WEBVTT

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Humans<00:00:00.880><c> have</c><00:00:01.120><c> taken</c><00:00:01.600><c> over</c><00:00:01.920><c> the</c><00:00:02.240><c> world.</c><00:00:03.120><c> Almost</c>

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Humans have taken over the world. Almost
 

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Humans have taken over the world. Almost
everywhere<00:00:04.080><c> you</c><00:00:04.319><c> look,</c><00:00:04.560><c> we're</c><00:00:04.880><c> surrounded</c><00:00:05.440><c> by</c>

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everywhere you look, we're surrounded by
 

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everywhere you look, we're surrounded by
our<00:00:06.000><c> own</c><00:00:06.400><c> existence.</c><00:00:07.440><c> Everyday</c><00:00:07.919><c> objects,</c>

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our own existence. Everyday objects,
 

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our own existence. Everyday objects,
buildings,<00:00:09.120><c> cars,</c><00:00:09.599><c> even</c><00:00:09.840><c> intangible</c><00:00:10.639><c> things</c>

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buildings, cars, even intangible things
 

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buildings, cars, even intangible things
like<00:00:11.200><c> language,</c><00:00:11.840><c> music,</c><00:00:12.240><c> and</c><00:00:12.400><c> the</c><00:00:12.719><c> stock</c>

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like language, music, and the stock
 

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like language, music, and the stock
market.<00:00:14.000><c> It's</c><00:00:14.320><c> impossible</c><00:00:14.960><c> not</c><00:00:15.280><c> to</c><00:00:15.519><c> notice</c>

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market. It's impossible not to notice
 

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market. It's impossible not to notice
us.<00:00:17.279><c> But</c><00:00:17.520><c> I've</c><00:00:17.840><c> always</c><00:00:18.320><c> wondered</c><00:00:18.800><c> what</c><00:00:19.039><c> would</c>

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us. But I've always wondered what would
 

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us. But I've always wondered what would
happen<00:00:19.520><c> if</c><00:00:19.840><c> we</c><00:00:20.080><c> were</c><00:00:20.320><c> removed</c><00:00:21.279><c> from</c><00:00:21.600><c> that</c>

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happen if we were removed from that
 

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happen if we were removed from that
equation.<00:00:23.199><c> Well,</c><00:00:23.600><c> luckily</c><00:00:24.000><c> for</c><00:00:24.160><c> you,</c><00:00:24.480><c> that's</c>

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equation. Well, luckily for you, that's
 

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equation. Well, luckily for you, that's
what<00:00:24.880><c> we're</c><00:00:25.039><c> about</c><00:00:25.279><c> to</c><00:00:25.519><c> find</c><00:00:25.760><c> out</c><00:00:26.320><c> as</c><00:00:26.560><c> we</c><00:00:26.800><c> wipe</c>

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what we're about to find out as we wipe
 

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what we're about to find out as we wipe
all<00:00:27.439><c> 8.3</c><00:00:28.240><c> billion</c><00:00:28.640><c> humans</c><00:00:29.119><c> off</c><00:00:29.359><c> the</c><00:00:29.599><c> face</c><00:00:29.920><c> of</c>

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all 8.3 billion humans off the face of
 

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all 8.3 billion humans off the face of
the<00:00:30.320><c> Earth</c><00:00:30.720><c> in</c><00:00:30.880><c> a</c><00:00:31.119><c> flash,</c><00:00:31.840><c> gone.</c><00:00:32.800><c> Not</c><00:00:33.040><c> lost</c><00:00:33.280><c> to</c>

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the Earth in a flash, gone. Not lost to
 

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the Earth in a flash, gone. Not lost to
an<00:00:33.680><c> aggressive</c><00:00:34.079><c> global</c><00:00:34.559><c> pandemic</c><00:00:35.040><c> or</c>

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an aggressive global pandemic or
 

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an aggressive global pandemic or
obliterated<00:00:36.000><c> by</c><00:00:36.160><c> an</c><00:00:36.320><c> incoming</c><00:00:36.719><c> asteroid.</c>

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obliterated by an incoming asteroid.
 

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obliterated by an incoming asteroid.
This<00:00:38.000><c> is</c><00:00:38.079><c> what</c><00:00:38.320><c> would</c><00:00:38.480><c> happen</c><00:00:38.640><c> if</c><00:00:38.879><c> we</c><00:00:39.120><c> just</c>

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This is what would happen if we just
 

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This is what would happen if we just
vanished.

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vanished.
 

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vanished.
But<00:00:42.239><c> even</c><00:00:42.480><c> then,</c><00:00:42.800><c> we'd</c><00:00:43.040><c> still</c><00:00:43.280><c> leave</c><00:00:43.440><c> a</c><00:00:43.680><c> lot</c>

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But even then, we'd still leave a lot
 

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But even then, we'd still leave a lot
behind.<00:00:44.800><c> Reminders</c><00:00:45.360><c> of</c><00:00:45.600><c> the</c><00:00:45.840><c> civilizations</c>

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behind. Reminders of the civilizations
 

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behind. Reminders of the civilizations
that<00:00:46.879><c> once</c><00:00:47.440><c> stood.</c><00:00:48.559><c> As</c><00:00:48.879><c> nature</c><00:00:49.280><c> reclaims</c><00:00:49.840><c> the</c>

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that once stood. As nature reclaims the
 

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that once stood. As nature reclaims the
planet,<00:00:50.879><c> the</c><00:00:51.120><c> question</c><00:00:51.440><c> then</c><00:00:51.760><c> becomes,</c><00:00:52.640><c> would</c>

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planet, the question then becomes, would
 

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planet, the question then becomes, would
any<00:00:53.120><c> clues</c><00:00:53.440><c> of</c><00:00:53.600><c> our</c><00:00:53.920><c> existence</c><00:00:54.879><c> remain?</c><00:00:56.239><c> Or</c>

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any clues of our existence remain? Or
 

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any clues of our existence remain? Or
would<00:00:56.640><c> it</c><00:00:56.800><c> be</c><00:00:56.879><c> as</c><00:00:57.120><c> if</c><00:00:57.280><c> we</c><00:00:57.760><c> never</c><00:00:58.160><c> existed</c><00:00:58.879><c> at</c>

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would it be as if we never existed at
 

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would it be as if we never existed at
all?<00:01:00.480><c> I'm</c><00:01:00.719><c> James</c><00:01:01.039><c> Shu,</c><00:01:01.440><c> and</c><00:01:01.600><c> you're</c><00:01:01.760><c> watching</c>

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all? I'm James Shu, and you're watching
 

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all? I'm James Shu, and you're watching
Astramm<00:01:02.719><c> Earth.</c><00:01:03.520><c> Join</c><00:01:03.840><c> me</c><00:01:04.000><c> in</c><00:01:04.239><c> this</c><00:01:04.479><c> video</c><00:01:04.720><c> as</c>

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
 

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
we<00:01:05.280><c> dare</c><00:01:05.600><c> to</c><00:01:05.760><c> imagine</c><00:01:06.240><c> our</c><00:01:06.640><c> planet</c><00:01:07.200><c> without</c>

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we dare to imagine our planet without
 

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we dare to imagine our planet without
the<00:01:08.159><c> most</c><00:01:08.400><c> dominant</c><00:01:08.880><c> species</c><00:01:09.360><c> that's</c><00:01:09.680><c> ever</c>

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the most dominant species that's ever
 

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the most dominant species that's ever
lived<00:01:10.400><c> on</c><00:01:10.640><c> its</c><00:01:10.960><c> surface.</c><00:01:12.080><c> How</c><00:01:12.400><c> long</c><00:01:12.720><c> would</c><00:01:12.960><c> our</c>

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lived on its surface. How long would our
 

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lived on its surface. How long would our
world<00:01:13.600><c> survive</c><00:01:14.159><c> without</c><00:01:14.640><c> us?</c><00:01:15.200><c> Would</c><00:01:15.600><c> nature</c>

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world survive without us? Would nature
 

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world survive without us? Would nature
begin<00:01:16.400><c> to</c><00:01:16.640><c> reclaim</c><00:01:17.200><c> all</c><00:01:17.439><c> it</c><00:01:17.680><c> had</c><00:01:18.000><c> lost?</c><00:01:18.720><c> Would</c>

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begin to reclaim all it had lost? Would
 

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begin to reclaim all it had lost? Would
any<00:01:19.360><c> trace</c><00:01:19.680><c> of</c><00:01:19.920><c> humanity</c><00:01:20.479><c> even</c><00:01:20.799><c> remain</c><00:01:21.360><c> after</c>

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any trace of humanity even remain after
 

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any trace of humanity even remain after
a<00:01:21.920><c> thousand</c><00:01:22.240><c> years,</c><00:01:22.560><c> a</c><00:01:22.799><c> million</c><00:01:23.119><c> years?</c><00:01:23.840><c> Or</c>

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a thousand years, a million years? Or
 

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a thousand years, a million years? Or
would<00:01:24.320><c> Earth</c><00:01:24.640><c> eventually</c><00:01:25.119><c> raise</c><00:01:25.520><c> us</c>

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would Earth eventually raise us
 

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would Earth eventually raise us
completely<00:01:26.960><c> as</c><00:01:27.200><c> though</c><00:01:27.360><c> we'd</c><00:01:27.680><c> never</c><00:01:27.920><c> existed</c>

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completely as though we'd never existed
 

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completely as though we'd never existed
at<00:01:28.640><c> all?</c><00:01:29.360><c> And</c><00:01:29.600><c> the</c><00:01:29.759><c> thing</c><00:01:29.920><c> that</c><00:01:30.080><c> I'm</c><00:01:30.400><c> most</c>

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at all? And the thing that I'm most
 

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at all? And the thing that I'm most
interested<00:01:31.119><c> in</c><00:01:31.280><c> is</c><00:01:31.520><c> which</c><00:01:32.000><c> species</c><00:01:32.640><c> would</c>

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interested in is which species would
 

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interested in is which species would
take<00:01:33.280><c> over</c><00:01:33.759><c> in</c><00:01:34.159><c> our</c><00:01:34.400><c> place.</c><00:01:34.799><c> And</c><00:01:35.040><c> that,</c><00:01:35.439><c> I</c>

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take over in our place. And that, I
 

01:35.680 --> 01:43.429 align:start position:0%
take over in our place. And that, I
promise,<00:01:36.640><c> is</c><00:01:36.880><c> going</c><00:01:36.960><c> to</c><00:01:37.119><c> shock</c><00:01:37.439><c> you.</c>

01:43.429 --> 01:43.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:43.439 --> 01:44.950 align:start position:0%
 
Before<00:01:43.840><c> you</c><00:01:44.000><c> become</c><00:01:44.159><c> overwhelmed</c><00:01:44.640><c> with</c><00:01:44.799><c> the</c>

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Before you become overwhelmed with the
 

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Before you become overwhelmed with the
philosophical<00:01:45.759><c> dread</c><00:01:46.159><c> at</c><00:01:46.399><c> the</c><00:01:46.560><c> thought</c><00:01:46.720><c> of</c>

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philosophical dread at the thought of
 

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philosophical dread at the thought of
the<00:01:47.040><c> human</c><00:01:47.200><c> race</c><00:01:47.439><c> disappearing</c><00:01:48.079><c> completely,</c>

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the human race disappearing completely,
 

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the human race disappearing completely,
remember<00:01:49.280><c> this</c><00:01:49.520><c> is</c><00:01:49.759><c> just</c><00:01:50.000><c> a</c><00:01:50.240><c> thought</c>

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remember this is just a thought
 

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remember this is just a thought
experiment.<00:01:51.520><c> I'm</c><00:01:51.759><c> not</c><00:01:51.840><c> going</c><00:01:52.000><c> to</c><00:01:52.079><c> freak</c><00:01:52.320><c> you</c>

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experiment. I'm not going to freak you
 

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experiment. I'm not going to freak you
out<00:01:52.479><c> by</c><00:01:52.720><c> imagining</c><00:01:53.200><c> how</c><00:01:53.520><c> we</c><00:01:53.680><c> may</c><00:01:53.840><c> have</c><00:01:54.000><c> met</c><00:01:54.159><c> our</c>

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out by imagining how we may have met our
 

01:54.320 --> 01:55.830 align:start position:0%
out by imagining how we may have met our
grizzly<00:01:54.720><c> ends.</c><00:01:55.040><c> So,</c><00:01:55.119><c> let's</c><00:01:55.280><c> pretend</c><00:01:55.520><c> we</c><00:01:55.680><c> just</c>

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grizzly ends. So, let's pretend we just
 

01:55.840 --> 01:57.670 align:start position:0%
grizzly ends. So, let's pretend we just
vanished<00:01:56.159><c> into</c><00:01:56.479><c> thin</c><00:01:56.720><c> air</c><00:01:56.960><c> and</c><00:01:57.200><c> leave</c><00:01:57.439><c> it</c><00:01:57.520><c> at</c>

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vanished into thin air and leave it at
 

01:57.680 --> 01:59.670 align:start position:0%
vanished into thin air and leave it at
that,<00:01:58.000><c> leaving</c><00:01:58.240><c> no</c><00:01:58.560><c> biological</c><00:01:59.119><c> remains</c>

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that, leaving no biological remains
 

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that, leaving no biological remains
behind.<00:02:00.719><c> In</c><00:02:00.960><c> that</c><00:02:01.360><c> albeit</c><00:02:01.840><c> improbable</c><00:02:02.479><c> case,</c>

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behind. In that albeit improbable case,
 

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behind. In that albeit improbable case,
what<00:02:03.520><c> would</c><00:02:03.680><c> happen</c><00:02:03.920><c> in</c><00:02:04.159><c> the</c><00:02:04.320><c> hours,</c><00:02:04.799><c> days,</c>

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what would happen in the hours, days,
 

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what would happen in the hours, days,
weeks,<00:02:05.680><c> months,</c><00:02:06.079><c> and</c><00:02:06.560><c> years</c><00:02:07.360><c> after</c><00:02:07.840><c> we've</c>

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weeks, months, and years after we've
 

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weeks, months, and years after we've
disappeared?

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disappeared?
 

