WEBVTT

00:01.040 --> 00:04.150 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:00:01.280><c> 1973,</c><00:00:02.399><c> the</c><00:00:02.639><c> yet</c><00:00:02.800><c> to</c><00:00:02.960><c> be</c><00:00:03.120><c> famous</c><00:00:03.439><c> physicist</c>

00:04.150 --> 00:04.160 align:start position:0%
In 1973, the yet to be famous physicist
 

00:04.160 --> 00:06.710 align:start position:0%
In 1973, the yet to be famous physicist
Steven<00:00:04.560><c> Hawking</c><00:00:05.279><c> found</c><00:00:05.600><c> himself</c><00:00:06.160><c> behind</c><00:00:06.560><c> the</c>

00:06.710 --> 00:06.720 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking found himself behind the
 

00:06.720 --> 00:09.110 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking found himself behind the
Iron<00:00:07.120><c> Curtain.</c><00:00:08.160><c> He</c><00:00:08.320><c> was</c><00:00:08.480><c> attending</c><00:00:08.880><c> a</c>

00:09.110 --> 00:09.120 align:start position:0%
Iron Curtain. He was attending a
 

00:09.120 --> 00:11.190 align:start position:0%
Iron Curtain. He was attending a
conference<00:00:09.519><c> on</c><00:00:09.760><c> the</c><00:00:09.920><c> formation</c><00:00:10.480><c> of</c><00:00:10.719><c> nature's</c>

00:11.190 --> 00:11.200 align:start position:0%
conference on the formation of nature's
 

00:11.200 --> 00:15.110 align:start position:0%
conference on the formation of nature's
most<00:00:11.440><c> extreme</c><00:00:12.000><c> objects,</c><00:00:13.280><c> black</c><00:00:13.599><c> holes.</c>

00:15.110 --> 00:15.120 align:start position:0%
most extreme objects, black holes.
 

00:15.120 --> 00:17.109 align:start position:0%
most extreme objects, black holes.
It<00:00:15.360><c> was</c><00:00:15.440><c> the</c><00:00:15.599><c> height</c><00:00:15.759><c> of</c><00:00:15.920><c> the</c><00:00:16.080><c> Cold</c><00:00:16.400><c> War,</c><00:00:16.880><c> a</c>

00:17.109 --> 00:17.119 align:start position:0%
It was the height of the Cold War, a
 

00:17.119 --> 00:19.429 align:start position:0%
It was the height of the Cold War, a
tense<00:00:17.440><c> time</c><00:00:17.760><c> between</c><00:00:18.160><c> East</c><00:00:18.400><c> and</c><00:00:18.640><c> West,</c><00:00:19.119><c> and</c>

00:19.429 --> 00:19.439 align:start position:0%
tense time between East and West, and
 

00:19.439 --> 00:21.510 align:start position:0%
tense time between East and West, and
both<00:00:19.680><c> sides</c><00:00:20.160><c> were</c><00:00:20.400><c> bristling</c><00:00:20.880><c> with</c><00:00:21.119><c> nuclear</c>

00:21.510 --> 00:21.520 align:start position:0%
both sides were bristling with nuclear
 

00:21.520 --> 00:23.189 align:start position:0%
both sides were bristling with nuclear
weapons<00:00:21.840><c> that</c><00:00:22.080><c> could</c><00:00:22.240><c> obliterate</c><00:00:22.800><c> each</c><00:00:22.960><c> other</c>

00:23.189 --> 00:23.199 align:start position:0%
weapons that could obliterate each other
 

00:23.199 --> 00:26.550 align:start position:0%
weapons that could obliterate each other
in<00:00:23.600><c> minutes.</c><00:00:24.800><c> And</c><00:00:24.960><c> yet</c><00:00:25.279><c> here</c><00:00:25.680><c> in</c><00:00:26.000><c> Warsaw,</c>

00:26.550 --> 00:26.560 align:start position:0%
in minutes. And yet here in Warsaw,
 

00:26.560 --> 00:29.750 align:start position:0%
in minutes. And yet here in Warsaw,
Poland,<00:00:27.119><c> there</c><00:00:27.359><c> appeared</c><00:00:27.680><c> to</c><00:00:27.840><c> be</c><00:00:28.160><c> a</c><00:00:28.480><c> Thor.</c>

00:29.750 --> 00:29.760 align:start position:0%
Poland, there appeared to be a Thor.
 

00:29.760 --> 00:31.669 align:start position:0%
Poland, there appeared to be a Thor.
Scientists<00:00:30.320><c> from</c><00:00:30.560><c> both</c><00:00:30.880><c> blocks</c><00:00:31.279><c> aimed</c><00:00:31.519><c> to</c>

00:31.669 --> 00:31.679 align:start position:0%
Scientists from both blocks aimed to
 

00:31.679 --> 00:34.229 align:start position:0%
Scientists from both blocks aimed to
meet<00:00:31.920><c> and</c><00:00:32.239><c> exchange</c><00:00:32.719><c> ideas,</c><00:00:33.840><c> talking</c>

00:34.229 --> 00:34.239 align:start position:0%
meet and exchange ideas, talking
 

00:34.239 --> 00:36.790 align:start position:0%
meet and exchange ideas, talking
cuttingedge<00:00:34.960><c> science</c><00:00:35.360><c> in</c><00:00:35.600><c> a</c><00:00:35.760><c> fragile</c><00:00:36.239><c> oasis</c>

00:36.790 --> 00:36.800 align:start position:0%
cuttingedge science in a fragile oasis
 

00:36.800 --> 00:39.350 align:start position:0%
cuttingedge science in a fragile oasis
of<00:00:37.040><c> intellectual</c><00:00:37.760><c> freedom.</c><00:00:38.719><c> Those</c><00:00:38.960><c> from</c><00:00:39.200><c> the</c>

00:39.350 --> 00:39.360 align:start position:0%
of intellectual freedom. Those from the
 

00:39.360 --> 00:41.270 align:start position:0%
of intellectual freedom. Those from the
West<00:00:39.840><c> desperately</c><00:00:40.320><c> wanted</c><00:00:40.559><c> to</c><00:00:40.719><c> know</c><00:00:40.960><c> what</c><00:00:41.120><c> had</c>

00:41.270 --> 00:41.280 align:start position:0%
West desperately wanted to know what had
 

00:41.280 --> 00:43.190 align:start position:0%
West desperately wanted to know what had
been<00:00:41.440><c> found</c><00:00:41.760><c> by</c><00:00:42.000><c> those</c><00:00:42.320><c> working</c><00:00:42.559><c> on</c><00:00:42.800><c> the</c><00:00:42.960><c> other</c>

00:43.190 --> 00:43.200 align:start position:0%
been found by those working on the other
 

00:43.200 --> 00:45.830 align:start position:0%
been found by those working on the other
side.<00:00:44.160><c> What</c><00:00:44.320><c> had</c><00:00:44.559><c> they</c><00:00:44.719><c> discovered</c><00:00:45.520><c> that</c><00:00:45.760><c> they</c>

00:45.830 --> 00:45.840 align:start position:0%
side. What had they discovered that they
 

00:45.840 --> 00:48.389 align:start position:0%
side. What had they discovered that they
had<00:00:46.079><c> not</c><00:00:46.239><c> been</c><00:00:46.399><c> able</c><00:00:46.640><c> to</c><00:00:46.800><c> share?</c><00:00:48.000><c> Indeed,</c>

00:48.389 --> 00:48.399 align:start position:0%
had not been able to share? Indeed,
 

00:48.399 --> 00:50.229 align:start position:0%
had not been able to share? Indeed,
Hawking<00:00:48.719><c> himself</c><00:00:49.120><c> had</c><00:00:49.280><c> heard</c><00:00:49.600><c> whispers</c><00:00:50.000><c> of</c>

00:50.229 --> 00:50.239 align:start position:0%
Hawking himself had heard whispers of
 

00:50.239 --> 00:52.869 align:start position:0%
Hawking himself had heard whispers of
remarkable<00:00:50.879><c> Soviet</c><00:00:51.360><c> advances.</c><00:00:52.559><c> And</c><00:00:52.719><c> there</c>

00:52.869 --> 00:52.879 align:start position:0%
remarkable Soviet advances. And there
 

00:52.879 --> 00:55.350 align:start position:0%
remarkable Soviet advances. And there
were<00:00:53.039><c> also</c><00:00:53.440><c> rumors</c><00:00:53.920><c> of</c><00:00:54.239><c> new</c><00:00:54.480><c> insights</c><00:00:55.039><c> into</c>

00:55.350 --> 00:55.360 align:start position:0%
were also rumors of new insights into
 

00:55.360 --> 00:58.869 align:start position:0%
were also rumors of new insights into
cosmology<00:00:56.399><c> and</c><00:00:56.640><c> the</c><00:00:56.800><c> big</c><00:00:56.960><c> bang</c><00:00:57.280><c> itself.</c>

00:58.869 --> 00:58.879 align:start position:0%
cosmology and the big bang itself.
 

00:58.879 --> 01:01.590 align:start position:0%
cosmology and the big bang itself.
And<00:00:59.199><c> one</c><00:00:59.440><c> name</c><00:01:00.000><c> surfaced</c><00:01:00.480><c> again</c><00:01:00.800><c> and</c><00:01:01.039><c> again</c><00:01:01.359><c> in</c>

01:01.590 --> 01:01.600 align:start position:0%
And one name surfaced again and again in
 

01:01.600 --> 01:04.469 align:start position:0%
And one name surfaced again and again in
these<00:01:01.920><c> discussions,</c><00:01:03.039><c> like</c><00:01:03.199><c> an</c><00:01:03.440><c> echo</c><00:01:04.000><c> across</c>

01:04.469 --> 01:04.479 align:start position:0%
these discussions, like an echo across
 

01:04.479 --> 01:06.149 align:start position:0%
these discussions, like an echo across
disciplines.

01:06.149 --> 01:06.159 align:start position:0%
disciplines.
 

01:06.159 --> 01:08.230 align:start position:0%
disciplines.
Surely,<00:01:06.640><c> Hawking</c><00:01:07.200><c> thought</c><00:01:07.760><c> this</c><00:01:08.000><c> name</c>

01:08.230 --> 01:08.240 align:start position:0%
Surely, Hawking thought this name
 

01:08.240 --> 01:10.710 align:start position:0%
Surely, Hawking thought this name
couldn't<00:01:08.560><c> belong</c><00:01:08.799><c> to</c><00:01:09.040><c> a</c><00:01:09.200><c> single</c><00:01:09.600><c> person.</c>

01:10.710 --> 01:10.720 align:start position:0%
couldn't belong to a single person.
 

01:10.720 --> 01:12.710 align:start position:0%
couldn't belong to a single person.
Perhaps<00:01:11.040><c> it</c><00:01:11.200><c> was</c><00:01:11.280><c> a</c><00:01:11.439><c> collective,</c><00:01:11.920><c> a</c><00:01:12.080><c> cabal</c><00:01:12.560><c> of</c>

01:12.710 --> 01:12.720 align:start position:0%
Perhaps it was a collective, a cabal of
 

01:12.720 --> 01:14.390 align:start position:0%
Perhaps it was a collective, a cabal of
geniuses<00:01:13.280><c> working</c><00:01:13.600><c> under</c><00:01:13.840><c> a</c><00:01:14.000><c> shared</c>

01:14.390 --> 01:14.400 align:start position:0%
geniuses working under a shared
 

01:14.400 --> 01:16.630 align:start position:0%
geniuses working under a shared
pseudonym.<00:01:15.280><c> Indeed,</c><00:01:15.760><c> how</c><00:01:15.920><c> else</c><00:01:16.320><c> wondered</c>

01:16.630 --> 01:16.640 align:start position:0%
pseudonym. Indeed, how else wondered
 

01:16.640 --> 01:19.350 align:start position:0%
pseudonym. Indeed, how else wondered
Hawking<00:01:17.360><c> could</c><00:01:17.680><c> one</c><00:01:18.000><c> name</c><00:01:18.400><c> be</c><00:01:18.640><c> tied</c><00:01:18.880><c> to</c><00:01:19.040><c> such</c><00:01:19.200><c> a</c>

01:19.350 --> 01:19.360 align:start position:0%
Hawking could one name be tied to such a
 

01:19.360 --> 01:22.710 align:start position:0%
Hawking could one name be tied to such a
dizzying<00:01:19.840><c> array</c><00:01:20.080><c> of</c><00:01:20.320><c> breakthroughs?</c>

01:22.710 --> 01:22.720 align:start position:0%
dizzying array of breakthroughs?
 

01:22.720 --> 01:25.270 align:start position:0%
dizzying array of breakthroughs?
Eventually,<00:01:23.520><c> Hawking</c><00:01:24.080><c> would</c><00:01:24.240><c> put</c><00:01:24.400><c> a</c><00:01:24.560><c> face</c><00:01:25.040><c> to</c>

01:25.270 --> 01:25.280 align:start position:0%
Eventually, Hawking would put a face to
 

01:25.280 --> 01:27.990 align:start position:0%
Eventually, Hawking would put a face to
this<00:01:25.520><c> extraordinary</c><00:01:26.320><c> man.</c><00:01:27.119><c> A</c><00:01:27.280><c> balding</c><00:01:27.759><c> face</c>

01:27.990 --> 01:28.000 align:start position:0%
this extraordinary man. A balding face
 

01:28.000 --> 01:30.469 align:start position:0%
this extraordinary man. A balding face
in<00:01:28.159><c> his</c><00:01:28.400><c> 50s</c><00:01:28.960><c> with</c><00:01:29.200><c> dark</c><00:01:29.600><c> circular</c><00:01:30.080><c> glasses</c>

01:30.469 --> 01:30.479 align:start position:0%
in his 50s with dark circular glasses
 

01:30.479 --> 01:32.789 align:start position:0%
in his 50s with dark circular glasses
perched<00:01:30.880><c> on</c><00:01:30.960><c> his</c><00:01:31.200><c> nose.</c><00:01:31.920><c> Hawking</c><00:01:32.479><c> quickly</c>

01:32.789 --> 01:32.799 align:start position:0%
perched on his nose. Hawking quickly
 

01:32.799 --> 01:34.710 align:start position:0%
perched on his nose. Hawking quickly
realized<00:01:33.280><c> that</c><00:01:33.520><c> there</c><00:01:33.680><c> was</c><00:01:33.840><c> no</c><00:01:34.240><c> school</c><00:01:34.560><c> of</c>

01:34.710 --> 01:34.720 align:start position:0%
realized that there was no school of
 

01:34.720 --> 01:36.870 align:start position:0%
realized that there was no school of
physicists,<00:01:35.600><c> no</c><00:01:35.840><c> hidden</c><00:01:36.240><c> brotherhood</c><00:01:36.640><c> of</c>

01:36.870 --> 01:36.880 align:start position:0%
physicists, no hidden brotherhood of
 

01:36.880 --> 01:39.510 align:start position:0%
physicists, no hidden brotherhood of
secret<00:01:37.280><c> geniuses.</c><00:01:38.560><c> It</c><00:01:38.799><c> was</c><00:01:38.880><c> just</c><00:01:39.119><c> one</c>

01:39.510 --> 01:39.520 align:start position:0%
secret geniuses. It was just one
 

01:39.520 --> 01:42.950 align:start position:0%
secret geniuses. It was just one
extraordinary<00:01:40.320><c> man</c><00:01:41.040><c> with</c><00:01:41.360><c> one</c><00:01:42.079><c> extraordinary</c>

01:42.950 --> 01:42.960 align:start position:0%
extraordinary man with one extraordinary
 

01:42.960 --> 01:46.789 align:start position:0%
extraordinary man with one extraordinary
mind.<00:01:44.159><c> The</c><00:01:44.400><c> extraordinary</c><00:01:45.119><c> mind</c><00:01:45.920><c> of</c><00:01:46.159><c> Yakov</c>

01:46.789 --> 01:46.799 align:start position:0%
mind. The extraordinary mind of Yakov
 

01:46.799 --> 01:55.030 align:start position:0%
mind. The extraordinary mind of Yakov
Berisovvich<00:01:47.759><c> Zeldovich.</c>

01:55.030 --> 01:55.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:55.040 --> 01:57.109 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:01:55.280><c> decades,</c><00:01:55.840><c> hidden</c><00:01:56.240><c> behind</c><00:01:56.560><c> the</c><00:01:56.720><c> Iron</c>

01:57.109 --> 01:57.119 align:start position:0%
For decades, hidden behind the Iron
 

01:57.119 --> 01:59.270 align:start position:0%
For decades, hidden behind the Iron
Curtain,<00:01:57.600><c> Zeldovich</c><00:01:58.320><c> had</c><00:01:58.479><c> been</c><00:01:58.640><c> instrumental</c>

01:59.270 --> 01:59.280 align:start position:0%
Curtain, Zeldovich had been instrumental
 

01:59.280 --> 02:01.990 align:start position:0%
Curtain, Zeldovich had been instrumental
in<00:01:59.520><c> shaping</c><00:02:00.000><c> Soviet</c><00:02:00.479><c> science</c><00:02:01.360><c> and</c><00:02:01.600><c> with</c><00:02:01.759><c> his</c>

02:01.990 --> 02:02.000 align:start position:0%
in shaping Soviet science and with his
 

02:02.000 --> 02:04.230 align:start position:0%
in shaping Soviet science and with his
exceptional<00:02:02.560><c> intellect</c><00:02:03.280><c> was</c><00:02:03.439><c> both</c><00:02:03.680><c> a</c><00:02:03.840><c> prized</c>

02:04.230 --> 02:04.240 align:start position:0%
exceptional intellect was both a prized
 

02:04.240 --> 02:07.109 align:start position:0%
exceptional intellect was both a prized
asset<00:02:04.719><c> and</c><00:02:05.040><c> a</c><00:02:05.200><c> captive</c><00:02:05.680><c> of</c><00:02:05.920><c> that</c><00:02:06.159><c> system.</c>

02:07.109 --> 02:07.119 align:start position:0%
asset and a captive of that system.
 

02:07.119 --> 02:08.949 align:start position:0%
asset and a captive of that system.
Unfortunately,<00:02:07.840><c> he</c><00:02:08.080><c> did</c><00:02:08.239><c> not</c><00:02:08.399><c> live</c><00:02:08.640><c> to</c><00:02:08.800><c> see</c>

02:08.949 --> 02:08.959 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately, he did not live to see
 

02:08.959 --> 02:11.110 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately, he did not live to see
the<00:02:09.119><c> collapse</c><00:02:09.440><c> of</c><00:02:09.599><c> the</c><00:02:09.679><c> Soviet</c><00:02:10.160><c> Union,</c><00:02:10.720><c> dying</c>

02:11.110 --> 02:11.120 align:start position:0%
the collapse of the Soviet Union, dying
 

02:11.120 --> 02:14.229 align:start position:0%
the collapse of the Soviet Union, dying
in<00:02:11.360><c> 1987.</c><00:02:12.640><c> And</c><00:02:12.800><c> yet,</c><00:02:12.959><c> while</c><00:02:13.200><c> his</c><00:02:13.440><c> name</c><00:02:13.840><c> remains</c>

02:14.229 --> 02:14.239 align:start position:0%
in 1987. And yet, while his name remains
 

02:14.239 --> 02:16.550 align:start position:0%
in 1987. And yet, while his name remains
relatively<00:02:14.720><c> obscure</c><00:02:15.200><c> in</c><00:02:15.440><c> the</c><00:02:15.599><c> west,</c><00:02:16.239><c> his</c>

02:16.550 --> 02:16.560 align:start position:0%
relatively obscure in the west, his
 

02:16.560 --> 02:19.910 align:start position:0%
relatively obscure in the west, his
contributions<00:02:17.840><c> were</c><00:02:18.000><c> legion.</c><00:02:19.280><c> But</c><00:02:19.440><c> for</c><00:02:19.680><c> our</c>

02:19.910 --> 02:19.920 align:start position:0%
contributions were legion. But for our
 

02:19.920 --> 02:22.229 align:start position:0%
contributions were legion. But for our
story,<00:02:20.400><c> it</c><00:02:20.560><c> is</c><00:02:20.720><c> Delvich's</c><00:02:21.520><c> work</c><00:02:21.760><c> on</c><00:02:22.000><c> the</c>

02:22.229 --> 02:22.239 align:start position:0%
story, it is Delvich's work on the
 

02:22.239 --> 02:24.229 align:start position:0%
story, it is Delvich's work on the
largest<00:02:22.640><c> things</c><00:02:22.879><c> in</c><00:02:23.120><c> the</c><00:02:23.280><c> universe</c><00:02:23.760><c> that</c><00:02:24.000><c> is</c>

02:24.229 --> 02:24.239 align:start position:0%
largest things in the universe that is
 

02:24.239 --> 02:27.270 align:start position:0%
largest things in the universe that is
most<00:02:24.560><c> important.</c><00:02:25.760><c> His</c><00:02:26.239><c> first</c><00:02:26.720><c> ingenious</c>

02:27.270 --> 02:27.280 align:start position:0%
most important. His first ingenious
 

02:27.280 --> 02:29.910 align:start position:0%
most important. His first ingenious
insights<00:02:27.840><c> into</c><00:02:28.319><c> super</c><00:02:28.640><c> massive,</c><00:02:29.520><c> super</c>

02:29.910 --> 02:29.920 align:start position:0%
insights into super massive, super
 

02:29.920 --> 02:32.070 align:start position:0%
insights into super massive, super
ancient<00:02:30.400><c> cosmic</c><00:02:30.879><c> objects</c><00:02:31.440><c> that</c><00:02:31.760><c> span</c>

02:32.070 --> 02:32.080 align:start position:0%
ancient cosmic objects that span
 

02:32.080 --> 02:33.750 align:start position:0%
ancient cosmic objects that span
hundreds<00:02:32.560><c> of</c><00:02:32.720><c> millions</c><00:02:33.120><c> of</c><00:02:33.280><c> light</c><00:02:33.519><c> years</c>

02:33.750 --> 02:33.760 align:start position:0%
hundreds of millions of light years
 

02:33.760 --> 02:36.949 align:start position:0%
hundreds of millions of light years
across.<00:02:34.959><c> Mega</c><00:02:35.280><c> structures</c><00:02:35.760><c> so</c><00:02:36.160><c> big</c><00:02:36.480><c> that</c><00:02:36.720><c> they</c>

02:36.949 --> 02:36.959 align:start position:0%
across. Mega structures so big that they
 

02:36.959 --> 02:40.070 align:start position:0%
across. Mega structures so big that they
dwarf<00:02:37.280><c> the</c><00:02:37.519><c> Milky</c><00:02:37.840><c> Way</c><00:02:38.319><c> 10,000</c><00:02:39.040><c> times</c><00:02:39.360><c> over</c>

02:40.070 --> 02:40.080 align:start position:0%
dwarf the Milky Way 10,000 times over
 

02:40.080 --> 02:43.030 align:start position:0%
dwarf the Milky Way 10,000 times over
and<00:02:40.400><c> so</c><00:02:40.640><c> old</c><00:02:41.040><c> that</c><00:02:41.360><c> they</c><00:02:41.519><c> may</c><00:02:41.680><c> hold</c><00:02:41.920><c> the</c><00:02:42.160><c> secret</c>

02:43.030 --> 02:43.040 align:start position:0%
and so old that they may hold the secret
 

02:43.040 --> 02:56.790 align:start position:0%
and so old that they may hold the secret
to<00:02:43.360><c> how</c><00:02:43.519><c> it</c><00:02:43.760><c> all</c><00:02:43.920><c> began.</c>

02:45.496 --> 02:52.127 align:start position:0%
download Opera via my link in the
description.

02:52.127 --> 02:52.137 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:52.137 --> 02:55.567 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:04:19.680><c> the</c><00:04:19.840><c> late</c><00:04:20.079><c> 1970s</c><00:04:20.880><c> and</c><00:04:21.199><c> early</c><00:04:21.600><c> 1980s,</c><00:04:22.639><c> a</c>

02:55.567 --> 02:55.577 align:start position:0%
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a
 

02:55.577 --> 02:57.886 align:start position:0%
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a
quiet<00:04:23.280><c> revolution</c><00:04:23.919><c> was</c><00:04:24.160><c> unfolding</c><00:04:24.800><c> in</c><00:04:25.040><c> the</c>

02:57.886 --> 02:57.896 align:start position:0%
quiet revolution was unfolding in the
 

02:57.896 --> 03:01.727 align:start position:0%
quiet revolution was unfolding in the
way<00:04:25.360><c> we</c><00:04:25.600><c> saw</c><00:04:25.840><c> the</c><00:04:26.160><c> universe.</c>

03:01.727 --> 03:01.737 align:start position:0%
way we saw the universe.
 

03:01.737 --> 03:03.647 align:start position:0%
way we saw the universe.
Astronomers<00:04:29.680><c> were</c><00:04:29.840><c> no</c><00:04:30.080><c> longer</c><00:04:30.320><c> content</c><00:04:30.720><c> with</c>

03:03.647 --> 03:03.657 align:start position:0%
Astronomers were no longer content with
 

03:03.657 --> 03:06.047 align:start position:0%
Astronomers were no longer content with
counting<00:04:31.440><c> galaxies</c><00:04:32.000><c> as</c><00:04:32.320><c> distant</c><00:04:32.720><c> smudges</c><00:04:33.199><c> of</c>

03:06.047 --> 03:06.057 align:start position:0%
counting galaxies as distant smudges of
 

03:06.057 --> 03:08.687 align:start position:0%
counting galaxies as distant smudges of
light<00:04:33.600><c> on</c><00:04:33.919><c> photographic</c><00:04:34.639><c> plates.</c><00:04:35.680><c> They</c>

03:08.687 --> 03:08.697 align:start position:0%
light on photographic plates. They
 

03:08.697 --> 03:11.087 align:start position:0%
light on photographic plates. They
wanted<00:04:36.400><c> to</c><00:04:36.560><c> map</c><00:04:36.880><c> their</c><00:04:37.120><c> positions</c><00:04:37.680><c> in</c><00:04:38.000><c> three</c>

03:11.087 --> 03:11.097 align:start position:0%
wanted to map their positions in three
 

03:11.097 --> 03:13.487 align:start position:0%
wanted to map their positions in three
dimensions<00:04:39.600><c> to</c><00:04:39.840><c> reveal</c><00:04:40.240><c> the</c><00:04:40.479><c> true</c>

03:13.487 --> 03:13.497 align:start position:0%
dimensions to reveal the true
 

03:13.497 --> 03:16.767 align:start position:0%
dimensions to reveal the true
architecture<00:04:41.440><c> of</c><00:04:41.600><c> the</c><00:04:41.840><c> cosmos.</c><00:04:43.040><c> They</c><00:04:43.360><c> wanted</c>

03:16.767 --> 03:16.777 align:start position:0%
architecture of the cosmos. They wanted
 

03:16.777 --> 03:20.767 align:start position:0%
architecture of the cosmos. They wanted
an<00:04:44.400><c> atlas</c><00:04:45.199><c> of</c><00:04:45.440><c> the</c><00:04:45.600><c> heavens.</c><00:04:46.960><c> And</c><00:04:47.199><c> among</c><00:04:47.600><c> those</c>

03:20.767 --> 03:20.777 align:start position:0%
an atlas of the heavens. And among those
 

03:20.777 --> 03:22.847 align:start position:0%
an atlas of the heavens. And among those
leading<00:04:48.479><c> this</c><00:04:48.800><c> charge</c><00:04:49.199><c> to</c><00:04:49.440><c> become</c><00:04:49.759><c> cosmic</c>

03:22.847 --> 03:22.857 align:start position:0%
leading this charge to become cosmic
 

03:22.857 --> 03:25.087 align:start position:0%
leading this charge to become cosmic
ctographers<00:04:51.199><c> were</c><00:04:51.520><c> two</c><00:04:51.840><c> American</c>

03:25.087 --> 03:25.097 align:start position:0%
ctographers were two American
 

03:25.097 --> 03:28.047 align:start position:0%
ctographers were two American
astronomers,<00:04:53.600><c> Margaret</c><00:04:54.080><c> Geller</c><00:04:54.720><c> and</c><00:04:55.040><c> John</c>

03:28.047 --> 03:28.057 align:start position:0%
astronomers, Margaret Geller and John
 

03:28.057 --> 03:30.047 align:start position:0%
astronomers, Margaret Geller and John
Huckra.

03:30.047 --> 03:30.057 align:start position:0%
Huckra.
 

03:30.057 --> 03:32.047 align:start position:0%
Huckra.
Their<00:04:57.680><c> work</c><00:04:57.919><c> was</c><00:04:58.160><c> audacious</c><00:04:58.880><c> in</c><00:04:59.120><c> its</c>

03:32.047 --> 03:32.057 align:start position:0%
Their work was audacious in its
 

03:32.057 --> 03:34.527 align:start position:0%
Their work was audacious in its
simplicity.<00:05:00.560><c> They</c><00:05:00.880><c> set</c><00:05:01.040><c> out</c><00:05:01.199><c> to</c><00:05:01.360><c> measure</c><00:05:01.600><c> the</c>

03:34.527 --> 03:34.537 align:start position:0%
simplicity. They set out to measure the
 

03:34.537 --> 03:36.367 align:start position:0%
simplicity. They set out to measure the
speeds<00:05:02.240><c> of</c><00:05:02.400><c> many</c><00:05:02.720><c> thousands</c><00:05:03.040><c> of</c><00:05:03.199><c> galaxies</c>

03:36.367 --> 03:36.377 align:start position:0%
speeds of many thousands of galaxies
 

03:36.377 --> 03:38.847 align:start position:0%
speeds of many thousands of galaxies
across<00:05:04.000><c> the</c><00:05:04.320><c> sky</c><00:05:04.960><c> and</c><00:05:05.199><c> use</c><00:05:05.440><c> the</c><00:05:05.600><c> rules</c><00:05:05.919><c> that</c>

03:38.847 --> 03:38.857 align:start position:0%
across the sky and use the rules that
 

03:38.857 --> 03:41.726 align:start position:0%
across the sky and use the rules that
underscore<00:05:06.720><c> the</c><00:05:06.960><c> expanding</c><00:05:07.680><c> universe.</c><00:05:08.800><c> The</c>

03:41.726 --> 03:41.736 align:start position:0%
underscore the expanding universe. The
 

03:41.736 --> 03:44.047 align:start position:0%
underscore the expanding universe. The
faster<00:05:09.280><c> a</c><00:05:09.520><c> galaxy</c><00:05:09.919><c> receded,</c><00:05:10.800><c> the</c><00:05:11.039><c> further</c>

03:44.047 --> 03:44.057 align:start position:0%
faster a galaxy receded, the further
 

03:44.057 --> 03:47.326 align:start position:0%
faster a galaxy receded, the further
away<00:05:11.919><c> it</c><00:05:12.240><c> must</c><00:05:12.560><c> be.</c><00:05:13.440><c> With</c><00:05:13.600><c> the</c><00:05:13.759><c> galaxy</c><00:05:14.240><c> speeds</c>

03:47.326 --> 03:47.336 align:start position:0%
away it must be. With the galaxy speeds
 

03:47.336 --> 03:48.847 align:start position:0%
away it must be. With the galaxy speeds
measured<00:05:14.960><c> by</c><00:05:15.120><c> some</c><00:05:15.280><c> of</c><00:05:15.360><c> the</c><00:05:15.520><c> world's</c><00:05:15.840><c> largest</c>

03:48.847 --> 03:48.857 align:start position:0%
measured by some of the world's largest
 

03:48.857 --> 03:51.247 align:start position:0%
measured by some of the world's largest
telescopes,<00:05:17.199><c> Geller</c><00:05:17.440><c> and</c><00:05:17.680><c> Hawker</c><00:05:18.160><c> began</c><00:05:18.400><c> to</c>

03:51.247 --> 03:51.257 align:start position:0%
telescopes, Geller and Hawker began to
 

03:51.257 --> 03:55.087 align:start position:0%
telescopes, Geller and Hawker began to
assemble<00:05:19.120><c> a</c><00:05:19.440><c> 3D</c><00:05:19.919><c> atlas</c><00:05:20.639><c> of</c><00:05:20.880><c> the</c><00:05:21.120><c> universe.</c>

03:55.087 --> 03:55.097 align:start position:0%
assemble a 3D atlas of the universe.
 

03:55.097 --> 03:57.007 align:start position:0%
assemble a 3D atlas of the universe.
Collecting<00:05:22.880><c> the</c><00:05:23.120><c> sparse</c><00:05:23.520><c> photons</c><00:05:24.080><c> from</c>

03:57.007 --> 03:57.017 align:start position:0%
Collecting the sparse photons from
 

03:57.017 --> 03:58.927 align:start position:0%
Collecting the sparse photons from
distant<00:05:24.720><c> sources</c><00:05:25.199><c> took</c><00:05:25.440><c> many</c><00:05:25.680><c> hours</c><00:05:25.919><c> at</c><00:05:26.080><c> the</c>

03:58.927 --> 03:58.937 align:start position:0%
distant sources took many hours at the
 

03:58.937 --> 04:01.807 align:start position:0%
distant sources took many hours at the
telescopes.<00:05:27.360><c> But</c><00:05:27.520><c> as</c><00:05:27.759><c> time</c><00:05:28.000><c> wore</c><00:05:28.320><c> on,</c><00:05:28.880><c> an</c>

04:01.807 --> 04:01.817 align:start position:0%
telescopes. But as time wore on, an
 

04:01.817 --> 04:09.967 align:start position:0%
telescopes. But as time wore on, an
amazing<00:05:29.600><c> picture</c><00:05:30.160><c> began</c><00:05:30.479><c> to</c><00:05:30.639><c> emerge.</c>

04:09.967 --> 04:09.977 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:09.977 --> 04:12.207 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:05:37.520><c> what</c><00:05:37.680><c> they</c><00:05:37.919><c> found</c><00:05:38.240><c> was</c><00:05:38.560><c> not</c><00:05:38.720><c> some</c><00:05:39.039><c> random</c>

04:12.207 --> 04:12.217 align:start position:0%
For what they found was not some random
 

04:12.217 --> 04:14.927 align:start position:0%
For what they found was not some random
scattering<00:05:40.000><c> of</c><00:05:40.320><c> points</c><00:05:41.120><c> as</c><00:05:41.280><c> if</c><00:05:41.520><c> galaxies</c><00:05:42.000><c> had</c>

04:14.927 --> 04:14.937 align:start position:0%
scattering of points as if galaxies had
 

04:14.937 --> 04:17.567 align:start position:0%
scattering of points as if galaxies had
simply<00:05:42.479><c> been</c><00:05:42.639><c> thrown</c><00:05:43.039><c> across</c><00:05:43.360><c> the</c><00:05:43.520><c> heavens.</c>

04:17.567 --> 04:17.577 align:start position:0%
simply been thrown across the heavens.
 

04:17.577 --> 04:21.166 align:start position:0%
simply been thrown across the heavens.
Instead,<00:05:45.680><c> they</c><00:05:46.000><c> saw</c><00:05:46.320><c> a</c><00:05:46.560><c> distinct</c><00:05:47.120><c> pattern,</c><00:05:48.160><c> a</c>

04:21.166 --> 04:21.176 align:start position:0%
Instead, they saw a distinct pattern, a
 

04:21.176 --> 04:25.087 align:start position:0%
Instead, they saw a distinct pattern, a
vast<00:05:49.120><c> cosmic</c><00:05:49.680><c> web</c><00:05:50.080><c> of</c><00:05:50.400><c> filaments</c><00:05:50.960><c> and</c><00:05:51.199><c> voids.</c>

04:25.087 --> 04:25.097 align:start position:0%
vast cosmic web of filaments and voids.
 

04:25.097 --> 04:27.567 align:start position:0%
vast cosmic web of filaments and voids.
And<00:05:52.639><c> as</c><00:05:52.800><c> the</c><00:05:53.039><c> data</c><00:05:53.360><c> built</c><00:05:53.680><c> up,</c><00:05:54.240><c> there</c><00:05:54.479><c> came</c>

04:27.567 --> 04:27.577 align:start position:0%
And as the data built up, there came
 

04:27.577 --> 04:31.166 align:start position:0%
And as the data built up, there came
another<00:05:55.360><c> shock.</c><00:05:56.320><c> In</c><00:05:56.639><c> 1989,</c><00:05:57.600><c> Geller</c><00:05:57.919><c> and</c><00:05:58.080><c> Hakra</c>

04:31.166 --> 04:31.176 align:start position:0%
another shock. In 1989, Geller and Hakra
 

04:31.176 --> 04:33.967 align:start position:0%
another shock. In 1989, Geller and Hakra
unveiled<00:05:58.880><c> a</c><00:05:59.039><c> feature</c><00:05:59.520><c> so</c><00:05:59.840><c> enormous</c><00:06:00.560><c> it</c><00:06:00.800><c> defied</c>

04:33.967 --> 04:33.977 align:start position:0%
unveiled a feature so enormous it defied
 

04:33.977 --> 04:37.166 align:start position:0%
unveiled a feature so enormous it defied
comprehension.<00:06:02.639><c> a</c><00:06:02.960><c> wall</c><00:06:03.520><c> of</c><00:06:03.840><c> thousands</c><00:06:04.319><c> of</c>

04:37.166 --> 04:37.176 align:start position:0%
comprehension. a wall of thousands of
 

04:37.176 --> 04:39.407 align:start position:0%
comprehension. a wall of thousands of
galaxies<00:06:05.280><c> stretching</c><00:06:05.840><c> hundreds</c><00:06:06.240><c> of</c><00:06:06.400><c> millions</c>

04:39.407 --> 04:39.417 align:start position:0%
galaxies stretching hundreds of millions
 

04:39.417 --> 04:42.287 align:start position:0%
galaxies stretching hundreds of millions
of<00:06:06.880><c> light</c><00:06:07.199><c> years</c><00:06:07.520><c> across</c><00:06:07.840><c> the</c><00:06:08.080><c> cosmos.</c><00:06:09.360><c> They</c>

04:42.287 --> 04:42.297 align:start position:0%
of light years across the cosmos. They
 

04:42.297 --> 04:45.967 align:start position:0%
of light years across the cosmos. They
called<00:06:09.840><c> it</c><00:06:10.319><c> the</c><00:06:10.560><c> Great</c><00:06:10.960><c> Wall.</c>

04:45.967 --> 04:45.977 align:start position:0%
called it the Great Wall.
 

04:45.977 --> 04:48.367 align:start position:0%
called it the Great Wall.
And<00:06:13.520><c> that</c><00:06:13.840><c> would</c><00:06:14.080><c> be</c><00:06:14.240><c> just</c><00:06:14.400><c> the</c><00:06:14.720><c> beginning.</c>

04:48.367 --> 04:48.377 align:start position:0%
And that would be just the beginning.
 

04:48.377 --> 04:49.886 align:start position:0%
And that would be just the beginning.
Following<00:06:16.000><c> the</c><00:06:16.240><c> discovery</c><00:06:16.639><c> of</c><00:06:16.800><c> the</c><00:06:16.960><c> Great</c>

04:49.886 --> 04:49.896 align:start position:0%
Following the discovery of the Great
 

04:49.896 --> 04:52.287 align:start position:0%
Following the discovery of the Great
Wall,<00:06:17.759><c> astronomers</c><00:06:18.400><c> would</c><00:06:18.639><c> continue</c><00:06:19.039><c> to</c><00:06:19.280><c> find</c>

04:52.287 --> 04:52.297 align:start position:0%
Wall, astronomers would continue to find
 

04:52.297 --> 04:54.767 align:start position:0%
Wall, astronomers would continue to find
almost<00:06:20.080><c> incomprehensibly</c><00:06:21.199><c> large</c><00:06:21.520><c> structures</c>

04:54.767 --> 04:54.777 align:start position:0%
almost incomprehensibly large structures
 

04:54.777 --> 04:57.726 align:start position:0%
almost incomprehensibly large structures
across<00:06:22.479><c> the</c><00:06:22.720><c> sky,</c><00:06:23.680><c> the</c><00:06:24.000><c> filaments</c><00:06:24.639><c> within</c><00:06:24.880><c> the</c>

04:57.726 --> 04:57.736 align:start position:0%
across the sky, the filaments within the
 

04:57.736 --> 05:00.127 align:start position:0%
across the sky, the filaments within the
cosmic<00:06:25.520><c> web.</c><00:06:26.319><c> And</c><00:06:26.560><c> indeed,</c><00:06:26.880><c> many</c><00:06:27.120><c> that</c>

05:00.127 --> 05:00.137 align:start position:0%
cosmic web. And indeed, many that
 

05:00.137 --> 05:03.407 align:start position:0%
cosmic web. And indeed, many that
followed<00:06:28.240><c> would</c><00:06:28.479><c> be</c><00:06:28.720><c> even</c><00:06:29.120><c> bigger.</c><00:06:30.160><c> Dwarfing</c>

05:03.407 --> 05:03.417 align:start position:0%
followed would be even bigger. Dwarfing
 

05:03.417 --> 05:06.446 align:start position:0%
followed would be even bigger. Dwarfing
the<00:06:30.960><c> Great</c><00:06:31.280><c> Wall</c><00:06:31.759><c> is</c><00:06:32.000><c> the</c><00:06:32.240><c> Sloan</c><00:06:32.880><c> Great</c><00:06:33.120><c> Wall,</c>

05:06.446 --> 05:06.456 align:start position:0%
the Great Wall is the Sloan Great Wall,
 

05:06.456 --> 05:09.247 align:start position:0%
the Great Wall is the Sloan Great Wall,
found<00:06:34.080><c> in</c><00:06:34.400><c> 2003</c><00:06:35.199><c> within</c><00:06:35.520><c> the</c><00:06:35.680><c> Sloan</c><00:06:36.160><c> Digital</c>

05:09.247 --> 05:09.257 align:start position:0%
found in 2003 within the Sloan Digital
 

05:09.257 --> 05:11.967 align:start position:0%
found in 2003 within the Sloan Digital
Sky<00:06:37.039><c> Survey</c><00:06:37.600><c> and</c><00:06:37.919><c> spanning</c><00:06:38.400><c> approximately</c><00:06:39.039><c> a</c>

05:11.967 --> 05:11.977 align:start position:0%
Sky Survey and spanning approximately a
 

05:11.977 --> 05:15.006 align:start position:0%
Sky Survey and spanning approximately a
60th<00:06:39.759><c> of</c><00:06:39.919><c> the</c><00:06:40.160><c> entire</c><00:06:40.560><c> observable</c><00:06:41.280><c> universe.</c>

05:15.006 --> 05:15.016 align:start position:0%
60th of the entire observable universe.
 

05:15.016 --> 05:17.247 align:start position:0%
60th of the entire observable universe.
Roughly<00:06:42.720><c> equally</c><00:06:43.199><c> long</c><00:06:43.440><c> is</c><00:06:43.680><c> the</c><00:06:43.919><c> South</c><00:06:44.160><c> Pole</c>

05:17.247 --> 05:17.257 align:start position:0%
Roughly equally long is the South Pole
 

05:17.257 --> 05:19.166 align:start position:0%
Roughly equally long is the South Pole
Wall,<00:06:44.960><c> which</c><00:06:45.120><c> is</c><00:06:45.280><c> twice</c><00:06:45.520><c> as</c><00:06:45.759><c> close</c><00:06:45.919><c> to</c><00:06:46.080><c> us</c><00:06:46.240><c> at</c>

05:19.166 --> 05:19.176 align:start position:0%
Wall, which is twice as close to us at
 

05:19.176 --> 05:21.886 align:start position:0%
Wall, which is twice as close to us at
only<00:06:46.800><c> 500</c><00:06:47.360><c> million</c><00:06:47.680><c> lightyears</c><00:06:48.240><c> away.</c><00:06:48.960><c> And</c>

05:21.886 --> 05:21.896 align:start position:0%
only 500 million lightyears away. And
 

05:21.896 --> 05:24.606 align:start position:0%
only 500 million lightyears away. And
between<00:06:49.759><c> these</c><00:06:50.080><c> great</c><00:06:50.400><c> filaments,</c><00:06:51.360><c> the</c><00:06:51.600><c> gaps</c>

05:24.606 --> 05:24.616 align:start position:0%
between these great filaments, the gaps
 

05:24.616 --> 05:27.726 align:start position:0%
between these great filaments, the gaps
in<00:06:52.080><c> the</c><00:06:52.240><c> web</c><00:06:52.960><c> are</c><00:06:53.199><c> the</c><00:06:53.360><c> voids,</c><00:06:54.479><c> massive</c>

05:27.726 --> 05:27.736 align:start position:0%
in the web are the voids, massive
 

05:27.736 --> 05:30.606 align:start position:0%
in the web are the voids, massive
regions<00:06:55.440><c> of</c><00:06:55.600><c> under</c><00:06:55.919><c> density.</c><00:06:56.880><c> The</c><00:06:57.120><c> Sloan</c><00:06:57.520><c> wall</c>

05:30.606 --> 05:30.616 align:start position:0%
regions of under density. The Sloan wall
 

05:30.616 --> 05:32.767 align:start position:0%
regions of under density. The Sloan wall
frills<00:06:58.240><c> the</c><00:06:58.400><c> edges</c><00:06:58.720><c> of</c><00:06:58.880><c> the</c><00:06:59.039><c> famous</c><00:06:59.440><c> Bootes</c>

05:32.767 --> 05:32.777 align:start position:0%
frills the edges of the famous Bootes
 

05:32.777 --> 05:34.847 align:start position:0%
frills the edges of the famous Bootes
void<00:07:00.479><c> which</c><00:07:00.720><c> is</c><00:07:00.880><c> more</c><00:07:01.039><c> than</c><00:07:01.280><c> 300</c><00:07:01.840><c> million</c>

05:34.847 --> 05:34.857 align:start position:0%
void which is more than 300 million
 

05:34.857 --> 05:37.647 align:start position:0%
void which is more than 300 million
lightyears<00:07:02.720><c> wide.</c><00:07:03.599><c> And</c><00:07:03.759><c> the</c><00:07:03.919><c> South</c><00:07:04.160><c> Pole</c><00:07:04.560><c> wall</c>

05:37.647 --> 05:37.657 align:start position:0%
lightyears wide. And the South Pole wall
 

05:37.657 --> 05:40.367 align:start position:0%
lightyears wide. And the South Pole wall
winds<00:07:05.360><c> around</c><00:07:05.680><c> the</c><00:07:05.919><c> much</c><00:07:06.240><c> larger</c><00:07:06.880><c> Eidana</c>

05:40.367 --> 05:40.377 align:start position:0%
winds around the much larger Eidana
 

05:40.377 --> 05:42.847 align:start position:0%
winds around the much larger Eidana
supervoid<00:07:08.720><c> which</c><00:07:09.039><c> some</c><00:07:09.280><c> studies</c><00:07:09.680><c> put</c><00:07:09.840><c> it</c><00:07:10.000><c> more</c>

05:42.847 --> 05:42.857 align:start position:0%
supervoid which some studies put it more
 

05:42.857 --> 05:50.446 align:start position:0%
supervoid which some studies put it more
than<00:07:10.319><c> twice</c><00:07:10.560><c> the</c><00:07:10.800><c> size</c><00:07:11.039><c> of</c><00:07:11.199><c> Bootees.</c>

05:50.446 --> 05:50.456 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:50.456 --> 05:52.207 align:start position:0%
 
However,<00:07:18.240><c> these</c><00:07:18.560><c> discoveries</c><00:07:19.120><c> have</c><00:07:19.360><c> been</c>

05:52.207 --> 05:52.217 align:start position:0%
However, these discoveries have been
 

05:52.217 --> 05:54.847 align:start position:0%
However, these discoveries have been
more<00:07:19.680><c> than</c><00:07:19.840><c> just</c><00:07:20.000><c> a</c><00:07:20.240><c> ctographers's</c><00:07:21.120><c> triumph.</c>

05:54.847 --> 05:54.857 align:start position:0%
more than just a ctographers's triumph.
 

05:54.857 --> 05:56.767 align:start position:0%
more than just a ctographers's triumph.
For<00:07:22.319><c> they</c><00:07:22.560><c> raised</c><00:07:22.960><c> clear</c><00:07:23.280><c> questions</c><00:07:23.840><c> about</c>

05:56.767 --> 05:56.777 align:start position:0%
For they raised clear questions about
 

05:56.777 --> 05:59.967 align:start position:0%
For they raised clear questions about
the<00:07:24.400><c> fundamental</c><00:07:25.039><c> nature</c><00:07:25.440><c> of</c><00:07:25.680><c> our</c><00:07:26.000><c> universe.</c>

05:59.967 --> 05:59.977 align:start position:0%
the fundamental nature of our universe.
 

05:59.977 --> 06:01.886 align:start position:0%
the fundamental nature of our universe.
Just<00:07:27.520><c> what</c><00:07:27.840><c> forces</c><00:07:28.400><c> could</c><00:07:28.560><c> have</c><00:07:28.720><c> sculpted</c>

06:01.886 --> 06:01.896 align:start position:0%
Just what forces could have sculpted
 

06:01.896 --> 06:04.367 align:start position:0%
Just what forces could have sculpted
this<00:07:29.520><c> grand</c><00:07:29.919><c> design</c><00:07:30.560><c> across</c><00:07:30.880><c> the</c><00:07:31.120><c> depths</c><00:07:31.440><c> of</c>

06:04.367 --> 06:04.377 align:start position:0%
this grand design across the depths of
 

06:04.377 --> 06:08.127 align:start position:0%
this grand design across the depths of
time<00:07:32.240><c> and</c><00:07:32.560><c> space?</c>

06:08.127 --> 06:08.137 align:start position:0%
time and space?
 

06:08.137 --> 06:10.606 align:start position:0%
time and space?
Long<00:07:35.680><c> before</c><00:07:36.080><c> the</c><00:07:36.400><c> Great</c><00:07:36.639><c> Wall</c><00:07:36.960><c> was</c><00:07:37.199><c> revealed,</c>

06:10.606 --> 06:10.616 align:start position:0%
Long before the Great Wall was revealed,
 

06:10.616 --> 06:12.367 align:start position:0%
Long before the Great Wall was revealed,
Zeldovich<00:07:38.639><c> had</c><00:07:38.880><c> been</c><00:07:38.960><c> wrestling</c><00:07:39.280><c> with</c><00:07:39.440><c> the</c>

06:12.367 --> 06:12.377 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich had been wrestling with the
 

06:12.377 --> 06:14.847 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich had been wrestling with the
question<00:07:39.919><c> of</c><00:07:40.240><c> how</c><00:07:40.720><c> structure</c><00:07:41.199><c> could</c><00:07:41.360><c> form</c><00:07:41.840><c> and</c>

06:14.847 --> 06:14.857 align:start position:0%
question of how structure could form and
 

06:14.857 --> 06:17.886 align:start position:0%
question of how structure could form and
grow<00:07:42.720><c> in</c><00:07:42.960><c> the</c><00:07:43.280><c> universe.</c><00:07:44.639><c> and</c><00:07:44.800><c> he</c><00:07:44.960><c> had</c>

06:17.886 --> 06:17.896 align:start position:0%
grow in the universe. and he had
 

06:17.896 --> 06:20.367 align:start position:0%
grow in the universe. and he had
realized<00:07:45.759><c> that</c><00:07:46.000><c> the</c><00:07:46.240><c> cosmos</c><00:07:46.800><c> of</c><00:07:46.960><c> matter</c><00:07:47.360><c> that</c>

06:20.367 --> 06:20.377 align:start position:0%
realized that the cosmos of matter that
 

06:20.377 --> 06:22.606 align:start position:0%
realized that the cosmos of matter that
emerged<00:07:48.080><c> from</c><00:07:48.240><c> the</c><00:07:48.400><c> big</c><00:07:48.720><c> bang</c><00:07:49.280><c> must</c><00:07:49.520><c> have</c><00:07:49.680><c> been</c>

06:22.606 --> 06:22.616 align:start position:0%
emerged from the big bang must have been
 

06:22.616 --> 06:25.886 align:start position:0%
emerged from the big bang must have been
exceptionally<00:07:50.880><c> smooth.</c><00:07:52.080><c> But</c><00:07:52.639><c> it</c><00:07:52.880><c> could</c><00:07:53.039><c> not</c>

06:25.886 --> 06:25.896 align:start position:0%
exceptionally smooth. But it could not
 

06:25.896 --> 06:28.286 align:start position:0%
exceptionally smooth. But it could not
have<00:07:53.440><c> been</c><00:07:53.680><c> completely</c><00:07:54.240><c> smooth.</c><00:07:55.199><c> If</c><00:07:55.360><c> the</c>

06:28.286 --> 06:28.296 align:start position:0%
have been completely smooth. If the
 

06:28.296 --> 06:30.207 align:start position:0%
have been completely smooth. If the
universe<00:07:56.000><c> had</c><00:07:56.240><c> been</c><00:07:56.400><c> perfectly</c><00:07:56.960><c> smooth</c><00:07:57.280><c> at</c>

06:30.207 --> 06:30.217 align:start position:0%
universe had been perfectly smooth at
 

06:30.217 --> 06:32.527 align:start position:0%
universe had been perfectly smooth at
its<00:07:57.759><c> moment</c><00:07:58.000><c> of</c><00:07:58.160><c> creation,</c><00:07:58.960><c> it</c><00:07:59.199><c> would</c><00:07:59.360><c> remain</c>

06:32.527 --> 06:32.537 align:start position:0%
its moment of creation, it would remain
 

06:32.537 --> 06:34.847 align:start position:0%
its moment of creation, it would remain
that<00:08:00.160><c> featureless</c><00:08:00.639><c> sea</c><00:08:00.879><c> of</c><00:08:01.039><c> matter</c><00:08:01.360><c> today</c>

06:34.847 --> 06:34.857 align:start position:0%
that featureless sea of matter today
 

06:34.857 --> 06:37.726 align:start position:0%
that featureless sea of matter today
with<00:08:02.400><c> no</c><00:08:02.639><c> stars,</c><00:08:03.280><c> no</c><00:08:03.599><c> galaxies,</c><00:08:04.479><c> and</c><00:08:04.720><c> no</c>

06:37.726 --> 06:37.736 align:start position:0%
with no stars, no galaxies, and no
 

06:37.736 --> 06:40.687 align:start position:0%
with no stars, no galaxies, and no
structure.<00:08:06.319><c> So</c><00:08:06.560><c> instead,</c><00:08:07.280><c> Zeldovich</c>

06:40.687 --> 06:40.697 align:start position:0%
structure. So instead, Zeldovich
 

06:40.697 --> 06:43.647 align:start position:0%
structure. So instead, Zeldovich
imagined<00:08:08.400><c> the</c><00:08:08.639><c> universe</c><00:08:09.280><c> as</c><00:08:09.599><c> a</c><00:08:09.759><c> vast</c><00:08:10.319><c> sea</c><00:08:10.720><c> of</c>

06:43.647 --> 06:43.657 align:start position:0%
imagined the universe as a vast sea of
 

06:43.657 --> 06:46.527 align:start position:0%
imagined the universe as a vast sea of
matter<00:08:11.759><c> gently</c><00:08:12.240><c> rippled</c><00:08:12.800><c> by</c><00:08:13.120><c> primordial</c>

06:46.527 --> 06:46.537 align:start position:0%
matter gently rippled by primordial
 

06:46.537 --> 06:48.606 align:start position:0%
matter gently rippled by primordial
fluctuations.

06:48.606 --> 06:48.616 align:start position:0%
fluctuations.
 

