WEBVTT 00:01.360 --> 00:04.150 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:04.150 --> 00:04.160 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:04.160 --> 00:05.430 align:start position:0% [Music] a<00:00:04.400> spacecraft 00:05.430 --> 00:05.440 align:start position:0% a spacecraft 00:05.440 --> 00:07.990 align:start position:0% a spacecraft cruises<00:00:06.080> silently<00:00:07.120> through<00:00:07.359> the<00:00:07.520> outer 00:07.990 --> 00:08.000 align:start position:0% cruises silently through the outer 00:08.000 --> 00:09.190 align:start position:0% cruises silently through the outer spiral<00:00:08.559> arm 00:09.190 --> 00:09.200 align:start position:0% spiral arm 00:09.200 --> 00:14.390 align:start position:0% spiral arm of<00:00:09.360> the<00:00:09.519> milky<00:00:10.000> way 00:14.390 --> 00:14.400 align:start position:0% 00:14.400 --> 00:17.269 align:start position:0% these<00:00:14.639> voyages<00:00:15.280> from<00:00:15.519> lands<00:00:15.920> far<00:00:16.160> away<00:00:17.039> aren't 00:17.269 --> 00:17.279 align:start position:0% these voyages from lands far away aren't 00:17.279 --> 00:18.870 align:start position:0% these voyages from lands far away aren't in<00:00:17.440> a<00:00:17.520> hurry 00:18.870 --> 00:18.880 align:start position:0% in a hurry 00:18.880 --> 00:21.990 align:start position:0% in a hurry traveling<00:00:19.359> at<00:00:19.439> just<00:00:19.760> 60<00:00:20.320> 000<00:00:20.720> miles<00:00:21.039> an<00:00:21.199> hour<00:00:21.840> a 00:21.990 --> 00:22.000 align:start position:0% traveling at just 60 000 miles an hour a 00:22.000 --> 00:22.470 align:start position:0% traveling at just 60 000 miles an hour a crawl 00:22.470 --> 00:22.480 align:start position:0% crawl 00:22.480 --> 00:28.950 align:start position:0% crawl by<00:00:22.640> cosmic<00:00:23.119> standards 00:28.950 --> 00:28.960 align:start position:0% 00:28.960 --> 00:30.710 align:start position:0% but<00:00:29.279> they've<00:00:29.519> kept<00:00:29.760> their<00:00:30.000> pace<00:00:30.400> for<00:00:30.640> a 00:30.710 --> 00:30.720 align:start position:0% but they've kept their pace for a 00:30.720 --> 00:32.310 align:start position:0% but they've kept their pace for a million<00:00:31.279> years 00:32.310 --> 00:32.320 align:start position:0% million years 00:32.320 --> 00:34.709 align:start position:0% million years journeying<00:00:32.880> by<00:00:33.200> several<00:00:33.680> thousand<00:00:34.239> star 00:34.709 --> 00:34.719 align:start position:0% journeying by several thousand star 00:34.719 --> 00:35.510 align:start position:0% journeying by several thousand star systems 00:35.510 --> 00:35.520 align:start position:0% systems 00:35.520 --> 00:41.990 align:start position:0% systems over<00:00:35.760> a<00:00:35.840> distance<00:00:36.640> of<00:00:36.880> a<00:00:36.960> hundred<00:00:37.920> light<00:00:38.160> years 00:41.990 --> 00:42.000 align:start position:0% 00:42.000 --> 00:44.709 align:start position:0% and<00:00:42.160> each<00:00:42.480> new<00:00:42.800> star<00:00:43.200> system<00:00:43.600> they<00:00:43.840> pass<00:00:44.239> they 00:44.709 --> 00:44.719 align:start position:0% and each new star system they pass they 00:44.719 --> 00:45.510 align:start position:0% and each new star system they pass they scan 00:45.510 --> 00:45.520 align:start position:0% scan 00:45.520 --> 00:47.430 align:start position:0% scan searching<00:00:46.000> for<00:00:46.160> the<00:00:46.239> perfect<00:00:46.719> combination 00:47.430 --> 00:47.440 align:start position:0% searching for the perfect combination 00:47.440 --> 00:49.110 align:start position:0% searching for the perfect combination that<00:00:47.600> they're<00:00:47.840> looking<00:00:48.160> for 00:49.110 --> 00:49.120 align:start position:0% that they're looking for 00:49.120 --> 00:52.229 align:start position:0% that they're looking for a<00:00:49.360> lifeless<00:00:50.079> new<00:00:50.399> planet<00:00:50.960> around<00:00:51.360> a<00:00:51.520> young 00:52.229 --> 00:52.239 align:start position:0% a lifeless new planet around a young 00:52.239 --> 00:58.549 align:start position:0% a lifeless new planet around a young yellow<00:00:56.840> sun 00:58.549 --> 00:58.559 align:start position:0% yellow sun 00:58.559 --> 01:00.549 align:start position:0% yellow sun circling<00:00:59.039> in<00:00:59.280> on<00:00:59.440> their<00:00:59.680> long<00:01:00.000> sought<00:01:00.320> after 01:00.549 --> 01:00.559 align:start position:0% circling in on their long sought after 01:00.559 --> 01:02.229 align:start position:0% circling in on their long sought after quarry 01:02.229 --> 01:02.239 align:start position:0% quarry 01:02.239 --> 01:05.189 align:start position:0% quarry passing<00:01:02.800> close<00:01:03.280> by<00:01:03.600> to<00:01:03.760> the<00:01:03.920> planet's<00:01:04.320> surface 01:05.189 --> 01:05.199 align:start position:0% passing close by to the planet's surface 01:05.199 --> 01:07.030 align:start position:0% passing close by to the planet's surface they<00:01:05.439> deploy<00:01:06.000> their<00:01:06.320> ancient 01:07.030 --> 01:07.040 align:start position:0% they deploy their ancient 01:07.040 --> 01:09.870 align:start position:0% they deploy their ancient payload 01:09.870 --> 01:09.880 align:start position:0% 01:09.880 --> 01:11.109 align:start position:0% [Music] 01:11.109 --> 01:11.119 align:start position:0% [Music] 01:11.119 --> 01:13.830 align:start position:0% [Music] dropping<00:01:12.159> shielded<00:01:12.880> through<00:01:13.119> the<00:01:13.200> atmosphere 01:13.830 --> 01:13.840 align:start position:0% dropping shielded through the atmosphere 01:13.840 --> 01:15.749 align:start position:0% dropping shielded through the atmosphere to<00:01:14.000> land<00:01:14.320> on<00:01:14.479> the<00:01:14.640> surface 01:15.749 --> 01:15.759 align:start position:0% to land on the surface 01:15.759 --> 01:21.270 align:start position:0% to land on the surface disgorging<00:01:16.640> its<00:01:16.880> contents 01:21.270 --> 01:21.280 align:start position:0% 01:21.280 --> 01:24.830 align:start position:0% inside<00:01:22.000> is<00:01:22.159> a<00:01:22.240> 1<00:01:22.640> 000<00:01:23.119> kilogram<00:01:23.920> payload<00:01:24.560> of 01:24.830 --> 01:24.840 align:start position:0% inside is a 1 000 kilogram payload of 01:24.840 --> 01:26.950 align:start position:0% inside is a 1 000 kilogram payload of bacterial<00:01:25.840> samples 01:26.950 --> 01:26.960 align:start position:0% bacterial samples 01:26.960 --> 01:28.870 align:start position:0% bacterial samples [Music] 01:28.870 --> 01:28.880 align:start position:0% [Music] 01:28.880 --> 01:31.910 align:start position:0% [Music] 100<00:01:29.680> different<00:01:30.159> types<00:01:30.640> each<00:01:31.119> varied<00:01:31.680> and 01:31.910 --> 01:31.920 align:start position:0% 100 different types each varied and 01:31.920 --> 01:32.469 align:start position:0% 100 different types each varied and suited 01:32.469 --> 01:32.479 align:start position:0% suited 01:32.479 --> 01:37.830 align:start position:0% suited to<00:01:32.640> a<00:01:32.720> different<00:01:33.200> environment 01:37.830 --> 01:37.840 align:start position:0% 01:37.840 --> 01:40.390 align:start position:0% a<00:01:37.920> few<00:01:38.560> immediately<00:01:39.280> perish<00:01:39.680> on<00:01:39.840> the<00:01:40.000> surface 01:40.390 --> 01:40.400 align:start position:0% a few immediately perish on the surface 01:40.400 --> 01:41.429 align:start position:0% a few immediately perish on the surface of<00:01:40.479> this<00:01:40.720> new<00:01:40.960> planet 01:41.429 --> 01:41.439 align:start position:0% of this new planet 01:41.439 --> 01:45.109 align:start position:0% of this new planet the<00:01:41.600> chemistry<00:01:42.240> and<00:01:42.320> conditions<00:01:43.200> all<00:01:43.520> wrong 01:45.109 --> 01:45.119 align:start position:0% the chemistry and conditions all wrong 01:45.119 --> 01:48.469 align:start position:0% the chemistry and conditions all wrong but<00:01:45.840> the<00:01:46.000> ones<00:01:46.320> that<00:01:46.560> survive<00:01:47.360> find<00:01:47.600> a<00:01:47.759> habitat 01:48.469 --> 01:48.479 align:start position:0% but the ones that survive find a habitat 01:48.479 --> 01:51.429 align:start position:0% but the ones that survive find a habitat ripe<00:01:49.119> for<00:01:49.280> the<00:01:49.439> taking<00:01:50.640> they<00:01:50.880> not<00:01:51.119> only 01:51.429 --> 01:51.439 align:start position:0% ripe for the taking they not only 01:51.439 --> 01:52.149 align:start position:0% ripe for the taking they not only survive 01:52.149 --> 01:52.159 align:start position:0% survive 01:52.159 --> 01:55.109 align:start position:0% survive but<00:01:52.479> thrive<00:01:53.360> quickly<00:01:53.840> moving<00:01:54.320> to<00:01:54.479> colonize 01:55.109 --> 01:55.119 align:start position:0% but thrive quickly moving to colonize 01:55.119 --> 01:58.389 align:start position:0% but thrive quickly moving to colonize the<00:01:55.280> surface 01:58.389 --> 01:58.399 align:start position:0% 01:58.399 --> 02:02.389 align:start position:0% and<00:01:58.560> they<00:01:58.799> evolve<00:02:00.799> adapting<00:02:01.360> to<00:02:01.520> new<00:02:01.759> niches 02:02.389 --> 02:02.399 align:start position:0% and they evolve adapting to new niches 02:02.399 --> 02:05.830 align:start position:0% and they evolve adapting to new niches exploiting<00:02:03.200> brand<00:02:03.600> new<00:02:03.920> environments 02:05.830 --> 02:05.840 align:start position:0% exploiting brand new environments 02:05.840 --> 02:08.229 align:start