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disappeared?
It's<00:02:10.800><c> quite</c><00:02:11.039><c> likely</c><00:02:11.360><c> that</c><00:02:11.599><c> the</c><00:02:11.840><c> immediate</c>

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It's quite likely that the immediate
 

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It's quite likely that the immediate
moments<00:02:12.800><c> after</c><00:02:13.120><c> our</c><00:02:13.360><c> departure</c><00:02:13.920><c> would</c><00:02:14.160><c> be,</c>

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moments after our departure would be,
 

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moments after our departure would be,
how<00:02:15.200><c> can</c><00:02:15.360><c> I</c><00:02:15.520><c> put</c><00:02:15.680><c> this?</c><00:02:16.640><c> Pure</c><00:02:17.040><c> chaos.</c><00:02:18.480><c> Within</c>

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how can I put this? Pure chaos. Within
 

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how can I put this? Pure chaos. Within
24<00:02:19.360><c> to</c><00:02:19.680><c> 48</c><00:02:20.160><c> hours,</c><00:02:20.560><c> blackouts</c><00:02:21.200><c> would</c><00:02:21.440><c> start</c>

02:21.670 --> 02:21.680 align:start position:0%
24 to 48 hours, blackouts would start
 

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24 to 48 hours, blackouts would start
happening<00:02:22.080><c> across</c><00:02:22.400><c> the</c><00:02:22.640><c> globe</c><00:02:23.200><c> with</c><00:02:23.360><c> no</c><00:02:23.599><c> one</c>

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happening across the globe with no one
 

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happening across the globe with no one
left<00:02:23.920><c> to</c><00:02:24.160><c> provide</c><00:02:24.400><c> the</c><00:02:24.560><c> fuel</c><00:02:24.879><c> needed</c><00:02:25.200><c> for</c>

02:25.510 --> 02:25.520 align:start position:0%
left to provide the fuel needed for
 

02:25.520 --> 02:28.390 align:start position:0%
left to provide the fuel needed for
power<00:02:25.840><c> stations</c><00:02:26.239><c> to</c><00:02:26.560><c> function.</c><00:02:27.840><c> Renewable</c>

02:28.390 --> 02:28.400 align:start position:0%
power stations to function. Renewable
 

02:28.400 --> 02:30.470 align:start position:0%
power stations to function. Renewable
energy<00:02:28.720><c> sources</c><00:02:29.120><c> like</c><00:02:29.440><c> solar</c><00:02:29.840><c> and</c><00:02:30.160><c> wind</c>

02:30.470 --> 02:30.480 align:start position:0%
energy sources like solar and wind
 

02:30.480 --> 02:32.150 align:start position:0%
energy sources like solar and wind
turbines<00:02:31.040><c> might</c><00:02:31.200><c> be</c><00:02:31.360><c> able</c><00:02:31.520><c> to</c><00:02:31.680><c> keep</c><00:02:31.920><c> some</c>

02:32.150 --> 02:32.160 align:start position:0%
turbines might be able to keep some
 

02:32.160 --> 02:34.630 align:start position:0%
turbines might be able to keep some
power<00:02:32.480><c> going</c><00:02:32.720><c> on</c><00:02:32.959><c> for</c><00:02:33.200><c> a</c><00:02:33.440><c> while.</c><00:02:34.239><c> But</c><00:02:34.319><c> without</c>

02:34.630 --> 02:34.640 align:start position:0%
power going on for a while. But without
 

02:34.640 --> 02:36.150 align:start position:0%
power going on for a while. But without
a<00:02:34.800><c> proper</c><00:02:35.040><c> maintenance</c><00:02:35.440><c> of</c><00:02:35.680><c> the</c><00:02:35.840><c> world's</c>

02:36.150 --> 02:36.160 align:start position:0%
a proper maintenance of the world's
 

02:36.160 --> 02:38.470 align:start position:0%
a proper maintenance of the world's
electricity<00:02:36.720><c> distribution</c><00:02:37.360><c> networks,</c><00:02:38.080><c> these</c>

02:38.470 --> 02:38.480 align:start position:0%
electricity distribution networks, these
 

02:38.480 --> 02:41.509 align:start position:0%
electricity distribution networks, these
two<00:02:38.720><c> would</c><00:02:39.120><c> eventually</c><00:02:39.760><c> cut</c><00:02:40.080><c> out.</c><00:02:41.120><c> Anyway,</c>

02:41.509 --> 02:41.519 align:start position:0%
two would eventually cut out. Anyway,
 

02:41.519 --> 02:43.430 align:start position:0%
two would eventually cut out. Anyway,
what<00:02:41.680><c> about</c><00:02:41.840><c> nuclear</c><00:02:42.319><c> power?</c><00:02:42.879><c> Well,</c><00:02:43.120><c> these</c>

02:43.430 --> 02:43.440 align:start position:0%
what about nuclear power? Well, these
 

02:43.440 --> 02:45.110 align:start position:0%
what about nuclear power? Well, these
reactors<00:02:43.840><c> are</c><00:02:44.080><c> already</c><00:02:44.400><c> designed</c><00:02:44.879><c> with</c>

02:45.110 --> 02:45.120 align:start position:0%
reactors are already designed with
 

02:45.120 --> 02:47.190 align:start position:0%
reactors are already designed with
backup<00:02:45.599><c> protocols</c><00:02:46.160><c> in</c><00:02:46.400><c> the</c><00:02:46.560><c> event</c><00:02:46.800><c> of</c><00:02:46.959><c> a</c>

02:47.190 --> 02:47.200 align:start position:0%
backup protocols in the event of a
 

02:47.200 --> 02:49.750 align:start position:0%
backup protocols in the event of a
natural<00:02:47.599><c> disaster</c><00:02:48.000><c> or</c><00:02:48.319><c> power</c><00:02:48.720><c> outage.</c><00:02:49.599><c> So,</c>

02:49.750 --> 02:49.760 align:start position:0%
natural disaster or power outage. So,
 

02:49.760 --> 02:51.910 align:start position:0%
natural disaster or power outage. So,
these<00:02:50.080><c> would</c><00:02:50.239><c> probably</c><00:02:50.480><c> kick</c><00:02:50.720><c> in</c><00:02:51.040><c> soon</c><00:02:51.440><c> after</c>

02:51.910 --> 02:51.920 align:start position:0%
these would probably kick in soon after
 

02:51.920 --> 02:54.470 align:start position:0%
these would probably kick in soon after
humans<00:02:52.400><c> disappeared.</c><00:02:53.440><c> They</c><00:02:53.680><c> do</c><00:02:53.920><c> come</c><00:02:54.080><c> with</c><00:02:54.239><c> a</c>

02:54.470 --> 02:54.480 align:start position:0%
humans disappeared. They do come with a
 

02:54.480 --> 02:57.110 align:start position:0%
humans disappeared. They do come with a
kill<00:02:54.800><c> switch</c><00:02:55.200><c> called</c><00:02:55.440><c> a</c><00:02:55.840><c> scram,</c><00:02:56.560><c> which</c><00:02:56.800><c> can</c>

02:57.110 --> 02:57.120 align:start position:0%
kill switch called a scram, which can
 

02:57.120 --> 02:59.750 align:start position:0%
kill switch called a scram, which can
shut<00:02:57.360><c> the</c><00:02:57.519><c> reactor</c><00:02:57.920><c> down</c><00:02:58.400><c> completely.</c><00:02:59.599><c> But</c>

02:59.750 --> 02:59.760 align:start position:0%
shut the reactor down completely. But
 

02:59.760 --> 03:02.149 align:start position:0%
shut the reactor down completely. But
with<00:03:00.080><c> no</c><00:03:00.319><c> humans</c><00:03:00.720><c> to</c><00:03:00.959><c> maintain</c><00:03:01.519><c> them,</c><00:03:01.840><c> their</c>

03:02.149 --> 03:02.159 align:start position:0%
with no humans to maintain them, their
 

03:02.159 --> 03:04.309 align:start position:0%
with no humans to maintain them, their
cooling<00:03:02.640><c> water</c><00:03:02.959><c> would</c><00:03:03.360><c> soon</c><00:03:03.840><c> start</c><00:03:04.080><c> to</c>

03:04.309 --> 03:04.319 align:start position:0%
cooling water would soon start to
 

03:04.319 --> 03:06.869 align:start position:0%
cooling water would soon start to
evaporate.<00:03:05.599><c> And</c><00:03:05.760><c> it's</c><00:03:06.000><c> only</c><00:03:06.239><c> once</c><00:03:06.560><c> this</c>

03:06.869 --> 03:06.879 align:start position:0%
evaporate. And it's only once this
 

03:06.879 --> 03:09.430 align:start position:0%
evaporate. And it's only once this
happens<00:03:07.200><c> that</c><00:03:07.519><c> things</c><00:03:07.920><c> get</c><00:03:08.239><c> pretty</c><00:03:08.640><c> bad.</c>

03:09.430 --> 03:09.440 align:start position:0%
happens that things get pretty bad.
 

03:09.440 --> 03:12.229 align:start position:0%
happens that things get pretty bad.
Reactors<00:03:10.000><c> could</c><00:03:10.239><c> be</c><00:03:10.400><c> sent</c><00:03:10.800><c> into</c><00:03:11.280><c> meltdown</c><00:03:12.000><c> and</c>

03:12.229 --> 03:12.239 align:start position:0%
Reactors could be sent into meltdown and
 

03:12.239 --> 03:13.830 align:start position:0%
Reactors could be sent into meltdown and
likely<00:03:12.640><c> release</c><00:03:13.040><c> large</c><00:03:13.360><c> amounts</c><00:03:13.680><c> of</c>

03:13.830 --> 03:13.840 align:start position:0%
likely release large amounts of
 

03:13.840 --> 03:16.630 align:start position:0%
likely release large amounts of
radiation<00:03:14.560><c> into</c><00:03:14.879><c> the</c><00:03:15.120><c> surroundings.</c>

03:16.630 --> 03:16.640 align:start position:0%
radiation into the surroundings.
 

03:16.640 --> 03:19.110 align:start position:0%
radiation into the surroundings.
There<00:03:16.800><c> are</c><00:03:17.040><c> currently</c><00:03:17.280><c> around</c><00:03:17.760><c> 440</c><00:03:18.720><c> nuclear</c>

03:19.110 --> 03:19.120 align:start position:0%
There are currently around 440 nuclear
 

03:19.120 --> 03:21.430 align:start position:0%
There are currently around 440 nuclear
reactors<00:03:19.519><c> operating</c><00:03:19.920><c> in</c><00:03:20.239><c> 31</c><00:03:20.959><c> countries</c>

03:21.430 --> 03:21.440 align:start position:0%
reactors operating in 31 countries
 

03:21.440 --> 03:23.270 align:start position:0%
reactors operating in 31 countries
around<00:03:21.760><c> the</c><00:03:22.000><c> world.</c><00:03:22.319><c> So,</c><00:03:22.640><c> that's</c><00:03:22.879><c> a</c><00:03:23.040><c> lot</c><00:03:23.120><c> of</c>

03:23.270 --> 03:23.280 align:start position:0%
around the world. So, that's a lot of
 

03:23.280 --> 03:26.229 align:start position:0%
around the world. So, that's a lot of
radiation.<00:03:24.400><c> And</c><00:03:24.560><c> it</c><00:03:24.720><c> does</c><00:03:24.959><c> beg</c><00:03:25.200><c> the</c><00:03:25.519><c> question,</c>

03:26.229 --> 03:26.239 align:start position:0%
radiation. And it does beg the question,
 

03:26.239 --> 03:29.509 align:start position:0%
radiation. And it does beg the question,
what<00:03:26.400><c> would</c><00:03:26.640><c> this</c><00:03:26.959><c> do</c><00:03:27.440><c> to</c><00:03:27.760><c> Earth?</c><00:03:28.879><c> Well,</c><00:03:29.200><c> we</c>

03:29.509 --> 03:29.519 align:start position:0%
what would this do to Earth? Well, we
 

03:29.519 --> 03:31.589 align:start position:0%
what would this do to Earth? Well, we
don't<00:03:29.760><c> necessarily</c><00:03:30.560><c> need</c><00:03:30.799><c> to</c><00:03:30.959><c> wait</c><00:03:31.200><c> to</c><00:03:31.440><c> see</c>

03:31.589 --> 03:31.599 align:start position:0%
don't necessarily need to wait to see
 

03:31.599 --> 03:33.270 align:start position:0%
don't necessarily need to wait to see
what<00:03:31.840><c> would</c><00:03:32.080><c> unfold</c><00:03:32.480><c> in</c><00:03:32.640><c> this</c><00:03:32.799><c> scenario</c>

03:33.270 --> 03:33.280 align:start position:0%
what would unfold in this scenario
 

03:33.280 --> 03:35.430 align:start position:0%
what would unfold in this scenario
because<00:03:33.519><c> we've</c><00:03:33.760><c> already</c><00:03:34.000><c> experienced</c><00:03:34.640><c> two</c>

03:35.430 --> 03:35.440 align:start position:0%
because we've already experienced two
 

03:35.440 --> 03:37.910 align:start position:0%
because we've already experienced two
major<00:03:36.000><c> reactor</c><00:03:36.560><c> accidents</c><00:03:37.120><c> during</c><00:03:37.440><c> our</c><00:03:37.680><c> time</c>

03:37.910 --> 03:37.920 align:start position:0%
major reactor accidents during our time
 

03:37.920 --> 03:41.110 align:start position:0%
major reactor accidents during our time
on<00:03:38.239><c> Earth.</c><00:03:38.799><c> Chernobyl</c><00:03:39.440><c> in</c><00:03:39.680><c> 1986</c><00:03:40.799><c> and</c>

03:41.110 --> 03:41.120 align:start position:0%
on Earth. Chernobyl in 1986 and
 

03:41.120 --> 03:44.869 align:start position:0%
on Earth. Chernobyl in 1986 and
Fukushima<00:03:42.159><c> in</c><00:03:42.640><c> 2011.</c><00:03:43.840><c> Chernobyl</c><00:03:44.319><c> is</c><00:03:44.560><c> perhaps</c>

03:44.869 --> 03:44.879 align:start position:0%
Fukushima in 2011. Chernobyl is perhaps
 

03:44.879 --> 03:47.509 align:start position:0%
Fukushima in 2011. Chernobyl is perhaps
the<00:03:45.120><c> more</c><00:03:45.360><c> famous.</c><00:03:46.000><c> A</c><00:03:46.239><c> total</c><00:03:46.640><c> meltdown</c><00:03:47.120><c> of</c><00:03:47.280><c> the</c>

03:47.509 --> 03:47.519 align:start position:0%
the more famous. A total meltdown of the
 

03:47.519 --> 03:49.350 align:start position:0%
the more famous. A total meltdown of the
nuclear<00:03:47.920><c> reactor</c><00:03:48.400><c> core,</c><00:03:48.879><c> releasing</c>

03:49.350 --> 03:49.360 align:start position:0%
nuclear reactor core, releasing
 

03:49.360 --> 03:51.430 align:start position:0%
nuclear reactor core, releasing
substantial<00:03:49.920><c> amounts</c><00:03:50.159><c> of</c><00:03:50.319><c> radiation</c><00:03:51.120><c> into</c>

03:51.430 --> 03:51.440 align:start position:0%
substantial amounts of radiation into
 

03:51.440 --> 03:53.750 align:start position:0%
substantial amounts of radiation into
the<00:03:51.760><c> environment.</c>

03:53.750 --> 03:53.760 align:start position:0%
the environment.
 

