WEBVTT 00:00.160 --> 00:01.829 align:start position:0% Have<00:00:00.320> you<00:00:00.480> ever<00:00:00.719> looked<00:00:00.960> into<00:00:01.199> the<00:00:01.360> ocean<00:00:01.600> and 00:01.829 --> 00:01.839 align:start position:0% Have you ever looked into the ocean and 00:01.839 --> 00:03.590 align:start position:0% Have you ever looked into the ocean and thought,<00:00:02.159> "I<00:00:02.480> wonder<00:00:02.720> what<00:00:02.960> the<00:00:03.200> weather's 00:03.590 --> 00:03.600 align:start position:0% thought, "I wonder what the weather's 00:03.600 --> 00:05.990 align:start position:0% thought, "I wonder what the weather's like<00:00:03.919> down<00:00:04.240> there."<00:00:05.040> Well,<00:00:05.359> truthfully, 00:05.990 --> 00:06.000 align:start position:0% like down there." Well, truthfully, 00:06.000 --> 00:09.350 align:start position:0% like down there." Well, truthfully, neither<00:00:06.480> had<00:00:06.799> I.<00:00:07.600> And<00:00:07.759> that<00:00:08.000> got<00:00:08.160> me<00:00:08.400> thinking, 00:09.350 --> 00:09.360 align:start position:0% neither had I. And that got me thinking, 00:09.360 --> 00:12.549 align:start position:0% neither had I. And that got me thinking, why<00:00:09.679> hadn't<00:00:10.080> I?<00:00:11.120> When<00:00:11.360> we<00:00:11.519> think<00:00:11.679> of<00:00:12.000> extreme 00:12.549 --> 00:12.559 align:start position:0% why hadn't I? When we think of extreme 00:12.559 --> 00:16.150 align:start position:0% why hadn't I? When we think of extreme weather,<00:00:12.960> we<00:00:13.280> look<00:00:13.840> up.<00:00:14.960> We<00:00:15.280> track<00:00:15.519> hurricanes 00:16.150 --> 00:16.160 align:start position:0% weather, we look up. We track hurricanes 00:16.160 --> 00:18.630 align:start position:0% weather, we look up. We track hurricanes across<00:00:16.560> the<00:00:16.720> Atlantic,<00:00:17.359> watch<00:00:17.680> radar<00:00:18.160> systems 00:18.630 --> 00:18.640 align:start position:0% across the Atlantic, watch radar systems 00:18.640 --> 00:21.429 align:start position:0% across the Atlantic, watch radar systems for<00:00:19.039> supercells,<00:00:20.080> and<00:00:20.320> brace<00:00:20.640> for<00:00:20.880> blizzards 00:21.429 --> 00:21.439 align:start position:0% for supercells, and brace for blizzards 00:21.439 --> 00:23.509 align:start position:0% for supercells, and brace for blizzards during<00:00:21.680> the<00:00:21.920> winter. 00:23.509 --> 00:23.519 align:start position:0% during the winter. 00:23.519 --> 00:25.509 align:start position:0% during the winter. But<00:00:23.680> what<00:00:23.840> if<00:00:24.000> I<00:00:24.240> told<00:00:24.400> you<00:00:24.640> some<00:00:24.800> of<00:00:24.960> the<00:00:25.199> most 00:25.509 --> 00:25.519 align:start position:0% But what if I told you some of the most 00:25.519 --> 00:27.500 align:start position:0% But what if I told you some of the most violent,<00:00:26.320> massive,<00:00:26.800> and<00:00:27.039> most<00:00:27.439> complex 00:27.500 --> 00:27.510 align:start position:0% violent, massive, and most complex 00:27.510 --> 00:30.390 align:start position:0% violent, massive, and most complex [music]<00:00:28.000> weather<00:00:28.320> systems<00:00:28.880> on<00:00:29.199> Earth<00:00:30.080> aren't 00:30.390 --> 00:30.400 align:start position:0% [music] weather systems on Earth aren't 00:30.400 --> 00:33.910 align:start position:0% [music] weather systems on Earth aren't in<00:00:30.640> the<00:00:30.880> sky<00:00:31.359> at<00:00:31.599> all?<00:00:32.399> No,<00:00:33.200> they're<00:00:33.520> thousands 00:33.910 --> 00:33.920 align:start position:0% in the sky at all? No, they're thousands 00:33.920 --> 00:36.790 align:start position:0% in the sky at all? No, they're thousands of<00:00:34.160> meters<00:00:34.640> below<00:00:35.040> the<00:00:35.360> surface<00:00:35.920> in<00:00:36.079> the<00:00:36.320> deep, 00:36.790 --> 00:36.800 align:start position:0% of meters below the surface in the deep, 00:36.800 --> 00:40.950 align:start position:0% of meters below the surface in the deep, dark<00:00:37.440> abyss.<00:00:38.800> Down<00:00:39.200> here,<00:00:39.600> invisible<00:00:40.320> storms 00:40.950 --> 00:40.960 align:start position:0% dark abyss. Down here, invisible storms 00:40.960 --> 00:43.590 align:start position:0% dark abyss. Down here, invisible storms howl<00:00:41.360> across<00:00:41.680> the<00:00:41.920> sea<00:00:42.320> floor.<00:00:43.040> Giant 00:43.590 --> 00:43.600 align:start position:0% howl across the sea floor. Giant 00:43.600 --> 00:47.190 align:start position:0% howl across the sea floor. Giant whirlpools<00:00:44.559> spin<00:00:45.040> for<00:00:45.360> years<00:00:45.760> on<00:00:46.000> end. 00:47.190 --> 00:47.200 align:start position:0% whirlpools spin for years on end. 00:47.200 --> 00:49.510 align:start position:0% whirlpools spin for years on end. Currents<00:00:47.680> reverse<00:00:48.239> without<00:00:48.640> warning. 00:49.510 --> 00:49.520 align:start position:0% Currents reverse without warning. 00:49.520 --> 00:51.830 align:start position:0% Currents reverse without warning. Sediments<00:00:50.079> are<00:00:50.320> whipped<00:00:50.879> into<00:00:51.280> temporary 00:51.830 --> 00:51.840 align:start position:0% Sediments are whipped into temporary 00:51.840 --> 00:54.869 align:start position:0% Sediments are whipped into temporary blizzards.<00:00:52.879> and<00:00:53.120> massive<00:00:53.600> underwater<00:00:54.320> waves 00:54.869 --> 00:54.879 align:start position:0% blizzards. and massive underwater waves 00:54.879 --> 00:57.270 align:start position:0% blizzards. and massive underwater waves taller<00:00:55.280> than<00:00:55.760> skyscrapers 00:57.270 --> 00:57.280 align:start position:0% taller than skyscrapers 00:57.280 --> 00:59.910 align:start position:0% taller than skyscrapers surge<00:00:57.840> through<00:00:58.079> the<00:00:58.320> darkness. 00:59.910 --> 00:59.920 align:start position:0% surge through the darkness. 00:59.920 --> 01:02.790 align:start position:0% surge through the darkness. The<00:01:00.160> deep<00:01:00.399> ocean<00:01:00.879> has<00:01:01.359> its<00:01:01.760> own<00:01:02.079> weather<00:01:02.480> and 01:02.790 --> 01:02.800 align:start position:0% The deep ocean has its own weather and 01:02.800 --> 01:06.630 align:start position:0% The deep ocean has its own weather and for<00:01:03.039> the<00:01:03.280> first<00:01:03.680> time<00:01:04.640> we<00:01:04.960> can<00:01:05.199> see<00:01:05.439> it.<00:01:06.400> I'm 01:06.630 --> 01:06.640 align:start position:0% for the first time we can see it. I'm 01:06.640 --> 01:08.230 align:start position:0% for the first time we can see it. I'm James<00:01:06.960> Stewart<00:01:07.360> and<00:01:07.520> you're<00:01:07.680> watching<00:01:08.000> Ast 01:08.230 --> 01:08.240 align:start position:0% James Stewart and you're watching Ast 01:08.240 --> 01:10.950 align:start position:0% James Stewart and you're watching Ast from<00:01:08.479> Earth.<00:01:09.200> Join<00:01:09.520> me<00:01:09.680> in<00:01:09.920> this<00:01:10.159> video<00:01:10.400> as<00:01:10.720> we 01:10.950 --> 01:10.960 align:start position:0% from Earth. Join me in this video as we 01:10.960 --> 01:13.109 align:start position:0% from Earth. Join me in this video as we plunge<00:01:11.439> thousands<00:01:11.920> of<00:01:12.080> meters<00:01:12.479> below<00:01:12.880> the 01:13.109 --> 01:13.119 align:start position:0% plunge thousands of meters below the 01:13.119 --> 01:15.750 align:start position:0% plunge thousands of meters below the surface<00:01:13.520> for<00:01:13.760> the<00:01:14.080> ultimate<00:01:14.479> tour<00:01:15.040> of<00:01:15.360> Earth's 01:15.750 --> 01:15.760 align:start position:0% surface for the ultimate tour of Earth's 01:15.760 --> 01:18.550 align:start position:0% surface for the ultimate tour of Earth's most<00:01:16.080> violent<00:01:16.720> deep<00:01:17.040> sea<00:01:17.360> weather.<00:01:18.240> We'll 01:18.550 --> 01:18.560 align:start position:0% most violent deep sea weather. We'll 01:18.560 --> 01:22.310 align:start position:0% most violent deep sea weather. We'll unpack<00:01:18.880> how<00:01:19.119> a<00:01:19.439> 200<00:01:20.080> km<00:01:20.640> wave<00:01:21.119> can<00:01:21.360> form<00:01:21.920> under 01:22.310 --> 01:22.320 align:start position:0% unpack how a 200 km wave can form under 01:22.320 --> 01:24.630 align:start position:0% unpack how a 200 km wave can form under the<00:01:22.560> ocean.<00:01:23.439> Discover<00:01:23.840> why<00:01:24.080> a<00:01:24.240> marine 01:24.630 --> 01:24.640 align:start position:0% the ocean. Discover why a marine 01:24.640 --> 01:27.749 align:start position:0% the ocean. Discover why a marine blizzard<00:01:25.200> 5<00:01:25.439> km<00:01:26.080> below<00:01:26.479> is<00:01:26.799> crucial<00:01:27.200> to<00:01:27.360> life 01:27.749 --> 01:27.759 align:start position:0% blizzard 5 km below is crucial to life 01:27.759 --> 01:31.590 align:start position:0% blizzard 5 km below is crucial to life on<00:01:28.080> the<00:01:28.320> surface.<00:01:29.040> And<00:01:29.280> meet<00:01:30.000> the<00:01:30.479> icy<00:01:30.960> fingers 01:31.590 --> 01:31.600 align:start position:0% on the surface. And meet the icy fingers 01:31.600 --> 01:35.270 align:start position:0% on the surface. And meet the icy fingers of<00:01:32.000> death,<00:01:32.880> capable<00:01:33.680> of<00:01:34.079> freezing<00:01:34.640> anything 01:35.270 --> 01:35.280 align:start position:0% of death, capable of freezing anything 01:35.280 --> 01:39.030 align:start position:0% of death, capable of freezing anything they<00:01:35.680> touch.<00:01:36.799> The<00:01:37.200> forecast<00:01:37.680> for<00:01:38.079> this<00:01:38.320> video 01:39.030 --> 01:39.040 align:start position:0% they touch. The forecast for this video 01:39.040 --> 01:43.030 align:start position:0% they touch. The forecast for this video is<00:01:39.360> anything<00:01:39.759> but<00:01:40.079> predictable. 01:43.030 --> 01:43.040 align:start position:0% is anything but predictable. 01:43.040 --> 01:46.630 align:start position:0% is anything but predictable. The<00:01:43.360> year<00:01:43.520> is<00:01:43.840> 1893<00:01:45.280> and<00:01:45.520> Norwegian<00:01:46.079> Arctic 01:46.630 --> 01:46.640 align:start position:0% The year is 1893 and Norwegian Arctic 01:46.640 --> 01:49.190 align:start position:0% The year is 1893 and Norwegian Arctic explorer<00:01:47.119> Fritto<00:01:47.840> Nansen<00:01:48.320> and<00:01:48.479> his<00:01:48.720> three 01:49.190 --> 01:49.200 align:start position:0% explorer Fritto Nansen and his three 01:49.200 --> 01:51.910 align:start position:0% explorer Fritto Nansen and his three mastered<00:01:49.600> Shkuna<00:01:50.240> are<00:01:50.479> stopped<00:01:50.960> dead<00:01:51.680> in 01:51.910 --> 01:51.920 align:start position:0% mastered Shkuna are stopped dead in 01:51.920 --> 01:54.310 align:start position:0% mastered Shkuna are stopped dead in Russia's<00:01:52.560> carous 01:54.310 --> 01:54.320 align:start position:0% Russia's carous 01:54.320 --> 01:57.510 align:start position:0% Russia's carous if<00:01:54.560> held<00:01:54.960> by<00:01:55.280> some<00:01:55.680> mysterious<00:01:56.479> force.<00:01:57.280> He 01:57.510 --> 01:57.520 align:start position:0% if held by some mysterious force. He 01:57.520 --> 02:00.469 align:start position:0% if held by some mysterious force. He wrote<00:01:57.680> in<00:01:57.920> his<00:01:58.079> expedition<00:01:58.719> diaries.<00:02:00.079> He<00:02:00.320> was 02:00.469 --> 02:00.479 align:start position:0% wrote in his expedition diaries. He was 02:00.479 --> 02:03.109 align:start position:0% wrote in his expedition diaries. He was unable<00:02:00.960> to<00:02:01.119> move<00:02:01.439> his<00:02:01.680> ship.<00:02:02.079> It<00:02:02.399> simply<00:02:02.799> would 02:03.109 --> 02:03.119 align:start position:0% unable to move his ship. It simply would 02:03.119 --> 02:05.096 align:start position:0% unable to move his ship. It simply would not<00:02:03.439> budge<00:02:03.920> no<00:02:04.000> matter<00:02:04.399> what<00:02:04.719> he<00:02:05.040> tried. 02:05.096 --> 02:05.106 align:start position:0% not budge no matter what he tried. 02:05.106 --> 02:05.749 align:start position:0% not budge no matter what he tried. [music] 02:05.749 --> 02:05.759 align:start position:0% [music] 02:05.759 --> 02:09.430 align:start position:0% [music] He<00:02:06.000> called<00:02:06.320> it<00:02:07.119> dead<00:02:07.920> water. 02:09.430 --> 02:09.440 align:start position:0% He called it dead water. 02:09.440 --> 02:11.510 align:start position:0% He called it dead water. So<00:02:09.679> what<00:02:09.920> was<00:02:10.080> going<00:02:10.239> on<00:02:10.479> here?<00:02:11.039> Well,<00:02:11.280> it 02:11.510 --> 02:11.520 align:start position:0% So what was going on here? Well, it 02:11.520 --> 02:13.589 align:start position:0% So what was going on here? Well, it turns<00:02:11.680> out<00:02:11.840> he<00:02:12.239> wasn't<00:02:12.640> going<00:02:12.879> mad.<00:02:13.280> And<00:02:13.360> his 02:13.589 --> 02:13.599 align:start position:0% turns out he wasn't going mad. And his 02:13.599 --> 02:15.990 align:start position:0% turns out he wasn't going mad. And his ship<00:02:13.920> really<00:02:14.239> was<00:02:14.640> stuck.<00:02:15.440> And<00:02:15.599> it's<00:02:15.760> thanks 02:15.990 --> 02:16.000 align:start position:0% ship really was stuck. And it's thanks 02:16.000 --> 02:17.990 align:start position:0% ship really was stuck. And it's thanks to<00:02:16.160> a<00:02:16.319> phenomenon<00:02:16.800> that<00:02:17.040> today<00:02:17.280> we<00:02:17.599> call 02:17.990 --> 02:18.000 align:start position:0% to a phenomenon that today we call 02:18.000 --> 02:21.270 align:start position:0% to a phenomenon that today we call internal<00:02:18.640> waves.<00:02:19.520> A<00:02:19.760> wave<00:02:20.000> within<00:02:20.319> a<00:02:20.480> wave,<00:02:21.120> if 02:21.270 --> 02:21.280 align:start position:0% internal waves. A wave within a wave, if 02:21.280 --> 02:23.830 align:start position:0% internal waves. A wave within a wave, if you<00:02:21.440> will.<00:02:22.080> These<00:02:22.480> are<00:02:22.560> the<00:02:22.879> largest<00:02:23.360> waves 02:23.830 --> 02:23.840 align:start position:0% you will. These are the largest waves 02:23.840 --> 02:26.630 align:start position:0% you will. These are the largest waves produced<00:02:24.319> in<00:02:24.640> the<00:02:24.879> world's<00:02:25.360> oceans,<00:02:26.319> with<00:02:26.480> up 02:26.630 --> 02:26.640 align:start position:0% produced in the world's oceans, with up 02:26.640 --> 02:29.510 align:start position:0% produced in the world's oceans, with up to<00:02:26.879> 10,000<00:02:27.680> times<00:02:28.080> the<00:02:28.319> amount<00:02:28.560> of<00:02:28.800> turbulence 02:29.510 --> 02:29.520 align:start position:0% to 10,000 times the amount of turbulence 02:29.520 --> 02:32.309 align:start position:0% to 10,000 times the amount of turbulence typically<00:02:30.080> found<00:02:30.879> in<00:02:31.120> the<00:02:31.280> open<00:02:31.599> ocean.<00:02:32.000> And 02:32.309 --> 02:32.319 align:start position:0% typically found in the open ocean. And 02:32.319 --> 02:35.509 align:start position:0% typically found in the open ocean. And the<00:02:32.560> crazy<00:02:32.959> part,<00:02:33.840> every<00:02:34.239> single<00:02:34.640> day,<00:02:35.120> these 02:35.509 --> 02:35.519 align:start position:0% the crazy part, every single day, these 02:35.519 --> 02:38.229 align:start position:0% the crazy part, every single day, these waves,<00:02:36.239> some<00:02:36.640> as<00:02:36.879> tall<00:02:37.040> as<00:02:37.280> the<00:02:37.440> Empire<00:02:37.920> State 02:38.229 --> 02:38.239 align:start position:0% waves, some as tall as the Empire State 02:38.239 --> 02:42.390 align:start position:0% waves, some as tall as the Empire State Building<00:02:38.720> and<00:02:38.959> up<00:02:39.120> to<00:02:39.360> 200<00:02:40.000> km<00:02:40.720> wide,<00:02:41.760> form<00:02:42.160> in 02:42.390 --> 02:42.400 align:start position:0% Building and up to 200 km wide, form in 02:42.400 --> 02:44.309 align:start position:0% Building and up to 200 km wide, form in the<00:02:42.560> waters<00:02:42.959> between<00:02:43.360> Taiwan<00:02:43.840> and<00:02:44.080> the 02:44.309 --> 02:44.319 align:start position:0% the waters between Taiwan and the 02:44.319 --> 02:46.869 align:start position:0% the waters between Taiwan and the Philippines,<00:02:45.360> rolling<00:02:45.920> across<00:02:46.239> the<00:02:46.480> South 02:46.869 --> 02:46.879 align:start position:0% Philippines, rolling across the South 02:46.879 --> 02:49.670 align:start position:0% Philippines, rolling across the South China<00:02:47.280> Sea.<00:02:47.920> But<00:02:48.080> from<00:02:48.400> the<00:02:48.640> surface,<00:02:49.519> you 02:49.670 --> 02:49.680 align:start position:0% China Sea. But from the surface, you 02:49.680 --> 02:52.630 align:start position:0% China Sea. But from the surface, you would<00:02:49.920> have<00:02:50.160> no<00:02:50.480> idea<00:02:51.200> they<00:02:51.440> were<00:02:51.599> there.<00:02:52.400> In 02:52.630 --> 02:52.640 align:start position:0% would have no idea they were there. In 02:52.640 --> 02:54.309 align:start position:0% would have no idea they were there. In fact,<00:02:52.879> if<00:02:53.040> you<00:02:53.200> were<00:02:53.360> bobbing<00:02:53.760> around<00:02:54.000> in<00:02:54.160> the 02:54.309 --> 02:54.319 align:start position:0% fact, if you were bobbing around in the 02:54.319 --> 02:56.630 align:start position:0% fact, if you were bobbing around in the ocean<00:02:54.560> having<00:02:54.720> a<00:02:54.879> lovely<00:02:55.200> time<00:02:55.360> on<00:02:55.680> your<00:02:55.920> boat, 02:56.630 --> 02:56.640 align:start position:0% ocean having a lovely time on your boat, 02:56.640 --> 02:59.430 align:start position:0% ocean having a lovely time on your boat, the<00:02:56.879> only<00:02:57.280> clue<00:02:57.599> to<00:02:57.840> a<00:02:58.000> monster<00:02:58.480> wave<00:02:58.879> passing 02:59.430 --> 02:59.440 align:start position:0% the only clue to a monster wave passing 02:59.440 --> 03:01.910 align:start position:0% the only clue to a monster wave passing right<00:02:59.920> underneath<00:03:00.560> you<00:03:01.200> might<00:03:01.519> be<00:03:01.680> the 03:01.910 --> 03:01.920 align:start position:0% right underneath you might be the 03:01.920 --> 03:05.030 align:start position:0% right underneath you might be the faintest<00:03:02.480> hint<00:03:02.800> of<00:03:03.040> a<00:03:03.440> slick<00:03:04.239> on<00:03:04.480> the<00:03:04.720> sea 03:05.030 --> 03:05.040 align:start position:0% faintest hint of a slick on the sea 03:05.040 --> 03:08.949 align:start position:0% faintest hint of a slick on the sea surface.<00:03:06.159> a<00:03:06.480> line<00:03:06.800> of<00:03:07.120> smooth<00:03:07.760> water,<00:03:08.560> usually 03:08.949 --> 03:08.959 align:start position:0% surface. a line of smooth water, usually 03:08.959 --> 03:11.190 align:start position:0% surface. a line of smooth water, usually preceded<00:03:09.440> by<00:03:09.680> a<00:03:09.840> rough<00:03:10.239> line<00:03:10.480> of<00:03:10.640> water<00:03:10.959> that 03:11.190 --> 03:11.200 align:start position:0% preceded by a rough line of water that 03:11.200 --> 03:14.309 align:start position:0% preceded by a rough line of water that satellites<00:03:11.920> see<00:03:12.560> as<00:03:12.800> enormous<00:03:13.599> U-shaped 03:14.309 --> 03:14.319 align:start position:0% satellites see as enormous U-shaped 03:14.319 --> 03:17.430 align:start position:0% satellites see as enormous U-shaped ripples<00:03:14.537> [music]<00:03:14.959> expanding<00:03:15.760> outward<00:03:17.120> or 03:17.430 --> 03:17.440 align:start position:0% ripples [music] expanding outward or 03:17.440 --> 03:20.229 align:start position:0% ripples [music] expanding outward or that<00:03:17.680> are<00:03:17.920> detected<00:03:18.400> by<00:03:18.720> echo<00:03:19.280> sounders<00:03:19.840> hung 03:20.229 --> 03:20.239 align:start position:0% that are detected by echo sounders hung 03:20.239 --> 03:23.110 align:start position:0% that are detected by echo sounders hung off<00:03:20.400> the<00:03:20.560> back<00:03:20.800> of<00:03:21.120> boats.<00:03:22.000> Echoounders<00:03:22.879> act 03:23.110 --> 03:23.120 align:start position:0% off the back of boats. Echoounders act 03:23.120 --> 03:25.910 align:start position:0% off the back of boats. Echoounders act like<00:03:23.280> a<00:03:23.519> giant<00:03:24.159> ultrasound<00:03:24.800> machine<00:03:25.200> to<00:03:25.519> scan 03:25.910 --> 03:25.920 align:start position:0% like a giant ultrasound machine to scan 03:25.920 --> 03:28.309 align:start position:0% like a giant ultrasound machine to scan the<00:03:26.159> sea<00:03:26.480> floor<00:03:27.120> using<00:03:27.440> reflected<00:03:28.080> sound 03:28.309 --> 03:28.319 align:start position:0% the sea floor using reflected sound 03:28.319 --> 03:30.789 align:start position:0% the sea floor using reflected sound waves<00:03:28.640> to<00:03:28.879> paint<00:03:29.120> a<00:03:29.360> picture<00:03:29.680> of<00:03:29.840> the<00:03:30.159> ocean's 03:30.789 --> 03:30.799 align:start position:0% waves to paint a picture of the ocean's 03:30.799 --> 03:33.750 align:start position:0% waves to paint a picture of the ocean's structure.<00:03:31.840> This<00:03:32.159> is<00:03:32.319> the<00:03:32.560> only<00:03:32.799> realtime<00:03:33.519> way 03:33.750 --> 03:33.760 align:start position:0% structure. This is the only realtime way 03:33.760 --> 03:36.949 align:start position:0% structure. This is the only realtime way to<00:03:34.239> see<00:03:34.640> the<00:03:34.959> internal<00:03:35.519> waves,<00:03:36.319> which<00:03:36.560> is<00:03:36.720> why 03:36.949 --> 03:36.959 align:start position:0% to see the internal waves, which is why 03:36.959 --> 03:38.869 align:start position:0% to see the internal waves, which is why they<00:03:37.120> were<00:03:37.360> largely<00:03:37.760> unknown<00:03:38.159> to<00:03:38.480> science 03:38.869 --> 03:38.879 align:start position:0% they were largely unknown to science 03:38.879 --> 03:42.710 align:start position:0% they were largely unknown to science until<00:03:39.440> 1909.<00:03:40.799> So,<00:03:41.040> how<00:03:41.280> does<00:03:41.440> a<00:03:41.680> wave<00:03:42.000> this<00:03:42.400> big 03:42.710 --> 03:42.720 align:start position:0% until 1909. So, how does a wave this big 03:42.720 --> 03:45.270 align:start position:0% until 1909. So, how does a wave this big hide<00:03:43.120> from<00:03:43.440> our<00:03:43.760> prying<00:03:44.159> eyes,<00:03:44.640> I<00:03:44.879> hear<00:03:45.040> you 03:45.270 --> 03:45.280 align:start position:0% hide from our prying eyes, I hear you 03:45.280 --> 03:47.670 align:start position:0% hide from our prying eyes, I hear you ask?<00:03:46.080> Well,<00:03:46.400> actually,<00:03:46.799> creating<00:03:47.200> waves<00:03:47.440> that 03:47.670 --> 03:47.680 align:start position:0% ask? Well, actually, creating waves that 03:47.680 --> 03:49.910 align:start position:0% ask? Well, actually, creating waves that are<00:03:47.920> visible<00:03:48.239> at<00:03:48.480> the<00:03:48.640> surface<00:03:49.040> isn't<00:03:49.440> as<00:03:49.680> easy 03:49.910 --> 03:49.920 align:start position:0% are visible at the surface isn't as easy 03:49.920 --> 03:52.470 align:start position:0% are visible at the surface isn't as easy as<00:03:50.159> it<00:03:50.480> sounds.<00:03:51.360> There's<00:03:51.599> a<00:03:51.760> huge<00:03:52.159> difference 03:52.470 --> 03:52.480 align:start position:0% as it sounds. There's a huge difference 03:52.480 --> 03:55.589 align:start position:0% as it sounds. There's a huge difference in<00:03:52.799> density<00:03:53.440> between<00:03:53.840> water<00:03:54.319> and<00:03:54.720> air,<00:03:55.360> and 03:55.589 --> 03:55.599 align:start position:0% in density between water and air, and 03:55.599 --> 03:57.750 align:start position:0% in density between water and air, and that<00:03:55.760> means<00:03:55.920> that<00:03:56.239> pushing<00:03:56.640> water<00:03:56.959> up<00:03:57.280> is 03:57.750 --> 03:57.760 align:start position:0% that means that pushing water up is 03:57.760 --> 03:59.830 align:start position:0% that means that pushing water up is hard.<00:03:58.400> There's<00:03:58.640> nothing<00:03:58.879> to<00:03:59.040> help<00:03:59.360> support<00:03:59.680> it 03:59.830 --> 03:59.840 align:start position:0% hard. There's nothing to help support it 03:59.840 --> 04:02.550 align:start position:0% hard. There's nothing to help support it against<00:04:00.239> gravity<00:04:00.799> pulling<00:04:01.120> it<00:04:01.280> back<00:04:01.599> down. 04:02.550 --> 04:02.560 align:start position:0% against gravity pulling it back down. 04:02.560 --> 04:04.470 align:start position:0% against gravity pulling it back down. Under<00:04:02.879> the<00:04:03.040> water,<00:04:03.439> however,<00:04:03.920> that's<00:04:04.239> not 04:04.470 --> 04:04.480 align:start position:0% Under the water, however, that's not 04:04.480 --> 04:07.350 align:start position:0% Under the water, however, that's not such<00:04:04.799> a<00:04:05.040> problem.<00:04:05.840> Not<00:04:06.159> all<00:04:06.400> seawater<00:04:07.040> is 04:07.350 --> 04:07.360 align:start position:0% such a problem. Not all seawater is 04:07.360 --> 04:09.429 align:start position:0% such a problem. Not all seawater is equal,<00:04:07.840> and<00:04:08.159> different<00:04:08.400> bodies<00:04:08.799> of<00:04:09.040> water 04:09.429 --> 04:09.439 align:start position:0% equal, and different bodies of water 04:09.439 --> 04:11.429 align:start position:0% equal, and different bodies of water vary<00:04:09.840> in<00:04:10.080> density<00:04:10.640> thanks<00:04:10.879> to<00:04:11.120> slight 04:11.429 --> 04:11.439 align:start position:0% vary in density thanks to slight 04:11.439 --> 04:13.670 align:start position:0% vary in density thanks to slight differences<00:04:11.920> in<00:04:12.319> temperature,<00:04:13.040> salinity, 04:13.670 --> 04:13.680 align:start position:0% differences in temperature, salinity, 04:13.680 --> 04:16.390 align:start position:0% differences in temperature, salinity, and<00:04:13.920> other<00:04:14.239> ocean<00:04:14.720> variables<00:04:15.280> like<00:04:15.680> pressure. 04:16.390 --> 04:16.400 align:start position:0% and other ocean variables like pressure. 04:16.400 --> 04:19.430 align:start position:0% and other ocean variables like pressure. But<00:04:17.280> despite<00:04:17.759> that,<00:04:18.400> the<00:04:18.639> differences<00:04:19.040> are 04:19.430 --> 04:19.440 align:start position:0% But despite that, the differences are 04:19.440 --> 04:22.230 align:start position:0% But despite that, the differences are comparatively<00:04:20.479> small.<00:04:21.359> One<00:04:21.600> mass<00:04:22.000> of 04:22.230 --> 04:22.240 align:start position:0% comparatively small. One mass of 04:22.240 --> 04:24.790 align:start position:0% comparatively small. One mass of seawater<00:04:22.960> may<00:04:23.199> be<00:04:23.440> only<00:04:23.840> slightly<00:04:24.400> denser 04:24.790 --> 04:24.800 align:start position:0% seawater may be only slightly denser 04:24.800 --> 04:27.030 align:start position:0% seawater may be only slightly denser than<00:04:24.960> the<00:04:25.199> water<00:04:25.520> above<00:04:25.840> it,<00:04:26.400> which<00:04:26.720> means 04:27.030 --> 04:27.040 align:start position:0% than the water above it, which means 04:27.040 --> 04:29.350 align:start position:0% than the water above it, which means considerably<00:04:27.680> less<00:04:28.080> energy<00:04:28.479> is<00:04:28.720> required<00:04:29.040> to 04:29.350 --> 04:29.360 align:start position:0% considerably less energy is required to 04:29.360 --> 04:31.909 align:start position:0% considerably less energy is required to displace<00:04:29.919> it<00:04:30.240> vertically<00:04:30.800> underwater<00:04:31.600> than 04:31.909 --> 04:31.919 align:start position:0% displace it vertically underwater than 04:31.919 --> 04:34.629 align:start position:0% displace it vertically underwater than at<00:04:32.160> the<00:04:32.400> surface.<00:04:33.520> The<00:04:33.759> result<00:04:34.000> is<00:04:34.240> that<00:04:34.400> the 04:34.629 --> 04:34.639 align:start position:0% at the surface. The result is that the 04:34.639 --> 04:37.110 align:start position:0% at the surface. The result is that the same<00:04:34.880> basic<00:04:35.360> wave<00:04:35.759> physics<00:04:36.160> can<00:04:36.400> produce<00:04:36.800> much 04:37.110 --> 04:37.120 align:start position:0% same basic wave physics can produce much 04:37.120 --> 04:40.070 align:start position:0% same basic wave physics can produce much larger<00:04:37.600> movements<00:04:38.320> underwater.