position:0% exploiting brand new environments over<00:02:06.079> the<00:02:06.159> next<00:02:06.560> four<00:02:06.799> billion<00:02:07.280> years<00:02:07.520> or<00:02:07.680> so 02:08.229 --> 02:08.239 align:start position:0% over the next four billion years or so 02:08.239 --> 02:09.589 align:start position:0% over the next four billion years or so while<00:02:08.479> the<00:02:08.640> yellow<00:02:09.119> sun 02:09.589 --> 02:09.599 align:start position:0% while the yellow sun 02:09.599 --> 02:12.710 align:start position:0% while the yellow sun brightens<00:02:10.239> overhead<00:02:11.120> they<00:02:11.360> evolve<00:02:12.000> into<00:02:12.400> ever 02:12.710 --> 02:12.720 align:start position:0% brightens overhead they evolve into ever 02:12.720 --> 02:13.270 align:start position:0% brightens overhead they evolve into ever more 02:13.270 --> 02:13.280 align:start position:0% more 02:13.280 --> 02:17.070 align:start position:0% more complex<00:02:13.920> forms 02:17.070 --> 02:17.080 align:start position:0% 02:17.080 --> 02:19.990 align:start position:0% [Music] 02:19.990 --> 02:20.000 align:start position:0% [Music] 02:20.000 --> 02:22.550 align:start position:0% [Music] until<00:02:20.400> eventually<00:02:21.280> they<00:02:21.440> evolve<00:02:22.160> into 02:22.550 --> 02:22.560 align:start position:0% until eventually they evolve into 02:22.560 --> 02:23.430 align:start position:0% until eventually they evolve into conscious 02:23.430 --> 02:23.440 align:start position:0% conscious 02:23.440 --> 02:26.470 align:start position:0% conscious creatures<00:02:24.560> beings<00:02:25.040> that<00:02:25.200> are<00:02:25.360> self-aware 02:26.470 --> 02:26.480 align:start position:0% creatures beings that are self-aware 02:26.480 --> 02:33.270 align:start position:0% creatures beings that are self-aware with<00:02:26.800> culture<00:02:27.520> and<00:02:27.680> philosophy<00:02:29.440> science 02:33.270 --> 02:33.280 align:start position:0% 02:33.280 --> 02:36.550 align:start position:0% mighty<00:02:33.680> civilizations<00:02:34.560> rise<00:02:35.120> and<00:02:35.360> fall<00:02:36.000> eons 02:36.550 --> 02:36.560 align:start position:0% mighty civilizations rise and fall eons 02:36.560 --> 02:40.309 align:start position:0% mighty civilizations rise and fall eons and<00:02:36.800> golden<00:02:37.280> ages<00:02:37.840> coming<00:02:38.160> and<00:02:38.319> going 02:40.309 --> 02:40.319 align:start position:0% and golden ages coming and going 02:40.319 --> 02:43.430 align:start position:0% and golden ages coming and going until<00:02:40.720> finally<00:02:41.599> for<00:02:41.760> the<00:02:41.920> first<00:02:42.319> time<00:02:43.120> these 02:43.430 --> 02:43.440 align:start position:0% until finally for the first time these 02:43.440 --> 02:44.470 align:start position:0% until finally for the first time these colonists 02:44.470 --> 02:44.480 align:start position:0% colonists 02:44.480 --> 02:48.830 align:start position:0% colonists can<00:02:44.800> give<00:02:45.120> their<00:02:45.440> home<00:02:46.160> a<00:02:46.319> name 02:48.830 --> 02:48.840 align:start position:0% 02:48.840 --> 02:54.630 align:start position:0% earth 02:54.630 --> 02:54.640 align:start position:0% 02:54.640 --> 02:56.790 align:start position:0% this<00:02:54.879> origin<00:02:55.360> story<00:02:55.760> might<00:02:56.080> sound<00:02:56.480> like 02:56.790 --> 02:56.800 align:start position:0% this origin story might sound like 02:56.800 --> 02:58.309 align:start position:0% this origin story might sound like science<00:02:57.280> fiction 02:58.309 --> 02:58.319 align:start position:0% science fiction 02:58.319 --> 03:00.790 align:start position:0% science fiction but<00:02:58.480> it's<00:02:58.720> a<00:02:58.879> real<00:02:59.440> credible<00:03:00.080> scientific 03:00.790 --> 03:00.800 align:start position:0% but it's a real credible scientific 03:00.800 --> 03:01.430 align:start position:0% but it's a real credible scientific theory 03:01.430 --> 03:01.440 align:start position:0% theory 03:01.440 --> 03:03.830 align:start position:0% theory first<00:03:01.680> proposed<00:03:02.159> in<00:03:02.239> the<00:03:02.400> 1970s<00:03:03.360> by<00:03:03.519> one<00:03:03.760> of 03:03.830 --> 03:03.840 align:start position:0% first proposed in the 1970s by one of 03:03.840 --> 03:04.869 align:start position:0% first proposed in the 1970s by one of the<00:03:04.000> discoverers 03:04.869 --> 03:04.879 align:start position:0% the discoverers 03:04.879 --> 03:09.990 align:start position:0% the discoverers of<00:03:05.120> dna<00:03:06.319> francis<00:03:07.280> crick 03:09.990 --> 03:10.000 align:start position:0% 03:10.000 --> 03:11.750 align:start position:0% it's<00:03:10.239> just<00:03:10.480> one<00:03:10.720> of<00:03:10.800> the<00:03:10.959> options<00:03:11.440> for<00:03:11.599> the 03:11.750 --> 03:11.760 align:start position:0% it's just one of the options for the 03:11.760 --> 03:13.470 align:start position:0% it's just one of the options for the phenomenon<00:03:12.560> known<00:03:12.879> as 03:13.470 --> 03:13.480 align:start position:0% phenomenon known as 03:13.480 --> 03:16.830 align:start position:0% phenomenon known as panspermia<00:03:15.519> an<00:03:15.760> alternative 03:16.830 --> 03:16.840 align:start position:0% panspermia an alternative 03:16.840 --> 03:20.229 align:start position:0% panspermia an alternative extraterrestrial<00:03:17.920> hypothesis<00:03:19.200> for<00:03:19.360> how<00:03:19.599> life 03:20.229 --> 03:20.239 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial hypothesis for how life 03:20.239 --> 03:41.880 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial hypothesis for how life on<00:03:20.400> earth<00:03:30.840> began 03:20.239 --> 03:34.498 align:start position:0% [Music] 03:34.319 --> 03:34.329 align:start position:0% 03:34.329 --> 03:37.039 align:start position:0% panspermia<00:03:57.360> a<00:03:57.599> term<00:03:57.920> stemming<00:03:58.319> from<00:03:58.480> ancient 03:37.039 --> 03:37.049 align:start position:0% panspermia a term stemming from ancient 03:37.049 --> 03:37.840 align:start position:0% panspermia a term stemming from ancient greece 03:37.840 --> 03:37.850 align:start position:0% greece 03:37.850 --> 03:42.399 align:start position:0% greece directly<00:04:00.239> translates<00:04:01.200> to<00:04:01.519> all<00:04:02.319> seeds 03:42.399 --> 03:42.409 align:start position:0% directly translates to all seeds 03:42.409 --> 03:44.800 align:start position:0% directly translates to all seeds it<00:04:04.400> describes<00:04:04.959> the<00:04:05.200> idea<00:04:05.680> that<00:04:05.840> the<00:04:06.080> seeds<00:04:06.480> of 03:44.800 --> 03:44.810 align:start position:0% it describes the idea that the seeds of 03:44.810 --> 03:47.039 align:start position:0% it describes the idea that the seeds of life<00:04:07.120> spread<00:04:07.599> by<00:04:07.840> distribution 03:47.039 --> 03:47.049 align:start position:0% life spread by distribution 03:47.049 --> 03:50.000 align:start position:0% life spread by distribution throughout<00:04:09.360> the<00:04:09.599> universe<00:04:11.439> either 03:50.000 --> 03:50.010 align:start position:0% throughout the universe either 03:50.010 --> 03:51.360 align:start position:0% throughout the universe either accidentally 03:51.360 --> 03:51.370 align:start position:0% accidentally 03:51.370 --> 03:54.399 align:start position:0% accidentally or<00:04:13.439> manually<00:04:14.080> driven<00:04:15.360> germinating<00:04:16.000> and 03:54.399 --> 03:54.409 align:start position:0% or manually driven germinating and 03:54.409 --> 03:56.239 align:start position:0% or manually driven germinating and spreading<00:04:16.880> wherever<00:04:17.359> it<00:04:17.519> finds 03:56.239 --> 03:56.249 align:start position:0% spreading wherever it finds 03:56.249 --> 04:01.359 align:start position:0% spreading wherever it finds a<00:04:18.239> likely<00:04:18.720> host<00:04:19.199> planet 04:01.359 --> 04:01.369 align:start position:0% 04:01.369 --> 04:04.079 align:start position:0% it's<00:04:23.440> more<00:04:23.600> than<00:04:23.840> a<00:04:24.000> fringe<00:04:24.560> theory<00:04:25.040> too<00:04:25.680> and 04:04.079 --> 04:04.089 align:start position:0% it's more than a fringe theory too and 04:04.089 --> 04:05.040 align:start position:0% it's more than a fringe theory too and not<00:04:26.160> considered 04:05.040 --> 04:05.050 align:start position:0% not considered 04:05.050 --> 04:08.240 align:start position:0% not considered pseudoscience 04:08.240 --> 04:08.250 align:start position:0% 04:08.250 --> 04:10.240 align:start position:0% panspermia<00:04:30.880> is<00:04:30.960> something<00:04:31.360> scientists<00:04:32.000> have 04:10.240 --> 04:10.250 align:start position:0% panspermia is something scientists have 04:10.250 --> 04:11.280 align:start position:0% panspermia is something scientists have been<00:04:32.240> coming<00:04:32.560> back<00:04:32.800> to 04:11.280 --> 04:11.290 align:start position:0% been coming back to 04:11.290 --> 04:18.960 align:start position:0% been coming back to for<00:04:33.360> hundreds<00:04:33.919> of<00:04:34.080> years 04:18.960 --> 04:18.970 align:start position:0% 04:18.970 --> 04:22.160 align:start position:0% in<00:04:40.960> 1903<00:04:42.000> it<00:04:42.160> was<00:04:42.400> swedish<00:04:42.960> chemist<00:04:43.440> svante 04:22.160 --> 04:22.170 align:start position:0% in 1903 it was swedish chemist svante 04:22.170 --> 04:22.960 align:start position:0% in 1903 it was swedish chemist svante arenas 04:22.960 --> 04:22.970 align:start position:0% arenas 