:0%
Because as far as your brain is
concerned,<00:36:40.160><c> it</c><00:36:40.400><c> is</c><00:36:40.640><c> reality.</c><00:36:42.000><c> How</c><00:36:42.240><c> would</c><00:36:42.400><c> you</c>

35:21.415 --> 35:21.425 align:start position:0%
concerned, it is reality. How would you
 

35:21.425 --> 35:23.974 align:start position:0%
concerned, it is reality. How would you
know?<00:36:43.440><c> Of</c><00:36:43.599><c> course,</c><00:36:43.760><c> you</c><00:36:44.000><c> wouldn't.</c><00:36:44.800><c> You</c>

35:23.974 --> 35:23.984 align:start position:0%
know? Of course, you wouldn't. You
 

35:23.984 --> 35:26.214 align:start position:0%
know? Of course, you wouldn't. You
couldn't.<00:36:46.079><c> Because</c><00:36:46.320><c> every</c><00:36:46.640><c> tool</c><00:36:46.960><c> you</c><00:36:47.200><c> could</c>

35:26.214 --> 35:26.224 align:start position:0%
couldn't. Because every tool you could
 

35:26.224 --> 35:28.295 align:start position:0%
couldn't. Because every tool you could
use<00:36:47.520><c> to</c><00:36:47.760><c> investigate</c><00:36:48.240><c> the</c><00:36:48.560><c> question,</c><00:36:49.200><c> your</c>

35:28.295 --> 35:28.305 align:start position:0%
use to investigate the question, your
 

35:28.305 --> 35:30.375 align:start position:0%
use to investigate the question, your
eyes,<00:36:49.920><c> your</c><00:36:50.079><c> hands,</c><00:36:50.560><c> your</c><00:36:50.720><c> reasoning,</c><00:36:51.280><c> your</c>

35:30.375 --> 35:30.385 align:start position:0%
eyes, your hands, your reasoning, your
 

35:30.385 --> 35:32.775 align:start position:0%
eyes, your hands, your reasoning, your
very<00:36:51.760><c> sense</c><00:36:52.000><c> of</c><00:36:52.079><c> unease</c><00:36:52.560><c> regarding</c><00:36:52.960><c> the</c><00:36:53.200><c> idea</c>

35:32.775 --> 35:32.785 align:start position:0%
very sense of unease regarding the idea
 

35:32.785 --> 35:35.815 align:start position:0%
very sense of unease regarding the idea
would<00:36:54.160><c> itself</c><00:36:54.960><c> be</c><00:36:55.200><c> part</c><00:36:55.359><c> of</c><00:36:55.520><c> the</c><00:36:55.680><c> input.</c><00:36:56.720><c> The</c>

35:35.815 --> 35:35.825 align:start position:0%
would itself be part of the input. The
 

35:35.825 --> 35:38.694 align:start position:0%
would itself be part of the input. The
brain<00:36:57.200><c> in</c><00:36:57.359><c> the</c><00:36:57.520><c> vat</c><00:36:57.839><c> has</c><00:36:58.079><c> no</c><00:36:58.320><c> outside</c><00:36:58.800><c> view.</c>

35:38.694 --> 35:38.704 align:start position:0%
brain in the vat has no outside view.
 

35:38.704 --> 35:46.855 align:start position:0%
brain in the vat has no outside view.
And<00:37:00.000><c> neither</c><00:37:00.560><c> of</c><00:37:00.800><c> course</c><00:37:01.599><c> do</c><00:37:01.920><c> you.</c>

35:46.855 --> 35:46.865 align:start position:0%
 
 

35:46.865 --> 35:49.015 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:37:08.240><c> now</c><00:37:08.480><c> here</c><00:37:08.960><c> is</c><00:37:09.119><c> where</c><00:37:09.359><c> it</c><00:37:09.520><c> gets</c><00:37:09.760><c> even</c>

35:49.015 --> 35:49.025 align:start position:0%
And now here is where it gets even
 

35:49.025 --> 35:51.415 align:start position:0%
And now here is where it gets even
stranger.

35:51.415 --> 35:51.425 align:start position:0%
stranger.
 

35:51.425 --> 35:53.895 align:start position:0%
stranger.
A<00:37:12.800><c> cognitive</c><00:37:13.280><c> scientist</c><00:37:13.680><c> at</c><00:37:13.920><c> UC</c><00:37:14.240><c> Irvine</c><00:37:14.720><c> named</c>

35:53.895 --> 35:53.905 align:start position:0%
A cognitive scientist at UC Irvine named
 

35:53.905 --> 35:55.974 align:start position:0%
A cognitive scientist at UC Irvine named
Donald<00:37:15.359><c> Hoffman</c><00:37:15.920><c> ran</c><00:37:16.160><c> the</c><00:37:16.400><c> numbers</c><00:37:16.640><c> on</c><00:37:16.880><c> this</c>

35:55.974 --> 35:55.984 align:start position:0%
Donald Hoffman ran the numbers on this
 

35:55.984 --> 35:58.454 align:start position:0%
Donald Hoffman ran the numbers on this
problem.<00:37:17.920><c> However,</c><00:37:18.240><c> not</c><00:37:18.480><c> philosophically,</c>

35:58.454 --> 35:58.464 align:start position:0%
problem. However, not philosophically,
 

35:58.464 --> 36:00.535 align:start position:0%
problem. However, not philosophically,
but<00:37:19.920><c> evolutionarily.</c>

36:00.535 --> 36:00.545 align:start position:0%
but evolutionarily.
 

36:00.545 --> 36:02.295 align:start position:0%
but evolutionarily.
He<00:37:21.920><c> built</c><00:37:22.160><c> computer</c><00:37:22.560><c> simulations</c><00:37:23.200><c> of</c>

36:02.295 --> 36:02.305 align:start position:0%
He built computer simulations of
 

36:02.305 --> 36:04.775 align:start position:0%
He built computer simulations of
organisms<00:37:24.079><c> competing</c><00:37:24.480><c> for</c><00:37:24.720><c> survival.</c><00:37:25.760><c> Some</c>

36:04.775 --> 36:04.785 align:start position:0%
organisms competing for survival. Some
 

36:04.785 --> 36:06.694 align:start position:0%
organisms competing for survival. Some
of<00:37:26.079><c> his</c><00:37:26.240><c> organisms</c><00:37:26.880><c> perceived</c><00:37:27.280><c> the</c><00:37:27.520><c> world</c>

36:06.694 --> 36:06.704 align:start position:0%
of his organisms perceived the world
 

36:06.704 --> 36:09.095 align:start position:0%
of his organisms perceived the world
accurately.<00:37:28.880><c> Others</c><00:37:29.200><c> perceived</c><00:37:29.760><c> only</c><00:37:30.000><c> what</c>

36:09.095 --> 36:09.105 align:start position:0%
accurately. Others perceived only what
 

36:09.105 --> 36:11.735 align:start position:0%
accurately. Others perceived only what
was<00:37:30.400><c> useful</c><00:37:30.720><c> for</c><00:37:31.040><c> survival.</c><00:37:32.079><c> Fitness</c><00:37:32.480><c> signals</c>

36:11.735 --> 36:11.745 align:start position:0%
was useful for survival. Fitness signals
 

36:11.745 --> 36:14.214 align:start position:0%
was useful for survival. Fitness signals
are<00:37:32.960><c> stripped</c><00:37:33.280><c> of</c><00:37:33.440><c> any</c><00:37:33.599><c> deeper</c><00:37:34.000><c> truth</c><00:37:34.960><c> and</c><00:37:35.200><c> the</c>

36:14.214 --> 36:14.224 align:start position:0%
are stripped of any deeper truth and the
 

36:14.224 --> 36:21.015 align:start position:0%
are stripped of any deeper truth and the
accurate<00:37:35.839><c> ones</c><00:37:36.880><c> lost</c><00:37:37.920><c> comprehensively.</c>

36:21.015 --> 36:21.025 align:start position:0%
 
 

36:21.025 --> 36:22.934 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:37:42.400><c> conclusion</c><00:37:42.880><c> Hoffman</c><00:37:43.359><c> drew</c><00:37:43.839><c> is</c>

36:22.934 --> 36:22.944 align:start position:0%
The conclusion Hoffman drew is
 

36:22.944 --> 36:26.214 align:start position:0%
The conclusion Hoffman drew is
unsettling.<00:37:45.520><c> Evolution</c><00:37:46.320><c> doesn't</c><00:37:46.720><c> select</c><00:37:47.119><c> for</c>

36:26.214 --> 36:26.224 align:start position:0%
unsettling. Evolution doesn't select for
 

36:26.224 --> 36:30.055 align:start position:0%
unsettling. Evolution doesn't select for
truth.<00:37:48.480><c> It</c><00:37:48.720><c> selects</c><00:37:49.440><c> for</c><00:37:49.760><c> survival.</c><00:37:50.880><c> Our</c>

36:30.055 --> 36:30.065 align:start position:0%
truth. It selects for survival. Our
 

36:30.065 --> 36:31.735 align:start position:0%
truth. It selects for survival. Our
senses<00:37:51.599><c> were</c><00:37:51.839><c> not</c><00:37:52.000><c> designed</c><00:37:52.320><c> to</c><00:37:52.480><c> show</c><00:37:52.640><c> us</c>

36:31.735 --> 36:31.745 align:start position:0%
senses were not designed to show us
 

36:31.745 --> 36:33.974 align:start position:0%
senses were not designed to show us
reality.<00:37:53.760><c> They</c><00:37:54.000><c> were</c><00:37:54.160><c> designed</c><00:37:54.560><c> to</c><00:37:54.720><c> keep</c><00:37:54.880><c> us</c>

36:33.974 --> 36:33.984 align:start position:0%
reality. They were designed to keep us
 

36:33.984 --> 36:36.694 align:start position:0%
reality. They were designed to keep us
alive<00:37:55.520><c> long</c><00:37:55.760><c> enough</c><00:37:56.000><c> to</c><00:37:56.240><c> reproduce.</c>

36:36.694 --> 36:36.704 align:start position:0%
alive long enough to reproduce.
 

36:36.704 --> 36:38.375 align:start position:0%
alive long enough to reproduce.
The<00:37:58.079><c> apple</c><00:37:58.400><c> looks</c><00:37:58.640><c> red</c><00:37:58.800><c> and</c><00:37:58.960><c> round</c><00:37:59.280><c> not</c>

36:38.375 --> 36:38.385 align:start position:0%
The apple looks red and round not
 

36:38.385 --> 36:39.815 align:start position:0%
The apple looks red and round not
because<00:37:59.680><c> it's</c><00:37:59.839><c> red</c><00:38:00.000><c> and</c><00:38:00.240><c> round</c><00:38:00.480><c> at</c><00:38:00.640><c> the</c><00:38:00.800><c> level</c>

36:39.815 --> 36:39.825 align:start position:0%
because it's red and round at the level
 

36:39.825 --> 36:42.375 align:start position:0%
because it's red and round at the level
of<00:38:01.119><c> physics.</c><00:38:02.160><c> At</c><00:38:02.400><c> the</c><00:38:02.560><c> level</c><00:38:02.720><c> of</c><00:38:02.880><c> physics,</c>

36:42.375 --> 36:42.385 align:start position:0%
of physics. At the level of physics,
 

36:42.385 --> 36:44.775 align:start position:0%
of physics. At the level of physics,
it's<00:38:03.680><c> a</c><00:38:03.839><c> cloud</c><00:38:04.079><c> of</c><00:38:04.240><c> mostly</c><00:38:04.560><c> empty</c><00:38:04.880><c> space</c><00:38:05.599><c> with</c>

36:44.775 --> 36:44.785 align:start position:0%
it's a cloud of mostly empty space with
 

36:44.785 --> 36:47.895 align:start position:0%
it's a cloud of mostly empty space with
vibrating<00:38:06.480><c> quantum</c><00:38:07.040><c> fields.</c><00:38:08.400><c> It</c><00:38:08.640><c> looks</c><00:38:08.880><c> red</c>

36:47.895 --> 36:47.905 align:start position:0%
vibrating quantum fields. It looks red
 

36:47.905 --> 36:50.615 align:start position:0%
vibrating quantum fields. It looks red
and<00:38:09.280><c> round</c><00:38:09.760><c> because</c><00:38:10.000><c> that</c><00:38:10.320><c> simplified</c><00:38:11.040><c> icon</c>

36:50.615 --> 36:50.625 align:start position:0%
and round because that simplified icon
 

36:50.625 --> 36:54.775 align:start position:0%
and round because that simplified icon
is<00:38:12.079><c> useful,</c><00:38:13.359><c> quick,</c><00:38:14.400><c> actionable.</c>

36:54.775 --> 36:54.785 align:start position:0%
is useful, quick, actionable.
 

36:54.785 --> 36:56.775 align:start position:0%
is useful, quick, actionable.
In<00:38:16.160><c> other</c><00:38:16.320><c> words,</c><00:38:16.880><c> the</c><00:38:17.200><c> interface</c><00:38:17.680><c> you're</c>

36:56.775 --> 36:56.785 align:start position:0%
In other words, the interface you're
 

36:56.785 --> 36:59.974 align:start position:0%
In other words, the interface you're
looking<00:38:18.079><c> at</c><00:38:18.320><c> right</c><00:38:18.640><c> now,</c><00:38:19.359><c> the</c><00:38:19.760><c> world,</c><00:38:20.640><c> is</c><00:38:20.800><c> not</c>

36:59.974 --> 36:59.984 align:start position:0%
looking at right now, the world, is not
 

36:59.984 --> 37:06.934 align:start position:0%
looking at right now, the world, is not
the<00:38:21.440><c> computer.</c><00:38:22.320><c> It's</c><00:38:22.560><c> the</c><00:38:22.800><c> desktop.</c>

37:06.934 --> 37:06.944 align:start position:0%
 
 

37:06.944 --> 37:09.095 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:38:28.240><c> is</c><00:38:28.320><c> a</c><00:38:28.560><c> more</c><00:38:28.720><c> limited</c><00:38:29.200><c> claim</c><00:38:29.520><c> than</c><00:38:29.680><c> Dart's</c>

37:09.095 --> 37:09.105 align:start position:0%
This is a more limited claim than Dart's
 

37:09.105 --> 37:10.855 align:start position:0%
This is a more limited claim than Dart's
demon.<00:38:30.880><c> Hoffman</c><00:38:31.280><c> isn't</c><00:38:31.520><c> saying</c><00:38:31.680><c> that</c><00:38:31.839><c> the</c>

37:10.855 --> 37:10.865 align:start position:0%
demon. Hoffman isn't saying that the
 

37:10.865 --> 37:13.415 align:start position:0%
demon. Hoffman isn't saying that the
world<00:38:32.240><c> is</c><00:38:32.480><c> fake.</c><00:38:33.280><c> He's</c><00:38:33.599><c> saying</c><00:38:33.920><c> we've</c><00:38:34.240><c> never</c>

37:13.415 --> 37:13.425 align:start position:0%
world is fake. He's saying we've never
 

37:13.425 --> 37:16.454 align:start position:0%
world is fake. He's saying we've never
actually<00:38:35.040><c> seen</c><00:38:35.359><c> it.</c><00:38:36.320><c> What</c><00:38:36.560><c> we</c><00:38:36.720><c> perceive</c><00:38:37.119><c> is</c><00:38:37.359><c> a</c>

37:16.454 --> 37:16.464 align:start position:0%
actually seen it. What we perceive is a
 

37:16.464 --> 37:19.735 align:start position:0%
actually seen it. What we perceive is a
species<00:38:38.079><c> specific</c><00:38:38.640><c> user</c><00:38:39.040><c> interface</c><00:38:40.240><c> tuned</c><00:38:40.720><c> by</c>

37:19.735 --> 37:19.745 align:start position:0%
species specific user interface tuned by
 

37:19.745 --> 37:21.575 align:start position:0%
species specific user interface tuned by
millions<00:38:41.280><c> of</c><00:38:41.440><c> years</c><00:38:41.599><c> of</c><00:38:41.760><c> natural</c><00:38:42.160><c> selection</c>

37:21.575 --> 37:21.585 align:start position:0%
millions of years of natural selection
 

37:21.585 --> 37:23.815 align:start position:0%
millions of years of natural selection
to<00:38:43.040><c> hide</c><00:38:43.359><c> the</c><00:38:43.599><c> underlying</c><00:38:44.160><c> machinery</c><00:38:44.720><c> and</c>

37:23.815 --> 37:23.825 align:start position:0%
to hide the underlying machinery and
 

37:23.825 --> 37:26.535 align:start position:0%
to hide the underlying machinery and
show<00:38:45.119><c> us</c><00:38:45.359><c> only</c><00:38:45.599><c> what</c><00:38:45.839><c> we</c><00:38:46.079><c> need</c><00:38:46.320><c> to</c><00:38:46.640><c> function.</c>

37:26.535 --> 37:26.545 align:start position:0%
show us only what we need to function.
 

37:26.545 --> 37:28.934 align:start position:0%
show us only what we need to function.
Reality<00:38:48.160><c> is</c><00:38:48.480><c> running</c><00:38:48.720><c> in</c><00:38:48.880><c> the</c><00:38:49.040><c> background.</c><00:38:49.839><c> We</c>

37:28.934 --> 37:28.944 align:start position:0%
Reality is running in the background. We
 

37:28.944 --> 37:31.175 align:start position:0%
Reality is running in the background. We
just<00:38:50.240><c> don't</c><00:38:50.400><c> have</c><00:38:50.560><c> access</c><00:38:50.880><c> to</c><00:38:51.040><c> it.</c><00:38:51.920><c> In</c><00:38:52.079><c> a</c>

37:31.175 --> 37:31.185 align:start position:0%
just don't have access to it. In a
 

37:31.185 --> 37:33.095 align:start position:0%
just don't have access to it. In a
sense,<00:38:52.720><c> he</c><00:38:52.960><c> is</c><00:38:53.119><c> saying</c><00:38:53.280><c> that</c><00:38:53.440><c> we</c><00:38:53.599><c> are</c><00:38:53.760><c> already</c>

37:33.095 --> 37:33.105 align:start position:0%
sense, he is saying that we are already
 

37:33.105 --> 37:35.175 align:start position:0%
sense, he is saying that we are already
living<00:38:54.480><c> in</c><00:38:54.640><c> a</c><00:38:54.800><c> simulation</c><00:38:55.599><c> of</c><00:38:55.839><c> our</c><00:38:56.079><c> own</c>

37:35.175 --> 37:35.185 align:start position:0%
living in a simulation of our own
 

37:35.185 --> 37:37.495 align:start position:0%
living in a simulation of our own
making.<00:38:57.119><c> And</c><00:38:57.280><c> so,</c><00:38:57.440><c> if</c><00:38:57.599><c> that</c><00:38:57.760><c> is</c><00:38:57.920><c> the</c><00:38:58.160><c> case,</c>

37:37.495 --> 37:37.505 align:start position:0%
making. And so, if that is the case,
 

37:37.505 --> 37:39.255 align:start position:0%
making. And so, if that is the case,
then<00:38:58.880><c> it's</c><00:38:59.040><c> not</c><00:38:59.119><c> a</c><00:38:59.359><c> huge</c><00:38:59.599><c> leap</c><00:38:59.920><c> to</c><00:39:00.160><c> say</c>

37:39.255 --> 37:39.265 align:start position:0%
then it's not a huge leap to say
 

37:39.265 --> 37:43.175 align:start position:0%
then it's not a huge leap to say
somebody<00:39:00.800><c> could</c><00:39:01.040><c> fool</c><00:39:01.680><c> those</c><00:39:01.920><c> inputs.</c>

37:43.175 --> 37:43.185 align:start position:0%
somebody could fool those inputs.
 