06:48.616 --> 06:50.767 align:start position:0%
fluctuations.
He<00:08:16.160><c> also</c><00:08:16.479><c> realized</c><00:08:17.039><c> that</c><00:08:17.280><c> the</c><00:08:17.520><c> only</c><00:08:17.680><c> force</c>

06:50.767 --> 06:50.777 align:start position:0%
He also realized that the only force
 

06:50.777 --> 06:53.247 align:start position:0%
He also realized that the only force
capable<00:08:18.479><c> of</c><00:08:18.639><c> shaping</c><00:08:19.039><c> the</c><00:08:19.280><c> universe</c><00:08:19.919><c> must</c><00:08:20.240><c> be</c>

06:53.247 --> 06:53.257 align:start position:0%
capable of shaping the universe must be
 

06:53.257 --> 06:56.127 align:start position:0%
capable of shaping the universe must be
gravity.<00:08:21.759><c> With</c><00:08:21.919><c> its</c><00:08:22.240><c> long</c><00:08:22.560><c> reach,</c><00:08:23.039><c> it</c><00:08:23.280><c> would</c>

06:56.127 --> 06:56.137 align:start position:0%
gravity. With its long reach, it would
 

06:56.137 --> 06:58.527 align:start position:0%
gravity. With its long reach, it would
amplify<00:08:24.000><c> these</c><00:08:24.319><c> tiny</c><00:08:24.639><c> irregularities</c><00:08:25.520><c> over</c>

06:58.527 --> 06:58.537 align:start position:0%
amplify these tiny irregularities over
 

06:58.537 --> 07:01.166 align:start position:0%
amplify these tiny irregularities over
time,<00:08:26.639><c> pulling</c><00:08:27.039><c> matter</c><00:08:27.440><c> into</c><00:08:27.759><c> sheets</c><00:08:28.160><c> and</c>

07:01.166 --> 07:01.176 align:start position:0%
time, pulling matter into sheets and
 

07:01.176 --> 07:04.367 align:start position:0%
time, pulling matter into sheets and
filaments.<00:08:29.680><c> This</c><00:08:29.919><c> was</c><00:08:30.080><c> not</c><00:08:30.400><c> chaos,</c><00:08:31.199><c> but</c><00:08:31.440><c> a</c>

07:04.367 --> 07:04.377 align:start position:0%
filaments. This was not chaos, but a
 

07:04.377 --> 07:06.606 align:start position:0%
filaments. This was not chaos, but a
slow<00:08:32.080><c> choreography</c><00:08:32.959><c> dictated</c><00:08:33.519><c> by</c><00:08:33.760><c> the</c>

07:06.606 --> 07:06.616 align:start position:0%
slow choreography dictated by the
 

07:06.616 --> 07:09.247 align:start position:0%
slow choreography dictated by the
precise<00:08:34.399><c> laws</c><00:08:34.640><c> of</c><00:08:34.800><c> physics.</c>

07:09.247 --> 07:09.257 align:start position:0%
precise laws of physics.
 

07:09.257 --> 07:11.166 align:start position:0%
precise laws of physics.
He<00:08:36.719><c> saw</c><00:08:36.959><c> that</c><00:08:37.120><c> the</c><00:08:37.279><c> collapse</c><00:08:37.680><c> of</c><00:08:37.839><c> matter</c><00:08:38.240><c> was</c>

07:11.166 --> 07:11.176 align:start position:0%
He saw that the collapse of matter was
 

07:11.176 --> 07:13.966 align:start position:0%
He saw that the collapse of matter was
unlikely<00:08:38.959><c> to</c><00:08:39.120><c> be</c><00:08:39.279><c> neat,</c><00:08:40.080><c> symmetrical,</c><00:08:40.959><c> or</c>

07:13.966 --> 07:13.976 align:start position:0%
unlikely to be neat, symmetrical, or
 

07:13.976 --> 07:16.127 align:start position:0%
unlikely to be neat, symmetrical, or
even<00:08:41.599><c> spherical.</c><00:08:42.479><c> The</c><00:08:42.640><c> collapse</c><00:08:43.039><c> was</c><00:08:43.200><c> more</c>

07:16.127 --> 07:16.137 align:start position:0%
even spherical. The collapse was more
 

07:16.137 --> 07:19.167 align:start position:0%
even spherical. The collapse was more
likely<00:08:43.839><c> to</c><00:08:44.080><c> be</c><00:08:44.240><c> irregular</c><00:08:44.959><c> and</c><00:08:45.279><c> uneven.</c><00:08:46.320><c> And</c>

07:19.167 --> 07:19.177 align:start position:0%
likely to be irregular and uneven. And
 

07:19.177 --> 07:21.327 align:start position:0%
likely to be irregular and uneven. And
it<00:08:46.640><c> was</c><00:08:46.720><c> from</c><00:08:46.880><c> these</c><00:08:47.200><c> ideas</c><00:08:48.000><c> that</c><00:08:48.160><c> came</c><00:08:48.399><c> the</c>

07:21.327 --> 07:21.337 align:start position:0%
it was from these ideas that came the
 

07:21.337 --> 07:24.687 align:start position:0%
it was from these ideas that came the
notion<00:08:49.120><c> of</c><00:08:49.360><c> the</c><00:08:49.519><c> Zeldovich</c><00:08:50.240><c> pancake.</c><00:08:51.600><c> This</c><00:08:51.839><c> is</c>

07:24.687 --> 07:24.697 align:start position:0%
notion of the Zeldovich pancake. This is
 

07:24.697 --> 07:26.687 align:start position:0%
notion of the Zeldovich pancake. This is
a<00:08:52.160><c> striking</c><00:08:52.560><c> metaphor</c><00:08:53.040><c> for</c><00:08:53.279><c> the</c><00:08:53.440><c> collapse</c><00:08:53.760><c> of</c>

07:26.687 --> 07:26.697 align:start position:0%
a striking metaphor for the collapse of
 

07:26.697 --> 07:29.247 align:start position:0%
a striking metaphor for the collapse of
matter.<00:08:54.800><c> Zeldovich</c><00:08:55.519><c> realized</c><00:08:55.920><c> that</c><00:08:56.160><c> in</c><00:08:56.480><c> an</c>

07:29.247 --> 07:29.257 align:start position:0%
matter. Zeldovich realized that in an
 

07:29.257 --> 07:31.567 align:start position:0%
matter. Zeldovich realized that in an
even<00:08:56.959><c> collapse,</c><00:08:57.600><c> one</c><00:08:58.000><c> direction</c><00:08:58.560><c> should</c>

07:31.567 --> 07:31.577 align:start position:0%
even collapse, one direction should
 

07:31.577 --> 07:34.526 align:start position:0%
even collapse, one direction should
collapse<00:08:59.360><c> the</c><00:08:59.600><c> fastest</c><00:09:00.720><c> in</c><00:09:00.959><c> his</c><00:09:01.200><c> picture.</c><00:09:01.680><c> As</c>

07:34.526 --> 07:34.536 align:start position:0%
collapse the fastest in his picture. As
 

07:34.536 --> 07:37.567 align:start position:0%
collapse the fastest in his picture. As
this<00:09:02.000><c> one</c><00:09:02.240><c> dominant</c><00:09:02.640><c> axis</c><00:09:03.200><c> rapidly</c><00:09:03.760><c> shrinks,</c>

07:37.567 --> 07:37.577 align:start position:0%
this one dominant axis rapidly shrinks,
 

07:37.577 --> 07:39.887 align:start position:0%
this one dominant axis rapidly shrinks,
gravity<00:09:05.519><c> squeezes</c><00:09:06.080><c> matter</c><00:09:06.480><c> into</c><00:09:06.800><c> thin</c>

07:39.887 --> 07:39.897 align:start position:0%
gravity squeezes matter into thin
 

07:39.897 --> 07:41.966 align:start position:0%
gravity squeezes matter into thin
planes.<00:09:08.160><c> And</c><00:09:08.320><c> so</c><00:09:08.480><c> this</c><00:09:08.640><c> means</c><00:09:08.880><c> that</c><00:09:09.040><c> the</c>

07:41.966 --> 07:41.976 align:start position:0%
planes. And so this means that the
 

07:41.976 --> 07:43.807 align:start position:0%
planes. And so this means that the
universe's<00:09:09.839><c> first</c><00:09:10.160><c> structures</c><00:09:10.720><c> were</c><00:09:10.959><c> not</c>

07:43.807 --> 07:43.817 align:start position:0%
universe's first structures were not
 

07:43.817 --> 07:46.927 align:start position:0%
universe's first structures were not
neat<00:09:11.519><c> spheres,</c><00:09:12.480><c> but</c><00:09:12.720><c> immense</c><00:09:13.519><c> flattened</c>

07:46.927 --> 07:46.937 align:start position:0%
neat spheres, but immense flattened
 

07:46.937 --> 07:48.687 align:start position:0%
neat spheres, but immense flattened
slabs.

07:48.687 --> 07:48.697 align:start position:0%
slabs.
 

07:48.697 --> 07:50.447 align:start position:0%
slabs.
Continued<00:09:16.560><c> collapse</c><00:09:16.959><c> would</c><00:09:17.200><c> then</c><00:09:17.360><c> produce</c>

07:50.447 --> 07:50.457 align:start position:0%
Continued collapse would then produce
 

07:50.457 --> 07:53.247 align:start position:0%
Continued collapse would then produce
filaments<00:09:18.240><c> and</c><00:09:18.560><c> dense</c><00:09:18.880><c> nodes.</c><00:09:20.080><c> It</c><00:09:20.320><c> was</c><00:09:20.399><c> a</c>

07:53.247 --> 07:53.257 align:start position:0%
filaments and dense nodes. It was a
 

07:53.257 --> 07:55.646 align:start position:0%
filaments and dense nodes. It was a
vision<00:09:20.800><c> that</c><00:09:21.120><c> foreshadowed</c><00:09:21.760><c> the</c><00:09:22.000><c> cosmic</c><00:09:22.480><c> web</c>

07:55.646 --> 07:55.656 align:start position:0%
vision that foreshadowed the cosmic web
 

07:55.656 --> 07:57.327 align:start position:0%
vision that foreshadowed the cosmic web
well<00:09:23.279><c> before</c><00:09:23.680><c> astronomers</c><00:09:24.320><c> mapped</c><00:09:24.560><c> the</c>

07:57.327 --> 07:57.337 align:start position:0%
well before astronomers mapped the
 

07:57.337 --> 08:03.887 align:start position:0%
well before astronomers mapped the
cosmos<00:09:25.279><c> in</c><00:09:25.519><c> any</c><00:09:25.839><c> detail.</c>

08:03.887 --> 08:03.897 align:start position:0%
 
 

08:03.897 --> 08:06.127 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:09:31.440><c> elegance</c><00:09:31.839><c> of</c><00:09:32.000><c> Zeldovich's</c><00:09:32.800><c> picture</c><00:09:33.360><c> lay</c>

08:06.127 --> 08:06.137 align:start position:0%
The elegance of Zeldovich's picture lay
 

08:06.137 --> 08:08.687 align:start position:0%
The elegance of Zeldovich's picture lay
in<00:09:33.600><c> its</c><00:09:33.839><c> simplicity.</c><00:09:34.560><c> Yet</c><00:09:34.800><c> its</c><00:09:35.040><c> implications</c>

08:08.687 --> 08:08.697 align:start position:0%
in its simplicity. Yet its implications
 

08:08.697 --> 08:12.127 align:start position:0%
in its simplicity. Yet its implications
were<00:09:36.240><c> profound.</c><00:09:37.600><c> It</c><00:09:37.839><c> suggested</c><00:09:38.480><c> that</c><00:09:38.880><c> minute</c>

08:12.127 --> 08:12.137 align:start position:0%
were profound. It suggested that minute
 

08:12.137 --> 08:15.007 align:start position:0%
were profound. It suggested that minute
fluctuations<00:09:40.399><c> seeded</c><00:09:40.959><c> the</c><00:09:41.279><c> universe's</c><00:09:41.920><c> grand</c>

08:15.007 --> 08:15.017 align:start position:0%
fluctuations seeded the universe's grand
 

08:15.017 --> 08:17.007 align:start position:0%
fluctuations seeded the universe's grand
design<00:09:43.040><c> while</c><00:09:43.279><c> the</c><00:09:43.440><c> pancakes</c><00:09:43.920><c> were</c><00:09:44.080><c> the</c>

08:17.007 --> 08:17.017 align:start position:0%
design while the pancakes were the
 

08:17.017 --> 08:18.687 align:start position:0%
design while the pancakes were the
scaffolding<00:09:44.959><c> upon</c><00:09:45.279><c> which</c><00:09:45.440><c> the</c><00:09:45.600><c> cosmic</c>

08:18.687 --> 08:18.697 align:start position:0%
scaffolding upon which the cosmic
 

08:18.697 --> 08:21.327 align:start position:0%
scaffolding upon which the cosmic
architecture<00:09:46.720><c> would</c><00:09:47.040><c> rise.</c><00:09:48.080><c> And</c><00:09:48.240><c> it</c><00:09:48.399><c> would</c><00:09:48.560><c> be</c>

08:21.327 --> 08:21.337 align:start position:0%
architecture would rise. And it would be
 

08:21.337 --> 08:23.407 align:start position:0%
architecture would rise. And it would be
the<00:09:48.800><c> advent</c><00:09:49.120><c> of</c><00:09:49.360><c> computers</c><00:09:50.000><c> that</c><00:09:50.320><c> would</c><00:09:50.480><c> help</c>

08:23.407 --> 08:23.417 align:start position:0%
the advent of computers that would help
 

08:23.417 --> 08:26.687 align:start position:0%
the advent of computers that would help
prove<00:09:51.360><c> these</c><00:09:51.760><c> ideas.</c><00:09:52.880><c> What</c><00:09:53.120><c> Zeldovich</c><00:09:53.760><c> had</c>

08:26.687 --> 08:26.697 align:start position:0%
prove these ideas. What Zeldovich had
 

08:26.697 --> 08:28.687 align:start position:0%
prove these ideas. What Zeldovich had
sketched<00:09:54.240><c> in</c><00:09:54.399><c> elegant</c><00:09:54.959><c> theory</c><00:09:55.440><c> could</c><00:09:55.680><c> now</c><00:09:55.839><c> be</c>

08:28.687 --> 08:28.697 align:start position:0%
sketched in elegant theory could now be
 

08:28.697 --> 08:32.206 align:start position:0%
sketched in elegant theory could now be
tested<00:09:56.399><c> in</c><00:09:56.720><c> virtual</c><00:09:57.519><c> synthetic</c><00:09:58.240><c> universes.</c>

08:32.206 --> 08:32.216 align:start position:0%
tested in virtual synthetic universes.
 

08:32.216 --> 08:34.206 align:start position:0%
tested in virtual synthetic universes.
Their<00:09:59.680><c> work</c><00:10:00.000><c> revealed</c><00:10:00.480><c> that</c><00:10:00.720><c> Zeldovich's</c>

08:34.206 --> 08:34.216 align:start position:0%
Their work revealed that Zeldovich's
 

08:34.216 --> 08:36.767 align:start position:0%
Their work revealed that Zeldovich's
pancakes<00:10:02.240><c> were</c><00:10:02.560><c> just</c><00:10:02.720><c> the</c><00:10:02.959><c> beginning.</c><00:10:03.760><c> The</c>

08:36.767 --> 08:36.777 align:start position:0%
pancakes were just the beginning. The
 

08:36.777 --> 08:39.487 align:start position:0%
pancakes were just the beginning. The
universe<00:10:04.560><c> was</c><00:10:04.800><c> not</c><00:10:04.959><c> a</c><00:10:05.200><c> simple</c><00:10:05.600><c> grid,</c><00:10:06.320><c> but</c><00:10:06.560><c> a</c>

08:39.487 --> 08:39.497 align:start position:0%
universe was not a simple grid, but a
 

08:39.497 --> 08:41.646 align:start position:0%
universe was not a simple grid, but a
sprawling<00:10:07.360><c> network</c><00:10:07.839><c> of</c><00:10:08.080><c> interconnected</c>

08:41.646 --> 08:41.656 align:start position:0%
sprawling network of interconnected
 

08:41.656 --> 08:45.646 align:start position:0%
sprawling network of interconnected
strands<00:10:10.320><c> and</c><00:10:10.640><c> showed</c><00:10:11.120><c> that</c><00:10:11.360><c> an</c><00:10:11.680><c> unseen</c><00:10:12.480><c> cosmic</c>

08:45.646 --> 08:45.656 align:start position:0%
strands and showed that an unseen cosmic
 

08:45.656 --> 08:51.487 align:start position:0%
strands and showed that an unseen cosmic
matter<00:10:13.600><c> was</c><00:10:14.000><c> central</c><00:10:14.399><c> to</c><00:10:14.640><c> it.</c>

08:51.487 --> 08:51.497 align:start position:0%
 
 

08:51.497 --> 08:53.887 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:10:19.040><c> the</c><00:10:19.200><c> decades</c><00:10:19.600><c> before</c><00:10:20.000><c> the</c><00:10:20.240><c> 1980s,</c>

08:53.887 --> 08:53.897 align:start position:0%
In the decades before the 1980s,
 

08:53.897 --> 08:56.047 align:start position:0%
In the decades before the 1980s,
observations<00:10:21.839><c> had</c><00:10:22.079><c> revealed</c><00:10:22.560><c> that</c><00:10:22.800><c> the</c><00:10:23.040><c> stars</c>

08:56.047 --> 08:56.057 align:start position:0%
observations had revealed that the stars
 

08:56.057 --> 08:58.766 align:start position:0%
observations had revealed that the stars
we<00:10:23.760><c> see</c><00:10:24.160><c> are</c><00:10:24.480><c> not</c><00:10:24.640><c> the</c><00:10:24.800><c> dominant</c><00:10:25.360><c> stuff</c><00:10:25.680><c> of</c><00:10:25.839><c> the</c>

08:58.766 --> 08:58.776 align:start position:0%
we see are not the dominant stuff of the
 

08:58.776 --> 09:02.287 align:start position:0%
we see are not the dominant stuff of the
universe<00:10:27.040><c> and</c><00:10:27.279><c> that</c><00:10:27.519><c> another</c><00:10:27.839><c> mass</c><00:10:28.800><c> known</c><00:10:29.279><c> as</c>

09:02.287 --> 09:02.297 align:start position:0%
universe and that another mass known as
 

09:02.297 --> 09:05.807 align:start position:0%
universe and that another mass known as
dark<00:10:30.079><c> matter</c><00:10:30.880><c> dominated</c><00:10:31.680><c> the</c><00:10:31.920><c> cosmos.</c>

09:05.807 --> 09:05.817 align:start position:0%
dark matter dominated the cosmos.
 

09:05.817 --> 09:07.807 align:start position:0%
dark matter dominated the cosmos.
Indeed,<00:10:33.440><c> the</c><00:10:33.600><c> sheer</c><00:10:33.920><c> amount</c><00:10:34.160><c> of</c><00:10:34.399><c> dark</c><00:10:34.640><c> matter</c>

09:07.807 --> 09:07.817 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the sheer amount of dark matter
 

09:07.817 --> 09:10.206 align:start position:0%
Indeed, the sheer amount of dark matter
astonished<00:10:35.760><c> the</c><00:10:36.000><c> scientific</c><00:10:36.560><c> community</c><00:10:37.200><c> with</c>

09:10.206 --> 09:10.216 align:start position:0%
astonished the scientific community with
 

09:10.216 --> 09:12.766 align:start position:0%
astonished the scientific community with
almost<00:10:37.920><c> 100</c><00:10:38.240><c> times</c><00:10:38.640><c> more</c><00:10:38.959><c> unseen</c><00:10:39.440><c> mass</c><00:10:39.839><c> than</c>

09:12.766 --> 09:12.776 align:start position:0%
almost 100 times more unseen mass than
 

09:12.776 --> 09:15.167 align:start position:0%
almost 100 times more unseen mass than
in<00:10:40.240><c> the</c><00:10:40.320><c> trillions</c><00:10:40.800><c> of</c><00:10:40.959><c> stars</c><00:10:41.279><c> we</c><00:10:41.519><c> can</c><00:10:41.839><c> see.</c>

09:15.167 --> 09:15.177 align:start position:0%
in the trillions of stars we can see.
 

09:15.177 --> 09:17.807 align:start position:0%
in the trillions of stars we can see.
And<00:10:42.720><c> it</c><00:10:42.880><c> was</c><00:10:43.040><c> this</c><00:10:43.440><c> dark</c><00:10:43.920><c> matter</c><00:10:44.640><c> with</c><00:10:44.880><c> its</c>

09:17.807 --> 09:17.817 align:start position:0%
And it was this dark matter with its
 

09:17.817 --> 09:19.966 align:start position:0%
And it was this dark matter with its
dominant<00:10:45.519><c> pull</c><00:10:45.760><c> of</c><00:10:45.920><c> gravity</c><00:10:46.560><c> that</c><00:10:46.800><c> collapsed</c>

09:19.966 --> 09:19.976 align:start position:0%
dominant pull of gravity that collapsed
 

09:19.976 --> 09:22.687 align:start position:0%
dominant pull of gravity that collapsed
into<00:10:47.600><c> clusters,</c><00:10:48.320><c> sheets,</c><00:10:48.720><c> and</c><00:10:48.959><c> filaments.</c>

09:22.687 --> 09:22.697 align:start position:0%
into clusters, sheets, and filaments.
 

09:22.697 --> 09:24.687 align:start position:0%
into clusters, sheets, and filaments.
The<00:10:50.160><c> raw</c><00:10:50.480><c> material</c><00:10:50.880><c> of</c><00:10:51.120><c> stars,</c><00:10:51.600><c> mainly</c>

09:24.687 --> 09:24.697 align:start position:0%
The raw material of stars, mainly
 

09:24.697 --> 09:27.086 align:start position:0%
The raw material of stars, mainly
hydrogen<00:10:52.399><c> and</c><00:10:52.640><c> helium,</c><00:10:53.279><c> just</c><00:10:53.519><c> came</c><00:10:53.760><c> along</c><00:10:54.160><c> for</c>

09:27.086 --> 09:27.096 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and helium, just came along for
 

09:27.096 --> 09:29.727 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and helium, just came along for
the<00:10:54.640><c> gravitational</c><00:10:55.360><c> ride.</c><00:10:56.320><c> But</c><00:10:56.480><c> unlike</c><00:10:56.800><c> the</c>

09:29.727 --> 09:29.737 align:start position:0%
the gravitational ride. But unlike the
 

09:29.737 --> 09:31.966 align:start position:0%
the gravitational ride. But unlike the
boring<00:10:57.360><c> and</c><00:10:57.680><c> simple</c><00:10:58.160><c> gravitational</c><00:10:58.959><c> physics</c>

09:31.966 --> 09:31.976 align:start position:0%
boring and simple gravitational physics
 

09:31.976 --> 09:34.127 align:start position:0%
boring and simple gravitational physics
of<00:10:59.519><c> dark</c><00:10:59.760><c> matter,</c><00:11:00.320><c> which</c><00:11:00.640><c> can</c><00:11:00.800><c> only</c><00:11:01.040><c> slowly</c>

09:34.127 --> 09:34.137 align:start position:0%
of dark matter, which can only slowly
 

09:34.137 --> 09:37.007 align:start position:0%
of dark matter, which can only slowly
gather<00:11:01.760><c> and</c><00:11:02.000><c> not</c><00:11:02.240><c> fully</c><00:11:02.560><c> collapse,</c><00:11:03.600><c> gas</c><00:11:04.000><c> can</c>

09:37.007 --> 09:37.017 align:start position:0%
gather and not fully collapse, gas can
 

09:37.017 --> 09:39.327 align:start position:0%
gather and not fully collapse, gas can
interact<00:11:04.720><c> electromagnetically</c><00:11:06.160><c> and</c><00:11:06.320><c> thus</c>

09:39.327 --> 09:39.337 align:start position:0%
interact electromagnetically and thus
 

09:39.337 --> 09:42.127 align:start position:0%
interact electromagnetically and thus
collide,<00:11:07.279><c> cool,</c><00:11:07.680><c> and</c><00:11:08.079><c> eventually</c><00:11:08.640><c> collapse,</c>

09:42.127 --> 09:42.137 align:start position:0%
collide, cool, and eventually collapse,
 

09:42.137 --> 09:44.766 align:start position:0%
collide, cool, and eventually collapse,
bursting<00:11:09.839><c> into</c><00:11:10.160><c> light</c><00:11:10.560><c> as</c><00:11:10.880><c> new</c><00:11:11.200><c> stars</c><00:11:11.680><c> roar</c>

09:44.766 --> 09:44.776 align:start position:0%
bursting into light as new stars roar
 

09:44.776 --> 09:47.247 align:start position:0%
bursting into light as new stars roar
into<00:11:12.320><c> being</c><00:11:12.720><c> as</c><00:11:12.959><c> high</c><00:11:13.279><c> density</c><00:11:13.760><c> knots</c><00:11:14.160><c> in</c><00:11:14.399><c> the</c>

09:47.247 --> 09:47.257 align:start position:0%
into being as high density knots in the
 

09:47.257 --> 09:50.367 align:start position:0%
into being as high density knots in the
collapsing<00:11:15.040><c> material.</c><00:11:16.480><c> Although</c><00:11:17.360><c> this</c>

09:50.367 --> 09:50.377 align:start position:0%
collapsing material. Although this
 

09:50.377 --> 09:52.206 align:start position:0%
collapsing material. Although this
picture<00:11:18.240><c> did</c><00:11:18.480><c> have</c><00:11:18.720><c> an</c><00:11:18.880><c> unsettling</c>

09:52.206 --> 09:52.216 align:start position:0%
picture did have an unsettling
 

09:52.216 --> 09:55.086 align:start position:0%
picture did have an unsettling
conclusion.<00:11:20.640><c> When</c><00:11:20.800><c> we</c><00:11:20.959><c> look</c><00:11:21.120><c> at</c><00:11:21.279><c> any</c><00:11:21.600><c> galaxy,</c>

09:55.086 --> 09:55.096 align:start position:0%
conclusion. When we look at any galaxy,
 

09:55.096 --> 09:57.327 align:start position:0%
conclusion. When we look at any galaxy,
including<00:11:22.720><c> our</c><00:11:22.959><c> own</c><00:11:23.200><c> Milky</c><00:11:23.519><c> Way,</c><00:11:24.079><c> what</c><00:11:24.240><c> we</c><00:11:24.399><c> are</c>

09:57.327 --> 09:57.337 align:start position:0%
including our own Milky Way, what we are
 

09:57.337 --> 09:59.807 align:start position:0%
including our own Milky Way, what we are
seeing<00:11:25.120><c> is</c><00:11:25.360><c> the</c><00:11:25.600><c> proverbial</c><00:11:26.399><c> icing</c><00:11:26.720><c> on</c><00:11:26.959><c> the</c>

09:59.807 --> 09:59.817 align:start position:0%
seeing is the proverbial icing on the
 

09:59.817 --> 10:03.167 align:start position:0%
seeing is the proverbial icing on the
cake.<00:11:28.320><c> All</c><00:11:28.480><c> the</c><00:11:28.720><c> stars</c><00:11:29.279><c> nestled</c><00:11:29.760><c> together</c><00:11:30.399><c> are</c>

10:03.167 --> 10:03.177 align:start position:0%
cake. All the stars nestled together are
 

10:03.177 --> 10:06.287 align:start position:0%
cake. All the stars nestled together are
bound<00:11:30.800><c> by</c><00:11:30.959><c> the</c><00:11:31.200><c> gravity</c><00:11:31.680><c> of</c><00:11:32.000><c> dark</c><00:11:32.480><c> matter.</c><00:11:33.440><c> And</c>

10:06.287 --> 10:06.297 align:start position:0%
bound by the gravity of dark matter. And
 

10:06.297 --> 10:08.607 align:start position:0%
bound by the gravity of dark matter. And
it<00:11:33.760><c> is</c><00:11:33.920><c> this</c><00:11:34.320><c> distribution</c><00:11:34.959><c> of</c><00:11:35.120><c> unseen</c><00:11:35.600><c> matter</c>

10:08.607 --> 10:08.617 align:start position:0%
it is this distribution of unseen matter
 

10:08.617 --> 10:10.607 align:start position:0%
it is this distribution of unseen matter
that<00:11:36.160><c> stretches</c><00:11:36.640><c> far</c><00:11:36.880><c> beyond</c><00:11:37.279><c> the</c><00:11:37.519><c> visible</c>

10:10.607 --> 10:10.617 align:start position:0%
that stretches far beyond the visible
 

10:10.617 --> 10:13.167 align:start position:0%
that stretches far beyond the visible
edge<00:11:38.160><c> of</c><00:11:38.240><c> the</c><00:11:38.480><c> galaxy</c><00:11:39.120><c> and</c><00:11:39.440><c> links</c><00:11:39.680><c> it</c><00:11:39.839><c> into</c><00:11:40.240><c> the</c>

10:13.167 --> 10:13.177 align:start position:0%
edge of the galaxy and links it into the
 

10:13.177 --> 10:23.487 align:start position:0%
edge of the galaxy and links it into the
cosmic<00:11:40.959><c> web</c><00:11:41.600><c> that</c><00:11:41.920><c> fills</c><00:11:42.240><c> the</c><00:11:42.480><c> universe.</c>

10:23.487 --> 10:23.497 align:start position:0%
 
 

10:23.497 --> 10:25.887 align:start position:0%
 
By<00:11:51.040><c> the</c><00:11:51.200><c> late</c><00:11:51.440><c> 20th</c><00:11:51.839><c> century,</c><00:11:52.480><c> cosmologists</c>

10:25.887 --> 10:25.897 align:start position:0%
By the late 20th century, cosmologists
 

10:25.897 --> 10:27.727 align:start position:0%
By the late 20th century, cosmologists
felt<00:11:53.440><c> that</c><00:11:53.600><c> they</c><00:11:53.760><c> had</c><00:11:53.839><c> a</c><00:11:54.000><c> good</c><00:11:54.160><c> idea</c><00:11:54.560><c> about</c><00:11:54.800><c> the</c>

10:27.727 --> 10:27.737 align:start position:0%
felt that they had a good idea about the
 

10:27.737 --> 10:30.447 align:start position:0%
felt that they had a good idea about the
formation<00:11:55.440><c> and</c><00:11:55.760><c> evolution</c><00:11:56.240><c> of</c><00:11:56.480><c> galaxies.</c><00:11:57.600><c> But</c>

10:30.447 --> 10:30.457 align:start position:0%
formation and evolution of galaxies. But
 

10:30.457 --> 10:32.526 align:start position:0%
formation and evolution of galaxies. But
once<00:11:58.000><c> it</c><00:11:58.240><c> seemed</c><00:11:58.560><c> clear</c><00:11:58.800><c> that</c><00:11:59.120><c> galaxies</c><00:11:59.600><c> had</c>

10:32.526 --> 10:32.536 align:start position:0%
once it seemed clear that galaxies had
 

10:32.536 --> 10:34.687 align:start position:0%
once it seemed clear that galaxies had
grown<00:12:00.079><c> from</c><00:12:00.320><c> seeds,</c><00:12:01.040><c> drawing</c><00:12:01.440><c> in</c><00:12:01.600><c> more</c><00:12:01.760><c> and</c>

10:34.687 --> 10:34.697 align:start position:0%
grown from seeds, drawing in more and
 

10:34.697 --> 10:36.927 align:start position:0%
grown from seeds, drawing in more and
more<00:12:02.240><c> matter,</c><00:12:03.040><c> the</c><00:12:03.279><c> question</c><00:12:03.519><c> of</c><00:12:03.680><c> the</c><00:12:03.839><c> origin</c>

10:36.927 --> 10:36.937 align:start position:0%
more matter, the question of the origin
 

10:36.937 --> 10:41.167 align:start position:0%
more matter, the question of the origin
of<00:12:04.480><c> those</c><00:12:04.720><c> galactic</c><00:12:05.279><c> seeds</c><00:12:06.240><c> remained.</c>

10:41.167 --> 10:41.177 align:start position:0%
of those galactic seeds remained.
 

10:41.177 --> 10:43.086 align:start position:0%
of those galactic seeds remained.
Theoretical<00:12:09.120><c> ideas</c><00:12:09.519><c> had</c><00:12:09.680><c> bounced</c><00:12:10.000><c> around</c><00:12:10.240><c> for</c>

10:43.086 --> 10:43.096 align:start position:0%
Theoretical ideas had bounced around for
 

10:43.096 --> 10:46.287 align:start position:0%
Theoretical ideas had bounced around for
a<00:12:10.560><c> decade</c><00:12:10.880><c> or</c><00:12:11.120><c> so.</c><00:12:11.600><c> But</c><00:12:11.760><c> in</c><00:12:12.000><c> 1989,</c><00:12:13.040><c> a</c><00:12:13.279><c> space</c>

10:46.287 --> 10:46.297 align:start position:0%
a decade or so. But in 1989, a space
 

10:46.297 --> 10:48.766 align:start position:0%
a decade or so. But in 1989, a space
telescope<00:12:14.160><c> was</c><00:12:14.399><c> launched,</c><00:12:15.279><c> the</c><00:12:15.519><c> Cosmic</c>

10:48.766 --> 10:48.776 align:start position:0%
telescope was launched, the Cosmic
 

10:48.776 --> 10:51.407 align:start position:0%
telescope was launched, the Cosmic
Microwave<00:12:16.720><c> Background</c><00:12:17.200><c> Explorer,</c><00:12:17.920><c> or</c><00:12:18.240><c> Kobe</c>

10:51.407 --> 10:51.417 align:start position:0%
Microwave Background Explorer, or Kobe
 

10:51.417 --> 10:53.807 align:start position:0%
Microwave Background Explorer, or Kobe
for<00:12:18.959><c> short,</c><00:12:19.519><c> whose</c><00:12:19.920><c> mission</c><00:12:20.160><c> was</c><00:12:20.399><c> to</c><00:12:20.639><c> directly</c>

10:53.807 --> 10:53.817 align:start position:0%
for short, whose mission was to directly
 

10:53.817 --> 10:55.887 align:start position:0%
for short, whose mission was to directly
image<00:12:21.600><c> the</c><00:12:21.839><c> earliest</c><00:12:22.320><c> epochs</c><00:12:22.800><c> of</c><00:12:22.959><c> the</c>

10:55.887 --> 10:55.897 align:start position:0%
image the earliest epochs of the
 

10:55.897 --> 10:57.487 align:start position:0%
image the earliest epochs of the
universe.

10:57.487 --> 10:57.497 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

10:57.497 --> 11:00.367 align:start position:0%
universe.
First<00:12:25.120><c> observed</c><00:12:25.519><c> in</c><00:12:25.680><c> the</c><00:12:25.920><c> 1960s,</c><00:12:26.959><c> the</c><00:12:27.200><c> cosmic</c>

11:00.367 --> 11:00.377 align:start position:0%
First observed in the 1960s, the cosmic
 

11:00.377 --> 11:02.766 align:start position:0%
First observed in the 1960s, the cosmic
microwave<00:12:28.399><c> background</c><00:12:28.880><c> radiation</c><00:12:29.600><c> is</c><00:12:29.839><c> the</c>

11:02.766 --> 11:02.776 align:start position:0%
microwave background radiation is the
 

11:02.776 --> 11:05.487 align:start position:0%
microwave background radiation is the
afterglow<00:12:30.800><c> of</c><00:12:31.040><c> creation</c><00:12:31.519><c> itself.</c><00:12:32.560><c> The</c>

11:05.487 --> 11:05.497 align:start position:0%
afterglow of creation itself. The
 

11:05.497 --> 11:07.807 align:start position:0%
afterglow of creation itself. The
intense<00:12:33.200><c> radiation</c><00:12:33.760><c> of</c><00:12:34.000><c> the</c><00:12:34.160><c> initial</c><00:12:34.560><c> moments</c>

11:07.807 --> 11:07.817 align:start position:0%
intense radiation of the initial moments
 

11:07.817 --> 11:10.206 align:start position:0%
intense radiation of the initial moments
now<00:12:35.360><c> cooled</c><00:12:35.760><c> to</c><00:12:35.920><c> a</c><00:12:36.079><c> feeble</c><00:12:36.560><c> glow</c><00:12:36.959><c> at</c><00:12:37.120><c> a</c><00:12:37.360><c> few</c>

11:10.206 --> 11:10.216 align:start position:0%
now cooled to a feeble glow at a few
 

11:10.216 --> 11:12.287 align:start position:0%
now cooled to a feeble glow at a few
degrees<00:12:37.839><c> above</c><00:12:38.160><c> absolute</c><00:12:38.639><c> zero</c><00:12:39.279><c> that</c>

11:12.287 --> 11:12.297 align:start position:0%
degrees above absolute zero that
 

11:12.297 --> 11:15.727 align:start position:0%
degrees above absolute zero that
entirely<00:12:40.240><c> fills</c><00:12:40.560><c> the</c><00:12:40.800><c> cosmos</c><00:12:41.360><c> today.</c><00:12:42.560><c> Kobe</c>

11:15.727 --> 11:15.737 align:start position:0%
entirely fills the cosmos today. Kobe
 

11:15.737 --> 11:17.807 align:start position:0%
entirely fills the cosmos today. Kobe
found<00:12:43.360><c> that</c><00:12:43.600><c> the</c><00:12:43.760><c> microwave</c><00:12:44.399><c> background</c><00:12:44.880><c> was</c>

11:17.807 --> 11:17.817 align:start position:0%
found that the microwave background was
 

11:17.817 --> 11:20.127 align:start position:0%
found that the microwave background was
an<00:12:45.360><c> almost</c><00:12:45.680><c> perfect</c><00:12:46.160><c> black</c><00:12:46.480><c> body</c><00:12:46.800><c> spectrum</c><00:12:47.200><c> of</c>

11:20.127 --> 11:20.137 align:start position:0%
an almost perfect black body spectrum of
 

11:20.137 --> 11:23.086 align:start position:0%
an almost perfect black body spectrum of
light.<00:12:48.480><c> A</c><00:12:48.639><c> spectrum</c><00:12:49.120><c> so</c><00:12:49.519><c> pure</c><00:12:49.920><c> that</c><00:12:50.079><c> it</c><00:12:50.240><c> could</c>

11:23.086 --> 11:23.096 align:start position:0%
light. A spectrum so pure that it could
 

11:23.096 --> 11:24.927 align:start position:0%
light. A spectrum so pure that it could
only<00:12:50.560><c> have</c><00:12:50.800><c> been</c><00:12:50.959><c> forged</c><00:12:51.360><c> in</c><00:12:51.519><c> the</c><00:12:51.680><c> furnace</c><00:12:52.079><c> of</c>

11:24.927 --> 11:24.937 align:start position:0%
only have been forged in the furnace of
 

11:24.937 --> 11:27.646 align:start position:0%
only have been forged in the furnace of
the<00:12:52.480><c> big</c><00:12:52.639><c> bang.</c><00:12:53.519><c> This</c><00:12:53.680><c> was</c><00:12:53.839><c> not</c><00:12:54.000><c> just</c><00:12:54.160><c> a</c><00:12:54.320><c> clue.</c>

11:27.646 --> 11:27.656 align:start position:0%
the big bang. This was not just a clue.
 

11:27.656 --> 11:29.727 align:start position:0%
the big bang. This was not just a clue.
This<00:12:55.200><c> was</c><00:12:55.360><c> confirmation</c><00:12:56.000><c> of</c><00:12:56.240><c> the</c><00:12:56.399><c> universe's</c>

11:29.727 --> 11:29.737 align:start position:0%
This was confirmation of the universe's
 

11:29.737 --> 11:32.287 align:start position:0%
This was confirmation of the universe's
fiery<00:12:57.519><c> birth</c><00:12:58.000><c> and</c><00:12:58.240><c> the</c><00:12:58.480><c> idea</c><00:12:58.639><c> of</c><00:12:58.800><c> a</c><00:12:58.959><c> searingly</c>

11:32.287 --> 11:32.297 align:start position:0%
fiery birth and the idea of a searingly
 

11:32.297 --> 11:35.727 align:start position:0%
fiery birth and the idea of a searingly
hot<00:12:59.920><c> initial</c><00:13:00.399><c> few</c><00:13:00.639><c> moments.</c><00:13:02.000><c> But</c><00:13:02.240><c> then</c><00:13:02.720><c> came</c>

11:35.727 --> 11:35.737 align:start position:0%
hot initial few moments. But then came
 

11:35.737 --> 11:39.007 align:start position:0%
hot initial few moments. But then came
the<00:13:03.279><c> subtler</c><00:13:03.760><c> truth</c><00:13:04.720><c> hidden</c><00:13:05.360><c> in</c><00:13:05.600><c> the</c><00:13:05.839><c> tiniest</c>

11:39.007 --> 11:39.017 align:start position:0%
the subtler truth hidden in the tiniest
 

11:39.017 --> 11:45.326 align:start position:0%
the subtler truth hidden in the tiniest
of<00:13:06.480><c> ripples.</c>

11:45.326 --> 11:45.336 align:start position:0%
 
 

11:45.336 --> 11:48.607 align:start position:0%
 
Kobe<00:13:13.120><c> revealed</c><00:13:13.920><c> fluctuations</c><00:13:15.279><c> at</c><00:13:15.519><c> the</c><00:13:15.680><c> level</c>

11:48.607 --> 11:48.617 align:start position:0%
Kobe revealed fluctuations at the level
 

11:48.617 --> 11:52.287 align:start position:0%
Kobe revealed fluctuations at the level
of<00:13:16.240><c> one</c><00:13:16.560><c> part</c><00:13:16.880><c> in</c><00:13:17.279><c> 10,000.</c><00:13:18.720><c> Faint</c><00:13:19.040><c> wrinkles</c>

11:52.287 --> 11:52.297 align:start position:0%
of one part in 10,000. Faint wrinkles
 

11:52.297 --> 11:55.086 align:start position:0%
of one part in 10,000. Faint wrinkles
over<00:13:19.839><c> the</c><00:13:20.079><c> entire</c><00:13:20.480><c> fabric</c><00:13:20.880><c> of</c><00:13:21.040><c> the</c><00:13:21.279><c> sky.</c><00:13:22.240><c> And</c>

11:55.086 --> 11:55.096 align:start position:0%
over the entire fabric of the sky. And
 

11:55.096 --> 11:57.086 align:start position:0%
over the entire fabric of the sky. And
it<00:13:22.639><c> was</c><00:13:22.800><c> these</c><00:13:23.200><c> that</c><00:13:23.440><c> were</c><00:13:23.600><c> the</c><00:13:23.760><c> seeds</c><00:13:24.160><c> from</c>

11:57.086 --> 11:57.096 align:start position:0%
it was these that were the seeds from
 

11:57.096 --> 11:59.247 align:start position:0%
it was these that were the seeds from
which<00:13:24.639><c> galaxies</c><00:13:25.200><c> would</c><00:13:25.440><c> grow.</c><00:13:26.320><c> The</c>

11:59.247 --> 11:59.257 align:start position:0%
which galaxies would grow. The
 

11:59.257 --> 12:01.167 align:start position:0%
which galaxies would grow. The
fingerprints<00:13:27.120><c> of</c><00:13:27.279><c> structure</c><00:13:27.920><c> etched</c><00:13:28.240><c> into</c>

12:01.167 --> 12:01.177 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of structure etched into
 

12:01.177 --> 12:04.287 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of structure etched into
the<00:13:28.639><c> infant</c><00:13:29.040><c> cosmos.</c><00:13:30.160><c> In</c><00:13:30.480><c> those</c><00:13:30.720><c> patterns,</c><00:13:31.360><c> we</c>

12:04.287 --> 12:04.297 align:start position:0%
the infant cosmos. In those patterns, we
 

12:04.297 --> 12:07.727 align:start position:0%
the infant cosmos. In those patterns, we
glimpse<00:13:31.920><c> the</c><00:13:32.160><c> universe</c><00:13:32.560><c> as</c><00:13:32.800><c> it</c><00:13:33.040><c> was</c><00:13:33.680><c> 380,000</c>

12:07.727 --> 12:07.737 align:start position:0%
glimpse the universe as it was 380,000
 

12:07.737 --> 12:10.766 align:start position:0%
glimpse the universe as it was 380,000
years<00:13:35.760><c> after</c><00:13:36.160><c> its</c><00:13:36.399><c> birth.</c><00:13:37.440><c> And</c><00:13:37.519><c> so</c><00:13:37.760><c> what</c><00:13:37.920><c> we</c>

12:10.766 --> 12:10.776 align:start position:0%
years after its birth. And so what we
 

12:10.776 --> 12:13.247 align:start position:0%
years after its birth. And so what we
are<00:13:38.160><c> seeing</c><00:13:38.399><c> in</c><00:13:38.639><c> the</c><00:13:38.800><c> CMBB</c><00:13:39.600><c> is</c><00:13:39.920><c> the</c><00:13:40.160><c> first</c>

12:13.247 --> 12:13.257 align:start position:0%
are seeing in the CMBB is the first
 

12:13.257 --> 12:15.887 align:start position:0%
are seeing in the CMBB is the first
sketch<00:13:41.040><c> of</c><00:13:41.200><c> the</c><00:13:41.360><c> cosmic</c><00:13:41.920><c> web</c><00:13:42.560><c> drawn</c><00:13:42.880><c> in</c><00:13:43.040><c> the</c>

12:15.887 --> 12:15.897 align:start position:0%
sketch of the cosmic web drawn in the
 

12:15.897 --> 12:18.607 align:start position:0%
sketch of the cosmic web drawn in the
language<00:13:43.600><c> of</c><00:13:43.760><c> gravity</c><00:13:44.399><c> and</c><00:13:44.720><c> time.</c><00:13:45.680><c> These</c>

12:18.607 --> 12:18.617 align:start position:0%
language of gravity and time. These
 

12:18.617 --> 12:20.927 align:start position:0%
language of gravity and time. These
delicate<00:13:46.480><c> variations</c><00:13:47.200><c> would</c><00:13:47.519><c> swell</c><00:13:47.920><c> into</c>

12:20.927 --> 12:20.937 align:start position:0%
delicate variations would swell into
 

12:20.937 --> 12:23.567 align:start position:0%
delicate variations would swell into
filaments<00:13:48.720><c> and</c><00:13:48.959><c> clusters</c><00:13:49.839><c> shaping</c><00:13:50.320><c> the</c><00:13:50.560><c> grand</c>

12:23.567 --> 12:23.577 align:start position:0%
filaments and clusters shaping the grand
 

12:23.577 --> 12:31.727 align:start position:0%
filaments and clusters shaping the grand
design<00:13:51.360><c> we</c><00:13:51.680><c> inhabit</c><00:13:52.079><c> today.</c>

12:31.727 --> 12:31.737 align:start position:0%
 
 

12:31.737 --> 12:33.807 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:13:59.279><c> that</c><00:13:59.440><c> wasn't</c><00:13:59.680><c> the</c><00:13:59.920><c> end.</c><00:14:00.560><c> If</c><00:14:00.720><c> it</c><00:14:00.800><c> was</c><00:14:00.959><c> not</c>

12:33.807 --> 12:33.817 align:start position:0%
But that wasn't the end. If it was not
 

12:33.817 --> 12:35.886 align:start position:0%
But that wasn't the end. If it was not
only<00:14:01.360><c> random</c><00:14:01.839><c> fluctuations</c><00:14:02.560><c> that</c><00:14:02.800><c> were</c><00:14:02.959><c> found</c>

12:35.886 --> 12:35.896 align:start position:0%
only random fluctuations that were found
 

12:35.896 --> 12:38.526 align:start position:0%
only random fluctuations that were found
in<00:14:03.440><c> this</c><00:14:03.600><c> window</c><00:14:03.920><c> into</c><00:14:04.160><c> the</c><00:14:04.320><c> early</c><00:14:04.720><c> universe,</c>

12:38.526 --> 12:38.536 align:start position:0%
in this window into the early universe,
 

12:38.536 --> 12:41.886 align:start position:0%
in this window into the early universe,
there<00:14:06.079><c> was</c><00:14:06.320><c> something</c><00:14:06.880><c> else,</c><00:14:08.160><c> something</c>

12:41.886 --> 12:41.896 align:start position:0%
there was something else, something
 

12:41.896 --> 12:46.127 align:start position:0%
there was something else, something
bigger,<00:14:10.160><c> something</c><00:14:10.720><c> more</c><00:14:11.920><c> organized.</c>

12:46.127 --> 12:46.137 align:start position:0%
bigger, something more organized.
 

12:46.137 --> 12:48.127 align:start position:0%
bigger, something more organized.
And<00:14:13.680><c> so</c><00:14:13.839><c> to</c><00:14:14.079><c> find</c><00:14:14.240><c> out</c><00:14:14.480><c> what</c><00:14:14.800><c> caused</c><00:14:15.120><c> these</c>

12:48.127 --> 12:48.137 align:start position:0%
And so to find out what caused these
 

12:48.137 --> 12:51.247 align:start position:0%
And so to find out what caused these
patterns,<00:14:16.240><c> we</c><00:14:16.480><c> must</c><00:14:16.639><c> look</c><00:14:16.959><c> deeper</c><00:14:17.440><c> still</c><00:14:18.240><c> back</c>

12:51.247 --> 12:51.257 align:start position:0%
patterns, we must look deeper still back
 

12:51.257 --> 12:53.326 align:start position:0%
patterns, we must look deeper still back
before<00:14:18.959><c> the</c><00:14:19.199><c> cosmic</c><00:14:19.600><c> microwave</c><00:14:20.160><c> background</c>

12:53.326 --> 12:53.336 align:start position:0%
before the cosmic microwave background
 

12:53.336 --> 12:55.966 align:start position:0%
before the cosmic microwave background
was<00:14:20.880><c> formed</c><00:14:21.680><c> to</c><00:14:21.839><c> an</c><00:14:22.160><c> era</c><00:14:22.399><c> when</c><00:14:22.560><c> the</c><00:14:22.800><c> universe</c>

12:55.966 --> 12:55.976 align:start position:0%
was formed to an era when the universe
 

12:55.976 --> 12:59.646 align:start position:0%
was formed to an era when the universe
was<00:14:23.440><c> a</c><00:14:23.600><c> seething</c><00:14:24.079><c> plasma.</c><00:14:25.199><c> hot,</c><00:14:26.000><c> dense,</c><00:14:26.639><c> and</c>

12:59.646 --> 12:59.656 align:start position:0%
was a seething plasma. hot, dense, and
 

12:59.656 --> 13:01.807 align:start position:0%
was a seething plasma. hot, dense, and
waiting<00:14:27.279><c> for</c><00:14:27.440><c> the</c><00:14:27.680><c> first</c><00:14:27.920><c> light</c><00:14:28.560><c> to</c><00:14:28.880><c> break</c>

13:01.807 --> 13:01.817 align:start position:0%
waiting for the first light to break
 

13:01.817 --> 13:16.607 align:start position:0%
waiting for the first light to break
free.

13:16.607 --> 13:16.617 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:16.617 --> 13:19.086 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:14:44.160><c> the</c><00:14:44.240><c> early</c><00:14:44.560><c> 1980s,</c><00:14:45.519><c> a</c><00:14:45.760><c> small</c><00:14:46.000><c> group</c><00:14:46.240><c> of</c>

13:19.086 --> 13:19.096 align:start position:0%
In the early 1980s, a small group of
 

13:19.096 --> 13:22.206 align:start position:0%
In the early 1980s, a small group of
astronomers<00:14:47.199><c> known</c><00:14:47.519><c> as</c><00:14:47.760><c> the</c><00:14:48.079><c> seven</c><00:14:48.560><c> samurai</c>

13:22.206 --> 13:22.216 align:start position:0%
astronomers known as the seven samurai
 

13:22.216 --> 13:23.966 align:start position:0%
astronomers known as the seven samurai
set<00:14:49.760><c> out</c><00:14:49.920><c> to</c><00:14:50.160><c> tackle</c><00:14:50.480><c> one</c><00:14:50.720><c> of</c><00:14:50.720><c> the</c><00:14:50.959><c> biggest</c>

13:23.966 --> 13:23.976 align:start position:0%
set out to tackle one of the biggest
 

13:23.976 --> 13:27.167 align:start position:0%
set out to tackle one of the biggest
questions<00:14:51.680><c> in</c><00:14:51.920><c> cosmology.</c><00:14:53.040><c> Just</c><00:14:53.360><c> how</c><00:14:53.600><c> fast</c><00:14:54.240><c> is</c>

13:27.167 --> 13:27.177 align:start position:0%
questions in cosmology. Just how fast is
 

13:27.177 --> 13:30.206 align:start position:0%
questions in cosmology. Just how fast is
the<00:14:54.720><c> universe</c><00:14:55.680><c> expanding?</c><00:14:57.040><c> The</c><00:14:57.199><c> seven</c>

13:30.206 --> 13:30.216 align:start position:0%
the universe expanding? The seven
 

13:30.216 --> 13:32.127 align:start position:0%
the universe expanding? The seven
samurai<00:14:58.000><c> were</c><00:14:58.160><c> David</c><00:14:58.480><c> Burstein,</c><00:14:59.120><c> Roger</c>

13:32.127 --> 13:32.137 align:start position:0%
samurai were David Burstein, Roger
 

13:32.137 --> 13:34.367 align:start position:0%
samurai were David Burstein, Roger
Davies,<00:14:59.920><c> Alan</c><00:15:00.240><c> Drestler,</c><00:15:00.880><c> Sandra</c><00:15:01.199><c> Faber,</c>

13:34.367 --> 13:34.377 align:start position:0%
Davies, Alan Drestler, Sandra Faber,
 

13:34.377 --> 13:36.526 align:start position:0%
Davies, Alan Drestler, Sandra Faber,
Donald<00:15:02.000><c> Lyndon</c><00:15:02.399><c> Bell,</c><00:15:02.800><c> Roberto</c><00:15:03.279><c> Turovich,</c>

13:36.526 --> 13:36.536 align:start position:0%
Donald Lyndon Bell, Roberto Turovich,
 

13:36.536 --> 13:38.367 align:start position:0%
Donald Lyndon Bell, Roberto Turovich,
and<00:15:04.000><c> Gary</c><00:15:04.240><c> Vegnner.</c><00:15:04.880><c> Each</c><00:15:05.120><c> bringing</c><00:15:05.440><c> their</c>

13:38.367 --> 13:38.377 align:start position:0%
and Gary Vegnner. Each bringing their
 

13:38.377 --> 13:40.927 align:start position:0%
and Gary Vegnner. Each bringing their
own<00:15:05.839><c> expertise,</c><00:15:06.800><c> but</c><00:15:07.040><c> together</c><00:15:07.600><c> forming</c><00:15:08.000><c> a</c>

13:40.927 --> 13:40.937 align:start position:0%
own expertise, but together forming a
 

13:40.937 --> 13:42.526 align:start position:0%
own expertise, but together forming a
team<00:15:08.399><c> that</c><00:15:08.639><c> would</c><00:15:08.880><c> reshape</c><00:15:09.440><c> our</c>

13:42.526 --> 13:42.536 align:start position:0%
team that would reshape our
 

13:42.536 --> 13:45.167 align:start position:0%
team that would reshape our
understanding<00:15:10.399><c> of</c><00:15:10.720><c> cosmic</c><00:15:11.199><c> motion.</c><00:15:12.240><c> Their</c>

13:45.167 --> 13:45.177 align:start position:0%
understanding of cosmic motion. Their
 

13:45.177 --> 13:47.966 align:start position:0%
understanding of cosmic motion. Their
observational<00:15:13.199><c> program</c><00:15:13.760><c> was</c><00:15:14.079><c> ambitious.</c>

13:47.966 --> 13:47.976 align:start position:0%
observational program was ambitious.
 

13:47.976 --> 13:50.127 align:start position:0%
observational program was ambitious.
They<00:15:15.519><c> focused</c><00:15:15.920><c> their</c><00:15:16.160><c> work</c><00:15:16.480><c> on</c><00:15:16.800><c> measuring</c><00:15:17.120><c> the</c>

13:50.127 --> 13:50.137 align:start position:0%
They focused their work on measuring the
 

13:50.137 --> 13:53.086 align:start position:0%
They focused their work on measuring the
distances<00:15:18.000><c> and</c><00:15:18.399><c> velocities</c><00:15:19.120><c> of</c><00:15:19.440><c> hundreds</c><00:15:20.000><c> of</c>

13:53.086 --> 13:53.096 align:start position:0%
distances and velocities of hundreds of
 

13:53.096 --> 13:55.807 align:start position:0%
distances and velocities of hundreds of
elliptical<00:15:20.880><c> galaxies.</c><00:15:21.920><c> But</c><00:15:22.079><c> the</c><00:15:22.240><c> payoff</c><00:15:22.880><c> was</c>

13:55.807 --> 13:55.817 align:start position:0%
elliptical galaxies. But the payoff was
 

13:55.817 --> 13:58.687 align:start position:0%
elliptical galaxies. But the payoff was
immense.<00:15:24.240><c> For</c><00:15:24.399><c> with</c><00:15:24.639><c> their</c><00:15:24.800><c> catalog</c><00:15:25.360><c> in</c><00:15:25.600><c> hand,</c>

13:58.687 --> 13:58.697 align:start position:0%
immense. For with their catalog in hand,
 

13:58.697 --> 14:01.167 align:start position:0%
immense. For with their catalog in hand,
the<00:15:26.240><c> seven</c><00:15:26.560><c> samurai</c><00:15:27.279><c> could</c><00:15:27.519><c> begin</c><00:15:27.839><c> to</c><00:15:28.000><c> map</c><00:15:28.240><c> the</c>

14:01.167 --> 14:01.177 align:start position:0%
the seven samurai could begin to map the
 

14:01.177 --> 14:03.886 align:start position:0%
the seven samurai could begin to map the
motions<00:15:28.959><c> of</c><00:15:29.279><c> galaxies</c><00:15:30.000><c> across</c><00:15:30.399><c> the</c><00:15:30.720><c> local</c>

14:03.886 --> 14:03.896 align:start position:0%
motions of galaxies across the local
 

14:03.896 --> 14:07.167 align:start position:0%
motions of galaxies across the local
universe,<00:15:32.480><c> where</c><00:15:32.720><c> they</c><00:15:32.880><c> were</c><00:15:33.040><c> going</c><00:15:33.920><c> and</c><00:15:34.160><c> how</c>

14:07.167 --> 14:07.177 align:start position:0%
universe, where they were going and how
 

14:07.177 --> 14:09.966 align:start position:0%
universe, where they were going and how
fast.<00:15:35.600><c> And</c><00:15:35.839><c> what</c><00:15:36.000><c> they</c><00:15:36.160><c> uncovered</c><00:15:36.959><c> was</c>

14:09.966 --> 14:09.976 align:start position:0%
fast. And what they uncovered was
 

14:09.976 --> 14:17.086 align:start position:0%
fast. And what they uncovered was
extraordinary.

