WEBVTT

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Spectacular<00:00:01.520><c> eruptions.</c><00:00:02.399><c> Orange</c><00:00:02.960><c> lava</c>

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Spectacular eruptions. Orange lava
 

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Spectacular eruptions. Orange lava
spewing<00:00:04.000><c> across</c><00:00:04.319><c> the</c><00:00:04.560><c> surface</c><00:00:05.040><c> of</c><00:00:05.279><c> our</c>

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spewing across the surface of our
 

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spewing across the surface of our
planet.<00:00:06.480><c> Ash</c><00:00:06.799><c> clouds</c><00:00:07.279><c> filling</c><00:00:07.600><c> the</c><00:00:07.839><c> skies.</c>

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planet. Ash clouds filling the skies.
 

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planet. Ash clouds filling the skies.
That's<00:00:08.480><c> what</c><00:00:08.720><c> volcanic</c><00:00:09.360><c> eruptions</c><00:00:10.000><c> look</c>

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That's what volcanic eruptions look
 

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That's what volcanic eruptions look
like.<00:00:11.200><c> Or</c><00:00:11.360><c> is</c><00:00:11.519><c> it?</c><00:00:12.080><c> Because</c><00:00:12.400><c> not</c><00:00:12.639><c> all</c>

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like. Or is it? Because not all
 

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like. Or is it? Because not all
volcanoes<00:00:13.519><c> are</c><00:00:13.759><c> like</c><00:00:14.080><c> this.</c><00:00:14.799><c> In</c><00:00:15.040><c> fact,</c><00:00:15.839><c> some</c>

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volcanoes are like this. In fact, some
 

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volcanoes are like this. In fact, some
break<00:00:16.400><c> the</c><00:00:16.560><c> rules</c><00:00:17.199><c> entirely.</c><00:00:17.920><c> And</c><00:00:18.160><c> I</c><00:00:18.320><c> want</c><00:00:18.480><c> to</c>

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break the rules entirely. And I want to
 

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break the rules entirely. And I want to
tell<00:00:18.800><c> you</c><00:00:19.199><c> about</c><00:00:19.439><c> the</c><00:00:19.680><c> most</c><00:00:19.840><c> brilliant</c><00:00:20.240><c> ones.</c>

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tell you about the most brilliant ones.
 

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tell you about the most brilliant ones.
One<00:00:21.600><c> burns</c><00:00:22.000><c> with</c><00:00:22.160><c> a</c><00:00:22.320><c> ghastly</c><00:00:22.960><c> blue</c><00:00:23.359><c> flame</c>

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One burns with a ghastly blue flame
 

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One burns with a ghastly blue flame
beside<00:00:24.320><c> a</c><00:00:24.560><c> lake</c><00:00:24.880><c> more</c><00:00:25.119><c> acidic</c><00:00:25.680><c> than</c><00:00:26.080><c> battery</c>

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beside a lake more acidic than battery
 

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beside a lake more acidic than battery
acid.<00:00:27.359><c> Another</c><00:00:28.160><c> erupts</c><00:00:28.480><c> with</c><00:00:28.720><c> black</c><00:00:29.119><c> lava</c>

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acid. Another erupts with black lava
 

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acid. Another erupts with black lava
that<00:00:29.679><c> flows</c><00:00:30.080><c> almost</c><00:00:30.480><c> like</c><00:00:30.880><c> oil.</c><00:00:31.760><c> A</c><00:00:32.000><c> third</c><00:00:32.320><c> sits</c>

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that flows almost like oil. A third sits
 

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that flows almost like oil. A third sits
in<00:00:32.880><c> Antarctica,</c><00:00:33.680><c> the</c><00:00:33.920><c> coldest</c><00:00:34.320><c> place</c><00:00:34.559><c> in</c><00:00:34.880><c> the</c>

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in Antarctica, the coldest place in the
 

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in Antarctica, the coldest place in the
world,<00:00:36.000><c> yet</c><00:00:36.320><c> keeps</c><00:00:36.640><c> an</c><00:00:36.880><c> open</c><00:00:37.200><c> lake</c><00:00:37.520><c> of</c><00:00:37.680><c> molten</c>

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world, yet keeps an open lake of molten
 

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world, yet keeps an open lake of molten
rock<00:00:38.640><c> glowing</c><00:00:39.280><c> inside</c><00:00:40.000><c> its</c><00:00:40.399><c> summit.</c><00:00:41.120><c> And</c><00:00:41.360><c> then</c>

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rock glowing inside its summit. And then
 

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rock glowing inside its summit. And then
there's<00:00:41.680><c> a</c><00:00:41.840><c> volcano</c><00:00:42.320><c> you</c><00:00:42.480><c> can</c><00:00:42.640><c> barely</c><00:00:43.040><c> see</c><00:00:43.280><c> at</c>

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there's a volcano you can barely see at
 

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there's a volcano you can barely see at
all.<00:00:44.320><c> But</c><00:00:44.480><c> whilst</c><00:00:44.719><c> they</c><00:00:44.879><c> may</c><00:00:45.040><c> be</c><00:00:45.200><c> strange</c><00:00:45.600><c> and</c>

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all. But whilst they may be strange and
 

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all. But whilst they may be strange and
particularly<00:00:46.480><c> deadly,</c><00:00:47.360><c> these</c><00:00:47.680><c> volcanic</c>

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particularly deadly, these volcanic
 

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particularly deadly, these volcanic
outliers<00:00:48.960><c> are</c><00:00:49.200><c> a</c><00:00:49.520><c> scientific</c><00:00:50.399><c> gift.</c><00:00:51.360><c> Each</c><00:00:51.600><c> one</c>

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outliers are a scientific gift. Each one
 

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outliers are a scientific gift. Each one
reveals<00:00:52.320><c> something</c><00:00:52.800><c> strange</c><00:00:53.199><c> and</c>

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reveals something strange and
 

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reveals something strange and
fundamental<00:00:54.239><c> about</c><00:00:54.559><c> how</c><00:00:54.960><c> our</c><00:00:55.280><c> planet</c><00:00:55.920><c> works.</c>

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fundamental about how our planet works.
 

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fundamental about how our planet works.
Because<00:00:57.039><c> a</c><00:00:57.199><c> volcano</c><00:00:57.600><c> isn't</c><00:00:57.840><c> just</c><00:00:58.000><c> a</c><00:00:58.239><c> mountain</c>

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Because a volcano isn't just a mountain
 

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Because a volcano isn't just a mountain
filled<00:00:58.960><c> with</c><00:00:59.280><c> lava.</c><00:01:00.000><c> It's</c><00:01:00.399><c> chemistry,</c>

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filled with lava. It's chemistry,
 

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filled with lava. It's chemistry,
pressure,<00:01:01.680><c> heat,</c><00:01:02.320><c> water,</c><00:01:02.879><c> gas,</c><00:01:03.359><c> and</c><00:01:03.840><c> time.</c>

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pressure, heat, water, gas, and time.
 

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pressure, heat, water, gas, and time.
All<00:01:05.119><c> forced</c><00:01:05.519><c> through</c><00:01:05.760><c> a</c><00:01:06.080><c> small</c><00:01:06.320><c> weakness</c><00:01:07.040><c> in</c>

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All forced through a small weakness in
 

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All forced through a small weakness in
the<00:01:07.520><c> crust.</c><00:01:08.479><c> And</c><00:01:08.799><c> sometimes</c><00:01:09.439><c> with</c><00:01:09.760><c> just</c><00:01:10.000><c> the</c>

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the crust. And sometimes with just the
 

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the crust. And sometimes with just the
right<00:01:10.479><c> mix,</c><00:01:11.200><c> you</c><00:01:11.520><c> get</c><00:01:12.000><c> astounding</c><00:01:13.040><c> results.</c>

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right mix, you get astounding results.
 

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right mix, you get astounding results.
I'm<00:01:14.320><c> James</c><00:01:14.640><c> Shuitt</c><00:01:15.040><c> and</c><00:01:15.200><c> you're</c><00:01:15.360><c> watching</c>

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I'm James Shuitt and you're watching
 

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I'm James Shuitt and you're watching
Astramm<00:01:16.240><c> Earth.</c><00:01:16.960><c> Join</c><00:01:17.280><c> me</c><00:01:17.439><c> in</c><00:01:17.680><c> this</c><00:01:17.920><c> video</c><00:01:18.159><c> as</c>

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
 

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
we<00:01:18.720><c> journey</c><00:01:19.119><c> around</c><00:01:19.360><c> the</c><00:01:19.600><c> world</c><00:01:19.840><c> to</c><00:01:20.080><c> find</c><00:01:20.400><c> the</c>

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we journey around the world to find the
 

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we journey around the world to find the
weirdest<00:01:21.360><c> volcanoes</c><00:01:22.159><c> our</c><00:01:22.560><c> planet</c><00:01:23.040><c> has</c><00:01:23.280><c> to</c>

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weirdest volcanoes our planet has to
 

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weirdest volcanoes our planet has to
offer.<00:01:24.159><c> We'll</c><00:01:24.560><c> unpack</c><00:01:24.960><c> how</c><00:01:25.280><c> they</c><00:01:25.600><c> came</c><00:01:25.840><c> to</c><00:01:26.080><c> be,</c>

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offer. We'll unpack how they came to be,
 

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offer. We'll unpack how they came to be,
delve<00:01:26.960><c> deep</c><00:01:27.280><c> into</c><00:01:27.520><c> the</c><00:01:27.759><c> science</c><00:01:28.080><c> of</c><00:01:28.320><c> their</c>

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delve deep into the science of their
 

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delve deep into the science of their
inner<00:01:28.880><c> workings,</c><00:01:29.680><c> and</c><00:01:30.000><c> marvel</c><00:01:30.400><c> at</c><00:01:30.640><c> the</c><00:01:30.799><c> sheer</c>

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inner workings, and marvel at the sheer
 

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inner workings, and marvel at the sheer
power<00:01:31.600><c> and</c><00:01:31.920><c> beauty</c><00:01:32.320><c> they</c><00:01:32.640><c> add</c><00:01:32.880><c> to</c><00:01:33.040><c> the</c><00:01:33.280><c> planet</c>

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power and beauty they add to the planet
 

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power and beauty they add to the planet
we<00:01:34.079><c> call</c><00:01:34.479><c> home.</c><00:01:35.439><c> Just</c><00:01:36.000><c> don't</c><00:01:36.240><c> get</c><00:01:36.400><c> too</c><00:01:36.640><c> close.</c>

01:41.270 --> 01:41.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

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First<00:01:41.600><c> up</c><00:01:41.759><c> is</c><00:01:42.000><c> a</c><00:01:42.240><c> volcano</c><00:01:42.720><c> that</c><00:01:43.040><c> spews</c><00:01:43.520><c> out</c>

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First up is a volcano that spews out
 

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First up is a volcano that spews out
bright<00:01:44.720><c> blue</c><00:01:45.600><c> lava.</c><00:01:46.799><c> Indonesia</c><00:01:47.439><c> is</c><00:01:47.600><c> home</c><00:01:47.840><c> to</c>

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bright blue lava. Indonesia is home to
 

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bright blue lava. Indonesia is home to
more<00:01:48.240><c> than</c><00:01:48.560><c> 400</c><00:01:49.439><c> volcanoes.</c><00:01:50.320><c> But</c><00:01:50.479><c> this</c><00:01:50.720><c> one</c>

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more than 400 volcanoes. But this one
 

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more than 400 volcanoes. But this one
called<00:01:51.360><c> Kawa</c><00:01:51.840><c> Een</c><00:01:52.720><c> lies</c><00:01:53.119><c> in</c><00:01:53.439><c> Java,</c><00:01:54.320><c> right</c><00:01:54.560><c> at</c>

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called Kawa Een lies in Java, right at
 

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called Kawa Een lies in Java, right at
the<00:01:54.960><c> eastern</c><00:01:55.360><c> end</c><00:01:55.680><c> of</c><00:01:55.920><c> the</c><00:01:56.079><c> island,</c><00:01:56.640><c> not</c><00:01:56.880><c> far</c>

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the eastern end of the island, not far
 

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the eastern end of the island, not far
from<00:01:57.280><c> the</c><00:01:57.520><c> straight</c><00:01:57.840><c> that</c><00:01:58.079><c> separates</c><00:01:58.479><c> it</c><00:01:58.719><c> from</c>

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from the straight that separates it from
 

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from the straight that separates it from
Bali.<00:02:00.000><c> It</c><00:02:00.240><c> sits</c><00:02:00.479><c> inside</c><00:02:00.880><c> the</c><00:02:01.200><c> larger</c><00:02:01.600><c> Egen</c>

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Bali. It sits inside the larger Egen
 

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Bali. It sits inside the larger Egen
volcanic<00:02:02.960><c> complex.</c><00:02:03.840><c> An</c><00:02:04.079><c> alien</c><00:02:04.560><c> landscape</c><00:02:05.040><c> of</c>

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volcanic complex. An alien landscape of
 

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volcanic complex. An alien landscape of
cones,<00:02:06.000><c> craters,</c><00:02:06.640><c> old</c><00:02:07.040><c> caldera</c><00:02:07.759><c> walls,</c><00:02:08.640><c> lava</c>

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cones, craters, old caldera walls, lava
 

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cones, craters, old caldera walls, lava
flows,<00:02:09.520><c> and</c><00:02:09.840><c> sulfur</c><00:02:10.399><c> stained</c><00:02:10.879><c> rock.</c><00:02:11.760><c> Now</c>

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flows, and sulfur stained rock. Now
 

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flows, and sulfur stained rock. Now
during<00:02:12.400><c> the</c><00:02:12.560><c> day</c><00:02:12.720><c> this</c><00:02:12.959><c> volcano</c><00:02:13.440><c> looks</c><00:02:13.680><c> pretty</c>

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during the day this volcano looks pretty
 

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during the day this volcano looks pretty
ordinary,<00:02:15.200><c> unremarkable,</c><00:02:16.080><c> forgettable</c>

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ordinary, unremarkable, forgettable
 

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ordinary, unremarkable, forgettable
even.<00:02:17.840><c> But</c><00:02:18.000><c> at</c><00:02:18.319><c> nighttime</c><00:02:19.120><c> it</c><00:02:19.520><c> completely</c>

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even. But at nighttime it completely
 

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even. But at nighttime it completely
transforms.<00:02:21.840><c> The</c><00:02:22.080><c> dark</c><00:02:22.400><c> sky</c><00:02:22.640><c> is</c><00:02:23.040><c> illuminated</c>

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transforms. The dark sky is illuminated
 

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transforms. The dark sky is illuminated
by<00:02:23.920><c> vivid</c><00:02:24.480><c> blue</c><00:02:25.040><c> lava</c><00:02:25.760><c> rolling</c><00:02:26.239><c> down</c><00:02:26.400><c> the</c>

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by vivid blue lava rolling down the
 

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by vivid blue lava rolling down the
hills<00:02:27.360><c> of</c><00:02:27.599><c> the</c><00:02:27.840><c> volcano,</c><00:02:28.560><c> shimmering</c><00:02:29.520><c> against</c>

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hills of the volcano, shimmering against
 

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hills of the volcano, shimmering against
the<00:02:30.080><c> pitch</c><00:02:30.560><c> black.</c><00:02:31.280><c> Or</c><00:02:31.440><c> at</c><00:02:31.440><c> least</c><00:02:31.760><c> that's</c><00:02:32.000><c> what</c>

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the pitch black. Or at least that's what
 

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the pitch black. Or at least that's what
it<00:02:32.400><c> looks</c><00:02:32.720><c> like</c><00:02:33.200><c> is</c><00:02:33.519><c> happening.</c><00:02:34.080><c> Because</c>

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it looks like is happening. Because
 

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it looks like is happening. Because
what's<00:02:34.879><c> actually</c><00:02:35.360><c> happening</c><00:02:35.680><c> here</c><00:02:36.319><c> is</c>

02:36.710 --> 02:36.720 align:start position:0%
what's actually happening here is
 

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what's actually happening here is
chemistry.<00:02:37.680><c> You</c><00:02:37.840><c> see,</c><00:02:38.000><c> the</c><00:02:38.160><c> lava</c><00:02:38.480><c> itself</c>

02:38.949 --> 02:38.959 align:start position:0%
chemistry. You see, the lava itself
 

02:38.959 --> 02:41.750 align:start position:0%
chemistry. You see, the lava itself
isn't<00:02:39.519><c> really</c><00:02:40.000><c> blue.</c><00:02:40.720><c> Instead,</c><00:02:41.280><c> what</c><00:02:41.519><c> we're</c>

02:41.750 --> 02:41.760 align:start position:0%
isn't really blue. Instead, what we're
 

02:41.760 --> 02:44.390 align:start position:0%
isn't really blue. Instead, what we're
seeing<00:02:42.319><c> is</c><00:02:42.560><c> the</c><00:02:42.800><c> combustion</c><00:02:43.360><c> of</c><00:02:43.680><c> sulfuric</c>

02:44.390 --> 02:44.400 align:start position:0%
seeing is the combustion of sulfuric
 

02:44.400 --> 02:47.030 align:start position:0%
seeing is the combustion of sulfuric
gases<00:02:44.800><c> as</c><00:02:45.040><c> they</c><00:02:45.200><c> come</c><00:02:45.360><c> into</c><00:02:45.760><c> contact</c><00:02:46.160><c> with</c><00:02:46.480><c> air</c>

02:47.030 --> 02:47.040 align:start position:0%
gases as they come into contact with air
 

02:47.040 --> 02:49.830 align:start position:0%
gases as they come into contact with air
at<00:02:47.360><c> high</c><00:02:47.840><c> temperatures,</c><00:02:48.959><c> which,</c><00:02:49.200><c> okay,</c><00:02:49.599><c> might</c>

02:49.830 --> 02:49.840 align:start position:0%
at high temperatures, which, okay, might
 

02:49.840 --> 02:51.990 align:start position:0%
at high temperatures, which, okay, might
not<00:02:50.000><c> sound</c><00:02:50.239><c> as</c><00:02:50.560><c> exciting</c><00:02:50.879><c> as</c><00:02:51.120><c> smurf</c><00:02:51.680><c> colored</c>

02:51.990 --> 02:52.000 align:start position:0%
not sound as exciting as smurf colored
 

02:52.000 --> 02:53.350 align:start position:0%
not sound as exciting as smurf colored
lava<00:02:52.319><c> pouring</c><00:02:52.640><c> out</c><00:02:52.720><c> of</c><00:02:52.800><c> a</c><00:02:52.959><c> blistering</c>

02:53.350 --> 02:53.360 align:start position:0%
lava pouring out of a blistering
 

02:53.360 --> 02:56.390 align:start position:0%
lava pouring out of a blistering
volcano,<00:02:53.920><c> but</c><00:02:54.640><c> trust</c><00:02:55.040><c> me,</c><00:02:55.360><c> it's</c><00:02:55.760><c> just</c><00:02:56.000><c> as</c>

02:56.390 --> 02:56.400 align:start position:0%
volcano, but trust me, it's just as
 

02:56.400 --> 02:58.710 align:start position:0%
volcano, but trust me, it's just as
fascinating.<00:02:57.360><c> The</c><00:02:57.519><c> fummeralss,</c><00:02:58.400><c> those</c>

02:58.710 --> 02:58.720 align:start position:0%
fascinating. The fummeralss, those
 

02:58.720 --> 03:01.110 align:start position:0%
fascinating. The fummeralss, those
openings<00:02:59.200><c> in</c><00:02:59.440><c> or</c><00:02:59.680><c> near</c><00:02:59.920><c> a</c><00:03:00.080><c> volcano</c><00:03:00.480><c> that</c><00:03:00.720><c> emit</c>

03:01.110 --> 03:01.120 align:start position:0%
openings in or near a volcano that emit
 

03:01.120 --> 03:03.270 align:start position:0%
openings in or near a volcano that emit
steam<00:03:01.360><c> and</c><00:03:01.599><c> other</c><00:03:01.760><c> volcanic</c><00:03:02.319><c> gases,</c><00:03:02.747><c> [music]</c>

03:03.270 --> 03:03.280 align:start position:0%
steam and other volcanic gases, [music]
 

03:03.280 --> 03:05.430 align:start position:0%
steam and other volcanic gases, [music]
regularly<00:03:03.760><c> output</c><00:03:04.319><c> sulfur</c><00:03:04.800><c> crystals</c><00:03:05.200><c> that</c>

03:05.430 --> 03:05.440 align:start position:0%
regularly output sulfur crystals that
 

03:05.440 --> 03:09.910 align:start position:0%
regularly output sulfur crystals that
enrich<00:03:06.159><c> that</c><00:03:06.560><c> lava.</c><00:03:07.599><c> At</c><00:03:07.920><c> Kawa</c><00:03:08.319><c> Een,</c><00:03:09.280><c> unusually</c>

03:09.910 --> 03:09.920 align:start position:0%
enrich that lava. At Kawa Een, unusually
 

03:09.920 --> 03:11.990 align:start position:0%
enrich that lava. At Kawa Een, unusually
large<00:03:10.239><c> amounts</c><00:03:10.560><c> of</c><00:03:10.720><c> sulfuric</c><00:03:11.360><c> gases</c><00:03:11.760><c> are</c>

03:11.990 --> 03:12.000 align:start position:0%
large amounts of sulfuric gases are
 

03:12.000 --> 03:14.630 align:start position:0%
large amounts of sulfuric gases are
released<00:03:12.480><c> alongside</c><00:03:13.040><c> the</c><00:03:13.280><c> lava</c><00:03:13.920><c> at</c><00:03:14.319><c> high</c>

03:14.630 --> 03:14.640 align:start position:0%
released alongside the lava at high
 

03:14.640 --> 03:16.790 align:start position:0%
released alongside the lava at high
pressure<00:03:15.040><c> and</c><00:03:15.360><c> high</c><00:03:15.680><c> temperature,</c><00:03:16.400><c> sometimes</c>

03:16.790 --> 03:16.800 align:start position:0%
pressure and high temperature, sometimes
 

03:16.800 --> 03:20.630 align:start position:0%
pressure and high temperature, sometimes
exceeding<00:03:17.360><c> 600°</c><00:03:18.560><c> C.</c><00:03:19.519><c> Now,</c><00:03:19.680><c> in</c><00:03:19.840><c> its</c><00:03:20.080><c> elemental</c>

03:20.630 --> 03:20.640 align:start position:0%
exceeding 600° C. Now, in its elemental
 

03:20.640 --> 03:23.030 align:start position:0%
exceeding 600° C. Now, in its elemental
form,<00:03:21.040><c> sulfur</c><00:03:21.519><c> is</c><00:03:21.920><c> yellow.</c><00:03:22.480><c> But</c><00:03:22.640><c> when</c><00:03:22.800><c> these</c>

03:23.030 --> 03:23.040 align:start position:0%
form, sulfur is yellow. But when these
 

03:23.040 --> 03:24.949 align:start position:0%
form, sulfur is yellow. But when these
gases<00:03:23.360><c> come</c><00:03:23.519><c> into</c><00:03:23.760><c> contact</c><00:03:24.080><c> with</c><00:03:24.239><c> oxygen</c><00:03:24.720><c> in</c>

03:24.949 --> 03:24.959 align:start position:0%
gases come into contact with oxygen in
 

03:24.959 --> 03:27.910 align:start position:0%
gases come into contact with oxygen in
the<00:03:25.200><c> air</c><00:03:25.599><c> and</c><00:03:25.840><c> are</c><00:03:26.080><c> ignited</c><00:03:26.640><c> by</c><00:03:26.879><c> the</c><00:03:27.040><c> lava,</c><00:03:27.760><c> the</c>

03:27.910 --> 03:27.920 align:start position:0%
the air and are ignited by the lava, the
 

03:27.920 --> 03:30.229 align:start position:0%
the air and are ignited by the lava, the
sulfur<00:03:28.319><c> burns</c><00:03:28.800><c> easily</c><00:03:29.280><c> due</c><00:03:29.519><c> to</c><00:03:29.599><c> a</c><00:03:29.840><c> relatively</c>

03:30.229 --> 03:30.239 align:start position:0%
sulfur burns easily due to a relatively
 

03:30.239 --> 03:33.910 align:start position:0%
sulfur burns easily due to a relatively
low<00:03:30.720><c> ignition</c><00:03:31.280><c> point,</c><00:03:31.599><c> just</c><00:03:32.000><c> 232°,</c>

03:33.910 --> 03:33.920 align:start position:0%
low ignition point, just 232°,
 

03:33.920 --> 03:36.789 align:start position:0%
low ignition point, just 232°,
producing<00:03:34.480><c> these</c><00:03:34.879><c> vivid</c><00:03:35.440><c> blue</c><00:03:35.840><c> flames,</c><00:03:36.400><c> which</c>

03:36.789 --> 03:36.799 align:start position:0%
producing these vivid blue flames, which
 

03:36.799 --> 03:40.710 align:start position:0%
producing these vivid blue flames, which
I'm<00:03:37.040><c> sure</c><00:03:37.200><c> you'll</c><00:03:37.519><c> agree</c><00:03:38.239><c> are</c><00:03:38.560><c> mesmerizing.</c>

03:40.710 --> 03:40.720 align:start position:0%
I'm sure you'll agree are mesmerizing.
 

03:40.720 --> 03:43.589 align:start position:0%
I'm sure you'll agree are mesmerizing.
But<00:03:41.040><c> why</c><00:03:41.360><c> does</c><00:03:41.519><c> it</c><00:03:41.760><c> turn</c><00:03:42.239><c> blue?</c><00:03:43.120><c> Well,</c><00:03:43.360><c> it's</c>

03:43.589 --> 03:43.599 align:start position:0%
But why does it turn blue? Well, it's
 

03:43.599 --> 03:45.350 align:start position:0%
But why does it turn blue? Well, it's
about<00:03:43.760><c> to</c><00:03:43.920><c> get</c><00:03:44.159><c> quantum</c><00:03:44.640><c> here</c><00:03:44.799><c> for</c><00:03:44.959><c> a</c><00:03:45.040><c> moment,</c>

03:45.350 --> 03:45.360 align:start position:0%
about to get quantum here for a moment,
 

03:45.360 --> 03:48.070 align:start position:0%
about to get quantum here for a moment,
so<00:03:45.599><c> bear</c><00:03:45.840><c> with</c><00:03:46.000><c> me.</c><00:03:46.640><c> Atoms,</c><00:03:47.200><c> as</c><00:03:47.360><c> we</c><00:03:47.519><c> know,</c><00:03:47.840><c> have</c>

03:48.070 --> 03:48.080 align:start position:0%
so bear with me. Atoms, as we know, have
 

03:48.080 --> 03:50.470 align:start position:0%
so bear with me. Atoms, as we know, have
electrons<00:03:48.720><c> in</c><00:03:49.040><c> them,</c><00:03:49.280><c> and</c><00:03:49.599><c> those</c><00:03:49.840><c> electrons</c>

03:50.470 --> 03:50.480 align:start position:0%
electrons in them, and those electrons
 

03:50.480 --> 03:52.630 align:start position:0%
electrons in them, and those electrons
can<00:03:50.720><c> only</c><00:03:50.959><c> be</c><00:03:51.200><c> at</c><00:03:51.360><c> very</c><00:03:51.760><c> specific</c><00:03:52.239><c> energy</c>

03:52.630 --> 03:52.640 align:start position:0%
can only be at very specific energy
 

03:52.640 --> 03:55.750 align:start position:0%
can only be at very specific energy
levels<00:03:53.040><c> within</c><00:03:53.360><c> the</c><00:03:53.680><c> atom,</c><00:03:54.480><c> called</c><00:03:54.799><c> quantized</c>

03:55.750 --> 03:55.760 align:start position:0%
levels within the atom, called quantized
 

03:55.760 --> 03:57.589 align:start position:0%
levels within the atom, called quantized
states.<00:03:56.560><c> Think</c><00:03:56.720><c> about</c><00:03:56.959><c> walking</c><00:03:57.200><c> up</c><00:03:57.360><c> a</c>

03:57.589 --> 03:57.599 align:start position:0%
states. Think about walking up a
 

03:57.599 --> 03:59.429 align:start position:0%
states. Think about walking up a
staircase.<00:03:58.159><c> If</c><00:03:58.319><c> you</c><00:03:58.480><c> try</c><00:03:58.640><c> to</c><00:03:58.799><c> stand</c><00:03:59.120><c> somewhere</c>

03:59.429 --> 03:59.439 align:start position:0%
staircase. If you try to stand somewhere
 

03:59.439 --> 04:01.270 align:start position:0%
staircase. If you try to stand somewhere
between<00:03:59.840><c> two</c><00:04:00.159><c> stairs,</c><00:04:00.560><c> you're</c><00:04:00.720><c> just</c><00:04:00.879><c> going</c><00:04:01.120><c> up</c>

04:01.270 --> 04:01.280 align:start position:0%
between two stairs, you're just going up
 

04:01.280 --> 04:03.190 align:start position:0%
between two stairs, you're just going up
on<00:04:01.519><c> the</c><00:04:01.680><c> lower</c><00:04:02.000><c> step.</c><00:04:02.640><c> Well,</c><00:04:02.799><c> it's</c><00:04:02.959><c> the</c><00:04:03.120><c> same</c>

04:03.190 --> 04:03.200 align:start position:0%
on the lower step. Well, it's the same
 

04:03.200 --> 04:05.509 align:start position:0%
on the lower step. Well, it's the same
thing<00:04:03.360><c> with</c><00:04:03.599><c> electrons</c><00:04:04.159><c> in</c><00:04:04.319><c> the</c><00:04:04.480><c> atom.</c><00:04:05.280><c> Now,</c>

04:05.509 --> 04:05.519 align:start position:0%
thing with electrons in the atom. Now,
 

04:05.519 --> 04:07.350 align:start position:0%
thing with electrons in the atom. Now,
if<00:04:05.680><c> you</c><00:04:05.760><c> give</c><00:04:05.920><c> an</c><00:04:06.080><c> electron</c><00:04:06.560><c> enough</c><00:04:06.879><c> energy,</c>

04:07.350 --> 04:07.360 align:start position:0%
if you give an electron enough energy,
 

04:07.360 --> 04:09.670 align:start position:0%
if you give an electron enough energy,
it<00:04:07.519><c> can</c><00:04:07.680><c> make</c><00:04:07.840><c> it</c><00:04:08.080><c> up</c><00:04:08.319><c> to</c><00:04:08.560><c> that</c><00:04:08.879><c> next</c><00:04:09.280><c> step,</c>

04:09.670 --> 04:09.680 align:start position:0%
it can make it up to that next step,
 

04:09.680 --> 04:12.070 align:start position:0%
it can make it up to that next step,
that<00:04:09.920><c> next</c><00:04:10.319><c> energy</c><00:04:10.720><c> level.</c><00:04:11.280><c> But</c><00:04:11.519><c> pretty</c><00:04:11.840><c> soon,</c>

04:12.070 --> 04:12.080 align:start position:0%
that next energy level. But pretty soon,
 

04:12.080 --> 04:13.990 align:start position:0%
that next energy level. But pretty soon,
it's<00:04:12.319><c> going</c><00:04:12.400><c> to</c><00:04:12.480><c> drop</c><00:04:12.799><c> back</c><00:04:12.959><c> to</c><00:04:13.120><c> its</c><00:04:13.439><c> original</c>

04:13.990 --> 04:14.000 align:start position:0%
it's going to drop back to its original
 

04:14.000 --> 04:16.550 align:start position:0%
it's going to drop back to its original
lower<00:04:14.400><c> energy</c><00:04:14.799><c> level.</c><00:04:15.360><c> And</c><00:04:15.519><c> when</c><00:04:15.760><c> it</c><00:04:16.000><c> does,</c><00:04:16.400><c> it</c>

04:16.550 --> 04:16.560 align:start position:0%
lower energy level. And when it does, it
 

04:16.560 --> 04:19.509 align:start position:0%
lower energy level. And when it does, it
releases<00:04:16.880><c> a</c><00:04:17.199><c> very</c><00:04:17.680><c> exact</c><00:04:18.239><c> amount</c><00:04:18.720><c> of</c><00:04:19.040><c> energy</c>

04:19.509 --> 04:19.519 align:start position:0%
releases a very exact amount of energy
 

04:19.519 --> 04:22.629 align:start position:0%
releases a very exact amount of energy
as<00:04:19.840><c> a</c><00:04:20.160><c> photon.</c><00:04:21.120><c> The</c><00:04:21.280><c> energy</c><00:04:21.600><c> that</c><00:04:21.840><c> photon</c><00:04:22.240><c> has</c>

04:22.629 --> 04:22.639 align:start position:0%
as a photon. The energy that photon has
 

04:22.639 --> 04:25.030 align:start position:0%
as a photon. The energy that photon has
corresponds<00:04:23.199><c> to</c><00:04:23.360><c> a</c><00:04:23.680><c> specific</c><00:04:24.160><c> wavelength</c><00:04:24.800><c> of</c>

04:25.030 --> 04:25.040 align:start position:0%
corresponds to a specific wavelength of
 

04:25.040 --> 04:27.430 align:start position:0%
corresponds to a specific wavelength of
light,<00:04:25.600><c> which</c><00:04:25.919><c> corresponds</c><00:04:26.479><c> to</c><00:04:26.639><c> a</c><00:04:26.880><c> particular</c>

04:27.430 --> 04:27.440 align:start position:0%
light, which corresponds to a particular
 

04:27.440 --> 04:29.990 align:start position:0%
light, which corresponds to a particular
color.<00:04:28.080><c> And</c><00:04:28.320><c> in</c><00:04:28.479><c> the</c><00:04:28.639><c> case</c><00:04:28.800><c> of</c><00:04:29.040><c> sulfur,</c><00:04:29.680><c> that</c>

04:29.990 --> 04:30.000 align:start position:0%
color. And in the case of sulfur, that
 

04:30.000 --> 04:32.310 align:start position:0%
color. And in the case of sulfur, that
just<00:04:30.160><c> happens</c><00:04:30.479><c> to</c><00:04:30.639><c> be</c><00:04:30.800><c> this</c><00:04:31.199><c> enchanting</c><00:04:31.919><c> blue</c>

04:32.310 --> 04:32.320 align:start position:0%
just happens to be this enchanting blue
 

04:32.320 --> 04:34.950 align:start position:0%
just happens to be this enchanting blue
color.<00:04:33.120><c> In</c><00:04:33.360><c> fact,</c><00:04:33.600><c> there</c><00:04:33.759><c> is</c><00:04:33.919><c> so</c><00:04:34.160><c> much</c><00:04:34.479><c> sulfur</c>

04:34.950 --> 04:34.960 align:start position:0%
color. In fact, there is so much sulfur
 

04:34.960 --> 04:37.110 align:start position:0%
color. In fact, there is so much sulfur
coming<00:04:35.199><c> out</c><00:04:35.360><c> of</c><00:04:35.440><c> this</c><00:04:35.680><c> volcano</c><00:04:36.479><c> that</c><00:04:36.720><c> it</c><00:04:36.960><c> can</c>

04:37.110 --> 04:37.120 align:start position:0%
coming out of this volcano that it can
 

04:37.120 --> 04:39.749 align:start position:0%
coming out of this volcano that it can
sometimes<00:04:37.680><c> flow</c><00:04:38.000><c> down</c><00:04:38.160><c> the</c><00:04:38.400><c> rockfaced</c><00:04:39.280><c> while</c>

04:39.749 --> 04:39.759 align:start position:0%
sometimes flow down the rockfaced while
 

04:39.759 --> 04:42.070 align:start position:0%
sometimes flow down the rockfaced while
still<00:04:40.160><c> burning,</c><00:04:41.040><c> creating</c><00:04:41.440><c> the</c><00:04:41.759><c> illusion</c>

