WEBVTT 00:00.880 --> 00:05.269 align:start position:0% 66<00:00:01.839> million<00:00:02.240> years<00:00:02.480> ago,<00:00:02.879> a<00:00:03.360> citysiz<00:00:04.480> asteroid 00:05.269 --> 00:05.279 align:start position:0% 66 million years ago, a citysiz asteroid 00:05.279 --> 00:07.990 align:start position:0% 66 million years ago, a citysiz asteroid slammed<00:00:06.000> into<00:00:06.400> Earth,<00:00:06.960> ending<00:00:07.279> the<00:00:07.520> reign<00:00:07.839> of 00:07.990 --> 00:08.000 align:start position:0% slammed into Earth, ending the reign of 00:08.000 --> 00:10.549 align:start position:0% slammed into Earth, ending the reign of the<00:00:08.240> dinosaurs.<00:00:09.280> The<00:00:09.519> largest<00:00:10.000> creatures 00:10.549 --> 00:10.559 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. The largest creatures 00:10.559 --> 00:13.030 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. The largest creatures ever<00:00:10.800> to<00:00:11.040> have<00:00:11.200> walked<00:00:11.519> the<00:00:11.759> planet<00:00:12.320> gone. 00:13.030 --> 00:13.040 align:start position:0% ever to have walked the planet gone. 00:13.040 --> 00:16.150 align:start position:0% ever to have walked the planet gone. Just<00:00:13.360> like<00:00:13.599> that.<00:00:14.960> It's<00:00:15.200> a<00:00:15.360> story<00:00:15.599> we're<00:00:15.920> all 00:16.150 --> 00:16.160 align:start position:0% Just like that. It's a story we're all 00:16.160 --> 00:18.630 align:start position:0% Just like that. It's a story we're all familiar<00:00:16.400> with.<00:00:16.800> One<00:00:17.119> asteroid,<00:00:17.840> cataclysmic 00:18.630 --> 00:18.640 align:start position:0% familiar with. One asteroid, cataclysmic 00:18.640 --> 00:21.349 align:start position:0% familiar with. One asteroid, cataclysmic impact,<00:00:19.199> results,<00:00:20.000> mass<00:00:20.400> extinction.<00:00:21.039> Case 00:21.349 --> 00:21.359 align:start position:0% impact, results, mass extinction. Case 00:21.359 --> 00:24.390 align:start position:0% impact, results, mass extinction. Case closed,<00:00:22.320> right?<00:00:23.439> Well,<00:00:23.680> what<00:00:23.840> have<00:00:23.920> I<00:00:24.160> told 00:24.390 --> 00:24.400 align:start position:0% closed, right? Well, what have I told 00:24.400 --> 00:27.029 align:start position:0% closed, right? Well, what have I told you?<00:00:24.720> We've<00:00:25.039> been<00:00:25.199> telling<00:00:25.519> this<00:00:25.840> tale<00:00:26.400> all 00:27.029 --> 00:27.039 align:start position:0% you? We've been telling this tale all 00:27.039 --> 00:30.550 align:start position:0% you? We've been telling this tale all wrong.<00:00:28.320> New<00:00:28.560> discoveries<00:00:29.279> on<00:00:29.599> the<00:00:29.760> ground, 00:30.550 --> 00:30.560 align:start position:0% wrong. New discoveries on the ground, 00:30.560 --> 00:32.229 align:start position:0% wrong. New discoveries on the ground, scientific<00:00:31.279> breakthroughs,<00:00:31.920> and 00:32.229 --> 00:32.239 align:start position:0% scientific breakthroughs, and 00:32.239 --> 00:33.990 align:start position:0% scientific breakthroughs, and cuttingedge<00:00:33.040> technology<00:00:33.680> are 00:33.990 --> 00:34.000 align:start position:0% cuttingedge technology are 00:34.000 --> 00:36.790 align:start position:0% cuttingedge technology are revolutionizing<00:00:35.360> our<00:00:35.760> understanding<00:00:36.320> of<00:00:36.559> the 00:36.790 --> 00:36.800 align:start position:0% revolutionizing our understanding of the 00:36.800 --> 00:39.830 align:start position:0% revolutionizing our understanding of the events<00:00:37.440> from<00:00:37.760> that<00:00:38.079> fateful<00:00:38.719> day.<00:00:39.440> And<00:00:39.600> it 00:39.830 --> 00:39.840 align:start position:0% events from that fateful day. And it 00:39.840 --> 00:41.910 align:start position:0% events from that fateful day. And it turns<00:00:40.079> out<00:00:40.320> there's<00:00:40.719> much<00:00:40.960> more<00:00:41.200> to<00:00:41.440> it<00:00:41.680> than 00:41.910 --> 00:41.920 align:start position:0% turns out there's much more to it than 00:41.920 --> 00:45.270 align:start position:0% turns out there's much more to it than we<00:00:42.320> thought.<00:00:43.600> When<00:00:43.840> the<00:00:44.000> asteroid<00:00:44.640> hit,<00:00:44.960> was 00:45.270 --> 00:45.280 align:start position:0% we thought. When the asteroid hit, was 00:45.280 --> 00:48.950 align:start position:0% we thought. When the asteroid hit, was Earth<00:00:45.680> already<00:00:46.160> a<00:00:46.480> planet<00:00:46.960> in<00:00:47.360> crisis?<00:00:48.640> Did 00:48.950 --> 00:48.960 align:start position:0% Earth already a planet in crisis? Did 00:48.960 --> 00:51.510 align:start position:0% Earth already a planet in crisis? Did another<00:00:49.520> catastrophic<00:00:50.239> event<00:00:50.640> add<00:00:51.039> to<00:00:51.280> the 00:51.510 --> 00:51.520 align:start position:0% another catastrophic event add to the 00:51.520 --> 00:54.950 align:start position:0% another catastrophic event add to the terror?<00:00:52.960> And<00:00:53.280> were<00:00:53.520> there<00:00:53.680> any<00:00:54.000> survivors 00:54.950 --> 00:54.960 align:start position:0% terror? And were there any survivors 00:54.960 --> 00:57.830 align:start position:0% terror? And were there any survivors after<00:00:55.280> all? 00:57.830 --> 00:57.840 align:start position:0% after all? 00:57.840 --> 00:59.510 align:start position:0% after all? I'm<00:00:58.160> James<00:00:58.480> Stewart<00:00:58.879> and<00:00:59.039> you're<00:00:59.199> watching 00:59.510 --> 00:59.520 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart and you're watching 00:59.520 --> 01:02.150 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart and you're watching Astramm<00:01:00.160> Earth.<00:01:01.039> Join<00:01:01.359> me<00:01:01.520> today<00:01:01.680> as<00:01:01.920> we 01:02.150 --> 01:02.160 align:start position:0% Astramm Earth. Join me today as we 01:02.160 --> 01:04.789 align:start position:0% Astramm Earth. Join me today as we travel<00:01:02.559> back<00:01:02.800> in<00:01:03.039> time<00:01:03.359> to<00:01:03.600> investigate<00:01:04.320> what 01:04.789 --> 01:04.799 align:start position:0% travel back in time to investigate what 01:04.799 --> 01:07.750 align:start position:0% travel back in time to investigate what really<00:01:05.360> killed<00:01:05.840> the<00:01:06.080> dinosaurs.<00:01:07.280> We'll<00:01:07.520> take 01:07.750 --> 01:07.760 align:start position:0% really killed the dinosaurs. We'll take 01:07.760 --> 01:09.910 align:start position:0% really killed the dinosaurs. We'll take stock<00:01:08.000> of<00:01:08.320> all<00:01:08.720> the<00:01:08.960> evidence<00:01:09.360> to<00:01:09.600> bring<00:01:09.760> you 01:09.910 --> 01:09.920 align:start position:0% stock of all the evidence to bring you 01:09.920 --> 01:12.710 align:start position:0% stock of all the evidence to bring you the<00:01:10.240> ultimate<00:01:10.640> guide<00:01:10.960> to<00:01:11.280> their<00:01:11.520> downfall. 01:12.710 --> 01:12.720 align:start position:0% the ultimate guide to their downfall. 01:12.720 --> 01:15.109 align:start position:0% the ultimate guide to their downfall. But<00:01:12.880> be<00:01:13.119> warned,<00:01:13.840> science<00:01:14.400> might<00:01:14.640> not<00:01:14.960> tell 01:15.109 --> 01:15.119 align:start position:0% But be warned, science might not tell 01:15.119 --> 01:19.270 align:start position:0% But be warned, science might not tell you<00:01:15.280> the<00:01:15.520> tale<00:01:16.159> you're<00:01:16.560> used<00:01:16.799> to. 01:19.270 --> 01:19.280 align:start position:0% you the tale you're used to. 01:19.280 --> 01:21.350 align:start position:0% you the tale you're used to. We<00:01:19.600> modern<00:01:20.000> humans<00:01:20.400> have<00:01:20.560> existed<00:01:20.960> for<00:01:21.200> a 01:21.350 --> 01:21.360 align:start position:0% We modern humans have existed for a 01:21.360 --> 01:24.469 align:start position:0% We modern humans have existed for a reasonably<00:01:21.920> long<00:01:22.240> time,<00:01:22.720> around<00:01:23.200> 300,000 01:24.469 --> 01:24.479 align:start position:0% reasonably long time, around 300,000 01:24.479 --> 01:27.510 align:start position:0% reasonably long time, around 300,000 years.<00:01:25.360> But<00:01:25.520> on<00:01:25.840> evolutionary<00:01:26.720> time<00:01:27.040> scales, 01:27.510 --> 01:27.520 align:start position:0% years. But on evolutionary time scales, 01:27.520 --> 01:30.310 align:start position:0% years. But on evolutionary time scales, that<00:01:27.759> really<00:01:28.000> is<00:01:28.400> well<00:01:28.799> nothing.<00:01:29.680> Dinosaurs 01:30.310 --> 01:30.320 align:start position:0% that really is well nothing. Dinosaurs 01:30.320 --> 01:33.030 align:start position:0% that really is well nothing. Dinosaurs walked<00:01:30.640> the<00:01:30.720> earth<00:01:30.880> for<00:01:31.040> some<00:01:31.840> 180<00:01:32.479> million 01:33.030 --> 01:33.040 align:start position:0% walked the earth for some 180 million 01:33.040 --> 01:35.350 align:start position:0% walked the earth for some 180 million years.<00:01:33.920> Completely<00:01:34.479> dominating<00:01:34.960> the<00:01:35.200> land 01:35.350 --> 01:35.360 align:start position:0% years. Completely dominating the land 01:35.360 --> 01:39.109 align:start position:0% years. Completely dominating the land for60<00:01:36.560> million<00:01:36.799> of<00:01:37.040> them.<00:01:37.600> That's<00:01:38.079> 500<00:01:38.720> times 01:39.109 --> 01:39.119 align:start position:0% for60 million of them. That's 500 times 01:39.119 --> 01:42.069 align:start position:0% for60 million of them. That's 500 times longer<00:01:39.520> than<00:01:39.840> we've<00:01:40.320> been<00:01:40.560> here.<00:01:41.360> They<00:01:41.759> really 01:42.069 --> 01:42.079 align:start position:0% longer than we've been here. They really 01:42.079 --> 01:44.469 align:start position:0% longer than we've been here. They really did<00:01:42.320> seem<00:01:42.799> unstoppable. 01:44.469 --> 01:44.479 align:start position:0% did seem unstoppable. 01:44.479 --> 01:47.510 align:start position:0% did seem unstoppable. Yet<00:01:45.200> 66<00:01:45.840> million<00:01:46.159> years<00:01:46.320> ago,<00:01:46.799> somewhere<00:01:47.280> in 01:47.510 --> 01:47.520 align:start position:0% Yet 66 million years ago, somewhere in 01:47.520 --> 01:50.389 align:start position:0% Yet 66 million years ago, somewhere in the<00:01:47.680> darkness<00:01:48.159> of<00:01:48.399> space,<00:01:49.520> an<00:01:49.759> object<00:01:50.079> was<00:01:50.240> on 01:50.389 --> 01:50.399 align:start position:0% the darkness of space, an object was on 01:50.399 --> 01:52.870 align:start position:0% the darkness of space, an object was on its<00:01:50.560> way<00:01:50.720> that<00:01:50.960> had<00:01:51.119> the<00:01:51.439> power<00:01:51.759> to<00:01:52.079> wipe<00:01:52.479> them 01:52.870 --> 01:52.880 align:start position:0% its way that had the power to wipe them 01:52.880 --> 01:54.310 align:start position:0% its way that had the power to wipe them out. 01:54.310 --> 01:54.320 align:start position:0% out. 01:54.320 --> 01:56.069 align:start position:0% out. We've<00:01:54.640> known<00:01:54.799> the<00:01:55.119> broad<00:01:55.360> outline<00:01:55.680> of<00:01:55.840> this 01:56.069 --> 01:56.079 align:start position:0% We've known the broad outline of this 01:56.079 --> 01:58.550 align:start position:0% We've known the broad outline of this story<00:01:56.399> for<00:01:56.720> decades,<00:01:57.600> but<00:01:57.840> scientists<00:01:58.399> are 01:58.550 --> 01:58.560 align:start position:0% story for decades, but scientists are 01:58.560 --> 02:00.230 align:start position:0% story for decades, but scientists are still<00:01:58.799> piecing<00:01:59.200> together<00:01:59.520> the<00:01:59.759> evidence<00:02:00.000> to 02:00.230 --> 02:00.240 align:start position:0% still piecing together the evidence to 02:00.240 --> 02:03.270 align:start position:0% still piecing together the evidence to work<00:02:00.479> out<00:02:00.880> exactly<00:02:01.840> what<00:02:02.240> happened<00:02:02.719> on<00:02:02.960> that 02:03.270 --> 02:03.280 align:start position:0% work out exactly what happened on that 02:03.280 --> 02:06.069 align:start position:0% work out exactly what happened on that fateful<00:02:03.840> day.<00:02:04.719> And<00:02:04.880> the<00:02:05.119> closer<00:02:05.520> they<00:02:05.680> look, 02:06.069 --> 02:06.079 align:start position:0% fateful day. And the closer they look, 02:06.079 --> 02:09.190 align:start position:0% fateful day. And the closer they look, the<00:02:06.240> more<00:02:06.719> complicated<00:02:07.360> the<00:02:07.600> narrative<00:02:08.160> gets. 02:09.190 --> 02:09.200 align:start position:0% the more complicated the narrative gets. 02:09.200 --> 02:11.670 align:start position:0% the more complicated the narrative gets. There<00:02:09.440> are<00:02:09.599> holes<00:02:10.000> in<00:02:10.239> the<00:02:10.479> story,<00:02:10.959> clues<00:02:11.360> that 02:11.670 --> 02:11.680 align:start position:0% There are holes in the story, clues that 02:11.680 --> 02:14.309 align:start position:0% There are holes in the story, clues that simply<00:02:12.160> don't<00:02:12.480> add<00:02:12.720> up.<00:02:13.280> And<00:02:13.440> it's<00:02:13.760> planted 02:14.309 --> 02:14.319 align:start position:0% simply don't add up. And it's planted 02:14.319 --> 02:18.309 align:start position:0% simply don't add up. And it's planted seeds<00:02:14.800> of<00:02:15.040> doubt.<00:02:16.080> Could<00:02:17.360> one<00:02:17.760> simple 02:18.309 --> 02:18.319 align:start position:0% seeds of doubt. Could one simple 02:18.319 --> 02:20.869 align:start position:0% seeds of doubt. Could one simple asteroid<00:02:19.120> truly<00:02:19.680> have<00:02:19.920> wiped<00:02:20.319> out<00:02:20.560> the 02:20.869 --> 02:20.879 align:start position:0% asteroid truly have wiped out the 02:20.879 --> 02:25.030 align:start position:0% asteroid truly have wiped out the largest<00:02:21.360> beasts<00:02:21.840> ever<00:02:22.160> to<00:02:22.400> warp<00:02:22.640> the<00:02:22.879> Earth? 02:25.030 --> 02:25.040 align:start position:0% largest beasts ever to warp the Earth? 02:25.040 --> 02:27.110 align:start position:0% largest beasts ever to warp the Earth? If<00:02:25.280> we<00:02:25.440> want<00:02:25.520> to<00:02:25.680> tell<00:02:25.840> a<00:02:26.080> story<00:02:26.239> of<00:02:26.640> ancient 02:27.110 --> 02:27.120 align:start position:0% If we want to tell a story of ancient 02:27.120 --> 02:29.350 align:start position:0% If we want to tell a story of ancient Earth,<00:02:27.520> the<00:02:27.760> best<00:02:27.920> place<00:02:28.160> to<00:02:28.319> find<00:02:28.560> it<00:02:28.800> is<00:02:29.040> in 02:29.350 --> 02:29.360 align:start position:0% Earth, the best place to find it is in 02:29.360 --> 02:32.470 align:start position:0% Earth, the best place to find it is in the<00:02:29.599> ground<00:02:30.000> itself.<00:02:31.280> Every<00:02:31.680> sediment<00:02:32.319> layer 02:32.470 --> 02:32.480 align:start position:0% the ground itself. Every sediment layer 02:32.480 --> 02:34.390 align:start position:0% the ground itself. Every sediment layer acts<00:02:32.800> like<00:02:32.959> a<00:02:33.200> different<00:02:33.519> chapter<00:02:33.920> in<00:02:34.160> the 02:34.390 --> 02:34.400 align:start position:0% acts like a different chapter in the 02:34.400 --> 02:36.869 align:start position:0% acts like a different chapter in the tale.<00:02:35.280> And<00:02:35.519> locked<00:02:35.840> within<00:02:36.160> the<00:02:36.319> rocks<00:02:36.640> of 02:36.869 --> 02:36.879 align:start position:0% tale. And locked within the rocks of 02:36.879 --> 02:39.589 align:start position:0% tale. And locked within the rocks of every<00:02:37.280> continent<00:02:37.920> is<00:02:38.400> one<00:02:38.720> page.<00:02:39.200> I<00:02:39.360> mean, 02:39.589 --> 02:39.599 align:start position:0% every continent is one page. I mean, 02:39.599 --> 02:41.589 align:start position:0% every continent is one page. I mean, quite<00:02:39.840> literally,<00:02:40.400> a<00:02:40.720> thin<00:02:41.200> layer<00:02:41.360> of 02:41.589 --> 02:41.599 align:start position:0% quite literally, a thin layer of 02:41.599 --> 02:43.589 align:start position:0% quite literally, a thin layer of sediment<00:02:42.000> that<00:02:42.239> marks<00:02:42.480> the<00:02:42.720> boundary<00:02:43.200> between 02:43.589 --> 02:43.599 align:start position:0% sediment that marks the boundary between 02:43.599 --> 02:46.550 align:start position:0% sediment that marks the boundary between two<00:02:43.920> worlds.<00:02:44.800> Above<00:02:45.120> the<00:02:45.360> line,<00:02:45.680> a<00:02:45.920> new<00:02:46.239> world 02:46.550 --> 02:46.560 align:start position:0% two worlds. Above the line, a new world 02:46.560 --> 02:49.830 align:start position:0% two worlds. Above the line, a new world begins.<00:02:47.519> Below<00:02:47.840> it<00:02:48.400> is<00:02:48.640> the<00:02:48.879> lost<00:02:49.200> world<00:02:49.599> of 02:49.830 --> 02:49.840 align:start position:0% begins. Below it is the lost world of 02:49.840 --> 02:52.150 align:start position:0% begins. Below it is the lost world of the<00:02:50.080> dinosaurs. 02:52.150 --> 02:52.160 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. 02:52.160 --> 02:54.630 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. This<00:02:52.400> mysterious<00:02:53.200> dark<00:02:53.599> gray<00:02:54.000> band<00:02:54.319> of 02:54.630 --> 02:54.640 align:start position:0% This mysterious dark gray band of 02:54.640 --> 02:57.830 align:start position:0% This mysterious dark gray band of sediment<00:02:55.280> circles<00:02:55.840> the<00:02:56.239> entire<00:02:56.879> globe,<00:02:57.599> a 02:57.830 --> 02:57.840 align:start position:0% sediment circles the entire globe, a 02:57.840 --> 02:59.350 align:start position:0% sediment circles the entire globe, a record<00:02:58.160> that's<00:02:58.400> been<00:02:58.640> preserved<00:02:59.040> for 02:59.350 --> 02:59.360 align:start position:0% record that's been preserved for 02:59.360 --> 03:01.990 align:start position:0% record that's been preserved for millions<00:02:59.840> of<00:03:00.080> years.<00:03:01.280> It's<00:03:01.599> called<00:03:01.760> the 03:01.990 --> 03:02.000 align:start position:0% millions of years. It's called the 03:02.000 --> 03:05.509 align:start position:0% millions of years. It's called the Cretaceous<00:03:02.800> Paleogene<00:03:03.680> boundary<00:03:04.159> or<00:03:04.560> KPG 03:05.509 --> 03:05.519 align:start position:0% Cretaceous Paleogene boundary or KPG 03:05.519 --> 03:07.990 align:start position:0% Cretaceous Paleogene boundary or KPG boundary<00:03:06.080> for<00:03:06.400> short<00:03:07.120> and<00:03:07.360> was<00:03:07.599> discovered 03:07.990 --> 03:08.000 align:start position:0% boundary for short and was discovered 03:08.000 --> 03:10.869 align:start position:0% boundary for short and was discovered back<00:03:08.239> in<00:03:08.480> 1979<00:03:09.440> by<00:03:09.680> a<00:03:09.840> father<00:03:10.239> and<00:03:10.480> son 03:10.869 --> 03:10.879 align:start position:0% back in 1979 by a father and son 03:10.879 --> 03:14.470 align:start position:0% back in 1979 by a father and son geologist<00:03:11.680> duo<00:03:12.560> Louie<00:03:12.959> and<00:03:13.280> Walter<00:03:13.680> Alvarez 03:14.470 --> 03:14.480 align:start position:0% geologist duo Louie and Walter Alvarez 03:14.480 --> 03:16.550 align:start position:0% geologist duo Louie and Walter Alvarez who<00:03:14.720> were<00:03:14.879> just<00:03:15.120> out<00:03:15.360> collecting<00:03:15.760> rocks<00:03:16.080> in<00:03:16.319> an 03:16.550 --> 03:16.560 align:start position:0% who were just out collecting rocks in an 03:16.560 --> 03:19.830 align:start position:0% who were just out collecting rocks in an Italian<00:03:17.360> gorge.<00:03:18.560> What<00:03:18.800> they<00:03:19.040> found<00:03:19.360> inside 03:19.830 --> 03:19.840 align:start position:0% Italian gorge. What they found inside 03:19.840 --> 03:21.430 align:start position:0% Italian gorge. What they found inside this<00:03:20.319> layer<00:03:20.480> would<00:03:20.720> change<00:03:21.040> our 03:21.430 --> 03:21.440 align:start position:0% this layer would change our 03:21.440 --> 03:23.670 align:start position:0% this layer would change our understanding<00:03:21.920> of<00:03:22.239> Earth's<00:03:22.720> history<00:03:23.200> and<00:03:23.519> of 03:23.670 --> 03:23.680 align:start position:0% understanding of Earth's history and of 03:23.680 --> 03:26.550 align:start position:0% understanding of Earth's history and of extinction<00:03:24.239> events<00:03:24.879> forever.<00:03:26.000> because<00:03:26.239> the 03:26.550 --> 03:26.560 align:start position:0% extinction events forever. because the 03:26.560 --> 03:28.149 align:start position:0% extinction events forever. because the layer<00:03:26.720> was<00:03:26.959> curiously<00:03:27.519> enriched<00:03:27.840> with 03:28.149 --> 03:28.159 align:start position:0% layer was curiously enriched with 03:28.159 --> 03:30.710 align:start position:0% layer was curiously enriched with unusually<00:03:28.720> high<00:03:29.040> levels<00:03:29.360> of<00:03:29.599> aridium,<00:03:30.480> a 03:30.710 --> 03:30.720 align:start position:0% unusually high levels of aridium, a 03:30.720 --> 03:33.110 align:start position:0% unusually high levels of aridium, a metal<00:03:31.120> usually<00:03:31.599> vanishingly<00:03:32.319> rare<00:03:32.720> in 03:33.110 --> 03:33.120 align:start position:0% metal usually vanishingly rare in 03:33.120 --> 03:35.830 align:start position:0% metal usually vanishingly rare in Earth's<00:03:33.680> crust.<00:03:34.720> So,<00:03:35.040> how<00:03:35.280> did<00:03:35.440> all<00:03:35.680> that 03:35.830 --> 03:35.840 align:start position:0% Earth's crust. So, how did all that 03:35.840 --> 03:38.949 align:start position:0% Earth's crust. So, how did all that aridium<00:03:36.480> get<00:03:36.799> here?