03:53.760 --> 03:56.550 align:start position:0%
the environment.
The<00:03:54.000><c> nearby</c><00:03:54.400><c> town</c><00:03:54.640><c> of</c><00:03:54.879><c> Pryyat</c><00:03:55.599><c> was</c><00:03:55.840><c> evacuated</c>

03:56.550 --> 03:56.560 align:start position:0%
The nearby town of Pryyat was evacuated
 

03:56.560 --> 03:59.270 align:start position:0%
The nearby town of Pryyat was evacuated
as<00:03:56.799><c> a</c><00:03:56.959><c> result</c><00:03:57.280><c> of</c><00:03:57.519><c> this</c><00:03:57.760><c> contamination.</c><00:03:59.040><c> And</c>

03:59.270 --> 03:59.280 align:start position:0%
as a result of this contamination. And
 

03:59.280 --> 04:02.070 align:start position:0%
as a result of this contamination. And
something<00:03:59.760><c> amazing</c><00:04:00.400><c> has</c><00:04:00.799><c> happened.</c><00:04:01.760><c> It's</c>

04:02.070 --> 04:02.080 align:start position:0%
something amazing has happened. It's
 

04:02.080 --> 04:05.270 align:start position:0%
something amazing has happened. It's
become<00:04:02.400><c> a</c><00:04:02.720><c> biodiversity</c><00:04:03.840><c> hot</c><00:04:04.159><c> spot</c><00:04:04.879><c> despite</c>

04:05.270 --> 04:05.280 align:start position:0%
become a biodiversity hot spot despite
 

04:05.280 --> 04:07.990 align:start position:0%
become a biodiversity hot spot despite
its<00:04:05.599><c> resident</c><00:04:06.159><c> animals</c><00:04:06.640><c> experiencing</c><00:04:07.360><c> years</c>

04:07.990 --> 04:08.000 align:start position:0%
its resident animals experiencing years
 

04:08.000 --> 04:11.110 align:start position:0%
its resident animals experiencing years
of<00:04:08.319><c> chronic</c><00:04:08.720><c> radiation</c><00:04:09.360><c> exposure.</c><00:04:10.640><c> In</c><00:04:10.879><c> fact,</c>

04:11.110 --> 04:11.120 align:start position:0%
of chronic radiation exposure. In fact,
 

04:11.120 --> 04:13.990 align:start position:0%
of chronic radiation exposure. In fact,
a<00:04:11.360><c> study</c><00:04:11.680><c> published</c><00:04:12.080><c> in</c><00:04:12.400><c> 2015</c><00:04:13.519><c> looked</c><00:04:13.760><c> at</c>

04:13.990 --> 04:14.000 align:start position:0%
a study published in 2015 looked at
 

04:14.000 --> 04:16.150 align:start position:0%
a study published in 2015 looked at
wildlife<00:04:14.560><c> populations</c><00:04:15.200><c> in</c><00:04:15.439><c> the</c><00:04:15.599><c> Chernobyl</c>

04:16.150 --> 04:16.160 align:start position:0%
wildlife populations in the Chernobyl
 

04:16.160 --> 04:18.550 align:start position:0%
wildlife populations in the Chernobyl
exclusion<00:04:16.639><c> zone</c><00:04:17.199><c> and</c><00:04:17.519><c> found</c><00:04:17.840><c> no</c><00:04:18.160><c> evidence</c>

04:18.550 --> 04:18.560 align:start position:0%
exclusion zone and found no evidence
 

04:18.560 --> 04:20.469 align:start position:0%
exclusion zone and found no evidence
that<00:04:18.720><c> the</c><00:04:18.959><c> radiation</c><00:04:19.440><c> had</c><00:04:19.759><c> long-term</c>

04:20.469 --> 04:20.479 align:start position:0%
that the radiation had long-term
 

04:20.479 --> 04:23.830 align:start position:0%
that the radiation had long-term
negative<00:04:21.040><c> influence</c><00:04:21.680><c> on</c><00:04:22.000><c> mammal</c><00:04:22.479><c> abundance.</c>

04:23.830 --> 04:23.840 align:start position:0%
negative influence on mammal abundance.
 

04:23.840 --> 04:25.670 align:start position:0%
negative influence on mammal abundance.
Actually,<00:04:24.240><c> quite</c><00:04:24.479><c> the</c><00:04:24.639><c> opposite.</c><00:04:25.280><c> The</c><00:04:25.520><c> number</c>

04:25.670 --> 04:25.680 align:start position:0%
Actually, quite the opposite. The number
 

04:25.680 --> 04:28.070 align:start position:0%
Actually, quite the opposite. The number
of<00:04:25.919><c> elk,</c><00:04:26.400><c> red</c><00:04:26.639><c> deer,</c><00:04:26.880><c> and</c><00:04:27.120><c> wild</c><00:04:27.440><c> boar</c><00:04:27.759><c> within</c>

04:28.070 --> 04:28.080 align:start position:0%
of elk, red deer, and wild boar within
 

04:28.080 --> 04:30.390 align:start position:0%
of elk, red deer, and wild boar within
the<00:04:28.320><c> exclusion</c><00:04:28.880><c> zone</c><00:04:29.520><c> rivaled</c><00:04:29.919><c> those</c><00:04:30.160><c> of</c>

04:30.390 --> 04:30.400 align:start position:0%
the exclusion zone rivaled those of
 

04:30.400 --> 04:32.710 align:start position:0%
the exclusion zone rivaled those of
uncontaminated<00:04:31.440><c> nature</c><00:04:31.759><c> reserves</c><00:04:32.240><c> in</c><00:04:32.479><c> the</c>

04:32.710 --> 04:32.720 align:start position:0%
uncontaminated nature reserves in the
 

04:32.720 --> 04:35.189 align:start position:0%
uncontaminated nature reserves in the
region.<00:04:33.440><c> There</c><00:04:33.600><c> were</c><00:04:33.759><c> more</c><00:04:33.919><c> than</c><00:04:34.320><c> seven</c><00:04:34.720><c> times</c>

04:35.189 --> 04:35.199 align:start position:0%
region. There were more than seven times
 

04:35.199 --> 04:38.150 align:start position:0%
region. There were more than seven times
as<00:04:35.440><c> many</c><00:04:35.759><c> wolves</c><00:04:36.560><c> than</c><00:04:36.880><c> found</c><00:04:37.199><c> in</c><00:04:37.440><c> those</c><00:04:37.759><c> other</c>

04:38.150 --> 04:38.160 align:start position:0%
as many wolves than found in those other
 

04:38.160 --> 04:40.150 align:start position:0%
as many wolves than found in those other
reserves.

04:40.150 --> 04:40.160 align:start position:0%
reserves.
 

04:40.160 --> 04:41.990 align:start position:0%
reserves.
Chernobyl<00:04:40.800><c> shows</c><00:04:40.960><c> us</c><00:04:41.120><c> that</c><00:04:41.360><c> when</c><00:04:41.600><c> faced</c><00:04:41.919><c> with</c>

04:41.990 --> 04:42.000 align:start position:0%
Chernobyl shows us that when faced with
 

04:42.000 --> 04:43.990 align:start position:0%
Chernobyl shows us that when faced with
an<00:04:42.240><c> environment</c><00:04:42.639><c> deemed</c><00:04:43.040><c> too</c><00:04:43.280><c> dangerous</c><00:04:43.680><c> for</c>

04:43.990 --> 04:44.000 align:start position:0%
an environment deemed too dangerous for
 

04:44.000 --> 04:46.950 align:start position:0%
an environment deemed too dangerous for
permanent<00:04:44.479><c> settlement</c><00:04:44.960><c> by</c><00:04:45.280><c> humans,</c><00:04:46.479><c> nature</c>

04:46.950 --> 04:46.960 align:start position:0%
permanent settlement by humans, nature
 

04:46.960 --> 04:49.830 align:start position:0%
permanent settlement by humans, nature
not<00:04:47.280><c> only</c><00:04:47.600><c> endures,</c><00:04:48.080><c> but</c><00:04:48.479><c> thrives.</c><00:04:49.600><c> It's</c>

04:49.830 --> 04:49.840 align:start position:0%
not only endures, but thrives. It's
 

04:49.840 --> 04:51.430 align:start position:0%
not only endures, but thrives. It's
therefore<00:04:50.240><c> likely</c><00:04:50.560><c> that</c><00:04:50.720><c> if</c><00:04:50.960><c> there</c><00:04:51.120><c> were</c><00:04:51.280><c> any</c>

04:51.430 --> 04:51.440 align:start position:0%
therefore likely that if there were any
 

04:51.440 --> 04:53.270 align:start position:0%
therefore likely that if there were any
nuclear<00:04:51.840><c> disasters</c><00:04:52.400><c> caused</c><00:04:52.720><c> by</c><00:04:52.960><c> our</c>

04:53.270 --> 04:53.280 align:start position:0%
nuclear disasters caused by our
 

04:53.280 --> 04:55.270 align:start position:0%
nuclear disasters caused by our
disappearance,<00:04:54.240><c> nature</c><00:04:54.560><c> could</c><00:04:54.800><c> recover</c>

04:55.270 --> 04:55.280 align:start position:0%
disappearance, nature could recover
 

04:55.280 --> 04:57.590 align:start position:0%
disappearance, nature could recover
faster<00:04:55.680><c> than</c><00:04:55.919><c> we</c><00:04:56.240><c> may</c><00:04:56.479><c> expect,</c><00:04:56.960><c> within</c><00:04:57.280><c> a</c>

04:57.590 --> 04:57.600 align:start position:0%
faster than we may expect, within a
 

04:57.600 --> 04:59.990 align:start position:0%
faster than we may expect, within a
century<00:04:58.160><c> even.</c><00:04:59.040><c> And</c><00:04:59.199><c> if</c><00:04:59.360><c> it</c><00:04:59.520><c> can</c><00:04:59.680><c> take</c><00:04:59.840><c> over</c>

04:59.990 --> 05:00.000 align:start position:0%
century even. And if it can take over
 

05:00.000 --> 05:02.310 align:start position:0%
century even. And if it can take over
radioactive<00:05:00.639><c> ruins</c><00:05:01.199><c> in</c><00:05:01.440><c> that</c><00:05:01.680><c> time,</c><00:05:02.000><c> then</c>

05:02.310 --> 05:02.320 align:start position:0%
radioactive ruins in that time, then
 

05:02.320 --> 05:03.830 align:start position:0%
radioactive ruins in that time, then
what<00:05:02.639><c> chance</c><00:05:02.960><c> does</c><00:05:03.199><c> the</c><00:05:03.360><c> rest</c><00:05:03.520><c> of</c><00:05:03.680><c> our</c>

05:03.830 --> 05:03.840 align:start position:0%
what chance does the rest of our
 

05:03.840 --> 05:06.390 align:start position:0%
what chance does the rest of our
infrastructure<00:05:04.479><c> stand?</c><00:05:05.680><c> Nowadays,</c><00:05:06.240><c> more</c>

05:06.390 --> 05:06.400 align:start position:0%
infrastructure stand? Nowadays, more
 

05:06.400 --> 05:07.830 align:start position:0%
infrastructure stand? Nowadays, more
than<00:05:06.560><c> half</c><00:05:06.800><c> of</c><00:05:06.880><c> the</c><00:05:07.039><c> world's</c><00:05:07.360><c> population</c>

05:07.830 --> 05:07.840 align:start position:0%
than half of the world's population
 

05:07.840 --> 05:10.150 align:start position:0%
than half of the world's population
lives<00:05:08.240><c> in</c><00:05:08.639><c> cities.</c><00:05:09.440><c> They're</c><00:05:09.680><c> a</c><00:05:09.840><c> unique</c>

05:10.150 --> 05:10.160 align:start position:0%
lives in cities. They're a unique
 

05:10.160 --> 05:11.909 align:start position:0%
lives in cities. They're a unique
product<00:05:10.479><c> of</c><00:05:10.639><c> the</c><00:05:10.880><c> human</c><00:05:11.280><c> experience,</c>

05:11.909 --> 05:11.919 align:start position:0%
product of the human experience,
 

05:11.919 --> 05:13.909 align:start position:0%
product of the human experience,
tailored<00:05:12.240><c> for</c><00:05:12.400><c> our</c><00:05:12.639><c> busy</c><00:05:13.039><c> lifestyles</c><00:05:13.600><c> and</c>

05:13.909 --> 05:13.919 align:start position:0%
tailored for our busy lifestyles and
 

05:13.919 --> 05:16.710 align:start position:0%
tailored for our busy lifestyles and
cultural<00:05:14.639><c> quirks.</c><00:05:15.600><c> So,</c><00:05:15.919><c> what</c><00:05:16.160><c> happens</c><00:05:16.479><c> to</c>

05:16.710 --> 05:16.720 align:start position:0%
cultural quirks. So, what happens to
 

05:16.720 --> 05:18.710 align:start position:0%
cultural quirks. So, what happens to
them<00:05:17.039><c> when</c><00:05:17.280><c> you</c><00:05:17.440><c> take</c><00:05:17.680><c> away</c><00:05:17.919><c> the</c><00:05:18.240><c> very</c><00:05:18.479><c> reason</c>

05:18.710 --> 05:18.720 align:start position:0%
them when you take away the very reason
 

05:18.720 --> 05:22.070 align:start position:0%
them when you take away the very reason
for<00:05:18.960><c> their</c><00:05:19.199><c> existence,</c><00:05:20.400><c> us?</c>

05:18.720 --> 05:22.790 align:start position:0%
today's video. And now we head back to
the<00:07:05.199><c> actual</c><00:07:05.680><c> chaos.</c>