14:17.086 --> 14:17.096 align:start position:0%
 
 

14:17.096 --> 14:18.687 align:start position:0%
 
Their<00:15:44.720><c> measurements</c><00:15:45.199><c> revealed</c><00:15:45.839><c> that</c>

14:18.687 --> 14:18.697 align:start position:0%
Their measurements revealed that
 

14:18.697 --> 14:20.927 align:start position:0%
Their measurements revealed that
galaxies<00:15:46.480><c> were</c><00:15:46.720><c> not</c><00:15:46.880><c> simply</c><00:15:47.279><c> drifting</c><00:15:47.760><c> apart</c>

14:20.927 --> 14:20.937 align:start position:0%
galaxies were not simply drifting apart
 

14:20.937 --> 14:22.526 align:start position:0%
galaxies were not simply drifting apart
with<00:15:48.480><c> the</c><00:15:48.720><c> smooth</c><00:15:49.040><c> expansion</c><00:15:49.440><c> of</c><00:15:49.600><c> the</c>

14:22.526 --> 14:22.536 align:start position:0%
with the smooth expansion of the
 

14:22.536 --> 14:25.326 align:start position:0%
with the smooth expansion of the
universe.<00:15:51.040><c> Instead,</c><00:15:51.839><c> they</c><00:15:52.079><c> saw</c><00:15:52.320><c> that</c><00:15:52.480><c> there</c>

14:25.326 --> 14:25.336 align:start position:0%
universe. Instead, they saw that there
 

14:25.336 --> 14:27.407 align:start position:0%
universe. Instead, they saw that there
must<00:15:52.800><c> be</c><00:15:52.959><c> a</c><00:15:53.120><c> vast</c><00:15:53.519><c> region</c><00:15:53.839><c> of</c><00:15:54.079><c> space</c>

14:27.407 --> 14:27.417 align:start position:0%
must be a vast region of space
 

14:27.417 --> 14:29.727 align:start position:0%
must be a vast region of space
containing<00:15:55.120><c> an</c><00:15:55.360><c> immense</c><00:15:55.759><c> quantity</c><00:15:56.240><c> of</c><00:15:56.399><c> mass</c>

14:29.727 --> 14:29.737 align:start position:0%
containing an immense quantity of mass
 

14:29.737 --> 14:31.247 align:start position:0%
containing an immense quantity of mass
that<00:15:57.279><c> was</c><00:15:57.440><c> exerting</c><00:15:57.920><c> an</c><00:15:58.160><c> immense</c>

14:31.247 --> 14:31.257 align:start position:0%
that was exerting an immense
 

14:31.257 --> 14:34.127 align:start position:0%
that was exerting an immense
gravitational<00:15:59.360><c> pull,</c><00:16:00.320><c> drawing</c><00:16:00.880><c> galaxies</c>

14:34.127 --> 14:34.137 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull, drawing galaxies
 

14:34.137 --> 14:36.766 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull, drawing galaxies
towards<00:16:01.920><c> it.</c><00:16:03.040><c> This</c><00:16:03.360><c> mysterious</c>

14:36.766 --> 14:36.776 align:start position:0%
towards it. This mysterious
 

14:36.776 --> 14:38.927 align:start position:0%
towards it. This mysterious
concentration<00:16:04.639><c> of</c><00:16:04.880><c> mass</c><00:16:05.440><c> was</c><00:16:05.680><c> called</c><00:16:05.920><c> the</c>

14:38.927 --> 14:38.937 align:start position:0%
concentration of mass was called the
 

14:38.937 --> 14:41.326 align:start position:0%
concentration of mass was called the
great<00:16:06.480><c> attractor.</c><00:16:07.519><c> Not,</c><00:16:07.839><c> as</c><00:16:08.000><c> it</c><00:16:08.160><c> turned</c><00:16:08.399><c> out,</c>

14:41.326 --> 14:41.336 align:start position:0%
great attractor. Not, as it turned out,
 

14:41.336 --> 14:43.886 align:start position:0%
great attractor. Not, as it turned out,
a<00:16:08.880><c> single</c><00:16:09.120><c> object,</c><00:16:09.839><c> but</c><00:16:10.079><c> a</c><00:16:10.240><c> sprawling</c><00:16:10.880><c> region</c>

14:43.886 --> 14:43.896 align:start position:0%
a single object, but a sprawling region
 

14:43.896 --> 14:46.287 align:start position:0%
a single object, but a sprawling region
of<00:16:11.440><c> space</c><00:16:12.079><c> dominated</c><00:16:12.720><c> by</c><00:16:12.959><c> clusters</c><00:16:13.360><c> of</c>

14:46.287 --> 14:46.297 align:start position:0%
of space dominated by clusters of
 

14:46.297 --> 14:50.047 align:start position:0%
of space dominated by clusters of
galaxies<00:16:14.399><c> and</c><00:16:14.720><c> dark</c><00:16:15.040><c> matter.</c><00:16:16.240><c> For</c><00:16:16.480><c> cosmology,</c>

14:50.047 --> 14:50.057 align:start position:0%
galaxies and dark matter. For cosmology,
 

14:50.057 --> 14:52.526 align:start position:0%
galaxies and dark matter. For cosmology,
this<00:16:17.519><c> was</c><00:16:17.680><c> a</c><00:16:17.839><c> revelation.</c><00:16:18.720><c> The</c><00:16:18.959><c> cosmological</c>

14:52.526 --> 14:52.536 align:start position:0%
this was a revelation. The cosmological
 

14:52.536 --> 14:55.407 align:start position:0%
this was a revelation. The cosmological
principle<00:16:20.399><c> assumes</c><00:16:20.880><c> that</c><00:16:21.360><c> on</c><00:16:21.680><c> large</c><00:16:22.079><c> scales</c>

14:55.407 --> 14:55.417 align:start position:0%
principle assumes that on large scales
 

14:55.417 --> 14:57.487 align:start position:0%
principle assumes that on large scales
the<00:16:23.040><c> universe</c><00:16:23.440><c> is</c><00:16:23.759><c> homogeneous</c><00:16:24.480><c> and</c>

14:57.487 --> 14:57.497 align:start position:0%
the universe is homogeneous and
 

14:57.497 --> 15:00.526 align:start position:0%
the universe is homogeneous and
isotropic,<00:16:26.079><c> the</c><00:16:26.399><c> same</c><00:16:26.800><c> everywhere</c><00:16:27.360><c> and</c><00:16:27.680><c> in</c>

15:00.526 --> 15:00.536 align:start position:0%
isotropic, the same everywhere and in
 

15:00.536 --> 15:02.847 align:start position:0%
isotropic, the same everywhere and in
every<00:16:28.160><c> direction.</c><00:16:29.120><c> But</c><00:16:29.279><c> the</c><00:16:29.440><c> great</c><00:16:29.600><c> attractor</c>

15:02.847 --> 15:02.857 align:start position:0%
every direction. But the great attractor
 

15:02.857 --> 15:05.007 align:start position:0%
every direction. But the great attractor
showed<00:16:30.560><c> that</c><00:16:30.800><c> even</c><00:16:31.040><c> on</c><00:16:31.279><c> scales</c><00:16:31.680><c> of</c><00:16:31.920><c> hundreds</c>

15:05.007 --> 15:05.017 align:start position:0%
showed that even on scales of hundreds
 

15:05.017 --> 15:07.007 align:start position:0%
showed that even on scales of hundreds
of<00:16:32.480><c> millions</c><00:16:32.880><c> of</c><00:16:33.040><c> light</c><00:16:33.360><c> years,</c><00:16:34.000><c> the</c>

15:07.007 --> 15:07.017 align:start position:0%
of millions of light years, the
 

15:07.017 --> 15:09.007 align:start position:0%
of millions of light years, the
distribution<00:16:34.800><c> of</c><00:16:34.959><c> matter</c><00:16:35.440><c> is</c><00:16:35.759><c> far</c><00:16:36.079><c> from</c>

15:09.007 --> 15:09.017 align:start position:0%
distribution of matter is far from
 

15:09.017 --> 15:13.807 align:start position:0%
distribution of matter is far from
uniform.<00:16:37.519><c> Gravity</c><00:16:38.480><c> creates</c><00:16:39.440><c> flows</c><00:16:40.560><c> and</c><00:16:40.800><c> these</c>

15:13.807 --> 15:13.817 align:start position:0%
uniform. Gravity creates flows and these
 

15:13.817 --> 15:16.287 align:start position:0%
uniform. Gravity creates flows and these
flows<00:16:41.680><c> can</c><00:16:41.920><c> distort</c><00:16:42.720><c> our</c><00:16:42.959><c> view</c><00:16:43.199><c> of</c><00:16:43.360><c> the</c>

15:16.287 --> 15:16.297 align:start position:0%
flows can distort our view of the
 

15:16.297 --> 15:21.086 align:start position:0%
flows can distort our view of the
universe.

15:21.086 --> 15:21.096 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:21.096 --> 15:23.727 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:16:48.639><c> now,</c><00:16:49.199><c> 40</c><00:16:49.600><c> years</c><00:16:49.839><c> later,</c><00:16:50.240><c> that</c><00:16:50.480><c> logic</c><00:16:50.800><c> has</c>

15:23.727 --> 15:23.737 align:start position:0%
And now, 40 years later, that logic has
 

15:23.737 --> 15:25.966 align:start position:0%
And now, 40 years later, that logic has
led<00:16:51.279><c> to</c><00:16:51.440><c> remarkable</c><00:16:52.079><c> discoveries.</c>

15:25.966 --> 15:25.976 align:start position:0%
led to remarkable discoveries.
 

15:25.976 --> 15:27.966 align:start position:0%
led to remarkable discoveries.
Discoveries<00:16:54.000><c> even</c><00:16:54.320><c> larger</c><00:16:54.800><c> and</c><00:16:55.040><c> more</c>

15:27.966 --> 15:27.976 align:start position:0%
Discoveries even larger and more
 

15:27.976 --> 15:29.966 align:start position:0%
Discoveries even larger and more
consequential<00:16:56.079><c> than</c><00:16:56.320><c> the</c><00:16:56.480><c> greater</c><00:16:56.720><c> attractor</c>

15:29.966 --> 15:29.976 align:start position:0%
consequential than the greater attractor
 

15:29.976 --> 15:32.607 align:start position:0%
consequential than the greater attractor
itself.

15:32.607 --> 15:32.617 align:start position:0%
itself.
 

15:32.617 --> 15:34.526 align:start position:0%
itself.
The<00:17:00.240><c> beautiful</c><00:17:00.639><c> campus</c><00:17:01.040><c> of</c><00:17:01.199><c> the</c><00:17:01.440><c> University</c>

15:34.526 --> 15:34.536 align:start position:0%
The beautiful campus of the University
 

15:34.536 --> 15:37.646 align:start position:0%
The beautiful campus of the University
of<00:17:02.079><c> Queensland</c><00:17:02.800><c> sits</c><00:17:03.120><c> on</c><00:17:03.279><c> a</c><00:17:03.519><c> big</c><00:17:03.920><c> lazy</c><00:17:04.319><c> bend</c><00:17:04.799><c> of</c>

15:37.646 --> 15:37.656 align:start position:0%
of Queensland sits on a big lazy bend of
 

15:37.656 --> 15:40.287 align:start position:0%
of Queensland sits on a big lazy bend of
the<00:17:05.120><c> Brisbane</c><00:17:05.520><c> River.</c><00:17:06.240><c> And</c><00:17:06.400><c> it</c><00:17:06.640><c> is</c><00:17:06.799><c> here</c><00:17:07.280><c> that</c>

15:40.287 --> 15:40.297 align:start position:0%
the Brisbane River. And it is here that
 

15:40.297 --> 15:42.526 align:start position:0%
the Brisbane River. And it is here that
Cullen<00:17:08.000><c> Howlett,</c><00:17:08.799><c> a</c><00:17:09.039><c> young</c><00:17:09.280><c> upand</c><00:17:09.679><c> cominging</c>

15:42.526 --> 15:42.536 align:start position:0%
Cullen Howlett, a young upand cominging
 

15:42.536 --> 15:44.847 align:start position:0%
Cullen Howlett, a young upand cominging
cosmologist,<00:17:10.799><c> is</c><00:17:11.039><c> making</c><00:17:11.280><c> his</c><00:17:11.600><c> mark</c><00:17:11.839><c> in</c>

15:44.847 --> 15:44.857 align:start position:0%
cosmologist, is making his mark in
 

15:44.857 --> 15:46.526 align:start position:0%
cosmologist, is making his mark in
understanding<00:17:12.720><c> the</c><00:17:12.959><c> nature</c><00:17:13.360><c> of</c><00:17:13.600><c> the</c>

15:46.526 --> 15:46.536 align:start position:0%
understanding the nature of the
 

15:46.536 --> 15:48.126 align:start position:0%
understanding the nature of the
universe.

15:48.126 --> 15:48.136 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

15:48.136 --> 15:50.047 align:start position:0%
universe.
But<00:17:15.600><c> of</c><00:17:15.760><c> course,</c><00:17:15.919><c> modern</c><00:17:16.240><c> cosmology</c><00:17:16.959><c> is</c><00:17:17.120><c> not</c>

15:50.047 --> 15:50.057 align:start position:0%
But of course, modern cosmology is not
 

15:50.057 --> 15:52.526 align:start position:0%
But of course, modern cosmology is not
confined<00:17:17.919><c> by</c><00:17:18.160><c> geography.</c><00:17:18.959><c> And</c><00:17:19.120><c> Cullen</c><00:17:19.600><c> works</c>

15:52.526 --> 15:52.536 align:start position:0%
confined by geography. And Cullen works
 

15:52.536 --> 15:54.366 align:start position:0%
confined by geography. And Cullen works
with<00:17:20.000><c> leading</c><00:17:20.400><c> researchers</c><00:17:21.039><c> across</c><00:17:21.439><c> the</c>

15:54.366 --> 15:54.376 align:start position:0%
with leading researchers across the
 

15:54.376 --> 15:57.407 align:start position:0%
with leading researchers across the
globe.<00:17:22.559><c> And</c><00:17:22.799><c> this</c><00:17:22.959><c> includes</c><00:17:23.520><c> Brent</c><00:17:24.000><c> Tully</c><00:17:24.480><c> at</c>

15:57.407 --> 15:57.417 align:start position:0%
globe. And this includes Brent Tully at
 

15:57.417 --> 16:00.047 align:start position:0%
globe. And this includes Brent Tully at
the<00:17:24.959><c> University</c><00:17:25.360><c> of</c><00:17:25.600><c> Hawaii,</c><00:17:26.400><c> a</c><00:17:26.559><c> veteran</c><00:17:27.120><c> when</c>

16:00.047 --> 16:00.057 align:start position:0%
the University of Hawaii, a veteran when
 

16:00.057 --> 16:02.366 align:start position:0%
the University of Hawaii, a veteran when
it<00:17:27.439><c> comes</c><00:17:27.600><c> to</c><00:17:27.760><c> mapping</c><00:17:28.160><c> the</c><00:17:28.319><c> universe.</c>

16:02.366 --> 16:02.376 align:start position:0%
it comes to mapping the universe.
 

16:02.376 --> 16:04.287 align:start position:0%
it comes to mapping the universe.
Together,<00:17:30.160><c> they</c><00:17:30.400><c> were</c><00:17:30.640><c> exploring</c><00:17:31.039><c> the</c><00:17:31.280><c> latest</c>

16:04.287 --> 16:04.297 align:start position:0%
Together, they were exploring the latest
 

16:04.297 --> 16:06.606 align:start position:0%
Together, they were exploring the latest
and<00:17:31.840><c> most</c><00:17:32.080><c> detailed</c><00:17:32.480><c> map</c><00:17:32.720><c> of</c><00:17:32.799><c> the</c><00:17:32.960><c> cosmos.</c><00:17:33.520><c> We</c>

16:06.606 --> 16:06.616 align:start position:0%
and most detailed map of the cosmos. We
 

16:06.616 --> 16:10.847 align:start position:0%
and most detailed map of the cosmos. We
have<00:17:34.799><c> known</c><00:17:35.280><c> as</c><00:17:35.600><c> Cosmic</c><00:17:36.080><c> Flows</c><00:17:36.480><c> 4.</c><00:17:37.840><c> This</c>

16:10.847 --> 16:10.857 align:start position:0%
have known as Cosmic Flows 4. This
 

16:10.857 --> 16:13.327 align:start position:0%
have known as Cosmic Flows 4. This
modern<00:17:38.640><c> data</c><00:17:38.960><c> set,</c><00:17:39.520><c> the</c><00:17:39.760><c> distant</c><00:17:40.160><c> descendant</c>

16:13.327 --> 16:13.337 align:start position:0%
modern data set, the distant descendant
 

16:13.337 --> 16:15.087 align:start position:0%
modern data set, the distant descendant
of<00:17:40.799><c> the</c><00:17:41.039><c> remarkable</c><00:17:41.520><c> work</c><00:17:41.760><c> of</c><00:17:41.919><c> the</c><00:17:42.080><c> seven</c>

16:15.087 --> 16:15.097 align:start position:0%
of the remarkable work of the seven
 

16:15.097 --> 16:17.726 align:start position:0%
of the remarkable work of the seven
samurai,<00:17:43.200><c> is</c><00:17:43.360><c> a</c><00:17:43.520><c> compilation</c><00:17:44.080><c> of</c><00:17:44.320><c> decades</c><00:17:44.799><c> of</c>

16:17.726 --> 16:17.736 align:start position:0%
samurai, is a compilation of decades of
 

16:17.736 --> 16:20.127 align:start position:0%
samurai, is a compilation of decades of
careful<00:17:45.440><c> measurements</c><00:17:45.840><c> of</c><00:17:46.080><c> more</c><00:17:46.320><c> than</c><00:17:46.559><c> 50,000</c>

16:20.127 --> 16:20.137 align:start position:0%
careful measurements of more than 50,000
 

16:20.137 --> 16:22.366 align:start position:0%
careful measurements of more than 50,000
galaxies,<00:17:48.480><c> charting</c><00:17:48.880><c> their</c><00:17:49.039><c> positions</c><00:17:49.440><c> and</c>

16:22.366 --> 16:22.376 align:start position:0%
galaxies, charting their positions and
 

16:22.376 --> 16:25.246 align:start position:0%
galaxies, charting their positions and
motions<00:17:50.080><c> across</c><00:17:50.559><c> vast</c><00:17:51.039><c> stretches</c><00:17:51.440><c> of</c><00:17:51.679><c> space,</c>

16:25.246 --> 16:25.256 align:start position:0%
motions across vast stretches of space,
 

16:25.256 --> 16:27.486 align:start position:0%
motions across vast stretches of space,
revealing<00:17:53.039><c> the</c><00:17:53.360><c> hidden</c><00:17:53.679><c> architecture</c><00:17:54.320><c> of</c><00:17:54.559><c> the</c>

16:27.486 --> 16:27.496 align:start position:0%
revealing the hidden architecture of the
 

16:27.496 --> 16:30.847 align:start position:0%
revealing the hidden architecture of the
universe.<00:17:56.240><c> And</c><00:17:56.400><c> it</c><00:17:56.559><c> was</c><00:17:56.720><c> in</c><00:17:57.039><c> this</c><00:17:57.360><c> cuttingedge</c>

16:30.847 --> 16:30.857 align:start position:0%
universe. And it was in this cuttingedge
 

16:30.857 --> 16:33.007 align:start position:0%
universe. And it was in this cuttingedge
three-dimensional<00:17:58.880><c> map</c><00:17:59.039><c> of</c><00:17:59.200><c> the</c><00:17:59.360><c> cosmos</c><00:18:00.080><c> that</c>

16:33.007 --> 16:33.017 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional map of the cosmos that
 

16:33.017 --> 16:39.726 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional map of the cosmos that
they<00:18:00.640><c> stumbled</c><00:18:01.039><c> upon</c><00:18:01.919><c> something</c><00:18:02.240><c> unexpected.</c>

16:39.726 --> 16:39.736 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:39.736 --> 16:41.567 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:18:07.280><c> beyond</c><00:18:07.520><c> the</c><00:18:07.760><c> simple</c><00:18:08.080><c> clusters</c><00:18:08.559><c> and</c>

16:41.567 --> 16:41.577 align:start position:0%
For beyond the simple clusters and
 

16:41.577 --> 16:44.207 align:start position:0%
For beyond the simple clusters and
superclusters<00:18:09.600><c> of</c><00:18:09.760><c> galaxies,</c><00:18:10.720><c> they</c><00:18:10.960><c> found</c><00:18:11.200><c> a</c>

16:44.207 --> 16:44.217 align:start position:0%
superclusters of galaxies, they found a
 

16:44.217 --> 16:46.606 align:start position:0%
superclusters of galaxies, they found a
structure<00:18:12.240><c> unlike</c><00:18:12.799><c> anything</c><00:18:13.120><c> they'd</c><00:18:13.600><c> seen</c>

16:46.606 --> 16:46.616 align:start position:0%
structure unlike anything they'd seen
 

16:46.616 --> 16:48.207 align:start position:0%
structure unlike anything they'd seen
before.

16:48.207 --> 16:48.217 align:start position:0%
before.
 

16:48.217 --> 16:51.967 align:start position:0%
before.
A<00:18:15.840><c> vast</c><00:18:16.400><c> spherical</c><00:18:17.120><c> shell</c><00:18:17.520><c> of</c><00:18:17.760><c> galaxies</c><00:18:18.960><c> so</c>

16:51.967 --> 16:51.977 align:start position:0%
A vast spherical shell of galaxies so
 

16:51.977 --> 16:54.927 align:start position:0%
A vast spherical shell of galaxies so
large<00:18:19.679><c> it</c><00:18:19.919><c> appeared</c><00:18:20.240><c> to</c><00:18:20.400><c> defy</c><00:18:21.039><c> intuition.</c>

16:54.927 --> 16:54.937 align:start position:0%
large it appeared to defy intuition.
 

16:54.937 --> 16:57.486 align:start position:0%
large it appeared to defy intuition.
They<00:18:22.559><c> named</c><00:18:22.799><c> it</c><00:18:23.039><c> Haleilana,</c><00:18:24.080><c> a</c><00:18:24.320><c> Hawaiian</c>

16:57.486 --> 16:57.496 align:start position:0%
They named it Haleilana, a Hawaiian
 

16:57.496 --> 16:59.887 align:start position:0%
They named it Haleilana, a Hawaiian
phrase<00:18:25.280><c> meaning</c><00:18:25.679><c> from</c><00:18:25.919><c> deep</c><00:18:26.240><c> darkness</c><00:18:26.880><c> comes</c>

16:59.887 --> 16:59.897 align:start position:0%
phrase meaning from deep darkness comes
 

16:59.897 --> 17:02.127 align:start position:0%
phrase meaning from deep darkness comes
murmurss<00:18:27.600><c> of</c><00:18:27.760><c> awakening.</c><00:18:28.640><c> And</c><00:18:28.799><c> it</c><00:18:29.039><c> is</c><00:18:29.200><c> an</c>

17:02.127 --> 17:02.137 align:start position:0%
murmurss of awakening. And it is an
 

17:02.137 --> 17:04.687 align:start position:0%
murmurss of awakening. And it is an
immense<00:18:29.919><c> bubble,</c><00:18:30.720><c> a</c><00:18:30.960><c> billion</c><00:18:31.440><c> light</c><00:18:31.760><c> years</c>

17:04.687 --> 17:04.697 align:start position:0%
immense bubble, a billion light years
 

17:04.697 --> 17:07.967 align:start position:0%
immense bubble, a billion light years
across,<00:18:33.039><c> written</c><00:18:33.600><c> into</c><00:18:33.840><c> the</c><00:18:34.080><c> very</c><00:18:34.400><c> fabric</c><00:18:35.039><c> of</c>

17:07.967 --> 17:07.977 align:start position:0%
across, written into the very fabric of
 

17:07.977 --> 17:14.047 align:start position:0%
across, written into the very fabric of
the<00:18:35.520><c> cosmos.</c>

17:14.047 --> 17:14.057 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:14.057 --> 17:15.807 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:18:41.520><c> what</c><00:18:41.760><c> could</c><00:18:41.840><c> have</c><00:18:42.000><c> possibly</c><00:18:42.480><c> created</c>

17:15.807 --> 17:15.817 align:start position:0%
But what could have possibly created
 

17:15.817 --> 17:18.927 align:start position:0%
But what could have possibly created
such<00:18:43.360><c> a</c><00:18:43.520><c> vast</c><00:18:44.000><c> mega</c><00:18:44.400><c> structure?</c><00:18:45.520><c> To</c><00:18:45.760><c> unravel</c>

17:18.927 --> 17:18.937 align:start position:0%
such a vast mega structure? To unravel
 

17:18.937 --> 17:21.167 align:start position:0%
such a vast mega structure? To unravel
this<00:18:46.480><c> mystery,</c><00:18:47.120><c> we</c><00:18:47.280><c> must</c><00:18:47.520><c> go</c><00:18:47.679><c> back</c><00:18:48.000><c> to</c><00:18:48.160><c> behind</c>

17:21.167 --> 17:21.177 align:start position:0%
this mystery, we must go back to behind
 

17:21.177 --> 17:23.407 align:start position:0%
this mystery, we must go back to behind
the<00:18:48.720><c> iron</c><00:18:49.120><c> curtain.</c><00:18:49.919><c> Back</c><00:18:50.240><c> inside</c><00:18:50.559><c> the</c>

17:23.407 --> 17:23.417 align:start position:0%
the iron curtain. Back inside the
 

17:23.417 --> 17:26.047 align:start position:0%
the iron curtain. Back inside the
incredible<00:18:51.280><c> mind</c><00:18:51.919><c> of</c><00:18:52.240><c> Yakov</c><00:18:52.799><c> Borisov</c>

17:26.047 --> 17:26.057 align:start position:0%
incredible mind of Yakov Borisov
 

17:26.057 --> 17:29.087 align:start position:0%
incredible mind of Yakov Borisov
Zeldovich.

17:29.087 --> 17:29.097 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:29.097 --> 17:31.007 align:start position:0%
 
Zeldovich<00:18:57.120><c> was</c><00:18:57.200><c> a</c><00:18:57.360><c> dominant</c><00:18:57.760><c> figure</c><00:18:58.080><c> and</c>

17:31.007 --> 17:31.017 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich was a dominant figure and
 

17:31.017 --> 17:33.327 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich was a dominant figure and
rightly<00:18:58.640><c> held</c><00:18:58.960><c> in</c><00:18:59.120><c> the</c><00:18:59.280><c> highest</c><00:18:59.600><c> regard.</c><00:19:00.480><c> It</c>

17:33.327 --> 17:33.337 align:start position:0%
rightly held in the highest regard. It
 

17:33.337 --> 17:34.927 align:start position:0%
rightly held in the highest regard. It
was<00:19:00.720><c> not</c><00:19:00.880><c> for</c><00:19:01.120><c> nothing</c><00:19:01.360><c> that</c><00:19:01.600><c> he</c><00:19:01.760><c> boasted</c><00:19:02.080><c> of</c>

17:34.927 --> 17:34.937 align:start position:0%
was not for nothing that he boasted of
 

17:34.937 --> 17:37.087 align:start position:0%
was not for nothing that he boasted of
having<00:19:02.559><c> three</c><00:19:02.960><c> gold</c><00:19:03.280><c> stars</c><00:19:03.679><c> to</c><00:19:03.840><c> his</c><00:19:04.000><c> orders</c><00:19:04.320><c> of</c>

17:37.087 --> 17:37.097 align:start position:0%
having three gold stars to his orders of
 

17:37.097 --> 17:41.407 align:start position:0%
having three gold stars to his orders of
Lenin,<00:19:05.280><c> while</c><00:19:05.520><c> BRV</c><00:19:06.400><c> only</c><00:19:06.640><c> had</c><00:19:06.880><c> two.</c><00:19:08.320><c> There's</c><00:19:08.559><c> a</c>

17:41.407 --> 17:41.417 align:start position:0%
Lenin, while BRV only had two. There's a
 

17:41.417 --> 17:43.327 align:start position:0%
Lenin, while BRV only had two. There's a
simple<00:19:09.039><c> anecdote</c><00:19:09.600><c> that</c><00:19:09.919><c> sums</c><00:19:10.240><c> up</c><00:19:10.400><c> the</c>

17:43.327 --> 17:43.337 align:start position:0%
simple anecdote that sums up the
 

17:43.337 --> 17:45.726 align:start position:0%
simple anecdote that sums up the
forceful<00:19:11.200><c> character</c><00:19:11.600><c> of</c><00:19:11.760><c> Zeldovich</c><00:19:12.720><c> as</c><00:19:12.960><c> well</c>

17:45.726 --> 17:45.736 align:start position:0%
forceful character of Zeldovich as well
 

17:45.736 --> 17:48.047 align:start position:0%
forceful character of Zeldovich as well
as<00:19:13.200><c> his</c><00:19:13.520><c> pride</c><00:19:13.919><c> for</c><00:19:14.160><c> the</c><00:19:14.320><c> sheer</c><00:19:14.640><c> quantity</c><00:19:15.120><c> of</c>

17:48.047 --> 17:48.057 align:start position:0%
as his pride for the sheer quantity of
 

17:48.057 --> 17:49.726 align:start position:0%
as his pride for the sheer quantity of
things<00:19:15.760><c> he</c><00:19:16.080><c> discovered</c><00:19:16.559><c> during</c><00:19:16.799><c> his</c>

17:49.726 --> 17:49.736 align:start position:0%
things he discovered during his
 

17:49.736 --> 17:53.087 align:start position:0%
things he discovered during his
lifetime.<00:19:18.160><c> In</c><00:19:18.400><c> 1986,</c><00:19:19.520><c> the</c><00:19:19.760><c> year</c><00:19:19.919><c> before</c><00:19:20.160><c> his</c>

17:53.087 --> 17:53.097 align:start position:0%
lifetime. In 1986, the year before his
 

17:53.097 --> 17:55.327 align:start position:0%
lifetime. In 1986, the year before his
death,<00:19:20.880><c> Zeldovich</c><00:19:21.520><c> took</c><00:19:21.760><c> part</c><00:19:21.919><c> in</c><00:19:22.080><c> a</c><00:19:22.240><c> visit</c><00:19:22.480><c> to</c>

17:55.327 --> 17:55.337 align:start position:0%
death, Zeldovich took part in a visit to
 

17:55.337 --> 17:57.647 align:start position:0%
death, Zeldovich took part in a visit to
Rome<00:19:23.120><c> as</c><00:19:23.360><c> a</c><00:19:23.520><c> delegate</c><00:19:23.919><c> of</c><00:19:24.080><c> the</c><00:19:24.240><c> space</c><00:19:24.559><c> program</c>

17:57.647 --> 17:57.657 align:start position:0%
Rome as a delegate of the space program
 

17:57.657 --> 18:00.606 align:start position:0%
Rome as a delegate of the space program
of<00:19:25.120><c> the</c><00:19:25.280><c> Soviet</c><00:19:25.840><c> Union.</c><00:19:26.799><c> Finally</c><00:19:27.280><c> free</c><00:19:27.520><c> of</c><00:19:27.679><c> the</c>

18:00.606 --> 18:00.616 align:start position:0%
of the Soviet Union. Finally free of the
 

18:00.616 --> 18:02.287 align:start position:0%
of the Soviet Union. Finally free of the
restrictions<00:19:28.400><c> put</c><00:19:28.640><c> upon</c><00:19:28.880><c> him</c><00:19:29.039><c> in</c><00:19:29.280><c> previous</c>

18:02.287 --> 18:02.297 align:start position:0%
restrictions put upon him in previous
 

18:02.297 --> 18:04.047 align:start position:0%
restrictions put upon him in previous
visits<00:19:29.919><c> to</c><00:19:30.080><c> the</c><00:19:30.240><c> west,</c><00:19:30.799><c> he</c><00:19:30.960><c> thoroughly</c>

18:04.047 --> 18:04.057 align:start position:0%
visits to the west, he thoroughly
 

18:04.057 --> 18:05.807 align:start position:0%
visits to the west, he thoroughly
enjoyed<00:19:31.840><c> attending</c><00:19:32.320><c> conferences</c><00:19:32.799><c> and</c>

18:05.807 --> 18:05.817 align:start position:0%
enjoyed attending conferences and
 

18:05.817 --> 18:07.807 align:start position:0%
enjoyed attending conferences and
engaging<00:19:33.520><c> in</c><00:19:33.760><c> open</c><00:19:34.080><c> discussion</c><00:19:34.480><c> with</c><00:19:34.720><c> as</c><00:19:34.960><c> many</c>

18:07.807 --> 18:07.817 align:start position:0%
engaging in open discussion with as many
 

18:07.817 --> 18:09.887 align:start position:0%
engaging in open discussion with as many
people<00:19:35.360><c> as</c><00:19:35.600><c> he</c><00:19:35.840><c> could.</c><00:19:36.559><c> And</c><00:19:36.720><c> it</c><00:19:36.799><c> was</c><00:19:36.960><c> during</c>

18:09.887 --> 18:09.897 align:start position:0%
people as he could. And it was during
 

18:09.897 --> 18:11.726 align:start position:0%
people as he could. And it was during
the<00:19:37.360><c> event</c><00:19:37.520><c> in</c><00:19:37.760><c> Rome</c><00:19:38.000><c> that</c><00:19:38.240><c> he</c><00:19:38.400><c> was</c><00:19:38.559><c> introduced</c>

18:11.726 --> 18:11.736 align:start position:0%
the event in Rome that he was introduced
 

18:11.736 --> 18:14.527 align:start position:0%
the event in Rome that he was introduced
to<00:19:39.280><c> Pope</c><00:19:39.600><c> John</c><00:19:39.840><c> Paul</c><00:19:40.160><c> II</c><00:19:41.120><c> and</c><00:19:41.360><c> upon</c><00:19:41.679><c> their</c>

18:14.527 --> 18:14.537 align:start position:0%
to Pope John Paul II and upon their
 

18:14.537 --> 18:16.767 align:start position:0%
to Pope John Paul II and upon their
meeting<00:19:42.320><c> gifted</c><00:19:42.720><c> his</c><00:19:42.880><c> holiness</c><00:19:43.440><c> two</c><00:19:43.760><c> large</c>

18:16.767 --> 18:16.777 align:start position:0%
meeting gifted his holiness two large
 

18:16.777 --> 18:19.647 align:start position:0%
meeting gifted his holiness two large
red<00:19:44.400><c> volumes</c><00:19:44.799><c> of</c><00:19:45.039><c> his</c><00:19:45.200><c> own</c><00:19:45.440><c> papers.</c><00:19:46.480><c> The</c><00:19:46.720><c> story</c>

18:19.647 --> 18:19.657 align:start position:0%
red volumes of his own papers. The story
 

18:19.657 --> 18:21.726 align:start position:0%
red volumes of his own papers. The story
goes<00:19:47.280><c> that</c><00:19:47.440><c> the</c><00:19:47.600><c> pope</c><00:19:47.919><c> thanked</c><00:19:48.160><c> him</c><00:19:48.320><c> warmly</c><00:19:48.799><c> to</c>

18:21.726 --> 18:21.736 align:start position:0%
goes that the pope thanked him warmly to
 

18:21.736 --> 18:23.967 align:start position:0%
goes that the pope thanked him warmly to
which<00:19:49.200><c> Zeldovich</c><00:19:49.919><c> replied,</c><00:19:50.640><c> "Not</c><00:19:51.039><c> just</c>

18:23.967 --> 18:23.977 align:start position:0%
which Zeldovich replied, "Not just
 

18:23.977 --> 18:31.486 align:start position:0%
which Zeldovich replied, "Not just
thanks,<00:19:52.000><c> these</c><00:19:52.160><c> are</c><00:19:52.320><c> 50</c><00:19:52.640><c> years</c><00:19:52.799><c> of</c><00:19:52.960><c> my</c><00:19:53.200><c> work."</c>

18:31.486 --> 18:31.496 align:start position:0%
 
 

18:31.496 --> 18:33.486 align:start position:0%
 
Zeldovich<00:19:59.440><c> had</c><00:19:59.600><c> long</c><00:19:59.840><c> understood</c><00:20:00.400><c> that</c><00:20:00.640><c> the</c>

18:33.486 --> 18:33.496 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich had long understood that the
 

18:33.496 --> 18:35.726 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich had long understood that the
early<00:20:01.120><c> universe</c><00:20:01.679><c> that</c><00:20:01.919><c> emerged</c><00:20:02.320><c> from</c><00:20:02.559><c> the</c><00:20:02.799><c> big</c>

18:35.726 --> 18:35.736 align:start position:0%
early universe that emerged from the big
 

18:35.736 --> 18:38.847 align:start position:0%
early universe that emerged from the big
bang<00:20:03.600><c> was</c><00:20:03.840><c> a</c><00:20:04.080><c> seething</c><00:20:04.640><c> cauldron</c><00:20:05.280><c> of</c><00:20:05.600><c> light</c>

18:38.847 --> 18:38.857 align:start position:0%
bang was a seething cauldron of light
 

18:38.857 --> 18:40.927 align:start position:0%
bang was a seething cauldron of light
and<00:20:06.480><c> matter.</c><00:20:07.280><c> Indeed,</c><00:20:07.600><c> for</c><00:20:07.760><c> hundreds</c><00:20:08.080><c> of</c>

18:40.927 --> 18:40.937 align:start position:0%
and matter. Indeed, for hundreds of
 

18:40.937 --> 18:43.007 align:start position:0%
and matter. Indeed, for hundreds of
thousands<00:20:08.559><c> of</c><00:20:08.720><c> years,</c><00:20:09.039><c> it</c><00:20:09.280><c> was</c><00:20:09.440><c> so</c><00:20:09.679><c> hot</c><00:20:10.080><c> that</c>

18:43.007 --> 18:43.017 align:start position:0%
thousands of years, it was so hot that
 

18:43.017 --> 18:46.127 align:start position:0%
thousands of years, it was so hot that
matter<00:20:10.880><c> was</c><00:20:11.120><c> a</c><00:20:11.280><c> plasma</c><00:20:12.160><c> with</c><00:20:12.400><c> all</c><00:20:12.640><c> electrons</c>

18:46.127 --> 18:46.137 align:start position:0%
matter was a plasma with all electrons
 

18:46.137 --> 18:48.927 align:start position:0%
matter was a plasma with all electrons
torn<00:20:13.760><c> from</c><00:20:14.000><c> the</c><00:20:14.160><c> nuclei</c><00:20:14.640><c> of</c><00:20:14.799><c> atoms.</c><00:20:15.760><c> In</c><00:20:16.000><c> this</c>

18:48.927 --> 18:48.937 align:start position:0%
torn from the nuclei of atoms. In this
 

18:48.937 --> 18:51.087 align:start position:0%
torn from the nuclei of atoms. In this
state,<00:20:16.640><c> the</c><00:20:16.880><c> light</c><00:20:17.039><c> and</c><00:20:17.280><c> matter</c><00:20:17.679><c> were</c><00:20:17.919><c> locked</c>

18:51.087 --> 18:51.097 align:start position:0%
state, the light and matter were locked
 

18:51.097 --> 18:53.726 align:start position:0%
state, the light and matter were locked
together,<00:20:19.200><c> slloshing</c><00:20:19.760><c> around</c><00:20:20.080><c> as</c><00:20:20.400><c> a</c><00:20:20.640><c> single</c>

18:53.726 --> 18:53.736 align:start position:0%
together, slloshing around as a single
 

18:53.736 --> 18:56.606 align:start position:0%
together, slloshing around as a single
cosmic<00:20:21.600><c> fluid.</c><00:20:22.640><c> However,</c><00:20:22.960><c> the</c><00:20:23.200><c> tiny</c><00:20:23.440><c> ripples</c>

18:56.606 --> 18:56.616 align:start position:0%
cosmic fluid. However, the tiny ripples
 

18:56.616 --> 18:58.527 align:start position:0%
cosmic fluid. However, the tiny ripples
that<00:20:24.160><c> seeded</c><00:20:24.559><c> the</c><00:20:24.720><c> matter</c><00:20:24.960><c> in</c><00:20:25.120><c> the</c><00:20:25.280><c> universe</c>

18:58.527 --> 18:58.537 align:start position:0%
that seeded the matter in the universe
 

18:58.537 --> 19:01.007 align:start position:0%
that seeded the matter in the universe
were<00:20:26.160><c> there.</c><00:20:26.799><c> And</c><00:20:26.960><c> so,</c><00:20:27.200><c> gravity</c><00:20:27.760><c> immediately</c>

19:01.007 --> 19:01.017 align:start position:0%
were there. And so, gravity immediately
 

19:01.017 --> 19:03.967 align:start position:0%
were there. And so, gravity immediately
began<00:20:28.559><c> to</c><00:20:28.799><c> draw</c><00:20:29.120><c> dark</c><00:20:29.520><c> matter</c><00:20:29.919><c> together.</c><00:20:31.039><c> The</c>

19:03.967 --> 19:03.977 align:start position:0%
began to draw dark matter together. The
 

19:03.977 --> 19:05.967 align:start position:0%
began to draw dark matter together. The
plasma<00:20:31.760><c> of</c><00:20:32.000><c> matter</c><00:20:32.320><c> and</c><00:20:32.559><c> light</c><00:20:32.960><c> followed</c>

19:05.967 --> 19:05.977 align:start position:0%
plasma of matter and light followed
 

19:05.977 --> 19:08.927 align:start position:0%
plasma of matter and light followed
along.<00:20:34.000><c> But</c><00:20:34.159><c> unlike</c><00:20:34.640><c> dark</c><00:20:35.039><c> matter,</c><00:20:35.840><c> this</c>

19:08.927 --> 19:08.937 align:start position:0%
along. But unlike dark matter, this
 

19:08.937 --> 19:11.647 align:start position:0%
along. But unlike dark matter, this
cosmic<00:20:36.799><c> fluid</c><00:20:37.360><c> possessed</c><00:20:37.919><c> pressure</c><00:20:38.640><c> that</c>

19:11.647 --> 19:11.657 align:start position:0%
cosmic fluid possessed pressure that
 

19:11.657 --> 19:15.486 align:start position:0%
cosmic fluid possessed pressure that
pushed<00:20:39.440><c> back,</c><00:20:40.320><c> resisting</c><00:20:41.120><c> gravity's</c><00:20:41.840><c> pull.</c>

19:15.486 --> 19:15.496 align:start position:0%
pushed back, resisting gravity's pull.
 

19:15.496 --> 19:17.887 align:start position:0%
pushed back, resisting gravity's pull.
This<00:20:43.120><c> meant</c><00:20:43.360><c> that</c><00:20:43.600><c> the</c><00:20:43.760><c> matter</c><00:20:44.400><c> plasma</c><00:20:44.960><c> would</c>

19:17.887 --> 19:17.897 align:start position:0%
This meant that the matter plasma would
 

19:17.897 --> 19:20.207 align:start position:0%
This meant that the matter plasma would
collapse,<00:20:46.159><c> but</c><00:20:46.400><c> then</c><00:20:46.559><c> the</c><00:20:46.799><c> pressure</c><00:20:47.120><c> from</c><00:20:47.360><c> the</c>

19:20.207 --> 19:20.217 align:start position:0%
collapse, but then the pressure from the
 

19:20.217 --> 19:22.366 align:start position:0%
collapse, but then the pressure from the
electromagnetic<00:20:48.480><c> radiation</c><00:20:49.120><c> would</c><00:20:49.360><c> become</c>

19:22.366 --> 19:22.376 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic radiation would become
 

19:22.376 --> 19:25.087 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic radiation would become
too<00:20:50.000><c> great,</c><00:20:50.720><c> pushing</c><00:20:51.120><c> it</c><00:20:51.280><c> back</c><00:20:51.440><c> out</c><00:20:51.679><c> again.</c>

19:25.087 --> 19:25.097 align:start position:0%
too great, pushing it back out again.
 

19:25.097 --> 19:27.087 align:start position:0%
too great, pushing it back out again.
This<00:20:52.640><c> cycle</c><00:20:52.960><c> would</c><00:20:53.200><c> then</c><00:20:53.440><c> repeat,</c><00:20:54.080><c> causing</c>

19:27.087 --> 19:27.097 align:start position:0%
This cycle would then repeat, causing
 

19:27.097 --> 19:30.047 align:start position:0%
This cycle would then repeat, causing
the<00:20:54.640><c> plasma</c><00:20:55.120><c> to</c><00:20:55.280><c> bounce</c><00:20:55.600><c> back</c><00:20:55.760><c> and</c><00:20:56.080><c> forth.</c><00:20:57.200><c> And</c>

19:30.047 --> 19:30.057 align:start position:0%
the plasma to bounce back and forth. And
 

19:30.057 --> 19:32.047 align:start position:0%
the plasma to bounce back and forth. And
so<00:20:57.600><c> this</c><00:20:57.840><c> struggle</c><00:20:58.480><c> would</c><00:20:58.799><c> set</c><00:20:59.039><c> up</c>

19:32.047 --> 19:32.057 align:start position:0%
so this struggle would set up
 

19:32.057 --> 19:33.887 align:start position:0%
so this struggle would set up
oscillations,

19:33.887 --> 19:33.897 align:start position:0%
oscillations,
 

19:33.897 --> 19:35.887 align:start position:0%
oscillations,
sound<00:21:01.520><c> waves</c><00:21:02.320><c> rippling</c><00:21:02.799><c> through</c><00:21:03.039><c> the</c>

19:35.887 --> 19:35.897 align:start position:0%
sound waves rippling through the
 

19:35.897 --> 19:39.486 align:start position:0%
sound waves rippling through the
primordial<00:21:03.919><c> fluid,</c><00:21:05.120><c> the</c><00:21:05.360><c> oldest</c><00:21:05.840><c> sound</c><00:21:06.480><c> in</c>

19:39.486 --> 19:39.496 align:start position:0%
primordial fluid, the oldest sound in
 

19:39.496 --> 19:46.287 align:start position:0%
primordial fluid, the oldest sound in
the<00:21:07.039><c> universe.</c>

19:46.287 --> 19:46.297 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:46.297 --> 19:48.207 align:start position:0%
 
While<00:21:13.840><c> Zeldovich</c><00:21:14.559><c> blazed</c><00:21:14.880><c> the</c><00:21:15.039><c> trail</c><00:21:15.360><c> with</c>

19:48.207 --> 19:48.217 align:start position:0%
While Zeldovich blazed the trail with
 

19:48.217 --> 19:50.527 align:start position:0%
While Zeldovich blazed the trail with
these<00:21:15.840><c> ideas,</c><00:21:16.480><c> it</c><00:21:16.640><c> would</c><00:21:16.720><c> be</c><00:21:16.880><c> Jim</c><00:21:17.120><c> Peebles</c><00:21:17.679><c> and</c>

19:50.527 --> 19:50.537 align:start position:0%
these ideas, it would be Jim Peebles and
 

19:50.537 --> 19:53.087 align:start position:0%
these ideas, it would be Jim Peebles and
JTU<00:21:18.559><c> in</c><00:21:18.799><c> the</c><00:21:18.880><c> west</c><00:21:19.120><c> who</c><00:21:19.440><c> formalized</c><00:21:20.080><c> the</c>

19:53.087 --> 19:53.097 align:start position:0%
JTU in the west who formalized the
 

19:53.097 --> 19:55.647 align:start position:0%
JTU in the west who formalized the
complex<00:21:20.799><c> physics</c><00:21:21.200><c> of</c><00:21:21.440><c> these</c><00:21:21.679><c> oscillations.</c>

19:55.647 --> 19:55.657 align:start position:0%
complex physics of these oscillations.
 

19:55.657 --> 19:57.807 align:start position:0%
complex physics of these oscillations.
They<00:21:23.280><c> showed</c><00:21:23.600><c> how</c><00:21:23.919><c> matter</c><00:21:24.240><c> in</c><00:21:24.480><c> overdense</c>

19:57.807 --> 19:57.817 align:start position:0%
They showed how matter in overdense
 

19:57.817 --> 20:00.047 align:start position:0%
They showed how matter in overdense
regions<00:21:25.600><c> compressed</c><00:21:26.159><c> under</c><00:21:26.480><c> gravity</c><00:21:27.120><c> but</c>

20:00.047 --> 20:00.057 align:start position:0%
regions compressed under gravity but
 

20:00.057 --> 20:02.606 align:start position:0%
regions compressed under gravity but
then<00:21:27.600><c> rebounded</c><00:21:28.400><c> as</c><00:21:28.640><c> plasma</c><00:21:29.120><c> pressure</c><00:21:29.520><c> fought</c>

20:02.606 --> 20:02.616 align:start position:0%
then rebounded as plasma pressure fought
 

20:02.616 --> 20:04.767 align:start position:0%
then rebounded as plasma pressure fought
back.<00:21:30.559><c> The</c><00:21:30.799><c> continued</c><00:21:31.280><c> compressions</c><00:21:31.840><c> and</c>

20:04.767 --> 20:04.777 align:start position:0%
back. The continued compressions and
 

20:04.777 --> 20:07.087 align:start position:0%
back. The continued compressions and
reflections,<00:21:32.799><c> initiating</c><00:21:33.360><c> a</c><00:21:33.600><c> complex</c><00:21:34.080><c> series</c>

20:07.087 --> 20:07.097 align:start position:0%
reflections, initiating a complex series
 

20:07.097 --> 20:08.927 align:start position:0%
reflections, initiating a complex series
of<00:21:34.640><c> peaks</c><00:21:34.880><c> and</c><00:21:35.039><c> troughs</c><00:21:35.520><c> in</c><00:21:35.679><c> the</c><00:21:35.840><c> plasma</c>

20:08.927 --> 20:08.937 align:start position:0%
of peaks and troughs in the plasma
 

20:08.937 --> 20:12.207 align:start position:0%
of peaks and troughs in the plasma
density.<00:21:37.200><c> The</c><00:21:37.520><c> universe</c><00:21:38.240><c> resonated</c><00:21:39.039><c> like</c><00:21:39.280><c> a</c>

20:12.207 --> 20:12.217 align:start position:0%
density. The universe resonated like a
 

20:12.217 --> 20:14.846 align:start position:0%
density. The universe resonated like a
vast<00:21:39.919><c> instrument</c><00:21:40.799><c> with</c><00:21:41.039><c> these</c><00:21:41.280><c> waves</c><00:21:41.760><c> moving</c>

20:14.846 --> 20:14.856 align:start position:0%
vast instrument with these waves moving
 

20:14.856 --> 20:17.007 align:start position:0%
vast instrument with these waves moving
at<00:21:42.400><c> half</c><00:21:42.559><c> the</c><00:21:42.799><c> speed</c><00:21:43.039><c> of</c><00:21:43.200><c> light</c><00:21:43.679><c> through</c><00:21:44.080><c> the</c>

20:17.007 --> 20:17.017 align:start position:0%
at half the speed of light through the
 

20:17.017 --> 20:19.726 align:start position:0%
at half the speed of light through the
photon<00:21:44.799><c> barrier</c><00:21:45.440><c> sea.</c><00:21:46.320><c> This</c><00:21:46.559><c> was</c><00:21:46.640><c> not</c><00:21:46.799><c> a</c>

20:19.726 --> 20:19.736 align:start position:0%
photon barrier sea. This was not a
 

20:19.736 --> 20:22.927 align:start position:0%
photon barrier sea. This was not a
gentle<00:21:47.440><c> hum,</c><00:21:48.240><c> but</c><00:21:48.400><c> a</c><00:21:48.640><c> full</c><00:21:48.960><c> symphony</c><00:21:49.919><c> playing</c>

20:22.927 --> 20:22.937 align:start position:0%
gentle hum, but a full symphony playing
 

20:22.937 --> 20:26.846 align:start position:0%
gentle hum, but a full symphony playing
out<00:21:50.799><c> over</c><00:21:51.200><c> hundreds</c><00:21:51.679><c> of</c><00:21:51.919><c> thousands</c><00:21:52.400><c> of</c><00:21:52.559><c> years.</c>

20:26.846 --> 20:26.856 align:start position:0%
out over hundreds of thousands of years.
 

20:26.856 --> 20:28.527 align:start position:0%
out over hundreds of thousands of years.
You<00:21:54.320><c> can</c><00:21:54.480><c> think</c><00:21:54.640><c> of</c><00:21:54.720><c> these</c><00:21:55.039><c> waves</c><00:21:55.520><c> like</c>

20:28.527 --> 20:28.537 align:start position:0%
You can think of these waves like
 

20:28.537 --> 20:31.087 align:start position:0%
You can think of these waves like
ripples<00:21:56.400><c> on</c><00:21:56.640><c> a</c><00:21:56.880><c> pond</c><00:21:57.440><c> expanding</c><00:21:57.919><c> outwards</c>

20:31.087 --> 20:31.097 align:start position:0%
ripples on a pond expanding outwards
 

20:31.097 --> 20:33.807 align:start position:0%
ripples on a pond expanding outwards
after<00:21:58.640><c> you</c><00:21:58.799><c> throw</c><00:21:58.960><c> in</c><00:21:59.200><c> a</c><00:21:59.360><c> stone.</c><00:22:00.640><c> But</c><00:22:00.880><c> the</c>

20:33.807 --> 20:33.817 align:start position:0%
after you throw in a stone. But the
 

20:33.817 --> 20:36.127 align:start position:0%
after you throw in a stone. But the
universe<00:22:01.600><c> was</c><00:22:01.760><c> not</c><00:22:02.080><c> struck</c><00:22:02.480><c> by</c><00:22:02.720><c> a</c><00:22:02.960><c> single</c>

20:36.127 --> 20:36.137 align:start position:0%
universe was not struck by a single
 

20:36.137 --> 20:38.366 align:start position:0%
universe was not struck by a single
stone.<00:22:04.320><c> It</c><00:22:04.559><c> was</c><00:22:04.640><c> more</c><00:22:04.799><c> like</c><00:22:04.960><c> tossing</c><00:22:05.360><c> in</c><00:22:05.520><c> a</c>

20:38.366 --> 20:38.376 align:start position:0%
stone. It was more like tossing in a
 

20:38.376 --> 20:40.767 align:start position:0%
stone. It was more like tossing in a
handful<00:22:06.000><c> of</c><00:22:06.159><c> pebbles,</c><00:22:06.880><c> each</c><00:22:07.280><c> sending</c><00:22:07.600><c> out</c><00:22:07.760><c> its</c>

20:40.767 --> 20:40.777 align:start position:0%
handful of pebbles, each sending out its
 

20:40.777 --> 20:43.807 align:start position:0%
handful of pebbles, each sending out its
own<00:22:08.320><c> expanding</c><00:22:08.880><c> rings.</c><00:22:10.000><c> The</c><00:22:10.240><c> result</c><00:22:10.640><c> was</c><00:22:10.880><c> a</c>

20:43.807 --> 20:43.817 align:start position:0%
own expanding rings. The result was a
 

20:43.817 --> 20:46.287 align:start position:0%
own expanding rings. The result was a
complex<00:22:11.600><c> pattern</c><00:22:11.919><c> of</c><00:22:12.159><c> interference,</c><00:22:13.280><c> peaks</c>

20:46.287 --> 20:46.297 align:start position:0%
complex pattern of interference, peaks
 

20:46.297 --> 20:49.567 align:start position:0%
complex pattern of interference, peaks
and<00:22:13.760><c> troughs</c><00:22:14.480><c> overlapping</c><00:22:15.120><c> across</c><00:22:15.600><c> space.</c>

20:49.567 --> 20:49.577 align:start position:0%
and troughs overlapping across space.
 