04:22.970 --> 04:25.600 align:start position:0% arenas who<00:04:45.040> first<00:04:45.280> suggested<00:04:45.759> that<00:04:46.080> spores<00:04:46.880> could<00:04:47.280> be 04:25.600 --> 04:25.610 align:start position:0% who first suggested that spores could be 04:25.610 --> 04:27.760 align:start position:0% who first suggested that spores could be driven<00:04:47.759> across<00:04:48.160> the<00:04:48.320> expanse<00:04:48.800> of<00:04:48.960> space 04:27.760 --> 04:27.770 align:start position:0% driven across the expanse of space 04:27.770 --> 04:36.320 align:start position:0% driven across the expanse of space by<00:04:49.759> the<00:04:49.919> pressure<00:04:50.560> of<00:04:50.800> solar<00:04:54.840> radiation 04:36.320 --> 04:36.330 align:start position:0% 04:36.330 --> 04:39.520 align:start position:0% and<00:04:58.320> by<00:04:58.680> 1957<00:04:59.919> it<00:05:00.000> was<00:05:00.160> again<00:05:00.560> suggested<00:05:01.199> that 04:39.520 --> 04:39.530 align:start position:0% and by 1957 it was again suggested that 04:39.530 --> 04:40.480 align:start position:0% and by 1957 it was again suggested that life<00:05:01.759> on<00:05:01.919> earth 04:40.480 --> 04:40.490 align:start position:0% life on earth 04:40.490 --> 04:43.120 align:start position:0% life on earth came<00:05:02.800> from<00:05:03.039> another<00:05:03.440> planet<00:05:04.639> as<00:05:04.800> an 04:43.120 --> 04:43.130 align:start position:0% came from another planet as an 04:43.130 --> 04:47.000 align:start position:0% came from another planet as an aggressive 04:47.000 --> 04:47.010 align:start position:0% 04:47.010 --> 04:49.199 align:start position:0% infection 04:49.199 --> 04:49.209 align:start position:0% infection 04:49.209 --> 04:51.199 align:start position:0% infection an<00:05:11.280> alternative<00:05:11.840> concept<00:05:12.320> was<00:05:12.479> proposed<00:05:12.880> in 04:51.199 --> 04:51.209 align:start position:0% an alternative concept was proposed in 04:51.209 --> 04:53.919 align:start position:0% an alternative concept was proposed in 1960 04:53.919 --> 04:53.929 align:start position:0% 1960 04:53.929 --> 04:56.079 align:start position:0% 1960 that<00:05:16.000> earth<00:05:16.400> life<00:05:16.720> was<00:05:16.880> the<00:05:17.039> byproduct<00:05:17.759> of 04:56.079 --> 04:56.089 align:start position:0% that earth life was the byproduct of 04:56.089 --> 04:58.079 align:start position:0% that earth life was the byproduct of cosmic<00:05:18.560> garbage 04:58.079 --> 04:58.089 align:start position:0% cosmic garbage 04:58.089 --> 05:00.960 align:start position:0% cosmic garbage organic<00:05:20.479> detritus<00:05:21.199> left<00:05:21.440> behind<00:05:21.919> by<00:05:22.080> an<00:05:22.240> older 05:00.960 --> 05:00.970 align:start position:0% organic detritus left behind by an older 05:00.970 --> 05:02.160 align:start position:0% organic detritus left behind by an older much<00:05:23.120> more<00:05:23.440> advanced 05:02.160 --> 05:02.170 align:start position:0% much more advanced 05:02.170 --> 05:06.079 align:start position:0% much more advanced civilization<00:05:26.639> and<00:05:26.800> as<00:05:26.960> we<00:05:27.120> have<00:05:27.360> learned 05:06.079 --> 05:06.089 align:start position:0% civilization and as we have learned 05:06.089 --> 05:09.359 align:start position:0% civilization and as we have learned in<00:05:28.000> the<00:05:28.199> 1970s<00:05:29.360> francis<00:05:30.000> crick<00:05:30.560> entertained 05:09.359 --> 05:09.369 align:start position:0% in the 1970s francis crick entertained 05:09.369 --> 05:10.480 align:start position:0% in the 1970s francis crick entertained the<00:05:31.360> possibility 05:10.480 --> 05:10.490 align:start position:0% the possibility 05:10.490 --> 05:17.680 align:start position:0% the possibility of<00:05:32.479> intentional<00:05:33.520> directed<00:05:36.840> panspermia 05:17.680 --> 05:17.690 align:start position:0% of intentional directed panspermia 05:17.690 --> 05:19.199 align:start position:0% of intentional directed panspermia it's<00:05:39.759> something<00:05:40.080> we<00:05:40.160> can<00:05:40.320> imagine<00:05:40.720> doing 05:19.199 --> 05:19.209 align:start position:0% it's something we can imagine doing 05:19.209 --> 05:21.760 align:start position:0% it's something we can imagine doing ourselves<00:05:41.919> to<00:05:42.160> seed<00:05:42.560> other<00:05:42.800> planets<00:05:43.280> with<00:05:43.440> the 05:21.760 --> 05:21.770 align:start position:0% ourselves to seed other planets with the 05:21.770 --> 05:22.480 align:start position:0% ourselves to seed other planets with the template 05:22.480 --> 05:22.490 align:start position:0% template 05:22.490 --> 05:27.919 align:start position:0% template of<00:05:44.479> our<00:05:44.720> own<00:05:45.120> ecosystems 05:27.919 --> 05:27.929 align:start position:0% 05:27.929 --> 05:30.720 align:start position:0% finally<00:05:50.479> by<00:05:50.639> the<00:05:50.880> 1980s<00:05:52.080> eminent 05:30.720 --> 05:30.730 align:start position:0% finally by the 1980s eminent 05:30.730 --> 05:31.600 align:start position:0% finally by the 1980s eminent mathematician 05:31.600 --> 05:31.610 align:start position:0% mathematician 05:31.610 --> 05:34.400 align:start position:0% mathematician chandra<00:05:53.919> wikramsing<00:05:54.960> went<00:05:55.199> so<00:05:55.520> far<00:05:55.840> as<00:05:56.080> to 05:34.400 --> 05:34.410 align:start position:0% chandra wikramsing went so far as to 05:34.410 --> 05:35.199 align:start position:0% chandra wikramsing went so far as to suggest<00:05:56.720> that 05:35.199 --> 05:35.209 align:start position:0% suggest that 05:35.209 --> 05:38.240 align:start position:0% suggest that viruses<00:05:58.000> might<00:05:58.319> have<00:05:58.639> rained<00:05:59.280> down<00:05:59.840> from 05:38.240 --> 05:38.250 align:start position:0% viruses might have rained down from 05:38.250 --> 05:40.880 align:start position:0% viruses might have rained down from interplanetary<00:06:01.120> space 05:40.880 --> 05:40.890 align:start position:0% interplanetary space 05:40.890 --> 05:43.120 align:start position:0% interplanetary space and<00:06:02.960> thus<00:06:03.280> responsible<00:06:04.000> for<00:06:04.160> brand<00:06:04.639> new 05:43.120 --> 05:43.130 align:start position:0% and thus responsible for brand new 05:43.130 --> 05:45.600 align:start position:0% and thus responsible for brand new epidemics<00:06:05.600> on<00:06:05.759> the<00:06:05.919> one<00:06:06.160> hand 05:45.600 --> 05:45.610 align:start position:0% epidemics on the one hand 05:45.610 --> 05:51.440 align:start position:0% epidemics on the one hand and<00:06:07.759> boosts<00:06:08.479> in<00:06:08.639> evolution<00:06:09.759> on<00:06:09.919> the<00:06:10.080> other 05:51.440 --> 05:51.450 align:start position:0% 05:51.450 --> 05:53.680 align:start position:0% theories<00:06:13.680> of<00:06:13.759> panspermia<00:06:14.639> find<00:06:14.960> credence<00:06:15.440> in 05:53.680 --> 05:53.690 align:start position:0% theories of panspermia find credence in 05:53.690 --> 05:56.560 align:start position:0% theories of panspermia find credence in the<00:06:15.680> evidence<00:06:16.160> from<00:06:16.319> the<00:06:16.560> early<00:06:16.960> earth 05:56.560 --> 05:56.570 align:start position:0% the evidence from the early earth 05:56.570 --> 05:59.280 align:start position:0% the evidence from the early earth by<00:06:18.639> all<00:06:18.800> reckoning<00:06:19.520> our<00:06:19.840> planet's<00:06:20.400> first<00:06:20.720> half 05:59.280 --> 05:59.290 align:start position:0% by all reckoning our planet's first half 05:59.290 --> 06:00.560 align:start position:0% by all reckoning our planet's first half billion<00:06:21.520> years<00:06:21.840> or<00:06:22.000> so 06:00.560 --> 06:00.570 align:start position:0% billion years or so 06:00.570 --> 06:03.680 align:start position:0% billion years or so were<00:06:22.639> a<00:06:22.800> violent<00:06:23.680> tumultuous<00:06:24.720> time 06:03.680 --> 06:03.690 align:start position:0% were a violent tumultuous time 06:03.690 --> 06:06.000 align:start position:0% were a violent tumultuous time it<00:06:25.680> was<00:06:25.840> a<00:06:25.919> truly<00:06:26.400> inhospitable<00:06:27.199> place<00:06:27.600> for 06:06.000 --> 06:06.010 align:start position:0% it was a truly inhospitable place for 06:06.010 --> 06:11.600 align:start position:0% it was a truly inhospitable place for life<00:06:28.080> to<00:06:28.240> begin 06:11.600 --> 06:11.610 align:start position:0% 06:11.610 --> 06:18.479 align:start position:0% and<00:06:33.600> yet<00:06:34.560> begin<00:06:35.520> it<00:06:35.680> did 06:18.479 --> 06:18.489 align:start position:0% 06:18.489 --> 06:20.639 align:start position:0% remarkably<00:06:40.960> rapidly<00:06:41.520> after<00:06:41.840> the<00:06:42.000> end<00:06:42.240> of<00:06:42.319> the 06:20.639 --> 06:20.649 align:start position:0% remarkably rapidly after the end of the 06:20.649 --> 06:24.880 align:start position:0% remarkably rapidly after the end of the hellish<00:06:42.960> haitian 06:24.880 --> 06:24.890 align:start position:0% 06:24.890 --> 06:26.880 align:start position:0% certain<00:06:47.039> compounds<00:06:47.600> like<00:06:47.759> sugars<00:06:48.160> and<00:06:48.240> amino 06:26.880 --> 06:26.890 align:start position:0% certain compounds like sugars and amino 06:26.890 --> 06:29.520 align:start position:0% certain compounds like sugars and amino acids<00:06:49.280> require<00:06:49.919> the<00:06:50.080> conditions<00:06:50.560> of<00:06:50.720> a<00:06:50.880> solar 06:29.520 --> 06:29.530 