05:21.547 --> 05:21.557 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:21.557 --> 05:23.947 align:start position:0%
 
As<00:07:09.199><c> it</c><00:07:09.360><c> turns</c><00:07:09.599><c> out,</c><00:07:10.000><c> at</c><00:07:10.000><c> least</c><00:07:10.479><c> one</c><00:07:10.800><c> human</c><00:07:11.120><c> was</c>

05:23.947 --> 05:23.957 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, at least one human was
 

05:23.957 --> 05:25.707 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, at least one human was
thinking<00:07:11.599><c> about</c><00:07:11.840><c> this</c><00:07:12.080><c> question</c><00:07:12.479><c> before</c><00:07:12.880><c> we</c>

05:25.707 --> 05:25.717 align:start position:0%
thinking about this question before we
 

05:25.717 --> 05:28.346 align:start position:0%
thinking about this question before we
all<00:07:13.360><c> disappeared.</c><00:07:14.479><c> Alan</c><00:07:14.880><c> Wisman</c><00:07:15.360><c> is</c><00:07:15.520><c> an</c>

05:28.346 --> 05:28.356 align:start position:0%
all disappeared. Alan Wisman is an
 

05:28.356 --> 05:30.346 align:start position:0%
all disappeared. Alan Wisman is an
American<00:07:16.160><c> author</c><00:07:16.560><c> and</c><00:07:16.880><c> journalist</c><00:07:17.360><c> who</c><00:07:17.599><c> wrote</c>

05:30.346 --> 05:30.356 align:start position:0%
American author and journalist who wrote
 

05:30.356 --> 05:33.387 align:start position:0%
American author and journalist who wrote
a<00:07:17.919><c> handy</c><00:07:18.319><c> book</c><00:07:18.560><c> on</c><00:07:18.880><c> this</c><00:07:19.199><c> topic</c><00:07:19.919><c> called</c><00:07:20.479><c> The</c>

05:33.387 --> 05:33.397 align:start position:0%
a handy book on this topic called The
 

05:33.397 --> 05:36.027 align:start position:0%
a handy book on this topic called The
World<00:07:21.039><c> Without</c><00:07:21.520><c> Us.</c><00:07:22.560><c> Now,</c><00:07:22.800><c> in</c><00:07:22.960><c> an</c><00:07:23.199><c> interview</c>

05:36.027 --> 05:36.037 align:start position:0%
World Without Us. Now, in an interview
 

05:36.037 --> 05:38.107 align:start position:0%
World Without Us. Now, in an interview
about<00:07:23.680><c> this</c><00:07:23.919><c> book,</c><00:07:24.240><c> Wiseman</c><00:07:24.800><c> used</c><00:07:25.039><c> New</c><00:07:25.280><c> York</c>

05:38.107 --> 05:38.117 align:start position:0%
about this book, Wiseman used New York
 

05:38.117 --> 05:40.346 align:start position:0%
about this book, Wiseman used New York
City<00:07:25.759><c> as</c><00:07:26.000><c> an</c><00:07:26.240><c> example</c><00:07:26.720><c> to</c><00:07:26.960><c> describe</c><00:07:27.440><c> the</c>

05:40.346 --> 05:40.356 align:start position:0%
City as an example to describe the
 

05:40.356 --> 05:43.307 align:start position:0%
City as an example to describe the
posthuman<00:07:28.960><c> era.</c><00:07:29.520><c> And</c><00:07:29.759><c> funnily</c><00:07:30.160><c> enough,</c><00:07:30.479><c> he</c>

05:43.307 --> 05:43.317 align:start position:0%
posthuman era. And funnily enough, he
 

05:43.317 --> 05:45.467 align:start position:0%
posthuman era. And funnily enough, he
believes<00:07:31.039><c> a</c><00:07:31.280><c> posthuman</c><00:07:32.000><c> New</c><00:07:32.240><c> York</c><00:07:32.479><c> would</c><00:07:32.639><c> look</c>

05:45.467 --> 05:45.477 align:start position:0%
believes a posthuman New York would look
 

05:45.477 --> 05:48.987 align:start position:0%
believes a posthuman New York would look
very<00:07:33.120><c> much</c><00:07:33.280><c> like</c><00:07:33.440><c> the</c><00:07:33.759><c> prehuman</c><00:07:34.720><c> New</c><00:07:34.960><c> York.</c><00:07:36.160><c> To</c>

05:48.987 --> 05:48.997 align:start position:0%
very much like the prehuman New York. To
 

05:48.997 --> 05:51.467 align:start position:0%
very much like the prehuman New York. To
give<00:07:36.560><c> some</c><00:07:36.880><c> context,</c><00:07:37.360><c> the</c><00:07:37.599><c> Lape</c><00:07:38.400><c> people</c><00:07:38.720><c> who</c>

05:51.467 --> 05:51.477 align:start position:0%
give some context, the Lape people who
 

05:51.477 --> 05:52.667 align:start position:0%
give some context, the Lape people who
have<00:07:38.960><c> been</c><00:07:39.120><c> living</c><00:07:39.280><c> in</c><00:07:39.440><c> parts</c><00:07:39.680><c> of</c><00:07:39.759><c> the</c><00:07:39.919><c> Big</c>

05:52.667 --> 05:52.677 align:start position:0%
have been living in parts of the Big
 

05:52.677 --> 05:54.827 align:start position:0%
have been living in parts of the Big
Apple<00:07:40.400><c> and</c><00:07:40.639><c> surrounding</c><00:07:41.199><c> areas</c><00:07:41.599><c> for</c><00:07:41.840><c> around</c>

05:54.827 --> 05:54.837 align:start position:0%
Apple and surrounding areas for around
 

05:54.837 --> 05:57.707 align:start position:0%
Apple and surrounding areas for around
3,000<00:07:43.120><c> years,</c><00:07:44.000><c> called</c><00:07:44.240><c> the</c><00:07:44.479><c> island</c>

05:57.707 --> 05:57.717 align:start position:0%
3,000 years, called the island
 

05:57.717 --> 05:59.226 align:start position:0%
3,000 years, called the island
Manahhata,

05:59.226 --> 05:59.236 align:start position:0%
Manahhata,
 

05:59.236 --> 06:02.267 align:start position:0%
Manahhata,
meaning<00:07:47.039><c> island</c><00:07:47.440><c> of</c><00:07:47.840><c> many</c><00:07:48.240><c> hills.</c><00:07:49.199><c> And</c><00:07:49.440><c> by</c><00:07:49.599><c> the</c>

06:02.267 --> 06:02.277 align:start position:0%
meaning island of many hills. And by the
 

06:02.277 --> 06:03.387 align:start position:0%
meaning island of many hills. And by the
way,<00:07:49.840><c> you</c><00:07:50.000><c> may</c><00:07:50.080><c> not</c><00:07:50.240><c> think</c><00:07:50.319><c> of</c><00:07:50.400><c> New</c><00:07:50.560><c> York</c><00:07:50.639><c> as</c>

06:03.387 --> 06:03.397 align:start position:0%
way, you may not think of New York as
 

06:03.397 --> 06:04.827 align:start position:0%
way, you may not think of New York as
being<00:07:50.960><c> a</c><00:07:51.039><c> particularly</c><00:07:51.360><c> hilly</c><00:07:51.680><c> area,</c><00:07:52.000><c> but</c>

06:04.827 --> 06:04.837 align:start position:0%
being a particularly hilly area, but
 

06:04.837 --> 06:06.667 align:start position:0%
being a particularly hilly area, but
that's<00:07:52.400><c> because</c><00:07:52.720><c> we</c><00:07:53.039><c> Europeans</c><00:07:53.680><c> got</c><00:07:53.840><c> there</c>

06:06.667 --> 06:06.677 align:start position:0%
that's because we Europeans got there
 

06:06.677 --> 06:09.307 align:start position:0%
that's because we Europeans got there
and<00:07:54.479><c> evened</c><00:07:54.960><c> it</c><00:07:55.120><c> out.</c><00:07:55.919><c> Anyway,</c><00:07:56.319><c> British</c>

06:09.307 --> 06:09.317 align:start position:0%
and evened it out. Anyway, British
 

06:09.317 --> 06:11.147 align:start position:0%
and evened it out. Anyway, British
explorer<00:07:57.120><c> Henry</c><00:07:57.440><c> Hudson</c><00:07:57.919><c> was</c><00:07:58.080><c> one</c><00:07:58.240><c> of</c><00:07:58.319><c> the</c>

06:11.147 --> 06:11.157 align:start position:0%
explorer Henry Hudson was one of the
 

06:11.157 --> 06:13.547 align:start position:0%
explorer Henry Hudson was one of the
first<00:07:58.879><c> Europeans</c><00:07:59.440><c> to</c><00:07:59.680><c> write</c><00:08:00.000><c> about</c><00:08:00.319><c> Manhattan</c>

06:13.547 --> 06:13.557 align:start position:0%
first Europeans to write about Manhattan
 

06:13.557 --> 06:16.906 align:start position:0%
first Europeans to write about Manhattan
back<00:08:01.199><c> in6009</c><00:08:02.479><c> and</c><00:08:02.800><c> described</c><00:08:03.280><c> a</c><00:08:03.599><c> forested</c>

06:16.906 --> 06:16.916 align:start position:0%
back in6009 and described a forested
 

06:16.916 --> 06:19.707 align:start position:0%
back in6009 and described a forested
land<00:08:04.879><c> very</c><00:08:05.280><c> abundant</c><00:08:05.840><c> in</c><00:08:06.240><c> all</c><00:08:06.479><c> kinds</c><00:08:06.800><c> of</c>

06:19.707 --> 06:19.717 align:start position:0%
land very abundant in all kinds of
 

06:19.717 --> 06:22.186 align:start position:0%
land very abundant in all kinds of
timber<00:08:07.840><c> suitable</c><00:08:08.319><c> for</c><00:08:08.639><c> ship</c><00:08:08.960><c> building</c><00:08:09.280><c> and</c>

06:22.186 --> 06:22.196 align:start position:0%
timber suitable for ship building and
 

06:22.196 --> 06:25.066 align:start position:0%
timber suitable for ship building and
for<00:08:09.840><c> making</c><00:08:10.319><c> large</c><00:08:10.800><c> casks.</c><00:08:12.000><c> The</c><00:08:12.160><c> Dutch</c>

06:25.066 --> 06:25.076 align:start position:0%
for making large casks. The Dutch
 

06:25.076 --> 06:27.547 align:start position:0%
for making large casks. The Dutch
geographer<00:08:12.960><c> Johans</c><00:08:13.520><c> Dilat</c><00:08:14.160><c> also</c><00:08:14.479><c> wrote</c><00:08:14.800><c> about</c>

06:27.547 --> 06:27.557 align:start position:0%
geographer Johans Dilat also wrote about
 

06:27.557 --> 06:29.786 align:start position:0%
geographer Johans Dilat also wrote about
the<00:08:15.199><c> island,</c><00:08:15.840><c> saying</c><00:08:16.080><c> that</c><00:08:16.240><c> the</c><00:08:16.479><c> land</c><00:08:16.639><c> is</c><00:08:16.960><c> full</c>

06:29.786 --> 06:29.796 align:start position:0%
the island, saying that the land is full
 

06:29.796 --> 06:33.867 align:start position:0%
the island, saying that the land is full
of<00:08:17.360><c> noble</c><00:08:17.919><c> forest</c><00:08:18.400><c> trees</c><00:08:18.800><c> and</c><00:08:19.199><c> grape</c><00:08:19.599><c> vines.</c>

06:33.867 --> 06:33.877 align:start position:0%
of noble forest trees and grape vines.
 

06:33.877 --> 06:36.346 align:start position:0%
of noble forest trees and grape vines.
From<00:08:21.599><c> these</c><00:08:21.919><c> accounts,</c><00:08:22.720><c> it's</c><00:08:23.039><c> clear</c><00:08:23.199><c> that</c><00:08:23.520><c> New</c>

06:36.346 --> 06:36.356 align:start position:0%
From these accounts, it's clear that New
 

06:36.356 --> 06:39.786 align:start position:0%
From these accounts, it's clear that New
York<00:08:24.080><c> was</c><00:08:24.319><c> once</c><00:08:24.639><c> a</c><00:08:24.960><c> rich</c><00:08:25.520><c> forested</c><00:08:26.240><c> landscape</c>

06:39.786 --> 06:39.796 align:start position:0%
York was once a rich forested landscape
 

06:39.796 --> 06:42.107 align:start position:0%
York was once a rich forested landscape
with<00:08:27.520><c> rough</c><00:08:27.919><c> terrain</c><00:08:28.400><c> and</c><00:08:28.800><c> abundant</c>

06:42.107 --> 06:42.117 align:start position:0%
with rough terrain and abundant
 

06:42.117 --> 06:44.746 align:start position:0%
with rough terrain and abundant
wildlife.<00:08:30.879><c> So,</c><00:08:31.039><c> if</c><00:08:31.280><c> humans</c><00:08:31.680><c> were</c><00:08:31.919><c> to</c>

06:44.746 --> 06:44.756 align:start position:0%
wildlife. So, if humans were to
 

06:44.756 --> 06:46.907 align:start position:0%
wildlife. So, if humans were to
disappear,<00:08:32.880><c> this</c><00:08:33.120><c> is</c><00:08:33.440><c> probably</c><00:08:33.839><c> how</c><00:08:34.000><c> it</c><00:08:34.159><c> would</c>

06:46.907 --> 06:46.917 align:start position:0%
disappear, this is probably how it would
 

06:46.917 --> 06:50.746 align:start position:0%
disappear, this is probably how it would
look<00:08:34.560><c> again.</c><00:08:35.200><c> The</c><00:08:35.440><c> question</c><00:08:35.760><c> is</c><00:08:36.479><c> how?</c>

06:50.746 --> 06:50.756 align:start position:0%
look again. The question is how?
 