20:49.577 --> 20:51.807 align:start position:0%
and troughs overlapping across space.
However,<00:22:17.520><c> as</c><00:22:17.679><c> the</c><00:22:17.840><c> cosmos</c><00:22:18.400><c> expanded</c><00:22:18.880><c> and</c>

20:51.807 --> 20:51.817 align:start position:0%
However, as the cosmos expanded and
 

20:51.817 --> 20:54.767 align:start position:0%
However, as the cosmos expanded and
cooled,<00:22:19.679><c> the</c><00:22:19.919><c> music</c><00:22:20.559><c> began</c><00:22:20.880><c> to</c><00:22:21.039><c> fade.</c><00:22:21.840><c> And</c>

20:54.767 --> 20:54.777 align:start position:0%
cooled, the music began to fade. And
 

20:54.777 --> 20:57.327 align:start position:0%
cooled, the music began to fade. And
indeed,<00:22:22.400><c> at</c><00:22:22.559><c> about</c><00:22:22.880><c> 380,000</c><00:22:23.919><c> years</c><00:22:24.240><c> after</c><00:22:24.480><c> the</c>

20:57.327 --> 20:57.337 align:start position:0%
indeed, at about 380,000 years after the
 

20:57.337 --> 20:59.887 align:start position:0%
indeed, at about 380,000 years after the
Big<00:22:24.880><c> Bang,</c><00:22:25.520><c> the</c><00:22:25.760><c> universe</c><00:22:26.159><c> became</c><00:22:26.559><c> too</c><00:22:26.880><c> cool</c>

20:59.887 --> 20:59.897 align:start position:0%
Big Bang, the universe became too cool
 

20:59.897 --> 21:02.127 align:start position:0%
Big Bang, the universe became too cool
to<00:22:27.440><c> sustain</c><00:22:27.760><c> the</c><00:22:28.000><c> plasma</c><00:22:28.480><c> and</c><00:22:28.799><c> electrons</c><00:22:29.280><c> and</c>

21:02.127 --> 21:02.137 align:start position:0%
to sustain the plasma and electrons and
 

21:02.137 --> 21:05.087 align:start position:0%
to sustain the plasma and electrons and
protons<00:22:30.000><c> combined</c><00:22:30.640><c> into</c><00:22:31.039><c> neutral</c><00:22:31.440><c> hydrogen.</c>

21:05.087 --> 21:05.097 align:start position:0%
protons combined into neutral hydrogen.
 

21:05.097 --> 21:07.486 align:start position:0%
protons combined into neutral hydrogen.
The<00:22:32.640><c> first</c><00:22:33.120><c> neutral</c><00:22:33.520><c> atoms</c><00:22:34.000><c> were</c><00:22:34.240><c> created</c><00:22:34.559><c> in</c>

21:07.486 --> 21:07.496 align:start position:0%
The first neutral atoms were created in
 

21:07.496 --> 21:09.647 align:start position:0%
The first neutral atoms were created in
the<00:22:34.960><c> universe,</c><00:22:35.840><c> and</c><00:22:36.080><c> the</c><00:22:36.240><c> bond</c><00:22:36.640><c> between</c>

21:09.647 --> 21:09.657 align:start position:0%
the universe, and the bond between
 

21:09.657 --> 21:12.606 align:start position:0%
the universe, and the bond between
matter<00:22:37.280><c> and</c><00:22:37.520><c> light</c><00:22:37.760><c> was</c><00:22:38.000><c> severed.</c><00:22:39.120><c> The</c><00:22:39.280><c> fog</c>

21:12.606 --> 21:12.616 align:start position:0%
matter and light was severed. The fog
 

21:12.616 --> 21:15.246 align:start position:0%
matter and light was severed. The fog
lifted<00:22:40.640><c> and</c><00:22:40.960><c> photons</c><00:22:41.440><c> of</c><00:22:41.600><c> light</c><00:22:42.080><c> streamed</c>

21:15.246 --> 21:15.256 align:start position:0%
lifted and photons of light streamed
 

21:15.256 --> 21:22.527 align:start position:0%
lifted and photons of light streamed
freely<00:22:43.120><c> across</c><00:22:43.600><c> space.</c>

21:22.527 --> 21:22.537 align:start position:0%
 
 

21:22.537 --> 21:25.087 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:22:50.159><c> is</c><00:22:50.480><c> rather</c><00:22:50.799><c> unhelpfully</c><00:22:51.520><c> called</c><00:22:51.840><c> cosmic</c>

21:25.087 --> 21:25.097 align:start position:0%
This is rather unhelpfully called cosmic
 

21:25.097 --> 21:27.407 align:start position:0%
This is rather unhelpfully called cosmic
recombination.<00:22:53.760><c> Named</c><00:22:54.000><c> that</c><00:22:54.240><c> way</c><00:22:54.400><c> because</c><00:22:54.559><c> it</c>

21:27.407 --> 21:27.417 align:start position:0%
recombination. Named that way because it
 

21:27.417 --> 21:29.407 align:start position:0%
recombination. Named that way because it
was<00:22:54.880><c> proposed</c><00:22:55.280><c> before</c><00:22:55.600><c> the</c><00:22:55.840><c> big</c><00:22:56.000><c> bang</c><00:22:56.320><c> theory</c>

21:29.407 --> 21:29.417 align:start position:0%
was proposed before the big bang theory
 

21:29.417 --> 21:31.967 align:start position:0%
was proposed before the big bang theory
was<00:22:56.960><c> finished.</c><00:22:58.000><c> Physicists</c><00:22:58.640><c> at</c><00:22:58.799><c> the</c><00:22:58.960><c> time</c>

21:31.967 --> 21:31.977 align:start position:0%
was finished. Physicists at the time
 

21:31.977 --> 21:34.047 align:start position:0%
was finished. Physicists at the time
believed<00:22:59.600><c> that</c><00:22:59.760><c> the</c><00:22:59.919><c> nuclei</c><00:23:00.480><c> were</c><00:23:00.720><c> reuniting</c>

21:34.047 --> 21:34.057 align:start position:0%
believed that the nuclei were reuniting
 

21:34.057 --> 21:36.047 align:start position:0%
believed that the nuclei were reuniting
with<00:23:01.600><c> their</c><00:23:01.840><c> electrons</c><00:23:02.400><c> after</c><00:23:02.720><c> a</c><00:23:02.880><c> period</c><00:23:03.200><c> of</c>

21:36.047 --> 21:36.057 align:start position:0%
with their electrons after a period of
 

21:36.057 --> 21:38.127 align:start position:0%
with their electrons after a period of
separation,<00:23:04.480><c> not</c><00:23:04.720><c> that</c><00:23:04.880><c> these</c><00:23:05.120><c> were</c><00:23:05.280><c> the</c>

21:38.127 --> 21:38.137 align:start position:0%
separation, not that these were the
 

21:38.137 --> 21:40.927 align:start position:0%
separation, not that these were the
first<00:23:05.679><c> neutral</c><00:23:06.080><c> atoms</c><00:23:06.559><c> ever</c><00:23:07.280><c> and</c><00:23:07.440><c> the</c><00:23:07.679><c> re</c><00:23:08.000><c> in</c>

21:40.927 --> 21:40.937 align:start position:0%
first neutral atoms ever and the re in
 

21:40.937 --> 21:43.967 align:start position:0%
first neutral atoms ever and the re in
recombination<00:23:09.280><c> stuck.</c><00:23:10.480><c> This</c><00:23:10.720><c> was</c><00:23:10.799><c> the</c><00:23:11.039><c> moment</c>

21:43.967 --> 21:43.977 align:start position:0%
recombination stuck. This was the moment
 

21:43.977 --> 21:47.167 align:start position:0%
recombination stuck. This was the moment
the<00:23:11.600><c> universe</c><00:23:12.240><c> finally</c><00:23:12.799><c> became</c><00:23:13.280><c> transparent.</c>

21:47.167 --> 21:47.177 align:start position:0%
the universe finally became transparent.
 

21:47.177 --> 21:49.647 align:start position:0%
the universe finally became transparent.
the<00:23:14.799><c> creation</c><00:23:15.360><c> of</c><00:23:15.600><c> the</c><00:23:15.760><c> cosmic</c><00:23:16.320><c> microwave</c>

21:49.647 --> 21:49.657 align:start position:0%
the creation of the cosmic microwave
 

21:49.657 --> 21:52.047 align:start position:0%
the creation of the cosmic microwave
background.<00:23:18.000><c> The</c><00:23:18.159><c> sound</c><00:23:18.400><c> waves</c><00:23:18.799><c> were</c><00:23:19.039><c> frozen</c>

21:52.047 --> 21:52.057 align:start position:0%
background. The sound waves were frozen
 

21:52.057 --> 21:54.207 align:start position:0%
background. The sound waves were frozen
in<00:23:19.600><c> their</c><00:23:19.760><c> tracks</c><00:23:20.320><c> and</c><00:23:20.480><c> so</c><00:23:20.720><c> the</c><00:23:20.880><c> freed</c><00:23:21.200><c> light</c>

21:54.207 --> 21:54.217 align:start position:0%
in their tracks and so the freed light
 

21:54.217 --> 21:56.207 align:start position:0%
in their tracks and so the freed light
carried<00:23:21.840><c> with</c><00:23:22.000><c> it</c><00:23:22.159><c> a</c><00:23:22.400><c> frozen</c><00:23:22.799><c> record</c><00:23:23.200><c> of</c><00:23:23.360><c> the</c>

21:56.207 --> 21:56.217 align:start position:0%
carried with it a frozen record of the
 

21:56.217 --> 21:59.087 align:start position:0%
carried with it a frozen record of the
oscillations.<00:23:24.880><c> A</c><00:23:25.120><c> snapshot</c><00:23:25.600><c> of</c><00:23:25.760><c> the</c><00:23:25.919><c> cosmic</c>

21:59.087 --> 21:59.097 align:start position:0%
oscillations. A snapshot of the cosmic
 

21:59.097 --> 22:01.567 align:start position:0%
oscillations. A snapshot of the cosmic
symphony<00:23:27.120><c> etched</c><00:23:27.440><c> into</c><00:23:27.600><c> the</c><00:23:27.760><c> microwave</c><00:23:28.400><c> sky</c>

22:01.567 --> 22:01.577 align:start position:0%
symphony etched into the microwave sky
 

22:01.577 --> 22:04.447 align:start position:0%
symphony etched into the microwave sky
we<00:23:29.120><c> see</c><00:23:29.360><c> today.</c><00:23:30.240><c> Indeed,</c><00:23:30.640><c> faint</c><00:23:31.039><c> variations</c>

22:04.447 --> 22:04.457 align:start position:0%
we see today. Indeed, faint variations
 

22:04.457 --> 22:06.287 align:start position:0%
we see today. Indeed, faint variations
observed<00:23:32.240><c> by</c><00:23:32.320><c> the</c><00:23:32.480><c> Kobe</c><00:23:32.960><c> satellite</c><00:23:33.280><c> in</c><00:23:33.440><c> the</c>

22:06.287 --> 22:06.297 align:start position:0%
observed by the Kobe satellite in the
 

22:06.297 --> 22:08.767 align:start position:0%
observed by the Kobe satellite in the
cosmic<00:23:34.000><c> microwave</c><00:23:34.559><c> background</c><00:23:35.360><c> are</c><00:23:35.600><c> actually</c>

22:08.767 --> 22:08.777 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background are actually
 

22:08.777 --> 22:11.007 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background are actually
tiny<00:23:36.559><c> temperature</c><00:23:37.039><c> fluctuations,</c>

22:11.007 --> 22:11.017 align:start position:0%
tiny temperature fluctuations,
 

22:11.017 --> 22:13.167 align:start position:0%
tiny temperature fluctuations,
signatures<00:23:38.880><c> of</c><00:23:39.120><c> both</c><00:23:39.280><c> these</c><00:23:39.600><c> oscillations</c>

22:13.167 --> 22:13.177 align:start position:0%
signatures of both these oscillations
 

22:13.177 --> 22:15.007 align:start position:0%
signatures of both these oscillations
and<00:23:40.640><c> the</c><00:23:40.880><c> gravitational</c><00:23:41.440><c> imprints</c><00:23:42.000><c> at</c><00:23:42.159><c> the</c>

22:15.007 --> 22:15.017 align:start position:0%
and the gravitational imprints at the
 

22:15.017 --> 22:17.486 align:start position:0%
and the gravitational imprints at the
time<00:23:42.400><c> of</c><00:23:42.640><c> recombination.</c><00:23:44.080><c> Galaxies</c><00:23:44.640><c> would</c>

22:17.486 --> 22:17.496 align:start position:0%
time of recombination. Galaxies would
 

22:17.496 --> 22:19.807 align:start position:0%
time of recombination. Galaxies would
form<00:23:45.120><c> preferentially</c><00:23:45.760><c> in</c><00:23:46.000><c> the</c><00:23:46.159><c> peaks</c><00:23:46.799><c> where</c>

22:19.807 --> 22:19.817 align:start position:0%
form preferentially in the peaks where
 

22:19.817 --> 22:22.287 align:start position:0%
form preferentially in the peaks where
gravity<00:23:47.520><c> had</c><00:23:47.760><c> a</c><00:23:47.919><c> head</c><00:23:48.159><c> start</c><00:23:48.720><c> and</c><00:23:48.880><c> less</c><00:23:49.200><c> so</c><00:23:49.360><c> in</c>

22:22.287 --> 22:22.297 align:start position:0%
gravity had a head start and less so in
 

22:22.297 --> 22:24.846 align:start position:0%
gravity had a head start and less so in
the<00:23:49.760><c> troughs</c><00:23:50.240><c> as</c><00:23:50.480><c> matter</c><00:23:50.799><c> was</c><00:23:50.960><c> drawn</c><00:23:51.280><c> away.</c>

22:24.846 --> 22:24.856 align:start position:0%
the troughs as matter was drawn away.
 

22:24.856 --> 22:27.007 align:start position:0%
the troughs as matter was drawn away.
The<00:23:52.400><c> frozen</c><00:23:52.799><c> waves</c><00:23:53.200><c> were</c><00:23:53.440><c> thus</c><00:23:53.679><c> written</c><00:23:54.080><c> into</c>

22:27.007 --> 22:27.017 align:start position:0%
The frozen waves were thus written into
 

22:27.017 --> 22:29.567 align:start position:0%
The frozen waves were thus written into
the<00:23:54.559><c> distribution</c><00:23:55.120><c> of</c><00:23:55.360><c> galaxies.</c><00:23:56.320><c> A</c><00:23:56.559><c> record</c>

22:29.567 --> 22:29.577 align:start position:0%
the distribution of galaxies. A record
 

22:29.577 --> 22:32.127 align:start position:0%
the distribution of galaxies. A record
of<00:23:57.039><c> this</c><00:23:57.200><c> early</c><00:23:57.520><c> symphony</c><00:23:58.240><c> preserved</c><00:23:58.960><c> across</c>

22:32.127 --> 22:32.137 align:start position:0%
of this early symphony preserved across
 

22:32.137 --> 22:34.447 align:start position:0%
of this early symphony preserved across
billions<00:23:59.840><c> of</c><00:24:00.080><c> years.</c>

22:34.447 --> 22:34.457 align:start position:0%
billions of years.
 

22:34.457 --> 22:36.606 align:start position:0%
billions of years.
But<00:24:01.919><c> again,</c><00:24:02.320><c> it</c><00:24:02.480><c> is</c><00:24:02.640><c> not</c><00:24:02.799><c> so</c><00:24:03.120><c> simple</c><00:24:03.520><c> as</c><00:24:03.760><c> the</c>

22:36.606 --> 22:36.616 align:start position:0%
But again, it is not so simple as the
 

22:36.616 --> 22:39.807 align:start position:0%
But again, it is not so simple as the
ripples<00:24:04.400><c> being</c><00:24:04.559><c> a</c><00:24:04.799><c> single</c><00:24:05.200><c> note.</c><00:24:06.640><c> Multiple</c>

22:39.807 --> 22:39.817 align:start position:0%
ripples being a single note. Multiple
 

22:39.817 --> 22:42.447 align:start position:0%
ripples being a single note. Multiple
waves<00:24:07.679><c> radiated</c><00:24:08.240><c> outwards,</c><00:24:08.960><c> leaving</c><00:24:09.280><c> a</c><00:24:09.520><c> more</c>

22:42.447 --> 22:42.457 align:start position:0%
waves radiated outwards, leaving a more
 

22:42.457 --> 22:45.087 align:start position:0%
waves radiated outwards, leaving a more
complex<00:24:10.320><c> pattern</c><00:24:11.039><c> like</c><00:24:11.279><c> the</c><00:24:11.440><c> overtones</c><00:24:12.080><c> of</c><00:24:12.240><c> a</c>

22:45.087 --> 22:45.097 align:start position:0%
complex pattern like the overtones of a
 

22:45.097 --> 22:47.647 align:start position:0%
complex pattern like the overtones of a
musical<00:24:12.799><c> instrument.</c><00:24:14.000><c> Indeed,</c><00:24:14.320><c> it</c><00:24:14.559><c> is</c><00:24:14.640><c> these</c>

22:47.647 --> 22:47.657 align:start position:0%
musical instrument. Indeed, it is these
 

22:47.657 --> 22:49.726 align:start position:0%
musical instrument. Indeed, it is these
harmonics<00:24:15.600><c> that</c><00:24:16.000><c> etched</c><00:24:16.320><c> into</c><00:24:16.480><c> the</c><00:24:16.559><c> cosmic</c>

22:49.726 --> 22:49.736 align:start position:0%
harmonics that etched into the cosmic
 

22:49.736 --> 22:52.527 align:start position:0%
harmonics that etched into the cosmic
web,<00:24:17.760><c> a</c><00:24:18.000><c> silent</c><00:24:18.480><c> score</c><00:24:18.799><c> that</c><00:24:18.960><c> cosmologists</c>

22:52.527 --> 22:52.537 align:start position:0%
web, a silent score that cosmologists
 

22:52.537 --> 22:54.447 align:start position:0%
web, a silent score that cosmologists
can<00:24:20.000><c> read</c><00:24:20.240><c> today</c><00:24:20.720><c> in</c><00:24:20.960><c> the</c><00:24:21.200><c> clustering</c><00:24:21.600><c> of</c>

22:54.447 --> 22:54.457 align:start position:0%
can read today in the clustering of
 

22:54.457 --> 22:59.087 align:start position:0%
can read today in the clustering of
galaxies.

22:59.087 --> 22:59.097 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:59.097 --> 23:01.087 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:24:26.559><c> how</c><00:24:26.799><c> can</c><00:24:27.120><c> astronomers</c><00:24:27.760><c> find</c><00:24:28.080><c> this</c>

23:01.087 --> 23:01.097 align:start position:0%
But how can astronomers find this
 

23:01.097 --> 23:02.767 align:start position:0%
But how can astronomers find this
complex<00:24:28.799><c> pattern</c><00:24:29.200><c> written</c><00:24:29.600><c> into</c><00:24:29.840><c> the</c>

23:02.767 --> 23:02.777 align:start position:0%
complex pattern written into the
 

23:02.777 --> 23:05.327 align:start position:0%
complex pattern written into the
distribution<00:24:30.480><c> of</c><00:24:30.720><c> galaxies?</c><00:24:32.080><c> The</c><00:24:32.320><c> answer</c>

23:05.327 --> 23:05.337 align:start position:0%
distribution of galaxies? The answer
 

23:05.337 --> 23:08.127 align:start position:0%
distribution of galaxies? The answer
lies<00:24:33.039><c> in</c><00:24:33.360><c> something</c><00:24:33.679><c> called</c><00:24:34.480><c> a</c><00:24:34.799><c> correlation</c>

23:08.127 --> 23:08.137 align:start position:0%
lies in something called a correlation
 

23:08.137 --> 23:10.127 align:start position:0%
lies in something called a correlation
function.

23:10.127 --> 23:10.137 align:start position:0%
function.
 

23:10.137 --> 23:12.447 align:start position:0%
function.
It<00:24:37.679><c> sounds</c><00:24:37.919><c> intimidating</c><00:24:38.720><c> but</c><00:24:38.880><c> at</c><00:24:39.120><c> its</c><00:24:39.360><c> heart</c>

23:12.447 --> 23:12.457 align:start position:0%
It sounds intimidating but at its heart
 

23:12.457 --> 23:15.167 align:start position:0%
It sounds intimidating but at its heart
it<00:24:40.000><c> is</c><00:24:40.080><c> a</c><00:24:40.320><c> very</c><00:24:40.640><c> simple</c><00:24:40.960><c> idea.</c><00:24:41.919><c> We</c><00:24:42.159><c> take</c><00:24:42.320><c> our</c>

23:15.167 --> 23:15.177 align:start position:0%
it is a very simple idea. We take our
 

23:15.177 --> 23:18.687 align:start position:0%
it is a very simple idea. We take our
catalog<00:24:42.880><c> of</c><00:24:43.120><c> galaxies</c><00:24:43.919><c> and</c><00:24:44.240><c> start</c><00:24:44.559><c> counting.</c>

23:18.687 --> 23:18.697 align:start position:0%
catalog of galaxies and start counting.
 

23:18.697 --> 23:20.207 align:start position:0%
catalog of galaxies and start counting.
How<00:24:46.159><c> many</c><00:24:46.320><c> pairs</c><00:24:46.640><c> of</c><00:24:46.799><c> galaxies</c><00:24:47.200><c> are</c><00:24:47.360><c> there</c>

23:20.207 --> 23:20.217 align:start position:0%
How many pairs of galaxies are there
 

23:20.217 --> 23:22.047 align:start position:0%
How many pairs of galaxies are there
that<00:24:47.760><c> are</c><00:24:47.919><c> separated</c><00:24:48.320><c> by</c><00:24:48.559><c> 1</c><00:24:48.799><c> million</c><00:24:49.120><c> lighty</c>

23:22.047 --> 23:22.057 align:start position:0%
that are separated by 1 million lighty
 

23:22.057 --> 23:24.927 align:start position:0%
that are separated by 1 million lighty
years?<00:24:49.919><c> How</c><00:24:50.080><c> many</c><00:24:50.240><c> by</c><00:24:50.480><c> 2</c><00:24:50.720><c> million?</c><00:24:51.279><c> and</c><00:24:51.520><c> so</c><00:24:51.760><c> on,</c>

23:24.927 --> 23:24.937 align:start position:0%
years? How many by 2 million? and so on,
 

23:24.937 --> 23:26.447 align:start position:0%
years? How many by 2 million? and so on,
building<00:24:52.480><c> up</c><00:24:52.640><c> a</c><00:24:52.880><c> picture</c><00:24:53.039><c> of</c><00:24:53.200><c> the</c><00:24:53.440><c> typical</c>

23:26.447 --> 23:26.457 align:start position:0%
building up a picture of the typical
 

23:26.457 --> 23:28.687 align:start position:0%
building up a picture of the typical
separation<00:24:54.320><c> between</c><00:24:54.720><c> galaxies</c><00:24:55.360><c> across</c><00:24:55.760><c> the</c>

23:28.687 --> 23:28.697 align:start position:0%
separation between galaxies across the
 

23:28.697 --> 23:31.246 align:start position:0%
separation between galaxies across the
cosmos.<00:24:57.120><c> If</c><00:24:57.360><c> the</c><00:24:57.520><c> universe</c><00:24:57.919><c> were</c><00:24:58.159><c> completely</c>

23:31.246 --> 23:31.256 align:start position:0%
cosmos. If the universe were completely
 

23:31.256 --> 23:33.407 align:start position:0%
cosmos. If the universe were completely
random,<00:24:59.120><c> the</c><00:24:59.360><c> correlation</c><00:24:59.919><c> function</c><00:25:00.400><c> would</c>

23:33.407 --> 23:33.417 align:start position:0%
random, the correlation function would
 

23:33.417 --> 23:36.047 align:start position:0%
random, the correlation function would
be<00:25:00.960><c> smooth</c><00:25:01.919><c> with</c><00:25:02.159><c> no</c><00:25:02.400><c> special</c><00:25:02.799><c> distances</c>

23:36.047 --> 23:36.057 align:start position:0%
be smooth with no special distances
 

23:36.057 --> 23:38.927 align:start position:0%
be smooth with no special distances
standing<00:25:03.840><c> out.</c><00:25:04.880><c> But</c><00:25:05.120><c> we</c><00:25:05.440><c> know</c><00:25:05.679><c> the</c><00:25:05.919><c> early</c>

23:38.927 --> 23:38.937 align:start position:0%
standing out. But we know the early
 

23:38.937 --> 23:41.567 align:start position:0%
standing out. But we know the early
universe<00:25:06.799><c> was</c><00:25:07.120><c> not</c><00:25:07.360><c> random.</c><00:25:08.159><c> The</c><00:25:08.400><c> waves</c>

23:41.567 --> 23:41.577 align:start position:0%
universe was not random. The waves
 

23:41.577 --> 23:43.807 align:start position:0%
universe was not random. The waves
rippled<00:25:09.440><c> through</c><00:25:09.600><c> the</c><00:25:09.760><c> primordial</c><00:25:10.400><c> plasma,</c>

23:43.807 --> 23:43.817 align:start position:0%
rippled through the primordial plasma,
 

23:43.817 --> 23:45.647 align:start position:0%
rippled through the primordial plasma,
spreading<00:25:11.520><c> out</c><00:25:11.679><c> from</c><00:25:12.000><c> tiny</c><00:25:12.400><c> peaks</c><00:25:12.720><c> in</c>

23:45.647 --> 23:45.657 align:start position:0%
spreading out from tiny peaks in
 

23:45.657 --> 23:47.647 align:start position:0%
spreading out from tiny peaks in
density.<00:25:13.760><c> When</c><00:25:14.000><c> the</c><00:25:14.159><c> universe</c><00:25:14.559><c> became</c>

23:47.647 --> 23:47.657 align:start position:0%
density. When the universe became
 

23:47.657 --> 23:50.927 align:start position:0%
density. When the universe became
transparent,<00:25:16.000><c> these</c><00:25:16.320><c> waves</c><00:25:16.799><c> froze</c><00:25:17.120><c> in</c><00:25:17.360><c> place,</c>

23:50.927 --> 23:50.937 align:start position:0%
transparent, these waves froze in place,
 

23:50.937 --> 23:53.807 align:start position:0%
transparent, these waves froze in place,
leaving<00:25:18.640><c> a</c><00:25:18.880><c> preferred</c><00:25:19.600><c> scale.</c><00:25:20.480><c> the</c><00:25:20.720><c> distance</c>

23:53.807 --> 23:53.817 align:start position:0%
leaving a preferred scale. the distance
 

23:53.817 --> 23:55.647 align:start position:0%
leaving a preferred scale. the distance
between<00:25:21.440><c> the</c><00:25:21.679><c> splash</c><00:25:22.080><c> where</c><00:25:22.320><c> the</c><00:25:22.480><c> pebble</c><00:25:22.799><c> was</c>

23:55.647 --> 23:55.657 align:start position:0%
between the splash where the pebble was
 

23:55.657 --> 23:57.486 align:start position:0%
between the splash where the pebble was
thrown<00:25:23.360><c> and</c><00:25:23.520><c> the</c><00:25:23.679><c> crest</c><00:25:24.000><c> of</c><00:25:24.080><c> the</c><00:25:24.159><c> ripple</c><00:25:24.559><c> when</c>

23:57.486 --> 23:57.496 align:start position:0%
thrown and the crest of the ripple when
 

23:57.496 --> 24:00.207 align:start position:0%
thrown and the crest of the ripple when
the<00:25:24.960><c> wave</c><00:25:25.200><c> expansion</c><00:25:25.840><c> halted.</c><00:25:27.039><c> And</c><00:25:27.200><c> this</c>

24:00.207 --> 24:00.217 align:start position:0%
the wave expansion halted. And this
 

24:00.217 --> 24:01.966 align:start position:0%
the wave expansion halted. And this
means<00:25:27.760><c> that</c><00:25:27.919><c> the</c><00:25:28.159><c> correlation</c><00:25:28.720><c> function</c>

24:01.966 --> 24:01.976 align:start position:0%
means that the correlation function
 

24:01.976 --> 24:04.846 align:start position:0%
means that the correlation function
should<00:25:29.600><c> reveal</c><00:25:30.240><c> something</c><00:25:30.720><c> remarkable.</c><00:25:31.919><c> At</c>

24:04.846 --> 24:04.856 align:start position:0%
should reveal something remarkable. At
 

24:04.856 --> 24:06.846 align:start position:0%
should reveal something remarkable. At
certain<00:25:32.480><c> separations,</c><00:25:33.520><c> there</c><00:25:33.760><c> should</c><00:25:33.919><c> be</c><00:25:34.000><c> a</c>

24:06.846 --> 24:06.856 align:start position:0%
certain separations, there should be a
 

24:06.856 --> 24:10.207 align:start position:0%
certain separations, there should be a
slight<00:25:34.480><c> excess</c><00:25:34.960><c> of</c><00:25:35.200><c> galaxy</c><00:25:35.679><c> pairs,</c><00:25:36.640><c> a</c><00:25:36.880><c> bump</c><00:25:37.279><c> in</c>

24:10.207 --> 24:10.217 align:start position:0%
slight excess of galaxy pairs, a bump in
 

24:10.217 --> 24:12.127 align:start position:0%
slight excess of galaxy pairs, a bump in
the<00:25:37.760><c> curve.</c>

24:12.127 --> 24:12.137 align:start position:0%
the curve.
 

24:12.137 --> 24:14.687 align:start position:0%
the curve.
There<00:25:39.679><c> should</c><00:25:39.919><c> be</c><00:25:40.240><c> a</c><00:25:40.559><c> preferred</c><00:25:41.039><c> distance</c>

24:14.687 --> 24:14.697 align:start position:0%
There should be a preferred distance
 

24:14.697 --> 24:16.127 align:start position:0%
There should be a preferred distance
called<00:25:42.320><c> the</c><00:25:42.559><c> sound</c><00:25:42.799><c> horizon</c><00:25:43.279><c> at</c>

24:16.127 --> 24:16.137 align:start position:0%
called the sound horizon at
 

24:16.137 --> 24:18.207 align:start position:0%
called the sound horizon at
recombination<00:25:44.559><c> which</c><00:25:44.720><c> is</c><00:25:44.880><c> the</c><00:25:45.039><c> maximum</c>

24:18.207 --> 24:18.217 align:start position:0%
recombination which is the maximum
 

24:18.217 --> 24:20.127 align:start position:0%
recombination which is the maximum
distance<00:25:45.919><c> those</c><00:25:46.240><c> waves</c><00:25:46.559><c> could</c><00:25:46.799><c> travel</c><00:25:47.200><c> before</c>

24:20.127 --> 24:20.137 align:start position:0%
distance those waves could travel before
 

24:20.137 --> 24:23.087 align:start position:0%
distance those waves could travel before
the<00:25:47.679><c> universe</c><00:25:48.159><c> cooled</c><00:25:48.640><c> and</c><00:25:49.039><c> photons</c><00:25:49.919><c> streamed</c>

24:23.087 --> 24:23.097 align:start position:0%
the universe cooled and photons streamed
 

24:23.097 --> 24:25.966 align:start position:0%
the universe cooled and photons streamed
free.

24:25.966 --> 24:25.976 align:start position:0%
free.
 

24:25.976 --> 24:29.007 align:start position:0%
free.
It<00:25:53.600><c> is</c><00:25:53.760><c> the</c><00:25:53.919><c> fossil</c><00:25:54.400><c> of</c><00:25:54.559><c> a</c><00:25:54.799><c> soundwave</c><00:25:55.760><c> written</c>

24:29.007 --> 24:29.017 align:start position:0%
It is the fossil of a soundwave written
 

24:29.017 --> 24:31.567 align:start position:0%
It is the fossil of a soundwave written
into<00:25:56.640><c> the</c><00:25:56.799><c> cosmic</c><00:25:57.279><c> web.</c>

24:31.567 --> 24:31.577 align:start position:0%
into the cosmic web.
 

24:31.577 --> 24:33.486 align:start position:0%
into the cosmic web.
But<00:25:59.120><c> of</c><00:25:59.279><c> course</c><00:25:59.520><c> if</c><00:25:59.760><c> astronomers</c><00:26:00.400><c> are</c><00:26:00.559><c> to</c>

24:33.486 --> 24:33.496 align:start position:0%
But of course if astronomers are to
 

24:33.496 --> 24:35.167 align:start position:0%
But of course if astronomers are to
measure<00:26:01.039><c> these</c><00:26:01.279><c> peaks</c><00:26:01.600><c> in</c><00:26:01.760><c> the</c><00:26:01.919><c> correlation</c>

24:35.167 --> 24:35.177 align:start position:0%
measure these peaks in the correlation
 

24:35.177 --> 24:37.726 align:start position:0%
measure these peaks in the correlation
function<00:26:03.120><c> they</c><00:26:03.440><c> need</c><00:26:03.679><c> immense</c><00:26:04.320><c> catalogs</c><00:26:04.880><c> of</c>

24:37.726 --> 24:37.736 align:start position:0%
function they need immense catalogs of
 

24:37.736 --> 24:40.366 align:start position:0%
function they need immense catalogs of
galaxies.<00:26:06.159><c> Not</c><00:26:06.400><c> just</c><00:26:06.559><c> a</c><00:26:06.720><c> few</c><00:26:06.880><c> hundred</c><00:26:07.200><c> or</c><00:26:07.520><c> a</c>

24:40.366 --> 24:40.376 align:start position:0%
galaxies. Not just a few hundred or a
 

24:40.376 --> 24:43.407 align:start position:0%
galaxies. Not just a few hundred or a
few<00:26:07.840><c> thousand</c><00:26:08.720><c> but</c><00:26:09.039><c> many</c><00:26:09.440><c> millions</c><00:26:10.320><c> spread</c>

24:43.407 --> 24:43.417 align:start position:0%
few thousand but many millions spread
 

24:43.417 --> 24:46.287 align:start position:0%
few thousand but many millions spread
across<00:26:11.120><c> vast</c><00:26:11.520><c> volumes</c><00:26:12.000><c> of</c><00:26:12.240><c> space.</c><00:26:13.279><c> And</c><00:26:13.440><c> as</c>

24:46.287 --> 24:46.297 align:start position:0%
across vast volumes of space. And as
 

24:46.297 --> 24:48.447 align:start position:0%
across vast volumes of space. And as
well<00:26:13.760><c> as</c><00:26:13.919><c> this</c><00:26:14.159><c> for</c><00:26:14.400><c> each</c><00:26:14.640><c> galaxy</c><00:26:15.200><c> we</c><00:26:15.440><c> need</c>

24:48.447 --> 24:48.457 align:start position:0%
well as this for each galaxy we need
 

24:48.457 --> 24:51.007 align:start position:0%
well as this for each galaxy we need
accurate<00:26:16.240><c> distances</c><00:26:17.120><c> not</c><00:26:17.279><c> just</c><00:26:17.520><c> positions</c><00:26:18.000><c> on</c>

24:51.007 --> 24:51.017 align:start position:0%
accurate distances not just positions on
 

24:51.017 --> 24:53.887 align:start position:0%
accurate distances not just positions on
the<00:26:18.480><c> sky.</c><00:26:19.520><c> Without</c><00:26:19.840><c> this</c><00:26:20.240><c> the</c><00:26:20.480><c> subtle</c><00:26:20.880><c> signal</c>

24:53.887 --> 24:53.897 align:start position:0%
the sky. Without this the subtle signal
 

24:53.897 --> 24:55.807 align:start position:0%
the sky. Without this the subtle signal
of<00:26:21.360><c> the</c><00:26:21.520><c> barrier</c><00:26:21.919><c> acoustic</c><00:26:22.320><c> oscillations</c>

24:55.807 --> 24:55.817 align:start position:0%
of the barrier acoustic oscillations
 

24:55.817 --> 25:05.486 align:start position:0%
of the barrier acoustic oscillations
will<00:26:23.360><c> be</c><00:26:23.520><c> lost</c><00:26:24.159><c> in</c><00:26:24.400><c> the</c><00:26:24.559><c> noise.</c>

25:05.486 --> 25:05.496 align:start position:0%
 
 

25:05.496 --> 25:08.127 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:26:33.039><c> so</c><00:26:33.440><c> in</c><00:26:33.679><c> the</c><00:26:33.840><c> United</c><00:26:34.240><c> States,</c><00:26:34.799><c> plans</c><00:26:35.279><c> were</c>

25:08.127 --> 25:08.137 align:start position:0%
And so in the United States, plans were
 

25:08.137 --> 25:11.007 align:start position:0%
And so in the United States, plans were
laid<00:26:35.840><c> for</c><00:26:36.000><c> a</c><00:26:36.240><c> survey</c><00:26:36.799><c> unlike</c><00:26:37.279><c> any</c><00:26:37.760><c> attempted</c>

25:11.007 --> 25:11.017 align:start position:0%
laid for a survey unlike any attempted
 

25:11.017 --> 25:12.927 align:start position:0%
laid for a survey unlike any attempted
before.

25:12.927 --> 25:12.937 align:start position:0%
before.
 

25:12.937 --> 25:15.647 align:start position:0%
before.
The<00:26:40.480><c> Sloan</c><00:26:41.120><c> Digital</c><00:26:41.679><c> Sky</c><00:26:42.080><c> Survey,</c><00:26:42.640><c> known</c>

25:15.647 --> 25:15.657 align:start position:0%
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, known
 

25:15.657 --> 25:18.047 align:start position:0%
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, known
colloquially<00:26:43.520><c> as</c><00:26:43.760><c> SDSS,</c><00:26:44.799><c> would</c><00:26:45.039><c> use</c><00:26:45.200><c> a</c>

25:18.047 --> 25:18.057 align:start position:0%
colloquially as SDSS, would use a
 

25:18.057 --> 25:20.846 align:start position:0%
colloquially as SDSS, would use a
dedicated<00:26:46.080><c> 2</c><00:26:46.480><c> 1/2</c><00:26:46.720><c> m</c><00:26:46.960><c> telescope</c><00:26:47.440><c> at</c><00:26:47.600><c> Apache</c>

25:20.846 --> 25:20.856 align:start position:0%
dedicated 2 1/2 m telescope at Apache
 

25:20.856 --> 25:23.246 align:start position:0%
dedicated 2 1/2 m telescope at Apache
Point<00:26:48.320><c> Observatory</c><00:26:48.880><c> in</c><00:26:49.120><c> New</c><00:26:49.279><c> Mexico</c><00:26:50.000><c> to</c><00:26:50.240><c> chart</c>

25:23.246 --> 25:23.256 align:start position:0%
Point Observatory in New Mexico to chart
 

25:23.256 --> 25:25.726 align:start position:0%
Point Observatory in New Mexico to chart
millions<00:26:51.039><c> of</c><00:26:51.200><c> galaxies</c><00:26:52.000><c> across</c><00:26:52.320><c> a</c><00:26:52.559><c> quarter</c><00:26:52.880><c> of</c>

25:25.726 --> 25:25.736 align:start position:0%
millions of galaxies across a quarter of
 

25:25.736 --> 25:28.687 align:start position:0%
millions of galaxies across a quarter of
the<00:26:53.200><c> sky.</c><00:26:54.320><c> It</c><00:26:54.480><c> was</c><00:26:54.559><c> a</c><00:26:54.799><c> bold</c><00:26:55.039><c> vision</c><00:26:55.600><c> for</c><00:26:55.840><c> this</c>

25:28.687 --> 25:28.697 align:start position:0%
the sky. It was a bold vision for this
 

25:28.697 --> 25:30.927 align:start position:0%
the sky. It was a bold vision for this
survey<00:26:56.400><c> would</c><00:26:56.559><c> measure</c><00:26:56.880><c> not</c><00:26:57.120><c> just</c><00:26:57.360><c> positions</c>

25:30.927 --> 25:30.937 align:start position:0%
survey would measure not just positions
 

25:30.937 --> 25:33.567 align:start position:0%
survey would measure not just positions
but<00:26:58.559><c> also</c><00:26:58.799><c> obtain</c><00:26:59.279><c> spectra</c><00:27:00.080><c> giving</c><00:27:00.400><c> precise</c>

25:33.567 --> 25:33.577 align:start position:0%
but also obtain spectra giving precise
 

25:33.577 --> 25:37.087 align:start position:0%
but also obtain spectra giving precise
red<00:27:01.200><c> shifts</c><00:27:01.760><c> and</c><00:27:02.000><c> therefore</c><00:27:02.880><c> distances.</c><00:27:04.159><c> The</c>

25:37.087 --> 25:37.097 align:start position:0%
red shifts and therefore distances. The
 

25:37.097 --> 25:39.167 align:start position:0%
red shifts and therefore distances. The
Sloan<00:27:04.799><c> digital</c><00:27:05.200><c> sky</c><00:27:05.600><c> survey</c><00:27:06.000><c> would</c><00:27:06.240><c> become</c>

25:39.167 --> 25:39.177 align:start position:0%
Sloan digital sky survey would become
 

25:39.177 --> 25:41.807 align:start position:0%
Sloan digital sky survey would become
the<00:27:06.640><c> gold</c><00:27:06.960><c> standard</c><00:27:07.360><c> for</c><00:27:07.600><c> mapping</c><00:27:07.919><c> the</c><00:27:08.080><c> cosmos</c>

25:41.807 --> 25:41.817 align:start position:0%
the gold standard for mapping the cosmos
 

25:41.817 --> 25:45.486 align:start position:0%
the gold standard for mapping the cosmos
a<00:27:09.360><c> resource</c><00:27:10.159><c> that</c><00:27:10.400><c> transformed</c><00:27:11.360><c> cosmology.</c>

25:45.486 --> 25:45.496 align:start position:0%
a resource that transformed cosmology.
 

25:45.496 --> 25:47.726 align:start position:0%
a resource that transformed cosmology.
And<00:27:12.960><c> yet</c><00:27:13.200><c> on</c><00:27:13.440><c> the</c><00:27:13.600><c> other</c><00:27:13.760><c> side</c><00:27:14.000><c> of</c><00:27:14.159><c> the</c><00:27:14.320><c> world</c><00:27:14.799><c> a</c>

25:47.726 --> 25:47.736 align:start position:0%
And yet on the other side of the world a
 

25:47.736 --> 25:49.807 align:start position:0%
And yet on the other side of the world a
complimentary<00:27:15.679><c> effort</c><00:27:16.080><c> was</c><00:27:16.320><c> also</c><00:27:16.799><c> taking</c>

25:49.807 --> 25:49.817 align:start position:0%
complimentary effort was also taking
 

25:49.817 --> 25:52.767 align:start position:0%
complimentary effort was also taking
shape.<00:27:18.159><c> The</c><00:27:18.400><c> twoderee</c><00:27:19.120><c> field</c><00:27:19.600><c> galaxy</c>

25:52.767 --> 25:52.777 align:start position:0%
shape. The twoderee field galaxy
 

25:52.777 --> 25:54.767 align:start position:0%
shape. The twoderee field galaxy
redshift<00:27:20.640><c> survey</c><00:27:21.039><c> was</c><00:27:21.200><c> initiated</c><00:27:21.760><c> on</c><00:27:21.919><c> the</c>

25:54.767 --> 25:54.777 align:start position:0%
redshift survey was initiated on the
 

25:54.777 --> 25:57.807 align:start position:0%
redshift survey was initiated on the
Anglo<00:27:22.559><c> Australian</c><00:27:23.120><c> telescope.</c><00:27:24.000><c> A</c><00:27:24.159><c> 3.9</c><00:27:24.880><c> m</c>

25:57.807 --> 25:57.817 align:start position:0%
Anglo Australian telescope. A 3.9 m
 

25:57.817 --> 25:59.726 align:start position:0%
Anglo Australian telescope. A 3.9 m
telescope<00:27:25.679><c> perched</c><00:27:26.080><c> on</c><00:27:26.240><c> siding</c><00:27:26.720><c> spring</c>

25:59.726 --> 25:59.736 align:start position:0%
telescope perched on siding spring
 

25:59.736 --> 26:02.606 align:start position:0%
telescope perched on siding spring
mountain<00:27:27.360><c> in</c><00:27:27.600><c> New</c><00:27:27.840><c> South</c><00:27:28.159><c> Wales.</c><00:27:29.360><c> A</c><00:27:29.600><c> special</c>

26:02.606 --> 26:02.616 align:start position:0%
mountain in New South Wales. A special
 

26:02.616 --> 26:04.447 align:start position:0%
mountain in New South Wales. A special
instrument<00:27:30.400><c> was</c><00:27:30.720><c> constructed</c><00:27:31.120><c> to</c><00:27:31.279><c> ease</c><00:27:31.600><c> the</c>

26:04.447 --> 26:04.457 align:start position:0%
instrument was constructed to ease the
 

26:04.457 --> 26:06.767 align:start position:0%
instrument was constructed to ease the
mapping.<00:27:32.320><c> An</c><00:27:32.559><c> electronic</c><00:27:33.120><c> hydra</c><00:27:33.600><c> with</c><00:27:33.840><c> many</c>

26:06.767 --> 26:06.777 align:start position:0%
mapping. An electronic hydra with many
 

26:06.777 --> 26:09.246 align:start position:0%
mapping. An electronic hydra with many
eyes<00:27:34.640><c> with</c><00:27:34.799><c> a</c><00:27:34.960><c> revolutionary</c><00:27:35.760><c> fiber</c><00:27:36.159><c> optic</c>

26:09.246 --> 26:09.256 align:start position:0%
eyes with a revolutionary fiber optic
 

26:09.256 --> 26:11.087 align:start position:0%
eyes with a revolutionary fiber optic
system<00:27:36.960><c> able</c><00:27:37.279><c> to</c><00:27:37.360><c> collect</c><00:27:37.600><c> the</c><00:27:37.840><c> light</c><00:27:38.000><c> from</c><00:27:38.240><c> up</c>

26:11.087 --> 26:11.097 align:start position:0%
system able to collect the light from up
 

26:11.097 --> 26:14.447 align:start position:0%
system able to collect the light from up
to<00:27:38.640><c> 400</c><00:27:39.360><c> individual</c><00:27:39.919><c> galaxies</c><00:27:40.480><c> at</c><00:27:40.640><c> a</c><00:27:40.880><c> time.</c>

26:14.447 --> 26:14.457 align:start position:0%
to 400 individual galaxies at a time.
 

26:14.457 --> 26:16.287 align:start position:0%
to 400 individual galaxies at a time.
This<00:27:41.919><c> leap</c><00:27:42.159><c> in</c><00:27:42.400><c> efficiency</c><00:27:42.960><c> made</c><00:27:43.200><c> mapping</c>

26:16.287 --> 26:16.297 align:start position:0%
This leap in efficiency made mapping
 

26:16.297 --> 26:18.687 align:start position:0%
This leap in efficiency made mapping
across<00:27:43.919><c> the</c><00:27:44.159><c> southern</c><00:27:44.559><c> sky</c><00:27:44.960><c> possible.</c><00:27:45.679><c> And</c><00:27:45.840><c> so</c>

26:18.687 --> 26:18.697 align:start position:0%
across the southern sky possible. And so
 

26:18.697 --> 26:20.606 align:start position:0%
across the southern sky possible. And so
the<00:27:46.240><c> friendly</c><00:27:46.559><c> race</c><00:27:46.960><c> between</c><00:27:47.200><c> the</c><00:27:47.440><c> North</c><00:27:47.679><c> and</c>

26:20.606 --> 26:20.616 align:start position:0%
the friendly race between the North and
 

26:20.616 --> 26:23.087 align:start position:0%
the friendly race between the North and
South<00:27:48.240><c> was</c><00:27:48.400><c> on,</c><00:27:49.120><c> night</c><00:27:49.440><c> after</c><00:27:49.840><c> night,</c>

26:23.087 --> 26:23.097 align:start position:0%
South was on, night after night,
 

26:23.097 --> 26:25.087 align:start position:0%
South was on, night after night,
collecting<00:27:50.960><c> data</c><00:27:51.279><c> that</c><00:27:51.520><c> was</c><00:27:51.760><c> distributed</c><00:27:52.240><c> to</c>

26:25.087 --> 26:25.097 align:start position:0%
collecting data that was distributed to
 

26:25.097 --> 26:26.687 align:start position:0%
collecting data that was distributed to
the<00:27:52.640><c> collaborative</c><00:27:53.120><c> teams</c><00:27:53.440><c> around</c><00:27:53.760><c> the</c>

26:26.687 --> 26:26.697 align:start position:0%
the collaborative teams around the
 

26:26.697 --> 26:29.167 align:start position:0%
the collaborative teams around the
world.<00:27:54.880><c> Positions</c><00:27:55.440><c> were</c><00:27:55.600><c> confirmed,</c>

26:29.167 --> 26:29.177 align:start position:0%
world. Positions were confirmed,
 

26:29.177 --> 26:32.127 align:start position:0%
world. Positions were confirmed,
velocities<00:27:57.120><c> measured,</c><00:27:57.840><c> and</c><00:27:58.080><c> patch</c><00:27:58.640><c> by</c><00:27:58.960><c> patch</c>

26:32.127 --> 26:32.137 align:start position:0%
velocities measured, and patch by patch
 

26:32.137 --> 26:34.687 align:start position:0%
velocities measured, and patch by patch
by<00:27:59.760><c> patch</c><00:28:00.240><c> across</c><00:28:00.559><c> the</c><00:28:00.799><c> sky.</c><00:28:01.600><c> The</c><00:28:01.760><c> most</c>

26:34.687 --> 26:34.697 align:start position:0%
by patch across the sky. The most
 

26:34.697 --> 26:36.767 align:start position:0%
by patch across the sky. The most
detailed<00:28:02.640><c> three-dimensional</c><00:28:03.440><c> maps</c><00:28:03.840><c> ever</c>

26:36.767 --> 26:36.777 align:start position:0%
detailed three-dimensional maps ever
 

26:36.777 --> 26:46.127 align:start position:0%
detailed three-dimensional maps ever
made<00:28:04.240><c> of</c><00:28:04.399><c> the</c><00:28:04.559><c> cosmos</c><00:28:05.520><c> began</c><00:28:05.840><c> to</c><00:28:06.080><c> take</c><00:28:06.320><c> shape.</c>

26:46.127 --> 26:46.137 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:46.137 --> 26:48.447 align:start position:0%
 
By<00:28:13.679><c> the</c><00:28:13.840><c> early</c><00:28:14.080><c> 2000s,</c><00:28:14.880><c> results</c><00:28:15.360><c> began</c><00:28:15.600><c> to</c>

26:48.447 --> 26:48.457 align:start position:0%
By the early 2000s, results began to
 

26:48.457 --> 26:51.086 align:start position:0%
By the early 2000s, results began to
flow<00:28:16.000><c> in.</c><00:28:16.559><c> The</c><00:28:16.720><c> immense</c><00:28:17.120><c> cataloges</c><00:28:17.600><c> from</c><00:28:17.760><c> SDSS</c>

26:51.086 --> 26:51.096 align:start position:0%
flow in. The immense cataloges from SDSS
 

26:51.096 --> 26:53.567 align:start position:0%
flow in. The immense cataloges from SDSS
and<00:28:18.640><c> 2DF</c><00:28:19.200><c> were</c><00:28:19.360><c> steadily</c><00:28:19.840><c> growing</c><00:28:20.240><c> larger,</c>

26:53.567 --> 26:53.577 align:start position:0%
and 2DF were steadily growing larger,
 

26:53.577 --> 26:55.486 align:start position:0%
and 2DF were steadily growing larger,
and<00:28:21.039><c> so</c><00:28:21.200><c> astronomers</c><00:28:21.840><c> began</c><00:28:22.159><c> to</c><00:28:22.320><c> measure</c><00:28:22.559><c> the</c>

26:55.486 --> 26:55.496 align:start position:0%
and so astronomers began to measure the
 

26:55.496 --> 26:58.606 align:start position:0%
and so astronomers began to measure the
correlation<00:28:23.440><c> functions</c><00:28:23.919><c> of</c><00:28:24.320><c> galaxies.</c><00:28:25.679><c> This</c>

26:58.606 --> 26:58.616 align:start position:0%
correlation functions of galaxies. This
 

26:58.616 --> 27:01.167 align:start position:0%
correlation functions of galaxies. This
was<00:28:26.080><c> the</c><00:28:26.320><c> moment</c><00:28:26.559><c> of</c><00:28:26.799><c> truth.</c><00:28:27.919><c> Would</c><00:28:28.240><c> the</c>

27:01.167 --> 27:01.177 align:start position:0%
was the moment of truth. Would the
 

27:01.177 --> 27:03.246 align:start position:0%
was the moment of truth. Would the
frozen<00:28:28.880><c> echoes</c><00:28:29.360><c> of</c><00:28:29.520><c> the</c><00:28:29.679><c> early</c><00:28:30.000><c> universe</c>

27:03.246 --> 27:03.256 align:start position:0%
frozen echoes of the early universe
 

27:03.256 --> 27:06.366 align:start position:0%
frozen echoes of the early universe
reveal<00:28:31.039><c> themselves</c><00:28:31.760><c> in</c><00:28:32.000><c> the</c><00:28:32.159><c> cosmic</c><00:28:32.640><c> web?</c>

27:06.366 --> 27:06.376 align:start position:0%
reveal themselves in the cosmic web?
 

27:06.376 --> 27:08.527 align:start position:0%
reveal themselves in the cosmic web?
Teams<00:28:34.080><c> on</c><00:28:34.320><c> both</c><00:28:34.559><c> sides</c><00:28:34.799><c> of</c><00:28:34.880><c> the</c><00:28:35.039><c> globe</c><00:28:35.440><c> worked</c>

27:08.527 --> 27:08.537 align:start position:0%
Teams on both sides of the globe worked
 

27:08.537 --> 27:10.527 align:start position:0%
Teams on both sides of the globe worked
feverishly,<00:28:36.720><c> crunching</c><00:28:37.120><c> through</c><00:28:37.440><c> millions</c>

27:10.527 --> 27:10.537 align:start position:0%
feverishly, crunching through millions
 

27:10.537 --> 27:13.167 align:start position:0%
feverishly, crunching through millions
of<00:28:38.080><c> galaxy</c><00:28:38.480><c> positions</c><00:28:38.880><c> and</c><00:28:39.039><c> red</c><00:28:39.360><c> shifts.</c><00:28:40.240><c> And</c>

27:13.167 --> 27:13.177 align:start position:0%
of galaxy positions and red shifts. And
 

27:13.177 --> 27:15.567 align:start position:0%
of galaxy positions and red shifts. And
then<00:28:40.880><c> almost</c><00:28:41.360><c> together,</c><00:28:42.000><c> the</c><00:28:42.240><c> announcements</c>

27:15.567 --> 27:15.577 align:start position:0%
then almost together, the announcements
 

27:15.577 --> 27:18.366 align:start position:0%
then almost together, the announcements
came.<00:28:43.840><c> It</c><00:28:44.080><c> was</c><00:28:44.159><c> SDSS</c><00:28:44.880><c> that</c><00:28:45.039><c> reported</c><00:28:45.440><c> the</c>

27:18.366 --> 27:18.376 align:start position:0%
came. It was SDSS that reported the
 

27:18.376 --> 27:21.007 align:start position:0%
came. It was SDSS that reported the
first<00:28:45.840><c> detection,</c><00:28:46.480><c> but</c><00:28:46.799><c> 2DF</c><00:28:47.440><c> was</c><00:28:47.600><c> hot</c><00:28:47.840><c> on</c><00:28:48.080><c> its</c>

27:21.007 --> 27:21.017 align:start position:0%
first detection, but 2DF was hot on its
 

27:21.017 --> 27:23.807 align:start position:0%
first detection, but 2DF was hot on its
heels.<00:28:49.279><c> The</c><00:28:49.520><c> result</c><00:28:49.919><c> was</c><00:28:50.159><c> almost</c><00:28:50.559><c> a</c><00:28:50.799><c> dead</c>

27:23.807 --> 27:23.817 align:start position:0%
heels. The result was almost a dead
 

27:23.817 --> 27:27.246 align:start position:0%
heels. The result was almost a dead
heat,<00:28:51.840><c> a</c><00:28:52.080><c> triumph</c><00:28:52.640><c> for</c><00:28:52.880><c> both</c><00:28:53.120><c> hemispheres.</c><00:28:54.320><c> In</c>

27:27.246 --> 27:27.256 align:start position:0%
heat, a triumph for both hemispheres. In
 

27:27.256 --> 27:29.246 align:start position:0%
heat, a triumph for both hemispheres. In
the<00:28:54.720><c> northern</c><00:28:55.200><c> sky</c><00:28:55.520><c> and</c><00:28:55.760><c> the</c><00:28:55.919><c> southern</c><00:28:56.320><c> sky</c>

27:29.246 --> 27:29.256 align:start position:0%
the northern sky and the southern sky
 

27:29.256 --> 27:32.207 align:start position:0%
the northern sky and the southern sky
alike,<00:28:57.360><c> the</c><00:28:57.679><c> same</c><00:28:57.919><c> feature</c><00:28:58.399><c> appeared,</c><00:28:59.279><c> an</c>

27:32.207 --> 27:32.217 align:start position:0%
alike, the same feature appeared, an
 

27:32.217 --> 27:34.767 align:start position:0%
alike, the same feature appeared, an
unambiguous<00:29:00.480><c> peak</c><00:29:01.039><c> in</c><00:29:01.279><c> the</c><00:29:01.440><c> correlation</c>

27:34.767 --> 27:34.777 align:start position:0%
unambiguous peak in the correlation
 

27:34.777 --> 27:36.687 align:start position:0%
unambiguous peak in the correlation
function.