<00:04:39.600> Leslie 04:40.070 --> 04:40.080 align:start position:0% larger movements underwater. Leslie 04:40.080 --> 04:42.230 align:start position:0% larger movements underwater. Leslie Bear,<00:04:40.560> a<00:04:40.800> marine<00:04:41.199> scientist<00:04:41.600> from<00:04:41.759> the<00:04:41.919> Woods 04:42.230 --> 04:42.240 align:start position:0% Bear, a marine scientist from the Woods 04:42.240 --> 04:44.870 align:start position:0% Bear, a marine scientist from the Woods Hole<00:04:42.479> Oceanographic<00:04:43.280> Institution,<00:04:44.400> was<00:04:44.639> part 04:44.870 --> 04:44.880 align:start position:0% Hole Oceanographic Institution, was part 04:44.880 --> 04:47.110 align:start position:0% Hole Oceanographic Institution, was part of<00:04:44.960> an<00:04:45.199> expedition<00:04:45.759> hunting<00:04:46.240> for<00:04:46.560> internal 04:47.110 --> 04:47.120 align:start position:0% of an expedition hunting for internal 04:47.120 --> 04:50.310 align:start position:0% of an expedition hunting for internal waves<00:04:47.440> in<00:04:47.759> 2014<00:04:48.960> when<00:04:49.280> she<00:04:49.520> spotted<00:04:49.919> something 04:50.310 --> 04:50.320 align:start position:0% waves in 2014 when she spotted something 04:50.320 --> 04:53.749 align:start position:0% waves in 2014 when she spotted something unusual<00:04:50.960> on<00:04:51.199> the<00:04:51.440> echo<00:04:51.919> sound.<00:04:52.880> A<00:04:53.120> mysterious 04:53.749 --> 04:53.759 align:start position:0% unusual on the echo sound. A mysterious 04:53.759 --> 04:56.469 align:start position:0% unusual on the echo sound. A mysterious and<00:04:54.160> diffuse<00:04:54.880> turquoise<00:04:55.759> layer<00:04:56.000> from<00:04:56.240> the 04:56.469 --> 04:56.479 align:start position:0% and diffuse turquoise layer from the 04:56.479 --> 05:00.310 align:start position:0% and diffuse turquoise layer from the surface<00:04:57.440> down<00:04:57.759> to<00:04:57.919> about<00:04:58.320> 4<00:04:58.800> 1/2<00:04:59.040> m,<00:04:59.919> given<00:05:00.160> the 05:00.310 --> 05:00.320 align:start position:0% surface down to about 4 1/2 m, given the 05:00.320 --> 05:02.950 align:start position:0% surface down to about 4 1/2 m, given the appearance<00:05:00.639> of<00:05:00.800> a<00:05:01.040> bottle<00:05:01.280> of<00:05:01.520> unmixed<00:05:02.400> salad 05:02.950 --> 05:02.960 align:start position:0% appearance of a bottle of unmixed salad 05:02.960 --> 05:05.270 align:start position:0% appearance of a bottle of unmixed salad dressing.<00:05:03.840> She<00:05:04.160> described<00:05:04.479> it<00:05:04.639> as<00:05:04.800> sort<00:05:04.960> of<00:05:05.040> a 05:05.270 --> 05:05.280 align:start position:0% dressing. She described it as sort of a 05:05.280 --> 05:08.230 align:start position:0% dressing. She described it as sort of a turquoise<00:05:06.080> oil<00:05:06.560> sitting<00:05:06.960> at<00:05:07.120> top<00:05:07.520> sapphire 05:08.230 --> 05:08.240 align:start position:0% turquoise oil sitting at top sapphire 05:08.240 --> 05:11.670 align:start position:0% turquoise oil sitting at top sapphire vinegar.<00:05:09.440> The<00:05:09.680> turquoise<00:05:10.320> was<00:05:10.720> warmer,<00:05:11.360> less 05:11.670 --> 05:11.680 align:start position:0% vinegar. The turquoise was warmer, less 05:11.680 --> 05:14.469 align:start position:0% vinegar. The turquoise was warmer, less dense<00:05:12.080> water<00:05:12.560> sitting<00:05:12.960> at<00:05:13.039> top<00:05:13.280> a<00:05:13.600> sapphire 05:14.469 --> 05:14.479 align:start position:0% dense water sitting at top a sapphire 05:14.479 --> 05:17.350 align:start position:0% dense water sitting at top a sapphire layer<00:05:14.639> of<00:05:14.960> cooler,<00:05:15.520> heavier<00:05:16.000> water.<00:05:16.880> And<00:05:17.039> it's 05:17.350 --> 05:17.360 align:start position:0% layer of cooler, heavier water. And it's 05:17.360 --> 05:19.830 align:start position:0% layer of cooler, heavier water. And it's where<00:05:17.600> these<00:05:18.160> layers<00:05:18.479> meet,<00:05:19.199> known<00:05:19.360> as<00:05:19.520> the 05:19.830 --> 05:19.840 align:start position:0% where these layers meet, known as the 05:19.840 --> 05:23.510 align:start position:0% where these layers meet, known as the interface,<00:05:20.720> that<00:05:20.960> these<00:05:21.280> quirky<00:05:21.840> waves<00:05:22.320> form. 05:23.510 --> 05:23.520 align:start position:0% interface, that these quirky waves form. 05:23.520 --> 05:25.270 align:start position:0% interface, that these quirky waves form. Broadly,<00:05:24.080> scientists<00:05:24.479> divide<00:05:24.800> the<00:05:24.960> ocean 05:25.270 --> 05:25.280 align:start position:0% Broadly, scientists divide the ocean 05:25.280 --> 05:27.510 align:start position:0% Broadly, scientists divide the ocean into<00:05:25.600> three<00:05:25.919> vertical<00:05:26.560> layers.<00:05:26.800> The<00:05:27.039> first<00:05:27.280> is 05:27.510 --> 05:27.520 align:start position:0% into three vertical layers. The first is 05:27.520 --> 05:30.390 align:start position:0% into three vertical layers. The first is the<00:05:27.680> upper<00:05:28.080> mixed<00:05:28.800> layer<00:05:28.960> or<00:05:29.120> the<00:05:29.280> UML,<00:05:30.160> which 05:30.390 --> 05:30.400 align:start position:0% the upper mixed layer or the UML, which 05:30.400 --> 05:33.029 align:start position:0% the upper mixed layer or the UML, which tends<00:05:30.720> to<00:05:30.800> be<00:05:31.039> 20<00:05:31.280> to<00:05:31.600> 40<00:05:31.840> m<00:05:32.240> thick<00:05:32.560> and<00:05:32.800> is 05:33.029 --> 05:33.039 align:start position:0% tends to be 20 to 40 m thick and is 05:33.039 --> 05:35.990 align:start position:0% tends to be 20 to 40 m thick and is strongly<00:05:33.520> mixed<00:05:33.919> by<00:05:34.320> wind<00:05:34.720> shear,<00:05:35.360> where<00:05:35.680> wind 05:35.990 --> 05:36.000 align:start position:0% strongly mixed by wind shear, where wind 05:36.000 --> 05:38.070 align:start position:0% strongly mixed by wind shear, where wind moves<00:05:36.320> the<00:05:36.560> ocean's<00:05:36.960> top<00:05:37.360> layer<00:05:37.520> of<00:05:37.680> water 05:38.070 --> 05:38.080 align:start position:0% moves the ocean's top layer of water 05:38.080 --> 05:40.230 align:start position:0% moves the ocean's top layer of water faster<00:05:38.560> or<00:05:38.880> in<00:05:39.039> a<00:05:39.199> different<00:05:39.440> direction<00:05:40.000> than 05:40.230 --> 05:40.240 align:start position:0% faster or in a different direction than 05:40.240 --> 05:42.550 align:start position:0% faster or in a different direction than the<00:05:40.479> deeper<00:05:40.960> water<00:05:41.360> beneath<00:05:41.759> it,<00:05:42.080> therefore 05:42.550 --> 05:42.560 align:start position:0% the deeper water beneath it, therefore 05:42.560 --> 05:45.510 align:start position:0% the deeper water beneath it, therefore mixing<00:05:43.039> it<00:05:43.199> all<00:05:43.440> up.<00:05:44.320> Waves<00:05:44.800> breaking<00:05:45.120> at<00:05:45.360> the 05:45.510 --> 05:45.520 align:start position:0% mixing it all up. Waves breaking at the 05:45.520 --> 05:48.550 align:start position:0% mixing it all up. Waves breaking at the surface<00:05:46.160> also<00:05:46.479> play<00:05:46.720> a<00:05:46.960> part<00:05:47.280> here,<00:05:47.680> too.<00:05:48.400> The 05:48.550 --> 05:48.560 align:start position:0% surface also play a part here, too. The 05:48.560 --> 05:51.029 align:start position:0% surface also play a part here, too. The UML<00:05:49.120> is<00:05:49.360> usually<00:05:49.680> the<00:05:49.919> warmest<00:05:50.400> part<00:05:50.639> of<00:05:50.800> the 05:51.029 --> 05:51.039 align:start position:0% UML is usually the warmest part of the 05:51.039 --> 05:53.029 align:start position:0% UML is usually the warmest part of the ocean<00:05:51.600> because<00:05:52.000> basically<00:05:52.320> it's<00:05:52.560> at<00:05:52.720> the<00:05:52.880> top 05:53.029 --> 05:53.039 align:start position:0% ocean because basically it's at the top 05:53.039 --> 05:55.749 align:start position:0% ocean because basically it's at the top where<00:05:53.360> sunlight<00:05:53.840> can<00:05:54.080> hit<00:05:54.320> it.<00:05:54.960> At<00:05:55.199> the<00:05:55.440> sea 05:55.749 --> 05:55.759 align:start position:0% where sunlight can hit it. At the sea 05:55.759 --> 05:59.189 align:start position:0% where sunlight can hit it. At the sea floor,<00:05:56.400> the<00:05:56.720> bottom<00:05:57.199> boundary<00:05:57.840> layer<00:05:58.000> or<00:05:58.320> BBL 05:59.189 --> 05:59.199 align:start position:0% floor, the bottom boundary layer or BBL 05:59.199 --> 06:02.710 align:start position:0% floor, the bottom boundary layer or BBL is<00:05:59.440> around<00:05:59.840> 10<00:06:00.320> m<00:06:00.800> thick.<00:06:02.000> Now<00:06:02.240> this<00:06:02.560> layer 06:02.710 --> 06:02.720 align:start position:0% is around 10 m thick. Now this layer 06:02.720 --> 06:05.830 align:start position:0% is around 10 m thick. Now this layer gets<00:06:02.880> mixed<00:06:03.280> up<00:06:03.440> by<00:06:03.840> flow<00:06:04.319> shear.<00:06:05.199> Changes<00:06:05.600> in 06:05.830 --> 06:05.840 align:start position:0% gets mixed up by flow shear. Changes in 06:05.840 --> 06:08.070 align:start position:0% gets mixed up by flow shear. Changes in the<00:06:06.000> speed<00:06:06.319> of<00:06:06.639> water<00:06:06.960> as<00:06:07.120> it<00:06:07.360> gets<00:06:07.600> dragged 06:08.070 --> 06:08.080 align:start position:0% the speed of water as it gets dragged 06:08.080 --> 06:11.909 align:start position:0% the speed of water as it gets dragged over<00:06:08.400> the<00:06:08.639> seabed.<00:06:09.840> between<00:06:10.160> the<00:06:10.400> UML<00:06:10.960> and<00:06:11.199> BBL 06:11.909 --> 06:11.919 align:start position:0% over the seabed. between the UML and BBL 06:11.919 --> 06:14.550 align:start position:0% over the seabed. between the UML and BBL is<00:06:12.400> well<00:06:12.880> all<00:06:13.120> the<00:06:13.280> rest<00:06:13.520> of<00:06:13.759> the<00:06:13.919> water<00:06:14.240> in<00:06:14.400> the 06:14.550 --> 06:14.560 align:start position:0% is well all the rest of the water in the 06:14.560 --> 06:17.110 align:start position:0% is well all the rest of the water in the ocean<00:06:15.199> which<00:06:15.440> is<00:06:15.600> relatively<00:06:16.319> calm<00:06:16.720> in 06:17.110 --> 06:17.120 align:start position:0% ocean which is relatively calm in 06:17.120 --> 06:19.110 align:start position:0% ocean which is relatively calm in comparison<00:06:17.919> but<00:06:18.240> does<00:06:18.400> have<00:06:18.560> a<00:06:18.720> temperature 06:19.110 --> 06:19.120 align:start position:0% comparison but does have a temperature 06:19.120 --> 06:21.590 align:start position:0% comparison but does have a temperature gradient<00:06:19.520> called<00:06:19.759> a<00:06:20.080> thermocline<00:06:21.120> where<00:06:21.440> the 06:21.590 --> 06:21.600 align:start position:0% gradient called a thermocline where the 06:21.600 --> 06:24.150 align:start position:0% gradient called a thermocline where the water<00:06:22.000> goes<00:06:22.240> from<00:06:22.720> colder<00:06:23.120> at<00:06:23.360> the<00:06:23.520> bottom<00:06:23.840> to 06:24.150 --> 06:24.160 align:start position:0% water goes from colder at the bottom to 06:24.160 --> 06:26.870 align:start position:0% water goes from colder at the bottom to warmer<00:06:24.560> at<00:06:24.800> the<00:06:25.039> top.<00:06:25.840> That<00:06:26.160> thermocline 06:26.870 --> 06:26.880 align:start position:0% warmer at the top. That thermocline 06:26.880 --> 06:29.110 align:start position:0% warmer at the top. That thermocline creates<00:06:27.280> a<00:06:27.600> massive<00:06:28.080> density<00:06:28.720> difference 06:29.110 --> 06:29.120 align:start position:0% creates a massive density difference 06:29.120 --> 06:31.350 align:start position:0% creates a massive density difference between<00:06:29.440> the<00:06:29.680> top<00:06:29.919> and<00:06:30.160> the<00:06:30.400> bottom<00:06:30.720> of<00:06:30.960> the 06:31.350 --> 06:31.360 align:start position:0% between the top and the bottom of the 06:31.360 --> 06:34.150 align:start position:0% between the top and the bottom of the layer<00:06:31.840> which<00:06:32.240> completely<00:06:32.880> separates<00:06:33.360> the<00:06:33.520> UML 06:34.150 --> 06:34.160 align:start position:0% layer which completely separates the UML 06:34.160 --> 06:37.350 align:start position:0% layer which completely separates the UML and<00:06:34.400> the<00:06:34.639> BBL.<00:06:35.520> Energy,<00:06:36.000> momentum,<00:06:36.560> mass<00:06:37.039> all 06:37.350 --> 06:37.360 align:start position:0% and the BBL. Energy, momentum, mass all 06:37.360 --> 06:39.670 align:start position:0% and the BBL. Energy, momentum, mass all stay<00:06:37.600> in<00:06:37.840> their<00:06:38.080> own<00:06:38.560> layers. 06:39.670 --> 06:39.680 align:start position:0% stay in their own layers. 06:39.680 --> 06:41.749 align:start position:0% stay in their own layers. Because<00:06:40.000> of<00:06:40.160> their<00:06:40.400> density<00:06:41.039> differences, 06:41.749 --> 06:41.759 align:start position:0% Because of their density differences, 06:41.759 --> 06:43.830 align:start position:0% Because of their density differences, these<00:06:42.240> layers<00:06:42.479> of<00:06:42.639> the<00:06:42.800> ocean<00:06:43.199> behave<00:06:43.600> like 06:43.830 --> 06:43.840 align:start position:0% these layers of the ocean behave like 06:43.840 --> 06:46.390 align:start position:0% these layers of the ocean behave like different<00:06:44.240> fluids<00:06:44.960> entirely.<00:06:45.840> So<00:06:46.080> when 06:46.390 --> 06:46.400 align:start position:0% different fluids entirely. So when 06:46.400 --> 06:49.110 align:start position:0% different fluids entirely. So when tides,<00:06:47.199> currents,<00:06:47.759> and<00:06:48.000> other<00:06:48.400> large<00:06:48.800> scale 06:49.110 --> 06:49.120 align:start position:0% tides, currents, and other large scale 06:49.120 --> 06:52.150 align:start position:0% tides, currents, and other large scale effects<00:06:49.520> of<00:06:49.840> Earth's<00:06:50.240> rotation<00:06:50.800> and<00:06:51.199> gravity 06:52.150 --> 06:52.160 align:start position:0% effects of Earth's rotation and gravity 06:52.160 --> 06:54.950 align:start position:0% effects of Earth's rotation and gravity drag<00:06:52.720> water<00:06:53.120> masses<00:06:53.520> over<00:06:53.919> some<00:06:54.319> seafloor 06:54.950 --> 06:54.960 align:start position:0% drag water masses over some seafloor 06:54.960 --> 06:58.070 align:start position:0% drag water masses over some seafloor formations,<00:06:56.080> they<00:06:56.400> can<00:06:56.639> create<00:06:57.120> wave<00:06:57.520> actions 06:58.070 --> 06:58.080 align:start position:0% formations, they can create wave actions 06:58.080 --> 07:00.710 align:start position:0% formations, they can create wave actions within<00:06:58.479> the<00:06:58.800> sea.<00:06:59.759> Kind<00:06:59.919> of<00:07:00.080> similar<00:07:00.400> to<00:07:00.560> what 07:00.710 --> 07:00.720 align:start position:0% within the sea. Kind of similar to what 07:00.720 --> 07:02.629 align:start position:0% within the sea. Kind of similar to what happens<00:07:01.039> above<00:07:01.440> in<00:07:01.680> the<00:07:01.840> atmosphere<00:07:02.319> with 07:02.629 --> 07:02.639 align:start position:0% happens above in the atmosphere with 07:02.639 --> 07:05.189 align:start position:0% happens above in the atmosphere with weather<00:07:02.960> systems.<00:07:03.840> But<00:07:04.000> internal<00:07:04.560> waves<00:07:04.880> do 07:05.189 --> 07:05.199 align:start position:0% weather systems. But internal waves do 07:05.199 --> 07:07.990 align:start position:0% weather systems. But internal waves do something<00:07:05.520> else,<00:07:06.000> too.<00:07:06.720> something<00:07:07.039> very 07:07.990 --> 07:08.000 align:start position:0% something else, too. something very 07:08.000 --> 07:09.990 align:start position:0% something else, too. something very sneaky. 07:09.990 --> 07:10.000 align:start position:0% sneaky. 07:10.000 --> 07:11.909 align:start position:0% sneaky. Remember<00:07:10.319> Nansson,<00:07:10.880> our<00:07:11.120> 19th<00:07:11.599> century 07:11.909 --> 07:11.919 align:start position:0% Remember Nansson, our 19th century 07:11.919 --> 07:14.070 align:start position:0% Remember Nansson, our 19th century Norwegian<00:07:12.479> explorer<00:07:12.960> from<00:07:13.199> earlier?<00:07:13.840> Well, 07:14.070 --> 07:14.080 align:start position:0% Norwegian explorer from earlier? Well, 07:14.080 --> 07:17.189 align:start position:0% Norwegian explorer from earlier? Well, the<00:07:14.319> dead<00:07:14.880> water<00:07:15.280> he<00:07:15.599> described<00:07:16.080> was<00:07:16.560> exactly 07:17.189 --> 07:17.199 align:start position:0% the dead water he described was exactly 07:17.199 --> 07:20.309 align:start position:0% the dead water he described was exactly this.<00:07:18.000> The<00:07:18.319> water<00:07:18.639> below<00:07:18.960> him<00:07:19.280> was<00:07:19.520> less<00:07:19.840> salty 07:20.309 --> 07:20.319 align:start position:0% this. The water below him was less salty 07:20.319 --> 07:23.029 align:start position:0% this. The water below him was less salty because<00:07:20.639> sea<00:07:20.880> ice<00:07:21.199> was<00:07:21.440> melting<00:07:21.919> into<00:07:22.240> it.<00:07:22.880> So, 07:23.029 --> 07:23.039 align:start position:0% because sea ice was melting into it. So, 07:23.039 --> 07:24.790 align:start position:0% because sea ice was melting into it. So, it<00:07:23.199> was<00:07:23.360> sort<00:07:23.520> of<00:07:23.680> fighting<00:07:24.080> against<00:07:24.479> the 07:24.790 --> 07:24.800 align:start position:0% it was sort of fighting against the 07:24.800 --> 07:27.589 align:start position:0% it was sort of fighting against the saltier,<00:07:25.440> denser<00:07:25.919> water<00:07:26.319> below.<00:07:27.199> But<00:07:27.280> that 07:27.589 --> 07:27.599 align:start position:0% saltier, denser water below. But that 07:27.599 --> 07:30.870 align:start position:0% saltier, denser water below. But that internal<00:07:28.080> wave<00:07:28.560> also<00:07:29.199> stole<00:07:29.680> the<00:07:30.000> energy<00:07:30.479> from 07:30.870 --> 07:30.880 align:start position:0% internal wave also stole the energy from 07:30.880 --> 07:33.270 align:start position:0% internal wave also stole the energy from his<00:07:31.199> ship.<00:07:31.840> I<00:07:32.000> told<00:07:32.160> you<00:07:32.319> it's<00:07:32.479> sneaky<00:07:32.960> or 07:33.270 --> 07:33.280 align:start position:0% his ship. I told you it's sneaky or 07:33.280 --> 07:35.830 align:start position:0% his ship. I told you it's sneaky or maybe<00:07:33.759> physicsy<00:07:34.560> because<00:07:34.880> part<00:07:35.120> of<00:07:35.360> internal 07:35.830 --> 07:35.840 align:start position:0% maybe physicsy because part of internal 07:35.840 --> 07:38.309 align:start position:0% maybe physicsy because part of internal wave<00:07:36.160> formation<00:07:37.199> happens<00:07:37.599> when<00:07:37.919> energy 07:38.309 --> 07:38.319 align:start position:0% wave formation happens when energy 07:38.319 --> 07:40.390 align:start position:0% wave formation happens when energy disturbs<00:07:38.800> the<00:07:39.039> boundary<00:07:39.440> between<00:07:40.000> layers<00:07:40.160> of 07:40.390 --> 07:40.400 align:start position:0% disturbs the boundary between layers of 07:40.400 --> 07:43.110 align:start position:0% disturbs the boundary between layers of water<00:07:40.800> with<00:07:41.039> different<00:07:41.360> densities.<00:07:42.639> Those 07:43.110 --> 07:43.120 align:start position:0% water with different densities. Those 07:43.120 --> 07:45.350 align:start position:0% water with different densities. Those layers<00:07:43.280> may<00:07:43.520> remain<00:07:43.840> largely<00:07:44.479> separate,<00:07:45.120> but 07:45.350 --> 07:45.360 align:start position:0% layers may remain largely separate, but 07:45.360 --> 07:47.350 align:start position:0% layers may remain largely separate, but the<00:07:45.599> boundary<00:07:46.080> between<00:07:46.479> them<00:07:46.720> can<00:07:46.960> be<00:07:47.039> pushed 07:47.350 --> 07:47.360 align:start position:0% the boundary between them can be pushed 07:47.360 --> 07:50.790 align:start position:0% the boundary between them can be pushed up<00:07:47.599> or<00:07:48.000> down<00:07:48.240> and<00:07:48.560> begins<00:07:49.039> to<00:07:49.360> oscillate.<00:07:50.560> In 07:50.790 --> 07:50.800 align:start position:0% up or down and begins to oscillate. In 07:50.800 --> 07:52.870 align:start position:0% up or down and begins to oscillate. In that<00:07:51.039> sense,<00:07:51.440> an<00:07:51.680> internal<00:07:52.080> wave<00:07:52.319> is<00:07:52.479> not<00:07:52.720> so 07:52.870 --> 07:52.880 align:start position:0% that sense, an internal wave is not so 07:52.880 --> 07:54.469 align:start position:0% that sense, an internal wave is not so different<00:07:53.039> from<00:07:53.199> an<00:07:53.440> ordinary<00:07:53.759> wave<00:07:54.080> at<00:07:54.240> the 07:54.469 --> 07:54.479 align:start position:0% different from an ordinary wave at the 07:54.479 --> 07:57.270 align:start position:0% different from an ordinary wave at the sea<00:07:54.800> surface.<00:07:55.680> Surface<00:07:56.319> waves<00:07:56.720> travel<00:07:56.960> along 07:57.270 --> 07:57.280 align:start position:0% sea surface. Surface waves travel along 07:57.280 --> 07:59.350 align:start position:0% sea surface. Surface waves travel along the<00:07:57.440> boundary<00:07:57.759> between<00:07:58.080> dense<00:07:58.479> seawater<00:07:59.039> and 07:59.350 --> 07:59.360 align:start position:0% the boundary between dense seawater and 07:59.360 --> 08:02.150 align:start position:0% the boundary between dense seawater and much<00:07:59.680> lighter<00:08:00.160> air,<00:08:00.720> while<00:08:01.039> internal<00:08:01.520> waves 08:02.150 --> 08:02.160 align:start position:0% much lighter air, while internal waves 08:02.160 --> 08:03.909 align:start position:0% much lighter air, while internal waves travel<00:08:02.400> along<00:08:02.639> a<00:08:02.879> boundary<00:08:03.199> hidden<00:08:03.599> within 08:03.909 --> 08:03.919 align:start position:0% travel along a boundary hidden within 08:03.919 --> 08:07.270 align:start position:0% travel along a boundary hidden within the<00:08:04.080> ocean<00:08:04.560> itself.<00:08:06.000> At<00:08:06.240> the<00:08:06.400> surface,<00:08:06.960> wind 08:07.270 --> 08:07.280 align:start position:0% the ocean itself. At the surface, wind 08:07.280 --> 08:09.189 align:start position:0% the ocean itself. At the surface, wind is<00:08:07.520> often<00:08:07.840> what<00:08:08.160> creates<00:08:08.560> the<00:08:08.720> initial 08:09.189 --> 08:09.199 align:start position:0% is often what creates the initial 08:09.199 --> 08:11.749 align:start position:0% is often what creates the initial disturbance,<00:08:10.080> pushing<00:08:10.560> water<00:08:10.879> upward<00:08:11.360> before 08:11.749 --> 08:11.759 align:start position:0% disturbance, pushing water upward before 08:11.759 --> 08:14.309 align:start position:0% disturbance, pushing water upward before gravity<00:08:12.240> pulls<00:08:12.639> it<00:08:12.800> back<00:08:13.039> down<00:08:13.360> again.<00:08:14.080> But 08:14.309 --> 08:14.319 align:start position:0% gravity pulls it back down again. But 08:14.319 --> 08:16.469 align:start position:0% gravity pulls it back down again. But inside<00:08:14.720> the<00:08:14.960> ocean,<00:08:15.520> the<00:08:15.759> trigger<00:08:16.080> can<00:08:16.319> come 08:16.469 --> 08:16.479 align:start position:0% inside the ocean, the trigger can come 08:16.479 --> 08:19.270 align:start position:0% inside the ocean, the trigger can come from<00:08:16.800> many<00:08:17.199> other<00:08:17.520> places.<00:08:18.400> A<00:08:18.720> ship,<00:08:19.199> for 08:19.270 --> 08:19.280 align:start position:0% from many other places. A ship, for 08:19.280 --> 08:21.830 align:start position:0% from many other places. A ship, for example,<00:08:19.840> can<00:08:20.160> disturb<00:08:20.639> a<00:08:20.960> density<00:08:21.440> boundary 08:21.830 --> 08:21.840 align:start position:0% example, can disturb a density boundary 08:21.840 --> 08:24.790 align:start position:0% example, can disturb a density boundary as<00:08:22.160> it<00:08:22.319> moves<00:08:22.639> through<00:08:22.879> the<00:08:23.199> water.<00:08:23.919> Or<00:08:24.160> tides 08:24.790 --> 08:24.800 align:start position:0% as it moves through the water. Or tides 08:24.800 --> 08:27.830 align:start position:0% as it moves through the water. Or tides can<00:08:25.039> force<00:08:25.520> whole<00:08:25.919> layers<00:08:26.319> back<00:08:26.639> and<00:08:27.039> forth. 08:27.830 --> 08:27.840 align:start position:0% can force whole layers back and forth. 08:27.840 --> 08:29.670 align:start position:0% can force whole layers back and forth. So<00:08:28.080> when<00:08:28.240> those<00:08:28.639> layers<00:08:28.879> encounter<00:08:29.440> an 08:29.670 --> 08:29.680 align:start position:0% So when those layers encounter an 08:29.680 --> 08:32.230 align:start position:0% So when those layers encounter an underwater<00:08:30.240> ridge<00:08:30.560> or<00:08:30.800> a<00:08:31.039> mountain,<00:08:31.840> they<00:08:32.080> can 08:32.230 --> 08:32.240 align:start position:0% underwater ridge or a mountain, they can 08:32.240 --> 08:34.389 align:start position:0% underwater ridge or a mountain, they can be<00:08:32.399> pushed<00:08:32.719> up<00:08:33.039> or<00:08:33.360> down<00:08:33.839> over<00:08:34.159> the 08:34.389 --> 08:34.399 align:start position:0% be pushed up or down over the 08:34.399 --> 08:36.310 align:start position:0% be pushed up or down over the topography.<00:08:35.360> It's<00:08:35.519> a<00:08:35.680> bit<00:08:35.760> like<00:08:35.919> being<00:08:36.080> on<00:08:36.159> a 08:36.310 --> 08:36.320 align:start position:0% topography. It's a bit like being on a 08:36.320 --> 08:38.070 align:start position:0% topography. It's a bit like being on a roller<00:08:36.560> coaster.<00:08:36.880> The<00:08:37.120> car<00:08:37.440> you're<00:08:37.680> in 08:38.070 --> 08:38.080 align:start position:0% roller coaster. The car you're in 08:38.080 --> 08:40.709 align:start position:0% roller coaster. The car you're in follows<00:08:38.479> the<00:08:38.640> dips<00:08:38.959> as<00:08:39.200> it<00:08:39.360> goes<00:08:39.599> up<00:08:40.000> and<00:08:40.320> down. 08:40.709 --> 08:40.719 align:start position:0% follows the dips as it goes up and down. 08:40.719 --> 08:41.990 align:start position:0% follows the dips as it goes up and down. Although<00:08:40.959> I'll<00:08:41.120> leave<00:08:41.279> the<00:08:41.440> roller<00:08:41.680> coasters 08:41.990 --> 08:42.000 align:start position:0% Although I'll leave the roller coasters 08:42.000 --> 08:44.149 align:start position:0% Although I'll leave the roller coasters to<00:08:42.240> you.<00:08:42.560> I<00:08:42.800> absolutely<00:08:43.440> hate<00:08:43.680> them,<00:08:43.919> to<00:08:44.080> be 08:44.149 --> 08:44.159 align:start position:0% to you. I absolutely hate them, to be 08:44.159 --> 08:46.470 align:start position:0% to you. I absolutely hate them, to be honest.<00:08:44.640> Anyway,<00:08:45.040> as<00:08:45.279> Nansson<00:08:45.839> tried<00:08:46.080> to<00:08:46.240> move 08:46.470 --> 08:46.480 align:start position:0% honest. Anyway, as Nansson tried to move 08:46.480 --> 08:49.430 align:start position:0% honest. Anyway, as Nansson tried to move his<00:08:46.880> boat,<00:08:47.360> ironically,<00:08:48.399> some<00:08:48.720> of<00:08:48.880> the<00:08:49.120> energy 08:49.430 --> 08:49.440 align:start position:0% his boat, ironically, some of the energy 08:49.440 --> 08:51.990 align:start position:0% his boat, ironically, some of the energy from<00:08:49.600> the<00:08:49.839> ship's<00:08:50.240> propulsion<00:08:50.880> system<00:08:51.680> was 08:51.990 --> 08:52.000 align:start position:0% from the ship's propulsion system was 08:52.000 --> 08:55.269 align:start position:0% from the ship's propulsion system was actually<00:08:52.399> siphoned<00:08:52.959> off<00:08:53.440> into<00:08:54.640> internal 08:55.269 --> 08:55.279 align:start position:0% actually siphoned off into internal 08:55.279 --> 08:57.750 align:start position:0% actually siphoned off into internal waves<00:08:56.160> rather<00:08:56.480> than<00:08:56.720> being<00:08:56.959> used<00:08:57.200> to<00:08:57.360> move<00:08:57.600> the 08:57.750 --> 08:57.760 align:start position:0% waves rather than being used to move the 08:57.760 --> 08:59.990 align:start position:0% waves rather than being used to move the boat<00:08:58.000> forward<00:08:58.480> efficiently.