06:50.756 --> 06:52.986 align:start position:0%
look again. The question is how?
It<00:08:38.479><c> might</c><00:08:38.640><c> not</c><00:08:38.800><c> be</c><00:08:39.039><c> immediately</c><00:08:39.760><c> obvious,</c><00:08:40.159><c> but</c>

06:52.986 --> 06:52.996 align:start position:0%
It might not be immediately obvious, but
 

06:52.996 --> 06:54.907 align:start position:0%
It might not be immediately obvious, but
cities<00:08:40.880><c> battle</c><00:08:41.279><c> large</c><00:08:41.680><c> volumes</c><00:08:42.080><c> of</c>

06:54.907 --> 06:54.917 align:start position:0%
cities battle large volumes of
 

06:54.917 --> 06:56.267 align:start position:0%
cities battle large volumes of
groundwater<00:08:42.959><c> running</c><00:08:43.279><c> through</c><00:08:43.440><c> their</c>

06:56.267 --> 06:56.277 align:start position:0%
groundwater running through their
 

06:56.277 --> 06:58.587 align:start position:0%
groundwater running through their
drainage<00:08:44.080><c> systems</c><00:08:44.640><c> every</c><00:08:45.040><c> day,</c><00:08:45.600><c> and</c><00:08:45.760><c> it</c>

06:58.587 --> 06:58.597 align:start position:0%
drainage systems every day, and it
 

06:58.597 --> 07:01.227 align:start position:0%
drainage systems every day, and it
requires<00:08:46.560><c> herculean</c><00:08:47.440><c> human</c><00:08:47.760><c> effort</c><00:08:48.160><c> to</c><00:08:48.399><c> stop</c>

07:01.227 --> 07:01.237 align:start position:0%
requires herculean human effort to stop
 

07:01.237 --> 07:03.387 align:start position:0%
requires herculean human effort to stop
it<00:08:49.120><c> from</c><00:08:49.360><c> infiltrating</c><00:08:50.080><c> systems</c><00:08:50.480><c> like</c><00:08:50.640><c> the</c>

07:03.387 --> 07:03.397 align:start position:0%
it from infiltrating systems like the
 

07:03.397 --> 07:05.947 align:start position:0%
it from infiltrating systems like the
underground<00:08:51.360><c> or</c><00:08:51.680><c> the</c><00:08:51.920><c> subway.</c><00:08:52.720><c> Even</c><00:08:52.959><c> on</c><00:08:53.120><c> a</c>

07:05.947 --> 07:05.957 align:start position:0%
underground or the subway. Even on a
 

07:05.957 --> 07:08.827 align:start position:0%
underground or the subway. Even on a
sunny<00:08:53.680><c> day</c><00:08:53.920><c> with</c><00:08:54.160><c> no</c><00:08:54.480><c> rain,</c><00:08:55.279><c> New</c><00:08:55.519><c> York</c><00:08:55.839><c> subway</c>

07:08.827 --> 07:08.837 align:start position:0%
sunny day with no rain, New York subway
 

07:08.837 --> 07:11.067 align:start position:0%
sunny day with no rain, New York subway
maintenance<00:08:56.800><c> workers</c><00:08:57.279><c> pump</c><00:08:57.600><c> nearly</c><00:08:58.080><c> 50</c>

07:11.067 --> 07:11.077 align:start position:0%
maintenance workers pump nearly 50
 

07:11.077 --> 07:14.426 align:start position:0%
maintenance workers pump nearly 50
million<00:08:58.800><c> L</c><00:08:59.200><c> of</c><00:08:59.440><c> water</c><00:09:00.000><c> away.</c><00:09:00.959><c> So,</c><00:09:01.360><c> if</c><00:09:01.600><c> all</c>

07:14.426 --> 07:14.436 align:start position:0%
million L of water away. So, if all
 

07:14.436 --> 07:16.426 align:start position:0%
million L of water away. So, if all
those<00:09:02.160><c> people</c><00:09:02.480><c> were</c><00:09:02.640><c> to</c><00:09:02.880><c> suddenly</c><00:09:03.360><c> disappear</c>

07:16.426 --> 07:16.436 align:start position:0%
those people were to suddenly disappear
 

07:16.436 --> 07:19.546 align:start position:0%
those people were to suddenly disappear
and<00:09:04.160><c> the</c><00:09:04.320><c> power</c><00:09:04.720><c> cut</c><00:09:05.120><c> out,</c><00:09:06.160><c> it'd</c><00:09:06.399><c> be</c><00:09:06.480><c> a</c><00:09:06.720><c> matter</c>

07:19.546 --> 07:19.556 align:start position:0%
and the power cut out, it'd be a matter
 

07:19.556 --> 07:21.627 align:start position:0%
and the power cut out, it'd be a matter
of<00:09:07.120><c> days</c><00:09:07.519><c> before</c><00:09:07.920><c> rivers</c><00:09:08.399><c> surge</c><00:09:08.800><c> through</c>

07:21.627 --> 07:21.637 align:start position:0%
of days before rivers surge through
 

07:21.637 --> 07:24.347 align:start position:0%
of days before rivers surge through
these<00:09:09.360><c> tunnels</c><00:09:10.000><c> and</c><00:09:10.240><c> plunge</c><00:09:10.640><c> the</c><00:09:10.880><c> subway</c><00:09:11.279><c> into</c>

07:24.347 --> 07:24.357 align:start position:0%
these tunnels and plunge the subway into
 

07:24.357 --> 07:26.667 align:start position:0%
these tunnels and plunge the subway into
darkness.<00:09:13.040><c> The</c><00:09:13.279><c> water</c><00:09:13.519><c> would</c><00:09:13.760><c> begin</c>

07:26.667 --> 07:26.677 align:start position:0%
darkness. The water would begin
 

07:26.677 --> 07:28.587 align:start position:0%
darkness. The water would begin
corroding<00:09:14.640><c> the</c><00:09:14.880><c> tracks</c><00:09:15.200><c> and</c><00:09:15.440><c> the</c><00:09:15.680><c> steel</c>

07:28.587 --> 07:28.597 align:start position:0%
corroding the tracks and the steel
 

07:28.597 --> 07:30.827 align:start position:0%
corroding the tracks and the steel
columns<00:09:16.399><c> that</c><00:09:16.640><c> hold</c><00:09:16.880><c> up</c><00:09:17.040><c> the</c><00:09:17.279><c> roofs</c><00:09:17.680><c> of</c><00:09:17.920><c> these</c>

07:30.827 --> 07:30.837 align:start position:0%
columns that hold up the roofs of these
 

07:30.837 --> 07:32.986 align:start position:0%
columns that hold up the roofs of these
tunnels<00:09:19.040><c> that</c><00:09:19.279><c> would</c><00:09:19.519><c> eventually</c><00:09:20.000><c> cause</c><00:09:20.240><c> the</c>

07:32.986 --> 07:32.996 align:start position:0%
tunnels that would eventually cause the
 

07:32.996 --> 07:34.986 align:start position:0%
tunnels that would eventually cause the
streets<00:09:20.720><c> to</c><00:09:20.959><c> collapse</c><00:09:21.360><c> and</c><00:09:21.680><c> allow</c><00:09:21.920><c> the</c><00:09:22.080><c> water</c>

07:34.986 --> 07:34.996 align:start position:0%
streets to collapse and allow the water
 

07:34.996 --> 07:38.426 align:start position:0%
streets to collapse and allow the water
to<00:09:22.560><c> flood</c><00:09:22.880><c> the</c><00:09:23.040><c> city's</c><00:09:23.440><c> surface,</c><00:09:24.000><c> too.</c>

07:38.426 --> 07:38.436 align:start position:0%
to flood the city's surface, too.
 

07:38.436 --> 07:40.986 align:start position:0%
to flood the city's surface, too.
Around<00:09:26.399><c> 20</c><00:09:26.800><c> years</c><00:09:27.120><c> after</c><00:09:27.440><c> our</c><00:09:27.760><c> disappearance,</c>

07:40.986 --> 07:40.996 align:start position:0%
Around 20 years after our disappearance,
 

07:40.996 --> 07:43.947 align:start position:0%
Around 20 years after our disappearance,
we'd<00:09:28.640><c> see</c><00:09:28.800><c> a</c><00:09:28.959><c> kind</c><00:09:29.200><c> of</c><00:09:29.600><c> urban</c><00:09:29.920><c> wetland</c><00:09:30.480><c> forming</c>

07:43.947 --> 07:43.957 align:start position:0%
we'd see a kind of urban wetland forming
 

07:43.957 --> 07:47.227 align:start position:0%
we'd see a kind of urban wetland forming
interspersed<00:09:32.160><c> with</c><00:09:32.560><c> skyscrapers.</c><00:09:34.000><c> But</c><00:09:34.240><c> even</c>

07:47.227 --> 07:47.237 align:start position:0%
interspersed with skyscrapers. But even
 

07:47.237 --> 07:50.187 align:start position:0%
interspersed with skyscrapers. But even
they<00:09:35.279><c> may</c><00:09:35.600><c> not</c><00:09:35.920><c> last</c><00:09:36.240><c> very</c><00:09:36.640><c> long.</c><00:09:37.200><c> Now,</c><00:09:37.440><c> this</c>

07:50.187 --> 07:50.197 align:start position:0%
they may not last very long. Now, this
 

07:50.197 --> 07:52.106 align:start position:0%
they may not last very long. Now, this
is<00:09:37.760><c> not</c><00:09:37.920><c> to</c><00:09:38.080><c> say</c><00:09:38.160><c> that</c><00:09:38.399><c> skyscrapers</c><00:09:39.120><c> aren't</c>

07:52.106 --> 07:52.116 align:start position:0%
is not to say that skyscrapers aren't
 

07:52.116 --> 07:54.986 align:start position:0%
is not to say that skyscrapers aren't
designed<00:09:39.760><c> to</c><00:09:40.000><c> withstand</c><00:09:40.880><c> a</c><00:09:41.200><c> lot.</c><00:09:41.839><c> They</c><00:09:42.160><c> have</c>

07:54.986 --> 07:54.996 align:start position:0%
designed to withstand a lot. They have
 

07:54.996 --> 07:57.467 align:start position:0%
designed to withstand a lot. They have
steel<00:09:42.720><c> and</c><00:09:42.959><c> concrete</c><00:09:43.519><c> supports</c><00:09:44.080><c> called</c><00:09:44.320><c> piles</c>

07:57.467 --> 07:57.477 align:start position:0%
steel and concrete supports called piles
 

07:57.477 --> 07:58.986 align:start position:0%
steel and concrete supports called piles
drilled<00:09:45.279><c> down</c><00:09:45.600><c> all</c><00:09:45.839><c> the</c><00:09:46.000><c> way</c><00:09:46.080><c> into</c><00:09:46.320><c> the</c>

07:58.986 --> 07:58.996 align:start position:0%
drilled down all the way into the
 

07:58.996 --> 08:01.467 align:start position:0%
drilled down all the way into the
bedrock<00:09:46.880><c> to</c><00:09:47.120><c> form</c><00:09:47.440><c> their</c><00:09:47.680><c> foundations.</c><00:09:48.640><c> The</c>

08:01.467 --> 08:01.477 align:start position:0%
bedrock to form their foundations. The
 

08:01.477 --> 08:02.907 align:start position:0%
bedrock to form their foundations. The
tallest<00:09:49.200><c> skyscraper</c><00:09:49.760><c> in</c><00:09:49.920><c> the</c><00:09:50.000><c> world,</c><00:09:50.160><c> the</c>

08:02.907 --> 08:02.917 align:start position:0%
tallest skyscraper in the world, the
 

08:02.917 --> 08:06.667 align:start position:0%
tallest skyscraper in the world, the
Burge<00:09:50.720><c> Khalifa,</c><00:09:51.360><c> has</c><00:09:52.000><c> 192</c><00:09:52.720><c> of</c><00:09:52.959><c> these,</c><00:09:53.680><c> each</c>

08:06.667 --> 08:06.677 align:start position:0%
Burge Khalifa, has 192 of these, each
 

08:06.677 --> 08:10.507 align:start position:0%
Burge Khalifa, has 192 of these, each
1.5<00:09:54.800><c> m</c><00:09:55.120><c> in</c><00:09:55.279><c> diameter</c><00:09:55.680><c> and</c><00:09:55.839><c> extending</c><00:09:56.560><c> 50</c><00:09:56.959><c> m</c>

08:10.507 --> 08:10.517 align:start position:0%
1.5 m in diameter and extending 50 m
 

08:10.517 --> 08:13.627 align:start position:0%
1.5 m in diameter and extending 50 m
down<00:09:58.160><c> into</c><00:09:58.480><c> the</c><00:09:58.640><c> ground.</c><00:09:58.959><c> They</c><00:09:59.200><c> are</c><00:09:59.440><c> wellmade.</c>

08:13.627 --> 08:13.637 align:start position:0%
down into the ground. They are wellmade.
 

08:13.637 --> 08:15.307 align:start position:0%
down into the ground. They are wellmade.
But<00:10:01.200><c> the</c><00:10:01.360><c> problem</c><00:10:01.600><c> here</c><00:10:01.760><c> is,</c><00:10:02.000><c> no</c><00:10:02.240><c> matter</c><00:10:02.480><c> how</c>

08:15.307 --> 08:15.317 align:start position:0%
But the problem here is, no matter how
 

08:15.317 --> 08:17.787 align:start position:0%
But the problem here is, no matter how
strong<00:10:03.040><c> they</c><00:10:03.360><c> are,</c><00:10:03.839><c> these</c><00:10:04.160><c> steel</c><00:10:04.560><c> foundations</c>

08:17.787 --> 08:17.797 align:start position:0%
strong they are, these steel foundations
 

08:17.797 --> 08:20.267 align:start position:0%
strong they are, these steel foundations
are<00:10:05.440><c> not</c><00:10:05.680><c> designed</c><00:10:06.000><c> to</c><00:10:06.160><c> be</c><00:10:06.399><c> water</c><00:10:06.800><c> logged</c><00:10:07.360><c> all</c>

08:20.267 --> 08:20.277 align:start position:0%
are not designed to be water logged all
 

08:20.277 --> 08:22.507 align:start position:0%
are not designed to be water logged all
the<00:10:08.000><c> time.</c><00:10:08.720><c> And</c><00:10:08.880><c> if</c><00:10:09.120><c> they're</c><00:10:09.360><c> surrounded</c><00:10:09.760><c> by</c>

08:22.507 --> 08:22.517 align:start position:0%
the time. And if they're surrounded by
 

08:22.517 --> 08:24.587 align:start position:0%
the time. And if they're surrounded by
all<00:10:10.080><c> those</c><00:10:10.320><c> rivers</c><00:10:10.640><c> I</c><00:10:10.880><c> mentioned</c><00:10:11.200><c> before,</c>

08:24.587 --> 08:24.597 align:start position:0%
all those rivers I mentioned before,
 

08:24.597 --> 08:27.147 align:start position:0%
all those rivers I mentioned before,
then<00:10:12.320><c> water</c><00:10:12.720><c> will</c><00:10:13.040><c> infiltrate</c><00:10:13.600><c> any</c><00:10:13.920><c> minuscule</c>

08:27.147 --> 08:27.157 align:start position:0%
then water will infiltrate any minuscule
 

08:27.157 --> 08:30.106 align:start position:0%
then water will infiltrate any minuscule
cracks<00:10:14.880><c> and</c><00:10:15.200><c> force</c><00:10:15.600><c> them</c><00:10:15.760><c> apart</c><00:10:16.399><c> even</c><00:10:16.800><c> more.</c>

08:30.106 --> 08:30.116 align:start position:0%
cracks and force them apart even more.
 