align:start position:0% acids require the conditions of a solar 06:29.530 --> 06:32.000 align:start position:0% acids require the conditions of a solar nebula<00:06:51.840> to<00:06:52.080> form 06:32.000 --> 06:32.010 align:start position:0% nebula to form 06:32.010 --> 06:33.759 align:start position:0% nebula to form and<00:06:54.000> are<00:06:54.160> delivered<00:06:54.479> to<00:06:54.720> a<00:06:54.800> planet's<00:06:55.199> surface 06:33.759 --> 06:33.769 align:start position:0% and are delivered to a planet's surface 06:33.769 --> 06:36.960 align:start position:0% and are delivered to a planet's surface by<00:06:55.759> the<00:06:55.919> relentless<00:06:56.639> solar<00:06:57.120> wind 06:36.960 --> 06:36.970 align:start position:0% by the relentless solar wind 06:36.970 --> 06:39.359 align:start position:0% by the relentless solar wind undoubtedly<00:07:00.000> some<00:07:00.240> of<00:07:00.319> the<00:07:00.479> ingredients<00:07:01.039> for 06:39.359 --> 06:39.369 align:start position:0% undoubtedly some of the ingredients for 06:39.369 --> 06:40.479 align:start position:0% undoubtedly some of the ingredients for life<00:07:01.599> did<00:07:01.919> come 06:40.479 --> 06:40.489 align:start position:0% life did come 06:40.489 --> 06:43.359 align:start position:0% life did come from<00:07:02.639> space<00:07:03.360> in<00:07:03.520> what<00:07:03.759> is<00:07:03.840> sometimes<00:07:04.319> known<00:07:04.880> as 06:43.359 --> 06:43.369 align:start position:0% from space in what is sometimes known as 06:43.369 --> 06:44.000 align:start position:0% from space in what is sometimes known as soft 06:44.000 --> 06:44.010 align:start position:0% soft 06:44.010 --> 06:45.580 align:start position:0% soft panspermia 06:45.580 --> 06:45.590 align:start position:0% panspermia 06:45.590 --> 06:51.759 align:start position:0% panspermia [Music] 06:51.759 --> 06:51.769 align:start position:0% 06:51.769 --> 06:54.880 align:start position:0% in<00:07:14.039> 2004<00:07:15.199> the<00:07:15.520> stardust<00:07:16.240> mission 06:54.880 --> 06:54.890 align:start position:0% in 2004 the stardust mission 06:54.890 --> 06:57.759 align:start position:0% in 2004 the stardust mission flew<00:07:17.039> a<00:07:17.199> special<00:07:18.000> sample<00:07:18.479> collecting<00:07:19.120> gel 06:57.759 --> 06:57.769 align:start position:0% flew a special sample collecting gel 06:57.769 --> 06:59.280 align:start position:0% flew a special sample collecting gel through<00:07:19.759> the<00:07:19.919> tail<00:07:20.160> of<00:07:20.319> a<00:07:20.400> comet 06:59.280 --> 06:59.290 align:start position:0% through the tail of a comet 06:59.290 --> 07:02.880 align:start position:0% through the tail of a comet and<00:07:21.280> returned<00:07:21.759> it<00:07:21.840> to<00:07:22.000> the<00:07:22.160> earth<00:07:24.080> inside<00:07:24.479> that 07:02.880 --> 07:02.890 align:start position:0% and returned it to the earth inside that 07:02.890 --> 07:03.359 align:start position:0% and returned it to the earth inside that gel 07:03.359 --> 07:03.369 align:start position:0% gel 07:03.369 --> 07:06.400 align:start position:0% gel scientists<00:07:25.919> found<00:07:26.319> amino<00:07:27.039> acids<00:07:27.680> and<00:07:27.840> other 07:06.400 --> 07:06.410 align:start position:0% scientists found amino acids and other 07:06.410 --> 07:10.940 align:start position:0% scientists found amino acids and other organic<00:07:28.880> compounds<00:07:29.919> essential<00:07:30.720> to<00:07:30.880> life 07:10.940 --> 07:10.950 align:start position:0% organic compounds essential to life 07:10.950 --> 07:14.240 align:start position:0% organic compounds essential to life [Music] 07:14.240 --> 07:14.250 align:start position:0% [Music] 07:14.250 --> 07:16.720 align:start position:0% [Music] it's<00:07:36.400> likely<00:07:36.800> that<00:07:36.960> these<00:07:37.280> cosmic<00:07:37.840> chemicals 07:16.720 --> 07:16.730 align:start position:0% it's likely that these cosmic chemicals 07:16.730 --> 07:17.520 align:start position:0% it's likely that these cosmic chemicals accreted 07:17.520 --> 07:17.530 align:start position:0% accreted 07:17.530 --> 07:19.280 align:start position:0% accreted along<00:07:39.680> with<00:07:39.840> the<00:07:40.000> earth<00:07:40.639> and<00:07:40.800> have<00:07:40.880> been 07:19.280 --> 07:19.290 align:start position:0% along with the earth and have been 07:19.290 --> 07:21.199 align:start position:0% along with the earth and have been raining<00:07:41.520> down<00:07:41.919> gradually 07:21.199 --> 07:21.209 align:start position:0% raining down gradually 07:21.209 --> 07:24.639 align:start position:0% raining down gradually ever<00:07:43.360> since 07:24.639 --> 07:24.649 align:start position:0% 07:24.649 --> 07:27.520 align:start position:0% but<00:07:47.199> although<00:07:47.599> modern<00:07:47.919> scientists<00:07:48.639> can<00:07:48.879> begin 07:27.520 --> 07:27.530 align:start position:0% but although modern scientists can begin 07:27.530 --> 07:28.560 align:start position:0% but although modern scientists can begin to<00:07:49.599> identify 07:28.560 --> 07:28.570 align:start position:0% to identify 07:28.570 --> 07:30.320 align:start position:0% to identify parts<00:07:50.720> of<00:07:50.879> the<00:07:50.960> molecular<00:07:51.520> puzzle<00:07:52.000> and 07:30.320 --> 07:30.330 align:start position:0% parts of the molecular puzzle and 07:30.330 --> 07:32.320 align:start position:0% parts of the molecular puzzle and describe<00:07:52.720> how<00:07:52.879> life<00:07:53.199> could<00:07:53.360> have<00:07:53.520> arisen<00:07:54.000> from 07:32.320 --> 07:32.330 align:start position:0% describe how life could have arisen from 07:32.330 --> 07:34.400 align:start position:0% describe how life could have arisen from the<00:07:54.319> basic<00:07:54.800> building<00:07:55.199> blocks<00:07:55.599> available<00:07:56.160> at 07:34.400 --> 07:34.410 align:start position:0% the basic building blocks available at 07:34.410 --> 07:36.799 align:start position:0% the basic building blocks available at the<00:07:56.319> planet's<00:07:56.840> surface 07:36.799 --> 07:36.809 align:start position:0% the planet's surface 07:36.809 --> 07:40.320 align:start position:0% the planet's surface that<00:07:58.879> puzzle<00:07:59.520> has<00:07:59.840> yet<00:08:00.240> to<00:08:00.400> be<00:08:00.560> fully<00:08:00.960> solved 07:40.320 --> 07:40.330 align:start position:0% that puzzle has yet to be fully solved 07:40.330 --> 07:43.359 align:start position:0% that puzzle has yet to be fully solved the<00:08:02.400> true<00:08:02.879> origin<00:08:03.440> of<00:08:03.599> life<00:08:03.919> on<00:08:04.160> earth<00:08:05.039> is 07:43.359 --> 07:43.369 align:start position:0% the true origin of life on earth is 07:43.369 --> 07:45.840 align:start position:0% the true origin of life on earth is still<00:08:05.440> a<00:08:05.520> mystery 07:45.840 --> 07:45.850 align:start position:0% still a mystery 07:45.850 --> 07:48.639 align:start position:0% still a mystery so<00:08:07.919> then<00:08:08.240> it<00:08:08.400> seems<00:08:08.720> almost<00:08:09.120> natural<00:08:09.599> to<00:08:09.759> ask 07:48.639 --> 07:48.649 align:start position:0% so then it seems almost natural to ask 07:48.649 --> 07:50.479 align:start position:0% so then it seems almost natural to ask could<00:08:10.800> it<00:08:11.039> have<00:08:11.280> originated 07:50.479 --> 07:50.489 align:start position:0% could it have originated 07:50.489 --> 07:54.160 align:start position:0% could it have originated somewhere<00:08:12.879> else 07:54.160 --> 07:54.170 align:start position:0% 07:54.170 --> 07:56.720 align:start position:0% could<00:08:16.599> microorganisms<00:08:17.599> have<00:08:17.759> been<00:08:18.000> seeded<00:08:18.400> on 07:56.720 --> 07:56.730 align:start position:0% could microorganisms have been seeded on 07:56.730 --> 07:57.280 align:start position:0% could microorganisms have been seeded on the<00:08:18.639> earth 07:57.280 --> 07:57.290 align:start position:0% the earth 07:57.290 --> 07:59.840 align:start position:0% the earth not<00:08:19.360> long<00:08:19.759> after<00:08:20.080> its<00:08:20.240> formation<00:08:21.280> either 07:59.840 --> 07:59.850 align:start position:0% not long after its formation either 07:59.850 --> 08:01.199 align:start position:0% not long after its formation either intentionally 08:01.199 --> 08:01.209 align:start position:0% intentionally 08:01.209 --> 08:05.600 align:start position:0% intentionally or<00:08:23.280> accidentally<00:08:25.680> the<00:08:25.919> directed<00:08:26.639> panspermia 08:05.600 --> 08:05.610 align:start position:0% or accidentally the directed panspermia 08:05.610 --> 08:06.799 align:start position:0% or accidentally the directed panspermia posited<00:08:27.840> by<00:08:28.080> crick 08:06.799 --> 08:06.809 align:start position:0% posited by crick 08:06.809 --> 08:10.400 align:start position:0% posited by crick is<00:08:28.879> certainly<00:08:29.520> possible<00:08:31.039> our<00:08:31.280> earth<00:08:31.680> is<00:08:31.840> just 08:10.400 --> 08:10.410 align:start position:0% is certainly possible our earth is just 08:10.410 --> 08:12.800 align:start position:0% is certainly possible our earth is just four<00:08:32.479> and<00:08:32.560> a<00:08:32.640> half<00:08:32.959> billion<00:08:33.440> years<00:08:33.760> old<00:08:34.479> but 08:12.800 --> 08:12.810 align:start position:0% four and a half billion years old but 08:12.810 --> 08:14.079 align:start position:0% four and a half billion years old but the<00:08:34.880> universe 08:14.079 --> 08:14.089 align:start