<00:08:59.519> Although,<00:08:59.760> I<00:08:59.920> do 08:59.990 --> 09:00.000 align:start position:0% boat forward efficiently. Although, I do 09:00.000 --> 09:02.310 align:start position:0% boat forward efficiently. Although, I do hope<00:09:00.160> he<00:09:00.399> eventually<00:09:00.800> managed<00:09:01.040> to<00:09:01.200> get<00:09:01.440> free. 09:02.310 --> 09:02.320 align:start position:0% hope he eventually managed to get free. 09:02.320 --> 09:04.470 align:start position:0% hope he eventually managed to get free. But<00:09:02.560> one<00:09:02.800> question<00:09:03.200> still<00:09:03.519> remains.<00:09:04.160> Where 09:04.470 --> 09:04.480 align:start position:0% But one question still remains. Where 09:04.480 --> 09:08.310 align:start position:0% But one question still remains. Where does<00:09:05.120> all<00:09:05.360> that<00:09:05.600> energy<00:09:06.080> actually<00:09:06.560> go?<00:09:07.920> Waves 09:08.310 --> 09:08.320 align:start position:0% does all that energy actually go? Waves 09:08.320 --> 09:10.310 align:start position:0% does all that energy actually go? Waves on<00:09:08.480> the<00:09:08.640> surface<00:09:09.040> eventually<00:09:09.680> break,<00:09:10.080> whether 09:10.310 --> 09:10.320 align:start position:0% on the surface eventually break, whether 09:10.320 --> 09:13.269 align:start position:0% on the surface eventually break, whether that's<00:09:10.720> on<00:09:10.959> land<00:09:11.200> or<00:09:11.519> out<00:09:11.760> to<00:09:12.080> sea.<00:09:12.800> But<00:09:13.120> does 09:13.269 --> 09:13.279 align:start position:0% that's on land or out to sea. But does 09:13.279 --> 09:15.110 align:start position:0% that's on land or out to sea. But does an<00:09:13.440> internal<00:09:14.000> wave<00:09:14.240> just<00:09:14.480> keep<00:09:14.720> going<00:09:14.880> and 09:15.110 --> 09:15.120 align:start position:0% an internal wave just keep going and 09:15.120 --> 09:17.269 align:start position:0% an internal wave just keep going and going<00:09:15.360> and<00:09:15.600> going<00:09:15.760> and<00:09:16.000> going?<00:09:16.720> Well,<00:09:17.040> the 09:17.269 --> 09:17.279 align:start position:0% going and going and going? Well, the 09:17.279 --> 09:21.430 align:start position:0% going and going and going? Well, the truth<00:09:17.440> is<00:09:17.680> until<00:09:18.160> 2015,<00:09:19.040> we<00:09:19.279> had<00:09:19.519> no<00:09:19.839> idea.<00:09:21.200> For 09:21.430 --> 09:21.440 align:start position:0% truth is until 2015, we had no idea. For 09:21.440 --> 09:24.070 align:start position:0% truth is until 2015, we had no idea. For nearly<00:09:21.839> 7<00:09:22.160> years,<00:09:22.640> a<00:09:22.880> team<00:09:23.040> from<00:09:23.279> the<00:09:23.600> Scripps 09:24.070 --> 09:24.080 align:start position:0% nearly 7 years, a team from the Scripps 09:24.080 --> 09:26.630 align:start position:0% nearly 7 years, a team from the Scripps Institution<00:09:24.720> of<00:09:25.040> Oceanography<00:09:25.839> was<00:09:26.160> tracking 09:26.630 --> 09:26.640 align:start position:0% Institution of Oceanography was tracking 09:26.640 --> 09:28.790 align:start position:0% Institution of Oceanography was tracking internal<00:09:27.200> waves<00:09:27.519> to<00:09:27.839> answer<00:09:28.160> this<00:09:28.480> very 09:28.790 --> 09:28.800 align:start position:0% internal waves to answer this very 09:28.800 --> 09:31.829 align:start position:0% internal waves to answer this very question.<00:09:29.600> In<00:09:29.839> one<00:09:30.080> place<00:09:30.560> in<00:09:30.880> particular, 09:31.829 --> 09:31.839 align:start position:0% question. In one place in particular, 09:31.839 --> 09:35.430 align:start position:0% question. In one place in particular, the<00:09:32.160> South<00:09:32.640> China<00:09:33.120> Sea<00:09:34.399> in<00:09:34.640> the<00:09:34.800> northern<00:09:35.200> part 09:35.430 --> 09:35.440 align:start position:0% the South China Sea in the northern part 09:35.440 --> 09:38.070 align:start position:0% the South China Sea in the northern part near<00:09:35.600> the<00:09:35.839> Luzon<00:09:36.560> Strait,<00:09:37.279> the<00:09:37.600> perfect 09:38.070 --> 09:38.080 align:start position:0% near the Luzon Strait, the perfect 09:38.080 --> 09:40.550 align:start position:0% near the Luzon Strait, the perfect ingredients<00:09:38.720> exist<00:09:39.040> to<00:09:39.360> make<00:09:39.519> this<00:09:39.920> area<00:09:40.240> a 09:40.550 --> 09:40.560 align:start position:0% ingredients exist to make this area a 09:40.560 --> 09:42.470 align:start position:0% ingredients exist to make this area a breeding<00:09:40.959> ground<00:09:41.200> for<00:09:41.600> huge<00:09:42.000> internal 09:42.470 --> 09:42.480 align:start position:0% breeding ground for huge internal 09:42.480 --> 09:44.230 align:start position:0% breeding ground for huge internal weight.<00:09:42.959> There's<00:09:43.120> a<00:09:43.360> gradually<00:09:43.760> shallowing 09:44.230 --> 09:44.240 align:start position:0% weight. There's a gradually shallowing 09:44.240 --> 09:46.150 align:start position:0% weight. There's a gradually shallowing topography<00:09:44.720> from<00:09:44.959> southwest<00:09:45.440> to<00:09:45.680> northwest, 09:46.150 --> 09:46.160 align:start position:0% topography from southwest to northwest, 09:46.160 --> 09:47.910 align:start position:0% topography from southwest to northwest, and<00:09:46.320> the<00:09:46.480> narrow<00:09:46.880> waterways<00:09:47.360> in<00:09:47.600> eastern 09:47.910 --> 09:47.920 align:start position:0% and the narrow waterways in eastern 09:47.920 --> 09:50.310 align:start position:0% and the narrow waterways in eastern Philippines<00:09:48.399> make<00:09:48.640> this<00:09:49.040> perfect.<00:09:49.920> In<00:09:50.160> the 09:50.310 --> 09:50.320 align:start position:0% Philippines make this perfect. In the 09:50.320 --> 09:53.269 align:start position:0% Philippines make this perfect. In the May<00:09:50.560> issue<00:09:50.880> of<00:09:51.040> the<00:09:51.279> journal<00:09:51.680> Nature<00:09:52.160> in<00:09:52.480> 2015, 09:53.269 --> 09:53.279 align:start position:0% May issue of the journal Nature in 2015, 09:53.279 --> 09:56.070 align:start position:0% May issue of the journal Nature in 2015, they<00:09:53.519> portrayed<00:09:54.080> for<00:09:54.320> the<00:09:54.560> first<00:09:54.959> time<00:09:55.760> the 09:56.070 --> 09:56.080 align:start position:0% they portrayed for the first time the 09:56.080 --> 09:59.110 align:start position:0% they portrayed for the first time the entire<00:09:56.560> life<00:09:56.959> cycle<00:09:57.360> of<00:09:57.839> internal<00:09:58.399> ways<00:09:58.800> from 09:59.110 --> 09:59.120 align:start position:0% entire life cycle of internal ways from 09:59.120 --> 10:01.190 align:start position:0% entire life cycle of internal ways from cradle<00:09:59.519> to<00:09:59.760> grave.<00:10:00.480> And<00:10:00.640> they<00:10:00.880> found 10:01.190 --> 10:01.200 align:start position:0% cradle to grave. And they found 10:01.200 --> 10:04.150 align:start position:0% cradle to grave. And they found something<00:10:01.680> profound.<00:10:02.800> These<00:10:03.200> monsters,<00:10:03.920> as 10:04.150 --> 10:04.160 align:start position:0% something profound. These monsters, as 10:04.160 --> 10:08.550 align:start position:0% something profound. These monsters, as it<00:10:04.399> turns<00:10:04.720> out,<00:10:05.680> actually<00:10:06.160> help<00:10:06.880> us. 10:07.078 --> 10:10.748 align:start position:0% explaining how internal waves may actually<00:12:02.079> help<00:12:02.640> us. 10:10.748 --> 10:10.758 align:start position:0% actually help us. 10:10.758 --> 10:12.267 align:start position:0% actually help us. Let<00:12:05.600> me<00:12:05.760> explain<00:12:06.000> here.<00:12:06.320> So,<00:12:06.560> using<00:12:06.800> a 10:12.267 --> 10:12.277 align:start position:0% Let me explain here. So, using a 10:12.277 --> 10:14.028 align:start position:0% Let me explain here. So, using a combination<00:12:07.360> of<00:12:07.519> data<00:12:07.839> from<00:12:08.000> the<00:12:08.160> Luzzon 10:14.028 --> 10:14.038 align:start position:0% combination of data from the Luzzon 10:14.038 --> 10:15.947 align:start position:0% combination of data from the Luzzon straight<00:12:09.120> and<00:12:09.279> models<00:12:09.760> to<00:12:10.000> recreate<00:12:10.480> the 10:15.947 --> 10:15.957 align:start position:0% straight and models to recreate the 10:15.957 --> 10:18.348 align:start position:0% straight and models to recreate the lifespan<00:12:11.120> of<00:12:11.279> these<00:12:11.519> internal<00:12:12.000> waves.<00:12:12.720> They 10:18.348 --> 10:18.358 align:start position:0% lifespan of these internal waves. They 10:18.358 --> 10:20.108 align:start position:0% lifespan of these internal waves. They figured<00:12:13.279> out<00:12:13.440> that<00:12:13.600> a<00:12:13.839> large<00:12:14.079> fraction<00:12:14.480> of<00:12:14.639> the 10:20.108 --> 10:20.118 align:start position:0% figured out that a large fraction of the 10:20.118 --> 10:22.348 align:start position:0% figured out that a large fraction of the waves<00:12:15.279> energy<00:12:15.760> dissipates<00:12:16.320> when<00:12:16.560> the<00:12:16.720> wave 10:22.348 --> 10:22.358 align:start position:0% waves energy dissipates when the wave 10:22.358 --> 10:24.748 align:start position:0% waves energy dissipates when the wave gets<00:12:17.360> steep<00:12:18.000> and<00:12:18.320> breaks<00:12:18.720> on<00:12:18.959> the<00:12:19.120> deep 10:24.748 --> 10:24.758 align:start position:0% gets steep and breaks on the deep 10:24.758 --> 10:27.228 align:start position:0% gets steep and breaks on the deep continental<00:12:20.160> shelf<00:12:20.560> in<00:12:20.800> this<00:12:21.040> region.<00:12:21.600> In<00:12:21.760> the 10:27.228 --> 10:27.238 align:start position:0% continental shelf in this region. In the 10:27.238 --> 10:29.468 align:start position:0% continental shelf in this region. In the same<00:12:22.079> way<00:12:22.320> breakers<00:12:22.800> break<00:12:23.120> on<00:12:23.279> a<00:12:23.440> beach.<00:12:24.000> But 10:29.468 --> 10:29.478 align:start position:0% same way breakers break on a beach. But 10:29.478 --> 10:31.228 align:start position:0% same way breakers break on a beach. But here's<00:12:24.399> the<00:12:24.560> clever<00:12:24.800> part.<00:12:25.040> Because<00:12:25.360> part<00:12:25.680> of 10:31.228 --> 10:31.238 align:start position:0% here's the clever part. Because part of 10:31.238 --> 10:34.028 align:start position:0% here's the clever part. Because part of that<00:12:26.160> energy<00:12:26.639> actually<00:12:27.120> remains<00:12:27.760> with<00:12:28.160> waves 10:34.028 --> 10:34.038 align:start position:0% that energy actually remains with waves 10:34.038 --> 10:36.188 align:start position:0% that energy actually remains with waves reflecting<00:12:29.279> from<00:12:29.519> the<00:12:29.680> coast<00:12:30.079> and<00:12:30.399> bouncing 10:36.188 --> 10:36.198 align:start position:0% reflecting from the coast and bouncing 10:36.198 --> 10:39.228 align:start position:0% reflecting from the coast and bouncing back<00:12:31.360> into<00:12:31.760> the<00:12:32.000> ocean<00:12:32.880> in<00:12:33.200> different 10:39.228 --> 10:39.238 align:start position:0% back into the ocean in different 10:39.238 --> 10:40.508 align:start position:0% back into the ocean in different directions.<00:12:34.568> [music] 10:40.508 --> 10:40.518 align:start position:0% directions. [music] 10:40.518 --> 10:43.068 align:start position:0% directions. [music] This<00:12:35.440> process<00:12:35.839> happens<00:12:36.320> every<00:12:36.880> single<00:12:37.360> day 10:43.068 --> 10:43.078 align:start position:0% This process happens every single day 10:43.078 --> 10:45.228 align:start position:0% This process happens every single day and<00:12:38.079> has<00:12:38.320> huge<00:12:38.720> effects<00:12:39.040> on<00:12:39.279> what's<00:12:39.519> going<00:12:39.680> on 10:45.228 --> 10:45.238 align:start position:0% and has huge effects on what's going on 10:45.238 --> 10:48.188 align:start position:0% and has huge effects on what's going on below<00:12:40.320> the<00:12:40.560> surface.<00:12:41.760> As<00:12:42.079> that<00:12:42.320> energy 10:48.188 --> 10:48.198 align:start position:0% below the surface. As that energy 10:48.198 --> 10:50.827 align:start position:0% below the surface. As that energy spreads,<00:12:43.440> it<00:12:43.680> becomes<00:12:44.000> one<00:12:44.240> of<00:12:44.399> the<00:12:45.040> primary 10:50.827 --> 10:50.837 align:start position:0% spreads, it becomes one of the primary 10:50.837 --> 10:52.668 align:start position:0% spreads, it becomes one of the primary delivery<00:12:45.839> mechanisms<00:12:46.399> for<00:12:46.639> the<00:12:46.800> nutrients 10:52.668 --> 10:52.678 align:start position:0% delivery mechanisms for the nutrients 10:52.678 --> 10:55.228 align:start position:0% delivery mechanisms for the nutrients that<00:12:47.680> make<00:12:47.839> these<00:12:48.160> coastal<00:12:48.639> regions<00:12:49.279> fertile 10:55.228 --> 10:55.238 align:start position:0% that make these coastal regions fertile 10:55.238 --> 10:57.947 align:start position:0% that make these coastal regions fertile fishing<00:12:50.320> grounds<00:12:51.040> and<00:12:51.360> could<00:12:51.600> also<00:12:51.920> be<00:12:52.160> a<00:12:52.399> key 10:57.947 --> 10:57.957 align:start position:0% fishing grounds and could also be a key 10:57.957 --> 11:00.827 align:start position:0% fishing grounds and could also be a key driver<00:12:53.040> of<00:12:53.279> the<00:12:53.519> rich<00:12:53.839> marine<00:12:54.240> biodiversity 11:00.827 --> 11:00.837 align:start position:0% driver of the rich marine biodiversity 11:00.837 --> 11:03.308 align:start position:0% driver of the rich marine biodiversity found<00:12:55.839> in<00:12:56.079> places<00:12:56.399> like<00:12:56.639> the<00:12:56.880> Legola<00:12:57.440> kelp 11:03.308 --> 11:03.318 align:start position:0% found in places like the Legola kelp 11:03.318 --> 11:06.428 align:start position:0% found in places like the Legola kelp forest.<00:12:59.200> Ultimately,<00:12:59.839> these<00:13:00.160> waves<00:13:00.639> are<00:13:00.800> what 11:06.428 --> 11:06.438 align:start position:0% forest. Ultimately, these waves are what 11:06.438 --> 11:08.988 align:start position:0% forest. Ultimately, these waves are what mixes<00:13:01.680> heat<00:13:02.079> throughout<00:13:02.560> the<00:13:02.800> ocean.<00:13:03.440> I 11:08.988 --> 11:08.998 align:start position:0% mixes heat throughout the ocean. I 11:08.998 --> 11:10.508 align:start position:0% mixes heat throughout the ocean. I really<00:13:03.839> like<00:13:04.000> the<00:13:04.160> way<00:13:04.320> Jonathan<00:13:04.720> Nash,<00:13:05.040> the 11:10.508 --> 11:10.518 align:start position:0% really like the way Jonathan Nash, the 11:10.518 --> 11:12.988 align:start position:0% really like the way Jonathan Nash, the study's<00:13:05.680> co-author,<00:13:06.399> phrased<00:13:06.800> it.<00:13:07.279> He<00:13:07.519> said, 11:12.988 --> 11:12.998 align:start position:0% study's co-author, phrased it. He said, 11:12.998 --> 11:15.387 align:start position:0% study's co-author, phrased it. He said, "It's<00:13:08.079> like<00:13:08.480> stirring<00:13:08.959> milk<00:13:09.360> into<00:13:09.760> your 11:15.387 --> 11:15.397 align:start position:0% "It's like stirring milk into your 11:15.397 --> 11:17.788 align:start position:0% "It's like stirring milk into your coffee.<00:13:10.800> The<00:13:11.040> internal<00:13:11.519> waves<00:13:12.000> are<00:13:12.240> the 11:17.788 --> 11:17.798 align:start position:0% coffee. The internal waves are the 11:17.798 --> 11:20.267 align:start position:0% coffee. The internal waves are the ocean's<00:13:13.360> spoon. 11:20.267 --> 11:20.277 align:start position:0% ocean's spoon. 11:20.277 --> 11:22.827 align:start position:0% ocean's spoon. So<00:13:15.279> yeah,<00:13:15.600> although<00:13:16.000> we<00:13:16.240> rarely<00:13:16.720> see<00:13:16.959> them, 11:22.827 --> 11:22.837 align:start position:0% So yeah, although we rarely see them, 11:22.837 --> 11:25.387 align:start position:0% So yeah, although we rarely see them, they<00:13:17.839> influence<00:13:18.560> everything<00:13:19.120> from<00:13:19.600> marine 11:25.387 --> 11:25.397 align:start position:0% they influence everything from marine 11:25.397 --> 11:27.947 align:start position:0% they influence everything from marine ecosystems<00:13:20.880> to<00:13:21.120> the<00:13:21.279> way<00:13:21.519> heat<00:13:21.839> is<00:13:22.079> stored<00:13:22.480> and 11:27.947 --> 11:27.957 align:start position:0% ecosystems to the way heat is stored and 11:27.957 --> 11:30.267 align:start position:0% ecosystems to the way heat is stored and moved<00:13:23.040> through<00:13:23.279> the<00:13:23.519> global<00:13:23.839> ocean.<00:13:24.560> And<00:13:24.800> all 11:30.267 --> 11:30.277 align:start position:0% moved through the global ocean. And all 11:30.277 --> 11:32.348 align:start position:0% moved through the global ocean. And all of<00:13:25.120> that<00:13:25.360> stuff<00:13:25.600> has<00:13:25.839> a<00:13:26.079> huge<00:13:26.399> impact<00:13:26.720> on 11:32.348 --> 11:32.358 align:start position:0% of that stuff has a huge impact on 11:32.358 --> 11:36.428 align:start position:0% of that stuff has a huge impact on global<00:13:27.519> climate<00:13:28.000> and<00:13:28.240> of<00:13:28.480> course<00:13:29.279> us.<00:13:30.720> When<00:13:30.959> I 11:36.428 --> 11:36.438 align:start position:0% global climate and of course us. When I 11:36.438 --> 11:37.628 align:start position:0% global climate and of course us. When I first<00:13:31.279> started<00:13:31.600> reading<00:13:31.760> about<00:13:31.920> internal 11:37.628 --> 11:37.638 align:start position:0% first started reading about internal 11:37.638 --> 11:39.548 align:start position:0% first started reading about internal waves,<00:13:32.639> they<00:13:32.880> blew<00:13:33.120> my<00:13:33.279> mind,<00:13:33.600> honestly.<00:13:34.160> But 11:39.548 --> 11:39.558 align:start position:0% waves, they blew my mind, honestly. But 11:39.558 --> 11:41.068 align:start position:0% waves, they blew my mind, honestly. But if<00:13:34.399> you're<00:13:34.560> sat<00:13:34.800> there<00:13:35.040> going,<00:13:35.200> "Yeah,<00:13:35.519> thanks 11:41.068 --> 11:41.078 align:start position:0% if you're sat there going, "Yeah, thanks 11:41.078 --> 11:42.668 align:start position:0% if you're sat there going, "Yeah, thanks James.<00:13:36.079> They're<00:13:36.320> very<00:13:36.480> cool<00:13:36.720> and<00:13:36.959> everything, 11:42.668 --> 11:42.678 align:start position:0% James. They're very cool and everything, 11:42.678 --> 11:45.868 align:start position:0% James. They're very cool and everything, but<00:13:38.320> this<00:13:38.639> isn't<00:13:39.120> weather."<00:13:40.000> Well,<00:13:40.320> here's 11:45.868 --> 11:45.878 align:start position:0% but this isn't weather." Well, here's 11:45.878 --> 11:47.468 align:start position:0% but this isn't weather." Well, here's the<00:13:40.720> tricky<00:13:41.040> thing<00:13:41.120> about<00:13:41.360> deep<00:13:41.600> sea<00:13:41.839> weather, 11:47.468 --> 11:47.478 align:start position:0% the tricky thing about deep sea weather, 11:47.478 --> 11:48.988 align:start position:0% the tricky thing about deep sea weather, because<00:13:42.320> if<00:13:42.480> you<00:13:42.560> do<00:13:42.720> a<00:13:42.880> quick<00:13:43.120> Google<00:13:43.440> search 11:48.988 --> 11:48.998 align:start position:0% because if you do a quick Google search 11:48.998 --> 11:51.068 align:start position:0% because if you do a quick Google search for<00:13:43.920> it,<00:13:44.160> you<00:13:44.399> won't<00:13:44.639> find<00:13:44.880> an<00:13:45.120> awful<00:13:45.440> lot. 11:51.068 --> 11:51.078 align:start position:0% for it, you won't find an awful lot. 11:51.078 --> 11:52.908 align:start position:0% for it, you won't find an awful lot. Trust<00:13:45.920> me,<00:13:46.160> I<00:13:46.399> looked.<00:13:46.880> And<00:13:47.040> there's<00:13:47.200> a<00:13:47.440> very 11:52.908 --> 11:52.918 align:start position:0% Trust me, I looked. And there's a very 11:52.918 --> 11:55.387 align:start position:0% Trust me, I looked. And there's a very good<00:13:47.839> reason<00:13:48.160> for<00:13:48.399> that.<00:13:49.040> It<00:13:49.279> turns<00:13:49.519> out<00:13:49.760> deep 11:55.387 --> 11:55.397 align:start position:0% good reason for that. It turns out deep 11:55.397 --> 11:57.387 align:start position:0% good reason for that. It turns out deep sea<00:13:50.320> weather<00:13:50.639> isn't<00:13:50.959> a<00:13:51.120> sort<00:13:51.279> of<00:13:51.519> one-stop 11:57.387 --> 11:57.397 align:start position:0% sea weather isn't a sort of one-stop 11:57.397 --> 11:59.147 align:start position:0% sea weather isn't a sort of one-stop shop<00:13:52.399> for<00:13:52.720> scientists<00:13:53.279> in<00:13:53.519> the<00:13:53.680> same<00:13:53.824> [music] 11:59.147 --> 11:59.157 align:start position:0% shop for scientists in the same [music] 11:59.157 --> 12:01.628 align:start position:0% shop for scientists in the same [music] way<00:13:54.160> atmospheric<00:13:54.959> weather<00:13:55.200> is.<00:13:55.680> Now,<00:13:55.920> I'm<00:13:56.160> not 12:01.628 --> 12:01.638 align:start position:0% way atmospheric weather is. Now, I'm not 12:01.638 --> 12:03.468 align:start position:0% way atmospheric weather is. Now, I'm not saying<00:13:56.480> they're<00:13:56.800> wrong<00:13:57.120> to<00:13:57.360> not<00:13:57.600> include<00:13:57.920> it, 12:03.468 --> 12:03.478 align:start position:0% saying they're wrong to not include it, 12:03.478 --> 12:05.308 align:start position:0% saying they're wrong to not include it, but<00:13:58.399> I<00:13:58.560> do<00:13:58.800> think<00:13:58.959> they're<00:13:59.199> missing<00:13:59.519> a<00:13:59.680> trick, 12:05.308 --> 12:05.318 align:start position:0% but I do think they're missing a trick, 12:05.318 --> 12:07.548 align:start position:0% but I do think they're missing a trick, and<00:14:00.240> that's<00:14:00.639> why<00:14:00.880> I<00:14:01.199> wanted<00:14:01.440> to<00:14:01.680> make<00:14:01.920> this 12:07.548 --> 12:07.558 align:start position:0% and that's why I wanted to make this 12:07.558 --> 12:09.612 align:start position:0% and that's why I wanted to make this video.<00:14:03.279> Not<00:14:03.600> everything<00:14:04.000> controlling 12:09.612 --> 12:09.622 align:start position:0% video. Not everything controlling 12:09.622 --> 12:11.628 align:start position:0% video. Not everything controlling [music]<00:14:04.480> the<00:14:04.639> weather<00:14:04.959> has<00:14:05.199> to<00:14:05.440> look<00:14:05.839> like 12:11.628 --> 12:11.638 align:start position:0% [music] the weather has to look like 12:11.638 --> 12:13.628 align:start position:0% [music] the weather has to look like weather,<00:14:07.120> especially<00:14:07.519> not<00:14:07.680> the<00:14:07.839> weather<00:14:08.079> that 12:13.628 --> 12:13.638 align:start position:0% weather, especially not the weather that 12:13.638 --> 12:14.748 align:start position:0% weather, especially not the weather that we're<00:14:08.480> used<00:14:08.639> to<00:14:08.800> seeing<00:14:08.889> [music]<00:14:09.120> every 12:14.748 --> 12:14.758 align:start position:0% we're used to seeing [music] every 12:14.758 --> 12:17.387 align:start position:0% we're used to seeing [music] every single<00:14:09.760> day.<00:14:10.399> In<00:14:10.639> our<00:14:10.800> atmosphere,<00:14:11.519> invisible 12:17.387 --> 12:17.397 align:start position:0% single day. In our atmosphere, invisible 12:17.397 --> 12:19.068 align:start position:0% single day. In our atmosphere, invisible pressure<00:14:12.480> gradients<00:14:12.880> and<00:14:13.040> waves<00:14:13.440> can 12:19.068 --> 12:19.078 align:start position:0% pressure gradients and waves can 12:19.078 --> 12:21.707 align:start position:0% pressure gradients and waves can transform<00:14:14.320> the<00:14:14.639> conditions<00:14:15.199> around<00:14:15.519> us.<00:14:16.240> And 12:21.707 --> 12:21.717 align:start position:0% transform the conditions around us. And 12:21.717 --> 12:24.028 align:start position:0% transform the conditions around us. And the<00:14:16.560> deep<00:14:16.880> ocean<00:14:17.279> has<00:14:17.519> its<00:14:17.839> own<00:14:18.240> hidden 12:24.028 --> 12:24.038 align:start position:0% the deep ocean has its own hidden 12:24.038 --> 12:26.507 align:start position:0% the deep ocean has its own hidden machinery.<00:14:19.920> And<00:14:20.079> it<00:14:20.320> turns<00:14:20.480> out<00:14:20.720> one<00:14:20.880> of<00:14:20.959> its 12:26.507 --> 12:26.517 align:start position:0% machinery. And it turns out one of its 12:26.517 --> 12:28.988 align:start position:0% machinery. And it turns out one of its most<00:14:21.440> powerful<00:14:22.000> components<00:14:22.639> is<00:14:22.959> this<00:14:23.360> wave 12:28.988 --> 12:28.998 align:start position:0% most powerful components is this wave 12:28.998 --> 12:30.572 align:start position:0% most powerful components is this wave that<00:14:23.839> you<00:14:24.079> could<00:14:24.240> sail<00:14:24.639> straight<00:14:25.040> over 12:30.572 --> 12:30.582 align:start position:0% that you could sail straight over 12:30.582 --> 12:32.428 align:start position:0% that you could sail straight over [music]<00:14:25.440> without<00:14:25.760> ever<00:14:26.079> even<00:14:26.399> knowing<00:14:26.720> it<00:14:26.959> was 12:32.428 --> 12:32.438 align:start position:0% [music] without ever even knowing it was 12:32.438 --> 12:34.988 align:start position:0% [music] without ever even knowing it was there,<00:14:27.680> which<00:14:28.000> I<00:14:28.160> think<00:14:28.320> is<00:14:28.720> pretty<00:14:29.040> awesome. 12:34.988 --> 12:34.998 align:start position:0% there, which I think is pretty awesome. 12:34.998 --> 12:37.068 align:start position:0% there, which I think is pretty awesome. Imagine<00:14:30.320> living<00:14:30.560> on<00:14:30.720> that<00:14:30.880> seabed<00:14:31.360> having<00:14:31.519> a 12:37.068 --> 12:37.078 align:start position:0% Imagine living on that seabed having a 12:37.078 --> 12:38.748 align:start position:0% Imagine living on that seabed having a great<00:14:31.920> day.<00:14:32.160> Then<00:14:32.399> suddenly,<00:14:32.800> bang,<00:14:33.199> big 12:38.748 --> 12:38.758 align:start position:0% great day. Then suddenly, bang, big 12:38.758 --> 12:40.507 align:start position:0% great day. Then suddenly, bang, big internal<00:14:33.920> wave<00:14:34.240> comes<00:14:34.560> along.<00:14:34.959> The<00:14:35.089> [music] 12:40.507 --> 12:40.517 align:start position:0% internal wave comes along. The [music] 12:40.517 --> 12:42.668 align:start position:0% internal wave comes along. The [music] current<00:14:35.600> accelerates,<00:14:36.320> temperature<00:14:36.720> drops, 12:42.668 --> 12:42.678 align:start position:0% current accelerates, temperature drops, 12:42.678 --> 12:45.548 align:start position:0% current accelerates, temperature drops, nutrientrich<00:14:38.240> water<00:14:38.720> surges<00:14:39.279> up<00:14:39.519> slope, 12:45.548 --> 12:45.558 align:start position:0% nutrientrich water surges up slope, 12:45.558 --> 12:47.308 align:start position:0% nutrientrich water surges up slope, plankton<00:14:40.720> moves<00:14:40.959> with<00:14:41.199> it,<00:14:41.360> turbulence 12:47.308 --> 12:47.318 align:start position:0% plankton moves with it, turbulence 12:47.318 --> 12:48.507 align:start position:0% plankton moves with it, turbulence erupts<00:14:42.240> as<00:14:42.295> [music]<00:14:42.399> the<00:14:42.560> wave<00:14:42.800> begins<00:14:43.040> to 12:48.507 --> 12:48.517 align:start position:0% erupts as [music] the wave begins to 12:48.517 --> 12:50.827 align:start position:0% erupts as [music] the wave begins to break,<00:14:43.440> and<00:14:43.600> a<00:14:43.760> few<00:14:43.920> hours<00:14:44.160> later,<00:14:44.880> the<00:14:45.120> events 12:50.827 --> 12:50.837 align:start position:0% break, and a few hours later, the events 12:50.837 --> 12:52.908 align:start position:0% break, and a few hours later, the events passed.<00:14:46.079> Now,<00:14:46.240> to<00:14:46.480> us,<00:14:46.800> that's<00:14:47.120> fluid 12:52.908 --> 12:52.918 align:start position:0% passed. Now, to us, that's fluid 12:52.918 --> 12:55.308 align:start position:0% passed. Now, to us, that's fluid dynamics.