27:36.687 --> 27:36.697 align:start position:0%
function.
 

27:36.697 --> 27:39.007 align:start position:0%
function.
That<00:29:04.240><c> peak</c><00:29:04.640><c> was</c><00:29:04.799><c> not</c><00:29:05.039><c> random.</c><00:29:05.760><c> It</c><00:29:05.919><c> sat</c>

27:39.007 --> 27:39.017 align:start position:0%
That peak was not random. It sat
 

27:39.017 --> 27:40.767 align:start position:0%
That peak was not random. It sat
precisely<00:29:06.799><c> at</c><00:29:07.039><c> the</c><00:29:07.200><c> scale</c><00:29:07.520><c> predicted</c><00:29:07.919><c> from</c>

27:40.767 --> 27:40.777 align:start position:0%
precisely at the scale predicted from
 

27:40.777 --> 27:42.927 align:start position:0%
precisely at the scale predicted from
the<00:29:08.240><c> physics</c><00:29:08.559><c> of</c><00:29:08.720><c> the</c><00:29:08.880><c> early</c><00:29:09.120><c> universe.</c><00:29:10.000><c> The</c>

27:42.927 --> 27:42.937 align:start position:0%
the physics of the early universe. The
 

27:42.937 --> 27:44.447 align:start position:0%
the physics of the early universe. The
distance<00:29:10.640><c> sound</c><00:29:10.880><c> waves</c><00:29:11.279><c> should</c><00:29:11.440><c> have</c><00:29:11.600><c> been</c>

27:44.447 --> 27:44.457 align:start position:0%
distance sound waves should have been
 

27:44.457 --> 27:46.606 align:start position:0%
distance sound waves should have been
able<00:29:11.919><c> to</c><00:29:12.080><c> travel</c><00:29:12.399><c> in</c><00:29:12.640><c> the</c><00:29:12.720><c> primordial</c><00:29:13.360><c> plasma</c>

27:46.606 --> 27:46.616 align:start position:0%
able to travel in the primordial plasma
 

27:46.616 --> 27:49.086 align:start position:0%
able to travel in the primordial plasma
before<00:29:14.159><c> the</c><00:29:14.399><c> cosmos</c><00:29:14.880><c> became</c><00:29:15.200><c> transparent.</c>

27:49.086 --> 27:49.096 align:start position:0%
before the cosmos became transparent.
 

27:49.096 --> 27:51.887 align:start position:0%
before the cosmos became transparent.
They<00:29:16.640><c> had</c><00:29:16.880><c> found</c><00:29:17.279><c> the</c><00:29:17.600><c> fossil</c><00:29:18.000><c> of</c><00:29:18.240><c> a</c><00:29:18.399><c> wave</c>

27:51.887 --> 27:51.897 align:start position:0%
They had found the fossil of a wave
 

27:51.897 --> 27:54.527 align:start position:0%
They had found the fossil of a wave
frozen<00:29:19.679><c> into</c><00:29:19.919><c> place</c><00:29:20.240><c> for</c><00:29:20.480><c> billions</c><00:29:20.880><c> of</c><00:29:21.120><c> years</c>

27:54.527 --> 27:54.537 align:start position:0%
frozen into place for billions of years
 

27:54.537 --> 27:56.606 align:start position:0%
frozen into place for billions of years
and<00:29:22.159><c> written</c><00:29:22.640><c> into</c><00:29:22.960><c> the</c><00:29:23.200><c> distribution</c><00:29:23.679><c> of</c>

27:56.606 --> 27:56.616 align:start position:0%
and written into the distribution of
 

27:56.616 --> 27:59.966 align:start position:0%
and written into the distribution of
galaxies.<00:29:25.360><c> This</c><00:29:25.679><c> was</c><00:29:25.840><c> a</c><00:29:26.000><c> profound</c><00:29:26.480><c> moment.</c>

27:59.966 --> 27:59.976 align:start position:0%
galaxies. This was a profound moment.
 

27:59.976 --> 28:02.606 align:start position:0%
galaxies. This was a profound moment.
The<00:29:27.520><c> baron</c><00:29:28.000><c> acoustic</c><00:29:28.399><c> oscillations,</c><00:29:29.440><c> once</c><00:29:29.760><c> a</c>

28:02.606 --> 28:02.616 align:start position:0%
The baron acoustic oscillations, once a
 

28:02.616 --> 28:05.086 align:start position:0%
The baron acoustic oscillations, once a
theoretical<00:29:30.640><c> curiosity,</c><00:29:31.520><c> were</c><00:29:31.840><c> now</c><00:29:32.159><c> an</c>

28:05.086 --> 28:05.096 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity, were now an
 

28:05.096 --> 28:07.966 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity, were now an
observational<00:29:33.120><c> reality.</c><00:29:34.240><c> The</c><00:29:34.559><c> music</c><00:29:34.880><c> of</c><00:29:35.039><c> the</c>

28:07.966 --> 28:07.976 align:start position:0%
observational reality. The music of the
 

28:07.976 --> 28:10.527 align:start position:0%
observational reality. The music of the
early<00:29:35.520><c> universe</c><00:29:36.080><c> had</c><00:29:36.320><c> been</c><00:29:36.480><c> heard</c><00:29:36.799><c> again,</c><00:29:37.600><c> not</c>

28:10.527 --> 28:10.537 align:start position:0%
early universe had been heard again, not
 

28:10.537 --> 28:13.086 align:start position:0%
early universe had been heard again, not
in<00:29:38.159><c> sound,</c><00:29:38.799><c> but</c><00:29:39.039><c> in</c><00:29:39.279><c> the</c><00:29:39.440><c> silent</c><00:29:39.840><c> arrangement</c>

28:13.086 --> 28:13.096 align:start position:0%
in sound, but in the silent arrangement
 

28:13.096 --> 28:22.606 align:start position:0%
in sound, but in the silent arrangement
of<00:29:40.640><c> galaxies</c><00:29:41.600><c> across</c><00:29:42.000><c> the</c><00:29:42.240><c> sky.</c>

28:22.606 --> 28:22.616 align:start position:0%
 
 

28:22.616 --> 28:25.567 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:29:50.240><c> 20</c><00:29:50.559><c> years</c><00:29:50.799><c> later,</c><00:29:51.360><c> our</c><00:29:51.760><c> first</c><00:29:52.159><c> individual</c>

28:25.567 --> 28:25.577 align:start position:0%
And 20 years later, our first individual
 

28:25.577 --> 28:27.567 align:start position:0%
And 20 years later, our first individual
barrier<00:29:53.440><c> acoustic</c><00:29:53.840><c> oscillation</c><00:29:54.399><c> was</c><00:29:54.640><c> found</c>

28:27.567 --> 28:27.577 align:start position:0%
barrier acoustic oscillation was found
 

28:27.577 --> 28:30.047 align:start position:0%
barrier acoustic oscillation was found
and<00:29:55.120><c> named</c><00:29:55.840><c> Halalana,</c>

28:30.047 --> 28:30.057 align:start position:0%
and named Halalana,
 

28:30.057 --> 28:33.726 align:start position:0%
and named Halalana,
a<00:29:57.600><c> vast</c><00:29:58.159><c> silent</c><00:29:58.640><c> witness</c><00:29:59.360><c> to</c><00:29:59.600><c> the</c><00:29:59.840><c> music</c><00:30:00.640><c> of</c>

28:33.726 --> 28:33.736 align:start position:0%
a vast silent witness to the music of
 

28:33.736 --> 28:36.287 align:start position:0%
a vast silent witness to the music of
creation.<00:30:02.320><c> To</c><00:30:02.480><c> quote</c><00:30:02.720><c> discoverer</c><00:30:03.279><c> Brent</c>

28:36.287 --> 28:36.297 align:start position:0%
creation. To quote discoverer Brent
 

28:36.297 --> 28:39.246 align:start position:0%
creation. To quote discoverer Brent
Tully,<00:30:04.240><c> "We</c><00:30:04.559><c> were</c><00:30:04.640><c> not</c><00:30:04.880><c> looking</c><00:30:05.120><c> for</c><00:30:05.440><c> BAO."</c>

28:39.246 --> 28:39.256 align:start position:0%
Tully, "We were not looking for BAO."
 

28:39.256 --> 28:41.486 align:start position:0%
Tully, "We were not looking for BAO."
However,<00:30:07.120><c> visual</c><00:30:07.520><c> examination</c><00:30:08.000><c> of</c><00:30:08.240><c> maps</c><00:30:08.640><c> from</c>

28:41.486 --> 28:41.496 align:start position:0%
However, visual examination of maps from
 

28:41.496 --> 28:43.327 align:start position:0%
However, visual examination of maps from
the<00:30:08.960><c> cosmic</c><00:30:09.360><c> flows</c><00:30:09.760><c> four</c><00:30:10.000><c> compilation</c><00:30:10.399><c> of</c>

28:43.327 --> 28:43.337 align:start position:0%
the cosmic flows four compilation of
 

28:43.337 --> 28:45.407 align:start position:0%
the cosmic flows four compilation of
galaxy<00:30:11.039><c> distances</c><00:30:11.679><c> revealed</c><00:30:12.159><c> a</c><00:30:12.320><c> structure</c>

28:45.407 --> 28:45.417 align:start position:0%
galaxy distances revealed a structure
 

28:45.417 --> 28:48.767 align:start position:0%
galaxy distances revealed a structure
that<00:30:13.039><c> invited</c><00:30:13.760><c> further</c><00:30:14.159><c> inspection.</c>

28:48.767 --> 28:48.777 align:start position:0%
that invited further inspection.
 

28:48.777 --> 28:51.567 align:start position:0%
that invited further inspection.
The<00:30:16.320><c> sheer</c><00:30:16.720><c> size</c><00:30:17.120><c> of</c><00:30:17.279><c> Halana</c><00:30:18.159><c> is</c><00:30:18.399><c> hard</c><00:30:18.640><c> to</c>

28:51.567 --> 28:51.577 align:start position:0%
The sheer size of Halana is hard to
 

28:51.577 --> 28:54.207 align:start position:0%
The sheer size of Halana is hard to
grasp.<00:30:19.840><c> It</c><00:30:20.080><c> rests</c><00:30:20.399><c> roughly</c><00:30:20.799><c> 800</c><00:30:21.200><c> million</c>

28:54.207 --> 28:54.217 align:start position:0%
grasp. It rests roughly 800 million
 

28:54.217 --> 28:56.366 align:start position:0%
grasp. It rests roughly 800 million
lightyears<00:30:22.000><c> away</c><00:30:22.240><c> from</c><00:30:22.320><c> the</c><00:30:22.480><c> Milky</c><00:30:22.880><c> Way</c><00:30:23.440><c> and</c>

28:56.366 --> 28:56.376 align:start position:0%
lightyears away from the Milky Way and
 

28:56.376 --> 28:58.687 align:start position:0%
lightyears away from the Milky Way and
is<00:30:23.840><c> so</c><00:30:24.159><c> large</c><00:30:24.559><c> that</c><00:30:24.880><c> it</c><00:30:25.039><c> contains</c><00:30:25.440><c> not</c><00:30:25.679><c> only</c>

28:58.687 --> 28:58.697 align:start position:0%
is so large that it contains not only
 

28:58.697 --> 29:01.007 align:start position:0%
is so large that it contains not only
Hakar<00:30:26.399><c> and</c><00:30:26.640><c> Gella's</c><00:30:27.039><c> great</c><00:30:27.279><c> wall</c><00:30:27.919><c> but</c><00:30:28.080><c> the</c>

29:01.007 --> 29:01.017 align:start position:0%
Hakar and Gella's great wall but the
 

29:01.017 --> 29:03.486 align:start position:0%
Hakar and Gella's great wall but the
Sloan<00:30:28.799><c> great</c><00:30:29.039><c> wall</c><00:30:29.360><c> as</c><00:30:29.600><c> well</c><00:30:30.000><c> amongst</c><00:30:30.399><c> various</c>

29:03.486 --> 29:03.496 align:start position:0%
Sloan great wall as well amongst various
 

29:03.496 --> 29:06.287 align:start position:0%
Sloan great wall as well amongst various
other<00:30:31.120><c> superclusters.</c><00:30:32.399><c> The</c><00:30:32.559><c> Boote</c><00:30:33.200><c> void</c>

29:06.287 --> 29:06.297 align:start position:0%
other superclusters. The Boote void
 

29:06.297 --> 29:08.846 align:start position:0%
other superclusters. The Boote void
rests<00:30:34.000><c> near</c><00:30:34.240><c> its</c><00:30:34.480><c> center</c><00:30:35.120><c> encased</c><00:30:35.679><c> within</c><00:30:35.919><c> its</c>

29:08.846 --> 29:08.856 align:start position:0%
rests near its center encased within its
 

29:08.856 --> 29:11.167 align:start position:0%
rests near its center encased within its
namesake<00:30:36.720><c> supercluster</c><00:30:37.679><c> the</c><00:30:37.840><c> Boote</c>

29:11.167 --> 29:11.177 align:start position:0%
namesake supercluster the Boote
 

29:11.177 --> 29:13.567 align:start position:0%
namesake supercluster the Boote
supercluster<00:30:39.679><c> from</c><00:30:39.919><c> a</c><00:30:40.080><c> width</c><00:30:40.399><c> of</c><00:30:40.559><c> roughly</c>

29:13.567 --> 29:13.577 align:start position:0%
supercluster from a width of roughly
 

29:13.577 --> 29:15.246 align:start position:0%
supercluster from a width of roughly
half<00:30:41.039><c> a</c><00:30:41.279><c> million</c><00:30:41.520><c> lighty</c><00:30:41.840><c> years</c><00:30:42.080><c> when</c><00:30:42.240><c> it</c><00:30:42.399><c> was</c>

29:15.246 --> 29:15.256 align:start position:0%
half a million lighty years when it was
 

29:15.256 --> 29:16.846 align:start position:0%
half a million lighty years when it was
frozen<00:30:42.880><c> into</c><00:30:43.039><c> the</c><00:30:43.200><c> cosmic</c><00:30:43.600><c> microwave</c>

29:16.846 --> 29:16.856 align:start position:0%
frozen into the cosmic microwave
 

29:16.856 --> 29:19.486 align:start position:0%
frozen into the cosmic microwave
background<00:30:44.720><c> 13.8</c><00:30:45.520><c> billion</c><00:30:45.919><c> years</c><00:30:46.080><c> ago.</c>

29:19.486 --> 29:19.496 align:start position:0%
background 13.8 billion years ago.
 

29:19.496 --> 29:22.366 align:start position:0%
background 13.8 billion years ago.
Halana<00:30:47.760><c> now</c><00:30:48.080><c> stands</c><00:30:48.399><c> stretched</c><00:30:48.880><c> to</c><00:30:49.120><c> over</c><00:30:49.360><c> a</c>

29:22.366 --> 29:22.376 align:start position:0%
Halana now stands stretched to over a
 

29:22.376 --> 29:29.726 align:start position:0%
Halana now stands stretched to over a
billion<00:30:50.000><c> lighty</c><00:30:50.320><c> years</c><00:30:50.799><c> in</c><00:30:51.120><c> diameter.</c>

29:29.726 --> 29:29.736 align:start position:0%
 
 

29:29.736 --> 29:32.447 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:30:57.279><c> yet</c><00:30:58.240><c> even</c><00:30:58.480><c> with</c><00:30:58.640><c> all</c><00:30:58.799><c> this</c><00:30:59.120><c> understanding</c>

29:32.447 --> 29:32.457 align:start position:0%
And yet even with all this understanding
 

29:32.457 --> 29:35.086 align:start position:0%
And yet even with all this understanding
of<00:30:59.919><c> the</c><00:31:00.080><c> early</c><00:31:00.399><c> structure</c><00:31:00.720><c> of</c><00:31:00.960><c> the</c><00:31:01.120><c> universe,</c>

29:35.086 --> 29:35.096 align:start position:0%
of the early structure of the universe,
 

29:35.096 --> 29:38.366 align:start position:0%
of the early structure of the universe,
one<00:31:02.720><c> mystery</c><00:31:03.520><c> remained.</c><00:31:04.720><c> We</c><00:31:04.960><c> could</c><00:31:05.200><c> describe</c>

29:38.366 --> 29:38.376 align:start position:0%
one mystery remained. We could describe
 

29:38.376 --> 29:41.327 align:start position:0%
one mystery remained. We could describe
the<00:31:05.919><c> oscillations,</c><00:31:07.279><c> the</c><00:31:07.520><c> sloshing</c><00:31:08.000><c> of</c><00:31:08.159><c> plasma</c>

29:41.327 --> 29:41.337 align:start position:0%
the oscillations, the sloshing of plasma
 

29:41.337 --> 29:44.047 align:start position:0%
the oscillations, the sloshing of plasma
and<00:31:08.880><c> light,</c><00:31:09.760><c> but</c><00:31:10.000><c> this</c><00:31:10.240><c> still</c><00:31:10.480><c> did</c><00:31:10.720><c> not</c><00:31:10.880><c> answer</c>

29:44.047 --> 29:44.057 align:start position:0%
and light, but this still did not answer
 

29:44.057 --> 29:46.366 align:start position:0%
and light, but this still did not answer
why<00:31:11.760><c> the</c><00:31:12.080><c> universe</c><00:31:12.559><c> had</c><00:31:12.720><c> the</c><00:31:12.960><c> initial</c>

29:46.366 --> 29:46.376 align:start position:0%
why the universe had the initial
 

29:46.376 --> 29:47.966 align:start position:0%
why the universe had the initial
imperfections.

29:47.966 --> 29:47.976 align:start position:0%
imperfections.
 

29:47.976 --> 29:50.287 align:start position:0%
imperfections.
The<00:31:15.600><c> origin</c><00:31:15.919><c> of</c><00:31:16.159><c> these</c><00:31:16.480><c> first</c><00:31:16.720><c> ripples</c><00:31:17.360><c> was</c>

29:50.287 --> 29:50.297 align:start position:0%
The origin of these first ripples was
 

29:50.297 --> 29:52.927 align:start position:0%
The origin of these first ripples was
hidden<00:31:17.919><c> in</c><00:31:18.159><c> an</c><00:31:18.399><c> even</c><00:31:18.799><c> earlier</c><00:31:19.279><c> epoch</c><00:31:19.919><c> far</c>

29:52.927 --> 29:52.937 align:start position:0%
hidden in an even earlier epoch far
 

29:52.937 --> 29:55.007 align:start position:0%
hidden in an even earlier epoch far
beyond<00:31:20.559><c> the</c><00:31:20.799><c> reach</c><00:31:21.039><c> of</c><00:31:21.120><c> the</c><00:31:21.279><c> cosmic</c><00:31:21.760><c> microwave</c>

29:55.007 --> 29:55.017 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of the cosmic microwave
 

29:55.017 --> 29:58.366 align:start position:0%
beyond the reach of the cosmic microwave
background,<00:31:23.520><c> waiting</c><00:31:24.159><c> for</c><00:31:24.399><c> a</c><00:31:24.640><c> deeper</c><00:31:24.960><c> theory</c>

29:58.366 --> 29:58.376 align:start position:0%
background, waiting for a deeper theory
 

29:58.376 --> 30:13.086 align:start position:0%
background, waiting for a deeper theory
to<00:31:26.000><c> explain.</c>

30:13.086 --> 30:13.096 align:start position:0%
 
 

30:13.096 --> 30:16.366 align:start position:0%
 
Science<00:31:41.039><c> can</c><00:31:41.279><c> be</c><00:31:41.440><c> a</c><00:31:41.600><c> strange</c><00:31:42.000><c> beast.</c><00:31:43.279><c> When</c><00:31:43.519><c> you</c>

30:16.366 --> 30:16.376 align:start position:0%
Science can be a strange beast. When you
 

30:16.376 --> 30:18.527 align:start position:0%
Science can be a strange beast. When you
sit<00:31:43.919><c> down</c><00:31:44.159><c> with</c><00:31:44.399><c> your</c><00:31:44.559><c> paper</c><00:31:44.799><c> and</c><00:31:45.039><c> pen</c><00:31:45.360><c> or</c><00:31:45.600><c> your</c>

30:18.527 --> 30:18.537 align:start position:0%
sit down with your paper and pen or your
 

30:18.537 --> 30:20.287 align:start position:0%
sit down with your paper and pen or your
keyboard,<00:31:46.559><c> or</c><00:31:46.720><c> when</c><00:31:46.880><c> you're</c><00:31:47.039><c> adjusting</c><00:31:47.440><c> the</c>

30:20.287 --> 30:20.297 align:start position:0%
keyboard, or when you're adjusting the
 

30:20.297 --> 30:22.287 align:start position:0%
keyboard, or when you're adjusting the
setting<00:31:47.919><c> of</c><00:31:48.080><c> your</c><00:31:48.320><c> experiment,</c><00:31:49.200><c> you</c><00:31:49.440><c> don't</c>

30:22.287 --> 30:22.297 align:start position:0%
setting of your experiment, you don't
 

30:22.297 --> 30:23.966 align:start position:0%
setting of your experiment, you don't
know<00:31:49.760><c> if</c><00:31:50.000><c> the</c><00:31:50.159><c> results</c><00:31:50.480><c> you'll</c><00:31:50.799><c> find</c><00:31:51.039><c> will</c>

30:23.966 --> 30:23.976 align:start position:0%
know if the results you'll find will
 

30:23.976 --> 30:26.127 align:start position:0%
know if the results you'll find will
have<00:31:51.360><c> any</c><00:31:51.600><c> impact,</c><00:31:52.399><c> or</c><00:31:52.640><c> indeed</c><00:31:53.120><c> whether</c>

30:26.127 --> 30:26.137 align:start position:0%
have any impact, or indeed whether
 

30:26.137 --> 30:29.007 align:start position:0%
have any impact, or indeed whether
anyone<00:31:53.919><c> will</c><00:31:54.240><c> really</c><00:31:54.559><c> care.</c><00:31:55.600><c> Black</c><00:31:55.919><c> holes</c>

30:29.007 --> 30:29.017 align:start position:0%
anyone will really care. Black holes
 

30:29.017 --> 30:30.927 align:start position:0%
anyone will really care. Black holes
were<00:31:56.559><c> first</c><00:31:56.799><c> proposed</c><00:31:57.120><c> by</c><00:31:57.360><c> English</c><00:31:57.679><c> clergyman</c>

30:30.927 --> 30:30.937 align:start position:0%
were first proposed by English clergyman
 

30:30.937 --> 30:33.567 align:start position:0%
were first proposed by English clergyman
John<00:31:58.480><c> Mitchell</c><00:31:58.960><c> in</c><00:31:59.120><c> the</c><00:31:59.360><c> 1780s,</c>

30:33.567 --> 30:33.577 align:start position:0%
John Mitchell in the 1780s,
 

30:33.577 --> 30:35.486 align:start position:0%
John Mitchell in the 1780s,
only<00:32:01.120><c> to</c><00:32:01.279><c> be</c><00:32:01.360><c> forgotten</c><00:32:01.840><c> about</c><00:32:02.159><c> for</c><00:32:02.480><c> nearly</c>

30:35.486 --> 30:35.496 align:start position:0%
only to be forgotten about for nearly
 

30:35.496 --> 30:38.366 align:start position:0%
only to be forgotten about for nearly
200<00:32:03.360><c> years.</c><00:32:04.480><c> George</c><00:32:04.799><c> Gamoff</c><00:32:05.279><c> came</c><00:32:05.440><c> up</c><00:32:05.600><c> with</c>

30:38.366 --> 30:38.376 align:start position:0%
200 years. George Gamoff came up with
 

30:38.376 --> 30:40.927 align:start position:0%
200 years. George Gamoff came up with
quantum<00:32:06.080><c> tunneling</c><00:32:06.480><c> in</c><00:32:06.640><c> the</c><00:32:06.799><c> late</c><00:32:07.039><c> 1920s,</c>

30:40.927 --> 30:40.937 align:start position:0%
quantum tunneling in the late 1920s,
 

30:40.937 --> 30:42.687 align:start position:0%
quantum tunneling in the late 1920s,
long<00:32:08.480><c> before</c><00:32:08.880><c> later</c><00:32:09.279><c> work</c><00:32:09.519><c> would</c><00:32:09.760><c> highlight</c>

30:42.687 --> 30:42.697 align:start position:0%
long before later work would highlight
 

30:42.697 --> 30:44.687 align:start position:0%
long before later work would highlight
its<00:32:10.320><c> importance</c><00:32:10.640><c> in</c><00:32:10.880><c> areas</c><00:32:11.200><c> as</c><00:32:11.440><c> wide-ranging</c>

30:44.687 --> 30:44.697 align:start position:0%
its importance in areas as wide-ranging
 

30:44.697 --> 30:47.246 align:start position:0%
its importance in areas as wide-ranging
as<00:32:12.159><c> superconductors</c><00:32:13.120><c> and</c><00:32:13.440><c> nuclear</c><00:32:13.919><c> fusion</c><00:32:14.320><c> in</c>

30:47.246 --> 30:47.256 align:start position:0%
as superconductors and nuclear fusion in
 

30:47.256 --> 30:49.966 align:start position:0%
as superconductors and nuclear fusion in
the<00:32:14.720><c> hearts</c><00:32:15.039><c> of</c><00:32:15.200><c> stars.</c><00:32:16.399><c> Even</c><00:32:16.640><c> the</c><00:32:16.799><c> idea</c><00:32:17.039><c> of</c>

30:49.966 --> 30:49.976 align:start position:0%
the hearts of stars. Even the idea of
 

30:49.976 --> 30:51.726 align:start position:0%
the hearts of stars. Even the idea of
dark<00:32:17.600><c> matter</c><00:32:17.919><c> took</c><00:32:18.159><c> many</c><00:32:18.399><c> years</c><00:32:18.559><c> to</c><00:32:18.720><c> have</c><00:32:18.880><c> an</c>

30:51.726 --> 30:51.736 align:start position:0%
dark matter took many years to have an
 

30:51.736 --> 30:54.846 align:start position:0%
dark matter took many years to have an
impact.<00:32:19.679><c> Its</c><00:32:20.000><c> first</c><00:32:20.240><c> observations</c><00:32:20.880><c> in</c><00:32:21.200><c> 1933,</c>

30:54.846 --> 30:54.856 align:start position:0%
impact. Its first observations in 1933,
 

30:54.856 --> 30:56.927 align:start position:0%
impact. Its first observations in 1933,
going<00:32:22.480><c> largely</c><00:32:23.039><c> ignored</c><00:32:23.519><c> until</c><00:32:23.760><c> the</c><00:32:24.000><c> thread</c>

30:56.927 --> 30:56.937 align:start position:0%
going largely ignored until the thread
 

30:56.937 --> 31:01.246 align:start position:0%
going largely ignored until the thread
was<00:32:24.399><c> picked</c><00:32:24.640><c> back</c><00:32:24.799><c> up</c><00:32:24.960><c> again</c><00:32:25.200><c> in</c><00:32:25.519><c> the</c><00:32:25.679><c> 1970s.</c>

31:01.246 --> 31:01.256 align:start position:0%
was picked back up again in the 1970s.
 

31:01.256 --> 31:02.927 align:start position:0%
was picked back up again in the 1970s.
Indeed,<00:32:29.039><c> this</c><00:32:29.200><c> is</c><00:32:29.360><c> why</c><00:32:29.519><c> guessing</c><00:32:29.919><c> who</c><00:32:30.080><c> will</c>

31:02.927 --> 31:02.937 align:start position:0%
Indeed, this is why guessing who will
 

31:02.937 --> 31:05.007 align:start position:0%
Indeed, this is why guessing who will
get<00:32:30.320><c> the</c><00:32:30.480><c> next</c><00:32:30.640><c> Nobel</c><00:32:31.120><c> Prize</c><00:32:31.519><c> can</c><00:32:31.679><c> be</c><00:32:31.840><c> a</c><00:32:32.000><c> tricky</c>

31:05.007 --> 31:05.017 align:start position:0%
get the next Nobel Prize can be a tricky
 

31:05.017 --> 31:07.726 align:start position:0%
get the next Nobel Prize can be a tricky
prospect<00:32:33.279><c> because</c><00:32:33.519><c> it</c><00:32:33.760><c> can</c><00:32:33.919><c> be</c><00:32:34.080><c> years</c><00:32:34.480><c> or</c><00:32:34.799><c> even</c>

31:07.726 --> 31:07.736 align:start position:0%
prospect because it can be years or even
 

31:07.736 --> 31:09.887 align:start position:0%
prospect because it can be years or even
decades<00:32:35.679><c> before</c><00:32:36.000><c> the</c><00:32:36.240><c> importance</c><00:32:36.640><c> of</c><00:32:36.799><c> a</c><00:32:36.960><c> piece</c>

31:09.887 --> 31:09.897 align:start position:0%
decades before the importance of a piece
 

31:09.897 --> 31:13.246 align:start position:0%
decades before the importance of a piece
of<00:32:37.360><c> work</c><00:32:37.600><c> and</c><00:32:37.840><c> its</c><00:32:38.080><c> reach</c><00:32:38.880><c> are</c><00:32:38.960><c> clear.</c><00:32:40.320><c> And</c>

31:13.246 --> 31:13.256 align:start position:0%
of work and its reach are clear. And
 

31:13.256 --> 31:16.287 align:start position:0%
of work and its reach are clear. And
this<00:32:40.720><c> was</c><00:32:40.880><c> the</c><00:32:41.120><c> situation</c><00:32:41.600><c> in</c><00:32:41.840><c> the</c><00:32:42.080><c> 1970s</c><00:32:43.279><c> when</c>

31:16.287 --> 31:16.297 align:start position:0%
this was the situation in the 1970s when
 

31:16.297 --> 31:19.007 align:start position:0%
this was the situation in the 1970s when
two<00:32:43.919><c> physicists</c><00:32:44.880><c> Timothy</c><00:32:45.360><c> Bunch</c><00:32:45.760><c> and</c><00:32:45.919><c> Paul</c>

31:19.007 --> 31:19.017 align:start position:0%
two physicists Timothy Bunch and Paul
 

31:19.017 --> 31:21.726 align:start position:0%
two physicists Timothy Bunch and Paul
Davies<00:32:47.039><c> were</c><00:32:47.360><c> exploring</c><00:32:47.919><c> the</c><00:32:48.240><c> quantum</c><00:32:48.720><c> nature</c>

31:21.726 --> 31:21.736 align:start position:0%
Davies were exploring the quantum nature
 

31:21.736 --> 31:25.407 align:start position:0%
Davies were exploring the quantum nature
of<00:32:49.279><c> fields</c><00:32:50.159><c> in</c><00:32:50.559><c> curved</c><00:32:51.120><c> spacetime.</c>

31:25.407 --> 31:25.417 align:start position:0%
of fields in curved spacetime.
 

31:25.417 --> 31:27.246 align:start position:0%
of fields in curved spacetime.
Their<00:32:53.039><c> work</c><00:32:53.279><c> was</c><00:32:53.440><c> guided</c><00:32:53.840><c> by</c><00:32:54.159><c> simple</c>

31:27.246 --> 31:27.256 align:start position:0%
Their work was guided by simple
 

31:27.256 --> 31:29.486 align:start position:0%
Their work was guided by simple
theoretical<00:32:55.279><c> curiosity.</c><00:32:56.320><c> They</c><00:32:56.559><c> weren't</c>

31:29.486 --> 31:29.496 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity. They weren't
 

31:29.496 --> 31:31.567 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity. They weren't
thinking<00:32:57.039><c> about</c><00:32:57.360><c> galaxies</c><00:32:58.080><c> or</c><00:32:58.320><c> the</c><00:32:58.480><c> cosmic</c>

31:31.567 --> 31:31.577 align:start position:0%
thinking about galaxies or the cosmic
 

31:31.577 --> 31:34.047 align:start position:0%
thinking about galaxies or the cosmic
microwave<00:32:59.440><c> background.</c><00:33:00.559><c> Yet,</c><00:33:00.880><c> what</c><00:33:01.039><c> they</c>

31:34.047 --> 31:34.057 align:start position:0%
microwave background. Yet, what they
 

31:34.057 --> 31:35.966 align:start position:0%
microwave background. Yet, what they
found<00:33:01.760><c> would</c><00:33:02.080><c> fundamentally</c><00:33:02.799><c> shape</c><00:33:03.039><c> our</c>

31:35.966 --> 31:35.976 align:start position:0%
found would fundamentally shape our
 

31:35.976 --> 31:42.927 align:start position:0%
found would fundamentally shape our
understanding<00:33:04.159><c> of</c><00:33:04.480><c> both.</c>

31:42.927 --> 31:42.937 align:start position:0%
 
 

31:42.937 --> 31:44.687 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:33:10.480><c> so</c><00:33:10.640><c> to</c><00:33:10.799><c> truly</c><00:33:11.200><c> understand</c><00:33:11.519><c> what</c><00:33:11.840><c> they</c>

31:44.687 --> 31:44.697 align:start position:0%
And so to truly understand what they
 

31:44.697 --> 31:47.086 align:start position:0%
And so to truly understand what they
discovered,<00:33:12.720><c> we</c><00:33:12.960><c> must</c><00:33:13.200><c> first</c><00:33:13.600><c> understand</c>

31:47.086 --> 31:47.096 align:start position:0%
discovered, we must first understand
 

31:47.096 --> 31:51.327 align:start position:0%
discovered, we must first understand
what<00:33:14.559><c> a</c><00:33:14.799><c> quantum</c><00:33:15.360><c> fluctuation</c><00:33:16.159><c> is.</c>

31:51.327 --> 31:51.337 align:start position:0%
what a quantum fluctuation is.
 

31:51.337 --> 31:54.447 align:start position:0%
what a quantum fluctuation is.
To<00:33:18.960><c> begin</c><00:33:19.120><c> with,</c><00:33:19.840><c> think</c><00:33:20.080><c> of</c><00:33:20.240><c> an</c><00:33:20.480><c> electron.</c>

31:54.447 --> 31:54.457 align:start position:0%
To begin with, think of an electron.
 

31:54.457 --> 31:56.287 align:start position:0%
To begin with, think of an electron.
Perhaps<00:33:22.159><c> the</c><00:33:22.399><c> picture</c><00:33:22.640><c> that</c><00:33:22.880><c> pops</c><00:33:23.120><c> into</c><00:33:23.360><c> your</c>

31:56.287 --> 31:56.297 align:start position:0%
Perhaps the picture that pops into your
 

31:56.297 --> 31:58.127 align:start position:0%
Perhaps the picture that pops into your
head<00:33:23.840><c> is</c><00:33:24.159><c> something</c><00:33:24.399><c> like</c><00:33:24.559><c> a</c><00:33:24.799><c> little</c><00:33:25.039><c> ball</c>

31:58.127 --> 31:58.137 align:start position:0%
head is something like a little ball
 

31:58.137 --> 32:00.287 align:start position:0%
head is something like a little ball
bearing,<00:33:26.080><c> a</c><00:33:26.320><c> solid</c><00:33:26.720><c> particle</c><00:33:27.039><c> that</c><00:33:27.360><c> carries</c>

32:00.287 --> 32:00.297 align:start position:0%
bearing, a solid particle that carries
 

32:00.297 --> 32:02.287 align:start position:0%
bearing, a solid particle that carries
an<00:33:27.840><c> electric</c><00:33:28.240><c> charge</c><00:33:28.720><c> and</c><00:33:28.960><c> whizzes</c><00:33:29.360><c> around</c>

32:02.287 --> 32:02.297 align:start position:0%
an electric charge and whizzes around
 

32:02.297 --> 32:05.327 align:start position:0%
an electric charge and whizzes around
the<00:33:29.840><c> outside</c><00:33:30.159><c> of</c><00:33:30.320><c> the</c><00:33:30.480><c> nucleus</c><00:33:30.880><c> of</c><00:33:31.120><c> an</c><00:33:31.279><c> atom.</c>

32:05.327 --> 32:05.337 align:start position:0%
the outside of the nucleus of an atom.
 

32:05.337 --> 32:07.966 align:start position:0%
the outside of the nucleus of an atom.
However,<00:33:33.200><c> they're</c><00:33:33.440><c> not</c><00:33:33.679><c> quite</c><00:33:33.919><c> so</c><00:33:34.240><c> simple.</c>

32:07.966 --> 32:07.976 align:start position:0%
However, they're not quite so simple.
 

32:07.976 --> 32:11.807 align:start position:0%
However, they're not quite so simple.
Instead,<00:33:36.159><c> an</c><00:33:36.399><c> electron</c><00:33:37.200><c> is</c><00:33:37.679><c> quantum,</c><00:33:38.799><c> a</c>

32:11.807 --> 32:11.817 align:start position:0%
Instead, an electron is quantum, a
 

32:11.817 --> 32:14.447 align:start position:0%
Instead, an electron is quantum, a
quantum<00:33:39.600><c> wave</c><00:33:40.000><c> of</c><00:33:40.320><c> probability</c><00:33:41.200><c> that</c><00:33:41.519><c> tells</c>

32:14.447 --> 32:14.457 align:start position:0%
quantum wave of probability that tells
 

32:14.457 --> 32:16.527 align:start position:0%
quantum wave of probability that tells
you<00:33:41.919><c> the</c><00:33:42.240><c> chance</c><00:33:42.559><c> of</c><00:33:42.799><c> finding</c><00:33:43.039><c> the</c><00:33:43.279><c> electron</c>

32:16.527 --> 32:16.537 align:start position:0%
you the chance of finding the electron
 

32:16.537 --> 32:19.167 align:start position:0%
you the chance of finding the electron
here<00:33:44.080><c> or</c><00:33:44.320><c> there</c><00:33:44.880><c> or</c><00:33:45.120><c> moving</c><00:33:45.519><c> at</c><00:33:45.760><c> this</c><00:33:46.000><c> speed</c><00:33:46.240><c> or</c>

32:19.167 --> 32:19.177 align:start position:0%
here or there or moving at this speed or
 

32:19.177 --> 32:21.807 align:start position:0%
here or there or moving at this speed or
that.<00:33:47.679><c> But</c><00:33:47.840><c> just</c><00:33:48.080><c> what</c><00:33:48.240><c> is</c><00:33:48.320><c> this</c><00:33:48.559><c> electron</c>

32:21.807 --> 32:21.817 align:start position:0%
that. But just what is this electron
 

32:21.817 --> 32:25.327 align:start position:0%
that. But just what is this electron
wave<00:33:49.760><c> wiggling</c><00:33:50.480><c> in?</c><00:33:51.760><c> This</c><00:33:52.080><c> is</c><00:33:52.240><c> where</c><00:33:52.399><c> the</c>

32:25.327 --> 32:25.337 align:start position:0%
wave wiggling in? This is where the
 

32:25.337 --> 32:28.206 align:start position:0%
wave wiggling in? This is where the
notion<00:33:52.960><c> of</c><00:33:53.200><c> the</c><00:33:53.440><c> quantum</c><00:33:54.000><c> field</c><00:33:54.480><c> comes</c><00:33:54.799><c> in.</c>

32:28.206 --> 32:28.216 align:start position:0%
notion of the quantum field comes in.
 

32:28.216 --> 32:30.447 align:start position:0%
notion of the quantum field comes in.
You<00:33:55.760><c> can</c><00:33:55.840><c> think</c><00:33:56.000><c> of</c><00:33:56.080><c> a</c><00:33:56.320><c> quantum</c><00:33:56.720><c> field</c><00:33:57.360><c> like</c><00:33:57.519><c> a</c>

32:30.447 --> 32:30.457 align:start position:0%
You can think of a quantum field like a
 

32:30.457 --> 32:32.767 align:start position:0%
You can think of a quantum field like a
body<00:33:58.000><c> of</c><00:33:58.240><c> water.</c><00:33:58.880><c> And</c><00:33:59.039><c> just</c><00:33:59.279><c> like</c><00:33:59.519><c> water</c><00:33:59.919><c> can</c>

32:32.767 --> 32:32.777 align:start position:0%
body of water. And just like water can
 

32:32.777 --> 32:35.086 align:start position:0%
body of water. And just like water can
carry<00:34:00.399><c> ripples</c><00:34:00.799><c> and</c><00:34:01.039><c> waves,</c><00:34:01.840><c> so</c><00:34:02.080><c> can</c><00:34:02.240><c> the</c>

32:35.086 --> 32:35.096 align:start position:0%
carry ripples and waves, so can the
 

32:35.096 --> 32:37.807 align:start position:0%
carry ripples and waves, so can the
quantum<00:34:02.960><c> field.</c><00:34:04.000><c> But</c><00:34:04.159><c> unlike</c><00:34:04.559><c> a</c><00:34:04.720><c> pool</c><00:34:04.960><c> of</c>

32:37.807 --> 32:37.817 align:start position:0%
quantum field. But unlike a pool of
 

32:37.817 --> 32:39.807 align:start position:0%
quantum field. But unlike a pool of
water,<00:34:05.440><c> however,</c><00:34:05.919><c> the</c><00:34:06.159><c> electron</c><00:34:06.640><c> quantum</c>

32:39.807 --> 32:39.817 align:start position:0%
water, however, the electron quantum
 

32:39.817 --> 32:42.927 align:start position:0%
water, however, the electron quantum
field<00:34:07.600><c> pervades</c><00:34:08.240><c> all</c><00:34:08.480><c> of</c><00:34:08.800><c> space</c><00:34:09.599><c> and</c><00:34:09.919><c> carries</c>

32:42.927 --> 32:42.937 align:start position:0%
field pervades all of space and carries
 

32:42.937 --> 32:44.927 align:start position:0%
field pervades all of space and carries
the<00:34:10.480><c> uncountable</c><00:34:11.119><c> ripples</c><00:34:11.520><c> that</c><00:34:11.839><c> represent</c>

32:44.927 --> 32:44.937 align:start position:0%
the uncountable ripples that represent
 

32:44.937 --> 32:47.487 align:start position:0%
the uncountable ripples that represent
all<00:34:12.480><c> of</c><00:34:12.639><c> the</c><00:34:12.800><c> electrons</c><00:34:13.520><c> in</c><00:34:13.839><c> all</c><00:34:14.079><c> parts</c><00:34:14.480><c> of</c><00:34:14.639><c> the</c>

32:47.487 --> 32:47.497 align:start position:0%
all of the electrons in all parts of the
 

32:47.497 --> 32:49.887 align:start position:0%
all of the electrons in all parts of the
cosmos.<00:34:15.919><c> And</c><00:34:16.159><c> indeed</c><00:34:16.480><c> it's</c><00:34:16.720><c> not</c><00:34:16.879><c> just</c>

32:49.887 --> 32:49.897 align:start position:0%
cosmos. And indeed it's not just
 

32:49.897 --> 32:52.927 align:start position:0%
cosmos. And indeed it's not just
electrons<00:34:18.079><c> but</c><00:34:18.399><c> all</c><00:34:18.639><c> pieces</c><00:34:19.040><c> of</c><00:34:19.200><c> reality.</c>

32:52.927 --> 32:52.937 align:start position:0%
electrons but all pieces of reality.
 

32:52.937 --> 32:55.647 align:start position:0%
electrons but all pieces of reality.
Quarks,<00:34:20.960><c> photons,</c><00:34:21.760><c> neutrinos,</c><00:34:22.560><c> all</c><00:34:22.720><c> the</c>

32:55.647 --> 32:55.657 align:start position:0%
Quarks, photons, neutrinos, all the
 

32:55.657 --> 32:58.127 align:start position:0%
Quarks, photons, neutrinos, all the
particles<00:34:23.599><c> are</c><00:34:23.919><c> ultimately</c><00:34:24.560><c> ripples</c><00:34:25.200><c> in</c>

32:58.127 --> 32:58.137 align:start position:0%
particles are ultimately ripples in
 

32:58.137 --> 33:00.687 align:start position:0%
particles are ultimately ripples in
their<00:34:25.599><c> own</c><00:34:25.839><c> quantum</c><00:34:26.399><c> fields.</c><00:34:27.520><c> At</c><00:34:27.760><c> a</c>

33:00.687 --> 33:00.697 align:start position:0%
their own quantum fields. At a
 

33:00.697 --> 33:02.846 align:start position:0%
their own quantum fields. At a
fundamental<00:34:28.560><c> level,</c><00:34:29.119><c> the</c><00:34:29.359><c> universe</c><00:34:29.839><c> is</c>

33:02.846 --> 33:02.856 align:start position:0%
fundamental level, the universe is
 

33:02.856 --> 33:05.167 align:start position:0%
fundamental level, the universe is
nothing<00:34:30.560><c> but</c><00:34:30.879><c> multiple</c><00:34:31.440><c> seas</c><00:34:31.839><c> of</c><00:34:32.079><c> quantum</c>

33:05.167 --> 33:05.177 align:start position:0%
nothing but multiple seas of quantum
 

33:05.177 --> 33:07.887 align:start position:0%
nothing but multiple seas of quantum
waves<00:34:33.280><c> rippling</c><00:34:33.760><c> with</c><00:34:34.000><c> quantum</c><00:34:34.480><c> particles</c>

33:07.887 --> 33:07.897 align:start position:0%
waves rippling with quantum particles
 

33:07.897 --> 33:13.407 align:start position:0%
waves rippling with quantum particles
and<00:34:35.520><c> interacting</c><00:34:36.480><c> through</c><00:34:36.800><c> quantum</c><00:34:37.280><c> forces.</c>

33:13.407 --> 33:13.417 align:start position:0%
 
 

33:13.417 --> 33:16.286 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:34:40.960><c> even</c><00:34:41.200><c> that</c><00:34:41.760><c> is</c><00:34:42.000><c> not</c><00:34:42.240><c> the</c><00:34:42.399><c> end</c><00:34:42.560><c> of</c><00:34:42.639><c> it.</c>

33:16.286 --> 33:16.296 align:start position:0%
And even that is not the end of it.
 

33:16.296 --> 33:18.927 align:start position:0%
And even that is not the end of it.
Imagine<00:34:44.720><c> a</c><00:34:44.879><c> region</c><00:34:45.200><c> of</c><00:34:45.440><c> space</c><00:34:45.919><c> where</c>

33:18.927 --> 33:18.937 align:start position:0%
Imagine a region of space where
 

33:18.937 --> 33:21.727 align:start position:0%
Imagine a region of space where
electrons<00:34:46.960><c> are</c><00:34:47.200><c> completely</c><00:34:47.760><c> absent.</c><00:34:48.800><c> The</c>

33:21.727 --> 33:21.737 align:start position:0%
electrons are completely absent. The
 

33:21.737 --> 33:23.566 align:start position:0%
electrons are completely absent. The
electron<00:34:49.520><c> quantum</c><00:34:49.919><c> field</c><00:34:50.240><c> is</c><00:34:50.480><c> still</c><00:34:50.639><c> there,</c>

33:23.566 --> 33:23.576 align:start position:0%
electron quantum field is still there,
 

33:23.576 --> 33:25.647 align:start position:0%
electron quantum field is still there,
but<00:34:51.119><c> with</c><00:34:51.280><c> no</c><00:34:51.440><c> electrons,</c><00:34:52.240><c> surely</c><00:34:52.720><c> there</c>

33:25.647 --> 33:25.657 align:start position:0%
but with no electrons, surely there
 

33:25.657 --> 33:28.207 align:start position:0%
but with no electrons, surely there
should<00:34:53.119><c> be</c><00:34:53.280><c> no</c><00:34:53.599><c> electron</c><00:34:54.159><c> ripples.</c><00:34:55.200><c> And</c><00:34:55.359><c> with</c>

33:28.207 --> 33:28.217 align:start position:0%
should be no electron ripples. And with
 

33:28.217 --> 33:30.207 align:start position:0%
should be no electron ripples. And with
no<00:34:55.760><c> electron</c><00:34:56.240><c> ripples,</c><00:34:56.800><c> the</c><00:34:57.040><c> electron</c>

33:30.207 --> 33:30.217 align:start position:0%
no electron ripples, the electron
 

33:30.217 --> 33:32.766 align:start position:0%
no electron ripples, the electron
quantum<00:34:58.000><c> field</c><00:34:58.480><c> should</c><00:34:58.720><c> sit</c><00:34:59.040><c> still</c><00:34:59.680><c> like</c><00:34:59.839><c> an</c>

33:32.766 --> 33:32.776 align:start position:0%
quantum field should sit still like an
 

33:32.776 --> 33:35.007 align:start position:0%
quantum field should sit still like an
unbroken<00:35:00.720><c> pond.</c>

33:35.007 --> 33:35.017 align:start position:0%
unbroken pond.
 

33:35.017 --> 33:37.487 align:start position:0%
unbroken pond.
And<00:35:02.640><c> yet,</c><00:35:03.599><c> we</c><00:35:03.839><c> need</c><00:35:04.000><c> to</c><00:35:04.160><c> remember</c><00:35:04.480><c> that</c>

33:37.487 --> 33:37.497 align:start position:0%
And yet, we need to remember that
 

33:37.497 --> 33:40.766 align:start position:0%
And yet, we need to remember that
quantum<00:35:05.280><c> waves</c><00:35:05.839><c> are</c><00:35:06.079><c> waves</c><00:35:06.560><c> of</c><00:35:06.960><c> probability.</c>

33:40.766 --> 33:40.776 align:start position:0%
quantum waves are waves of probability.
 

33:40.776 --> 33:42.607 align:start position:0%
quantum waves are waves of probability.
And<00:35:08.240><c> it</c><00:35:08.400><c> is</c><00:35:08.560><c> these</c><00:35:08.880><c> probabilities</c><00:35:09.599><c> that</c>

33:42.607 --> 33:42.617 align:start position:0%
And it is these probabilities that
 

33:42.617 --> 33:45.087 align:start position:0%
And it is these probabilities that
introduce<00:35:10.480><c> uncertainty</c><00:35:11.440><c> into</c><00:35:11.760><c> the</c><00:35:11.920><c> quantum</c>

33:45.087 --> 33:45.097 align:start position:0%
introduce uncertainty into the quantum
 

33:45.097 --> 33:47.407 align:start position:0%
introduce uncertainty into the quantum
picture.<00:35:13.359><c> This</c><00:35:13.680><c> means</c><00:35:13.839><c> that</c><00:35:14.079><c> the</c><00:35:14.240><c> quantum</c>

33:47.407 --> 33:47.417 align:start position:0%
picture. This means that the quantum
 

33:47.417 --> 33:50.607 align:start position:0%
picture. This means that the quantum
field<00:35:15.119><c> can</c><00:35:15.359><c> never</c><00:35:15.599><c> ever</c><00:35:16.079><c> be</c><00:35:16.320><c> totally</c><00:35:16.880><c> calm.</c>

33:50.607 --> 33:50.617 align:start position:0%
field can never ever be totally calm.
 

33:50.617 --> 33:53.407 align:start position:0%
field can never ever be totally calm.
Instead,<00:35:18.400><c> it</c><00:35:18.640><c> bubbles</c><00:35:19.040><c> and</c><00:35:19.359><c> boils</c><00:35:20.000><c> as</c><00:35:20.240><c> ripples</c>

33:53.407 --> 33:53.417 align:start position:0%
Instead, it bubbles and boils as ripples
 

33:53.417 --> 33:56.127 align:start position:0%
Instead, it bubbles and boils as ripples
come<00:35:20.880><c> and</c><00:35:21.119><c> go</c><00:35:21.359><c> with</c><00:35:21.520><c> no</c><00:35:21.760><c> seeming</c><00:35:22.160><c> origin.</c><00:35:23.200><c> This</c>

33:56.127 --> 33:56.137 align:start position:0%
come and go with no seeming origin. This
 

33:56.137 --> 33:58.687 align:start position:0%
come and go with no seeming origin. This
quantum<00:35:24.000><c> field</c><00:35:24.480><c> frothing</c><00:35:25.040><c> is</c><00:35:25.280><c> shaped</c><00:35:25.680><c> by</c><00:35:25.839><c> the</c>

33:58.687 --> 33:58.697 align:start position:0%
quantum field frothing is shaped by the
 

33:58.697 --> 34:00.687 align:start position:0%
quantum field frothing is shaped by the
inherent<00:35:26.480><c> uncertainty</c><00:35:27.280><c> of</c><00:35:27.599><c> quantum</c>

34:00.687 --> 34:00.697 align:start position:0%
inherent uncertainty of quantum
 

34:00.697 --> 34:03.567 align:start position:0%
inherent uncertainty of quantum
mechanics.<00:35:29.200><c> And</c><00:35:29.359><c> the</c><00:35:29.520><c> ripples</c><00:35:29.920><c> also</c><00:35:30.400><c> aren't</c>

34:03.567 --> 34:03.577 align:start position:0%
mechanics. And the ripples also aren't
 

34:03.577 --> 34:05.647 align:start position:0%
mechanics. And the ripples also aren't
totally<00:35:31.440><c> ephemeral.</c><00:35:32.320><c> They</c><00:35:32.560><c> of</c><00:35:32.800><c> course</c>

34:05.647 --> 34:05.657 align:start position:0%
totally ephemeral. They of course
 

34:05.657 --> 34:08.127 align:start position:0%
totally ephemeral. They of course
represent<00:35:33.520><c> electrons</c><00:35:34.400><c> or</c><00:35:34.720><c> quarks</c><00:35:35.200><c> or</c>

34:08.127 --> 34:08.137 align:start position:0%
represent electrons or quarks or
 

34:08.137 --> 34:10.286 align:start position:0%
represent electrons or quarks or
whatever<00:35:35.680><c> the</c><00:35:35.920><c> nature</c><00:35:36.160><c> of</c><00:35:36.320><c> the</c><00:35:36.480><c> field</c><00:35:36.800><c> is.</c><00:35:37.440><c> And</c>

34:10.286 --> 34:10.296 align:start position:0%
whatever the nature of the field is. And
 

34:10.296 --> 34:13.087 align:start position:0%
whatever the nature of the field is. And
so<00:35:37.760><c> the</c><00:35:37.920><c> bubbling</c><00:35:38.240><c> and</c><00:35:38.480><c> boiling</c><00:35:39.200><c> of</c><00:35:39.520><c> particles</c>

34:13.087 --> 34:13.097 align:start position:0%
so the bubbling and boiling of particles
 

34:13.097 --> 34:15.647 align:start position:0%
so the bubbling and boiling of particles
popping<00:35:40.720><c> in</c><00:35:40.880><c> and</c><00:35:41.119><c> out</c><00:35:41.280><c> of</c><00:35:41.440><c> existence.</c><00:35:42.720><c> To</c>

34:15.647 --> 34:15.657 align:start position:0%
popping in and out of existence. To
 

34:15.657 --> 34:18.127 align:start position:0%
popping in and out of existence. To
physicists,<00:35:43.920><c> this</c><00:35:44.160><c> seething</c><00:35:44.800><c> is</c><00:35:45.040><c> known</c><00:35:45.280><c> as</c>

34:18.127 --> 34:18.137 align:start position:0%
physicists, this seething is known as
 

34:18.137 --> 34:21.167 align:start position:0%
physicists, this seething is known as
quantum<00:35:45.920><c> fluctuations,</c><00:35:47.280><c> a</c><00:35:47.599><c> fundamental</c><00:35:48.240><c> and</c>

34:21.167 --> 34:21.177 align:start position:0%
quantum fluctuations, a fundamental and
 

34:21.177 --> 34:29.007 align:start position:0%
quantum fluctuations, a fundamental and
statistical<00:35:49.119><c> property</c><00:35:49.760><c> of</c><00:35:50.079><c> quantum</c><00:35:50.560><c> fields.</c>

34:29.007 --> 34:29.017 align:start position:0%
 
 

34:29.017 --> 34:30.766 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:35:56.560><c> this</c><00:35:56.800><c> means</c><00:35:57.040><c> that</c><00:35:57.280><c> there</c><00:35:57.440><c> is</c><00:35:57.520><c> a</c><00:35:57.680><c> quantum</c>

34:30.766 --> 34:30.776 align:start position:0%
And this means that there is a quantum
 

34:30.776 --> 34:32.367 align:start position:0%
And this means that there is a quantum
energy<00:35:58.400><c> that</c><00:35:58.640><c> exists</c><00:35:58.960><c> in</c><00:35:59.119><c> what</c><00:35:59.280><c> we</c><00:35:59.520><c> might</c>

34:32.367 --> 34:32.377 align:start position:0%
energy that exists in what we might
 

34:32.377 --> 34:34.927 align:start position:0%
energy that exists in what we might
think<00:35:59.920><c> of</c><00:36:00.079><c> as</c><00:36:00.320><c> the</c><00:36:00.480><c> emptiest</c><00:36:00.960><c> of</c><00:36:01.119><c> spaces.</c>

34:34.927 --> 34:34.937 align:start position:0%
think of as the emptiest of spaces.
 