position:0% the universe 08:14.089 --> 08:20.160 align:start position:0% the universe is<00:08:36.080> more<00:08:36.240> than<00:08:36.640> three<00:08:37.120> times<00:08:37.680> as<00:08:38.839> ancient 08:20.160 --> 08:20.170 align:start position:0% 08:20.170 --> 08:22.480 align:start position:0% star<00:08:42.399> systems<00:08:42.800> that<00:08:43.039> formed<00:08:43.519> early<00:08:43.839> on<00:08:44.080> in<00:08:44.159> the 08:22.480 --> 08:22.490 align:start position:0% star systems that formed early on in the 08:22.490 --> 08:24.400 align:start position:0% star systems that formed early on in the universe's<00:08:44.959> history<00:08:45.519> could<00:08:45.760> host 08:24.400 --> 08:24.410 align:start position:0% universe's history could host 08:24.410 --> 08:26.880 align:start position:0% universe's history could host civilizations<00:08:47.279> much<00:08:47.680> older<00:08:48.240> and<00:08:48.480> more 08:26.880 --> 08:26.890 align:start position:0% civilizations much older and more 08:26.890 --> 08:27.840 align:start position:0% civilizations much older and more advanced 08:27.840 --> 08:27.850 align:start position:0% advanced 08:27.850 --> 08:31.840 align:start position:0% advanced than<00:08:49.920> our<00:08:50.080> own 08:31.840 --> 08:31.850 align:start position:0% 08:31.850 --> 08:33.600 align:start position:0% so<00:08:53.920> while<00:08:54.160> we<00:08:54.320> don't<00:08:54.720> yet<00:08:55.120> have<00:08:55.279> the 08:33.600 --> 08:33.610 align:start position:0% so while we don't yet have the 08:33.610 --> 08:35.760 align:start position:0% so while we don't yet have the technology<00:08:56.080> for<00:08:56.240> an<00:08:56.399> interstellar<00:08:57.200> seeding 08:35.760 --> 08:35.770 align:start position:0% technology for an interstellar seeding 08:35.770 --> 08:36.880 align:start position:0% technology for an interstellar seeding mission 08:36.880 --> 08:36.890 align:start position:0% mission 08:36.890 --> 08:39.520 align:start position:0% mission it's<00:08:58.959> conceivable<00:08:59.839> that<00:09:00.080> such<00:09:00.399> a<00:09:00.560> technology 08:39.520 --> 08:39.530 align:start position:0% it's conceivable that such a technology 08:39.530 --> 08:40.960 align:start position:0% it's conceivable that such a technology could<00:09:01.600> be<00:09:01.760> developed 08:40.960 --> 08:40.970 align:start position:0% could be developed 08:40.970 --> 08:48.080 align:start position:0% could be developed with<00:09:06.839> time 08:48.080 --> 08:48.090 align:start position:0% 08:48.090 --> 08:49.920 align:start position:0% and<00:09:10.080> yet<00:09:10.240> with<00:09:10.399> only<00:09:10.720> one<00:09:10.959> living<00:09:11.279> planet<00:09:11.600> that 08:49.920 --> 08:49.930 align:start position:0% and yet with only one living planet that 08:49.930 --> 08:51.840 align:start position:0% and yet with only one living planet that we<00:09:12.000> know<00:09:12.240> of<00:09:12.480> right<00:09:12.720> now 08:51.840 --> 08:51.850 align:start position:0% we know of right now 08:51.850 --> 08:54.480 align:start position:0% we know of right now evidence<00:09:14.080> for<00:09:14.240> directed<00:09:14.880> panspermia<00:09:16.080> is 08:54.480 --> 08:54.490 align:start position:0% evidence for directed panspermia is 08:54.490 --> 08:55.760 align:start position:0% evidence for directed panspermia is lacking 08:55.760 --> 08:55.770 align:start position:0% lacking 08:55.770 --> 08:57.920 align:start position:0% lacking instead<00:09:18.399> passive<00:09:18.880> panspermia<00:09:19.600> is<00:09:19.680> a 08:57.920 --> 08:57.930 align:start position:0% instead passive panspermia is a 08:57.930 --> 09:00.720 align:start position:0% instead passive panspermia is a hypothesis<00:09:20.480> we<00:09:20.720> can<00:09:21.120> give<00:09:21.360> substance<00:09:21.920> to 09:00.720 --> 09:00.730 align:start position:0% hypothesis we can give substance to 09:00.730 --> 09:03.200 align:start position:0% hypothesis we can give substance to with<00:09:22.800> our<00:09:22.959> knowledge<00:09:23.519> of<00:09:23.760> physical<00:09:24.240> processes 09:03.200 --> 09:03.210 align:start position:0% with our knowledge of physical processes 09:03.210 --> 09:05.200 align:start position:0% with our knowledge of physical processes ongoing<00:09:25.760> in<00:09:25.839> the<00:09:26.080> solar<00:09:26.480> system 09:05.200 --> 09:05.210 align:start position:0% ongoing in the solar system 09:05.210 --> 09:09.280 align:start position:0% ongoing in the solar system today 09:09.280 --> 09:09.290 align:start position:0% 09:09.290 --> 09:11.040 align:start position:0% there<00:09:31.360> is<00:09:31.519> evidence<00:09:32.000> that<00:09:32.160> life<00:09:32.480> could 09:11.040 --> 09:11.050 align:start position:0% there is evidence that life could 09:11.050 --> 09:13.119 align:start position:0% there is evidence that life could accidentally<00:09:33.680> have<00:09:33.839> been<00:09:34.000> seeded<00:09:34.480> across<00:09:34.800> the 09:13.119 --> 09:13.129 align:start position:0% accidentally have been seeded across the 09:13.129 --> 09:14.830 align:start position:0% accidentally have been seeded across the cosmos 09:14.830 --> 09:14.840 align:start position:0% cosmos 09:14.840 --> 09:18.160 align:start position:0% cosmos [Music] 09:18.160 --> 09:18.170 align:start position:0% 09:18.170 --> 09:20.240 align:start position:0% for<00:09:40.240> a<00:09:40.320> living<00:09:40.640> being<00:09:41.040> to<00:09:41.279> travel<00:09:41.600> from<00:09:41.839> one 09:20.240 --> 09:20.250 align:start position:0% for a living being to travel from one 09:20.250 --> 09:22.480 align:start position:0% for a living being to travel from one celestial<00:09:42.720> body<00:09:43.120> to<00:09:43.279> another 09:22.480 --> 09:22.490 align:start position:0% celestial body to another 09:22.490 --> 09:26.999 align:start position:0% celestial body to another they<00:09:44.560> must<00:09:44.959> survive<00:09:46.240> three<00:09:46.720> trials 09:26.999 --> 09:27.009 align:start position:0% they must survive three trials 09:27.009 --> 09:30.240 align:start position:0% they must survive three trials escape<00:09:50.480> transit 09:30.240 --> 09:30.250 align:start position:0% escape transit 09:30.250 --> 09:34.960 align:start position:0% escape transit and<00:09:52.240> delivery 09:34.960 --> 09:34.970 align:start position:0% 09:34.970 --> 09:44.320 align:start position:0% first<00:09:57.279> they<00:09:57.519> must<00:09:57.760> escape<00:09:58.560> their<00:09:58.880> host<00:10:02.839> planet 09:44.320 --> 09:44.330 align:start position:0% 09:44.330 --> 09:47.360 align:start position:0% while<00:10:06.480> we<00:10:06.800> are<00:10:07.040> firmly<00:10:07.440> rooted<00:10:07.760> to<00:10:07.920> the<00:10:08.000> ground 09:47.360 --> 09:47.370 align:start position:0% while we are firmly rooted to the ground 09:47.370 --> 09:49.439 align:start position:0% while we are firmly rooted to the ground or<00:10:09.519> the<00:10:09.760> lower<00:10:10.079> layers<00:10:10.399> of<00:10:10.480> the<00:10:10.560> atmosphere<00:10:11.120> at 09:49.439 --> 09:49.449 align:start position:0% or the lower layers of the atmosphere at 09:49.449 --> 09:50.920 align:start position:0% or the lower layers of the atmosphere at least 09:50.920 --> 09:50.930 align:start position:0% least 09:50.930 --> 09:54.800 align:start position:0% least microorganisms<00:10:13.839> are<00:10:14.079> more<00:10:14.399> flighty 09:54.800 --> 09:54.810 align:start position:0% microorganisms are more flighty 09:54.810 --> 09:56.800 align:start position:0% microorganisms are more flighty small<00:10:16.959> enough<00:10:17.200> to<00:10:17.279> be<00:10:17.440> moved<00:10:17.680> by<00:10:17.920> atmospheric 09:56.800 --> 09:56.810 align:start position:0% small enough to be moved by atmospheric 09:56.810 --> 09:58.239 align:start position:0% small enough to be moved by atmospheric forces 09:58.239 --> 09:58.249 align:start position:0% forces 09:58.249 --> 10:00.320 align:start position:0% forces moved<00:10:20.320> upwards<00:10:20.800> by<00:10:21.040> thunderstorms<00:10:21.920> and 10:00.320 --> 10:00.330 align:start position:0% moved upwards by thunderstorms and 10:00.330 --> 10:03.520 align:start position:0% moved upwards by thunderstorms and volcanic<00:10:22.800> eruptions 10:03.520 --> 10:03.530 align:start position:0% volcanic eruptions 10:03.530 --> 10:05.200 align:start position:0% volcanic eruptions they<00:10:25.519> can<00:10:25.760> travel<00:10:26.079> right<00:10:26.320> to<00:10:26.480> the<00:10:26.640> top<00:10:26.800> of<00:10:26.959> the 10:05.200 --> 10:05.210 align:start position:0% they can travel right to the top of the 10:05.210 --> 10:06.720 align:start position:0% they can travel right to the top of the atmosphere<00:10:27.920> where 10:06.720 --> 10:06.730 align:start position:0% atmosphere where 10:06.730 --> 10:09.040 align:start position:0% atmosphere where it's<00:10:28.800> assumed<00:10:29.519> it's<00:10:29.760> easier<00:10:30.160> for<00:10:30.320> them<00:10:30.560> to<00:10:30.720> be 10:09.040 --> 10:09.050 align:start position:0% it's assumed it's easier for them to be 10:09.050 --> 10:11.210 align:start position:0% it's assumed it's easier for them to be whipped<00:10:31.200> away<00:10:31.519> by<00:10:31.760> the<00:10:31.920> solar<00:10:32.320> wind 10:11.210 --> 10:11.220 align:start position:0% whipped away by the solar wind 10:11.220 --> 10:15.439 align:start position:0% whipped away by the solar wind [Music] 10:15.439 --> 10:15.449 align:start position:0% [Music] 10:15.449 --> 10:18.160 