<00:03:37.280> Well,<00:03:37.519> that<00:03:37.840> I<00:03:38.080> suspect 03:38.949 --> 03:38.959 align:start position:0% aridium get here? Well, that I suspect 03:38.959 --> 03:41.910 align:start position:0% aridium get here? Well, that I suspect you<00:03:39.200> already<00:03:39.519> know<00:03:39.680> the<00:03:39.920> answer<00:03:40.159> to. 03:41.910 --> 03:41.920 align:start position:0% you already know the answer to. 03:41.920 --> 03:44.550 align:start position:0% you already know the answer to. Idium<00:03:42.480> is<00:03:42.640> very<00:03:42.959> common<00:03:43.200> in<00:03:43.519> meteorites<00:03:44.159> and 03:44.550 --> 03:44.560 align:start position:0% Idium is very common in meteorites and 03:44.560 --> 03:47.030 align:start position:0% Idium is very common in meteorites and comets.<00:03:45.360> And<00:03:45.519> the<00:03:45.760> discovery<00:03:46.239> of<00:03:46.400> this<00:03:46.879> layer 03:47.030 --> 03:47.040 align:start position:0% comets. And the discovery of this layer 03:47.040 --> 03:49.589 align:start position:0% comets. And the discovery of this layer was<00:03:47.200> the<00:03:47.519> smoking<00:03:48.159> gun<00:03:48.560> linking<00:03:48.879> a<00:03:49.200> giant 03:49.589 --> 03:49.599 align:start position:0% was the smoking gun linking a giant 03:49.599 --> 03:51.750 align:start position:0% was the smoking gun linking a giant asteroid<00:03:50.400> to<00:03:50.640> the<00:03:50.879> mass<00:03:51.120> extinction<00:03:51.519> that 03:51.750 --> 03:51.760 align:start position:0% asteroid to the mass extinction that 03:51.760 --> 03:54.309 align:start position:0% asteroid to the mass extinction that ended<00:03:52.000> the<00:03:52.159> age<00:03:52.400> of<00:03:52.560> the<00:03:52.799> dinosaurs. 03:54.309 --> 03:54.319 align:start position:0% ended the age of the dinosaurs. 03:54.319 --> 03:56.309 align:start position:0% ended the age of the dinosaurs. And<00:03:54.560> this<00:03:54.720> wasn't<00:03:55.040> just<00:03:55.200> any<00:03:55.440> old<00:03:55.680> asteroid. 03:56.309 --> 03:56.319 align:start position:0% And this wasn't just any old asteroid. 03:56.319 --> 03:58.470 align:start position:0% And this wasn't just any old asteroid. This<00:03:56.480> one<00:03:56.640> was<00:03:56.799> the<00:03:57.040> size<00:03:57.280> of<00:03:57.439> a<00:03:57.760> city, 03:58.470 --> 03:58.480 align:start position:0% This one was the size of a city, 03:58.480 --> 04:02.390 align:start position:0% This one was the size of a city, traveling<00:03:58.879> at<00:03:59.200> 72,000<00:04:00.640> km<00:04:01.280> per<00:04:01.519> hour,<00:04:02.000> faster 04:02.390 --> 04:02.400 align:start position:0% traveling at 72,000 km per hour, faster 04:02.400 --> 04:05.429 align:start position:0% traveling at 72,000 km per hour, faster than<00:04:02.560> a<00:04:02.799> bullet.<00:04:03.920> It<00:04:04.239> slammed<00:04:04.720> into<00:04:05.040> what<00:04:05.280> is 04:05.429 --> 04:05.439 align:start position:0% than a bullet. It slammed into what is 04:05.439 --> 04:08.309 align:start position:0% than a bullet. It slammed into what is now<00:04:05.599> the<00:04:05.760> Yucatan<00:04:06.319> Peninsula<00:04:06.879> in<00:04:07.200> Mexico.<00:04:08.080> The 04:08.309 --> 04:08.319 align:start position:0% now the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The 04:08.319 --> 04:10.390 align:start position:0% now the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The impact<00:04:08.799> unleashed<00:04:09.439> more<00:04:09.760> energy<00:04:10.159> than 04:10.390 --> 04:10.400 align:start position:0% impact unleashed more energy than 04:10.400 --> 04:13.190 align:start position:0% impact unleashed more energy than humanity's<00:04:11.280> entire<00:04:11.920> nuclear<00:04:12.480> arsenal 04:13.190 --> 04:13.200 align:start position:0% humanity's entire nuclear arsenal 04:13.200 --> 04:15.589 align:start position:0% humanity's entire nuclear arsenal combined.<00:04:14.239> As<00:04:14.480> you<00:04:14.640> can<00:04:14.799> imagine,<00:04:15.280> that 04:15.589 --> 04:15.599 align:start position:0% combined. As you can imagine, that 04:15.599 --> 04:18.629 align:start position:0% combined. As you can imagine, that certainly<00:04:16.000> left<00:04:16.320> its<00:04:16.720> mark.<00:04:17.680> Hidden<00:04:18.079> beneath 04:18.629 --> 04:18.639 align:start position:0% certainly left its mark. Hidden beneath 04:18.639 --> 04:21.270 align:start position:0% certainly left its mark. Hidden beneath layers<00:04:18.799> of<00:04:19.040> rock<00:04:19.440> and<00:04:19.759> sediment<00:04:20.639> lies<00:04:20.959> a 04:21.270 --> 04:21.280 align:start position:0% layers of rock and sediment lies a 04:21.280 --> 04:25.430 align:start position:0% layers of rock and sediment lies a colossal<00:04:21.840> crater<00:04:22.320> nearly<00:04:22.880> 200<00:04:23.600> km<00:04:24.320> wide<00:04:24.960> and 04:25.430 --> 04:25.440 align:start position:0% colossal crater nearly 200 km wide and 04:25.440 --> 04:29.590 align:start position:0% colossal crater nearly 200 km wide and 20<00:04:25.759> km<00:04:26.479> deep.<00:04:27.360> For<00:04:27.840> 66<00:04:28.639> million<00:04:29.040> years,<00:04:29.360> it 04:29.590 --> 04:29.600 align:start position:0% 20 km deep. For 66 million years, it 04:29.600 --> 04:32.469 align:start position:0% 20 km deep. For 66 million years, it remained<00:04:30.000> buried<00:04:30.560> and<00:04:30.960> forgotten.<00:04:32.080> And<00:04:32.240> then 04:32.469 --> 04:32.479 align:start position:0% remained buried and forgotten. And then 04:32.479 --> 04:34.310 align:start position:0% remained buried and forgotten. And then in<00:04:32.800> 1991, 04:34.310 --> 04:34.320 align:start position:0% in 1991, 04:34.320 --> 04:36.230 align:start position:0% in 1991, geologists<00:04:34.960> searching<00:04:35.360> for<00:04:35.600> oil 04:36.230 --> 04:36.240 align:start position:0% geologists searching for oil 04:36.240 --> 04:39.270 align:start position:0% geologists searching for oil accidentally<00:04:36.880> stumbled<00:04:37.360> across<00:04:37.759> it. 04:39.270 --> 04:39.280 align:start position:0% accidentally stumbled across it. 04:39.280 --> 04:41.189 align:start position:0% accidentally stumbled across it. Named<00:04:39.600> the<00:04:39.840> Chickixaloo<00:04:40.560> Crater<00:04:40.960> and 04:41.189 --> 04:41.199 align:start position:0% Named the Chickixaloo Crater and 04:41.199 --> 04:43.990 align:start position:0% Named the Chickixaloo Crater and nicknamed<00:04:41.840> Crater<00:04:42.320> of<00:04:42.560> Doom,<00:04:43.360> it<00:04:43.600> is<00:04:43.759> one<00:04:43.919> of 04:43.990 --> 04:44.000 align:start position:0% nicknamed Crater of Doom, it is one of 04:44.000 --> 04:45.909 align:start position:0% nicknamed Crater of Doom, it is one of the<00:04:44.320> most<00:04:44.800> important<00:04:45.360> geological 04:45.909 --> 04:45.919 align:start position:0% the most important geological 04:45.919 --> 04:48.390 align:start position:0% the most important geological discoveries<00:04:46.560> ever<00:04:46.880> made.<00:04:47.759> Not<00:04:48.000> because<00:04:48.240> of 04:48.390 --> 04:48.400 align:start position:0% discoveries ever made. Not because of 04:48.400 --> 04:50.310 align:start position:0% discoveries ever made. Not because of its<00:04:48.720> size,<00:04:49.120> but<00:04:49.440> because<00:04:49.600> of<00:04:49.759> what<00:04:50.000> it 04:50.310 --> 04:50.320 align:start position:0% its size, but because of what it 04:50.320 --> 04:51.909 align:start position:0% its size, but because of what it contains. 04:51.909 --> 04:51.919 align:start position:0% contains. 04:51.919 --> 04:53.990 align:start position:0% contains. Every<00:04:52.320> stage<00:04:52.720> of<00:04:52.880> this<00:04:53.199> catastrophic 04:53.990 --> 04:54.000 align:start position:0% Every stage of this catastrophic 04:54.000 --> 04:55.909 align:start position:0% Every stage of this catastrophic asteroid<00:04:54.479> impact<00:04:54.880> left<00:04:55.120> a<00:04:55.360> physical 04:55.909 --> 04:55.919 align:start position:0% asteroid impact left a physical 04:55.919 --> 04:58.469 align:start position:0% asteroid impact left a physical signature<00:04:56.400> in<00:04:56.720> the<00:04:56.880> rock<00:04:57.520> layers.<00:04:58.160> It's<00:04:58.320> like 04:58.469 --> 04:58.479 align:start position:0% signature in the rock layers. It's like 04:58.479 --> 05:01.749 align:start position:0% signature in the rock layers. It's like a<00:04:58.720> time<00:04:59.040> capsule<00:04:59.440> we<00:04:59.759> can<00:04:59.840> peer<00:05:00.320> inside<00:05:00.800> of. 05:01.749 --> 05:01.759 align:start position:0% a time capsule we can peer inside of. 05:01.759 --> 05:04.150 align:start position:0% a time capsule we can peer inside of. Professor<00:05:02.320> Joanna<00:05:02.880> Morgan<00:05:03.280> from<00:05:03.520> Imperial 05:04.150 --> 05:04.160 align:start position:0% Professor Joanna Morgan from Imperial 05:04.160 --> 05:06.710 align:start position:0% Professor Joanna Morgan from Imperial College<00:05:04.560> London<00:05:04.960> and<00:05:05.280> her<00:05:05.520> team<00:05:06.080> have<00:05:06.320> drilled 05:06.710 --> 05:06.720 align:start position:0% College London and her team have drilled 05:06.720 --> 05:09.110 align:start position:0% College London and her team have drilled nearly<00:05:07.039> a<00:05:07.360> mile<00:05:07.680> into<00:05:08.000> the<00:05:08.160> inner<00:05:08.479> ring<00:05:08.720> of<00:05:08.880> the 05:09.110 --> 05:09.120 align:start position:0% nearly a mile into the inner ring of the 05:09.120 --> 05:11.350 align:start position:0% nearly a mile into the inner ring of the crater<00:05:09.520> and<00:05:09.840> reconstructed<00:05:11.039> an 05:11.350 --> 05:11.360 align:start position:0% crater and reconstructed an 05:11.360 --> 05:13.749 align:start position:0% crater and reconstructed an extraordinary<00:05:12.080> story.<00:05:12.960> A<00:05:13.199> sequence<00:05:13.520> of 05:13.749 --> 05:13.759 align:start position:0% extraordinary story. A sequence of 05:13.759 --> 05:16.629 align:start position:0% extraordinary story. A sequence of events<00:05:14.080> plotted<00:05:14.479> out<00:05:14.800> minute<00:05:15.199> by<00:05:15.520> minute<00:05:15.919> from 05:16.629 --> 05:16.639 align:start position:0% events plotted out minute by minute from 05:16.639 --> 05:20.070 align:start position:0% events plotted out minute by minute from the<00:05:16.880> moment<00:05:17.280> of<00:05:17.680> impact.<00:05:19.120> The<00:05:19.360> asteroid<00:05:19.919> and 05:20.070 --> 05:20.080 align:start position:0% the moment of impact. The asteroid and 05:20.080 --> 05:22.950 align:start position:0% the moment of impact. The asteroid and the<00:05:20.320> rocket<00:05:20.720> struck<00:05:21.280> vaporized<00:05:22.400> causing 05:22.950 --> 05:22.960 align:start position:0% the rocket struck vaporized causing 05:22.960 --> 05:25.590 align:start position:0% the rocket struck vaporized causing temperatures<00:05:23.360> to<00:05:23.520> reach<00:05:23.840> 1,200° 05:25.590 --> 05:25.600 align:start position:0% temperatures to reach 1,200° 05:25.600 --> 05:30.629 align:start position:0% temperatures to reach 1,200° C.<00:05:26.720> It<00:05:26.960> was<00:05:27.199> so<00:05:27.520> hot<00:05:28.160> it<00:05:28.400> took<00:05:28.800> 8<00:05:29.280> million<00:05:29.840> years 05:30.629 --> 05:30.639 align:start position:0% C. It was so hot it took 8 million years 05:30.639 --> 05:33.830 align:start position:0% C. It was so hot it took 8 million years for<00:05:30.880> the<00:05:31.039> impact<00:05:31.520> site<00:05:31.840> to<00:05:32.000> cool<00:05:32.320> down. 05:33.830 --> 05:33.840 align:start position:0% for the impact site to cool down. 05:33.840 --> 05:35.670 align:start position:0% for the impact site to cool down. The<00:05:34.160> surrounding<00:05:34.560> rock<00:05:34.880> behaved<00:05:35.280> like<00:05:35.440> a 05:35.670 --> 05:35.680 align:start position:0% The surrounding rock behaved like a 05:35.680 --> 05:38.390 align:start position:0% The surrounding rock behaved like a liquid,<00:05:36.479> immediately<00:05:37.039> melting<00:05:37.440> into<00:05:37.759> a<00:05:38.000> vast 05:38.390 --> 05:38.400 align:start position:0% liquid, immediately melting into a vast 05:38.400 --> 05:42.310 align:start position:0% liquid, immediately melting into a vast ocean<00:05:38.880> of<00:05:39.280> superheated<00:05:40.160> melt<00:05:41.039> 70<00:05:41.440> km<00:05:41.919> across 05:42.310 --> 05:42.320 align:start position:0% ocean of superheated melt 70 km across 05:42.320 --> 05:46.310 align:start position:0% ocean of superheated melt 70 km across and<00:05:42.800> 3<00:05:43.120> km<00:05:43.759> deep.<00:05:45.199> And<00:05:45.440> as<00:05:45.680> the<00:05:45.840> crater 05:46.310 --> 05:46.320 align:start position:0% and 3 km deep. And as the crater 05:46.320 --> 05:49.029 align:start position:0% and 3 km deep. And as the crater collapsed,<00:05:47.039> the<00:05:47.280> crust<00:05:47.840> rebounded<00:05:48.560> like<00:05:48.800> a 05:49.029 --> 05:49.039 align:start position:0% collapsed, the crust rebounded like a 05:49.039 --> 05:52.070 align:start position:0% collapsed, the crust rebounded like a dropped<00:05:49.440> pebble<00:05:49.919> in<00:05:50.320> water,<00:05:51.120> thrusting<00:05:51.680> up<00:05:51.840> a 05:52.070 --> 05:52.080 align:start position:0% dropped pebble in water, thrusting up a 05:52.080 --> 05:54.550 align:start position:0% dropped pebble in water, thrusting up a mountain<00:05:52.400> as<00:05:52.639> tall<00:05:53.039> as<00:05:53.360> Mount<00:05:53.759> Everest<00:05:54.160> in<00:05:54.400> a 05:54.550 --> 05:54.560 align:start position:0% mountain as tall as Mount Everest in a 05:54.560 --> 05:57.590 align:start position:0% mountain as tall as Mount Everest in a matter<00:05:54.800> of<00:05:55.039> minutes.<00:05:56.160> As<00:05:56.479> ocean<00:05:56.880> water<00:05:57.280> came 05:57.590 --> 05:57.600 align:start position:0% matter of minutes. As ocean water came 05:57.600 --> 06:00.310 align:start position:0% matter of minutes. As ocean water came rushing<00:05:58.080> in,<00:05:58.400> it<00:05:58.639> boiled<00:05:59.199> instantly, 06:00.310 --> 06:00.320 align:start position:0% rushing in, it boiled instantly, 06:00.320 --> 06:02.710 align:start position:0% rushing in, it boiled instantly, blasting<00:06:00.880> explosive<00:06:01.600> jets<00:06:01.919> of<00:06:02.080> steam<00:06:02.400> and 06:02.710 --> 06:02.720 align:start position:0% blasting explosive jets of steam and 06:02.720 --> 06:05.909 align:start position:0% blasting explosive jets of steam and vapor<00:06:03.120> into<00:06:03.520> the<00:06:03.759> sky.<00:06:04.479> Then<00:06:04.800> followed<00:06:05.120> a<00:06:05.440> mega 06:05.909 --> 06:05.919 align:start position:0% vapor into the sky. Then followed a mega 06:05.919 --> 06:10.230 align:start position:0% vapor into the sky. Then followed a mega tsunami<00:06:07.120> 1.5<00:06:08.000> km<00:06:08.639> high<00:06:08.960> that<00:06:09.280> pummeled<00:06:09.919> into 06:10.230 --> 06:10.240 align:start position:0% tsunami 1.5 km high that pummeled into 06:10.240 --> 06:12.790 align:start position:0% tsunami 1.5 km high that pummeled into the<00:06:10.479> shores.<00:06:11.600> Within<00:06:12.080> hundreds<00:06:12.560> of 06:12.790 --> 06:12.800 align:start position:0% the shores. Within hundreds of 06:12.800 --> 06:15.909 align:start position:0% the shores. Within hundreds of kilometers,<00:06:13.680> everything<00:06:14.319> was<00:06:14.720> obliterated. 06:15.909 --> 06:15.919 align:start position:0% kilometers, everything was obliterated. 06:15.919 --> 06:18.790 align:start position:0% kilometers, everything was obliterated. Entire<00:06:16.400> ecosystems<00:06:17.199> ceased<00:06:17.600> to<00:06:17.759> exist<00:06:18.240> in<00:06:18.560> a 06:18.790 --> 06:18.800 align:start position:0% Entire ecosystems ceased to exist in a 06:18.800 --> 06:21.909 align:start position:0% Entire ecosystems ceased to exist in a matter<00:06:19.120> of<00:06:19.600> moments.<00:06:21.039> Now,<00:06:21.360> that<00:06:21.520> alone 06:21.909 --> 06:21.919 align:start position:0% matter of moments. Now, that alone 06:21.919 --> 06:23.350 align:start position:0% matter of moments. Now, that alone sounds<00:06:22.240> pretty<00:06:22.400> horrendous,<00:06:22.960> doesn't<00:06:23.120> it? 06:23.350 --> 06:23.360 align:start position:0% sounds pretty horrendous, doesn't it? 06:23.360 --> 06:26.629 align:start position:0% sounds pretty horrendous, doesn't it? But<00:06:23.520> it<00:06:23.759> actually<00:06:24.080> gets<00:06:24.639> worse. 06:26.629 --> 06:26.639 align:start position:0% But it actually gets worse. 06:26.639 --> 06:29.990 align:start position:0% But it actually gets worse. More<00:06:26.880> than<00:06:27.120> 3,000<00:06:27.680> km<00:06:28.080> away<00:06:28.400> in<00:06:28.639> North<00:06:28.960> Dakota, 06:29.990 --> 06:30.000 align:start position:0% More than 3,000 km away in North Dakota, 06:30.000 --> 06:31.830 align:start position:0% More than 3,000 km away in North Dakota, scientists<00:06:30.479> have<00:06:30.720> found<00:06:30.960> chilling<00:06:31.520> evidence 06:31.830 --> 06:31.840 align:start position:0% scientists have found chilling evidence 06:31.840 --> 06:34.710 align:start position:0% scientists have found chilling evidence of<00:06:32.160> exactly<00:06:32.960> how<00:06:33.199> it<00:06:33.440> impacted<00:06:34.080> Earth's 06:34.710 --> 06:34.720 align:start position:0% of exactly how it impacted Earth's 06:34.720 --> 06:38.390 align:start position:0% of exactly how it impacted Earth's fauna.<00:06:35.919> In<00:06:36.240> 2019,<00:06:37.280> a<00:06:37.520> team<00:06:37.680> of<00:06:37.919> researchers 06:38.390 --> 06:38.400 align:start position:0% fauna. In 2019, a team of researchers 06:38.400 --> 06:40.870 align:start position:0% fauna. In 2019, a team of researchers from<00:06:38.560> the<00:06:38.720> University<00:06:39.120> of<00:06:39.440> Kansas<00:06:40.400> uncovered 06:40.870 --> 06:40.880 align:start position:0% from the University of Kansas uncovered 06:40.880 --> 06:42.309 align:start position:0% from the University of Kansas uncovered what<00:06:41.120> many<00:06:41.440> consider<00:06:41.759> to<00:06:42.000> be<00:06:42.080> a 06:42.309 --> 06:42.319 align:start position:0% what many consider to be a 06:42.319 --> 06:43.909 align:start position:0% what many consider to be a once-ina-lifetime 06:43.909 --> 06:43.919 align:start position:0% once-ina-lifetime 06:43.919 --> 06:47.430 align:start position:0% once-ina-lifetime discovery.<00:06:45.039> A<00:06:45.360> massive<00:06:46.000> fossil<00:06:46.639> graveyard 06:47.430 --> 06:47.440 align:start position:0% discovery. A massive fossil graveyard 06:47.440 --> 06:51.189 align:start position:0% discovery. A massive fossil graveyard seemingly<00:06:48.080> frozen<00:06:48.639> in<00:06:49.039> time.<00:06:50.400> It<00:06:50.639> was<00:06:50.800> a<00:06:50.960> scene 06:51.189 --> 06:51.199 align:start position:0% seemingly frozen in time. It was a scene 06:51.199 --> 06:53.510 align:start position:0% seemingly frozen in time. It was a scene of<00:06:51.440> instant<00:06:52.000> destruction,<00:06:52.720> preserved<00:06:53.280> in 06:53.510 --> 06:53.520 align:start position:0% of instant destruction, preserved in 06:53.520 --> 06:55.990 align:start position:0% of instant destruction, preserved in astonishing<00:06:54.400> detail.<00:06:55.280> Broken<00:06:55.680> and 06:55.990 --> 06:56.000 align:start position:0% astonishing detail. Broken and 06:56.000 --> 06:58.390 align:start position:0% astonishing detail. Broken and splintered<00:06:56.560> fish<00:06:56.960> fossils<00:06:57.520> wrapped<00:06:57.919> around 06:58.390 --> 06:58.400 align:start position:0% splintered fish fossils wrapped around 06:58.400 --> 07:01.589 align:start position:0% splintered fish fossils wrapped around tree<00:06:58.800> branches<00:06:59.520> strewn<00:07:00.000> in<00:07:00.319> all<00:07:00.560> directions. 07:01.589 --> 07:01.599 align:start position:0% tree branches strewn in all directions. 07:01.599 --> 07:04.870 align:start position:0% tree branches strewn in all directions. A<00:07:01.840> turtle<00:07:02.479> skewered<00:07:02.880> by<00:07:03.039> a<00:07:03.280> wooden<00:07:03.680> stake.<00:07:04.720> The 07:04.870 --> 07:04.880 align:start position:0% A turtle skewered by a wooden stake. The 07:04.880 --> 07:07.189 align:start position:0% A turtle skewered by a wooden stake. The leg<00:07:05.199> of<00:07:05.280> a<00:07:05.440> thesescalosaurus<00:07:06.400> dinosaur<00:07:07.039> and 07:07.189 --> 07:07.199 align:start position:0% leg of a thesescalosaurus dinosaur and 07:07.199 --> 07:10.469 align:start position:0% leg of a thesescalosaurus dinosaur and the<00:07:07.360> embryo<00:07:07.840> of<00:07:08.000> a<00:07:08.240> flying<00:07:08.720> terasaur<00:07:09.680> inside 07:10.469 --> 07:10.479 align:start position:0% the embryo of a flying terasaur inside 07:10.479 --> 07:13.589 align:start position:0% the embryo of a flying terasaur inside its<00:07:10.880> egg.<00:07:11.919> In<00:07:12.240> one<00:07:12.560> layer<00:07:12.720> of<00:07:12.880> sediment,<00:07:13.440> all 07:13.589 --> 07:13.599 align:start position:0% its egg. In one layer of sediment, all 07:13.599 --> 07:16.230 align:start position:0% its egg. In one layer of sediment, all the<00:07:13.840> fish<00:07:14.160> face<00:07:14.479> to<00:07:14.639> the<00:07:14.800> left.<00:07:15.440> In<00:07:15.680> the<00:07:15.840> next 07:16.230 --> 07:16.240 align:start position:0% the fish face to the left. In the next 07:16.240 --> 07:18.230 align:start position:0% the fish face to the left. In the next layer,<00:07:16.479> they<00:07:16.720> all<00:07:16.880> faced<00:07:17.280> to<00:07:17.440> the<00:07:17.599> right,<00:07:18.000> as 07:18.230 --> 07:18.240 align:start position:0% layer, they all faced to the right, as 07:18.240 --> 07:20.550 align:start position:0% layer, they all faced to the right, as if<00:07:18.400> they<00:07:18.560> were<00:07:18.800> sloshed<00:07:19.360> back<00:07:19.599> and<00:07:19.840> forth<00:07:20.240> by 07:20.550 --> 07:20.560 align:start position:0% if they were sloshed back and forth by 07:20.560 --> 07:23.909 align:start position:0% if they were sloshed back and forth by crashing<00:07:21.039> waves.<00:07:22.319> These<00:07:22.639> animals<00:07:23.199> didn't<00:07:23.520> die 07:23.909 --> 07:23.919 align:start position:0% crashing waves. These animals didn't die 07:23.919 --> 07:27.189 align:start position:0% crashing waves. These animals didn't die over<00:07:24.319> hours,<00:07:25.039> days,<00:07:25.440> or<00:07:25.680> even<00:07:26.000> months.