04:42.070 --> 04:42.080 align:start position:0%
still burning, creating the illusion
 

04:42.080 --> 04:44.070 align:start position:0%
still burning, creating the illusion
that<00:04:42.320><c> blue</c><00:04:42.560><c> lava</c><00:04:42.960><c> is</c><00:04:43.199><c> pouring</c><00:04:43.600><c> down</c><00:04:43.840><c> the</c>

04:44.070 --> 04:44.080 align:start position:0%
that blue lava is pouring down the
 

04:44.080 --> 04:46.469 align:start position:0%
that blue lava is pouring down the
mountain<00:04:44.479><c> side.</c><00:04:45.040><c> Hence</c><00:04:45.360><c> the</c><00:04:45.520><c> viral</c><00:04:46.000><c> photos,</c>

04:46.469 --> 04:46.479 align:start position:0%
mountain side. Hence the viral photos,
 

04:46.479 --> 04:48.469 align:start position:0%
mountain side. Hence the viral photos,
videos,<00:04:46.960><c> and</c><00:04:47.440><c> maybe</c><00:04:47.759><c> even</c><00:04:47.919><c> the</c><00:04:48.080><c> reason</c><00:04:48.240><c> you</c>

04:48.469 --> 04:48.479 align:start position:0%
videos, and maybe even the reason you
 

04:48.479 --> 04:51.350 align:start position:0%
videos, and maybe even the reason you
clicked<00:04:48.720><c> on</c><00:04:48.960><c> this</c><00:04:49.280><c> video.</c><00:04:50.720><c> In</c><00:04:50.960><c> reality</c>

04:51.350 --> 04:51.360 align:start position:0%
clicked on this video. In reality
 

04:51.360 --> 04:53.590 align:start position:0%
clicked on this video. In reality
though,<00:04:51.600><c> it's</c><00:04:51.759><c> the</c><00:04:52.080><c> flames,</c><00:04:52.720><c> not</c><00:04:52.960><c> the</c><00:04:53.120><c> lava,</c>

04:53.590 --> 04:53.600 align:start position:0%
though, it's the flames, not the lava,
 

04:53.600 --> 04:55.830 align:start position:0%
though, it's the flames, not the lava,
that<00:04:53.840><c> are</c><00:04:54.160><c> blue,</c><00:04:54.720><c> which</c><00:04:54.960><c> is</c><00:04:55.120><c> why</c><00:04:55.280><c> the</c><00:04:55.520><c> effect</c>

04:55.830 --> 04:55.840 align:start position:0%
that are blue, which is why the effect
 

04:55.840 --> 04:58.710 align:start position:0%
that are blue, which is why the effect
can<00:04:56.080><c> only</c><00:04:56.320><c> be</c><00:04:56.479><c> seen</c><00:04:56.880><c> at</c><00:04:57.199><c> night.</c><00:04:58.000><c> It</c><00:04:58.240><c> was</c><00:04:58.320><c> Reggie</c>

04:58.710 --> 04:58.720 align:start position:0%
can only be seen at night. It was Reggie
 

04:58.720 --> 05:00.790 align:start position:0%
can only be seen at night. It was Reggie
Etien,<00:04:59.280><c> head</c><00:04:59.520><c> of</c><00:04:59.680><c> Geneva's</c><00:05:00.240><c> Society</c><00:05:00.560><c> for</c>

05:00.790 --> 05:00.800 align:start position:0%
Etien, head of Geneva's Society for
 

05:00.800 --> 05:02.550 align:start position:0%
Etien, head of Geneva's Society for
Volcanology,<00:05:01.440><c> who</c><00:05:01.759><c> first</c><00:05:02.000><c> visited</c><00:05:02.400><c> the</c>

05:02.550 --> 05:02.560 align:start position:0%
Volcanology, who first visited the
 

05:02.560 --> 05:06.150 align:start position:0%
Volcanology, who first visited the
volcano<00:05:03.120><c> in</c><00:05:03.440><c> 2008</c><00:05:04.400><c> with</c><00:05:04.720><c> an</c><00:05:04.880><c> Indonesian</c><00:05:05.759><c> guide</c>

05:06.150 --> 05:06.160 align:start position:0%
volcano in 2008 with an Indonesian guide
 

05:06.160 --> 05:08.629 align:start position:0%
volcano in 2008 with an Indonesian guide
and<00:05:06.400><c> put</c><00:05:06.560><c> this</c><00:05:06.800><c> place</c><00:05:07.120><c> firmly</c><00:05:07.520><c> on</c><00:05:07.759><c> the</c><00:05:08.000><c> map</c>

05:08.629 --> 05:08.639 align:start position:0%
and put this place firmly on the map
 

05:08.639 --> 05:10.710 align:start position:0%
and put this place firmly on the map
when<00:05:08.880><c> he</c><00:05:09.039><c> took</c><00:05:09.360><c> French</c><00:05:09.600><c> photographer</c><00:05:10.160><c> Olivier</c>

05:10.710 --> 05:10.720 align:start position:0%
when he took French photographer Olivier
 

05:10.720 --> 05:13.830 align:start position:0%
when he took French photographer Olivier
Grunowald<00:05:11.520><c> to</c><00:05:11.759><c> see</c><00:05:11.919><c> it</c><00:05:12.160><c> in</c><00:05:12.479><c> action.</c><00:05:13.440><c> But</c><00:05:13.600><c> it's</c>

05:13.830 --> 05:13.840 align:start position:0%
Grunowald to see it in action. But it's
 

05:13.840 --> 05:16.070 align:start position:0%
Grunowald to see it in action. But it's
not<00:05:14.000><c> only</c><00:05:14.240><c> the</c><00:05:14.560><c> flames</c><00:05:14.960><c> that</c><00:05:15.199><c> work</c><00:05:15.440><c> tirelessly</c>

05:16.070 --> 05:16.080 align:start position:0%
not only the flames that work tirelessly
 

05:16.080 --> 05:17.990 align:start position:0%
not only the flames that work tirelessly
through<00:05:16.400><c> the</c><00:05:16.560><c> night</c><00:05:16.800><c> here.</c><00:05:17.440><c> Against</c><00:05:17.759><c> the</c>

05:17.990 --> 05:18.000 align:start position:0%
through the night here. Against the
 

05:18.000 --> 05:20.230 align:start position:0%
through the night here. Against the
bright<00:05:18.320><c> blue</c><00:05:18.560><c> backdrop,</c><00:05:19.199><c> silhouettes</c><00:05:19.919><c> move</c>

05:20.230 --> 05:20.240 align:start position:0%
bright blue backdrop, silhouettes move
 

05:20.240 --> 05:22.950 align:start position:0%
bright blue backdrop, silhouettes move
in<00:05:20.560><c> the</c><00:05:20.720><c> darkness,</c><00:05:21.840><c> silently</c><00:05:22.400><c> doing</c><00:05:22.639><c> one</c><00:05:22.800><c> of</c>

05:22.950 --> 05:22.960 align:start position:0%
in the darkness, silently doing one of
 

05:22.960 --> 05:26.230 align:start position:0%
in the darkness, silently doing one of
the<00:05:23.199><c> most</c><00:05:23.680><c> dangerous</c><00:05:24.240><c> jobs</c><00:05:24.639><c> in</c><00:05:24.960><c> the</c><00:05:25.199><c> world.</c>

05:26.230 --> 05:26.240 align:start position:0%
the most dangerous jobs in the world.
 

05:26.240 --> 05:28.230 align:start position:0%
the most dangerous jobs in the world.
Every<00:05:26.560><c> single</c><00:05:26.800><c> day,</c><00:05:27.199><c> hundreds</c><00:05:27.520><c> of</c><00:05:27.759><c> people</c><00:05:28.000><c> are</c>

05:28.230 --> 05:28.240 align:start position:0%
Every single day, hundreds of people are
 

05:28.240 --> 05:31.029 align:start position:0%
Every single day, hundreds of people are
not<00:05:28.479><c> only</c><00:05:28.720><c> exposed</c><00:05:29.280><c> to</c><00:05:29.520><c> those</c><00:05:29.759><c> harmful</c><00:05:30.240><c> gases,</c>

05:31.029 --> 05:31.039 align:start position:0%
not only exposed to those harmful gases,
 

05:31.039 --> 05:33.430 align:start position:0%
not only exposed to those harmful gases,
but<00:05:31.360><c> those</c><00:05:31.680><c> gases</c><00:05:32.160><c> help</c><00:05:32.400><c> them</c><00:05:32.639><c> put</c><00:05:32.880><c> food</c><00:05:33.199><c> on</c>

05:33.430 --> 05:33.440 align:start position:0%
but those gases help them put food on
 

05:33.440 --> 05:36.230 align:start position:0%
but those gases help them put food on
the<00:05:33.680><c> table.</c><00:05:34.720><c> In</c><00:05:34.960><c> recent</c><00:05:35.280><c> years,</c><00:05:35.759><c> ceramic</c>

05:36.230 --> 05:36.240 align:start position:0%
the table. In recent years, ceramic
 

05:36.240 --> 05:37.909 align:start position:0%
the table. In recent years, ceramic
pipes<00:05:36.639><c> have</c><00:05:36.880><c> been</c><00:05:37.039><c> installed</c><00:05:37.440><c> into</c><00:05:37.680><c> the</c>

05:37.909 --> 05:37.919 align:start position:0%
pipes have been installed into the
 

05:37.919 --> 05:40.150 align:start position:0%
pipes have been installed into the
hillsides<00:05:38.479><c> to</c><00:05:38.720><c> capture</c><00:05:39.120><c> the</c><00:05:39.280><c> sulfuric</c><00:05:39.840><c> gases</c>

05:40.150 --> 05:40.160 align:start position:0%
hillsides to capture the sulfuric gases
 

05:40.160 --> 05:44.070 align:start position:0%
hillsides to capture the sulfuric gases
and<00:05:40.479><c> condense</c><00:05:40.960><c> them</c><00:05:41.520><c> into</c><00:05:42.080><c> pure</c><00:05:42.800><c> sulfur,</c><00:05:43.759><c> a</c>

05:44.070 --> 05:44.080 align:start position:0%
and condense them into pure sulfur, a
 

05:44.080 --> 05:45.830 align:start position:0%
and condense them into pure sulfur, a
valuable<00:05:44.560><c> element</c><00:05:45.039><c> used</c><00:05:45.199><c> in</c><00:05:45.360><c> everything</c><00:05:45.600><c> from</c>

05:45.830 --> 05:45.840 align:start position:0%
valuable element used in everything from
 

05:45.840 --> 05:48.310 align:start position:0%
valuable element used in everything from
sugar<00:05:46.160><c> production</c><00:05:46.639><c> to</c><00:05:46.960><c> medicines.</c><00:05:48.000><c> That</c>

05:48.310 --> 05:48.320 align:start position:0%
sugar production to medicines. That
 

05:48.320 --> 05:50.550 align:start position:0%
sugar production to medicines. That
elemental<00:05:48.960><c> sulfur</c><00:05:49.360><c> is</c><00:05:49.520><c> then</c><00:05:49.759><c> chiseled</c><00:05:50.240><c> away</c>

05:50.550 --> 05:50.560 align:start position:0%
elemental sulfur is then chiseled away
 

05:50.560 --> 05:53.830 align:start position:0%
elemental sulfur is then chiseled away
and<00:05:50.880><c> mined</c><00:05:51.360><c> by</c><00:05:51.759><c> hand</c><00:05:52.560><c> and</c><00:05:52.880><c> carried</c><00:05:53.280><c> out</c><00:05:53.520><c> of</c><00:05:53.680><c> the</c>

05:53.830 --> 05:53.840 align:start position:0%
and mined by hand and carried out of the
 

05:53.840 --> 05:56.469 align:start position:0%
and mined by hand and carried out of the
crater<00:05:54.240><c> by</c><00:05:54.479><c> a</c><00:05:54.639><c> group</c><00:05:54.800><c> of</c><00:05:55.039><c> daring</c><00:05:55.600><c> miners,</c>

05:56.469 --> 05:56.479 align:start position:0%
crater by a group of daring miners,
 

05:56.479 --> 05:59.350 align:start position:0%
crater by a group of daring miners,
lifting<00:05:57.039><c> 70</c><00:05:57.440><c> to</c><00:05:57.680><c> 80</c><00:05:58.080><c> kilos</c><00:05:58.479><c> worth</c><00:05:58.720><c> of</c><00:05:58.880><c> sulfur</c>

05:59.350 --> 05:59.360 align:start position:0%
lifting 70 to 80 kilos worth of sulfur
 

05:59.360 --> 06:02.870 align:start position:0%
lifting 70 to 80 kilos worth of sulfur
on<00:05:59.680><c> their</c><00:05:59.919><c> backs</c><00:06:00.720><c> at</c><00:06:01.039><c> any</c><00:06:01.280><c> one</c><00:06:01.600><c> time.</c><00:06:02.560><c> The</c>

06:02.870 --> 06:02.880 align:start position:0%
on their backs at any one time. The
 

06:02.880 --> 06:04.629 align:start position:0%
on their backs at any one time. The
harsh<00:06:03.280><c> reality</c><00:06:03.520><c> is</c><00:06:03.680><c> that</c><00:06:03.840><c> this</c><00:06:04.080><c> job</c><00:06:04.240><c> pays</c>

06:04.629 --> 06:04.639 align:start position:0%
harsh reality is that this job pays
 

06:04.639 --> 06:06.390 align:start position:0%
harsh reality is that this job pays
double<00:06:04.960><c> the</c><00:06:05.199><c> salary</c><00:06:05.520><c> of</c><00:06:05.759><c> working</c><00:06:06.000><c> in</c><00:06:06.160><c> the</c>

06:06.390 --> 06:06.400 align:start position:0%
double the salary of working in the
 

06:06.400 --> 06:08.629 align:start position:0%
double the salary of working in the
surrounding<00:06:06.880><c> fields,</c><00:06:07.680><c> but</c><00:06:07.840><c> there's</c><00:06:08.080><c> a</c><00:06:08.319><c> bigger</c>

06:08.629 --> 06:08.639 align:start position:0%
surrounding fields, but there's a bigger
 

06:08.639 --> 06:10.629 align:start position:0%
surrounding fields, but there's a bigger
price<00:06:08.880><c> to</c><00:06:09.120><c> pay.</c><00:06:09.840><c> Many</c><00:06:10.080><c> of</c><00:06:10.160><c> the</c><00:06:10.319><c> workers</c>

06:10.629 --> 06:10.639 align:start position:0%
price to pay. Many of the workers
 

06:10.639 --> 06:13.189 align:start position:0%
price to pay. Many of the workers
develop<00:06:11.039><c> major</c><00:06:11.520><c> health</c><00:06:11.759><c> issues</c><00:06:12.160><c> as</c><00:06:12.479><c> a</c><00:06:12.720><c> result.</c>

06:13.189 --> 06:13.199 align:start position:0%
develop major health issues as a result.
 

06:13.199 --> 06:15.510 align:start position:0%
develop major health issues as a result.
Mostly<00:06:13.600><c> lung</c><00:06:13.840><c> and</c><00:06:14.160><c> breathing</c><00:06:14.560><c> problems.</c><00:06:15.280><c> All</c>

06:15.510 --> 06:15.520 align:start position:0%
Mostly lung and breathing problems. All
 

06:15.520 --> 06:18.950 align:start position:0%
Mostly lung and breathing problems. All
for<00:06:15.680><c> a</c><00:06:15.840><c> salary</c><00:06:16.080><c> of</c><00:06:16.240><c> just</c><00:06:16.639><c> $4</c><00:06:16.880><c> to</c><00:06:17.199><c> $5</c><00:06:17.919><c> a</c><00:06:18.160><c> day.</c>

06:18.950 --> 06:18.960 align:start position:0%
for a salary of just $4 to $5 a day.
 

06:18.960 --> 06:22.309 align:start position:0%
for a salary of just $4 to $5 a day.
That<00:06:19.280><c> is</c><00:06:19.600><c> part</c><00:06:19.840><c> of</c><00:06:20.160><c> Kawa</c><00:06:20.560><c> Een's</c><00:06:21.360><c> weirdness.</c>

06:22.309 --> 06:22.319 align:start position:0%
That is part of Kawa Een's weirdness.
 

06:22.319 --> 06:25.830 align:start position:0%
That is part of Kawa Een's weirdness.
It's<00:06:22.560><c> not</c><00:06:22.880><c> only</c><00:06:23.199><c> a</c><00:06:23.600><c> volcano.</c><00:06:24.720><c> It's</c><00:06:25.039><c> also</c><00:06:25.440><c> a</c>

06:25.830 --> 06:25.840 align:start position:0%
It's not only a volcano. It's also a
 

06:25.840 --> 06:29.270 align:start position:0%
It's not only a volcano. It's also a
natural<00:06:26.560><c> sulfur</c><00:06:27.280><c> factory.</c><00:06:28.080><c> Yet</c><00:06:28.400><c> somehow</c><00:06:28.960><c> this</c>

06:29.270 --> 06:29.280 align:start position:0%
natural sulfur factory. Yet somehow this
 

06:29.280 --> 06:31.510 align:start position:0%
natural sulfur factory. Yet somehow this
still<00:06:29.919><c> isn't</c><00:06:30.319><c> the</c><00:06:30.560><c> strangest</c><00:06:30.960><c> thing</c><00:06:31.199><c> about</c>

06:31.510 --> 06:31.520 align:start position:0%
still isn't the strangest thing about
 

06:31.520 --> 06:34.790 align:start position:0%
still isn't the strangest thing about
this<00:06:31.840><c> place.</c><00:06:32.800><c> Because</c><00:06:33.120><c> Kawen</c><00:06:34.000><c> is</c><00:06:34.240><c> also</c><00:06:34.560><c> home</c>

06:34.790 --> 06:34.800 align:start position:0%
this place. Because Kawen is also home
 

06:34.800 --> 06:37.350 align:start position:0%
this place. Because Kawen is also home
to<00:06:35.039><c> one</c><00:06:35.199><c> of</c><00:06:35.280><c> the</c><00:06:35.520><c> most</c><00:06:35.919><c> extreme</c><00:06:36.479><c> crater</c><00:06:36.880><c> lakes</c>

06:37.350 --> 06:37.360 align:start position:0%
to one of the most extreme crater lakes
 

06:37.360 --> 06:40.629 align:start position:0%
to one of the most extreme crater lakes
on<00:06:37.680><c> Earth.</c><00:06:38.479><c> A</c><00:06:38.720><c> lake</c><00:06:38.880><c> with</c><00:06:39.039><c> a</c><00:06:39.280><c> pH</c><00:06:39.600><c> measure</c><00:06:40.000><c> below</c>

06:40.629 --> 06:40.639 align:start position:0%
on Earth. A lake with a pH measure below
 

06:40.639 --> 06:42.390 align:start position:0%
on Earth. A lake with a pH measure below
0.3.

06:42.390 --> 06:42.400 align:start position:0%
0.3.
 

06:42.400 --> 06:45.749 align:start position:0%
0.3.
That's<00:06:42.720><c> more</c><00:06:42.960><c> acidic</c><00:06:43.680><c> than</c><00:06:44.160><c> battery</c><00:06:44.720><c> acid.</c>

06:45.749 --> 06:45.759 align:start position:0%
That's more acidic than battery acid.
 

06:45.759 --> 06:48.230 align:start position:0%
That's more acidic than battery acid.
With<00:06:45.919><c> a</c><00:06:46.080><c> volume</c><00:06:46.319><c> of</c><00:06:46.639><c> 36</c><00:06:47.280><c> million</c><00:06:47.759><c> cubic</c>

06:48.230 --> 06:48.240 align:start position:0%
With a volume of 36 million cubic
 

06:48.240 --> 06:50.629 align:start position:0%
With a volume of 36 million cubic
meters,<00:06:49.039><c> this</c><00:06:49.280><c> is</c><00:06:49.440><c> the</c><00:06:49.680><c> largest</c><00:06:50.240><c> highly</c>

06:50.629 --> 06:50.639 align:start position:0%
meters, this is the largest highly
 

06:50.639 --> 06:54.309 align:start position:0%
meters, this is the largest highly
acidic<00:06:51.120><c> lake</c><00:06:51.440><c> in</c><00:06:51.840><c> the</c><00:06:52.240><c> world.</c><00:06:53.680><c> Most</c><00:06:53.919><c> crater</c>

06:54.309 --> 06:54.319 align:start position:0%
acidic lake in the world. Most crater
 

06:54.319 --> 06:56.309 align:start position:0%
acidic lake in the world. Most crater
lakes<00:06:54.639><c> are</c><00:06:54.800><c> formed</c><00:06:55.120><c> when</c><00:06:55.360><c> rainwater</c><00:06:56.000><c> and</c>

06:56.309 --> 06:56.319 align:start position:0%
lakes are formed when rainwater and
 

06:56.319 --> 06:58.309 align:start position:0%
lakes are formed when rainwater and
groundwater<00:06:57.120><c> collect</c><00:06:57.440><c> in</c><00:06:57.600><c> a</c><00:06:57.759><c> volcanic</c>

06:58.309 --> 06:58.319 align:start position:0%
groundwater collect in a volcanic
 

06:58.319 --> 07:01.430 align:start position:0%
groundwater collect in a volcanic
depression.<00:06:59.280><c> But</c><00:06:59.440><c> at</c><00:06:59.680><c> Kawi</c><00:07:00.080><c> Een,</c><00:07:00.800><c> the</c><00:07:01.039><c> lake</c><00:07:01.280><c> is</c>

07:01.430 --> 07:01.440 align:start position:0%
depression. But at Kawi Een, the lake is
 

07:01.440 --> 07:04.230 align:start position:0%
depression. But at Kawi Een, the lake is
not<00:07:01.680><c> just</c><00:07:02.000><c> sitting</c><00:07:02.400><c> in</c><00:07:02.720><c> an</c><00:07:02.960><c> old</c><00:07:03.199><c> hole.</c><00:07:03.840><c> It's</c>

07:04.230 --> 07:04.240 align:start position:0%
not just sitting in an old hole. It's
 

07:04.240 --> 07:06.469 align:start position:0%
not just sitting in an old hole. It's
part<00:07:04.479><c> of</c><00:07:04.639><c> the</c><00:07:04.800><c> volcano's</c><00:07:05.520><c> active</c><00:07:05.919><c> plumbing</c>

07:06.469 --> 07:06.479 align:start position:0%
part of the volcano's active plumbing
 

07:06.479 --> 07:09.430 align:start position:0%
part of the volcano's active plumbing
system.<00:07:06.960><c> A</c><00:07:07.199><c> giant</c><00:07:07.919><c> chemical</c><00:07:08.720><c> condenser</c>

07:09.430 --> 07:09.440 align:start position:0%
system. A giant chemical condenser
 

07:09.440 --> 07:11.909 align:start position:0%
system. A giant chemical condenser
almost,<00:07:10.400><c> much</c><00:07:10.639><c> like</c><00:07:10.880><c> its</c><00:07:11.120><c> blue</c><00:07:11.440><c> flamed</c>

07:11.909 --> 07:11.919 align:start position:0%
almost, much like its blue flamed
 

07:11.919 --> 07:13.830 align:start position:0%
almost, much like its blue flamed
neighbors.<00:07:12.639><c> The</c><00:07:12.880><c> reason</c><00:07:13.120><c> behind</c><00:07:13.520><c> this</c>

07:13.830 --> 07:13.840 align:start position:0%
neighbors. The reason behind this
 

07:13.840 --> 07:16.070 align:start position:0%
neighbors. The reason behind this
swimming<00:07:14.160><c> pool</c><00:07:14.479><c> full</c><00:07:14.720><c> of</c><00:07:15.039><c> battery</c><00:07:15.440><c> acid</c><00:07:15.840><c> is</c>

07:16.070 --> 07:16.080 align:start position:0%
swimming pool full of battery acid is
 

07:16.080 --> 07:19.189 align:start position:0%
swimming pool full of battery acid is
also<00:07:16.400><c> a</c><00:07:16.720><c> chemical</c><00:07:17.120><c> one.</c><00:07:17.680><c> The</c><00:07:17.919><c> volcano</c><00:07:18.479><c> itself</c>

07:19.189 --> 07:19.199 align:start position:0%
also a chemical one. The volcano itself
 

07:19.199 --> 07:21.749 align:start position:0%
also a chemical one. The volcano itself
endlessly<00:07:19.759><c> emits</c><00:07:20.319><c> hydrogen</c><00:07:20.960><c> chloride</c><00:07:21.520><c> and</c>

07:21.749 --> 07:21.759 align:start position:0%
endlessly emits hydrogen chloride and
 

07:21.759 --> 07:24.070 align:start position:0%
endlessly emits hydrogen chloride and
hydrogen<00:07:22.400><c> sulfide</c><00:07:22.960><c> gases</c><00:07:23.440><c> [music]</c><00:07:23.759><c> which</c>

07:24.070 --> 07:24.080 align:start position:0%
hydrogen sulfide gases [music] which
 

07:24.080 --> 07:26.710 align:start position:0%
hydrogen sulfide gases [music] which
dissolve<00:07:24.639><c> in</c><00:07:24.960><c> the</c><00:07:25.199><c> water</c><00:07:25.599><c> and</c><00:07:26.000><c> form</c>

07:26.710 --> 07:26.720 align:start position:0%
dissolve in the water and form
 

07:26.720 --> 07:30.070 align:start position:0%
dissolve in the water and form
hydrochloric<00:07:27.599><c> and</c><00:07:27.840><c> sulfuric</c><00:07:28.639><c> acids.</c><00:07:29.599><c> It's</c><00:07:29.919><c> a</c>

07:30.070 --> 07:30.080 align:start position:0%
hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It's a
 

07:30.080 --> 07:32.790 align:start position:0%
hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It's a
constant<00:07:30.560><c> cycle.</c><00:07:31.280><c> Rain</c><00:07:31.680><c> dilutes</c><00:07:32.160><c> the</c><00:07:32.400><c> system.</c>

07:32.790 --> 07:32.800 align:start position:0%
constant cycle. Rain dilutes the system.
 

07:32.800 --> 07:35.350 align:start position:0%
constant cycle. Rain dilutes the system.
Evaporation<00:07:33.919><c> concentrates</c><00:07:34.560><c> it</c><00:07:34.960><c> and</c><00:07:35.199><c> the</c>

07:35.350 --> 07:35.360 align:start position:0%
Evaporation concentrates it and the
 

07:35.360 --> 07:37.510 align:start position:0%
Evaporation concentrates it and the
volcano<00:07:36.000><c> keeps</c><00:07:36.319><c> feeding</c><00:07:36.540><c> [music]</c><00:07:36.720><c> new</c><00:07:37.039><c> gases</c>

07:37.510 --> 07:37.520 align:start position:0%
volcano keeps feeding [music] new gases
 

07:37.520 --> 07:40.469 align:start position:0%
volcano keeps feeding [music] new gases
from<00:07:37.840><c> below,</c><00:07:38.720><c> concentrating</c><00:07:39.440><c> the</c><00:07:39.520><c> aces</c><00:07:40.080><c> even</c>

07:40.469 --> 07:40.479 align:start position:0%
from below, concentrating the aces even
 

07:40.479 --> 07:43.350 align:start position:0%
from below, concentrating the aces even
further.<00:07:41.520><c> One</c><00:07:41.840><c> volcanologist,</c><00:07:42.639><c> Dr.</c><00:07:42.960><c> Glenn</c>

07:43.350 --> 07:43.360 align:start position:0%
further. One volcanologist, Dr. Glenn
 

07:43.360 --> 07:45.909 align:start position:0%
further. One volcanologist, Dr. Glenn
Williams<00:07:43.840><c> Jones,</c><00:07:44.319><c> had</c><00:07:44.560><c> to</c><00:07:44.639><c> once</c><00:07:45.120><c> stop</c><00:07:45.520><c> a</c>

07:45.909 --> 07:45.919 align:start position:0%
Williams Jones, had to once stop a
 

07:45.919 --> 07:48.230 align:start position:0%
Williams Jones, had to once stop a
tourist<00:07:46.720><c> who</c><00:07:46.960><c> was</c><00:07:47.120><c> about</c><00:07:47.280><c> to</c><00:07:47.520><c> go</c><00:07:47.680><c> for</c><00:07:47.840><c> a</c><00:07:48.080><c> swim</c>

07:48.230 --> 07:48.240 align:start position:0%
tourist who was about to go for a swim
 

07:48.240 --> 07:50.390 align:start position:0%
tourist who was about to go for a swim
in<00:07:48.479><c> what</c><00:07:48.720><c> she</c><00:07:48.960><c> thought</c><00:07:49.199><c> was</c><00:07:49.360><c> a</c><00:07:49.599><c> nice</c><00:07:50.000><c> blue</c>

07:50.390 --> 07:50.400 align:start position:0%
in what she thought was a nice blue
 

07:50.400 --> 07:52.710 align:start position:0%
in what she thought was a nice blue
lagoon.<00:07:51.280><c> I'll</c><00:07:51.520><c> leave</c><00:07:51.759><c> you</c><00:07:52.000><c> to</c><00:07:52.160><c> imagine</c><00:07:52.479><c> what</c>

07:52.710 --> 07:52.720 align:start position:0%
lagoon. I'll leave you to imagine what
 

07:52.720 --> 07:55.270 align:start position:0%
lagoon. I'll leave you to imagine what
might<00:07:52.960><c> have</c><00:07:53.120><c> become</c><00:07:53.360><c> of</c><00:07:53.599><c> her</c><00:07:54.080><c> had</c><00:07:54.400><c> he</c><00:07:54.639><c> not.</c>

07:55.270 --> 07:55.280 align:start position:0%
might have become of her had he not.
 

07:55.280 --> 07:56.790 align:start position:0%
might have become of her had he not.
Just<00:07:55.520><c> imagine</c><00:07:55.840><c> the</c><00:07:56.000><c> scene</c><00:07:56.160><c> in</c><00:07:56.319><c> the</c><00:07:56.479><c> doctor's</c>

07:55.280 --> 07:57.750 align:start position:0%
see, Cowen is not known for huge lava
fountains<00:10:47.680><c> or</c><00:10:47.920><c> towering</c><00:10:48.560><c> plumes</c><00:10:49.040><c> like</c><00:10:49.440><c> some</c>

07:57.600 --> 07:57.610 align:start position:0%
fountains or towering plumes like some
 

07:57.610 --> 08:00.480 align:start position:0%
fountains or towering plumes like some
volcanoes.<00:10:50.800><c> Its</c><00:10:51.120><c> danger</c><00:10:51.440><c> is</c><00:10:51.680><c> far</c><00:10:52.000><c> more</c>

08:00.480 --> 08:00.490 align:start position:0%
volcanoes. Its danger is far more
 

08:00.490 --> 08:03.360 align:start position:0%
volcanoes. Its danger is far more
subtle.<00:10:53.600><c> Obviously,</c><00:10:54.079><c> one</c><00:10:54.320><c> hazard</c><00:10:54.720><c> is</c><00:10:54.959><c> gas.</c>

08:03.360 --> 08:03.370 align:start position:0%
subtle. Obviously, one hazard is gas.
 

08:03.370 --> 08:05.520 align:start position:0%
subtle. Obviously, one hazard is gas.
Sulfur<00:10:55.839><c> dioxide</c><00:10:56.320><c> and</c><00:10:56.560><c> carbon</c><00:10:56.880><c> dioxide</c><00:10:57.360><c> can</c>

08:05.520 --> 08:05.530 align:start position:0%
Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide can
 

08:05.530 --> 08:07.759 align:start position:0%
Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide can
accumulate<00:10:58.000><c> in</c><00:10:58.320><c> low</c><00:10:58.560><c> areas,</c><00:10:59.040><c> especially</c><00:10:59.600><c> in</c>

08:07.759 --> 08:07.769 align:start position:0%
accumulate in low areas, especially in
 

08:07.769 --> 08:10.480 align:start position:0%
accumulate in low areas, especially in
the<00:11:00.000><c> crater.</c><00:11:00.880><c> If</c><00:11:01.120><c> the</c><00:11:01.279><c> wind</c><00:11:01.600><c> shifts</c><00:11:01.920><c> or</c><00:11:02.240><c> gas</c>

08:10.480 --> 08:10.490 align:start position:0%
the crater. If the wind shifts or gas
 

08:10.490 --> 08:12.640 align:start position:0%
the crater. If the wind shifts or gas
concentrations<00:11:03.360><c> rise,</c><00:11:04.000><c> the</c><00:11:04.160><c> crater</c><00:11:04.560><c> can</c>

08:12.640 --> 08:12.650 align:start position:0%
concentrations rise, the crater can
 

08:12.650 --> 08:15.280 align:start position:0%
concentrations rise, the crater can
become<00:11:05.120><c> deadly.</c><00:11:05.760><c> very</c><00:11:06.160><c> quickly.</c><00:11:06.959><c> But</c><00:11:07.120><c> there</c>

08:15.280 --> 08:15.290 align:start position:0%
become deadly. very quickly. But there
 

08:15.290 --> 08:19.120 align:start position:0%
become deadly. very quickly. But there
are<00:11:07.600><c> other</c><00:11:07.839><c> dangers,</c><00:11:08.399><c> too.</c><00:11:09.279><c> Since</c><00:11:09.680><c> 1796,</c>

08:19.120 --> 08:19.130 align:start position:0%
are other dangers, too. Since 1796,
 

08:19.130 --> 08:22.640 align:start position:0%
are other dangers, too. Since 1796,
Kawa<00:11:11.600><c> Een</c><00:11:12.079><c> has</c><00:11:12.320><c> erupted</c><00:11:12.800><c> 10</c><00:11:13.279><c> times</c><00:11:14.160><c> with</c><00:11:14.399><c> only</c>

08:22.640 --> 08:22.650 align:start position:0%
Kawa Een has erupted 10 times with only
 

08:22.650 --> 08:26.800 align:start position:0%
Kawa Een has erupted 10 times with only
one<00:11:15.120><c> magmatic</c><00:11:15.839><c> eruption</c><00:11:16.240><c> recorded</c><00:11:16.640><c> in</c><00:11:16.959><c> 1817.</c>

08:26.800 --> 08:26.810 align:start position:0%
one magmatic eruption recorded in 1817.
 