34:34.937 --> 34:36.766 align:start position:0%
think of as the emptiest of spaces.
though<00:36:02.480><c> being</c><00:36:02.720><c> at</c><00:36:02.880><c> the</c><00:36:03.040><c> truly</c><00:36:03.440><c> minuscule</c>

34:36.766 --> 34:36.776 align:start position:0%
though being at the truly minuscule
 

34:36.776 --> 34:38.447 align:start position:0%
though being at the truly minuscule
quantum<00:36:04.560><c> scale</c><00:36:05.119><c> means</c><00:36:05.359><c> that</c><00:36:05.520><c> these</c>

34:38.447 --> 34:38.457 align:start position:0%
quantum scale means that these
 

34:38.457 --> 34:41.407 align:start position:0%
quantum scale means that these
fluctuations<00:36:06.560><c> are</c><00:36:06.800><c> tiny</c><00:36:07.359><c> barely</c><00:36:07.760><c> detectable</c>

34:41.407 --> 34:41.417 align:start position:0%
fluctuations are tiny barely detectable
 

34:41.417 --> 34:44.286 align:start position:0%
fluctuations are tiny barely detectable
unless<00:36:09.119><c> of</c><00:36:09.280><c> course</c><00:36:09.520><c> that</c><00:36:09.760><c> is</c><00:36:10.720><c> something</c><00:36:11.200><c> blows</c>

34:44.286 --> 34:44.296 align:start position:0%
unless of course that is something blows
 

34:44.296 --> 34:47.007 align:start position:0%
unless of course that is something blows
them<00:36:11.839><c> up</c><00:36:12.800><c> and</c><00:36:13.119><c> this</c><00:36:13.520><c> brings</c><00:36:13.839><c> us</c><00:36:14.000><c> back</c><00:36:14.160><c> to</c>

34:47.007 --> 34:47.017 align:start position:0%
them up and this brings us back to
 

34:47.017 --> 34:51.087 align:start position:0%
them up and this brings us back to
Timothy<00:36:14.720><c> Bunch</c><00:36:15.359><c> and</c><00:36:15.680><c> Paul</c><00:36:16.000><c> Davies.</c>

34:51.087 --> 34:51.097 align:start position:0%
Timothy Bunch and Paul Davies.
 

34:51.097 --> 34:53.167 align:start position:0%
Timothy Bunch and Paul Davies.
Their<00:36:18.800><c> focus</c><00:36:19.119><c> was</c><00:36:19.359><c> on</c><00:36:19.520><c> the</c><00:36:19.680><c> mathematics</c><00:36:20.240><c> of</c>

34:53.167 --> 34:53.177 align:start position:0%
Their focus was on the mathematics of
 

34:53.177 --> 34:56.367 align:start position:0%
Their focus was on the mathematics of
quantum<00:36:20.880><c> theory</c><00:36:21.520><c> in</c><00:36:21.760><c> an</c><00:36:22.000><c> expanding</c><00:36:22.720><c> universe</c>

34:56.367 --> 34:56.377 align:start position:0%
quantum theory in an expanding universe
 

34:56.377 --> 34:58.367 align:start position:0%
quantum theory in an expanding universe
and<00:36:23.920><c> how</c><00:36:24.079><c> the</c><00:36:24.320><c> world</c><00:36:24.480><c> of</c><00:36:24.640><c> the</c><00:36:24.800><c> quantum</c><00:36:25.440><c> that</c>

34:58.367 --> 34:58.377 align:start position:0%
and how the world of the quantum that
 

34:58.377 --> 35:00.766 align:start position:0%
and how the world of the quantum that
ruled<00:36:26.079><c> the</c><00:36:26.320><c> smallcaled</c><00:36:27.119><c> universe</c><00:36:27.839><c> would</c>

35:00.766 --> 35:00.776 align:start position:0%
ruled the smallcaled universe would
 

35:00.776 --> 35:02.687 align:start position:0%
ruled the smallcaled universe would
evolve<00:36:28.560><c> in</c><00:36:28.800><c> the</c><00:36:28.960><c> dynamic</c><00:36:29.440><c> space-time</c>

35:02.687 --> 35:02.697 align:start position:0%
evolve in the dynamic space-time
 

35:02.697 --> 35:05.567 align:start position:0%
evolve in the dynamic space-time
background<00:36:30.640><c> of</c><00:36:30.880><c> the</c><00:36:31.119><c> cosmos.</c><00:36:32.400><c> And</c><00:36:32.560><c> out</c><00:36:32.720><c> of</c>

35:05.567 --> 35:05.577 align:start position:0%
background of the cosmos. And out of
 

35:05.577 --> 35:08.847 align:start position:0%
background of the cosmos. And out of
this<00:36:33.119><c> work</c><00:36:33.520><c> came</c><00:36:33.760><c> the</c><00:36:34.000><c> bunch</c><00:36:34.400><c> davy's</c><00:36:34.960><c> vacuum</c><00:36:35.920><c> a</c>

35:08.847 --> 35:08.857 align:start position:0%
this work came the bunch davy's vacuum a
 

35:08.857 --> 35:10.687 align:start position:0%
this work came the bunch davy's vacuum a
particular<00:36:36.560><c> quantum</c><00:36:36.960><c> state</c><00:36:37.280><c> that</c><00:36:37.520><c> behaves</c><00:36:37.839><c> in</c>

35:10.687 --> 35:10.697 align:start position:0%
particular quantum state that behaves in
 

35:10.697 --> 35:13.247 align:start position:0%
particular quantum state that behaves in
a<00:36:38.160><c> well</c><00:36:38.320><c> understood</c><00:36:38.800><c> way</c><00:36:39.040><c> in</c><00:36:39.359><c> a</c><00:36:39.520><c> universe</c><00:36:40.240><c> that</c>

35:13.247 --> 35:13.257 align:start position:0%
a well understood way in a universe that
 

35:13.257 --> 35:15.487 align:start position:0%
a well understood way in a universe that
is<00:36:40.720><c> stretching.</c><00:36:41.760><c> It</c><00:36:42.000><c> was</c><00:36:42.079><c> elegant</c><00:36:42.480><c> and</c>

35:15.487 --> 35:15.497 align:start position:0%
is stretching. It was elegant and
 

35:15.497 --> 35:17.647 align:start position:0%
is stretching. It was elegant and
rigorous,<00:36:43.680><c> a</c><00:36:43.920><c> natural</c><00:36:44.400><c> choice</c><00:36:44.640><c> for</c>

35:17.647 --> 35:17.657 align:start position:0%
rigorous, a natural choice for
 

35:17.657 --> 35:19.727 align:start position:0%
rigorous, a natural choice for
describing<00:36:45.359><c> how</c><00:36:45.599><c> quantum</c><00:36:46.000><c> fields</c><00:36:46.320><c> evolve</c><00:36:46.800><c> in</c>

35:19.727 --> 35:19.737 align:start position:0%
describing how quantum fields evolve in
 

35:19.737 --> 35:22.927 align:start position:0%
describing how quantum fields evolve in
a<00:36:47.200><c> rapidly</c><00:36:47.599><c> evolving</c><00:36:48.079><c> universe.</c><00:36:49.200><c> And</c><00:36:49.440><c> yet,</c>

35:22.927 --> 35:22.937 align:start position:0%
a rapidly evolving universe. And yet,
 

35:22.937 --> 35:24.847 align:start position:0%
a rapidly evolving universe. And yet,
when<00:36:50.480><c> they</c><00:36:50.640><c> published</c><00:36:51.040><c> their</c><00:36:51.280><c> work,</c><00:36:51.920><c> it</c>

35:24.847 --> 35:24.857 align:start position:0%
when they published their work, it
 

35:24.857 --> 35:27.407 align:start position:0%
when they published their work, it
barely<00:36:52.400><c> caused</c><00:36:52.640><c> a</c><00:36:52.880><c> ripple.</c><00:36:53.839><c> Cosmology</c><00:36:54.400><c> at</c><00:36:54.560><c> the</c>

35:27.407 --> 35:27.417 align:start position:0%
barely caused a ripple. Cosmology at the
 

35:27.417 --> 35:29.967 align:start position:0%
barely caused a ripple. Cosmology at the
time<00:36:54.960><c> was</c><00:36:55.200><c> dominated</c><00:36:55.680><c> by</c><00:36:56.000><c> classical</c><00:36:56.480><c> ideas,</c>

35:29.967 --> 35:29.977 align:start position:0%
time was dominated by classical ideas,
 

35:29.977 --> 35:31.967 align:start position:0%
time was dominated by classical ideas,
and<00:36:57.520><c> quantum</c><00:36:57.920><c> subtleties</c><00:36:58.560><c> seemed</c><00:36:59.040><c> far</c>

35:31.967 --> 35:31.977 align:start position:0%
and quantum subtleties seemed far
 

35:31.977 --> 35:34.286 align:start position:0%
and quantum subtleties seemed far
removed<00:36:59.680><c> from</c><00:36:59.920><c> anything</c><00:37:00.240><c> observable.</c><00:37:01.440><c> The</c>

35:34.286 --> 35:34.296 align:start position:0%
removed from anything observable. The
 

35:34.296 --> 35:36.687 align:start position:0%
removed from anything observable. The
bunch<00:37:02.000><c> Davy</c><00:37:02.400><c> state</c><00:37:02.720><c> was</c><00:37:02.960><c> filed</c><00:37:03.359><c> away</c><00:37:03.599><c> as</c><00:37:03.839><c> a</c>

35:36.687 --> 35:36.697 align:start position:0%
bunch Davy state was filed away as a
 

35:36.697 --> 35:39.087 align:start position:0%
bunch Davy state was filed away as a
theoretical<00:37:04.640><c> curiosity</c><00:37:05.680><c> interesting</c><00:37:06.160><c> to</c>

35:39.087 --> 35:39.097 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity interesting to
 

35:39.097 --> 35:41.647 align:start position:0%
theoretical curiosity interesting to
specialists,<00:37:07.359><c> but</c><00:37:07.599><c> irrelevant</c><00:37:08.240><c> to</c><00:37:08.480><c> the</c><00:37:08.640><c> big</c>

35:41.647 --> 35:41.657 align:start position:0%
specialists, but irrelevant to the big
 

35:41.657 --> 35:44.127 align:start position:0%
specialists, but irrelevant to the big
questions<00:37:09.280><c> of</c><00:37:09.440><c> the</c><00:37:09.599><c> cosmos.</c><00:37:10.720><c> Indeed,</c><00:37:11.200><c> few</c>

35:44.127 --> 35:44.137 align:start position:0%
questions of the cosmos. Indeed, few
 

35:44.137 --> 35:45.806 align:start position:0%
questions of the cosmos. Indeed, few
could<00:37:11.599><c> imagine</c><00:37:11.920><c> that</c><00:37:12.160><c> this</c><00:37:12.320><c> quiet</c><00:37:12.720><c> piece</c><00:37:12.960><c> of</c>

35:45.806 --> 35:45.816 align:start position:0%
could imagine that this quiet piece of
 

35:45.816 --> 35:48.127 align:start position:0%
could imagine that this quiet piece of
theory<00:37:13.599><c> would</c><00:37:13.839><c> one</c><00:37:14.000><c> day</c><00:37:14.160><c> underpin</c><00:37:14.720><c> our</c><00:37:14.960><c> entire</c>

35:48.127 --> 35:48.137 align:start position:0%
theory would one day underpin our entire
 

35:48.137 --> 35:50.127 align:start position:0%
theory would one day underpin our entire
understanding<00:37:16.079><c> of</c><00:37:16.240><c> the</c><00:37:16.480><c> origin</c><00:37:16.800><c> of</c><00:37:17.040><c> structure</c>

35:50.127 --> 35:50.137 align:start position:0%
understanding of the origin of structure
 

35:50.137 --> 35:52.847 align:start position:0%
understanding of the origin of structure
in<00:37:17.680><c> the</c><00:37:17.920><c> universe.</c><00:37:19.040><c> But</c><00:37:19.200><c> that</c><00:37:19.440><c> all</c><00:37:19.680><c> changed</c>

35:52.847 --> 35:52.857 align:start position:0%
in the universe. But that all changed
 

35:52.857 --> 35:54.847 align:start position:0%
in the universe. But that all changed
with<00:37:20.400><c> the</c><00:37:20.560><c> arrival</c><00:37:21.200><c> of</c><00:37:21.440><c> the</c><00:37:21.680><c> theory</c><00:37:22.000><c> of</c>

35:54.847 --> 35:54.857 align:start position:0%
with the arrival of the theory of
 

35:54.857 --> 36:00.607 align:start position:0%
with the arrival of the theory of
inflation.

36:00.607 --> 36:00.617 align:start position:0%
 
 

36:00.617 --> 36:03.727 align:start position:0%
 
By<00:37:28.160><c> the</c><00:37:28.320><c> close</c><00:37:28.560><c> of</c><00:37:28.720><c> the</c><00:37:28.880><c> 1970s,</c><00:37:30.160><c> cosmologists</c>

36:03.727 --> 36:03.737 align:start position:0%
By the close of the 1970s, cosmologists
 

36:03.737 --> 36:05.647 align:start position:0%
By the close of the 1970s, cosmologists
were<00:37:31.280><c> wrestling</c><00:37:31.599><c> with</c><00:37:31.839><c> numerous</c><00:37:32.560><c> deep</c>

36:05.647 --> 36:05.657 align:start position:0%
were wrestling with numerous deep
 

36:05.657 --> 36:08.526 align:start position:0%
were wrestling with numerous deep
puzzles.<00:37:34.160><c> Why</c><00:37:34.320><c> is</c><00:37:34.480><c> the</c><00:37:34.720><c> universe</c><00:37:35.119><c> so</c><00:37:35.440><c> smooth</c>

36:08.526 --> 36:08.536 align:start position:0%
puzzles. Why is the universe so smooth
 

36:08.536 --> 36:10.847 align:start position:0%
puzzles. Why is the universe so smooth
on<00:37:36.079><c> the</c><00:37:36.240><c> largest</c><00:37:36.640><c> scales,</c><00:37:37.359><c> yet</c><00:37:37.680><c> sprinkled</c>

36:10.847 --> 36:10.857 align:start position:0%
on the largest scales, yet sprinkled
 

36:10.857 --> 36:13.087 align:start position:0%
on the largest scales, yet sprinkled
with<00:37:38.400><c> just</c><00:37:38.560><c> the</c><00:37:38.800><c> right</c><00:37:38.960><c> amount</c><00:37:39.200><c> of</c><00:37:39.440><c> structure?</c>

36:13.087 --> 36:13.097 align:start position:0%
with just the right amount of structure?
 

36:13.097 --> 36:15.327 align:start position:0%
with just the right amount of structure?
Why<00:37:40.640><c> does</c><00:37:40.800><c> space</c><00:37:41.040><c> itself</c><00:37:41.520><c> appear</c><00:37:41.920><c> so</c><00:37:42.160><c> flat</c>

36:15.327 --> 36:15.337 align:start position:0%
Why does space itself appear so flat
 

36:15.337 --> 36:17.407 align:start position:0%
Why does space itself appear so flat
when<00:37:43.040><c> gravity</c><00:37:43.599><c> should</c><00:37:43.760><c> have</c><00:37:43.920><c> curved</c><00:37:44.240><c> it</c><00:37:44.480><c> long</c>

36:17.407 --> 36:17.417 align:start position:0%
when gravity should have curved it long
 

36:17.417 --> 36:19.806 align:start position:0%
when gravity should have curved it long
ago?<00:37:45.520><c> And</c><00:37:45.680><c> why</c><00:37:45.920><c> do</c><00:37:46.079><c> we</c><00:37:46.160><c> see</c><00:37:46.320><c> no</c><00:37:46.560><c> relics</c><00:37:46.960><c> of</c>

36:19.806 --> 36:19.816 align:start position:0%
ago? And why do we see no relics of
 

36:19.816 --> 36:21.967 align:start position:0%
ago? And why do we see no relics of
exotic<00:37:47.680><c> particles</c><00:37:48.240><c> predicted</c><00:37:48.720><c> by</c><00:37:49.040><c> high</c>

36:21.967 --> 36:21.977 align:start position:0%
exotic particles predicted by high
 

36:21.977 --> 36:24.927 align:start position:0%
exotic particles predicted by high
energy<00:37:49.839><c> physics?</c><00:37:51.040><c> These</c><00:37:51.280><c> were</c><00:37:51.440><c> cracks</c><00:37:51.839><c> in</c><00:37:52.079><c> the</c>

36:24.927 --> 36:24.937 align:start position:0%
energy physics? These were cracks in the
 

36:24.937 --> 36:26.607 align:start position:0%
energy physics? These were cracks in the
standard<00:37:52.560><c> big</c><00:37:52.800><c> bang</c><00:37:53.119><c> model</c><00:37:53.520><c> and</c><00:37:53.760><c> they</c>

36:26.607 --> 36:26.617 align:start position:0%
standard big bang model and they
 

36:26.617 --> 36:29.167 align:start position:0%
standard big bang model and they
demanded<00:37:54.400><c> an</c><00:37:54.720><c> explanation.</c><00:37:55.839><c> And</c><00:37:56.000><c> so</c><00:37:56.160><c> Alan</c>

36:29.167 --> 36:29.177 align:start position:0%
demanded an explanation. And so Alan
 

36:29.177 --> 36:31.327 align:start position:0%
demanded an explanation. And so Alan
Guth,<00:37:56.960><c> a</c><00:37:57.119><c> young</c><00:37:57.359><c> particle</c><00:37:57.760><c> physicist,</c><00:37:58.400><c> was</c>

36:31.327 --> 36:31.337 align:start position:0%
Guth, a young particle physicist, was
 

36:31.337 --> 36:33.647 align:start position:0%
Guth, a young particle physicist, was
drawn<00:37:59.040><c> to</c><00:37:59.280><c> these</c><00:37:59.520><c> problems</c><00:38:00.400><c> and</c><00:38:00.720><c> his</c>

36:33.647 --> 36:33.657 align:start position:0%
drawn to these problems and his
 

36:33.657 --> 36:37.007 align:start position:0%
drawn to these problems and his
calculations<00:38:01.680><c> led</c><00:38:01.920><c> him</c><00:38:02.160><c> to</c><00:38:02.320><c> a</c><00:38:02.480><c> radical</c><00:38:02.960><c> idea.</c>

36:37.007 --> 36:37.017 align:start position:0%
calculations led him to a radical idea.
 

36:37.017 --> 36:39.487 align:start position:0%
calculations led him to a radical idea.
What<00:38:04.560><c> if</c><00:38:05.040><c> in</c><00:38:05.280><c> its</c><00:38:05.520><c> earliest</c><00:38:05.920><c> moments</c><00:38:06.560><c> the</c>

36:39.487 --> 36:39.497 align:start position:0%
What if in its earliest moments the
 

36:39.497 --> 36:41.967 align:start position:0%
What if in its earliest moments the
universe<00:38:07.280><c> underwent</c><00:38:07.760><c> a</c><00:38:08.000><c> brief</c><00:38:08.400><c> but</c><00:38:08.720><c> dramatic</c>

36:41.967 --> 36:41.977 align:start position:0%
universe underwent a brief but dramatic
 

36:41.977 --> 36:44.927 align:start position:0%
universe underwent a brief but dramatic
burst<00:38:09.599><c> of</c><00:38:09.839><c> expansion?</c><00:38:11.040><c> A</c><00:38:11.280><c> period</c><00:38:11.599><c> where</c><00:38:11.920><c> space</c>

36:44.927 --> 36:44.937 align:start position:0%
burst of expansion? A period where space
 

36:44.937 --> 36:47.647 align:start position:0%
burst of expansion? A period where space
itself<00:38:13.040><c> inflated</c><00:38:13.760><c> exponentially,</c>

36:47.647 --> 36:47.657 align:start position:0%
itself inflated exponentially,
 

36:47.657 --> 36:49.487 align:start position:0%
itself inflated exponentially,
flattening<00:38:15.440><c> it</c><00:38:15.599><c> out</c><00:38:15.839><c> and</c><00:38:16.160><c> diluting</c><00:38:16.560><c> the</c>

36:49.487 --> 36:49.497 align:start position:0%
flattening it out and diluting the
 

36:49.497 --> 36:52.687 align:start position:0%
flattening it out and diluting the
relics<00:38:17.280><c> far</c><00:38:17.680><c> across</c><00:38:18.160><c> the</c><00:38:18.400><c> cosmic</c><00:38:18.880><c> horizon.</c>

36:52.687 --> 36:52.697 align:start position:0%
relics far across the cosmic horizon.
 

36:52.697 --> 36:54.046 align:start position:0%
relics far across the cosmic horizon.
And<00:38:20.160><c> indeed,</c><00:38:20.480><c> that</c><00:38:20.720><c> wasn't</c><00:38:20.960><c> all</c><00:38:21.119><c> that</c>

36:54.046 --> 36:54.056 align:start position:0%
And indeed, that wasn't all that
 

36:54.056 --> 36:56.127 align:start position:0%
And indeed, that wasn't all that
inflation<00:38:21.839><c> would</c><00:38:22.079><c> do.</c><00:38:22.720><c> It</c><00:38:22.880><c> would</c><00:38:23.040><c> also</c>

36:56.127 --> 36:56.137 align:start position:0%
inflation would do. It would also
 

36:56.137 --> 36:58.207 align:start position:0%
inflation would do. It would also
provide<00:38:23.760><c> a</c><00:38:23.920><c> mechanism</c><00:38:24.720><c> for</c><00:38:24.960><c> seeding</c>

36:58.207 --> 36:58.217 align:start position:0%
provide a mechanism for seeding
 

36:58.217 --> 37:03.087 align:start position:0%
provide a mechanism for seeding
structure.

37:03.087 --> 37:03.097 align:start position:0%
 
 

37:03.097 --> 37:05.567 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:38:30.560><c> epoch</c><00:38:30.960><c> of</c><00:38:31.119><c> inflation</c><00:38:31.760><c> was</c><00:38:32.079><c> terrifyingly</c>

37:05.567 --> 37:05.577 align:start position:0%
The epoch of inflation was terrifyingly
 

37:05.577 --> 37:08.127 align:start position:0%
The epoch of inflation was terrifyingly
short,<00:38:33.520><c> lasting</c><00:38:33.920><c> only</c><00:38:34.160><c> 10</c><00:38:34.480><c> to</c><00:38:34.560><c> the^</c><00:38:34.880><c> of</c><00:38:35.040><c> minus</c>

37:08.127 --> 37:08.137 align:start position:0%
short, lasting only 10 to the^ of minus
 

37:08.137 --> 37:11.327 align:start position:0%
short, lasting only 10 to the^ of minus
32<00:38:35.920><c> seconds,</c><00:38:36.720><c> a</c><00:38:36.960><c> duration</c><00:38:37.599><c> far</c><00:38:37.920><c> far</c><00:38:38.320><c> smaller</c>

37:11.327 --> 37:11.337 align:start position:0%
32 seconds, a duration far far smaller
 

37:11.337 --> 37:12.526 align:start position:0%
32 seconds, a duration far far smaller
than<00:38:38.800><c> we</c><00:38:38.960><c> could</c><00:38:39.119><c> ever</c><00:38:39.280><c> measure</c><00:38:39.520><c> in</c><00:38:39.680><c> a</c>

37:12.526 --> 37:12.536 align:start position:0%
than we could ever measure in a
 

37:12.536 --> 37:14.847 align:start position:0%
than we could ever measure in a
laboratory.<00:38:40.800><c> And</c><00:38:40.960><c> yet,</c><00:38:41.200><c> in</c><00:38:41.359><c> this</c><00:38:41.520><c> briefest</c><00:38:42.000><c> of</c>

37:14.847 --> 37:14.857 align:start position:0%
laboratory. And yet, in this briefest of
 

37:14.857 --> 37:17.487 align:start position:0%
laboratory. And yet, in this briefest of
epochs,<00:38:42.800><c> the</c><00:38:43.040><c> universe</c><00:38:43.520><c> expanded</c><00:38:44.079><c> by</c><00:38:44.320><c> almost</c>

37:17.487 --> 37:17.497 align:start position:0%
epochs, the universe expanded by almost
 

37:17.497 --> 37:20.286 align:start position:0%
epochs, the universe expanded by almost
10<00:38:45.200><c> to</c><00:38:45.280><c> the</c><00:38:45.520><c> power</c><00:38:45.760><c> of</c><00:38:46.079><c> 30,</c><00:38:46.880><c> smoothing</c><00:38:47.280><c> out</c>

37:20.286 --> 37:20.296 align:start position:0%
10 to the power of 30, smoothing out
 

37:20.296 --> 37:22.447 align:start position:0%
10 to the power of 30, smoothing out
irregularities<00:38:48.400><c> in</c><00:38:48.720><c> spaceime</c><00:38:49.520><c> and</c>

37:22.447 --> 37:22.457 align:start position:0%
irregularities in spaceime and
 

37:22.457 --> 37:24.927 align:start position:0%
irregularities in spaceime and
stretching<00:38:50.320><c> the</c><00:38:50.560><c> quantum</c><00:38:50.960><c> ripples</c><00:38:51.839><c> locked</c>

37:24.927 --> 37:24.937 align:start position:0%
stretching the quantum ripples locked
 

37:24.937 --> 37:27.967 align:start position:0%
stretching the quantum ripples locked
into<00:38:52.480><c> the</c><00:38:52.640><c> bunch</c><00:38:53.119><c> Davy</c><00:38:53.599><c> states.</c><00:38:54.800><c> These</c>

37:27.967 --> 37:27.977 align:start position:0%
into the bunch Davy states. These
 

37:27.977 --> 37:30.127 align:start position:0%
into the bunch Davy states. These
microscopic<00:38:56.160><c> quantum</c><00:38:56.640><c> fields</c><00:38:57.200><c> were</c>

37:30.127 --> 37:30.137 align:start position:0%
microscopic quantum fields were
 

37:30.137 --> 37:34.046 align:start position:0%
microscopic quantum fields were
stretched<00:38:58.000><c> to</c><00:38:58.320><c> cosmic</c><00:38:58.880><c> scales.</c><00:39:00.240><c> Tiny</c><00:39:00.880><c> quantum</c>

37:34.046 --> 37:34.056 align:start position:0%
stretched to cosmic scales. Tiny quantum
 

37:34.056 --> 37:36.286 align:start position:0%
stretched to cosmic scales. Tiny quantum
fluctuations<00:39:02.480><c> described</c><00:39:02.960><c> by</c><00:39:03.200><c> states</c><00:39:03.440><c> like</c>

37:36.286 --> 37:36.296 align:start position:0%
fluctuations described by states like
 

37:36.296 --> 37:39.087 align:start position:0%
fluctuations described by states like
the<00:39:03.760><c> Bunch</c><00:39:04.079><c> Davies</c><00:39:04.560><c> vacuum</c><00:39:05.280><c> were</c><00:39:05.599><c> blown</c><00:39:05.920><c> up</c><00:39:06.160><c> by</c>

37:39.087 --> 37:39.097 align:start position:0%
the Bunch Davies vacuum were blown up by
 

37:39.097 --> 37:41.167 align:start position:0%
the Bunch Davies vacuum were blown up by
the<00:39:06.560><c> dramatic</c><00:39:07.119><c> expansion.</c><00:39:08.000><c> And</c><00:39:08.160><c> so</c><00:39:08.320><c> when</c>

37:41.167 --> 37:41.177 align:start position:0%
the dramatic expansion. And so when
 

37:41.177 --> 37:43.407 align:start position:0%
the dramatic expansion. And so when
inflation<00:39:09.040><c> ended</c><00:39:09.599><c> much</c><00:39:09.839><c> less</c><00:39:10.079><c> than</c><00:39:10.240><c> a</c><00:39:10.480><c> second</c>

37:43.407 --> 37:43.417 align:start position:0%
inflation ended much less than a second
 

37:43.417 --> 37:45.806 align:start position:0%
inflation ended much less than a second
after<00:39:10.960><c> the</c><00:39:11.200><c> universe</c><00:39:11.599><c> began,</c><00:39:12.400><c> these</c><00:39:12.720><c> patterns</c>

37:45.806 --> 37:45.816 align:start position:0%
after the universe began, these patterns
 

37:45.816 --> 37:48.367 align:start position:0%
after the universe began, these patterns
were<00:39:13.359><c> imprinted</c><00:39:14.000><c> into</c><00:39:14.240><c> the</c><00:39:14.400><c> matter</c><00:39:14.800><c> field,</c>

37:48.367 --> 37:48.377 align:start position:0%
were imprinted into the matter field,
 

37:48.377 --> 37:51.407 align:start position:0%
were imprinted into the matter field,
frozen<00:39:16.240><c> as</c><00:39:16.560><c> real</c><00:39:16.880><c> variations</c><00:39:17.440><c> in</c><00:39:17.680><c> density.</c>

37:51.407 --> 37:51.417 align:start position:0%
frozen as real variations in density.
 

37:51.417 --> 37:57.487 align:start position:0%
frozen as real variations in density.
Their<00:39:18.960><c> uncertainty</c><00:39:20.079><c> gone.</c>

37:57.487 --> 37:57.497 align:start position:0%
 
 

37:57.497 --> 37:59.647 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:39:25.040><c> it</c><00:39:25.200><c> would</c><00:39:25.359><c> be</c><00:39:25.520><c> these</c><00:39:25.920><c> blown</c><00:39:26.320><c> up</c><00:39:26.480><c> fossils</c>

37:59.647 --> 37:59.657 align:start position:0%
And it would be these blown up fossils
 

37:59.657 --> 38:01.727 align:start position:0%
And it would be these blown up fossils
of<00:39:27.200><c> the</c><00:39:27.359><c> quantum</c><00:39:27.839><c> world</c><00:39:28.320><c> that</c><00:39:28.560><c> would</c><00:39:28.800><c> become</c>

38:01.727 --> 38:01.737 align:start position:0%
of the quantum world that would become
 

38:01.737 --> 38:04.207 align:start position:0%
of the quantum world that would become
the<00:39:29.200><c> initial</c><00:39:29.599><c> scaffolding</c><00:39:30.400><c> for</c><00:39:30.640><c> galaxies,</c>

38:04.207 --> 38:04.217 align:start position:0%
the initial scaffolding for galaxies,
 

38:04.217 --> 38:09.567 align:start position:0%
the initial scaffolding for galaxies,
clusters,<00:39:32.240><c> and</c><00:39:32.480><c> the</c><00:39:32.720><c> entire</c><00:39:33.440><c> cosmic</c><00:39:33.920><c> web.</c>

38:09.567 --> 38:09.577 align:start position:0%
clusters, and the entire cosmic web.
 

38:09.577 --> 38:11.887 align:start position:0%
clusters, and the entire cosmic web.
Every<00:39:37.200><c> structure</c><00:39:37.680><c> we</c><00:39:37.920><c> see</c><00:39:38.160><c> today,</c><00:39:38.800><c> from</c><00:39:38.960><c> the</c>

38:11.887 --> 38:11.897 align:start position:0%
Every structure we see today, from the
 

38:11.897 --> 38:14.207 align:start position:0%
Every structure we see today, from the
smallest<00:39:39.599><c> dwarf</c><00:39:40.000><c> galaxy</c><00:39:40.480><c> to</c><00:39:40.720><c> the</c><00:39:40.880><c> Milky</c><00:39:41.280><c> Way</c>

38:14.207 --> 38:14.217 align:start position:0%
smallest dwarf galaxy to the Milky Way
 

38:14.217 --> 38:16.927 align:start position:0%
smallest dwarf galaxy to the Milky Way
itself,<00:39:42.400><c> can</c><00:39:42.560><c> trace</c><00:39:42.880><c> its</c><00:39:43.119><c> origin</c><00:39:43.599><c> to</c><00:39:43.839><c> these</c>

38:16.927 --> 38:16.937 align:start position:0%
itself, can trace its origin to these
 

38:16.937 --> 38:19.727 align:start position:0%
itself, can trace its origin to these
quantum<00:39:44.720><c> whispers.</c><00:39:45.839><c> Inflation</c><00:39:46.640><c> turned</c><00:39:46.880><c> the</c>

38:19.727 --> 38:19.737 align:start position:0%
quantum whispers. Inflation turned the
 

38:19.737 --> 38:22.046 align:start position:0%
quantum whispers. Inflation turned the
microscopic<00:39:47.839><c> into</c><00:39:48.079><c> the</c><00:39:48.240><c> macroscopic,</c>

38:22.046 --> 38:22.056 align:start position:0%
microscopic into the macroscopic,
 

38:22.056 --> 38:24.367 align:start position:0%
microscopic into the macroscopic,
transforming<00:39:49.920><c> quantum</c><00:39:50.320><c> uncertainty</c><00:39:51.280><c> into</c>

38:24.367 --> 38:24.377 align:start position:0%
transforming quantum uncertainty into
 

38:24.377 --> 38:26.607 align:start position:0%
transforming quantum uncertainty into
architecture.<00:39:52.880><c> In</c><00:39:53.119><c> the</c><00:39:53.280><c> ripples</c><00:39:53.680><c> of</c><00:39:53.760><c> the</c>

38:26.607 --> 38:26.617 align:start position:0%
architecture. In the ripples of the
 

38:26.617 --> 38:29.007 align:start position:0%
architecture. In the ripples of the
cosmic<00:39:54.320><c> microwave</c><00:39:54.880><c> background,</c><00:39:55.760><c> we</c><00:39:56.000><c> see</c><00:39:56.079><c> the</c>

38:29.007 --> 38:29.017 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background, we see the
 

38:29.017 --> 38:31.806 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background, we see the
fingerprints<00:39:56.880><c> of</c><00:39:57.040><c> quantum</c><00:39:57.520><c> physics</c><00:39:58.320><c> written</c>

38:31.806 --> 38:31.816 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of quantum physics written
 

38:31.816 --> 38:34.687 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of quantum physics written
across<00:39:59.440><c> the</c><00:39:59.760><c> sky.</c><00:40:00.880><c> And</c><00:40:01.119><c> as</c><00:40:01.280><c> well</c><00:40:01.359><c> as</c><00:40:01.520><c> this,</c>

38:34.687 --> 38:34.697 align:start position:0%
across the sky. And as well as this,
 

38:34.697 --> 38:36.927 align:start position:0%
across the sky. And as well as this,
physicists<00:40:02.640><c> could</c><00:40:02.880><c> chart</c><00:40:03.280><c> the</c><00:40:03.520><c> mathematical</c>

38:36.927 --> 38:36.937 align:start position:0%
physicists could chart the mathematical
 

38:36.937 --> 38:39.567 align:start position:0%
physicists could chart the mathematical
properties<00:40:04.720><c> of</c><00:40:04.960><c> these</c><00:40:05.200><c> matter</c><00:40:05.599><c> fluctuations.</c>

38:39.567 --> 38:39.577 align:start position:0%
properties of these matter fluctuations.
 

38:39.577 --> 38:41.327 align:start position:0%
properties of these matter fluctuations.
Not<00:40:07.040><c> the</c><00:40:07.280><c> precise</c><00:40:07.680><c> pattern</c><00:40:08.079><c> across</c><00:40:08.400><c> the</c>

38:41.327 --> 38:41.337 align:start position:0%
Not the precise pattern across the
 

38:41.337 --> 38:43.247 align:start position:0%
Not the precise pattern across the
universe,<00:40:09.440><c> but</c><00:40:09.680><c> their</c><00:40:09.920><c> statistical</c>

38:43.247 --> 38:43.257 align:start position:0%
universe, but their statistical
 

38:43.257 --> 38:45.487 align:start position:0%
universe, but their statistical
properties.<00:40:11.760><c> When</c><00:40:12.000><c> they</c><00:40:12.160><c> compared</c><00:40:12.560><c> their</c>

38:45.487 --> 38:45.497 align:start position:0%
properties. When they compared their
 

38:45.497 --> 38:47.327 align:start position:0%
properties. When they compared their
mathematical<00:40:13.359><c> predictions</c><00:40:13.920><c> to</c><00:40:14.079><c> the</c><00:40:14.240><c> patterns</c>

38:47.327 --> 38:47.337 align:start position:0%
mathematical predictions to the patterns
 

38:47.337 --> 38:48.927 align:start position:0%
mathematical predictions to the patterns
observed<00:40:14.960><c> in</c><00:40:15.119><c> the</c><00:40:15.280><c> cosmic</c><00:40:15.680><c> microwave</c>

38:48.927 --> 38:48.937 align:start position:0%
observed in the cosmic microwave
 

38:48.937 --> 38:51.167 align:start position:0%
observed in the cosmic microwave
background<00:40:16.640><c> as</c><00:40:16.880><c> observed</c><00:40:17.280><c> by</c><00:40:17.440><c> Kobe,</c><00:40:18.240><c> they</c>

38:51.167 --> 38:51.177 align:start position:0%
background as observed by Kobe, they
 

38:51.177 --> 38:53.487 align:start position:0%
background as observed by Kobe, they
found<00:40:18.720><c> an</c><00:40:19.040><c> almost</c><00:40:19.280><c> exact</c><00:40:19.760><c> agreement.</c><00:40:20.640><c> An</c>

38:53.487 --> 38:53.497 align:start position:0%
found an almost exact agreement. An
 

38:53.497 --> 38:55.487 align:start position:0%
found an almost exact agreement. An
agreement<00:40:21.200><c> that</c><00:40:21.359><c> is</c><00:40:21.599><c> only</c><00:40:21.839><c> improved</c><00:40:22.320><c> as</c><00:40:22.560><c> more</c>

38:55.487 --> 38:55.497 align:start position:0%
agreement that is only improved as more
 

38:55.497 --> 38:57.087 align:start position:0%
agreement that is only improved as more
sensitive<00:40:23.200><c> telescopes</c><00:40:23.760><c> were</c><00:40:24.000><c> dispatched</c>

38:57.087 --> 38:57.097 align:start position:0%
sensitive telescopes were dispatched
 

38:57.097 --> 38:58.847 align:start position:0%
sensitive telescopes were dispatched
into<00:40:24.640><c> orbit</c><00:40:25.119><c> to</c><00:40:25.359><c> stare</c><00:40:25.599><c> at</c><00:40:25.680><c> the</c><00:40:25.839><c> early</c>

38:58.847 --> 38:58.857 align:start position:0%
into orbit to stare at the early
 

38:58.857 --> 39:00.447 align:start position:0%
into orbit to stare at the early
universe.

39:00.447 --> 39:00.457 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

39:00.457 --> 39:02.127 align:start position:0%
universe.
One<00:40:28.000><c> example</c><00:40:28.400><c> of</c><00:40:28.560><c> these</c><00:40:28.880><c> mathematical</c>

39:02.127 --> 39:02.137 align:start position:0%
One example of these mathematical
 

39:02.137 --> 39:04.766 align:start position:0%
One example of these mathematical
predictions<00:40:30.160><c> is</c><00:40:30.400><c> what</c><00:40:30.640><c> is</c><00:40:30.800><c> called</c><00:40:31.200><c> the</c><00:40:31.520><c> scalar</c>

39:04.766 --> 39:04.776 align:start position:0%
predictions is what is called the scalar
 

39:04.776 --> 39:07.647 align:start position:0%
predictions is what is called the scalar
spectral<00:40:32.560><c> index.</c><00:40:33.680><c> A</c><00:40:33.839><c> spectrum</c><00:40:34.400><c> showing</c><00:40:34.720><c> how</c>

39:07.647 --> 39:07.657 align:start position:0%
spectral index. A spectrum showing how
 

39:07.657 --> 39:09.567 align:start position:0%
spectral index. A spectrum showing how
many<00:40:35.200><c> large,</c><00:40:35.920><c> medium,</c><00:40:36.320><c> and</c><00:40:36.640><c> small</c>

39:09.567 --> 39:09.577 align:start position:0%
many large, medium, and small
 

39:09.577 --> 39:12.687 align:start position:0%
many large, medium, and small
fluctuations<00:40:37.599><c> there</c><00:40:37.839><c> are</c><00:40:38.000><c> in</c><00:40:38.240><c> the</c><00:40:38.400><c> CMB.</c><00:40:39.599><c> Using</c>

39:12.687 --> 39:12.697 align:start position:0%
fluctuations there are in the CMB. Using
 

39:12.697 --> 39:14.127 align:start position:0%
fluctuations there are in the CMB. Using
later<00:40:40.320><c> measurements</c><00:40:40.800><c> from</c><00:40:40.960><c> the</c><00:40:41.119><c> plank</c>

39:14.127 --> 39:14.137 align:start position:0%
later measurements from the plank
 

39:14.137 --> 39:16.447 align:start position:0%
later measurements from the plank
telescope,<00:40:42.160><c> a</c><00:40:42.400><c> descendant</c><00:40:42.800><c> of</c><00:40:42.960><c> Kobe,</c>

39:16.447 --> 39:16.457 align:start position:0%
telescope, a descendant of Kobe,
 

39:16.457 --> 39:18.207 align:start position:0%
telescope, a descendant of Kobe,
physicists<00:40:44.320><c> have</c><00:40:44.560><c> been</c><00:40:44.640><c> able</c><00:40:44.800><c> to</c><00:40:44.960><c> match</c><00:40:45.280><c> the</c>

39:18.207 --> 39:18.217 align:start position:0%
physicists have been able to match the
 

39:18.217 --> 39:20.367 align:start position:0%
physicists have been able to match the
CMBB<00:40:46.079><c> spectrum</c><00:40:46.480><c> to</c><00:40:46.720><c> the</c><00:40:46.880><c> spectrum</c><00:40:47.280><c> predicted</c>

39:20.367 --> 39:20.377 align:start position:0%
CMBB spectrum to the spectrum predicted
 

39:20.377 --> 39:23.247 align:start position:0%
CMBB spectrum to the spectrum predicted
by<00:40:47.839><c> inflation</c><00:40:48.560><c> to</c><00:40:48.880><c> remarkable</c><00:40:49.440><c> accuracy.</c>

39:23.247 --> 39:23.257 align:start position:0%
by inflation to remarkable accuracy.
 

39:23.257 --> 39:25.167 align:start position:0%
by inflation to remarkable accuracy.
Inflation<00:40:51.040><c> models</c><00:40:51.520><c> generally</c><00:40:51.839><c> predicted</c><00:40:52.240><c> a</c>

39:25.167 --> 39:25.177 align:start position:0%
Inflation models generally predicted a
 

39:25.177 --> 39:27.647 align:start position:0%
Inflation models generally predicted a
scalar<00:40:52.880><c> index</c><00:40:53.280><c> slightly</c><00:40:53.599><c> less</c><00:40:53.839><c> than</c><00:40:54.079><c> one.</c><00:40:54.800><c> And</c>

39:27.647 --> 39:27.657 align:start position:0%
scalar index slightly less than one. And
 

39:27.657 --> 39:29.647 align:start position:0%
scalar index slightly less than one. And
the<00:40:55.040><c> plank</c><00:40:55.440><c> missions</c><00:40:55.839><c> measured</c><00:40:56.240><c> this</c><00:40:56.480><c> number</c>

39:29.647 --> 39:29.657 align:start position:0%
the plank missions measured this number
 

39:29.657 --> 39:31.647 align:start position:0%
the plank missions measured this number
to<00:40:57.200><c> be</c><00:40:57.440><c> 0.96</c>

39:31.647 --> 39:31.657 align:start position:0%
to be 0.96
 

39:31.657 --> 39:38.927 align:start position:0%
to be 0.96
to<00:40:59.200><c> an</c><00:40:59.359><c> accuracy</c><00:41:00.079><c> of</c><00:41:00.400><c> five</c><00:41:00.640><c> sigma.</c>

39:38.927 --> 39:38.937 align:start position:0%
 
 

39:38.937 --> 39:42.046 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:41:06.480><c> so</c><00:41:07.200><c> from</c><00:41:07.440><c> these</c><00:41:07.760><c> seeds,</c><00:41:08.640><c> stars</c><00:41:09.040><c> and</c>

39:42.046 --> 39:42.056 align:start position:0%
And so from these seeds, stars and
 

39:42.056 --> 39:45.006 align:start position:0%
And so from these seeds, stars and
galaxies<00:41:09.920><c> formed.</c><00:41:11.040><c> Clusters</c><00:41:11.680><c> gathered</c><00:41:12.000><c> along</c>

39:45.006 --> 39:45.016 align:start position:0%
galaxies formed. Clusters gathered along
 

39:45.016 --> 39:47.327 align:start position:0%
galaxies formed. Clusters gathered along
filaments,<00:41:13.040><c> leaving</c><00:41:13.440><c> great</c><00:41:13.760><c> voids</c><00:41:14.319><c> between</c>

39:47.327 --> 39:47.337 align:start position:0%
filaments, leaving great voids between
 

39:47.337 --> 39:49.806 align:start position:0%
filaments, leaving great voids between
them.<00:41:15.359><c> Even</c><00:41:15.520><c> our</c><00:41:15.760><c> own</c><00:41:15.920><c> galaxy</c><00:41:16.480><c> traces</c><00:41:16.800><c> its</c>

39:49.806 --> 39:49.816 align:start position:0%
them. Even our own galaxy traces its
 

39:49.816 --> 39:52.447 align:start position:0%
them. Even our own galaxy traces its
origin<00:41:17.440><c> to</c><00:41:17.680><c> one</c><00:41:17.839><c> of</c><00:41:18.000><c> these</c><00:41:18.319><c> quantum</c><00:41:18.720><c> ripples.</c>

39:52.447 --> 39:52.457 align:start position:0%
origin to one of these quantum ripples.
 

39:52.457 --> 39:54.207 align:start position:0%
origin to one of these quantum ripples.
A<00:41:20.000><c> faint</c><00:41:20.240><c> whisper</c><00:41:20.720><c> from</c><00:41:20.960><c> the</c><00:41:21.119><c> earliest</c>

39:54.207 --> 39:54.217 align:start position:0%
A faint whisper from the earliest
 

39:54.217 --> 39:56.847 align:start position:0%
A faint whisper from the earliest
moments<00:41:21.839><c> of</c><00:41:22.000><c> time.</c><00:41:23.040><c> Inflation,</c><00:41:23.680><c> therefore,</c>

39:56.847 --> 39:56.857 align:start position:0%
moments of time. Inflation, therefore,
 

39:56.857 --> 39:58.927 align:start position:0%
moments of time. Inflation, therefore,
didn't<00:41:24.400><c> just</c><00:41:24.640><c> solve</c><00:41:25.040><c> existing</c><00:41:25.520><c> cosmological</c>

39:58.927 --> 39:58.937 align:start position:0%
didn't just solve existing cosmological
 

39:58.937 --> 40:01.487 align:start position:0%
didn't just solve existing cosmological
puzzles.<00:41:27.200><c> It</c><00:41:27.440><c> connected</c><00:41:28.000><c> the</c><00:41:28.319><c> smallest</c>

40:01.487 --> 40:01.497 align:start position:0%
puzzles. It connected the smallest
 

40:01.497 --> 40:03.806 align:start position:0%
puzzles. It connected the smallest
scales<00:41:29.200><c> of</c><00:41:29.440><c> physics</c><00:41:30.160><c> to</c><00:41:30.400><c> the</c><00:41:30.560><c> largest</c>

40:03.806 --> 40:03.816 align:start position:0%
scales of physics to the largest
 

40:03.816 --> 40:06.927 align:start position:0%
scales of physics to the largest
structures<00:41:31.680><c> in</c><00:41:32.000><c> the</c><00:41:32.160><c> universe.</c>

40:06.927 --> 40:06.937 align:start position:0%
structures in the universe.
 

40:06.937 --> 40:10.286 align:start position:0%
structures in the universe.
But<00:41:34.960><c> our</c><00:41:35.280><c> story</c><00:41:35.839><c> is</c><00:41:36.160><c> not</c><00:41:36.400><c> over.</c><00:41:37.119><c> For</c><00:41:37.359><c> all</c><00:41:37.520><c> of</c>

40:10.286 --> 40:10.296 align:start position:0%
But our story is not over. For all of
 

40:10.296 --> 40:11.887 align:start position:0%
But our story is not over. For all of
these<00:41:37.920><c> discoveries</c><00:41:38.560><c> are</c><00:41:38.800><c> not</c><00:41:38.960><c> just</c>

40:11.887 --> 40:11.897 align:start position:0%
these discoveries are not just
 

40:11.897 --> 40:14.447 align:start position:0%
these discoveries are not just
intellectual<00:41:39.920><c> curiosities,</c><00:41:41.119><c> satisfying</c>

40:14.447 --> 40:14.457 align:start position:0%
intellectual curiosities, satisfying
 

40:14.457 --> 40:17.967 align:start position:0%
intellectual curiosities, satisfying
answers<00:41:42.160><c> to</c><00:41:42.480><c> ancient</c><00:41:42.960><c> questions.</c><00:41:44.319><c> For</c><00:41:44.560><c> we</c><00:41:44.960><c> can</c>

40:17.967 --> 40:17.977 align:start position:0%
answers to ancient questions. For we can
 

40:17.977 --> 40:22.127 align:start position:0%
answers to ancient questions. For we can
use<00:41:45.680><c> them</c><00:41:46.480><c> as</c><00:41:46.880><c> tools.</c><00:41:48.240><c> For</c><00:41:48.480><c> these</c><00:41:48.800><c> patterns</c><00:41:49.200><c> in</c>

40:22.127 --> 40:22.137 align:start position:0%
use them as tools. For these patterns in
 

40:22.137 --> 40:24.607 align:start position:0%
use them as tools. For these patterns in
the<00:41:49.599><c> sky</c><00:41:50.160><c> allow</c><00:41:50.480><c> us</c><00:41:50.640><c> to</c><00:41:50.800><c> chart</c><00:41:51.200><c> the</c><00:41:51.440><c> very</c>

40:24.607 --> 40:24.617 align:start position:0%
the sky allow us to chart the very
 

40:24.617 --> 40:27.247 align:start position:0%
the sky allow us to chart the very
fundamental<00:41:52.560><c> properties</c><00:41:53.440><c> of</c><00:41:53.680><c> our</c><00:41:53.920><c> expanding</c>

40:27.247 --> 40:27.257 align:start position:0%
fundamental properties of our expanding
 

40:27.257 --> 40:31.727 align:start position:0%
fundamental properties of our expanding
universe.

40:31.727 --> 40:31.737 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:31.737 --> 40:43.727 align:start position:0%
 
His

40:43.727 --> 40:43.737 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:43.737 --> 40:45.167 align:start position:0%
 
name<00:42:11.200><c> is</c><00:42:11.440><c> among</c><00:42:11.680><c> the</c><00:42:11.839><c> most</c><00:42:12.079><c> famed</c>

40:45.167 --> 40:45.177 align:start position:0%
name is among the most famed
 

40:45.177 --> 40:47.567 align:start position:0%
name is among the most famed
astronomers.<00:42:13.520><c> But</c><00:42:13.680><c> before</c><00:42:13.920><c> he</c><00:42:14.160><c> embarked</c><00:42:14.720><c> on</c>

40:47.567 --> 40:47.577 align:start position:0%
astronomers. But before he embarked on
 

40:47.577 --> 40:50.367 align:start position:0%
astronomers. But before he embarked on
his<00:42:15.119><c> stellar</c><00:42:15.599><c> career,</c><00:42:16.400><c> Edwin</c><00:42:16.800><c> Hubble</c><00:42:17.440><c> had</c>

40:50.367 --> 40:50.377 align:start position:0%
his stellar career, Edwin Hubble had
 

40:50.377 --> 40:53.647 align:start position:0%
his stellar career, Edwin Hubble had
already<00:42:18.000><c> lived</c><00:42:18.319><c> a</c><00:42:18.560><c> remarkable</c><00:42:19.200><c> life.</c>

40:53.647 --> 40:53.657 align:start position:0%
already lived a remarkable life.
 

40:53.657 --> 40:55.247 align:start position:0%
already lived a remarkable life.
He<00:42:21.119><c> had</c><00:42:21.280><c> studied</c><00:42:21.599><c> law</c><00:42:21.839><c> at</c><00:42:22.000><c> the</c><00:42:22.079><c> University</c><00:42:22.400><c> of</c>

40:55.247 --> 40:55.257 align:start position:0%
He had studied law at the University of
 

40:55.257 --> 40:57.006 align:start position:0%
He had studied law at the University of
Oxford,<00:42:23.040><c> had</c><00:42:23.280><c> served</c><00:42:23.520><c> in</c><00:42:23.680><c> the</c><00:42:23.839><c> First</c><00:42:24.079><c> World</c>

40:57.006 --> 40:57.016 align:start position:0%
Oxford, had served in the First World
 

40:57.016 --> 41:00.207 align:start position:0%
Oxford, had served in the First World
War,<00:42:25.040><c> and</c><00:42:25.280><c> even</c><00:42:25.520><c> dabbled</c><00:42:26.000><c> in</c><00:42:26.160><c> boxing.</c><00:42:27.040><c> But</c><00:42:27.280><c> his</c>

41:00.207 --> 41:00.217 align:start position:0%
War, and even dabbled in boxing. But his
 

41:00.217 --> 41:03.006 align:start position:0%
War, and even dabbled in boxing. But his
true<00:42:27.760><c> passion</c><00:42:28.480><c> lay</c><00:42:28.560><c> in</c><00:42:28.800><c> the</c><00:42:29.040><c> stars.</c><00:42:30.000><c> And</c><00:42:30.160><c> in</c>

41:03.006 --> 41:03.016 align:start position:0%
true passion lay in the stars. And in
 

41:03.016 --> 41:05.647 align:start position:0%
true passion lay in the stars. And in
the<00:42:30.480><c> 1920s,</c><00:42:31.280><c> he</c><00:42:31.520><c> turned</c><00:42:31.760><c> to</c><00:42:31.920><c> astronomy</c><00:42:32.560><c> with</c><00:42:32.800><c> a</c>

41:05.647 --> 41:05.657 align:start position:0%
the 1920s, he turned to astronomy with a
 

41:05.657 --> 41:08.367 align:start position:0%
the 1920s, he turned to astronomy with a
bold<00:42:33.280><c> ambition.</c><00:42:34.400><c> He</c><00:42:34.560><c> would</c><00:42:34.800><c> use</c><00:42:34.960><c> the</c><00:42:35.200><c> world's</c>

41:08.367 --> 41:08.377 align:start position:0%
bold ambition. He would use the world's
 

41:08.377 --> 41:10.687 align:start position:0%
bold ambition. He would use the world's
largest<00:42:36.079><c> telescope,</c><00:42:36.880><c> the</c><00:42:37.119><c> 100-in</c><00:42:37.599><c> Hooker</c>

41:10.687 --> 41:10.697 align:start position:0%
largest telescope, the 100-in Hooker
 

41:10.697 --> 41:13.087 align:start position:0%
largest telescope, the 100-in Hooker
telescope<00:42:38.400><c> on</c><00:42:38.640><c> Mount</c><00:42:38.880><c> Wilson</c><00:42:39.599><c> to</c><00:42:39.839><c> answer</c><00:42:40.240><c> one</c>

41:13.087 --> 41:13.097 align:start position:0%
telescope on Mount Wilson to answer one
 

41:13.097 --> 41:15.487 align:start position:0%
telescope on Mount Wilson to answer one
of<00:42:40.480><c> the</c><00:42:40.720><c> biggest</c><00:42:41.119><c> questions</c><00:42:41.520><c> imaginable.</c>

41:15.487 --> 41:15.497 align:start position:0%
of the biggest questions imaginable.
 

41:15.497 --> 41:19.327 align:start position:0%
of the biggest questions imaginable.
Just<00:42:43.119><c> how</c><00:42:43.280><c> big</c><00:42:44.160><c> is</c><00:42:44.480><c> the</c><00:42:44.800><c> universe?</c>

41:19.327 --> 41:19.337 align:start position:0%
Just how big is the universe?
 

41:19.337 --> 41:21.806 align:start position:0%
Just how big is the universe?
At<00:42:46.880><c> the</c><00:42:47.119><c> time,</c><00:42:47.440><c> many</c><00:42:47.760><c> believed</c><00:42:48.240><c> the</c><00:42:48.400><c> Milky</c><00:42:48.800><c> Way</c>

41:21.806 --> 41:21.816 align:start position:0%
At the time, many believed the Milky Way
 

41:21.816 --> 41:24.127 align:start position:0%
At the time, many believed the Milky Way
was<00:42:49.520><c> everything,</c><00:42:50.240><c> a</c><00:42:50.480><c> potentially</c><00:42:50.960><c> endless</c>

41:24.127 --> 41:24.137 align:start position:0%
was everything, a potentially endless
 

41:24.137 --> 41:26.927 align:start position:0%
was everything, a potentially endless
sea<00:42:51.680><c> of</c><00:42:51.920><c> stars</c><00:42:52.400><c> that</c><00:42:52.640><c> it</c><00:42:52.800><c> existed</c><00:42:53.200><c> forever.</c>

41:26.927 --> 41:26.937 align:start position:0%
sea of stars that it existed forever.
 