<00:07:26.960> They 07:27.189 --> 07:27.199 align:start position:0% over hours, days, or even months. They 07:27.199 --> 07:30.309 align:start position:0% over hours, days, or even months. They were<00:07:27.360> intombed<00:07:28.160> where<00:07:28.479> they<00:07:28.800> fell,<00:07:29.840> smacked 07:30.309 --> 07:30.319 align:start position:0% were intombed where they fell, smacked 07:30.319 --> 07:32.390 align:start position:0% were intombed where they fell, smacked down<00:07:30.560> by<00:07:30.960> shock<00:07:31.280> waves<00:07:31.599> that<00:07:31.840> raced<00:07:32.160> through 07:32.390 --> 07:32.400 align:start position:0% down by shock waves that raced through 07:32.400 --> 07:35.430 align:start position:0% down by shock waves that raced through the<00:07:32.639> continental<00:07:33.280> crust<00:07:33.680> in<00:07:34.000> all<00:07:34.319> directions 07:35.430 --> 07:35.440 align:start position:0% the continental crust in all directions 07:35.440 --> 07:38.710 align:start position:0% the continental crust in all directions after<00:07:35.759> the<00:07:36.000> asteroid<00:07:36.639> struck.<00:07:37.599> Their<00:07:38.400> final 07:38.710 --> 07:38.720 align:start position:0% after the asteroid struck. Their final 07:38.720 --> 07:40.629 align:start position:0% after the asteroid struck. Their final gasps<00:07:39.280> of<00:07:39.440> life<00:07:39.680> were<00:07:39.919> preserved<00:07:40.319> for 07:40.629 --> 07:40.639 align:start position:0% gasps of life were preserved for 07:40.639 --> 07:43.350 align:start position:0% gasps of life were preserved for millions<00:07:41.120> of<00:07:41.440> years<00:07:41.759> at<00:07:42.000> what's<00:07:42.319> now<00:07:42.639> known<00:07:43.120> as 07:43.350 --> 07:43.360 align:start position:0% millions of years at what's now known as 07:43.360 --> 07:46.550 align:start position:0% millions of years at what's now known as the<00:07:43.680> Tannis<00:07:44.319> fossil<00:07:44.880> site.<00:07:45.919> But<00:07:46.160> hidden 07:46.550 --> 07:46.560 align:start position:0% the Tannis fossil site. But hidden 07:46.560 --> 07:48.550 align:start position:0% the Tannis fossil site. But hidden inside<00:07:46.880> the<00:07:47.120> fish<00:07:47.440> fossils<00:07:47.840> was<00:07:48.000> an<00:07:48.160> even<00:07:48.400> more 07:48.550 --> 07:48.560 align:start position:0% inside the fish fossils was an even more 07:48.560 --> 07:51.350 align:start position:0% inside the fish fossils was an even more remarkable<00:07:49.199> discovery.<00:07:50.400> Physical<00:07:50.960> evidence 07:51.350 --> 07:51.360 align:start position:0% remarkable discovery. Physical evidence 07:51.360 --> 07:54.710 align:start position:0% remarkable discovery. Physical evidence of<00:07:51.599> the<00:07:51.840> meteor<00:07:52.400> itself.<00:07:53.759> When<00:07:54.000> the<00:07:54.160> asteroid 07:54.710 --> 07:54.720 align:start position:0% of the meteor itself. When the asteroid 07:54.720 --> 07:57.189 align:start position:0% of the meteor itself. When the asteroid hit,<00:07:55.120> particles<00:07:55.599> of<00:07:55.840> molten<00:07:56.319> rock<00:07:56.560> and<00:07:56.800> debris 07:57.189 --> 07:57.199 align:start position:0% hit, particles of molten rock and debris 07:57.199 --> 07:59.909 align:start position:0% hit, particles of molten rock and debris from<00:07:57.520> the<00:07:57.680> impact<00:07:58.080> were<00:07:58.319> ejected<00:07:58.800> into<00:07:59.199> space. 07:59.909 --> 07:59.919 align:start position:0% from the impact were ejected into space. 07:59.919 --> 08:01.909 align:start position:0% from the impact were ejected into space. So<00:08:00.160> far,<00:08:00.479> they<00:08:00.639> may<00:08:00.800> have<00:08:00.960> even<00:08:01.280> circled<00:08:01.680> the 08:01.909 --> 08:01.919 align:start position:0% So far, they may have even circled the 08:01.919 --> 08:04.710 align:start position:0% So far, they may have even circled the moon.<00:08:02.800> And<00:08:03.039> as<00:08:03.360> these<00:08:03.599> droplets<00:08:04.080> of<00:08:04.240> molten 08:04.710 --> 08:04.720 align:start position:0% moon. And as these droplets of molten 08:04.720 --> 08:07.270 align:start position:0% moon. And as these droplets of molten material<00:08:05.199> cooled<00:08:05.599> in<00:08:05.840> the<00:08:05.919> atmosphere,<00:08:06.879> they 08:07.270 --> 08:07.280 align:start position:0% material cooled in the atmosphere, they 08:07.280 --> 08:09.909 align:start position:0% material cooled in the atmosphere, they crystallized,<00:08:08.400> forming<00:08:08.879> tiny<00:08:09.440> glass 08:09.909 --> 08:09.919 align:start position:0% crystallized, forming tiny glass 08:09.919 --> 08:12.950 align:start position:0% crystallized, forming tiny glass particles<00:08:10.639> known<00:08:10.879> as<00:08:11.280> tectites. 08:12.950 --> 08:12.960 align:start position:0% particles known as tectites. 08:12.960 --> 08:14.950 align:start position:0% particles known as tectites. Then<00:08:13.199> these<00:08:13.520> fell<00:08:13.840> back<00:08:14.080> to<00:08:14.319> Earth, 08:14.950 --> 08:14.960 align:start position:0% Then these fell back to Earth, 08:14.960 --> 08:18.309 align:start position:0% Then these fell back to Earth, distributed<00:08:15.680> across<00:08:16.080> the<00:08:16.319> entire<00:08:16.879> planet.<00:08:18.000> In 08:18.309 --> 08:18.319 align:start position:0% distributed across the entire planet. In 08:18.319 --> 08:21.510 align:start position:0% distributed across the entire planet. In 2022,<00:08:19.680> Melanie<00:08:20.160> During<00:08:20.639> from<00:08:20.800> Upsala 08:21.510 --> 08:21.520 align:start position:0% 2022, Melanie During from Upsala 08:21.520 --> 08:24.390 align:start position:0% 2022, Melanie During from Upsala University<00:08:22.160> in<00:08:22.479> Sweden<00:08:23.360> found<00:08:23.680> evidence<00:08:24.080> that 08:24.390 --> 08:24.400 align:start position:0% University in Sweden found evidence that 08:24.400 --> 08:27.270 align:start position:0% University in Sweden found evidence that all<00:08:24.639> this<00:08:24.960> happened<00:08:25.280> within<00:08:25.680> just<00:08:26.240> 15<00:08:26.720> minutes 08:27.270 --> 08:27.280 align:start position:0% all this happened within just 15 minutes 08:27.280 --> 08:30.230 align:start position:0% all this happened within just 15 minutes of<00:08:27.520> the<00:08:27.759> asteroid<00:08:28.479> striking.<00:08:29.680> The<00:08:29.919> glass 08:30.230 --> 08:30.240 align:start position:0% of the asteroid striking. The glass 08:30.240 --> 08:32.389 align:start position:0% of the asteroid striking. The glass droplets<00:08:30.879> rained<00:08:31.360> onto<00:08:31.680> the<00:08:31.919> ancient 08:32.389 --> 08:32.399 align:start position:0% droplets rained onto the ancient 08:32.399 --> 08:35.029 align:start position:0% droplets rained onto the ancient landscape,<00:08:33.360> lodging<00:08:33.839> inside<00:08:34.240> the<00:08:34.479> gills<00:08:34.880> of 08:35.029 --> 08:35.039 align:start position:0% landscape, lodging inside the gills of 08:35.039 --> 08:37.430 align:start position:0% landscape, lodging inside the gills of fish<00:08:35.440> caught<00:08:35.760> in<00:08:35.919> the<00:08:36.080> catastrophe,<00:08:37.120> as<00:08:37.279> if 08:37.430 --> 08:37.440 align:start position:0% fish caught in the catastrophe, as if 08:37.440 --> 08:39.829 align:start position:0% fish caught in the catastrophe, as if they'd<00:08:37.680> inhaled<00:08:38.159> the<00:08:38.320> glass<00:08:38.880> whilst<00:08:39.360> still 08:39.829 --> 08:39.839 align:start position:0% they'd inhaled the glass whilst still 08:39.839 --> 08:43.029 align:start position:0% they'd inhaled the glass whilst still alive.<00:08:41.200> Hot,<00:08:41.760> dense,<00:08:42.159> and<00:08:42.479> moving<00:08:42.800> at 08:43.029 --> 08:43.039 align:start position:0% alive. Hot, dense, and moving at 08:43.039 --> 08:45.670 align:start position:0% alive. Hot, dense, and moving at tremendous<00:08:43.680> speeds.<00:08:44.560> The<00:08:44.720> glass<00:08:45.200> also 08:45.670 --> 08:45.680 align:start position:0% tremendous speeds. The glass also 08:45.680 --> 08:48.310 align:start position:0% tremendous speeds. The glass also ignited<00:08:46.320> wildfires,<00:08:47.760> burning<00:08:47.936> [music] 08:48.310 --> 08:48.320 align:start position:0% ignited wildfires, burning [music] 08:48.320 --> 08:51.829 align:start position:0% ignited wildfires, burning [music] everything<00:08:48.800> in<00:08:49.120> their<00:08:49.440> paths<00:08:50.000> to<00:08:50.240> a<00:08:50.480> crisp. 08:51.829 --> 08:51.839 align:start position:0% everything in their paths to a crisp. 08:51.839 --> 08:53.190 align:start position:0% everything in their paths to a crisp. But<00:08:52.080> that<00:08:52.240> was<00:08:52.399> just<00:08:52.560> the<00:08:52.800> beginning,<00:08:53.040> because 08:53.190 --> 08:53.200 align:start position:0% But that was just the beginning, because 08:53.200 --> 08:55.590 align:start position:0% But that was just the beginning, because the<00:08:53.440> Tannis<00:08:53.920> fossil<00:08:54.320> site<00:08:54.720> still<00:08:54.959> had<00:08:55.279> one 08:55.590 --> 08:55.600 align:start position:0% the Tannis fossil site still had one 08:55.600 --> 08:58.470 align:start position:0% the Tannis fossil site still had one more<00:08:55.920> secret<00:08:56.399> to<00:08:56.720> reveal.<00:08:57.760> A<00:08:58.000> team<00:08:58.160> from<00:08:58.320> the 08:58.470 --> 08:58.480 align:start position:0% more secret to reveal. A team from the 08:58.480 --> 09:00.550 align:start position:0% more secret to reveal. A team from the University<00:08:58.880> of<00:08:59.120> Manchester<00:08:59.839> analyzed<00:09:00.320> the 09:00.550 --> 09:00.560 align:start position:0% University of Manchester analyzed the 09:00.560 --> 09:02.870 align:start position:0% University of Manchester analyzed the bones<00:09:00.880> of<00:09:01.040> some<00:09:01.200> of<00:09:01.279> the<00:09:01.519> fossilized<00:09:02.320> sturgeon 09:02.870 --> 09:02.880 align:start position:0% bones of some of the fossilized sturgeon 09:02.880 --> 09:05.509 align:start position:0% bones of some of the fossilized sturgeon and<00:09:03.200> paddlefish.<00:09:04.560> These<00:09:04.800> grow<00:09:04.959> in<00:09:05.279> layers 09:05.509 --> 09:05.519 align:start position:0% and paddlefish. These grow in layers 09:05.519 --> 09:07.670 align:start position:0% and paddlefish. These grow in layers over<00:09:05.760> time,<00:09:06.080> a<00:09:06.240> bit<00:09:06.399> like<00:09:06.640> tree<00:09:06.959> rings.<00:09:07.440> And 09:07.670 --> 09:07.680 align:start position:0% over time, a bit like tree rings. And 09:07.680 --> 09:10.389 align:start position:0% over time, a bit like tree rings. And when<00:09:08.000> food<00:09:08.240> is<00:09:08.480> abundant,<00:09:09.360> fish<00:09:09.680> bones<00:09:10.080> grow 09:10.389 --> 09:10.399 align:start position:0% when food is abundant, fish bones grow 09:10.399 --> 09:13.509 align:start position:0% when food is abundant, fish bones grow faster,<00:09:10.959> creating<00:09:11.279> a<00:09:11.600> larger<00:09:12.240> layer.<00:09:13.200> Using 09:13.509 --> 09:13.519 align:start position:0% faster, creating a larger layer. Using 09:13.519 --> 09:15.190 align:start position:0% faster, creating a larger layer. Using some<00:09:13.839> very<00:09:14.160> cuttingedge<00:09:14.800> scanning 09:15.190 --> 09:15.200 align:start position:0% some very cuttingedge scanning 09:15.200 --> 09:17.670 align:start position:0% some very cuttingedge scanning technology,<00:09:15.839> synretron<00:09:16.720> rapid<00:09:17.120> scanning 09:17.670 --> 09:17.680 align:start position:0% technology, synretron rapid scanning 09:17.680 --> 09:19.910 align:start position:0% technology, synretron rapid scanning X-ray<00:09:18.160> fluoresence,<00:09:19.120> the<00:09:19.279> team<00:09:19.519> discovered 09:19.910 --> 09:19.920 align:start position:0% X-ray fluoresence, the team discovered 09:19.920 --> 09:22.070 align:start position:0% X-ray fluoresence, the team discovered that<00:09:20.080> the<00:09:20.320> fish<00:09:20.560> died<00:09:20.959> in<00:09:21.120> the<00:09:21.360> middle<00:09:21.519> of<00:09:21.760> a 09:22.070 --> 09:22.080 align:start position:0% that the fish died in the middle of a 09:22.080 --> 09:24.630 align:start position:0% that the fish died in the middle of a growth<00:09:22.720> surge,<00:09:23.519> one<00:09:23.680> that<00:09:23.920> hadn't<00:09:24.320> quite 09:24.630 --> 09:24.640 align:start position:0% growth surge, one that hadn't quite 09:24.640 --> 09:27.190 align:start position:0% growth surge, one that hadn't quite reached<00:09:24.959> its<00:09:25.360> peak.<00:09:26.160> Now,<00:09:26.480> this<00:09:26.720> evidence 09:27.190 --> 09:27.200 align:start position:0% reached its peak. Now, this evidence 09:27.200 --> 09:29.030 align:start position:0% reached its peak. Now, this evidence quite<00:09:27.440> incredibly<00:09:28.399> allowed<00:09:28.720> them<00:09:28.880> to 09:29.030 --> 09:29.040 align:start position:0% quite incredibly allowed them to 09:29.040 --> 09:31.910 align:start position:0% quite incredibly allowed them to pinpoint<00:09:29.440> the<00:09:29.839> time<00:09:30.080> of<00:09:30.480> year<00:09:30.880> the<00:09:31.200> asteroid 09:31.910 --> 09:31.920 align:start position:0% pinpoint the time of year the asteroid 09:31.920 --> 09:34.870 align:start position:0% pinpoint the time of year the asteroid hit,<00:09:32.800> namely<00:09:33.440> spring<00:09:34.000> in<00:09:34.240> the<00:09:34.480> northern 09:34.870 --> 09:34.880 align:start position:0% hit, namely spring in the northern 09:34.880 --> 09:37.190 align:start position:0% hit, namely spring in the northern hemisphere.<00:09:36.240> I<00:09:36.480> mean,<00:09:36.560> it's<00:09:36.800> pretty<00:09:36.880> cool<00:09:37.040> we 09:37.190 --> 09:37.200 align:start position:0% hemisphere. I mean, it's pretty cool we 09:37.200 --> 09:38.710 align:start position:0% hemisphere. I mean, it's pretty cool we can<00:09:37.279> pinpoint<00:09:37.680> something<00:09:37.920> so<00:09:38.240> specifically 09:38.710 --> 09:38.720 align:start position:0% can pinpoint something so specifically 09:38.720 --> 09:40.470 align:start position:0% can pinpoint something so specifically that<00:09:38.959> happened<00:09:39.279> that<00:09:39.600> long<00:09:39.760> ago.<00:09:40.160> But<00:09:40.240> what 09:40.470 --> 09:40.480 align:start position:0% that happened that long ago. But what 09:40.480 --> 09:42.870 align:start position:0% that happened that long ago. But what I've<00:09:40.720> always<00:09:41.279> wondered<00:09:41.680> is<00:09:42.000> why<00:09:42.399> this 09:42.870 --> 09:42.880 align:start position:0% I've always wondered is why this 09:42.880 --> 09:45.190 align:start position:0% I've always wondered is why this asteroid<00:09:43.519> in<00:09:43.839> particular<00:09:44.720> was<00:09:44.959> so 09:45.190 --> 09:45.200 align:start position:0% asteroid in particular was so 09:45.200 --> 09:47.590 align:start position:0% asteroid in particular was so devastating.<00:09:46.320> I<00:09:46.560> mean,<00:09:46.800> after<00:09:47.040> all,<00:09:47.279> Earth 09:47.590 --> 09:47.600 align:start position:0% devastating. I mean, after all, Earth 09:47.600 --> 09:49.990 align:start position:0% devastating. I mean, after all, Earth has<00:09:47.839> been<00:09:48.000> struck<00:09:48.320> by<00:09:48.480> them<00:09:48.800> before.<00:09:49.360> So,<00:09:49.760> what 09:49.990 --> 09:50.000 align:start position:0% has been struck by them before. So, what 09:50.000 --> 09:52.550 align:start position:0% has been struck by them before. So, what was<00:09:50.160> different<00:09:50.480> about<00:09:50.800> this<00:09:51.120> one?<00:09:52.160> Now,<00:09:52.399> you 09:52.550 --> 09:52.560 align:start position:0% was different about this one? Now, you 09:52.560 --> 09:53.750 align:start position:0% was different about this one? Now, you might<00:09:52.640> be<00:09:52.800> thinking,<00:09:53.040> it's<00:09:53.279> obviously<00:09:53.600> the 09:53.750 --> 09:53.760 align:start position:0% might be thinking, it's obviously the 09:53.760 --> 09:55.430 align:start position:0% might be thinking, it's obviously the asteroid's<00:09:54.399> huge<00:09:54.640> size,<00:09:54.959> which<00:09:55.120> would<00:09:55.279> be 09:55.430 --> 09:55.440 align:start position:0% asteroid's huge size, which would be 09:55.440 --> 09:57.430 align:start position:0% asteroid's huge size, which would be fair<00:09:55.680> enough<00:09:55.920> for<00:09:56.160> even<00:09:56.320> the<00:09:56.560> speed<00:09:56.880> that<00:09:57.200> I 09:57.430 --> 09:57.440 align:start position:0% fair enough for even the speed that I 09:57.440 --> 09:59.350 align:start position:0% fair enough for even the speed that I mentioned<00:09:57.920> earlier.<00:09:58.560> But<00:09:58.720> what<00:09:58.880> if<00:09:59.040> I<00:09:59.200> told 09:59.350 --> 09:59.360 align:start position:0% mentioned earlier. But what if I told 09:59.360 --> 10:01.430 align:start position:0% mentioned earlier. But what if I told you<00:09:59.600> the<00:09:59.839> fate<00:10:00.080> of<00:10:00.240> the<00:10:00.480> dinosaurs<00:10:01.120> may<00:10:01.279> have 10:01.430 --> 10:01.440 align:start position:0% you the fate of the dinosaurs may have 10:01.440 --> 10:04.070 align:start position:0% you the fate of the dinosaurs may have been<00:10:01.600> decided<00:10:02.000> by<00:10:02.320> something<00:10:02.800> far<00:10:03.200> more 10:04.070 --> 10:04.080 align:start position:0% been decided by something far more 10:04.080 --> 10:05.829 align:start position:0% been decided by something far more unexpected. 10:05.829 --> 10:05.839 align:start position:0% unexpected. 10:05.839 --> 10:07.509 align:start position:0% unexpected. A<00:10:06.000> team<00:10:06.160> of<00:10:06.320> scientists<00:10:06.720> from<00:10:06.959> Imperial 10:07.509 --> 10:07.519 align:start position:0% A team of scientists from Imperial 10:07.519 --> 10:09.750 align:start position:0% A team of scientists from Imperial College<00:10:07.839> London<00:10:08.240> have<00:10:08.480> worked<00:10:08.720> out<00:10:09.040> exactly 10:09.750 --> 10:09.760 align:start position:0% College London have worked out exactly 10:09.760 --> 10:12.790 align:start position:0% College London have worked out exactly why<00:10:10.160> this<00:10:10.480> one<00:10:10.800> asteroid<00:10:11.440> was<00:10:11.760> so<00:10:12.000> deadly.<00:10:12.640> And 10:12.790 --> 10:12.800 align:start position:0% why this one asteroid was so deadly. And 10:12.800 --> 10:15.269 align:start position:0% why this one asteroid was so deadly. And it<00:10:12.959> all<00:10:13.120> came<00:10:13.360> down<00:10:13.600> to<00:10:13.920> geometry,<00:10:15.040> more 10:15.269 --> 10:15.279 align:start position:0% it all came down to geometry, more 10:15.279 --> 10:18.550 align:start position:0% it all came down to geometry, more specifically,<00:10:16.079> the<00:10:16.399> angle<00:10:16.800> of<00:10:17.120> impact.<00:10:18.240> By 10:18.550 --> 10:18.560 align:start position:0% specifically, the angle of impact. By 10:18.560 --> 10:20.790 align:start position:0% specifically, the angle of impact. By studying<00:10:18.959> the<00:10:19.120> precise<00:10:19.600> shape<00:10:19.920> of<00:10:20.160> the<00:10:20.320> crater 10:20.790 --> 10:20.800 align:start position:0% studying the precise shape of the crater 10:20.800 --> 10:23.590 align:start position:0% studying the precise shape of the crater and<00:10:21.120> creating<00:10:21.519> advanced<00:10:22.079> 3D<00:10:22.560> simulations, 10:23.590 --> 10:23.600 align:start position:0% and creating advanced 3D simulations, 10:23.600 --> 10:25.269 align:start position:0% and creating advanced 3D simulations, they<00:10:23.839> found<00:10:24.000> that<00:10:24.160> the<00:10:24.399> asteroid<00:10:24.959> struck 10:25.269 --> 10:25.279 align:start position:0% they found that the asteroid struck 10:25.279 --> 10:28.310 align:start position:0% they found that the asteroid struck Earth<00:10:25.600> at<00:10:25.920> 60<00:10:26.399> degrees<00:10:26.959> above<00:10:27.360> the<00:10:27.680> horizon 10:28.310 --> 10:28.320 align:start position:0% Earth at 60 degrees above the horizon 10:28.320 --> 10:31.190 align:start position:0% Earth at 60 degrees above the horizon approaching<00:10:29.279> from<00:10:29.519> the<00:10:29.760> northeast.<00:10:31.040> This 10:31.190 --> 10:31.200 align:start position:0% approaching from the northeast. This 10:31.200 --> 10:32.949 align:start position:0% approaching from the northeast. This might<00:10:31.360> sound<00:10:31.600> fairly<00:10:31.920> inconsequential,<00:10:32.720> but 10:32.949 --> 10:32.959 align:start position:0% might sound fairly inconsequential, but 10:32.959 --> 10:35.269 align:start position:0% might sound fairly inconsequential, but it<00:10:33.120> is<00:10:33.279> in<00:10:33.519> fact<00:10:33.760> among<00:10:34.160> the<00:10:34.480> worst<00:10:34.800> possible 10:35.269 --> 10:35.279 align:start position:0% it is in fact among the worst possible 10:35.279 --> 10:38.949 align:start position:0% it is in fact among the worst possible case<00:10:35.519> scenarios<00:10:36.079> for<00:10:36.399> lethality<00:10:37.279> on<00:10:37.839> impact 10:38.949 --> 10:38.959 align:start position:0% case scenarios for lethality on impact 10:38.959 --> 10:41.670 align:start position:0% case scenarios for lethality on impact because<00:10:39.279> this<00:10:39.600> 60°<00:10:40.320> trajectory<00:10:41.040> blasted 10:41.670 --> 10:41.680 align:start position:0% because this 60° trajectory blasted 10:41.680 --> 10:44.710 align:start position:0% because this 60° trajectory blasted billions<00:10:42.160> of<00:10:42.399> tons<00:10:42.720> of<00:10:43.040> sulfurrich<00:10:43.839> rock, 10:44.710 --> 10:44.720 align:start position:0% billions of tons of sulfurrich rock, 10:44.720 --> 10:48.470 align:start position:0% billions of tons of sulfurrich rock, CO2,<00:10:45.440> and<00:10:45.760> dust<00:10:46.640> into<00:10:47.040> the<00:10:47.200> upper<00:10:47.519> atmosphere. 10:48.470 --> 10:48.480 align:start position:0% CO2, and dust into the upper atmosphere. 