08:26.810 --> 08:28.800 align:start position:0%
one magmatic eruption recorded in 1817.
Instead,<00:11:19.519><c> one</c><00:11:19.680><c> of</c><00:11:19.760><c> the</c><00:11:19.920><c> real</c><00:11:20.160><c> hazards</c><00:11:20.480><c> here</c><00:11:20.640><c> is</c>

08:28.800 --> 08:28.810 align:start position:0%
Instead, one of the real hazards here is
 

08:28.810 --> 08:31.840 align:start position:0%
Instead, one of the real hazards here is
a<00:11:21.040><c> friatic</c><00:11:22.000><c> eruption,</c><00:11:22.720><c> an</c><00:11:22.959><c> explosion</c><00:11:23.519><c> driven</c>

08:31.840 --> 08:31.850 align:start position:0%
a friatic eruption, an explosion driven
 

08:31.850 --> 08:34.480 align:start position:0%
a friatic eruption, an explosion driven
by<00:11:24.160><c> steam.</c><00:11:24.959><c> When</c><00:11:25.200><c> hot</c><00:11:25.519><c> rock,</c><00:11:25.920><c> magma,</c><00:11:26.320><c> or</c>

08:34.480 --> 08:34.490 align:start position:0%
by steam. When hot rock, magma, or
 

08:34.490 --> 08:37.520 align:start position:0%
by steam. When hot rock, magma, or
volcanic<00:11:27.040><c> gas</c><00:11:27.519><c> rapidly</c><00:11:28.079><c> heats</c><00:11:28.560><c> water,</c><00:11:29.279><c> the</c>

08:37.520 --> 08:37.530 align:start position:0%
volcanic gas rapidly heats water, the
 

08:37.530 --> 08:40.480 align:start position:0%
volcanic gas rapidly heats water, the
water<00:11:29.920><c> expands</c><00:11:30.720><c> violently.</c><00:11:31.760><c> in</c><00:11:31.920><c> a</c><00:11:32.079><c> crater</c>

08:40.480 --> 08:40.490 align:start position:0%
water expands violently. in a crater
 

08:40.490 --> 08:42.240 align:start position:0%
water expands violently. in a crater
lake<00:11:32.800><c> environment</c><00:11:33.200><c> like</c><00:11:33.440><c> this</c><00:11:33.839><c> that</c><00:11:34.160><c> can</c>

08:42.240 --> 08:42.250 align:start position:0%
lake environment like this that can
 

08:42.250 --> 08:44.720 align:start position:0%
lake environment like this that can
blast<00:11:34.720><c> ash,</c><00:11:35.120><c> acidic</c><00:11:35.600><c> water</c><00:11:35.839><c> and</c><00:11:36.079><c> debris</c><00:11:36.560><c> out</c>

08:44.720 --> 08:44.730 align:start position:0%
blast ash, acidic water and debris out
 

08:44.730 --> 08:47.280 align:start position:0%
blast ash, acidic water and debris out
of<00:11:37.040><c> the</c><00:11:37.279><c> crater</c><00:11:37.839><c> with</c><00:11:38.160><c> little</c><00:11:38.480><c> warning</c><00:11:39.120><c> and</c>

08:47.280 --> 08:47.290 align:start position:0%
of the crater with little warning and
 

08:47.290 --> 08:48.960 align:start position:0%
of the crater with little warning and
there<00:11:39.519><c> have</c><00:11:39.680><c> been</c><00:11:39.839><c> multiple</c><00:11:40.320><c> eruptions</c><00:11:40.720><c> of</c>

08:48.960 --> 08:48.970 align:start position:0%
there have been multiple eruptions of
 

08:48.970 --> 08:51.199 align:start position:0%
there have been multiple eruptions of
this<00:11:41.360><c> kind.</c><00:11:42.079><c> The</c><00:11:42.320><c> most</c><00:11:42.480><c> recent</c><00:11:42.720><c> being</c><00:11:42.959><c> in</c>

08:51.199 --> 08:51.209 align:start position:0%
this kind. The most recent being in
 

08:51.209 --> 08:52.960 align:start position:0%
this kind. The most recent being in
2002.

08:52.960 --> 08:52.970 align:start position:0%
2002.
 

08:52.970 --> 08:55.920 align:start position:0%
2002.
Kawa<00:11:45.440><c> Een's</c><00:11:46.000><c> beauty</c><00:11:46.320><c> is</c><00:11:46.720><c> inseparable</c><00:11:47.600><c> from</c>

08:55.920 --> 08:55.930 align:start position:0%
Kawa Een's beauty is inseparable from
 

08:55.930 --> 08:58.400 align:start position:0%
Kawa Een's beauty is inseparable from
its<00:11:48.320><c> hazards.</c><00:11:49.120><c> The</c><00:11:49.360><c> same</c><00:11:49.600><c> gas</c><00:11:49.839><c> that</c><00:11:50.079><c> makes</c>

08:58.400 --> 08:58.410 align:start position:0%
its hazards. The same gas that makes
 

08:58.410 --> 09:01.040 align:start position:0%
its hazards. The same gas that makes
breathtaking<00:11:51.200><c> blue</c><00:11:51.519><c> flames</c><00:11:52.160><c> also</c><00:11:52.560><c> poisons</c>

09:01.040 --> 09:01.050 align:start position:0%
breathtaking blue flames also poisons
 

09:01.050 --> 09:03.199 align:start position:0%
breathtaking blue flames also poisons
the<00:11:53.360><c> air.</c><00:11:54.000><c> The</c><00:11:54.240><c> same</c><00:11:54.399><c> lake</c><00:11:54.640><c> that</c><00:11:54.880><c> glows</c>

09:03.199 --> 09:03.209 align:start position:0%
the air. The same lake that glows
 

09:03.209 --> 09:05.920 align:start position:0%
the air. The same lake that glows
turquoise<00:11:55.760><c> is</c><00:11:56.079><c> chemically</c><00:11:56.880><c> extreme.</c><00:11:57.760><c> The</c>

09:05.920 --> 09:05.930 align:start position:0%
turquoise is chemically extreme. The
 

09:05.930 --> 09:07.999 align:start position:0%
turquoise is chemically extreme. The
same<00:11:58.240><c> hydrothermal</c><00:11:59.279><c> system</c><00:11:59.519><c> that</c><00:11:59.760><c> creates</c>

09:07.999 --> 09:08.009 align:start position:0%
same hydrothermal system that creates
 

09:08.009 --> 09:10.640 align:start position:0%
same hydrothermal system that creates
sulfur<00:12:00.480><c> deposits</c><00:12:01.040><c> can</c><00:12:01.279><c> destabilize</c><00:12:02.079><c> rock</c><00:12:02.399><c> and</c>

09:10.640 --> 09:10.650 align:start position:0%
sulfur deposits can destabilize rock and
 

09:10.650 --> 09:13.520 align:start position:0%
sulfur deposits can destabilize rock and
trigger<00:12:03.440><c> steam</c><00:12:04.079><c> explosions.</c>

09:13.520 --> 09:13.530 align:start position:0%
trigger steam explosions.
 

09:13.530 --> 09:15.840 align:start position:0%
trigger steam explosions.
Kawa<00:12:06.000><c> Egen</c><00:12:06.480><c> is</c><00:12:06.639><c> a</c><00:12:06.800><c> reminder</c><00:12:07.120><c> that</c><00:12:07.360><c> volcanoes</c>

09:15.840 --> 09:15.850 align:start position:0%
Kawa Egen is a reminder that volcanoes
 

09:15.850 --> 09:18.400 align:start position:0%
Kawa Egen is a reminder that volcanoes
don't<00:12:08.160><c> need</c><00:12:08.399><c> rivers</c><00:12:08.720><c> of</c><00:12:08.959><c> red</c><00:12:09.279><c> lava</c><00:12:09.839><c> to</c><00:12:10.160><c> be</c>

09:18.400 --> 09:18.410 align:start position:0%
don't need rivers of red lava to be
 

09:18.410 --> 09:21.680 align:start position:0%
don't need rivers of red lava to be
dangerous.<00:12:11.760><c> But</c><00:12:11.920><c> our</c><00:12:12.240><c> next</c><00:12:12.560><c> volcano</c><00:12:13.120><c> is</c><00:12:13.360><c> weird</c>

09:21.680 --> 09:21.690 align:start position:0%
dangerous. But our next volcano is weird
 

09:21.690 --> 09:25.120 align:start position:0%
dangerous. But our next volcano is weird
for<00:12:14.000><c> the</c><00:12:14.399><c> opposite</c><00:12:14.959><c> reason.</c><00:12:16.000><c> The</c><00:12:16.240><c> lava</c><00:12:16.560><c> itself</c>

09:25.120 --> 09:25.130 align:start position:0%
for the opposite reason. The lava itself
 

09:25.130 --> 09:28.319 align:start position:0%
for the opposite reason. The lava itself
is<00:12:18.000><c> wrong.</c>

09:28.319 --> 09:28.329 align:start position:0%
is wrong.
 

09:28.329 --> 09:31.199 align:start position:0%
is wrong.
Ordon<00:12:21.120><c> Langai</c><00:12:21.839><c> produces</c><00:12:22.399><c> possibly</c><00:12:22.880><c> the</c>

09:31.199 --> 09:31.209 align:start position:0%
Ordon Langai produces possibly the
 

09:31.209 --> 09:34.879 align:start position:0%
Ordon Langai produces possibly the
strangest<00:12:24.000><c> lava</c><00:12:24.560><c> on</c><00:12:24.880><c> the</c><00:12:25.200><c> planet.</c><00:12:26.320><c> Most</c><00:12:26.639><c> lava</c>

09:34.879 --> 09:34.889 align:start position:0%
strangest lava on the planet. Most lava
 

09:34.889 --> 09:37.280 align:start position:0%
strangest lava on the planet. Most lava
on<00:12:27.200><c> Earth</c><00:12:27.440><c> is</c><00:12:27.680><c> made</c><00:12:27.920><c> mainly</c><00:12:28.320><c> from</c><00:12:28.639><c> silicut</c>

09:37.280 --> 09:37.290 align:start position:0%
on Earth is made mainly from silicut
 

09:37.290 --> 09:39.120 align:start position:0%
on Earth is made mainly from silicut
minerals.<00:12:30.000><c> Even</c><00:12:30.240><c> when</c><00:12:30.399><c> it's</c><00:12:30.639><c> fluid</c><00:12:31.040><c> like</c>

09:39.120 --> 09:39.130 align:start position:0%
minerals. Even when it's fluid like
 

09:39.130 --> 09:41.520 align:start position:0%
minerals. Even when it's fluid like
bassalt<00:12:31.760><c> in</c><00:12:31.920><c> Hawaii</c><00:12:32.320><c> or</c><00:12:32.560><c> Iceland,</c><00:12:33.040><c> it's</c><00:12:33.360><c> still</c>

09:41.520 --> 09:41.530 align:start position:0%
bassalt in Hawaii or Iceland, it's still
 

09:41.530 --> 09:44.240 align:start position:0%
bassalt in Hawaii or Iceland, it's still
built<00:12:34.000><c> around</c><00:12:34.399><c> silica</c><00:12:34.880><c> and</c><00:12:35.200><c> oxygen</c><00:12:35.760><c> arranged</c>

09:44.240 --> 09:44.250 align:start position:0%
built around silica and oxygen arranged
 

09:44.250 --> 09:46.800 align:start position:0%
built around silica and oxygen arranged
into<00:12:36.639><c> molten</c><00:12:37.120><c> mineral</c><00:12:37.519><c> structures.</c><00:12:38.480><c> But</c><00:12:38.639><c> in</c>

09:46.800 --> 09:46.810 align:start position:0%
into molten mineral structures. But in
 

09:46.810 --> 09:49.680 align:start position:0%
into molten mineral structures. But in
northern<00:12:39.200><c> Tanzania,</c><00:12:40.160><c> this</c><00:12:40.399><c> lava</c><00:12:40.880><c> is</c><00:12:41.120><c> based</c><00:12:41.360><c> on</c>

09:49.680 --> 09:49.690 align:start position:0%
northern Tanzania, this lava is based on
 

09:49.690 --> 09:52.400 align:start position:0%
northern Tanzania, this lava is based on
carbonets<00:12:42.800><c> instead.</c>

09:52.400 --> 09:52.410 align:start position:0%
carbonets instead.
 

09:52.410 --> 09:55.840 align:start position:0%
carbonets instead.
Alono<00:12:45.200><c> Langai</c><00:12:45.920><c> is</c><00:12:46.160><c> the</c><00:12:46.480><c> only</c><00:12:46.880><c> place</c><00:12:47.200><c> on</c><00:12:47.519><c> planet</c>

09:55.840 --> 09:55.850 align:start position:0%
Alono Langai is the only place on planet
 

09:55.850 --> 09:58.879 align:start position:0%
Alono Langai is the only place on planet
Earth<00:12:48.480><c> currently</c><00:12:49.279><c> erupting</c><00:12:49.920><c> carbonetite</c>

09:58.879 --> 09:58.889 align:start position:0%
Earth currently erupting carbonetite
 

09:58.889 --> 10:01.999 align:start position:0%
Earth currently erupting carbonetite
lava.<00:12:51.839><c> This</c><00:12:52.079><c> is</c><00:12:52.320><c> lava</c><00:12:52.800><c> like</c><00:12:53.120><c> no</c><00:12:53.440><c> other.</c>

10:01.999 --> 10:02.009 align:start position:0%
lava. This is lava like no other.
 

10:02.009 --> 10:04.240 align:start position:0%
lava. This is lava like no other.
jam-packed<00:12:54.720><c> with</c><00:12:54.959><c> alkali</c><00:12:55.680><c> elements</c><00:12:56.079><c> like</c>

10:04.240 --> 10:04.250 align:start position:0%
jam-packed with alkali elements like
 

10:04.250 --> 10:06.879 align:start position:0%
jam-packed with alkali elements like
calcium,<00:12:57.040><c> sodium,</c><00:12:57.519><c> and</c><00:12:57.839><c> potassium</c><00:12:58.639><c> along</c>

10:06.879 --> 10:06.889 align:start position:0%
calcium, sodium, and potassium along
 

10:06.889 --> 10:10.240 align:start position:0%
calcium, sodium, and potassium along
with<00:12:59.200><c> abundant</c><00:13:00.000><c> carbon</c><00:13:00.480><c> dioxide.</c><00:13:01.680><c> So,</c><00:13:01.920><c> why</c><00:13:02.079><c> is</c>

10:10.240 --> 10:10.250 align:start position:0%
with abundant carbon dioxide. So, why is
 

10:10.250 --> 10:12.800 align:start position:0%
with abundant carbon dioxide. So, why is
that<00:13:02.560><c> so</c><00:13:02.880><c> weird?</c><00:13:03.600><c> Well,</c><00:13:03.920><c> most</c><00:13:04.240><c> terrestrial</c>

10:12.800 --> 10:12.810 align:start position:0%
that so weird? Well, most terrestrial
 

10:12.810 --> 10:15.999 align:start position:0%
that so weird? Well, most terrestrial
lava<00:13:05.279><c> is</c><00:13:05.680><c> silicut</c><00:13:06.560><c> made</c><00:13:06.880><c> from</c><00:13:07.200><c> bonded</c><00:13:07.760><c> chains</c>

10:15.999 --> 10:16.009 align:start position:0%
lava is silicut made from bonded chains
 

10:16.009 --> 10:18.319 align:start position:0%
lava is silicut made from bonded chains
of<00:13:08.320><c> silicon</c><00:13:08.639><c> and</c><00:13:08.880><c> oxygen.</c><00:13:09.360><c> Even</c><00:13:09.600><c> low</c><00:13:09.920><c> silica</c>

10:18.319 --> 10:18.329 align:start position:0%
of silicon and oxygen. Even low silica
 

10:18.329 --> 10:21.280 align:start position:0%
of silicon and oxygen. Even low silica
material<00:13:10.720><c> like</c><00:13:10.959><c> bassalt</c><00:13:11.519><c> is</c><00:13:11.760><c> still</c><00:13:12.240><c> 45%</c>

10:21.280 --> 10:21.290 align:start position:0%
material like bassalt is still 45%
 

10:21.290 --> 10:23.920 align:start position:0%
material like bassalt is still 45%
silica.<00:13:14.399><c> But</c><00:13:14.560><c> here</c><00:13:14.800><c> on</c><00:13:15.040><c> the</c><00:13:15.200><c> East</c><00:13:15.519><c> African</c>

10:23.920 --> 10:23.930 align:start position:0%
silica. But here on the East African
 

10:23.930 --> 10:27.120 align:start position:0%
silica. But here on the East African
rift<00:13:16.560><c> system,</c><00:13:17.440><c> this</c><00:13:17.680><c> carbonetite</c><00:13:18.480><c> magma</c><00:13:18.880><c> is</c>

10:27.120 --> 10:27.130 align:start position:0%
rift system, this carbonetite magma is
 

10:27.130 --> 10:30.879 align:start position:0%
rift system, this carbonetite magma is
alkali<00:13:19.920><c> heavy.</c><00:13:20.639><c> It</c><00:13:20.880><c> has</c><00:13:21.120><c> less</c><00:13:21.360><c> than</c><00:13:21.680><c> 25%</c><00:13:22.720><c> of</c>

10:30.879 --> 10:30.889 align:start position:0%
alkali heavy. It has less than 25% of
 

10:30.889 --> 10:34.400 align:start position:0%
alkali heavy. It has less than 25% of
the<00:13:23.200><c> weight</c><00:13:23.600><c> of</c><00:13:23.920><c> silica</c><00:13:24.720><c> and</c><00:13:25.040><c> instead</c><00:13:26.160><c> is</c>

10:34.400 --> 10:34.410 align:start position:0%
the weight of silica and instead is
 

10:34.410 --> 10:37.520 align:start position:0%
the weight of silica and instead is
mostly<00:13:26.959><c> composed</c><00:13:27.360><c> of</c><00:13:27.680><c> calcium</c><00:13:28.480><c> carbonates</c>

10:37.520 --> 10:37.530 align:start position:0%
mostly composed of calcium carbonates
 

10:37.530 --> 10:40.480 align:start position:0%
mostly composed of calcium carbonates
and<00:13:29.839><c> that</c><00:13:30.079><c> does</c><00:13:30.240><c> some</c><00:13:30.560><c> pretty</c><00:13:30.880><c> weird</c><00:13:31.279><c> stuff.</c>

10:40.480 --> 10:40.490 align:start position:0%
and that does some pretty weird stuff.
 

10:40.490 --> 10:42.480 align:start position:0%
and that does some pretty weird stuff.
Silica<00:13:33.040><c> is</c><00:13:33.200><c> one</c><00:13:33.360><c> of</c><00:13:33.440><c> the</c><00:13:33.680><c> main</c><00:13:34.079><c> components</c>

10:42.480 --> 10:42.490 align:start position:0%
Silica is one of the main components
 

10:42.490 --> 10:44.559 align:start position:0%
Silica is one of the main components
that<00:13:34.880><c> gives</c><00:13:35.120><c> magma</c><00:13:35.600><c> the</c><00:13:35.920><c> structure</c><00:13:36.320><c> and</c>

10:44.559 --> 10:44.569 align:start position:0%
that gives magma the structure and
 

10:44.569 --> 10:46.160 align:start position:0%
that gives magma the structure and
strength<00:13:36.959><c> that</c><00:13:37.200><c> we're</c><00:13:37.360><c> used</c><00:13:37.519><c> to</c><00:13:37.680><c> seeing.</c><00:13:38.079><c> That</c>

10:46.160 --> 10:46.170 align:start position:0%
strength that we're used to seeing. That
 

10:46.170 --> 10:48.160 align:start position:0%
strength that we're used to seeing. That
sort<00:13:38.399><c> of</c><00:13:38.560><c> stereotypical</c><00:13:39.279><c> thick</c><00:13:39.839><c> orange</c>

10:48.160 --> 10:48.170 align:start position:0%
sort of stereotypical thick orange
 

10:48.170 --> 10:51.040 align:start position:0%
sort of stereotypical thick orange
looking<00:13:40.720><c> stuff.</c><00:13:41.440><c> So</c><00:13:41.680><c> if</c><00:13:41.920><c> you</c><00:13:42.079><c> remove</c><00:13:42.560><c> much</c><00:13:42.880><c> of</c>

10:51.040 --> 10:51.050 align:start position:0%
looking stuff. So if you remove much of
 

10:51.050 --> 10:53.439 align:start position:0%
looking stuff. So if you remove much of
that<00:13:43.360><c> silica</c><00:13:43.920><c> and</c><00:13:44.160><c> change</c><00:13:44.480><c> the</c><00:13:44.800><c> chemistry,</c>

10:53.439 --> 10:53.449 align:start position:0%
that silica and change the chemistry,
 

10:53.449 --> 10:55.280 align:start position:0%
that silica and change the chemistry,
the<00:13:45.760><c> lava</c><00:13:46.160><c> can</c><00:13:46.320><c> behave</c><00:13:46.560><c> in</c><00:13:46.800><c> ways</c><00:13:46.959><c> that</c><00:13:47.200><c> feel</c>

10:55.280 --> 10:55.290 align:start position:0%
the lava can behave in ways that feel
 

10:55.290 --> 10:58.800 align:start position:0%
the lava can behave in ways that feel
almost<00:13:48.079><c> impossible.</c><00:13:49.440><c> Carbonetite</c><00:13:50.240><c> magma</c><00:13:50.639><c> can</c>

10:58.800 --> 10:58.810 align:start position:0%
almost impossible. Carbonetite magma can
 

10:58.810 --> 11:01.280 align:start position:0%
almost impossible. Carbonetite magma can
have<00:13:51.040><c> much</c><00:13:51.440><c> lower</c><00:13:51.760><c> viscosity,</c><00:13:52.880><c> allowing</c><00:13:53.200><c> for</c>

11:01.280 --> 11:01.290 align:start position:0%
have much lower viscosity, allowing for
 

11:01.290 --> 11:03.920 align:start position:0%
have much lower viscosity, allowing for
the<00:13:53.600><c> strange</c><00:13:54.160><c> garden</c><00:13:54.720><c> hose</c><00:13:55.360><c> eruptions</c><00:13:55.760><c> that</c>

11:03.920 --> 11:03.930 align:start position:0%
the strange garden hose eruptions that
 

11:03.930 --> 11:06.559 align:start position:0%
the strange garden hose eruptions that
exemplify<00:13:56.959><c> the</c><00:13:57.279><c> bizarre</c><00:13:57.760><c> activity</c><00:13:58.240><c> in</c><00:13:58.480><c> the</c>

11:06.559 --> 11:06.569 align:start position:0%
exemplify the bizarre activity in the
 

11:06.569 --> 11:09.840 align:start position:0%
exemplify the bizarre activity in the
crater<00:13:58.959><c> of</c><00:13:59.279><c> Old</c><00:13:59.839><c> Langai.</c><00:14:00.880><c> In</c><00:14:01.199><c> other</c><00:14:01.440><c> words,</c>

11:09.840 --> 11:09.850 align:start position:0%
crater of Old Langai. In other words,
 

11:09.850 --> 11:12.960 align:start position:0%
crater of Old Langai. In other words,
it's<00:14:02.399><c> very,</c><00:14:02.880><c> very</c><00:14:03.519><c> runny.</c>

11:12.960 --> 11:12.970 align:start position:0%
it's very, very runny.
 

11:12.970 --> 11:14.480 align:start position:0%
it's very, very runny.
The<00:14:05.279><c> lack</c><00:14:05.440><c> of</c><00:14:05.680><c> structure</c><00:14:06.000><c> and</c><00:14:06.240><c> its</c>

11:14.480 --> 11:14.490 align:start position:0%
The lack of structure and its
 

11:14.490 --> 11:17.360 align:start position:0%
The lack of structure and its
composition<00:14:07.279><c> also</c><00:14:07.600><c> allows</c><00:14:08.079><c> carbon</c><00:14:08.800><c> magma</c><00:14:09.199><c> to</c>

11:17.360 --> 11:17.370 align:start position:0%
composition also allows carbon magma to
 

11:17.370 --> 11:19.600 align:start position:0%
composition also allows carbon magma to
erupt<00:14:09.680><c> at</c><00:14:09.920><c> much</c><00:14:10.240><c> cooler</c><00:14:10.800><c> temperatures</c><00:14:11.279><c> than</c>

11:19.600 --> 11:19.610 align:start position:0%
erupt at much cooler temperatures than
 

11:19.610 --> 11:23.999 align:start position:0%
erupt at much cooler temperatures than
silicut<00:14:12.240><c> magma,</c><00:14:13.040><c> only</c><00:14:13.440><c> 5</c><00:14:13.760><c> to</c><00:14:14.000><c> 600°</c><00:14:15.040><c> C.</c><00:14:15.760><c> Compare</c>

11:23.999 --> 11:24.009 align:start position:0%
silicut magma, only 5 to 600° C. Compare
 

11:24.009 --> 11:25.680 align:start position:0%
silicut magma, only 5 to 600° C. Compare
that<00:14:16.240><c> with</c><00:14:16.399><c> basaltic</c><00:14:16.959><c> lava</c><00:14:17.279><c> that</c><00:14:17.440><c> erupts</c>

11:25.680 --> 11:25.690 align:start position:0%
that with basaltic lava that erupts
 

11:25.690 --> 11:28.640 align:start position:0%
that with basaltic lava that erupts
around<00:14:18.000><c> 1,000°</c><00:14:19.040><c> C</c><00:14:19.600><c> and</c><00:14:19.839><c> you</c><00:14:20.079><c> can</c><00:14:20.240><c> see</c><00:14:20.480><c> the</c>

11:28.640 --> 11:28.650 align:start position:0%
around 1,000° C and you can see the
 

11:28.650 --> 11:31.840 align:start position:0%
around 1,000° C and you can see the
difference.<00:14:21.600><c> Whilst</c><00:14:21.920><c> 5600°</c><00:14:22.880><c> C</c><00:14:23.360><c> still</c><00:14:23.600><c> sounds</c>

11:31.840 --> 11:31.850 align:start position:0%
difference. Whilst 5600° C still sounds
 

11:31.850 --> 11:33.920 align:start position:0%
difference. Whilst 5600° C still sounds
pretty<00:14:24.160><c> hot</c><00:14:24.399><c> and</c><00:14:24.720><c> is</c><00:14:24.959><c> still</c><00:14:25.279><c> dangerous,</c>

11:33.920 --> 11:33.930 align:start position:0%
pretty hot and is still dangerous,
 

11:33.930 --> 11:36.400 align:start position:0%
pretty hot and is still dangerous,
geologically<00:14:26.880><c> speaking,</c><00:14:27.279><c> it's</c><00:14:27.680><c> pretty</c><00:14:28.000><c> cool</c>

11:36.400 --> 11:36.410 align:start position:0%
geologically speaking, it's pretty cool
 

11:36.410 --> 11:39.119 align:start position:0%
geologically speaking, it's pretty cool
in<00:14:28.800><c> all</c><00:14:29.040><c> senses.</c><00:14:29.920><c> Carbonetite</c><00:14:30.720><c> ages</c>

11:39.119 --> 11:39.129 align:start position:0%
in all senses. Carbonetite ages
 

11:39.129 --> 11:41.360 align:start position:0%
in all senses. Carbonetite ages
differently<00:14:31.600><c> to</c><00:14:31.839><c> silicut</c><00:14:32.560><c> too.</c><00:14:33.199><c> The</c>

11:41.360 --> 11:41.370 align:start position:0%
differently to silicut too. The
 

11:41.370 --> 11:44.319 align:start position:0%
differently to silicut too. The
carbonate<00:14:33.920><c> materials</c><00:14:34.480><c> inside</c><00:14:35.120><c> like</c><00:14:35.600><c> calsite,</c>

11:44.319 --> 11:44.329 align:start position:0%
carbonate materials inside like calsite,
 

11:44.329 --> 11:47.439 align:start position:0%
carbonate materials inside like calsite,
nurerite<00:14:37.360><c> and</c><00:14:37.600><c> gregorite</c><00:14:38.720><c> break</c><00:14:38.959><c> down</c><00:14:39.199><c> very</c>

11:47.439 --> 11:47.449 align:start position:0%
nurerite and gregorite break down very
 

11:47.449 --> 11:50.080 align:start position:0%
nurerite and gregorite break down very
quickly<00:14:39.839><c> when</c><00:14:40.079><c> exposed</c><00:14:40.560><c> to</c><00:14:40.880><c> water</c><00:14:41.279><c> or</c><00:14:41.600><c> even</c><00:14:41.839><c> a</c>

11:50.080 --> 11:50.090 align:start position:0%
quickly when exposed to water or even a
 

11:50.090 --> 11:53.040 align:start position:0%
quickly when exposed to water or even a
humid<00:14:42.639><c> atmosphere</c><00:14:43.680><c> which</c><00:14:44.000><c> paints</c><00:14:44.399><c> or</c><00:14:44.639><c> dun</c>

11:53.040 --> 11:53.050 align:start position:0%
humid atmosphere which paints or dun
 

11:53.050 --> 11:57.119 align:start position:0%
humid atmosphere which paints or dun
lengi<00:14:45.680><c> a</c><00:14:46.000><c> very</c><00:14:46.320><c> unusual</c><00:14:47.120><c> color.</c><00:14:48.240><c> In</c><00:14:48.560><c> daylight,</c>

11:57.119 --> 11:57.129 align:start position:0%
lengi a very unusual color. In daylight,
 

11:57.129 --> 11:59.999 align:start position:0%
lengi a very unusual color. In daylight,
this<00:14:49.440><c> lava</c><00:14:49.839><c> can</c><00:14:50.000><c> appear</c><00:14:50.399><c> not</c><00:14:50.880><c> bright</c><00:14:51.199><c> red</c><00:14:51.600><c> but</c>

11:59.999 --> 12:00.009 align:start position:0%
this lava can appear not bright red but
 

12:00.009 --> 12:03.520 align:start position:0%
this lava can appear not bright red but
black<00:14:52.480><c> or</c><00:14:52.800><c> even</c><00:14:53.199><c> dark</c><00:14:53.680><c> gray.</c><00:14:54.639><c> It</c><00:14:54.959><c> only</c><00:14:55.199><c> glows</c>

12:03.520 --> 12:03.530 align:start position:0%
black or even dark gray. It only glows
 

12:03.530 --> 12:06.640 align:start position:0%
black or even dark gray. It only glows
visibly<00:14:56.160><c> at</c><00:14:56.480><c> night.</c><00:14:57.040><c> It</c><00:14:57.279><c> can</c><00:14:57.440><c> be</c><00:14:57.680><c> so</c><00:14:58.079><c> fluid</c>

12:06.640 --> 12:06.650 align:start position:0%
visibly at night. It can be so fluid
 

12:06.650 --> 12:09.119 align:start position:0%
visibly at night. It can be so fluid
that<00:14:58.959><c> it</c><00:14:59.199><c> splashes</c><00:14:59.760><c> and</c><00:15:00.079><c> runs</c><00:15:00.399><c> in</c><00:15:00.800><c> thin</c>

12:09.119 --> 12:09.129 align:start position:0%
that it splashes and runs in thin
 

12:09.129 --> 12:11.439 align:start position:0%
that it splashes and runs in thin
streams,<00:15:02.000><c> often</c><00:15:02.399><c> looking</c><00:15:02.639><c> more</c><00:15:02.880><c> like</c><00:15:03.120><c> dark</c>

12:11.439 --> 12:11.449 align:start position:0%
streams, often looking more like dark
 

12:11.449 --> 12:14.160 align:start position:0%
streams, often looking more like dark
oil<00:15:03.839><c> or</c><00:15:04.079><c> wet</c><00:15:04.480><c> cement</c><00:15:05.199><c> than</c><00:15:05.360><c> the</c><00:15:05.600><c> heavy</c><00:15:05.920><c> orange</c>

12:14.160 --> 12:14.170 align:start position:0%
oil or wet cement than the heavy orange
 

12:14.170 --> 12:16.640 align:start position:0%
oil or wet cement than the heavy orange
lava<00:15:06.720><c> we</c><00:15:07.120><c> expect.</c>

12:16.640 --> 12:16.650 align:start position:0%
lava we expect.
 

12:16.650 --> 12:18.480 align:start position:0%
lava we expect.
Then,<00:15:09.040><c> after</c><00:15:09.360><c> exposure</c><00:15:09.760><c> to</c><00:15:10.000><c> air</c><00:15:10.240><c> and</c>

12:18.480 --> 12:18.490 align:start position:0%
Then, after exposure to air and
 

12:18.490 --> 12:21.520 align:start position:0%
Then, after exposure to air and
moisture,<00:15:11.120><c> it</c><00:15:11.279><c> changes</c><00:15:11.920><c> again.</c><00:15:12.800><c> The</c><00:15:13.120><c> fresh</c>

12:21.520 --> 12:21.530 align:start position:0%
moisture, it changes again. The fresh
 

12:21.530 --> 12:23.680 align:start position:0%
moisture, it changes again. The fresh
black<00:15:14.000><c> lava</c><00:15:14.480><c> reacts</c><00:15:14.959><c> quickly</c><00:15:15.279><c> with</c><00:15:15.519><c> the</c>

12:23.680 --> 12:23.690 align:start position:0%
black lava reacts quickly with the
 

12:23.690 --> 12:25.920 align:start position:0%
black lava reacts quickly with the
atmosphere.<00:15:16.560><c> Its</c><00:15:16.959><c> carbonate</c><00:15:17.519><c> minerals</c>

12:25.920 --> 12:25.930 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Its carbonate minerals
 

12:25.930 --> 12:29.040 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Its carbonate minerals
weather<00:15:18.480><c> and</c><00:15:18.800><c> alter,</c><00:15:19.519><c> turning</c><00:15:19.920><c> from</c><00:15:20.160><c> gray</c><00:15:20.800><c> to</c>

12:29.040 --> 12:29.050 align:start position:0%
weather and alter, turning from gray to
 

12:29.050 --> 12:31.759 align:start position:0%
weather and alter, turning from gray to
white.<00:15:22.000><c> This</c><00:15:22.160><c> is</c><00:15:22.320><c> why</c><00:15:22.480><c> the</c><00:15:22.720><c> summit</c><00:15:23.040><c> of</c><00:15:23.279><c> Alono</c>

12:31.759 --> 12:31.769 align:start position:0%
white. This is why the summit of Alono
 

12:31.769 --> 12:34.559 align:start position:0%
white. This is why the summit of Alono
Langai<00:15:24.399><c> can</c><00:15:24.560><c> look</c><00:15:25.040><c> snow</c><00:15:25.440><c> dusted</c><00:15:26.079><c> even</c><00:15:26.240><c> in</c><00:15:26.480><c> the</c>

12:34.559 --> 12:34.569 align:start position:0%
Langai can look snow dusted even in the
 

12:34.569 --> 12:37.199 align:start position:0%
Langai can look snow dusted even in the
hot<00:15:26.959><c> dry</c><00:15:27.199><c> landscape</c><00:15:27.680><c> of</c><00:15:27.920><c> Tanzania.</c><00:15:29.040><c> Of</c>

12:37.199 --> 12:37.209 align:start position:0%
hot dry landscape of Tanzania. Of
 

12:37.209 --> 12:39.759 align:start position:0%
hot dry landscape of Tanzania. Of
course,<00:15:29.519><c> this</c><00:15:29.680><c> isn't</c><00:15:30.160><c> snow.</c><00:15:30.880><c> It's</c><00:15:31.199><c> chemically</c>

12:39.759 --> 12:39.769 align:start position:0%
course, this isn't snow. It's chemically
 

12:39.769 --> 12:42.720 align:start position:0%
course, this isn't snow. It's chemically
altered<00:15:32.560><c> lava.</c><00:15:33.760><c> This</c><00:15:34.000><c> should</c><00:15:34.240><c> also</c><00:15:34.399><c> be</c><00:15:34.560><c> good</c>

12:42.720 --> 12:42.730 align:start position:0%
altered lava. This should also be good
 

12:42.730 --> 12:44.879 align:start position:0%
altered lava. This should also be good
news<00:15:34.959><c> for</c><00:15:35.199><c> those</c><00:15:35.440><c> living</c><00:15:35.760><c> nearby.</c><00:15:36.639><c> Low</c>

12:44.879 --> 12:44.889 align:start position:0%
news for those living nearby. Low
 

12:44.889 --> 12:47.360 align:start position:0%
news for those living nearby. Low
viscosity<00:15:37.600><c> magma</c><00:15:38.160><c> typically</c><00:15:38.560><c> doesn't</c><00:15:39.040><c> erupt</c>

12:47.360 --> 12:47.370 align:start position:0%
viscosity magma typically doesn't erupt
 

12:47.370 --> 12:49.360 align:start position:0%
viscosity magma typically doesn't erupt
explosively<00:15:40.320><c> and</c><00:15:40.639><c> generally</c><00:15:41.040><c> means</c>

12:49.360 --> 12:49.370 align:start position:0%
explosively and generally means
 

12:49.370 --> 12:52.640 align:start position:0%
explosively and generally means
eruptions<00:15:41.839><c> of</c><00:15:42.079><c> lava</c><00:15:42.560><c> flow</c><00:15:43.120><c> instead.</c><00:15:44.399><c> This</c><00:15:44.560><c> is</c>

12:52.640 --> 12:52.650 align:start position:0%
eruptions of lava flow instead. This is
 

12:52.650 --> 12:54.559 align:start position:0%
eruptions of lava flow instead. This is
because<00:15:44.880><c> the</c><00:15:45.120><c> gas</c><00:15:45.440><c> bubbles</c><00:15:45.839><c> can</c><00:15:46.079><c> escape</c><00:15:46.480><c> from</c>

12:54.559 --> 12:54.569 align:start position:0%
because the gas bubbles can escape from
 

12:54.569 --> 12:57.520 align:start position:0%
because the gas bubbles can escape from
the<00:15:46.880><c> lava</c><00:15:47.279><c> without</c><00:15:47.760><c> becoming</c><00:15:48.399><c> trapped.</c><00:15:49.279><c> But</c>

12:57.520 --> 12:57.530 align:start position:0%
the lava without becoming trapped. But
 

12:57.530 --> 12:59.199 align:start position:0%
the lava without becoming trapped. But
once<00:15:49.920><c> again,</c><00:15:50.240><c> this</c><00:15:50.399><c> is</c><00:15:50.480><c> where</c><00:15:50.720><c> things</c><00:15:50.959><c> get</c>

12:59.199 --> 12:59.209 align:start position:0%
once again, this is where things get
 

12:59.209 --> 13:02.160 align:start position:0%
once again, this is where things get
even<00:15:51.680><c> stranger</c><00:15:52.320><c> and</c><00:15:52.639><c> in</c><00:15:52.959><c> this</c><00:15:53.199><c> case,</c><00:15:53.920><c> even</c>

13:02.160 --> 13:02.170 align:start position:0%
even stranger and in this case, even
 

13:02.170 --> 13:05.759 align:start position:0%
even stranger and in this case, even
more<00:15:54.639><c> dangerous.</c><00:15:55.759><c> In</c><00:15:56.000><c> September</c><00:15:56.639><c> 2007,</c><00:15:57.600><c> the</c>

13:05.759 --> 13:05.769 align:start position:0%
more dangerous. In September 2007, the
 

13:05.769 --> 13:07.840 align:start position:0%
more dangerous. In September 2007, the
volcano,<00:15:58.399><c> which</c><00:15:58.720><c> at</c><00:15:58.959><c> that</c><00:15:59.120><c> point</c><00:15:59.360><c> only</c><00:15:59.680><c> had</c>

13:07.840 --> 13:07.850 align:start position:0%
volcano, which at that point only had
 

13:07.850 --> 13:10.879 align:start position:0%
volcano, which at that point only had
one<00:16:00.240><c> crater,</c><00:16:01.279><c> suddenly</c><00:16:01.759><c> blasted</c><00:16:02.240><c> open</c><00:16:02.560><c> a</c>

13:10.879 --> 13:10.889 align:start position:0%
one crater, suddenly blasted open a
 

13:10.889 --> 13:14.319 align:start position:0%
one crater, suddenly blasted open a
second<00:16:03.440><c> crater</c><00:16:04.240><c> more</c><00:16:04.480><c> than</c><00:16:04.800><c> 100</c><00:16:05.199><c> m</c><00:16:05.600><c> deep</c><00:16:05.920><c> in</c><00:16:06.160><c> an</c>

13:14.319 --> 13:14.329 align:start position:0%
second crater more than 100 m deep in an
 

13:14.329 --> 13:17.360 align:start position:0%
second crater more than 100 m deep in an
area<00:16:06.720><c> north</c><00:16:07.040><c> of</c><00:16:07.279><c> the</c><00:16:07.519><c> summit.</c><00:16:08.720><c> This</c><00:16:08.959><c> crater</c>

13:17.360 --> 13:17.370 align:start position:0%
area north of the summit. This crater
 

13:17.370 --> 13:20.240 align:start position:0%
area north of the summit. This crater
continued<00:16:09.839><c> to</c><00:16:10.079><c> erupt</c><00:16:10.399><c> into</c><00:16:10.880><c> 2008,</c><00:16:11.680><c> and</c><00:16:11.920><c> unlike</c>

13:20.240 --> 13:20.250 align:start position:0%
continued to erupt into 2008, and unlike
 

13:20.250 --> 13:23.439 align:start position:0%
continued to erupt into 2008, and unlike
the<00:16:12.480><c> lava</c><00:16:12.880><c> itself,</c><00:16:13.920><c> the</c><00:16:14.160><c> plot</c><00:16:14.480><c> thickens.</c>

13:23.439 --> 13:23.449 align:start position:0%
the lava itself, the plot thickens.
 