41:26.937 --> 41:28.927 align:start position:0%
sea of stars that it existed forever.
Faint<00:42:54.640><c> smudges</c><00:42:54.960><c> of</c><00:42:55.119><c> light</c><00:42:55.440><c> had</c><00:42:55.680><c> been</c><00:42:55.920><c> spotted</c>

41:28.927 --> 41:28.937 align:start position:0%
Faint smudges of light had been spotted
 

41:28.937 --> 41:31.087 align:start position:0%
Faint smudges of light had been spotted
in<00:42:56.400><c> the</c><00:42:56.560><c> night</c><00:42:56.880><c> sky,</c><00:42:57.520><c> but</c><00:42:57.680><c> many</c><00:42:57.920><c> argued</c><00:42:58.240><c> that</c>

41:31.087 --> 41:31.097 align:start position:0%
in the night sky, but many argued that
 

41:31.097 --> 41:32.526 align:start position:0%
in the night sky, but many argued that
they<00:42:58.560><c> were</c><00:42:58.720><c> little</c><00:42:58.960><c> more</c><00:42:59.119><c> than</c><00:42:59.280><c> clouds</c><00:42:59.599><c> of</c>

41:32.526 --> 41:32.536 align:start position:0%
they were little more than clouds of
 

41:32.536 --> 41:35.327 align:start position:0%
they were little more than clouds of
gas.<00:43:01.040><c> Some,</c><00:43:01.359><c> however,</c><00:43:01.760><c> began</c><00:43:02.079><c> to</c><00:43:02.240><c> suspect</c>

41:35.327 --> 41:35.337 align:start position:0%
gas. Some, however, began to suspect
 

41:35.337 --> 41:38.766 align:start position:0%
gas. Some, however, began to suspect
that<00:43:02.960><c> these</c><00:43:03.200><c> were</c><00:43:03.440><c> island</c><00:43:04.079><c> universes,</c><00:43:05.440><c> vast</c>

41:38.766 --> 41:38.776 align:start position:0%
that these were island universes, vast
 

41:38.776 --> 41:41.487 align:start position:0%
that these were island universes, vast
congregations<00:43:06.880><c> of</c><00:43:07.200><c> suns,</c><00:43:07.839><c> each</c><00:43:08.160><c> a</c><00:43:08.400><c> distant</c>

41:41.487 --> 41:41.497 align:start position:0%
congregations of suns, each a distant
 

41:41.497 --> 41:44.207 align:start position:0%
congregations of suns, each a distant
reflection<00:43:09.200><c> of</c><00:43:09.359><c> our</c><00:43:09.599><c> own</c><00:43:09.760><c> Milky</c><00:43:10.160><c> Way,</c><00:43:10.800><c> a</c><00:43:11.040><c> drift</c>

41:44.207 --> 41:44.217 align:start position:0%
reflection of our own Milky Way, a drift
 

41:44.217 --> 41:46.847 align:start position:0%
reflection of our own Milky Way, a drift
in<00:43:11.760><c> the</c><00:43:11.920><c> depths</c><00:43:12.240><c> of</c><00:43:12.480><c> space.</c><00:43:13.520><c> And</c><00:43:13.680><c> so,</c><00:43:13.839><c> it</c><00:43:14.000><c> was</c>

41:46.847 --> 41:46.857 align:start position:0%
in the depths of space. And so, it was
 

41:46.857 --> 41:48.687 align:start position:0%
in the depths of space. And so, it was
Hubble's<00:43:14.640><c> observations</c><00:43:15.200><c> that</c><00:43:15.440><c> settled</c><00:43:15.839><c> the</c>

41:48.687 --> 41:48.697 align:start position:0%
Hubble's observations that settled the
 

41:48.697 --> 41:51.567 align:start position:0%
Hubble's observations that settled the
debate,<00:43:16.880><c> resolving</c><00:43:17.359><c> the</c><00:43:17.599><c> smudges</c><00:43:18.400><c> and</c>

41:51.567 --> 41:51.577 align:start position:0%
debate, resolving the smudges and
 

41:51.577 --> 41:53.727 align:start position:0%
debate, resolving the smudges and
identifying<00:43:19.359><c> them</c><00:43:19.520><c> as</c><00:43:19.760><c> individual</c><00:43:20.319><c> galaxies</c>

41:53.727 --> 41:53.737 align:start position:0%
identifying them as individual galaxies
 

41:53.737 --> 41:56.046 align:start position:0%
identifying them as individual galaxies
in<00:43:21.280><c> their</c><00:43:21.520><c> own</c><00:43:21.680><c> right.</c><00:43:22.800><c> But</c><00:43:22.880><c> it</c><00:43:23.040><c> was</c><00:43:23.119><c> his</c>

41:56.046 --> 41:56.056 align:start position:0%
in their own right. But it was his
 

41:56.056 --> 41:58.046 align:start position:0%
in their own right. But it was his
observations<00:43:24.000><c> of</c><00:43:24.160><c> a</c><00:43:24.400><c> particular</c><00:43:24.800><c> kind</c><00:43:25.040><c> of</c>

41:58.046 --> 41:58.056 align:start position:0%
observations of a particular kind of
 

41:58.056 --> 42:01.647 align:start position:0%
observations of a particular kind of
star,<00:43:26.160><c> the</c><00:43:26.400><c> seafared</c><00:43:27.119><c> variable,</c><00:43:28.240><c> that</c><00:43:28.480><c> truly</c>

42:01.647 --> 42:01.657 align:start position:0%
star, the seafared variable, that truly
 

42:01.657 --> 42:03.567 align:start position:0%
star, the seafared variable, that truly
shattered<00:43:29.359><c> the</c><00:43:29.520><c> notion</c><00:43:29.760><c> of</c><00:43:30.000><c> distances</c><00:43:30.640><c> over</c>

42:03.567 --> 42:03.577 align:start position:0%
shattered the notion of distances over
 

42:03.577 --> 42:09.327 align:start position:0%
shattered the notion of distances over
the<00:43:31.119><c> cosmos.</c>

42:09.327 --> 42:09.337 align:start position:0%
 
 

42:09.337 --> 42:11.087 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:43:36.880><c> was</c><00:43:37.119><c> possible</c><00:43:37.520><c> because</c><00:43:37.839><c> the</c><00:43:38.079><c> speed</c><00:43:38.240><c> at</c>

42:11.087 --> 42:11.097 align:start position:0%
This was possible because the speed at
 

42:11.097 --> 42:13.727 align:start position:0%
This was possible because the speed at
which<00:43:38.640><c> seed</c><00:43:39.200><c> variables</c><00:43:39.680><c> pulsed</c><00:43:40.240><c> was</c><00:43:40.560><c> related</c>

42:13.727 --> 42:13.737 align:start position:0%
which seed variables pulsed was related
 

42:13.737 --> 42:16.286 align:start position:0%
which seed variables pulsed was related
to<00:43:41.280><c> their</c><00:43:41.599><c> brightness</c><00:43:42.560><c> and</c><00:43:42.800><c> their</c><00:43:43.040><c> intrinsic</c>

42:16.286 --> 42:16.296 align:start position:0%
to their brightness and their intrinsic
 

42:16.296 --> 42:19.647 align:start position:0%
to their brightness and their intrinsic
brightness<00:43:44.319><c> was</c><00:43:44.640><c> always</c><00:43:45.040><c> the</c><00:43:45.359><c> same.</c><00:43:46.480><c> And</c><00:43:46.720><c> so</c>

42:19.647 --> 42:19.657 align:start position:0%
brightness was always the same. And so
 

42:19.657 --> 42:21.806 align:start position:0%
brightness was always the same. And so
by<00:43:47.200><c> measuring</c><00:43:47.599><c> their</c><00:43:47.839><c> timing</c><00:43:48.240><c> and</c><00:43:48.480><c> thus</c><00:43:48.800><c> their</c>

42:21.806 --> 42:21.816 align:start position:0%
by measuring their timing and thus their
 

42:21.816 --> 42:24.046 align:start position:0%
by measuring their timing and thus their
brightness,<00:43:50.000><c> Hubble</c><00:43:50.400><c> could</c><00:43:50.560><c> calculate</c><00:43:51.040><c> how</c>

42:24.046 --> 42:24.056 align:start position:0%
brightness, Hubble could calculate how
 

42:24.056 --> 42:26.447 align:start position:0%
brightness, Hubble could calculate how
far<00:43:51.680><c> away</c><00:43:51.920><c> they</c><00:43:52.240><c> were,</c><00:43:52.800><c> thus</c><00:43:53.119><c> revealing</c><00:43:53.520><c> that</c>

42:26.447 --> 42:26.457 align:start position:0%
far away they were, thus revealing that
 

42:26.457 --> 42:28.526 align:start position:0%
far away they were, thus revealing that
those<00:43:54.000><c> clouds</c><00:43:54.319><c> of</c><00:43:54.480><c> gas</c><00:43:54.880><c> were</c><00:43:55.119><c> in</c><00:43:55.359><c> fact</c>

42:28.526 --> 42:28.536 align:start position:0%
those clouds of gas were in fact
 

42:28.536 --> 42:31.327 align:start position:0%
those clouds of gas were in fact
separate<00:43:56.240><c> galaxies</c><00:43:56.880><c> far</c><00:43:57.200><c> beyond</c><00:43:57.520><c> our</c><00:43:57.839><c> own.</c>

42:31.327 --> 42:31.337 align:start position:0%
separate galaxies far beyond our own.
 

42:31.337 --> 42:33.327 align:start position:0%
separate galaxies far beyond our own.
And<00:43:58.880><c> through</c><00:43:59.119><c> the</c><00:43:59.280><c> rest</c><00:43:59.440><c> of</c><00:43:59.520><c> the</c><00:43:59.680><c> 20th</c><00:44:00.079><c> century</c>

42:33.327 --> 42:33.337 align:start position:0%
And through the rest of the 20th century
 

42:33.337 --> 42:35.806 align:start position:0%
And through the rest of the 20th century
and<00:44:00.880><c> into</c><00:44:01.119><c> the</c><00:44:01.359><c> 21st,</c><00:44:02.319><c> astronomers</c><00:44:02.880><c> have</c>

42:35.806 --> 42:35.816 align:start position:0%
and into the 21st, astronomers have
 

42:35.816 --> 42:37.887 align:start position:0%
and into the 21st, astronomers have
further<00:44:03.359><c> refined</c><00:44:03.839><c> their</c><00:44:04.160><c> observations</c><00:44:04.720><c> in</c><00:44:04.960><c> an</c>

42:37.887 --> 42:37.897 align:start position:0%
further refined their observations in an
 

42:37.897 --> 42:39.407 align:start position:0%
further refined their observations in an
effort<00:44:05.359><c> to</c><00:44:05.520><c> refine</c><00:44:05.920><c> Hubble's</c><00:44:06.400><c> initial</c>

42:39.407 --> 42:39.417 align:start position:0%
effort to refine Hubble's initial
 

42:39.417 --> 42:41.727 align:start position:0%
effort to refine Hubble's initial
observations<00:44:07.359><c> to</c><00:44:07.599><c> great</c><00:44:07.920><c> detail</c><00:44:08.640><c> and</c><00:44:08.880><c> to</c>

42:41.727 --> 42:41.737 align:start position:0%
observations to great detail and to
 

42:41.737 --> 42:43.806 align:start position:0%
observations to great detail and to
reach<00:44:09.359><c> out</c><00:44:09.599><c> more</c><00:44:09.839><c> distantly</c><00:44:10.640><c> into</c><00:44:10.880><c> the</c>

42:43.806 --> 42:43.816 align:start position:0%
reach out more distantly into the
 

42:43.816 --> 42:47.167 align:start position:0%
reach out more distantly into the
cosmos.<00:44:12.560><c> But</c><00:44:12.800><c> to</c><00:44:12.960><c> see</c><00:44:13.280><c> even</c><00:44:13.680><c> further,</c>

42:47.167 --> 42:47.177 align:start position:0%
cosmos. But to see even further,
 

42:47.177 --> 42:48.927 align:start position:0%
cosmos. But to see even further,
astronomers<00:44:15.119><c> have</c><00:44:15.280><c> had</c><00:44:15.440><c> to</c><00:44:15.599><c> use</c><00:44:15.839><c> other</c>

42:48.927 --> 42:48.937 align:start position:0%
astronomers have had to use other
 

42:48.937 --> 42:51.407 align:start position:0%
astronomers have had to use other
galactic<00:44:16.800><c> features</c><00:44:17.280><c> to</c><00:44:17.599><c> chart</c><00:44:18.000><c> the</c><00:44:18.240><c> distant</c>

42:51.407 --> 42:51.417 align:start position:0%
galactic features to chart the distant
 

42:51.417 --> 42:53.967 align:start position:0%
galactic features to chart the distant
cosmos.<00:44:19.680><c> As</c><00:44:19.839><c> even</c><00:44:20.079><c> the</c><00:44:20.319><c> brightest</c><00:44:20.640><c> seafiids</c>

42:53.967 --> 42:53.977 align:start position:0%
cosmos. As even the brightest seafiids
 

42:53.977 --> 42:56.286 align:start position:0%
cosmos. As even the brightest seafiids
are<00:44:21.359><c> invisible</c><00:44:21.839><c> at</c><00:44:22.079><c> cosmic</c><00:44:22.560><c> distances.</c>

42:56.286 --> 42:56.296 align:start position:0%
are invisible at cosmic distances.
 

42:56.296 --> 42:59.167 align:start position:0%
are invisible at cosmic distances.
Luckily,<00:44:24.000><c> to</c><00:44:24.240><c> begin</c><00:44:24.400><c> with,</c><00:44:24.960><c> exploding</c><00:44:25.680><c> stars,</c>

42:59.167 --> 42:59.177 align:start position:0%
Luckily, to begin with, exploding stars,
 

42:59.177 --> 43:01.487 align:start position:0%
Luckily, to begin with, exploding stars,
supernovi,<00:44:27.440><c> have</c><00:44:27.680><c> proved</c><00:44:28.000><c> to</c><00:44:28.160><c> be</c><00:44:28.319><c> valuable</c>

43:01.487 --> 43:01.497 align:start position:0%
supernovi, have proved to be valuable
 

43:01.497 --> 43:04.207 align:start position:0%
supernovi, have proved to be valuable
replacements.<00:44:30.240><c> Now</c><00:44:30.480><c> known</c><00:44:30.800><c> as</c><00:44:31.040><c> standard</c>

43:04.207 --> 43:04.217 align:start position:0%
replacements. Now known as standard
 

43:04.217 --> 43:06.607 align:start position:0%
replacements. Now known as standard
candles,<00:44:32.400><c> illuminating</c><00:44:32.880><c> cosmic</c><00:44:33.359><c> distances</c>

43:06.607 --> 43:06.617 align:start position:0%
candles, illuminating cosmic distances
 

43:06.617 --> 43:13.806 align:start position:0%
candles, illuminating cosmic distances
over<00:44:34.240><c> billions</c><00:44:34.800><c> of</c><00:44:34.960><c> light</c><00:44:35.280><c> years.</c>

43:13.806 --> 43:13.816 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:13.816 --> 43:15.407 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:44:41.280><c> yet,</c><00:44:41.599><c> despite</c><00:44:41.920><c> this,</c><00:44:42.319><c> measuring</c>

43:15.407 --> 43:15.417 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite this, measuring
 

43:15.417 --> 43:17.806 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite this, measuring
distances<00:44:43.200><c> in</c><00:44:43.440><c> astronomy</c><00:44:44.079><c> is</c><00:44:44.480><c> still</c><00:44:44.720><c> not</c>

43:17.806 --> 43:17.816 align:start position:0%
distances in astronomy is still not
 

43:17.816 --> 43:19.887 align:start position:0%
distances in astronomy is still not
easy.<00:44:46.079><c> Every</c><00:44:46.400><c> method</c><00:44:46.800><c> carries</c>

43:19.887 --> 43:19.897 align:start position:0%
easy. Every method carries
 

43:19.897 --> 43:21.727 align:start position:0%
easy. Every method carries
uncertainties,<00:44:48.079><c> and</c><00:44:48.319><c> as</c><00:44:48.560><c> careful</c><00:44:48.880><c> as</c>

43:21.727 --> 43:21.737 align:start position:0%
uncertainties, and as careful as
 

43:21.737 --> 43:23.727 align:start position:0%
uncertainties, and as careful as
astronomers<00:44:49.680><c> are,</c><00:44:50.160><c> there's</c><00:44:50.400><c> always</c><00:44:50.720><c> worries</c>

43:23.727 --> 43:23.737 align:start position:0%
astronomers are, there's always worries
 

43:23.737 --> 43:25.967 align:start position:0%
astronomers are, there's always worries
that<00:44:51.359><c> errors</c><00:44:51.599><c> have</c><00:44:51.839><c> snuck</c><00:44:52.160><c> in</c><00:44:52.480><c> as</c><00:44:52.720><c> they</c><00:44:52.960><c> piece</c>

43:25.967 --> 43:25.977 align:start position:0%
that errors have snuck in as they piece
 

43:25.977 --> 43:29.327 align:start position:0%
that errors have snuck in as they piece
together<00:44:53.680><c> the</c><00:44:54.000><c> true</c><00:44:54.319><c> scale</c><00:44:54.800><c> of</c><00:44:55.040><c> our</c><00:44:55.280><c> universe.</c>

43:29.327 --> 43:29.337 align:start position:0%
together the true scale of our universe.
 

43:29.337 --> 43:31.167 align:start position:0%
together the true scale of our universe.
Indeed,<00:44:56.960><c> as</c><00:44:57.119><c> in</c><00:44:57.359><c> all</c><00:44:57.520><c> good</c><00:44:57.760><c> science,</c>

43:31.167 --> 43:31.177 align:start position:0%
Indeed, as in all good science,
 

43:31.177 --> 43:32.847 align:start position:0%
Indeed, as in all good science,
repetition<00:44:58.960><c> in</c><00:44:59.280><c> measurements</c><00:44:59.760><c> amongst</c>

43:32.847 --> 43:32.857 align:start position:0%
repetition in measurements amongst
 

43:32.857 --> 43:34.526 align:start position:0%
repetition in measurements amongst
different<00:45:00.480><c> groups</c><00:45:00.880><c> and</c><00:45:01.119><c> using</c><00:45:01.520><c> different</c>

43:34.526 --> 43:34.536 align:start position:0%
different groups and using different
 

43:34.536 --> 43:37.967 align:start position:0%
different groups and using different
techniques<00:45:02.560><c> is</c><00:45:02.800><c> hugely</c><00:45:03.359><c> important.</c><00:45:04.560><c> And</c><00:45:04.880><c> this</c>

43:37.967 --> 43:37.977 align:start position:0%
techniques is hugely important. And this
 

43:37.977 --> 43:40.447 align:start position:0%
techniques is hugely important. And this
is<00:45:05.440><c> where</c><00:45:05.760><c> Barryon</c><00:45:06.240><c> acoustic</c><00:45:06.640><c> oscillations</c>

43:40.447 --> 43:40.457 align:start position:0%
is where Barryon acoustic oscillations
 

43:40.457 --> 43:42.847 align:start position:0%
is where Barryon acoustic oscillations
have<00:45:08.000><c> found</c><00:45:08.240><c> their</c><00:45:08.560><c> greatest</c><00:45:08.960><c> use.</c><00:45:09.920><c> In</c>

43:42.847 --> 43:42.857 align:start position:0%
have found their greatest use. In
 

43:42.857 --> 43:44.847 align:start position:0%
have found their greatest use. In
reading<00:45:10.480><c> the</c><00:45:10.640><c> frozen</c><00:45:11.040><c> ripples</c><00:45:11.440><c> in</c><00:45:11.599><c> the</c><00:45:11.680><c> cosmic</c>

43:44.847 --> 43:44.857 align:start position:0%
reading the frozen ripples in the cosmic
 

43:44.857 --> 43:47.487 align:start position:0%
reading the frozen ripples in the cosmic
microwave<00:45:12.720><c> background,</c><00:45:13.599><c> we</c><00:45:13.920><c> have</c><00:45:14.079><c> found</c><00:45:14.480><c> a</c>

43:47.487 --> 43:47.497 align:start position:0%
microwave background, we have found a
 

43:47.497 --> 43:51.006 align:start position:0%
microwave background, we have found a
new<00:45:15.200><c> cosmic</c><00:45:15.760><c> ruler</c><00:45:16.640><c> on</c><00:45:16.880><c> the</c><00:45:17.040><c> dwarfs.</c><00:45:17.920><c> All</c><00:45:18.160><c> the</c>

43:51.006 --> 43:51.016 align:start position:0%
new cosmic ruler on the dwarfs. All the
 

43:51.016 --> 43:57.327 align:start position:0%
new cosmic ruler on the dwarfs. All the
rest.

43:57.327 --> 43:57.337 align:start position:0%
 
 

43:57.337 --> 43:59.407 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:45:24.960><c> begin</c><00:45:25.119><c> with,</c><00:45:25.599><c> we</c><00:45:25.760><c> have</c><00:45:25.920><c> to</c><00:45:26.079><c> remember</c><00:45:26.400><c> that</c>

43:59.407 --> 43:59.417 align:start position:0%
To begin with, we have to remember that
 

43:59.417 --> 44:02.286 align:start position:0%
To begin with, we have to remember that
these<00:45:26.960><c> waves</c><00:45:27.280><c> had</c><00:45:27.520><c> only</c><00:45:27.839><c> 380,000</c><00:45:29.040><c> years</c><00:45:29.359><c> to</c>

44:02.286 --> 44:02.296 align:start position:0%
these waves had only 380,000 years to
 

44:02.296 --> 44:04.766 align:start position:0%
these waves had only 380,000 years to
expand<00:45:30.400><c> before</c><00:45:30.640><c> they</c><00:45:30.960><c> were</c><00:45:31.119><c> frozen</c><00:45:31.599><c> when</c><00:45:31.839><c> the</c>

44:04.766 --> 44:04.776 align:start position:0%
expand before they were frozen when the
 

44:04.776 --> 44:07.327 align:start position:0%
expand before they were frozen when the
universe<00:45:32.480><c> became</c><00:45:32.880><c> transparent.</c>

44:07.327 --> 44:07.337 align:start position:0%
universe became transparent.
 

44:07.337 --> 44:09.806 align:start position:0%
universe became transparent.
And<00:45:34.880><c> so</c><00:45:35.280><c> from</c><00:45:35.520><c> knowing</c><00:45:35.839><c> the</c><00:45:36.079><c> physics</c><00:45:36.640><c> and</c><00:45:36.880><c> thus</c>

44:09.806 --> 44:09.816 align:start position:0%
And so from knowing the physics and thus
 

44:09.816 --> 44:12.207 align:start position:0%
And so from knowing the physics and thus
the<00:45:37.359><c> speed</c><00:45:37.599><c> of</c><00:45:37.839><c> these</c><00:45:38.079><c> plasma</c><00:45:38.560><c> waves,</c>

44:12.207 --> 44:12.217 align:start position:0%
the speed of these plasma waves,
 

44:12.217 --> 44:14.847 align:start position:0%
the speed of these plasma waves,
cosmologists<00:45:40.400><c> can</c><00:45:40.640><c> calculate</c><00:45:41.200><c> precisely</c>

44:14.847 --> 44:14.857 align:start position:0%
cosmologists can calculate precisely
 

44:14.857 --> 44:17.647 align:start position:0%
cosmologists can calculate precisely
their<00:45:42.480><c> physical</c><00:45:43.119><c> scale.</c><00:45:44.319><c> These</c><00:45:44.560><c> measurements</c>

44:17.647 --> 44:17.657 align:start position:0%
their physical scale. These measurements
 

44:17.657 --> 44:20.127 align:start position:0%
their physical scale. These measurements
give<00:45:45.200><c> cosmologists</c><00:45:46.000><c> a</c><00:45:46.240><c> new</c><00:45:46.480><c> way</c><00:45:46.720><c> to</c><00:45:46.960><c> chart</c><00:45:47.200><c> the</c>

44:20.127 --> 44:20.137 align:start position:0%
give cosmologists a new way to chart the
 

44:20.137 --> 44:22.687 align:start position:0%
give cosmologists a new way to chart the
life<00:45:47.680><c> and</c><00:45:47.839><c> times</c><00:45:48.160><c> of</c><00:45:48.319><c> the</c><00:45:48.560><c> universe.</c><00:45:49.680><c> By</c>

44:22.687 --> 44:22.697 align:start position:0%
life and times of the universe. By
 

44:22.697 --> 44:24.526 align:start position:0%
life and times of the universe. By
comparing<00:45:50.400><c> the</c><00:45:50.640><c> physical</c><00:45:51.040><c> scale</c><00:45:51.440><c> of</c><00:45:51.599><c> the</c>

44:24.526 --> 44:24.536 align:start position:0%
comparing the physical scale of the
 

44:24.536 --> 44:26.447 align:start position:0%
comparing the physical scale of the
sound<00:45:52.160><c> horizon,</c><00:45:52.880><c> the</c><00:45:53.040><c> extent</c><00:45:53.280><c> to</c><00:45:53.520><c> which</c><00:45:53.599><c> the</c>

44:26.447 --> 44:26.457 align:start position:0%
sound horizon, the extent to which the
 

44:26.457 --> 44:28.687 align:start position:0%
sound horizon, the extent to which the
waves<00:45:54.079><c> in</c><00:45:54.240><c> the</c><00:45:54.319><c> plasma</c><00:45:54.720><c> could</c><00:45:55.040><c> spread</c><00:45:55.599><c> to</c><00:45:55.760><c> its</c>

44:28.687 --> 44:28.697 align:start position:0%
waves in the plasma could spread to its
 

44:28.697 --> 44:30.766 align:start position:0%
waves in the plasma could spread to its
apparent<00:45:56.480><c> size</c><00:45:56.720><c> in</c><00:45:56.960><c> the</c><00:45:57.040><c> cosmic</c><00:45:57.520><c> microwave</c>

44:30.766 --> 44:30.776 align:start position:0%
apparent size in the cosmic microwave
 

44:30.776 --> 44:32.526 align:start position:0%
apparent size in the cosmic microwave
background,<00:45:59.040><c> they've</c><00:45:59.359><c> been</c><00:45:59.520><c> able</c><00:45:59.680><c> to</c>

44:32.526 --> 44:32.536 align:start position:0%
background, they've been able to
 

44:32.536 --> 44:34.526 align:start position:0%
background, they've been able to
calculate<00:46:00.400><c> the</c><00:46:00.800><c> expansion</c><00:46:01.280><c> rate</c><00:46:01.520><c> of</c><00:46:01.680><c> the</c>

44:34.526 --> 44:34.536 align:start position:0%
calculate the expansion rate of the
 

44:34.536 --> 44:38.127 align:start position:0%
calculate the expansion rate of the
universe<00:46:02.720><c> with</c><00:46:03.119><c> exquisite</c><00:46:03.760><c> precision.</c>

44:38.127 --> 44:38.137 align:start position:0%
universe with exquisite precision.
 

44:38.137 --> 44:40.526 align:start position:0%
universe with exquisite precision.
And<00:46:05.680><c> yet,</c><00:46:06.319><c> despite</c><00:46:06.720><c> this</c><00:46:06.960><c> seemingly</c><00:46:07.520><c> clear</c>

44:40.526 --> 44:40.536 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite this seemingly clear
 

44:40.536 --> 44:44.207 align:start position:0%
And yet, despite this seemingly clear
success,<00:46:09.200><c> this</c><00:46:09.359><c> is</c><00:46:09.520><c> also</c><00:46:10.160><c> where</c><00:46:10.400><c> the</c><00:46:10.640><c> story</c>

44:44.207 --> 44:44.217 align:start position:0%
success, this is also where the story
 

44:44.217 --> 44:46.526 align:start position:0%
success, this is also where the story
takes<00:46:11.760><c> a</c><00:46:12.000><c> twist.</c>

44:46.526 --> 44:46.536 align:start position:0%
takes a twist.
 

44:46.536 --> 44:48.687 align:start position:0%
takes a twist.
for<00:46:14.079><c> the</c><00:46:14.319><c> number</c><00:46:14.560><c> they</c><00:46:14.880><c> have</c><00:46:15.040><c> found</c><00:46:15.599><c> does</c><00:46:15.839><c> not</c>

44:48.687 --> 44:48.697 align:start position:0%
for the number they have found does not
 

44:48.697 --> 44:50.687 align:start position:0%
for the number they have found does not
match<00:46:16.240><c> the</c><00:46:16.480><c> value</c><00:46:16.800><c> measured</c><00:46:17.200><c> from</c><00:46:17.520><c> nearby</c>

44:50.687 --> 44:50.697 align:start position:0%
match the value measured from nearby
 

44:50.697 --> 44:53.407 align:start position:0%
match the value measured from nearby
galaxies<00:46:18.800><c> and</c><00:46:19.119><c> supernova.</c>

44:53.407 --> 44:53.417 align:start position:0%
galaxies and supernova.
 

44:53.417 --> 44:57.006 align:start position:0%
galaxies and supernova.
Two<00:46:20.960><c> methods,</c><00:46:22.160><c> two</c><00:46:22.480><c> answers,</c><00:46:23.520><c> and</c><00:46:23.680><c> a</c><00:46:23.920><c> growing</c>

44:57.006 --> 44:57.016 align:start position:0%
Two methods, two answers, and a growing
 

44:57.016 --> 44:58.607 align:start position:0%
Two methods, two answers, and a growing
tension<00:46:24.800><c> that</c><00:46:25.040><c> has</c><00:46:25.200><c> become</c><00:46:25.520><c> one</c><00:46:25.680><c> of</c><00:46:25.680><c> the</c>

44:58.607 --> 44:58.617 align:start position:0%
tension that has become one of the
 

44:58.617 --> 45:07.727 align:start position:0%
tension that has become one of the
biggest<00:46:26.160><c> puzzles</c><00:46:27.040><c> in</c><00:46:27.359><c> modern</c><00:46:27.680><c> cosmology.</c>

45:07.727 --> 45:07.737 align:start position:0%
 
 

45:07.737 --> 45:10.526 align:start position:0%
 
It<00:46:35.280><c> is</c><00:46:35.440><c> called</c><00:46:36.079><c> the</c><00:46:36.319><c> Hubble</c><00:46:36.800><c> tension</c><00:46:37.359><c> and</c><00:46:37.599><c> it's</c>

45:10.526 --> 45:10.536 align:start position:0%
It is called the Hubble tension and it's
 

45:10.536 --> 45:12.046 align:start position:0%
It is called the Hubble tension and it's
a<00:46:38.000><c> problem</c><00:46:38.240><c> that</c><00:46:38.480><c> has</c><00:46:38.640><c> covered</c><00:46:38.880><c> countless</c>

45:12.046 --> 45:12.056 align:start position:0%
a problem that has covered countless
 

45:12.056 --> 45:14.526 align:start position:0%
a problem that has covered countless
pages<00:46:39.680><c> of</c><00:46:39.920><c> academic</c><00:46:40.400><c> journals.</c><00:46:41.520><c> Local</c>

45:14.526 --> 45:14.536 align:start position:0%
pages of academic journals. Local
 

45:14.536 --> 45:17.087 align:start position:0%
pages of academic journals. Local
measurements<00:46:42.480><c> using</c><00:46:42.800><c> seafood</c><00:46:43.280><c> and</c><00:46:43.440><c> supernovi</c>

45:17.087 --> 45:17.097 align:start position:0%
measurements using seafood and supernovi
 

45:17.097 --> 45:19.247 align:start position:0%
measurements using seafood and supernovi
suggest<00:46:44.720><c> the</c><00:46:44.960><c> universe</c><00:46:45.359><c> is</c><00:46:45.599><c> expanding</c><00:46:46.079><c> faster</c>

45:19.247 --> 45:19.257 align:start position:0%
suggest the universe is expanding faster
 

45:19.257 --> 45:20.687 align:start position:0%
suggest the universe is expanding faster
than<00:46:46.720><c> the</c><00:46:46.880><c> rate</c><00:46:47.119><c> inferred</c><00:46:47.520><c> from</c><00:46:47.599><c> the</c><00:46:47.760><c> early</c>

45:20.687 --> 45:20.697 align:start position:0%
than the rate inferred from the early
 

45:20.697 --> 45:23.167 align:start position:0%
than the rate inferred from the early
cosmos<00:46:48.880><c> as</c><00:46:49.119><c> determined</c><00:46:49.599><c> from</c><00:46:49.839><c> the</c><00:46:50.000><c> cosmic</c>

45:23.167 --> 45:23.177 align:start position:0%
cosmos as determined from the cosmic
 

45:23.177 --> 45:25.647 align:start position:0%
cosmos as determined from the cosmic
microwave<00:46:51.040><c> background.</c><00:46:52.240><c> And</c><00:46:52.400><c> indeed,</c><00:46:52.720><c> the</c>

45:25.647 --> 45:25.657 align:start position:0%
microwave background. And indeed, the
 

45:25.657 --> 45:27.967 align:start position:0%
microwave background. And indeed, the
discrepancy<00:46:53.520><c> is</c><00:46:53.760><c> not</c><00:46:54.079><c> trivial,</c><00:46:54.880><c> with</c><00:46:55.040><c> the</c>

45:27.967 --> 45:27.977 align:start position:0%
discrepancy is not trivial, with the
 

45:27.977 --> 45:29.647 align:start position:0%
discrepancy is not trivial, with the
significance<00:46:55.760><c> of</c><00:46:55.920><c> the</c><00:46:56.079><c> gap</c><00:46:56.319><c> between</c><00:46:56.640><c> the</c><00:46:56.800><c> two</c>

45:29.647 --> 45:29.657 align:start position:0%
significance of the gap between the two
 

45:29.657 --> 45:31.806 align:start position:0%
significance of the gap between the two
sets<00:46:57.280><c> of</c><00:46:57.359><c> measurements</c><00:46:58.000><c> only</c><00:46:58.319><c> getting</c><00:46:58.640><c> larger</c>

45:31.806 --> 45:31.816 align:start position:0%
sets of measurements only getting larger
 

45:31.816 --> 45:33.567 align:start position:0%
sets of measurements only getting larger
as<00:46:59.359><c> observations</c><00:47:00.160><c> have</c><00:47:00.319><c> become</c><00:47:00.640><c> more</c>

45:33.567 --> 45:33.577 align:start position:0%
as observations have become more
 

45:33.577 --> 45:36.286 align:start position:0%
as observations have become more
refined.<00:47:01.920><c> It</c><00:47:02.160><c> is</c><00:47:02.319><c> now</c><00:47:02.480><c> so</c><00:47:02.800><c> large</c><00:47:03.119><c> as</c><00:47:03.280><c> to</c><00:47:03.440><c> make</c>

45:36.286 --> 45:36.296 align:start position:0%
refined. It is now so large as to make
 

45:36.296 --> 45:37.887 align:start position:0%
refined. It is now so large as to make
astronomers<00:47:04.240><c> wonder</c><00:47:04.480><c> if</c><00:47:04.800><c> something</c>

45:37.887 --> 45:37.897 align:start position:0%
astronomers wonder if something
 

45:37.897 --> 45:40.046 align:start position:0%
astronomers wonder if something
fundamental<00:47:05.839><c> is</c><00:47:06.160><c> missing</c><00:47:06.480><c> from</c><00:47:06.720><c> our</c><00:47:06.960><c> picture</c>

45:40.046 --> 45:40.056 align:start position:0%
fundamental is missing from our picture
 

45:40.056 --> 45:42.607 align:start position:0%
fundamental is missing from our picture
of<00:47:07.599><c> the</c><00:47:07.839><c> universe.</c><00:47:09.200><c> And</c><00:47:09.359><c> so,</c><00:47:09.520><c> what</c><00:47:09.680><c> could</c>

45:42.607 --> 45:42.617 align:start position:0%
of the universe. And so, what could
 

45:42.617 --> 45:45.647 align:start position:0%
of the universe. And so, what could
explain<00:47:10.560><c> this</c><00:47:10.800><c> discrepancy?</c><00:47:12.160><c> Some</c><00:47:12.480><c> suggest</c>

45:45.647 --> 45:45.657 align:start position:0%
explain this discrepancy? Some suggest
 

45:45.657 --> 45:47.967 align:start position:0%
explain this discrepancy? Some suggest
that<00:47:13.200><c> the</c><00:47:13.359><c> tension</c><00:47:13.760><c> doesn't</c><00:47:14.000><c> really</c><00:47:14.319><c> exist</c><00:47:15.040><c> as</c>

45:47.967 --> 45:47.977 align:start position:0%
that the tension doesn't really exist as
 

45:47.977 --> 45:49.727 align:start position:0%
that the tension doesn't really exist as
the<00:47:15.440><c> local</c><00:47:15.760><c> measurements</c><00:47:16.240><c> are</c><00:47:16.480><c> possibly</c>

45:49.727 --> 45:49.737 align:start position:0%
the local measurements are possibly
 

45:49.737 --> 45:52.367 align:start position:0%
the local measurements are possibly
biased,<00:47:18.079><c> perhaps</c><00:47:18.480><c> by</c><00:47:18.720><c> unrecognized</c>

45:52.367 --> 45:52.377 align:start position:0%
biased, perhaps by unrecognized
 

45:52.377 --> 45:54.127 align:start position:0%
biased, perhaps by unrecognized
systematics<00:47:20.400><c> in</c><00:47:20.640><c> the</c><00:47:20.800><c> calibration</c><00:47:21.280><c> of</c>

45:54.127 --> 45:54.137 align:start position:0%
systematics in the calibration of
 

45:54.137 --> 45:56.367 align:start position:0%
systematics in the calibration of
distances.<00:47:22.560><c> Indeed,</c><00:47:22.960><c> it's</c><00:47:23.200><c> important</c><00:47:23.440><c> to</c>

45:56.367 --> 45:56.377 align:start position:0%
distances. Indeed, it's important to
 

45:56.377 --> 45:58.127 align:start position:0%
distances. Indeed, it's important to
remember<00:47:24.319><c> measuring</c><00:47:24.720><c> distances</c><00:47:25.200><c> in</c>

45:58.127 --> 45:58.137 align:start position:0%
remember measuring distances in
 

45:58.137 --> 46:01.567 align:start position:0%
remember measuring distances in
astronomy<00:47:26.160><c> is</c><00:47:26.480><c> always</c><00:47:26.960><c> hard.</c><00:47:28.240><c> Others</c><00:47:28.560><c> argue</c>

46:01.567 --> 46:01.577 align:start position:0%
astronomy is always hard. Others argue
 

46:01.577 --> 46:03.407 align:start position:0%
astronomy is always hard. Others argue
that<00:47:29.119><c> the</c><00:47:29.280><c> early</c><00:47:29.599><c> universe</c><00:47:30.079><c> calculations</c>

46:03.407 --> 46:03.417 align:start position:0%
that the early universe calculations
 

46:03.417 --> 46:05.727 align:start position:0%
that the early universe calculations
might<00:47:30.960><c> be</c><00:47:31.040><c> incomplete,</c><00:47:32.079><c> hinting</c><00:47:32.560><c> at</c><00:47:32.720><c> new</c>

46:05.727 --> 46:05.737 align:start position:0%
might be incomplete, hinting at new
 

46:05.737 --> 46:07.727 align:start position:0%
might be incomplete, hinting at new
physics<00:47:33.440><c> beyond</c><00:47:33.920><c> the</c><00:47:34.160><c> standard</c><00:47:34.640><c> model</c><00:47:34.880><c> of</c>

46:07.727 --> 46:07.737 align:start position:0%
physics beyond the standard model of
 

46:07.737 --> 46:09.967 align:start position:0%
physics beyond the standard model of
cosmology.<00:47:36.160><c> Could</c><00:47:36.400><c> dark</c><00:47:36.640><c> energy</c><00:47:37.119><c> be</c>

46:09.967 --> 46:09.977 align:start position:0%
cosmology. Could dark energy be
 

46:09.977 --> 46:12.046 align:start position:0%
cosmology. Could dark energy be
evolving?<00:47:38.000><c> Is</c><00:47:38.240><c> there</c><00:47:38.400><c> an</c><00:47:38.560><c> extra</c><00:47:38.800><c> species</c><00:47:39.200><c> of</c>

46:12.046 --> 46:12.056 align:start position:0%
evolving? Is there an extra species of
 

46:12.056 --> 46:14.447 align:start position:0%
evolving? Is there an extra species of
particle<00:47:39.920><c> or</c><00:47:40.160><c> a</c><00:47:40.319><c> subtle</c><00:47:40.720><c> twist</c><00:47:41.040><c> in</c><00:47:41.280><c> gravity</c>

46:14.447 --> 46:14.457 align:start position:0%
particle or a subtle twist in gravity
 

46:14.457 --> 46:16.766 align:start position:0%
particle or a subtle twist in gravity
itself?<00:47:42.960><c> These</c><00:47:43.280><c> possibilities</c><00:47:43.920><c> are</c>

46:16.766 --> 46:16.776 align:start position:0%
itself? These possibilities are
 

46:16.776 --> 46:19.327 align:start position:0%
itself? These possibilities are
tantalizing<00:47:45.200><c> and</c><00:47:45.520><c> have</c><00:47:45.680><c> resulted</c><00:47:46.079><c> in</c><00:47:46.240><c> a</c><00:47:46.480><c> kind</c>

46:19.327 --> 46:19.337 align:start position:0%
tantalizing and have resulted in a kind
 

46:19.337 --> 46:22.127 align:start position:0%
tantalizing and have resulted in a kind
of<00:47:46.800><c> wild</c><00:47:47.119><c> west</c><00:47:47.520><c> of</c><00:47:47.680><c> theoretical</c><00:47:48.319><c> speculation.</c>

46:22.127 --> 46:22.137 align:start position:0%
of wild west of theoretical speculation.
 

46:22.137 --> 46:24.286 align:start position:0%
of wild west of theoretical speculation.
But<00:47:49.520><c> none</c><00:47:49.839><c> has</c><00:47:50.000><c> yet</c><00:47:50.400><c> provided</c><00:47:50.800><c> a</c><00:47:51.040><c> definitive</c>

46:24.286 --> 46:24.296 align:start position:0%
But none has yet provided a definitive
 

46:24.296 --> 46:27.006 align:start position:0%
But none has yet provided a definitive
answer.<00:47:52.480><c> For</c><00:47:52.720><c> now,</c><00:47:52.960><c> it</c><00:47:53.200><c> seems</c><00:47:53.760><c> we</c><00:47:54.000><c> have</c><00:47:54.160><c> to</c>

46:27.006 --> 46:27.016 align:start position:0%
answer. For now, it seems we have to
 

46:27.016 --> 46:29.247 align:start position:0%
answer. For now, it seems we have to
accept<00:47:54.640><c> that</c><00:47:54.800><c> the</c><00:47:54.960><c> Hubble</c><00:47:55.359><c> tension</c><00:47:56.079><c> remains</c><00:47:56.400><c> a</c>

46:29.247 --> 46:29.257 align:start position:0%
accept that the Hubble tension remains a
 

46:29.257 --> 46:35.727 align:start position:0%
accept that the Hubble tension remains a
tantalizing<00:47:57.280><c> mystery.</c>

46:35.727 --> 46:35.737 align:start position:0%
 
 

46:35.737 --> 46:37.806 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:48:03.280><c> that</c><00:48:03.440><c> is</c><00:48:03.599><c> not</c><00:48:03.760><c> the</c><00:48:04.000><c> end</c><00:48:04.160><c> of</c><00:48:04.319><c> the</c><00:48:04.560><c> uses</c><00:48:04.880><c> for</c>

46:37.806 --> 46:37.816 align:start position:0%
And that is not the end of the uses for
 

46:37.816 --> 46:40.286 align:start position:0%
And that is not the end of the uses for
Barryon<00:48:05.599><c> acoustic</c><00:48:06.000><c> oscillations.</c><00:48:07.359><c> As</c>

46:40.286 --> 46:40.296 align:start position:0%
Barryon acoustic oscillations. As
 

46:40.296 --> 46:42.687 align:start position:0%
Barryon acoustic oscillations. As
astronomers<00:48:08.319><c> now</c><00:48:08.640><c> use</c><00:48:08.880><c> these</c><00:48:09.119><c> frozen</c><00:48:09.599><c> ripples</c>

46:42.687 --> 46:42.697 align:start position:0%
astronomers now use these frozen ripples
 

46:42.697 --> 46:45.806 align:start position:0%
astronomers now use these frozen ripples
in<00:48:10.240><c> new</c><00:48:10.560><c> ways</c><00:48:11.440><c> to</c><00:48:11.680><c> reveal</c><00:48:12.079><c> the</c><00:48:12.400><c> fundamental</c>

46:45.806 --> 46:45.816 align:start position:0%
in new ways to reveal the fundamental
 

46:45.816 --> 46:49.087 align:start position:0%
in new ways to reveal the fundamental
properties<00:48:14.000><c> of</c><00:48:14.240><c> the</c><00:48:14.480><c> universe,</c>

46:49.087 --> 46:49.097 align:start position:0%
properties of the universe,
 

46:49.097 --> 46:51.327 align:start position:0%
properties of the universe,
the<00:48:16.720><c> secret</c><00:48:17.119><c> is</c><00:48:17.280><c> to</c><00:48:17.520><c> combine</c><00:48:17.920><c> two</c><00:48:18.160><c> sets</c><00:48:18.480><c> of</c>

46:51.327 --> 46:51.337 align:start position:0%
the secret is to combine two sets of
 

46:51.337 --> 46:53.567 align:start position:0%
the secret is to combine two sets of
data.<00:48:19.119><c> The</c><00:48:19.359><c> cosmic</c><00:48:19.760><c> microwave</c><00:48:20.319><c> background</c>

46:53.567 --> 46:53.577 align:start position:0%
data. The cosmic microwave background
 

46:53.577 --> 46:55.487 align:start position:0%
data. The cosmic microwave background
which<00:48:21.119><c> reveals</c><00:48:21.520><c> the</c><00:48:21.839><c> scale</c><00:48:22.079><c> of</c><00:48:22.240><c> the</c><00:48:22.480><c> physical</c>

46:55.487 --> 46:55.497 align:start position:0%
which reveals the scale of the physical
 

46:55.497 --> 46:58.046 align:start position:0%
which reveals the scale of the physical
waves<00:48:23.119><c> at</c><00:48:23.280><c> recombination</c><00:48:24.480><c> with</c><00:48:24.720><c> the</c><00:48:24.880><c> vast</c>

46:58.046 --> 46:58.056 align:start position:0%
waves at recombination with the vast
 

46:58.056 --> 47:00.207 align:start position:0%
waves at recombination with the vast
cataloges<00:48:25.920><c> of</c><00:48:26.160><c> galaxies</c><00:48:26.800><c> obtained</c><00:48:27.280><c> from</c>

47:00.207 --> 47:00.217 align:start position:0%
cataloges of galaxies obtained from
 

47:00.217 --> 47:02.927 align:start position:0%
cataloges of galaxies obtained from
modern<00:48:27.920><c> surveys.</c><00:48:28.960><c> These</c><00:48:29.280><c> galaxy</c><00:48:29.760><c> surveys</c>

47:02.927 --> 47:02.937 align:start position:0%
modern surveys. These galaxy surveys
 

47:02.937 --> 47:04.847 align:start position:0%
modern surveys. These galaxy surveys
reveal<00:48:30.559><c> the</c><00:48:30.800><c> same</c><00:48:30.960><c> imprint</c><00:48:31.359><c> of</c><00:48:31.520><c> waves</c><00:48:31.920><c> written</c>

47:04.847 --> 47:04.857 align:start position:0%
reveal the same imprint of waves written
 

47:04.857 --> 47:06.847 align:start position:0%
reveal the same imprint of waves written
into<00:48:32.400><c> the</c><00:48:32.559><c> cosmic</c><00:48:32.960><c> web</c><00:48:33.359><c> but</c><00:48:33.599><c> at</c><00:48:33.760><c> a</c><00:48:33.920><c> time</c>

47:06.847 --> 47:06.857 align:start position:0%
into the cosmic web but at a time
 

47:06.857 --> 47:10.046 align:start position:0%
into the cosmic web but at a time
billions<00:48:34.559><c> of</c><00:48:34.800><c> years</c><00:48:35.200><c> after</c><00:48:35.760><c> recombination.</c>

47:10.046 --> 47:10.056 align:start position:0%
billions of years after recombination.
 

47:10.056 --> 47:12.207 align:start position:0%
billions of years after recombination.
So<00:48:37.680><c> by</c><00:48:37.920><c> comparing</c><00:48:38.319><c> these</c><00:48:38.559><c> two</c><00:48:38.800><c> epochs,</c>

47:12.207 --> 47:12.217 align:start position:0%
So by comparing these two epochs,
 

47:12.217 --> 47:14.367 align:start position:0%
So by comparing these two epochs,
astronomers<00:48:40.160><c> can</c><00:48:40.319><c> trace</c><00:48:40.720><c> how</c><00:48:40.960><c> the</c><00:48:41.200><c> universe</c>

47:14.367 --> 47:14.377 align:start position:0%
astronomers can trace how the universe
 

47:14.377 --> 47:18.447 align:start position:0%
astronomers can trace how the universe
has<00:48:41.920><c> expanded</c><00:48:42.720><c> over</c><00:48:43.200><c> deep</c><00:48:43.680><c> time.</c><00:48:45.040><c> This</c><00:48:45.280><c> is</c><00:48:45.520><c> at</c>

47:18.447 --> 47:18.457 align:start position:0%
has expanded over deep time. This is at
 

47:18.457 --> 47:21.327 align:start position:0%
has expanded over deep time. This is at
heart<00:48:46.079><c> a</c><00:48:46.319><c> very</c><00:48:46.559><c> elegant</c><00:48:47.119><c> method.</c><00:48:48.000><c> The</c><00:48:48.160><c> cosmic</c>

47:21.327 --> 47:21.337 align:start position:0%
heart a very elegant method. The cosmic
 

47:21.337 --> 47:23.087 align:start position:0%
heart a very elegant method. The cosmic
microwave<00:48:49.200><c> background</c><00:48:49.760><c> provides</c><00:48:50.160><c> the</c>

47:23.087 --> 47:23.097 align:start position:0%
microwave background provides the
 

47:23.097 --> 47:25.327 align:start position:0%
microwave background provides the
starting<00:48:50.800><c> point,</c><00:48:51.280><c> a</c><00:48:51.520><c> ruler</c><00:48:51.920><c> calibrated</c><00:48:52.480><c> by</c>

47:25.327 --> 47:25.337 align:start position:0%
starting point, a ruler calibrated by
 

47:25.337 --> 47:27.806 align:start position:0%
starting point, a ruler calibrated by
the<00:48:52.800><c> physics</c><00:48:53.119><c> of</c><00:48:53.280><c> the</c><00:48:53.359><c> early</c><00:48:53.760><c> universe.</c><00:48:54.800><c> And</c>

47:27.806 --> 47:27.816 align:start position:0%
the physics of the early universe. And
 

47:27.816 --> 47:29.806 align:start position:0%
the physics of the early universe. And
galaxy<00:48:55.599><c> surveys</c><00:48:56.160><c> can</c><00:48:56.400><c> measure</c><00:48:56.640><c> how</c><00:48:56.880><c> that</c>

47:29.806 --> 47:29.816 align:start position:0%
galaxy surveys can measure how that
 

47:29.816 --> 47:33.006 align:start position:0%
galaxy surveys can measure how that
ruler<00:48:57.520><c> appears</c><00:48:58.240><c> at</c><00:48:58.559><c> different</c><00:48:58.960><c> red</c><00:48:59.280><c> shifts.</c>

47:33.006 --> 47:33.016 align:start position:0%
ruler appears at different red shifts.
 

47:33.016 --> 47:35.407 align:start position:0%
ruler appears at different red shifts.
Our<00:49:00.559><c> standard</c><00:49:00.960><c> cosmological</c><00:49:01.760><c> model</c><00:49:02.240><c> with</c><00:49:02.480><c> a</c>

47:35.407 --> 47:35.417 align:start position:0%
Our standard cosmological model with a
 

47:35.417 --> 47:37.407 align:start position:0%
Our standard cosmological model with a
universe<00:49:03.200><c> containing</c><00:49:03.680><c> matter</c><00:49:04.240><c> and</c><00:49:04.480><c> an</c>

47:37.407 --> 47:37.417 align:start position:0%
universe containing matter and an
 

47:37.417 --> 47:40.367 align:start position:0%
universe containing matter and an
unchanging<00:49:05.440><c> form</c><00:49:05.760><c> of</c><00:49:06.000><c> dark</c><00:49:06.319><c> energy</c><00:49:07.280><c> predicts</c>

47:40.367 --> 47:40.377 align:start position:0%
unchanging form of dark energy predicts
 

47:40.377 --> 47:43.167 align:start position:0%
unchanging form of dark energy predicts
a<00:49:08.000><c> smooth</c><00:49:08.400><c> expansion.</c><00:49:09.520><c> And</c><00:49:09.680><c> so</c><00:49:09.839><c> the</c><00:49:10.079><c> apparent</c>

47:43.167 --> 47:43.177 align:start position:0%
a smooth expansion. And so the apparent
 

47:43.177 --> 47:45.246 align:start position:0%
a smooth expansion. And so the apparent
size<00:49:10.800><c> of</c><00:49:10.880><c> the</c><00:49:11.040><c> baron</c><00:49:11.520><c> acoustic</c><00:49:11.920><c> oscillations</c>

47:45.246 --> 47:45.256 align:start position:0%
size of the baron acoustic oscillations
 

47:45.256 --> 47:47.647 align:start position:0%
size of the baron acoustic oscillations
seen<00:49:12.800><c> in</c><00:49:13.040><c> galaxy</c><00:49:13.440><c> surveys</c><00:49:14.160><c> should</c><00:49:14.480><c> follow</c><00:49:14.720><c> a</c>

47:47.647 --> 47:47.657 align:start position:0%
seen in galaxy surveys should follow a
 

47:47.657 --> 47:50.286 align:start position:0%
seen in galaxy surveys should follow a
precise<00:49:15.599><c> predictable</c><00:49:16.319><c> pattern.</c><00:49:17.200><c> Any</c>

47:50.286 --> 47:50.296 align:start position:0%
precise predictable pattern. Any
 

47:50.296 --> 47:52.447 align:start position:0%
precise predictable pattern. Any
deviation<00:49:18.079><c> from</c><00:49:18.319><c> that</c><00:49:18.559><c> pattern</c><00:49:19.200><c> possibly</c>

47:52.447 --> 47:52.457 align:start position:0%
deviation from that pattern possibly
 

47:52.457 --> 47:58.847 align:start position:0%
deviation from that pattern possibly
signaling<00:49:20.800><c> new</c><00:49:21.200><c> physics.</c>

47:58.847 --> 47:58.857 align:start position:0%
 
 

47:58.857 --> 48:01.567 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:49:26.400><c> this</c><00:49:26.720><c> brings</c><00:49:26.960><c> us</c><00:49:27.200><c> to</c><00:49:27.440><c> Desessie,</c><00:49:28.240><c> the</c><00:49:28.480><c> dark</c>

48:01.567 --> 48:01.577 align:start position:0%
And this brings us to Desessie, the dark
 

48:01.577 --> 48:05.567 align:start position:0%
And this brings us to Desessie, the dark
energy<00:49:29.359><c> spectroscopic</c><00:49:30.240><c> instrument.</c>

48:05.567 --> 48:05.577 align:start position:0%
energy spectroscopic instrument.
 

48:05.577 --> 48:07.647 align:start position:0%
energy spectroscopic instrument.
Conceived<00:49:33.280><c> in</c><00:49:33.440><c> the</c><00:49:33.599><c> early</c><00:49:33.920><c> 2010s</c><00:49:34.480><c> and</c><00:49:34.720><c> coming</c>

48:07.647 --> 48:07.657 align:start position:0%
Conceived in the early 2010s and coming
 

48:07.657 --> 48:10.687 align:start position:0%
Conceived in the early 2010s and coming
online<00:49:35.359><c> in</c><00:49:35.599><c> 2021,</c><00:49:36.880><c> Desi</c><00:49:37.359><c> represents</c><00:49:37.760><c> the</c>

48:10.687 --> 48:10.697 align:start position:0%
online in 2021, Desi represents the
 

48:10.697 --> 48:13.087 align:start position:0%
online in 2021, Desi represents the
culmination<00:49:38.720><c> of</c><00:49:39.040><c> decades</c><00:49:39.599><c> of</c><00:49:39.760><c> effort</c><00:49:40.079><c> to</c>

48:13.087 --> 48:13.097 align:start position:0%
culmination of decades of effort to
 

48:13.097 --> 48:15.567 align:start position:0%
culmination of decades of effort to
understand<00:49:40.800><c> the</c><00:49:41.119><c> accelerating</c><00:49:41.839><c> universe.</c>

48:15.567 --> 48:15.577 align:start position:0%
understand the accelerating universe.
 