10:48.480 --> 10:50.870 align:start position:0% CO2, and dust into the upper atmosphere. Had<00:10:48.720> it<00:10:48.880> hit<00:10:49.040> at<00:10:49.279> a<00:10:49.440> shallower<00:10:50.000> angle,<00:10:50.480> much<00:10:50.720> of 10:50.870 --> 10:50.880 align:start position:0% Had it hit at a shallower angle, much of 10:50.880 --> 10:52.470 align:start position:0% Had it hit at a shallower angle, much of its<00:10:51.120> energy<00:10:51.360> would<00:10:51.600> have<00:10:51.680> been<00:10:51.920> spread<00:10:52.240> out 10:52.470 --> 10:52.480 align:start position:0% its energy would have been spread out 10:52.480 --> 10:54.550 align:start position:0% its energy would have been spread out across<00:10:52.959> the<00:10:53.200> surface.<00:10:53.839> Had<00:10:54.079> it<00:10:54.240> struck 10:54.550 --> 10:54.560 align:start position:0% across the surface. Had it struck 10:54.560 --> 10:57.190 align:start position:0% across the surface. Had it struck headon,<00:10:55.120> well,<00:10:55.440> two<00:10:55.680> to<00:10:55.920> three<00:10:56.160> times<00:10:56.720> less 10:57.190 --> 10:57.200 align:start position:0% headon, well, two to three times less 10:57.200 --> 11:00.389 align:start position:0% headon, well, two to three times less material<00:10:58.000> may<00:10:58.240> have<00:10:58.399> been<00:10:58.560> blasted<00:10:59.040> upwards. 11:00.389 --> 11:00.399 align:start position:0% material may have been blasted upwards. 11:00.399 --> 11:02.870 align:start position:0% material may have been blasted upwards. Instead,<00:11:01.120> the<00:11:01.360> chicks<00:11:01.760> loo<00:11:02.000> asteroid<00:11:02.480> hit<00:11:02.720> the 11:02.870 --> 11:02.880 align:start position:0% Instead, the chicks loo asteroid hit the 11:02.880 --> 11:05.269 align:start position:0% Instead, the chicks loo asteroid hit the planet<00:11:03.200> with<00:11:03.360> a<00:11:03.600> deadly<00:11:04.160> precision<00:11:04.800> which 11:05.269 --> 11:05.279 align:start position:0% planet with a deadly precision which 11:05.279 --> 11:07.829 align:start position:0% planet with a deadly precision which maximize<00:11:06.000> the<00:11:06.240> amount<00:11:06.560> of<00:11:06.800> climate<00:11:07.360> altering 11:07.829 --> 11:07.839 align:start position:0% maximize the amount of climate altering 11:07.839 --> 11:11.030 align:start position:0% maximize the amount of climate altering debris<00:11:08.560> that<00:11:08.880> scattered<00:11:09.440> around<00:11:09.760> the<00:11:10.000> globe. 11:11.030 --> 11:11.040 align:start position:0% debris that scattered around the globe. 11:11.040 --> 11:13.430 align:start position:0% debris that scattered around the globe. In<00:11:11.360> that<00:11:11.680> instant,<00:11:12.240> a<00:11:12.560> deadly<00:11:12.959> chain<00:11:13.279> of 11:13.430 --> 11:13.440 align:start position:0% In that instant, a deadly chain of 11:13.440 --> 11:15.829 align:start position:0% In that instant, a deadly chain of events<00:11:13.760> was<00:11:14.000> set<00:11:14.320> in<00:11:14.560> motion,<00:11:15.279> and<00:11:15.519> Earth 11:15.829 --> 11:15.839 align:start position:0% events was set in motion, and Earth 11:15.839 --> 11:17.910 align:start position:0% events was set in motion, and Earth entered<00:11:16.240> one<00:11:16.399> of<00:11:16.480> the<00:11:16.720> most<00:11:17.200> extraordinary 11:17.910 --> 11:17.920 align:start position:0% entered one of the most extraordinary 11:17.920 --> 11:21.030 align:start position:0% entered one of the most extraordinary and<00:11:18.320> until<00:11:18.800> recently<00:11:19.760> unknown<00:11:20.320> chapters<00:11:20.800> in 11:21.030 --> 11:21.040 align:start position:0% and until recently unknown chapters in 11:21.040 --> 11:23.509 align:start position:0% and until recently unknown chapters in its<00:11:21.360> history.<00:11:22.160> But<00:11:22.320> it<00:11:22.560> turns<00:11:22.800> out<00:11:23.040> it<00:11:23.279> wasn't 11:23.509 --> 11:23.519 align:start position:0% its history. But it turns out it wasn't 11:23.519 --> 11:25.829 align:start position:0% its history. But it turns out it wasn't the<00:11:23.760> impact<00:11:24.320> alone<00:11:25.040> that<00:11:25.360> killed<00:11:25.680> the 11:25.829 --> 11:25.839 align:start position:0% the impact alone that killed the 11:25.839 --> 11:27.509 align:start position:0% the impact alone that killed the dinosaurs. 11:27.509 --> 11:27.519 align:start position:0% dinosaurs. 11:27.519 --> 11:29.670 align:start position:0% dinosaurs. As<00:11:27.760> the<00:11:28.000> billions<00:11:28.320> of<00:11:28.480> tons<00:11:28.800> of<00:11:28.959> sulfur<00:11:29.360> and 11:29.670 --> 11:29.680 align:start position:0% As the billions of tons of sulfur and 11:29.680 --> 11:33.190 align:start position:0% As the billions of tons of sulfur and CO2<00:11:30.480> swirled<00:11:31.120> high<00:11:31.440> above<00:11:31.839> the<00:11:32.160> planet,<00:11:32.959> they 11:33.190 --> 11:33.200 align:start position:0% CO2 swirled high above the planet, they 11:33.200 --> 11:36.069 align:start position:0% CO2 swirled high above the planet, they formed<00:11:33.600> a<00:11:33.839> global<00:11:34.399> veil,<00:11:34.959> almost<00:11:35.680> blocking 11:36.069 --> 11:36.079 align:start position:0% formed a global veil, almost blocking 11:36.079 --> 11:38.550 align:start position:0% formed a global veil, almost blocking out<00:11:36.240> sunlight<00:11:36.720> for<00:11:37.200> 15<00:11:37.920> years<00:11:38.240> and 11:38.550 --> 11:38.560 align:start position:0% out sunlight for 15 years and 11:38.560 --> 11:40.870 align:start position:0% out sunlight for 15 years and transforming<00:11:39.200> the<00:11:39.440> chemistry<00:11:39.839> in<00:11:40.000> the<00:11:40.160> sky 11:40.870 --> 11:40.880 align:start position:0% transforming the chemistry in the sky 11:40.880 --> 11:43.269 align:start position:0% transforming the chemistry in the sky forever.<00:11:41.920> As<00:11:42.240> sunlight<00:11:42.720> faded, 11:43.269 --> 11:43.279 align:start position:0% forever. As sunlight faded, 11:43.279 --> 11:46.389 align:start position:0% forever. As sunlight faded, photosynthesis<00:11:44.480> began<00:11:44.880> to<00:11:45.120> fail.<00:11:45.839> Plants 11:46.389 --> 11:46.399 align:start position:0% photosynthesis began to fail. Plants 11:46.399 --> 11:48.389 align:start position:0% photosynthesis began to fail. Plants withered.<00:11:47.040> Food<00:11:47.279> chains<00:11:47.600> that<00:11:47.760> had<00:11:47.920> supported 11:48.389 --> 11:48.399 align:start position:0% withered. Food chains that had supported 11:48.399 --> 11:50.230 align:start position:0% withered. Food chains that had supported life<00:11:48.640> for<00:11:48.959> millions<00:11:49.279> of<00:11:49.440> years<00:11:49.760> started 11:50.230 --> 11:50.240 align:start position:0% life for millions of years started 11:50.240 --> 11:53.350 align:start position:0% life for millions of years started collapsing<00:11:50.800> from<00:11:51.040> the<00:11:51.279> bottom<00:11:51.760> up.<00:11:52.880> Sulfur 11:53.350 --> 11:53.360 align:start position:0% collapsing from the bottom up. Sulfur 11:53.360 --> 11:55.430 align:start position:0% collapsing from the bottom up. Sulfur aerosols<00:11:54.000> combined<00:11:54.399> with<00:11:54.640> water<00:11:54.959> vapor 11:55.430 --> 11:55.440 align:start position:0% aerosols combined with water vapor 11:55.440 --> 11:58.630 align:start position:0% aerosols combined with water vapor created<00:11:55.920> acid<00:11:56.399> rain,<00:11:57.200> poisoning<00:11:57.839> ecosystems 11:58.630 --> 11:58.640 align:start position:0% created acid rain, poisoning ecosystems 11:58.640 --> 12:01.590 align:start position:0% created acid rain, poisoning ecosystems already<00:11:59.040> reeling<00:11:59.519> from<00:11:59.760> the<00:12:00.000> catastrophe. 12:01.590 --> 12:01.600 align:start position:0% already reeling from the catastrophe. 12:01.600 --> 12:03.430 align:start position:0% already reeling from the catastrophe. Global<00:12:02.160> surface<00:12:02.640> air<00:12:02.959> temperatures 12:03.430 --> 12:03.440 align:start position:0% Global surface air temperatures 12:03.440 --> 12:07.750 align:start position:0% Global surface air temperatures plummeted<00:12:03.920> by<00:12:04.160> at<00:12:04.160> least<00:12:04.880> 26°<00:12:06.160> C,<00:12:07.200> triggering 12:07.750 --> 12:07.760 align:start position:0% plummeted by at least 26° C, triggering 12:07.760 --> 12:10.389 align:start position:0% plummeted by at least 26° C, triggering subzero<00:12:08.639> deadly<00:12:09.120> conditions<00:12:09.519> for<00:12:09.760> the<00:12:09.920> next<00:12:10.079> 3 12:10.389 --> 12:10.399 align:start position:0% subzero deadly conditions for the next 3 12:10.399 --> 12:14.550 align:start position:0% subzero deadly conditions for the next 3 to<00:12:10.959> 16<00:12:11.760> years.<00:12:12.880> Earth<00:12:13.200> had<00:12:13.440> entered<00:12:13.760> a<00:12:14.079> long, 12:14.550 --> 12:14.560 align:start position:0% to 16 years. Earth had entered a long, 12:14.560 --> 12:17.269 align:start position:0% to 16 years. Earth had entered a long, dark<00:12:15.120> winter,<00:12:16.000> one<00:12:16.160> that<00:12:16.399> pushed<00:12:16.800> virtually 12:17.269 --> 12:17.279 align:start position:0% dark winter, one that pushed virtually 12:17.279 --> 12:19.670 align:start position:0% dark winter, one that pushed virtually all<00:12:17.519> life<00:12:17.839> on<00:12:18.240> Earth<00:12:18.639> to<00:12:18.800> the<00:12:19.040> brink<00:12:19.360> of 12:19.670 --> 12:19.680 align:start position:0% all life on Earth to the brink of 12:19.680 --> 12:22.870 align:start position:0% all life on Earth to the brink of survival.<00:12:20.959> For<00:12:21.200> giants<00:12:21.680> like<00:12:21.920> soropods<00:12:22.639> and 12:22.870 --> 12:22.880 align:start position:0% survival. For giants like soropods and 12:22.880 --> 12:25.190 align:start position:0% survival. For giants like soropods and apex<00:12:23.360> predators,<00:12:23.920> this<00:12:24.160> became<00:12:24.480> a<00:12:24.720> huge 12:25.190 --> 12:25.200 align:start position:0% apex predators, this became a huge 12:25.200 --> 12:27.110 align:start position:0% apex predators, this became a huge problem.<00:12:25.839> The<00:12:26.079> larger<00:12:26.480> the<00:12:26.639> body,<00:12:26.959> the 12:27.110 --> 12:27.120 align:start position:0% problem. The larger the body, the 12:27.120 --> 12:29.110 align:start position:0% problem. The larger the body, the greater<00:12:27.440> the<00:12:27.600> need<00:12:27.839> for<00:12:28.079> food,<00:12:28.639> territory, 12:29.110 --> 12:29.120 align:start position:0% greater the need for food, territory, 12:29.120 --> 12:31.430 align:start position:0% greater the need for food, territory, and<00:12:29.360> other<00:12:29.680> resources.<00:12:30.639> In<00:12:30.880> a<00:12:31.040> world<00:12:31.200> where 12:31.430 --> 12:31.440 align:start position:0% and other resources. In a world where 12:31.440 --> 12:33.829 align:start position:0% and other resources. In a world where these<00:12:31.680> things<00:12:31.920> were<00:12:32.160> dwindling,<00:12:33.120> size<00:12:33.519> became 12:33.829 --> 12:33.839 align:start position:0% these things were dwindling, size became 12:33.839 --> 12:36.629 align:start position:0% these things were dwindling, size became a<00:12:34.160> death<00:12:34.480> sentence.<00:12:35.360> Yet,<00:12:35.680> some<00:12:35.920> species 12:36.629 --> 12:36.639 align:start position:0% a death sentence. Yet, some species 12:36.639 --> 12:38.710 align:start position:0% a death sentence. Yet, some species endured.<00:12:37.519> Small<00:12:38.000> animals<00:12:38.320> like<00:12:38.560> the 12:38.710 --> 12:38.720 align:start position:0% endured. Small animals like the 12:38.720 --> 12:41.430 align:start position:0% endured. Small animals like the Purgatorius,<00:12:39.680> a<00:12:39.920> squirrelsiz<00:12:40.800> shrewlike 12:41.430 --> 12:41.440 align:start position:0% Purgatorius, a squirrelsiz shrewlike 12:41.440 --> 12:44.470 align:start position:0% Purgatorius, a squirrelsiz shrewlike mammal,<00:12:42.079> hid<00:12:42.480> in<00:12:42.639> the<00:12:42.880> trees,<00:12:43.680> surviving<00:12:44.160> on 12:44.470 --> 12:44.480 align:start position:0% mammal, hid in the trees, surviving on 12:44.480 --> 12:47.509 align:start position:0% mammal, hid in the trees, surviving on scraps<00:12:44.880> and<00:12:45.120> adapting<00:12:45.600> to<00:12:45.839> the<00:12:46.000> chaos.<00:12:47.200> Some 12:47.509 --> 12:47.519 align:start position:0% scraps and adapting to the chaos. Some 12:47.519 --> 12:49.509 align:start position:0% scraps and adapting to the chaos. Some cold-blooded<00:12:48.160> animals<00:12:48.480> like<00:12:48.720> reptiles<00:12:49.279> and 12:49.509 --> 12:49.519 align:start position:0% cold-blooded animals like reptiles and 12:49.519 --> 12:51.829 align:start position:0% cold-blooded animals like reptiles and amphibians<00:12:50.240> made<00:12:50.399> it<00:12:50.639> by<00:12:50.880> surviving<00:12:51.519> long 12:51.829 --> 12:51.839 align:start position:0% amphibians made it by surviving long 12:51.839 --> 12:54.949 align:start position:0% amphibians made it by surviving long periods<00:12:52.320> without<00:12:52.800> food.<00:12:53.600> And<00:12:53.839> aven<00:12:54.320> dinosaurs 12:54.949 --> 12:54.959 align:start position:0% periods without food. And aven dinosaurs 12:54.959 --> 12:57.110 align:start position:0% periods without food. And aven dinosaurs escaped<00:12:55.440> any<00:12:55.680> immediate<00:12:56.160> local<00:12:56.480> danger<00:12:56.800> by 12:57.110 --> 12:57.120 align:start position:0% escaped any immediate local danger by 12:57.120 --> 12:59.750 align:start position:0% escaped any immediate local danger by taking<00:12:57.440> to<00:12:57.680> the<00:12:57.839> skies.<00:12:58.800> Beneath<00:12:59.200> the<00:12:59.360> waves, 12:59.750 --> 12:59.760 align:start position:0% taking to the skies. Beneath the waves, 12:59.760 --> 13:02.790 align:start position:0% taking to the skies. Beneath the waves, life<00:13:00.160> also<00:13:00.480> found<00:13:00.800> refuge.<00:13:01.839> A<00:13:02.079> groundbreaking 13:02.790 --> 13:02.800 align:start position:0% life also found refuge. A groundbreaking 13:02.800 --> 13:06.470 align:start position:0% life also found refuge. A groundbreaking 2026<00:13:03.839> study<00:13:04.160> led<00:13:04.480> by<00:13:04.800> Swansea<00:13:05.360> University 13:06.470 --> 13:06.480 align:start position:0% 2026 study led by Swansea University 13:06.480 --> 13:08.870 align:start position:0% 2026 study led by Swansea University used<00:13:06.800> advanced<00:13:07.360> AI<00:13:07.760> modeling<00:13:08.160> to<00:13:08.399> study<00:13:08.639> the 13:08.870 --> 13:08.880 align:start position:0% used advanced AI modeling to study the 13:08.880 --> 13:11.430 align:start position:0% used advanced AI modeling to study the most<00:13:09.200> complete<00:13:09.760> fossil<00:13:10.240> record<00:13:10.639> of<00:13:10.959> sharks 13:11.430 --> 13:11.440 align:start position:0% most complete fossil record of sharks 13:11.440 --> 13:15.430 align:start position:0% most complete fossil record of sharks and<00:13:11.680> rays<00:13:12.480> spanning<00:13:12.880> the<00:13:13.040> past<00:13:14.079> 145<00:13:15.040> million 13:15.430 --> 13:15.440 align:start position:0% and rays spanning the past 145 million 13:15.440 --> 13:17.670 align:start position:0% and rays spanning the past 145 million years.<00:13:16.320> And<00:13:16.560> they<00:13:16.800> discovered<00:13:17.200> that<00:13:17.440> they 13:17.670 --> 13:17.680 align:start position:0% years. And they discovered that they 13:17.680 --> 13:20.550 align:start position:0% years. And they discovered that they suffered<00:13:18.079> only<00:13:18.399> a<00:13:18.639> small<00:13:19.040> decline<00:13:20.000> with<00:13:20.240> just 13:20.550 --> 13:20.560 align:start position:0% suffered only a small decline with just 13:20.560 --> 13:23.829 align:start position:0% suffered only a small decline with just 10%<00:13:21.200> of<00:13:21.440> their<00:13:21.680> species<00:13:22.240> disappearing.<00:13:23.600> The 13:23.829 --> 13:23.839 align:start position:0% 10% of their species disappearing. The 13:23.839 --> 13:25.670 align:start position:0% 10% of their species disappearing. The ocean's<00:13:24.240> relatively<00:13:24.720> stable<00:13:25.279> temperatures 13:25.670 --> 13:25.680 align:start position:0% ocean's relatively stable temperatures 13:25.680 --> 13:28.550 align:start position:0% ocean's relatively stable temperatures and<00:13:26.000> alternative<00:13:26.639> food<00:13:27.040> sources<00:13:27.839> provided<00:13:28.240> a 13:28.550 --> 13:28.560 align:start position:0% and alternative food sources provided a 13:28.560 --> 13:30.710 align:start position:0% and alternative food sources provided a sanctuary<00:13:28.959> from<00:13:29.200> the<00:13:29.360> catastrophe<00:13:30.079> unfolding 13:30.710 --> 13:30.720 align:start position:0% sanctuary from the catastrophe unfolding 13:30.720 --> 13:34.470 align:start position:0% sanctuary from the catastrophe unfolding above.<00:13:31.920> These<00:13:32.320> hardy<00:13:32.880> survivors<00:13:33.519> inherited<00:13:34.160> a 13:34.470 --> 13:34.480 align:start position:0% above. These hardy survivors inherited a 13:34.480 --> 13:37.430 align:start position:0% above. These hardy survivors inherited a transformed<00:13:35.440> world.<00:13:36.320> The<00:13:36.560> extinction<00:13:37.200> did 13:37.430 --> 13:37.440 align:start position:0% transformed world. The extinction did 13:37.440 --> 13:40.069 align:start position:0% transformed world. The extinction did not<00:13:37.600> unfold<00:13:38.160> in<00:13:38.399> a<00:13:38.639> single<00:13:38.959> day.<00:13:39.600> It<00:13:39.839> played 13:40.069 --> 13:40.079 align:start position:0% not unfold in a single day. It played 13:40.079 --> 13:41.910 align:start position:0% not unfold in a single day. It played out<00:13:40.320> over<00:13:40.639> months<00:13:41.040> and<00:13:41.279> years,<00:13:41.600> and<00:13:41.760> the 13:41.910 --> 13:41.920 align:start position:0% out over months and years, and the 13:41.920 --> 13:45.590 align:start position:0% out over months and years, and the casualty<00:13:42.480> list<00:13:42.720> was<00:13:43.200> very<00:13:43.519> long.<00:13:44.320> Around<00:13:44.720> 75% 13:45.590 --> 13:45.600 align:start position:0% casualty list was very long. Around 75% 13:45.600 --> 13:48.949 align:start position:0% casualty list was very long. Around 75% of<00:13:45.920> all<00:13:46.399> animals<00:13:47.120> disappeared.<00:13:48.240> The<00:13:48.480> age<00:13:48.720> of 13:48.949 --> 13:48.959 align:start position:0% of all animals disappeared. The age of 13:48.959 --> 13:53.430 align:start position:0% of all animals disappeared. The age of the<00:13:49.120> dinosaurs<00:13:49.760> was<00:13:50.079> well<00:13:50.399> and<00:13:50.639> truly<00:13:51.279> over. 13:53.430 --> 13:53.440 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs was well and truly over. 13:53.440 --> 13:54.949 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs was well and truly over. So,<00:13:53.680> there<00:13:53.839> we<00:13:54.000> have<00:13:54.079> it.<00:13:54.240> The<00:13:54.480> story<00:13:54.639> of<00:13:54.800> how 13:54.949 --> 13:54.959 align:start position:0% So, there we have it. The story of how 13:54.959 --> 13:57.189 align:start position:0% So, there we have it. The story of how the<00:13:55.120> dinosaurs<00:13:55.680> met<00:13:55.920> their<00:13:56.160> sticky<00:13:56.560> end<00:13:56.880> done 13:57.189 --> 13:57.199 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs met their sticky end done 13:57.199 --> 13:58.870 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs met their sticky end done and<00:13:57.519> dusted.<00:13:58.000> Thanks<00:13:58.160> for<00:13:58.320> watching<00:13:58.480> and<00:13:58.720> I'll 13:58.870 --> 13:58.880 align:start position:0% and dusted. Thanks for watching and I'll 13:58.880 --> 14:01.509 align:start position:0% and dusted. Thanks for watching and I'll see<00:13:59.040> you<00:13:59.199> in<00:13:59.440> the<00:13:59.760> next<00:14:00.000> one.<00:14:00.320> Is<00:14:00.800> is<00:14:01.120> how<00:14:01.279> this 14:01.509 --> 14:01.519 align:start position:0% see you in the next one. Is is how this 14:01.519 --> 14:04.550 align:start position:0% see you in the next one. Is is how this video<00:14:02.000> would<00:14:02.320> have<00:14:02.560> ended<00:14:03.040> before.<00:14:04.160> But<00:14:04.320> you 14:04.550 --> 14:04.560 align:start position:0% video would have ended before. But you 14:04.560 --> 14:07.829 align:start position:0% video would have ended before. But you see,<00:14:04.959> this<00:14:05.199> story<00:14:05.600> is<00:14:06.000> changing.<00:14:07.120> Recently,<00:14:07.600> a 14:07.829 --> 14:07.839 align:start position:0% see, this story is changing. Recently, a 14:07.839 --> 14:09.829 align:start position:0% see, this story is changing. Recently, a study<00:14:08.079> found<00:14:08.240> that<00:14:08.399> the<00:14:08.639> offending<00:14:09.199> meteorite 14:09.829 --> 14:09.839 align:start position:0% study found that the offending meteorite 14:09.839 --> 14:12.949 align:start position:0% study found that the offending meteorite was<00:14:10.160> much<00:14:10.560> drier<00:14:11.120> than<00:14:11.600> first<00:14:12.160> thought, 14:12.949 --> 14:12.959 align:start position:0% was much drier than first thought, 14:12.959 --> 14:15.030 align:start position:0% was much drier than first thought, coming<00:14:13.199> from<00:14:13.440> either<00:14:13.680> the<00:14:14.000> far<00:14:14.320> end<00:14:14.639> of<00:14:14.880> the 14:15.030 --> 14:15.040 align:start position:0% coming from either the far end of the 14:15.040 --> 14:18.069 align:start position:0% coming from either the far end of the asteroid<00:14:15.600> belt<00:14:16.000> or<00:14:16.720> the<00:14:17.040> outer<00:14:17.440> reaches<00:14:17.839> of 14:18.069 --> 14:18.079 align:start position:0% asteroid belt or the outer reaches of 14:18.079 --> 14:20.550 align:start position:0% asteroid belt or the outer reaches of our<00:14:18.399> solar<00:14:18.800> system.