13:23.449 --> 13:25.840 align:start position:0%
the lava itself, the plot thickens.
These<00:16:15.920><c> eruptions</c><00:16:16.320><c> were</c><00:16:16.639><c> likely</c><00:16:17.040><c> due</c><00:16:17.279><c> to</c><00:16:17.600><c> how</c>

13:25.840 --> 13:25.850 align:start position:0%
These eruptions were likely due to how
 

13:25.850 --> 13:28.240 align:start position:0%
These eruptions were likely due to how
much<00:16:18.240><c> carbon</c><00:16:18.720><c> dioxide</c><00:16:19.360><c> can</c><00:16:19.680><c> actually</c><00:16:20.079><c> be</c>

13:28.240 --> 13:28.250 align:start position:0%
much carbon dioxide can actually be
 

13:28.250 --> 13:31.040 align:start position:0%
much carbon dioxide can actually be
dissolved<00:16:20.880><c> in</c><00:16:21.199><c> the</c><00:16:21.440><c> magma.</c><00:16:22.320><c> Researchers</c><00:16:22.880><c> from</c>

13:31.040 --> 13:31.050 align:start position:0%
dissolved in the magma. Researchers from
 

13:31.050 --> 13:32.800 align:start position:0%
dissolved in the magma. Researchers from
the<00:16:23.279><c> Swiss</c><00:16:23.759><c> Federal</c><00:16:24.240><c> Institute</c><00:16:24.639><c> of</c>

13:32.800 --> 13:32.810 align:start position:0%
the Swiss Federal Institute of
 

13:32.810 --> 13:35.040 align:start position:0%
the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology<00:16:25.519><c> think</c><00:16:25.839><c> different</c><00:16:26.240><c> magmas</c><00:16:26.800><c> mixed</c>

13:35.040 --> 13:35.050 align:start position:0%
Technology think different magmas mixed
 

13:35.050 --> 13:37.119 align:start position:0%
Technology think different magmas mixed
beneath<00:16:27.440><c> the</c><00:16:27.680><c> volcano,</c><00:16:28.399><c> causing</c><00:16:28.800><c> the</c>

13:37.119 --> 13:37.129 align:start position:0%
beneath the volcano, causing the
 

13:37.129 --> 13:39.920 align:start position:0%
beneath the volcano, causing the
eruption.<00:16:30.079><c> That</c><00:16:30.399><c> mixing</c><00:16:30.880><c> reduced</c><00:16:31.279><c> how</c><00:16:31.600><c> much</c>

13:39.920 --> 13:39.930 align:start position:0%
eruption. That mixing reduced how much
 

13:39.930 --> 13:43.119 align:start position:0%
eruption. That mixing reduced how much
CO2<00:16:32.560><c> the</c><00:16:32.720><c> magma</c><00:16:33.120><c> could</c><00:16:33.440><c> hold.</c><00:16:34.079><c> So,</c><00:16:34.320><c> the</c><00:16:34.480><c> CO2</c>

13:43.119 --> 13:43.129 align:start position:0%
CO2 the magma could hold. So, the CO2
 

13:43.129 --> 13:46.319 align:start position:0%
CO2 the magma could hold. So, the CO2
rapidly<00:16:35.759><c> came</c><00:16:36.000><c> out</c><00:16:36.320><c> as</c><00:16:36.800><c> gas</c><00:16:37.120><c> bubbles.</c><00:16:37.920><c> As</c><00:16:38.160><c> the</c>

13:46.319 --> 13:46.329 align:start position:0%
rapidly came out as gas bubbles. As the
 

13:46.329 --> 13:48.640 align:start position:0%
rapidly came out as gas bubbles. As the
magma<00:16:38.720><c> rose,</c><00:16:39.120><c> those</c><00:16:39.279><c> bubbles</c><00:16:39.759><c> expanded,</c>

13:48.640 --> 13:48.650 align:start position:0%
magma rose, those bubbles expanded,
 

13:48.650 --> 13:50.879 align:start position:0%
magma rose, those bubbles expanded,
helping<00:16:41.040><c> to</c><00:16:41.199><c> make</c><00:16:41.279><c> the</c><00:16:41.519><c> eruption</c><00:16:42.000><c> much</c><00:16:42.480><c> more</c>

13:50.879 --> 13:50.889 align:start position:0%
helping to make the eruption much more
 

13:50.889 --> 13:52.480 align:start position:0%
helping to make the eruption much more
explosive.

13:52.480 --> 13:52.490 align:start position:0%
explosive.
 

13:52.490 --> 13:55.759 align:start position:0%
explosive.
The<00:16:44.720><c> ash</c><00:16:45.040><c> from</c><00:16:45.279><c> the</c><00:16:45.440><c> 24th</c><00:16:45.920><c> of</c><00:16:46.160><c> September</c><00:16:46.720><c> 2007</c>

13:55.759 --> 13:55.769 align:start position:0%
The ash from the 24th of September 2007
 

13:55.769 --> 13:57.520 align:start position:0%
The ash from the 24th of September 2007
also<00:16:48.240><c> showed</c><00:16:48.560><c> evidence</c><00:16:48.880><c> that</c><00:16:49.040><c> the</c><00:16:49.279><c> eruption</c>

13:57.520 --> 13:57.530 align:start position:0%
also showed evidence that the eruption
 

13:57.530 --> 14:00.640 align:start position:0%
also showed evidence that the eruption
involved<00:16:50.000><c> a</c><00:16:50.240><c> new</c><00:16:50.639><c> hybrid</c><00:16:51.360><c> magma</c><00:16:52.240><c> formed</c><00:16:52.560><c> by</c>

14:00.640 --> 14:00.650 align:start position:0%
involved a new hybrid magma formed by
 

14:00.650 --> 14:02.800 align:start position:0%
involved a new hybrid magma formed by
the<00:16:52.880><c> interaction</c><00:16:53.360><c> between</c><00:16:53.839><c> natural</c><00:16:54.399><c> carbonet</c>

14:02.800 --> 14:02.810 align:start position:0%
the interaction between natural carbonet
 

14:02.810 --> 14:05.600 align:start position:0%
the interaction between natural carbonet
type<00:16:55.120><c> magma</c><00:16:55.440><c> and</c><00:16:55.600><c> the</c><00:16:55.759><c> felonite</c><00:16:56.320><c> magma.</c><00:16:57.360><c> That</c>

14:05.600 --> 14:05.610 align:start position:0%
type magma and the felonite magma. That
 

14:05.610 --> 14:07.600 align:start position:0%
type magma and the felonite magma. That
matters<00:16:58.320><c> because</c><00:16:58.639><c> this</c><00:16:58.880><c> mixing</c><00:16:59.360><c> helps</c>

14:07.600 --> 14:07.610 align:start position:0%
matters because this mixing helps
 

14:07.610 --> 14:10.480 align:start position:0%
matters because this mixing helps
explain<00:17:00.079><c> why</c><00:17:00.399><c> loads</c><00:17:00.800><c> of</c><00:17:01.040><c> CO2</c><00:17:01.759><c> could</c><00:17:02.000><c> be</c><00:17:02.160><c> forced</c>

14:10.480 --> 14:10.490 align:start position:0%
explain why loads of CO2 could be forced
 

14:10.490 --> 14:13.280 align:start position:0%
explain why loads of CO2 could be forced
out<00:17:02.800><c> of</c><00:17:02.959><c> the</c><00:17:03.120><c> magma</c><00:17:03.680><c> so</c><00:17:04.079><c> quickly.</c><00:17:04.880><c> The</c><00:17:05.120><c> more</c>

14:13.280 --> 14:13.290 align:start position:0%
out of the magma so quickly. The more
 

14:13.290 --> 14:15.440 align:start position:0%
out of the magma so quickly. The more
CO2<00:17:05.760><c> you</c><00:17:06.000><c> can</c><00:17:06.079><c> pack</c><00:17:06.319><c> in,</c><00:17:06.640><c> the</c><00:17:06.799><c> more</c><00:17:06.959><c> likely</c><00:17:07.280><c> it</c>

14:15.440 --> 14:15.450 align:start position:0%
CO2 you can pack in, the more likely it
 

14:15.450 --> 14:17.759 align:start position:0%
CO2 you can pack in, the more likely it
is<00:17:07.679><c> to</c><00:17:08.000><c> erupt,</c><00:17:08.400><c> no</c><00:17:08.480><c> matter</c><00:17:08.880><c> how</c><00:17:09.120><c> runny</c><00:17:09.439><c> it</c><00:17:09.600><c> may</c>

14:17.759 --> 14:17.769 align:start position:0%
is to erupt, no matter how runny it may
 

14:17.769 --> 14:20.239 align:start position:0%
is to erupt, no matter how runny it may
be.<00:17:10.319><c> And</c><00:17:10.559><c> that's</c><00:17:10.799><c> because</c><00:17:11.039><c> CO2</c><00:17:11.600><c> behaves</c><00:17:11.919><c> a</c><00:17:12.160><c> bit</c>

14:20.239 --> 14:20.249 align:start position:0%
be. And that's because CO2 behaves a bit
 

14:20.249 --> 14:22.080 align:start position:0%
be. And that's because CO2 behaves a bit
like<00:17:12.559><c> gas</c><00:17:12.880><c> in</c><00:17:13.039><c> a</c><00:17:13.199><c> fizzy</c><00:17:13.520><c> drink,</c><00:17:13.760><c> if</c><00:17:13.919><c> you</c><00:17:14.000><c> can</c>

14:22.080 --> 14:22.090 align:start position:0%
like gas in a fizzy drink, if you can
 

14:22.090 --> 14:23.520 align:start position:0%
like gas in a fizzy drink, if you can
imagine<00:17:14.400><c> that.</c><00:17:14.640><c> When</c><00:17:14.880><c> magma</c><00:17:15.199><c> is</c><00:17:15.360><c> deep</c>

14:23.520 --> 14:23.530 align:start position:0%
imagine that. When magma is deep
 

14:23.530 --> 14:25.999 align:start position:0%
imagine that. When magma is deep
underground,<00:17:16.240><c> it's</c><00:17:16.480><c> under</c><00:17:16.799><c> huge</c><00:17:17.280><c> pressure.</c>

14:25.999 --> 14:26.009 align:start position:0%
underground, it's under huge pressure.
 

14:26.009 --> 14:28.400 align:start position:0%
underground, it's under huge pressure.
So<00:17:18.240><c> gases</c><00:17:18.720><c> like</c><00:17:18.959><c> carbon</c><00:17:19.360><c> dioxide</c><00:17:19.919><c> can</c><00:17:20.160><c> stay</c>

14:28.400 --> 14:28.410 align:start position:0%
So gases like carbon dioxide can stay
 

14:28.410 --> 14:30.640 align:start position:0%
So gases like carbon dioxide can stay
dissolved<00:17:21.039><c> in</c><00:17:21.360><c> it.</c><00:17:21.839><c> But</c><00:17:22.000><c> if</c><00:17:22.160><c> that</c><00:17:22.319><c> magma</c>

14:30.640 --> 14:30.650 align:start position:0%
dissolved in it. But if that magma
 

14:30.650 --> 14:32.239 align:start position:0%
dissolved in it. But if that magma
starts<00:17:22.959><c> moving</c><00:17:23.280><c> upward,</c><00:17:23.760><c> the</c><00:17:23.919><c> pressure</c>

14:32.239 --> 14:32.249 align:start position:0%
starts moving upward, the pressure
 

14:32.249 --> 14:34.479 align:start position:0%
starts moving upward, the pressure
drops.<00:17:24.880><c> And</c><00:17:25.120><c> when</c><00:17:25.280><c> that</c><00:17:25.520><c> happens,</c><00:17:25.839><c> the</c><00:17:26.079><c> CO2</c>

14:34.479 --> 14:34.489 align:start position:0%
drops. And when that happens, the CO2
 

14:34.489 --> 14:36.640 align:start position:0%
drops. And when that happens, the CO2
can<00:17:26.799><c> no</c><00:17:27.039><c> longer</c><00:17:27.360><c> stay</c><00:17:27.679><c> dissolved.</c><00:17:28.319><c> So</c><00:17:28.480><c> it</c>

14:36.640 --> 14:36.650 align:start position:0%
can no longer stay dissolved. So it
 

14:36.650 --> 14:39.120 align:start position:0%
can no longer stay dissolved. So it
forms<00:17:29.120><c> those</c><00:17:29.440><c> bubbles.</c><00:17:30.480><c> You</c><00:17:30.720><c> can</c><00:17:30.799><c> see</c><00:17:30.960><c> from</c>

14:39.120 --> 14:39.130 align:start position:0%
forms those bubbles. You can see from
 

14:39.130 --> 14:40.479 align:start position:0%
forms those bubbles. You can see from
the<00:17:31.440><c> eruption</c><00:17:31.600><c> that</c><00:17:31.840><c> some</c><00:17:31.919><c> of</c><00:17:32.000><c> the</c><00:17:32.160><c> lava</c>

14:40.479 --> 14:40.489 align:start position:0%
the eruption that some of the lava
 

14:40.489 --> 14:42.400 align:start position:0%
the eruption that some of the lava
actually<00:17:32.799><c> looks</c><00:17:33.120><c> silver</c><00:17:33.520><c> in</c><00:17:33.840><c> color,</c>

14:42.400 --> 14:42.410 align:start position:0%
actually looks silver in color,
 

14:42.410 --> 14:44.400 align:start position:0%
actually looks silver in color,
suggesting<00:17:34.960><c> large</c><00:17:35.280><c> amounts</c><00:17:35.600><c> of</c><00:17:35.760><c> gas</c><00:17:36.000><c> in</c><00:17:36.240><c> these</c>

14:44.400 --> 14:44.410 align:start position:0%
suggesting large amounts of gas in these
 

14:44.410 --> 14:47.280 align:start position:0%
suggesting large amounts of gas in these
relatively<00:17:37.120><c> small</c><00:17:37.679><c> eruptions.</c><00:17:38.960><c> These</c>

14:47.280 --> 14:47.290 align:start position:0%
relatively small eruptions. These
 

14:47.290 --> 14:49.040 align:start position:0%
relatively small eruptions. These
eruptions<00:17:39.760><c> also</c><00:17:40.080><c> offered</c><00:17:40.320><c> a</c><00:17:40.480><c> glimpse</c><00:17:40.720><c> into</c><00:17:40.880><c> a</c>

14:49.040 --> 14:49.050 align:start position:0%
eruptions also offered a glimpse into a
 

14:49.050 --> 14:50.560 align:start position:0%
eruptions also offered a glimpse into a
question<00:17:41.360><c> scientists</c><00:17:41.840><c> have</c><00:17:42.080><c> long</c><00:17:42.400><c> been</c>

14:50.560 --> 14:50.570 align:start position:0%
question scientists have long been
 

14:50.570 --> 14:53.280 align:start position:0%
question scientists have long been
trying<00:17:42.960><c> to</c><00:17:43.200><c> answer.</c><00:17:44.240><c> Where</c><00:17:44.480><c> does</c><00:17:44.640><c> that</c><00:17:44.880><c> lava</c>

14:53.280 --> 14:53.290 align:start position:0%
trying to answer. Where does that lava
 

14:53.290 --> 14:56.400 align:start position:0%
trying to answer. Where does that lava
actually<00:17:45.840><c> come</c><00:17:46.080><c> from?</c><00:17:47.440><c> Until</c><00:17:47.840><c> recently,</c><00:17:48.240><c> the</c>

14:56.400 --> 14:56.410 align:start position:0%
actually come from? Until recently, the
 

14:56.410 --> 14:58.400 align:start position:0%
actually come from? Until recently, the
mechanics<00:17:48.880><c> beneath</c><00:17:49.280><c> the</c><00:17:49.520><c> volcano</c><00:17:50.080><c> largely</c>

14:58.400 --> 14:58.410 align:start position:0%
mechanics beneath the volcano largely
 

14:58.410 --> 15:00.719 align:start position:0%
mechanics beneath the volcano largely
remained<00:17:50.880><c> a</c><00:17:51.200><c> mystery,</c><00:17:52.000><c> mostly</c><00:17:52.320><c> because</c><00:17:52.559><c> it's</c>

15:00.719 --> 15:00.729 align:start position:0%
remained a mystery, mostly because it's
 

15:00.729 --> 15:03.520 align:start position:0%
remained a mystery, mostly because it's
incredibly<00:17:53.280><c> remote</c><00:17:53.679><c> and</c><00:17:54.000><c> hard</c><00:17:54.240><c> to</c><00:17:54.559><c> access.</c>

15:03.520 --> 15:03.530 align:start position:0%
incredibly remote and hard to access.
 

15:03.530 --> 15:05.360 align:start position:0%
incredibly remote and hard to access.
But<00:17:55.840><c> now</c><00:17:56.080><c> researchers</c><00:17:56.559><c> have</c><00:17:56.799><c> started</c><00:17:57.120><c> using</c>

15:05.360 --> 15:05.370 align:start position:0%
But now researchers have started using
 

15:05.370 --> 15:08.640 align:start position:0%
But now researchers have started using
INSAR,<00:17:58.720><c> interpherometric</c><00:18:00.000><c> synthetic</c>

15:08.640 --> 15:08.650 align:start position:0%
INSAR, interpherometric synthetic
 

15:08.650 --> 15:11.920 align:start position:0%
INSAR, interpherometric synthetic
aperture<00:18:01.360><c> radar</c><00:18:01.919><c> data</c><00:18:02.640><c> and</c><00:18:02.960><c> GNSS</c>

15:11.920 --> 15:11.930 align:start position:0%
aperture radar data and GNSS
 

15:11.930 --> 15:14.160 align:start position:0%
aperture radar data and GNSS
instruments,<00:18:04.720><c> global</c><00:18:05.120><c> navigation</c><00:18:05.760><c> satellite</c>

15:14.160 --> 15:14.170 align:start position:0%
instruments, global navigation satellite
 

15:14.170 --> 15:16.400 align:start position:0%
instruments, global navigation satellite
systems<00:18:07.039><c> to</c><00:18:07.280><c> reveal</c><00:18:07.520><c> that</c><00:18:07.760><c> instead</c><00:18:08.000><c> of</c><00:18:08.160><c> just</c>

15:16.400 --> 15:16.410 align:start position:0%
systems to reveal that instead of just
 

15:16.410 --> 15:19.760 align:start position:0%
systems to reveal that instead of just
one<00:18:09.039><c> reservoir,</c><00:18:10.080><c> Aldonu</c><00:18:10.799><c> Langai</c><00:18:11.520><c> might</c>

15:19.760 --> 15:19.770 align:start position:0%
one reservoir, Aldonu Langai might
 

15:19.770 --> 15:22.640 align:start position:0%
one reservoir, Aldonu Langai might
instead<00:18:12.559><c> be</c><00:18:12.720><c> fed</c><00:18:13.039><c> by</c><00:18:13.200><c> a</c><00:18:13.360><c> multi-reservoir</c>

15:22.640 --> 15:22.650 align:start position:0%
instead be fed by a multi-reservoir
 

15:22.650 --> 15:25.680 align:start position:0%
instead be fed by a multi-reservoir
magma<00:18:15.280><c> plumbing</c><00:18:16.000><c> system.</c><00:18:17.039><c> These</c><00:18:17.440><c> systems</c>

15:25.680 --> 15:25.690 align:start position:0%
magma plumbing system. These systems
 

15:25.690 --> 15:27.920 align:start position:0%
magma plumbing system. These systems
could<00:18:18.000><c> form</c><00:18:18.240><c> a</c><00:18:18.480><c> connected</c><00:18:18.960><c> maze</c><00:18:19.360><c> of</c><00:18:19.600><c> magma</c>

15:27.920 --> 15:27.930 align:start position:0%
could form a connected maze of magma
 

15:27.930 --> 15:30.560 align:start position:0%
could form a connected maze of magma
reservoirs,<00:18:20.880><c> feeder</c><00:18:21.280><c> channels,</c><00:18:21.760><c> dikes,</c><00:18:22.320><c> and</c>

15:30.560 --> 15:30.570 align:start position:0%
reservoirs, feeder channels, dikes, and
 

15:30.570 --> 15:33.280 align:start position:0%
reservoirs, feeder channels, dikes, and
sills<00:18:23.520><c> that</c><00:18:23.840><c> move</c><00:18:24.160><c> molten</c><00:18:24.559><c> rock</c><00:18:24.799><c> from</c><00:18:25.039><c> deep</c>

15:33.280 --> 15:33.290 align:start position:0%
sills that move molten rock from deep
 

15:33.290 --> 15:36.479 align:start position:0%
sills that move molten rock from deep
below<00:18:25.679><c> the</c><00:18:25.919><c> earth</c><00:18:26.400><c> toward</c><00:18:26.880><c> the</c><00:18:27.120><c> surface.</c><00:18:28.320><c> In</c>

15:36.479 --> 15:36.489 align:start position:0%
below the earth toward the surface. In
 

15:36.489 --> 15:39.280 align:start position:0%
below the earth toward the surface. In
May<00:18:28.960><c> 2023,</c><00:18:30.080><c> a</c><00:18:30.320><c> study</c><00:18:30.640><c> published</c><00:18:30.960><c> in</c><00:18:31.200><c> the</c>

15:39.280 --> 15:39.290 align:start position:0%
May 2023, a study published in the
 

15:39.290 --> 15:41.360 align:start position:0%
May 2023, a study published in the
journal<00:18:31.679><c> of</c><00:18:31.840><c> volcanology</c><00:18:32.480><c> and</c><00:18:32.720><c> geothermal</c>

15:41.360 --> 15:41.370 align:start position:0%
journal of volcanology and geothermal
 

15:41.370 --> 15:44.719 align:start position:0%
journal of volcanology and geothermal
research<00:18:34.160><c> led</c><00:18:34.400><c> by</c><00:18:34.640><c> Tom</c><00:18:35.120><c> Ladud</c><00:18:35.919><c> of</c><00:18:36.240><c> RD</c>

15:44.719 --> 15:44.729 align:start position:0%
research led by Tom Ladud of RD
 

15:44.729 --> 15:46.880 align:start position:0%
research led by Tom Ladud of RD
University<00:18:37.840><c> set</c><00:18:38.080><c> up</c><00:18:38.240><c> their</c><00:18:38.480><c> global</c>

15:46.880 --> 15:46.890 align:start position:0%
University set up their global
 

15:46.890 --> 15:49.040 align:start position:0%
University set up their global
navigation<00:18:39.600><c> satellite</c><00:18:40.080><c> system</c><00:18:40.320><c> in</c><00:18:40.559><c> the</c><00:18:40.720><c> hunt</c>

15:49.040 --> 15:49.050 align:start position:0%
navigation satellite system in the hunt
 

15:49.050 --> 15:52.400 align:start position:0%
navigation satellite system in the hunt
for<00:18:41.440><c> more</c><00:18:41.840><c> clues.</c><00:18:42.880><c> This</c><00:18:43.120><c> in</c><00:18:43.360><c> itself</c><00:18:43.760><c> was</c><00:18:44.160><c> no</c>

15:52.400 --> 15:52.410 align:start position:0%
for more clues. This in itself was no
 

15:52.410 --> 15:55.040 align:start position:0%
for more clues. This in itself was no
mean<00:18:44.799><c> feat.</c><00:18:45.520><c> Sending</c><00:18:46.000><c> realtime</c><00:18:46.640><c> data</c><00:18:46.960><c> from</c>

15:55.040 --> 15:55.050 align:start position:0%
mean feat. Sending realtime data from
 

15:55.050 --> 15:57.440 align:start position:0%
mean feat. Sending realtime data from
the<00:18:47.280><c> volcano</c><00:18:47.919><c> took</c><00:18:48.240><c> years</c><00:18:48.559><c> of</c><00:18:48.799><c> work</c><00:18:49.120><c> due</c><00:18:49.360><c> to</c>

15:57.440 --> 15:57.450 align:start position:0%
the volcano took years of work due to
 

15:57.450 --> 16:00.240 align:start position:0%
the volcano took years of work due to
its<00:18:49.760><c> remote</c><00:18:50.160><c> location.</c><00:18:51.120><c> But</c><00:18:51.280><c> eventually</c><00:18:52.080><c> the</c>

16:00.240 --> 16:00.250 align:start position:0%
its remote location. But eventually the
 

16:00.250 --> 16:02.880 align:start position:0%
its remote location. But eventually the
team<00:18:52.559><c> established</c><00:18:53.360><c> six</c><00:18:53.840><c> monitoring</c><00:18:54.400><c> stations</c>

16:02.880 --> 16:02.890 align:start position:0%
team established six monitoring stations
 

16:02.890 --> 16:05.200 align:start position:0%
team established six monitoring stations
around<00:18:55.280><c> the</c><00:18:55.520><c> volcano.</c><00:18:56.400><c> Each</c><00:18:56.720><c> station</c><00:18:57.039><c> was</c>

16:05.200 --> 16:05.210 align:start position:0%
around the volcano. Each station was
 

16:05.210 --> 16:07.839 align:start position:0%
around the volcano. Each station was
designed<00:18:57.600><c> to</c><00:18:57.760><c> detect</c><00:18:58.320><c> tiny</c><00:18:58.960><c> movements</c><00:18:59.440><c> in</c><00:18:59.679><c> the</c>

16:07.839 --> 16:07.849 align:start position:0%
designed to detect tiny movements in the
 

16:07.849 --> 16:09.920 align:start position:0%
designed to detect tiny movements in the
ground,<00:19:00.640><c> both</c><00:19:00.880><c> from</c><00:19:01.039><c> the</c><00:19:01.200><c> magma</c><00:19:01.600><c> shifting</c>

16:09.920 --> 16:09.930 align:start position:0%
ground, both from the magma shifting
 

16:09.930 --> 16:12.640 align:start position:0%
ground, both from the magma shifting
below<00:19:02.400><c> Aldon</c><00:19:03.120><c> Langai</c><00:19:03.840><c> and</c><00:19:04.160><c> from</c><00:19:04.400><c> movement</c>

16:12.640 --> 16:12.650 align:start position:0%
below Aldon Langai and from movement
 

16:12.650 --> 16:15.839 align:start position:0%
below Aldon Langai and from movement
along<00:19:05.039><c> the</c><00:19:05.280><c> nearby</c><00:19:05.919><c> Natron</c><00:19:06.640><c> fault.</c><00:19:07.600><c> Once</c>

16:15.839 --> 16:15.849 align:start position:0%
along the nearby Natron fault. Once
 

16:15.849 --> 16:17.839 align:start position:0%
along the nearby Natron fault. Once
established,<00:19:08.640><c> they</c><00:19:08.880><c> were</c><00:19:09.039><c> able</c><00:19:09.280><c> to</c><00:19:09.440><c> add</c><00:19:09.600><c> the</c>

16:17.839 --> 16:17.849 align:start position:0%
established, they were able to add the
 

16:17.849 --> 16:21.760 align:start position:0%
established, they were able to add the
second<00:19:10.400><c> element,</c><00:19:11.200><c> InSARD</c><00:19:11.919><c> data.</c><00:19:12.640><c> Now,</c><00:19:12.960><c> GNSS</c>

16:21.760 --> 16:21.770 align:start position:0%
second element, InSARD data. Now, GNSS
 

16:21.770 --> 16:23.760 align:start position:0%
second element, InSARD data. Now, GNSS
is<00:19:14.000><c> incredibly</c><00:19:14.640><c> precise,</c><00:19:15.280><c> capable</c><00:19:15.679><c> of</c>

16:23.760 --> 16:23.770 align:start position:0%
is incredibly precise, capable of
 

16:23.770 --> 16:25.440 align:start position:0%
is incredibly precise, capable of
tracking<00:19:16.400><c> three-dimensional</c><00:19:17.200><c> ground</c>

16:25.440 --> 16:25.450 align:start position:0%
tracking three-dimensional ground
 

16:25.450 --> 16:27.280 align:start position:0%
tracking three-dimensional ground
movement<00:19:17.919><c> down</c><00:19:18.160><c> to</c><00:19:18.559><c> millimeters</c>

16:27.280 --> 16:27.290 align:start position:0%
movement down to millimeters
 

16:27.290 --> 16:30.160 align:start position:0%
movement down to millimeters
continuously<00:19:20.480><c> and</c><00:19:20.799><c> in</c><00:19:21.039><c> real</c><00:19:21.280><c> time,</c><00:19:22.000><c> but</c>

16:30.160 --> 16:30.170 align:start position:0%
continuously and in real time, but
 

16:30.170 --> 16:32.080 align:start position:0%
continuously and in real time, but
because<00:19:22.480><c> it</c><00:19:22.720><c> only</c><00:19:22.960><c> measures</c><00:19:23.280><c> at</c><00:19:23.520><c> the</c><00:19:23.679><c> exact</c>

16:32.080 --> 16:32.090 align:start position:0%
because it only measures at the exact
 

16:32.090 --> 16:34.240 align:start position:0%
because it only measures at the exact
places<00:19:24.640><c> where</c><00:19:24.880><c> instruments</c><00:19:25.360><c> are</c><00:19:25.520><c> installed,</c>

16:34.240 --> 16:34.250 align:start position:0%
places where instruments are installed,
 

16:34.250 --> 16:37.599 align:start position:0%
places where instruments are installed,
its<00:19:26.640><c> coverage</c><00:19:27.120><c> is</c><00:19:27.679><c> limited.</c><00:19:28.880><c> Insar,</c><00:19:29.440><c> by</c>

16:37.599 --> 16:37.609 align:start position:0%
its coverage is limited. Insar, by
 

16:37.609 --> 16:39.839 align:start position:0%
its coverage is limited. Insar, by
contrast,<00:19:30.400><c> uses</c><00:19:30.880><c> satellites</c><00:19:31.440><c> to</c><00:19:31.600><c> map</c>

16:39.839 --> 16:39.849 align:start position:0%
contrast, uses satellites to map
 

16:39.849 --> 16:43.120 align:start position:0%
contrast, uses satellites to map
deformation<00:19:32.640><c> across</c><00:19:32.960><c> a</c><00:19:33.280><c> much</c><00:19:33.600><c> wider</c><00:19:34.240><c> area.</c><00:19:34.960><c> It</c>

16:43.120 --> 16:43.130 align:start position:0%
deformation across a much wider area. It
 

16:43.130 --> 16:44.880 align:start position:0%
deformation across a much wider area. It
gives<00:19:35.440><c> a</c><00:19:35.600><c> broader</c><00:19:35.919><c> view,</c><00:19:36.160><c> but</c><00:19:36.400><c> only</c><00:19:36.559><c> when</c><00:19:36.799><c> the</c>

16:44.880 --> 16:44.890 align:start position:0%
gives a broader view, but only when the
 

16:44.890 --> 16:46.959 align:start position:0%
gives a broader view, but only when the
satellite<00:19:37.360><c> passes</c><00:19:37.840><c> overhead,</c><00:19:38.480><c> usually</c><00:19:38.799><c> just</c>

16:46.959 --> 16:46.969 align:start position:0%
satellite passes overhead, usually just
 

16:46.969 --> 16:49.839 align:start position:0%
satellite passes overhead, usually just
a<00:19:39.280><c> few</c><00:19:39.520><c> times</c><00:19:39.919><c> per</c><00:19:40.320><c> month.</c><00:19:40.960><c> But</c><00:19:41.200><c> put</c><00:19:41.360><c> these</c><00:19:41.679><c> two</c>

16:49.839 --> 16:49.849 align:start position:0%
a few times per month. But put these two
 

16:49.849 --> 16:51.360 align:start position:0%
a few times per month. But put these two
together,<00:19:42.480><c> and</c><00:19:42.640><c> they</c><00:19:42.880><c> make</c><00:19:43.039><c> a</c><00:19:43.200><c> pretty</c>

16:51.360 --> 16:51.370 align:start position:0%
together, and they make a pretty
 

16:51.370 --> 16:53.760 align:start position:0%
together, and they make a pretty
unstoppable<00:19:44.080><c> team.</c><00:19:44.799><c> The</c><00:19:45.039><c> two</c><00:19:45.280><c> data</c><00:19:45.520><c> sets</c>

16:53.760 --> 16:53.770 align:start position:0%
unstoppable team. The two data sets
 

16:53.770 --> 16:55.920 align:start position:0%
unstoppable team. The two data sets
reveal<00:19:46.320><c> something</c><00:19:46.799><c> intriguing.</c><00:19:47.760><c> The</c>

16:55.920 --> 16:55.930 align:start position:0%
reveal something intriguing. The
 

16:55.930 --> 16:58.719 align:start position:0%
reveal something intriguing. The
volcano's<00:19:48.720><c> plumbing</c><00:19:49.120><c> system</c><00:19:49.600><c> may</c><00:19:49.919><c> not</c><00:19:50.480><c> sit</c>

16:58.719 --> 16:58.729 align:start position:0%
volcano's plumbing system may not sit
 

16:58.729 --> 17:01.680 align:start position:0%
volcano's plumbing system may not sit
directly<00:19:51.360><c> beneath</c><00:19:51.760><c> the</c><00:19:52.000><c> crater.</c><00:19:53.039><c> Instead,</c>

17:01.680 --> 17:01.690 align:start position:0%
directly beneath the crater. Instead,
 

17:01.690 --> 17:03.839 align:start position:0%
directly beneath the crater. Instead,
the<00:19:54.000><c> evidence</c><00:19:54.400><c> points</c><00:19:54.640><c> to</c><00:19:54.799><c> a</c><00:19:54.960><c> shallow</c><00:19:55.440><c> magma</c>

17:03.839 --> 17:03.849 align:start position:0%
the evidence points to a shallow magma
 

17:03.849 --> 17:06.719 align:start position:0%
the evidence points to a shallow magma
source<00:19:56.320><c> offset</c><00:19:56.799><c> between</c><00:19:57.200><c> Odon</c><00:19:57.840><c> Langai</c><00:19:58.559><c> and</c>

17:06.719 --> 17:06.729 align:start position:0%
source offset between Odon Langai and
 

17:06.729 --> 17:09.440 align:start position:0%
source offset between Odon Langai and
the<00:19:59.039><c> nearby</c><00:19:59.520><c> dormant</c><00:19:59.919><c> volcano</c><00:20:00.640><c> Gelli.</c><00:20:01.360><c> And</c>

17:09.440 --> 17:09.450 align:start position:0%
the nearby dormant volcano Gelli. And
 

17:09.450 --> 17:11.520 align:start position:0%
the nearby dormant volcano Gelli. And
that<00:20:01.760><c> shallow</c><00:20:02.160><c> source</c><00:20:02.640><c> appears</c><00:20:03.039><c> to</c><00:20:03.200><c> be</c>

17:11.520 --> 17:11.530 align:start position:0%
that shallow source appears to be
 

17:11.530 --> 17:14.320 align:start position:0%
that shallow source appears to be
deflating<00:20:04.960><c> beneath</c><00:20:05.280><c> it.</c><00:20:05.600><c> The</c><00:20:05.760><c> data</c><00:20:06.080><c> also</c>

17:14.320 --> 17:14.330 align:start position:0%
deflating beneath it. The data also
 

17:14.330 --> 17:16.959 align:start position:0%
deflating beneath it. The data also
suggests<00:20:06.880><c> deeper</c><00:20:07.440><c> magma</c><00:20:07.919><c> reservoirs</c><00:20:08.640><c> feeding</c>

17:16.959 --> 17:16.969 align:start position:0%
suggests deeper magma reservoirs feeding
 

17:16.969 --> 17:20.160 align:start position:0%
suggests deeper magma reservoirs feeding
the<00:20:09.280><c> system</c><00:20:09.600><c> from</c><00:20:10.000><c> 2,000</c><00:20:10.880><c> mters</c><00:20:11.360><c> below</c><00:20:11.919><c> which</c>

17:20.160 --> 17:20.170 align:start position:0%
the system from 2,000 mters below which
 

17:20.170 --> 17:23.120 align:start position:0%
the system from 2,000 mters below which
matches<00:20:13.200><c> what</c><00:20:13.520><c> earlier</c><00:20:14.000><c> geodetic</c><00:20:14.799><c> studies</c>

17:23.120 --> 17:23.130 align:start position:0%
matches what earlier geodetic studies
 

17:23.130 --> 17:25.040 align:start position:0%
matches what earlier geodetic studies
had<00:20:15.520><c> proposed.</c>

17:25.040 --> 17:25.050 align:start position:0%
had proposed.
 