37:43.185 --> 37:46.454 align:start position:0%
somebody could fool those inputs.
And<00:39:04.480><c> in</c><00:39:04.720><c> 1999,</c><00:39:05.760><c> the</c><00:39:05.920><c> Wowskis</c><00:39:06.800><c> gave</c><00:39:07.040><c> this</c><00:39:07.280><c> idea</c>

37:46.454 --> 37:46.464 align:start position:0%
And in 1999, the Wowskis gave this idea
 

37:46.464 --> 37:49.015 align:start position:0%
And in 1999, the Wowskis gave this idea
a<00:39:07.839><c> red</c><00:39:08.079><c> pill</c><00:39:08.400><c> and</c><00:39:08.640><c> a</c><00:39:08.800><c> black</c><00:39:09.040><c> leather</c><00:39:09.359><c> coat</c><00:39:09.839><c> and</c>

37:49.015 --> 37:49.025 align:start position:0%
a red pill and a black leather coat and
 

37:49.025 --> 37:51.895 align:start position:0%
a red pill and a black leather coat and
made<00:39:10.320><c> it</c><00:39:10.480><c> into</c><00:39:10.640><c> a</c><00:39:10.800><c> blockbuster.</c><00:39:12.160><c> The</c><00:39:12.400><c> Matrix</c>

37:51.895 --> 37:51.905 align:start position:0%
made it into a blockbuster. The Matrix
 

37:51.905 --> 37:53.655 align:start position:0%
made it into a blockbuster. The Matrix
remains<00:39:13.440><c> the</c><00:39:13.599><c> most</c><00:39:13.760><c> culturally</c><00:39:14.320><c> potent</c>

37:53.655 --> 37:53.665 align:start position:0%
remains the most culturally potent
 

37:53.665 --> 37:56.295 align:start position:0%
remains the most culturally potent
version<00:39:15.119><c> of</c><00:39:15.280><c> the</c><00:39:15.440><c> brain</c><00:39:15.680><c> in</c><00:39:15.839><c> a</c><00:39:16.000><c> vat</c><00:39:16.320><c> argument.</c>

37:56.295 --> 37:56.305 align:start position:0%
version of the brain in a vat argument.
 

37:56.305 --> 37:58.214 align:start position:0%
version of the brain in a vat argument.
the<00:39:17.680><c> one</c><00:39:17.839><c> that</c><00:39:18.000><c> made</c><00:39:18.320><c> millions</c><00:39:18.640><c> of</c><00:39:18.880><c> people</c>

37:58.214 --> 37:58.224 align:start position:0%
the one that made millions of people
 

37:58.224 --> 38:00.454 align:start position:0%
the one that made millions of people
probably<00:39:19.839><c> for</c><00:39:20.000><c> the</c><00:39:20.240><c> first</c><00:39:20.480><c> time</c><00:39:21.040><c> genuinely</c>

38:00.454 --> 38:00.464 align:start position:0%
probably for the first time genuinely
 

38:00.464 --> 38:02.694 align:start position:0%
probably for the first time genuinely
wonder<00:39:21.920><c> if</c><00:39:22.160><c> reality</c><00:39:22.720><c> could</c><00:39:22.960><c> be</c><00:39:23.040><c> a</c><00:39:23.200><c> constructed</c>

38:02.694 --> 38:02.704 align:start position:0%
wonder if reality could be a constructed
 

38:02.704 --> 38:04.214 align:start position:0%
wonder if reality could be a constructed
experience.

38:04.214 --> 38:04.224 align:start position:0%
experience.
 

38:04.224 --> 38:06.535 align:start position:0%
experience.
But<00:39:25.520><c> here's</c><00:39:25.760><c> what</c><00:39:25.920><c> the</c><00:39:26.160><c> film</c><00:39:26.640><c> gets</c><00:39:27.040><c> quietly</c>

38:06.535 --> 38:06.545 align:start position:0%
But here's what the film gets quietly
 

38:06.545 --> 38:09.575 align:start position:0%
But here's what the film gets quietly
wrong.<00:39:28.640><c> When</c><00:39:28.880><c> Neo</c><00:39:29.200><c> was</c><00:39:29.440><c> unplugged</c><00:39:30.320><c> when</c><00:39:30.560><c> he</c>

38:09.575 --> 38:09.585 align:start position:0%
wrong. When Neo was unplugged when he
 

38:09.585 --> 38:11.974 align:start position:0%
wrong. When Neo was unplugged when he
wakes<00:39:31.040><c> up</c><00:39:31.200><c> in</c><00:39:31.440><c> the</c><00:39:31.599><c> grim</c><00:39:32.079><c> machine</c><00:39:32.480><c> world</c><00:39:32.800><c> and</c>

38:11.974 --> 38:11.984 align:start position:0%
wakes up in the grim machine world and
 

38:11.984 --> 38:14.694 align:start position:0%
wakes up in the grim machine world and
gasps<00:39:33.599><c> his</c><00:39:33.839><c> first</c><00:39:34.160><c> breath</c><00:39:34.480><c> of</c><00:39:34.640><c> real</c><00:39:34.960><c> air,</c><00:39:35.599><c> the</c>

38:14.694 --> 38:14.704 align:start position:0%
gasps his first breath of real air, the
 

38:14.704 --> 38:17.335 align:start position:0%
gasps his first breath of real air, the
film<00:39:36.079><c> implies</c><00:39:36.880><c> that</c><00:39:37.119><c> he's</c><00:39:37.440><c> now</c><00:39:37.760><c> in</c><00:39:38.079><c> base</c>

38:17.335 --> 38:17.345 align:start position:0%
film implies that he's now in base
 

38:17.345 --> 38:18.855 align:start position:0%
film implies that he's now in base
reality.

38:18.855 --> 38:18.865 align:start position:0%
reality.
 

38:18.865 --> 38:21.415 align:start position:0%
reality.
But<00:39:40.160><c> why</c><00:39:40.320><c> would</c><00:39:40.480><c> he</c><00:39:40.720><c> assume</c><00:39:41.040><c> that?</c><00:39:42.160><c> Why</c><00:39:42.320><c> would</c>

38:21.415 --> 38:21.425 align:start position:0%
But why would he assume that? Why would
 

38:21.425 --> 38:23.735 align:start position:0%
But why would he assume that? Why would
we?<00:39:43.359><c> If</c><00:39:43.599><c> a</c><00:39:43.760><c> simulation</c><00:39:44.320><c> can</c><00:39:44.480><c> be</c><00:39:44.640><c> perfect</c>

38:23.735 --> 38:23.745 align:start position:0%
we? If a simulation can be perfect
 

38:23.745 --> 38:25.495 align:start position:0%
we? If a simulation can be perfect
enough<00:39:45.119><c> to</c><00:39:45.280><c> fool</c><00:39:45.520><c> you,</c><00:39:45.920><c> then</c><00:39:46.160><c> waking</c><00:39:46.480><c> up</c>

38:25.495 --> 38:25.505 align:start position:0%
enough to fool you, then waking up
 

38:25.505 --> 38:27.815 align:start position:0%
enough to fool you, then waking up
inside<00:39:47.119><c> yet</c><00:39:47.359><c> another</c><00:39:47.760><c> simulation</c><00:39:48.480><c> would</c><00:39:48.720><c> feel</c>

38:27.815 --> 38:27.825 align:start position:0%
inside yet another simulation would feel
 

38:27.825 --> 38:30.855 align:start position:0%
inside yet another simulation would feel
exactly<00:39:49.599><c> like</c><00:39:49.920><c> waking</c><00:39:50.240><c> up.</c><00:39:51.280><c> There's</c><00:39:51.520><c> no</c><00:39:51.680><c> pill</c>

38:30.855 --> 38:30.865 align:start position:0%
exactly like waking up. There's no pill
 

38:30.865 --> 38:37.895 align:start position:0%
exactly like waking up. There's no pill
for<00:39:52.240><c> that.</c><00:39:53.200><c> The</c><00:39:53.440><c> skepticism</c><00:39:54.320><c> has</c><00:39:54.560><c> no</c><00:39:54.880><c> flaw.</c>

38:37.895 --> 38:37.905 align:start position:0%
 
 

38:37.905 --> 38:39.735 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:39:59.200><c> this</c><00:39:59.440><c> is</c><00:39:59.520><c> where</c><00:39:59.680><c> Boston's</c><00:40:00.400><c> argument</c>

38:39.735 --> 38:39.745 align:start position:0%
And this is where Boston's argument
 

38:39.745 --> 38:42.535 align:start position:0%
And this is where Boston's argument
becomes<00:40:01.359><c> genuinely</c><00:40:02.000><c> personal.</c><00:40:03.040><c> Not</c><00:40:03.280><c> just</c><00:40:03.440><c> we</c>

38:42.535 --> 38:42.545 align:start position:0%
becomes genuinely personal. Not just we
 

38:42.545 --> 38:44.375 align:start position:0%
becomes genuinely personal. Not just we
might<00:40:03.839><c> be</c><00:40:04.000><c> simulated</c><00:40:04.640><c> in</c><00:40:04.800><c> some</c><00:40:05.040><c> abstract</c>

38:44.375 --> 38:44.385 align:start position:0%
might be simulated in some abstract
 

38:44.385 --> 38:46.694 align:start position:0%
might be simulated in some abstract
sense,<00:40:06.240><c> but</c><00:40:06.480><c> a</c><00:40:06.720><c> specific</c><00:40:07.440><c> almost</c>

38:46.694 --> 38:46.704 align:start position:0%
sense, but a specific almost
 

38:46.704 --> 38:48.535 align:start position:0%
sense, but a specific almost
archaeological<00:40:08.640><c> claim</c><00:40:09.040><c> about</c><00:40:09.280><c> which</c>

38:48.535 --> 38:48.545 align:start position:0%
archaeological claim about which
 

38:48.545 --> 38:52.214 align:start position:0%
archaeological claim about which
simulation<00:40:10.640><c> we</c><00:40:10.960><c> probably</c><00:40:11.440><c> are.</c><00:40:12.800><c> Bostonramm</c>

38:52.214 --> 38:52.224 align:start position:0%
simulation we probably are. Bostonramm
 

38:52.224 --> 38:55.095 align:start position:0%
simulation we probably are. Bostonramm
called<00:40:13.599><c> it</c><00:40:13.920><c> the</c><00:40:14.240><c> ancestor</c><00:40:14.800><c> simulation.</c><00:40:15.920><c> His</c>

38:55.095 --> 38:55.105 align:start position:0%
called it the ancestor simulation. His
 

38:55.105 --> 38:57.735 align:start position:0%
called it the ancestor simulation. His
reasoning<00:40:16.800><c> was</c><00:40:17.119><c> this.</c><00:40:18.160><c> An</c><00:40:18.400><c> advanced</c>

38:57.735 --> 38:57.745 align:start position:0%
reasoning was this. An advanced
 

38:57.745 --> 38:59.415 align:start position:0%
reasoning was this. An advanced
civilizations<00:40:19.599><c> wouldn't</c><00:40:19.920><c> just</c><00:40:20.079><c> simulate</c>

38:59.415 --> 38:59.425 align:start position:0%
civilizations wouldn't just simulate
 

38:59.425 --> 39:02.295 align:start position:0%
civilizations wouldn't just simulate
random<00:40:21.040><c> universes.</c><00:40:22.240><c> They</c><00:40:22.480><c> would</c><00:40:22.640><c> simulate</c>

39:02.295 --> 39:02.305 align:start position:0%
random universes. They would simulate
 

39:02.305 --> 39:05.735 align:start position:0%
random universes. They would simulate
their<00:40:23.760><c> own</c><00:40:24.000><c> past,</c><00:40:25.359><c> their</c><00:40:25.599><c> own</c><00:40:25.839><c> history,</c><00:40:26.640><c> the</c>

39:05.735 --> 39:05.745 align:start position:0%
their own past, their own history, the
 

39:05.745 --> 39:07.575 align:start position:0%
their own past, their own history, the
evolutionary<00:40:27.520><c> pressures</c><00:40:27.920><c> that</c><00:40:28.160><c> produced</c>

39:07.575 --> 39:07.585 align:start position:0%
evolutionary pressures that produced
 

39:07.585 --> 39:10.055 align:start position:0%
evolutionary pressures that produced
them,<00:40:29.200><c> the</c><00:40:29.440><c> civilizations</c><00:40:30.320><c> that</c><00:40:30.560><c> preceded</c>

39:10.055 --> 39:10.065 align:start position:0%
them, the civilizations that preceded
 

39:10.065 --> 39:12.375 align:start position:0%
them, the civilizations that preceded
them,<00:40:31.920><c> the</c><00:40:32.160><c> individuals</c><00:40:32.720><c> whose</c><00:40:33.040><c> choices</c>

39:12.375 --> 39:12.385 align:start position:0%
them, the individuals whose choices
 

39:12.385 --> 39:15.095 align:start position:0%
them, the individuals whose choices
shaped<00:40:34.000><c> their</c><00:40:34.400><c> world.</c><00:40:35.440><c> For</c><00:40:35.680><c> these</c><00:40:35.839><c> advanced</c>

39:15.095 --> 39:15.105 align:start position:0%
shaped their world. For these advanced
 

39:15.105 --> 39:17.015 align:start position:0%
shaped their world. For these advanced
civilizations,<00:40:37.200><c> these</c><00:40:37.520><c> would</c><00:40:37.760><c> be</c><00:40:37.839><c> the</c><00:40:38.000><c> most</c>

39:17.015 --> 39:17.025 align:start position:0%
civilizations, these would be the most
 

39:17.025 --> 39:18.694 align:start position:0%
civilizations, these would be the most
scientifically<00:40:38.800><c> and</c><00:40:39.040><c> philosophically</c>

39:18.694 --> 39:18.704 align:start position:0%
scientifically and philosophically
 

39:18.704 --> 39:21.255 align:start position:0%
scientifically and philosophically
interesting<00:40:40.320><c> simulations</c><00:40:40.960><c> to</c><00:40:41.280><c> run.</c><00:40:41.920><c> the</c><00:40:42.160><c> ones</c>

39:21.255 --> 39:21.265 align:start position:0%
interesting simulations to run. the ones
 

39:21.265 --> 39:24.694 align:start position:0%
interesting simulations to run. the ones
that<00:40:42.720><c> explained</c><00:40:43.440><c> how</c><00:40:43.760><c> they</c><00:40:44.000><c> got</c><00:40:44.240><c> here.</c>

39:24.694 --> 39:24.704 align:start position:0%
that explained how they got here.
 

39:24.704 --> 39:27.335 align:start position:0%
that explained how they got here.
And<00:40:46.240><c> Boston</c><00:40:46.800><c> speculates</c><00:40:47.839><c> they</c><00:40:48.079><c> would</c><00:40:48.240><c> run</c>

39:27.335 --> 39:27.345 align:start position:0%
And Boston speculates they would run
 

39:27.345 --> 39:31.415 align:start position:0%
And Boston speculates they would run
them<00:40:48.640><c> again</c><00:40:49.440><c> and</c><00:40:49.760><c> again</c><00:40:50.800><c> and</c><00:40:51.119><c> again.</c><00:40:52.160><c> And</c><00:40:52.320><c> this</c>

39:31.415 --> 39:31.425 align:start position:0%
them again and again and again. And this
 

39:31.425 --> 39:33.495 align:start position:0%
them again and again and again. And this
would<00:40:52.720><c> mean</c><00:40:52.960><c> that</c><00:40:53.200><c> if</c><00:40:53.440><c> simulated</c><00:40:54.000><c> beings</c><00:40:54.400><c> are</c>

39:33.495 --> 39:33.505 align:start position:0%
would mean that if simulated beings are
 

39:33.505 --> 39:35.655 align:start position:0%
would mean that if simulated beings are
possible<00:40:54.960><c> at</c><00:40:55.280><c> all,</c><00:40:55.760><c> most</c><00:40:56.079><c> of</c><00:40:56.160><c> the</c><00:40:56.400><c> conscious</c>

39:35.655 --> 39:35.665 align:start position:0%
possible at all, most of the conscious
 

39:35.665 --> 39:38.295 align:start position:0%
possible at all, most of the conscious
beings<00:40:57.119><c> who</c><00:40:57.359><c> have</c><00:40:57.520><c> ever</c><00:40:57.680><c> lived</c><00:40:58.560><c> would</c><00:40:58.880><c> be</c>

39:38.295 --> 39:38.305 align:start position:0%
beings who have ever lived would be
 

39:38.305 --> 39:40.694 align:start position:0%
beings who have ever lived would be
those<00:40:59.760><c> simulated</c><00:41:00.319><c> ancestors.</c>

39:40.694 --> 39:40.704 align:start position:0%
those simulated ancestors.
 

39:40.704 --> 39:43.735 align:start position:0%
those simulated ancestors.
Reconstructions<00:41:03.200><c> run</c><00:41:03.520><c> millions</c><00:41:03.920><c> of</c><00:41:04.079><c> times</c><00:41:04.560><c> in</c>

39:43.735 --> 39:43.745 align:start position:0%
Reconstructions run millions of times in
 

39:43.745 --> 39:45.815 align:start position:0%
Reconstructions run millions of times in
millions<00:41:05.280><c> of</c><00:41:05.440><c> parallel</c><00:41:05.920><c> branches</c><00:41:06.640><c> by</c>

39:45.815 --> 39:45.825 align:start position:0%
millions of parallel branches by
 

39:45.825 --> 39:48.295 align:start position:0%
millions of parallel branches by
civilizations<00:41:07.839><c> curious</c><00:41:08.720><c> about</c><00:41:09.040><c> their</c><00:41:09.280><c> own</c>

39:48.295 --> 39:48.305 align:start position:0%
civilizations curious about their own
 

39:48.305 --> 39:50.934 align:start position:0%
civilizations curious about their own
origins.<00:41:10.720><c> We</c><00:41:10.880><c> would</c><00:41:11.040><c> not</c><00:41:11.280><c> just</c><00:41:11.520><c> be</c><00:41:11.680><c> living</c><00:41:11.839><c> in</c>

39:50.934 --> 39:50.944 align:start position:0%
origins. We would not just be living in
 

39:50.944 --> 39:53.735 align:start position:0%
origins. We would not just be living in
a<00:41:12.240><c> simulation.</c><00:41:13.440><c> We</c><00:41:13.680><c> would</c><00:41:13.920><c> be</c><00:41:14.400><c> the</c>

39:53.735 --> 39:53.745 align:start position:0%
a simulation. We would be the
 

39:53.745 --> 39:57.575 align:start position:0%
a simulation. We would be the
experiment,<00:41:16.319><c> the</c><00:41:16.560><c> historical</c><00:41:17.200><c> reenactment,</c>

39:57.575 --> 39:57.585 align:start position:0%
experiment, the historical reenactment,
 

39:57.585 --> 40:04.295 align:start position:0%
experiment, the historical reenactment,
the<00:41:18.960><c> digital</c><00:41:19.520><c> zoo.</c>

40:04.295 --> 40:04.305 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:04.305 --> 40:06.375 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:41:25.599><c> if</c><00:41:25.839><c> that</c><00:41:26.000><c> wasn't</c><00:41:26.319><c> enough,</c><00:41:27.040><c> there</c><00:41:27.200><c> is</c><00:41:27.280><c> an</c>

40:06.375 --> 40:06.385 align:start position:0%
And if that wasn't enough, there is an
 

40:06.385 --> 40:11.974 align:start position:0%
And if that wasn't enough, there is an
even<00:41:27.680><c> more</c><00:41:27.920><c> extreme</c><00:41:28.560><c> version</c><00:41:28.880><c> of</c><00:41:29.040><c> this</c><00:41:29.280><c> idea.</c>

40:11.974 --> 40:11.984 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:11.984 --> 40:13.895 align:start position:0%
 
Suppose<00:41:33.440><c> we</c><00:41:33.680><c> build</c><00:41:33.839><c> a</c><00:41:34.079><c> computer</c><00:41:34.400><c> so</c><00:41:34.720><c> powerful</c>

40:13.895 --> 40:13.905 align:start position:0%
Suppose we build a computer so powerful
 

40:13.905 --> 40:15.815 align:start position:0%
Suppose we build a computer so powerful
that<00:41:35.280><c> it</c><00:41:35.440><c> can</c><00:41:35.599><c> simulate</c><00:41:36.000><c> a</c><00:41:36.240><c> universe</c><00:41:36.640><c> as</c>

40:15.815 --> 40:15.825 align:start position:0%
that it can simulate a universe as
 

40:15.825 --> 40:18.214 align:start position:0%
that it can simulate a universe as
complex<00:41:37.359><c> as</c><00:41:37.599><c> our</c><00:41:37.839><c> own.</c><00:41:38.800><c> Within</c><00:41:39.200><c> that</c>

40:18.214 --> 40:18.224 align:start position:0%
complex as our own. Within that
 

40:18.224 --> 40:20.454 align:start position:0%
complex as our own. Within that
simulation,<00:41:40.240><c> those</c><00:41:40.560><c> digital</c><00:41:40.960><c> beings</c><00:41:41.280><c> would</c>

40:20.454 --> 40:20.464 align:start position:0%
simulation, those digital beings would
 

40:20.464 --> 40:23.255 align:start position:0%
simulation, those digital beings would
also<00:41:41.920><c> eventually</c><00:41:42.480><c> become</c><00:41:42.960><c> curious.</c><00:41:44.160><c> They</c>

40:23.255 --> 40:23.265 align:start position:0%
also eventually become curious. They
 

40:23.265 --> 40:26.775 align:start position:0%
also eventually become curious. They
might<00:41:44.640><c> build</c><00:41:44.800><c> a</c><00:41:45.040><c> simulation</c><00:41:46.000><c> of</c><00:41:46.240><c> their</c><00:41:46.480><c> own.</c>

40:26.775 --> 40:26.785 align:start position:0%
might build a simulation of their own.
 