<00:14:19.519> And<00:14:19.680> the<00:14:19.920> implications 14:20.550 --> 14:20.560 align:start position:0% our solar system. And the implications 14:20.560 --> 14:23.269 align:start position:0% our solar system. And the implications of<00:14:20.880> that<00:14:21.279> is<00:14:21.519> that<00:14:21.680> it<00:14:21.920> throws<00:14:22.240> the<00:14:22.560> sulfur<00:14:23.040> and 14:23.269 --> 14:23.279 align:start position:0% of that is that it throws the sulfur and 14:23.279 --> 14:26.310 align:start position:0% of that is that it throws the sulfur and acid<00:14:23.600> ray<00:14:24.000> mechanism<00:14:24.639> into<00:14:25.120> question<00:14:26.000> and 14:26.310 --> 14:26.320 align:start position:0% acid ray mechanism into question and 14:26.320 --> 14:28.310 align:start position:0% acid ray mechanism into question and instead<00:14:26.880> suggests<00:14:27.279> that<00:14:27.519> it<00:14:27.680> may<00:14:27.839> have<00:14:28.000> been 14:28.310 --> 14:28.320 align:start position:0% instead suggests that it may have been 14:28.320 --> 14:30.790 align:start position:0% instead suggests that it may have been fine<00:14:28.800> particle<00:14:29.360> debris<00:14:30.240> that<00:14:30.480> would<00:14:30.639> have 14:30.790 --> 14:30.800 align:start position:0% fine particle debris that would have 14:30.800 --> 14:33.509 align:start position:0% fine particle debris that would have blocked<00:14:31.120> the<00:14:31.360> sun.<00:14:32.320> This<00:14:32.480> is<00:14:32.639> all<00:14:32.800> fairly<00:14:33.199> here 14:33.509 --> 14:33.519 align:start position:0% blocked the sun. This is all fairly here 14:33.519 --> 14:35.110 align:start position:0% blocked the sun. This is all fairly here or<00:14:33.680> there<00:14:33.920> to<00:14:34.079> be<00:14:34.160> honest<00:14:34.399> with<00:14:34.560> you.<00:14:34.880> But 14:35.110 --> 14:35.120 align:start position:0% or there to be honest with you. But 14:35.120 --> 14:38.150 align:start position:0% or there to be honest with you. But there<00:14:35.360> was<00:14:35.600> another<00:14:36.000> discovery<00:14:36.399> in<00:14:36.800> 2022.<00:14:37.920> A 14:38.150 --> 14:38.160 align:start position:0% there was another discovery in 2022. A 14:38.160 --> 14:39.829 align:start position:0% there was another discovery in 2022. A discovery<00:14:38.480> that<00:14:38.720> flipped<00:14:39.040> this<00:14:39.279> whole<00:14:39.519> thing 14:39.829 --> 14:39.839 align:start position:0% discovery that flipped this whole thing 14:39.839 --> 14:42.949 align:start position:0% discovery that flipped this whole thing on<00:14:40.079> its<00:14:40.320> head<00:14:41.040> because<00:14:41.519> scientists<00:14:42.160> found<00:14:42.560> a 14:42.949 --> 14:42.959 align:start position:0% on its head because scientists found a 14:42.959 --> 14:45.670 align:start position:0% on its head because scientists found a second<00:14:43.600> crater.<00:14:44.399> Yes,<00:14:44.720> the<00:14:44.959> asteroid<00:14:45.440> that 14:45.670 --> 14:45.680 align:start position:0% second crater. Yes, the asteroid that 14:45.680 --> 14:48.629 align:start position:0% second crater. Yes, the asteroid that killed<00:14:45.920> the<00:14:46.160> dinosaurs<00:14:46.880> may<00:14:47.120> have<00:14:47.440> had<00:14:48.399> a 14:48.629 --> 14:48.639 align:start position:0% killed the dinosaurs may have had a 14:48.639 --> 14:50.870 align:start position:0% killed the dinosaurs may have had a deadly<00:14:49.279> companion.<00:14:50.160> They<00:14:50.320> weren't<00:14:50.560> the<00:14:50.720> only 14:48.639 --> 14:51.588 align:start position:0% more secure as we head back to the dinosaurs. 14:50.449 --> 14:50.459 align:start position:0% dinosaurs. 14:50.459 --> 14:52.530 align:start position:0% dinosaurs. When<00:16:43.120> a<00:16:43.360> team<00:16:43.519> of<00:16:43.680> geologists<00:16:44.240> from<00:16:44.480> Harriet 14:52.530 --> 14:52.540 align:start position:0% When a team of geologists from Harriet 14:52.540 --> 14:54.689 align:start position:0% When a team of geologists from Harriet Wart<00:16:45.440> University<00:16:45.920> in<00:16:46.320> Scotland<00:16:46.880> were 14:54.689 --> 14:54.699 align:start position:0% Wart University in Scotland were 14:54.699 --> 14:56.769 align:start position:0% Wart University in Scotland were studying<00:16:47.759> seismic<00:16:48.320> data<00:16:48.720> beneath<00:16:49.120> the 14:56.769 --> 14:56.779 align:start position:0% studying seismic data beneath the 14:56.779 --> 14:59.249 align:start position:0% studying seismic data beneath the Atlantic<00:16:49.839> sea<00:16:50.240> floor,<00:16:50.800> just<00:16:51.120> off<00:16:51.279> the<00:16:51.440> coast 14:59.249 --> 14:59.259 align:start position:0% Atlantic sea floor, just off the coast 14:59.259 --> 15:01.970 align:start position:0% Atlantic sea floor, just off the coast of<00:16:52.000> Guinea<00:16:52.399> in<00:16:52.720> West<00:16:52.959> Africa.<00:16:53.839> Their<00:16:54.079> goal 15:01.970 --> 15:01.980 align:start position:0% of Guinea in West Africa. Their goal 15:01.980 --> 15:04.129 align:start position:0% of Guinea in West Africa. Their goal wasn't<00:16:54.959> to<00:16:55.199> investigate<00:16:55.680> the<00:16:55.920> extinction<00:16:56.399> of 15:04.129 --> 15:04.139 align:start position:0% wasn't to investigate the extinction of 15:04.139 --> 15:06.610 align:start position:0% wasn't to investigate the extinction of the<00:16:56.880> dinosaurs.<00:16:58.079> They<00:16:58.320> were<00:16:58.480> searching<00:16:58.880> for 15:06.610 --> 15:06.620 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. They were searching for 15:06.620 --> 15:08.769 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs. They were searching for sites<00:16:59.519> to<00:16:59.680> drill<00:17:00.160> in<00:17:00.399> order<00:17:00.639> to<00:17:00.800> better 15:08.769 --> 15:08.779 align:start position:0% sites to drill in order to better 15:08.779 --> 15:11.249 align:start position:0% sites to drill in order to better understand<00:17:02.079> Earth's<00:17:02.560> past<00:17:02.959> climatic 15:11.249 --> 15:11.259 align:start position:0% understand Earth's past climatic 15:11.259 --> 15:13.809 align:start position:0% understand Earth's past climatic changes.<00:17:04.959> At<00:17:05.280> first,<00:17:05.600> there<00:17:05.760> was<00:17:06.000> nothing 15:13.809 --> 15:13.819 align:start position:0% changes. At first, there was nothing 15:13.819 --> 15:15.730 align:start position:0% changes. At first, there was nothing remarkable<00:17:06.880> in<00:17:07.120> the<00:17:07.280> images<00:17:07.600> being<00:17:08.000> sent 15:15.730 --> 15:15.740 align:start position:0% remarkable in the images being sent 15:15.740 --> 15:18.049 align:start position:0% remarkable in the images being sent back,<00:17:08.720> just<00:17:08.880> the<00:17:09.120> familiar<00:17:09.600> patterns<00:17:09.919> of<00:17:10.319> lay 15:18.049 --> 15:18.059 align:start position:0% back, just the familiar patterns of lay 15:18.059 --> 15:20.610 align:start position:0% back, just the familiar patterns of lay sediment<00:17:10.959> beneath<00:17:11.280> the<00:17:11.520> sea<00:17:11.839> floor.<00:17:12.959> But 15:20.610 --> 15:20.620 align:start position:0% sediment beneath the sea floor. But 15:20.620 --> 15:23.730 align:start position:0% sediment beneath the sea floor. But then,<00:17:13.760> one<00:17:14.160> image<00:17:14.480> showed<00:17:14.799> a<00:17:15.039> faint<00:17:15.600> circular 15:23.730 --> 15:23.740 align:start position:0% then, one image showed a faint circular 15:23.740 --> 15:26.130 align:start position:0% then, one image showed a faint circular blemish,<00:17:17.199> the<00:17:17.439> kind<00:17:17.600> of<00:17:17.760> unremarkable 15:26.130 --> 15:26.140 align:start position:0% blemish, the kind of unremarkable 15:26.140 --> 15:28.049 align:start position:0% blemish, the kind of unremarkable feature<00:17:18.959> that<00:17:19.199> many<00:17:19.520> geologists<00:17:20.079> might<00:17:20.319> have 15:28.049 --> 15:28.059 align:start position:0% feature that many geologists might have 15:28.059 --> 15:31.010 align:start position:0% feature that many geologists might have dismissed<00:17:21.199> at<00:17:21.439> a<00:17:21.679> glance.<00:17:22.959> But<00:17:23.120> lead 15:31.010 --> 15:31.020 align:start position:0% dismissed at a glance. But lead 15:31.020 --> 15:34.049 align:start position:0% dismissed at a glance. But lead scientist<00:17:24.160> Dr.<00:17:24.799> Christian<00:17:25.199> Nicholson<00:17:26.000> sensed 15:34.049 --> 15:34.059 align:start position:0% scientist Dr. Christian Nicholson sensed 15:34.059 --> 15:35.730 align:start position:0% scientist Dr. Christian Nicholson sensed otherwise. 15:35.730 --> 15:35.740 align:start position:0% otherwise. 15:35.740 --> 15:38.370 align:start position:0% otherwise. His<00:17:28.480> hunch<00:17:28.880> was<00:17:29.039> that<00:17:29.280> this<00:17:29.520> fuzzy<00:17:30.080> blob<00:17:30.559> might 15:38.370 --> 15:38.380 align:start position:0% His hunch was that this fuzzy blob might 15:38.380 --> 15:41.250 align:start position:0% His hunch was that this fuzzy blob might be<00:17:31.120> something<00:17:31.520> far<00:17:31.840> more<00:17:32.400> unusual.<00:17:33.520> He 15:41.250 --> 15:41.260 align:start position:0% be something far more unusual. He 15:41.260 --> 15:43.570 align:start position:0% be something far more unusual. He suspected<00:17:34.320> it<00:17:34.640> was<00:17:34.720> an<00:17:34.960> impact<00:17:35.520> crater 15:43.570 --> 15:43.580 align:start position:0% suspected it was an impact crater 15:43.580 --> 15:45.810 align:start position:0% suspected it was an impact crater because<00:17:36.320> of<00:17:36.480> the<00:17:36.720> raised<00:17:37.200> rim<00:17:37.520> with<00:17:37.919> layers<00:17:38.080> of 15:45.810 --> 15:45.820 align:start position:0% because of the raised rim with layers of 15:45.820 --> 15:48.690 align:start position:0% because of the raised rim with layers of debris<00:17:38.799> extending<00:17:39.600> outwards.<00:17:40.559> But<00:17:40.720> the<00:17:40.880> image 15:48.690 --> 15:48.700 align:start position:0% debris extending outwards. But the image 15:48.700 --> 15:52.049 align:start position:0% debris extending outwards. But the image was<00:17:41.440> so<00:17:41.840> grainy<00:17:42.480> he<00:17:42.720> couldn't<00:17:43.120> be<00:17:43.360> sure.<00:17:44.320> So 15:52.049 --> 15:52.059 align:start position:0% was so grainy he couldn't be sure. So 15:52.059 --> 15:54.850 align:start position:0% was so grainy he couldn't be sure. So the<00:17:44.799> team<00:17:45.039> began<00:17:45.360> to<00:17:45.600> investigate<00:17:46.320> further 15:54.850 --> 15:54.860 align:start position:0% the team began to investigate further 15:54.860 --> 15:57.650 align:start position:0% the team began to investigate further using<00:17:47.760> cuttingedge<00:17:48.559> highresolution<00:17:49.600> 3D 15:57.650 --> 15:57.660 align:start position:0% using cuttingedge highresolution 3D 15:57.660 --> 16:00.529 align:start position:0% using cuttingedge highresolution 3D seismic<00:17:50.799> data.<00:17:51.760> What<00:17:52.080> had<00:17:52.240> once<00:17:52.640> looked<00:17:52.880> like 16:00.529 --> 16:00.539 align:start position:0% seismic data. What had once looked like 16:00.539 --> 16:03.650 align:start position:0% seismic data. What had once looked like a<00:17:53.280> grainy<00:17:53.840> blur<00:17:54.400> suddenly<00:17:54.880> came<00:17:55.120> into<00:17:55.520> sharp 16:03.650 --> 16:03.660 align:start position:0% a grainy blur suddenly came into sharp 16:03.660 --> 16:06.850 align:start position:0% a grainy blur suddenly came into sharp focus.<00:17:57.360> And<00:17:57.600> as<00:17:57.840> the<00:17:58.080> detail<00:17:58.480> emerged,<00:17:59.120> they 16:06.850 --> 16:06.860 align:start position:0% focus. And as the detail emerged, they 16:06.860 --> 16:11.490 align:start position:0% focus. And as the detail emerged, they discovered<00:17:59.760> a<00:18:00.080> crater<00:18:00.640> 9.2<00:18:01.679> km<00:18:02.400> wide,<00:18:03.200> buried 16:11.490 --> 16:11.500 align:start position:0% discovered a crater 9.2 km wide, buried 16:11.500 --> 16:15.730 align:start position:0% discovered a crater 9.2 km wide, buried 300<00:18:04.720> m<00:18:05.760> under<00:18:06.080> the<00:18:06.240> sea<00:18:06.640> floor.<00:18:07.679> And<00:18:07.919> the 16:15.730 --> 16:15.740 align:start position:0% 300 m under the sea floor. And the 16:15.740 --> 16:19.490 align:start position:0% 300 m under the sea floor. And the culprit,<00:18:08.960> an<00:18:09.280> asteroid<00:18:10.000> around<00:18:10.559> 500<00:18:11.200> m<00:18:11.679> wide, 16:19.490 --> 16:19.500 align:start position:0% culprit, an asteroid around 500 m wide, 16:19.500 --> 16:23.490 align:start position:0% culprit, an asteroid around 500 m wide, which<00:18:12.240> had<00:18:12.480> struck<00:18:12.799> Earth<00:18:13.120> at<00:18:13.520> 72,000<00:18:14.960> km<00:18:15.679> per 16:23.490 --> 16:23.500 align:start position:0% which had struck Earth at 72,000 km per 16:23.500 --> 16:25.730 align:start position:0% which had struck Earth at 72,000 km per hour.<00:18:16.720> It<00:18:16.880> would<00:18:17.039> have<00:18:17.120> looked<00:18:17.360> like<00:18:17.520> a<00:18:17.760> giant 16:25.730 --> 16:25.740 align:start position:0% hour. It would have looked like a giant 16:25.740 --> 16:29.570 align:start position:0% hour. It would have looked like a giant fireball<00:18:19.120> 24<00:18:19.840> times<00:18:20.240> the<00:18:20.480> size<00:18:20.720> of<00:18:20.880> the<00:18:21.120> sun 16:29.570 --> 16:29.580 align:start position:0% fireball 24 times the size of the sun 16:29.580 --> 16:32.850 align:start position:0% fireball 24 times the size of the sun streaking<00:18:22.799> through<00:18:23.200> the<00:18:23.520> sky.<00:18:24.799> What's<00:18:25.120> even 16:32.850 --> 16:32.860 align:start position:0% streaking through the sky. What's even 16:32.860 --> 16:34.690 align:start position:0% streaking through the sky. What's even more<00:18:25.600> remarkable<00:18:26.160> is<00:18:26.400> that<00:18:26.640> using<00:18:26.960> the 16:34.690 --> 16:34.700 align:start position:0% more remarkable is that using the 16:34.700 --> 16:37.330 align:start position:0% more remarkable is that using the detailed<00:18:27.679> 3D<00:18:28.240> scans,<00:18:29.120> the<00:18:29.280> team<00:18:29.600> could 16:37.330 --> 16:37.340 align:start position:0% detailed 3D scans, the team could 16:37.340 --> 16:39.650 align:start position:0% detailed 3D scans, the team could reconstruct<00:18:30.559> what<00:18:30.880> happened<00:18:31.280> in<00:18:31.520> the<00:18:31.679> moments 16:39.650 --> 16:39.660 align:start position:0% reconstruct what happened in the moments 16:39.660 --> 16:43.169 align:start position:0% reconstruct what happened in the moments after<00:18:32.640> it<00:18:33.039> struck.<00:18:33.840> Within<00:18:34.320> seconds,<00:18:34.880> a<00:18:35.200> vast 16:43.169 --> 16:43.179 align:start position:0% after it struck. Within seconds, a vast 16:43.179 --> 16:45.570 align:start position:0% after it struck. Within seconds, a vast bowlshaped<00:18:36.559> crater<00:18:37.039> formed<00:18:37.520> hundreds<00:18:37.919> of 16:45.570 --> 16:45.580 align:start position:0% bowlshaped crater formed hundreds of 16:45.580 --> 16:48.610 align:start position:0% bowlshaped crater formed hundreds of meters<00:18:38.480> under<00:18:38.799> the<00:18:39.039> sea<00:18:39.360> floor.<00:18:40.320> Rock<00:18:40.720> behave 16:48.610 --> 16:48.620 align:start position:0% meters under the sea floor. Rock behave 16:48.620 --> 16:51.250 align:start position:0% meters under the sea floor. Rock behave like<00:18:41.440> liquids,<00:18:42.000> surging<00:18:42.480> back<00:18:42.720> inwards,<00:18:43.520> and 16:51.250 --> 16:51.260 align:start position:0% like liquids, surging back inwards, and 16:51.260 --> 16:53.570 align:start position:0% like liquids, surging back inwards, and earthquakes<00:18:44.480> rippled<00:18:44.960> through<00:18:45.120> the<00:18:45.360> crust, 16:53.570 --> 16:53.580 align:start position:0% earthquakes rippled through the crust, 16:53.580 --> 16:55.890 align:start position:0% earthquakes rippled through the crust, triggering<00:18:46.720> submarine<00:18:47.360> landslides<00:18:48.000> across 16:55.890 --> 16:55.900 align:start position:0% triggering submarine landslides across 16:55.900 --> 16:58.289 align:start position:0% triggering submarine landslides across thousands<00:18:48.880> of<00:18:49.120> square<00:18:49.520> kilometers.<00:18:50.559> A 16:58.289 --> 16:58.299 align:start position:0% thousands of square kilometers. A 16:58.299 --> 17:00.930 align:start position:0% thousands of square kilometers. A violent<00:18:51.200> air<00:18:51.520> blast<00:18:52.080> followed<00:18:52.880> and<00:18:53.120> then 17:00.930 --> 17:00.940 align:start position:0% violent air blast followed and then 17:00.940 --> 17:03.650 align:start position:0% violent air blast followed and then shaking<00:18:54.000> equivalent<00:18:54.400> to<00:18:54.559> a<00:18:54.799> magnitude<00:18:55.600> 7 17:03.650 --> 17:03.660 align:start position:0% shaking equivalent to a magnitude 7 17:03.660 --> 17:06.850 align:start position:0% shaking equivalent to a magnitude 7 quake.<00:18:57.200> Finally,<00:18:57.760> a<00:18:58.080> series<00:18:58.400> of<00:18:58.720> tsunamis 17:06.850 --> 17:06.860 align:start position:0% quake. Finally, a series of tsunamis 17:06.860 --> 17:10.130 align:start position:0% quake. Finally, a series of tsunamis with<00:18:59.679> towering<00:19:00.240> walls<00:19:00.559> of<00:19:00.720> water<00:19:01.200> 800<00:19:01.760> m<00:19:02.240> high 17:10.130 --> 17:10.140 align:start position:0% with towering walls of water 800 m high 17:10.140 --> 17:13.090 align:start position:0% with towering walls of water 800 m high raced<00:19:03.200> across<00:19:03.760> the<00:19:04.080> ocean. 17:13.090 --> 17:13.100 align:start position:0% raced across the ocean. 17:13.100 --> 17:14.610 align:start position:0% raced across the ocean. But<00:19:05.840> by<00:19:06.000> far<00:19:06.160> the<00:19:06.400> most<00:19:06.559> interesting<00:19:06.960> thing 17:14.610 --> 17:14.620 align:start position:0% But by far the most interesting thing 17:14.620 --> 17:17.970 align:start position:0% But by far the most interesting thing about<00:19:07.440> this<00:19:07.840> meteor<00:19:08.400> is<00:19:08.720> when<00:19:09.120> it<00:19:09.440> hit.<00:19:10.240> The 17:17.970 --> 17:17.980 align:start position:0% about this meteor is when it hit. The 17:17.980 --> 17:21.730 align:start position:0% about this meteor is when it hit. The newly<00:19:11.039> identified<00:19:11.679> crater<00:19:12.320> named<00:19:12.720> Nadier<00:19:13.760> sat 17:21.730 --> 17:21.740 align:start position:0% newly identified crater named Nadier sat 17:21.740 --> 17:24.210 align:start position:0% newly identified crater named Nadier sat directly<00:19:14.799> in<00:19:15.120> rock<00:19:15.360> and<00:19:15.679> sediment<00:19:16.240> layers 17:24.210 --> 17:24.220 align:start position:0% directly in rock and sediment layers 17:24.220 --> 17:26.289 align:start position:0% directly in rock and sediment layers that<00:19:16.960> were<00:19:17.120> of<00:19:17.280> a<00:19:17.520> very<00:19:17.679> similar<00:19:18.080> date<00:19:18.400> to<00:19:18.559> the 17:26.289 --> 17:26.299 align:start position:0% that were of a very similar date to the 17:26.299 --> 17:29.250 align:start position:0% that were of a very similar date to the chickaloo<00:19:19.840> impact.<00:19:20.880> And<00:19:21.039> that's<00:19:21.360> not<00:19:21.520> the 17:29.250 --> 17:29.260 align:start position:0% chickaloo impact. And that's not the 17:29.260 --> 17:31.010 align:start position:0% chickaloo impact. And that's not the only<00:19:22.000> piece<00:19:22.240> of<00:19:22.400> evidence<00:19:22.720> that<00:19:22.960> links<00:19:23.200> these 17:31.010 --> 17:31.020 align:start position:0% only piece of evidence that links these 17:31.020 --> 17:34.049 align:start position:0% only piece of evidence that links these two<00:19:23.679> asteroids<00:19:24.320> together.<00:19:25.120> In<00:19:25.440> 1994, 17:34.049 --> 17:34.059 align:start position:0% two asteroids together. In 1994, 17:34.059 --> 17:36.370 align:start position:0% two asteroids together. In 1994, astronomers<00:19:27.200> watched<00:19:27.520> as<00:19:27.760> comet<00:19:28.240> Shoemaker 17:36.370 --> 17:36.380 align:start position:0% astronomers watched as comet Shoemaker 17:36.380 --> 17:39.169 align:start position:0% astronomers watched as comet Shoemaker Levy<00:19:29.280> 9<00:19:29.840> was<00:19:30.080> torn<00:19:30.400> apart<00:19:30.799> by<00:19:31.120> Jupiter's 17:39.169 --> 17:39.179 align:start position:0% Levy 9 was torn apart by Jupiter's 17:39.179 --> 17:41.970 align:start position:0% Levy 9 was torn apart by Jupiter's gravity<00:19:32.720> before<00:19:33.039> its<00:19:33.280> fragment<00:19:33.840> slammed<00:19:34.240> into 17:41.970 --> 17:41.980 align:start position:0% gravity before its fragment slammed into 17:41.980 --> 17:44.529 align:start position:0% gravity before its fragment slammed into the<00:19:34.720> planet<00:19:35.039> in<00:19:35.200> a<00:19:35.440> chain<00:19:35.600> of<00:19:35.840> impacts<00:19:36.400> along<00:19:36.799> a 17:44.529 --> 17:44.539 align:start position:0% the planet in a chain of impacts along a 17:44.539 --> 17:46.610 align:start position:0% the planet in a chain of impacts along a straight<00:19:37.440> line.<00:19:38.320> So,<00:19:38.480> what<00:19:38.640> if<00:19:38.880> something 17:46.610 --> 17:46.620 align:start position:0% straight line. So, what if something 17:46.620 --> 17:49.650 align:start position:0% straight line. So, what if something similar<00:19:39.600> happened<00:19:40.000> here<00:19:40.799> 66<00:19:41.600> million<00:19:41.919> years 17:49.650 --> 17:49.660 align:start position:0% similar happened here 66 million years 17:49.660 --> 17:52.770 align:start position:0% similar happened here 66 million years ago?