17:25.050 --> 17:27.280 align:start position:0%
had proposed.
And<00:20:17.280><c> the</c><00:20:17.440><c> final</c><00:20:17.760><c> revelation</c><00:20:18.320><c> was</c><00:20:18.720><c> especially</c>

17:27.280 --> 17:27.290 align:start position:0%
And the final revelation was especially
 

17:27.290 --> 17:29.040 align:start position:0%
And the final revelation was especially
interesting<00:20:20.160><c> because</c><00:20:20.400><c> that</c><00:20:20.720><c> shallow</c>

17:29.040 --> 17:29.050 align:start position:0%
interesting because that shallow
 

17:29.050 --> 17:31.599 align:start position:0%
interesting because that shallow
reservoir<00:20:21.679><c> may</c><00:20:21.919><c> be</c><00:20:22.160><c> connected</c><00:20:22.799><c> to</c><00:20:23.039><c> the</c><00:20:23.280><c> active</c>

17:31.599 --> 17:31.609 align:start position:0%
reservoir may be connected to the active
 

17:31.609 --> 17:34.719 align:start position:0%
reservoir may be connected to the active
crater<00:20:24.160><c> by</c><00:20:24.400><c> a</c><00:20:24.559><c> network</c><00:20:24.880><c> of</c><00:20:25.200><c> small</c><00:20:25.760><c> fractures.</c>

17:34.719 --> 17:34.729 align:start position:0%
crater by a network of small fractures.
 

17:34.729 --> 17:37.360 align:start position:0%
crater by a network of small fractures.
So<00:20:27.039><c> rather</c><00:20:27.360><c> than</c><00:20:27.600><c> one</c><00:20:28.000><c> simple</c><00:20:28.480><c> pipe</c><00:20:28.880><c> rising</c>

17:37.360 --> 17:37.370 align:start position:0%
So rather than one simple pipe rising
 

17:37.370 --> 17:39.839 align:start position:0%
So rather than one simple pipe rising
straight<00:20:29.760><c> up</c><00:20:29.919><c> through</c><00:20:30.159><c> the</c><00:20:30.320><c> volcano,</c><00:20:31.280><c> Odono</c>

17:39.839 --> 17:39.849 align:start position:0%
straight up through the volcano, Odono
 

17:39.849 --> 17:42.560 align:start position:0%
straight up through the volcano, Odono
Lengai<00:20:32.480><c> may</c><00:20:32.720><c> be</c><00:20:32.880><c> fed</c><00:20:33.280><c> by</c><00:20:33.440><c> a</c><00:20:33.600><c> more</c><00:20:34.000><c> complex</c>

17:42.560 --> 17:42.570 align:start position:0%
Lengai may be fed by a more complex
 

17:42.570 --> 17:45.440 align:start position:0%
Lengai may be fed by a more complex
offcenter<00:20:35.520><c> system,</c><00:20:36.400><c> a</c><00:20:36.559><c> hidden</c><00:20:36.880><c> network</c><00:20:37.280><c> of</c>

17:45.440 --> 17:45.450 align:start position:0%
offcenter system, a hidden network of
 

17:45.450 --> 17:48.000 align:start position:0%
offcenter system, a hidden network of
reservoirs<00:20:38.159><c> and</c><00:20:38.559><c> cracks</c><00:20:39.120><c> that</c><00:20:39.360><c> helps</c><00:20:39.679><c> explain</c>

17:48.000 --> 17:48.010 align:start position:0%
reservoirs and cracks that helps explain
 

17:48.010 --> 17:50.160 align:start position:0%
reservoirs and cracks that helps explain
why<00:20:40.400><c> this</c><00:20:40.640><c> volcano</c><00:20:41.200><c> can</c><00:20:41.440><c> shift</c><00:20:41.760><c> between</c>

17:50.160 --> 17:50.170 align:start position:0%
why this volcano can shift between
 

17:50.170 --> 17:52.640 align:start position:0%
why this volcano can shift between
gentle<00:20:42.720><c> lava</c><00:20:43.120><c> flows</c><00:20:43.840><c> and</c><00:20:44.080><c> much</c><00:20:44.400><c> more</c>

17:52.640 --> 17:52.650 align:start position:0%
gentle lava flows and much more
 

17:52.650 --> 17:55.360 align:start position:0%
gentle lava flows and much more
explosive<00:20:45.360><c> behavior.</c><00:20:46.480><c> This</c><00:20:46.720><c> volcano</c><00:20:47.280><c> can</c>

17:55.360 --> 17:55.370 align:start position:0%
explosive behavior. This volcano can
 

17:55.370 --> 17:57.599 align:start position:0%
explosive behavior. This volcano can
almost<00:20:47.919><c> change</c><00:20:48.400><c> its</c><00:20:48.720><c> personality.</c><00:20:49.360><c> I</c><00:20:49.600><c> mean,</c>

17:57.599 --> 17:57.609 align:start position:0%
almost change its personality. I mean,
 

17:57.609 --> 18:01.680 align:start position:0%
almost change its personality. I mean,
what<00:20:49.919><c> can</c><00:20:50.080><c> be</c><00:20:50.240><c> weirder</c><00:20:50.640><c> than</c><00:20:50.799><c> that?</c>

18:01.680 --> 18:01.690 align:start position:0%
what can be weirder than that?
 

18:01.690 --> 18:03.599 align:start position:0%
what can be weirder than that?
So<00:20:54.000><c> far,</c><00:20:54.159><c> we've</c><00:20:54.400><c> seen</c><00:20:54.480><c> a</c><00:20:54.720><c> volcano</c><00:20:55.120><c> where</c><00:20:55.280><c> gas</c>

18:03.599 --> 18:03.609 align:start position:0%
So far, we've seen a volcano where gas
 

18:03.609 --> 18:05.760 align:start position:0%
So far, we've seen a volcano where gas
burns<00:20:56.000><c> blue</c><00:20:56.240><c> and</c><00:20:56.400><c> a</c><00:20:56.559><c> volcano</c><00:20:57.039><c> where</c><00:20:57.200><c> lava</c><00:20:57.600><c> is</c>

18:05.760 --> 18:05.770 align:start position:0%
burns blue and a volcano where lava is
 

18:05.770 --> 18:08.160 align:start position:0%
burns blue and a volcano where lava is
made<00:20:58.000><c> of</c><00:20:58.400><c> carbonate.</c><00:20:59.440><c> But</c><00:20:59.600><c> the</c><00:20:59.760><c> next</c><00:20:59.919><c> one</c><00:21:00.080><c> is</c>

18:08.160 --> 18:08.170 align:start position:0%
made of carbonate. But the next one is
 

18:08.170 --> 18:10.240 align:start position:0%
made of carbonate. But the next one is
weird<00:21:00.480><c> because</c><00:21:00.640><c> it's</c><00:21:00.799><c> a</c><00:21:00.960><c> geological</c><00:21:01.840><c> first</c>

18:10.240 --> 18:10.250 align:start position:0%
weird because it's a geological first
 

18:10.250 --> 18:13.360 align:start position:0%
weird because it's a geological first
for<00:21:02.720><c> just</c><00:21:03.120><c> about</c><00:21:03.679><c> everything.</c><00:21:04.720><c> A</c><00:21:04.960><c> volcano</c>

18:13.360 --> 18:13.370 align:start position:0%
for just about everything. A volcano
 

18:13.370 --> 18:16.079 align:start position:0%
for just about everything. A volcano
with<00:21:05.600><c> an</c><00:21:05.840><c> open</c><00:21:06.080><c> lake</c><00:21:06.400><c> is</c><00:21:06.720><c> rare.</c><00:21:07.360><c> A</c><00:21:07.679><c> volcano</c>

18:16.079 --> 18:16.089 align:start position:0%
with an open lake is rare. A volcano
 

18:16.089 --> 18:18.719 align:start position:0%
with an open lake is rare. A volcano
with<00:21:08.320><c> an</c><00:21:08.480><c> open</c><00:21:08.799><c> lake</c><00:21:09.039><c> in</c><00:21:09.280><c> Antarctica</c>

18:18.719 --> 18:18.729 align:start position:0%
with an open lake in Antarctica
 

18:18.729 --> 18:21.839 align:start position:0%
with an open lake in Antarctica
feels<00:21:11.600><c> impossible.</c><00:21:13.039><c> But</c><00:21:13.280><c> that's</c><00:21:13.520><c> exactly</c>

18:21.839 --> 18:21.849 align:start position:0%
feels impossible. But that's exactly
 

18:21.849 --> 18:24.079 align:start position:0%
feels impossible. But that's exactly
what's<00:21:14.240><c> hiding</c><00:21:14.480><c> on</c><00:21:14.720><c> Ross</c><00:21:15.280><c> Island,</c><00:21:15.840><c> the</c>

18:24.079 --> 18:24.089 align:start position:0%
what's hiding on Ross Island, the
 

18:24.089 --> 18:26.560 align:start position:0%
what's hiding on Ross Island, the
world's<00:21:16.640><c> southernmost</c><00:21:17.520><c> active</c><00:21:17.919><c> volcano,</c>

18:26.560 --> 18:26.570 align:start position:0%
world's southernmost active volcano,
 

18:26.570 --> 18:29.760 align:start position:0%
world's southernmost active volcano,
which<00:21:18.880><c> by</c><00:21:19.039><c> the</c><00:21:19.200><c> way</c><00:21:19.840><c> also</c><00:21:20.320><c> spits</c><00:21:20.720><c> out</c><00:21:21.120><c> gold</c>

18:29.760 --> 18:29.770 align:start position:0%
which by the way also spits out gold
 

18:29.770 --> 18:32.320 align:start position:0%
which by the way also spits out gold
dust.<00:21:22.880><c> You</c><00:21:23.039><c> will</c><00:21:23.280><c> not</c><00:21:23.440><c> find</c><00:21:23.679><c> another</c><00:21:24.000><c> place</c><00:21:24.240><c> on</c>

18:32.320 --> 18:32.330 align:start position:0%
dust. You will not find another place on
 

18:32.330 --> 18:34.640 align:start position:0%
dust. You will not find another place on
Earth<00:21:24.640><c> quite</c><00:21:24.960><c> like</c><00:21:25.200><c> this.</c><00:21:25.679><c> A</c><00:21:25.919><c> volcano</c><00:21:26.400><c> where</c>

18:34.640 --> 18:34.650 align:start position:0%
Earth quite like this. A volcano where
 

18:34.650 --> 18:37.040 align:start position:0%
Earth quite like this. A volcano where
fire<00:21:27.039><c> and</c><00:21:27.360><c> ice</c><00:21:27.760><c> collide</c><00:21:28.240><c> in</c><00:21:28.480><c> the</c><00:21:28.720><c> most</c>

18:37.040 --> 18:37.050 align:start position:0%
fire and ice collide in the most
 

18:37.050 --> 18:39.520 align:start position:0%
fire and ice collide in the most
spectacular<00:21:29.919><c> way.</c><00:21:30.640><c> While</c><00:21:30.880><c> its</c><00:21:31.039><c> surface</c><00:21:31.360><c> is</c>

18:39.520 --> 18:39.530 align:start position:0%
spectacular way. While its surface is
 

18:39.530 --> 18:41.520 align:start position:0%
spectacular way. While its surface is
frozen<00:21:32.000><c> solid</c><00:21:32.320><c> enough</c><00:21:32.559><c> to</c><00:21:32.720><c> form</c><00:21:33.039><c> incredible</c>

18:41.520 --> 18:41.530 align:start position:0%
frozen solid enough to form incredible
 

18:41.530 --> 18:44.959 align:start position:0%
frozen solid enough to form incredible
ice<00:21:34.000><c> caves,</c><00:21:34.880><c> just</c><00:21:35.200><c> below</c><00:21:35.520><c> your</c><00:21:35.840><c> feet</c><00:21:36.400><c> churns</c><00:21:36.799><c> a</c>

18:44.959 --> 18:44.969 align:start position:0%
ice caves, just below your feet churns a
 

18:44.969 --> 18:46.800 align:start position:0%
ice caves, just below your feet churns a
lake<00:21:37.280><c> of</c><00:21:37.520><c> molten</c><00:21:38.000><c> rock</c><00:21:38.240><c> that</c><00:21:38.480><c> reaches</c>

18:46.800 --> 18:46.810 align:start position:0%
lake of molten rock that reaches
 

18:46.810 --> 18:50.160 align:start position:0%
lake of molten rock that reaches
temperatures<00:21:39.520><c> over</c><00:21:39.919><c> a,000°</c><00:21:41.039><c> C.</c><00:21:41.919><c> I</c><00:21:42.159><c> mean,</c>

18:50.160 --> 18:50.170 align:start position:0%
temperatures over a,000° C. I mean,
 

18:50.170 --> 18:52.320 align:start position:0%
temperatures over a,000° C. I mean,
forget<00:21:42.559><c> Game</c><00:21:42.799><c> of</c><00:21:42.960><c> Thrones.</c><00:21:43.440><c> This</c><00:21:43.679><c> is</c><00:21:43.840><c> the</c><00:21:44.080><c> true</c>

18:52.320 --> 18:52.330 align:start position:0%
forget Game of Thrones. This is the true
 

18:52.330 --> 18:56.079 align:start position:0%
forget Game of Thrones. This is the true
tale<00:21:44.720><c> of</c><00:21:45.039><c> fire</c><00:21:45.360><c> and</c><00:21:45.760><c> ice.</c><00:21:46.720><c> Mount</c><00:21:47.039><c> Arabus</c><00:21:47.600><c> rises</c>

18:56.079 --> 18:56.089 align:start position:0%
tale of fire and ice. Mount Arabus rises
 

18:56.089 --> 18:57.839 align:start position:0%
tale of fire and ice. Mount Arabus rises
3,794

18:57.839 --> 18:57.849 align:start position:0%
3,794
 

18:57.849 --> 19:01.040 align:start position:0%
3,794
m<00:21:50.320><c> above</c><00:21:50.720><c> Ross</c><00:21:51.200><c> Island</c><00:21:51.520><c> in</c><00:21:51.840><c> Antarctica,</c><00:21:52.880><c> just</c>

19:01.040 --> 19:01.050 align:start position:0%
m above Ross Island in Antarctica, just
 

19:01.050 --> 19:03.920 align:start position:0%
m above Ross Island in Antarctica, just
a<00:21:53.360><c> few</c><00:21:53.520><c> miles</c><00:21:53.840><c> from</c><00:21:54.080><c> McMurdo</c><00:21:54.960><c> Station,</c><00:21:55.760><c> one</c><00:21:55.919><c> of</c>

19:03.920 --> 19:03.930 align:start position:0%
a few miles from McMurdo Station, one of
 

19:03.930 --> 19:06.000 align:start position:0%
a few miles from McMurdo Station, one of
the<00:21:56.240><c> largest</c><00:21:56.720><c> research</c><00:21:57.200><c> bases</c><00:21:57.600><c> on</c><00:21:57.840><c> the</c>

19:06.000 --> 19:06.010 align:start position:0%
the largest research bases on the
 

19:06.010 --> 19:08.719 align:start position:0%
the largest research bases on the
continent.<00:21:59.200><c> In</c><00:21:59.440><c> past</c><00:21:59.760><c> bouts</c><00:22:00.080><c> of</c><00:22:00.240><c> volcanic</c>

19:08.719 --> 19:08.729 align:start position:0%
continent. In past bouts of volcanic
 

19:08.729 --> 19:10.800 align:start position:0%
continent. In past bouts of volcanic
activity,<00:22:01.679><c> it's</c><00:22:01.919><c> been</c><00:22:02.080><c> known</c><00:22:02.320><c> to</c><00:22:02.400><c> eject</c>

19:10.800 --> 19:10.810 align:start position:0%
activity, it's been known to eject
 

19:10.810 --> 19:13.120 align:start position:0%
activity, it's been known to eject
boulders<00:22:03.360><c> of</c><00:22:03.679><c> partially</c><00:22:04.159><c> molten</c><00:22:04.559><c> rock</c><00:22:04.960><c> known</c>

19:13.120 --> 19:13.130 align:start position:0%
boulders of partially molten rock known
 

19:13.130 --> 19:16.959 align:start position:0%
boulders of partially molten rock known
as<00:22:05.360><c> volcanic</c><00:22:06.080><c> bombs</c><00:22:06.880><c> or</c><00:22:07.200><c> Arabus</c><00:22:07.919><c> crystals.</c>

19:16.959 --> 19:16.969 align:start position:0%
as volcanic bombs or Arabus crystals.
 

19:16.969 --> 19:19.040 align:start position:0%
as volcanic bombs or Arabus crystals.
Make<00:22:09.280><c> no</c><00:22:09.520><c> mistake,</c><00:22:10.000><c> this</c><00:22:10.240><c> is</c><00:22:10.320><c> not</c><00:22:10.559><c> a</c><00:22:10.720><c> dead</c>

19:19.040 --> 19:19.050 align:start position:0%
Make no mistake, this is not a dead
 

19:19.050 --> 19:21.760 align:start position:0%
Make no mistake, this is not a dead
volcano<00:22:11.840><c> poking</c><00:22:12.320><c> through</c><00:22:12.559><c> the</c><00:22:12.799><c> ice.</c><00:22:13.360><c> It</c><00:22:13.600><c> is</c>

19:21.760 --> 19:21.770 align:start position:0%
volcano poking through the ice. It is
 

19:21.770 --> 19:24.400 align:start position:0%
volcano poking through the ice. It is
active,<00:22:14.400><c> degassing,</c><00:22:15.440><c> and</c><00:22:15.679><c> home</c><00:22:15.919><c> to</c><00:22:16.159><c> one</c><00:22:16.320><c> of</c>

19:24.400 --> 19:24.410 align:start position:0%
active, degassing, and home to one of
 

19:24.410 --> 19:27.200 align:start position:0%
active, degassing, and home to one of
only<00:22:16.799><c> five</c><00:22:17.280><c> persistent</c><00:22:17.840><c> lava</c><00:22:18.240><c> lakes</c><00:22:18.640><c> in</c><00:22:19.039><c> the</c>

19:27.200 --> 19:27.210 align:start position:0%
only five persistent lava lakes in the
 

19:27.210 --> 19:29.680 align:start position:0%
only five persistent lava lakes in the
world.<00:22:20.240><c> That</c><00:22:20.480><c> alone</c><00:22:20.799><c> makes</c><00:22:21.120><c> this</c><00:22:21.360><c> place</c>

19:29.680 --> 19:29.690 align:start position:0%
world. That alone makes this place
 

19:29.690 --> 19:33.599 align:start position:0%
world. That alone makes this place
unique.<00:22:22.400><c> With</c><00:22:22.640><c> air</c><00:22:22.960><c> temperatures</c><00:22:23.360><c> of</c><00:22:23.600><c> -35°</c><00:22:24.960><c> C</c>

19:33.599 --> 19:33.609 align:start position:0%
unique. With air temperatures of -35° C
 

19:33.609 --> 19:35.599 align:start position:0%
unique. With air temperatures of -35° C
and<00:22:26.000><c> lava</c><00:22:26.320><c> lake</c><00:22:26.559><c> temperatures</c><00:22:26.960><c> in</c><00:22:27.120><c> excess</c><00:22:27.360><c> of</c>

19:35.599 --> 19:35.609 align:start position:0%
and lava lake temperatures in excess of
 

19:35.609 --> 19:37.200 align:start position:0%
and lava lake temperatures in excess of
950°

19:37.200 --> 19:37.210 align:start position:0%
950°
 

19:37.210 --> 19:41.120 align:start position:0%
950°
C,<00:22:30.400><c> how</c><00:22:30.720><c> can</c><00:22:30.880><c> the</c><00:22:31.200><c> coldest</c><00:22:31.600><c> place</c><00:22:32.000><c> on</c><00:22:32.320><c> Earth</c>

19:41.120 --> 19:41.130 align:start position:0%
C, how can the coldest place on Earth
 

19:41.130 --> 19:43.680 align:start position:0%
C, how can the coldest place on Earth
also<00:22:33.600><c> be</c><00:22:33.840><c> one</c><00:22:34.080><c> of</c><00:22:34.240><c> the</c><00:22:34.400><c> hottest</c><00:22:34.960><c> at</c><00:22:35.280><c> the</c><00:22:35.520><c> same</c>

19:43.680 --> 19:43.690 align:start position:0%
also be one of the hottest at the same
 

19:43.690 --> 19:45.920 align:start position:0%
also be one of the hottest at the same
time?<00:22:36.640><c> Well,</c><00:22:36.880><c> the</c><00:22:37.120><c> secret</c><00:22:37.360><c> is</c><00:22:37.600><c> what's</c><00:22:37.840><c> going</c>

19:45.920 --> 19:45.930 align:start position:0%
time? Well, the secret is what's going
 

19:45.930 --> 19:48.640 align:start position:0%
time? Well, the secret is what's going
on<00:22:38.240><c> below</c><00:22:38.799><c> this</c><00:22:39.120><c> monstrosity.</c><00:22:40.320><c> You</c><00:22:40.480><c> see,</c>

19:48.640 --> 19:48.650 align:start position:0%
on below this monstrosity. You see,
 

19:48.650 --> 19:50.959 align:start position:0%
on below this monstrosity. You see,
persistent<00:22:41.200><c> lava</c><00:22:41.520><c> lakes</c><00:22:41.840><c> require</c><00:22:42.159><c> a</c><00:22:42.480><c> delicate</c>

19:50.959 --> 19:50.969 align:start position:0%
persistent lava lakes require a delicate
 

19:50.969 --> 19:52.959 align:start position:0%
persistent lava lakes require a delicate
balance,<00:22:43.679><c> and</c><00:22:43.919><c> there</c><00:22:44.080><c> are</c><00:22:44.240><c> very</c><00:22:44.559><c> few</c><00:22:44.720><c> places</c>

19:52.959 --> 19:52.969 align:start position:0%
balance, and there are very few places
 

19:52.969 --> 19:54.880 align:start position:0%
balance, and there are very few places
on<00:22:45.360><c> our</c><00:22:45.600><c> planet</c><00:22:45.919><c> that</c><00:22:46.240><c> have</c><00:22:46.480><c> all</c><00:22:46.720><c> the</c>

19:54.880 --> 19:54.890 align:start position:0%
on our planet that have all the
 

19:54.890 --> 19:57.920 align:start position:0%
on our planet that have all the
necessary<00:22:47.600><c> ingredients.</c><00:22:48.720><c> But</c><00:22:48.960><c> Arabus</c><00:22:49.520><c> ticks</c>

19:57.920 --> 19:57.930 align:start position:0%
necessary ingredients. But Arabus ticks
 

19:57.930 --> 20:00.640 align:start position:0%
necessary ingredients. But Arabus ticks
all<00:22:50.159><c> the</c><00:22:50.400><c> boxes.</c><00:22:51.280><c> The</c><00:22:51.440><c> lava</c><00:22:51.840><c> lake</c><00:22:52.080><c> itself</c><00:22:52.480><c> is</c>

20:00.640 --> 20:00.650 align:start position:0%
all the boxes. The lava lake itself is
 

20:00.650 --> 20:03.680 align:start position:0%
all the boxes. The lava lake itself is
around<00:22:53.120><c> 20</c><00:22:53.360><c> to</c><00:22:53.679><c> 30</c><00:22:54.000><c> m</c><00:22:54.400><c> wide</c><00:22:54.799><c> and</c><00:22:55.120><c> sits</c><00:22:55.360><c> in</c><00:22:55.520><c> a</c>

20:03.680 --> 20:03.690 align:start position:0%
around 20 to 30 m wide and sits in a
 

20:03.690 --> 20:05.839 align:start position:0%
around 20 to 30 m wide and sits in a
crater<00:22:56.159><c> within</c><00:22:56.559><c> another</c><00:22:56.960><c> crater</c><00:22:57.440><c> of</c><00:22:57.679><c> Mount</c>

20:05.839 --> 20:05.849 align:start position:0%
crater within another crater of Mount
 

20:05.849 --> 20:08.560 align:start position:0%
crater within another crater of Mount
Arabus<00:22:58.559><c> itself.</c><00:22:59.600><c> For</c><00:22:59.840><c> the</c><00:22:59.919><c> lava</c><00:23:00.240><c> lake</c><00:23:00.480><c> to</c>

20:08.560 --> 20:08.570 align:start position:0%
Arabus itself. For the lava lake to
 

20:08.570 --> 20:10.400 align:start position:0%
Arabus itself. For the lava lake to
remain<00:23:00.880><c> open</c><00:23:01.200><c> for</c><00:23:01.520><c> decades,</c><00:23:02.000><c> and</c><00:23:02.159><c> it's</c><00:23:02.320><c> been</c>

20:10.400 --> 20:10.410 align:start position:0%
remain open for decades, and it's been
 

20:10.410 --> 20:13.200 align:start position:0%
remain open for decades, and it's been
active<00:23:02.720><c> since</c><00:23:02.960><c> at</c><00:23:02.960><c> least</c><00:23:03.440><c> 1972,</c>

20:13.200 --> 20:13.210 align:start position:0%
active since at least 1972,
 

20:13.210 --> 20:15.360 align:start position:0%
active since at least 1972,
the<00:23:05.520><c> system</c><00:23:05.840><c> needs</c><00:23:06.080><c> a</c><00:23:06.320><c> steady</c><00:23:06.640><c> supply</c><00:23:06.960><c> of</c><00:23:07.120><c> hot</c>

20:15.360 --> 20:15.370 align:start position:0%
the system needs a steady supply of hot
 

20:15.370 --> 20:18.000 align:start position:0%
the system needs a steady supply of hot
magma<00:23:07.919><c> and</c><00:23:08.159><c> gas</c><00:23:08.559><c> from</c><00:23:08.880><c> below,</c><00:23:09.600><c> balanced</c>

20:18.000 --> 20:18.010 align:start position:0%
magma and gas from below, balanced
 

20:18.010 --> 20:20.240 align:start position:0%
magma and gas from below, balanced
against<00:23:10.480><c> cooling</c><00:23:10.880><c> and</c><00:23:11.200><c> convection</c><00:23:11.840><c> at</c><00:23:12.159><c> the</c>

20:20.240 --> 20:20.250 align:start position:0%
against cooling and convection at the
 

20:20.250 --> 20:23.440 align:start position:0%
against cooling and convection at the
surface.<00:23:13.760><c> Underneath</c><00:23:14.320><c> this</c><00:23:14.559><c> scolding</c><00:23:15.200><c> lava</c>

20:23.440 --> 20:23.450 align:start position:0%
surface. Underneath this scolding lava
 

20:23.450 --> 20:26.320 align:start position:0%
surface. Underneath this scolding lava
lake<00:23:15.840><c> is</c><00:23:16.000><c> a</c><00:23:16.240><c> conduit,</c><00:23:17.120><c> a</c><00:23:17.360><c> sort</c><00:23:17.520><c> of</c><00:23:17.760><c> tube</c><00:23:18.080><c> that</c>

20:26.320 --> 20:26.330 align:start position:0%
lake is a conduit, a sort of tube that
 

20:26.330 --> 20:29.520 align:start position:0%
lake is a conduit, a sort of tube that
leads<00:23:18.720><c> down</c><00:23:18.880><c> to</c><00:23:19.120><c> a</c><00:23:19.360><c> chamber</c><00:23:19.919><c> full</c><00:23:20.320><c> of</c><00:23:20.640><c> magma.</c>

20:29.520 --> 20:29.530 align:start position:0%
leads down to a chamber full of magma.
 

20:29.530 --> 20:31.360 align:start position:0%
leads down to a chamber full of magma.
Even<00:23:22.000><c> with</c><00:23:22.159><c> the</c><00:23:22.400><c> freezing</c><00:23:22.799><c> temperatures</c><00:23:23.280><c> at</c>

20:31.360 --> 20:31.370 align:start position:0%
Even with the freezing temperatures at
 

20:31.370 --> 20:33.520 align:start position:0%
Even with the freezing temperatures at
the<00:23:23.679><c> surface,</c><00:23:24.320><c> the</c><00:23:24.559><c> lake</c><00:23:24.799><c> won't</c><00:23:25.039><c> cool</c><00:23:25.360><c> down</c>

20:33.520 --> 20:33.530 align:start position:0%
the surface, the lake won't cool down
 

20:33.530 --> 20:35.599 align:start position:0%
the surface, the lake won't cool down
into<00:23:25.840><c> solid</c><00:23:26.159><c> rock</c><00:23:26.480><c> because</c><00:23:26.799><c> below</c><00:23:27.200><c> it,</c>

20:35.599 --> 20:35.609 align:start position:0%
into solid rock because below it,
 

20:35.609 --> 20:37.680 align:start position:0%
into solid rock because below it,
there's<00:23:27.919><c> a</c><00:23:28.159><c> constant</c><00:23:28.720><c> churning</c><00:23:29.120><c> of</c><00:23:29.280><c> magma</c>

20:37.680 --> 20:37.690 align:start position:0%
there's a constant churning of magma
 

20:37.690 --> 20:40.880 align:start position:0%
there's a constant churning of magma
that<00:23:30.080><c> continues</c><00:23:30.559><c> to</c><00:23:30.799><c> heat</c><00:23:31.120><c> it</c><00:23:31.440><c> up.</c><00:23:32.400><c> As</c><00:23:32.720><c> hot</c>

20:40.880 --> 20:40.890 align:start position:0%
that continues to heat it up. As hot
 

20:40.890 --> 20:43.040 align:start position:0%
that continues to heat it up. As hot
magma<00:23:33.360><c> rises</c><00:23:33.679><c> to</c><00:23:33.840><c> the</c><00:23:34.000><c> top</c><00:23:34.159><c> of</c><00:23:34.240><c> the</c><00:23:34.480><c> lake,</c><00:23:34.880><c> it</c>

20:43.040 --> 20:43.050 align:start position:0%
magma rises to the top of the lake, it
 

20:43.050 --> 20:45.280 align:start position:0%
magma rises to the top of the lake, it
begins<00:23:35.360><c> to</c><00:23:35.520><c> spread</c><00:23:35.919><c> outward,</c><00:23:36.640><c> cooling</c><00:23:37.120><c> down</c>

20:45.280 --> 20:45.290 align:start position:0%
begins to spread outward, cooling down
 

20:45.290 --> 20:47.680 align:start position:0%
begins to spread outward, cooling down
as<00:23:37.600><c> it</c><00:23:37.760><c> spreads</c><00:23:38.159><c> and</c><00:23:38.400><c> getting</c><00:23:38.720><c> denser</c><00:23:39.280><c> as</c><00:23:39.520><c> it</c>

20:47.680 --> 20:47.690 align:start position:0%
as it spreads and getting denser as it
 

20:47.690 --> 20:50.959 align:start position:0%
as it spreads and getting denser as it
cools.<00:23:41.039><c> As</c><00:23:41.280><c> it</c><00:23:41.520><c> gets</c><00:23:41.760><c> denser,</c><00:23:42.240><c> it</c><00:23:42.400><c> sinks</c><00:23:42.799><c> back</c>

20:50.959 --> 20:50.969 align:start position:0%
cools. As it gets denser, it sinks back
 

20:50.969 --> 20:54.079 align:start position:0%
cools. As it gets denser, it sinks back
down<00:23:43.360><c> again.</c><00:23:43.679><c> And</c><00:23:43.919><c> so</c><00:23:44.080><c> the</c><00:23:44.320><c> cycle</c><00:23:44.799><c> continues.</c>

20:54.079 --> 20:54.089 align:start position:0%
down again. And so the cycle continues.
 