<00:14:48.320> But<00:14:48.480> to<00:14:48.639> an<00:14:48.880> animal<00:14:49.279> living<00:14:49.600> there, 12:55.308 --> 12:55.318 align:start position:0% dynamics. But to an animal living there, 12:55.318 --> 12:57.628 align:start position:0% dynamics. But to an animal living there, it's<00:14:50.320> something<00:14:50.720> much<00:14:51.040> more<00:14:51.360> familiar.<00:14:52.079> It's 12:57.628 --> 12:57.638 align:start position:0% it's something much more familiar. It's 12:57.638 --> 13:00.028 align:start position:0% it's something much more familiar. It's a<00:14:52.560> change<00:14:52.880> in<00:14:53.199> the<00:14:53.360> weather. 13:00.028 --> 13:00.038 align:start position:0% a change in the weather. 13:00.038 --> 13:01.868 align:start position:0% a change in the weather. If<00:14:54.959> internal<00:14:55.440> waves<00:14:55.839> are<00:14:56.079> part<00:14:56.240> of<00:14:56.399> the 13:01.868 --> 13:01.878 align:start position:0% If internal waves are part of the 13:01.878 --> 13:04.428 align:start position:0% If internal waves are part of the machinery<00:14:57.120> behind<00:14:57.600> deep<00:14:57.920> sea<00:14:58.320> weather,<00:14:58.959> then 13:04.428 --> 13:04.438 align:start position:0% machinery behind deep sea weather, then 13:04.438 --> 13:06.598 align:start position:0% machinery behind deep sea weather, then our<00:14:59.440> next<00:14:59.760> phenomenon<00:15:00.399> might<00:15:00.639> be<00:15:00.720> the<00:15:00.959> closest 13:06.598 --> 13:06.608 align:start position:0% our next phenomenon might be the closest 13:06.608 --> 13:08.028 align:start position:0% our next phenomenon might be the closest [music]<00:15:01.360> thing<00:15:01.519> the<00:15:01.760> ocean<00:15:02.079> has<00:15:02.320> to<00:15:02.480> a 13:08.028 --> 13:08.038 align:start position:0% [music] thing the ocean has to a 13:08.038 --> 13:10.587 align:start position:0% [music] thing the ocean has to a traveling<00:15:03.279> weather<00:15:03.760> system,<00:15:04.639> and<00:15:04.880> they<00:15:05.040> make 13:10.587 --> 13:10.597 align:start position:0% traveling weather system, and they make 13:10.597 --> 13:13.628 align:start position:0% traveling weather system, and they make internal<00:15:05.839> waves<00:15:06.560> look<00:15:06.880> like<00:15:07.279> ripples<00:15:08.000> by 13:13.628 --> 13:13.638 align:start position:0% internal waves look like ripples by 13:13.638 --> 13:15.308 align:start position:0% internal waves look like ripples by comparison. 13:15.308 --> 13:15.318 align:start position:0% comparison. 13:15.318 --> 13:18.188 align:start position:0% comparison. Enormous<00:15:10.639> rotating<00:15:11.360> masses<00:15:11.920> of<00:15:12.240> water 13:18.188 --> 13:18.198 align:start position:0% Enormous rotating masses of water 13:18.198 --> 13:21.707 align:start position:0% Enormous rotating masses of water constantly<00:15:13.600> wander<00:15:14.079> across<00:15:14.560> our<00:15:15.040> planet.<00:15:16.079> At 13:21.707 --> 13:21.717 align:start position:0% constantly wander across our planet. At 13:21.717 --> 13:24.668 align:start position:0% constantly wander across our planet. At its<00:15:16.720> simplest,<00:15:17.360> an<00:15:17.600> eddi<00:15:18.079> is<00:15:18.240> just<00:15:18.480> a<00:15:18.720> circular 13:24.668 --> 13:24.678 align:start position:0% its simplest, an eddi is just a circular 13:24.678 --> 13:27.068 align:start position:0% its simplest, an eddi is just a circular current,<00:15:20.079> a<00:15:20.320> body<00:15:20.480> of<00:15:20.639> water<00:15:21.040> spinning<00:15:21.440> away 13:27.068 --> 13:27.078 align:start position:0% current, a body of water spinning away 13:27.078 --> 13:30.188 align:start position:0% current, a body of water spinning away from<00:15:22.079> or<00:15:22.320> within<00:15:22.800> a<00:15:23.199> larger<00:15:23.839> flow.<00:15:24.480> But<00:15:24.639> that 13:30.188 --> 13:30.198 align:start position:0% from or within a larger flow. But that 13:30.198 --> 13:32.507 align:start position:0% from or within a larger flow. But that slightly<00:15:25.360> underwhelming<00:15:26.079> definition<00:15:26.720> hides 13:32.507 --> 13:32.517 align:start position:0% slightly underwhelming definition hides 13:32.517 --> 13:35.387 align:start position:0% slightly underwhelming definition hides their<00:15:27.519> extraordinary<00:15:28.320> scale.<00:15:29.279> The<00:15:29.600> ocean's 13:35.387 --> 13:35.397 align:start position:0% their extraordinary scale. The ocean's 13:35.397 --> 13:38.988 align:start position:0% their extraordinary scale. The ocean's major<00:15:30.480> eddies<00:15:30.959> can<00:15:31.120> grow<00:15:31.279> up<00:15:31.440> to<00:15:31.839> 500<00:15:32.639> km, 13:38.988 --> 13:38.998 align:start position:0% major eddies can grow up to 500 km, 13:38.998 --> 13:42.827 align:start position:0% major eddies can grow up to 500 km, reach<00:15:34.079> depths<00:15:34.399> of<00:15:34.720> 2,500<00:15:36.160> m,<00:15:36.800> persist<00:15:37.279> for 13:42.827 --> 13:42.837 align:start position:0% reach depths of 2,500 m, persist for 13:42.837 --> 13:46.507 align:start position:0% reach depths of 2,500 m, persist for weeks<00:15:37.760> or<00:15:38.079> even<00:15:38.399> months,<00:15:38.880> and<00:15:39.040> venture<00:15:39.680> 4,500 13:46.507 --> 13:46.517 align:start position:0% weeks or even months, and venture 4,500 13:46.517 --> 13:51.068 align:start position:0% weeks or even months, and venture 4,500 km<00:15:42.399> before<00:15:42.880> finally<00:15:43.519> fading<00:15:44.000> away.<00:15:45.120> In<00:15:45.360> fact, 13:51.068 --> 13:51.078 align:start position:0% km before finally fading away. In fact, 13:51.078 --> 13:53.228 align:start position:0% km before finally fading away. In fact, Noah's<00:15:46.240> geoysical<00:15:46.959> fluid<00:15:47.360> dynamics 13:53.228 --> 13:53.238 align:start position:0% Noah's geoysical fluid dynamics 13:53.238 --> 13:56.428 align:start position:0% Noah's geoysical fluid dynamics laboratory<00:15:48.959> describes<00:15:49.680> misoscale<00:15:50.560> eddies, 13:56.428 --> 13:56.438 align:start position:0% laboratory describes misoscale eddies, 13:56.438 --> 13:59.067 align:start position:0% laboratory describes misoscale eddies, typically<00:15:51.519> less<00:15:51.680> than<00:15:51.920> 100<00:15:52.240> km<00:15:52.720> across, 13:59.067 --> 13:59.077 align:start position:0% typically less than 100 km across, 13:59.077 --> 14:02.267 align:start position:0% typically less than 100 km across, explicitly<00:15:54.560> as<00:15:54.880> the<00:15:55.120> weather<00:15:55.519> of<00:15:55.759> the<00:15:56.079> ocean. 14:02.267 --> 14:02.277 align:start position:0% explicitly as the weather of the ocean. 14:02.277 --> 14:04.028 align:start position:0% explicitly as the weather of the ocean. So,<00:15:57.360> yeah,<00:15:57.600> they've<00:15:57.920> really<00:15:58.160> earned<00:15:58.480> their 14:04.028 --> 14:04.038 align:start position:0% So, yeah, they've really earned their 14:04.038 --> 14:06.428 align:start position:0% So, yeah, they've really earned their place<00:15:59.040> in<00:15:59.360> this<00:15:59.600> video.<00:16:00.399> Collectively, 14:06.428 --> 14:06.438 align:start position:0% place in this video. Collectively, 14:06.438 --> 14:08.348 align:start position:0% place in this video. Collectively, eddies<00:16:01.600> across<00:16:01.839> the<00:16:02.000> globe<00:16:02.320> account<00:16:02.639> for<00:16:02.880> more 14:08.348 --> 14:08.358 align:start position:0% eddies across the globe account for more 14:08.358 --> 14:10.188 align:start position:0% eddies across the globe account for more than<00:16:03.279> half<00:16:03.600> of<00:16:03.759> the<00:16:03.920> kinetic<00:16:04.399> energy 14:10.188 --> 14:10.198 align:start position:0% than half of the kinetic energy 14:10.198 --> 14:13.147 align:start position:0% than half of the kinetic energy associated<00:16:05.600> with<00:16:05.839> ocean<00:16:06.320> circulation. 14:13.147 --> 14:13.157 align:start position:0% associated with ocean circulation. 14:13.157 --> 14:14.988 align:start position:0% associated with ocean circulation. Think<00:16:08.000> of<00:16:08.160> all<00:16:08.320> those<00:16:08.480> neat<00:16:08.800> arrows<00:16:09.279> you<00:16:09.519> see 14:14.988 --> 14:14.998 align:start position:0% Think of all those neat arrows you see 14:14.998 --> 14:17.147 align:start position:0% Think of all those neat arrows you see on<00:16:09.920> maps<00:16:10.240> of<00:16:10.480> ocean<00:16:10.880> currents.<00:16:11.440> Well,<00:16:11.600> the 14:17.147 --> 14:17.157 align:start position:0% on maps of ocean currents. Well, the 14:17.157 --> 14:19.707 align:start position:0% on maps of ocean currents. Well, the eddies<00:16:12.320> are<00:16:12.560> the<00:16:12.800> chaos<00:16:13.519> wrapped<00:16:14.000> around 14:19.707 --> 14:19.717 align:start position:0% eddies are the chaos wrapped around 14:19.717 --> 14:22.748 align:start position:0% eddies are the chaos wrapped around those<00:16:14.800> arrows.<00:16:15.680> And<00:16:15.920> that<00:16:16.240> chaos<00:16:16.800> does<00:16:17.120> an 14:22.748 --> 14:22.758 align:start position:0% those arrows. And that chaos does an 14:22.758 --> 14:26.428 align:start position:0% those arrows. And that chaos does an enormous<00:16:18.240> amount<00:16:18.639> of<00:16:18.959> work.<00:16:20.079> They<00:16:20.480> transport 14:26.428 --> 14:26.438 align:start position:0% enormous amount of work. They transport 14:26.438 --> 14:29.387 align:start position:0% enormous amount of work. They transport heat,<00:16:21.759> salts,<00:16:22.399> carbon,<00:16:22.880> nutrients,<00:16:23.519> oxygen, 14:29.387 --> 14:29.397 align:start position:0% heat, salts, carbon, nutrients, oxygen, 14:29.397 --> 14:31.749 align:start position:0% heat, salts, carbon, nutrients, oxygen, and<00:16:24.240> organisms<00:16:25.040> across<00:16:25.680> enormous<00:16:26.320> distances. 14:31.749 --> 14:31.759 align:start position:0% and organisms across enormous distances. 14:31.759 --> 14:32.668 align:start position:0% and organisms across enormous distances. [music] 14:32.668 --> 14:32.678 align:start position:0% [music] 14:32.678 --> 14:35.628 align:start position:0% [music] Eddies<00:16:28.160> matter,<00:16:29.040> and<00:16:29.279> the<00:16:29.519> way<00:16:29.680> they<00:16:29.920> form, 14:35.628 --> 14:35.638 align:start position:0% Eddies matter, and the way they form, 14:35.638 --> 14:37.788 align:start position:0% Eddies matter, and the way they form, you'll<00:16:30.560> be<00:16:30.639> pleased<00:16:30.880> to<00:16:31.040> know,<00:16:31.600> is<00:16:31.920> just<00:16:32.160> as 14:37.788 --> 14:37.798 align:start position:0% you'll be pleased to know, is just as 14:37.798 --> 14:39.308 align:start position:0% you'll be pleased to know, is just as chaotic. 14:39.308 --> 14:39.318 align:start position:0% chaotic. 14:39.318 --> 14:40.988 align:start position:0% chaotic. Think<00:16:34.240> about<00:16:34.399> the<00:16:34.639> jetream<00:16:35.199> in<00:16:35.440> our 14:40.988 --> 14:40.998 align:start position:0% Think about the jetream in our 14:40.998 --> 14:43.308 align:start position:0% Think about the jetream in our atmosphere.<00:16:36.639> It<00:16:36.959> doesn't<00:16:37.199> travel<00:16:37.519> around<00:16:37.759> the 14:43.308 --> 14:43.318 align:start position:0% atmosphere. It doesn't travel around the 14:43.318 --> 14:45.707 align:start position:0% atmosphere. It doesn't travel around the planet<00:16:38.240> as<00:16:38.560> one<00:16:38.800> perfectly<00:16:39.519> smooth<00:16:39.920> ribbon<00:16:40.240> of 14:45.707 --> 14:45.717 align:start position:0% planet as one perfectly smooth ribbon of 14:45.717 --> 14:48.827 align:start position:0% planet as one perfectly smooth ribbon of air.<00:16:40.959> No,<00:16:41.519> it<00:16:41.759> bends<00:16:42.160> and<00:16:42.480> rifts,<00:16:43.040> develops 14:48.827 --> 14:48.837 align:start position:0% air. No, it bends and rifts, develops 14:48.837 --> 14:51.788 align:start position:0% air. No, it bends and rifts, develops enormous<00:16:44.160> meanders,<00:16:45.040> and<00:16:45.360> sometimes<00:16:45.920> pinches 14:51.788 --> 14:51.798 align:start position:0% enormous meanders, and sometimes pinches 14:51.798 --> 14:54.428 align:start position:0% enormous meanders, and sometimes pinches off<00:16:46.720> rotating<00:16:47.440> weather<00:16:47.759> systems.<00:16:48.800> Well, 14:54.428 --> 14:54.438 align:start position:0% off rotating weather systems. Well, 14:54.438 --> 14:56.668 align:start position:0% off rotating weather systems. Well, major<00:16:49.600> ocean<00:16:50.000> currents<00:16:50.399> can<00:16:50.639> do<00:16:50.800> something 14:56.668 --> 14:56.678 align:start position:0% major ocean currents can do something 14:56.678 --> 14:59.147 align:start position:0% major ocean currents can do something surprisingly<00:16:52.160> similar.<00:16:53.120> Take<00:16:53.360> the<00:16:53.519> Gulf 14:59.147 --> 14:59.157 align:start position:0% surprisingly similar. Take the Gulf 14:59.157 --> 15:01.947 align:start position:0% surprisingly similar. Take the Gulf Stream<00:16:54.240> for<00:16:54.399> instance.<00:16:55.440> Water<00:16:55.759> within<00:16:56.079> it<00:16:56.399> can 15:01.947 --> 15:01.957 align:start position:0% Stream for instance. Water within it can 15:01.957 --> 15:04.348 align:start position:0% Stream for instance. Water within it can move<00:16:56.880> rapidly<00:16:57.440> beside<00:16:58.079> much<00:16:58.560> slower 15:04.348 --> 15:04.358 align:start position:0% move rapidly beside much slower 15:04.358 --> 15:06.748 align:start position:0% move rapidly beside much slower surrounding<00:16:59.680> water,<00:17:00.480> creating<00:17:00.880> enormous 15:06.748 --> 15:06.758 align:start position:0% surrounding water, creating enormous 15:06.758 --> 15:08.908 align:start position:0% surrounding water, creating enormous differences<00:17:01.839> in<00:17:02.160> velocity<00:17:02.720> and<00:17:03.040> density 15:08.908 --> 15:08.918 align:start position:0% differences in velocity and density 15:08.918 --> 15:11.387 align:start position:0% differences in velocity and density across<00:17:04.079> the<00:17:04.400> current.<00:17:05.280> Eventually,<00:17:05.839> those 15:11.387 --> 15:11.397 align:start position:0% across the current. Eventually, those 15:11.397 --> 15:14.028 align:start position:0% across the current. Eventually, those gradients<00:17:06.559> can<00:17:06.799> become<00:17:07.199> unstable.<00:17:07.919> A<00:17:08.160> meander 15:14.028 --> 15:14.038 align:start position:0% gradients can become unstable. A meander 15:14.038 --> 15:16.428 align:start position:0% gradients can become unstable. A meander grows,<00:17:09.199> curls<00:17:09.600> back<00:17:09.839> on<00:17:10.079> itself,<00:17:10.640> and<00:17:10.880> can 15:16.428 --> 15:16.438 align:start position:0% grows, curls back on itself, and can 15:16.438 --> 15:19.227 align:start position:0% grows, curls back on itself, and can pinch<00:17:11.520> off<00:17:11.919> from<00:17:12.240> the<00:17:12.480> main<00:17:12.880> current,<00:17:13.520> leaving 15:19.227 --> 15:19.237 align:start position:0% pinch off from the main current, leaving 15:19.237 --> 15:22.507 align:start position:0% pinch off from the main current, leaving behind<00:17:14.480> a<00:17:14.799> rotating<00:17:15.439> ring<00:17:15.839> of<00:17:16.079> water.<00:17:16.799> Once 15:22.507 --> 15:22.517 align:start position:0% behind a rotating ring of water. Once 15:22.517 --> 15:25.308 align:start position:0% behind a rotating ring of water. Once formed,<00:17:17.600> the<00:17:17.839> rotation<00:17:18.400> can<00:17:18.720> persist<00:17:19.679> because 15:25.308 --> 15:25.318 align:start position:0% formed, the rotation can persist because 15:25.318 --> 15:27.308 align:start position:0% formed, the rotation can persist because of<00:17:20.079> a<00:17:20.240> balance<00:17:20.559> we've<00:17:20.880> encountered<00:17:21.439> elsewhere 15:27.308 --> 15:27.318 align:start position:0% of a balance we've encountered elsewhere 15:27.318 --> 15:29.708 align:start position:0% of a balance we've encountered elsewhere in<00:17:22.240> this<00:17:22.559> story.<00:17:23.600> Differences<00:17:24.079> in 15:29.708 --> 15:29.718 align:start position:0% in this story. Differences in 15:29.718 --> 15:31.468 align:start position:0% in this story. Differences in temperature<00:17:24.880> and<00:17:25.199> salinity<00:17:25.839> create 15:31.468 --> 15:31.478 align:start position:0% temperature and salinity create 15:31.478 --> 15:33.627 align:start position:0% temperature and salinity create differences<00:17:26.702> [music]<00:17:26.720> in<00:17:27.039> water<00:17:27.439> density<00:17:27.919> and 15:33.627 --> 15:33.637 align:start position:0% differences [music] in water density and 15:33.637 --> 15:36.188 align:start position:0% differences [music] in water density and pressure.<00:17:29.039> Gravity<00:17:29.520> wants<00:17:29.840> to<00:17:30.080> flatten<00:17:30.559> those 15:36.188 --> 15:36.198 align:start position:0% pressure. Gravity wants to flatten those 15:36.198 --> 15:38.588 align:start position:0% pressure. Gravity wants to flatten those differences<00:17:31.360> out.<00:17:31.919> But<00:17:32.080> on<00:17:32.240> a<00:17:32.480> rotating 15:38.588 --> 15:38.598 align:start position:0% differences out. But on a rotating 15:38.598 --> 15:41.227 align:start position:0% differences out. But on a rotating Earth,<00:17:34.080> moving<00:17:34.480> water<00:17:34.799> is<00:17:35.039> deflected<00:17:35.520> by<00:17:35.760> the 15:41.227 --> 15:41.237 align:start position:0% Earth, moving water is deflected by the 15:41.237 --> 15:43.548 align:start position:0% Earth, moving water is deflected by the corololis<00:17:36.527> [music]<00:17:36.720> effect.<00:17:37.760> This<00:17:38.000> water 15:43.548 --> 15:43.558 align:start position:0% corololis [music] effect. This water 15:43.558 --> 15:45.548 align:start position:0% corololis [music] effect. This water isn't<00:17:38.559> just<00:17:38.720> sort<00:17:38.880> of<00:17:39.120> spiraling<00:17:39.679> helplessly 15:45.548 --> 15:45.558 align:start position:0% isn't just sort of spiraling helplessly 15:45.558 --> 15:48.748 align:start position:0% isn't just sort of spiraling helplessly into<00:17:40.640> some<00:17:40.960> abyss.<00:17:41.679> No,<00:17:42.080> it<00:17:42.320> orbits<00:17:42.960> around 15:48.748 --> 15:48.758 align:start position:0% into some abyss. No, it orbits around 15:48.758 --> 15:52.268 align:start position:0% into some abyss. No, it orbits around the<00:17:43.760> eddies<00:17:44.400> center.<00:17:45.679> Those<00:17:45.919> cyclonic<00:17:46.480> eddies 15:52.268 --> 15:52.278 align:start position:0% the eddies center. Those cyclonic eddies 15:52.278 --> 15:55.548 align:start position:0% the eddies center. Those cyclonic eddies often<00:17:47.360> lift<00:17:47.840> deeper<00:17:48.320> density<00:17:48.880> water<00:17:49.360> upwards, 15:55.548 --> 15:55.558 align:start position:0% often lift deeper density water upwards, 15:55.558 --> 15:57.788 align:start position:0% often lift deeper density water upwards, bringing<00:17:50.720> colder<00:17:51.200> nutrient-rich<00:17:52.080> water 15:57.788 --> 15:57.798 align:start position:0% bringing colder nutrient-rich water 15:57.798 --> 15:59.628 align:start position:0% bringing colder nutrient-rich water towards<00:17:52.799> the<00:17:53.039> surface,<00:17:53.919> whereas 15:59.628 --> 15:59.638 align:start position:0% towards the surface, whereas 15:59.638 --> 16:01.788 align:start position:0% towards the surface, whereas anticyclonic<00:17:55.200> eddies<00:17:55.679> often<00:17:56.000> push<00:17:56.240> those 16:01.788 --> 16:01.798 align:start position:0% anticyclonic eddies often push those 16:01.798 --> 16:04.028 align:start position:0% anticyclonic eddies often push those surfaces<00:17:57.200> downward. 16:04.028 --> 16:04.038 align:start position:0% surfaces downward. 16:04.038 --> 16:06.188 align:start position:0% surfaces downward. The<00:17:58.960> reality<00:17:59.360> can<00:17:59.600> become<00:17:59.919> considerably<00:18:00.559> more 16:06.188 --> 16:06.198 align:start position:0% The reality can become considerably more 16:06.198 --> 16:08.908 align:start position:0% The reality can become considerably more complicated<00:18:01.520> once<00:18:02.000> winds,<00:18:02.480> eddy<00:18:02.960> age,<00:18:03.360> and 16:08.908 --> 16:08.918 align:start position:0% complicated once winds, eddy age, and 16:08.918 --> 16:10.987 align:start position:0% complicated once winds, eddy age, and local<00:18:03.919> ocean<00:18:04.320> conditions<00:18:04.720> are<00:18:04.960> involved.<00:18:05.520> But 16:10.987 --> 16:10.997 align:start position:0% local ocean conditions are involved. But 16:10.997 --> 16:13.308 align:start position:0% local ocean conditions are involved. But the<00:18:06.000> crucial<00:18:06.400> idea<00:18:06.720> here<00:18:06.960> is<00:18:07.120> that<00:18:07.280> an<00:18:07.520> eddy 16:13.308 --> 16:13.318 align:start position:0% the crucial idea here is that an eddy 16:13.318 --> 16:16.028 align:start position:0% the crucial idea here is that an eddy doesn't<00:18:08.400> merely<00:18:08.799> move<00:18:09.120> water<00:18:09.600> sideways.<00:18:10.480> It 16:16.028 --> 16:16.038 align:start position:0% doesn't merely move water sideways. It 16:16.038 --> 16:18.028 align:start position:0% doesn't merely move water sideways. It can<00:18:10.880> rearrange<00:18:11.440> the<00:18:11.679> ocean<00:18:12.000> vertically<00:18:12.480> as 16:18.028 --> 16:18.038 align:start position:0% can rearrange the ocean vertically as 16:18.038 --> 16:20.588 align:start position:0% can rearrange the ocean vertically as well.<00:18:12.960> And<00:18:13.360> that<00:18:13.600> leads<00:18:13.840> to<00:18:14.080> some<00:18:14.320> astounding 16:20.588 --> 16:20.598 align:start position:0% well. And that leads to some astounding 16:20.598 --> 16:22.445 align:start position:0% well. And that leads to some astounding results.<00:18:16.080> The<00:18:16.320> really<00:18:16.559> strange<00:18:16.880> thing<00:18:17.039> is 16:22.445 --> 16:22.455 align:start position:0% results. The really strange thing is 16:22.455 --> 16:24.268 align:start position:0% results. The really strange thing is [music]<00:18:17.200> that<00:18:17.360> an<00:18:17.520> eddy<00:18:17.919> is<00:18:18.320> much<00:18:18.640> like<00:18:18.799> an 16:24.268 --> 16:24.278 align:start position:0% [music] that an eddy is much like an 16:24.278 --> 16:26.508 align:start position:0% [music] that an eddy is much like an internal<00:18:19.360> wave.<00:18:19.679> Actually,<00:18:20.240> not<00:18:20.799> obvious 16:26.508 --> 16:26.518 align:start position:0% internal wave. Actually, not obvious 16:26.518 --> 16:29.628 align:start position:0% internal wave. Actually, not obvious from<00:18:21.440> above<00:18:21.919> in<00:18:22.160> the<00:18:22.480> slightest.<00:18:23.760> Satellites 16:29.628 --> 16:29.638 align:start position:0% from above in the slightest. Satellites 16:29.638 --> 16:31.788 align:start position:0% from above in the slightest. Satellites have<00:18:24.559> revolutionized<00:18:25.440> oceanography.<00:18:26.240> And 16:31.788 --> 16:31.798 align:start position:0% have revolutionized oceanography. And 16:31.798 --> 16:34.188 align:start position:0% have revolutionized oceanography. And because<00:18:26.799> many<00:18:27.200> misoscale<00:18:27.919> eddies<00:18:28.400> can<00:18:28.559> create 16:34.188 --> 16:34.198 align:start position:0% because many misoscale eddies can create 16:34.198 --> 16:37.148 align:start position:0% because many misoscale eddies can create tiny<00:18:29.280> bumps<00:18:29.679> or<00:18:29.919> depressions<00:18:30.799> in<00:18:31.120> sea<00:18:31.440> surface 16:37.148 --> 16:37.158 align:start position:0% tiny bumps or depressions in sea surface 16:37.158 --> 16:39.867 align:start position:0% tiny bumps or depressions in sea surface height<00:18:32.080> that<00:18:32.320> radar<00:18:32.799> ultimeters<00:18:33.440> can<00:18:33.679> detect, 16:39.867 --> 16:39.877 align:start position:0% height that radar ultimeters can detect, 16:39.877 --> 16:42.668 align:start position:0% height that radar ultimeters can detect, we<00:18:34.880> can<00:18:35.039> actually<00:18:35.440> see<00:18:35.679> them<00:18:36.480> sort<00:18:36.720> of.<00:18:37.200> But 16:42.668 --> 16:42.678 align:start position:0% we can actually see them sort of. But 16:42.678 --> 16:44.668 align:start position:0% we can actually see them sort of. But the<00:18:37.520> surface<00:18:37.840> is<00:18:38.000> only<00:18:38.160> a<00:18:38.480> slice<00:18:38.880> through<00:18:39.120> a 16:44.668 --> 16:44.678 align:start position:0% the surface is only a slice through a 16:44.678 --> 16:46.748 align:start position:0% the surface is only a slice through a genuinely<00:18:40.160> three-dimensional<00:18:40.960> structure 16:46.748 --> 16:46.758 align:start position:0% genuinely three-dimensional structure 16:46.758 --> 16:49.548 align:start position:0% genuinely three-dimensional structure here.<00:18:42.080> Some<00:18:42.400> eddies<00:18:42.880> extend<00:18:43.280> far<00:18:43.679> down<00:18:44.000> into 16:49.548 --> 16:49.558 align:start position:0% here. Some eddies extend far down into 16:49.558 --> 16:51.308 align:start position:0% here. Some eddies extend far down into the<00:18:44.480> water<00:18:44.799> column<00:18:45.200> while<00:18:45.440> others<00:18:45.760> are 16:51.308 --> 16:51.318 align:start position:0% the water column while others are 16:51.318 --> 16:53.148 align:start position:0% the water column while others are concentrated<00:18:46.640> almost<00:18:47.120> completely<00:18:47.268> [music] 16:53.148 --> 16:53.158 align:start position:0% concentrated almost completely [music] 16:53.158 --> 16:56.028 align:start position:0% concentrated almost completely [music] beneath<00:18:48.320> the<00:18:48.640> surface.<00:18:49.760> One<00:18:50.080> particularly 16:56.028 --> 16:56.038 align:start position:0% beneath the surface. One particularly 16:56.038 --> 16:58.428 align:start position:0% beneath the surface. One particularly beautiful<00:18:51.200> example<00:18:51.679> is<00:18:51.919> a<00:18:52.320> medi<00:18:52.880> or 16:58.428 --> 16:58.438 align:start position:0% beautiful example is a medi or 16:58.438 --> 17:01.227 align:start position:0% beautiful example is a medi or Mediterranean<00:18:54.000> eddi.<00:18:54.720> As<00:18:55.039> extremely<00:18:55.520> salty 17:01.227 --> 17:01.237 align:start position:0% Mediterranean eddi. As extremely salty 17:01.237 --> 17:02.987 align:start position:0% Mediterranean eddi. As extremely salty Mediterranean<00:18:56.640> water<00:18:56.960> escapes<00:18:57.440> through<00:18:57.600> the 17:02.987 --> 17:02.997 align:start position:0% Mediterranean water escapes through the 17:02.997 --> 17:05.148 align:start position:0% Mediterranean water escapes through the straits<00:18:58.000> of<00:18:58.160> Gibraltar<00:18:58.799> and<00:18:58.960> sinks<00:18:59.440> into<00:18:59.679> the 17:05.148 --> 17:05.158 align:start position:0% straits of Gibraltar and sinks into the 17:05.158 --> 17:07.708 align:start position:0% straits of Gibraltar and sinks into the Atlantic,<00:19:00.720> it<00:19:01.039> creates<00:19:01.678> [music]<00:19:01.679> enormous 17:07.708 --> 17:07.718 align:start position:0% Atlantic, it creates [music] enormous 17:07.718 --> 17:10.668 align:start position:0% Atlantic, it creates [music] enormous eddies<00:19:03.200> hidden<00:19:03.760> hundreds<00:19:04.160> of<00:19:04.400> meters<00:19:04.960> beneath 17:10.668 --> 17:10.678 align:start position:0% eddies hidden hundreds of meters beneath 17:10.678 --> 17:12.987 align:start position:0% eddies hidden hundreds of meters beneath the<00:19:05.600> sea<00:19:05.919> surface.<00:19:06.640> These<00:19:06.960> are<00:19:07.200> essentially 17:12.987 --> 17:12.997 align:start position:0% the sea surface. These are essentially 17:12.997 --> 17:14.908 align:start position:0% the sea surface. These are essentially underwater<00:19:08.400> weather<00:19:08.640> systems<00:19:09.039> with<00:19:09.280> almost 17:14.908 --> 17:14.918 align:start position:0% underwater weather systems with almost 17:14.918 --> 17:17.468 align:start position:0% underwater weather systems with almost no<00:19:10.000> obvious<00:19:10.559> whirlpool<00:19:11.280> directly<00:19:11.760> above 17:17.468 --> 17:17.478 align:start position:0% no obvious whirlpool directly above 17:17.478 --> 17:20.428 align:start position:0% no obvious whirlpool directly above them.<00:19:12.720> But<00:19:12.960> some<00:19:13.200> eddies<00:19:13.679> go<00:19:13.919> deeper<00:19:14.400> still. 