<00:19:42.880> Studies<00:19:43.280> of<00:19:43.520> impact<00:19:43.919> craters<00:19:44.400> on<00:19:44.720> Mars 17:52.770 --> 17:52.780 align:start position:0% ago? Studies of impact craters on Mars 17:52.780 --> 17:55.570 align:start position:0% ago? Studies of impact craters on Mars show<00:19:45.520> that<00:19:45.679> when<00:19:46.000> an<00:19:46.240> asteroid<00:19:46.799> breaks<00:19:47.200> apart, 17:55.570 --> 17:55.580 align:start position:0% show that when an asteroid breaks apart, 17:55.580 --> 17:57.890 align:start position:0% show that when an asteroid breaks apart, the<00:19:48.320> largest<00:19:48.799> fragment<00:19:49.360> typically<00:19:49.840> travels 17:57.890 --> 17:57.900 align:start position:0% the largest fragment typically travels 17:57.900 --> 18:00.450 align:start position:0% the largest fragment typically travels furthest,<00:19:51.200> while<00:19:51.520> smaller<00:19:51.919> fragments<00:19:52.480> strike 18:00.450 --> 18:00.460 align:start position:0% furthest, while smaller fragments strike 18:00.460 --> 18:02.690 align:start position:0% furthest, while smaller fragments strike first,<00:19:53.760> leaving<00:19:54.000> a<00:19:54.320> trail<00:19:54.640> of<00:19:54.799> smaller 18:02.690 --> 18:02.700 align:start position:0% first, leaving a trail of smaller 18:02.700 --> 18:05.650 align:start position:0% first, leaving a trail of smaller craters<00:19:55.760> behind.<00:19:56.799> The<00:19:57.039> shape<00:19:57.280> of<00:19:57.440> the<00:19:57.600> Nadier 18:05.650 --> 18:05.660 align:start position:0% craters behind. The shape of the Nadier 18:05.660 --> 18:07.890 align:start position:0% craters behind. The shape of the Nadier crater<00:19:58.640> reveals<00:19:59.039> the<00:19:59.360> direction<00:19:59.919> from<00:20:00.160> which 18:07.890 --> 18:07.900 align:start position:0% crater reveals the direction from which 18:07.900 --> 18:11.330 align:start position:0% crater reveals the direction from which its<00:20:00.640> asteroid<00:20:01.440> arrived.<00:20:02.559> Remarkably,<00:20:03.520> that 18:11.330 --> 18:11.340 align:start position:0% its asteroid arrived. Remarkably, that 18:11.340 --> 18:14.289 align:start position:0% its asteroid arrived. Remarkably, that trajectory<00:20:04.559> points<00:20:04.960> directly<00:20:05.600> towards 18:14.289 --> 18:14.299 align:start position:0% trajectory points directly towards 18:14.299 --> 18:16.289 align:start position:0% trajectory points directly towards Chickixaloop. 18:16.289 --> 18:16.299 align:start position:0% Chickixaloop. 18:16.299 --> 18:17.890 align:start position:0% Chickixaloop. Scientists<00:20:09.360> are<00:20:09.520> now<00:20:09.760> faced<00:20:10.000> with<00:20:10.160> an 18:17.890 --> 18:17.900 align:start position:0% Scientists are now faced with an 18:17.900 --> 18:20.930 align:start position:0% Scientists are now faced with an entirely<00:20:10.960> new<00:20:11.440> possibility.<00:20:12.720> Maybe<00:20:13.120> Earth 18:20.930 --> 18:20.940 align:start position:0% entirely new possibility. Maybe Earth 18:20.940 --> 18:23.890 align:start position:0% entirely new possibility. Maybe Earth wasn't<00:20:13.760> struck<00:20:14.080> by<00:20:14.240> a<00:20:14.559> single<00:20:14.880> asteroid,<00:20:16.000> but 18:23.890 --> 18:23.900 align:start position:0% wasn't struck by a single asteroid, but 18:23.900 --> 18:27.090 align:start position:0% wasn't struck by a single asteroid, but two.<00:20:17.760> Until<00:20:18.240> scientists<00:20:18.799> carry<00:20:18.960> out<00:20:19.200> further 18:27.090 --> 18:27.100 align:start position:0% two. Until scientists carry out further 18:27.100 --> 18:28.770 align:start position:0% two. Until scientists carry out further studies<00:20:19.840> on<00:20:20.000> the<00:20:20.160> rocks<00:20:20.480> deep<00:20:20.720> inside<00:20:21.039> the 18:28.770 --> 18:28.780 align:start position:0% studies on the rocks deep inside the 18:28.780 --> 18:30.850 align:start position:0% studies on the rocks deep inside the Nadier<00:20:21.760> crater,<00:20:22.240> they<00:20:22.480> won't<00:20:22.799> know<00:20:22.960> if<00:20:23.200> the 18:30.850 --> 18:30.860 align:start position:0% Nadier crater, they won't know if the 18:30.860 --> 18:32.690 align:start position:0% Nadier crater, they won't know if the two<00:20:23.520> impacts<00:20:23.919> happen<00:20:24.240> days,<00:20:24.640> months,<00:20:24.880> or<00:20:25.039> even 18:32.690 --> 18:32.700 align:start position:0% two impacts happen days, months, or even 18:32.700 --> 18:34.610 align:start position:0% two impacts happen days, months, or even thousands<00:20:25.600> of<00:20:25.760> years<00:20:26.000> apart.<00:20:26.880> But 18:34.610 --> 18:34.620 align:start position:0% thousands of years apart. But 18:34.620 --> 18:35.730 align:start position:0% thousands of years apart. But personally,<00:20:27.520> I<00:20:27.679> think<00:20:27.760> it's<00:20:28.000> pretty<00:20:28.159> cool 18:35.730 --> 18:35.740 align:start position:0% personally, I think it's pretty cool 18:35.740 --> 18:37.649 align:start position:0% personally, I think it's pretty cool that<00:20:28.480> there<00:20:28.640> might<00:20:28.880> be<00:20:29.039> some<00:20:29.280> more<00:20:29.520> to<00:20:29.840> this 18:37.649 --> 18:37.659 align:start position:0% that there might be some more to this 18:37.659 --> 18:40.049 align:start position:0% that there might be some more to this story.<00:20:30.799> And<00:20:30.960> it's<00:20:31.200> not<00:20:31.440> just<00:20:31.679> this<00:20:31.919> potential 18:40.049 --> 18:40.059 align:start position:0% story. And it's not just this potential 18:40.059 --> 18:42.049 align:start position:0% story. And it's not just this potential second<00:20:32.880> doomsday<00:20:33.520> asteroid<00:20:34.000> that's<00:20:34.240> shifting 18:42.049 --> 18:42.059 align:start position:0% second doomsday asteroid that's shifting 18:42.059 --> 18:44.450 align:start position:0% second doomsday asteroid that's shifting the<00:20:34.720> narrative,<00:20:35.120> either.<00:20:36.320> There's<00:20:36.640> evidence 18:44.450 --> 18:44.460 align:start position:0% the narrative, either. There's evidence 18:44.460 --> 18:45.890 align:start position:0% the narrative, either. There's evidence that<00:20:37.200> Earth<00:20:37.440> may<00:20:37.679> have<00:20:37.840> already<00:20:38.080> been<00:20:38.240> in 18:45.890 --> 18:45.900 align:start position:0% that Earth may have already been in 18:45.900 --> 18:48.450 align:start position:0% that Earth may have already been in trouble<00:20:38.799> before<00:20:39.440> the<00:20:39.760> fateful<00:20:40.240> asteroids 18:48.450 --> 18:48.460 align:start position:0% trouble before the fateful asteroids 18:48.460 --> 18:50.930 align:start position:0% trouble before the fateful asteroids appeared<00:20:41.440> in<00:20:41.679> the<00:20:41.919> sky. 18:50.930 --> 18:50.940 align:start position:0% appeared in the sky. 18:50.940 --> 18:53.570 align:start position:0% appeared in the sky. The<00:20:43.679> classic<00:20:44.240> impact<00:20:44.880> extinction<00:20:45.520> story<00:20:45.840> is 18:53.570 --> 18:53.580 align:start position:0% The classic impact extinction story is 18:53.580 --> 18:56.450 align:start position:0% The classic impact extinction story is being<00:20:46.400> further<00:20:46.880> complicated<00:20:48.000> by<00:20:48.240> a<00:20:48.400> new<00:20:48.640> field 18:56.450 --> 18:56.460 align:start position:0% being further complicated by a new field 18:56.460 --> 19:00.049 align:start position:0% being further complicated by a new field of<00:20:49.200> science<00:20:49.679> called<00:20:50.080> disaster<00:20:50.880> microbiology. 19:00.049 --> 19:00.059 align:start position:0% of science called disaster microbiology. 19:00.059 --> 19:03.330 align:start position:0% of science called disaster microbiology. A<00:20:52.880> study<00:20:53.120> in<00:20:53.360> May<00:20:53.760> 2026<00:20:55.039> in<00:20:55.200> the<00:20:55.360> proceedings 19:03.330 --> 19:03.340 align:start position:0% A study in May 2026 in the proceedings 19:03.340 --> 19:05.890 align:start position:0% A study in May 2026 in the proceedings of<00:20:56.080> the<00:20:56.240> National<00:20:56.720> Academy<00:20:57.120> of<00:20:57.440> Science 19:05.890 --> 19:05.900 align:start position:0% of the National Academy of Science 19:05.900 --> 19:08.370 align:start position:0% of the National Academy of Science reports<00:20:58.960> finding<00:20:59.360> evidence<00:20:59.760> of<00:20:59.919> a<00:21:00.320> separate 19:08.370 --> 19:08.380 align:start position:0% reports finding evidence of a separate 19:08.380 --> 19:11.570 align:start position:0% reports finding evidence of a separate ecological<00:21:01.679> crisis<00:21:02.159> that<00:21:02.480> began<00:21:02.960> 30,000<00:21:03.760> to 19:11.570 --> 19:11.580 align:start position:0% ecological crisis that began 30,000 to 19:11.580 --> 19:14.690 align:start position:0% ecological crisis that began 30,000 to 10,000<00:21:04.799> years<00:21:05.120> before<00:21:06.080> the<00:21:06.320> Chickixaloo 19:14.690 --> 19:14.700 align:start position:0% 10,000 years before the Chickixaloo 19:14.700 --> 19:18.049 align:start position:0% 10,000 years before the Chickixaloo impact.<00:21:08.400> Microbiologists<00:21:09.600> Rosanna<00:21:10.159> Baker 19:18.049 --> 19:18.059 align:start position:0% impact. Microbiologists Rosanna Baker 19:18.059 --> 19:20.130 align:start position:0% impact. Microbiologists Rosanna Baker and<00:21:10.720> Archiurro<00:21:11.360> Kazad<00:21:11.679> Deval<00:21:12.159> from<00:21:12.400> John 19:20.130 --> 19:20.140 align:start position:0% and Archiurro Kazad Deval from John 19:20.140 --> 19:22.130 align:start position:0% and Archiurro Kazad Deval from John Hopkins<00:21:13.280> Bloomberg<00:21:13.840> School<00:21:14.080> of<00:21:14.320> Public 19:22.130 --> 19:22.140 align:start position:0% Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public 19:22.140 --> 19:24.850 align:start position:0% Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health<00:21:15.600> analyzed<00:21:16.080> sediment<00:21:16.559> samples<00:21:17.039> from 19:24.850 --> 19:24.860 align:start position:0% Health analyzed sediment samples from 19:24.860 --> 19:27.330 align:start position:0% Health analyzed sediment samples from three<00:21:17.679> sites<00:21:18.080> in<00:21:18.320> North<00:21:18.640> America<00:21:19.280> that<00:21:19.600> span 19:27.330 --> 19:27.340 align:start position:0% three sites in North America that span 19:27.340 --> 19:30.049 align:start position:0% three sites in North America that span the<00:21:20.000> Cretaceous<00:21:20.720> and<00:21:20.960> Paleogene<00:21:21.840> periods. 19:30.049 --> 19:30.059 align:start position:0% the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. 19:30.059 --> 19:32.770 align:start position:0% the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. The<00:21:22.880> moment<00:21:23.200> around<00:21:23.679> 66<00:21:24.240> million<00:21:24.559> years<00:21:24.720> ago 19:32.770 --> 19:32.780 align:start position:0% The moment around 66 million years ago 19:32.780 --> 19:36.450 align:start position:0% The moment around 66 million years ago when<00:21:25.600> the<00:21:25.840> asteroid<00:21:26.480> hit.<00:21:27.919> They<00:21:28.159> found<00:21:28.559> three 19:36.450 --> 19:36.460 align:start position:0% when the asteroid hit. They found three 19:36.460 --> 19:39.010 align:start position:0% when the asteroid hit. They found three distinct<00:21:29.440> spikes<00:21:29.919> in<00:21:30.240> fungal<00:21:30.720> activity<00:21:31.280> in 19:39.010 --> 19:39.020 align:start position:0% distinct spikes in fungal activity in 19:39.020 --> 19:41.490 align:start position:0% distinct spikes in fungal activity in the<00:21:31.760> rock.<00:21:32.400> two<00:21:32.799> after<00:21:33.039> the<00:21:33.280> impact<00:21:33.679> as 19:41.490 --> 19:41.500 align:start position:0% the rock. two after the impact as 19:41.500 --> 19:44.770 align:start position:0% the rock. two after the impact as expected,<00:21:34.880> but<00:21:35.280> one<00:21:35.600> less<00:21:35.919> than<00:21:36.159> 30,000<00:21:36.880> years 19:44.770 --> 19:44.780 align:start position:0% expected, but one less than 30,000 years 19:44.780 --> 19:47.490 align:start position:0% expected, but one less than 30,000 years before.<00:21:38.320> A<00:21:38.640> clear<00:21:38.960> signal<00:21:39.280> that<00:21:39.440> the<00:21:39.600> world's 19:47.490 --> 19:47.500 align:start position:0% before. A clear signal that the world's 19:47.500 --> 19:49.250 align:start position:0% before. A clear signal that the world's ecosystems<00:21:40.720> may<00:21:40.960> have<00:21:41.120> already<00:21:41.360> been 19:49.250 --> 19:49.260 align:start position:0% ecosystems may have already been 19:49.260 --> 19:50.770 align:start position:0% ecosystems may have already been struggling. 19:50.770 --> 19:50.780 align:start position:0% struggling. 19:50.780 --> 19:52.130 align:start position:0% struggling. We<00:21:43.520> can<00:21:43.600> do<00:21:43.760> this,<00:21:44.000> by<00:21:44.159> the<00:21:44.240> way,<00:21:44.320> because 19:52.130 --> 19:52.140 align:start position:0% We can do this, by the way, because 19:52.140 --> 19:55.169 align:start position:0% We can do this, by the way, because fungi<00:21:45.200> thrive<00:21:45.520> when<00:21:45.840> ecosystems<00:21:46.640> fall<00:21:46.880> apart. 19:55.169 --> 19:55.179 align:start position:0% fungi thrive when ecosystems fall apart. 19:55.179 --> 19:57.970 align:start position:0% fungi thrive when ecosystems fall apart. As<00:21:48.000> decomposers,<00:21:48.880> they<00:21:49.200> explode<00:21:49.760> in<00:21:50.080> number 19:57.970 --> 19:57.980 align:start position:0% As decomposers, they explode in number 19:57.980 --> 20:00.370 align:start position:0% As decomposers, they explode in number when<00:21:50.720> plants<00:21:50.960> and<00:21:51.200> animals<00:21:51.600> die<00:21:51.919> on<00:21:52.240> mass, 20:00.370 --> 20:00.380 align:start position:0% when plants and animals die on mass, 20:00.380 --> 20:02.610 align:start position:0% when plants and animals die on mass, feeding<00:21:53.280> on<00:21:53.440> what's<00:21:53.760> left<00:21:54.000> behind.<00:21:54.880> The 20:02.610 --> 20:02.620 align:start position:0% feeding on what's left behind. The 20:02.620 --> 20:04.930 align:start position:0% feeding on what's left behind. The pattern<00:21:55.440> is<00:21:55.679> simple.<00:21:56.159> Life<00:21:56.559> collapses<00:21:57.120> and 20:04.930 --> 20:04.940 align:start position:0% pattern is simple. Life collapses and 20:04.940 --> 20:07.570 align:start position:0% pattern is simple. Life collapses and global<00:21:57.919> fungi<00:21:58.480> blooms.<00:21:59.280> But<00:21:59.520> what<00:21:59.760> makes<00:21:59.919> this 20:07.570 --> 20:07.580 align:start position:0% global fungi blooms. But what makes this 20:07.580 --> 20:09.169 align:start position:0% global fungi blooms. But what makes this even<00:22:00.320> more<00:22:00.480> compelling<00:22:00.880> is<00:22:01.039> that's<00:22:01.360> not<00:22:01.440> the 20:09.169 --> 20:09.179 align:start position:0% even more compelling is that's not the 20:09.179 --> 20:10.930 align:start position:0% even more compelling is that's not the only<00:22:01.840> piece<00:22:02.000> of<00:22:02.159> evidence<00:22:02.400> that<00:22:02.720> shows<00:22:03.120> life 20:10.930 --> 20:10.940 align:start position:0% only piece of evidence that shows life 20:10.940 --> 20:13.970 align:start position:0% only piece of evidence that shows life on<00:22:03.679> Earth<00:22:04.000> was<00:22:04.240> barely<00:22:04.799> clinging<00:22:05.280> on.<00:22:06.240> More 20:13.970 --> 20:13.980 align:start position:0% on Earth was barely clinging on. More 20:13.980 --> 20:17.169 align:start position:0% on Earth was barely clinging on. More than<00:22:06.799> 15,000<00:22:07.840> km<00:22:08.320> away<00:22:08.559> from<00:22:08.799> the<00:22:09.039> Mexico 20:17.169 --> 20:17.179 align:start position:0% than 15,000 km away from the Mexico 20:17.179 --> 20:20.610 align:start position:0% than 15,000 km away from the Mexico impact<00:22:10.159> site<00:22:10.799> lies<00:22:11.120> a<00:22:11.360> vast<00:22:11.919> landscape.<00:22:12.960> A 20:20.610 --> 20:20.620 align:start position:0% impact site lies a vast landscape. A 20:20.620 --> 20:22.930 align:start position:0% impact site lies a vast landscape. A landscape<00:22:13.679> built<00:22:14.000> by<00:22:14.240> immense<00:22:14.880> ancient 20:22.930 --> 20:22.940 align:start position:0% landscape built by immense ancient 20:22.940 --> 20:25.649 align:start position:0% landscape built by immense ancient volcanic<00:22:16.320> eruptions.<00:22:17.360> And<00:22:17.520> the<00:22:17.679> date<00:22:17.919> it 20:25.649 --> 20:25.659 align:start position:0% volcanic eruptions. And the date it 20:25.659 --> 20:28.850 align:start position:0% volcanic eruptions. And the date it formed,<00:22:18.640> yeah,<00:22:19.039> you<00:22:19.280> guessed<00:22:19.520> it,<00:22:19.840> around<00:22:20.480> 66 20:28.850 --> 20:28.860 align:start position:0% formed, yeah, you guessed it, around 66 20:28.860 --> 20:31.169 align:start position:0% formed, yeah, you guessed it, around 66 million<00:22:21.760> years<00:22:22.000> ago.<00:22:22.640> The<00:22:22.880> deck<00:22:23.039> and<00:22:23.280> traps 20:31.169 --> 20:31.179 align:start position:0% million years ago. The deck and traps 20:31.179 --> 20:33.810 align:start position:0% million years ago. The deck and traps covers<00:22:24.000> an<00:22:24.240> area<00:22:24.799> 500,000 20:33.810 --> 20:33.820 align:start position:0% covers an area 500,000 20:33.820 --> 20:37.330 align:start position:0% covers an area 500,000 km<00:22:26.880> in<00:22:27.200> western<00:22:27.679> India.<00:22:28.640> Today<00:22:29.039> it<00:22:29.280> appears 20:37.330 --> 20:37.340 align:start position:0% km in western India. Today it appears 20:37.340 --> 20:40.610 align:start position:0% km in western India. Today it appears silent,<00:22:30.559> but<00:22:31.039> 66<00:22:31.600> million<00:22:31.919> years<00:22:32.080> ago,<00:22:32.880> this 20:40.610 --> 20:40.620 align:start position:0% silent, but 66 million years ago, this 20:40.620 --> 20:42.850 align:start position:0% silent, but 66 million years ago, this region<00:22:33.440> was<00:22:33.679> the<00:22:34.000> center<00:22:34.320> of<00:22:34.559> one<00:22:34.720> of<00:22:34.799> the<00:22:35.039> most 20:42.850 --> 20:42.860 align:start position:0% region was the center of one of the most 20:42.860 --> 20:45.490 align:start position:0% region was the center of one of the most powerful<00:22:35.840> volcanic<00:22:36.400> episodes<00:22:36.960> in<00:22:37.360> Earth's 20:45.490 --> 20:45.500 align:start position:0% powerful volcanic episodes in Earth's 20:45.500 --> 20:47.810 align:start position:0% powerful volcanic episodes in Earth's history.<00:22:38.960> Volcanic<00:22:39.520> eruptions<00:22:39.840> that<00:22:40.000> lasted 20:47.810 --> 20:47.820 align:start position:0% history. Volcanic eruptions that lasted 20:47.820 --> 20:50.690 align:start position:0% history. Volcanic eruptions that lasted a<00:22:40.559> staggering<00:22:41.120> 750,000 20:50.690 --> 20:50.700 align:start position:0% a staggering 750,000 20:50.700 --> 20:54.130 align:start position:0% a staggering 750,000 years.<00:22:44.320> Each<00:22:44.720> explosion<00:22:45.200> of<00:22:45.360> magma<00:22:45.840> pump<00:22:46.159> vast 20:54.130 --> 20:54.140 align:start position:0% years. Each explosion of magma pump vast 20:54.140 --> 20:56.130 align:start position:0% years. Each explosion of magma pump vast quantities<00:22:47.039> of<00:22:47.280> carbon<00:22:47.600> dioxide<00:22:48.159> into<00:22:48.480> the 20:56.130 --> 20:56.140 align:start position:0% quantities of carbon dioxide into the 20:56.140 --> 20:58.930 align:start position:0% quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,<00:22:49.600> driving<00:22:50.080> long-term<00:22:50.960> global 20:58.930 --> 20:58.940 align:start position:0% atmosphere, driving long-term global 20:58.940 --> 21:01.890 align:start position:0% atmosphere, driving long-term global warming.<00:22:52.480> At<00:22:52.799> the<00:22:52.960> same<00:22:53.200> time,<00:22:53.760> sulfur<00:22:54.159> and 21:01.890 --> 21:01.900 align:start position:0% warming. At the same time, sulfur and 21:01.900 --> 21:04.130 align:start position:0% warming. At the same time, sulfur and chlorine<00:22:54.880> gases<00:22:55.440> likely<00:22:55.840> triggered<00:22:56.240> acid 21:04.130 --> 21:04.140 align:start position:0% chlorine gases likely triggered acid 21:04.140 --> 21:06.289 align:start position:0% chlorine gases likely triggered acid rain<00:22:56.960> and<00:22:57.280> short<00:22:57.600> periods<00:22:58.080> of<00:22:58.320> global 21:06.289 --> 21:06.299 align:start position:0% rain and short periods of global 21:06.299 --> 21:09.010 align:start position:0% rain and short periods of global cooling.<00:22:59.919> The<00:23:00.240> result<00:23:00.400> was<00:23:00.640> a<00:23:00.880> planet<00:23:01.200> in 21:09.010 --> 21:09.020 align:start position:0% cooling. The result was a planet in 21:09.020 --> 21:11.250 align:start position:0% cooling. The result was a planet in constant<00:23:02.080> environmental<00:23:02.880> flux<00:23:03.520> with 21:11.250 --> 21:11.260 align:start position:0% constant environmental flux with 21:11.260 --> 21:14.690 align:start position:0% constant environmental flux with ecosystems<00:23:04.559> being<00:23:04.799> pushed<00:23:05.120> to<00:23:05.280> their<00:23:05.520> limits. 21:14.690 --> 21:14.700 align:start position:0% ecosystems being pushed to their limits. 21:14.700 --> 21:17.010 align:start position:0% ecosystems being pushed to their limits. And<00:23:07.440> we<00:23:07.679> know<00:23:08.000> exactly<00:23:08.559> when<00:23:08.880> these<00:23:09.200> deadly 21:17.010 --> 21:17.020 align:start position:0% And we know exactly when these deadly 21:17.020 --> 21:19.890 align:start position:0% And we know exactly when these deadly volcanoes<00:23:10.400> erupted.<00:23:11.760> Scientists<00:23:12.240> from 21:19.890 --> 21:19.900 align:start position:0% volcanoes erupted. Scientists from 21:19.900 --> 21:22.210 align:start position:0% volcanoes erupted. Scientists from Princeton<00:23:13.039> University<00:23:13.679> are<00:23:13.919> investigating 21:22.210 --> 21:22.220 align:start position:0% Princeton University are investigating 21:22.220 --> 21:25.409 align:start position:0% Princeton University are investigating tiny<00:23:15.200> crystals<00:23:15.840> known<00:23:16.080> as<00:23:16.480> zirkon,<00:23:17.440> which<00:23:17.679> are 21:25.409 --> 21:25.419 align:start position:0% tiny crystals known as zirkon, which are 21:25.419 --> 21:27.730 align:start position:0% tiny crystals known as zirkon, which are trapped<00:23:18.320> within<00:23:18.720> the<00:23:18.880> ancient<00:23:19.280> volcanic<00:23:19.840> ash 21:27.730 --> 21:27.740 align:start position:0% trapped within the ancient volcanic ash 21:27.740 --> 21:29.970 align:start position:0% trapped within the ancient volcanic ash layers.