20:54.089 --> 20:56.880 align:start position:0%
down again. And so the cycle continues.
And<00:23:46.400><c> then</c><00:23:46.799><c> this</c><00:23:47.120><c> volcano</c><00:23:47.760><c> turns</c><00:23:48.080><c> into</c><00:23:48.320><c> a</c><00:23:48.559><c> real</c>

20:56.880 --> 20:56.890 align:start position:0%
And then this volcano turns into a real
 

20:56.890 --> 21:00.560 align:start position:0%
And then this volcano turns into a real
life<00:23:49.760><c> fireb</c><00:23:50.320><c> breathing</c><00:23:51.200><c> dragon.</c><00:23:52.159><c> It's</c><00:23:52.400><c> able</c>

21:00.560 --> 21:00.570 align:start position:0%
life fireb breathing dragon. It's able
 

21:00.570 --> 21:03.520 align:start position:0%
life fireb breathing dragon. It's able
to<00:23:52.799><c> change</c><00:23:53.039><c> the</c><00:23:53.360><c> type</c><00:23:53.679><c> of</c><00:23:53.919><c> gas</c><00:23:54.240><c> it</c><00:23:54.480><c> emits</c><00:23:55.280><c> in</c>

21:03.520 --> 21:03.530 align:start position:0%
to change the type of gas it emits in
 

21:03.530 --> 21:06.000 align:start position:0%
to change the type of gas it emits in
regular<00:23:56.080><c> patterns</c><00:23:56.480><c> every</c><00:23:56.880><c> 10</c><00:23:57.120><c> to</c><00:23:57.440><c> 18</c><00:23:57.760><c> minutes</c>

21:06.000 --> 21:06.010 align:start position:0%
regular patterns every 10 to 18 minutes
 

21:06.010 --> 21:08.560 align:start position:0%
regular patterns every 10 to 18 minutes
or<00:23:58.320><c> so.</c><00:23:58.799><c> And</c><00:23:59.120><c> up</c><00:23:59.280><c> until</c><00:23:59.679><c> recently,</c><00:24:00.159><c> scientists</c>

21:08.560 --> 21:08.570 align:start position:0%
or so. And up until recently, scientists
 

21:08.570 --> 21:12.320 align:start position:0%
or so. And up until recently, scientists
had<00:24:00.880><c> no</c><00:24:01.120><c> idea</c><00:24:01.600><c> why</c><00:24:01.919><c> or</c><00:24:02.320><c> how.</c><00:24:03.520><c> Over</c><00:24:03.919><c> time,</c><00:24:04.240><c> and</c>

21:12.320 --> 21:12.330 align:start position:0%
had no idea why or how. Over time, and
 

21:12.330 --> 21:14.400 align:start position:0%
had no idea why or how. Over time, and
working<00:24:04.720><c> in</c><00:24:04.960><c> extreme</c><00:24:05.440><c> conditions,</c>

21:14.400 --> 21:14.410 align:start position:0%
working in extreme conditions,
 

21:14.410 --> 21:15.839 align:start position:0%
working in extreme conditions,
scientists<00:24:06.960><c> have</c><00:24:07.200><c> managed</c><00:24:07.440><c> to</c><00:24:07.520><c> install</c>

21:15.839 --> 21:15.849 align:start position:0%
scientists have managed to install
 

21:15.849 --> 21:18.000 align:start position:0%
scientists have managed to install
remote<00:24:08.240><c> sensors</c><00:24:08.640><c> along</c><00:24:08.880><c> the</c><00:24:09.120><c> crater</c><00:24:09.520><c> rim</c><00:24:09.840><c> to</c>

21:18.000 --> 21:18.010 align:start position:0%
remote sensors along the crater rim to
 

21:18.010 --> 21:21.120 align:start position:0%
remote sensors along the crater rim to
analyze<00:24:10.480><c> the</c><00:24:10.720><c> gas</c><00:24:11.039><c> it</c><00:24:11.279><c> emits.</c><00:24:12.400><c> They</c><00:24:12.640><c> noticed</c><00:24:12.960><c> a</c>

21:21.120 --> 21:21.130 align:start position:0%
analyze the gas it emits. They noticed a
 

21:21.130 --> 21:23.680 align:start position:0%
analyze the gas it emits. They noticed a
repetitive<00:24:13.840><c> shift</c><00:24:14.240><c> in</c><00:24:14.640><c> not</c><00:24:14.880><c> only</c><00:24:15.120><c> the</c><00:24:15.440><c> amount</c>

21:23.680 --> 21:23.690 align:start position:0%
repetitive shift in not only the amount
 

21:23.690 --> 21:26.320 align:start position:0%
repetitive shift in not only the amount
of<00:24:16.000><c> gas</c><00:24:16.320><c> but</c><00:24:16.559><c> also</c><00:24:16.720><c> in</c><00:24:16.960><c> its</c><00:24:17.200><c> composition.</c><00:24:18.320><c> For</c>

21:26.320 --> 21:26.330 align:start position:0%
of gas but also in its composition. For
 

21:26.330 --> 21:28.240 align:start position:0%
of gas but also in its composition. For
example,<00:24:18.720><c> the</c><00:24:18.960><c> carbon</c><00:24:19.279><c> dioxide</c><00:24:19.760><c> to</c><00:24:20.000><c> carbon</c>

21:28.240 --> 21:28.250 align:start position:0%
example, the carbon dioxide to carbon
 

21:28.250 --> 21:31.199 align:start position:0%
example, the carbon dioxide to carbon
monoxide<00:24:20.880><c> ratios</c><00:24:21.440><c> would</c><00:24:21.840><c> change</c><00:24:22.640><c> as</c><00:24:22.880><c> with</c><00:24:23.039><c> the</c>

21:31.199 --> 21:31.209 align:start position:0%
monoxide ratios would change as with the
 

21:31.209 --> 21:33.040 align:start position:0%
monoxide ratios would change as with the
levels<00:24:23.520><c> of</c><00:24:23.760><c> water</c><00:24:24.080><c> vapor</c><00:24:24.400><c> and</c><00:24:24.640><c> sulfur</c>

21:33.040 --> 21:33.050 align:start position:0%
levels of water vapor and sulfur
 

21:33.050 --> 21:34.719 align:start position:0%
levels of water vapor and sulfur
dioxide.

21:34.719 --> 21:34.729 align:start position:0%
dioxide.
 

21:34.729 --> 21:36.640 align:start position:0%
dioxide.
Scientists<00:24:27.360><c> describe</c><00:24:27.600><c> it</c><00:24:27.760><c> as</c><00:24:27.919><c> if</c><00:24:28.080><c> the</c><00:24:28.240><c> volcano</c>

21:36.640 --> 21:36.650 align:start position:0%
Scientists describe it as if the volcano
 

21:36.650 --> 21:39.040 align:start position:0%
Scientists describe it as if the volcano
is<00:24:29.039><c> breathing.</c><00:24:29.760><c> And</c><00:24:29.919><c> it's</c><00:24:30.159><c> the</c><00:24:30.480><c> first</c><00:24:30.799><c> time</c>

21:39.040 --> 21:39.050 align:start position:0%
is breathing. And it's the first time
 

21:39.050 --> 21:41.120 align:start position:0%
is breathing. And it's the first time
ever<00:24:31.440><c> they've</c><00:24:31.760><c> observed</c><00:24:32.320><c> something</c><00:24:32.880><c> like</c>

21:41.120 --> 21:41.130 align:start position:0%
ever they've observed something like
 

21:41.130 --> 21:43.680 align:start position:0%
ever they've observed something like
this.<00:24:33.760><c> So,</c><00:24:34.159><c> how</c><00:24:34.320><c> does</c><00:24:34.480><c> it</c><00:24:34.720><c> work?</c><00:24:35.520><c> Well,</c>

21:43.680 --> 21:43.690 align:start position:0%
this. So, how does it work? Well,
 

21:43.690 --> 21:44.959 align:start position:0%
this. So, how does it work? Well,
scientists<00:24:36.159><c> think</c><00:24:36.320><c> it's</c><00:24:36.559><c> down</c><00:24:36.640><c> to</c><00:24:36.799><c> there</c>

21:44.959 --> 21:44.969 align:start position:0%
scientists think it's down to there
 

21:44.969 --> 21:48.240 align:start position:0%
scientists think it's down to there
being<00:24:37.360><c> two</c><00:24:37.760><c> main</c><00:24:38.080><c> sources</c><00:24:38.559><c> of</c><00:24:38.799><c> gas</c><00:24:39.360><c> present.</c>

21:48.240 --> 21:48.250 align:start position:0%
being two main sources of gas present.
 

21:48.250 --> 21:50.800 align:start position:0%
being two main sources of gas present.
One<00:24:40.640><c> comes</c><00:24:40.880><c> from</c><00:24:41.039><c> the</c><00:24:41.279><c> conduit</c><00:24:41.840><c> itself</c><00:24:42.640><c> and</c>

21:50.800 --> 21:50.810 align:start position:0%
One comes from the conduit itself and
 

21:50.810 --> 21:53.440 align:start position:0%
One comes from the conduit itself and
the<00:24:43.120><c> other</c><00:24:43.360><c> from</c><00:24:43.679><c> diffusion</c><00:24:44.240><c> in</c><00:24:44.480><c> the</c><00:24:44.720><c> lake.</c>

21:53.440 --> 21:53.450 align:start position:0%
the other from diffusion in the lake.
 

21:53.450 --> 21:56.079 align:start position:0%
the other from diffusion in the lake.
The<00:24:45.760><c> carbon</c><00:24:46.159><c> dioxide</c><00:24:46.799><c> rich</c><00:24:47.039><c> gas</c><00:24:47.360><c> is</c><00:24:47.679><c> always</c>

21:56.079 --> 21:56.089 align:start position:0%
The carbon dioxide rich gas is always
 

21:56.089 --> 21:58.079 align:start position:0%
The carbon dioxide rich gas is always
rising<00:24:48.640><c> from</c><00:24:48.960><c> the</c><00:24:49.200><c> conduit.</c><00:24:49.760><c> It's</c><00:24:49.919><c> a</c>

21:58.079 --> 21:58.089 align:start position:0%
rising from the conduit. It's a
 

21:58.089 --> 22:00.400 align:start position:0%
rising from the conduit. It's a
constant.<00:24:50.960><c> So</c><00:24:51.120><c> neither</c><00:24:51.520><c> the</c><00:24:51.679><c> composition</c><00:24:52.240><c> or</c>

22:00.400 --> 22:00.410 align:start position:0%
constant. So neither the composition or
 

22:00.410 --> 22:03.199 align:start position:0%
constant. So neither the composition or
the<00:24:52.720><c> amount</c><00:24:52.960><c> of</c><00:24:53.200><c> gas</c><00:24:53.600><c> fluctuates</c><00:24:54.320><c> too</c><00:24:54.640><c> much</c>

22:03.199 --> 22:03.209 align:start position:0%
the amount of gas fluctuates too much
 

22:03.209 --> 22:07.120 align:start position:0%
the amount of gas fluctuates too much
unless<00:24:55.919><c> that</c><00:24:56.240><c> is</c><00:24:56.960><c> the</c><00:24:57.200><c> conduit</c><00:24:57.840><c> burps</c><00:24:58.400><c> out</c><00:24:58.880><c> a</c>

22:07.120 --> 22:07.130 align:start position:0%
unless that is the conduit burps out a
 

22:07.130 --> 22:09.680 align:start position:0%
unless that is the conduit burps out a
large<00:24:59.520><c> blob</c><00:24:59.840><c> of</c><00:25:00.080><c> magma</c><00:25:00.559><c> from</c><00:25:00.880><c> deeper</c><00:25:01.360><c> in</c><00:25:01.600><c> the</c>

22:09.680 --> 22:09.690 align:start position:0%
large blob of magma from deeper in the
 

22:09.690 --> 22:12.479 align:start position:0%
large blob of magma from deeper in the
chamber.<00:25:02.799><c> It</c><00:25:03.039><c> works</c><00:25:03.279><c> sort</c><00:25:03.440><c> of</c><00:25:03.520><c> like</c><00:25:03.679><c> a</c><00:25:03.919><c> one-way</c>

22:12.479 --> 22:12.489 align:start position:0%
chamber. It works sort of like a one-way
 

22:12.489 --> 22:15.199 align:start position:0%
chamber. It works sort of like a one-way
lava<00:25:05.039><c> lamp.</c><00:25:05.760><c> Once</c><00:25:06.080><c> that</c><00:25:06.320><c> blob</c><00:25:06.640><c> gets</c><00:25:06.880><c> nearer</c><00:25:07.200><c> to</c>

22:15.199 --> 22:15.209 align:start position:0%
lava lamp. Once that blob gets nearer to
 

22:15.209 --> 22:17.199 align:start position:0%
lava lamp. Once that blob gets nearer to
the<00:25:07.440><c> surface</c><00:25:07.760><c> of</c><00:25:07.840><c> the</c><00:25:08.080><c> lake,</c><00:25:08.400><c> it</c><00:25:08.640><c> releases</c><00:25:08.960><c> a</c>

22:17.199 --> 22:17.209 align:start position:0%
the surface of the lake, it releases a
 

22:17.209 --> 22:19.760 align:start position:0%
the surface of the lake, it releases a
nice<00:25:09.520><c> brand</c><00:25:09.760><c> new</c><00:25:10.080><c> set</c><00:25:10.400><c> of</c><00:25:10.720><c> gases,</c><00:25:11.360><c> adding</c><00:25:11.679><c> to</c>

22:19.760 --> 22:19.770 align:start position:0%
nice brand new set of gases, adding to
 

22:19.770 --> 22:22.560 align:start position:0%
nice brand new set of gases, adding to
the<00:25:12.080><c> overall</c><00:25:12.559><c> amount</c><00:25:13.039><c> detected</c><00:25:13.840><c> and</c><00:25:14.240><c> changing</c>

22:22.560 --> 22:22.570 align:start position:0%
the overall amount detected and changing
 

22:22.570 --> 22:25.839 align:start position:0%
the overall amount detected and changing
the<00:25:14.960><c> composition</c><00:25:15.440><c> of</c><00:25:15.679><c> the</c><00:25:15.919><c> water</c><00:25:16.240><c> vapor,</c><00:25:16.720><c> too.</c>

22:25.839 --> 22:25.849 align:start position:0%
the composition of the water vapor, too.
 

22:25.849 --> 22:27.280 align:start position:0%
the composition of the water vapor, too.
But<00:25:18.080><c> you</c><00:25:18.240><c> didn't</c><00:25:18.400><c> come</c><00:25:18.559><c> here</c><00:25:18.720><c> for</c><00:25:18.880><c> that.</c><00:25:19.120><c> You</c>

22:27.280 --> 22:27.290 align:start position:0%
But you didn't come here for that. You
 

22:27.290 --> 22:30.000 align:start position:0%
But you didn't come here for that. You
came<00:25:19.679><c> for</c><00:25:19.919><c> the</c><00:25:20.240><c> gold</c><00:25:20.640><c> dust.</c><00:25:21.440><c> So,</c><00:25:21.760><c> where's</c>

22:30.000 --> 22:30.010 align:start position:0%
came for the gold dust. So, where's
 

22:30.010 --> 22:31.760 align:start position:0%
came for the gold dust. So, where's
that?<00:25:22.799><c> You're</c><00:25:23.039><c> going</c><00:25:23.120><c> to</c><00:25:23.200><c> like</c><00:25:23.440><c> this</c><00:25:23.600><c> one.</c>

22:31.760 --> 22:31.770 align:start position:0%
that? You're going to like this one.
 

22:31.770 --> 22:34.560 align:start position:0%
that? You're going to like this one.
Mount<00:25:24.159><c> Arabus</c><00:25:24.720><c> is</c><00:25:24.960><c> quite</c><00:25:25.279><c> literally</c><00:25:25.840><c> a</c><00:25:26.240><c> gold</c>

22:34.560 --> 22:34.570 align:start position:0%
Mount Arabus is quite literally a gold
 

22:34.570 --> 22:37.680 align:start position:0%
Mount Arabus is quite literally a gold
mine.<00:25:27.440><c> Its</c><00:25:27.760><c> plumes</c><00:25:28.240><c> are</c><00:25:28.480><c> loaded</c><00:25:28.960><c> with</c><00:25:29.279><c> tiny</c>

22:37.680 --> 22:37.690 align:start position:0%
mine. Its plumes are loaded with tiny
 

22:37.690 --> 22:40.000 align:start position:0%
mine. Its plumes are loaded with tiny
crystals<00:25:30.240><c> of</c><00:25:30.559><c> metallic</c><00:25:31.200><c> gold.</c><00:25:31.407><c> [music]</c><00:25:31.840><c> And</c>

22:40.000 --> 22:40.010 align:start position:0%
crystals of metallic gold. [music] And
 

22:40.010 --> 22:42.240 align:start position:0%
crystals of metallic gold. [music] And
this<00:25:32.240><c> frozen</c><00:25:32.720><c> powder</c><00:25:33.120><c> keg</c><00:25:33.520><c> continuously</c>

22:42.240 --> 22:42.250 align:start position:0%
this frozen powder keg continuously
 

22:42.250 --> 22:45.360 align:start position:0%
this frozen powder keg continuously
emits<00:25:34.880><c> fine</c><00:25:35.279><c> vapor</c><00:25:35.760><c> particles</c><00:25:36.640><c> that</c><00:25:36.880><c> contain</c>

22:45.360 --> 22:45.370 align:start position:0%
emits fine vapor particles that contain
 

22:45.370 --> 22:49.520 align:start position:0%
emits fine vapor particles that contain
80<00:25:37.760><c> g</c><00:25:38.159><c> of</c><00:25:38.400><c> gold</c><00:25:39.360><c> every</c><00:25:39.919><c> single</c><00:25:40.640><c> day.</c><00:25:41.360><c> In</c>

22:49.520 --> 22:49.530 align:start position:0%
80 g of gold every single day. In
 

22:49.530 --> 22:52.400 align:start position:0%
80 g of gold every single day. In
today's<00:25:41.919><c> money,</c><00:25:42.159><c> that's</c><00:25:42.400><c> around</c><00:25:42.640><c> $105,000</c>

22:52.400 --> 22:52.410 align:start position:0%
today's money, that's around $105,000
 

22:52.410 --> 22:55.440 align:start position:0%
today's money, that's around $105,000
worth<00:25:44.720><c> of</c><00:25:45.039><c> gold</c><00:25:46.000><c> daily.</c><00:25:46.640><c> And</c><00:25:46.880><c> trust</c><00:25:47.039><c> me,</c><00:25:47.279><c> that</c>

22:55.440 --> 22:55.450 align:start position:0%
worth of gold daily. And trust me, that
 

22:55.450 --> 22:58.400 align:start position:0%
worth of gold daily. And trust me, that
gold<00:25:48.000><c> travels,</c><00:25:48.559><c> too.</c><00:25:49.279><c> Antarctic</c><00:25:50.000><c> researchers</c>

22:58.400 --> 22:58.410 align:start position:0%
gold travels, too. Antarctic researchers
 

22:58.410 --> 23:00.640 align:start position:0%
gold travels, too. Antarctic researchers
have<00:25:50.720><c> found</c><00:25:50.960><c> traces</c><00:25:51.360><c> in</c><00:25:51.600><c> ambient</c><00:25:52.000><c> air</c><00:25:52.320><c> up</c><00:25:52.480><c> to</c>

23:00.640 --> 23:00.650 align:start position:0%
have found traces in ambient air up to
 

23:00.650 --> 23:04.479 align:start position:0%
have found traces in ambient air up to
a,000<00:25:53.440><c> km</c><00:25:54.240><c> from</c><00:25:54.559><c> the</c><00:25:54.799><c> volcano.</c><00:25:56.000><c> Although,</c><00:25:56.400><c> let</c>

23:04.479 --> 23:04.489 align:start position:0%
a,000 km from the volcano. Although, let
 

23:04.489 --> 23:06.000 align:start position:0%
a,000 km from the volcano. Although, let
me<00:25:56.720><c> stop</c><00:25:56.880><c> you</c><00:25:57.039><c> before</c><00:25:57.279><c> you</c><00:25:57.440><c> jump</c><00:25:57.600><c> on</c><00:25:57.679><c> a</c><00:25:57.840><c> ship</c>

23:06.000 --> 23:06.010 align:start position:0%
me stop you before you jump on a ship
 

23:06.010 --> 23:07.680 align:start position:0%
me stop you before you jump on a ship
bound<00:25:58.320><c> for</c><00:25:58.480><c> the</c><00:25:58.559><c> Drake</c><00:25:59.039><c> Passage.</c><00:25:59.600><c> This</c>

23:07.680 --> 23:07.690 align:start position:0%
bound for the Drake Passage. This
 

23:07.690 --> 23:09.199 align:start position:0%
bound for the Drake Passage. This
doesn't<00:25:59.919><c> mean</c><00:26:00.080><c> there's</c><00:26:00.240><c> an</c><00:26:00.400><c> actual</c><00:26:00.720><c> gold</c><00:26:00.960><c> mine</c>

23:09.199 --> 23:09.209 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean there's an actual gold mine
 

23:09.209 --> 23:11.599 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean there's an actual gold mine
in<00:26:01.520><c> the</c><00:26:01.679><c> sky.</c><00:26:02.080><c> I'm</c><00:26:02.320><c> sorry</c><00:26:02.559><c> to</c><00:26:02.720><c> say.</c><00:26:03.200><c> Uh,</c><00:26:03.440><c> the</c>

23:11.599 --> 23:11.609 align:start position:0%
in the sky. I'm sorry to say. Uh, the
 

23:11.609 --> 23:13.920 align:start position:0%
in the sky. I'm sorry to say. Uh, the
amount<00:26:03.919><c> is</c><00:26:04.159><c> tiny,</c><00:26:04.720><c> dispersed,</c><00:26:05.360><c> and</c><00:26:05.679><c> quite</c>

23:13.920 --> 23:13.930 align:start position:0%
amount is tiny, dispersed, and quite
 

23:13.930 --> 23:16.240 align:start position:0%
amount is tiny, dispersed, and quite
impossible<00:26:06.559><c> to</c><00:26:06.799><c> harvest</c><00:26:07.279><c> in</c><00:26:07.520><c> any</c><00:26:07.840><c> practical</c>

23:16.240 --> 23:16.250 align:start position:0%
impossible to harvest in any practical
 

23:16.250 --> 23:18.079 align:start position:0%
impossible to harvest in any practical
way.<00:26:08.640><c> So,</c><00:26:08.799><c> yeah,</c><00:26:09.279><c> scientifically</c>

23:18.079 --> 23:18.089 align:start position:0%
way. So, yeah, scientifically
 

23:18.089 --> 23:20.640 align:start position:0%
way. So, yeah, scientifically
fascinating,<00:26:11.360><c> fiscally</c><00:26:11.840><c> disappointing.</c>

23:20.640 --> 23:20.650 align:start position:0%
fascinating, fiscally disappointing.
 

23:20.650 --> 23:22.400 align:start position:0%
fascinating, fiscally disappointing.
What's<00:26:13.039><c> not</c><00:26:13.360><c> disappointing,</c><00:26:14.000><c> though,</c><00:26:14.240><c> is</c>

23:22.400 --> 23:22.410 align:start position:0%
What's not disappointing, though, is
 

23:22.410 --> 23:24.479 align:start position:0%
What's not disappointing, though, is
what's<00:26:14.799><c> nestled</c><00:26:15.279><c> into</c><00:26:15.520><c> the</c><00:26:15.760><c> flanks</c><00:26:16.240><c> of</c>

23:24.479 --> 23:24.489 align:start position:0%
what's nestled into the flanks of
 

23:24.489 --> 23:28.479 align:start position:0%
what's nestled into the flanks of
Arabus.<00:26:17.840><c> Ice</c><00:26:18.159><c> caves.</c><00:26:19.279><c> Warm</c><00:26:19.679><c> gases</c><00:26:20.159><c> melt</c>

23:28.479 --> 23:28.489 align:start position:0%
Arabus. Ice caves. Warm gases melt
 

23:28.489 --> 23:31.199 align:start position:0%
Arabus. Ice caves. Warm gases melt
tunnels<00:26:21.200><c> through</c><00:26:21.440><c> the</c><00:26:21.679><c> ice.</c><00:26:22.240><c> Cold</c><00:26:22.640><c> Antarctic</c>

23:31.199 --> 23:31.209 align:start position:0%
tunnels through the ice. Cold Antarctic
 

23:31.209 --> 23:33.599 align:start position:0%
tunnels through the ice. Cold Antarctic
air<00:26:23.679><c> freezes</c><00:26:24.080><c> the</c><00:26:24.240><c> edges</c><00:26:24.559><c> into</c><00:26:24.960><c> walls,</c>

23:33.599 --> 23:33.609 align:start position:0%
air freezes the edges into walls,
 

23:33.609 --> 23:36.000 align:start position:0%
air freezes the edges into walls,
chimneys,<00:26:26.240><c> and</c><00:26:26.559><c> strange</c><00:26:27.200><c> translucent</c>

23:36.000 --> 23:36.010 align:start position:0%
chimneys, and strange translucent
 

23:36.010 --> 23:38.640 align:start position:0%
chimneys, and strange translucent
structures.<00:26:29.360><c> Winding</c><00:26:29.919><c> networks</c><00:26:30.320><c> have</c><00:26:30.559><c> been</c>

23:38.640 --> 23:38.650 align:start position:0%
structures. Winding networks have been
 

23:38.650 --> 23:40.880 align:start position:0%
structures. Winding networks have been
whittleled<00:26:31.200><c> away</c><00:26:31.520><c> by</c><00:26:31.840><c> gases</c><00:26:32.320><c> escaping</c><00:26:32.799><c> from</c>

23:40.880 --> 23:40.890 align:start position:0%
whittleled away by gases escaping from
 

23:40.890 --> 23:43.599 align:start position:0%
whittleled away by gases escaping from
the<00:26:33.200><c> volcano,</c><00:26:34.080><c> creating</c><00:26:34.640><c> fummeral</c><00:26:35.360><c> ice</c>

23:43.599 --> 23:43.609 align:start position:0%
the volcano, creating fummeral ice
 

23:43.609 --> 23:46.240 align:start position:0%
the volcano, creating fummeral ice
caves.<00:26:36.720><c> The</c><00:26:36.960><c> special</c><00:26:37.360><c> conditions</c><00:26:37.840><c> within</c><00:26:38.159><c> the</c>

23:46.240 --> 23:46.250 align:start position:0%
caves. The special conditions within the
 

23:46.250 --> 23:48.479 align:start position:0%
caves. The special conditions within the
caves<00:26:38.720><c> make</c><00:26:38.960><c> them</c><00:26:39.120><c> a</c><00:26:39.279><c> hot</c><00:26:39.520><c> spot</c><00:26:39.760><c> for</c><00:26:40.080><c> studying</c>

23:48.479 --> 23:48.489 align:start position:0%
caves make them a hot spot for studying
 

23:48.489 --> 23:51.199 align:start position:0%
caves make them a hot spot for studying
extreophiles.<00:26:41.919><c> And</c><00:26:42.159><c> Arabus'</c><00:26:42.799><c> caves</c><00:26:43.120><c> have</c>

23:51.199 --> 23:51.209 align:start position:0%
extreophiles. And Arabus' caves have
 

23:51.209 --> 23:54.400 align:start position:0%
extreophiles. And Arabus' caves have
even<00:26:43.520><c> been</c><00:26:43.679><c> found</c><00:26:43.919><c> to</c><00:26:44.159><c> home</c><00:26:44.640><c> 61</c><00:26:45.440><c> species</c><00:26:46.000><c> of</c>

23:54.400 --> 23:54.410 align:start position:0%
even been found to home 61 species of
 

23:54.410 --> 23:57.199 align:start position:0%
even been found to home 61 species of
fungi.<00:26:47.520><c> This</c><00:26:47.840><c> discovery</c><00:26:48.400><c> made</c><00:26:48.640><c> by</c><00:26:48.799><c> Lori</c>

23:57.199 --> 23:57.209 align:start position:0%
fungi. This discovery made by Lori
 

23:57.209 --> 23:58.800 align:start position:0%
fungi. This discovery made by Lori
Connell<00:26:49.679><c> from</c><00:26:49.840><c> the</c><00:26:50.000><c> School</c><00:26:50.240><c> of</c><00:26:50.480><c> Marine</c>

23:58.800 --> 23:58.810 align:start position:0%
Connell from the School of Marine
 

23:58.810 --> 24:02.320 align:start position:0%
Connell from the School of Marine
Sciences,<00:26:51.520><c> University</c><00:26:52.000><c> of</c><00:26:52.159><c> Maine</c><00:26:52.799><c> in</c><00:26:53.200><c> 2013</c>

24:02.320 --> 24:02.330 align:start position:0%
Sciences, University of Maine in 2013
 

24:02.330 --> 24:04.320 align:start position:0%
Sciences, University of Maine in 2013
was<00:26:54.640><c> believed</c><00:26:54.880><c> to</c><00:26:55.039><c> be</c><00:26:55.120><c> the</c><00:26:55.440><c> first</c><00:26:55.760><c> report</c><00:26:56.080><c> of</c><00:26:56.240><c> a</c>

24:04.320 --> 24:04.330 align:start position:0%
was believed to be the first report of a
 

24:04.330 --> 24:06.640 align:start position:0%
was believed to be the first report of a
fungal<00:26:56.960><c> community</c><00:26:57.520><c> setting</c><00:26:57.840><c> up</c><00:26:58.080><c> camp</c><00:26:58.400><c> in</c><00:26:58.559><c> a</c>

24:06.640 --> 24:06.650 align:start position:0%
fungal community setting up camp in a
 

24:06.650 --> 24:11.120 align:start position:0%
fungal community setting up camp in a
dark<00:26:59.039><c> volcanic</c><00:26:59.600><c> system</c><00:27:00.400><c> in</c><00:27:00.720><c> Antarctica.</c>

24:11.120 --> 24:11.130 align:start position:0%
dark volcanic system in Antarctica.
 

24:11.130 --> 24:13.520 align:start position:0%
dark volcanic system in Antarctica.
We<00:27:03.360><c> all</c><00:27:03.520><c> know</c><00:27:03.679><c> volcanoes</c><00:27:04.320><c> can</c><00:27:04.640><c> be</c><00:27:04.880><c> deadly,</c><00:27:05.360><c> but</c>

24:13.520 --> 24:13.530 align:start position:0%
We all know volcanoes can be deadly, but
 

24:13.530 --> 24:15.040 align:start position:0%
We all know volcanoes can be deadly, but
sometimes<00:27:06.000><c> they're</c><00:27:06.240><c> deadly</c><00:27:06.559><c> in</c><00:27:06.799><c> very</c>

24:15.040 --> 24:15.050 align:start position:0%
sometimes they're deadly in very
 

24:15.050 --> 24:16.880 align:start position:0%
sometimes they're deadly in very
different<00:27:07.440><c> ways.</c><00:27:08.080><c> Ways</c><00:27:08.320><c> that</c><00:27:08.559><c> have</c><00:27:08.720><c> nothing</c>

24:16.880 --> 24:16.890 align:start position:0%
different ways. Ways that have nothing
 

24:16.890 --> 24:19.839 align:start position:0%
different ways. Ways that have nothing
to<00:27:09.200><c> do</c><00:27:09.279><c> with</c><00:27:09.600><c> explosions</c><00:27:10.320><c> or</c><00:27:10.640><c> lava.</c><00:27:11.440><c> To</c><00:27:11.679><c> many</c>

24:19.839 --> 24:19.849 align:start position:0%
to do with explosions or lava. To many
 

24:19.849 --> 24:22.079 align:start position:0%
to do with explosions or lava. To many
around<00:27:12.159><c> the</c><00:27:12.400><c> world,</c><00:27:12.799><c> Mount</c><00:27:13.039><c> Arabus</c><00:27:13.679><c> is</c><00:27:13.919><c> most</c>

24:22.079 --> 24:22.089 align:start position:0%
around the world, Mount Arabus is most
 

24:22.089 --> 24:24.160 align:start position:0%
around the world, Mount Arabus is most
well<00:27:14.400><c> known</c><00:27:14.640><c> as</c><00:27:14.880><c> the</c><00:27:15.120><c> site</c><00:27:15.360><c> of</c><00:27:15.520><c> New</c><00:27:15.760><c> Zealand's</c>

24:24.160 --> 24:24.170 align:start position:0%
well known as the site of New Zealand's
 

24:24.170 --> 24:27.199 align:start position:0%
well known as the site of New Zealand's
worst<00:27:16.720><c> ever</c><00:27:17.279><c> peacetime</c><00:27:18.000><c> disaster.</c>

24:27.199 --> 24:27.209 align:start position:0%
worst ever peacetime disaster.
 