08:30.116 --> 08:32.347 align:start position:0%
cracks and force them apart even more.
This<00:10:17.839><c> especially</c><00:10:18.240><c> happens</c><00:10:18.640><c> in</c><00:10:18.959><c> cold</c><00:10:19.360><c> places</c>

08:32.347 --> 08:32.357 align:start position:0%
This especially happens in cold places
 

08:32.357 --> 08:35.546 align:start position:0%
This especially happens in cold places
because<00:10:20.079><c> water</c><00:10:20.560><c> expands</c><00:10:21.120><c> when</c><00:10:21.360><c> it</c><00:10:21.600><c> freezes.</c>

08:35.546 --> 08:35.556 align:start position:0%
because water expands when it freezes.
 

08:35.556 --> 08:38.106 align:start position:0%
because water expands when it freezes.
This<00:10:23.279><c> freezing</c><00:10:23.839><c> thoring</c><00:10:24.320><c> cycle</c><00:10:24.800><c> creates</c><00:10:25.200><c> the</c>

08:38.106 --> 08:38.116 align:start position:0%
This freezing thoring cycle creates the
 

08:38.116 --> 08:40.267 align:start position:0%
This freezing thoring cycle creates the
perfect<00:10:26.000><c> condition</c><00:10:26.320><c> for</c><00:10:26.720><c> skyscrapers</c><00:10:27.440><c> to</c>

08:40.267 --> 08:40.277 align:start position:0%
perfect condition for skyscrapers to
 

08:40.277 --> 08:46.027 align:start position:0%
perfect condition for skyscrapers to
topple<00:10:28.560><c> within</c><00:10:29.120><c> 100</c><00:10:29.519><c> to</c><00:10:30.160><c> 200</c><00:10:30.880><c> years.</c>

08:46.027 --> 08:46.037 align:start position:0%
topple within 100 to 200 years.
 

08:46.037 --> 08:49.147 align:start position:0%
topple within 100 to 200 years.
And<00:10:33.680><c> as</c><00:10:34.079><c> our</c><00:10:34.480><c> concrete</c><00:10:34.959><c> jungles</c><00:10:35.680><c> collapse,</c>

08:49.147 --> 08:49.157 align:start position:0%
And as our concrete jungles collapse,
 

08:49.157 --> 08:51.787 align:start position:0%
And as our concrete jungles collapse,
what<00:10:36.800><c> would</c><00:10:37.040><c> replace</c><00:10:37.519><c> them</c><00:10:38.000><c> is</c><00:10:38.640><c> the</c><00:10:38.959><c> real</c>

08:51.787 --> 08:51.797 align:start position:0%
what would replace them is the real
 

08:51.797 --> 08:54.106 align:start position:0%
what would replace them is the real
thing.<00:10:40.000><c> Plants</c><00:10:40.399><c> are</c><00:10:40.560><c> tougher</c><00:10:40.959><c> than</c><00:10:41.120><c> we</c><00:10:41.200><c> often</c>

08:54.106 --> 08:54.116 align:start position:0%
thing. Plants are tougher than we often
 

08:54.116 --> 08:56.027 align:start position:0%
thing. Plants are tougher than we often
give<00:10:41.600><c> them</c><00:10:41.920><c> credit</c><00:10:42.160><c> for,</c><00:10:42.560><c> and</c><00:10:42.880><c> biological</c>

08:56.027 --> 08:56.037 align:start position:0%
give them credit for, and biological
 

08:56.037 --> 08:58.187 align:start position:0%
give them credit for, and biological
weathering<00:10:43.920><c> is</c><00:10:44.160><c> already</c><00:10:44.560><c> a</c><00:10:44.880><c> very</c><00:10:45.279><c> real</c>

08:58.187 --> 08:58.197 align:start position:0%
weathering is already a very real
 

08:58.197 --> 08:59.707 align:start position:0%
weathering is already a very real
concern<00:10:45.920><c> that</c><00:10:46.160><c> we</c><00:10:46.320><c> have</c><00:10:46.399><c> to</c><00:10:46.560><c> deal</c><00:10:46.720><c> with</c><00:10:46.880><c> in</c>

08:59.707 --> 08:59.717 align:start position:0%
concern that we have to deal with in
 

08:59.717 --> 09:02.347 align:start position:0%
concern that we have to deal with in
man-made<00:10:47.680><c> environments.</c><00:10:48.800><c> For</c><00:10:48.959><c> example,</c><00:10:49.519><c> in</c>

09:02.347 --> 09:02.357 align:start position:0%
man-made environments. For example, in
 

09:02.357 --> 09:05.307 align:start position:0%
man-made environments. For example, in
the<00:10:49.920><c> temple</c><00:10:50.240><c> of</c><00:10:50.399><c> Taprome</c><00:10:51.200><c> in</c><00:10:51.440><c> Cambodia,</c><00:10:52.560><c> you</c>

09:05.307 --> 09:05.317 align:start position:0%
the temple of Taprome in Cambodia, you
 

09:05.317 --> 09:08.747 align:start position:0%
the temple of Taprome in Cambodia, you
can<00:10:52.880><c> see</c><00:10:53.200><c> huge</c><00:10:53.760><c> deciduous</c><00:10:54.640><c> trees</c><00:10:55.440><c> with</c><00:10:55.760><c> roots</c>

09:08.747 --> 09:08.757 align:start position:0%
can see huge deciduous trees with roots
 

09:08.757 --> 09:10.747 align:start position:0%
can see huge deciduous trees with roots
that<00:10:56.399><c> appear</c><00:10:56.720><c> to</c><00:10:56.959><c> swallow</c><00:10:57.360><c> the</c><00:10:57.600><c> temple</c>

09:10.747 --> 09:10.757 align:start position:0%
that appear to swallow the temple
 

09:10.757 --> 09:13.307 align:start position:0%
that appear to swallow the temple
itself.<00:10:59.279><c> And</c><00:10:59.440><c> in</c><00:10:59.680><c> New</c><00:10:59.839><c> York,</c><00:11:00.160><c> several</c>

09:13.307 --> 09:13.317 align:start position:0%
itself. And in New York, several
 

09:13.317 --> 09:16.106 align:start position:0%
itself. And in New York, several
sidewalk<00:11:01.279><c> trees</c><00:11:01.680><c> show</c><00:11:02.000><c> grit</c><00:11:02.480><c> on</c><00:11:02.720><c> par</c><00:11:02.959><c> with</c><00:11:03.360><c> New</c>

09:16.106 --> 09:16.116 align:start position:0%
sidewalk trees show grit on par with New
 

09:16.116 --> 09:18.426 align:start position:0%
sidewalk trees show grit on par with New
Yorkers<00:11:03.920><c> themselves.</c><00:11:04.880><c> This</c><00:11:05.120><c> tree</c><00:11:05.360><c> in</c><00:11:05.600><c> West</c>

09:18.426 --> 09:18.436 align:start position:0%
Yorkers themselves. This tree in West
 

09:18.436 --> 09:20.587 align:start position:0%
Yorkers themselves. This tree in West
Chelsea,<00:11:06.240><c> for</c><00:11:06.320><c> example,</c><00:11:06.720><c> has</c><00:11:07.040><c> grown</c><00:11:07.440><c> around</c>

09:20.587 --> 09:20.597 align:start position:0%
Chelsea, for example, has grown around
 

09:20.597 --> 09:22.827 align:start position:0%
Chelsea, for example, has grown around
the<00:11:08.240><c> iron</c><00:11:08.720><c> frame</c><00:11:09.040><c> that</c><00:11:09.360><c> was</c><00:11:09.519><c> once</c><00:11:09.839><c> put</c><00:11:10.079><c> in</c>

09:22.827 --> 09:22.837 align:start position:0%
the iron frame that was once put in
 

09:22.837 --> 09:25.707 align:start position:0%
the iron frame that was once put in
place<00:11:10.560><c> to</c><00:11:10.959><c> contain</c><00:11:11.360><c> it,</c><00:11:12.000><c> leaving</c><00:11:12.320><c> only</c><00:11:12.720><c> small</c>

09:25.707 --> 09:25.717 align:start position:0%
place to contain it, leaving only small
 

09:25.717 --> 09:28.827 align:start position:0%
place to contain it, leaving only small
pieces<00:11:13.600><c> poking</c><00:11:14.079><c> out</c><00:11:14.320><c> of</c><00:11:14.480><c> the</c><00:11:14.720><c> trunk.</c><00:11:15.680><c> With</c><00:11:16.000><c> no</c>

09:28.827 --> 09:28.837 align:start position:0%
pieces poking out of the trunk. With no
 

09:28.837 --> 09:30.827 align:start position:0%
pieces poking out of the trunk. With no
more<00:11:16.480><c> weeding,</c><00:11:17.120><c> the</c><00:11:17.360><c> plants</c><00:11:17.680><c> will</c><00:11:17.920><c> most</c>

09:30.827 --> 09:30.837 align:start position:0%
more weeding, the plants will most
 

09:30.837 --> 09:32.827 align:start position:0%
more weeding, the plants will most
certainly<00:11:18.720><c> take</c><00:11:18.959><c> over</c><00:11:19.200><c> our</c><00:11:19.519><c> cities</c><00:11:19.920><c> within</c>

09:32.827 --> 09:32.837 align:start position:0%
certainly take over our cities within
 

09:32.837 --> 09:35.947 align:start position:0%
certainly take over our cities within
just<00:11:20.480><c> a</c><00:11:20.800><c> few</c><00:11:20.959><c> decades,</c><00:11:21.920><c> infiltrating</c><00:11:22.800><c> every</c>

09:35.947 --> 09:35.957 align:start position:0%
just a few decades, infiltrating every
 

09:35.957 --> 09:38.747 align:start position:0%
just a few decades, infiltrating every
microscopic<00:11:24.240><c> crack</c><00:11:24.640><c> in</c><00:11:24.880><c> our</c><00:11:25.200><c> pavements.</c>

09:38.747 --> 09:38.757 align:start position:0%
microscopic crack in our pavements.
 

09:38.757 --> 09:41.307 align:start position:0%
microscopic crack in our pavements.
Perhaps<00:11:26.640><c> only</c><00:11:26.800><c> the</c><00:11:27.040><c> hardiest</c><00:11:27.760><c> pioneer</c><00:11:28.399><c> plant</c>

09:41.307 --> 09:41.317 align:start position:0%
Perhaps only the hardiest pioneer plant
 

09:41.317 --> 09:43.387 align:start position:0%
Perhaps only the hardiest pioneer plant
species<00:11:29.120><c> like</c><00:11:29.360><c> lychans</c><00:11:29.920><c> and</c><00:11:30.160><c> mosses</c><00:11:30.640><c> will</c>

09:43.387 --> 09:43.397 align:start position:0%
species like lychans and mosses will
 

09:43.397 --> 09:45.947 align:start position:0%
species like lychans and mosses will
colonize<00:11:31.360><c> this</c><00:11:31.680><c> new</c><00:11:32.079><c> urban</c><00:11:32.320><c> environment.</c><00:11:33.200><c> But</c>

09:45.947 --> 09:45.957 align:start position:0%
colonize this new urban environment. But
 

09:45.957 --> 09:48.426 align:start position:0%
colonize this new urban environment. But
these<00:11:33.600><c> will</c><00:11:33.839><c> pave</c><00:11:34.079><c> the</c><00:11:34.240><c> way</c><00:11:34.480><c> for</c><00:11:34.800><c> others.</c><00:11:35.600><c> And</c>

09:48.426 --> 09:48.436 align:start position:0%
these will pave the way for others. And
 

09:48.436 --> 09:51.067 align:start position:0%
these will pave the way for others. And
by<00:11:36.000><c> the</c><00:11:36.160><c> time</c><00:11:36.320><c> we</c><00:11:36.560><c> hit</c><00:11:37.040><c> 500</c><00:11:37.760><c> years</c><00:11:38.079><c> post</c>

09:51.067 --> 09:51.077 align:start position:0%
by the time we hit 500 years post
 

09:51.077 --> 09:54.106 align:start position:0%
by the time we hit 500 years post
humans,<00:11:39.519><c> cities</c><00:11:39.920><c> like</c><00:11:40.399><c> New</c><00:11:40.640><c> York</c><00:11:41.279><c> will</c>

09:54.106 --> 09:54.116 align:start position:0%
humans, cities like New York will
 

09:54.116 --> 09:56.267 align:start position:0%
humans, cities like New York will
resemble<00:11:41.920><c> the</c><00:11:42.160><c> once</c><00:11:42.640><c> noble</c><00:11:43.120><c> forests</c><00:11:43.519><c> that</c>

09:56.267 --> 09:56.277 align:start position:0%
resemble the once noble forests that
 

09:56.277 --> 09:59.387 align:start position:0%
resemble the once noble forests that
help<00:11:43.920><c> the</c><00:11:44.160><c> Lape</c><00:11:44.800><c> to</c><00:11:45.040><c> prosper.</c><00:11:46.240><c> But</c><00:11:46.399><c> it's</c>

09:59.387 --> 09:59.397 align:start position:0%
help the Lape to prosper. But it's
 

09:59.397 --> 10:02.027 align:start position:0%
help the Lape to prosper. But it's
inside<00:11:47.600><c> those</c><00:11:47.920><c> forests</c><00:11:48.399><c> where</c><00:11:48.720><c> things</c><00:11:49.120><c> get</c>

10:02.027 --> 10:02.037 align:start position:0%
inside those forests where things get
 

10:02.037 --> 10:04.587 align:start position:0%
inside those forests where things get
really<00:11:49.760><c> interesting.</c><00:11:50.880><c> Animals</c><00:11:51.279><c> like</c><00:11:51.519><c> rats,</c>