17:20.428 --> 17:20.438 align:start position:0% them. But some eddies go deeper still. 17:20.438 --> 17:22.987 align:start position:0% them. But some eddies go deeper still. And<00:19:15.280> not<00:19:15.520> even<00:19:15.679> that,<00:19:16.080> not<00:19:16.400> every<00:19:16.799> eddy<00:19:17.280> begins 17:22.987 --> 17:22.997 align:start position:0% And not even that, not every eddy begins 17:22.997 --> 17:25.388 align:start position:0% And not even that, not every eddy begins near<00:19:17.919> the<00:19:18.080> surface<00:19:18.559> at<00:19:18.880> all.<00:19:19.440> Now,<00:19:19.679> these<00:19:19.919> are 17:25.388 --> 17:25.398 align:start position:0% near the surface at all. Now, these are 17:25.398 --> 17:27.148 align:start position:0% near the surface at all. Now, these are particularly<00:19:20.640> mysterious<00:19:21.200> because<00:19:21.440> unlike 17:27.148 --> 17:27.158 align:start position:0% particularly mysterious because unlike 17:27.158 --> 17:29.148 align:start position:0% particularly mysterious because unlike the<00:19:22.000> enormous<00:19:22.559> swirling<00:19:23.120> systems<00:19:23.440> we<00:19:23.760> can 17:29.148 --> 17:29.158 align:start position:0% the enormous swirling systems we can 17:29.158 --> 17:31.948 align:start position:0% the enormous swirling systems we can track<00:19:24.080> from<00:19:24.400> satellites,<00:19:25.600> some<00:19:25.919> deep<00:19:26.160> eddies 17:31.948 --> 17:31.958 align:start position:0% track from satellites, some deep eddies 17:31.958 --> 17:34.188 align:start position:0% track from satellites, some deep eddies leave<00:19:26.960> virtually<00:19:27.440> no<00:19:27.760> footprint<00:19:28.240> at<00:19:28.480> the<00:19:28.640> sea 17:34.188 --> 17:34.198 align:start position:0% leave virtually no footprint at the sea 17:34.198 --> 17:36.508 align:start position:0% leave virtually no footprint at the sea surface<00:19:29.360> at<00:19:29.679> all.<00:19:30.320> Which<00:19:30.480> is<00:19:30.640> why<00:19:30.880> quite 17:36.508 --> 17:36.518 align:start position:0% surface at all. Which is why quite 17:36.518 --> 17:38.428 align:start position:0% surface at all. Which is why quite incredibly<00:19:31.919> when<00:19:32.160> scientists<00:19:32.720> finally 17:38.428 --> 17:38.438 align:start position:0% incredibly when scientists finally 17:38.438 --> 17:40.508 align:start position:0% incredibly when scientists finally caught<00:19:33.440> a<00:19:33.679> glimpse<00:19:34.080> of<00:19:34.320> one<00:19:34.480> of<00:19:34.559> these<00:19:34.880> in<00:19:35.039> the 17:40.508 --> 17:40.518 align:start position:0% caught a glimpse of one of these in the 17:40.518 --> 17:42.588 align:start position:0% caught a glimpse of one of these in the South<00:19:35.520> China<00:19:35.919> Sea,<00:19:36.640> they<00:19:36.880> were<00:19:37.039> pretty 17:42.588 --> 17:42.598 align:start position:0% South China Sea, they were pretty 17:42.598 --> 17:44.188 align:start position:0% South China Sea, they were pretty shocked. 17:44.188 --> 17:44.198 align:start position:0% shocked. 17:44.198 --> 17:48.188 align:start position:0% shocked. Between<00:19:39.360> 2009<00:19:40.080> and<00:19:40.640> 2012,<00:19:42.000> researchers<00:19:42.640> had 17:48.188 --> 17:48.198 align:start position:0% Between 2009 and 2012, researchers had 17:48.198 --> 17:50.107 align:start position:0% Between 2009 and 2012, researchers had moorings<00:19:43.440> anchored<00:19:43.840> near<00:19:44.000> the<00:19:44.160> Shisha 17:50.107 --> 17:50.117 align:start position:0% moorings anchored near the Shisha 17:50.117 --> 17:52.268 align:start position:0% moorings anchored near the Shisha Islands<00:19:45.200> in<00:19:45.360> the<00:19:45.520> South<00:19:45.840> China<00:19:46.240> Sea, 17:52.268 --> 17:52.278 align:start position:0% Islands in the South China Sea, 17:52.278 --> 17:54.428 align:start position:0% Islands in the South China Sea, continuously<00:19:47.760> recording<00:19:48.320> currents<00:19:48.720> and 17:54.428 --> 17:54.438 align:start position:0% continuously recording currents and 17:54.438 --> 17:56.188 align:start position:0% continuously recording currents and temperatures<00:19:49.600> through<00:19:49.840> the<00:19:50.080> water<00:19:50.400> column. 17:56.188 --> 17:56.198 align:start position:0% temperatures through the water column. 17:56.198 --> 17:58.028 align:start position:0% temperatures through the water column. For<00:19:51.120> most<00:19:51.360> of<00:19:51.440> the<00:19:51.600> time,<00:19:51.840> the<00:19:52.080> deeper<00:19:52.400> ocean 17:58.028 --> 17:58.038 align:start position:0% For most of the time, the deeper ocean 17:58.038 --> 18:02.028 align:start position:0% For most of the time, the deeper ocean water<00:19:53.120> was<00:19:53.440> relatively<00:19:54.400> sedate.<00:19:55.600> Below<00:19:56.080> 1,000 18:02.028 --> 18:02.038 align:start position:0% water was relatively sedate. Below 1,000 18:02.038 --> 18:04.188 align:start position:0% water was relatively sedate. Below 1,000 m,<00:19:57.360> currents<00:19:57.679> were<00:19:57.919> moving<00:19:58.080> at<00:19:58.320> speeds<00:19:58.640> of 18:04.188 --> 18:04.198 align:start position:0% m, currents were moving at speeds of 18:04.198 --> 18:08.428 align:start position:0% m, currents were moving at speeds of less<00:19:59.120> than<00:19:59.360> 0.02<00:20:00.640> m/<00:20:01.440> second.<00:20:02.320> But<00:20:02.400> in<00:20:02.640> April 18:08.428 --> 18:08.438 align:start position:0% less than 0.02 m/ second. But in April 18:08.438 --> 18:11.708 align:start position:0% less than 0.02 m/ second. But in April 2012,<00:20:04.320> something<00:20:04.880> changed.<00:20:05.919> Over<00:20:06.240> the 18:11.708 --> 18:11.718 align:start position:0% 2012, something changed. Over the 18:11.718 --> 18:13.796 align:start position:0% 2012, something changed. Over the following<00:20:06.799> weeks,<00:20:07.360> currents<00:20:07.760> at<00:20:08.000> depth 18:13.796 --> 18:13.806 align:start position:0% following weeks, currents at depth 18:13.806 --> 18:16.028 align:start position:0% following weeks, currents at depth [music]<00:20:08.559> accelerated<00:20:09.520> dramatically, 18:16.028 --> 18:16.038 align:start position:0% [music] accelerated dramatically, 18:16.038 --> 18:18.668 align:start position:0% [music] accelerated dramatically, reaching<00:20:11.120> approximately<00:20:11.840> 0.18 18:18.668 --> 18:18.678 align:start position:0% reaching approximately 0.18 18:18.678 --> 18:23.788 align:start position:0% reaching approximately 0.18 m/s,<00:20:14.640> around<00:20:15.120> 9<00:20:15.600> times<00:20:16.559> above<00:20:17.200> normal.<00:20:18.080> At<00:20:18.320> the 18:23.788 --> 18:23.798 align:start position:0% m/s, around 9 times above normal. At the 18:23.798 --> 18:25.548 align:start position:0% m/s, around 9 times above normal. At the same<00:20:18.720> time,<00:20:19.280> temperature<00:20:19.760> measurements 18:25.548 --> 18:25.558 align:start position:0% same time, temperature measurements 18:25.558 --> 18:27.468 align:start position:0% same time, temperature measurements revealed<00:20:20.559> that<00:20:20.799> surfaces<00:20:21.360> of<00:20:21.600> equal 18:27.468 --> 18:27.478 align:start position:0% revealed that surfaces of equal 18:27.478 --> 18:30.508 align:start position:0% revealed that surfaces of equal temperature<00:20:22.640> or<00:20:22.960> isoms<00:20:24.240> have<00:20:24.480> been<00:20:24.720> pushed 18:30.508 --> 18:30.518 align:start position:0% temperature or isoms have been pushed 18:30.518 --> 18:34.028 align:start position:0% temperature or isoms have been pushed downward<00:20:25.600> by<00:20:25.919> roughly<00:20:27.039> 120<00:20:27.600> m.<00:20:28.320> Now,<00:20:28.480> that 18:34.028 --> 18:34.038 align:start position:0% downward by roughly 120 m. Now, that 18:34.038 --> 18:35.227 align:start position:0% downward by roughly 120 m. Now, that might<00:20:28.880> sound<00:20:28.960> like<00:20:29.120> a<00:20:29.280> bit<00:20:29.360> of<00:20:29.440> a<00:20:29.600> strange 18:35.227 --> 18:35.237 align:start position:0% might sound like a bit of a strange 18:35.237 --> 18:36.828 align:start position:0% might sound like a bit of a strange thing<00:20:30.159> to<00:20:30.480> measure,<00:20:30.799> but<00:20:30.960> it<00:20:31.120> was<00:20:31.280> actually 18:36.828 --> 18:36.838 align:start position:0% thing to measure, but it was actually 18:36.838 --> 18:38.668 align:start position:0% thing to measure, but it was actually one<00:20:31.679> of<00:20:31.760> the<00:20:31.919> clues<00:20:32.159> that<00:20:32.400> revealed<00:20:32.799> what<00:20:33.120> was 18:38.668 --> 18:38.678 align:start position:0% one of the clues that revealed what was 18:38.678 --> 18:40.908 align:start position:0% one of the clues that revealed what was really<00:20:33.760> happening<00:20:34.240> here.<00:20:35.120> Normally 18:40.908 --> 18:40.918 align:start position:0% really happening here. Normally 18:40.918 --> 18:42.588 align:start position:0% really happening here. Normally different<00:20:36.000> temperatures<00:20:36.400> occupy<00:20:36.960> different 18:42.588 --> 18:42.598 align:start position:0% different temperatures occupy different 18:42.598 --> 18:45.227 align:start position:0% different temperatures occupy different depths<00:20:37.600> in<00:20:37.840> a<00:20:38.000> stratified<00:20:38.799> ocean.<00:20:39.440> So<00:20:39.600> if<00:20:39.760> you 18:45.227 --> 18:45.237 align:start position:0% depths in a stratified ocean. So if you 18:45.237 --> 18:47.788 align:start position:0% depths in a stratified ocean. So if you then<00:20:40.080> find<00:20:40.320> a<00:20:40.559> particular<00:20:41.120> temperature<00:20:42.080> 120 18:47.788 --> 18:47.798 align:start position:0% then find a particular temperature 120 18:47.798 --> 18:50.347 align:start position:0% then find a particular temperature 120 meters<00:20:42.960> deeper<00:20:43.360> than<00:20:43.520> it<00:20:43.840> ought<00:20:43.919> to<00:20:44.080> be, 18:50.347 --> 18:50.357 align:start position:0% meters deeper than it ought to be, 18:50.357 --> 18:52.668 align:start position:0% meters deeper than it ought to be, something<00:20:45.520> has<00:20:45.919> physically<00:20:46.400> distorted<00:20:47.039> the 18:52.668 --> 18:52.678 align:start position:0% something has physically distorted the 18:52.678 --> 18:55.628 align:start position:0% something has physically distorted the ocean's<00:20:47.919> internal<00:20:48.799> layers.<00:20:49.520> And<00:20:49.679> in<00:20:50.000> this 18:55.628 --> 18:55.638 align:start position:0% ocean's internal layers. And in this 18:55.638 --> 18:59.227 align:start position:0% ocean's internal layers. And in this case,<00:20:51.120> that<00:20:51.360> something<00:20:51.760> was<00:20:52.000> a<00:20:52.240> huge<00:20:52.799> rotating 18:59.227 --> 18:59.237 align:start position:0% case, that something was a huge rotating 18:59.237 --> 19:01.308 align:start position:0% case, that something was a huge rotating deep<00:20:54.339> [music]<00:20:54.559> eddy.<00:20:55.120> And<00:20:55.280> when<00:20:55.440> I<00:20:55.600> say<00:20:55.679> deep, 19:01.308 --> 19:01.318 align:start position:0% deep [music] eddy. And when I say deep, 19:01.318 --> 19:03.788 align:start position:0% deep [music] eddy. And when I say deep, by<00:20:56.080> the<00:20:56.159> way,<00:20:56.320> I<00:20:56.559> mean<00:20:56.880> genuinely<00:20:57.600> deep.<00:20:58.240> The 19:03.788 --> 19:03.798 align:start position:0% by the way, I mean genuinely deep. The 19:03.798 --> 19:05.867 align:start position:0% by the way, I mean genuinely deep. The energetic<00:20:59.120> circulation<00:20:59.679> was<00:21:00.000> concentrated 19:05.867 --> 19:05.877 align:start position:0% energetic circulation was concentrated 19:05.877 --> 19:08.668 align:start position:0% energetic circulation was concentrated more<00:21:00.720> than<00:21:00.880> a<00:21:01.120> kilometer<00:21:02.000> below<00:21:02.480> the<00:21:02.720> surface 19:08.668 --> 19:08.678 align:start position:0% more than a kilometer below the surface 19:08.678 --> 19:10.987 align:start position:0% more than a kilometer below the surface with<00:21:03.679> little<00:21:04.000> corresponding<00:21:04.799> any<00:21:05.039> signature 19:10.987 --> 19:10.997 align:start position:0% with little corresponding any signature 19:10.997 --> 19:13.708 align:start position:0% with little corresponding any signature above<00:21:06.000> it.<00:21:06.720> This<00:21:07.039> was<00:21:07.440> essentially<00:21:07.840> a<00:21:08.080> weather 19:13.708 --> 19:13.718 align:start position:0% above it. This was essentially a weather 19:13.718 --> 19:17.068 align:start position:0% above it. This was essentially a weather system<00:21:08.799> hidden<00:21:09.360> inside<00:21:10.240> the<00:21:10.559> ocean.<00:21:11.360> But<00:21:11.600> how 19:17.068 --> 19:17.078 align:start position:0% system hidden inside the ocean. But how 19:17.078 --> 19:19.227 align:start position:0% system hidden inside the ocean. But how do<00:21:11.840> you<00:21:12.080> make<00:21:12.320> a<00:21:12.640> giant<00:21:12.960> whirlpool<00:21:13.679> a 19:19.227 --> 19:19.237 align:start position:0% do you make a giant whirlpool a 19:19.237 --> 19:20.987 align:start position:0% do you make a giant whirlpool a kilometer<00:21:14.400> below<00:21:14.720> the<00:21:14.880> ocean<00:21:15.120> without<00:21:15.440> any 19:20.987 --> 19:20.997 align:start position:0% kilometer below the ocean without any 19:20.997 --> 19:22.828 align:start position:0% kilometer below the ocean without any sign<00:21:15.919> of<00:21:16.080> it<00:21:16.240> on<00:21:16.480> the<00:21:16.720> surface?<00:21:17.120> Well,<00:21:17.360> the 19:22.828 --> 19:22.838 align:start position:0% sign of it on the surface? Well, the 19:22.838 --> 19:25.148 align:start position:0% sign of it on the surface? Well, the answer<00:21:17.840> quite<00:21:18.240> beautifully<00:21:19.039> involves<00:21:19.520> an 19:25.148 --> 19:25.158 align:start position:0% answer quite beautifully involves an 19:25.158 --> 19:28.188 align:start position:0% answer quite beautifully involves an underwater<00:21:20.880> mountain.<00:21:21.679> You<00:21:21.919> see,<00:21:22.080> the<00:21:22.240> Shisha 19:28.188 --> 19:28.198 align:start position:0% underwater mountain. You see, the Shisha 19:28.198 --> 19:29.788 align:start position:0% underwater mountain. You see, the Shisha Islands<00:21:23.200> sit<00:21:23.440> above<00:21:23.760> some<00:21:24.080> rather 19:29.788 --> 19:29.798 align:start position:0% Islands sit above some rather 19:29.798 --> 19:32.428 align:start position:0% Islands sit above some rather complicated<00:21:25.200> submarine<00:21:25.919> topography, 19:32.428 --> 19:32.438 align:start position:0% complicated submarine topography, 19:32.438 --> 19:34.908 align:start position:0% complicated submarine topography, including<00:21:27.600> large<00:21:28.159> sea<00:21:28.480> mounts<00:21:28.960> rising<00:21:29.360> from 19:34.908 --> 19:34.918 align:start position:0% including large sea mounts rising from 19:34.918 --> 19:37.308 align:start position:0% including large sea mounts rising from the<00:21:29.760> deep<00:21:30.080> sea<00:21:30.400> floor.<00:21:31.039> So,<00:21:31.280> when<00:21:31.600> moving 19:37.308 --> 19:37.318 align:start position:0% the deep sea floor. So, when moving 19:37.318 --> 19:39.628 align:start position:0% the deep sea floor. So, when moving water<00:21:32.400> encounters<00:21:33.039> one<00:21:33.200> of<00:21:33.280> these<00:21:33.520> obstacles, 19:39.628 --> 19:39.638 align:start position:0% water encounters one of these obstacles, 19:39.638 --> 19:42.028 align:start position:0% water encounters one of these obstacles, it<00:21:34.559> doesn't<00:21:34.799> just<00:21:35.039> stop,<00:21:35.679> it<00:21:35.919> has<00:21:36.080> to<00:21:36.320> flow 19:42.028 --> 19:42.038 align:start position:0% it doesn't just stop, it has to flow 19:42.038 --> 19:44.748 align:start position:0% it doesn't just stop, it has to flow around<00:21:37.200> it.<00:21:38.320> Chen<00:21:38.640> and<00:21:38.799> his<00:21:38.960> colleagues 19:44.748 --> 19:44.758 align:start position:0% around it. Chen and his colleagues 19:44.758 --> 19:47.148 align:start position:0% around it. Chen and his colleagues concluded<00:21:39.919> that<00:21:40.080> an<00:21:40.320> upper<00:21:40.640> ocean<00:21:41.360> flow 19:47.148 --> 19:47.158 align:start position:0% concluded that an upper ocean flow 19:47.158 --> 19:49.227 align:start position:0% concluded that an upper ocean flow itself<00:21:42.480> influenced<00:21:42.960> by<00:21:43.120> a<00:21:43.280> subsurface 19:49.227 --> 19:49.237 align:start position:0% itself influenced by a subsurface 19:49.237 --> 19:52.188 align:start position:0% itself influenced by a subsurface cyclonic<00:21:44.400> eddy.<00:21:45.039> So<00:21:45.360> basically<00:21:45.840> as<00:21:46.080> that<00:21:46.400> flow 19:52.188 --> 19:52.198 align:start position:0% cyclonic eddy. So basically as that flow 19:52.198 --> 19:53.948 align:start position:0% cyclonic eddy. So basically as that flow interacted<00:21:47.440> with<00:21:47.679> the<00:21:47.919> mountain<00:21:48.400> it 19:53.948 --> 19:53.958 align:start position:0% interacted with the mountain it 19:53.958 --> 19:56.188 align:start position:0% interacted with the mountain it generated<00:21:49.039> a<00:21:49.280> wake<00:21:49.600> in<00:21:49.840> the<00:21:50.000> water<00:21:50.400> below 19:56.188 --> 19:56.198 align:start position:0% generated a wake in the water below 19:56.198 --> 19:59.253 align:start position:0% generated a wake in the water below producing<00:21:51.760> a<00:21:52.080> rotating<00:21:52.880> vortex<00:21:53.520> in<00:21:53.919> the 19:59.253 --> 19:59.263 align:start position:0% producing a rotating vortex in the 19:59.263 --> 20:01.867 align:start position:0% producing a rotating vortex in the [music]<00:21:54.159> deep<00:21:54.640> ocean<00:21:55.600> the<00:21:55.840> seamount<00:21:56.400> was 20:01.867 --> 20:01.877 align:start position:0% [music] deep ocean the seamount was 20:01.877 --> 20:03.867 align:start position:0% [music] deep ocean the seamount was effectively<00:21:57.120> acting<00:21:57.440> like<00:21:57.600> a<00:21:57.840> gigantic 20:03.867 --> 20:03.877 align:start position:0% effectively acting like a gigantic 20:03.877 --> 20:06.828 align:start position:0% effectively acting like a gigantic vortex<00:21:59.280> generator.<00:22:00.640> With<00:22:00.880> this<00:22:01.120> research 20:06.828 --> 20:06.838 align:start position:0% vortex generator. With this research 20:06.838 --> 20:08.987 align:start position:0% vortex generator. With this research they<00:22:01.679> showed<00:22:01.919> edies<00:22:02.400> aren't<00:22:02.720> just<00:22:03.120> surface 20:08.987 --> 20:08.997 align:start position:0% they showed edies aren't just surface 20:08.997 --> 20:11.388 align:start position:0% they showed edies aren't just surface whirlpools<00:22:04.480> somehow<00:22:04.960> extending<00:22:05.520> a<00:22:05.760> long 20:11.388 --> 20:11.398 align:start position:0% whirlpools somehow extending a long 20:11.398 --> 20:14.268 align:start position:0% whirlpools somehow extending a long tentacle<00:22:06.799> towards<00:22:07.200> the<00:22:07.440> bottom<00:22:07.919> but<00:22:08.240> instead 20:14.268 --> 20:14.278 align:start position:0% tentacle towards the bottom but instead 20:14.278 --> 20:16.508 align:start position:0% tentacle towards the bottom but instead that<00:22:09.200> the<00:22:09.440> upper<00:22:09.760> ocean<00:22:10.240> can<00:22:10.559> provide<00:22:10.960> the 20:16.508 --> 20:16.518 align:start position:0% that the upper ocean can provide the 20:16.518 --> 20:19.148 align:start position:0% that the upper ocean can provide the initial<00:22:11.679> disturbance.<00:22:13.039> The<00:22:13.280> shape<00:22:13.520> of<00:22:13.679> the 20:19.148 --> 20:19.158 align:start position:0% initial disturbance. The shape of the 20:19.158 --> 20:22.268 align:start position:0% initial disturbance. The shape of the seafloor<00:22:14.480> can<00:22:14.880> transform<00:22:15.600> that<00:22:16.000> energy<00:22:16.640> and 20:22.268 --> 20:22.278 align:start position:0% seafloor can transform that energy and 20:22.278 --> 20:24.908 align:start position:0% seafloor can transform that energy and create<00:22:17.200> an<00:22:17.520> entirely<00:22:18.080> new<00:22:18.480> rotating<00:22:19.200> system 20:24.908 --> 20:24.918 align:start position:0% create an entirely new rotating system 20:24.918 --> 20:27.068 align:start position:0% create an entirely new rotating system at<00:22:19.919> depth.<00:22:20.640> But<00:22:20.799> there's<00:22:21.039> also<00:22:21.280> a<00:22:21.440> very 20:27.068 --> 20:27.078 align:start position:0% at depth. But there's also a very 20:27.078 --> 20:29.628 align:start position:0% at depth. But there's also a very sinister<00:22:22.320> side<00:22:22.559> to<00:22:22.720> them<00:22:22.960> as<00:22:23.200> well.<00:22:23.840> A<00:22:24.080> side 20:29.628 --> 20:29.638 align:start position:0% sinister side to them as well. A side 20:29.638 --> 20:33.548 align:start position:0% sinister side to them as well. A side that<00:22:24.559> can<00:22:24.799> potentially<00:22:26.159> swallow<00:22:26.720> ships. 20:33.548 --> 20:33.558 align:start position:0% that can potentially swallow ships. 20:33.558 --> 20:34.987 align:start position:0% that can potentially swallow ships. This<00:22:28.400> is<00:22:28.559> where<00:22:28.720> we<00:22:28.960> should<00:22:29.120> talk<00:22:29.360> about 20:34.987 --> 20:34.997 align:start position:0% This is where we should talk about 20:34.997 --> 20:36.828 align:start position:0% This is where we should talk about whirlpools<00:22:30.400> because<00:22:30.640> I<00:22:30.880> can't<00:22:31.039> keep<00:22:31.200> saying 20:36.828 --> 20:36.838 align:start position:0% whirlpools because I can't keep saying 20:36.838 --> 20:40.347 align:start position:0% whirlpools because I can't keep saying giant<00:22:31.919> ocean<00:22:32.400> vortex<00:22:32.960> and<00:22:33.440> not<00:22:33.919> do<00:22:34.159> that.<00:22:34.559> So 20:40.347 --> 20:40.357 align:start position:0% giant ocean vortex and not do that. So 20:40.357 --> 20:42.107 align:start position:0% giant ocean vortex and not do that. So yes,<00:22:35.360> there<00:22:35.600> really<00:22:35.840> are<00:22:36.080> spectacular 20:42.107 --> 20:42.117 align:start position:0% yes, there really are spectacular 20:42.117 --> 20:44.268 align:start position:0% yes, there really are spectacular whirlpools<00:22:37.440> in<00:22:37.600> the<00:22:37.760> world.<00:22:38.240> Places<00:22:38.640> like 20:44.268 --> 20:44.278 align:start position:0% whirlpools in the world. Places like 20:44.278 --> 20:46.908 align:start position:0% whirlpools in the world. Places like Norway's<00:22:39.520> salt<00:22:39.919> strawman<00:22:40.480> develop<00:22:40.880> extremely 20:46.908 --> 20:46.918 align:start position:0% Norway's salt strawman develop extremely 20:46.918 --> 20:49.388 align:start position:0% Norway's salt strawman develop extremely powerful<00:22:42.080> ones.<00:22:42.799> Matt<00:22:43.120> Damon's<00:22:43.679> crew<00:22:43.919> in 20:49.388 --> 20:49.398 align:start position:0% powerful ones. Matt Damon's crew in 20:49.398 --> 20:51.948 align:start position:0% powerful ones. Matt Damon's crew in Adysius,<00:22:44.960> you<00:22:45.120> name<00:22:45.280> it.<00:22:45.919> But<00:22:46.080> these<00:22:46.240> are<00:22:46.400> not 20:51.948 --> 20:51.958 align:start position:0% Adysius, you name it. But these are not 20:51.958 --> 20:54.428 align:start position:0% Adysius, you name it. But these are not quite<00:22:46.880> the<00:22:47.120> same<00:22:47.280> phenomenon<00:22:47.840> as<00:22:48.000> a<00:22:48.240> 100<00:22:48.640> km 20:54.428 --> 20:54.438 align:start position:0% quite the same phenomenon as a 100 km 20:54.438 --> 20:57.308 align:start position:0% quite the same phenomenon as a 100 km wide<00:22:49.520> misoscale<00:22:50.275> [music]<00:22:50.559> eddy.<00:22:51.360> An<00:22:51.600> open 20:57.308 --> 20:57.318 align:start position:0% wide misoscale [music] eddy. An open 20:57.318 --> 20:59.948 align:start position:0% wide misoscale [music] eddy. An open ocean<00:22:52.400> eddy<00:22:52.799> is<00:22:53.039> so<00:22:53.360> enormous<00:22:54.159> that<00:22:54.400> its 20:59.948 --> 20:59.958 align:start position:0% ocean eddy is so enormous that its 20:59.958 --> 21:03.068 align:start position:0% ocean eddy is so enormous that its surface<00:22:55.120> slope<00:22:55.520> can<00:22:55.760> be<00:22:55.919> extremely<00:22:56.720> subtle.<00:22:57.520> A 21:03.068 --> 21:03.078 align:start position:0% surface slope can be extremely subtle. A 21:03.078 --> 21:05.148 align:start position:0% surface slope can be extremely subtle. A ship<00:22:58.080> doesn't<00:22:58.400> normally<00:22:58.799> reach<00:22:59.120> its<00:22:59.360> edge<00:22:59.600> and 21:05.148 --> 21:05.158 align:start position:0% ship doesn't normally reach its edge and 21:05.158 --> 21:07.308 align:start position:0% ship doesn't normally reach its edge and suddenly<00:23:00.400> spiral<00:23:00.960> dramatically<00:23:01.440> towards<00:23:01.760> the 21:07.308 --> 21:07.318 align:start position:0% suddenly spiral dramatically towards the 21:07.318 --> 21:08.748 align:start position:0% suddenly spiral dramatically towards the center<00:23:02.240> like<00:23:02.480> something<00:23:02.720> disappearing<00:23:03.200> down 21:08.748 --> 21:08.758 align:start position:0% center like something disappearing down 21:08.758 --> 21:11.308 align:start position:0% center like something disappearing down a<00:23:03.679> bath<00:23:04.000> plug.<00:23:04.640> No.<00:23:05.039> from<00:23:05.200> the<00:23:05.360> deck.<00:23:05.679> You<00:23:05.840> may 21:11.308 --> 21:11.318 align:start position:0% a bath plug. No. from the deck. You may 21:11.318 --> 21:13.068 align:start position:0% a bath plug. No. from the deck. You may not<00:23:06.080> even<00:23:06.240> realize<00:23:06.559> you're<00:23:06.720> inside<00:23:07.120> one<00:23:07.520> at 21:13.068 --> 21:13.078 align:start position:0% not even realize you're inside one at 21:13.078 --> 21:14.748 align:start position:0% not even realize you're inside one at all.<00:23:07.961> [music]<00:23:08.159> Deep<00:23:08.400> sea<00:23:08.640> eddies<00:23:09.039> for<00:23:09.280> things 21:14.748 --> 21:14.758 align:start position:0% all. [music] Deep sea eddies for things 21:14.758 --> 21:16.188 align:start position:0% all. [music] Deep sea eddies for things traveling<00:23:09.840> underneath<00:23:10.320> them<00:23:10.640> are 21:16.188 --> 21:16.198 align:start position:0% traveling underneath them are 21:16.198 --> 21:18.668 align:start position:0% traveling underneath them are potentially<00:23:11.440> more<00:23:11.760> troublesome,<00:23:12.640> however, 21:18.668 --> 21:18.678 align:start position:0% potentially more troublesome, however, 21:18.678 --> 21:20.668 align:start position:0% potentially more troublesome, however, precisely<00:23:14.000> because<00:23:14.400> they're<00:23:14.720> so<00:23:14.960> difficult 21:20.668 --> 21:20.678 align:start position:0% precisely because they're so difficult 21:20.678 --> 21:23.708 align:start position:0% precisely because they're so difficult to<00:23:15.679> see<00:23:16.000> coming.<00:23:17.120> Those<00:23:17.360> kinds<00:23:17.600> of<00:23:17.760> unexpected 21:23.708 --> 21:23.718 align:start position:0% to see coming. Those kinds of unexpected 21:23.718 --> 21:25.548 align:start position:0% to see coming. Those kinds of unexpected currents<00:23:18.799> and<00:23:18.960> density<00:23:19.440> changes<00:23:19.919> can 21:25.548 --> 21:25.558 align:start position:0% currents and density changes can 21:25.558 --> 21:28.107 align:start position:0% currents and density changes can complicate<00:23:20.960> underwater<00:23:21.679> navigation<00:23:22.320> and 21:28.107 --> 21:28.117 align:start position:0% complicate underwater navigation and 21:28.117 --> 21:30.188 align:start position:0% complicate underwater navigation and vehicle<00:23:23.360> control.<00:23:24.159> There's<00:23:24.400> even<00:23:24.640> a 21:30.188 --> 21:30.198 align:start position:0% vehicle control. There's even a 21:30.198 --> 21:32.107 align:start position:0% vehicle control. There's even a dramatic,<00:23:25.360> although<00:23:25.760> more<00:23:26.080> cautiously 21:32.107 --> 21:32.117 align:start position:0% dramatic, although more cautiously 21:32.117 --> 21:35.548 align:start position:0% dramatic, although more cautiously source<00:23:27.280> example<00:23:27.679> of<00:23:27.919> this.