24:27.209 --> 24:29.199 align:start position:0%
worst ever peacetime disaster.
Tragically,<00:27:19.919><c> on</c><00:27:20.080><c> the</c><00:27:20.240><c> 28th</c><00:27:20.640><c> of</c><00:27:20.799><c> November,</c>

24:29.199 --> 24:29.209 align:start position:0%
Tragically, on the 28th of November,
 

24:29.209 --> 24:32.479 align:start position:0%
Tragically, on the 28th of November,
1979,<00:27:22.559><c> a</c><00:27:22.880><c> sightseeing</c><00:27:23.520><c> aircraft</c><00:27:24.000><c> carrying</c>

24:32.479 --> 24:32.489 align:start position:0%
1979, a sightseeing aircraft carrying
 

24:32.489 --> 24:36.240 align:start position:0%
1979, a sightseeing aircraft carrying
257<00:27:25.679><c> people</c><00:27:26.320><c> crashed</c><00:27:26.799><c> headon</c><00:27:27.600><c> into</c><00:27:27.840><c> the</c><00:27:28.080><c> side</c>

24:36.240 --> 24:36.250 align:start position:0%
257 people crashed headon into the side
 

24:36.250 --> 24:38.479 align:start position:0%
257 people crashed headon into the side
of<00:27:28.480><c> the</c><00:27:28.640><c> volcano.</c><00:27:29.600><c> Air</c><00:27:29.840><c> New</c><00:27:30.000><c> Zealand</c><00:27:30.320><c> had</c>

24:38.479 --> 24:38.489 align:start position:0%
of the volcano. Air New Zealand had
 

24:38.489 --> 24:40.479 align:start position:0%
of the volcano. Air New Zealand had
started<00:27:30.880><c> operating</c><00:27:31.440><c> scenic</c><00:27:31.840><c> flights</c><00:27:32.240><c> over</c>

24:40.479 --> 24:40.489 align:start position:0%
started operating scenic flights over
 

24:40.489 --> 24:43.199 align:start position:0%
started operating scenic flights over
Antarctica<00:27:33.279><c> only</c><00:27:33.679><c> 2</c><00:27:33.919><c> years</c><00:27:34.240><c> before,</c><00:27:34.799><c> and</c><00:27:35.039><c> up</c>

24:43.199 --> 24:43.209 align:start position:0%
Antarctica only 2 years before, and up
 

24:43.209 --> 24:44.880 align:start position:0%
Antarctica only 2 years before, and up
until<00:27:35.600><c> then,</c><00:27:35.840><c> they</c><00:27:36.080><c> had</c><00:27:36.240><c> been</c><00:27:36.400><c> a</c><00:27:36.640><c> great</c>

24:44.880 --> 24:44.890 align:start position:0%
until then, they had been a great
 

24:44.890 --> 24:47.680 align:start position:0%
until then, they had been a great
success.<00:27:38.080><c> On</c><00:27:38.320><c> this</c><00:27:38.559><c> fateful</c><00:27:38.960><c> day,</c><00:27:39.200><c> however,</c>

24:47.680 --> 24:47.690 align:start position:0%
success. On this fateful day, however,
 

24:47.690 --> 24:50.400 align:start position:0%
success. On this fateful day, however,
something<00:27:40.320><c> changed.</c><00:27:41.279><c> The</c><00:27:41.520><c> plane's</c><00:27:41.919><c> pilot,</c>

24:50.400 --> 24:50.410 align:start position:0%
something changed. The plane's pilot,
 

24:50.410 --> 24:52.800 align:start position:0%
something changed. The plane's pilot,
Captain<00:27:42.880><c> Jim</c><00:27:43.360><c> Collins,</c><00:27:44.159><c> bought</c><00:27:44.400><c> the</c><00:27:44.559><c> plane</c>

24:52.800 --> 24:52.810 align:start position:0%
Captain Jim Collins, bought the plane
 

24:52.810 --> 24:55.520 align:start position:0%
Captain Jim Collins, bought the plane
down<00:27:45.039><c> to</c><00:27:45.279><c> around</c><00:27:45.679><c> 610</c><00:27:46.480><c> m</c><00:27:46.880><c> to</c><00:27:47.120><c> offer</c><00:27:47.360><c> his</c>

24:55.520 --> 24:55.530 align:start position:0%
down to around 610 m to offer his
 

24:55.530 --> 24:58.240 align:start position:0%
down to around 610 m to offer his
passengers<00:27:48.080><c> a</c><00:27:48.320><c> better</c><00:27:48.559><c> view</c><00:27:48.799><c> of</c><00:27:49.120><c> the</c><00:27:49.360><c> region.</c>

24:58.240 --> 24:58.250 align:start position:0%
passengers a better view of the region.
 

24:58.250 --> 25:00.160 align:start position:0%
passengers a better view of the region.
But<00:27:50.559><c> instead</c><00:27:50.880><c> of</c><00:27:51.120><c> snow</c><00:27:51.360><c> and</c><00:27:51.600><c> ice</c><00:27:51.840><c> in</c><00:27:52.080><c> the</c>

25:00.160 --> 25:00.170 align:start position:0%
But instead of snow and ice in the
 

25:00.170 --> 25:02.079 align:start position:0%
But instead of snow and ice in the
distance,<00:27:52.799><c> what</c><00:27:53.039><c> the</c><00:27:53.200><c> cockpit</c><00:27:53.760><c> was</c><00:27:53.919><c> looking</c>

25:02.079 --> 25:02.089 align:start position:0%
distance, what the cockpit was looking
 

25:02.089 --> 25:05.040 align:start position:0%
distance, what the cockpit was looking
at<00:27:54.480><c> was</c><00:27:54.720><c> the</c><00:27:55.039><c> mountain</c><00:27:55.600><c> right</c><00:27:56.000><c> ahead</c><00:27:56.240><c> of</c><00:27:56.399><c> them.</c>

25:05.040 --> 25:05.050 align:start position:0%
at was the mountain right ahead of them.
 

25:05.050 --> 25:08.160 align:start position:0%
at was the mountain right ahead of them.
And<00:27:57.360><c> by</c><00:27:57.520><c> then,</c><00:27:57.840><c> it</c><00:27:58.080><c> was</c><00:27:58.320><c> too</c><00:27:58.640><c> late.</c>

25:08.160 --> 25:08.170 align:start position:0%
And by then, it was too late.
 

25:08.170 --> 25:10.240 align:start position:0%
And by then, it was too late.
The<00:28:00.559><c> two</c><00:28:00.720><c> main</c><00:28:00.960><c> reasons</c><00:28:01.279><c> often</c><00:28:01.600><c> cited</c><00:28:01.919><c> for</c><00:28:02.159><c> the</c>

25:10.240 --> 25:10.250 align:start position:0%
The two main reasons often cited for the
 

25:10.250 --> 25:11.920 align:start position:0%
The two main reasons often cited for the
crash<00:28:02.640><c> are</c><00:28:02.799><c> the</c><00:28:03.039><c> pilots</c><00:28:03.440><c> being</c><00:28:03.600><c> briefed</c>

25:11.920 --> 25:11.930 align:start position:0%
crash are the pilots being briefed
 

25:11.930 --> 25:13.920 align:start position:0%
crash are the pilots being briefed
differently<00:28:04.399><c> on</c><00:28:04.640><c> a</c><00:28:04.880><c> flight</c><00:28:05.200><c> path</c><00:28:05.520><c> versus</c><00:28:05.760><c> the</c>

25:13.920 --> 25:13.930 align:start position:0%
differently on a flight path versus the
 

25:13.930 --> 25:15.360 align:start position:0%
differently on a flight path versus the
one<00:28:06.080><c> they</c><00:28:06.240><c> had</c><00:28:06.640><c> in</c><00:28:06.660><c> [music]</c><00:28:06.799><c> the</c><00:28:07.039><c> plane's</c>

25:15.360 --> 25:15.370 align:start position:0%
one they had in [music] the plane's
 

25:15.370 --> 25:17.520 align:start position:0%
one they had in [music] the plane's
computer<00:28:08.159><c> and</c><00:28:08.320><c> a</c><00:28:08.559><c> natural</c><00:28:08.960><c> weather</c><00:28:09.200><c> event</c>

25:17.520 --> 25:17.530 align:start position:0%
computer and a natural weather event
 

25:17.530 --> 25:20.160 align:start position:0%
computer and a natural weather event
known<00:28:09.840><c> as</c><00:28:10.000><c> a</c><00:28:10.320><c> white</c><00:28:10.640><c> out.</c><00:28:11.440><c> White</c><00:28:11.760><c> outs</c><00:28:12.080><c> are</c>

25:20.160 --> 25:20.170 align:start position:0%
known as a white out. White outs are
 

25:20.170 --> 25:22.560 align:start position:0%
known as a white out. White outs are
incredibly<00:28:12.880><c> dangerous,</c><00:28:13.760><c> blurring</c><00:28:14.159><c> the</c><00:28:14.399><c> light</c>

25:22.560 --> 25:22.570 align:start position:0%
incredibly dangerous, blurring the light
 

25:22.570 --> 25:25.199 align:start position:0%
incredibly dangerous, blurring the light
between<00:28:15.039><c> snow</c><00:28:15.360><c> and</c><00:28:15.679><c> ice</c><00:28:16.080><c> under</c><00:28:16.320><c> the</c><00:28:16.640><c> clouds</c><00:28:17.120><c> to</c>

25:25.199 --> 25:25.209 align:start position:0%
between snow and ice under the clouds to
 

25:25.209 --> 25:28.160 align:start position:0%
between snow and ice under the clouds to
give<00:28:17.440><c> the</c><00:28:17.840><c> illusion</c><00:28:18.240><c> of</c><00:28:18.720><c> visibility.</c>

25:28.160 --> 25:28.170 align:start position:0%
give the illusion of visibility.
 

25:28.170 --> 25:31.599 align:start position:0%
give the illusion of visibility.
The<00:28:20.399><c> crash</c><00:28:20.720><c> killed</c><00:28:21.200><c> 227</c><00:28:22.240><c> passengers</c><00:28:22.799><c> and</c><00:28:23.200><c> 30</c>

25:31.599 --> 25:31.609 align:start position:0%
The crash killed 227 passengers and 30
 

25:31.609 --> 25:35.120 align:start position:0%
The crash killed 227 passengers and 30
crew<00:28:24.080><c> on</c><00:28:24.320><c> board,</c><00:28:25.039><c> and</c><00:28:25.440><c> 44</c><00:28:26.080><c> people</c><00:28:26.399><c> were</c><00:28:26.640><c> never</c>

25:35.120 --> 25:35.130 align:start position:0%
crew on board, and 44 people were never
 

25:35.130 --> 25:36.959 align:start position:0%
crew on board, and 44 people were never
identified<00:28:27.600><c> during</c><00:28:27.919><c> the</c><00:28:28.080><c> search</c><00:28:28.320><c> and</c><00:28:28.640><c> rescue</c>

25:36.959 --> 25:36.969 align:start position:0%
identified during the search and rescue
 

25:36.969 --> 25:39.360 align:start position:0%
identified during the search and rescue
operations.<00:28:30.399><c> Heartbreakingly,</c><00:28:31.200><c> the</c>

25:39.360 --> 25:39.370 align:start position:0%
operations. Heartbreakingly, the
 

25:39.370 --> 25:42.319 align:start position:0%
operations. Heartbreakingly, the
wreckage<00:28:31.840><c> of</c><00:28:32.000><c> the</c><00:28:32.159><c> down</c><00:28:32.559><c> DC10</c><00:28:33.279><c> plane</c><00:28:33.600><c> is</c><00:28:33.919><c> still</c>

25:42.319 --> 25:42.329 align:start position:0%
wreckage of the down DC10 plane is still
 

25:42.329 --> 25:46.959 align:start position:0%
wreckage of the down DC10 plane is still
there<00:28:35.279><c> decades</c><00:28:35.919><c> later.</c>

25:46.959 --> 25:46.969 align:start position:0%
 
 

25:46.969 --> 25:48.959 align:start position:0%
 
Every<00:28:39.360><c> volcano</c><00:28:39.840><c> we've</c><00:28:40.159><c> talked</c><00:28:40.320><c> about</c><00:28:40.559><c> in</c><00:28:40.799><c> this</c>

25:48.959 --> 25:48.969 align:start position:0%
Every volcano we've talked about in this
 

25:48.969 --> 25:50.880 align:start position:0%
Every volcano we've talked about in this
video<00:28:41.360><c> has</c><00:28:41.600><c> brought</c><00:28:41.919><c> something</c><00:28:42.399><c> brilliantly</c>

25:50.880 --> 25:50.890 align:start position:0%
video has brought something brilliantly
 

25:50.890 --> 25:53.520 align:start position:0%
video has brought something brilliantly
weird<00:28:43.440><c> to</c><00:28:43.600><c> the</c><00:28:43.760><c> geology</c><00:28:44.480><c> table.</c><00:28:45.200><c> from</c><00:28:45.440><c> a</c>

25:53.520 --> 25:53.530 align:start position:0%
weird to the geology table. from a
 

25:53.530 --> 25:55.599 align:start position:0%
weird to the geology table. from a
chemical<00:28:46.159><c> soup</c><00:28:46.559><c> creating</c><00:28:46.880><c> an</c><00:28:47.039><c> acid</c><00:28:47.279><c> lake</c><00:28:47.520><c> in</c>

25:55.599 --> 25:55.609 align:start position:0%
chemical soup creating an acid lake in
 

25:55.609 --> 25:57.839 align:start position:0%
chemical soup creating an acid lake in
Indonesia<00:28:48.080><c> to</c><00:28:48.399><c> black</c><00:28:48.720><c> runny</c><00:28:49.039><c> lava</c><00:28:49.440><c> in</c><00:28:49.600><c> Africa</c>

25:57.839 --> 25:57.849 align:start position:0%
Indonesia to black runny lava in Africa
 

25:57.849 --> 26:01.520 align:start position:0%
Indonesia to black runny lava in Africa
and<00:28:50.080><c> now</c><00:28:50.240><c> a</c><00:28:50.480><c> land</c><00:28:50.720><c> of</c><00:28:51.360><c> fire,</c><00:28:51.760><c> ice,</c><00:28:52.240><c> and</c><00:28:52.720><c> gold.</c>

26:01.520 --> 26:01.530 align:start position:0%
and now a land of fire, ice, and gold.
 

26:01.530 --> 26:03.680 align:start position:0%
and now a land of fire, ice, and gold.
But<00:28:53.760><c> there's</c><00:28:54.000><c> still</c><00:28:54.240><c> something</c><00:28:54.799><c> missing.</c><00:28:55.600><c> And</c>

26:03.680 --> 26:03.690 align:start position:0%
But there's still something missing. And
 

26:03.690 --> 26:06.319 align:start position:0%
But there's still something missing. And
so<00:28:56.000><c> our</c><00:28:56.320><c> final</c><00:28:56.640><c> volcano</c><00:28:57.520><c> takes</c><00:28:57.840><c> us</c><00:28:58.000><c> to</c><00:28:58.159><c> an</c>

26:06.319 --> 26:06.329 align:start position:0%
so our final volcano takes us to an
 

26:06.329 --> 26:09.360 align:start position:0%
so our final volcano takes us to an
underwater<00:28:59.360><c> world.</c><00:29:00.159><c> One</c><00:29:00.480><c> filled</c><00:29:00.799><c> not</c><00:29:01.120><c> only</c>

26:09.360 --> 26:09.370 align:start position:0%
underwater world. One filled not only
 

26:09.370 --> 26:12.719 align:start position:0%
underwater world. One filled not only
with<00:29:01.760><c> volcanic</c><00:29:02.399><c> dangers,</c><00:29:03.360><c> but</c><00:29:03.679><c> also</c><00:29:04.240><c> great</c>

26:12.719 --> 26:12.729 align:start position:0%
with volcanic dangers, but also great
 

26:12.729 --> 26:14.959 align:start position:0%
with volcanic dangers, but also great
ocean<00:29:05.440><c> predators.</c>

26:14.959 --> 26:14.969 align:start position:0%
ocean predators.
 

26:14.969 --> 26:18.160 align:start position:0%
ocean predators.
In<00:29:07.360><c> 2015,</c><00:29:08.159><c> ocean</c><00:29:08.559><c> engineer</c><00:29:09.039><c> Brennan</c><00:29:09.520><c> Phillips</c>

26:18.160 --> 26:18.170 align:start position:0%
In 2015, ocean engineer Brennan Phillips
 

26:18.170 --> 26:20.560 align:start position:0%
In 2015, ocean engineer Brennan Phillips
led<00:29:10.480><c> a</c><00:29:10.640><c> team</c><00:29:10.799><c> to</c><00:29:11.039><c> the</c><00:29:11.200><c> remote</c><00:29:11.600><c> Solomon</c><00:29:12.159><c> Islands</c>

26:20.560 --> 26:20.570 align:start position:0%
led a team to the remote Solomon Islands
 

26:20.570 --> 26:23.839 align:start position:0%
led a team to the remote Solomon Islands
in<00:29:12.880><c> search</c><00:29:13.120><c> of</c><00:29:13.440><c> hydrothermal</c><00:29:14.399><c> activity.</c><00:29:15.679><c> The</c>

26:23.839 --> 26:23.849 align:start position:0%
in search of hydrothermal activity. The
 

26:23.849 --> 26:26.479 align:start position:0%
in search of hydrothermal activity. The
team<00:29:16.240><c> cautiously</c><00:29:16.880><c> approached</c><00:29:17.360><c> Kavachi,</c><00:29:18.320><c> one</c>

26:26.479 --> 26:26.489 align:start position:0%
team cautiously approached Kavachi, one
 

26:26.489 --> 26:28.640 align:start position:0%
team cautiously approached Kavachi, one
of<00:29:18.640><c> the</c><00:29:18.880><c> most</c><00:29:19.200><c> active</c><00:29:19.600><c> submarine</c><00:29:20.159><c> volcanoes</c>

26:28.640 --> 26:28.650 align:start position:0%
of the most active submarine volcanoes
 

26:28.650 --> 26:31.199 align:start position:0%
of the most active submarine volcanoes
in<00:29:20.960><c> the</c><00:29:21.120><c> Pacific</c><00:29:21.919><c> and</c><00:29:22.159><c> lowered</c><00:29:22.480><c> their</c><00:29:22.720><c> camera</c>

26:31.199 --> 26:31.209 align:start position:0%
in the Pacific and lowered their camera
 

26:31.209 --> 26:34.079 align:start position:0%
in the Pacific and lowered their camera
50<00:29:23.600><c> m</c><00:29:24.080><c> down</c><00:29:24.320><c> into</c><00:29:24.720><c> the</c><00:29:24.880><c> water.</c><00:29:25.520><c> Their</c><00:29:25.760><c> aim</c><00:29:26.000><c> was</c>

26:34.079 --> 26:34.089 align:start position:0%
50 m down into the water. Their aim was
 

26:34.089 --> 26:36.240 align:start position:0%
50 m down into the water. Their aim was
to<00:29:26.320><c> simply</c><00:29:26.640><c> film</c><00:29:26.880><c> the</c><00:29:27.039><c> volcano</c><00:29:27.600><c> itself</c><00:29:28.080><c> and</c>

26:36.240 --> 26:36.250 align:start position:0%
to simply film the volcano itself and
 

26:36.250 --> 26:37.920 align:start position:0%
to simply film the volcano itself and
try<00:29:28.480><c> and</c><00:29:28.640><c> get</c><00:29:28.799><c> some</c><00:29:29.039><c> footage</c><00:29:29.360><c> of</c><00:29:29.520><c> it</c><00:29:29.760><c> doing</c>

26:37.920 --> 26:37.930 align:start position:0%
try and get some footage of it doing
 

26:37.930 --> 26:42.000 align:start position:0%
try and get some footage of it doing
what<00:29:30.320><c> submarine</c><00:29:30.799><c> volcanoes</c><00:29:31.520><c> do,</c><00:29:32.399><c> exploding.</c>

26:42.000 --> 26:42.010 align:start position:0%
what submarine volcanoes do, exploding.
 

26:42.010 --> 26:44.000 align:start position:0%
what submarine volcanoes do, exploding.
One<00:29:34.399><c> hour</c><00:29:34.640><c> later</c><00:29:34.960><c> and</c><00:29:35.200><c> the</c><00:29:35.440><c> camera</c><00:29:35.760><c> returned</c>

26:44.000 --> 26:44.010 align:start position:0%
One hour later and the camera returned
 

26:44.010 --> 26:46.400 align:start position:0%
One hour later and the camera returned
to<00:29:36.240><c> the</c><00:29:36.480><c> surface,</c><00:29:37.039><c> revealing</c><00:29:37.679><c> something</c>

26:46.400 --> 26:46.410 align:start position:0%
to the surface, revealing something
 

26:46.410 --> 26:49.520 align:start position:0%
to the surface, revealing something
wild.<00:29:39.679><c> These</c><00:29:40.080><c> highly</c><00:29:40.559><c> acidic,</c><00:29:41.120><c> high</c>

26:49.520 --> 26:49.530 align:start position:0%
wild. These highly acidic, high
 

26:49.530 --> 26:51.360 align:start position:0%
wild. These highly acidic, high
temperature,<00:29:42.080><c> and</c><00:29:42.399><c> high</c><00:29:42.720><c> sulfur</c><00:29:43.279><c> richch</c>

26:51.360 --> 26:51.370 align:start position:0%
temperature, and high sulfur richch
 

26:51.370 --> 26:54.719 align:start position:0%
temperature, and high sulfur richch
environments<00:29:44.559><c> shouldn't</c><00:29:44.960><c> be</c><00:29:45.200><c> home</c><00:29:45.520><c> to</c><00:29:45.840><c> life.</c>

26:54.719 --> 26:54.729 align:start position:0%
environments shouldn't be home to life.
 

26:54.729 --> 26:56.719 align:start position:0%
environments shouldn't be home to life.
But<00:29:47.039><c> there</c><00:29:47.279><c> on</c><00:29:47.520><c> the</c><00:29:47.679><c> camera</c><00:29:48.080><c> fee</c><00:29:48.320><c> were</c><00:29:48.559><c> not</c>

26:56.719 --> 26:56.729 align:start position:0%
But there on the camera fee were not
 

26:56.729 --> 27:00.800 align:start position:0%
But there on the camera fee were not
one,<00:29:49.120><c> but</c><00:29:49.520><c> two</c><00:29:50.159><c> species</c><00:29:50.799><c> of</c><00:29:51.279><c> shark.</c><00:29:52.320><c> Silky</c>

27:00.800 --> 27:00.810 align:start position:0%
one, but two species of shark. Silky
 

27:00.810 --> 27:03.440 align:start position:0%
one, but two species of shark. Silky
sharks<00:29:53.360><c> and</c><00:29:53.679><c> scalloped</c><00:29:54.240><c> hammerheads</c><00:29:55.039><c> gliding</c>

27:03.440 --> 27:03.450 align:start position:0%
sharks and scalloped hammerheads gliding
 

27:03.450 --> 27:05.360 align:start position:0%
sharks and scalloped hammerheads gliding
through<00:29:55.760><c> this</c><00:29:56.080><c> most</c><00:29:56.480><c> hostile</c><00:29:56.960><c> of</c>

27:05.360 --> 27:05.370 align:start position:0%
through this most hostile of
 

27:05.370 --> 27:08.240 align:start position:0%
through this most hostile of
environments.<00:29:58.799><c> They</c><00:29:59.120><c> had</c><00:29:59.360><c> just</c><00:29:59.520><c> captured</c><00:30:00.080><c> for</c>

27:08.240 --> 27:08.250 align:start position:0%
environments. They had just captured for
 

27:08.250 --> 27:12.640 align:start position:0%
environments. They had just captured for
the<00:30:00.559><c> first</c><00:30:00.880><c> time</c><00:30:01.360><c> sharks</c><00:30:02.559><c> inside</c><00:30:03.279><c> a</c><00:30:03.679><c> volcano.</c>

27:12.640 --> 27:12.650 align:start position:0%
the first time sharks inside a volcano.
 

27:12.650 --> 27:16.160 align:start position:0%
the first time sharks inside a volcano.
But<00:30:05.120><c> how?</c><00:30:06.399><c> This</c><00:30:06.640><c> is</c><00:30:06.799><c> where</c><00:30:06.960><c> it</c><00:30:07.200><c> gets</c><00:30:07.679><c> weird</c>

27:16.160 --> 27:16.170 align:start position:0%
But how? This is where it gets weird
 

27:16.170 --> 27:17.680 align:start position:0%
But how? This is where it gets weird
because<00:30:08.640><c> scientists</c><00:30:09.120><c> think</c><00:30:09.279><c> the</c><00:30:09.440><c> sharks</c>

27:17.680 --> 27:17.690 align:start position:0%
because scientists think the sharks
 

27:17.690 --> 27:19.760 align:start position:0%
because scientists think the sharks
might<00:30:10.080><c> actually</c><00:30:10.320><c> be</c><00:30:10.559><c> using</c><00:30:10.880><c> these</c><00:30:11.279><c> conditions</c>

27:19.760 --> 27:19.770 align:start position:0%
might actually be using these conditions
 

27:19.770 --> 27:22.959 align:start position:0%
might actually be using these conditions
to<00:30:12.240><c> their</c><00:30:12.559><c> advantage.</c><00:30:14.000><c> Yes,</c><00:30:14.399><c> it's</c><00:30:14.720><c> likely</c>

27:22.959 --> 27:22.969 align:start position:0%
to their advantage. Yes, it's likely
 

27:22.969 --> 27:24.959 align:start position:0%
to their advantage. Yes, it's likely
that<00:30:15.200><c> these</c><00:30:15.520><c> marine</c><00:30:16.000><c> creatures</c><00:30:16.559><c> use</c><00:30:16.799><c> the</c>

27:24.959 --> 27:24.969 align:start position:0%
that these marine creatures use the
 

27:24.969 --> 27:27.280 align:start position:0%
that these marine creatures use the
volcano's<00:30:17.760><c> intermittent</c><00:30:18.480><c> calm</c><00:30:18.799><c> periods</c><00:30:19.120><c> to</c>

27:27.280 --> 27:27.290 align:start position:0%
volcano's intermittent calm periods to
 

27:27.290 --> 27:29.520 align:start position:0%
volcano's intermittent calm periods to
inhabit<00:30:19.760><c> the</c><00:30:20.000><c> area,</c><00:30:20.720><c> possibly</c><00:30:21.279><c> taking</c>

27:29.520 --> 27:29.530 align:start position:0%
inhabit the area, possibly taking
 

27:29.530 --> 27:31.680 align:start position:0%
inhabit the area, possibly taking
advantage<00:30:22.000><c> of</c><00:30:22.159><c> a</c><00:30:22.399><c> unique</c><00:30:22.799><c> chemosynthetic</c>

27:31.680 --> 27:31.690 align:start position:0%
advantage of a unique chemosynthetic
 

27:31.690 --> 27:34.800 align:start position:0%
advantage of a unique chemosynthetic
food<00:30:24.080><c> web</c><00:30:24.559><c> powered</c><00:30:24.960><c> by</c><00:30:25.200><c> volcanic</c><00:30:25.919><c> microbes.</c>

27:34.800 --> 27:34.810 align:start position:0%
food web powered by volcanic microbes.
 

27:34.810 --> 27:37.199 align:start position:0%
food web powered by volcanic microbes.
But<00:30:27.120><c> it</c><00:30:27.279><c> gets</c><00:30:27.520><c> better</c><00:30:27.919><c> still</c><00:30:28.640><c> because</c><00:30:28.960><c> these</c>

27:37.199 --> 27:37.209 align:start position:0%
But it gets better still because these
 

27:37.209 --> 27:40.079 align:start position:0%
But it gets better still because these
are<00:30:29.440><c> not</c><00:30:29.760><c> ordinary</c><00:30:30.559><c> sharks.</c><00:30:31.520><c> Indeed,</c><00:30:31.919><c> they</c>

27:40.079 --> 27:40.089 align:start position:0%
are not ordinary sharks. Indeed, they
 

27:40.089 --> 27:44.000 align:start position:0%
are not ordinary sharks. Indeed, they
might<00:30:32.480><c> well</c><00:30:32.720><c> be</c><00:30:33.440><c> mutant</c><00:30:34.399><c> sharks.</c>

27:44.000 --> 27:44.010 align:start position:0%
might well be mutant sharks.
 

27:44.010 --> 27:45.199 align:start position:0%
might well be mutant sharks.
Okay,<00:30:36.320><c> so</c><00:30:36.480><c> they're</c><00:30:36.640><c> not</c><00:30:36.799><c> about</c><00:30:36.960><c> to</c><00:30:37.039><c> join</c>

27:45.199 --> 27:45.209 align:start position:0%
Okay, so they're not about to join
 

27:45.209 --> 27:48.000 align:start position:0%
Okay, so they're not about to join
Professor<00:30:37.600><c> X</c><00:30:37.840><c> and</c><00:30:38.000><c> the</c><00:30:38.159><c> X-Men.</c><00:30:38.720><c> But</c><00:30:39.120><c> but</c><00:30:39.919><c> there</c>

27:48.000 --> 27:48.010 align:start position:0%
Professor X and the X-Men. But but there
 

27:48.010 --> 27:50.240 align:start position:0%
Professor X and the X-Men. But but there
is<00:30:40.320><c> some</c><00:30:40.559><c> discourse</c><00:30:41.039><c> in</c><00:30:41.360><c> scientific</c><00:30:41.919><c> corners</c>

27:50.240 --> 27:50.250 align:start position:0%
is some discourse in scientific corners
 

27:50.250 --> 27:51.599 align:start position:0%
is some discourse in scientific corners
that<00:30:42.480><c> these</c><00:30:42.720><c> sharks</c><00:30:43.039><c> may</c><00:30:43.200><c> have</c><00:30:43.360><c> actually</c>

27:51.599 --> 27:51.609 align:start position:0%
that these sharks may have actually
 

27:51.609 --> 27:54.800 align:start position:0%
that these sharks may have actually
adapted<00:30:44.399><c> to</c><00:30:44.960><c> this</c><00:30:45.520><c> environment.</c><00:30:46.559><c> Something</c>

27:54.800 --> 27:54.810 align:start position:0%
adapted to this environment. Something
 

27:54.810 --> 27:56.959 align:start position:0%
adapted to this environment. Something
scientists<00:30:47.360><c> are</c><00:30:47.600><c> trying</c><00:30:47.760><c> to</c><00:30:47.919><c> work</c><00:30:48.159><c> out</c><00:30:48.480><c> as</c><00:30:48.799><c> we</c>

27:56.959 --> 27:56.969 align:start position:0%
scientists are trying to work out as we
 

27:56.969 --> 27:58.640 align:start position:0%
scientists are trying to work out as we
speak.<00:30:49.679><c> And</c><00:30:49.840><c> that's</c><00:30:50.080><c> not</c><00:30:50.240><c> all</c><00:30:50.399><c> they're</c><00:30:50.640><c> trying</c>

27:58.640 --> 27:58.650 align:start position:0%
speak. And that's not all they're trying
 

27:58.650 --> 28:01.280 align:start position:0%
speak. And that's not all they're trying
to<00:30:50.880><c> figure</c><00:30:51.039><c> out.</c><00:30:51.679><c> Even</c><00:30:52.159><c> mutant</c><00:30:52.640><c> sharks</c><00:30:53.039><c> would</c>

28:01.280 --> 28:01.290 align:start position:0%
to figure out. Even mutant sharks would
 

28:01.290 --> 28:03.280 align:start position:0%
to figure out. Even mutant sharks would
still<00:30:53.600><c> surely</c><00:30:54.000><c> get</c><00:30:54.159><c> blown</c><00:30:54.480><c> to</c><00:30:54.640><c> smitherines</c>

28:03.280 --> 28:03.290 align:start position:0%
still surely get blown to smitherines
 

28:03.290 --> 28:05.520 align:start position:0%
still surely get blown to smitherines
every<00:30:55.679><c> time</c><00:30:55.919><c> this</c><00:30:56.159><c> volcano</c><00:30:56.720><c> goes</c><00:30:57.039><c> off.</c><00:30:57.440><c> So,</c>

28:05.520 --> 28:05.530 align:start position:0%
every time this volcano goes off. So,
 

28:05.530 --> 28:07.120 align:start position:0%
every time this volcano goes off. So,
how<00:30:57.760><c> are</c><00:30:57.840><c> they</c><00:30:58.000><c> just</c><00:30:58.159><c> swimming</c><00:30:58.480><c> around</c><00:30:58.720><c> so</c>

28:07.120 --> 28:07.130 align:start position:0%
how are they just swimming around so
 

28:07.130 --> 28:09.520 align:start position:0%
how are they just swimming around so
casually?<00:31:00.399><c> Well,</c><00:31:00.720><c> scientists</c><00:31:01.120><c> are</c><00:31:01.279><c> trying</c><00:31:01.440><c> to</c>

28:09.520 --> 28:09.530 align:start position:0%
casually? Well, scientists are trying to
 

28:09.530 --> 28:11.199 align:start position:0%
casually? Well, scientists are trying to
work<00:31:01.760><c> out</c><00:31:01.919><c> whether</c><00:31:02.240><c> something</c><00:31:02.559><c> alerts</c><00:31:03.039><c> them</c>

28:11.199 --> 28:11.209 align:start position:0%
work out whether something alerts them
 

28:11.209 --> 28:13.040 align:start position:0%
work out whether something alerts them
prior<00:31:03.600><c> to</c><00:31:03.760><c> an</c><00:31:04.000><c> eruption,</c><00:31:04.559><c> a</c><00:31:04.799><c> sort</c><00:31:04.960><c> of</c>

28:13.040 --> 28:13.050 align:start position:0%
prior to an eruption, a sort of
 

28:13.050 --> 28:15.599 align:start position:0%
prior to an eruption, a sort of
underwater<00:31:05.840><c> warning</c><00:31:06.320><c> sign.</c><00:31:07.039><c> And</c><00:31:07.200><c> if</c><00:31:07.360><c> they</c><00:31:07.520><c> can</c>

28:15.599 --> 28:15.609 align:start position:0%
underwater warning sign. And if they can
 

28:15.609 --> 28:18.240 align:start position:0%
underwater warning sign. And if they can
pinpoint<00:31:08.159><c> what</c><00:31:08.480><c> that</c><00:31:08.799><c> is,</c><00:31:09.520><c> it</c><00:31:09.760><c> could</c><00:31:09.919><c> help</c><00:31:10.159><c> us</c>

28:18.240 --> 28:18.250 align:start position:0%
pinpoint what that is, it could help us
 

28:18.250 --> 28:19.920 align:start position:0%
pinpoint what that is, it could help us
predict<00:31:10.640><c> volcanic</c><00:31:11.200><c> eruptions</c><00:31:11.520><c> on</c><00:31:11.760><c> the</c>

28:19.920 --> 28:19.930 align:start position:0%
predict volcanic eruptions on the
 

28:19.930 --> 28:23.120 align:start position:0%
predict volcanic eruptions on the
surface,<00:31:12.640><c> too.</c><00:31:13.919><c> Whilst</c><00:31:14.320><c> marine</c><00:31:14.640><c> biologists</c>

28:23.120 --> 28:23.130 align:start position:0%
surface, too. Whilst marine biologists
 

28:23.130 --> 28:25.280 align:start position:0%
surface, too. Whilst marine biologists
dare<00:31:15.520><c> to</c><00:31:15.679><c> venture</c><00:31:16.159><c> closer</c><00:31:16.559><c> into</c><00:31:16.799><c> the</c><00:31:16.960><c> heart</c><00:31:17.200><c> of</c>

28:25.280 --> 28:25.290 align:start position:0%
dare to venture closer into the heart of
 

28:25.290 --> 28:27.760 align:start position:0%
dare to venture closer into the heart of
the<00:31:17.520><c> volcano</c><00:31:18.000><c> to</c><00:31:18.240><c> work</c><00:31:18.399><c> it</c><00:31:18.640><c> out,</c><00:31:19.120><c> let's</c><00:31:19.440><c> take</c><00:31:19.600><c> a</c>

28:27.760 --> 28:27.770 align:start position:0%
the volcano to work it out, let's take a
 

28:27.770 --> 28:30.079 align:start position:0%
the volcano to work it out, let's take a
step<00:31:20.000><c> back</c><00:31:20.240><c> to</c><00:31:20.399><c> look</c><00:31:20.559><c> at</c><00:31:20.720><c> how</c><00:31:21.039><c> a</c><00:31:21.360><c> sharkinfested</c>

28:30.079 --> 28:30.089 align:start position:0%
step back to look at how a sharkinfested
 

28:30.089 --> 28:33.440 align:start position:0%
step back to look at how a sharkinfested
volcano<00:31:22.720><c> came</c><00:31:22.960><c> to</c><00:31:23.120><c> be</c><00:31:23.840><c> in</c><00:31:24.080><c> the</c><00:31:24.240><c> first</c><00:31:24.480><c> place.</c>

28:33.440 --> 28:33.450 align:start position:0%
volcano came to be in the first place.
 