<00:23:20.799> Zirkon<00:23:21.280> are<00:23:21.440> like<00:23:21.679> nature's<00:23:22.159> time 21:29.970 --> 21:29.980 align:start position:0% layers. Zirkon are like nature's time 21:29.980 --> 21:31.890 align:start position:0% layers. Zirkon are like nature's time capsules<00:23:23.120> because<00:23:23.440> when<00:23:23.600> they<00:23:23.840> form<00:23:24.159> they 21:31.890 --> 21:31.900 align:start position:0% capsules because when they form they 21:31.900 --> 21:34.770 align:start position:0% capsules because when they form they lock<00:23:24.720> in<00:23:25.280> radioactive<00:23:26.159> uranium<00:23:26.720> creating<00:23:27.039> an 21:34.770 --> 21:34.780 align:start position:0% lock in radioactive uranium creating an 21:34.780 --> 21:36.930 align:start position:0% lock in radioactive uranium creating an atomic<00:23:27.760> clock<00:23:28.000> that<00:23:28.320> counts<00:23:28.720> down<00:23:29.120> for 21:36.930 --> 21:36.940 align:start position:0% atomic clock that counts down for 21:36.940 --> 21:39.730 align:start position:0% atomic clock that counts down for millions<00:23:29.840> of<00:23:30.080> years.<00:23:31.039> As<00:23:31.280> a<00:23:31.440> result,<00:23:31.760> the<00:23:32.000> team 21:39.730 --> 21:39.740 align:start position:0% millions of years. As a result, the team 21:39.740 --> 21:41.409 align:start position:0% millions of years. As a result, the team were<00:23:32.400> able<00:23:32.559> to<00:23:32.720> reconstruct<00:23:33.360> the<00:23:33.600> most 21:41.409 --> 21:41.419 align:start position:0% were able to reconstruct the most 21:41.419 --> 21:44.289 align:start position:0% were able to reconstruct the most precise<00:23:34.559> timeline<00:23:35.280> yet.<00:23:36.159> And<00:23:36.320> what<00:23:36.559> they 21:44.289 --> 21:44.299 align:start position:0% precise timeline yet. And what they 21:44.299 --> 21:47.090 align:start position:0% precise timeline yet. And what they found<00:23:37.039> was<00:23:37.760> startling.<00:23:38.720> These<00:23:39.039> volcanic 21:47.090 --> 21:47.100 align:start position:0% found was startling. These volcanic 21:47.100 --> 21:50.289 align:start position:0% found was startling. These volcanic eruptions<00:23:40.080> started<00:23:40.640> 250,000<00:23:41.840> years<00:23:42.240> before 21:50.289 --> 21:50.299 align:start position:0% eruptions started 250,000 years before 21:50.299 --> 21:53.330 align:start position:0% eruptions started 250,000 years before the<00:23:43.120> Chickixaloo<00:23:43.840> asteroid<00:23:44.400> hit.<00:23:45.280> So,<00:23:45.520> the 21:53.330 --> 21:53.340 align:start position:0% the Chickixaloo asteroid hit. So, the 21:53.340 --> 21:55.250 align:start position:0% the Chickixaloo asteroid hit. So, the impact<00:23:46.320> may<00:23:46.640> not<00:23:46.799> have<00:23:47.039> been<00:23:47.200> the<00:23:47.520> beginning 21:55.250 --> 21:55.260 align:start position:0% impact may not have been the beginning 21:55.260 --> 21:58.370 align:start position:0% impact may not have been the beginning of<00:23:48.000> the<00:23:48.240> end,<00:23:48.880> but<00:23:49.200> the<00:23:49.520> final<00:23:50.000> blow<00:23:50.400> to<00:23:50.640> an 21:58.370 --> 21:58.380 align:start position:0% of the end, but the final blow to an 21:58.380 --> 22:01.250 align:start position:0% of the end, but the final blow to an Earth<00:23:51.280> already<00:23:51.840> in<00:23:52.240> turmoil. 22:01.250 --> 22:01.260 align:start position:0% Earth already in turmoil. 22:01.260 --> 22:02.610 align:start position:0% Earth already in turmoil. Actually,<00:23:54.000> on<00:23:54.240> reflection,<00:23:54.640> maybe<00:23:54.799> just<00:23:54.960> the 22:02.610 --> 22:02.620 align:start position:0% Actually, on reflection, maybe just the 22:02.620 --> 22:04.930 align:start position:0% Actually, on reflection, maybe just the one<00:23:55.200> asteroid<00:23:55.679> was<00:23:55.919> kinder<00:23:56.320> than<00:23:56.720> two<00:23:57.039> and<00:23:57.280> all 22:04.930 --> 22:04.940 align:start position:0% one asteroid was kinder than two and all 22:04.940 --> 22:06.210 align:start position:0% one asteroid was kinder than two and all of<00:23:57.520> this<00:23:57.760> death<00:23:57.919> and<00:23:58.080> destruction<00:23:58.400> going<00:23:58.559> on 22:06.210 --> 22:06.220 align:start position:0% of this death and destruction going on 22:06.220 --> 22:07.810 align:start position:0% of this death and destruction going on at<00:23:58.799> the<00:23:58.960> same<00:23:59.120> time.<00:23:59.679> But<00:23:59.840> actually,<00:24:00.080> the<00:24:00.240> way 22:07.810 --> 22:07.820 align:start position:0% at the same time. But actually, the way 22:07.820 --> 22:10.450 align:start position:0% at the same time. But actually, the way the<00:24:00.559> Earth<00:24:01.039> responded<00:24:01.760> to<00:24:02.080> this<00:24:02.400> death<00:24:02.640> and 22:10.450 --> 22:10.460 align:start position:0% the Earth responded to this death and 22:10.460 --> 22:12.130 align:start position:0% the Earth responded to this death and destruction,<00:24:03.840> well,<00:24:04.080> that<00:24:04.240> doesn't<00:24:04.400> match 22:12.130 --> 22:12.140 align:start position:0% destruction, well, that doesn't match 22:12.140 --> 22:14.850 align:start position:0% destruction, well, that doesn't match the<00:24:04.880> traditional<00:24:05.440> story<00:24:06.000> either.<00:24:06.799> Gone<00:24:07.120> is 22:14.850 --> 22:14.860 align:start position:0% the traditional story either. Gone is 22:14.860 --> 22:16.610 align:start position:0% the traditional story either. Gone is the<00:24:07.520> theory<00:24:07.760> that<00:24:07.919> life<00:24:08.240> spent<00:24:08.559> millions<00:24:08.960> of 22:16.610 --> 22:16.620 align:start position:0% the theory that life spent millions of 22:16.620 --> 22:18.610 align:start position:0% the theory that life spent millions of years<00:24:09.360> recovering<00:24:09.919> from<00:24:10.240> this<00:24:10.480> dark<00:24:10.799> chapter 22:18.610 --> 22:18.620 align:start position:0% years recovering from this dark chapter 22:18.620 --> 22:21.169 align:start position:0% years recovering from this dark chapter in<00:24:11.360> Earth's<00:24:11.760> history.<00:24:12.400> Actually,<00:24:13.360> it 22:21.169 --> 22:21.179 align:start position:0% in Earth's history. Actually, it 22:21.179 --> 22:23.490 align:start position:0% in Earth's history. Actually, it recovered<00:24:14.159> quick.<00:24:15.120> And<00:24:15.279> the<00:24:15.520> evidence<00:24:15.760> for 22:23.490 --> 22:23.500 align:start position:0% recovered quick. And the evidence for 22:23.500 --> 22:25.649 align:start position:0% recovered quick. And the evidence for that<00:24:16.320> doesn't<00:24:16.559> come<00:24:16.720> from<00:24:16.960> the<00:24:17.120> Earth<00:24:17.440> itself. 22:25.649 --> 22:25.659 align:start position:0% that doesn't come from the Earth itself. 22:25.659 --> 22:28.850 align:start position:0% that doesn't come from the Earth itself. No.<00:24:18.720> Like<00:24:19.039> the<00:24:19.279> asteroids,<00:24:20.400> it<00:24:20.640> came<00:24:20.880> from 22:28.850 --> 22:28.860 align:start position:0% No. Like the asteroids, it came from 22:28.860 --> 22:31.810 align:start position:0% No. Like the asteroids, it came from space.<00:24:22.400> To<00:24:22.640> work<00:24:22.880> out<00:24:23.039> the<00:24:23.200> age<00:24:23.440> of<00:24:23.679> fossils, 22:31.810 --> 22:31.820 align:start position:0% space. To work out the age of fossils, 22:31.820 --> 22:33.490 align:start position:0% space. To work out the age of fossils, scientists<00:24:24.880> usually<00:24:25.200> date<00:24:25.440> the<00:24:25.600> sediment 22:33.490 --> 22:33.500 align:start position:0% scientists usually date the sediment 22:33.500 --> 22:35.649 align:start position:0% scientists usually date the sediment layers<00:24:26.240> they're<00:24:26.559> buried<00:24:26.880> in.<00:24:27.600> But<00:24:27.760> during<00:24:28.000> a 22:35.649 --> 22:35.659 align:start position:0% layers they're buried in. But during a 22:35.659 --> 22:38.049 align:start position:0% layers they're buried in. But during a mass<00:24:28.480> extinction,<00:24:29.120> that<00:24:29.360> method<00:24:29.679> has<00:24:29.840> a<00:24:30.080> fatal 22:38.049 --> 22:38.059 align:start position:0% mass extinction, that method has a fatal 22:38.059 --> 22:40.769 align:start position:0% mass extinction, that method has a fatal flaw.<00:24:31.200> Because<00:24:31.520> as<00:24:31.840> vegetation<00:24:32.559> dies, 22:40.769 --> 22:40.779 align:start position:0% flaw. Because as vegetation dies, 22:40.779 --> 22:43.169 align:start position:0% flaw. Because as vegetation dies, erosion<00:24:33.840> spikes<00:24:34.640> and<00:24:34.880> huge<00:24:35.200> amounts<00:24:35.520> of 22:43.169 --> 22:43.179 align:start position:0% erosion spikes and huge amounts of 22:43.179 --> 22:44.930 align:start position:0% erosion spikes and huge amounts of material<00:24:36.080> flood<00:24:36.400> into<00:24:36.640> the<00:24:36.799> ocean, 22:44.930 --> 22:44.940 align:start position:0% material flood into the ocean, 22:44.940 --> 22:46.690 align:start position:0% material flood into the ocean, scrambling<00:24:37.919> the<00:24:38.080> geological<00:24:38.720> sediment 22:46.690 --> 22:46.700 align:start position:0% scrambling the geological sediment 22:46.700 --> 22:49.330 align:start position:0% scrambling the geological sediment clock.<00:24:40.159> So,<00:24:40.480> a<00:24:40.720> team<00:24:40.880> from<00:24:41.039> the<00:24:41.200> University<00:24:41.520> of 22:49.330 --> 22:49.340 align:start position:0% clock. So, a team from the University of 22:49.340 --> 22:51.649 align:start position:0% clock. So, a team from the University of Texas<00:24:42.480> started<00:24:42.799> to<00:24:43.039> investigate<00:24:43.679> something 22:51.649 --> 22:51.659 align:start position:0% Texas started to investigate something 22:51.659 --> 22:54.210 align:start position:0% Texas started to investigate something else.<00:24:44.960> Something<00:24:45.200> that<00:24:45.360> was<00:24:45.600> far<00:24:45.919> more<00:24:46.240> stable 22:54.210 --> 22:54.220 align:start position:0% else. Something that was far more stable 22:54.220 --> 22:58.529 align:start position:0% else. Something that was far more stable and<00:24:47.200> accurate.<00:24:48.400> Space<00:24:48.720> dust.<00:24:50.080> Microscopic 22:58.529 --> 22:58.539 align:start position:0% and accurate. Space dust. Microscopic 22:58.539 --> 23:00.850 align:start position:0% and accurate. Space dust. Microscopic specs<00:24:51.440> that<00:24:51.679> consists<00:24:52.080> of<00:24:52.240> grains<00:24:52.640> of<00:24:52.799> rock, 23:00.850 --> 23:00.860 align:start position:0% specs that consists of grains of rock, 23:00.860 --> 23:03.250 align:start position:0% specs that consists of grains of rock, metal,<00:24:53.919> and<00:24:54.240> organic<00:24:54.880> compounds<00:24:55.520> which 23:03.250 --> 23:03.260 align:start position:0% metal, and organic compounds which 23:03.260 --> 23:05.490 align:start position:0% metal, and organic compounds which originate<00:24:56.240> from<00:24:56.640> asteroids,<00:24:57.279> comets,<00:24:57.760> and 23:05.490 --> 23:05.500 align:start position:0% originate from asteroids, comets, and 23:05.500 --> 23:08.930 align:start position:0% originate from asteroids, comets, and dying<00:24:58.559> stars.<00:24:59.760> Every<00:25:00.080> year,<00:25:00.400> around<00:25:00.720> 5,000 23:08.930 --> 23:08.940 align:start position:0% dying stars. Every year, around 5,000 23:08.940 --> 23:11.490 align:start position:0% dying stars. Every year, around 5,000 tons<00:25:01.840> of<00:25:02.240> space<00:25:02.559> dust<00:25:02.960> rains<00:25:03.360> down<00:25:03.679> through 23:11.490 --> 23:11.500 align:start position:0% tons of space dust rains down through 23:11.500 --> 23:13.570 align:start position:0% tons of space dust rains down through Earth's<00:25:04.480> atmosphere,<00:25:05.360> settling<00:25:05.760> everywhere 23:13.570 --> 23:13.580 align:start position:0% Earth's atmosphere, settling everywhere 23:13.580 --> 23:15.649 align:start position:0% Earth's atmosphere, settling everywhere across<00:25:06.559> oceans,<00:25:07.039> forests,<00:25:07.520> deserts,<00:25:07.919> and 23:15.649 --> 23:15.659 align:start position:0% across oceans, forests, deserts, and 23:15.659 --> 23:17.970 align:start position:0% across oceans, forests, deserts, and even<00:25:08.480> our<00:25:08.720> homes.<00:25:09.600> So<00:25:09.919> yeah,<00:25:10.159> next<00:25:10.320> time 23:17.970 --> 23:17.980 align:start position:0% even our homes. So yeah, next time 23:17.980 --> 23:19.330 align:start position:0% even our homes. So yeah, next time you're<00:25:10.720> doing<00:25:10.799> the<00:25:11.039> vacuuming,<00:25:11.600> keep<00:25:11.679> an<00:25:11.840> eye 23:19.330 --> 23:19.340 align:start position:0% you're doing the vacuuming, keep an eye 23:19.340 --> 23:21.970 align:start position:0% you're doing the vacuuming, keep an eye out<00:25:12.080> for<00:25:12.240> some<00:25:12.480> space<00:25:12.880> dust,<00:25:13.600> I<00:25:13.840> guess. 23:21.970 --> 23:21.980 align:start position:0% out for some space dust, I guess. 23:21.980 --> 23:24.370 align:start position:0% out for some space dust, I guess. Anyway,<00:25:14.880> lead<00:25:15.120> author<00:25:15.600> Chris<00:25:15.919> Lowry<00:25:16.480> and<00:25:16.640> his 23:24.370 --> 23:24.380 align:start position:0% Anyway, lead author Chris Lowry and his 23:24.380 --> 23:28.049 align:start position:0% Anyway, lead author Chris Lowry and his colleagues<00:25:17.360> use<00:25:17.600> a<00:25:17.840> rare<00:25:18.320> isotope,<00:25:19.120> helium<00:25:19.840> 3, 23:28.049 --> 23:28.059 align:start position:0% colleagues use a rare isotope, helium 3, 23:28.059 --> 23:30.289 align:start position:0% colleagues use a rare isotope, helium 3, which<00:25:20.880> builds<00:25:21.279> up<00:25:21.440> in<00:25:21.760> deep<00:25:22.000> sea<00:25:22.320> sediments 23:30.289 --> 23:30.299 align:start position:0% which builds up in deep sea sediments 23:30.299 --> 23:32.210 align:start position:0% which builds up in deep sea sediments through<00:25:23.039> this<00:25:23.360> constant<00:25:23.840> rain<00:25:24.080> of<00:25:24.400> space 23:32.210 --> 23:32.220 align:start position:0% through this constant rain of space 23:32.220 --> 23:34.769 align:start position:0% through this constant rain of space dust.<00:25:25.440> Unlike<00:25:25.919> earthbound<00:25:26.480> signals,<00:25:26.960> this 23:34.769 --> 23:34.779 align:start position:0% dust. Unlike earthbound signals, this 23:34.779 --> 23:38.049 align:start position:0% dust. Unlike earthbound signals, this cosmic<00:25:27.840> drizzle<00:25:28.720> falls<00:25:29.039> at<00:25:29.279> a<00:25:29.520> steady<00:25:29.919> rate, 23:38.049 --> 23:38.059 align:start position:0% cosmic drizzle falls at a steady rate, 23:38.059 --> 23:40.289 align:start position:0% cosmic drizzle falls at a steady rate, providing<00:25:30.960> a<00:25:31.200> natural<00:25:31.679> and<00:25:32.080> constant 23:40.289 --> 23:40.299 align:start position:0% providing a natural and constant 23:40.299 --> 23:42.529 align:start position:0% providing a natural and constant timekeeper. 23:42.529 --> 23:42.539 align:start position:0% timekeeper. 23:42.539 --> 23:45.250 align:start position:0% timekeeper. Across<00:25:35.520> six<00:25:36.000> impact<00:25:36.480> sites,<00:25:37.120> they<00:25:37.360> measured 23:45.250 --> 23:45.260 align:start position:0% Across six impact sites, they measured 23:45.260 --> 23:47.970 align:start position:0% Across six impact sites, they measured helium<00:25:38.240> 3<00:25:38.480> levels<00:25:38.799> to<00:25:39.039> reconstruct<00:25:39.600> a<00:25:39.919> precise 23:47.970 --> 23:47.980 align:start position:0% helium 3 levels to reconstruct a precise 23:47.980 --> 23:50.210 align:start position:0% helium 3 levels to reconstruct a precise timeline<00:25:41.039> of<00:25:41.279> recovery.<00:25:41.919> And<00:25:42.240> what<00:25:42.480> they 23:50.210 --> 23:50.220 align:start position:0% timeline of recovery. And what they 23:50.220 --> 23:53.490 align:start position:0% timeline of recovery. And what they found<00:25:43.039> was<00:25:43.600> extraordinary.<00:25:45.039> Microscopic 23:53.490 --> 23:53.500 align:start position:0% found was extraordinary. Microscopic 23:53.500 --> 23:55.649 align:start position:0% found was extraordinary. Microscopic plankton,<00:25:46.640> each<00:25:46.880> no<00:25:47.120> bigger<00:25:47.360> than<00:25:47.440> a<00:25:47.600> grain<00:25:47.919> of 23:55.649 --> 23:55.659 align:start position:0% plankton, each no bigger than a grain of 23:55.659 --> 23:58.610 align:start position:0% plankton, each no bigger than a grain of sand,<00:25:48.880> began<00:25:49.200> evolving<00:25:49.679> just<00:25:50.000> 2,000<00:25:50.720> years 23:58.610 --> 23:58.620 align:start position:0% sand, began evolving just 2,000 years 23:58.620 --> 24:01.649 align:start position:0% sand, began evolving just 2,000 years after<00:25:51.600> the<00:25:51.840> mass<00:25:52.240> extinction<00:25:52.880> event.<00:25:53.919> In 24:01.649 --> 24:01.659 align:start position:0% after the mass extinction event. In 24:01.659 --> 24:04.930 align:start position:0% after the mass extinction event. In total,<00:25:54.880> up<00:25:55.120> to<00:25:55.360> 20<00:25:55.760> new<00:25:56.080> species<00:25:56.559> appeared<00:25:57.039> far 24:04.930 --> 24:04.940 align:start position:0% total, up to 20 new species appeared far 24:04.940 --> 24:07.890 align:start position:0% total, up to 20 new species appeared far earlier<00:25:58.080> than<00:25:58.559> expected.<00:25:59.679> To<00:25:59.919> put<00:26:00.080> that<00:26:00.240> into 24:07.890 --> 24:07.900 align:start position:0% earlier than expected. To put that into 24:07.900 --> 24:09.490 align:start position:0% earlier than expected. To put that into perspective,<00:26:00.880> if<00:26:01.120> the<00:26:01.279> dinosaurs<00:26:01.760> had<00:26:01.840> gone 24:09.490 --> 24:09.500 align:start position:0% perspective, if the dinosaurs had gone 24:09.500 --> 24:11.730 align:start position:0% perspective, if the dinosaurs had gone extinct,<00:26:02.400> say,<00:26:02.640> during<00:26:02.880> the<00:26:03.039> Roman<00:26:03.440> Empire, 24:11.730 --> 24:11.740 align:start position:0% extinct, say, during the Roman Empire, 24:11.740 --> 24:14.210 align:start position:0% extinct, say, during the Roman Empire, we<00:26:04.480> would<00:26:04.720> already<00:26:05.039> be<00:26:05.279> seeing<00:26:05.679> new<00:26:06.000> species 24:14.210 --> 24:14.220 align:start position:0% we would already be seeing new species 24:14.220 --> 24:16.610 align:start position:0% we would already be seeing new species today.<00:26:07.760> Their<00:26:08.000> results,<00:26:08.400> published<00:26:08.799> in<00:26:08.960> the 24:16.610 --> 24:16.620 align:start position:0% today. Their results, published in the 24:16.620 --> 24:19.890 align:start position:0% today. Their results, published in the Journal<00:26:09.440> of<00:26:09.600> Geology<00:26:10.000> in<00:26:10.240> January<00:26:10.799> 2026, 24:19.890 --> 24:19.900 align:start position:0% Journal of Geology in January 2026, 24:19.900 --> 24:22.049 align:start position:0% Journal of Geology in January 2026, overturn<00:26:12.960> the<00:26:13.200> theory<00:26:13.520> that<00:26:13.840> new<00:26:14.080> species 24:22.049 --> 24:22.059 align:start position:0% overturn the theory that new species 24:22.059 --> 24:24.930 align:start position:0% overturn the theory that new species didn't<00:26:14.799> appear<00:26:15.200> until<00:26:15.679> 30,000<00:26:16.559> years<00:26:16.960> after 24:24.930 --> 24:24.940 align:start position:0% didn't appear until 30,000 years after 24:24.940 --> 24:27.649 align:start position:0% didn't appear until 30,000 years after the<00:26:17.679> asteroid<00:26:18.400> impact.<00:26:19.440> Now,<00:26:19.760> what<00:26:19.919> this 24:27.649 --> 24:27.659 align:start position:0% the asteroid impact. Now, what this 24:27.659 --> 24:29.169 align:start position:0% the asteroid impact. Now, what this means<00:26:20.400> is<00:26:20.559> that<00:26:20.799> under<00:26:21.120> the<00:26:21.279> right 24:29.169 --> 24:29.179 align:start position:0% means is that under the right 24:29.179 --> 24:31.250 align:start position:0% means is that under the right conditions,<00:26:22.640> evolution<00:26:23.200> can<00:26:23.440> move 24:31.250 --> 24:31.260 align:start position:0% conditions, evolution can move 24:31.260 --> 24:34.610 align:start position:0% conditions, evolution can move remarkably<00:26:24.720> fast<00:26:25.200> and<00:26:25.520> life<00:26:25.919> can<00:26:26.400> bounce<00:26:26.799> back 24:34.610 --> 24:34.620 align:start position:0% remarkably fast and life can bounce back 24:34.620 --> 24:37.330 align:start position:0% remarkably fast and life can bounce back at<00:26:27.440> astonishing<00:26:28.240> speed.<00:26:29.120> And<00:26:29.360> in<00:26:29.600> this 24:37.330 --> 24:37.340 align:start position:0% at astonishing speed. And in this 24:37.340 --> 24:39.570 align:start position:0% at astonishing speed. And in this particular<00:26:30.400> instance,<00:26:30.960> there<00:26:31.200> was<00:26:31.360> one<00:26:31.760> clear 24:39.570 --> 24:39.580 align:start position:0% particular instance, there was one clear 24:39.580 --> 24:42.529 align:start position:0% particular instance, there was one clear winner<00:26:32.400> that<00:26:32.640> emerged<00:26:33.279> from<00:26:33.520> the<00:26:33.760> darkness. 24:42.529 --> 24:42.539 align:start position:0% winner that emerged from the darkness. 24:42.539 --> 24:45.090 align:start position:0% winner that emerged from the darkness. Born<00:26:35.360> to<00:26:35.600> digest<00:26:36.080> the<00:26:36.320> dying<00:26:36.720> flesh<00:26:37.039> of<00:26:37.279> its 24:45.090 --> 24:45.100 align:start position:0% Born to digest the dying flesh of its 24:45.100 --> 24:47.890 align:start position:0% Born to digest the dying flesh of its neighbors,<00:26:38.480> unfazed<00:26:39.200> by<00:26:39.440> the<00:26:39.600> dim<00:26:40.000> sun, 24:47.890 --> 24:47.900 align:start position:0% neighbors, unfazed by the dim sun, 24:47.900 --> 24:50.049 align:start position:0% neighbors, unfazed by the dim sun, global<00:26:40.880> impact,<00:26:41.440> winter,<00:26:41.760> and<00:26:42.080> cooling 24:50.049 --> 24:50.059 align:start position:0% global impact, winter, and cooling 24:50.059 --> 24:53.490 align:start position:0% global impact, winter, and cooling climate,<00:26:43.440> the<00:26:43.679> fungy<00:26:44.240> kingdom<00:26:44.880> flourished. 