<00:23:28.480> In<00:23:28.799> 2014,<00:23:29.760> Chinese 21:35.548 --> 21:35.558 align:start position:0% source example of this. In 2014, Chinese 21:35.558 --> 21:38.428 align:start position:0% source example of this. In 2014, Chinese submarine<00:23:30.880> 371<00:23:32.159> reportedly<00:23:32.799> began 21:38.428 --> 21:38.438 align:start position:0% submarine 371 reportedly began 21:38.438 --> 21:41.068 align:start position:0% submarine 371 reportedly began descending<00:23:33.679> unexpectedly<00:23:34.720> before<00:23:35.039> its<00:23:35.440> crew 21:41.068 --> 21:41.078 align:start position:0% descending unexpectedly before its crew 21:41.078 --> 21:44.188 align:start position:0% descending unexpectedly before its crew regained<00:23:36.400> control,<00:23:37.039> and<00:23:37.360> some<00:23:37.679> suspect<00:23:38.640> an 21:44.188 --> 21:44.198 align:start position:0% regained control, and some suspect an 21:44.198 --> 21:46.987 align:start position:0% regained control, and some suspect an Eddie<00:23:39.280> was<00:23:39.520> the<00:23:39.840> culprit.<00:23:40.640> "It<00:23:41.039> was<00:23:41.200> like<00:23:41.440> a 21:46.987 --> 21:46.997 align:start position:0% Eddie was the culprit. "It was like a 21:46.997 --> 21:49.948 align:start position:0% Eddie was the culprit. "It was like a fast<00:23:42.080> car<00:23:42.480> suddenly<00:23:42.960> running<00:23:43.360> over<00:23:43.600> a<00:23:44.000> cliff," 21:49.948 --> 21:49.958 align:start position:0% fast car suddenly running over a cliff," 21:49.958 --> 21:52.107 align:start position:0% fast car suddenly running over a cliff," said<00:23:44.960> the<00:23:45.200> captain.<00:23:45.919> I<00:23:46.080> should<00:23:46.240> just<00:23:46.400> say<00:23:46.480> that 21:52.107 --> 21:52.117 align:start position:0% said the captain. I should just say that 21:52.117 --> 21:54.028 align:start position:0% said the captain. I should just say that public<00:23:47.120> evidence<00:23:47.520> connecting<00:23:47.919> that<00:23:48.240> specific 21:54.028 --> 21:54.038 align:start position:0% public evidence connecting that specific 21:54.038 --> 21:56.987 align:start position:0% public evidence connecting that specific accident<00:23:49.200> to<00:23:49.440> a<00:23:49.760> measured<00:23:50.159> Eddie<00:23:50.559> is<00:23:51.120> limited, 21:56.987 --> 21:56.997 align:start position:0% accident to a measured Eddie is limited, 21:56.997 --> 21:59.148 align:start position:0% accident to a measured Eddie is limited, so<00:23:52.000> I'd<00:23:52.240> treat<00:23:52.400> it<00:23:52.559> as<00:23:52.720> an<00:23:52.960> intriguing<00:23:53.440> report 21:59.148 --> 21:59.158 align:start position:0% so I'd treat it as an intriguing report 21:59.158 --> 22:00.908 align:start position:0% so I'd treat it as an intriguing report rather<00:23:54.159> than<00:23:54.320> a<00:23:54.559> scientifically<00:23:55.280> proven 22:00.908 --> 22:00.918 align:start position:0% rather than a scientifically proven 22:00.918 --> 22:03.628 align:start position:0% rather than a scientifically proven case,<00:23:55.919> but<00:23:56.480> worth<00:23:56.880> mentioning.<00:23:57.600> The<00:23:57.840> genuine 22:03.628 --> 22:03.638 align:start position:0% case, but worth mentioning. The genuine 22:03.638 --> 22:05.867 align:start position:0% case, but worth mentioning. The genuine danger<00:23:58.640> then<00:23:58.880> is<00:23:59.200> not<00:23:59.360> that<00:23:59.600> a<00:23:59.760> misoscale 22:05.867 --> 22:05.877 align:start position:0% danger then is not that a misoscale 22:05.877 --> 22:07.788 align:start position:0% danger then is not that a misoscale Eddie<00:24:00.880> opens<00:24:01.200> a<00:24:01.440> giant<00:24:01.679> hole<00:24:02.000> in<00:24:02.159> the<00:24:02.240> ocean 22:07.788 --> 22:07.798 align:start position:0% Eddie opens a giant hole in the ocean 22:07.798 --> 22:11.467 align:start position:0% Eddie opens a giant hole in the ocean and<00:24:02.799> sucks<00:24:03.360> everything<00:24:03.840> into<00:24:04.240> it.<00:24:05.120> It's<00:24:05.440> much 22:11.467 --> 22:11.477 align:start position:0% and sucks everything into it. It's much 22:11.477 --> 22:14.107 align:start position:0% and sucks everything into it. It's much subtler<00:24:06.720> than<00:24:06.880> that.<00:24:07.760> Unlike<00:24:08.159> our<00:24:08.400> next 22:14.107 --> 22:14.117 align:start position:0% subtler than that. Unlike our next 22:14.117 --> 22:15.948 align:start position:0% subtler than that. Unlike our next weather<00:24:09.120> system,<00:24:09.520> by<00:24:09.679> the<00:24:09.840> way,<00:24:10.000> which<00:24:10.240> is 22:15.948 --> 22:15.958 align:start position:0% weather system, by the way, which is 22:15.958 --> 22:18.428 align:start position:0% weather system, by the way, which is anything<00:24:11.200> but 22:18.428 --> 22:18.438 align:start position:0% anything but 22:18.438 --> 22:21.227 align:start position:0% anything but every<00:24:13.440> so<00:24:13.679> often,<00:24:14.080> that<00:24:14.400> tranquil<00:24:15.039> abyss<00:24:15.600> is 22:21.227 --> 22:21.237 align:start position:0% every so often, that tranquil abyss is 22:21.237 --> 22:25.308 align:start position:0% every so often, that tranquil abyss is hit<00:24:16.720> by<00:24:17.039> a<00:24:17.279> benthic<00:24:18.240> storm.<00:24:19.200> The<00:24:19.440> name<00:24:19.679> is 22:25.308 --> 22:25.318 align:start position:0% hit by a benthic storm. The name is 22:25.318 --> 22:28.028 align:start position:0% hit by a benthic storm. The name is wonderfully<00:24:20.720> evocative,<00:24:21.520> but<00:24:21.919> basically 22:28.028 --> 22:28.038 align:start position:0% wonderfully evocative, but basically 22:28.038 --> 22:30.748 align:start position:0% wonderfully evocative, but basically scientists<00:24:23.360> use<00:24:23.600> it<00:24:23.760> to<00:24:23.919> describe<00:24:24.480> episodes 22:30.748 --> 22:30.758 align:start position:0% scientists use it to describe episodes 22:30.758 --> 22:32.908 align:start position:0% scientists use it to describe episodes where<00:24:25.840> currents<00:24:26.400> close<00:24:26.720> to<00:24:26.880> the<00:24:27.039> deep<00:24:27.279> sea 22:32.908 --> 22:32.918 align:start position:0% where currents close to the deep sea 22:32.918 --> 22:36.028 align:start position:0% where currents close to the deep sea floor<00:24:28.240> become<00:24:28.720> strong<00:24:29.039> enough<00:24:29.279> to<00:24:29.760> erode<00:24:30.320> and 22:36.028 --> 22:36.038 align:start position:0% floor become strong enough to erode and 22:36.038 --> 22:39.788 align:start position:0% floor become strong enough to erode and resuspend<00:24:32.080> fine<00:24:32.640> sediment.<00:24:33.679> And<00:24:33.840> when<00:24:34.159> that 22:39.788 --> 22:39.798 align:start position:0% resuspend fine sediment. And when that 22:39.798 --> 22:42.268 align:start position:0% resuspend fine sediment. And when that happens,<00:24:35.200> the<00:24:35.440> view<00:24:35.679> from<00:24:35.919> the<00:24:36.080> seabed<00:24:36.640> can 22:42.268 --> 22:42.278 align:start position:0% happens, the view from the seabed can 22:42.278 --> 22:45.068 align:start position:0% happens, the view from the seabed can change<00:24:37.520> dramatically.<00:24:38.799> These<00:24:39.120> storms<00:24:39.520> were 22:45.068 --> 22:45.078 align:start position:0% change dramatically. These storms were 22:45.078 --> 22:47.467 align:start position:0% change dramatically. These storms were only<00:24:40.000> really<00:24:40.320> proven<00:24:40.640> to<00:24:40.880> exist<00:24:41.279> in<00:24:41.600> the<00:24:41.760> early 22:47.467 --> 22:47.477 align:start position:0% only really proven to exist in the early 22:47.477 --> 22:50.828 align:start position:0% only really proven to exist in the early 1980s<00:24:43.200> when<00:24:43.600> Arthur<00:24:44.159> Null<00:24:44.559> and<00:24:44.799> his<00:24:45.120> team 22:50.828 --> 22:50.838 align:start position:0% 1980s when Arthur Null and his team 22:50.838 --> 22:53.708 align:start position:0% 1980s when Arthur Null and his team conducted<00:24:46.080> their<00:24:46.799> high<00:24:47.279> energy<00:24:47.760> benthic 22:53.708 --> 22:53.718 align:start position:0% conducted their high energy benthic 22:53.718 --> 22:57.148 align:start position:0% conducted their high energy benthic boundary<00:24:49.120> layer<00:24:49.520> experiment<00:24:50.320> or<00:24:50.720> heel<00:24:51.440> on<00:24:51.679> the 22:57.148 --> 22:57.158 align:start position:0% boundary layer experiment or heel on the 22:57.158 --> 23:00.668 align:start position:0% boundary layer experiment or heel on the continental<00:24:52.480> rise<00:24:53.039> south<00:24:53.440> of<00:24:53.840> Nova<00:24:54.240> Scotia. 23:00.668 --> 23:00.678 align:start position:0% continental rise south of Nova Scotia. 23:00.678 --> 23:03.388 align:start position:0% continental rise south of Nova Scotia. Instruments<00:24:56.000> were<00:24:56.159> placed<00:24:56.559> roughly<00:24:57.200> 5<00:24:57.440> km 23:03.388 --> 23:03.398 align:start position:0% Instruments were placed roughly 5 km 23:03.398 --> 23:05.708 align:start position:0% Instruments were placed roughly 5 km beneath<00:24:58.480> the<00:24:58.720> ocean<00:24:59.200> surface<00:25:00.000> where<00:25:00.240> the 23:05.708 --> 23:05.718 align:start position:0% beneath the ocean surface where the 23:05.718 --> 23:07.308 align:start position:0% beneath the ocean surface where the understanding<00:25:00.880> at<00:25:01.120> the<00:25:01.279> time<00:25:01.520> was<00:25:01.760> that 23:07.308 --> 23:07.318 align:start position:0% understanding at the time was that 23:07.318 --> 23:09.308 align:start position:0% understanding at the time was that background<00:25:02.720> currents<00:25:03.200> could<00:25:03.440> be<00:25:03.679> traveling 23:09.308 --> 23:09.318 align:start position:0% background currents could be traveling 23:09.318 --> 23:12.908 align:start position:0% background currents could be traveling at<00:25:04.159> only<00:25:04.400> a<00:25:04.640> few<00:25:04.880> cm<00:25:05.679> per<00:25:06.159> second.<00:25:07.039> But<00:25:07.279> during 23:12.908 --> 23:12.918 align:start position:0% at only a few cm per second. But during 23:12.918 --> 23:14.508 align:start position:0% at only a few cm per second. But during benthic<00:25:08.159> storms,<00:25:08.559> those<00:25:08.799> currents 23:14.508 --> 23:14.518 align:start position:0% benthic storms, those currents 23:14.518 --> 23:18.188 align:start position:0% benthic storms, those currents accelerated<00:25:09.760> to<00:25:10.000> around<00:25:10.400> 20<00:25:10.720> cm/s<00:25:11.919> or<00:25:12.240> more, 23:18.188 --> 23:18.198 align:start position:0% accelerated to around 20 cm/s or more, 23:18.198 --> 23:20.107 align:start position:0% accelerated to around 20 cm/s or more, while<00:25:13.200> concentrations<00:25:13.919> of<00:25:14.159> suspended 23:20.107 --> 23:20.117 align:start position:0% while concentrations of suspended 23:20.117 --> 23:22.188 align:start position:0% while concentrations of suspended particles<00:25:15.440> increased<00:25:15.919> by<00:25:16.159> orders<00:25:16.559> of 23:22.188 --> 23:22.198 align:start position:0% particles increased by orders of 23:22.198 --> 23:25.628 align:start position:0% particles increased by orders of magnitude,<00:25:18.000> persisting<00:25:18.640> for<00:25:18.880> days<00:25:19.279> on<00:25:19.520> end. 23:25.628 --> 23:25.638 align:start position:0% magnitude, persisting for days on end. 23:25.638 --> 23:28.188 align:start position:0% magnitude, persisting for days on end. The<00:25:20.640> result<00:25:20.960> was<00:25:21.360> enormous<00:25:22.080> clouds<00:25:22.559> of 23:28.188 --> 23:28.198 align:start position:0% The result was enormous clouds of 23:28.198 --> 23:30.987 align:start position:0% The result was enormous clouds of sediment<00:25:23.440> hovering<00:25:24.000> above<00:25:24.400> the<00:25:24.640> seabed<00:25:25.360> known 23:30.987 --> 23:30.997 align:start position:0% sediment hovering above the seabed known 23:30.997 --> 23:34.347 align:start position:0% sediment hovering above the seabed known as<00:25:26.000> benthic<00:25:26.720> nephiloid<00:25:27.760> layers.<00:25:28.559> Which<00:25:28.720> begs 23:34.347 --> 23:34.357 align:start position:0% as benthic nephiloid layers. Which begs 23:34.357 --> 23:36.668 align:start position:0% as benthic nephiloid layers. Which begs the<00:25:29.279> question,<00:25:29.679> doesn't<00:25:29.919> it?<00:25:30.240> What<00:25:30.559> on<00:25:30.799> earth 23:36.668 --> 23:36.678 align:start position:0% the question, doesn't it? What on earth 23:36.678 --> 23:40.908 align:start position:0% the question, doesn't it? What on earth could<00:25:31.679> create<00:25:32.080> a<00:25:32.400> storm<00:25:32.960> 5<00:25:33.360> km<00:25:34.240> underwater? 23:40.908 --> 23:40.918 align:start position:0% could create a storm 5 km underwater? 23:40.918 --> 23:42.828 align:start position:0% could create a storm 5 km underwater? Well,<00:25:35.840> the<00:25:36.000> answer,<00:25:36.320> it<00:25:36.559> turns<00:25:36.799> out,<00:25:37.120> begins 23:42.828 --> 23:42.838 align:start position:0% Well, the answer, it turns out, begins 23:42.838 --> 23:46.107 align:start position:0% Well, the answer, it turns out, begins thousands<00:25:38.000> of<00:25:38.159> meters<00:25:39.200> above. 23:46.107 --> 23:46.117 align:start position:0% thousands of meters above. 23:46.117 --> 23:47.948 align:start position:0% thousands of meters above. Researchers<00:25:41.360> have<00:25:41.600> known<00:25:41.760> for<00:25:42.000> decades<00:25:42.320> that 23:47.948 --> 23:47.958 align:start position:0% Researchers have known for decades that 23:47.958 --> 23:50.587 align:start position:0% Researchers have known for decades that particularly<00:25:43.440> energetic<00:25:44.159> benthic<00:25:44.720> storms<00:25:45.039> in 23:50.587 --> 23:50.597 align:start position:0% particularly energetic benthic storms in 23:50.597 --> 23:53.388 align:start position:0% particularly energetic benthic storms in the<00:25:45.440> western<00:25:45.840> North<00:25:46.159> Atlantic<00:25:47.200> often<00:25:47.600> occur 23:53.388 --> 23:53.398 align:start position:0% the western North Atlantic often occur 23:53.398 --> 23:55.467 align:start position:0% the western North Atlantic often occur between<00:25:48.640> one<00:25:48.880> of<00:25:49.039> the<00:25:49.279> most<00:25:49.600> powerful 23:55.467 --> 23:55.477 align:start position:0% between one of the most powerful 23:55.477 --> 23:58.668 align:start position:0% between one of the most powerful currents<00:25:50.640> on<00:25:50.880> Earth,<00:25:51.600> the<00:25:51.840> Gulf<00:25:52.240> Stream.<00:25:53.039> This 23:58.668 --> 23:58.678 align:start position:0% currents on Earth, the Gulf Stream. This 23:58.678 --> 24:00.748 align:start position:0% currents on Earth, the Gulf Stream. This nearsurface<00:25:54.240> current<00:25:54.559> doesn't<00:25:54.880> just<00:25:55.039> flow 24:00.748 --> 24:00.758 align:start position:0% nearsurface current doesn't just flow 24:00.758 --> 24:02.908 align:start position:0% nearsurface current doesn't just flow smoothly<00:25:56.000> across<00:25:56.400> the<00:25:56.559> Atlantic,<00:25:57.039> as<00:25:57.279> these 24:02.908 --> 24:02.918 align:start position:0% smoothly across the Atlantic, as these 24:02.918 --> 24:05.708 align:start position:0% smoothly across the Atlantic, as these wonderful<00:25:58.080> images<00:25:58.559> make<00:25:58.799> it<00:25:59.039> appear.<00:25:59.840> No, 24:05.708 --> 24:05.718 align:start position:0% wonderful images make it appear. No, 24:05.718 --> 24:07.867 align:start position:0% wonderful images make it appear. No, instead<00:26:00.720> it<00:26:00.960> rides,<00:26:01.600> develops<00:26:02.159> huge 24:07.867 --> 24:07.877 align:start position:0% instead it rides, develops huge 24:07.877 --> 24:10.508 align:start position:0% instead it rides, develops huge meanders,<00:26:03.120> and<00:26:03.360> sheds<00:26:03.840> energetic<00:26:04.480> edies<00:26:04.960> as 24:10.508 --> 24:10.518 align:start position:0% meanders, and sheds energetic edies as 24:10.518 --> 24:13.148 align:start position:0% meanders, and sheds energetic edies as it<00:26:05.440> goes<00:26:05.679> along.<00:26:06.960> You<00:26:07.120> know<00:26:07.279> what?<00:26:07.600> It's 24:13.148 --> 24:13.158 align:start position:0% it goes along. You know what? It's 24:13.158 --> 24:15.388 align:start position:0% it goes along. You know what? It's almost<00:26:08.080> as<00:26:08.240> if<00:26:08.480> instability<00:26:09.200> near<00:26:09.440> the<00:26:09.679> ocean 24:15.388 --> 24:15.398 align:start position:0% almost as if instability near the ocean 24:15.398 --> 24:18.508 align:start position:0% almost as if instability near the ocean surface<00:26:10.559> was<00:26:10.960> somehow<00:26:12.159> transmitting<00:26:12.799> enough 24:18.508 --> 24:18.518 align:start position:0% surface was somehow transmitting enough 24:18.518 --> 24:21.148 align:start position:0% surface was somehow transmitting enough energy<00:26:13.679> through<00:26:14.080> kilometers<00:26:14.640> of<00:26:14.880> water<00:26:15.520> to 24:21.148 --> 24:21.158 align:start position:0% energy through kilometers of water to 24:21.158 --> 24:24.668 align:start position:0% energy through kilometers of water to disturb<00:26:16.320> the<00:26:16.640> abyss<00:26:17.279> below.<00:26:18.559> There's<00:26:18.880> no<00:26:19.039> way, 24:24.668 --> 24:24.678 align:start position:0% disturb the abyss below. There's no way, 24:24.678 --> 24:27.708 align:start position:0% disturb the abyss below. There's no way, right?<00:26:19.919> Well,<00:26:20.240> that's<00:26:20.559> exactly<00:26:21.120> what<00:26:21.520> Saw<00:26:22.159> an 24:27.708 --> 24:27.718 align:start position:0% right? Well, that's exactly what Saw an 24:27.718 --> 24:29.867 align:start position:0% right? Well, that's exactly what Saw an Shan<00:26:22.799> Chen<00:26:23.200> and<00:26:23.440> his<00:26:23.679> colleagues<00:26:24.159> tried<00:26:24.400> to 24:29.867 --> 24:29.877 align:start position:0% Shan Chen and his colleagues tried to 24:29.877 --> 24:32.908 align:start position:0% Shan Chen and his colleagues tried to work<00:26:24.799> out<00:26:25.039> in<00:26:25.360> 2024.<00:26:26.720> Using<00:26:26.960> an<00:26:27.200> ocean 24:32.908 --> 24:32.918 align:start position:0% work out in 2024. Using an ocean 24:32.918 --> 24:34.748 align:start position:0% work out in 2024. Using an ocean circulation<00:26:28.240> model<00:26:28.559> to<00:26:28.799> simulate<00:26:29.279> the 24:34.748 --> 24:34.758 align:start position:0% circulation model to simulate the 24:34.758 --> 24:36.908 align:start position:0% circulation model to simulate the instability<00:26:30.000> of<00:26:30.240> a<00:26:30.559> surface<00:26:31.039> current<00:26:31.360> like 24:36.908 --> 24:36.918 align:start position:0% instability of a surface current like 24:36.918 --> 24:39.308 align:start position:0% instability of a surface current like the<00:26:31.760> Gulf<00:26:32.159> Stream,<00:26:32.880> their<00:26:33.200> hunch<00:26:33.600> was 24:39.308 --> 24:39.318 align:start position:0% the Gulf Stream, their hunch was 24:39.318 --> 24:41.948 align:start position:0% the Gulf Stream, their hunch was confirmed.<00:26:35.200> They<00:26:35.520> discovered<00:26:35.919> that<00:26:36.159> when<00:26:36.400> a 24:41.948 --> 24:41.958 align:start position:0% confirmed. They discovered that when a 24:41.958 --> 24:44.748 align:start position:0% confirmed. They discovered that when a powerful<00:26:37.279> surface<00:26:37.840> intensified<00:26:38.559> jet<00:26:38.960> becomes 24:44.748 --> 24:44.758 align:start position:0% powerful surface intensified jet becomes 24:44.758 --> 24:47.788 align:start position:0% powerful surface intensified jet becomes unstable<00:26:40.080> and<00:26:40.400> begins<00:26:40.880> producing<00:26:41.440> eddies, 24:47.788 --> 24:47.798 align:start position:0% unstable and begins producing eddies, 24:47.798 --> 24:50.508 align:start position:0% unstable and begins producing eddies, energy<00:26:42.880> can<00:26:43.120> be<00:26:43.360> transferred<00:26:44.080> downward<00:26:44.720> into 24:50.508 --> 24:50.518 align:start position:0% energy can be transferred downward into 24:50.518 --> 24:53.548 align:start position:0% energy can be transferred downward into the<00:26:45.440> deep<00:26:45.840> ocean.<00:26:47.039> near<00:26:47.279> the<00:26:47.520> bottom.<00:26:47.919> As<00:26:48.080> the 24:53.548 --> 24:53.558 align:start position:0% the deep ocean. near the bottom. As the 24:53.558 --> 24:56.268 align:start position:0% the deep ocean. near the bottom. As the carage<00:26:48.720> strengthen,<00:26:49.600> the<00:26:49.919> vertical<00:26:50.400> shear 24:56.268 --> 24:56.278 align:start position:0% carage strengthen, the vertical shear 24:56.278 --> 24:58.987 align:start position:0% carage strengthen, the vertical shear increases<00:26:51.600> and<00:26:51.919> turbulence<00:26:52.640> develops, 24:58.987 --> 24:58.997 align:start position:0% increases and turbulence develops, 24:58.997 --> 25:01.467 align:start position:0% increases and turbulence develops, creating<00:26:54.159> conditions<00:26:54.799> capable<00:26:55.279> of<00:26:55.520> lifting 25:01.467 --> 25:01.477 align:start position:0% creating conditions capable of lifting 25:01.477 --> 25:04.508 align:start position:0% creating conditions capable of lifting sediment<00:26:56.880> from<00:26:57.200> the<00:26:57.440> sea<00:26:57.840> floor.<00:26:58.640> And<00:26:58.880> in 25:04.508 --> 25:04.518 align:start position:0% sediment from the sea floor. And in 25:04.518 --> 25:06.188 align:start position:0% sediment from the sea floor. And in 2026, 25:06.188 --> 25:06.198 align:start position:0% 2026, 25:06.198 --> 25:08.987 align:start position:0% 2026, the<00:27:01.200> picture<00:27:01.440> became<00:27:01.919> even<00:27:02.240> more<00:27:02.640> dramatic. 25:08.987 --> 25:08.997 align:start position:0% the picture became even more dramatic. 25:08.997 --> 25:11.068 align:start position:0% the picture became even more dramatic. Using<00:27:04.000> a<00:27:04.240> highresolution<00:27:05.039> model<00:27:05.360> of<00:27:05.520> the 25:11.068 --> 25:11.078 align:start position:0% Using a highresolution model of the 25:11.078 --> 25:13.308 align:start position:0% Using a highresolution model of the western<00:27:06.159> North<00:27:06.480> Atlantic,<00:27:07.279> Chen<00:27:07.679> and<00:27:07.840> his 25:13.308 --> 25:13.318 align:start position:0% western North Atlantic, Chen and his 25:13.318 --> 25:15.628 align:start position:0% western North Atlantic, Chen and his colleagues<00:27:08.480> concluded<00:27:08.880> that<00:27:09.120> an<00:27:09.360> upper<00:27:09.679> ocean 25:15.628 --> 25:15.638 align:start position:0% colleagues concluded that an upper ocean 25:15.638 --> 25:18.107 align:start position:0% colleagues concluded that an upper ocean flow<00:27:10.799> itself<00:27:11.520> influenced<00:27:12.000> by<00:27:12.159> a<00:27:12.400> surface 25:18.107 --> 25:18.117 align:start position:0% flow itself influenced by a surface 25:18.117 --> 25:21.308 align:start position:0% flow itself influenced by a surface cyclonic<00:27:13.360> eddi<00:27:14.240> was<00:27:14.400> steered<00:27:14.960> across<00:27:15.679> the 25:21.308 --> 25:21.318 align:start position:0% cyclonic eddi was steered across the 25:21.318 --> 25:24.347 align:start position:0% cyclonic eddi was steered across the seamount.<00:27:17.039> These<00:27:17.279> cyclones<00:27:17.919> are<00:27:18.320> massive. 25:24.347 --> 25:24.357 align:start position:0% seamount. These cyclones are massive. 25:24.357 --> 25:28.028 align:start position:0% seamount. These cyclones are massive. I'm<00:27:19.279> talking<00:27:19.760> 100<00:27:20.080> to<00:27:20.400> 200<00:27:20.960> km<00:27:21.520> in<00:27:21.919> size, 25:28.028 --> 25:28.038 align:start position:0% I'm talking 100 to 200 km in size, 25:28.038 --> 25:30.268 align:start position:0% I'm talking 100 to 200 km in size, rotating<00:27:23.360> anticlockwise<00:27:24.320> in<00:27:24.480> the<00:27:24.640> northern 25:30.268 --> 25:30.278 align:start position:0% rotating anticlockwise in the northern 25:30.278 --> 25:32.908 align:start position:0% rotating anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere<00:27:25.919> and<00:27:26.159> forming<00:27:26.559> near<00:27:26.799> meanders<00:27:27.360> of 25:32.908 --> 25:32.918 align:start position:0% hemisphere and forming near meanders of 25:32.918 --> 25:35.068 align:start position:0% hemisphere and forming near meanders of strong<00:27:28.000> currents<00:27:28.480> like,<00:27:28.880> yep,<00:27:29.279> you<00:27:29.520> guessed 25:35.068 --> 25:35.078 align:start position:0% strong currents like, yep, you guessed 25:35.078 --> 25:38.587 align:start position:0% strong currents like, yep, you guessed it,<00:27:30.400> the<00:27:30.720> Gulf<00:27:31.120> Stream,<00:27:32.080> the<00:27:32.320> seafloor.<00:27:33.039> in 25:38.587 --> 25:38.597 align:start position:0% it, the Gulf Stream, the seafloor. in 25:38.597 --> 25:40.107 align:start position:0% it, the Gulf Stream, the seafloor. in other<00:27:33.440> words,<00:27:33.760> is<00:27:33.919> not<00:27:34.159> just<00:27:34.240> a<00:27:34.480> sort<00:27:34.640> of 25:40.107 --> 25:40.117 align:start position:0% other words, is not just a sort of 25:40.117 --> 25:42.748 align:start position:0% other words, is not just a sort of passive<00:27:35.440> graveyard<00:27:36.159> beneath<00:27:36.559> the<00:27:36.799> ocean. 25:42.748 --> 25:42.758 align:start position:0% passive graveyard beneath the ocean. 25:42.758 --> 25:45.708 align:start position:0% passive graveyard beneath the ocean. It's<00:27:37.679> part<00:27:37.840> of<00:27:38.000> an<00:27:38.240> active<00:27:38.880> shifting<00:27:39.600> system. 25:45.708 --> 25:45.718 align:start position:0% It's part of an active shifting system. 25:45.718 --> 25:48.028 align:start position:0% It's part of an active shifting system. And<00:27:40.559> when<00:27:40.880> that<00:27:41.120> energy<00:27:41.520> reaches<00:27:41.919> the<00:27:42.159> bottom, 25:48.028 --> 25:48.038 align:start position:0% And when that energy reaches the bottom, 25:48.038 --> 25:50.908 align:start position:0% And when that energy reaches the bottom, even<00:27:42.960> a<00:27:43.120> landscape<00:27:43.679> 5<00:27:43.919> km<00:27:44.480> beneath<00:27:44.799> the<00:27:44.960> waves 25:50.908 --> 25:50.918 align:start position:0% even a landscape 5 km beneath the waves 25:50.918 --> 25:52.668 align:start position:0% even a landscape 5 km beneath the waves can<00:27:45.919> suddenly<00:27:46.400> experience<00:27:46.880> something 25:52.668 --> 25:52.678 align:start position:0% can suddenly experience something 25:52.678 --> 25:56.188 align:start position:0% can suddenly experience something remarkably<00:27:48.240> like<00:27:48.799> weather.<00:27:50.080> But<00:27:50.320> not<00:27:50.559> every 25:56.188 --> 25:56.198 align:start position:0% remarkably like weather. But not every 25:56.198 --> 25:58.107 align:start position:0% remarkably like weather. But not every dramatic<00:27:51.440> moment<00:27:51.679> in<00:27:51.919> the<00:27:52.080> ocean<00:27:52.320> is<00:27:52.480> driven 25:58.107 --> 25:58.117 align:start position:0% dramatic moment in the ocean is driven 25:58.117 --> 26:01.388 align:start position:0% dramatic moment in the ocean is driven by<00:27:53.120> turbulence<00:27:53.760> or<00:27:54.080> powerful<00:27:54.880> currents.<00:27:55.919> But 26:01.388 --> 26:01.398 align:start position:0% by turbulence or powerful currents. But 26:01.398 --> 26:04.828 align:start position:0% by turbulence or powerful currents. But sometimes<00:27:57.120> just<00:27:57.520> one<00:27:57.840> degree<00:27:58.799> can<00:27:59.120> make<00:27:59.279> all 26:04.828 --> 26:04.838 align:start position:0% sometimes just one degree can make all 26:04.838 --> 26:07.148 align:start position:0% sometimes just one degree can make all the<00:27:59.679> difference. 26:07.148 --> 26:07.158 align:start position:0% the difference. 26:07.158 --> 26:10.428 align:start position:0% the difference. What's<00:28:02.159> cooler<00:28:02.559> than<00:28:02.880> being<00:28:03.360> cool?<00:28:04.399> Brine 26:10.428 --> 26:10.438 align:start position:0% What's cooler than being cool? Brine 26:10.438 --> 26:12.828 align:start position:0% What's cooler than being cool? Brine cool.