align:start position:0% [Music] beginning<00:10:37.920> what<00:10:38.160> could<00:10:38.320> be<00:10:38.560> a<00:10:38.800> near<00:10:39.360> endless 10:18.160 --> 10:18.170 align:start position:0% beginning what could be a near endless 10:18.170 --> 10:18.880 align:start position:0% beginning what could be a near endless journey 10:18.880 --> 10:18.890 align:start position:0% journey 10:18.890 --> 10:25.439 align:start position:0% journey through<00:10:40.959> the<00:10:44.839> heavens 10:25.439 --> 10:25.449 align:start position:0% through the heavens 10:25.449 --> 10:27.439 align:start position:0% through the heavens or<00:10:47.519> they<00:10:47.680> could<00:10:47.839> escape<00:10:48.240> by<00:10:48.399> the<00:10:48.480> catastrophic 10:27.439 --> 10:27.449 align:start position:0% or they could escape by the catastrophic 10:27.449 --> 10:29.280 align:start position:0% or they could escape by the catastrophic forces<00:10:49.680> that<00:10:49.839> jeopardize<00:10:50.480> life<00:10:50.800> on<00:10:50.959> the 10:29.280 --> 10:29.290 align:start position:0% forces that jeopardize life on the 10:29.290 --> 10:31.360 align:start position:0% forces that jeopardize life on the surface 10:31.360 --> 10:31.370 align:start position:0% surface 10:31.370 --> 10:33.280 align:start position:0% surface large<00:10:53.440> enough<00:10:53.760> asteroids<00:10:54.399> can<00:10:54.640> shatter 10:33.280 --> 10:33.290 align:start position:0% large enough asteroids can shatter 10:33.290 --> 10:34.559 align:start position:0% large enough asteroids can shatter surface<00:10:55.519> rocks 10:34.559 --> 10:34.569 align:start position:0% surface rocks 10:34.569 --> 10:39.280 align:start position:0% surface rocks scattering<00:10:56.880> them<00:10:57.040> upwards<00:10:57.519> out<00:10:58.000> into<00:10:58.839> space 10:39.280 --> 10:39.290 align:start position:0% scattering them upwards out into space 10:39.290 --> 10:41.280 align:start position:0% scattering them upwards out into space if<00:11:01.279> those<00:11:01.519> rocks<00:11:01.839> contain<00:11:02.320> microbes<00:11:02.959> then 10:41.280 --> 10:41.290 align:start position:0% if those rocks contain microbes then 10:41.290 --> 10:42.960 align:start position:0% if those rocks contain microbes then they<00:11:03.360> could<00:11:03.600> very<00:11:03.920> well<00:11:04.160> become 10:42.960 --> 10:42.970 align:start position:0% they could very well become 10:42.970 --> 10:46.480 align:start position:0% they could very well become tiny<00:11:05.360> spacecraft<00:11:06.640> manned<00:11:07.120> by<00:11:07.279> a<00:11:07.360> bacterial 10:46.480 --> 10:46.490 align:start position:0% tiny spacecraft manned by a bacterial 10:46.490 --> 10:50.880 align:start position:0% tiny spacecraft manned by a bacterial crew 10:50.880 --> 10:50.890 align:start position:0% 10:50.890 --> 10:52.880 align:start position:0% the<00:11:12.880> next<00:11:13.200> challenge<00:11:13.760> is<00:11:13.920> to<00:11:14.079> survive<00:11:14.560> the 10:52.880 --> 10:52.890 align:start position:0% the next challenge is to survive the 10:52.890 --> 10:57.679 align:start position:0% the next challenge is to survive the journey<00:11:15.120> through<00:11:15.360> space 10:57.679 --> 10:57.689 align:start position:0% 10:57.689 --> 11:00.640 align:start position:0% a<00:11:19.680> cold<00:11:20.160> dry<00:11:20.560> vacuum<00:11:21.200> awash<00:11:21.680> with<00:11:22.000> deadly 11:00.640 --> 11:00.650 align:start position:0% a cold dry vacuum awash with deadly 11:00.650 --> 11:01.679 align:start position:0% a cold dry vacuum awash with deadly radiation 11:01.679 --> 11:01.689 align:start position:0% radiation 11:01.689 --> 11:07.600 align:start position:0% radiation space<00:11:24.000> is<00:11:24.480> not<00:11:24.720> a<00:11:24.880> friendly<00:11:25.279> place<00:11:25.680> for<00:11:26.839> life 11:07.600 --> 11:07.610 align:start position:0% space is not a friendly place for life 11:07.610 --> 11:09.760 align:start position:0% space is not a friendly place for life and<00:11:29.600> the<00:11:29.680> sheer<00:11:30.000> distance<00:11:30.480> between<00:11:30.880> planets 11:09.760 --> 11:09.770 align:start position:0% and the sheer distance between planets 11:09.770 --> 11:12.160 align:start position:0% and the sheer distance between planets and<00:11:31.680> near<00:11:32.079> endless<00:11:32.640> void<00:11:33.040> of<00:11:33.200> inhospitable 11:12.160 --> 11:12.170 align:start position:0% and near endless void of inhospitable 11:12.170 --> 11:13.119 align:start position:0% and near endless void of inhospitable wasteland 11:13.119 --> 11:13.129 align:start position:0% wasteland 11:13.129 --> 11:16.160 align:start position:0% wasteland means<00:11:35.200> that<00:11:35.360> any<00:11:35.600> bacterial<00:11:36.480> travelers<00:11:37.680> face 11:16.160 --> 11:16.170 align:start position:0% means that any bacterial travelers face 11:16.170 --> 11:16.800 align:start position:0% means that any bacterial travelers face a<00:11:38.160> long 11:16.800 --> 11:16.810 align:start position:0% a long 11:16.810 --> 11:20.400 align:start position:0% a long journey<00:11:40.560> depending<00:11:41.120> on<00:11:41.200> their<00:11:41.440> heading<00:11:41.920> and 11:20.400 --> 11:20.410 align:start position:0% journey depending on their heading and 11:20.410 --> 11:23.840 align:start position:0% journey depending on their heading and destination<00:11:43.279> the<00:11:43.519> trip<00:11:43.839> could<00:11:44.079> last<00:11:44.959> millions 11:23.840 --> 11:23.850 align:start position:0% destination the trip could last millions 11:23.850 --> 11:26.810 align:start position:0% destination the trip could last millions of<00:11:45.839> years 11:26.810 --> 11:26.820 align:start position:0% 11:26.820 --> 11:27.920 align:start position:0% [Music] 11:27.920 --> 11:27.930 align:start position:0% [Music] 11:27.930 --> 11:30.160 align:start position:0% [Music] over<00:11:49.920> the<00:11:50.079> last<00:11:50.320> few<00:11:50.560> decades<00:11:51.040> since<00:11:51.360> humanity 11:30.160 --> 11:30.170 align:start position:0% over the last few decades since humanity 11:30.170 --> 11:31.999 align:start position:0% over the last few decades since humanity took<00:11:52.240> to<00:11:52.399> the<00:11:52.560> solar<00:11:52.880> system 11:31.999 --> 11:32.009 align:start position:0% took to the solar system 11:32.009 --> 11:33.999 align:start position:0% took to the solar system scientists<00:11:54.480> have<00:11:54.639> conducted<00:11:55.200> plenty<00:11:55.600> of 11:33.999 --> 11:34.009 align:start position:0% scientists have conducted plenty of 11:34.009 --> 11:36.160 align:start position:0% scientists have conducted plenty of experiments<00:11:56.639> on<00:11:56.800> board<00:11:57.120> satellites<00:11:57.760> and 11:36.160 --> 11:36.170 align:start position:0% experiments on board satellites and 11:36.170 --> 11:37.040 align:start position:0% experiments on board satellites and spacecraft 11:37.040 --> 11:37.050 align:start position:0% spacecraft 11:37.050 --> 11:39.679 align:start position:0% spacecraft to<00:11:59.120> see<00:11:59.360> how<00:11:59.680> well<00:12:00.079> earth's<00:12:00.399> bacteria<00:12:01.279> could 11:39.679 --> 11:39.689 align:start position:0% to see how well earth's bacteria could 11:39.689 --> 11:40.640 align:start position:0% to see how well earth's bacteria could survive 11:40.640 --> 11:40.650 align:start position:0% survive 11:40.650 --> 11:45.920 align:start position:0% survive in<00:12:02.560> the<00:12:02.800> vast<00:12:03.120> reaches<00:12:03.519> of<00:12:03.680> space 11:45.920 --> 11:45.930 align:start position:0% 11:45.930 --> 11:48.160 align:start position:0% it<00:12:07.920> turns<00:12:08.160> out<00:12:08.320> that<00:12:08.560> many<00:12:08.800> microbes<00:12:09.440> are<00:12:09.600> able 11:48.160 --> 11:48.170 align:start position:0% it turns out that many microbes are able 11:48.170 --> 11:50.160 align:start position:0% it turns out that many microbes are able to<00:12:10.160> protect<00:12:10.560> themselves<00:12:11.120> against<00:12:11.519> the<00:12:11.680> cold 11:50.160 --> 11:50.170 align:start position:0% to protect themselves against the cold 11:50.170 --> 11:51.280 align:start position:0% to protect themselves against the cold and<00:12:12.079> dry<00:12:12.399> conditions 11:51.280 --> 11:51.290 align:start position:0% and dry conditions 11:51.290 --> 11:54.400 align:start position:0% and dry conditions in<00:12:13.279> a<00:12:13.360> primitive<00:12:14.000> form<00:12:14.560> of<00:12:14.839> cryostasis 11:54.400 --> 11:54.410 align:start position:0% in a primitive form of cryostasis 11:54.410 --> 11:57.439 align:start position:0% in a primitive form of cryostasis as<00:12:16.560> inactive<00:12:17.279> spores 11:57.439 --> 11:57.449 align:start position:0% as inactive spores 11:57.449 --> 12:01.040 align:start position:0% as inactive spores but<00:12:20.079> uv<00:12:20.720> and<00:12:20.959> cosmic<00:12:21.440> radiation<00:12:22.160> remains<00:12:22.720> a 12:01.040 --> 12:01.050 align:start position:0% but uv and cosmic radiation remains a 12:01.050 --> 12:01.760 align:start position:0% but uv and cosmic radiation remains a threat 12:01.760 --> 12:01.770 align:start position:0% threat 12:01.770 --> 12:05.040 align:start position:0% threat even<00:12:23.920> to<00:12:24.079> dormant<00:12:24.560> spores 12:05.040 --> 12:05.050 align:start position:0% even to dormant spores 12:05.050 --> 12:07.520 align:start position:0% even to dormant spores having<00:12:27.120> the<00:12:27.360> power<00:12:27.760> to<00:12:27.920> break<00:12:28.399> and<00:12:28.639> distort 