40:26.785 --> 40:29.015 align:start position:0%
might build a simulation of their own.
This<00:41:48.160><c> is</c><00:41:48.319><c> the</c><00:41:48.480><c> grim</c><00:41:48.880><c> concept</c><00:41:49.280><c> of</c><00:41:49.599><c> nested</c>

40:29.015 --> 40:29.025 align:start position:0%
This is the grim concept of nested
 

40:29.025 --> 40:31.735 align:start position:0%
This is the grim concept of nested
simulations.<00:41:51.520><c> If</c><00:41:51.760><c> it</c><00:41:51.920><c> is</c><00:41:52.079><c> possible</c><00:41:52.400><c> to</c><00:41:52.560><c> create</c>

40:31.735 --> 40:31.745 align:start position:0%
simulations. If it is possible to create
 

40:31.745 --> 40:33.575 align:start position:0%
simulations. If it is possible to create
one,<00:41:53.359><c> then</c><00:41:53.520><c> there</c><00:41:53.680><c> were</c><00:41:53.920><c> likely</c><00:41:54.240><c> countless</c>

40:33.575 --> 40:33.585 align:start position:0%
one, then there were likely countless
 

40:33.585 --> 40:35.815 align:start position:0%
one, then there were likely countless
numbers<00:41:55.040><c> of</c><00:41:55.200><c> them</c><00:41:55.680><c> stacked</c><00:41:56.319><c> like</c><00:41:56.560><c> Russian</c>

40:35.815 --> 40:35.825 align:start position:0%
numbers of them stacked like Russian
 

40:35.825 --> 40:39.015 align:start position:0%
numbers of them stacked like Russian
dolls.<00:41:58.079><c> The</c><00:41:58.400><c> natural</c><00:41:59.040><c> universe,</c><00:41:59.760><c> the</c><00:41:59.920><c> one</c>

40:39.015 --> 40:39.025 align:start position:0%
dolls. The natural universe, the one
 

40:39.025 --> 40:41.174 align:start position:0%
dolls. The natural universe, the one
made<00:42:00.319><c> of</c><00:42:00.560><c> real</c><00:42:00.800><c> meat</c><00:42:01.119><c> and</c><00:42:01.359><c> bone,</c><00:42:01.920><c> would</c><00:42:02.160><c> be</c>

40:41.174 --> 40:41.184 align:start position:0%
made of real meat and bone, would be
 

40:41.184 --> 40:43.015 align:start position:0%
made of real meat and bone, would be
buried<00:42:02.720><c> under</c><00:42:03.040><c> trillions</c><00:42:03.520><c> of</c><00:42:03.839><c> layers</c><00:42:04.000><c> of</c>

40:43.015 --> 40:43.025 align:start position:0%
buried under trillions of layers of
 

40:43.025 --> 40:45.735 align:start position:0%
buried under trillions of layers of
digital<00:42:04.640><c> replicas,</c><00:42:05.599><c> each</c><00:42:06.079><c> making</c><00:42:06.400><c> their</c><00:42:06.640><c> own</c>

40:45.735 --> 40:45.745 align:start position:0%
digital replicas, each making their own
 

40:45.745 --> 40:48.295 align:start position:0%
digital replicas, each making their own
digital<00:42:07.359><c> replicas.</c><00:42:08.560><c> Statistically,</c><00:42:09.280><c> the</c>

40:48.295 --> 40:48.305 align:start position:0%
digital replicas. Statistically, the
 

40:48.305 --> 40:50.615 align:start position:0%
digital replicas. Statistically, the
odds<00:42:09.680><c> that</c><00:42:09.920><c> we</c><00:42:10.079><c> are</c><00:42:10.240><c> in</c><00:42:10.319><c> the</c><00:42:10.480><c> base</c><00:42:10.720><c> reality</c><00:42:11.520><c> or</c>

40:50.615 --> 40:50.625 align:start position:0%
odds that we are in the base reality or
 

40:50.625 --> 40:52.855 align:start position:0%
odds that we are in the base reality or
anywhere<00:42:12.160><c> near</c><00:42:12.319><c> it</c><00:42:12.960><c> become</c><00:42:13.359><c> vanishingly</c>

40:52.855 --> 40:52.865 align:start position:0%
anywhere near it become vanishingly
 

40:52.865 --> 40:55.575 align:start position:0%
anywhere near it become vanishingly
small.<00:42:15.280><c> We</c><00:42:15.440><c> would</c><00:42:15.599><c> likely</c><00:42:16.000><c> be</c><00:42:16.160><c> just</c><00:42:16.319><c> a</c><00:42:16.480><c> sub</c>

40:55.575 --> 40:55.585 align:start position:0%
small. We would likely be just a sub
 

40:55.585 --> 40:57.974 align:start position:0%
small. We would likely be just a sub
routine<00:42:17.119><c> within</c><00:42:17.440><c> a</c><00:42:17.599><c> sub</c><00:42:17.839><c> routine.</c><00:42:18.480><c> A</c><00:42:18.720><c> dream</c>

40:57.974 --> 40:57.984 align:start position:0%
routine within a sub routine. A dream
 

40:57.984 --> 41:00.454 align:start position:0%
routine within a sub routine. A dream
within<00:42:19.520><c> a</c><00:42:19.680><c> dream</c><00:42:20.400><c> being</c><00:42:20.720><c> processed</c><00:42:21.200><c> by</c><00:42:21.359><c> a</c>

41:00.454 --> 41:00.464 align:start position:0%
within a dream being processed by a
 

41:00.464 --> 41:07.495 align:start position:0%
within a dream being processed by a
machine<00:42:22.319><c> that</c><00:42:22.560><c> we</c><00:42:22.800><c> would</c><00:42:22.960><c> never</c><00:42:23.280><c> see.</c>

41:07.495 --> 41:07.505 align:start position:0%
 
 

41:07.505 --> 41:09.735 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:42:28.880><c> so</c><00:42:29.119><c> clearly,</c><00:42:29.680><c> were</c><00:42:29.839><c> we</c><00:42:30.000><c> to</c><00:42:30.160><c> inhabit</c><00:42:30.640><c> a</c>

41:09.735 --> 41:09.745 align:start position:0%
And so clearly, were we to inhabit a
 

41:09.745 --> 41:12.214 align:start position:0%
And so clearly, were we to inhabit a
sufficiently<00:42:31.440><c> complex</c><00:42:31.920><c> simulation,</c><00:42:33.119><c> it</c>

41:12.214 --> 41:12.224 align:start position:0%
sufficiently complex simulation, it
 

41:12.224 --> 41:15.255 align:start position:0%
sufficiently complex simulation, it
could<00:42:33.599><c> fool</c><00:42:34.160><c> our</c><00:42:34.480><c> brains.</c><00:42:35.680><c> We</c><00:42:35.920><c> would</c><00:42:36.079><c> have</c><00:42:36.240><c> no</c>

41:15.255 --> 41:15.265 align:start position:0%
could fool our brains. We would have no
 

41:15.265 --> 41:16.934 align:start position:0%
could fool our brains. We would have no
way<00:42:36.560><c> of</c><00:42:36.720><c> telling</c><00:42:36.960><c> the</c><00:42:37.200><c> difference</c><00:42:37.520><c> between</c><00:42:37.839><c> an</c>

41:16.934 --> 41:16.944 align:start position:0%
way of telling the difference between an
 

41:16.944 --> 41:19.655 align:start position:0%
way of telling the difference between an
artificial<00:42:38.640><c> world</c><00:42:39.040><c> and</c><00:42:39.280><c> the</c><00:42:39.520><c> real</c><00:42:39.760><c> one.</c><00:42:40.480><c> No</c>

41:19.655 --> 41:19.665 align:start position:0%
artificial world and the real one. No
 

41:19.665 --> 41:22.454 align:start position:0%
artificial world and the real one. No
way<00:42:40.960><c> of</c><00:42:41.200><c> experiencing</c><00:42:41.920><c> reality</c><00:42:42.640><c> beyond</c><00:42:43.280><c> our</c>

41:22.454 --> 41:22.464 align:start position:0%
way of experiencing reality beyond our
 

41:22.464 --> 41:24.694 align:start position:0%
way of experiencing reality beyond our
own<00:42:43.839><c> tricked</c><00:42:44.319><c> senses.</c>

41:24.694 --> 41:24.704 align:start position:0%
own tricked senses.
 

41:24.704 --> 41:27.415 align:start position:0%
own tricked senses.
But<00:42:46.000><c> if</c><00:42:46.240><c> that</c><00:42:46.400><c> is</c><00:42:46.720><c> what</c><00:42:46.960><c> we</c><00:42:47.200><c> are,</c><00:42:47.839><c> if</c><00:42:48.079><c> a</c><00:42:48.240><c> first</c>

41:27.415 --> 41:27.425 align:start position:0%
But if that is what we are, if a first
 

41:27.425 --> 41:30.135 align:start position:0%
But if that is what we are, if a first
kiss<00:42:48.960><c> quickens</c><00:42:49.359><c> our</c><00:42:49.599><c> pulse,</c><00:42:50.240><c> if</c><00:42:50.480><c> grief</c><00:42:50.960><c> lands</c>

41:30.135 --> 41:30.145 align:start position:0%
kiss quickens our pulse, if grief lands
 

41:30.145 --> 41:32.934 align:start position:0%
kiss quickens our pulse, if grief lands
in<00:42:51.520><c> our</c><00:42:51.760><c> gut,</c><00:42:52.400><c> if</c><00:42:52.640><c> the</c><00:42:52.800><c> sunset</c><00:42:53.440><c> still</c><00:42:53.760><c> takes</c>

41:32.934 --> 41:32.944 align:start position:0%
in our gut, if the sunset still takes
 

41:32.944 --> 41:35.495 align:start position:0%
in our gut, if the sunset still takes
our<00:42:54.319><c> breath</c><00:42:54.560><c> away,</c><00:42:55.359><c> then</c><00:42:55.520><c> in</c><00:42:55.760><c> what</c><00:42:55.920><c> sense</c><00:42:56.480><c> is</c>

41:35.495 --> 41:35.505 align:start position:0%
our breath away, then in what sense is
 

41:35.505 --> 41:38.454 align:start position:0%
our breath away, then in what sense is
it<00:42:56.880><c> any</c><00:42:57.119><c> less?</c><00:42:58.160><c> In</c><00:42:58.319><c> a</c><00:42:58.560><c> way,</c><00:42:58.880><c> a</c><00:42:59.200><c> perfect</c>

41:38.454 --> 41:38.464 align:start position:0%
it any less? In a way, a perfect
 

41:38.464 --> 41:40.375 align:start position:0%
it any less? In a way, a perfect
simulation<00:43:00.240><c> is</c><00:43:00.400><c> not</c><00:43:00.560><c> a</c><00:43:00.800><c> copy</c><00:43:01.119><c> of</c><00:43:01.280><c> the</c>

41:40.375 --> 41:40.385 align:start position:0%
simulation is not a copy of the
 

41:40.385 --> 41:41.895 align:start position:0%
simulation is not a copy of the
universe.

41:41.895 --> 41:41.905 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

41:41.905 --> 41:44.615 align:start position:0%
universe.
It<00:43:03.280><c> is</c><00:43:03.760><c> a</c><00:43:04.000><c> universe.</c>

41:44.615 --> 41:44.625 align:start position:0%
It is a universe.
 

41:44.625 --> 41:46.855 align:start position:0%
It is a universe.
What<00:43:05.920><c> is</c><00:43:06.160><c> reality</c><00:43:06.560><c> at</c><00:43:06.800><c> its</c><00:43:07.119><c> most</c><00:43:07.359><c> fundamental</c>

41:46.855 --> 41:46.865 align:start position:0%
What is reality at its most fundamental
 

41:46.865 --> 41:51.495 align:start position:0%
What is reality at its most fundamental
level<00:43:08.800><c> if</c><00:43:09.119><c> not</c><00:43:10.079><c> information?</c>

41:51.495 --> 41:51.505 align:start position:0%
level if not information?
 

41:51.505 --> 41:53.495 align:start position:0%
level if not information?
This<00:43:12.880><c> brings</c><00:43:13.119><c> us</c><00:43:13.359><c> to</c><00:43:13.520><c> the</c><00:43:13.839><c> ultimate</c><00:43:14.319><c> challenge</c>

41:53.495 --> 41:53.505 align:start position:0%
This brings us to the ultimate challenge
 

41:53.505 --> 41:55.495 align:start position:0%
This brings us to the ultimate challenge
of<00:43:14.880><c> physics.</c><00:43:15.599><c> The</c><00:43:15.839><c> question</c><00:43:16.160><c> of</c><00:43:16.400><c> what</c>

41:55.495 --> 41:55.505 align:start position:0%
of physics. The question of what
 

41:55.505 --> 41:59.495 align:start position:0%
of physics. The question of what
everything<00:43:17.520><c> really</c><00:43:17.839><c> is.</c><00:43:19.280><c> And</c><00:43:19.599><c> one</c><00:43:19.839><c> man</c><00:43:20.240><c> was</c><00:43:20.400><c> on</c>

41:59.495 --> 41:59.505 align:start position:0%
everything really is. And one man was on
 

41:59.505 --> 42:12.855 align:start position:0%
everything really is. And one man was on
a<00:43:20.800><c> mission</c><00:43:21.520><c> to</c><00:43:21.839><c> figure</c><00:43:22.079><c> it</c><00:43:22.319><c> out.</c>

42:12.855 --> 42:12.865 align:start position:0%
 
 

42:12.865 --> 42:15.495 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:43:34.319><c> year</c><00:43:34.720><c> was</c><00:43:35.119><c> 1944.</c>

42:15.495 --> 42:15.505 align:start position:0%
The year was 1944.
 

42:15.505 --> 42:17.974 align:start position:0%
The year was 1944.
A<00:43:36.880><c> worn</c><00:43:37.280><c> postcard</c><00:43:37.920><c> weighed</c><00:43:38.240><c> heavily</c><00:43:38.640><c> in</c><00:43:38.880><c> John</c>

42:17.974 --> 42:17.984 align:start position:0%
A worn postcard weighed heavily in John
 

42:17.984 --> 42:20.295 align:start position:0%
A worn postcard weighed heavily in John
Wheeler's<00:43:39.599><c> hands.</c><00:43:40.480><c> It</c><00:43:40.640><c> had</c><00:43:40.880><c> been</c><00:43:41.040><c> sent</c><00:43:41.200><c> from</c>

42:20.295 --> 42:20.305 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's hands. It had been sent from
 

42:20.305 --> 42:22.375 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's hands. It had been sent from
Europe<00:43:41.920><c> from</c><00:43:42.079><c> his</c><00:43:42.319><c> brother</c><00:43:42.560><c> Joe</c><00:43:42.960><c> on</c><00:43:43.119><c> the</c><00:43:43.280><c> front</c>

42:22.375 --> 42:22.385 align:start position:0%
Europe from his brother Joe on the front
 

42:22.385 --> 42:24.934 align:start position:0%
Europe from his brother Joe on the front
lines<00:43:44.160><c> as</c><00:43:44.400><c> Allied</c><00:43:44.800><c> forces</c><00:43:45.280><c> made</c><00:43:45.520><c> their</c><00:43:45.760><c> final</c>

42:24.934 --> 42:24.944 align:start position:0%
lines as Allied forces made their final
 

42:24.944 --> 42:27.495 align:start position:0%
lines as Allied forces made their final
push<00:43:46.400><c> into</c><00:43:46.640><c> Nazi</c><00:43:47.119><c> Germany.</c><00:43:48.000><c> The</c><00:43:48.240><c> war</c><00:43:48.480><c> was</c>

42:27.495 --> 42:27.505 align:start position:0%
push into Nazi Germany. The war was
 

42:27.505 --> 42:29.575 align:start position:0%
push into Nazi Germany. The war was
close<00:43:48.880><c> to</c><00:43:49.200><c> one,</c><00:43:49.520><c> but</c><00:43:49.760><c> Germany</c><00:43:50.160><c> was</c><00:43:50.319><c> still</c><00:43:50.560><c> a</c>

42:29.575 --> 42:29.585 align:start position:0%
close to one, but Germany was still a
 

42:29.585 --> 42:32.615 align:start position:0%
close to one, but Germany was still a
potent<00:43:51.200><c> and</c><00:43:51.599><c> dangerous</c><00:43:52.160><c> threat.</c><00:43:53.200><c> Joe</c><00:43:53.520><c> knew</c>

42:32.615 --> 42:32.625 align:start position:0%
potent and dangerous threat. Joe knew
 

42:32.625 --> 42:33.974 align:start position:0%
potent and dangerous threat. Joe knew
that<00:43:53.920><c> his</c><00:43:54.160><c> brother</c><00:43:54.400><c> was</c><00:43:54.640><c> working</c><00:43:54.880><c> on</c>

42:33.974 --> 42:33.984 align:start position:0%
that his brother was working on
 

42:33.984 --> 42:37.335 align:start position:0%
that his brother was working on
something<00:43:55.599><c> big.</c><00:43:56.480><c> It</c><00:43:56.720><c> was</c><00:43:56.800><c> a</c><00:43:57.040><c> secret</c><00:43:57.440><c> project</c>

42:37.335 --> 42:37.345 align:start position:0%
something big. It was a secret project
 

42:37.345 --> 42:39.174 align:start position:0%
something big. It was a secret project
far<00:43:58.720><c> beyond</c><00:43:59.040><c> the</c><00:43:59.280><c> pay</c><00:43:59.520><c> grade</c><00:43:59.760><c> of</c><00:43:59.839><c> a</c><00:44:00.000><c> lowly</c>

42:39.174 --> 42:39.184 align:start position:0%
far beyond the pay grade of a lowly
 

42:39.184 --> 42:41.655 align:start position:0%
far beyond the pay grade of a lowly
grunt.<00:44:01.040><c> But</c><00:44:01.200><c> Joe</c><00:44:01.520><c> suspected,</c><00:44:02.160><c> as</c><00:44:02.400><c> did</c><00:44:02.560><c> many</c>