24:53.490 --> 24:53.500 align:start position:0% climate, the fungy kingdom flourished. 24:53.500 --> 24:55.010 align:start position:0% climate, the fungy kingdom flourished. Yeah,<00:26:46.240> I<00:26:46.400> very<00:26:46.640> sneakily<00:26:47.039> hinted<00:26:47.279> at<00:26:47.360> this 24:55.010 --> 24:55.020 align:start position:0% Yeah, I very sneakily hinted at this 24:55.020 --> 24:56.370 align:start position:0% Yeah, I very sneakily hinted at this earlier<00:26:47.760> when<00:26:47.919> we<00:26:48.080> talked<00:26:48.240> about<00:26:48.400> disaster 24:56.370 --> 24:56.380 align:start position:0% earlier when we talked about disaster 24:56.380 --> 24:58.450 align:start position:0% earlier when we talked about disaster microbiology,<00:26:49.679> but<00:26:49.919> new<00:26:50.159> evidence<00:26:50.559> from 24:58.450 --> 24:58.460 align:start position:0% microbiology, but new evidence from 24:58.460 --> 25:00.370 align:start position:0% microbiology, but new evidence from those<00:26:51.200> ancient<00:26:51.600> rocks<00:26:51.919> in<00:26:52.159> Colorado<00:26:52.559> and 25:00.370 --> 25:00.380 align:start position:0% those ancient rocks in Colorado and 25:00.380 --> 25:02.370 align:start position:0% those ancient rocks in Colorado and North<00:26:53.120> Dakota<00:26:53.600> revealed<00:26:54.000> an<00:26:54.159> extraordinary 25:02.370 --> 25:02.380 align:start position:0% North Dakota revealed an extraordinary 25:02.380 --> 25:04.850 align:start position:0% North Dakota revealed an extraordinary surge<00:26:55.279> in<00:26:55.600> fungal<00:26:56.080> activity,<00:26:56.799> or<00:26:57.039> to<00:26:57.279> get 25:04.850 --> 25:04.860 align:start position:0% surge in fungal activity, or to get 25:04.860 --> 25:08.210 align:start position:0% surge in fungal activity, or to get technical,<00:26:57.840> a<00:26:58.159> major<00:26:58.559> micological<00:26:59.520> moment. 25:08.210 --> 25:08.220 align:start position:0% technical, a major micological moment. 25:08.220 --> 25:10.370 align:start position:0% technical, a major micological moment. This<00:27:00.960> fungal<00:27:01.520> spike,<00:27:01.840> where<00:27:02.080> fungal<00:27:02.559> remains 25:10.370 --> 25:10.380 align:start position:0% This fungal spike, where fungal remains 25:10.380 --> 25:12.850 align:start position:0% This fungal spike, where fungal remains made<00:27:03.039> up<00:27:03.200> at<00:27:03.200> least<00:27:03.600> 50%<00:27:04.320> of<00:27:04.559> the<00:27:04.720> material 25:12.850 --> 25:12.860 align:start position:0% made up at least 50% of the material 25:12.860 --> 25:15.010 align:start position:0% made up at least 50% of the material found,<00:27:06.000> was<00:27:06.240> seen<00:27:06.480> just<00:27:06.720> a<00:27:06.960> few<00:27:07.039> thousand 25:15.010 --> 25:15.020 align:start position:0% found, was seen just a few thousand 25:15.020 --> 25:17.649 align:start position:0% found, was seen just a few thousand years<00:27:07.919> after<00:27:08.320> the<00:27:08.559> asteroid<00:27:09.200> smashed<00:27:09.760> into 25:17.649 --> 25:17.659 align:start position:0% years after the asteroid smashed into 25:17.659 --> 25:20.529 align:start position:0% years after the asteroid smashed into Earth.<00:27:11.120> And<00:27:11.360> this<00:27:11.600> fungal<00:27:12.080> uprising<00:27:12.640> wasn't 25:20.529 --> 25:20.539 align:start position:0% Earth. And this fungal uprising wasn't 25:20.539 --> 25:22.690 align:start position:0% Earth. And this fungal uprising wasn't just<00:27:13.279> something<00:27:13.520> that<00:27:13.760> happened<00:27:14.080> in<00:27:14.400> America. 25:22.690 --> 25:22.700 align:start position:0% just something that happened in America. 25:22.700 --> 25:25.570 align:start position:0% just something that happened in America. It<00:27:15.520> was<00:27:15.600> a<00:27:15.919> global<00:27:16.640> phenomena<00:27:17.679> because 25:25.570 --> 25:25.580 align:start position:0% It was a global phenomena because 25:25.580 --> 25:27.330 align:start position:0% It was a global phenomena because scientists<00:27:18.640> had<00:27:18.880> discovered<00:27:19.279> the<00:27:19.520> same 25:27.330 --> 25:27.340 align:start position:0% scientists had discovered the same 25:27.340 --> 25:30.370 align:start position:0% scientists had discovered the same fungal<00:27:20.320> spike<00:27:20.720> in<00:27:21.039> ancient<00:27:21.520> rocks<00:27:22.480> all<00:27:22.640> the 25:30.370 --> 25:30.380 align:start position:0% fungal spike in ancient rocks all the 25:30.380 --> 25:33.409 align:start position:0% fungal spike in ancient rocks all the way<00:27:23.200> in<00:27:23.520> New<00:27:23.760> Zealand.<00:27:24.640> For<00:27:24.880> a<00:27:25.120> brief<00:27:25.360> period, 25:33.409 --> 25:33.419 align:start position:0% way in New Zealand. For a brief period, 25:33.419 --> 25:36.370 align:start position:0% way in New Zealand. For a brief period, Earth<00:27:26.240> may<00:27:26.400> have<00:27:26.559> become<00:27:26.960> a<00:27:27.360> fungal<00:27:28.080> world, 25:36.370 --> 25:36.380 align:start position:0% Earth may have become a fungal world, 25:36.380 --> 25:38.049 align:start position:0% Earth may have become a fungal world, not<00:27:29.120> one<00:27:29.360> ruled<00:27:29.600> by<00:27:29.760> the<00:27:29.919> parasitic 25:38.049 --> 25:38.059 align:start position:0% not one ruled by the parasitic 25:38.059 --> 25:41.010 align:start position:0% not one ruled by the parasitic zombifying<00:27:31.360> kind,<00:27:31.760> thankfully<00:27:32.720> until<00:27:33.200> the 25:41.010 --> 25:41.020 align:start position:0% zombifying kind, thankfully until the 25:41.020 --> 25:42.850 align:start position:0% zombifying kind, thankfully until the plant<00:27:33.760> and<00:27:34.000> animal<00:27:34.240> kingdoms<00:27:34.720> had<00:27:34.960> time<00:27:35.120> to 25:42.850 --> 25:42.860 align:start position:0% plant and animal kingdoms had time to 25:42.860 --> 25:46.049 align:start position:0% plant and animal kingdoms had time to recover<00:27:36.080> and<00:27:36.400> take<00:27:36.720> over<00:27:37.200> once<00:27:37.520> more. 25:46.049 --> 25:46.059 align:start position:0% recover and take over once more. 25:46.059 --> 25:48.370 align:start position:0% recover and take over once more. Ultimately,<00:27:39.120> extinction<00:27:39.600> itself<00:27:40.000> is<00:27:40.320> nothing 25:48.370 --> 25:48.380 align:start position:0% Ultimately, extinction itself is nothing 25:48.380 --> 25:51.730 align:start position:0% Ultimately, extinction itself is nothing unusual.<00:27:41.760> It's<00:27:42.000> a<00:27:42.159> mechanism<00:27:42.799> of<00:27:43.120> evolution. 25:51.730 --> 25:51.740 align:start position:0% unusual. It's a mechanism of evolution. 25:51.740 --> 25:54.529 align:start position:0% unusual. It's a mechanism of evolution. Over<00:27:44.799> 99%<00:27:45.600> of<00:27:45.840> all<00:27:46.080> species<00:27:46.480> that<00:27:46.640> have<00:27:46.799> ever 25:54.529 --> 25:54.539 align:start position:0% Over 99% of all species that have ever 25:54.539 --> 25:57.730 align:start position:0% Over 99% of all species that have ever lived<00:27:47.360> are<00:27:47.679> now<00:27:48.080> extinct.<00:27:49.200> As<00:27:49.520> environments 25:57.730 --> 25:57.740 align:start position:0% lived are now extinct. As environments 25:57.740 --> 25:59.970 align:start position:0% lived are now extinct. As environments change,<00:27:50.720> some<00:27:51.039> species<00:27:51.360> adapt<00:27:51.760> whilst<00:27:52.159> others 25:59.970 --> 25:59.980 align:start position:0% change, some species adapt whilst others 25:59.980 --> 26:02.690 align:start position:0% change, some species adapt whilst others disappear.<00:27:53.440> So<00:27:53.679> these<00:27:54.000> catastrophic<00:27:54.720> resets 26:02.690 --> 26:02.700 align:start position:0% disappear. So these catastrophic resets 26:02.700 --> 26:05.090 align:start position:0% disappear. So these catastrophic resets are<00:27:55.520> not<00:27:55.679> just<00:27:56.000> endings.<00:27:56.880> They're<00:27:57.120> openings 26:05.090 --> 26:05.100 align:start position:0% are not just endings. They're openings 26:05.100 --> 26:07.090 align:start position:0% are not just endings. They're openings that<00:27:57.919> clear<00:27:58.240> the<00:27:58.399> way<00:27:58.559> for<00:27:58.799> entirely<00:27:59.360> new 26:07.090 --> 26:07.100 align:start position:0% that clear the way for entirely new 26:07.100 --> 26:09.970 align:start position:0% that clear the way for entirely new forms<00:28:00.000> of<00:28:00.159> life<00:28:00.720> to<00:28:01.039> emerge. 26:09.970 --> 26:09.980 align:start position:0% forms of life to emerge. 26:09.980 --> 26:12.610 align:start position:0% forms of life to emerge. Some<00:28:02.799> scientists<00:28:03.440> even<00:28:03.760> suspect<00:28:04.240> this<00:28:04.559> fungal 26:12.610 --> 26:12.620 align:start position:0% Some scientists even suspect this fungal 26:12.620 --> 26:15.169 align:start position:0% Some scientists even suspect this fungal takeover<00:28:05.760> gave<00:28:06.080> mammals<00:28:06.640> with<00:28:06.880> their<00:28:07.200> warmer, 26:15.169 --> 26:15.179 align:start position:0% takeover gave mammals with their warmer, 26:15.179 --> 26:17.810 align:start position:0% takeover gave mammals with their warmer, more<00:28:07.919> fungyresistant<00:28:08.880> body<00:28:09.200> temperatures<00:28:10.000> a 26:17.810 --> 26:17.820 align:start position:0% more fungyresistant body temperatures a 26:17.820 --> 26:20.610 align:start position:0% more fungyresistant body temperatures a critical<00:28:10.799> advantage<00:28:11.440> over<00:28:11.919> reptiles, 26:20.610 --> 26:20.620 align:start position:0% critical advantage over reptiles, 26:20.620 --> 26:22.529 align:start position:0% critical advantage over reptiles, allowing<00:28:13.440> them<00:28:13.600> to<00:28:13.919> ultimately<00:28:14.399> go<00:28:14.559> on<00:28:14.799> to 26:22.529 --> 26:22.539 align:start position:0% allowing them to ultimately go on to 26:22.539 --> 26:25.169 align:start position:0% allowing them to ultimately go on to dominate<00:28:15.520> the<00:28:15.840> planet.<00:28:16.720> One<00:28:16.960> thing<00:28:17.120> we<00:28:17.360> can<00:28:17.520> be 26:25.169 --> 26:25.179 align:start position:0% dominate the planet. One thing we can be 26:25.179 --> 26:27.090 align:start position:0% dominate the planet. One thing we can be sure<00:28:17.919> of<00:28:18.080> is<00:28:18.240> that<00:28:18.480> I<00:28:18.640> very<00:28:18.880> much<00:28:19.039> doubt<00:28:19.279> we 26:27.090 --> 26:27.100 align:start position:0% sure of is that I very much doubt we 26:27.100 --> 26:29.010 align:start position:0% sure of is that I very much doubt we would<00:28:19.760> be<00:28:19.919> here<00:28:20.080> if<00:28:20.399> the<00:28:20.559> dinosaurs<00:28:21.200> had 26:29.010 --> 26:29.020 align:start position:0% would be here if the dinosaurs had 26:29.020 --> 26:32.130 align:start position:0% would be here if the dinosaurs had survived.<00:28:22.640> 66<00:28:23.279> million<00:28:23.600> years<00:28:23.840> on<00:28:24.159> from<00:28:24.399> their 26:32.130 --> 26:32.140 align:start position:0% survived. 66 million years on from their 26:32.140 --> 26:35.090 align:start position:0% survived. 66 million years on from their fateful<00:28:25.200> demise.<00:28:26.240> The<00:28:26.480> real<00:28:26.799> story<00:28:27.120> of<00:28:27.360> how 26:35.090 --> 26:35.100 align:start position:0% fateful demise. The real story of how 26:35.100 --> 26:37.330 align:start position:0% fateful demise. The real story of how the<00:28:27.919> dinosaurs<00:28:28.559> came<00:28:28.720> to<00:28:28.880> an<00:28:29.039> end<00:28:29.200> is<00:28:29.440> arguably 26:37.330 --> 26:37.340 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs came to an end is arguably 26:37.340 --> 26:40.130 align:start position:0% the dinosaurs came to an end is arguably more<00:28:30.159> disastrous<00:28:30.880> and<00:28:31.120> to<00:28:31.279> me<00:28:31.520> more<00:28:31.760> exciting 26:40.130 --> 26:40.140 align:start position:0% more disastrous and to me more exciting 26:40.140 --> 26:42.450 align:start position:0% more disastrous and to me more exciting than<00:28:32.880> any<00:28:33.279> film<00:28:33.840> based<00:28:34.159> on<00:28:34.320> a<00:28:34.559> future 26:42.450 --> 26:42.460 align:start position:0% than any film based on a future 26:42.460 --> 26:44.930 align:start position:0% than any film based on a future apocalypse.<00:28:36.000> There<00:28:36.159> were<00:28:36.399> multiple<00:28:36.960> deadly 26:44.930 --> 26:44.940 align:start position:0% apocalypse. There were multiple deadly 26:44.940 --> 26:47.330 align:start position:0% apocalypse. There were multiple deadly asteroid<00:28:38.080> strikes,<00:28:38.720> huge<00:28:39.200> volcanic 26:47.330 --> 26:47.340 align:start position:0% asteroid strikes, huge volcanic 26:47.340 --> 26:50.130 align:start position:0% asteroid strikes, huge volcanic eruptions.<00:28:40.720> We<00:28:40.880> had<00:28:41.120> fungi<00:28:41.760> taking<00:28:42.159> over<00:28:42.399> the 26:50.130 --> 26:50.140 align:start position:0% eruptions. We had fungi taking over the 26:50.140 --> 26:51.409 align:start position:0% eruptions. We had fungi taking over the world.<00:28:42.880> I<00:28:43.039> mean,<00:28:43.200> normally<00:28:43.440> you<00:28:43.600> just<00:28:43.760> need 26:51.409 --> 26:51.419 align:start position:0% world. I mean, normally you just need 26:51.419 --> 26:53.570 align:start position:0% world. I mean, normally you just need one<00:28:44.080> of<00:28:44.240> those<00:28:44.720> for<00:28:44.960> a<00:28:45.120> decent<00:28:45.440> film.<00:28:45.919> But 26:53.570 --> 26:53.580 align:start position:0% one of those for a decent film. But 26:53.580 --> 26:54.930 align:start position:0% one of those for a decent film. But really,<00:28:46.320> after<00:28:46.559> all<00:28:46.720> that<00:28:46.880> we've<00:28:47.039> just<00:28:47.200> talked 26:54.930 --> 26:54.940 align:start position:0% really, after all that we've just talked 26:54.940 --> 26:57.169 align:start position:0% really, after all that we've just talked about,<00:28:47.679> I<00:28:47.919> just<00:28:48.080> sort<00:28:48.320> of<00:28:48.399> feel<00:28:48.880> lucky<00:28:49.200> to<00:28:49.520> be 26:57.169 --> 26:57.179 align:start position:0% about, I just sort of feel lucky to be 26:57.179 --> 26:59.409 align:start position:0% about, I just sort of feel lucky to be here.<00:28:50.480> I<00:28:50.720> mean,<00:28:50.880> without<00:28:51.200> the<00:28:51.440> chain<00:28:51.679> of 26:59.409 --> 26:59.419 align:start position:0% here. I mean, without the chain of 26:59.419 --> 27:01.409 align:start position:0% here. I mean, without the chain of catastrophic<00:28:52.640> events,<00:28:53.120> mammals<00:28:53.600> would<00:28:53.760> have 27:01.409 --> 27:01.419 align:start position:0% catastrophic events, mammals would have 27:01.419 --> 27:03.649 align:start position:0% catastrophic events, mammals would have never<00:28:54.159> risen<00:28:54.480> to<00:28:54.640> dominance.<00:28:55.440> Primates<00:28:56.000> may 27:03.649 --> 27:03.659 align:start position:0% never risen to dominance. Primates may 27:03.659 --> 27:05.970 align:start position:0% never risen to dominance. Primates may have<00:28:56.399> never<00:28:56.559> evolved<00:28:57.039> and<00:28:57.679> you<00:28:57.919> and<00:28:58.080> I,<00:28:58.240> my 27:05.970 --> 27:05.980 align:start position:0% have never evolved and you and I, my 27:05.980 --> 27:07.409 align:start position:0% have never evolved and you and I, my friends,<00:28:58.799> well,<00:28:59.039> we<00:28:59.279> may<00:28:59.520> have<00:28:59.679> never 27:07.409 --> 27:07.419 align:start position:0% friends, well, we may have never 27:07.419 --> 27:09.730 align:start position:0% friends, well, we may have never existed.<00:29:00.960> And<00:29:01.120> hey,<00:29:01.360> who<00:29:01.600> knows<00:29:01.840> how<00:29:02.080> long 27:09.730 --> 27:09.740 align:start position:0% existed. And hey, who knows how long 27:09.740 --> 27:12.049 align:start position:0% existed. And hey, who knows how long we've<00:29:02.559> got<00:29:02.720> left<00:29:02.960> as<00:29:03.120> a<00:29:03.360> species.<00:29:04.000> Astronomers 27:12.049 --> 27:12.059 align:start position:0% we've got left as a species. Astronomers 27:12.059 --> 27:13.730 align:start position:0% we've got left as a species. Astronomers have<00:29:04.799> mapped<00:29:05.039> nearly<00:29:05.279> all<00:29:05.520> the<00:29:05.760> planet 27:13.730 --> 27:13.740 align:start position:0% have mapped nearly all the planet 27:13.740 --> 27:15.810 align:start position:0% have mapped nearly all the planet killing<00:29:06.559> asteroids<00:29:07.200> near<00:29:07.440> Earth,<00:29:07.760> and<00:29:08.000> none 27:15.810 --> 27:15.820 align:start position:0% killing asteroids near Earth, and none 27:15.820 --> 27:18.370 align:start position:0% killing asteroids near Earth, and none are<00:29:08.480> on<00:29:08.640> a<00:29:08.720> collision<00:29:09.039> course<00:29:09.679> for<00:29:10.000> now,<00:29:10.640> but 27:18.370 --> 27:18.380 align:start position:0% are on a collision course for now, but 27:18.380 --> 27:20.289 align:start position:0% are on a collision course for now, but there's<00:29:11.200> still<00:29:11.440> plenty<00:29:11.760> of<00:29:11.919> other<00:29:12.159> threats. 27:20.289 --> 27:20.299 align:start position:0% there's still plenty of other threats. 27:20.299 --> 27:21.810 align:start position:0% there's still plenty of other threats. Climate<00:29:12.820> [clears throat]<00:29:13.200> change.<00:29:14.080> Who 27:21.810 --> 27:21.820 align:start position:0% Climate [clears throat] change. Who 27:21.820 --> 27:24.130 align:start position:0% Climate [clears throat] change. Who knows<00:29:14.640> what<00:29:14.960> space<00:29:15.360> might<00:29:15.600> hurt<00:29:15.919> us<00:29:16.320> next 27:24.130 --> 27:24.140 align:start position:0% knows what space might hurt us next 27:24.140 --> 27:26.529 align:start position:0% knows what space might hurt us next week?<00:29:17.440> Dinosaurs<00:29:18.080> didn't<00:29:18.320> disappear<00:29:18.799> because 27:26.529 --> 27:26.539 align:start position:0% week? Dinosaurs didn't disappear because 27:26.539 --> 27:28.370 align:start position:0% week? Dinosaurs didn't disappear because they<00:29:19.200> were<00:29:19.360> weak.<00:29:19.840> Their<00:29:20.240> downfall<00:29:20.640> was 27:28.370 --> 27:28.380 align:start position:0% they were weak. Their downfall was 27:28.380 --> 27:30.850 align:start position:0% they were weak. Their downfall was because<00:29:21.039> on<00:29:21.279> one<00:29:21.600> spectacularly<00:29:22.640> unlucky 27:30.850 --> 27:30.860 align:start position:0% because on one spectacularly unlucky 27:30.860 --> 27:33.169 align:start position:0% because on one spectacularly unlucky day,<00:29:23.919> Earth<00:29:24.240> found<00:29:24.480> itself<00:29:24.799> in<00:29:25.039> the<00:29:25.200> direct 27:33.169 --> 27:33.179 align:start position:0% day, Earth found itself in the direct 27:33.179 --> 27:36.210 align:start position:0% day, Earth found itself in the direct path<00:29:25.919> of<00:29:26.159> a<00:29:26.399> colossal<00:29:27.200> asteroid,<00:29:28.320> one<00:29:28.480> which 27:36.210 --> 27:36.220 align:start position:0% path of a colossal asteroid, one which 27:36.220 --> 27:38.370 align:start position:0% path of a colossal asteroid, one which began<00:29:28.960> its<00:29:29.200> journey<00:29:29.440> more<00:29:29.679> than<00:29:30.000> 4<00:29:30.320> billion 27:38.370 --> 27:38.380 align:start position:0% began its journey more than 4 billion 27:38.380 --> 27:41.169 align:start position:0% began its journey more than 4 billion years<00:29:31.200> ago.<00:29:32.080> So,<00:29:32.320> let's<00:29:32.559> just<00:29:32.720> hope<00:29:32.960> our<00:29:33.279> luck 27:41.169 --> 27:41.179 align:start position:0% years ago. So, let's just hope our luck 27:41.179 --> 27:44.130 align:start position:0% years ago. So, let's just hope our luck holds<00:29:33.919> on<00:29:34.320> a<00:29:34.640> little<00:29:34.720> bit<00:29:34.880> longer. 27:44.130 --> 27:44.140 align:start position:0% holds on a little bit longer. 27:44.140 --> 27:45.730 align:start position:0% holds on a little bit longer. What<00:29:36.880> do<00:29:37.039> you<00:29:37.200> think<00:29:37.440> about<00:29:37.679> this<00:29:37.919> new 27:45.730 --> 27:45.740 align:start position:0% What do you think about this new 27:45.740 --> 27:47.649 align:start position:0% What do you think about this new research?<00:29:38.799> Do<00:29:39.039> you<00:29:39.200> believe<00:29:39.520> there<00:29:39.840> were 27:47.649 --> 27:47.659 align:start position:0% research? Do you believe there were 27:47.659 --> 27:49.970 align:start position:0% research? Do you believe there were really<00:29:40.559> two<00:29:40.880> asteroids?<00:29:41.600> Has<00:29:41.760> this<00:29:42.080> changed 27:49.970 --> 27:49.980 align:start position:0% really two asteroids? Has this changed 27:49.980 --> 27:52.130 align:start position:0% really two asteroids? Has this changed the<00:29:42.799> way<00:29:42.960> you<00:29:43.279> view<00:29:43.600> the<00:29:43.919> end<00:29:44.159> of<00:29:44.399> the 27:52.130 --> 27:52.140 align:start position:0% the way you view the end of the 27:52.140 --> 27:54.289 align:start position:0% the way you view the end of the dinosaurs?<00:29:45.760> Let<00:29:45.919> us<00:29:46.080> know<00:29:46.240> your<00:29:46.399> thoughts<00:29:46.640> in 27:54.289 --> 27:54.299 align:start position:0% dinosaurs? Let us know your thoughts in 27:54.299 --> 27:55.970 align:start position:0% dinosaurs? Let us know your thoughts in the<00:29:47.039> comments<00:29:47.279> down<00:29:47.520> below,<00:29:47.919> and<00:29:48.159> I'll<00:29:48.320> see 27:55.970 --> 27:55.980 align:start position:0% the comments down below, and I'll see 27:55.980 --> 27:58.779 align:start position:0% the comments down below, and I'll see you<00:29:48.559> in<00:29:48.720> the<00:29:48.880> next<00:29:49.039> one.