28:33.450 --> 28:35.920 align:start position:0%
volcano came to be in the first place.
Kavachi<00:31:26.159><c> is</c><00:31:26.320><c> a</c><00:31:26.559><c> submarine</c><00:31:27.120><c> volcano</c><00:31:27.679><c> in</c><00:31:27.840><c> the</c>

28:35.920 --> 28:35.930 align:start position:0%
Kavachi is a submarine volcano in the
 

28:35.930 --> 28:37.680 align:start position:0%
Kavachi is a submarine volcano in the
Solomon<00:31:28.399><c> Islands</c><00:31:28.720><c> in</c><00:31:28.880><c> the</c><00:31:29.120><c> southwest</c>

28:37.680 --> 28:37.690 align:start position:0%
Solomon Islands in the southwest
 

28:37.690 --> 28:39.599 align:start position:0%
Solomon Islands in the southwest
Pacific.<00:31:30.640><c> It</c><00:31:30.799><c> is</c><00:31:30.960><c> sometimes</c><00:31:31.360><c> called</c>

28:39.599 --> 28:39.609 align:start position:0%
Pacific. It is sometimes called
 

28:39.609 --> 28:42.240 align:start position:0%
Pacific. It is sometimes called
Kavachi's<00:31:32.480><c> oven,</c><00:31:33.120><c> a</c><00:31:33.360><c> reference</c><00:31:33.679><c> to</c><00:31:34.000><c> local</c>

28:42.240 --> 28:42.250 align:start position:0%
Kavachi's oven, a reference to local
 

28:42.250 --> 28:44.079 align:start position:0%
Kavachi's oven, a reference to local
tradition<00:31:34.799><c> and</c><00:31:34.960><c> the</c><00:31:35.120><c> volcano's</c><00:31:35.679><c> habit</c><00:31:35.919><c> of</c>

28:44.079 --> 28:44.089 align:start position:0%
tradition and the volcano's habit of
 

28:44.089 --> 28:46.160 align:start position:0%
tradition and the volcano's habit of
boiling<00:31:36.480><c> the</c><00:31:36.720><c> sea</c><00:31:36.960><c> above</c><00:31:37.279><c> it.</c><00:31:37.600><c> Or</c><00:31:37.760><c> it's</c><00:31:38.000><c> also</c>

28:46.160 --> 28:46.170 align:start position:0%
boiling the sea above it. Or it's also
 

28:46.170 --> 28:48.719 align:start position:0%
boiling the sea above it. Or it's also
known<00:31:38.399><c> here</c><00:31:38.559><c> on</c><00:31:38.720><c> YouTube</c><00:31:38.960><c> as</c><00:31:39.600><c> Shark</c><00:31:40.080><c> Kano.</c><00:31:40.640><c> And</c>

28:48.719 --> 28:48.729 align:start position:0%
known here on YouTube as Shark Kano. And
 

28:48.729 --> 28:51.360 align:start position:0%
known here on YouTube as Shark Kano. And
perhaps<00:31:41.200><c> now</c><00:31:41.440><c> you</c><00:31:41.600><c> can</c><00:31:41.760><c> see</c><00:31:41.919><c> why.</c><00:31:42.720><c> Its</c><00:31:42.960><c> edifice</c>

28:51.360 --> 28:51.370 align:start position:0%
perhaps now you can see why. Its edifice
 

28:51.370 --> 28:55.280 align:start position:0%
perhaps now you can see why. Its edifice
is<00:31:43.679><c> 8</c><00:31:44.000><c> km</c><00:31:44.640><c> wide</c><00:31:45.200><c> and</c><00:31:45.440><c> it</c><00:31:45.600><c> rises</c><00:31:46.000><c> 1,200</c><00:31:46.640><c> m</c><00:31:47.120><c> from</c>

28:55.280 --> 28:55.290 align:start position:0%
is 8 km wide and it rises 1,200 m from
 

28:55.290 --> 28:58.000 align:start position:0%
is 8 km wide and it rises 1,200 m from
the<00:31:47.600><c> sea</c><00:31:47.919><c> floor.</c><00:31:48.799><c> Helpfully</c><00:31:49.360><c> for</c><00:31:49.519><c> us</c><00:31:49.760><c> when</c><00:31:49.919><c> it</c>

28:58.000 --> 28:58.010 align:start position:0%
the sea floor. Helpfully for us when it
 

28:58.010 --> 28:59.920 align:start position:0%
the sea floor. Helpfully for us when it
comes<00:31:50.240><c> to</c><00:31:50.399><c> monitoring</c><00:31:50.880><c> it,</c><00:31:51.200><c> however,</c><00:31:51.679><c> its</c>

28:59.920 --> 28:59.930 align:start position:0%
comes to monitoring it, however, its
 

28:59.930 --> 29:02.800 align:start position:0%
comes to monitoring it, however, its
summit<00:31:52.399><c> remains</c><00:31:52.799><c> just</c><00:31:53.120><c> 20</c><00:31:53.440><c> m</c><00:31:53.840><c> below</c><00:31:54.559><c> sea</c>

29:02.800 --> 29:02.810 align:start position:0%
summit remains just 20 m below sea
 

29:02.810 --> 29:05.199 align:start position:0%
summit remains just 20 m below sea
level.<00:31:55.760><c> This</c><00:31:55.919><c> volcano</c><00:31:56.399><c> is</c><00:31:56.640><c> composed</c><00:31:57.039><c> from</c>

29:05.199 --> 29:05.209 align:start position:0%
level. This volcano is composed from
 

29:05.209 --> 29:07.199 align:start position:0%
level. This volcano is composed from
large<00:31:57.600><c> volumes</c><00:31:58.000><c> of</c><00:31:58.159><c> ash</c><00:31:58.640><c> in</c><00:31:58.880><c> addition</c><00:31:59.039><c> to</c>

29:07.199 --> 29:07.209 align:start position:0%
large volumes of ash in addition to
 

29:07.209 --> 29:10.079 align:start position:0%
large volumes of ash in addition to
bassalt<00:31:59.840><c> and</c><00:32:00.080><c> andesite</c><00:32:00.960><c> lava.</c><00:32:01.760><c> And</c><00:32:01.840><c> it's</c><00:32:02.000><c> the</c>

29:10.079 --> 29:10.089 align:start position:0%
bassalt and andesite lava. And it's the
 

29:10.089 --> 29:12.880 align:start position:0%
bassalt and andesite lava. And it's the
high<00:32:02.399><c> viscosity</c><00:32:03.039><c> of</c><00:32:03.279><c> that</c><00:32:03.519><c> andite</c><00:32:04.159><c> magma</c><00:32:04.640><c> that</c>

29:12.880 --> 29:12.890 align:start position:0%
high viscosity of that andite magma that
 

29:12.890 --> 29:15.680 align:start position:0%
high viscosity of that andite magma that
makes<00:32:05.200><c> this</c><00:32:05.440><c> volcano</c><00:32:05.919><c> the</c><00:32:06.320><c> most</c><00:32:06.640><c> explosive</c><00:32:07.440><c> in</c>

29:15.680 --> 29:15.690 align:start position:0%
makes this volcano the most explosive in
 

29:15.690 --> 29:18.400 align:start position:0%
makes this volcano the most explosive in
the<00:32:08.080><c> area.</c><00:32:09.120><c> When</c><00:32:09.360><c> molten</c><00:32:09.679><c> rock</c><00:32:09.919><c> at</c><00:32:10.159><c> hundreds</c>

29:18.400 --> 29:18.410 align:start position:0%
the area. When molten rock at hundreds
 

29:18.410 --> 29:20.479 align:start position:0%
the area. When molten rock at hundreds
if<00:32:10.640><c> not</c><00:32:10.880><c> thousands</c><00:32:11.360><c> of</c><00:32:11.519><c> degrees</c><00:32:11.919><c> Celsius</c>

29:20.479 --> 29:20.489 align:start position:0%
if not thousands of degrees Celsius
 

29:20.489 --> 29:23.839 align:start position:0%
if not thousands of degrees Celsius
contacts<00:32:13.200><c> seawater,</c><00:32:14.240><c> the</c><00:32:14.480><c> water</c><00:32:14.960><c> flash</c><00:32:15.360><c> boils</c>

29:23.839 --> 29:23.849 align:start position:0%
contacts seawater, the water flash boils
 

29:23.849 --> 29:26.959 align:start position:0%
contacts seawater, the water flash boils
into<00:32:16.399><c> steam.</c><00:32:17.519><c> Steam</c><00:32:17.919><c> occupies</c><00:32:18.480><c> far</c><00:32:18.799><c> more</c>

29:26.959 --> 29:26.969 align:start position:0%
into steam. Steam occupies far more
 

29:26.969 --> 29:29.280 align:start position:0%
into steam. Steam occupies far more
volume<00:32:19.440><c> than</c><00:32:19.760><c> liquid</c><00:32:20.240><c> water.</c><00:32:21.039><c> So</c><00:32:21.200><c> the</c>

29:29.280 --> 29:29.290 align:start position:0%
volume than liquid water. So the
 

29:29.290 --> 29:31.439 align:start position:0%
volume than liquid water. So the
expansion<00:32:21.919><c> can</c><00:32:22.159><c> fragment</c><00:32:22.640><c> the</c><00:32:22.880><c> magma</c><00:32:23.279><c> and</c>

29:31.439 --> 29:31.449 align:start position:0%
expansion can fragment the magma and
 

29:31.449 --> 29:34.719 align:start position:0%
expansion can fragment the magma and
blast<00:32:24.080><c> particles</c><00:32:24.799><c> upward.</c><00:32:26.000><c> The</c><00:32:26.240><c> result</c><00:32:26.559><c> is</c>

29:34.719 --> 29:34.729 align:start position:0%
blast particles upward. The result is
 

29:34.729 --> 29:37.280 align:start position:0%
blast particles upward. The result is
not<00:32:27.120><c> like</c><00:32:27.360><c> a</c><00:32:27.600><c> graceful</c><00:32:28.159><c> lava</c><00:32:28.640><c> fountain</c><00:32:29.039><c> on</c>

29:37.280 --> 29:37.290 align:start position:0%
not like a graceful lava fountain on
 

29:37.290 --> 29:39.839 align:start position:0%
not like a graceful lava fountain on
land.<00:32:30.000><c> It's</c><00:32:30.159><c> an</c><00:32:30.399><c> explosion</c><00:32:30.799><c> of</c><00:32:31.039><c> steam,</c><00:32:31.519><c> ash,</c>

29:39.839 --> 29:39.849 align:start position:0%
land. It's an explosion of steam, ash,
 

29:39.849 --> 29:42.640 align:start position:0%
land. It's an explosion of steam, ash,
shattered<00:32:32.320><c> rock,</c><00:32:32.720><c> bubbles,</c><00:32:33.279><c> and</c><00:32:33.519><c> hot</c><00:32:33.919><c> fluid</c>

29:42.640 --> 29:42.650 align:start position:0%
shattered rock, bubbles, and hot fluid
 

29:42.650 --> 29:44.959 align:start position:0%
shattered rock, bubbles, and hot fluid
all<00:32:35.039><c> fighting</c><00:32:35.600><c> through</c><00:32:36.000><c> the</c><00:32:36.240><c> weight</c><00:32:36.559><c> of</c><00:32:36.799><c> the</c>

29:44.959 --> 29:44.969 align:start position:0%
all fighting through the weight of the
 

29:44.969 --> 29:48.000 align:start position:0%
all fighting through the weight of the
ocean.<00:32:37.840><c> And</c><00:32:38.080><c> that</c><00:32:38.320><c> depth</c><00:32:38.720><c> matters</c><00:32:39.200><c> here.</c><00:32:39.840><c> If</c>

29:48.000 --> 29:48.010 align:start position:0%
ocean. And that depth matters here. If
 

29:48.010 --> 29:50.560 align:start position:0%
ocean. And that depth matters here. If
the<00:32:40.240><c> vent</c><00:32:40.559><c> is</c><00:32:40.880><c> very</c><00:32:41.360><c> deep,</c><00:32:41.919><c> the</c><00:32:42.159><c> pressure</c><00:32:42.480><c> of</c>

29:50.560 --> 29:50.570 align:start position:0%
the vent is very deep, the pressure of
 

29:50.570 --> 29:53.280 align:start position:0%
the vent is very deep, the pressure of
the<00:32:42.799><c> water</c><00:32:43.120><c> can</c><00:32:43.440><c> suppress</c><00:32:44.080><c> explosions</c><00:32:45.120><c> and</c>

29:53.280 --> 29:53.290 align:start position:0%
the water can suppress explosions and
 

29:53.290 --> 29:55.839 align:start position:0%
the water can suppress explosions and
lava<00:32:45.679><c> may</c><00:32:45.919><c> erupt</c><00:32:46.080><c> as</c><00:32:46.399><c> pillow</c><00:32:46.799><c> lavas</c><00:32:47.200><c> or</c><00:32:47.519><c> slow</c>

29:55.839 --> 29:55.849 align:start position:0%
lava may erupt as pillow lavas or slow
 

29:55.849 --> 29:58.319 align:start position:0%
lava may erupt as pillow lavas or slow
flows.<00:32:48.880><c> If</c><00:32:49.039><c> the</c><00:32:49.200><c> vent</c><00:32:49.519><c> is</c><00:32:49.760><c> shallow</c><00:32:50.159><c> though,</c>

29:58.319 --> 29:58.329 align:start position:0%
flows. If the vent is shallow though,
 

29:58.329 --> 30:00.560 align:start position:0%
flows. If the vent is shallow though,
like<00:32:50.559><c> it</c><00:32:50.720><c> is</c><00:32:50.799><c> at</c><00:32:50.960><c> Kavachi,</c><00:32:52.000><c> eruptions</c><00:32:52.399><c> can</c>

30:00.560 --> 30:00.570 align:start position:0%
like it is at Kavachi, eruptions can
 

30:00.570 --> 30:03.439 align:start position:0%
like it is at Kavachi, eruptions can
break<00:32:53.039><c> the</c><00:32:53.360><c> surface.</c><00:32:54.320><c> That's</c><00:32:54.559><c> why</c><00:32:54.799><c> Kavachi</c><00:32:55.360><c> is</c>

30:03.439 --> 30:03.449 align:start position:0%
break the surface. That's why Kavachi is
 

30:03.449 --> 30:06.319 align:start position:0%
break the surface. That's why Kavachi is
visible<00:32:55.840><c> from</c><00:32:56.159><c> space</c><00:32:56.559><c> during</c><00:32:56.960><c> active</c><00:32:57.519><c> phases.</c>

30:06.319 --> 30:06.329 align:start position:0%
visible from space during active phases.
 

30:06.329 --> 30:07.839 align:start position:0%
visible from space during active phases.
Not<00:32:58.559><c> because</c><00:32:58.799><c> we</c><00:32:59.039><c> can</c><00:32:59.120><c> see</c><00:32:59.279><c> the</c><00:32:59.440><c> lava</c>

30:07.839 --> 30:07.849 align:start position:0%
Not because we can see the lava
 

30:07.849 --> 30:09.760 align:start position:0%
Not because we can see the lava
directly,<00:33:00.559><c> but</c><00:33:00.880><c> because</c><00:33:01.120><c> we</c><00:33:01.279><c> can</c><00:33:01.440><c> see</c><00:33:01.600><c> the</c>

30:09.760 --> 30:09.770 align:start position:0%
directly, but because we can see the
 

30:09.770 --> 30:13.120 align:start position:0%
directly, but because we can see the
ocean<00:33:02.399><c> responding</c><00:33:03.039><c> to</c><00:33:03.279><c> it.</c><00:33:04.240><c> The</c><00:33:04.480><c> volcano</c>

30:13.120 --> 30:13.130 align:start position:0%
ocean responding to it. The volcano
 

30:13.130 --> 30:15.920 align:start position:0%
ocean responding to it. The volcano
essentially<00:33:05.679><c> stains</c><00:33:06.159><c> the</c><00:33:06.399><c> sea.</c><00:33:07.200><c> So</c><00:33:07.440><c> impactful</c>

30:15.920 --> 30:15.930 align:start position:0%
essentially stains the sea. So impactful
 

30:15.930 --> 30:18.079 align:start position:0%
essentially stains the sea. So impactful
is<00:33:08.240><c> this</c><00:33:08.559><c> place</c><00:33:08.960><c> that</c><00:33:09.279><c> a</c><00:33:09.440><c> fifth</c><00:33:09.760><c> of</c><00:33:09.919><c> its</c>

30:18.079 --> 30:18.089 align:start position:0%
is this place that a fifth of its
 

30:18.089 --> 30:20.079 align:start position:0%
is this place that a fifth of its
recorded<00:33:10.640><c> eruptions</c><00:33:11.039><c> have</c><00:33:11.279><c> ended</c><00:33:11.519><c> up</c><00:33:11.679><c> forming</c>

30:20.079 --> 30:20.089 align:start position:0%
recorded eruptions have ended up forming
 

30:20.089 --> 30:23.199 align:start position:0%
recorded eruptions have ended up forming
temporary<00:33:12.720><c> volcanic</c><00:33:13.519><c> islands.</c><00:33:14.799><c> And</c><00:33:15.039><c> that's</c>

30:23.199 --> 30:23.209 align:start position:0%
temporary volcanic islands. And that's
 

30:23.209 --> 30:24.640 align:start position:0%
temporary volcanic islands. And that's
one<00:33:15.440><c> of</c><00:33:15.519><c> the</c><00:33:15.679><c> strangest</c><00:33:16.080><c> things</c><00:33:16.399><c> about</c>

30:24.640 --> 30:24.650 align:start position:0%
one of the strangest things about
 

30:24.650 --> 30:27.280 align:start position:0%
one of the strangest things about
submarine<00:33:17.360><c> volcanoes.</c><00:33:18.399><c> They</c><00:33:18.640><c> can</c><00:33:18.880><c> create</c>

30:27.280 --> 30:27.290 align:start position:0%
submarine volcanoes. They can create
 

30:27.290 --> 30:30.880 align:start position:0%
submarine volcanoes. They can create
land<00:33:19.840><c> and</c><00:33:20.159><c> lose</c><00:33:20.480><c> it</c><00:33:20.960><c> almost</c><00:33:21.600><c> immediately.</c><00:33:22.720><c> A</c>

30:30.880 --> 30:30.890 align:start position:0%
land and lose it almost immediately. A
 

30:30.890 --> 30:33.120 align:start position:0%
land and lose it almost immediately. A
new<00:33:23.120><c> island</c><00:33:23.519><c> is</c><00:33:23.840><c> born,</c><00:33:24.320><c> but</c><00:33:24.480><c> if</c><00:33:24.720><c> it's</c><00:33:24.880><c> made</c><00:33:25.039><c> of</c>

30:33.120 --> 30:33.130 align:start position:0%
new island is born, but if it's made of
 

30:33.130 --> 30:35.520 align:start position:0%
new island is born, but if it's made of
loose<00:33:25.519><c> ash</c><00:33:25.760><c> and</c><00:33:26.000><c> shattered</c><00:33:26.320><c> volcanic</c><00:33:26.880><c> debris,</c>

30:35.520 --> 30:35.530 align:start position:0%
loose ash and shattered volcanic debris,
 

30:35.530 --> 30:38.400 align:start position:0%
loose ash and shattered volcanic debris,
the<00:33:27.840><c> ocean</c><00:33:28.159><c> attacks</c><00:33:28.480><c> it</c><00:33:28.720><c> from</c><00:33:29.200><c> every</c><00:33:29.679><c> side.</c>

30:38.400 --> 30:38.410 align:start position:0%
the ocean attacks it from every side.
 

30:38.410 --> 30:40.319 align:start position:0%
the ocean attacks it from every side.
Unless<00:33:30.880><c> lava</c><00:33:31.200><c> flows</c><00:33:31.519><c> weld</c><00:33:31.840><c> that</c><00:33:32.080><c> material</c>

30:40.319 --> 30:40.329 align:start position:0%
Unless lava flows weld that material
 

30:40.329 --> 30:42.640 align:start position:0%
Unless lava flows weld that material
into<00:33:32.799><c> something</c><00:33:33.120><c> strong</c><00:33:33.440><c> enough,</c><00:33:34.240><c> the</c><00:33:34.399><c> island</c>

30:42.640 --> 30:42.650 align:start position:0%
into something strong enough, the island
 

30:42.650 --> 30:45.920 align:start position:0%
into something strong enough, the island
may<00:33:34.960><c> vanish</c><00:33:35.279><c> in</c><00:33:35.519><c> weeks,</c><00:33:36.000><c> if</c><00:33:36.240><c> not</c><00:33:36.480><c> months.</c>

30:45.920 --> 30:45.930 align:start position:0%
may vanish in weeks, if not months.
 

30:45.930 --> 30:48.000 align:start position:0%
may vanish in weeks, if not months.
We<00:33:38.240><c> do</c><00:33:38.399><c> not</c><00:33:38.559><c> yet</c><00:33:38.799><c> have</c><00:33:39.039><c> all</c><00:33:39.200><c> the</c><00:33:39.440><c> answers.</c><00:33:39.919><c> But</c>

30:48.000 --> 30:48.010 align:start position:0%
We do not yet have all the answers. But
 

30:48.010 --> 30:49.839 align:start position:0%
We do not yet have all the answers. But
Kavachi<00:33:40.720><c> forces</c><00:33:41.200><c> us</c><00:33:41.360><c> to</c><00:33:41.519><c> think</c><00:33:41.679><c> about</c>

30:49.839 --> 30:49.849 align:start position:0%
Kavachi forces us to think about
 

30:49.849 --> 30:52.800 align:start position:0%
Kavachi forces us to think about
volcanoes<00:33:42.559><c> not</c><00:33:42.799><c> just</c><00:33:42.960><c> as</c><00:33:43.360><c> destroyers,</c><00:33:44.320><c> but</c><00:33:44.559><c> as</c>

30:52.800 --> 30:52.810 align:start position:0%
volcanoes not just as destroyers, but as
 

30:52.810 --> 30:55.760 align:start position:0%
volcanoes not just as destroyers, but as
creators<00:33:45.360><c> of</c><00:33:45.679><c> habitats,</c><00:33:46.799><c> hydrothermal</c>

30:55.760 --> 30:55.770 align:start position:0%
creators of habitats, hydrothermal
 

30:55.770 --> 30:58.000 align:start position:0%
creators of habitats, hydrothermal
systems<00:33:48.159><c> that</c><00:33:48.399><c> can</c><00:33:48.640><c> feed</c><00:33:49.039><c> microbial</c><00:33:49.760><c> life</c>

30:58.000 --> 30:58.010 align:start position:0%
systems that can feed microbial life
 

30:58.010 --> 31:00.160 align:start position:0%
systems that can feed microbial life
through<00:33:50.559><c> chemosynthesis.</c>

31:00.160 --> 31:00.170 align:start position:0%
through chemosynthesis.
 

31:00.170 --> 31:02.800 align:start position:0%
through chemosynthesis.
Microbes<00:33:52.880><c> support</c><00:33:53.360><c> food</c><00:33:53.679><c> webs.</c><00:33:54.320><c> Volcanic</c>

31:02.800 --> 31:02.810 align:start position:0%
Microbes support food webs. Volcanic
 

31:02.810 --> 31:05.760 align:start position:0%
Microbes support food webs. Volcanic
creators<00:33:55.360><c> can</c><00:33:55.600><c> become</c><00:33:56.159><c> ecosystems.</c><00:33:57.440><c> And</c><00:33:57.679><c> this</c>

31:05.760 --> 31:05.770 align:start position:0%
creators can become ecosystems. And this
 

31:05.770 --> 31:09.040 align:start position:0%
creators can become ecosystems. And this
one<00:33:58.000><c> is</c><00:33:58.240><c> a</c><00:33:58.480><c> living</c><00:33:58.880><c> volcanic</c><00:33:59.840><c> environment</c>

31:09.040 --> 31:09.050 align:start position:0%
one is a living volcanic environment
 

31:09.050 --> 31:11.439 align:start position:0%
one is a living volcanic environment
filled<00:34:01.360><c> with</c><00:34:01.600><c> sharks.</c><00:34:02.960><c> Look,</c><00:34:03.200><c> I'll</c><00:34:03.440><c> be</c>

31:11.439 --> 31:11.449 align:start position:0%
filled with sharks. Look, I'll be
 

31:11.449 --> 31:13.120 align:start position:0%
filled with sharks. Look, I'll be
honest.<00:34:03.840><c> At</c><00:34:04.000><c> the</c><00:34:04.159><c> start</c><00:34:04.320><c> of</c><00:34:04.480><c> this</c><00:34:04.640><c> video,</c><00:34:04.960><c> I</c>

31:13.120 --> 31:13.130 align:start position:0%
honest. At the start of this video, I
 

31:13.130 --> 31:15.040 align:start position:0%
honest. At the start of this video, I
wasn't<00:34:05.440><c> really</c><00:34:05.679><c> expecting</c><00:34:06.080><c> to</c><00:34:06.240><c> find</c><00:34:06.559><c> much</c><00:34:06.880><c> in</c>

31:15.040 --> 31:15.050 align:start position:0%
wasn't really expecting to find much in
 

31:15.050 --> 31:16.880 align:start position:0%
wasn't really expecting to find much in
common<00:34:07.360><c> between</c><00:34:07.679><c> these</c><00:34:07.919><c> weird</c><00:34:08.159><c> volcanoes.</c><00:34:08.800><c> In</c>

31:16.880 --> 31:16.890 align:start position:0%
common between these weird volcanoes. In
 

31:16.890 --> 31:18.880 align:start position:0%
common between these weird volcanoes. In
truth,<00:34:09.760><c> as</c><00:34:09.919><c> we</c><00:34:10.079><c> come</c><00:34:10.159><c> to</c><00:34:10.320><c> the</c><00:34:10.480><c> end</c><00:34:10.639><c> of</c><00:34:10.800><c> our</c>

31:18.880 --> 31:18.890 align:start position:0%
truth, as we come to the end of our
 

31:18.890 --> 31:20.559 align:start position:0%
truth, as we come to the end of our
introduction<00:34:11.440><c> to</c><00:34:11.679><c> Earth's</c><00:34:12.079><c> weirdest</c>

31:20.559 --> 31:20.569 align:start position:0%
introduction to Earth's weirdest
 

31:20.569 --> 31:23.200 align:start position:0%
introduction to Earth's weirdest
volcanoes,<00:34:13.839><c> maybe</c><00:34:14.079><c> these</c><00:34:14.480><c> four</c><00:34:14.720><c> geological</c>

31:23.200 --> 31:23.210 align:start position:0%
volcanoes, maybe these four geological
 

31:23.210 --> 31:25.120 align:start position:0%
volcanoes, maybe these four geological
oddities<00:34:15.760><c> have</c><00:34:16.000><c> more</c><00:34:16.240><c> in</c><00:34:16.399><c> common</c><00:34:16.639><c> than</c><00:34:16.879><c> I</c>

31:25.120 --> 31:25.130 align:start position:0%
oddities have more in common than I
 

31:25.130 --> 31:28.240 align:start position:0%
oddities have more in common than I
realized.<00:34:18.159><c> The</c><00:34:18.480><c> weirdest</c><00:34:19.119><c> volcanoes</c><00:34:19.760><c> are</c><00:34:20.079><c> not</c>

31:28.240 --> 31:28.250 align:start position:0%
realized. The weirdest volcanoes are not
 

31:28.250 --> 31:30.720 align:start position:0%
realized. The weirdest volcanoes are not
just<00:34:20.480><c> strange</c><00:34:20.879><c> because</c><00:34:21.119><c> they</c><00:34:21.440><c> look</c><00:34:21.839><c> dramatic.</c>

31:30.720 --> 31:30.730 align:start position:0%
just strange because they look dramatic.
 

31:30.730 --> 31:32.400 align:start position:0%
just strange because they look dramatic.
They're<00:34:23.119><c> strange</c><00:34:23.440><c> because</c><00:34:23.679><c> they</c><00:34:23.839><c> expose</c><00:34:24.240><c> the</c>

31:32.400 --> 31:32.410 align:start position:0%
They're strange because they expose the
 

31:32.410 --> 31:34.468 align:start position:0%
They're strange because they expose the
hidden<00:34:24.879><c> variables</c><00:34:25.359><c> that</c><00:34:25.679><c> control</c><00:34:26.159><c> volcanism</c>

31:34.468 --> 31:34.478 align:start position:0%
hidden variables that control volcanism
 

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hidden variables that control volcanism
[music]

31:35.039 --> 31:35.049 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

31:35.049 --> 31:37.680 align:start position:0%
[music]
everywhere.<00:34:28.320><c> Volcanoes</c><00:34:28.879><c> are</c><00:34:29.119><c> experiments</c>

31:37.680 --> 31:37.690 align:start position:0%
everywhere. Volcanoes are experiments
 

31:37.690 --> 31:39.440 align:start position:0%
everywhere. Volcanoes are experiments
run<00:34:30.079><c> by</c><00:34:30.320><c> the</c><00:34:30.480><c> Earth</c><00:34:30.800><c> under</c><00:34:31.119><c> different</c>

31:39.440 --> 31:39.450 align:start position:0%
run by the Earth under different
 

31:39.450 --> 31:41.759 align:start position:0%
run by the Earth under different
conditions.<00:34:32.399><c> And</c><00:34:32.639><c> the</c><00:34:32.800><c> weirdest</c><00:34:33.280><c> volcanoes</c>

31:41.759 --> 31:41.769 align:start position:0%
conditions. And the weirdest volcanoes
 

31:41.769 --> 31:43.759 align:start position:0%
conditions. And the weirdest volcanoes
are<00:34:34.000><c> the</c><00:34:34.159><c> ones</c><00:34:34.320><c> where</c><00:34:34.560><c> the</c><00:34:34.800><c> experiment</c><00:34:35.520><c> is</c>

31:43.759 --> 31:43.769 align:start position:0%
are the ones where the experiment is
 

31:43.769 --> 31:46.480 align:start position:0%
are the ones where the experiment is
most<00:34:36.480><c> visible.</c><00:34:37.599><c> They</c><00:34:37.839><c> show</c><00:34:38.000><c> us</c><00:34:38.159><c> that</c><00:34:38.399><c> our</c>

31:46.480 --> 31:46.490 align:start position:0%
most visible. They show us that our
 

31:46.490 --> 31:48.960 align:start position:0%
most visible. They show us that our
planet<00:34:38.879><c> is</c><00:34:39.040><c> not</c><00:34:39.440><c> static</c><00:34:39.919><c> rock</c><00:34:40.240><c> beneath</c><00:34:40.720><c> our</c>

31:48.960 --> 31:48.970 align:start position:0%
planet is not static rock beneath our
 

31:48.970 --> 31:52.319 align:start position:0%
planet is not static rock beneath our
feet.<00:34:41.839><c> It's</c><00:34:42.079><c> active,</c><00:34:42.720><c> reactive,</c><00:34:43.520><c> and</c><00:34:43.839><c> still</c>

31:52.319 --> 31:52.329 align:start position:0%
feet. It's active, reactive, and still
 

31:52.329 --> 31:54.400 align:start position:0%
feet. It's active, reactive, and still
inventing<00:34:44.960><c> landscapes</c><00:34:45.599><c> we</c><00:34:45.839><c> can</c><00:34:46.000><c> barely</c>

31:54.400 --> 31:54.410 align:start position:0%
inventing landscapes we can barely
 

31:54.410 --> 31:56.720 align:start position:0%
inventing landscapes we can barely
believe<00:34:46.879><c> are</c><00:34:47.200><c> real.</c><00:34:48.000><c> The</c><00:34:48.240><c> Earth</c><00:34:48.480><c> doesn't</c>

31:56.720 --> 31:56.730 align:start position:0%
believe are real. The Earth doesn't
 

31:56.730 --> 31:59.599 align:start position:0%
believe are real. The Earth doesn't
really<00:34:49.040><c> need</c><00:34:49.679><c> science</c><00:34:50.159><c> fiction.</c><00:34:51.040><c> We</c><00:34:51.359><c> already</c>

31:59.599 --> 31:59.609 align:start position:0%
really need science fiction. We already
 

31:59.609 --> 32:01.999 align:start position:0%
really need science fiction. We already
have<00:34:52.000><c> blue</c><00:34:52.320><c> fire,</c><00:34:52.800><c> black</c><00:34:53.119><c> lava,</c><00:34:53.520><c> lava</c><00:34:53.839><c> lakes</c>

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have blue fire, black lava, lava lakes
 

32:02.009 --> 32:04.640 align:start position:0%
have blue fire, black lava, lava lakes
in<00:34:54.240><c> Antarctica</c><00:34:54.800><c> sprouting,</c><00:34:55.359><c> gold</c><00:34:55.679><c> dust,</c><00:34:56.399><c> and</c>

32:04.640 --> 32:04.650 align:start position:0%
in Antarctica sprouting, gold dust, and
 

32:04.650 --> 32:07.920 align:start position:0%
in Antarctica sprouting, gold dust, and
shark<00:34:57.599><c> canoes.</c><00:34:58.960><c> If</c><00:34:59.200><c> you</c><00:34:59.359><c> enjoyed</c><00:34:59.599><c> this,</c>

32:07.920 --> 32:07.930 align:start position:0%
shark canoes. If you enjoyed this,
 

32:07.930 --> 32:09.840 align:start position:0%
shark canoes. If you enjoyed this,
please<00:35:00.160><c> do</c><00:35:00.400><c> subscribe</c><00:35:00.800><c> for</c><00:35:01.040><c> more</c><00:35:01.280><c> deep</c><00:35:01.599><c> dives</c>

32:09.840 --> 32:09.850 align:start position:0%
please do subscribe for more deep dives
 

32:09.850 --> 32:12.240 align:start position:0%
please do subscribe for more deep dives
into<00:35:02.160><c> the</c><00:35:02.400><c> forces</c><00:35:02.720><c> that</c><00:35:02.960><c> shape</c><00:35:03.359><c> our</c><00:35:03.680><c> planet.</c>

32:12.240 --> 32:12.250 align:start position:0%
into the forces that shape our planet.
 

32:12.250 --> 32:13.680 align:start position:0%
into the forces that shape our planet.
And<00:35:04.480><c> I'd</c><00:35:04.720><c> love</c><00:35:04.800><c> to</c><00:35:04.960><c> know</c><00:35:05.119><c> from</c><00:35:05.280><c> you</c><00:35:05.440><c> in</c><00:35:05.599><c> the</c>

32:13.680 --> 32:13.690 align:start position:0%
And I'd love to know from you in the
 

32:13.690 --> 32:15.840 align:start position:0%
And I'd love to know from you in the
comments<00:35:06.000><c> down</c><00:35:06.240><c> below</c><00:35:06.560><c> which</c><00:35:06.880><c> volcano</c><00:35:07.599><c> you</c>

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comments down below which volcano you
 

32:15.850 --> 32:18.640 align:start position:0%
comments down below which volcano you
liked<00:35:08.240><c> the</c><00:35:08.560><c> most.</c><00:35:09.200><c> Did</c><00:35:09.440><c> I</c><00:35:09.599><c> miss</c><00:35:09.839><c> one?</c><00:35:10.160><c> Does</c><00:35:10.400><c> one</c>

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liked the most. Did I miss one? Does one
 

32:18.650 --> 32:21.680 align:start position:0%
liked the most. Did I miss one? Does one
deserve<00:35:11.200><c> its</c><00:35:11.520><c> own</c><00:35:11.920><c> full</c><00:35:12.400><c> episode?</c><00:35:13.440><c> Let</c><00:35:13.680><c> me</c>

32:21.680 --> 32:21.690 align:start position:0%
deserve its own full episode? Let me
 

32:21.690 --> 32:23.440 align:start position:0%
deserve its own full episode? Let me
know<00:35:13.920><c> down</c><00:35:14.240><c> below.</c><00:35:14.640><c> And</c><00:35:14.800><c> I'll</c><00:35:15.040><c> see</c><00:35:15.119><c> you</c><00:35:15.200><c> in</c><00:35:15.359><c> the</c>

32:23.440 --> 32:23.450 align:start position:0%
know down below. And I'll see you in the
 

32:23.450 --> 32:26.529 align:start position:0%
know down below. And I'll see you in the
next<00:35:15.599><c> one.</c>