42:41.655 --> 42:41.665 align:start position:0%
grunt. But Joe suspected, as did many
 

42:41.665 --> 42:43.415 align:start position:0%
grunt. But Joe suspected, as did many
other<00:44:03.040><c> soldiers,</c><00:44:03.760><c> that</c><00:44:04.000><c> some</c><00:44:04.240><c> of</c><00:44:04.319><c> the</c>

42:43.415 --> 42:43.425 align:start position:0%
other soldiers, that some of the
 

42:43.425 --> 42:45.735 align:start position:0%
other soldiers, that some of the
smartest<00:44:05.119><c> scientists</c><00:44:05.680><c> in</c><00:44:05.920><c> the</c><00:44:06.160><c> world</c><00:44:06.560><c> were</c>

42:45.735 --> 42:45.745 align:start position:0%
smartest scientists in the world were
 

42:45.745 --> 42:47.735 align:start position:0%
smartest scientists in the world were
gathered<00:44:07.119><c> at</c><00:44:07.359><c> laboratories</c><00:44:08.000><c> and</c><00:44:08.240><c> facilities</c>

42:47.735 --> 42:47.745 align:start position:0%
gathered at laboratories and facilities
 

42:47.745 --> 42:49.895 align:start position:0%
gathered at laboratories and facilities
scattered<00:44:09.359><c> throughout</c><00:44:09.680><c> America.</c><00:44:10.800><c> All</c>

42:49.895 --> 42:49.905 align:start position:0%
scattered throughout America. All
 

42:49.905 --> 42:51.974 align:start position:0%
scattered throughout America. All
focused<00:44:11.440><c> on</c><00:44:11.599><c> a</c><00:44:11.839><c> singular</c><00:44:12.240><c> effort</c><00:44:12.640><c> to</c><00:44:12.880><c> produce</c>

42:51.974 --> 42:51.984 align:start position:0%
focused on a singular effort to produce
 

42:51.984 --> 42:54.055 align:start position:0%
focused on a singular effort to produce
a<00:44:13.280><c> weapon</c><00:44:13.599><c> so</c><00:44:14.000><c> powerful</c><00:44:14.480><c> that</c><00:44:14.720><c> could</c><00:44:14.880><c> end</c><00:44:15.040><c> the</c>

42:54.055 --> 42:54.065 align:start position:0%
a weapon so powerful that could end the
 

42:54.065 --> 42:57.015 align:start position:0%
a weapon so powerful that could end the
war<00:44:15.440><c> entirely.</c><00:44:16.880><c> And</c><00:44:17.040><c> yet,</c><00:44:17.280><c> every</c><00:44:17.520><c> day,</c><00:44:17.839><c> more</c>

42:57.015 --> 42:57.025 align:start position:0%
war entirely. And yet, every day, more
 

42:57.025 --> 42:58.855 align:start position:0%
war entirely. And yet, every day, more
lives<00:44:18.480><c> were</c><00:44:18.640><c> lost</c><00:44:18.960><c> in</c><00:44:19.119><c> the</c><00:44:19.280><c> pursuit</c><00:44:19.680><c> of</c>

42:58.855 --> 42:58.865 align:start position:0%
lives were lost in the pursuit of
 

42:58.865 --> 43:01.015 align:start position:0%
lives were lost in the pursuit of
ultimate<00:44:20.319><c> victory.</c><00:44:21.280><c> They</c><00:44:21.440><c> were</c><00:44:21.599><c> eager</c><00:44:21.920><c> for</c>

43:01.015 --> 43:01.025 align:start position:0%
ultimate victory. They were eager for
 

43:01.025 --> 43:04.214 align:start position:0%
ultimate victory. They were eager for
any<00:44:22.400><c> reprieve</c><00:44:22.960><c> from</c><00:44:23.200><c> the</c><00:44:23.440><c> violence.</c><00:44:24.880><c> And</c><00:44:25.119><c> so</c>

43:04.214 --> 43:04.224 align:start position:0%
any reprieve from the violence. And so
 

43:04.224 --> 43:06.295 align:start position:0%
any reprieve from the violence. And so
Joe<00:44:25.680><c> wrote</c><00:44:26.000><c> only</c><00:44:26.400><c> two</c><00:44:26.640><c> words</c><00:44:26.960><c> on</c><00:44:27.200><c> that</c>

43:06.295 --> 43:06.305 align:start position:0%
Joe wrote only two words on that
 

43:06.305 --> 43:08.615 align:start position:0%
Joe wrote only two words on that
postcard.

43:08.615 --> 43:08.625 align:start position:0%
postcard.
 

43:08.625 --> 43:14.855 align:start position:0%
postcard.
Hurry<00:44:30.079><c> up.</c>

43:14.855 --> 43:14.865 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:14.865 --> 43:16.535 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:44:36.160><c> just</c><00:44:36.319><c> a</c><00:44:36.560><c> few</c><00:44:36.720><c> months</c><00:44:36.960><c> after</c><00:44:37.200><c> Joe</c><00:44:37.520><c> sent</c>

43:16.535 --> 43:16.545 align:start position:0%
And just a few months after Joe sent
 

43:16.545 --> 43:19.575 align:start position:0%
And just a few months after Joe sent
that<00:44:37.920><c> postcard,</c><00:44:38.880><c> he</c><00:44:39.119><c> would</c><00:44:39.280><c> be</c><00:44:39.359><c> dead.</c><00:44:40.480><c> John</c>

43:19.575 --> 43:19.585 align:start position:0%
that postcard, he would be dead. John
 

43:19.585 --> 43:21.895 align:start position:0%
that postcard, he would be dead. John
Wheeler<00:44:41.200><c> was</c><00:44:41.440><c> too</c><00:44:41.599><c> late</c><00:44:42.240><c> to</c><00:44:42.560><c> save</c><00:44:42.800><c> his</c>

43:21.895 --> 43:21.905 align:start position:0%
Wheeler was too late to save his
 

43:21.905 --> 43:23.415 align:start position:0%
Wheeler was too late to save his
brother.

43:23.415 --> 43:23.425 align:start position:0%
brother.
 

43:23.425 --> 43:25.415 align:start position:0%
brother.
Here<00:44:44.720><c> we</c><00:44:44.960><c> are</c><00:44:45.280><c> so</c><00:44:45.599><c> close</c><00:44:45.839><c> to</c><00:44:46.079><c> creating</c><00:44:46.400><c> a</c>

43:25.415 --> 43:25.425 align:start position:0%
Here we are so close to creating a
 

43:25.425 --> 43:27.895 align:start position:0%
Here we are so close to creating a
nuclear<00:44:46.960><c> weapon</c><00:44:47.200><c> to</c><00:44:47.440><c> end</c><00:44:47.680><c> the</c><00:44:47.920><c> war.</c><00:44:48.480><c> We</c><00:44:48.880><c> would</c>

43:27.895 --> 43:27.905 align:start position:0%
nuclear weapon to end the war. We would
 

43:27.905 --> 43:29.895 align:start position:0%
nuclear weapon to end the war. We would
later<00:44:49.280><c> write,</c><00:44:49.839><c> "I</c><00:44:50.240><c> couldn't</c><00:44:50.480><c> stop</c><00:44:50.720><c> thinking</c>

43:29.895 --> 43:29.905 align:start position:0%
later write, "I couldn't stop thinking
 

43:29.905 --> 43:32.295 align:start position:0%
later write, "I couldn't stop thinking
then<00:44:51.440><c> and</c><00:44:51.760><c> haven't</c><00:44:52.079><c> stopped</c><00:44:52.400><c> thinking</c><00:44:52.720><c> since</c>

43:32.295 --> 43:32.305 align:start position:0%
then and haven't stopped thinking since
 

43:32.305 --> 43:34.454 align:start position:0%
then and haven't stopped thinking since
that<00:44:53.680><c> the</c><00:44:53.920><c> war</c><00:44:54.240><c> could</c><00:44:54.400><c> have</c><00:44:54.560><c> been</c><00:44:54.720><c> over</c><00:44:55.359><c> in</c>

43:34.454 --> 43:34.464 align:start position:0%
that the war could have been over in
 

43:34.464 --> 43:39.095 align:start position:0%
that the war could have been over in
October<00:44:56.160><c> 1944."</c>

43:39.095 --> 43:39.105 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:39.105 --> 43:41.095 align:start position:0%
 
From<00:45:00.480><c> that</c><00:45:00.720><c> day,</c><00:45:01.119><c> Wheeler</c><00:45:01.520><c> would</c><00:45:01.680><c> commit</c><00:45:02.000><c> his</c>

43:41.095 --> 43:41.105 align:start position:0%
From that day, Wheeler would commit his
 

43:41.105 --> 43:43.095 align:start position:0%
From that day, Wheeler would commit his
entire<00:45:02.720><c> intellect</c><00:45:03.280><c> to</c><00:45:03.520><c> solving</c><00:45:03.920><c> the</c>

43:43.095 --> 43:43.105 align:start position:0%
entire intellect to solving the
 

43:43.105 --> 43:46.615 align:start position:0%
entire intellect to solving the
fundamental<00:45:04.880><c> nature</c><00:45:05.440><c> of</c><00:45:05.680><c> reality.</c><00:45:06.880><c> The</c><00:45:07.119><c> past,</c>

43:46.615 --> 43:46.625 align:start position:0%
fundamental nature of reality. The past,
 

43:46.625 --> 43:48.775 align:start position:0%
fundamental nature of reality. The past,
Joe's<00:45:08.240><c> death,</c><00:45:08.720><c> was</c><00:45:08.960><c> forever</c><00:45:09.359><c> locked</c><00:45:09.680><c> away</c>

43:48.775 --> 43:48.785 align:start position:0%
Joe's death, was forever locked away
 

43:48.785 --> 43:51.415 align:start position:0%
Joe's death, was forever locked away
from<00:45:10.160><c> him,</c><00:45:10.720><c> inaccessible.</c><00:45:12.000><c> Why</c><00:45:12.240><c> did</c><00:45:12.400><c> the</c>

43:51.415 --> 43:51.425 align:start position:0%
from him, inaccessible. Why did the
 

43:51.425 --> 43:54.454 align:start position:0%
from him, inaccessible. Why did the
cosmos<00:45:13.200><c> behave</c><00:45:13.520><c> the</c><00:45:13.760><c> way</c><00:45:13.839><c> it</c><00:45:14.079><c> did?</c><00:45:14.800><c> What</c><00:45:15.040><c> rules</c>

43:54.454 --> 43:54.464 align:start position:0%
cosmos behave the way it did? What rules
 

43:54.464 --> 43:57.495 align:start position:0%
cosmos behave the way it did? What rules
governed<00:45:15.920><c> the</c><00:45:16.240><c> universe?</c><00:45:17.440><c> and</c><00:45:17.680><c> how</c><00:45:18.240><c> could</c><00:45:18.400><c> we</c>

43:57.495 --> 43:57.505 align:start position:0%
governed the universe? and how could we
 

43:57.505 --> 43:59.575 align:start position:0%
governed the universe? and how could we
discover<00:45:19.040><c> them?</c><00:45:19.760><c> Indeed,</c><00:45:20.079><c> Weither</c><00:45:20.560><c> is</c>

43:59.575 --> 43:59.585 align:start position:0%
discover them? Indeed, Weither is
 

43:59.585 --> 44:01.495 align:start position:0%
discover them? Indeed, Weither is
perhaps<00:45:20.960><c> the</c><00:45:21.200><c> most</c><00:45:21.440><c> influential</c><00:45:22.079><c> physicist</c>

44:01.495 --> 44:01.505 align:start position:0%
perhaps the most influential physicist
 

44:01.505 --> 44:04.135 align:start position:0%
perhaps the most influential physicist
that<00:45:22.880><c> is</c><00:45:23.119><c> not</c><00:45:23.280><c> really</c><00:45:23.440><c> a</c><00:45:23.680><c> household</c><00:45:24.160><c> name.</c><00:45:25.119><c> He</c>

44:04.135 --> 44:04.145 align:start position:0%
that is not really a household name. He
 

44:04.145 --> 44:06.295 align:start position:0%
that is not really a household name. He
was<00:45:25.359><c> a</c><00:45:25.520><c> postoc</c><00:45:26.000><c> under</c><00:45:26.240><c> Neil's</c><00:45:26.720><c> bore</c><00:45:27.040><c> and</c><00:45:27.280><c> went</c>

44:06.295 --> 44:06.305 align:start position:0%
was a postoc under Neil's bore and went
 

44:06.305 --> 44:08.535 align:start position:0%
was a postoc under Neil's bore and went
on<00:45:27.599><c> to</c><00:45:27.760><c> mentor</c><00:45:28.240><c> over</c><00:45:28.560><c> 60</c><00:45:28.960><c> graduate</c><00:45:29.359><c> students</c>

44:08.535 --> 44:08.545 align:start position:0%
on to mentor over 60 graduate students
 

44:08.545 --> 44:10.454 align:start position:0%
on to mentor over 60 graduate students
and<00:45:30.000><c> over</c><00:45:30.240><c> a</c><00:45:30.319><c> 100</c><00:45:30.640><c> undergraduates</c><00:45:31.359><c> and</c>

44:10.454 --> 44:10.464 align:start position:0%
and over a 100 undergraduates and
 

44:10.464 --> 44:13.815 align:start position:0%
and over a 100 undergraduates and
postocs.<00:45:33.040><c> Wether's</c><00:45:33.599><c> core</c><00:45:33.839><c> philosophy</c><00:45:34.640><c> was</c>

44:13.815 --> 44:13.825 align:start position:0%
postocs. Wether's core philosophy was
 

44:13.825 --> 44:16.855 align:start position:0%
postocs. Wether's core philosophy was
grounded<00:45:35.440><c> in</c><00:45:35.839><c> radical</c><00:45:36.480><c> conservatism.</c><00:45:37.680><c> He</c>

44:16.855 --> 44:16.865 align:start position:0%
grounded in radical conservatism. He
 

44:16.865 --> 44:18.855 align:start position:0%
grounded in radical conservatism. He
based<00:45:38.319><c> his</c><00:45:38.560><c> research</c><00:45:38.960><c> on</c><00:45:39.200><c> known</c><00:45:39.599><c> physical</c>

44:18.855 --> 44:18.865 align:start position:0%
based his research on known physical
 

44:18.865 --> 44:21.415 align:start position:0%
based his research on known physical
laws<00:45:40.800><c> but</c><00:45:41.040><c> pushed</c><00:45:41.359><c> them</c><00:45:41.599><c> to</c><00:45:41.839><c> their</c><00:45:42.160><c> utmost</c>

44:21.415 --> 44:21.425 align:start position:0%
laws but pushed them to their utmost
 

44:21.425 --> 44:25.095 align:start position:0%
laws but pushed them to their utmost
extreme.<00:45:43.839><c> And</c><00:45:44.079><c> so</c><00:45:44.319><c> in</c><00:45:44.640><c> 1976,</c><00:45:45.839><c> Weither</c>

44:25.095 --> 44:25.105 align:start position:0%
extreme. And so in 1976, Weither
 

44:25.105 --> 44:27.095 align:start position:0%
extreme. And so in 1976, Weither
assembled<00:45:46.640><c> a</c><00:45:46.800><c> team</c><00:45:46.960><c> of</c><00:45:47.119><c> students</c><00:45:47.440><c> and</c><00:45:47.680><c> postocs</c>

44:27.095 --> 44:27.105 align:start position:0%
assembled a team of students and postocs
 

44:27.105 --> 44:29.495 align:start position:0%
assembled a team of students and postocs
at<00:45:48.400><c> the</c><00:45:48.560><c> University</c><00:45:48.960><c> of</c><00:45:49.200><c> Texas</c><00:45:49.839><c> to</c><00:45:50.160><c> study</c><00:45:50.400><c> the</c>

44:29.495 --> 44:29.505 align:start position:0%
at the University of Texas to study the
 

44:29.505 --> 44:32.135 align:start position:0%
at the University of Texas to study the
nature<00:45:51.040><c> of</c><00:45:51.280><c> quantum</c><00:45:51.839><c> information.</c><00:45:53.040><c> One</c><00:45:53.200><c> of</c>

44:32.135 --> 44:32.145 align:start position:0%
nature of quantum information. One of
 

44:32.145 --> 44:34.214 align:start position:0%
nature of quantum information. One of
these<00:45:53.520><c> postocs</c><00:45:54.000><c> was</c><00:45:54.240><c> David</c><00:45:54.560><c> Deutsch,</c><00:45:55.040><c> who'd</c>

44:34.214 --> 44:34.224 align:start position:0%
these postocs was David Deutsch, who'd
 

44:34.224 --> 44:36.535 align:start position:0%
these postocs was David Deutsch, who'd
go<00:45:55.440><c> on</c><00:45:55.599><c> to</c><00:45:55.760><c> kickstart</c><00:45:56.319><c> quantum</c><00:45:56.880><c> computing.</c>

44:36.535 --> 44:36.545 align:start position:0%
go on to kickstart quantum computing.
 

44:36.545 --> 44:38.454 align:start position:0%
go on to kickstart quantum computing.
But<00:45:57.920><c> Wheeler</c><00:45:58.319><c> was</c><00:45:58.480><c> really</c><00:45:58.800><c> interested</c><00:45:59.280><c> in</c>

44:38.454 --> 44:38.464 align:start position:0%
But Wheeler was really interested in
 

44:38.464 --> 44:41.015 align:start position:0%
But Wheeler was really interested in
something<00:46:00.160><c> even</c><00:46:00.640><c> deeper.</c>

44:41.015 --> 44:41.025 align:start position:0%
something even deeper.
 

44:41.025 --> 44:48.375 align:start position:0%
something even deeper.
Where<00:46:02.400><c> does</c><00:46:02.640><c> reality</c><00:46:04.000><c> come</c><00:46:04.240><c> from?</c>

44:48.375 --> 44:48.385 align:start position:0%
 
 

44:48.385 --> 44:50.295 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:46:09.760><c> explore</c><00:46:10.079><c> this</c><00:46:10.319><c> question,</c><00:46:10.880><c> Wheeler</c><00:46:11.280><c> took</c>

44:50.295 --> 44:50.305 align:start position:0%
To explore this question, Wheeler took
 

44:50.305 --> 44:52.615 align:start position:0%
To explore this question, Wheeler took
the<00:46:11.599><c> familiar</c><00:46:12.160><c> two</c><00:46:12.400><c> slit</c><00:46:12.800><c> experiment</c><00:46:13.440><c> and</c>

44:52.615 --> 44:52.625 align:start position:0%
the familiar two slit experiment and
 

44:52.625 --> 44:56.214 align:start position:0%
the familiar two slit experiment and
showed<00:46:14.000><c> just</c><00:46:14.240><c> how</c><00:46:14.480><c> absurd</c><00:46:15.280><c> reality</c><00:46:15.839><c> can</c><00:46:16.079><c> be.</c>

44:56.214 --> 44:56.224 align:start position:0%
showed just how absurd reality can be.
 