10:04.587 --> 10:04.597 align:start position:0%
really interesting. Animals like rats,
 

10:04.597 --> 10:07.067 align:start position:0%
really interesting. Animals like rats,
cockroaches,<00:11:52.800><c> pigeons,</c><00:11:53.440><c> raccoons,</c><00:11:53.920><c> and</c><00:11:54.160><c> even</c>

10:07.067 --> 10:07.077 align:start position:0%
cockroaches, pigeons, raccoons, and even
 

10:07.077 --> 10:09.787 align:start position:0%
cockroaches, pigeons, raccoons, and even
foxes<00:11:55.200><c> have</c><00:11:55.440><c> all</c><00:11:55.600><c> adapted</c><00:11:56.079><c> to</c><00:11:56.240><c> thrive</c><00:11:56.720><c> in</c>

10:09.787 --> 10:09.797 align:start position:0%
foxes have all adapted to thrive in
 

10:09.797 --> 10:12.747 align:start position:0%
foxes have all adapted to thrive in
urban<00:11:57.440><c> habitats,</c><00:11:58.480><c> often</c><00:11:59.040><c> scrging</c><00:11:59.519><c> on</c><00:11:59.760><c> human</c>

10:12.747 --> 10:12.757 align:start position:0%
urban habitats, often scrging on human
 

10:12.757 --> 10:14.827 align:start position:0%
urban habitats, often scrging on human
scraps<00:12:00.560><c> and</c><00:12:00.720><c> emerging</c><00:12:01.200><c> at</c><00:12:01.440><c> night</c><00:12:01.680><c> when</c><00:12:01.920><c> human</c>

10:14.827 --> 10:14.837 align:start position:0%
scraps and emerging at night when human
 

10:14.837 --> 10:17.866 align:start position:0%
scraps and emerging at night when human
activity<00:12:02.640><c> is</c><00:12:02.880><c> at</c><00:12:03.120><c> its</c><00:12:03.360><c> lowest.</c><00:12:04.720><c> Now,</c><00:12:05.040><c> since</c>

10:17.866 --> 10:17.876 align:start position:0%
activity is at its lowest. Now, since
 

10:17.876 --> 10:19.707 align:start position:0%
activity is at its lowest. Now, since
these<00:12:05.519><c> species</c><00:12:05.920><c> already</c><00:12:06.160><c> make</c><00:12:06.399><c> use</c><00:12:06.720><c> of</c>

10:19.707 --> 10:19.717 align:start position:0%
these species already make use of
 

10:19.717 --> 10:21.387 align:start position:0%
these species already make use of
cities,<00:12:07.600><c> it's</c><00:12:07.839><c> likely</c><00:12:08.079><c> that</c><00:12:08.240><c> they</c><00:12:08.480><c> would</c><00:12:08.639><c> be</c>

10:21.387 --> 10:21.397 align:start position:0%
cities, it's likely that they would be
 

10:21.397 --> 10:23.707 align:start position:0%
cities, it's likely that they would be
the<00:12:09.120><c> first</c><00:12:09.440><c> proper</c><00:12:10.000><c> city</c><00:12:10.399><c> dwellers</c><00:12:10.800><c> in</c><00:12:10.959><c> a</c>

10:23.707 --> 10:23.717 align:start position:0%
the first proper city dwellers in a
 

10:23.717 --> 10:26.267 align:start position:0%
the first proper city dwellers in a
posthuman<00:12:12.000><c> world.</c><00:12:12.800><c> They</c><00:12:13.040><c> could</c><00:12:13.279><c> survive</c><00:12:13.519><c> on</c>

10:26.267 --> 10:26.277 align:start position:0%
posthuman world. They could survive on
 

10:26.277 --> 10:27.947 align:start position:0%
posthuman world. They could survive on
decaying<00:12:14.240><c> food</c><00:12:14.480><c> in</c><00:12:14.639><c> our</c><00:12:14.880><c> homes</c><00:12:15.120><c> and</c>

10:27.947 --> 10:27.957 align:start position:0%
decaying food in our homes and
 

10:27.957 --> 10:30.267 align:start position:0%
decaying food in our homes and
supermarkets<00:12:15.920><c> for</c><00:12:16.160><c> a</c><00:12:16.399><c> few</c><00:12:16.560><c> months</c><00:12:17.040><c> at</c><00:12:17.200><c> least</c>

10:30.267 --> 10:30.277 align:start position:0%
supermarkets for a few months at least
 

10:30.277 --> 10:31.866 align:start position:0%
supermarkets for a few months at least
and<00:12:17.839><c> would</c><00:12:18.079><c> probably</c><00:12:18.399><c> experience</c><00:12:18.720><c> a</c><00:12:18.880><c> bit</c><00:12:18.959><c> of</c><00:12:19.040><c> a</c>

10:31.866 --> 10:31.876 align:start position:0%
and would probably experience a bit of a
 

10:31.876 --> 10:34.507 align:start position:0%
and would probably experience a bit of a
population<00:12:19.839><c> boom.</c><00:12:20.880><c> But</c><00:12:21.200><c> animals</c><00:12:21.519><c> that</c><00:12:21.839><c> have</c>

10:34.507 --> 10:34.517 align:start position:0%
population boom. But animals that have
 

10:34.517 --> 10:36.587 align:start position:0%
population boom. But animals that have
previously<00:12:22.240><c> been</c><00:12:22.480><c> kept</c><00:12:22.720><c> on</c><00:12:22.880><c> the</c><00:12:23.120><c> fringes</c><00:12:23.680><c> of</c>

10:36.587 --> 10:36.597 align:start position:0%
previously been kept on the fringes of
 

10:36.597 --> 10:39.226 align:start position:0%
previously been kept on the fringes of
cities<00:12:24.480><c> like</c><00:12:24.800><c> mountain</c><00:12:25.279><c> lions</c><00:12:25.680><c> or</c><00:12:26.000><c> bears</c>

10:39.226 --> 10:39.236 align:start position:0%
cities like mountain lions or bears
 

10:39.236 --> 10:42.507 align:start position:0%
cities like mountain lions or bears
would<00:12:27.040><c> also</c><00:12:27.519><c> be</c><00:12:27.760><c> free</c><00:12:28.000><c> to</c><00:12:28.240><c> invade.</c><00:12:29.440><c> And</c><00:12:29.680><c> with</c>

10:42.507 --> 10:42.517 align:start position:0%
would also be free to invade. And with
 

10:42.517 --> 10:44.587 align:start position:0%
would also be free to invade. And with
more<00:12:30.160><c> large</c><00:12:30.480><c> predators</c><00:12:30.959><c> entering</c><00:12:31.680><c> urban</c>

10:44.587 --> 10:44.597 align:start position:0%
more large predators entering urban
 

10:44.597 --> 10:46.986 align:start position:0%
more large predators entering urban
habitats,<00:12:32.639><c> the</c><00:12:32.880><c> success</c><00:12:33.440><c> of</c><00:12:33.600><c> these</c><00:12:33.920><c> smaller</c>

10:46.986 --> 10:46.996 align:start position:0%
habitats, the success of these smaller
 

10:46.996 --> 10:49.307 align:start position:0%
habitats, the success of these smaller
city<00:12:34.800><c> dwellers,</c><00:12:35.839><c> well,</c><00:12:36.079><c> it</c><00:12:36.240><c> wouldn't</c><00:12:36.480><c> last</c>

10:49.307 --> 10:49.317 align:start position:0%
city dwellers, well, it wouldn't last
 

10:49.317 --> 10:51.707 align:start position:0%
city dwellers, well, it wouldn't last
very<00:12:37.040><c> long.</c><00:12:38.000><c> Another</c><00:12:38.399><c> species</c><00:12:38.720><c> that</c><00:12:38.959><c> would</c>

10:51.707 --> 10:51.717 align:start position:0%
very long. Another species that would
 

10:51.717 --> 10:53.627 align:start position:0%
very long. Another species that would
likely<00:12:39.440><c> fare</c><00:12:39.760><c> quite</c><00:12:40.000><c> well</c><00:12:40.160><c> without</c><00:12:40.480><c> us</c><00:12:40.720><c> are</c>

10:53.627 --> 10:53.637 align:start position:0%
likely fare quite well without us are
 

10:53.637 --> 10:57.147 align:start position:0%
likely fare quite well without us are
domestic<00:12:41.760><c> cats.</c><00:12:43.120><c> Felis</c><00:12:43.839><c> catis</c><00:12:44.399><c> were</c>

10:57.147 --> 10:57.157 align:start position:0%
domestic cats. Felis catis were
 

10:57.157 --> 10:58.986 align:start position:0%
domestic cats. Felis catis were
domesticated<00:12:45.279><c> from</c><00:12:45.519><c> the</c><00:12:45.680><c> Middle</c><00:12:45.920><c> Eastern</c>

10:58.986 --> 10:58.996 align:start position:0%
domesticated from the Middle Eastern
 

10:58.996 --> 11:02.027 align:start position:0%
domesticated from the Middle Eastern
wild<00:12:46.800><c> cats,</c><00:12:47.360><c> Felis</c><00:12:47.920><c> sylvestrus</c><00:12:48.880><c> around</c>

11:02.027 --> 11:02.037 align:start position:0%
wild cats, Felis sylvestrus around
 

11:02.037 --> 11:04.587 align:start position:0%
wild cats, Felis sylvestrus around
12,000<00:12:50.399><c> years</c><00:12:50.639><c> ago</c><00:12:51.120><c> and</c><00:12:51.360><c> have</c><00:12:51.519><c> always</c><00:12:51.680><c> enjoyed</c>

11:04.587 --> 11:04.597 align:start position:0%
12,000 years ago and have always enjoyed
 

11:04.597 --> 11:06.747 align:start position:0%
12,000 years ago and have always enjoyed
a<00:12:52.160><c> kind</c><00:12:52.320><c> of</c><00:12:52.480><c> double</c><00:12:52.880><c> life</c><00:12:53.200><c> as</c><00:12:53.440><c> both</c><00:12:53.680><c> a</c><00:12:53.920><c> wild</c>

11:06.747 --> 11:06.757 align:start position:0%
a kind of double life as both a wild
 

11:06.757 --> 11:09.627 align:start position:0%
a kind of double life as both a wild
animal<00:12:54.480><c> and</c><00:12:54.720><c> a</c><00:12:54.959><c> charismatic</c><00:12:55.920><c> pet.</c><00:12:56.800><c> It's</c>

11:09.627 --> 11:09.637 align:start position:0%
animal and a charismatic pet. It's
 

11:09.637 --> 11:11.866 align:start position:0%
animal and a charismatic pet. It's
estimated<00:12:57.440><c> there</c><00:12:57.680><c> are</c><00:12:57.839><c> now</c><00:12:58.000><c> well</c><00:12:58.240><c> over</c><00:12:58.560><c> 600</c>

11:11.866 --> 11:11.876 align:start position:0%
estimated there are now well over 600
 

11:11.876 --> 11:14.027 align:start position:0%
estimated there are now well over 600
million<00:12:59.600><c> of</c><00:12:59.839><c> them</c><00:13:00.160><c> around</c><00:13:00.480><c> the</c><00:13:00.720><c> world</c><00:13:01.200><c> and</c>

11:14.027 --> 11:14.037 align:start position:0%
million of them around the world and
 

11:14.037 --> 11:15.467 align:start position:0%
million of them around the world and
they've<00:13:01.680><c> been</c><00:13:01.760><c> introduced</c><00:13:02.160><c> to</c><00:13:02.480><c> every</c>

11:15.467 --> 11:15.477 align:start position:0%
they've been introduced to every
 

11:15.477 --> 11:18.267 align:start position:0%
they've been introduced to every
continent<00:13:03.519><c> besides</c><00:13:04.160><c> Antarctica.</c>

11:18.267 --> 11:18.277 align:start position:0%
continent besides Antarctica.
 

11:18.277 --> 11:20.267 align:start position:0%
continent besides Antarctica.
With<00:13:06.000><c> so</c><00:13:06.240><c> many</c><00:13:06.399><c> domestic</c><00:13:06.880><c> cats</c><00:13:07.200><c> already</c>

11:20.267 --> 11:20.277 align:start position:0%
With so many domestic cats already
 

11:20.277 --> 11:23.067 align:start position:0%
With so many domestic cats already
present<00:13:08.079><c> in</c><00:13:08.320><c> habitats</c><00:13:09.040><c> worldwide,</c><00:13:10.240><c> they</c>

11:23.067 --> 11:23.077 align:start position:0%
present in habitats worldwide, they
 

11:23.077 --> 11:25.627 align:start position:0%
present in habitats worldwide, they
would<00:13:10.639><c> have</c><00:13:10.720><c> a</c><00:13:11.040><c> major</c><00:13:11.519><c> advantage</c><00:13:12.240><c> over</c><00:13:12.639><c> wild</c>

11:25.627 --> 11:25.637 align:start position:0%
would have a major advantage over wild
 

11:25.637 --> 11:28.106 align:start position:0%
would have a major advantage over wild
species<00:13:13.519><c> in</c><00:13:13.760><c> colonalizing</c><00:13:14.399><c> the</c><00:13:14.639><c> space</c><00:13:15.120><c> we</c>

11:28.106 --> 11:28.116 align:start position:0%
species in colonalizing the space we
 

11:28.116 --> 11:30.587 align:start position:0%
species in colonalizing the space we
would<00:13:15.680><c> have</c><00:13:15.920><c> left</c><00:13:16.160><c> behind.</c><00:13:17.200><c> Cats</c><00:13:17.600><c> could</c><00:13:17.839><c> make</c>

11:30.587 --> 11:30.597 align:start position:0%
would have left behind. Cats could make
 

11:30.597 --> 11:33.467 align:start position:0%
would have left behind. Cats could make
use<00:13:18.240><c> of</c><00:13:18.480><c> those</c><00:13:18.800><c> healthy</c><00:13:19.279><c> rat</c><00:13:19.680><c> populations</c><00:13:20.639><c> and</c>

11:33.467 --> 11:33.477 align:start position:0%
use of those healthy rat populations and
 

11:33.477 --> 11:35.226 align:start position:0%
use of those healthy rat populations and
could<00:13:21.040><c> quickly</c><00:13:21.360><c> revert</c><00:13:21.760><c> to</c><00:13:22.000><c> more</c><00:13:22.240><c> feral</c>

11:35.226 --> 11:35.236 align:start position:0%
could quickly revert to more feral
 