12:07.520 --> 12:07.530 align:start position:0% having the power to break and distort 12:07.530 --> 12:08.960 align:start position:0% having the power to break and distort the<00:12:29.519> genetic<00:12:30.079> material 12:08.960 --> 12:08.970 align:start position:0% the genetic material 12:08.970 --> 12:11.999 align:start position:0% the genetic material inside<00:12:31.360> the<00:12:31.519> cells<00:12:32.480> killing<00:12:32.800> them<00:12:33.120> outright 12:11.999 --> 12:12.009 align:start position:0% inside the cells killing them outright 12:12.009 --> 12:17.360 align:start position:0% inside the cells killing them outright or<00:12:34.240> mutating<00:12:34.800> them<00:12:35.120> beyond<00:12:36.839> recognition 12:17.360 --> 12:17.370 align:start position:0% or mutating them beyond recognition 12:17.370 --> 12:20.960 align:start position:0% or mutating them beyond recognition so<00:12:39.839> some<00:12:40.240> shielding<00:12:41.200> is<00:12:41.440> needed 12:20.960 --> 12:20.970 align:start position:0% so some shielding is needed 12:20.970 --> 12:22.880 align:start position:0% so some shielding is needed and<00:12:43.040> if<00:12:43.200> not<00:12:43.440> in<00:12:43.600> a<00:12:43.680> specially<00:12:44.160> designed 12:22.880 --> 12:22.890 align:start position:0% and if not in a specially designed 12:22.890 --> 12:25.200 align:start position:0% and if not in a specially designed spacecraft<00:12:45.760> then<00:12:46.000> a<00:12:46.079> simple<00:12:46.560> rock 12:25.200 --> 12:25.210 align:start position:0% spacecraft then a simple rock 12:25.210 --> 12:30.320 align:start position:0% spacecraft then a simple rock will<00:12:50.839> suffice 12:30.320 --> 12:30.330 align:start position:0% will suffice 12:30.330 --> 12:32.480 align:start position:0% will suffice the<00:12:52.320> radiation<00:12:52.880> cannot<00:12:53.279> pass<00:12:53.680> far<00:12:54.000> through 12:32.480 --> 12:32.490 align:start position:0% the radiation cannot pass far through 12:32.490 --> 12:33.439 align:start position:0% the radiation cannot pass far through solid<00:12:54.720> rock 12:33.439 --> 12:33.449 align:start position:0% solid rock 12:33.449 --> 12:36.400 align:start position:0% solid rock so<00:12:55.600> microbial<00:12:56.480> passengers<00:12:57.200> contained<00:12:57.680> within 12:36.400 --> 12:36.410 align:start position:0% so microbial passengers contained within 12:36.410 --> 12:39.020 align:start position:0% so microbial passengers contained within could<00:12:58.480> weather<00:12:58.959> the<00:12:59.120> cosmic<00:12:59.680> storm 12:39.020 --> 12:39.030 align:start position:0% could weather the cosmic storm 12:39.030 --> 12:42.400 align:start position:0% could weather the cosmic storm [Music] 12:42.400 --> 12:42.410 align:start position:0% [Music] 12:42.410 --> 12:44.720 align:start position:0% [Music] but<00:13:04.399> these<00:13:04.839> interplanetary<00:13:05.760> voyagers<00:13:06.320> have 12:44.720 --> 12:44.730 align:start position:0% but these interplanetary voyagers have 12:44.730 --> 12:46.320 align:start position:0% but these interplanetary voyagers have one<00:13:06.959> final<00:13:07.440> challenge 12:46.320 --> 12:46.330 align:start position:0% one final challenge 12:46.330 --> 12:48.400 align:start position:0% one final challenge before<00:13:08.480> they<00:13:08.639> can<00:13:08.800> become<00:13:09.200> the<00:13:09.360> colonists<00:13:10.079> of 12:48.400 --> 12:48.410 align:start position:0% before they can become the colonists of 12:48.410 --> 12:50.239 align:start position:0% before they can become the colonists of a<00:13:10.320> new<00:13:10.639> world 12:50.239 --> 12:50.249 align:start position:0% a new world 12:50.249 --> 12:54.960 align:start position:0% a new world they<00:13:12.399> must<00:13:12.880> survive<00:13:14.160> the<00:13:14.399> landing 12:54.960 --> 12:54.970 align:start position:0% they must survive the landing 12:54.970 --> 12:57.360 align:start position:0% they must survive the landing meteors<00:13:17.360> raining<00:13:17.760> down<00:13:18.000> on<00:13:18.240> earth<00:13:18.480> experience 12:57.360 --> 12:57.370 align:start position:0% meteors raining down on earth experience 12:57.370 --> 12:58.559 align:start position:0% meteors raining down on earth experience intense<00:13:19.839> heating 12:58.559 --> 12:58.569 align:start position:0% intense heating 12:58.569 --> 13:00.559 align:start position:0% intense heating and<00:13:20.560> a<00:13:20.720> shock<00:13:20.959> of<00:13:21.120> impact<00:13:21.519> that<00:13:21.680> is<00:13:21.839> enough<00:13:22.160> to 13:00.559 --> 13:00.569 align:start position:0% and a shock of impact that is enough to 13:00.569 --> 13:04.480 align:start position:0% and a shock of impact that is enough to melt<00:13:23.120> solid<00:13:23.600> rock 13:04.480 --> 13:04.490 align:start position:0% 13:04.490 --> 13:06.480 align:start position:0% could<00:13:26.560> a<00:13:26.639> simple<00:13:27.040> life<00:13:27.279> form<00:13:27.839> possibly 13:06.480 --> 13:06.490 align:start position:0% could a simple life form possibly 13:06.490 --> 13:08.239 align:start position:0% could a simple life form possibly survive 13:08.239 --> 13:08.249 align:start position:0% survive 13:08.249 --> 13:10.239 align:start position:0% survive this<00:13:30.399> too<00:13:30.720> has<00:13:30.880> been<00:13:31.120> tested<00:13:31.440> by<00:13:31.680> modern 13:10.239 --> 13:10.249 align:start position:0% this too has been tested by modern 13:10.249 --> 13:13.280 align:start position:0% this too has been tested by modern scientists<00:13:33.040> by<00:13:33.279> shooting<00:13:33.760> bacterial<00:13:34.480> samples 13:13.280 --> 13:13.290 align:start position:0% scientists by shooting bacterial samples 13:13.290 --> 13:14.239 align:start position:0% scientists by shooting bacterial samples through<00:13:35.279> a<00:13:35.440> powerful 13:14.239 --> 13:14.249 align:start position:0% through a powerful 13:14.249 --> 13:18.880 align:start position:0% through a powerful air<00:13:36.399> cannon<00:13:38.959> the<00:13:39.120> survival<00:13:39.680> of<00:13:39.839> these<00:13:40.079> spores 13:18.880 --> 13:18.890 align:start position:0% air cannon the survival of these spores 13:18.890 --> 13:21.760 align:start position:0% air cannon the survival of these spores suggests<00:13:41.279> that<00:13:41.760> under<00:13:42.079> the<00:13:42.240> right<00:13:42.560> conditions 13:21.760 --> 13:21.770 align:start position:0% suggests that under the right conditions 13:21.770 --> 13:25.119 align:start position:0% suggests that under the right conditions microbes<00:13:44.320> could<00:13:44.639> indeed<00:13:45.199> survive<00:13:45.760> a<00:13:45.839> landing 13:25.119 --> 13:25.129 align:start position:0% microbes could indeed survive a landing 13:25.129 --> 13:27.679 align:start position:0% microbes could indeed survive a landing encased<00:13:47.440> in<00:13:47.519> their<00:13:47.760> protective<00:13:48.399> rock<00:13:48.800> armor 13:27.679 --> 13:27.689 align:start position:0% encased in their protective rock armor 13:27.689 --> 13:34.239 align:start position:0% encased in their protective rock armor for<00:13:49.760> a<00:13:49.920> million<00:13:50.399> years 13:34.239 --> 13:34.249 align:start position:0% 13:34.249 --> 13:37.280 align:start position:0% and<00:13:56.240> when<00:13:56.399> the<00:13:56.560> dust<00:13:56.959> finally<00:13:57.519> clears<00:13:58.639> the<00:13:58.800> new 13:37.280 --> 13:37.290 align:start position:0% and when the dust finally clears the new 13:37.290 --> 13:38.080 align:start position:0% and when the dust finally clears the new world 13:38.080 --> 13:38.090 align:start position:0% world 13:38.090 --> 13:45.679 align:start position:0% world is<00:14:00.160> theirs<00:14:00.959> to<00:14:01.120> call<00:14:01.360> their<00:14:01.600> own 13:45.679 --> 13:45.689 align:start position:0% 13:45.689 --> 13:48.480 align:start position:0% so<00:14:08.079> evidence<00:14:08.560> on<00:14:08.720> earth<00:14:09.199> suggests<00:14:09.760> that<00:14:09.920> life 13:48.480 --> 13:48.490 align:start position:0% so evidence on earth suggests that life 13:48.490 --> 13:50.559 align:start position:0% so evidence on earth suggests that life could<00:14:10.639> indeed<00:14:11.120> have<00:14:11.279> survived<00:14:11.760> a<00:14:11.839> trip 13:50.559 --> 13:50.569 align:start position:0% could indeed have survived a trip 13:50.569 --> 13:53.439 align:start position:0% could indeed have survived a trip through<00:14:12.720> space<00:14:14.000> but<00:14:14.240> evidence<00:14:14.880> that<00:14:15.120> it 13:53.439 --> 13:53.449 align:start position:0% through space but evidence that it 13:53.449 --> 13:54.720 align:start position:0% through space but evidence that it actually<00:14:15.920> did 13:54.720 --> 13:54.730 align:start position:0% actually did 13:54.730 --> 13:56.320 align:start position:0% actually did and<00:14:16.720> this<00:14:16.880> is<00:14:17.040> how<00:14:17.199> the<00:14:17.360> seeds<00:14:17.680> of<00:14:17.760> life<00:14:18.000> were 13:56.320 --> 13:56.330 align:start position:0% and this is how the seeds of life were 13:56.330 --> 13:58.239 align:start position:0% and this is how the seeds of life were delivered<00:14:18.480> to<00:14:18.639> earth<00:14:18.880> almost<00:14:19.279> 4<00:14:19.600> billion 13:58.239 --> 13:58.249 align:start position:0% delivered to earth almost 4 billion 13:58.249 --> 13:59.520 align:start position:0% delivered to earth almost 4 billion years<00:14:20.399> ago 13:59.520 --> 13:59.530 align:start position:0% years ago 13:59.530 --> 14:02.720 align:start position:0% years ago is<00:14:21.600> lacking<00:14:23.279> the<00:14:23.440> potential<00:14:23.920> evidence 14:02.720 --> 14:02.730 align:start position:0% is lacking the potential evidence 14:02.730 --> 14:06.999 align:start position:0% is lacking the potential evidence has<00:14:24.800> simply<00:14:25.120> been<00:14:25.360> lost<00:14:26.079> to<00:14:26.240> the<00:14:26.399> mists<00:14:27.199> of 14:06.999 --> 14:07.009 align:start position:0% has simply been lost to the mists of 14:07.009 --> 14:08.640 align:start position:0% has simply been lost to the mists of time 14:08.640 --> 14:08.650 align:start position:0% time 14:08.650 --> 14:11.040 align:start position:0% time to<00:14:30.639> plate<00:14:30.880> tectonics<00:14:31.839> and<00:14:32.000> the<00:14:32.079> recycling<00:14:32.800> of 14:11.040 --> 14:11.050 align:start position:0% to plate tectonics and the recycling of 14:11.050 --> 14:13.520 align:start position:0% to plate tectonics and the recycling of the<00:14:33.040> earth's<00:14:33.440> surface 14:13.520 --> 14:13.530 align:start position:0% the earth's surface 14:13.530 --> 14:15.280 align:start position:0% the earth's surface some<00:14:35.600> would<00:14:35.839> argue<00:14:36.240> that<00:14:36.399> this<00:14:36.560> is<00:14:36.639> a<00:14:36.800> moot 14:15.280 --> 14:15.290 align:start position:0% some would argue that this is a moot 14:15.290 --> 14:17.119 align:start position:0% some would argue that this is a moot point<00:14:37.519> anyway 14:17.119 --> 14:17.129 align:start position:0% point anyway 14:17.129 --> 14:18.880 align:start position:0% point anyway if<00:14:39.120> during<00:14:39.360> the<00:14:39.519> first<00:14:39.839> years<00:14:40.000> of<00:14:40.160> our<00:14:40.320> world 14:18.880 --> 14:18.890 align:start position:0% if during the first years of our world 14:18.890 --> 14:20.559 align:start position:0% if during the first years of our world some<00:14:41.040> four<00:14:41.360> billion<00:14:41.760> years<00:14:42.000> ago 14:20.559 --> 14:20.569 align:start position:0% some four billion years ago 14:20.569 --> 14:22.160 align:start position:0% some four billion years ago living<00:14:42.720> beings<00:14:43.120> arrived<00:14:43.519> on<00:14:43.680> earth<00:14:43.839> from 14:22.160 --> 14:22.170 align:start position:0% living beings arrived on earth from 14:22.170 --> 14:24.400 align:start position:0% living beings arrived on earth from another<00:14:44.399> planet<00:14:45.199> it<00:14:45.360> only<00:14:45.680> shifts<00:14:46.079> the 14:24.400 --> 14:24.410 align:start position:0% another planet it only shifts the 14:24.410 --> 14:25.040 align:start position:0% another planet it only shifts the question 14:25.040 --> 14:25.050 align:start position:0% question 14:25.050 --> 14:27.600 align:start position:0% question of<00:14:47.040> the<00:14:47.199> origin<00:14:47.600> of<00:14:47.760> life<00:14:48.800> to<00:14:49.040> a<00:14:49.120> different 14:27.600 --> 14:27.610 align:start position:0% of the origin of life to a different 14:27.610 --> 14:30.320 align:start position:0% of the origin of life to a different location 14:30.320 --> 14:30.330 align:start position:0% 14:30.330 --> 14:32.480 align:start position:0% and<00:14:52.399> one<00:14:52.639> we<00:14:52.800> know<00:14:53.120> even<00:14:53.440> less<00:14:53.680> about<00:14:54.000> than<00:14:54.240> the 14:32.480 --> 14:32.490 align:start position:0% and one we know even less about than the 14:32.490 --> 14:34.320 align:start position:0% and one we know even less about than the early<00:14:54.720> earth 14:34.320 --> 14:34.330 align:start position:0% early earth 14:34.330 --> 14:42.080 align:start position:0% early earth life<00:14:57.040> must<00:14:57.600> have<00:14:57.839> begun<00:14:59.040> somewhere 14:42.080 --> 14:42.090 align:start position:0% 14:42.090 --> 14:44.799 align:start position:0% but<00:15:04.720> since<00:15:04.959> we<00:15:05.199> still<00:15:05.519> don't<00:15:05.760> have<00:15:06.160> all<00:15:06.320> of<00:15:06.480> the 14:44.799 --> 14:44.809 align:start position:0% but since we still don't have all of the 14:44.809 --> 14:47.600 align:start position:0% but since we still don't have all of the answers<00:15:06.959> for<00:15:07.120> how<00:15:07.360> life<00:15:07.600> got<00:15:07.839> started<00:15:08.399> here 14:47.600 --> 14:47.610 align:start position:0% answers for how life got started here 14:47.610 --> 14:51.600 align:start position:0% answers for how life got started here then<00:15:09.680> another<00:15:10.079> planet<00:15:11.120> another<00:15:12.000> environment 14:51.600 --> 14:51.610 align:start position:0% then another planet another environment 14:51.610 --> 14:56.559 align:start position:0% then another planet another environment could<00:15:13.600> hold<00:15:13.839> the<00:15:14.000> key 14:56.559 --> 14:56.569 align:start position:0% 14:56.569 --> 14:58.799 align:start position:0% another<00:15:18.800> planet<00:15:19.279> could<00:15:19.600> be<00:15:19.760> host<00:15:20.079> to<00:15:20.320> some 14:58.799 --> 14:58.809 align:start position:0% another planet could be host to some 14:58.809 --> 15:00.559 align:start position:0% another planet could be host to some factor<00:15:21.040> that<00:15:21.199> makes<00:15:21.440> the<00:15:21.600> spontaneous 15:00.559 --> 15:00.569 align:start position:0% factor that makes the spontaneous 15:00.569 --> 15:01.840 align:start position:0% factor that makes the spontaneous generation<00:15:22.959> of<00:15:23.120> life 15:01.840 --> 15:01.850 align:start position:0% generation of life 15:01.850 --> 15:05.679 align:start position:0% generation of life much<00:15:24.000> more<00:15:24.839> likely 15:05.679 --> 15:05.689 align:start position:0% much more likely 15:05.689 --> 15:07.999 align:start position:0% much more likely and<00:15:27.680> today<00:15:28.240> we<00:15:28.480> are<00:15:28.639> discovering<00:15:29.360> thousands 15:07.999 --> 15:08.009 align:start position:0% and today we are discovering thousands 15:08.009 --> 15:10.720 align:start position:0% and today we are discovering thousands of<00:15:30.000> new<00:15:30.240> exoplanets<00:15:31.040> in<00:15:31.279> orbit<00:15:31.680> around<00:15:32.000> alien 15:10.720 --> 15:10.730 align:start position:0% of new exoplanets in orbit around alien 15:10.730 --> 15:12.160 align:start position:0% of new exoplanets in orbit around alien stars 15:12.160 --> 15:12.170 align:start position:0% stars 15:12.170 --> 15:14.439 align:start position:0% stars for<00:15:34.160> the<00:15:34.320> first<00:15:34.639> time<00:15:34.959> we<00:15:35.120> can<00:15:35.440> probe<00:15:35.839> these 15:14.439 --> 15:14.449 align:start position:0% for the first time we can probe these 15:14.449 --> 15:16.480 align:start position:0% for the first time we can probe these extraterrestrial<00:15:37.360> environments 15:16.480 --> 15:16.490 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial environments 15:16.490 --> 15:24.080 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial environments in<00:15:38.560> search<00:15:38.880> of<00:15:39.040> answers 15:24.080 --> 15:24.090 align:start position:0% 15:24.090 --> 15:26.720 align:start position:0% we<00:15:46.160> may<00:15:46.320> yet<00:15:46.639> find<00:15:47.120> francis<00:15:47.680> crick's<00:15:48.079> advanced 15:26.720 --> 15:26.730 align:start position:0% we may yet find francis crick's advanced 15:26.730 --> 15:27.999 align:start position:0% we may yet find francis crick's advanced civilization 15:27.999 --> 15:28.009 align:start position:0% civilization 15:28.009 --> 15:31.119 align:start position:0% civilization as<00:15:50.079> gods<00:15:50.720> creating<00:15:51.279> species<00:15:51.839> in<00:15:51.920> their<00:15:52.160> image 15:31.119 --> 15:31.129 align:start position:0% as gods creating species in their image 15:31.129 --> 15:34.700 align:start position:0% as gods creating species in their image throughout<00:15:53.279> the<00:15:53.440> cosmos 15:34.700 --> 15:34.710 align:start position:0% 15:34.710 --> 15:39.040 align:start position:0% [Music] 15:39.040 --> 15:39.050 align:start position:0% [Music] 15:39.050 --> 15:41.119 align:start position:0% [Music] but<00:16:01.120> until<00:16:01.519> life<00:16:01.839> is<00:16:02.000> found<00:16:02.399> on<00:16:02.560> another 15:41.119 --> 15:41.129 align:start position:0% but until life is found on another 15:41.129 --> 15:42.320 align:start position:0% but until life is found on another planet 15:42.320 --> 15:42.330 align:start position:0% planet 15:42.330 --> 15:45.280 align:start position:0% planet we<00:16:04.320> will<00:16:04.560> never<00:16:05.199> truly<00:16:05.680> know<00:16:06.480> whether<00:16:06.720> we<00:16:06.959> are 15:45.280 --> 15:45.290 align:start position:0% we will never truly know whether we are 15:45.290 --> 15:47.919 align:start position:0% we will never truly know whether we are children<00:16:07.519> of<00:16:07.600> the<00:16:07.759> earth 15:47.919 --> 15:47.929 align:start position:0% children of the earth 15:47.929 --> 15:49.870 align:start position:0% children of the earth or<00:16:10.000> of<00:16:10.160> the<00:16:10.320> universe 15:49.870 --> 15:49.880 align:start position:0% or of the universe 15:49.880 --> 15:54.720 align:start position:0% or of the universe [Music] 15:54.720 --> 15:54.730 align:start position:0% [Music] 15:54.730 --> 15:56.320 align:start position:0% [Music] you've<00:16:16.720> been<00:16:16.880> watching<00:16:17.199> the<00:16:17.360> entire<00:16:17.759> history