44:56.224 --> 44:58.375 align:start position:0%
showed just how absurd reality can be.
If<00:46:17.520><c> you</c><00:46:17.680><c> send</c><00:46:17.920><c> a</c><00:46:18.160><c> line</c><00:46:18.319><c> of</c><00:46:18.560><c> photons</c><00:46:19.200><c> through</c>

44:58.375 --> 44:58.385 align:start position:0%
If you send a line of photons through
 

44:58.385 --> 45:00.855 align:start position:0%
If you send a line of photons through
two<00:46:19.760><c> parallel</c><00:46:20.240><c> slits,</c><00:46:21.119><c> you</c><00:46:21.359><c> can't</c><00:46:21.520><c> know</c><00:46:21.839><c> which</c>

45:00.855 --> 45:00.865 align:start position:0%
two parallel slits, you can't know which
 

45:00.865 --> 45:03.335 align:start position:0%
two parallel slits, you can't know which
one<00:46:22.240><c> it</c><00:46:22.480><c> passed</c><00:46:22.720><c> through.</c><00:46:23.599><c> What</c><00:46:23.760><c> you</c><00:46:24.000><c> observe</c>

45:03.335 --> 45:03.345 align:start position:0%
one it passed through. What you observe
 

45:03.345 --> 45:05.095 align:start position:0%
one it passed through. What you observe
is<00:46:24.720><c> even</c><00:46:24.960><c> after</c><00:46:25.119><c> the</c><00:46:25.359><c> photons</c><00:46:25.760><c> have</c><00:46:25.920><c> crossed</c>

45:05.095 --> 45:05.105 align:start position:0%
is even after the photons have crossed
 

45:05.105 --> 45:07.335 align:start position:0%
is even after the photons have crossed
over<00:46:26.640><c> an</c><00:46:26.960><c> interference</c><00:46:27.680><c> pattern</c><00:46:28.079><c> on</c><00:46:28.240><c> an</c>

45:07.335 --> 45:07.345 align:start position:0%
over an interference pattern on an
 

45:07.345 --> 45:10.135 align:start position:0%
over an interference pattern on an
opposite<00:46:28.880><c> screen,</c><00:46:29.920><c> exactly</c><00:46:30.319><c> as</c><00:46:30.560><c> if</c><00:46:30.720><c> waves</c><00:46:31.119><c> of</c>

45:10.135 --> 45:10.145 align:start position:0%
opposite screen, exactly as if waves of
 

45:10.145 --> 45:12.775 align:start position:0%
opposite screen, exactly as if waves of
water<00:46:31.680><c> had</c><00:46:31.920><c> passed</c><00:46:32.160><c> through</c><00:46:32.319><c> the</c><00:46:32.560><c> device.</c><00:46:33.680><c> But</c>

45:12.775 --> 45:12.785 align:start position:0%
water had passed through the device. But
 

45:12.785 --> 45:14.855 align:start position:0%
water had passed through the device. But
if<00:46:34.079><c> you</c><00:46:34.240><c> cover</c><00:46:34.480><c> one</c><00:46:34.640><c> of</c><00:46:34.720><c> the</c><00:46:34.880><c> slits,</c><00:46:35.520><c> the</c><00:46:35.760><c> wave</c>

45:14.855 --> 45:14.865 align:start position:0%
if you cover one of the slits, the wave
 

45:14.865 --> 45:17.335 align:start position:0%
if you cover one of the slits, the wave
pattern<00:46:36.400><c> goes</c><00:46:36.640><c> away</c><00:46:37.200><c> and</c><00:46:37.440><c> the</c><00:46:37.680><c> photons</c><00:46:38.240><c> act</c>

45:17.335 --> 45:17.345 align:start position:0%
pattern goes away and the photons act
 

45:17.345 --> 45:19.974 align:start position:0%
pattern goes away and the photons act
like<00:46:38.720><c> a</c><00:46:38.880><c> particle.</c><00:46:39.920><c> A</c><00:46:40.079><c> bizarre</c><00:46:40.480><c> outcome</c><00:46:40.880><c> of</c>

45:19.974 --> 45:19.984 align:start position:0%
like a particle. A bizarre outcome of
 

45:19.984 --> 45:23.015 align:start position:0%
like a particle. A bizarre outcome of
quantum<00:46:41.599><c> principles,</c><00:46:42.720><c> showcasing</c><00:46:43.359><c> the</c><00:46:43.680><c> wave</c>

45:23.015 --> 45:23.025 align:start position:0%
quantum principles, showcasing the wave
 

45:23.025 --> 45:25.655 align:start position:0%
quantum principles, showcasing the wave
particle<00:46:44.640><c> duality</c><00:46:45.119><c> of</c><00:46:45.359><c> nature.</c><00:46:46.480><c> However,</c>

45:25.655 --> 45:25.665 align:start position:0%
particle duality of nature. However,
 

45:25.665 --> 45:27.655 align:start position:0%
particle duality of nature. However,
Weether<00:46:47.280><c> went</c><00:46:47.520><c> one</c><00:46:47.760><c> step</c><00:46:48.000><c> further</c><00:46:48.480><c> and</c>

45:27.655 --> 45:27.665 align:start position:0%
Weether went one step further and
 

45:27.665 --> 45:29.415 align:start position:0%
Weether went one step further and
created<00:46:49.200><c> a</c><00:46:49.440><c> truly</c><00:46:49.760><c> bizarre</c><00:46:50.240><c> thought</c>

45:29.415 --> 45:29.425 align:start position:0%
created a truly bizarre thought
 

45:29.425 --> 45:31.415 align:start position:0%
created a truly bizarre thought
experiment.

45:31.415 --> 45:31.425 align:start position:0%
experiment.
 

45:31.425 --> 45:33.495 align:start position:0%
experiment.
What<00:46:52.800><c> if</c><00:46:52.880><c> you</c><00:46:53.119><c> timed</c><00:46:53.440><c> it</c><00:46:53.760><c> so</c><00:46:54.000><c> that</c><00:46:54.160><c> you</c><00:46:54.319><c> started</c>

45:33.495 --> 45:33.505 align:start position:0%
What if you timed it so that you started
 

45:33.505 --> 45:36.055 align:start position:0%
What if you timed it so that you started
with<00:46:54.880><c> two</c><00:46:55.119><c> slits,</c><00:46:55.920><c> then</c><00:46:56.160><c> after</c><00:46:56.480><c> you</c><00:46:56.720><c> knew</c><00:46:56.960><c> the</c>

45:36.055 --> 45:36.065 align:start position:0%
with two slits, then after you knew the
 

45:36.065 --> 45:38.454 align:start position:0%
with two slits, then after you knew the
photon<00:46:57.599><c> had</c><00:46:57.839><c> passed</c><00:46:58.240><c> through,</c><00:46:58.960><c> you</c><00:46:59.200><c> closed</c>

45:38.454 --> 45:38.464 align:start position:0%
photon had passed through, you closed
 

45:38.464 --> 45:41.335 align:start position:0%
photon had passed through, you closed
one<00:46:59.839><c> of</c><00:46:59.920><c> them</c><00:47:00.240><c> off?</c><00:47:01.119><c> Would</c><00:47:01.520><c> the</c><00:47:01.680><c> photon</c><00:47:02.240><c> know</c>

45:41.335 --> 45:41.345 align:start position:0%
one of them off? Would the photon know
 

45:41.345 --> 45:43.895 align:start position:0%
one of them off? Would the photon know
that<00:47:02.720><c> you</c><00:47:02.880><c> had</c><00:47:03.119><c> closed</c><00:47:03.440><c> one</c><00:47:03.680><c> slit</c><00:47:04.000><c> behind</c><00:47:04.319><c> it?</c>

45:43.895 --> 45:43.905 align:start position:0%
that you had closed one slit behind it?
 

45:43.905 --> 45:46.055 align:start position:0%
that you had closed one slit behind it?
And<00:47:05.200><c> if</c><00:47:05.440><c> so,</c><00:47:06.000><c> what</c><00:47:06.240><c> would</c><00:47:06.400><c> emerge</c><00:47:06.800><c> on</c><00:47:07.040><c> the</c>

45:46.055 --> 45:46.065 align:start position:0%
And if so, what would emerge on the
 

45:46.065 --> 45:48.855 align:start position:0%
And if so, what would emerge on the
observation<00:47:07.839><c> screen?</c><00:47:09.040><c> His</c><00:47:09.359><c> conclusion,</c>

45:48.855 --> 45:48.865 align:start position:0%
observation screen? His conclusion,
 

45:48.865 --> 45:51.255 align:start position:0%
observation screen? His conclusion,
borne<00:47:10.319><c> out</c><00:47:10.480><c> later</c><00:47:10.720><c> by</c><00:47:11.040><c> experiment,</c><00:47:12.000><c> is</c><00:47:12.240><c> hard</c>

45:51.255 --> 45:51.265 align:start position:0%
borne out later by experiment, is hard
 

45:51.265 --> 45:54.135 align:start position:0%
borne out later by experiment, is hard
to<00:47:12.640><c> swallow.</c><00:47:13.920><c> If</c><00:47:14.160><c> you</c><00:47:14.400><c> close</c><00:47:14.800><c> one</c><00:47:15.040><c> of</c><00:47:15.119><c> the</c>

45:54.135 --> 45:54.145 align:start position:0%
to swallow. If you close one of the
 

45:54.145 --> 45:56.615 align:start position:0%
to swallow. If you close one of the
slits<00:47:15.680><c> behind</c><00:47:15.920><c> the</c><00:47:16.160><c> photon,</c><00:47:16.960><c> it</c><00:47:17.119><c> acts</c><00:47:17.359><c> as</c><00:47:17.520><c> if</c>

45:56.615 --> 45:56.625 align:start position:0%
slits behind the photon, it acts as if
 

45:56.625 --> 45:59.335 align:start position:0%
slits behind the photon, it acts as if
the<00:47:17.920><c> slit</c><00:47:18.240><c> had</c><00:47:18.480><c> been</c><00:47:18.640><c> closed</c><00:47:18.960><c> the</c><00:47:19.280><c> whole</c><00:47:19.599><c> time,</c>

45:59.335 --> 45:59.345 align:start position:0%
the slit had been closed the whole time,
 

45:59.345 --> 46:01.495 align:start position:0%
the slit had been closed the whole time,
and<00:47:20.640><c> the</c><00:47:20.880><c> photon</c><00:47:21.280><c> collapses</c><00:47:21.760><c> into</c><00:47:21.920><c> a</c><00:47:22.160><c> particle</c>

46:01.495 --> 46:01.505 align:start position:0%
and the photon collapses into a particle
 

46:01.505 --> 46:04.694 align:start position:0%
and the photon collapses into a particle
instead<00:47:23.200><c> of</c><00:47:23.440><c> interfering</c><00:47:24.079><c> like</c><00:47:24.319><c> a</c><00:47:24.560><c> wave.</c><00:47:25.599><c> Just</c>

46:04.694 --> 46:04.704 align:start position:0%
instead of interfering like a wave. Just
 

46:04.704 --> 46:06.934 align:start position:0%
instead of interfering like a wave. Just
how<00:47:26.000><c> is</c><00:47:26.160><c> this</c><00:47:26.400><c> supposed</c><00:47:26.640><c> to</c><00:47:26.880><c> work?</c><00:47:27.760><c> How</c><00:47:27.920><c> could</c>

46:06.934 --> 46:06.944 align:start position:0%
how is this supposed to work? How could
 

46:06.944 --> 46:09.815 align:start position:0%
how is this supposed to work? How could
a<00:47:28.240><c> photon</c><00:47:28.880><c> reach</c><00:47:29.280><c> back</c><00:47:29.440><c> in</c><00:47:29.760><c> time</c><00:47:30.240><c> to</c><00:47:30.560><c> see</c><00:47:30.800><c> what</c>

46:09.815 --> 46:09.825 align:start position:0%
a photon reach back in time to see what
 

46:09.825 --> 46:12.375 align:start position:0%
a photon reach back in time to see what
you<00:47:31.200><c> chose</c><00:47:31.440><c> to</c><00:47:31.680><c> do</c><00:47:32.240><c> well</c><00:47:32.560><c> after</c><00:47:32.880><c> it</c><00:47:33.040><c> had</c><00:47:33.280><c> passed</c>

46:12.375 --> 46:12.385 align:start position:0%
you chose to do well after it had passed
 

46:12.385 --> 46:14.855 align:start position:0%
you chose to do well after it had passed
through<00:47:33.680><c> the</c><00:47:33.920><c> experiments?</c><00:47:35.280><c> Why</c><00:47:35.520><c> did</c><00:47:35.680><c> the</c><00:47:35.839><c> act</c>

46:14.855 --> 46:14.865 align:start position:0%
through the experiments? Why did the act
 

46:14.865 --> 46:17.815 align:start position:0%
through the experiments? Why did the act
of<00:47:36.160><c> observation</c><00:47:37.119><c> affect</c><00:47:37.520><c> both</c><00:47:37.760><c> the</c><00:47:38.000><c> future</c>

46:17.815 --> 46:17.825 align:start position:0%
of observation affect both the future
 

46:17.825 --> 46:24.135 align:start position:0%
of observation affect both the future
and<00:47:39.280><c> the</c><00:47:39.520><c> past?</c>

46:24.135 --> 46:24.145 align:start position:0%
 
 

46:24.145 --> 46:27.815 align:start position:0%
 
Wheeler's<00:47:45.839><c> solution</c><00:47:46.640><c> was</c><00:47:47.200><c> information.</c>

46:27.815 --> 46:27.825 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's solution was information.
 

46:27.825 --> 46:30.934 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's solution was information.
It<00:47:49.520><c> from</c><00:47:49.920><c> bit</c><00:47:50.720><c> was</c><00:47:50.880><c> the</c><00:47:51.040><c> phrase</c><00:47:51.280><c> he</c><00:47:51.520><c> coined</c><00:47:51.839><c> for</c>

46:30.934 --> 46:30.944 align:start position:0%
It from bit was the phrase he coined for
 

46:30.944 --> 46:33.335 align:start position:0%
It from bit was the phrase he coined for
this<00:47:52.319><c> philosophy/physics.</c>

46:33.335 --> 46:33.345 align:start position:0%
this philosophy/physics.
 

46:33.345 --> 46:35.335 align:start position:0%
this philosophy/physics.
He<00:47:54.720><c> viewed</c><00:47:54.960><c> the</c><00:47:55.200><c> universe</c><00:47:55.680><c> as</c><00:47:55.920><c> a</c><00:47:56.079><c> sort</c><00:47:56.240><c> of</c>

46:35.335 --> 46:35.345 align:start position:0%
He viewed the universe as a sort of
 

46:35.345 --> 46:38.055 align:start position:0%
He viewed the universe as a sort of
self-exited<00:47:57.520><c> circuit</c><00:47:58.319><c> where</c><00:47:58.640><c> the</c><00:47:58.800><c> act</c><00:47:58.960><c> of</c>

46:38.055 --> 46:38.065 align:start position:0%
self-exited circuit where the act of
 

46:38.065 --> 46:40.295 align:start position:0%
self-exited circuit where the act of
measurement<00:48:00.079><c> gave</c><00:48:00.400><c> rise</c><00:48:00.720><c> to</c><00:48:00.960><c> physical</c>

46:40.295 --> 46:40.305 align:start position:0%
measurement gave rise to physical
 

46:40.305 --> 46:43.335 align:start position:0%
measurement gave rise to physical
reality.<00:48:02.880><c> In</c><00:48:03.119><c> this</c><00:48:03.280><c> view,</c><00:48:03.599><c> the</c><00:48:03.839><c> cosmos</c><00:48:04.319><c> would</c>

46:43.335 --> 46:43.345 align:start position:0%
reality. In this view, the cosmos would
 

46:43.345 --> 46:45.174 align:start position:0%
reality. In this view, the cosmos would
be<00:48:04.560><c> a</c><00:48:04.720><c> buzz</c><00:48:05.040><c> with</c><00:48:05.200><c> quantum</c><00:48:05.680><c> information</c>

46:45.174 --> 46:45.184 align:start position:0%
be a buzz with quantum information
 

46:45.184 --> 46:47.415 align:start position:0%
be a buzz with quantum information
sloshing<00:48:06.880><c> back</c><00:48:07.040><c> and</c><00:48:07.280><c> forth</c><00:48:07.520><c> in</c><00:48:07.760><c> entangled</c>

46:47.415 --> 46:47.425 align:start position:0%
sloshing back and forth in entangled
 

46:47.425 --> 46:49.895 align:start position:0%
sloshing back and forth in entangled
superposed<00:48:09.359><c> states.</c><00:48:10.400><c> And</c><00:48:10.480><c> it</c><00:48:10.720><c> would</c><00:48:10.800><c> be</c><00:48:10.880><c> the</c>

46:49.895 --> 46:49.905 align:start position:0%
superposed states. And it would be the
 

46:49.905 --> 46:51.974 align:start position:0%
superposed states. And it would be the
act<00:48:11.200><c> of</c><00:48:11.440><c> observation</c><00:48:12.160><c> that</c><00:48:12.400><c> would</c><00:48:12.640><c> turn</c><00:48:12.800><c> these</c>

46:51.974 --> 46:51.984 align:start position:0%
act of observation that would turn these
 

46:51.984 --> 46:55.575 align:start position:0%
act of observation that would turn these
probabilities<00:48:14.079><c> into</c><00:48:14.480><c> concrete</c><00:48:14.960><c> existence.</c>

46:55.575 --> 46:55.585 align:start position:0%
probabilities into concrete existence.
 

46:55.585 --> 46:58.934 align:start position:0%
probabilities into concrete existence.
For<00:48:16.960><c> Wheeler,</c><00:48:17.920><c> that</c><00:48:18.160><c> was</c><00:48:18.319><c> it.</c><00:48:19.200><c> That</c><00:48:19.839><c> was</c>

46:58.934 --> 46:58.944 align:start position:0%
For Wheeler, that was it. That was
 

46:58.944 --> 47:02.375 align:start position:0%
For Wheeler, that was it. That was
reality.<00:48:21.119><c> A</c><00:48:21.359><c> series</c><00:48:21.680><c> of</c><00:48:21.920><c> observations.</c>

47:02.375 --> 47:02.385 align:start position:0%
reality. A series of observations.
 

47:02.385 --> 47:04.535 align:start position:0%
reality. A series of observations.
Indeed,<00:48:23.920><c> without</c><00:48:24.240><c> observation,</c><00:48:25.040><c> there</c><00:48:25.280><c> is</c><00:48:25.440><c> no</c>

47:04.535 --> 47:04.545 align:start position:0%
Indeed, without observation, there is no
 

47:04.545 --> 47:06.934 align:start position:0%
Indeed, without observation, there is no
measurement.<00:48:26.800><c> The</c><00:48:27.040><c> time</c><00:48:27.200><c> and</c><00:48:27.440><c> place</c><00:48:27.760><c> don't</c>

47:06.934 --> 47:06.944 align:start position:0%
measurement. The time and place don't
 

47:06.944 --> 47:08.855 align:start position:0%
measurement. The time and place don't
matter.<00:48:28.720><c> What</c><00:48:28.880><c> is</c><00:48:29.119><c> essential</c><00:48:29.520><c> is</c>

47:08.855 --> 47:08.865 align:start position:0%
matter. What is essential is
 

47:08.865 --> 47:11.815 align:start position:0%
matter. What is essential is
information,<00:48:30.960><c> and</c><00:48:31.200><c> when</c><00:48:31.599><c> it</c><00:48:31.839><c> is</c><00:48:32.000><c> measured.</c>

47:11.815 --> 47:11.825 align:start position:0%
information, and when it is measured.
 