<00:28:06.000> I<00:28:06.240> don't<00:28:06.399> imagine<00:28:06.720> you<00:28:06.880> have<00:28:07.039> immediate 26:12.828 --> 26:12.838 align:start position:0% cool. I don't imagine you have immediate 26:12.838 --> 26:14.587 align:start position:0% cool. I don't imagine you have immediate plans<00:28:07.760> to<00:28:07.919> go<00:28:08.000> for<00:28:08.159> a<00:28:08.240> dip<00:28:08.399> in<00:28:08.559> the<00:28:08.720> Arctic<00:28:09.039> or 26:14.587 --> 26:14.597 align:start position:0% plans to go for a dip in the Arctic or 26:14.597 --> 26:16.828 align:start position:0% plans to go for a dip in the Arctic or Antarctic,<00:28:10.000> but<00:28:10.159> if<00:28:10.320> you<00:28:10.559> ever<00:28:10.720> do,<00:28:11.120> keep<00:28:11.279> an 26:16.828 --> 26:16.838 align:start position:0% Antarctic, but if you ever do, keep an 26:16.838 --> 26:19.628 align:start position:0% Antarctic, but if you ever do, keep an eye<00:28:11.679> out<00:28:11.840> for<00:28:12.080> the<00:28:12.399> icy<00:28:12.880> finger<00:28:13.360> of<00:28:13.760> death, 26:19.628 --> 26:19.638 align:start position:0% eye out for the icy finger of death, 26:19.638 --> 26:23.148 align:start position:0% eye out for the icy finger of death, otherwise<00:28:14.880> known<00:28:15.520> as<00:28:15.760> the<00:28:16.000> brinnele. 26:23.148 --> 26:23.158 align:start position:0% otherwise known as the brinnele. 26:23.158 --> 26:25.948 align:start position:0% otherwise known as the brinnele. Capable<00:28:18.240> of<00:28:18.480> freezing<00:28:18.960> anything<00:28:19.440> it<00:28:19.840> touches, 26:25.948 --> 26:25.958 align:start position:0% Capable of freezing anything it touches, 26:25.958 --> 26:28.268 align:start position:0% Capable of freezing anything it touches, brinne<00:28:21.440> truly<00:28:21.840> are<00:28:22.000> one<00:28:22.240> of<00:28:22.399> nature's 26:28.268 --> 26:28.278 align:start position:0% brinne truly are one of nature's 26:28.278 --> 26:30.508 align:start position:0% brinne truly are one of nature's greatest<00:28:23.600> oddities. 26:30.508 --> 26:30.518 align:start position:0% greatest oddities. 26:30.518 --> 26:32.587 align:start position:0% greatest oddities. They<00:28:25.520> look<00:28:25.760> like<00:28:26.000> descending<00:28:26.720> tubes 26:32.587 --> 26:32.597 align:start position:0% They look like descending tubes 26:32.597 --> 26:35.148 align:start position:0% They look like descending tubes projected<00:28:27.919> downward<00:28:28.399> from<00:28:28.720> floating<00:28:29.279> sea<00:28:29.520> ice 26:35.148 --> 26:35.158 align:start position:0% projected downward from floating sea ice 26:35.158 --> 26:37.227 align:start position:0% projected downward from floating sea ice on<00:28:30.080> the<00:28:30.240> surface<00:28:30.640> of<00:28:30.799> the<00:28:31.039> ocean.<00:28:31.440> A<00:28:31.679> bit<00:28:31.760> like 26:37.227 --> 26:37.237 align:start position:0% on the surface of the ocean. A bit like 26:37.237 --> 26:40.188 align:start position:0% on the surface of the ocean. A bit like an<00:28:32.159> icicle<00:28:32.559> hanging<00:28:32.880> off<00:28:33.039> your<00:28:33.360> house.<00:28:34.080> Except 26:40.188 --> 26:40.198 align:start position:0% an icicle hanging off your house. Except 26:40.198 --> 26:42.508 align:start position:0% an icicle hanging off your house. Except a<00:28:35.200> brine's<00:28:35.919> length<00:28:36.159> can<00:28:36.399> be<00:28:36.480> measured<00:28:36.799> in 26:42.508 --> 26:42.518 align:start position:0% a brine's length can be measured in 26:42.518 --> 26:45.548 align:start position:0% a brine's length can be measured in meters<00:28:38.000> instead<00:28:38.480> of<00:28:38.880> centime.<00:28:39.840> And<00:28:40.000> instead 26:45.548 --> 26:45.558 align:start position:0% meters instead of centime. And instead 26:45.558 --> 26:48.188 align:start position:0% meters instead of centime. And instead of<00:28:40.480> rainwater,<00:28:41.440> it's<00:28:41.679> formed<00:28:42.000> from<00:28:42.159> a<00:28:42.480> super 26:48.188 --> 26:48.198 align:start position:0% of rainwater, it's formed from a super 26:48.198 --> 26:50.668 align:start position:0% of rainwater, it's formed from a super salty<00:28:43.440> saline<00:28:44.080> water<00:28:44.399> solution<00:28:45.039> called 26:50.668 --> 26:50.678 align:start position:0% salty saline water solution called 26:50.678 --> 26:53.548 align:start position:0% salty saline water solution called brine.<00:28:46.480> When<00:28:46.799> seaater<00:28:47.360> along<00:28:47.679> the<00:28:47.840> ocean 26:53.548 --> 26:53.558 align:start position:0% brine. When seaater along the ocean 26:53.558 --> 26:56.428 align:start position:0% brine. When seaater along the ocean surface<00:28:48.720> freezes<00:28:49.200> to<00:28:49.440> form<00:28:49.840> ice,<00:28:50.399> it<00:28:50.640> chucks 26:56.428 --> 26:56.438 align:start position:0% surface freezes to form ice, it chucks 26:56.438 --> 26:58.828 align:start position:0% surface freezes to form ice, it chucks out<00:28:51.360> a<00:28:51.679> high<00:28:52.000> concentration<00:28:52.559> of<00:28:52.880> salt<00:28:53.200> because 26:58.828 --> 26:58.838 align:start position:0% out a high concentration of salt because 26:58.838 --> 27:01.308 align:start position:0% out a high concentration of salt because only<00:28:53.919> pure<00:28:54.320> water<00:28:54.640> molecules<00:28:55.200> fit<00:28:55.520> into<00:28:55.760> the 27:01.308 --> 27:01.318 align:start position:0% only pure water molecules fit into the 27:01.318 --> 27:04.107 align:start position:0% only pure water molecules fit into the rigid<00:28:56.399> crystal<00:28:56.799> structure<00:28:57.200> of<00:28:57.440> ice.<00:28:58.320> All<00:28:58.559> that 27:04.107 --> 27:04.117 align:start position:0% rigid crystal structure of ice. All that 27:04.117 --> 27:06.587 align:start position:0% rigid crystal structure of ice. All that extra<00:28:59.200> salt<00:28:59.520> then<00:28:59.760> needs<00:29:00.080> somewhere<00:29:00.480> to<00:29:00.720> go. 27:06.587 --> 27:06.597 align:start position:0% extra salt then needs somewhere to go. 27:06.597 --> 27:09.628 align:start position:0% extra salt then needs somewhere to go. So<00:29:01.840> it<00:29:02.159> enters<00:29:02.640> cracks<00:29:03.039> and<00:29:03.360> fractures<00:29:03.919> within 27:09.628 --> 27:09.638 align:start position:0% So it enters cracks and fractures within 27:09.638 --> 27:12.107 align:start position:0% So it enters cracks and fractures within that<00:29:04.720> ice.<00:29:05.360> Eventually<00:29:05.840> though,<00:29:06.159> this<00:29:06.399> ice 27:12.107 --> 27:12.117 align:start position:0% that ice. Eventually though, this ice 27:12.117 --> 27:14.347 align:start position:0% that ice. Eventually though, this ice cracks<00:29:07.200> and<00:29:07.440> the<00:29:07.600> salt<00:29:07.919> leaks<00:29:08.320> out<00:29:08.559> into<00:29:08.880> the 27:14.347 --> 27:14.357 align:start position:0% cracks and the salt leaks out into the 27:14.357 --> 27:17.308 align:start position:0% cracks and the salt leaks out into the nearby<00:29:09.520> seawater<00:29:10.159> and<00:29:10.480> increases<00:29:11.120> salinity, 27:17.308 --> 27:17.318 align:start position:0% nearby seawater and increases salinity, 27:17.318 --> 27:20.347 align:start position:0% nearby seawater and increases salinity, leaving<00:29:12.320> behind<00:29:12.720> pockets<00:29:13.200> of<00:29:13.440> extremely<00:29:14.240> cool 27:20.347 --> 27:20.357 align:start position:0% leaving behind pockets of extremely cool 27:20.357 --> 27:22.828 align:start position:0% leaving behind pockets of extremely cool concentrated<00:29:15.919> brine.<00:29:16.559> Now,<00:29:16.799> that<00:29:16.960> brine<00:29:17.360> is 27:22.828 --> 27:22.838 align:start position:0% concentrated brine. Now, that brine is 27:22.838 --> 27:24.987 align:start position:0% concentrated brine. Now, that brine is much<00:29:17.760> denser<00:29:18.080> than<00:29:18.240> the<00:29:18.399> seawater<00:29:19.039> around<00:29:19.360> it. 27:24.987 --> 27:24.997 align:start position:0% much denser than the seawater around it. 27:24.997 --> 27:27.548 align:start position:0% much denser than the seawater around it. So,<00:29:19.840> gravity<00:29:20.320> pulls<00:29:20.640> it<00:29:20.880> downward,<00:29:21.440> and<00:29:21.679> as<00:29:21.919> it 27:27.548 --> 27:27.558 align:start position:0% So, gravity pulls it downward, and as it 27:27.558 --> 27:31.068 align:start position:0% So, gravity pulls it downward, and as it sinks,<00:29:23.200> something<00:29:23.760> otherworldly<00:29:24.799> happens. 27:31.068 --> 27:31.078 align:start position:0% sinks, something otherworldly happens. 27:31.078 --> 27:33.227 align:start position:0% sinks, something otherworldly happens. The<00:29:26.000> freezing<00:29:26.559> brine<00:29:27.039> becomes<00:29:27.520> wrapped 27:33.227 --> 27:33.237 align:start position:0% The freezing brine becomes wrapped 27:33.237 --> 27:36.748 align:start position:0% The freezing brine becomes wrapped inside<00:29:28.559> a<00:29:28.880> descending<00:29:29.520> tube<00:29:30.000> of<00:29:30.320> ice,<00:29:31.200> a 27:36.748 --> 27:36.758 align:start position:0% inside a descending tube of ice, a 27:36.758 --> 27:38.268 align:start position:0% inside a descending tube of ice, a brinneacle. 27:38.268 --> 27:38.278 align:start position:0% brinneacle. 27:38.278 --> 27:40.268 align:start position:0% brinneacle. In<00:29:33.200> fact,<00:29:33.360> these<00:29:33.600> things<00:29:33.760> are<00:29:33.919> so<00:29:34.240> wonderfully 27:40.268 --> 27:40.278 align:start position:0% In fact, these things are so wonderfully 27:40.278 --> 27:43.628 align:start position:0% In fact, these things are so wonderfully creepy<00:29:35.360> that<00:29:35.600> in<00:29:36.000> 2011,<00:29:37.120> a<00:29:37.360> British<00:29:37.760> tabloid 27:43.628 --> 27:43.638 align:start position:0% creepy that in 2011, a British tabloid 27:43.638 --> 27:46.508 align:start position:0% creepy that in 2011, a British tabloid ran<00:29:38.559> the<00:29:38.720> headline,<00:29:39.360> "The<00:29:39.760> underwater<00:29:40.720> icicle 27:46.508 --> 27:46.518 align:start position:0% ran the headline, "The underwater icicle 27:46.518 --> 27:49.308 align:start position:0% ran the headline, "The underwater icicle of<00:29:41.520> death."<00:29:42.559> Catchy.<00:29:43.279> But<00:29:43.440> actually,<00:29:43.760> for 27:49.308 --> 27:49.318 align:start position:0% of death." Catchy. But actually, for 27:49.318 --> 27:51.467 align:start position:0% of death." Catchy. But actually, for once,<00:29:44.399> they<00:29:44.720> were<00:29:45.039> sort<00:29:45.279> of<00:29:45.520> right.<00:29:45.840> I<00:29:46.000> mean, 27:51.467 --> 27:51.477 align:start position:0% once, they were sort of right. I mean, 27:51.477 --> 27:53.148 align:start position:0% once, they were sort of right. I mean, to<00:29:46.320> you<00:29:46.399> and<00:29:46.559> I,<00:29:46.880> touching<00:29:47.200> one<00:29:47.440> would<00:29:47.679> be 27:53.148 --> 27:53.158 align:start position:0% to you and I, touching one would be 27:53.158 --> 27:54.987 align:start position:0% to you and I, touching one would be mildly<00:29:48.399> inconvenient,<00:29:49.120> but<00:29:49.360> there<00:29:49.520> are 27:54.987 --> 27:54.997 align:start position:0% mildly inconvenient, but there are 27:54.997 --> 27:56.908 align:start position:0% mildly inconvenient, but there are reports<00:29:50.000> of<00:29:50.240> bottom<00:29:50.720> dwelling<00:29:51.120> creatures 27:56.908 --> 27:56.918 align:start position:0% reports of bottom dwelling creatures 27:56.918 --> 27:59.788 align:start position:0% reports of bottom dwelling creatures running<00:29:51.919> into<00:29:52.240> them<00:29:52.960> and<00:29:53.279> meeting<00:29:53.600> their<00:29:54.080> icy 27:59.788 --> 27:59.798 align:start position:0% running into them and meeting their icy 27:59.798 --> 28:03.548 align:start position:0% running into them and meeting their icy demise.<00:29:55.679> So,<00:29:55.919> if<00:29:56.080> you<00:29:56.240> are<00:29:56.399> a<00:29:56.960> sea<00:29:57.200> urchin, 28:03.548 --> 28:03.558 align:start position:0% demise. So, if you are a sea urchin, 28:03.558 --> 28:05.948 align:start position:0% demise. So, if you are a sea urchin, approach<00:29:58.640> with<00:29:58.880> caution.<00:29:59.840> Now,<00:30:00.159> I<00:30:00.320> know<00:30:00.480> at 28:05.948 --> 28:05.958 align:start position:0% approach with caution. Now, I know at 28:05.958 --> 28:07.628 align:start position:0% approach with caution. Now, I know at first<00:30:00.880> this<00:30:01.200> might<00:30:01.360> seem<00:30:01.760> completely 28:07.628 --> 28:07.638 align:start position:0% first this might seem completely 28:07.638 --> 28:08.828 align:start position:0% first this might seem completely disconnected<00:30:02.799> from<00:30:02.960> all<00:30:03.039> the<00:30:03.120> deep<00:30:03.360> sea 28:08.828 --> 28:08.838 align:start position:0% disconnected from all the deep sea 28:08.838 --> 28:10.508 align:start position:0% disconnected from all the deep sea weather<00:30:03.760> stuff<00:30:03.919> we've<00:30:04.240> talked<00:30:04.559> about<00:30:04.799> before, 28:10.508 --> 28:10.518 align:start position:0% weather stuff we've talked about before, 28:10.518 --> 28:12.347 align:start position:0% weather stuff we've talked about before, and<00:30:05.440> that's<00:30:05.600> because<00:30:05.919> firstly,<00:30:06.480> I<00:30:06.799> really 28:12.347 --> 28:12.357 align:start position:0% and that's because firstly, I really 28:12.357 --> 28:13.788 align:start position:0% and that's because firstly, I really wanted<00:30:07.279> to<00:30:07.440> squeeze<00:30:07.679> this<00:30:07.919> into<00:30:08.159> the<00:30:08.320> video 28:13.788 --> 28:13.798 align:start position:0% wanted to squeeze this into the video 28:13.798 --> 28:16.668 align:start position:0% wanted to squeeze this into the video because<00:30:08.720> they<00:30:08.960> are<00:30:09.279> awesome,<00:30:10.399> but<00:30:10.640> also<00:30:11.039> they 28:16.668 --> 28:16.678 align:start position:0% because they are awesome, but also they 28:16.678 --> 28:18.828 align:start position:0% because they are awesome, but also they do<00:30:11.600> reveal<00:30:12.000> the<00:30:12.320> same<00:30:12.559> fundamental<00:30:13.200> truth 28:18.828 --> 28:18.838 align:start position:0% do reveal the same fundamental truth 28:18.838 --> 28:21.707 align:start position:0% do reveal the same fundamental truth about<00:30:13.840> the<00:30:14.080> ocean.<00:30:15.039> Seemingly<00:30:15.600> small<00:30:16.000> changes 28:21.707 --> 28:21.717 align:start position:0% about the ocean. Seemingly small changes 28:21.717 --> 28:23.867 align:start position:0% about the ocean. Seemingly small changes in<00:30:16.559> the<00:30:16.799> physical<00:30:17.200> properties<00:30:17.600> of<00:30:17.919> seawater 28:23.867 --> 28:23.877 align:start position:0% in the physical properties of seawater 28:23.877 --> 28:26.828 align:start position:0% in the physical properties of seawater can<00:30:18.799> set<00:30:19.120> enormous<00:30:19.919> movements<00:30:20.480> in<00:30:20.720> motion. 28:26.828 --> 28:26.838 align:start position:0% can set enormous movements in motion. 28:26.838 --> 28:29.308 align:start position:0% can set enormous movements in motion. With<00:30:21.840> benthic<00:30:22.480> storms,<00:30:22.960> energy<00:30:23.279> and<00:30:23.520> momentum 28:29.308 --> 28:29.318 align:start position:0% With benthic storms, energy and momentum 28:29.318 --> 28:32.028 align:start position:0% With benthic storms, energy and momentum reach<00:30:24.320> the<00:30:24.480> seabed<00:30:24.960> and<00:30:25.120> resuspend<00:30:25.919> sediment. 28:32.028 --> 28:32.038 align:start position:0% reach the seabed and resuspend sediment. 28:32.038 --> 28:33.788 align:start position:0% reach the seabed and resuspend sediment. With<00:30:26.960> brineicles,<00:30:27.679> differences<00:30:28.159> in 28:33.788 --> 28:33.798 align:start position:0% With brineicles, differences in 28:33.798 --> 28:36.028 align:start position:0% With brineicles, differences in temperature<00:30:28.880> and<00:30:29.200> salinity<00:30:30.240> change<00:30:30.559> the 28:36.028 --> 28:36.038 align:start position:0% temperature and salinity change the 28:36.038 --> 28:38.987 align:start position:0% temperature and salinity change the density<00:30:31.120> of<00:30:31.440> seawater<00:30:32.159> enough<00:30:32.880> for<00:30:33.279> gravity 28:38.987 --> 28:38.997 align:start position:0% density of seawater enough for gravity 28:38.997 --> 28:41.707 align:start position:0% density of seawater enough for gravity to<00:30:33.919> send<00:30:34.159> it<00:30:34.399> plunging<00:30:35.039> downwards.<00:30:36.159> And 28:41.707 --> 28:41.717 align:start position:0% to send it plunging downwards. And 28:41.717 --> 28:43.788 align:start position:0% to send it plunging downwards. And although<00:30:36.720> a<00:30:36.960> single<00:30:37.279> brinele<00:30:37.840> may<00:30:38.000> descend 28:43.788 --> 28:43.798 align:start position:0% although a single brinele may descend 28:43.798 --> 28:46.828 align:start position:0% although a single brinele may descend only<00:30:38.799> a<00:30:39.039> few<00:30:39.200> meters,<00:30:39.919> the<00:30:40.159> physics<00:30:40.640> behind<00:30:41.120> it 28:46.828 --> 28:46.838 align:start position:0% only a few meters, the physics behind it 28:46.838 --> 28:49.707 align:start position:0% only a few meters, the physics behind it scales<00:30:41.919> it<00:30:42.080> up<00:30:42.480> spectacularly. 28:49.707 --> 28:49.717 align:start position:0% scales it up spectacularly. 28:49.717 --> 28:51.628 align:start position:0% scales it up spectacularly. Around<00:30:44.799> Antarctica,<00:30:45.600> the<00:30:45.760> same<00:30:45.919> production 28:51.628 --> 28:51.638 align:start position:0% Around Antarctica, the same production 28:51.638 --> 28:54.828 align:start position:0% Around Antarctica, the same production of<00:30:46.559> cold,<00:30:47.120> salty,<00:30:47.600> dense<00:30:48.000> water<00:30:48.720> helps<00:30:49.120> create 28:54.828 --> 28:54.838 align:start position:0% of cold, salty, dense water helps create 28:54.838 --> 28:56.508 align:start position:0% of cold, salty, dense water helps create water<00:30:49.840> masses<00:30:50.159> that<00:30:50.399> sink<00:30:50.799> off<00:30:50.960> the 28:56.508 --> 28:56.518 align:start position:0% water masses that sink off the 28:56.518 --> 28:58.508 align:start position:0% water masses that sink off the continental<00:30:51.760> shelf<00:30:52.080> and<00:30:52.399> spread<00:30:52.799> into<00:30:53.039> the 28:58.508 --> 28:58.518 align:start position:0% continental shelf and spread into the 28:58.518 --> 29:01.548 align:start position:0% continental shelf and spread into the deepest<00:30:53.600> parts<00:30:54.399> of<00:30:54.640> the<00:30:54.880> global<00:30:55.279> ocean.<00:30:56.000> So 29:01.548 --> 29:01.558 align:start position:0% deepest parts of the global ocean. So 29:01.558 --> 29:03.308 align:start position:0% deepest parts of the global ocean. So yeah,<00:30:56.480> we've<00:30:56.640> gone<00:30:56.799> from<00:30:56.960> a<00:30:57.120> storm<00:30:57.520> raging 29:03.308 --> 29:03.318 align:start position:0% yeah, we've gone from a storm raging 29:03.318 --> 29:05.548 align:start position:0% yeah, we've gone from a storm raging across<00:30:58.320> the<00:30:58.480> abyssal<00:30:59.039> floor<00:30:59.360> to<00:30:59.679> something 29:05.548 --> 29:05.558 align:start position:0% across the abyssal floor to something 29:05.558 --> 29:08.668 align:start position:0% across the abyssal floor to something powered<00:31:00.640> not<00:31:00.960> by<00:31:01.360> violent<00:31:02.080> currents,<00:31:02.880> but<00:31:03.120> by 29:08.668 --> 29:08.678 align:start position:0% powered not by violent currents, but by 29:08.678 --> 29:12.828 align:start position:0% powered not by violent currents, but by something<00:31:03.679> much<00:31:04.559> simpler,<00:31:05.600> cold,<00:31:06.399> salt,<00:31:07.120> and 29:12.828 --> 29:12.838 align:start position:0% something much simpler, cold, salt, and 29:12.838 --> 29:15.068 align:start position:0% something much simpler, cold, salt, and gravity.<00:31:08.399> Within<00:31:08.799> all<00:31:08.960> of<00:31:09.120> this,<00:31:09.360> much<00:31:09.600> like 29:15.068 --> 29:15.078 align:start position:0% gravity. Within all of this, much like 29:15.078 --> 29:16.908 align:start position:0% gravity. Within all of this, much like our<00:31:09.919> own<00:31:10.159> atmospheric<00:31:10.720> weather,<00:31:11.039> really, 29:16.908 --> 29:16.918 align:start position:0% our own atmospheric weather, really, 29:16.918 --> 29:19.867 align:start position:0% our own atmospheric weather, really, there<00:31:11.840> is<00:31:12.080> one<00:31:12.320> key<00:31:12.880> driver,<00:31:13.760> one<00:31:14.159> energy 29:19.867 --> 29:19.877 align:start position:0% there is one key driver, one energy 29:19.877 --> 29:22.188 align:start position:0% there is one key driver, one energy source<00:31:14.960> that<00:31:15.279> powers<00:31:15.760> many<00:31:16.080> of<00:31:16.240> the<00:31:16.480> currents 29:22.188 --> 29:22.198 align:start position:0% source that powers many of the currents 29:22.198 --> 29:25.068 align:start position:0% source that powers many of the currents and<00:31:17.120> large<00:31:17.440> scale<00:31:17.840> movements<00:31:18.399> in<00:31:18.720> our<00:31:19.039> ocean. 29:25.068 --> 29:25.078 align:start position:0% and large scale movements in our ocean. 29:25.078 --> 29:26.587 align:start position:0% and large scale movements in our ocean. And<00:31:20.000> with<00:31:20.159> that,<00:31:20.399> we<00:31:20.640> come<00:31:20.799> to<00:31:20.960> what's 29:26.587 --> 29:26.597 align:start position:0% And with that, we come to what's 29:26.597 --> 29:28.987 align:start position:0% And with that, we come to what's arguably<00:31:21.840> the<00:31:22.159> most<00:31:22.480> sinister<00:31:23.200> deep<00:31:23.440> sea 29:28.987 --> 29:28.997 align:start position:0% arguably the most sinister deep sea 29:28.997 --> 29:31.227 align:start position:0% arguably the most sinister deep sea weather<00:31:24.000> phenomenon<00:31:24.559> of<00:31:24.799> all.<00:31:25.520> One<00:31:25.760> that 29:31.227 --> 29:31.237 align:start position:0% weather phenomenon of all. One that 29:31.237 --> 29:34.268 align:start position:0% weather phenomenon of all. One that isn't<00:31:26.159> really<00:31:26.399> about<00:31:26.720> moving<00:31:27.360> water<00:31:27.760> as<00:31:28.159> such. 29:34.268 --> 29:34.278 align:start position:0% isn't really about moving water as such. 29:34.278 --> 29:36.107 align:start position:0% isn't really about moving water as such. But<00:31:29.120> what<00:31:29.440> happens<00:31:29.679> when<00:31:30.000> something 29:36.107 --> 29:36.117 align:start position:0% But what happens when something 29:36.117 --> 29:40.347 align:start position:0% But what happens when something disappears? 29:40.347 --> 29:40.357 align:start position:0% 29:40.357 --> 29:41.707 align:start position:0% Imagine<00:31:35.360> living<00:31:35.600> somewhere<00:31:35.919> where<00:31:36.159> your 29:41.707 --> 29:41.717 align:start position:0% Imagine living somewhere where your 29:41.717 --> 29:45.148 align:start position:0% Imagine living somewhere where your entire<00:31:36.960> ecosystem<00:31:37.679> depends<00:31:38.240> entirely<00:31:39.039> upon 29:45.148 --> 29:45.158 align:start position:0% entire ecosystem depends entirely upon 29:45.158 --> 29:47.548 align:start position:0% entire ecosystem depends entirely upon sunlight.<00:31:40.640> And<00:31:40.799> then<00:31:41.440> in<00:31:41.679> the<00:31:41.760> middle<00:31:41.919> of<00:31:42.080> the 29:47.548 --> 29:47.558 align:start position:0% sunlight. And then in the middle of the 29:47.558 --> 29:50.668 align:start position:0% sunlight. And then in the middle of the day,<00:31:43.039> someone<00:31:43.519> turns<00:31:43.840> the<00:31:44.080> lights<00:31:44.399> off.<00:31:45.120> If 29:50.668 --> 29:50.678 align:start position:0% day, someone turns the lights off. If 29:50.678 --> 29:52.908 align:start position:0% day, someone turns the lights off. If you<00:31:45.519> thought<00:31:45.760> dark,<00:31:46.159> overcast<00:31:46.880> winter<00:31:47.279> months 29:52.908 --> 29:52.918 align:start position:0% you thought dark, overcast winter months 29:52.918 --> 29:55.707 align:start position:0% you thought dark, overcast winter months were<00:31:47.840> bad,<00:31:48.399> well,<00:31:48.799> imagine<00:31:49.200> that.<00:31:49.840> Not<00:31:50.080> for<00:31:50.240> an 29:55.707 --> 29:55.717 align:start position:0% were bad, well, imagine that. Not for an 29:55.717 --> 29:59.308 align:start position:0% were bad, well, imagine that. Not for an hour,<00:31:50.799> not<00:31:50.960> even<00:31:51.279> for<00:31:51.519> a<00:31:51.760> day,<00:31:52.000> but<00:31:52.399> for<00:31:52.799> weeks. 29:59.308 --> 29:59.318 align:start position:0% hour, not even for a day, but for weeks. 29:59.318 --> 30:02.587 align:start position:0% hour, not even for a day, but for weeks. For<00:31:54.159> the<00:31:54.399> first<00:31:54.640> time,<00:31:54.960> in<00:31:55.279> January<00:31:55.840> 2026, 30:02.587 --> 30:02.597 align:start position:0% For the first time, in January 2026, 30:02.597 --> 30:05.467 align:start position:0% For the first time, in January 2026, scientists<00:31:57.840> introduce<00:31:58.399> a<00:31:58.720> new<00:31:59.279> terrifying 30:05.467 --> 30:05.477 align:start position:0% scientists introduce a new terrifying 30:05.477 --> 30:10.028 align:start position:0% scientists introduce a new terrifying concept.<00:32:01.360> Marine<00:32:02.159> dark<00:32:02.720> waves.<00:32:04.000> Intense 30:10.028 --> 30:10.038 align:start position:0% concept. Marine dark waves. Intense 30:10.038 --> 30:12.268 align:start position:0% concept. Marine dark waves. Intense episodes<00:32:05.200> of<00:32:05.440> underwater<00:32:06.159> darkness<00:32:06.559> that<00:32:06.799> can 30:12.268 --> 30:12.278 align:start position:0% episodes of underwater darkness that can 30:12.278 --> 30:15.148 align:start position:0% episodes of underwater darkness that can last<00:32:07.200> from<00:32:07.519> days<00:32:07.919> to<00:32:08.240> months<00:32:08.880> and<00:32:09.200> push<00:32:09.519> marine 30:15.148 --> 30:15.158 align:start position:0% last from days to months and push marine 30:15.158 --> 30:18.587 align:start position:0% last from days to months and push marine ecosystems<00:32:10.720> into<00:32:11.120> acute<00:32:11.760> stress. 30:18.587 --> 30:18.597 align:start position:0% ecosystems into acute stress. 30:18.597 --> 30:20.748 align:start position:0% ecosystems into acute stress. Francois<00:32:13.919> Thorl<00:32:14.399> and<00:32:14.480> an<00:32:14.720> international<00:32:15.200> team 30:20.748 --> 30:20.758 align:start position:0% Francois Thorl and an international team 30:20.758 --> 30:23.308 align:start position:0% Francois Thorl and an international team of<00:32:15.760> researchers<00:32:16.799> published<00:32:17.200> the<00:32:17.519> first 30:23.308 --> 30:23.318 align:start position:0% of researchers published the first 30:23.318 --> 30:25.548 align:start position:0% of researchers published the first formal<00:32:18.559> framework<00:32:18.960> for<00:32:19.440> identifying<00:32:19.919> and 30:25.548 --> 30:25.558 align:start position:0% formal framework for identifying and 30:25.558 --> 30:28.028 align:start position:0% formal framework for identifying and comparing<00:32:21.279> marine<00:32:21.760> dark<00:32:22.080> waves.<00:32:22.480> And<00:32:22.559> they 30:28.028 --> 30:28.038 align:start position:0% comparing marine dark waves. And they 30:28.038 --> 30:29.788 align:start position:0% comparing marine dark waves. And they did<00:32:22.752> [music]<00:32:22.880> this<00:32:23.039> just<00:32:23.279> a<00:32:23.519> few<00:32:23.760> months<00:32:24.080> ago. 30:29.788 --> 30:29.798 align:start position:0% did [music] this just a few months ago. 30:29.798 --> 30:32.748 align:start position:0% did [music] this just a few months ago. And<00:32:24.720> honestly,<00:32:25.519> the<00:32:25.840> news<00:32:26.080> is<00:32:26.559> harrowing. 30:32.748 --> 30:32.758 align:start position:0% And honestly, the news is harrowing. 30:32.758 --> 30:34.987 align:start position:0% And honestly, the news is harrowing. Now,<00:32:27.760> not<00:32:28.000> only<00:32:28.159> was<00:32:28.399> there<00:32:28.640> no<00:32:28.960> name<00:32:29.279> for 30:34.987 --> 30:34.997 align:start position:0% Now, not only was there no name for 30:34.997 --> 30:37.068 align:start position:0% Now, not only was there no name for marine<00:32:30.080> dark<00:32:30.320> waves,<00:32:30.799> there<00:32:30.960> was<00:32:31.120> also<00:32:31.440> no 30:37.068 --> 30:37.078 align:start position:0% marine dark waves, there was also no 30:37.078 --> 30:39.227 align:start position:0% marine dark waves, there was also no consistent<00:32:32.240> way<00:32:32.480> to<00:32:32.720> even<00:32:33.120> measure<00:32:33.600> these 30:39.227 --> 30:39.237 align:start position:0% consistent way to even measure these 30:39.237 --> 30:42.428 align:start position:0% consistent way to even measure these extreme<00:32:34.320> events<00:32:34.880> up<00:32:35.120> until<00:32:35.600> now.