48:15.577 --> 48:17.727 align:start position:0%
understand the accelerating universe.
spurred<00:49:43.280><c> on</c><00:49:43.440><c> as</c><00:49:43.680><c> it</c><00:49:43.839><c> was</c><00:49:44.079><c> by</c><00:49:44.240><c> the</c><00:49:44.400><c> unexpected</c>

48:17.727 --> 48:17.737 align:start position:0%
spurred on as it was by the unexpected
 

48:17.737 --> 48:19.647 align:start position:0%
spurred on as it was by the unexpected
discovery<00:49:45.520><c> in</c><00:49:45.760><c> the</c><00:49:45.839><c> late</c><00:49:46.079><c> '9s</c><00:49:46.480><c> of</c><00:49:46.720><c> the</c>

48:19.647 --> 48:19.657 align:start position:0%
discovery in the late '9s of the
 

48:19.657 --> 48:21.887 align:start position:0%
discovery in the late '9s of the
acceleration<00:49:47.599><c> of</c><00:49:47.839><c> expansion</c><00:49:48.800><c> and</c><00:49:49.040><c> the</c>

48:21.887 --> 48:21.897 align:start position:0%
acceleration of expansion and the
 

48:21.897 --> 48:24.766 align:start position:0%
acceleration of expansion and the
presence<00:49:49.760><c> of</c><00:49:50.000><c> dark</c><00:49:50.480><c> energy.</c>

48:24.766 --> 48:24.776 align:start position:0%
presence of dark energy.
 

48:24.776 --> 48:27.407 align:start position:0%
presence of dark energy.
However,<00:49:52.480><c> Desi</c><00:49:52.960><c> is</c><00:49:53.119><c> not</c><00:49:53.359><c> a</c><00:49:53.599><c> single</c><00:49:54.000><c> device,</c>

48:27.407 --> 48:27.417 align:start position:0%
However, Desi is not a single device,
 

48:27.417 --> 48:29.407 align:start position:0%
However, Desi is not a single device,
but<00:49:54.960><c> a</c><00:49:55.200><c> sophisticated</c><00:49:55.839><c> assembly</c><00:49:56.400><c> of</c>

48:29.407 --> 48:29.417 align:start position:0%
but a sophisticated assembly of
 

48:29.417 --> 48:32.447 align:start position:0%
but a sophisticated assembly of
cuttingedge<00:49:57.359><c> technologies.</c><00:49:58.800><c> At</c><00:49:59.040><c> its</c><00:49:59.280><c> heart</c>

48:32.447 --> 48:32.457 align:start position:0%
cuttingedge technologies. At its heart
 

48:32.457 --> 48:35.087 align:start position:0%
cuttingedge technologies. At its heart
lies<00:50:00.079><c> a</c><00:50:00.240><c> robotic</c><00:50:00.720><c> fiber</c><00:50:01.119><c> positioning</c><00:50:01.680><c> system</c>

48:35.087 --> 48:35.097 align:start position:0%
lies a robotic fiber positioning system
 

48:35.097 --> 48:37.887 align:start position:0%
lies a robotic fiber positioning system
capable<00:50:02.800><c> of</c><00:50:03.040><c> placing</c><00:50:03.599><c> 5,000</c><00:50:04.240><c> optical</c><00:50:04.720><c> fibers</c>

48:37.887 --> 48:37.897 align:start position:0%
capable of placing 5,000 optical fibers
 

48:37.897 --> 48:39.887 align:start position:0%
capable of placing 5,000 optical fibers
with<00:50:05.520><c> exquisite</c><00:50:06.079><c> precision</c><00:50:06.640><c> across</c><00:50:06.960><c> the</c>

48:39.887 --> 48:39.897 align:start position:0%
with exquisite precision across the
 

48:39.897 --> 48:43.087 align:start position:0%
with exquisite precision across the
telescope's<00:50:07.839><c> focal</c><00:50:08.400><c> plane.</c><00:50:09.440><c> Each</c><00:50:09.839><c> fiber</c>

48:43.087 --> 48:43.097 align:start position:0%
telescope's focal plane. Each fiber
 

48:43.097 --> 48:45.087 align:start position:0%
telescope's focal plane. Each fiber
feeds<00:50:10.800><c> light</c><00:50:10.960><c> from</c><00:50:11.200><c> a</c><00:50:11.359><c> distant</c><00:50:11.680><c> galaxy</c><00:50:12.160><c> or</c>

48:45.087 --> 48:45.097 align:start position:0%
feeds light from a distant galaxy or
 

48:45.097 --> 48:48.046 align:start position:0%
feeds light from a distant galaxy or
quazar<00:50:13.119><c> into</c><00:50:13.440><c> one</c><00:50:13.599><c> of</c><00:50:13.760><c> 10</c><00:50:14.240><c> spectrographs,</c>

48:48.046 --> 48:48.056 align:start position:0%
quazar into one of 10 spectrographs,
 

48:48.056 --> 48:49.567 align:start position:0%
quazar into one of 10 spectrographs,
allowing<00:50:15.760><c> Desi</c><00:50:16.240><c> to</c><00:50:16.400><c> capture</c><00:50:16.640><c> the</c>

48:49.567 --> 48:49.577 align:start position:0%
allowing Desi to capture the
 

48:49.577 --> 48:52.046 align:start position:0%
allowing Desi to capture the
fingerprints<00:50:17.359><c> of</c><00:50:17.520><c> cosmic</c><00:50:18.000><c> expansion</c><00:50:18.880><c> on</c><00:50:19.119><c> an</c>

48:52.046 --> 48:52.056 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of cosmic expansion on an
 

48:52.056 --> 48:54.526 align:start position:0%
fingerprints of cosmic expansion on an
industrial<00:50:20.160><c> scale.</c><00:50:21.119><c> This</c><00:50:21.359><c> engineering</c>

48:54.526 --> 48:54.536 align:start position:0%
industrial scale. This engineering
 

48:54.536 --> 48:56.607 align:start position:0%
industrial scale. This engineering
marvel<00:50:22.319><c> enables</c><00:50:22.800><c> Desi</c><00:50:23.200><c> to</c><00:50:23.359><c> undertake</c><00:50:23.760><c> the</c>

48:56.607 --> 48:56.617 align:start position:0%
marvel enables Desi to undertake the
 

48:56.617 --> 48:58.687 align:start position:0%
marvel enables Desi to undertake the
most<00:50:24.079><c> ambitious</c><00:50:24.640><c> galaxy</c><00:50:25.119><c> survey</c><00:50:25.680><c> ever</c>

48:58.687 --> 48:58.697 align:start position:0%
most ambitious galaxy survey ever
 

48:58.697 --> 49:01.407 align:start position:0%
most ambitious galaxy survey ever
attempted.<00:50:26.960><c> Over</c><00:50:27.440><c> 5</c><00:50:27.680><c> years,</c><00:50:28.000><c> it</c><00:50:28.240><c> will</c><00:50:28.319><c> chart</c>

49:01.407 --> 49:01.417 align:start position:0%
attempted. Over 5 years, it will chart
 

49:01.417 --> 49:03.246 align:start position:0%
attempted. Over 5 years, it will chart
tens<00:50:29.119><c> of</c><00:50:29.280><c> millions</c><00:50:29.760><c> of</c><00:50:29.920><c> galaxies</c><00:50:30.319><c> and</c>

49:03.246 --> 49:03.256 align:start position:0%
tens of millions of galaxies and
 

49:03.256 --> 49:05.087 align:start position:0%
tens of millions of galaxies and
quazars,<00:50:31.599><c> constructing</c><00:50:32.079><c> a</c>

49:05.087 --> 49:05.097 align:start position:0%
quazars, constructing a
 

49:05.097 --> 49:07.006 align:start position:0%
quazars, constructing a
three-dimensional<00:50:33.119><c> atlas,</c><00:50:33.680><c> not</c><00:50:33.920><c> just</c><00:50:34.079><c> of</c>

49:07.006 --> 49:07.016 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional atlas, not just of
 

49:07.016 --> 49:10.207 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional atlas, not just of
space,<00:50:34.880><c> but</c><00:50:35.119><c> of</c><00:50:35.359><c> time</c><00:50:35.760><c> as</c><00:50:36.000><c> well,</c><00:50:36.559><c> spanning</c><00:50:37.040><c> 11</c>

49:10.207 --> 49:10.217 align:start position:0%
space, but of time as well, spanning 11
 

49:10.217 --> 49:13.327 align:start position:0%
space, but of time as well, spanning 11
billion<00:50:38.000><c> years</c><00:50:38.240><c> of</c><00:50:38.400><c> history.</c><00:50:39.599><c> With</c><00:50:39.920><c> this</c><00:50:40.160><c> map,</c>

49:13.327 --> 49:13.337 align:start position:0%
billion years of history. With this map,
 

49:13.337 --> 49:15.167 align:start position:0%
billion years of history. With this map,
Desi<00:50:41.040><c> can</c><00:50:41.200><c> measure</c><00:50:41.440><c> the</c><00:50:41.599><c> barrier</c><00:50:42.000><c> acoustic</c>

49:15.167 --> 49:15.177 align:start position:0%
Desi can measure the barrier acoustic
 

49:15.177 --> 49:18.286 align:start position:0%
Desi can measure the barrier acoustic
oscillation<00:50:43.119><c> scale</c><00:50:43.520><c> at</c><00:50:43.839><c> multiple</c><00:50:44.400><c> epochs,</c>

49:18.286 --> 49:18.296 align:start position:0%
oscillation scale at multiple epochs,
 

49:18.296 --> 49:19.967 align:start position:0%
oscillation scale at multiple epochs,
turning<00:50:45.920><c> those</c><00:50:46.160><c> frozen</c><00:50:46.559><c> ripples</c><00:50:46.960><c> in</c><00:50:47.119><c> the</c>

49:19.967 --> 49:19.977 align:start position:0%
turning those frozen ripples in the
 

49:19.977 --> 49:21.967 align:start position:0%
turning those frozen ripples in the
primordial<00:50:47.920><c> plasma</c><00:50:48.319><c> into</c><00:50:48.559><c> a</c><00:50:48.800><c> detailed</c>

49:21.967 --> 49:21.977 align:start position:0%
primordial plasma into a detailed
 

49:21.977 --> 49:24.046 align:start position:0%
primordial plasma into a detailed
chronicle<00:50:49.760><c> of</c><00:50:50.000><c> how</c><00:50:50.160><c> the</c><00:50:50.400><c> universe</c><00:50:50.720><c> has</c><00:50:50.960><c> grown</c>

49:24.046 --> 49:24.056 align:start position:0%
chronicle of how the universe has grown
 

49:24.056 --> 49:26.687 align:start position:0%
chronicle of how the universe has grown
and<00:50:51.599><c> stretched</c><00:50:52.400><c> under</c><00:50:52.720><c> the</c><00:50:52.880><c> influence</c><00:50:53.680><c> of</c>

49:26.687 --> 49:26.697 align:start position:0%
and stretched under the influence of
 

49:26.697 --> 49:32.607 align:start position:0%
and stretched under the influence of
dark<00:50:54.319><c> energy.</c>

49:32.607 --> 49:32.617 align:start position:0%
 
 

49:32.617 --> 49:35.006 align:start position:0%
 
Multi-year<00:51:00.559><c> programs</c><00:51:01.040><c> such</c><00:51:01.200><c> as</c><00:51:01.440><c> DESIE</c><00:51:02.000><c> often</c>

49:35.006 --> 49:35.016 align:start position:0%
Multi-year programs such as DESIE often
 

49:35.016 --> 49:37.647 align:start position:0%
Multi-year programs such as DESIE often
release<00:51:02.640><c> their</c><00:51:02.880><c> data</c><00:51:03.200><c> in</c><00:51:03.599><c> chunks.</c><00:51:04.640><c> Data</c>

49:37.647 --> 49:37.657 align:start position:0%
release their data in chunks. Data
 

49:37.657 --> 49:39.407 align:start position:0%
release their data in chunks. Data
releases<00:51:05.440><c> that</c><00:51:05.599><c> build</c><00:51:05.839><c> up</c><00:51:06.000><c> to</c><00:51:06.160><c> a</c><00:51:06.400><c> final</c>

49:39.407 --> 49:39.417 align:start position:0%
releases that build up to a final
 

49:39.417 --> 49:41.967 align:start position:0%
releases that build up to a final
catalog<00:51:07.200><c> of</c><00:51:07.440><c> everything</c><00:51:07.680><c> they</c><00:51:08.000><c> observe.</c><00:51:09.119><c> And</c>

49:41.967 --> 49:41.977 align:start position:0%
catalog of everything they observe. And
 

49:41.977 --> 49:44.607 align:start position:0%
catalog of everything they observe. And
so<00:51:09.440><c> in</c><00:51:09.680><c> 2025,</c><00:51:10.640><c> Desi</c><00:51:11.040><c> released</c><00:51:11.359><c> its</c><00:51:11.599><c> second</c>

49:44.607 --> 49:44.617 align:start position:0%
so in 2025, Desi released its second
 

49:44.617 --> 49:47.647 align:start position:0%
so in 2025, Desi released its second
chunk<00:51:12.480><c> with</c><00:51:12.800><c> more</c><00:51:12.960><c> than</c><00:51:13.280><c> 14</c><00:51:13.760><c> million</c><00:51:14.240><c> galaxies</c>

49:47.647 --> 49:47.657 align:start position:0%
chunk with more than 14 million galaxies
 

49:47.657 --> 49:49.087 align:start position:0%
chunk with more than 14 million galaxies
and<00:51:15.200><c> more</c><00:51:15.359><c> than</c><00:51:15.520><c> a</c><00:51:15.680><c> million</c><00:51:15.920><c> and</c><00:51:16.079><c> a</c><00:51:16.160><c> half</c>

49:49.087 --> 49:49.097 align:start position:0%
and more than a million and a half
 

49:49.097 --> 49:52.127 align:start position:0%
and more than a million and a half
quazars<00:51:17.119><c> mapped</c><00:51:17.520><c> across</c><00:51:17.760><c> the</c><00:51:18.000><c> cosmos.</c><00:51:19.040><c> In</c><00:51:19.280><c> the</c>

49:52.127 --> 49:52.137 align:start position:0%
quazars mapped across the cosmos. In the
 

49:52.137 --> 49:53.967 align:start position:0%
quazars mapped across the cosmos. In the
time<00:51:19.599><c> since</c><00:51:19.839><c> its</c><00:51:20.079><c> release,</c><00:51:20.559><c> astronomers</c><00:51:21.119><c> have</c>

49:53.967 --> 49:53.977 align:start position:0%
time since its release, astronomers have
 

49:53.977 --> 49:56.127 align:start position:0%
time since its release, astronomers have
dug<00:51:21.520><c> into</c><00:51:21.680><c> the</c><00:51:21.920><c> data,</c><00:51:22.640><c> teasing</c><00:51:23.040><c> out</c><00:51:23.200><c> the</c>

49:56.127 --> 49:56.137 align:start position:0%
dug into the data, teasing out the
 

49:56.137 --> 49:57.567 align:start position:0%
dug into the data, teasing out the
signal<00:51:23.760><c> of</c><00:51:23.839><c> the</c><00:51:24.000><c> Barryon</c><00:51:24.480><c> acoustic</c>

49:57.567 --> 49:57.577 align:start position:0%
signal of the Barryon acoustic
 

49:57.577 --> 49:59.967 align:start position:0%
signal of the Barryon acoustic
oscillations,<00:51:26.000><c> and</c><00:51:26.240><c> the</c><00:51:26.400><c> results</c><00:51:26.880><c> have</c><00:51:27.119><c> been</c>

49:59.967 --> 49:59.977 align:start position:0%
oscillations, and the results have been
 

49:59.977 --> 50:03.647 align:start position:0%
oscillations, and the results have been
surprising<00:51:28.160><c> to</c><00:51:28.400><c> say</c><00:51:28.559><c> the</c><00:51:28.800><c> least.</c>

50:03.647 --> 50:03.657 align:start position:0%
surprising to say the least.
 

50:03.657 --> 50:05.727 align:start position:0%
surprising to say the least.
Over<00:51:31.200><c> the</c><00:51:31.359><c> multiple</c><00:51:31.760><c> epochs,</c><00:51:32.400><c> the</c><00:51:32.559><c> signal</c><00:51:32.880><c> of</c>

50:05.727 --> 50:05.737 align:start position:0%
Over the multiple epochs, the signal of
 

50:05.737 --> 50:08.046 align:start position:0%
Over the multiple epochs, the signal of
the<00:51:33.200><c> oscillations</c><00:51:33.920><c> rises</c><00:51:34.400><c> clearly</c><00:51:34.800><c> above</c><00:51:35.119><c> the</c>

50:08.046 --> 50:08.056 align:start position:0%
the oscillations rises clearly above the
 

50:08.056 --> 50:10.207 align:start position:0%
the oscillations rises clearly above the
noise<00:51:36.000><c> with</c><00:51:36.160><c> no</c><00:51:36.400><c> doubt</c><00:51:36.640><c> that</c><00:51:36.880><c> this</c><00:51:37.119><c> relic</c><00:51:37.440><c> of</c>

50:10.207 --> 50:10.217 align:start position:0%
noise with no doubt that this relic of
 

50:10.217 --> 50:12.286 align:start position:0%
noise with no doubt that this relic of
the<00:51:37.680><c> early</c><00:51:38.000><c> universe</c><00:51:38.480><c> is</c><00:51:38.720><c> still</c><00:51:38.880><c> imprinted</c><00:51:39.359><c> on</c>

50:12.286 --> 50:12.296 align:start position:0%
the early universe is still imprinted on
 

50:12.296 --> 50:15.087 align:start position:0%
the early universe is still imprinted on
the<00:51:39.760><c> cosmos</c><00:51:40.319><c> today.</c><00:51:41.440><c> But</c><00:51:41.520><c> in</c><00:51:41.760><c> reconstructing</c>

50:15.087 --> 50:15.097 align:start position:0%
the cosmos today. But in reconstructing
 

50:15.097 --> 50:16.607 align:start position:0%
the cosmos today. But in reconstructing
the<00:51:42.640><c> expansion</c><00:51:43.119><c> history</c><00:51:43.440><c> from</c><00:51:43.680><c> these</c>

50:16.607 --> 50:16.617 align:start position:0%
the expansion history from these
 

50:16.617 --> 50:19.327 align:start position:0%
the expansion history from these
signals,<00:51:44.720><c> astronomers</c><00:51:45.359><c> have</c><00:51:45.599><c> found</c><00:51:46.160><c> that</c><00:51:46.400><c> it</c>

50:19.327 --> 50:19.337 align:start position:0%
signals, astronomers have found that it
 

50:19.337 --> 50:21.167 align:start position:0%
signals, astronomers have found that it
doesn't<00:51:47.119><c> match</c><00:51:47.440><c> the</c><00:51:47.599><c> predictions</c><00:51:48.079><c> of</c><00:51:48.240><c> our</c>

50:21.167 --> 50:21.177 align:start position:0%
doesn't match the predictions of our
 

50:21.177 --> 50:23.727 align:start position:0%
doesn't match the predictions of our
simplest<00:51:48.960><c> picture</c><00:51:49.280><c> of</c><00:51:49.520><c> dark</c><00:51:50.000><c> energy.</c>

50:23.727 --> 50:23.737 align:start position:0%
simplest picture of dark energy.
 

50:23.737 --> 50:27.006 align:start position:0%
simplest picture of dark energy.
Instead,<00:51:51.839><c> the</c><00:51:52.079><c> data</c><00:51:52.480><c> hints</c><00:51:53.119><c> at</c><00:51:53.359><c> quite</c><00:51:53.760><c> strange</c>

50:27.006 --> 50:27.016 align:start position:0%
Instead, the data hints at quite strange
 

50:27.016 --> 50:29.806 align:start position:0%
Instead, the data hints at quite strange
behavior,<00:51:55.440><c> as</c><00:51:55.599><c> if</c><00:51:55.839><c> dark</c><00:51:56.160><c> energy</c><00:51:56.640><c> were</c><00:51:56.880><c> not</c>

50:29.806 --> 50:29.816 align:start position:0%
behavior, as if dark energy were not
 

50:29.816 --> 50:32.286 align:start position:0%
behavior, as if dark energy were not
constant,<00:51:58.000><c> but</c><00:51:58.319><c> has</c><00:51:58.559><c> been</c><00:51:58.720><c> changing</c><00:51:59.280><c> and</c>

50:32.286 --> 50:32.296 align:start position:0%
constant, but has been changing and
 

50:32.296 --> 50:36.847 align:start position:0%
constant, but has been changing and
evolving<00:52:00.400><c> over</c><00:52:00.880><c> billions</c><00:52:01.359><c> of</c><00:52:01.599><c> years.</c><00:52:02.960><c> Of</c>

50:36.847 --> 50:36.857 align:start position:0%
evolving over billions of years. Of
 

50:36.857 --> 50:38.526 align:start position:0%
evolving over billions of years. Of
course,<00:52:04.319><c> it's</c><00:52:04.559><c> not</c><00:52:04.720><c> quite</c><00:52:04.880><c> yet</c><00:52:05.119><c> definitive.</c>

50:38.526 --> 50:38.536 align:start position:0%
course, it's not quite yet definitive.
 

50:38.536 --> 50:40.766 align:start position:0%
course, it's not quite yet definitive.
And<00:52:05.920><c> as</c><00:52:06.160><c> more</c><00:52:06.319><c> data</c><00:52:06.640><c> flows</c><00:52:07.040><c> in,</c><00:52:07.440><c> this</c><00:52:07.760><c> signal</c>

50:40.766 --> 50:40.776 align:start position:0%
And as more data flows in, this signal
 

50:40.776 --> 50:43.087 align:start position:0%
And as more data flows in, this signal
of<00:52:08.319><c> strange</c><00:52:08.720><c> dark</c><00:52:08.960><c> energy</c><00:52:09.440><c> could</c><00:52:09.760><c> become</c><00:52:10.079><c> more</c>

50:43.087 --> 50:43.097 align:start position:0%
of strange dark energy could become more
 

50:43.097 --> 50:45.487 align:start position:0%
of strange dark energy could become more
significant.<00:52:11.440><c> Or</c><00:52:11.839><c> like</c><00:52:12.160><c> so</c><00:52:12.400><c> many</c><00:52:12.559><c> other</c>

50:45.487 --> 50:45.497 align:start position:0%
significant. Or like so many other
 

50:45.497 --> 50:47.887 align:start position:0%
significant. Or like so many other
interesting<00:52:13.280><c> signals</c><00:52:13.680><c> in</c><00:52:13.920><c> physics,</c><00:52:14.720><c> it</c><00:52:14.960><c> could</c>

50:47.887 --> 50:47.897 align:start position:0%
interesting signals in physics, it could
 

50:47.897 --> 50:51.327 align:start position:0%
interesting signals in physics, it could
melt<00:52:15.599><c> back</c><00:52:15.839><c> into</c><00:52:16.160><c> statistical</c><00:52:16.880><c> noise.</c><00:52:18.319><c> But</c><00:52:18.480><c> it</c>

50:51.327 --> 50:51.337 align:start position:0%
melt back into statistical noise. But it
 

50:51.337 --> 50:54.127 align:start position:0%
melt back into statistical noise. But it
is<00:52:18.880><c> already</c><00:52:19.280><c> enough</c><00:52:19.760><c> to</c><00:52:19.920><c> make</c><00:52:20.240><c> cosmologists</c>

50:54.127 --> 50:54.137 align:start position:0%
is already enough to make cosmologists
 

50:54.137 --> 50:56.927 align:start position:0%
is already enough to make cosmologists
pause.<00:52:22.559><c> Could</c><00:52:22.720><c> this</c><00:52:22.960><c> be</c><00:52:23.119><c> the</c><00:52:23.280><c> first</c><00:52:23.520><c> sign</c><00:52:23.920><c> that</c>

50:56.927 --> 50:56.937 align:start position:0%
pause. Could this be the first sign that
 

50:56.937 --> 50:58.766 align:start position:0%
pause. Could this be the first sign that
our<00:52:24.480><c> picture</c><00:52:24.800><c> of</c><00:52:25.040><c> dark</c><00:52:25.359><c> energy</c><00:52:25.760><c> is</c>

50:58.766 --> 50:58.776 align:start position:0%
our picture of dark energy is
 

50:58.776 --> 51:01.246 align:start position:0%
our picture of dark energy is
incomplete?<00:52:27.440><c> Or</c><00:52:27.680><c> is</c><00:52:27.839><c> there</c><00:52:28.079><c> something</c>

51:01.246 --> 51:01.256 align:start position:0%
incomplete? Or is there something
 

51:01.256 --> 51:04.526 align:start position:0%
incomplete? Or is there something
deeper,<00:52:29.440><c> a</c><00:52:29.680><c> new</c><00:52:30.000><c> ingredient</c><00:52:30.800><c> in</c><00:52:31.040><c> the</c><00:52:31.200><c> cosmic</c>

51:04.526 --> 51:04.536 align:start position:0%
deeper, a new ingredient in the cosmic
 

51:04.536 --> 51:10.286 align:start position:0%
deeper, a new ingredient in the cosmic
recipe?

51:10.286 --> 51:10.296 align:start position:0%
 
 

51:10.296 --> 51:12.526 align:start position:0%
 
If<00:52:37.839><c> dark</c><00:52:38.160><c> energy</c><00:52:38.559><c> is</c><00:52:38.720><c> not</c><00:52:38.960><c> constant,</c><00:52:39.599><c> but</c>

51:12.526 --> 51:12.536 align:start position:0%
If dark energy is not constant, but
 

51:12.536 --> 51:14.687 align:start position:0%
If dark energy is not constant, but
instead<00:52:40.319><c> evolves</c><00:52:40.800><c> with</c><00:52:41.040><c> time,</c><00:52:41.839><c> the</c>

51:14.687 --> 51:14.697 align:start position:0%
instead evolves with time, the
 

51:14.697 --> 51:16.847 align:start position:0%
instead evolves with time, the
implications<00:52:42.720><c> for</c><00:52:42.960><c> cosmic</c><00:52:43.440><c> history</c><00:52:43.920><c> are</c>

51:16.847 --> 51:16.857 align:start position:0%
implications for cosmic history are
 

51:16.857 --> 51:18.367 align:start position:0%
implications for cosmic history are
profound.

51:18.367 --> 51:18.377 align:start position:0%
profound.
 

51:18.377 --> 51:20.766 align:start position:0%
profound.
In<00:52:45.920><c> our</c><00:52:46.160><c> standard</c><00:52:46.480><c> picture,</c><00:52:47.119><c> a</c><00:52:47.359><c> steady</c><00:52:47.760><c> dark</c>

51:20.766 --> 51:20.776 align:start position:0%
In our standard picture, a steady dark
 

51:20.776 --> 51:23.167 align:start position:0%
In our standard picture, a steady dark
energy<00:52:48.480><c> acts</c><00:52:48.800><c> like</c><00:52:48.960><c> a</c><00:52:49.200><c> gentle</c><00:52:49.520><c> but</c><00:52:49.839><c> relentless</c>

51:23.167 --> 51:23.177 align:start position:0%
energy acts like a gentle but relentless
 

51:23.177 --> 51:25.647 align:start position:0%
energy acts like a gentle but relentless
push,<00:52:51.280><c> causing</c><00:52:51.680><c> the</c><00:52:51.839><c> universe's</c><00:52:52.480><c> expansion</c>

51:25.647 --> 51:25.657 align:start position:0%
push, causing the universe's expansion
 

51:25.657 --> 51:28.607 align:start position:0%
push, causing the universe's expansion
to<00:52:53.200><c> accelerate</c><00:52:53.839><c> ever</c><00:52:54.240><c> faster.</c><00:52:55.280><c> But</c><00:52:55.440><c> if</c><00:52:55.599><c> its</c>

51:28.607 --> 51:28.617 align:start position:0%
to accelerate ever faster. But if its
 

51:28.617 --> 51:30.607 align:start position:0%
to accelerate ever faster. But if its
strength<00:52:56.319><c> has</c><00:52:56.559><c> changed</c><00:52:57.040><c> over</c><00:52:57.359><c> billions</c><00:52:57.760><c> of</c>

51:30.607 --> 51:30.617 align:start position:0%
strength has changed over billions of
 

51:30.617 --> 51:32.927 align:start position:0%
strength has changed over billions of
years,<00:52:58.720><c> the</c><00:52:58.960><c> story</c><00:52:59.280><c> becomes</c><00:52:59.680><c> far</c><00:52:59.920><c> more</c>

51:32.927 --> 51:32.937 align:start position:0%
years, the story becomes far more
 

51:32.937 --> 51:36.046 align:start position:0%
years, the story becomes far more
intricate.<00:53:01.680><c> Perhaps</c><00:53:02.079><c> in</c><00:53:02.319><c> the</c><00:53:02.480><c> distant</c><00:53:02.800><c> past,</c>

51:36.046 --> 51:36.056 align:start position:0%
intricate. Perhaps in the distant past,
 

51:36.056 --> 51:38.447 align:start position:0%
intricate. Perhaps in the distant past,
dark<00:53:03.680><c> energy</c><00:53:04.079><c> was</c><00:53:04.319><c> weaker,</c><00:53:04.960><c> allowing</c><00:53:05.359><c> gravity</c>

51:38.447 --> 51:38.457 align:start position:0%
dark energy was weaker, allowing gravity
 

51:38.457 --> 51:40.687 align:start position:0%
dark energy was weaker, allowing gravity
to<00:53:05.920><c> dominate</c><00:53:06.319><c> for</c><00:53:06.559><c> longer,</c><00:53:07.119><c> thus</c><00:53:07.440><c> impacting</c>

51:40.687 --> 51:40.697 align:start position:0%
to dominate for longer, thus impacting
 

51:40.697 --> 51:43.167 align:start position:0%
to dominate for longer, thus impacting
the<00:53:08.240><c> growth</c><00:53:08.480><c> of</c><00:53:08.800><c> structure.</c><00:53:09.680><c> Or</c><00:53:09.920><c> perhaps</c><00:53:10.240><c> it</c>

51:43.167 --> 51:43.177 align:start position:0%
the growth of structure. Or perhaps it
 

51:43.177 --> 51:45.407 align:start position:0%
the growth of structure. Or perhaps it
was<00:53:10.640><c> stronger,</c><00:53:11.440><c> driving</c><00:53:11.760><c> an</c><00:53:12.079><c> earlier</c><00:53:12.480><c> surge</c>

51:45.407 --> 51:45.417 align:start position:0%
was stronger, driving an earlier surge
 

51:45.417 --> 51:47.487 align:start position:0%
was stronger, driving an earlier surge
of<00:53:12.960><c> expansion</c><00:53:13.440><c> that</c><00:53:13.760><c> left</c><00:53:14.000><c> its</c><00:53:14.240><c> mark</c><00:53:14.480><c> on</c><00:53:14.640><c> the</c>

51:47.487 --> 51:47.497 align:start position:0%
of expansion that left its mark on the
 

51:47.497 --> 51:50.526 align:start position:0%
of expansion that left its mark on the
distribution<00:53:15.280><c> of</c><00:53:15.520><c> galaxies</c><00:53:16.160><c> we</c><00:53:16.480><c> see</c><00:53:16.720><c> today.</c>

51:50.526 --> 51:50.536 align:start position:0%
distribution of galaxies we see today.
 

51:50.536 --> 51:52.526 align:start position:0%
distribution of galaxies we see today.
And<00:53:18.240><c> ultimately</c><00:53:18.880><c> looking</c><00:53:19.200><c> ahead,</c><00:53:19.599><c> an</c>

51:52.526 --> 51:52.536 align:start position:0%
And ultimately looking ahead, an
 

51:52.536 --> 51:55.327 align:start position:0%
And ultimately looking ahead, an
evolving<00:53:20.319><c> dark</c><00:53:20.640><c> energy</c><00:53:21.200><c> could</c><00:53:21.599><c> rewrite</c><00:53:22.319><c> the</c>

51:55.327 --> 51:55.337 align:start position:0%
evolving dark energy could rewrite the
 

51:55.337 --> 51:58.526 align:start position:0%
evolving dark energy could rewrite the
ultimate<00:53:23.040><c> fate</c><00:53:23.599><c> of</c><00:53:23.839><c> the</c><00:53:24.079><c> entire</c><00:53:24.559><c> universe.</c>

51:58.526 --> 51:58.536 align:start position:0%
ultimate fate of the entire universe.
 

51:58.536 --> 52:01.087 align:start position:0%
ultimate fate of the entire universe.
For<00:53:26.079><c> if</c><00:53:26.240><c> its</c><00:53:26.480><c> influence</c><00:53:26.960><c> continues</c><00:53:27.520><c> to</c><00:53:27.760><c> grow,</c>

52:01.087 --> 52:01.097 align:start position:0%
For if its influence continues to grow,
 

52:01.097 --> 52:04.046 align:start position:0%
For if its influence continues to grow,
the<00:53:28.640><c> universe</c><00:53:29.119><c> may</c><00:53:29.359><c> race</c><00:53:29.680><c> towards</c><00:53:30.160><c> a</c><00:53:30.400><c> big</c><00:53:30.640><c> rip</c>

52:04.046 --> 52:04.056 align:start position:0%
the universe may race towards a big rip
 

52:04.056 --> 52:06.447 align:start position:0%
the universe may race towards a big rip
where<00:53:31.680><c> galaxies,</c><00:53:32.480><c> stars,</c><00:53:32.880><c> and</c><00:53:33.119><c> even</c><00:53:33.359><c> atoms</c>

52:06.447 --> 52:06.457 align:start position:0%
where galaxies, stars, and even atoms
 

52:06.457 --> 52:09.407 align:start position:0%
where galaxies, stars, and even atoms
are<00:53:34.000><c> torn</c><00:53:34.319><c> apart</c><00:53:34.559><c> by</c><00:53:34.800><c> runaway</c><00:53:35.280><c> expansion.</c><00:53:36.559><c> And</c>

52:09.407 --> 52:09.417 align:start position:0%
are torn apart by runaway expansion. And
 

52:09.417 --> 52:11.727 align:start position:0%
are torn apart by runaway expansion. And
if<00:53:36.880><c> it</c><00:53:37.119><c> fades,</c><00:53:37.920><c> the</c><00:53:38.160><c> acceleration</c><00:53:38.800><c> could</c>

52:11.727 --> 52:11.737 align:start position:0%
if it fades, the acceleration could
 

52:11.737 --> 52:14.447 align:start position:0%
if it fades, the acceleration could
stall<00:53:39.599><c> and</c><00:53:40.000><c> gravity</c><00:53:40.559><c> might</c><00:53:40.800><c> one</c><00:53:41.040><c> day</c><00:53:41.200><c> halt</c><00:53:41.520><c> the</c>

52:14.447 --> 52:14.457 align:start position:0%
stall and gravity might one day halt the
 

52:14.457 --> 52:19.167 align:start position:0%
stall and gravity might one day halt the
expansion,<00:53:42.640><c> leading</c><00:53:43.040><c> to</c><00:53:43.280><c> a</c><00:53:43.520><c> slow</c><00:53:43.839><c> collapse.</c>

52:19.167 --> 52:19.177 align:start position:0%
expansion, leading to a slow collapse.
 

52:19.177 --> 52:21.167 align:start position:0%
expansion, leading to a slow collapse.
Because<00:53:46.960><c> between</c><00:53:47.200><c> these</c><00:53:47.440><c> extremes</c><00:53:48.000><c> lies</c><00:53:48.319><c> a</c>

52:21.167 --> 52:21.177 align:start position:0%
Because between these extremes lies a
 

52:21.177 --> 52:23.246 align:start position:0%
Because between these extremes lies a
spectrum<00:53:48.880><c> of</c><00:53:49.119><c> possibilities.</c><00:53:50.319><c> Each</c>

52:23.246 --> 52:23.256 align:start position:0%
spectrum of possibilities. Each
 

52:23.256 --> 52:25.487 align:start position:0%
spectrum of possibilities. Each
demanding<00:53:51.200><c> new</c><00:53:51.520><c> physics</c><00:53:51.920><c> to</c><00:53:52.160><c> explain</c><00:53:52.480><c> why</c><00:53:52.640><c> the</c>

52:25.487 --> 52:25.497 align:start position:0%
demanding new physics to explain why the
 

52:25.497 --> 52:27.647 align:start position:0%
demanding new physics to explain why the
vacuum<00:53:53.119><c> of</c><00:53:53.359><c> space</c><00:53:53.680><c> is</c><00:53:53.920><c> not</c><00:53:54.079><c> the</c><00:53:54.319><c> simple</c>

52:27.647 --> 52:27.657 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space is not the simple
 

52:27.657 --> 52:35.087 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space is not the simple
immutable<00:53:55.599><c> backdrop</c><00:53:56.400><c> we</c><00:53:56.640><c> once</c><00:53:56.960><c> imagined.</c>

52:35.087 --> 52:35.097 align:start position:0%
 
 

52:35.097 --> 52:37.087 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:54:02.640><c> finally,</c><00:54:03.200><c> it's</c><00:54:03.520><c> tempting</c><00:54:03.839><c> to</c><00:54:04.079><c> wonder</c>

52:37.087 --> 52:37.097 align:start position:0%
And finally, it's tempting to wonder
 

52:37.097 --> 52:39.647 align:start position:0%
And finally, it's tempting to wonder
whether<00:54:04.800><c> these</c><00:54:05.119><c> two</c><00:54:05.359><c> puzzles,</c><00:54:06.240><c> the</c><00:54:06.480><c> hints</c><00:54:06.800><c> of</c>

52:39.647 --> 52:39.657 align:start position:0%
whether these two puzzles, the hints of
 

52:39.657 --> 52:41.967 align:start position:0%
whether these two puzzles, the hints of
evolving<00:54:07.440><c> dark</c><00:54:07.760><c> energy</c><00:54:08.079><c> from</c><00:54:08.319><c> Desi</c><00:54:08.880><c> and</c><00:54:09.040><c> the</c>

52:41.967 --> 52:41.977 align:start position:0%
evolving dark energy from Desi and the
 

52:41.977 --> 52:44.447 align:start position:0%
evolving dark energy from Desi and the
stubborn<00:54:09.680><c> Hubble</c><00:54:10.160><c> tension</c><00:54:10.880><c> are</c><00:54:11.119><c> not</c><00:54:11.359><c> separate</c>

52:44.447 --> 52:44.457 align:start position:0%
stubborn Hubble tension are not separate
 

52:44.457 --> 52:47.087 align:start position:0%
stubborn Hubble tension are not separate
mysteries<00:54:12.240><c> at</c><00:54:12.559><c> all,</c><00:54:13.119><c> but</c><00:54:13.440><c> threads</c><00:54:13.920><c> of</c><00:54:14.160><c> the</c>

52:47.087 --> 52:47.097 align:start position:0%
mysteries at all, but threads of the
 

52:47.097 --> 52:49.727 align:start position:0%
mysteries at all, but threads of the
same<00:54:14.640><c> tapestry.</c><00:54:15.920><c> If</c><00:54:16.160><c> the</c><00:54:16.319><c> strength</c><00:54:16.559><c> of</c><00:54:16.720><c> dark</c>

52:49.727 --> 52:49.737 align:start position:0%
same tapestry. If the strength of dark
 

52:49.737 --> 52:52.286 align:start position:0%
same tapestry. If the strength of dark
energy<00:54:17.440><c> has</c><00:54:17.760><c> shifted</c><00:54:18.160><c> over</c><00:54:18.480><c> cosmic</c><00:54:18.960><c> time,</c>

52:52.286 --> 52:52.296 align:start position:0%
energy has shifted over cosmic time,
 

52:52.296 --> 52:54.286 align:start position:0%
energy has shifted over cosmic time,
then<00:54:19.839><c> our</c><00:54:20.079><c> extrapolations</c><00:54:20.960><c> from</c><00:54:21.200><c> the</c><00:54:21.359><c> early</c>

52:54.286 --> 52:54.296 align:start position:0%
then our extrapolations from the early
 

52:54.296 --> 52:56.367 align:start position:0%
then our extrapolations from the early
universe<00:54:22.079><c> to</c><00:54:22.319><c> the</c><00:54:22.480><c> present</c><00:54:22.800><c> day</c><00:54:23.280><c> may</c><00:54:23.520><c> be</c>

52:56.367 --> 52:56.377 align:start position:0%
universe to the present day may be
 

52:56.377 --> 52:59.167 align:start position:0%
universe to the present day may be
subtly<00:54:24.240><c> flawed,</c><00:54:25.280><c> introducing</c><00:54:25.839><c> the</c><00:54:26.000><c> discord</c>

52:59.167 --> 52:59.177 align:start position:0%
subtly flawed, introducing the discord
 

52:59.177 --> 53:01.246 align:start position:0%
subtly flawed, introducing the discord
we<00:54:26.720><c> see</c><00:54:26.960><c> between</c><00:54:27.359><c> local</c><00:54:27.680><c> and</c><00:54:27.920><c> primordial</c>

53:01.246 --> 53:01.256 align:start position:0%
we see between local and primordial
 

53:01.256 --> 53:03.806 align:start position:0%
we see between local and primordial
measurements<00:54:29.040><c> of</c><00:54:29.200><c> expansion.</c><00:54:30.400><c> A</c><00:54:30.640><c> single</c>

53:03.806 --> 53:03.816 align:start position:0%
measurements of expansion. A single
 

53:03.816 --> 53:06.367 align:start position:0%
measurements of expansion. A single
coherent<00:54:31.760><c> picture</c><00:54:32.160><c> could</c><00:54:32.400><c> emerge,</c><00:54:33.200><c> one</c><00:54:33.440><c> that</c>

53:06.367 --> 53:06.377 align:start position:0%
coherent picture could emerge, one that
 

53:06.377 --> 53:08.367 align:start position:0%
coherent picture could emerge, one that
reshapes<00:54:34.160><c> our</c><00:54:34.480><c> understanding</c><00:54:34.960><c> of</c><00:54:35.200><c> cosmic</c>

53:08.367 --> 53:08.377 align:start position:0%
reshapes our understanding of cosmic
 

53:08.377 --> 53:13.967 align:start position:0%
reshapes our understanding of cosmic
acceleration<00:54:36.480><c> and</c><00:54:36.720><c> the</c><00:54:36.880><c> physics</c><00:54:37.280><c> driving</c><00:54:37.680><c> it.</c>

53:13.967 --> 53:13.977 align:start position:0%
 
 

53:13.977 --> 53:16.286 align:start position:0%
 
As<00:54:41.520><c> Desessie's</c><00:54:42.000><c> map</c><00:54:42.319><c> grows</c><00:54:42.960><c> and</c><00:54:43.359><c> new</c>

53:16.286 --> 53:16.296 align:start position:0%
As Desessie's map grows and new
 

53:16.296 --> 53:19.006 align:start position:0%
As Desessie's map grows and new
observations<00:54:44.400><c> sharpen</c><00:54:44.880><c> the</c><00:54:45.040><c> view,</c><00:54:45.920><c> we</c><00:54:46.160><c> may</c>

53:19.006 --> 53:19.016 align:start position:0%
observations sharpen the view, we may
 

53:19.016 --> 53:20.607 align:start position:0%
observations sharpen the view, we may
find<00:54:46.559><c> that</c><00:54:46.720><c> these</c><00:54:46.960><c> anomalies</c><00:54:47.520><c> are</c><00:54:47.760><c> not</c>

53:20.607 --> 53:20.617 align:start position:0%
find that these anomalies are not
 

53:20.617 --> 53:23.246 align:start position:0%
find that these anomalies are not
accidents,<00:54:48.800><c> but</c><00:54:49.119><c> signposts</c><00:54:50.160><c> pointing</c>

53:23.246 --> 53:23.256 align:start position:0%
accidents, but signposts pointing
 

53:23.256 --> 53:28.687 align:start position:0%
accidents, but signposts pointing
towards<00:54:50.960><c> a</c><00:54:51.200><c> deeper</c><00:54:51.599><c> truth.</c>

53:28.687 --> 53:28.697 align:start position:0%
 
 

53:28.697 --> 53:31.087 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:54:56.319><c> so,</c><00:54:56.880><c> in</c><00:54:57.119><c> that</c><00:54:57.280><c> Warsaw</c><00:54:57.839><c> Conference</c><00:54:58.240><c> on</c>

53:31.087 --> 53:31.097 align:start position:0%
And so, in that Warsaw Conference on
 

53:31.097 --> 53:34.046 align:start position:0%
And so, in that Warsaw Conference on
Cosmology<00:54:58.960><c> and</c><00:54:59.200><c> Black</c><00:54:59.440><c> Holes</c><00:54:59.760><c> of</c><00:55:00.000><c> 1973,</c>

53:34.046 --> 53:34.056 align:start position:0%
Cosmology and Black Holes of 1973,
 

53:34.056 --> 53:35.887 align:start position:0%
Cosmology and Black Holes of 1973,
Steven<00:55:01.760><c> Hawking</c><00:55:02.319><c> could</c><00:55:02.559><c> scarcely</c><00:55:03.040><c> have</c>

53:35.887 --> 53:35.897 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking could scarcely have
 

53:35.897 --> 53:39.407 align:start position:0%
Steven Hawking could scarcely have
imagined<00:55:03.680><c> the</c><00:55:03.920><c> universe</c><00:55:04.640><c> we</c><00:55:05.040><c> now</c><00:55:05.280><c> see.</c><00:55:06.480><c> Back</c>

53:39.407 --> 53:39.417 align:start position:0%
imagined the universe we now see. Back
 

53:39.417 --> 53:41.567 align:start position:0%
imagined the universe we now see. Back
then,<00:55:07.119><c> cosmology</c><00:55:07.760><c> was</c><00:55:07.920><c> still</c><00:55:08.079><c> a</c><00:55:08.240><c> fledgling</c>

53:41.567 --> 53:41.577 align:start position:0%
then, cosmology was still a fledgling
 

53:41.577 --> 53:43.806 align:start position:0%
then, cosmology was still a fledgling
science,<00:55:09.680><c> its</c><00:55:09.920><c> foundations</c><00:55:10.559><c> resting</c><00:55:10.880><c> on</c><00:55:10.960><c> a</c>

53:43.806 --> 53:43.816 align:start position:0%
science, its foundations resting on a
 

53:43.816 --> 53:45.806 align:start position:0%
science, its foundations resting on a
handful<00:55:11.359><c> of</c><00:55:11.520><c> observations</c><00:55:12.160><c> and</c><00:55:12.480><c> a</c><00:55:12.640><c> great</c><00:55:12.880><c> deal</c>

53:45.806 --> 53:45.816 align:start position:0%
handful of observations and a great deal
 

53:45.816 --> 53:48.046 align:start position:0%
handful of observations and a great deal
of<00:55:13.359><c> speculation.</c><00:55:14.480><c> Yet,</c><00:55:14.720><c> among</c><00:55:15.040><c> those</c>

53:48.046 --> 53:48.056 align:start position:0%
of speculation. Yet, among those
 

53:48.056 --> 53:50.207 align:start position:0%
of speculation. Yet, among those
whispers<00:55:15.839><c> of</c><00:55:16.079><c> Soviet</c><00:55:16.559><c> breakthroughs,</c>

53:50.207 --> 53:50.217 align:start position:0%
whispers of Soviet breakthroughs,
 

53:50.217 --> 53:52.367 align:start position:0%
whispers of Soviet breakthroughs,
Zeldovich<00:55:18.319><c> was</c><00:55:18.480><c> already</c><00:55:18.800><c> sketching</c><00:55:19.200><c> a</c><00:55:19.359><c> vision</c>

53:52.367 --> 53:52.377 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich was already sketching a vision
 

53:52.377 --> 53:55.727 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich was already sketching a vision
of<00:55:19.839><c> how</c><00:55:20.160><c> structure</c><00:55:20.880><c> might</c><00:55:21.200><c> emerge.</c>

53:55.727 --> 53:55.737 align:start position:0%
of how structure might emerge.
 

53:55.737 --> 53:57.647 align:start position:0%
of how structure might emerge.
Fast<00:55:23.359><c> forward</c><00:55:23.680><c> half</c><00:55:23.839><c> a</c><00:55:24.079><c> century,</c><00:55:24.559><c> and</c><00:55:24.800><c> the</c>

53:57.647 --> 53:57.657 align:start position:0%
Fast forward half a century, and the
 

53:57.657 --> 53:59.806 align:start position:0%
Fast forward half a century, and the
cosmos<00:55:25.440><c> has</c><00:55:25.599><c> yielded</c><00:55:26.000><c> its</c><00:55:26.240><c> secrets</c><00:55:26.640><c> in</c><00:55:26.960><c> ways</c>

53:59.806 --> 53:59.816 align:start position:0%
cosmos has yielded its secrets in ways
 

53:59.816 --> 54:01.167 align:start position:0%
cosmos has yielded its secrets in ways
that<00:55:27.280><c> would</c><00:55:27.440><c> have</c><00:55:27.599><c> astonished</c><00:55:28.079><c> even</c>

54:01.167 --> 54:01.177 align:start position:0%
that would have astonished even
 

54:01.177 --> 54:04.286 align:start position:0%
that would have astonished even
Zeldovich.<00:55:29.760><c> We</c><00:55:30.000><c> now</c><00:55:30.319><c> map</c><00:55:30.640><c> the</c><00:55:30.880><c> universe</c><00:55:31.440><c> not</c>

54:04.286 --> 54:04.296 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich. We now map the universe not
 

54:04.296 --> 54:06.927 align:start position:0%
Zeldovich. We now map the universe not
in<00:55:31.839><c> hundreds</c><00:55:32.240><c> or</c><00:55:32.559><c> thousands</c><00:55:32.960><c> of</c><00:55:33.200><c> galaxies</c><00:55:34.000><c> but</c>

54:06.927 --> 54:06.937 align:start position:0%
in hundreds or thousands of galaxies but
 

54:06.937 --> 54:09.567 align:start position:0%
in hundreds or thousands of galaxies but
in<00:55:34.480><c> tens</c><00:55:34.880><c> of</c><00:55:35.119><c> millions</c><00:55:36.160><c> tracing</c><00:55:36.559><c> its</c>

54:09.567 --> 54:09.577 align:start position:0%
in tens of millions tracing its
 

54:09.577 --> 54:12.927 align:start position:0%
in tens of millions tracing its
architecture<00:55:37.760><c> across</c><00:55:38.319><c> billions</c><00:55:38.800><c> of</c><00:55:39.040><c> years.</c>

54:12.927 --> 54:12.937 align:start position:0%
architecture across billions of years.
 

54:12.937 --> 54:14.687 align:start position:0%
architecture across billions of years.
Those<00:55:40.480><c> delicate</c><00:55:40.960><c> ripples</c><00:55:41.359><c> in</c><00:55:41.520><c> the</c><00:55:41.680><c> early</c>

54:14.687 --> 54:14.697 align:start position:0%
Those delicate ripples in the early
 

54:14.697 --> 54:16.447 align:start position:0%
Those delicate ripples in the early
plasma.<00:55:42.640><c> The</c><00:55:42.800><c> barriion</c><00:55:43.280><c> acoustic</c>

54:16.447 --> 54:16.457 align:start position:0%
plasma. The barriion acoustic
 

54:16.457 --> 54:19.727 align:start position:0%
plasma. The barriion acoustic
oscillations<00:55:44.800><c> have</c><00:55:45.040><c> become</c><00:55:45.440><c> tools</c><00:55:46.319><c> rulers</c>

54:19.727 --> 54:19.737 align:start position:0%
oscillations have become tools rulers
 

54:19.737 --> 54:22.847 align:start position:0%
oscillations have become tools rulers
stretching<00:55:47.520><c> across</c><00:55:47.839><c> the</c><00:55:48.079><c> cosmic</c><00:55:48.559><c> web.</c><00:55:49.760><c> We</c><00:55:50.000><c> see</c>

54:22.847 --> 54:22.857 align:start position:0%
stretching across the cosmic web. We see
 

54:22.857 --> 54:24.526 align:start position:0%
stretching across the cosmic web. We see
hints<00:55:50.480><c> the</c><00:55:50.720><c> dark</c><00:55:50.960><c> energy</c><00:55:51.280><c> may</c><00:55:51.520><c> not</c><00:55:51.680><c> be</c>

54:24.526 --> 54:24.536 align:start position:0%
hints the dark energy may not be
 

54:24.536 --> 54:26.766 align:start position:0%
hints the dark energy may not be
constant.<00:55:52.640><c> We</c><00:55:52.880><c> puzzle</c><00:55:53.359><c> over</c><00:55:53.520><c> the</c><00:55:53.760><c> Hubble</c>

54:26.766 --> 54:26.776 align:start position:0%
constant. We puzzle over the Hubble
 

54:26.776 --> 54:29.567 align:start position:0%
constant. We puzzle over the Hubble
tension.<00:55:55.280><c> And</c><00:55:55.440><c> in</c><00:55:55.680><c> these</c><00:55:55.920><c> mysteries</c><00:55:56.559><c> the</c>

54:29.567 --> 54:29.577 align:start position:0%
tension. And in these mysteries the
 

54:29.577 --> 54:32.046 align:start position:0%
tension. And in these mysteries the
spirit<00:55:57.119><c> of</c><00:55:57.280><c> Zeldovich</c><00:55:58.000><c> lingers.</c><00:55:59.119><c> The</c>

54:32.046 --> 54:32.056 align:start position:0%
spirit of Zeldovich lingers. The
 

54:32.056 --> 54:34.847 align:start position:0%
spirit of Zeldovich lingers. The
audacity<00:56:00.000><c> to</c><00:56:00.240><c> imagine</c><00:56:00.640><c> beyond</c><00:56:01.040><c> the</c><00:56:01.280><c> obvious,</c>

54:34.847 --> 54:34.857 align:start position:0%
audacity to imagine beyond the obvious,
 

54:34.857 --> 54:38.207 align:start position:0%
audacity to imagine beyond the obvious,
to<00:56:02.400><c> seek</c><00:56:02.640><c> unity</c><00:56:03.280><c> in</c><00:56:03.599><c> complexity.</c>

54:38.207 --> 54:38.217 align:start position:0%
to seek unity in complexity.
 

54:38.217 --> 54:40.766 align:start position:0%
to seek unity in complexity.
From<00:56:05.760><c> the</c><00:56:05.920><c> fragile</c><00:56:06.400><c> oasis</c><00:56:06.960><c> of</c><00:56:07.119><c> Warsaw</c><00:56:07.760><c> to</c><00:56:07.920><c> the</c>

54:40.766 --> 54:40.776 align:start position:0%
From the fragile oasis of Warsaw to the
 

54:40.776 --> 54:43.407 align:start position:0%
From the fragile oasis of Warsaw to the
robotic<00:56:08.640><c> precision</c><00:56:09.040><c> of</c><00:56:09.280><c> Desi,</c><00:56:10.160><c> the</c><00:56:10.400><c> journey</c>

54:43.407 --> 54:43.417 align:start position:0%
robotic precision of Desi, the journey
 

54:43.417 --> 54:46.127 align:start position:0%
robotic precision of Desi, the journey
has<00:56:10.960><c> been</c><00:56:11.119><c> long,</c><00:56:11.760><c> but</c><00:56:12.000><c> the</c><00:56:12.240><c> quest</c><00:56:12.799><c> remains</c><00:56:13.200><c> the</c>

54:46.127 --> 54:46.137 align:start position:0%
has been long, but the quest remains the
 

54:46.137 --> 54:48.766 align:start position:0%
has been long, but the quest remains the
same.<00:56:14.319><c> To</c><00:56:14.559><c> understand</c><00:56:15.200><c> where</c><00:56:15.440><c> it</c><00:56:15.599><c> all</c><00:56:15.839><c> came</c>

54:48.766 --> 54:48.776 align:start position:0%
same. To understand where it all came
 

54:48.776 --> 54:59.967 align:start position:0%
same. To understand where it all came
from<00:56:17.359><c> and</c><00:56:17.680><c> where</c><00:56:18.480><c> it</c><00:56:18.720><c> is</c><00:56:18.880><c> going.</c>

54:51.131 --> 54:51.141 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching and we'll see you
 

54:51.141 --> 54:54.462 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching and we'll see you
next<00:56:37.440><c> time.</c>