47:11.825 --> 47:13.655 align:start position:0%
information, and when it is measured.
When<00:48:33.200><c> Paul</c><00:48:33.440><c> Dak</c><00:48:34.000><c> challenged</c><00:48:34.319><c> this</c><00:48:34.559><c> idea</c>

47:13.655 --> 47:13.665 align:start position:0%
When Paul Dak challenged this idea
 

47:13.665 --> 47:15.735 align:start position:0%
When Paul Dak challenged this idea
during<00:48:35.040><c> a</c><00:48:35.280><c> lecture,</c><00:48:35.760><c> he</c><00:48:35.920><c> asked</c><00:48:36.160><c> Wheeler</c><00:48:36.559><c> if</c><00:48:36.720><c> we</c>

47:15.735 --> 47:15.745 align:start position:0%
during a lecture, he asked Wheeler if we
 

47:15.745 --> 47:17.414 align:start position:0%
during a lecture, he asked Wheeler if we
create<00:48:37.119><c> the</c><00:48:37.280><c> moon</c><00:48:37.599><c> every</c><00:48:37.920><c> time</c><00:48:38.079><c> we</c><00:48:38.319><c> look</c><00:48:38.400><c> at</c>

47:17.414 --> 47:17.424 align:start position:0%
create the moon every time we look at
 

47:17.424 --> 47:27.095 align:start position:0%
create the moon every time we look at
it.<00:48:39.839><c> Yes,</c><00:48:40.559><c> was</c><00:48:40.800><c> Whether's</c><00:48:41.280><c> blunt</c><00:48:41.520><c> reply.</c>

47:27.095 --> 47:27.105 align:start position:0%
 
 

47:27.105 --> 47:28.694 align:start position:0%
 
We<00:48:48.559><c> would</c><00:48:48.720><c> never</c><00:48:48.960><c> be</c><00:48:49.119><c> able</c><00:48:49.280><c> to</c><00:48:49.440><c> build</c><00:48:49.599><c> a</c>

47:28.694 --> 47:28.704 align:start position:0%
We would never be able to build a
 

47:28.704 --> 47:30.535 align:start position:0%
We would never be able to build a
coherent<00:48:50.319><c> theory</c><00:48:50.640><c> of</c><00:48:50.800><c> physics</c><00:48:51.200><c> from</c><00:48:51.440><c> this</c>

47:30.535 --> 47:30.545 align:start position:0%
coherent theory of physics from this
 

47:30.545 --> 47:33.495 align:start position:0%
coherent theory of physics from this
radical<00:48:52.160><c> idea.</c><00:48:53.280><c> But</c><00:48:53.520><c> the</c><00:48:53.680><c> kernel</c><00:48:54.079><c> of</c><00:48:54.319><c> truth</c>

47:33.495 --> 47:33.505 align:start position:0%
radical idea. But the kernel of truth
 

47:33.505 --> 47:36.295 align:start position:0%
radical idea. But the kernel of truth
that<00:48:54.960><c> remained</c><00:48:55.680><c> was</c><00:48:55.920><c> that</c><00:48:56.319><c> information</c><00:48:57.119><c> was</c>

47:36.295 --> 47:36.305 align:start position:0%
that remained was that information was
 

47:36.305 --> 47:39.655 align:start position:0%
that remained was that information was
key<00:48:57.680><c> to</c><00:48:57.920><c> physics.</c><00:48:59.359><c> Energy,</c><00:49:00.079><c> momentum,</c>

47:39.655 --> 47:39.665 align:start position:0%
key to physics. Energy, momentum,
 

47:39.665 --> 47:41.575 align:start position:0%
key to physics. Energy, momentum,
quantum<00:49:01.280><c> states,</c><00:49:01.920><c> and</c><00:49:02.160><c> everything</c><00:49:02.480><c> else</c>

47:41.575 --> 47:41.585 align:start position:0%
quantum states, and everything else
 

47:41.585 --> 47:44.214 align:start position:0%
quantum states, and everything else
within<00:49:03.200><c> physics</c><00:49:03.760><c> can</c><00:49:04.000><c> all</c><00:49:04.160><c> be</c><00:49:04.400><c> cast</c><00:49:04.880><c> in</c><00:49:05.119><c> terms</c>

47:44.214 --> 47:44.224 align:start position:0%
within physics can all be cast in terms
 

47:44.224 --> 47:46.934 align:start position:0%
within physics can all be cast in terms
of<00:49:05.680><c> information.</c><00:49:06.960><c> Information</c><00:49:07.680><c> shuttling</c>

47:46.934 --> 47:46.944 align:start position:0%
of information. Information shuttling
 

47:46.944 --> 47:50.214 align:start position:0%
of information. Information shuttling
back<00:49:08.240><c> and</c><00:49:08.480><c> forth</c><00:49:09.119><c> under</c><00:49:09.440><c> certain</c><00:49:09.839><c> rules.</c><00:49:11.119><c> For</c>

47:50.214 --> 47:50.224 align:start position:0%
back and forth under certain rules. For
 

47:50.224 --> 47:52.934 align:start position:0%
back and forth under certain rules. For
Wheeler,<00:49:12.000><c> that</c><00:49:12.240><c> was</c><00:49:12.319><c> the</c><00:49:12.480><c> end</c><00:49:12.559><c> of</c><00:49:12.720><c> the</c><00:49:12.880><c> line.</c>

47:52.934 --> 47:52.944 align:start position:0%
Wheeler, that was the end of the line.
 

47:52.944 --> 47:55.495 align:start position:0%
Wheeler, that was the end of the line.
Information<00:49:14.880><c> was</c><00:49:15.200><c> the</c><00:49:15.440><c> central</c><00:49:15.839><c> pillar</c><00:49:16.319><c> of</c>

47:55.495 --> 47:55.505 align:start position:0%
Information was the central pillar of
 

47:55.505 --> 47:58.214 align:start position:0%
Information was the central pillar of
existence.<00:49:18.079><c> But</c><00:49:18.240><c> is</c><00:49:18.400><c> there</c><00:49:18.559><c> any</c><00:49:18.800><c> evidence</c>

47:58.214 --> 47:58.224 align:start position:0%
existence. But is there any evidence
 

47:58.224 --> 48:01.174 align:start position:0%
existence. But is there any evidence
that<00:49:19.680><c> supports</c><00:49:20.400><c> this</c><00:49:20.720><c> world</c><00:49:21.040><c> view?</c><00:49:22.000><c> To</c><00:49:22.240><c> the</c>

48:01.174 --> 48:01.184 align:start position:0%
that supports this world view? To the
 

48:01.184 --> 48:03.174 align:start position:0%
that supports this world view? To the
skeptics<00:49:22.800><c> of</c><00:49:22.880><c> the</c><00:49:23.040><c> late</c><00:49:23.280><c> 20th</c><00:49:23.680><c> century,</c>

48:03.174 --> 48:03.184 align:start position:0%
skeptics of the late 20th century,
 

48:03.184 --> 48:05.255 align:start position:0%
skeptics of the late 20th century,
Wheeler's<00:49:24.800><c> it</c><00:49:24.960><c> from</c><00:49:25.200><c> bit</c><00:49:25.599><c> sounded</c><00:49:26.000><c> less</c><00:49:26.240><c> like</c>

48:05.255 --> 48:05.265 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's it from bit sounded less like
 

48:05.265 --> 48:08.694 align:start position:0%
Wheeler's it from bit sounded less like
physics<00:49:27.040><c> and</c><00:49:27.359><c> more</c><00:49:27.760><c> like</c><00:49:28.000><c> poetry.</c><00:49:29.040><c> After</c><00:49:29.359><c> all,</c>

48:08.694 --> 48:08.704 align:start position:0%
physics and more like poetry. After all,
 

48:08.704 --> 48:11.335 align:start position:0%
physics and more like poetry. After all,
a<00:49:30.079><c> bit</c><00:49:30.480><c> is</c><00:49:30.720><c> an</c><00:49:30.960><c> abstraction,</c><00:49:31.920><c> a</c><00:49:32.160><c> choice</c>

48:11.335 --> 48:11.345 align:start position:0%
a bit is an abstraction, a choice
 

48:11.345 --> 48:14.375 align:start position:0%
a bit is an abstraction, a choice
between<00:49:32.800><c> yes</c><00:49:33.040><c> and</c><00:49:33.280><c> no,</c><00:49:33.839><c> one</c><00:49:34.079><c> and</c><00:49:34.400><c> zero.</c><00:49:35.359><c> How</c>

48:14.375 --> 48:14.385 align:start position:0%
between yes and no, one and zero. How
 

48:14.385 --> 48:16.775 align:start position:0%
between yes and no, one and zero. How
could<00:49:35.760><c> something</c><00:49:36.000><c> so</c><00:49:36.319><c> ethereal,</c><00:49:37.200><c> so</c><00:49:37.440><c> devoid</c>

48:16.775 --> 48:16.785 align:start position:0%
could something so ethereal, so devoid
 

48:16.785 --> 48:19.255 align:start position:0%
could something so ethereal, so devoid
of<00:49:38.160><c> substance,</c><00:49:38.960><c> give</c><00:49:39.280><c> rise</c><00:49:39.599><c> to</c><00:49:39.760><c> the</c><00:49:40.000><c> cold,</c>

48:19.255 --> 48:19.265 align:start position:0%
of substance, give rise to the cold,
 

48:19.265 --> 48:21.095 align:start position:0%
of substance, give rise to the cold,
hard<00:49:40.720><c> weight</c><00:49:40.960><c> of</c><00:49:41.119><c> a</c><00:49:41.280><c> mountain,</c><00:49:41.839><c> or</c><00:49:42.079><c> the</c>

48:21.095 --> 48:21.105 align:start position:0%
hard weight of a mountain, or the
 

48:21.105 --> 48:27.015 align:start position:0%
hard weight of a mountain, or the
searing<00:49:42.720><c> plasma</c><00:49:43.280><c> of</c><00:49:43.520><c> a</c><00:49:43.760><c> star?</c>

48:27.015 --> 48:27.025 align:start position:0%
 
 

48:27.025 --> 48:29.255 align:start position:0%
 
Well,<00:49:48.640><c> one</c><00:49:48.880><c> answer</c><00:49:49.359><c> lay</c><00:49:49.440><c> in</c><00:49:49.599><c> a</c><00:49:49.760><c> discovery</c><00:49:50.160><c> made</c>

48:29.255 --> 48:29.265 align:start position:0%
Well, one answer lay in a discovery made
 

48:29.265 --> 48:32.615 align:start position:0%
Well, one answer lay in a discovery made
in<00:49:50.640><c> 1961</c><00:49:51.680><c> by</c><00:49:51.920><c> a</c><00:49:52.079><c> German</c><00:49:52.480><c> American</c><00:49:52.880><c> physicist</c>

48:32.615 --> 48:32.625 align:start position:0%
in 1961 by a German American physicist
 

48:32.625 --> 48:35.335 align:start position:0%
in 1961 by a German American physicist
named<00:49:54.079><c> Rolf</c><00:49:54.480><c> Landau.</c>

48:35.335 --> 48:35.345 align:start position:0%
named Rolf Landau.
 

48:35.345 --> 48:38.375 align:start position:0%
named Rolf Landau.
Landau<00:49:57.119><c> worked</c><00:49:57.440><c> for</c><00:49:57.680><c> IBM,</c><00:49:58.559><c> a</c><00:49:58.800><c> company</c><00:49:59.040><c> that</c><00:49:59.359><c> at</c>

48:38.375 --> 48:38.385 align:start position:0%
Landau worked for IBM, a company that at
 

48:38.385 --> 48:40.135 align:start position:0%
Landau worked for IBM, a company that at
the<00:49:59.760><c> time</c><00:50:00.079><c> was</c><00:50:00.400><c> obsessed</c><00:50:00.880><c> with</c><00:50:01.119><c> the</c>

48:40.135 --> 48:40.145 align:start position:0%
the time was obsessed with the
 

48:40.145 --> 48:43.335 align:start position:0%
the time was obsessed with the
efficiency<00:50:01.760><c> of</c><00:50:02.000><c> its</c><00:50:02.319><c> roomsized</c><00:50:03.119><c> mainframes.</c>

48:43.335 --> 48:43.345 align:start position:0%
efficiency of its roomsized mainframes.
 

48:43.345 --> 48:45.174 align:start position:0%
efficiency of its roomsized mainframes.
Indeed,<00:50:04.880><c> Landau</c><00:50:05.520><c> wasn't</c><00:50:05.760><c> looking</c><00:50:06.000><c> for</c><00:50:06.160><c> the</c>

48:45.174 --> 48:45.184 align:start position:0%
Indeed, Landau wasn't looking for the
 

48:45.184 --> 48:47.495 align:start position:0%
Indeed, Landau wasn't looking for the
secrets<00:50:06.720><c> of</c><00:50:06.880><c> the</c><00:50:07.040><c> cosmos.</c><00:50:07.920><c> He</c><00:50:08.160><c> was</c><00:50:08.319><c> looking</c>

48:47.495 --> 48:47.505 align:start position:0%
secrets of the cosmos. He was looking
 

48:47.505 --> 48:50.615 align:start position:0%
secrets of the cosmos. He was looking
for<00:50:08.800><c> the</c><00:50:09.040><c> limits</c><00:50:09.599><c> of</c><00:50:09.839><c> the</c><00:50:10.079><c> machine.</c><00:50:11.280><c> He</c><00:50:11.520><c> wanted</c>

48:50.615 --> 48:50.625 align:start position:0%
for the limits of the machine. He wanted
 

48:50.625 --> 48:53.335 align:start position:0%
for the limits of the machine. He wanted
to<00:50:12.000><c> answer</c><00:50:12.319><c> a</c><00:50:12.559><c> simple</c><00:50:12.960><c> question.</c><00:50:13.920><c> Is</c><00:50:14.160><c> there</c><00:50:14.319><c> a</c>

48:53.335 --> 48:53.345 align:start position:0%
to answer a simple question. Is there a
 

48:53.345 --> 48:55.495 align:start position:0%
to answer a simple question. Is there a
minimum<00:50:14.800><c> amount</c><00:50:15.119><c> of</c><00:50:15.280><c> energy</c><00:50:15.680><c> required</c><00:50:16.319><c> to</c>

48:55.495 --> 48:55.505 align:start position:0%
minimum amount of energy required to
 

48:55.505 --> 49:04.214 align:start position:0%
minimum amount of energy required to
process<00:50:17.359><c> a</c><00:50:17.680><c> single</c><00:50:18.000><c> piece</c><00:50:18.319><c> of</c><00:50:18.480><c> information?</c>

49:04.214 --> 49:04.224 align:start position:0%
 
 

49:04.224 --> 49:06.775 align:start position:0%
 
Through<00:50:25.680><c> his</c><00:50:25.920><c> work,</c><00:50:26.480><c> Landau</c><00:50:27.119><c> realized</c><00:50:27.680><c> that</c>

49:06.775 --> 49:06.785 align:start position:0%
Through his work, Landau realized that
 

49:06.785 --> 49:09.335 align:start position:0%
Through his work, Landau realized that
when<00:50:28.079><c> you</c><00:50:28.319><c> erase</c><00:50:28.800><c> a</c><00:50:29.040><c> bit</c><00:50:29.200><c> of</c><00:50:29.440><c> information,</c>

49:09.335 --> 49:09.345 align:start position:0%
when you erase a bit of information,
 

49:09.345 --> 49:11.575 align:start position:0%
when you erase a bit of information,
whenever<00:50:30.800><c> you</c><00:50:30.960><c> take</c><00:50:31.119><c> a</c><00:50:31.359><c> one</c><00:50:31.680><c> or</c><00:50:31.920><c> a</c><00:50:32.160><c> zero</c><00:50:32.480><c> and</c>

49:11.575 --> 49:11.585 align:start position:0%
whenever you take a one or a zero and
 

49:11.585 --> 49:14.454 align:start position:0%
whenever you take a one or a zero and
reset<00:50:33.040><c> it</c><00:50:33.200><c> to</c><00:50:33.440><c> nothing,</c><00:50:34.319><c> you</c><00:50:34.640><c> must,</c><00:50:35.200><c> by</c><00:50:35.440><c> the</c>

49:14.454 --> 49:14.464 align:start position:0%
reset it to nothing, you must, by the
 

49:14.464 --> 49:17.015 align:start position:0%
reset it to nothing, you must, by the
laws<00:50:35.839><c> of</c><00:50:36.000><c> thermodynamics,</c><00:50:37.280><c> release</c><00:50:37.599><c> a</c><00:50:37.839><c> tiny</c>

49:17.015 --> 49:17.025 align:start position:0%
laws of thermodynamics, release a tiny
 

49:17.025 --> 49:20.055 align:start position:0%
laws of thermodynamics, release a tiny
puff<00:50:38.480><c> of</c><00:50:38.640><c> heat</c><00:50:39.040><c> into</c><00:50:39.359><c> the</c><00:50:39.599><c> environment.</c><00:50:40.960><c> It's</c>

49:20.055 --> 49:20.065 align:start position:0%
puff of heat into the environment. It's
 

49:20.065 --> 49:22.454 align:start position:0%
puff of heat into the environment. It's
fairly<00:50:41.520><c> straightforward.</c><00:50:42.559><c> You</c><00:50:42.800><c> are</c><00:50:42.960><c> reducing</c>

49:22.454 --> 49:22.464 align:start position:0%
fairly straightforward. You are reducing
 

49:22.464 --> 49:26.055 align:start position:0%
fairly straightforward. You are reducing
one<00:50:44.000><c> or</c><00:50:44.400><c> zero</c><00:50:45.119><c> two</c><00:50:45.440><c> states</c><00:50:46.000><c> down</c><00:50:46.400><c> to</c><00:50:46.640><c> a</c><00:50:46.880><c> single</c>

49:26.055 --> 49:26.065 align:start position:0%
one or zero two states down to a single
 

49:26.065 --> 49:29.095 align:start position:0%
one or zero two states down to a single
state.<00:50:48.160><c> Nothing.</c><00:50:49.119><c> Entropy</c><00:50:49.599><c> is</c><00:50:49.839><c> therefore</c>

49:29.095 --> 49:29.105 align:start position:0%
state. Nothing. Entropy is therefore
 

49:29.105 --> 49:31.495 align:start position:0%
state. Nothing. Entropy is therefore
reduced.<00:50:51.200><c> And</c><00:50:51.440><c> since</c><00:50:51.680><c> the</c><00:50:51.920><c> second</c><00:50:52.240><c> law</c><00:50:52.400><c> of</c>

49:31.495 --> 49:31.505 align:start position:0%
reduced. And since the second law of
 

49:31.505 --> 49:33.895 align:start position:0%
reduced. And since the second law of
thermodynamics<00:50:53.599><c> states</c><00:50:53.920><c> that</c><00:50:54.160><c> local</c><00:50:54.480><c> entropy</c>

49:33.895 --> 49:33.905 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics states that local entropy
 

49:33.905 --> 49:36.055 align:start position:0%
thermodynamics states that local entropy
can<00:50:55.280><c> never</c><00:50:55.599><c> decrease,</c><00:50:56.319><c> entropy</c><00:50:56.800><c> somewhere</c>

49:36.055 --> 49:36.065 align:start position:0%
can never decrease, entropy somewhere
 

49:36.065 --> 49:38.375 align:start position:0%
can never decrease, entropy somewhere
else<00:50:57.520><c> must</c><00:50:57.839><c> go</c><00:50:58.000><c> up</c><00:50:58.319><c> to</c><00:50:58.559><c> balance</c><00:50:58.880><c> out</c><00:50:59.040><c> the</c><00:50:59.200><c> total</c>

49:38.375 --> 49:38.385 align:start position:0%
else must go up to balance out the total
 

49:38.385 --> 49:40.775 align:start position:0%
else must go up to balance out the total
entropy,<00:51:00.319><c> then</c><00:51:00.559><c> that</c><00:51:00.800><c> entropy</c><00:51:01.359><c> takes</c><00:51:01.680><c> the</c>

49:40.775 --> 49:40.785 align:start position:0%
entropy, then that entropy takes the
 

49:40.785 --> 49:44.135 align:start position:0%
entropy, then that entropy takes the
form<00:51:02.720><c> of</c><00:51:03.040><c> heat.</c><00:51:04.240><c> And</c><00:51:04.400><c> this</c><00:51:04.640><c> isn't</c><00:51:04.880><c> merely</c><00:51:05.119><c> a</c>

49:44.135 --> 49:44.145 align:start position:0%
form of heat. And this isn't merely a
 

49:44.145 --> 49:46.055 align:start position:0%
form of heat. And this isn't merely a
flaw<00:51:05.599><c> in</c><00:51:05.760><c> our</c><00:51:06.000><c> wiring</c><00:51:06.400><c> or</c><00:51:06.640><c> the</c><00:51:06.880><c> result</c><00:51:07.040><c> of</c>

49:46.055 --> 49:46.065 align:start position:0%
flaw in our wiring or the result of
 

49:46.065 --> 49:49.335 align:start position:0%
flaw in our wiring or the result of
inefficient<00:51:07.920><c> copper.</c><00:51:08.960><c> It</c><00:51:09.119><c> is</c><00:51:09.280><c> a</c><00:51:09.599><c> fundamental</c>

49:49.335 --> 49:49.345 align:start position:0%
inefficient copper. It is a fundamental
 

49:49.345 --> 49:53.255 align:start position:0%
inefficient copper. It is a fundamental
tax<00:51:11.119><c> levied</c><00:51:11.680><c> by</c><00:51:11.839><c> the</c><00:51:12.160><c> universe</c><00:51:12.880><c> itself.</c>

49:53.255 --> 49:53.265 align:start position:0%
tax levied by the universe itself.
 