<00:32:36.480> Speaking<00:32:36.880> as 30:42.428 --> 30:42.438 align:start position:0% extreme events up until now. Speaking as 30:42.438 --> 30:43.548 align:start position:0% extreme events up until now. Speaking as part<00:32:37.279> of<00:32:37.440> an<00:32:37.600> interview<00:32:37.840> with<00:32:38.080> the 30:43.548 --> 30:43.558 align:start position:0% part of an interview with the 30:43.558 --> 30:46.748 align:start position:0% part of an interview with the conversation<00:32:38.880> in<00:32:39.200> 2026,<00:32:40.640> Thor<00:32:41.039> describes 30:46.748 --> 30:46.758 align:start position:0% conversation in 2026, Thor describes 30:46.758 --> 30:48.908 align:start position:0% conversation in 2026, Thor describes dark<00:32:41.760> waves<00:32:42.080> as<00:32:42.240> occurring<00:32:42.640> when<00:32:42.880> underwater 30:48.908 --> 30:48.918 align:start position:0% dark waves as occurring when underwater 30:48.918 --> 30:51.388 align:start position:0% dark waves as occurring when underwater light<00:32:44.000> falls<00:32:44.320> below<00:32:44.640> a<00:32:44.960> depthsp<00:32:45.519> specific 30:51.388 --> 30:51.398 align:start position:0% light falls below a depthsp specific 30:51.398 --> 30:54.268 align:start position:0% light falls below a depthsp specific threshold<00:32:47.039> for<00:32:47.279> a<00:32:47.440> minimum<00:32:48.000> duration 30:54.268 --> 30:54.278 align:start position:0% threshold for a minimum duration 30:54.278 --> 30:56.668 align:start position:0% threshold for a minimum duration relative<00:32:49.440> to<00:32:49.679> what<00:32:49.919> is<00:32:50.159> normally<00:32:50.640> expected<00:32:51.120> at 30:56.668 --> 30:56.678 align:start position:0% relative to what is normally expected at 30:56.678 --> 30:59.467 align:start position:0% relative to what is normally expected at that<00:32:51.679> location.<00:32:52.720> It's<00:32:53.039> this<00:32:53.440> differentiation 30:59.467 --> 30:59.477 align:start position:0% that location. It's this differentiation 30:59.477 --> 31:01.388 align:start position:0% that location. It's this differentiation that<00:32:54.480> helped<00:32:54.720> them<00:32:54.880> to<00:32:55.279> identify<00:32:55.679> when 31:01.388 --> 31:01.398 align:start position:0% that helped them to identify when 31:01.398 --> 31:03.948 align:start position:0% that helped them to identify when conditions<00:32:56.559> shift<00:32:56.960> from<00:32:57.200> merely<00:32:57.679> dim<00:32:58.320> to 31:03.948 --> 31:03.958 align:start position:0% conditions shift from merely dim to 31:03.958 --> 31:07.360 align:start position:0% conditions shift from merely dim to unusually<00:32:59.519> dark.<00:33:00.559> To<00:33:00.880> develop<00:33:01.279> this,<00:33:01.600> Thorl 31:07.360 --> 31:07.370 align:start position:0% unusually dark. To develop this, Thorl 31:07.370 --> 31:08.668 align:start position:0% unusually dark. To develop this, Thorl [music]<00:33:02.080> and<00:33:02.240> his<00:33:02.480> colleagues<00:33:02.880> assembled 31:08.668 --> 31:08.678 align:start position:0% [music] and his colleagues assembled 31:08.678 --> 31:10.827 align:start position:0% [music] and his colleagues assembled some<00:33:03.600> unusually<00:33:04.320> long<00:33:04.720> records<00:33:05.200> of 31:10.827 --> 31:10.837 align:start position:0% some unusually long records of 31:10.837 --> 31:12.587 align:start position:0% some unusually long records of underwater<00:33:06.240> light.<00:33:06.637> [music]<00:33:06.880> And<00:33:07.039> we're 31:12.587 --> 31:12.597 align:start position:0% underwater light. [music] And we're 31:12.597 --> 31:14.827 align:start position:0% underwater light. [music] And we're talking<00:33:07.840> 16<00:33:08.399> years<00:33:08.720> worth<00:33:08.960> of<00:33:09.120> measurements 31:14.827 --> 31:14.837 align:start position:0% talking 16 years worth of measurements 31:14.837 --> 31:17.548 align:start position:0% talking 16 years worth of measurements from<00:33:09.840> Santa<00:33:10.240> Barbara<00:33:10.720> in<00:33:10.960> California,<00:33:12.000> 10 31:17.548 --> 31:17.558 align:start position:0% from Santa Barbara in California, 10 31:17.558 --> 31:19.227 align:start position:0% from Santa Barbara in California, 10 years<00:33:12.480> of<00:33:12.720> observations<00:33:13.360> at<00:33:13.679> two<00:33:13.842> [music] 31:19.227 --> 31:19.237 align:start position:0% years of observations at two [music] 31:19.237 --> 31:22.188 align:start position:0% years of observations at two [music] depths<00:33:14.240> in<00:33:14.480> New<00:33:14.640> Zealand's<00:33:15.039> f<00:33:15.440> of<00:33:15.679> temps<00:33:16.480> and 31:22.188 --> 31:22.198 align:start position:0% depths in New Zealand's f of temps and 31:22.198 --> 31:25.068 align:start position:0% depths in New Zealand's f of temps and 21<00:33:17.679> years<00:33:17.919> of<00:33:18.240> satellite<00:33:18.880> derived<00:33:19.279> estimates 31:25.068 --> 31:25.078 align:start position:0% 21 years of satellite derived estimates 31:25.078 --> 31:27.548 align:start position:0% 21 years of satellite derived estimates of<00:33:20.080> seabed<00:33:20.640> illumination<00:33:21.679> around<00:33:22.080> New 31:27.548 --> 31:27.558 align:start position:0% of seabed illumination around New 31:27.558 --> 31:30.587 align:start position:0% of seabed illumination around New Zealand's<00:33:22.880> East<00:33:23.360> Cape.<00:33:24.559> What<00:33:24.799> they<00:33:25.039> found 31:30.587 --> 31:30.597 align:start position:0% Zealand's East Cape. What they found 31:30.597 --> 31:33.948 align:start position:0% Zealand's East Cape. What they found weren't<00:33:25.600> merely<00:33:26.159> slightly<00:33:26.880> gloomy<00:33:27.519> periods. 31:33.948 --> 31:33.958 align:start position:0% weren't merely slightly gloomy periods. 31:33.958 --> 31:36.908 align:start position:0% weren't merely slightly gloomy periods. They<00:33:28.960> found<00:33:29.360> total<00:33:29.919> blackouts.<00:33:30.799> At<00:33:31.039> the<00:33:31.200> Santa 31:36.908 --> 31:36.918 align:start position:0% They found total blackouts. At the Santa 31:36.918 --> 31:38.748 align:start position:0% They found total blackouts. At the Santa Barbara<00:33:31.919> site,<00:33:32.240> for<00:33:32.320> example,<00:33:32.799> one<00:33:33.039> major 31:38.748 --> 31:38.758 align:start position:0% Barbara site, for example, one major 31:38.758 --> 31:41.707 align:start position:0% Barbara site, for example, one major dark<00:33:33.760> wave,<00:33:34.000> which<00:33:34.240> began<00:33:34.480> in<00:33:34.720> June<00:33:35.120> 2021, 31:41.707 --> 31:41.717 align:start position:0% dark wave, which began in June 2021, 31:41.717 --> 31:44.908 align:start position:0% dark wave, which began in June 2021, persisted<00:33:36.960> for<00:33:37.440> 30<00:33:37.919> days<00:33:38.640> and<00:33:38.960> produced<00:33:39.279> an 31:44.908 --> 31:44.918 align:start position:0% persisted for 30 days and produced an 31:44.918 --> 31:48.268 align:start position:0% persisted for 30 days and produced an overall<00:33:40.000> light<00:33:40.240> reduction<00:33:40.720> of<00:33:40.960> roughly<00:33:41.519> 80% 31:48.268 --> 31:48.278 align:start position:0% overall light reduction of roughly 80% 31:48.278 --> 31:50.827 align:start position:0% overall light reduction of roughly 80% relative<00:33:43.360> to<00:33:43.600> normal<00:33:44.159> conditions.<00:33:45.120> Across 31:50.827 --> 31:50.837 align:start position:0% relative to normal conditions. Across 31:50.837 --> 31:53.068 align:start position:0% relative to normal conditions. Across the<00:33:45.679> study<00:33:46.000> as<00:33:46.159> a<00:33:46.320> whole,<00:33:46.799> the<00:33:47.039> most<00:33:47.360> extreme 31:53.068 --> 31:53.078 align:start position:0% the study as a whole, the most extreme 31:53.078 --> 31:56.268 align:start position:0% the study as a whole, the most extreme events<00:33:48.240> approached<00:33:48.880> 100%<00:33:49.760> loss<00:33:50.159> of<00:33:50.399> expected 31:56.268 --> 31:56.278 align:start position:0% events approached 100% loss of expected 31:56.278 --> 31:58.987 align:start position:0% events approached 100% loss of expected light<00:33:51.360> at<00:33:51.679> their<00:33:52.000> peaks.<00:33:52.799> For<00:33:52.960> an<00:33:53.200> organism 31:58.987 --> 31:58.997 align:start position:0% light at their peaks. For an organism 31:58.997 --> 32:01.388 align:start position:0% light at their peaks. For an organism dependent<00:33:54.240> on<00:33:54.480> photosynthesis,<00:33:55.600> that's<00:33:55.840> not 32:01.388 --> 32:01.398 align:start position:0% dependent on photosynthesis, that's not 32:01.398 --> 32:04.908 align:start position:0% dependent on photosynthesis, that's not simply<00:33:56.559> bad<00:33:56.960> weather.<00:33:58.000> That's<00:33:58.320> a<00:33:58.559> crisis.<00:33:59.360> So, 32:04.908 --> 32:04.918 align:start position:0% simply bad weather. That's a crisis. So, 32:04.918 --> 32:06.827 align:start position:0% simply bad weather. That's a crisis. So, yeah,<00:33:59.840> I'm<00:34:00.000> sure<00:34:00.159> you're<00:34:00.399> wondering,<00:34:01.200> how<00:34:01.360> do 32:06.827 --> 32:06.837 align:start position:0% yeah, I'm sure you're wondering, how do 32:06.837 --> 32:09.867 align:start position:0% yeah, I'm sure you're wondering, how do you<00:34:01.679> make<00:34:01.840> an<00:34:02.080> ocean<00:34:02.480> go<00:34:02.960> dark?<00:34:04.080> Sunlight 32:09.867 --> 32:09.877 align:start position:0% you make an ocean go dark? Sunlight 32:09.877 --> 32:12.028 align:start position:0% you make an ocean go dark? Sunlight entering<00:34:04.960> the<00:34:05.120> ocean<00:34:05.440> is<00:34:05.760> gradually<00:34:06.240> absorbed 32:12.028 --> 32:12.038 align:start position:0% entering the ocean is gradually absorbed 32:12.038 --> 32:14.748 align:start position:0% entering the ocean is gradually absorbed and<00:34:07.120> scattered<00:34:07.600> as<00:34:07.840> it<00:34:08.079> travels<00:34:08.560> downwards. 32:14.748 --> 32:14.758 align:start position:0% and scattered as it travels downwards. 32:14.758 --> 32:17.068 align:start position:0% and scattered as it travels downwards. Even<00:34:09.839> perfectly<00:34:10.399> clear<00:34:10.720> sea<00:34:10.960> water<00:34:11.280> removes 32:17.068 --> 32:17.078 align:start position:0% Even perfectly clear sea water removes 32:17.078 --> 32:18.667 align:start position:0% Even perfectly clear sea water removes light<00:34:12.079> with<00:34:12.480> depth,<00:34:12.800> which<00:34:13.040> is<00:34:13.200> why 32:18.667 --> 32:18.677 align:start position:0% light with depth, which is why 32:18.677 --> 32:20.828 align:start position:0% light with depth, which is why eventually<00:34:13.839> we<00:34:14.079> reach<00:34:14.320> the<00:34:14.639> permanently<00:34:15.200> dark 32:20.828 --> 32:20.838 align:start position:0% eventually we reach the permanently dark 32:20.838 --> 32:24.907 align:start position:0% eventually we reach the permanently dark or<00:34:15.839> aotic<00:34:16.639> ocean.<00:34:18.000> But<00:34:18.320> add<00:34:18.639> material<00:34:19.119> to<00:34:19.359> that 32:24.907 --> 32:24.917 align:start position:0% or aotic ocean. But add material to that 32:24.917 --> 32:26.588 align:start position:0% or aotic ocean. But add material to that water<00:34:19.919> and<00:34:20.159> the<00:34:20.320> rate<00:34:20.560> at<00:34:20.720> which<00:34:20.960> light 32:26.588 --> 32:26.598 align:start position:0% water and the rate at which light 32:26.598 --> 32:29.308 align:start position:0% water and the rate at which light disappears<00:34:21.919> can<00:34:22.240> change<00:34:22.639> dramatically.<00:34:23.839> It's 32:29.308 --> 32:29.318 align:start position:0% disappears can change dramatically. It's 32:29.318 --> 32:31.068 align:start position:0% disappears can change dramatically. It's a<00:34:24.159> bit<00:34:24.240> like<00:34:24.480> shining<00:34:24.800> a<00:34:24.960> torch<00:34:25.359> through<00:34:25.520> a 32:31.068 --> 32:31.078 align:start position:0% a bit like shining a torch through a 32:31.078 --> 32:33.707 align:start position:0% a bit like shining a torch through a glass<00:34:26.000> of<00:34:26.320> clean<00:34:26.639> water.<00:34:27.520> Most<00:34:27.760> of<00:34:27.919> the<00:34:28.079> beam 32:33.707 --> 32:33.717 align:start position:0% glass of clean water. Most of the beam 32:33.717 --> 32:35.387 align:start position:0% glass of clean water. Most of the beam passes<00:34:28.879> through,<00:34:29.119> but<00:34:29.359> if<00:34:29.440> you<00:34:29.599> stirred<00:34:29.919> in 32:35.387 --> 32:35.397 align:start position:0% passes through, but if you stirred in 32:35.397 --> 32:37.548 align:start position:0% passes through, but if you stirred in some<00:34:30.320> fine<00:34:30.720> mud,<00:34:31.359> then<00:34:31.599> some<00:34:31.839> of<00:34:32.000> those 32:37.548 --> 32:37.558 align:start position:0% some fine mud, then some of those 32:37.558 --> 32:40.028 align:start position:0% some fine mud, then some of those photons<00:34:32.879> are<00:34:33.119> absorbed<00:34:33.760> while<00:34:34.079> others<00:34:34.399> are 32:40.028 --> 32:40.038 align:start position:0% photons are absorbed while others are 32:40.038 --> 32:42.268 align:start position:0% photons are absorbed while others are scattered<00:34:35.119> away<00:34:35.359> from<00:34:35.599> their<00:34:35.839> original<00:34:36.320> path. 32:42.268 --> 32:42.278 align:start position:0% scattered away from their original path. 32:42.278 --> 32:44.108 align:start position:0% scattered away from their original path. Well,<00:34:37.200> much<00:34:37.440> the<00:34:37.679> same<00:34:37.839> thing<00:34:38.000> can<00:34:38.240> happen<00:34:38.480> in 32:44.108 --> 32:44.118 align:start position:0% Well, much the same thing can happen in 32:44.118 --> 32:47.227 align:start position:0% Well, much the same thing can happen in coastal<00:34:39.359> seas.<00:34:40.240> A<00:34:40.480> storm<00:34:40.879> can<00:34:41.119> churn<00:34:41.440> sediment 32:47.227 --> 32:47.237 align:start position:0% coastal seas. A storm can churn sediment 32:47.237 --> 32:49.868 align:start position:0% coastal seas. A storm can churn sediment from<00:34:42.159> the<00:34:42.320> bottom<00:34:42.639> into<00:34:43.040> suspension.<00:34:44.079> Heavy 32:49.868 --> 32:49.878 align:start position:0% from the bottom into suspension. Heavy 32:49.878 --> 32:52.187 align:start position:0% from the bottom into suspension. Heavy rainfall<00:34:45.119> can<00:34:45.359> wash<00:34:45.599> enormous<00:34:46.240> quantities<00:34:46.639> of 32:52.187 --> 32:52.197 align:start position:0% rainfall can wash enormous quantities of 32:52.197 --> 32:54.987 align:start position:0% rainfall can wash enormous quantities of soil<00:34:47.200> and<00:34:47.440> organic<00:34:47.919> matter<00:34:48.240> from<00:34:48.560> rivers<00:34:49.359> into 32:54.987 --> 32:54.997 align:start position:0% soil and organic matter from rivers into 32:54.997 --> 32:58.028 align:start position:0% soil and organic matter from rivers into the<00:34:49.919> sea.<00:34:50.800> Floods<00:34:51.280> can<00:34:51.440> produce<00:34:51.839> vast<00:34:52.320> brown 32:58.028 --> 32:58.038 align:start position:0% the sea. Floods can produce vast brown 32:58.038 --> 33:00.508 align:start position:0% the sea. Floods can produce vast brown plumes<00:34:53.119> of<00:34:53.359> sediment<00:34:53.839> extending<00:34:54.320> offshore. 33:00.508 --> 33:00.518 align:start position:0% plumes of sediment extending offshore. 33:00.518 --> 33:02.667 align:start position:0% plumes of sediment extending offshore. Phytolanton<00:34:56.079> blooms<00:34:56.480> can<00:34:56.720> fill<00:34:56.960> the<00:34:57.119> water 33:02.667 --> 33:02.677 align:start position:0% Phytolanton blooms can fill the water 33:02.677 --> 33:04.588 align:start position:0% Phytolanton blooms can fill the water with<00:34:57.599> light<00:34:57.920> absorbing<00:34:58.560> cells.<00:34:59.040> And 33:04.588 --> 33:04.598 align:start position:0% with light absorbing cells. And 33:04.598 --> 33:06.108 align:start position:0% with light absorbing cells. And actually,<00:34:59.599> there's<00:34:59.839> a<00:35:00.000> rather<00:35:00.240> peculiar 33:06.108 --> 33:06.118 align:start position:0% actually, there's a rather peculiar 33:06.118 --> 33:07.948 align:start position:0% actually, there's a rather peculiar phenomenon<00:35:01.280> here<00:35:01.599> too<00:35:01.760> that<00:35:01.920> we've<00:35:02.240> already 33:07.948 --> 33:07.958 align:start position:0% phenomenon here too that we've already 33:07.958 --> 33:10.427 align:start position:0% phenomenon here too that we've already talked<00:35:02.960> about.<00:35:03.359> Benthic<00:35:03.920> storms<00:35:04.400> can<00:35:04.720> also 33:10.427 --> 33:10.437 align:start position:0% talked about. Benthic storms can also 33:10.437 --> 33:13.628 align:start position:0% talked about. Benthic storms can also help<00:35:05.599> create<00:35:06.240> darkness.<00:35:07.440> Those<00:35:07.680> enormous 33:13.628 --> 33:13.638 align:start position:0% help create darkness. Those enormous 33:13.638 --> 33:15.868 align:start position:0% help create darkness. Those enormous clouds<00:35:08.800> of<00:35:08.960> sediment<00:35:09.359> we<00:35:09.599> saw<00:35:09.839> being<00:35:10.160> lifted 33:15.868 --> 33:15.878 align:start position:0% clouds of sediment we saw being lifted 33:15.878 --> 33:18.427 align:start position:0% clouds of sediment we saw being lifted from<00:35:10.800> the<00:35:11.040> seabed<00:35:11.599> don't<00:35:11.839> merely<00:35:12.400> transport 33:18.427 --> 33:18.437 align:start position:0% from the seabed don't merely transport 33:18.437 --> 33:21.387 align:start position:0% from the seabed don't merely transport particles.<00:35:14.320> Suspended<00:35:14.960> sediment<00:35:15.520> also 33:21.387 --> 33:21.397 align:start position:0% particles. Suspended sediment also 33:21.397 --> 33:24.828 align:start position:0% particles. Suspended sediment also scatters<00:35:16.720> and<00:35:17.040> absorbs<00:35:17.839> light.<00:35:19.040> This<00:35:19.280> means 33:24.828 --> 33:24.838 align:start position:0% scatters and absorbs light. This means 33:24.838 --> 33:27.147 align:start position:0% scatters and absorbs light. This means that<00:35:19.760> in<00:35:20.000> shallow<00:35:20.400> enough<00:35:20.800> environments, 33:27.147 --> 33:27.157 align:start position:0% that in shallow enough environments, 33:27.157 --> 33:29.468 align:start position:0% that in shallow enough environments, energetic<00:35:22.480> waves<00:35:22.960> and<00:35:23.280> currents<00:35:23.599> that<00:35:23.839> stir 33:29.468 --> 33:29.478 align:start position:0% energetic waves and currents that stir 33:29.478 --> 33:31.788 align:start position:0% energetic waves and currents that stir the<00:35:24.320> bottom<00:35:24.880> can<00:35:25.359> contribute<00:35:25.839> to<00:35:26.079> sudden 33:31.788 --> 33:31.798 align:start position:0% the bottom can contribute to sudden 33:31.798 --> 33:34.907 align:start position:0% the bottom can contribute to sudden reductions<00:35:27.440> in<00:35:27.760> seabed<00:35:28.480> illumination. 33:34.907 --> 33:34.917 align:start position:0% reductions in seabed illumination. 33:34.917 --> 33:36.588 align:start position:0% reductions in seabed illumination. Marine<00:35:29.920> dark<00:35:30.240> waves<00:35:30.560> are<00:35:30.720> perhaps<00:35:31.119> the 33:36.588 --> 33:36.598 align:start position:0% Marine dark waves are perhaps the 33:36.598 --> 33:39.068 align:start position:0% Marine dark waves are perhaps the clearest<00:35:31.760> demonstration<00:35:32.560> yet<00:35:32.960> that<00:35:33.200> we<00:35:33.440> can 33:39.068 --> 33:39.078 align:start position:0% clearest demonstration yet that we can 33:39.078 --> 33:42.108 align:start position:0% clearest demonstration yet that we can borrow<00:35:34.160> the<00:35:34.400> logic<00:35:34.880> of<00:35:35.200> atmospheric<00:35:36.079> weather 33:42.108 --> 33:42.118 align:start position:0% borrow the logic of atmospheric weather 33:42.118 --> 33:44.188 align:start position:0% borrow the logic of atmospheric weather without<00:35:37.200> pretending<00:35:37.680> the<00:35:37.920> ocean<00:35:38.320> behaves 33:44.188 --> 33:44.198 align:start position:0% without pretending the ocean behaves 33:44.198 --> 33:46.667 align:start position:0% without pretending the ocean behaves exactly<00:35:39.280> like<00:35:39.520> the<00:35:39.760> atmosphere.<00:35:40.880> Because 33:46.667 --> 33:46.677 align:start position:0% exactly like the atmosphere. Because 33:46.677 --> 33:49.308 align:start position:0% exactly like the atmosphere. Because weather<00:35:41.680> is<00:35:42.160> ultimately<00:35:42.640> about<00:35:43.040> change.<00:35:43.839> And 33:49.308 --> 33:49.318 align:start position:0% weather is ultimately about change. And 33:49.318 --> 33:51.228 align:start position:0% weather is ultimately about change. And the<00:35:44.240> ocean,<00:35:44.640> even<00:35:44.880> in<00:35:45.040> places<00:35:45.359> that<00:35:45.520> appeared 33:51.228 --> 33:51.238 align:start position:0% the ocean, even in places that appeared 33:51.238 --> 33:54.188 align:start position:0% the ocean, even in places that appeared timeless,<00:35:46.560> cold,<00:35:46.880> and<00:35:47.200> still,<00:35:48.000> is<00:35:48.320> changing 33:54.188 --> 33:54.198 align:start position:0% timeless, cold, and still, is changing 33:54.198 --> 33:56.427 align:start position:0% timeless, cold, and still, is changing all<00:35:49.119> the<00:35:49.359> time. 33:56.427 --> 33:56.437 align:start position:0% all the time. 33:56.437 --> 33:58.348 align:start position:0% all the time. So<00:35:51.359> perhaps<00:35:51.760> the<00:35:52.000> biggest<00:35:52.240> surprise<00:35:52.640> is<00:35:52.800> that 33:58.348 --> 33:58.358 align:start position:0% So perhaps the biggest surprise is that 33:58.358 --> 34:00.588 align:start position:0% So perhaps the biggest surprise is that the<00:35:53.200> deep<00:35:53.359> ocean<00:35:53.760> was<00:35:54.079> never<00:35:54.400> the<00:35:54.640> silent, 34:00.588 --> 34:00.598 align:start position:0% the deep ocean was never the silent, 34:00.598 --> 34:03.628 align:start position:0% the deep ocean was never the silent, motionless<00:35:56.000> world<00:35:56.320> we<00:35:56.720> once<00:35:57.119> imagined. 34:03.628 --> 34:03.638 align:start position:0% motionless world we once imagined. 34:03.638 --> 34:05.788 align:start position:0% motionless world we once imagined. Internal<00:35:58.880> waves<00:35:59.359> carry<00:35:59.680> energy<00:36:00.160> through 34:05.788 --> 34:05.798 align:start position:0% Internal waves carry energy through 34:05.798 --> 34:08.988 align:start position:0% Internal waves carry energy through invisible<00:36:01.280> layers.<00:36:02.000> Benthic<00:36:02.640> storms<00:36:03.200> tear 34:08.988 --> 34:08.998 align:start position:0% invisible layers. Benthic storms tear 34:08.998 --> 34:11.548 align:start position:0% invisible layers. Benthic storms tear settled<00:36:04.160> material<00:36:04.640> back<00:36:04.880> from<00:36:05.119> the<00:36:05.359> seabed 34:11.548 --> 34:11.558 align:start position:0% settled material back from the seabed 34:11.558 --> 34:13.868 align:start position:0% settled material back from the seabed and<00:36:06.560> even<00:36:06.880> light<00:36:07.200> itself<00:36:07.839> can<00:36:08.079> suddenly 34:13.868 --> 34:13.878 align:start position:0% and even light itself can suddenly 34:13.878 --> 34:17.068 align:start position:0% and even light itself can suddenly vanish<00:36:08.960> in<00:36:09.200> places<00:36:09.520> that<00:36:09.839> depend<00:36:10.400> upon<00:36:10.800> it. 34:17.068 --> 34:17.078 align:start position:0% vanish in places that depend upon it. 34:17.078 --> 34:19.147 align:start position:0% vanish in places that depend upon it. None<00:36:11.920> of<00:36:12.079> these<00:36:12.240> phenomena<00:36:12.800> are<00:36:13.119> weather<00:36:13.599> in 34:19.147 --> 34:19.157 align:start position:0% None of these phenomena are weather in 34:19.157 --> 34:21.628 align:start position:0% None of these phenomena are weather in quite<00:36:14.160> the<00:36:14.320> way<00:36:14.480> we<00:36:14.800> experience<00:36:15.359> rain,<00:36:15.920> wind, 34:21.628 --> 34:21.638 align:start position:0% quite the way we experience rain, wind, 34:21.638 --> 34:24.188 align:start position:0% quite the way we experience rain, wind, or<00:36:16.640> thunderstorms.<00:36:17.520> But<00:36:18.079> maybe<00:36:18.400> that's<00:36:18.640> the 34:24.188 --> 34:24.198 align:start position:0% or thunderstorms. But maybe that's the 34:24.198 --> 34:26.188 align:start position:0% or thunderstorms. But maybe that's the point.<00:36:19.210> [music]<00:36:19.520> Weather<00:36:20.000> is<00:36:20.320> really<00:36:20.640> the 34:26.188 --> 34:26.198 align:start position:0% point. [music] Weather is really the 34:26.198 --> 34:28.667 align:start position:0% point. [music] Weather is really the story<00:36:21.119> of<00:36:21.280> an<00:36:21.520> environment<00:36:22.079> changing<00:36:22.640> around 34:28.667 --> 34:28.677 align:start position:0% story of an environment changing around 34:28.677 --> 34:31.147 align:start position:0% story of an environment changing around you.<00:36:24.160> And<00:36:24.400> beneath<00:36:24.800> the<00:36:25.040> waves,<00:36:25.599> those 34:31.147 --> 34:31.157 align:start position:0% you. And beneath the waves, those 34:31.157 --> 34:34.348 align:start position:0% you. And beneath the waves, those changes<00:36:26.320> can<00:36:26.560> be<00:36:27.040> enormous.<00:36:28.160> The<00:36:28.400> ocean<00:36:28.800> may 34:34.348 --> 34:34.358 align:start position:0% changes can be enormous. The ocean may 34:34.358 --> 34:36.588 align:start position:0% changes can be enormous. The ocean may look<00:36:29.359> calm<00:36:29.760> from<00:36:30.000> above,<00:36:30.640> but<00:36:30.880> underneath 34:36.588 --> 34:36.598 align:start position:0% look calm from above, but underneath 34:36.598 --> 34:38.268 align:start position:0% look calm from above, but underneath that<00:36:31.520> surface<00:36:31.920> is<00:36:32.079> a<00:36:32.240> world<00:36:32.400> of<00:36:32.560> hidden 34:38.268 --> 34:38.278 align:start position:0% that surface is a world of hidden 34:38.278 --> 34:40.907 align:start position:0% that surface is a world of hidden storms,<00:36:33.520> giant<00:36:34.000> waves,<00:36:34.480> blizzards,<00:36:35.119> shifting 34:40.907 --> 34:40.917 align:start position:0% storms, giant waves, blizzards, shifting 34:40.917 --> 34:43.708 align:start position:0% storms, giant waves, blizzards, shifting currents,<00:36:36.079> and<00:36:36.400> blackouts,<00:36:37.680> all<00:36:38.000> moving 34:43.708 --> 34:43.718 align:start position:0% currents, and blackouts, all moving 34:43.718 --> 34:45.788 align:start position:0% currents, and blackouts, all moving energy,<00:36:38.860> [music]<00:36:39.040> nutrients,<00:36:39.760> carbon,<00:36:40.160> and 34:45.788 --> 34:45.798 align:start position:0% energy, [music] nutrients, carbon, and 34:45.798 --> 34:49.468 align:start position:0% energy, [music] nutrients, carbon, and life<00:36:41.440> around<00:36:42.000> our<00:36:42.400> planet.<00:36:43.440> So,<00:36:43.680> next<00:36:43.920> time 34:49.468 --> 34:49.478 align:start position:0% life around our planet. So, next time 34:49.478 --> 34:51.788 align:start position:0% life around our planet. So, next time you<00:36:44.400> look<00:36:44.560> out<00:36:44.800> across<00:36:45.119> a<00:36:45.440> perfectly<00:36:46.079> still 34:51.788 --> 34:51.798 align:start position:0% you look out across a perfectly still 34:51.798 --> 34:54.188 align:start position:0% you look out across a perfectly still ocean,<00:36:47.440> perhaps<00:36:48.000> don't<00:36:48.240> ask<00:36:48.560> what<00:36:48.720> the 34:54.188 --> 34:54.198 align:start position:0% ocean, perhaps don't ask what the 34:54.198 --> 34:56.748 align:start position:0% ocean, perhaps don't ask what the weather<00:36:49.200> is<00:36:49.440> like<00:36:49.760> above,<00:36:50.800> ask<00:36:51.119> what<00:36:51.280> the 34:56.748 --> 34:56.758 align:start position:0% weather is like above, ask what the 34:56.758 --> 35:00.478 align:start position:0% weather is like above, ask what the weather's<00:36:51.760> like<00:36:52.160> underneath.