49:53.265 --> 49:55.174 align:start position:0%
tax levied by the universe itself.
If<00:51:14.640><c> you</c><00:51:14.800><c> want</c><00:51:14.880><c> to</c><00:51:15.040><c> delete</c><00:51:15.359><c> the</c><00:51:15.599><c> thought</c><00:51:15.920><c> from</c><00:51:16.079><c> a</c>

49:55.174 --> 49:55.184 align:start position:0%
If you want to delete the thought from a
 

49:55.184 --> 49:57.735 align:start position:0%
If you want to delete the thought from a
digital<00:51:16.720><c> brain,</c><00:51:17.440><c> the</c><00:51:17.760><c> universe</c><00:51:18.319><c> demands</c><00:51:18.720><c> a</c>

49:57.735 --> 49:57.745 align:start position:0%
digital brain, the universe demands a
 

49:57.745 --> 50:01.015 align:start position:0%
digital brain, the universe demands a
payment<00:51:19.839><c> in</c><00:51:20.160><c> energy.</c>

50:01.015 --> 50:01.025 align:start position:0%
payment in energy.
 

50:01.025 --> 50:03.095 align:start position:0%
payment in energy.
This<00:51:22.480><c> became</c><00:51:22.800><c> known</c><00:51:23.119><c> as</c><00:51:23.280><c> the</c><00:51:23.520><c> land</c><00:51:23.839><c> hour</c>

50:03.095 --> 50:03.105 align:start position:0%
This became known as the land hour
 

50:03.105 --> 50:05.095 align:start position:0%
This became known as the land hour
principle<00:51:24.880><c> and</c><00:51:25.119><c> was</c><00:51:25.359><c> the</c><00:51:25.520><c> first</c><00:51:25.760><c> concrete</c>

50:05.095 --> 50:05.105 align:start position:0%
principle and was the first concrete
 

50:05.105 --> 50:06.934 align:start position:0%
principle and was the first concrete
evidence<00:51:26.559><c> that</c><00:51:26.960><c> information</c><00:51:27.520><c> is</c><00:51:27.760><c> not</c><00:51:27.920><c> just</c>

50:06.934 --> 50:06.944 align:start position:0%
evidence that information is not just
 

50:06.944 --> 50:09.414 align:start position:0%
evidence that information is not just
about<00:51:28.480><c> the</c><00:51:28.800><c> physical</c><00:51:29.200><c> world.</c><00:51:30.000><c> It</c><00:51:30.160><c> is</c><00:51:30.319><c> a</c>

50:09.414 --> 50:09.424 align:start position:0%
about the physical world. It is a
 

50:09.424 --> 50:12.295 align:start position:0%
about the physical world. It is a
physical<00:51:31.040><c> thing</c><00:51:31.520><c> in</c><00:51:31.839><c> its</c><00:51:32.079><c> own</c><00:51:32.319><c> right.</c>

50:12.295 --> 50:12.305 align:start position:0%
physical thing in its own right.
 

50:12.305 --> 50:16.295 align:start position:0%
physical thing in its own right.
Changing<00:51:34.000><c> information</c><00:51:34.880><c> has</c><00:51:35.119><c> a</c><00:51:35.359><c> price.</c><00:51:36.480><c> It</c><00:51:36.720><c> has</c>

50:16.295 --> 50:16.305 align:start position:0%
Changing information has a price. It has
 

50:16.305 --> 50:22.694 align:start position:0%
Changing information has a price. It has
a<00:51:37.760><c> temperature.</c>

50:22.694 --> 50:22.704 align:start position:0%
 
 

50:22.704 --> 50:25.335 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:51:44.079><c> so</c><00:51:44.640><c> logically</c><00:51:45.119><c> it</c><00:51:45.440><c> follows</c><00:51:45.920><c> that</c><00:51:46.160><c> if</c>

50:25.335 --> 50:25.345 align:start position:0%
And so logically it follows that if
 

50:25.345 --> 50:27.655 align:start position:0%
And so logically it follows that if
information<00:51:47.119><c> has</c><00:51:47.359><c> a</c><00:51:47.520><c> physical</c><00:51:47.920><c> cost</c><00:51:48.559><c> then</c>

50:27.655 --> 50:27.665 align:start position:0%
information has a physical cost then
 

50:27.665 --> 50:30.214 align:start position:0%
information has a physical cost then
every<00:51:49.040><c> interaction</c><00:51:49.680><c> in</c><00:51:49.920><c> the</c><00:51:50.160><c> universe,</c><00:51:51.119><c> every</c>

50:30.214 --> 50:30.224 align:start position:0%
every interaction in the universe, every
 

50:30.224 --> 50:32.775 align:start position:0%
every interaction in the universe, every
photon<00:51:52.000><c> striking</c><00:51:52.400><c> an</c><00:51:52.640><c> eye,</c><00:51:53.040><c> every</c><00:51:53.359><c> electron</c>

50:32.775 --> 50:32.785 align:start position:0%
photon striking an eye, every electron
 

50:32.785 --> 50:35.174 align:start position:0%
photon striking an eye, every electron
hopping<00:51:54.319><c> in</c><00:51:54.480><c> a</c><00:51:54.720><c> circuit,</c><00:51:55.520><c> every</c><00:51:55.839><c> chemical</c>

50:35.174 --> 50:35.184 align:start position:0%
hopping in a circuit, every chemical
 

50:35.184 --> 50:39.174 align:start position:0%
hopping in a circuit, every chemical
bond<00:51:56.800><c> forming</c><00:51:57.359><c> in</c><00:51:57.599><c> a</c><00:51:57.839><c> cell</c><00:51:58.640><c> is</c><00:51:58.880><c> a</c><00:51:59.040><c> form</c><00:52:00.000><c> of</c>

50:39.174 --> 50:39.184 align:start position:0%
bond forming in a cell is a form of
 

50:39.184 --> 50:40.775 align:start position:0%
bond forming in a cell is a form of
computation.

50:40.775 --> 50:40.785 align:start position:0%
computation.
 

50:40.785 --> 50:43.655 align:start position:0%
computation.
And<00:52:02.160><c> in</c><00:52:02.400><c> 2002,</c><00:52:03.520><c> Noble</c><00:52:03.920><c> laurate</c><00:52:04.319><c> Anton</c>

50:43.655 --> 50:43.665 align:start position:0%
And in 2002, Noble laurate Anton
 

50:43.665 --> 50:47.095 align:start position:0%
And in 2002, Noble laurate Anton
Zylinger<00:52:05.520><c> took</c><00:52:05.760><c> the</c><00:52:06.000><c> idea</c><00:52:06.559><c> one</c><00:52:06.880><c> step</c><00:52:07.200><c> further.</c>

50:47.095 --> 50:47.105 align:start position:0%
Zylinger took the idea one step further.
 

50:47.105 --> 50:49.414 align:start position:0%
Zylinger took the idea one step further.
In<00:52:08.400><c> the</c><00:52:08.559><c> quiet</c><00:52:08.880><c> laboratories</c><00:52:09.520><c> of</c><00:52:09.680><c> Vienna,</c><00:52:10.400><c> he</c>

50:49.414 --> 50:49.424 align:start position:0%
In the quiet laboratories of Vienna, he
 

50:49.424 --> 50:51.495 align:start position:0%
In the quiet laboratories of Vienna, he
took<00:52:10.800><c> Wheeler's</c><00:52:11.440><c> radical</c><00:52:11.920><c> dream</c><00:52:12.160><c> of</c><00:52:12.400><c> an</c>

50:51.495 --> 50:51.505 align:start position:0%
took Wheeler's radical dream of an
 

50:51.505 --> 50:53.575 align:start position:0%
took Wheeler's radical dream of an
information<00:52:13.119><c> processing</c><00:52:13.680><c> universe</c><00:52:14.400><c> and</c>

50:53.575 --> 50:53.585 align:start position:0%
information processing universe and
 

50:53.585 --> 50:56.375 align:start position:0%
information processing universe and
translated<00:52:15.280><c> it</c><00:52:15.520><c> into</c><00:52:15.760><c> a</c><00:52:16.000><c> hard</c><00:52:16.640><c> experimental</c>

50:56.375 --> 50:56.385 align:start position:0%
translated it into a hard experimental
 

50:56.385 --> 50:59.015 align:start position:0%
translated it into a hard experimental
reality.<00:52:18.720><c> By</c><00:52:18.960><c> peering</c><00:52:19.280><c> into</c><00:52:19.520><c> the</c><00:52:19.680><c> heart</c><00:52:20.000><c> of</c>

50:59.015 --> 50:59.025 align:start position:0%
reality. By peering into the heart of
 

50:59.025 --> 51:01.255 align:start position:0%
reality. By peering into the heart of
the<00:52:20.400><c> most</c><00:52:20.559><c> elementary</c><00:52:21.119><c> quantum</c><00:52:21.599><c> systems</c><00:52:22.240><c> such</c>

51:01.255 --> 51:01.265 align:start position:0%
the most elementary quantum systems such
 

51:01.265 --> 51:03.335 align:start position:0%
the most elementary quantum systems such
as<00:52:22.559><c> the</c><00:52:22.720><c> spin</c><00:52:23.040><c> of</c><00:52:23.119><c> a</c><00:52:23.359><c> single</c><00:52:23.599><c> electron,</c>

51:03.335 --> 51:03.345 align:start position:0%
as the spin of a single electron,
 

51:03.345 --> 51:05.095 align:start position:0%
as the spin of a single electron,
Zylinger<00:52:25.119><c> demonstrated</c><00:52:25.680><c> that</c><00:52:25.920><c> these</c>

51:05.095 --> 51:05.105 align:start position:0%
Zylinger demonstrated that these
 

51:05.105 --> 51:07.414 align:start position:0%
Zylinger demonstrated that these
particles<00:52:26.720><c> are</c><00:52:26.880><c> the</c><00:52:27.040><c> containers</c><00:52:27.599><c> for</c><00:52:27.920><c> exactly</c>

51:07.414 --> 51:07.424 align:start position:0%
particles are the containers for exactly
 

51:07.424 --> 51:10.454 align:start position:0%
particles are the containers for exactly
one<00:52:28.880><c> bit</c><00:52:29.520><c> of</c><00:52:29.920><c> information.</c>

51:10.454 --> 51:10.464 align:start position:0%
one bit of information.
 

51:10.464 --> 51:12.694 align:start position:0%
one bit of information.
This<00:52:31.920><c> means</c><00:52:32.480><c> for</c><00:52:32.720><c> over</c><00:52:32.880><c> a</c><00:52:33.119><c> century</c><00:52:33.520><c> we</c><00:52:33.680><c> have</c>

51:12.694 --> 51:12.704 align:start position:0%
This means for over a century we have
 

51:12.704 --> 51:14.694 align:start position:0%
This means for over a century we have
grappled<00:52:34.319><c> with</c><00:52:34.559><c> why</c><00:52:34.800><c> our</c><00:52:35.119><c> universe</c><00:52:35.520><c> is</c>

51:14.694 --> 51:14.704 align:start position:0%
grappled with why our universe is
 

51:14.704 --> 51:17.414 align:start position:0%
grappled with why our universe is
quantized<00:52:37.119><c> existing</c><00:52:37.599><c> in</c><00:52:37.920><c> discrete</c>

51:17.414 --> 51:17.424 align:start position:0%
quantized existing in discrete
 

51:17.424 --> 51:20.055 align:start position:0%
quantized existing in discrete
irreducible<00:52:39.359><c> chunks</c><00:52:39.680><c> of</c><00:52:39.839><c> energy</c><00:52:40.079><c> and</c><00:52:40.319><c> matter.</c>

51:20.055 --> 51:20.065 align:start position:0%
irreducible chunks of energy and matter.
 

51:20.065 --> 51:22.375 align:start position:0%
irreducible chunks of energy and matter.
Zylinger's<00:52:41.920><c> work</c><00:52:42.240><c> suggests</c><00:52:42.720><c> that</c><00:52:42.960><c> physics</c><00:52:43.359><c> is</c>

51:22.375 --> 51:22.385 align:start position:0%
Zylinger's work suggests that physics is
 

51:22.385 --> 51:25.495 align:start position:0%
Zylinger's work suggests that physics is
quantized<00:52:44.559><c> because</c><00:52:45.040><c> information</c><00:52:45.599><c> itself</c><00:52:46.319><c> is</c>

51:25.495 --> 51:25.505 align:start position:0%
quantized because information itself is
 

51:25.505 --> 51:27.735 align:start position:0%
quantized because information itself is
quantized.<00:52:47.920><c> Nature</c><00:52:48.319><c> doesn't</c><00:52:48.559><c> come</c><00:52:48.640><c> in</c>

51:27.735 --> 51:27.745 align:start position:0%
quantized. Nature doesn't come in
 

51:27.745 --> 51:29.655 align:start position:0%
quantized. Nature doesn't come in
packets<00:52:49.280><c> because</c><00:52:49.440><c> of</c><00:52:49.599><c> an</c><00:52:49.760><c> arbitrary</c><00:52:50.319><c> physical</c>

51:29.655 --> 51:29.665 align:start position:0%
packets because of an arbitrary physical
 

51:29.665 --> 51:32.295 align:start position:0%
packets because of an arbitrary physical
rule.<00:52:51.680><c> It</c><00:52:51.839><c> comes</c><00:52:52.079><c> in</c><00:52:52.240><c> packets</c><00:52:52.880><c> because</c><00:52:53.119><c> a</c>

51:32.295 --> 51:32.305 align:start position:0%
rule. It comes in packets because a
 

51:32.305 --> 51:34.855 align:start position:0%
rule. It comes in packets because a
single<00:52:53.760><c> bit</c><00:52:54.160><c> is</c><00:52:54.400><c> the</c><00:52:54.640><c> smallest</c><00:52:55.119><c> possible</c><00:52:55.680><c> unit</c>

51:34.855 --> 51:34.865 align:start position:0%
single bit is the smallest possible unit
 

51:34.865 --> 51:43.174 align:start position:0%
single bit is the smallest possible unit
of<00:52:56.240><c> truth</c><00:52:56.880><c> the</c><00:52:57.200><c> universe</c><00:52:57.680><c> can</c><00:52:57.920><c> hold.</c>

51:43.174 --> 51:43.184 align:start position:0%
 
 

51:43.184 --> 51:46.454 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:53:04.559><c> so</c><00:53:05.119><c> perhaps</c><00:53:05.599><c> we's</c><00:53:06.160><c> crazy</c><00:53:06.480><c> idea</c><00:53:07.280><c> doesn't</c>

51:46.454 --> 51:46.464 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps we's crazy idea doesn't
 

51:46.464 --> 51:49.174 align:start position:0%
And so perhaps we's crazy idea doesn't
seem<00:53:07.839><c> so</c><00:53:08.160><c> crazy</c><00:53:08.559><c> after</c><00:53:08.880><c> all.</c><00:53:09.520><c> If</c><00:53:09.760><c> the</c><00:53:09.920><c> universe</c>

51:49.174 --> 51:49.184 align:start position:0%
seem so crazy after all. If the universe
 

51:49.184 --> 51:51.815 align:start position:0%
seem so crazy after all. If the universe
is<00:53:10.640><c> constantly</c><00:53:11.280><c> processing</c><00:53:11.760><c> information</c><00:53:12.800><c> and</c>

51:51.815 --> 51:51.825 align:start position:0%
is constantly processing information and
 

51:51.825 --> 51:53.655 align:start position:0%
is constantly processing information and
that<00:53:13.280><c> information</c><00:53:13.839><c> has</c><00:53:14.160><c> a</c><00:53:14.400><c> physical</c>

51:53.655 --> 51:53.665 align:start position:0%
that information has a physical
 

51:53.665 --> 51:56.055 align:start position:0%
that information has a physical
footprint,<00:53:15.599><c> then</c><00:53:15.839><c> perhaps</c><00:53:16.079><c> the</c><00:53:16.319><c> cosmos</c><00:53:16.880><c> isn't</c>

51:56.055 --> 51:56.065 align:start position:0%
footprint, then perhaps the cosmos isn't
 

51:56.065 --> 51:57.815 align:start position:0%
footprint, then perhaps the cosmos isn't
just<00:53:17.359><c> a</c><00:53:17.520><c> collection</c><00:53:17.760><c> of</c><00:53:18.000><c> objects</c><00:53:18.400><c> that</c><00:53:18.640><c> happen</c>

51:57.815 --> 51:57.825 align:start position:0%
just a collection of objects that happen
 

51:57.825 --> 52:01.335 align:start position:0%
just a collection of objects that happen
to<00:53:19.119><c> have</c><00:53:19.440><c> data.</c><00:53:20.640><c> Perhaps</c><00:53:21.040><c> the</c><00:53:21.280><c> cosmos</c><00:53:22.000><c> is</c><00:53:22.240><c> the</c>

52:01.335 --> 52:01.345 align:start position:0%
to have data. Perhaps the cosmos is the
 

52:01.345 --> 52:05.895 align:start position:0%
to have data. Perhaps the cosmos is the
data<00:53:22.880><c> itself</c><00:53:24.240><c> manifesting</c><00:53:25.040><c> as</c><00:53:25.359><c> objects.</c>

52:05.895 --> 52:05.905 align:start position:0%
data itself manifesting as objects.
 

52:05.905 --> 52:08.454 align:start position:0%
data itself manifesting as objects.
Perhaps<00:53:27.520><c> at</c><00:53:27.680><c> the</c><00:53:27.839><c> very</c><00:53:28.160><c> limit</c><00:53:28.480><c> of</c><00:53:28.720><c> reality,</c>

52:08.454 --> 52:08.464 align:start position:0%
Perhaps at the very limit of reality,
 

52:08.464 --> 52:11.335 align:start position:0%
Perhaps at the very limit of reality,
the<00:53:29.839><c> it</c><00:53:30.240><c> doesn't</c><00:53:30.559><c> just</c><00:53:30.800><c> emerge</c><00:53:31.200><c> from</c><00:53:31.440><c> the</c><00:53:31.599><c> bit.</c>

52:11.335 --> 52:11.345 align:start position:0%
the it doesn't just emerge from the bit.
 

52:11.345 --> 52:13.655 align:start position:0%
the it doesn't just emerge from the bit.
Maybe<00:53:32.720><c> the</c><00:53:32.880><c> bit</c><00:53:33.280><c> is</c><00:53:33.520><c> the</c><00:53:33.680><c> only</c><00:53:34.000><c> thing</c><00:53:34.319><c> that</c><00:53:34.640><c> was</c>

52:13.655 --> 52:13.665 align:start position:0%
Maybe the bit is the only thing that was
 

52:13.665 --> 52:16.615 align:start position:0%
Maybe the bit is the only thing that was
ever<00:53:35.040><c> truly</c><00:53:35.440><c> there.</c>

52:16.615 --> 52:16.625 align:start position:0%
ever truly there.
 

52:16.625 --> 52:18.775 align:start position:0%
ever truly there.
The<00:53:38.000><c> key</c><00:53:38.240><c> argument</c><00:53:38.640><c> in</c><00:53:38.880><c> favor</c><00:53:39.119><c> of</c><00:53:39.359><c> simulation</c>

52:18.775 --> 52:18.785 align:start position:0%
The key argument in favor of simulation
 

52:18.785 --> 52:20.855 align:start position:0%
The key argument in favor of simulation
theory<00:53:40.400><c> is</c><00:53:40.559><c> that</c><00:53:40.800><c> if</c><00:53:40.960><c> the</c><00:53:41.200><c> universe</c><00:53:41.599><c> is</c><00:53:41.839><c> made</c>

52:20.855 --> 52:20.865 align:start position:0%
theory is that if the universe is made
 

52:20.865 --> 52:23.575 align:start position:0%
theory is that if the universe is made
of<00:53:42.240><c> bits,</c><00:53:43.040><c> then</c><00:53:43.280><c> the</c><00:53:43.440><c> universe</c><00:53:43.839><c> is</c><00:53:44.400><c> by</c>

52:23.575 --> 52:23.585 align:start position:0%
of bits, then the universe is by
 

52:23.585 --> 52:26.535 align:start position:0%
of bits, then the universe is by
definition<00:53:45.760><c> computable.</c><00:53:46.880><c> And</c><00:53:47.040><c> if</c><00:53:47.280><c> it</c><00:53:47.440><c> is</c>

52:26.535 --> 52:26.545 align:start position:0%
definition computable. And if it is
 

52:26.545 --> 52:29.255 align:start position:0%
definition computable. And if it is
computable,<00:53:48.480><c> then</c><00:53:48.880><c> someone</c><00:53:49.440><c> somewhere</c><00:53:50.160><c> might</c>

52:29.255 --> 52:29.265 align:start position:0%
computable, then someone somewhere might
 

52:29.265 --> 52:31.174 align:start position:0%
computable, then someone somewhere might
have<00:53:50.640><c> already</c><00:53:51.119><c> built</c><00:53:51.359><c> a</c><00:53:51.520><c> machine</c><00:53:51.839><c> powerful</c>

52:31.174 --> 52:31.184 align:start position:0%
have already built a machine powerful
 

52:31.184 --> 52:34.055 align:start position:0%
have already built a machine powerful
enough<00:53:52.559><c> to</c><00:53:52.880><c> run</c><00:53:53.119><c> the</c><00:53:53.440><c> program.</c><00:53:54.480><c> Indeed,</c><00:53:54.880><c> in</c><00:53:55.040><c> a</c>

52:34.055 --> 52:34.065 align:start position:0%
enough to run the program. Indeed, in a
 

52:34.065 --> 52:36.454 align:start position:0%
enough to run the program. Indeed, in a
sense,<00:53:55.440><c> we've</c><00:53:55.839><c> already</c><00:53:56.079><c> done</c><00:53:56.319><c> it,</c><00:53:57.040><c> at</c><00:53:57.040><c> least</c>

52:36.454 --> 52:36.464 align:start position:0%
sense, we've already done it, at least
 

52:36.464 --> 52:38.615 align:start position:0%
sense, we've already done it, at least
partially.<00:53:58.640><c> And</c><00:53:58.800><c> so,</c><00:53:58.960><c> if</c><00:53:59.200><c> computers</c><00:53:59.599><c> are</c>

52:38.615 --> 52:38.625 align:start position:0%
partially. And so, if computers are
 

52:38.625 --> 52:41.015 align:start position:0%
partially. And so, if computers are
capable<00:54:00.079><c> of</c><00:54:00.319><c> recreating</c><00:54:00.800><c> the</c><00:54:01.119><c> universe,</c><00:54:01.920><c> then</c>

52:41.015 --> 52:41.025 align:start position:0%
capable of recreating the universe, then
 

52:41.025 --> 52:42.934 align:start position:0%
capable of recreating the universe, then
what's<00:54:02.480><c> stopping</c><00:54:02.800><c> the</c><00:54:03.040><c> universe</c><00:54:03.599><c> from</c><00:54:03.839><c> being</c>

52:42.934 --> 52:42.944 align:start position:0%
what's stopping the universe from being
 

52:42.944 --> 52:45.414 align:start position:0%
what's stopping the universe from being
a<00:54:04.319><c> simulation?</c><00:54:05.520><c> John</c><00:54:05.760><c> Wheeler</c><00:54:06.160><c> spent</c><00:54:06.400><c> his</c>

52:45.414 --> 52:45.424 align:start position:0%
a simulation? John Wheeler spent his
 

52:45.424 --> 52:47.095 align:start position:0%
a simulation? John Wheeler spent his
whole<00:54:06.720><c> life</c><00:54:06.960><c> arguing</c><00:54:07.359><c> that</c><00:54:07.680><c> information</c><00:54:08.079><c> is</c>

52:47.095 --> 52:47.105 align:start position:0%
whole life arguing that information is
 

52:47.105 --> 52:49.895 align:start position:0%
whole life arguing that information is
not<00:54:08.400><c> a</c><00:54:08.640><c> representation</c><00:54:09.200><c> of</c><00:54:09.440><c> reality.</c><00:54:10.480><c> It</c><00:54:10.720><c> is</c>

52:49.895 --> 52:49.905 align:start position:0%
not a representation of reality. It is
 

52:49.905 --> 52:54.055 align:start position:0%
not a representation of reality. It is
reality.<00:54:12.160><c> The</c><00:54:12.400><c> bit</c><00:54:13.280><c> is</c><00:54:13.520><c> the</c><00:54:13.760><c> thing.</c><00:54:14.720><c> It's</c><00:54:14.960><c> all</c>

52:54.055 --> 52:54.065 align:start position:0%
reality. The bit is the thing. It's all
 

52:54.065 --> 52:55.974 align:start position:0%
reality. The bit is the thing. It's all
one<00:54:15.440><c> and</c><00:54:15.599><c> the</c><00:54:15.760><c> same</c><00:54:16.000><c> in</c><00:54:16.160><c> the</c><00:54:16.319><c> it</c><00:54:16.559><c> frombit</c>

52:55.974 --> 52:55.984 align:start position:0%
one and the same in the it frombit
 

52:55.984 --> 52:59.335 align:start position:0%
one and the same in the it frombit
worldview.

52:59.335 --> 52:59.345 align:start position:0%
 
 

52:59.345 --> 53:01.095 align:start position:0%
 
Indeed,<00:54:20.800><c> it's</c><00:54:21.040><c> clear</c><00:54:21.200><c> that</c><00:54:21.440><c> at</c><00:54:21.599><c> the</c><00:54:21.760><c> moment</c><00:54:22.000><c> we</c>

53:01.095 --> 53:01.105 align:start position:0%
Indeed, it's clear that at the moment we
 

53:01.105 --> 53:03.335 align:start position:0%
Indeed, it's clear that at the moment we
can't<00:54:22.400><c> rule</c><00:54:22.640><c> out</c><00:54:22.880><c> the</c><00:54:23.200><c> possibility</c><00:54:23.920><c> and</c><00:54:24.160><c> so</c><00:54:24.319><c> we</c>

53:03.335 --> 53:03.345 align:start position:0%
can't rule out the possibility and so we
 

53:03.345 --> 53:05.735 align:start position:0%
can't rule out the possibility and so we
have<00:54:24.640><c> to</c><00:54:24.800><c> return</c><00:54:25.200><c> to</c><00:54:25.440><c> the</c><00:54:25.599><c> grim</c><00:54:26.160><c> apocalyptic</c>

53:05.735 --> 53:05.745 align:start position:0%
have to return to the grim apocalyptic
 

53:05.745 --> 53:08.934 align:start position:0%
have to return to the grim apocalyptic
reasoning<00:54:27.359><c> of</c><00:54:27.680><c> Nick</c><00:54:27.920><c> Bostonramm.</c>

53:08.934 --> 53:08.944 align:start position:0%
reasoning of Nick Bostonramm.
 

53:08.944 --> 53:10.454 align:start position:0%
reasoning of Nick Bostonramm.
However,<00:54:30.400><c> there</c><00:54:30.640><c> are</c><00:54:30.800><c> other</c><00:54:31.040><c> ways</c><00:54:31.280><c> to</c><00:54:31.520><c> get</c>

53:10.454 --> 53:10.464 align:start position:0%
However, there are other ways to get
 

53:10.464 --> 53:12.934 align:start position:0%
However, there are other ways to get
around<00:54:31.920><c> Boston's</c><00:54:32.559><c> argument.</c><00:54:33.520><c> One</c><00:54:33.760><c> is</c><00:54:33.920><c> the</c>

53:12.934 --> 53:12.944 align:start position:0%
around Boston's argument. One is the
 

53:12.944 --> 53:14.454 align:start position:0%
around Boston's argument. One is the
argument<00:54:34.319><c> that</c><00:54:34.480><c> we</c><00:54:34.640><c> know</c><00:54:34.800><c> for</c><00:54:35.040><c> sure</c><00:54:35.280><c> we</c>

53:14.454 --> 53:14.464 align:start position:0%
argument that we know for sure we
 

53:14.464 --> 53:16.375 align:start position:0%
argument that we know for sure we
haven't<00:54:35.920><c> created</c><00:54:36.400><c> simulated</c><00:54:36.960><c> consciousness</c>

53:16.375 --> 53:16.385 align:start position:0%
haven't created simulated consciousness
 

53:16.385 --> 53:18.694 align:start position:0%
haven't created simulated consciousness
in<00:54:37.760><c> our</c><00:54:37.920><c> own</c><00:54:38.240><c> past.</c><00:54:39.040><c> Nor</c><00:54:39.200><c> have</c><00:54:39.359><c> we</c><00:54:39.520><c> met</c><00:54:39.680><c> any</c>

53:18.694 --> 53:18.704 align:start position:0%
in our own past. Nor have we met any
 

53:18.704 --> 53:20.055 align:start position:0%
in our own past. Nor have we met any
aliens<00:54:40.240><c> who</c><00:54:40.400><c> have</c><00:54:40.559><c> demonstrated</c><00:54:40.960><c> the</c>

53:20.055 --> 53:20.065 align:start position:0%
aliens who have demonstrated the
 

53:20.065 --> 53:23.335 align:start position:0%
aliens who have demonstrated the
capability<00:54:41.839><c> or</c><00:54:42.160><c> indeed</c><00:54:42.559><c> any</c><00:54:42.880><c> aliens</c><00:54:43.440><c> at</c><00:54:43.680><c> all.</c>

53:23.335 --> 53:23.345 align:start position:0%
capability or indeed any aliens at all.
 

53:23.345 --> 53:25.495 align:start position:0%
capability or indeed any aliens at all.
Boston's<00:54:45.119><c> entire</c><00:54:45.440><c> argument</c><00:54:46.000><c> rests</c><00:54:46.319><c> on</c><00:54:46.480><c> the</c>

53:25.495 --> 53:25.505 align:start position:0%
Boston's entire argument rests on the
 

53:25.505 --> 53:27.895 align:start position:0%
Boston's entire argument rests on the
ability<00:54:46.880><c> to</c><00:54:47.119><c> do</c><00:54:47.280><c> it</c><00:54:47.440><c> in</c><00:54:47.599><c> the</c><00:54:47.760><c> first</c><00:54:48.000><c> place.</c><00:54:48.800><c> And</c>

53:27.895 --> 53:27.905 align:start position:0%
ability to do it in the first place. And
 

53:27.905 --> 53:30.295 align:start position:0%
ability to do it in the first place. And
until<00:54:49.359><c> we</c><00:54:49.599><c> someday</c><00:54:50.079><c> do</c><00:54:50.319><c> it</c><00:54:50.480><c> in</c><00:54:50.640><c> the</c><00:54:50.720><c> future</c><00:54:51.200><c> or</c>

53:30.295 --> 53:30.305 align:start position:0%
until we someday do it in the future or
 

53:30.305 --> 53:32.535 align:start position:0%
until we someday do it in the future or
we<00:54:51.599><c> meet</c><00:54:51.760><c> aliens</c><00:54:52.160><c> who</c><00:54:52.400><c> already</c><00:54:52.720><c> have,</c><00:54:53.280><c> then</c><00:54:53.520><c> we</c>

53:32.535 --> 53:32.545 align:start position:0%
we meet aliens who already have, then we
 

53:32.545 --> 53:34.535 align:start position:0%
we meet aliens who already have, then we
can<00:54:53.760><c> never</c><00:54:54.000><c> truly</c><00:54:54.319><c> know</c><00:54:54.559><c> for</c><00:54:54.800><c> sure</c><00:54:55.040><c> if</c><00:54:55.280><c> it</c><00:54:55.520><c> is</c>

53:34.535 --> 53:34.545 align:start position:0%
can never truly know for sure if it is
 

53:34.545 --> 53:37.095 align:start position:0%
can never truly know for sure if it is
possible.<00:54:56.720><c> Indeed,</c><00:54:57.119><c> some</c><00:54:57.359><c> scientists</c><00:54:58.000><c> like</c>

53:37.095 --> 53:37.105 align:start position:0%
possible. Indeed, some scientists like
 

53:37.105 --> 53:38.775 align:start position:0%
possible. Indeed, some scientists like
David<00:54:58.640><c> Kipping</c><00:54:59.200><c> have</c><00:54:59.359><c> attempted</c><00:54:59.680><c> to</c>

53:38.775 --> 53:38.785 align:start position:0%
David Kipping have attempted to
 

53:38.785 --> 53:40.295 align:start position:0%
David Kipping have attempted to
calculate<00:55:00.240><c> the</c><00:55:00.480><c> probability</c><00:55:00.960><c> that</c><00:55:01.200><c> we</c><00:55:01.280><c> live</c>

53:40.295 --> 53:40.305 align:start position:0%
calculate the probability that we live
 

53:40.305 --> 53:42.375 align:start position:0%
calculate the probability that we live
in<00:55:01.520><c> a</c><00:55:01.680><c> simulation</c><00:55:02.400><c> based</c><00:55:02.720><c> on</c><00:55:02.800><c> the</c><00:55:03.040><c> extremely</c>

53:42.375 --> 53:42.385 align:start position:0%
in a simulation based on the extremely
 

53:42.385 --> 53:44.615 align:start position:0%
in a simulation based on the extremely
limited<00:55:03.920><c> data</c><00:55:04.160><c> that</c><00:55:04.400><c> we</c><00:55:04.559><c> have</c><00:55:04.720><c> access</c><00:55:04.960><c> to.</c>

53:44.615 --> 53:44.625 align:start position:0%
limited data that we have access to.
 

53:44.625 --> 53:46.295 align:start position:0%
limited data that we have access to.
Namely,<00:55:06.079><c> that</c><00:55:06.319><c> we</c><00:55:06.480><c> ourselves</c><00:55:06.960><c> can't</c><00:55:07.200><c> create</c>

53:46.295 --> 53:46.305 align:start position:0%
Namely, that we ourselves can't create
 

53:46.305 --> 53:47.974 align:start position:0%
Namely, that we ourselves can't create
simulated<00:55:08.000><c> conscious</c><00:55:08.400><c> beings</c><00:55:08.800><c> and</c><00:55:08.960><c> we</c>

53:47.974 --> 53:47.984 align:start position:0%
simulated conscious beings and we
 

53:47.984 --> 53:50.375 align:start position:0%
simulated conscious beings and we
haven't<00:55:09.359><c> met</c><00:55:09.520><c> anyone</c><00:55:09.839><c> else</c><00:55:10.000><c> who</c><00:55:10.319><c> can.</c>

53:50.375 --> 53:50.385 align:start position:0%
haven't met anyone else who can.
 

53:50.385 --> 53:52.375 align:start position:0%
haven't met anyone else who can.
Unfortunately,<00:55:12.240><c> his</c><00:55:12.559><c> calculations</c><00:55:13.200><c> arrived</c>

53:52.375 --> 53:52.385 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately, his calculations arrived
 

53:52.385 --> 53:55.255 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately, his calculations arrived
at<00:55:13.760><c> almost</c><00:55:14.000><c> exactly</c><00:55:14.640><c> 50/50</c><00:55:15.359><c> odds,</c><00:55:16.160><c> which</c>

53:55.255 --> 53:55.265 align:start position:0%
at almost exactly 50/50 odds, which
 

53:55.265 --> 53:57.575 align:start position:0%
at almost exactly 50/50 odds, which
isn't<00:55:16.720><c> hugely</c><00:55:17.200><c> helpful.</c>

53:57.575 --> 53:57.585 align:start position:0%
isn't hugely helpful.
 

53:57.585 --> 53:59.335 align:start position:0%
isn't hugely helpful.
And<00:55:18.960><c> so</c><00:55:19.440><c> all</c><00:55:19.680><c> that</c><00:55:19.839><c> remains</c><00:55:20.240><c> from</c>

53:59.335 --> 53:59.345 align:start position:0%
And so all that remains from
 

53:59.345 --> 54:01.655 align:start position:0%
And so all that remains from
Bostonramm's<00:55:21.119><c> argument,</c><00:55:22.000><c> all</c><00:55:22.160><c> that's</c><00:55:22.480><c> left</c>

54:01.655 --> 54:01.665 align:start position:0%
Bostonramm's argument, all that's left
 

54:01.665 --> 54:03.414 align:start position:0%
Bostonramm's argument, all that's left
after<00:55:23.119><c> our</c><00:55:23.359><c> magnificent</c><00:55:23.920><c> advances</c><00:55:24.400><c> in</c>

54:03.414 --> 54:03.424 align:start position:0%
after our magnificent advances in
 

54:03.424 --> 54:05.815 align:start position:0%
after our magnificent advances in
simulating<00:55:25.119><c> the</c><00:55:25.359><c> universe</c><00:55:26.079><c> and</c><00:55:26.319><c> what</c><00:55:26.559><c> meager</c>

54:05.815 --> 54:05.825 align:start position:0%
simulating the universe and what meager
 

54:05.825 --> 54:07.735 align:start position:0%
simulating the universe and what meager
scraps<00:55:27.359><c> of</c><00:55:27.520><c> truth</c><00:55:27.920><c> are</c><00:55:28.000><c> laid</c><00:55:28.240><c> bare</c><00:55:28.559><c> after</c>

54:07.735 --> 54:07.745 align:start position:0%
scraps of truth are laid bare after
 

54:07.745 --> 54:10.055 align:start position:0%
scraps of truth are laid bare after
decades<00:55:29.359><c> of</c><00:55:29.599><c> wheelers</c><00:55:30.079><c> searching</c><00:55:30.800><c> is</c><00:55:30.960><c> a</c>

54:10.055 --> 54:10.065 align:start position:0%
decades of wheelers searching is a
 

54:10.065 --> 54:12.775 align:start position:0%
decades of wheelers searching is a
rather<00:55:31.440><c> unsatisfying</c><00:55:32.319><c> answer.</c><00:55:33.440><c> We</c><00:55:33.680><c> might</c>

54:12.775 --> 54:12.785 align:start position:0%
rather unsatisfying answer. We might
 

54:12.785 --> 54:16.055 align:start position:0%
rather unsatisfying answer. We might
live<00:55:34.079><c> in</c><00:55:34.240><c> a</c><00:55:34.400><c> simulation</c><00:55:35.359><c> and</c><00:55:35.680><c> we</c><00:55:35.839><c> might</c><00:55:36.079><c> not.</c>

54:16.055 --> 54:16.065 align:start position:0%
live in a simulation and we might not.
 

54:16.065 --> 54:17.895 align:start position:0%
live in a simulation and we might not.
And<00:55:37.280><c> we're</c><00:55:37.440><c> a</c><00:55:37.520><c> long</c><00:55:37.680><c> way</c><00:55:37.839><c> off</c><00:55:38.000><c> from</c><00:55:38.160><c> knowing.</c>

54:17.895 --> 54:17.905 align:start position:0%
And we're a long way off from knowing.
 

54:17.905 --> 54:26.855 align:start position:0%
And we're a long way off from knowing.
Either<00:55:39.440><c> way,</c>