11:35.236 --> 11:37.707 align:start position:0%
could quickly revert to more feral
behaviors<00:13:23.040><c> in</c><00:13:23.279><c> order</c><00:13:23.440><c> to</c><00:13:23.760><c> survive.</c><00:13:24.800><c> Dogs</c>

11:37.707 --> 11:37.717 align:start position:0%
behaviors in order to survive. Dogs
 

11:37.717 --> 11:38.827 align:start position:0%
behaviors in order to survive. Dogs
could<00:13:25.279><c> experience</c><00:13:25.680><c> some</c><00:13:25.760><c> of</c><00:13:25.839><c> these</c><00:13:26.079><c> same</c>

11:38.827 --> 11:38.837 align:start position:0%
could experience some of these same
 

11:38.837 --> 11:40.267 align:start position:0%
could experience some of these same
advantages,<00:13:26.800><c> but</c><00:13:26.959><c> they</c><00:13:27.120><c> would</c><00:13:27.279><c> likely</c><00:13:27.519><c> be</c>

11:40.267 --> 11:40.277 align:start position:0%
advantages, but they would likely be
 

11:40.277 --> 11:42.507 align:start position:0%
advantages, but they would likely be
outco<00:13:27.920><c> competed</c><00:13:28.320><c> by</c><00:13:28.639><c> wolves,</c><00:13:29.440><c> especially</c>

11:42.507 --> 11:42.517 align:start position:0%
outco competed by wolves, especially
 

11:42.517 --> 11:43.787 align:start position:0%
outco competed by wolves, especially
dogs<00:13:30.160><c> that</c><00:13:30.320><c> have</c><00:13:30.399><c> undergone</c><00:13:30.800><c> extreme</c>

11:43.787 --> 11:43.797 align:start position:0%
dogs that have undergone extreme
 

11:43.797 --> 11:45.947 align:start position:0%
dogs that have undergone extreme
selective<00:13:31.680><c> breeding</c><00:13:32.000><c> like</c><00:13:32.240><c> pugs</c><00:13:32.639><c> or</c><00:13:32.959><c> British</c>

11:45.947 --> 11:45.957 align:start position:0%
selective breeding like pugs or British
 

11:45.957 --> 11:48.986 align:start position:0%
selective breeding like pugs or British
bulldogs.<00:13:34.639><c> In</c><00:13:34.880><c> our</c><00:13:35.040><c> planet's</c><00:13:35.519><c> most</c><00:13:35.760><c> unusual</c>

11:48.986 --> 11:48.996 align:start position:0%
bulldogs. In our planet's most unusual
 

11:48.996 --> 11:51.627 align:start position:0%
bulldogs. In our planet's most unusual
cities,<00:13:36.959><c> wild</c><00:13:37.360><c> migrants</c><00:13:38.000><c> may</c><00:13:38.240><c> also</c><00:13:38.560><c> be</c><00:13:38.800><c> moving</c>

11:51.627 --> 11:51.637 align:start position:0%
cities, wild migrants may also be moving
 

11:51.637 --> 11:54.747 align:start position:0%
cities, wild migrants may also be moving
in.<00:13:39.600><c> Gondelier</c><00:13:40.399><c> free,</c><00:13:40.800><c> the</c><00:13:41.040><c> canals</c><00:13:41.519><c> of</c><00:13:41.760><c> Venice</c>

11:54.747 --> 11:54.757 align:start position:0%
in. Gondelier free, the canals of Venice
 

11:54.757 --> 11:57.467 align:start position:0%
in. Gondelier free, the canals of Venice
will<00:13:42.399><c> become</c><00:13:42.880><c> calm,</c><00:13:43.440><c> clear</c><00:13:43.760><c> waters</c><00:13:44.240><c> with</c><00:13:44.560><c> no</c>

11:57.467 --> 11:57.477 align:start position:0%
will become calm, clear waters with no
 

11:57.477 --> 11:59.787 align:start position:0%
will become calm, clear waters with no
oes<00:13:45.360><c> and</c><00:13:45.600><c> other</c><00:13:45.839><c> boat</c><00:13:46.160><c> traffic</c><00:13:46.560><c> stirring</c><00:13:46.959><c> up</c>

11:59.787 --> 11:59.797 align:start position:0%
oes and other boat traffic stirring up
 

11:59.797 --> 12:01.787 align:start position:0%
oes and other boat traffic stirring up
sediment.<00:13:48.000><c> So,</c><00:13:48.160><c> it's</c><00:13:48.399><c> likely</c><00:13:48.639><c> that</c><00:13:48.880><c> marine</c>

12:01.787 --> 12:01.797 align:start position:0%
sediment. So, it's likely that marine
 

12:01.797 --> 12:04.106 align:start position:0%
sediment. So, it's likely that marine
mammals<00:13:49.680><c> like</c><00:13:49.920><c> dolphins</c><00:13:50.480><c> could</c><00:13:50.720><c> colonize</c><00:13:51.279><c> the</c>

12:04.106 --> 12:04.116 align:start position:0%
mammals like dolphins could colonize the
 

12:04.116 --> 12:06.187 align:start position:0%
mammals like dolphins could colonize the
waters<00:13:51.920><c> once</c><00:13:52.320><c> more.</c><00:13:52.800><c> We've</c><00:13:53.040><c> already</c><00:13:53.279><c> seen</c>

12:06.187 --> 12:06.197 align:start position:0%
waters once more. We've already seen
 

12:06.197 --> 12:08.187 align:start position:0%
waters once more. We've already seen
hints<00:13:53.920><c> that</c><00:13:54.079><c> this</c><00:13:54.320><c> is</c><00:13:54.560><c> possible.</c><00:13:55.120><c> Back</c><00:13:55.360><c> in</c>

12:08.187 --> 12:08.197 align:start position:0%
hints that this is possible. Back in
 

12:08.197 --> 12:11.387 align:start position:0%
hints that this is possible. Back in
2021,<00:13:56.639><c> CO</c><00:13:57.040><c> regulations</c><00:13:57.760><c> drastically</c><00:13:58.320><c> reduced</c>

12:11.387 --> 12:11.397 align:start position:0%
2021, CO regulations drastically reduced
 

12:11.397 --> 12:13.786 align:start position:0%
2021, CO regulations drastically reduced
boat<00:13:59.120><c> use</c><00:13:59.360><c> in</c><00:13:59.680><c> Venice,</c><00:14:00.320><c> which</c><00:14:00.560><c> caused</c><00:14:00.880><c> its</c>

12:13.786 --> 12:13.796 align:start position:0%
boat use in Venice, which caused its
 

12:13.796 --> 12:16.507 align:start position:0%
boat use in Venice, which caused its
waters<00:14:01.519><c> to</c><00:14:01.839><c> become</c><00:14:02.240><c> clearer.</c><00:14:03.120><c> The</c><00:14:03.360><c> city</c><00:14:03.600><c> was</c>

12:16.507 --> 12:16.517 align:start position:0%
waters to become clearer. The city was
 

12:16.517 --> 12:18.507 align:start position:0%
waters to become clearer. The city was
rewarded<00:14:04.399><c> with</c><00:14:04.639><c> a</c><00:14:04.800><c> visit</c><00:14:05.040><c> from</c><00:14:05.279><c> a</c><00:14:05.440><c> pair</c><00:14:05.680><c> of</c>

12:18.507 --> 12:18.517 align:start position:0%
rewarded with a visit from a pair of
 

12:18.517 --> 12:21.307 align:start position:0%
rewarded with a visit from a pair of
striped<00:14:06.480><c> dolphins</c><00:14:07.360><c> who</c><00:14:07.680><c> swam</c><00:14:08.079><c> in</c><00:14:08.240><c> the</c><00:14:08.399><c> Grand</c>

12:21.307 --> 12:21.317 align:start position:0%
striped dolphins who swam in the Grand
 

12:21.317 --> 12:23.627 align:start position:0%
striped dolphins who swam in the Grand
Canal<00:14:09.519><c> until</c><00:14:09.839><c> they</c><00:14:10.079><c> were</c><00:14:10.160><c> led</c><00:14:10.399><c> by</c><00:14:10.560><c> the</c><00:14:10.800><c> Coast</c>

12:23.627 --> 12:23.637 align:start position:0%
Canal until they were led by the Coast
 

12:23.637 --> 12:27.067 align:start position:0%
Canal until they were led by the Coast
Guard<00:14:11.440><c> back</c><00:14:11.680><c> towards</c><00:14:12.160><c> the</c><00:14:12.399><c> open</c><00:14:12.880><c> sea.</c><00:14:14.000><c> But</c><00:14:14.240><c> if</c>

12:27.067 --> 12:27.077 align:start position:0%
Guard back towards the open sea. But if
 

12:27.077 --> 12:28.507 align:start position:0%
Guard back towards the open sea. But if
similar<00:14:14.800><c> visits</c><00:14:15.120><c> were</c><00:14:15.279><c> to</c><00:14:15.440><c> happen</c><00:14:15.600><c> in</c><00:14:15.760><c> a</c>

12:28.507 --> 12:28.517 align:start position:0%
similar visits were to happen in a
 

12:28.517 --> 12:30.986 align:start position:0%
similar visits were to happen in a
posthuman<00:14:16.800><c> Venice,</c><00:14:17.360><c> it</c><00:14:17.680><c> might</c><00:14:17.839><c> not</c><00:14:18.079><c> actually</c>

12:30.986 --> 12:30.996 align:start position:0%
posthuman Venice, it might not actually
 

12:30.996 --> 12:33.707 align:start position:0%
posthuman Venice, it might not actually
be<00:14:18.639><c> the</c><00:14:18.880><c> best</c><00:14:19.120><c> thing</c><00:14:19.600><c> for</c><00:14:19.839><c> the</c><00:14:20.079><c> dolphins.</c><00:14:20.880><c> The</c>

12:33.707 --> 12:33.717 align:start position:0%
be the best thing for the dolphins. The
 

12:33.717 --> 12:35.947 align:start position:0%
be the best thing for the dolphins. The
enclosed<00:14:21.600><c> canals</c><00:14:22.079><c> can</c><00:14:22.240><c> be</c><00:14:22.480><c> disorientating</c>

12:35.947 --> 12:35.957 align:start position:0%
enclosed canals can be disorientating
 

12:35.957 --> 12:37.786 align:start position:0%
enclosed canals can be disorientating
for<00:14:23.600><c> them</c><00:14:23.920><c> as</c><00:14:24.160><c> they</c><00:14:24.320><c> attempt</c><00:14:24.639><c> to</c><00:14:24.800><c> find</c><00:14:24.959><c> their</c>

12:37.786 --> 12:37.796 align:start position:0%
for them as they attempt to find their
 

12:37.796 --> 12:39.387 align:start position:0%
for them as they attempt to find their
way<00:14:25.360><c> with</c><00:14:25.600><c> their</c><00:14:25.760><c> signature</c><00:14:26.320><c> clicking</c>

12:39.387 --> 12:39.397 align:start position:0%
way with their signature clicking
 

12:39.397 --> 12:41.786 align:start position:0%
way with their signature clicking
sounds.<00:14:27.680><c> I</c><00:14:27.920><c> mean,</c><00:14:28.160><c> perhaps</c><00:14:28.480><c> these</c><00:14:28.720><c> dolphin</c>

12:41.786 --> 12:41.796 align:start position:0%
sounds. I mean, perhaps these dolphin
 

12:41.796 --> 12:44.027 align:start position:0%
sounds. I mean, perhaps these dolphin
populations<00:14:29.760><c> would</c><00:14:30.000><c> even</c><00:14:30.240><c> adapt</c><00:14:30.639><c> and</c><00:14:30.959><c> somehow</c>

12:44.027 --> 12:44.037 align:start position:0%
populations would even adapt and somehow
 

12:44.037 --> 12:46.827 align:start position:0%
populations would even adapt and somehow
learn<00:14:31.680><c> to</c><00:14:31.839><c> navigate</c><00:14:32.240><c> the</c><00:14:32.480><c> maze</c><00:14:32.880><c> with</c><00:14:33.440><c> ease.</c>

12:46.827 --> 12:46.837 align:start position:0%
learn to navigate the maze with ease.
 

12:46.837 --> 12:48.587 align:start position:0%
learn to navigate the maze with ease.
But<00:14:34.399><c> it</c><00:14:34.560><c> goes</c><00:14:34.720><c> to</c><00:14:34.880><c> show</c><00:14:35.040><c> that</c><00:14:35.199><c> dolphins</c><00:14:35.760><c> could</c>

12:48.587 --> 12:48.597 align:start position:0%
But it goes to show that dolphins could
 

12:48.597 --> 12:50.587 align:start position:0%
But it goes to show that dolphins could
journey<00:14:36.320><c> into</c><00:14:36.480><c> Venice</c><00:14:36.880><c> if</c><00:14:37.199><c> they</c><00:14:37.440><c> wanted</c><00:14:37.680><c> to.</c>

12:50.587 --> 12:50.597 align:start position:0%
journey into Venice if they wanted to.
 

12:50.597 --> 12:52.347 align:start position:0%
journey into Venice if they wanted to.
And<00:14:38.320><c> who</c><00:14:38.560><c> knows?</c><00:14:38.880><c> I</c><00:14:39.120><c> mean,</c><00:14:39.199><c> it's</c><00:14:39.360><c> a</c><00:14:39.600><c> nice</c>

12:52.347 --> 12:52.357 align:start position:0%
And who knows? I mean, it's a nice
 

12:52.357 --> 12:54.666 align:start position:0%
And who knows? I mean, it's a nice
place.<00:14:40.480><c> As</c><00:14:40.720><c> for</c><00:14:40.880><c> the</c><00:14:41.120><c> rest</c><00:14:41.199><c> of</c><00:14:41.360><c> Europe,</c><00:14:41.839><c> much</c>

12:54.666 --> 12:54.676 align:start position:0%
place. As for the rest of Europe, much
 

12:54.676 --> 12:57.387 align:start position:0%
place. As for the rest of Europe, much
of<00:14:42.160><c> it</c><00:14:42.399><c> used</c><00:14:42.639><c> to</c><00:14:42.880><c> host</c><00:14:43.279><c> larger</c><00:14:43.760><c> predators</c><00:14:44.560><c> like</c>

12:57.387 --> 12:57.397 align:start position:0%
of it used to host larger predators like
 

12:57.397 --> 13:00.587 align:start position:0%
of it used to host larger predators like
the<00:14:45.040><c> Eurasian</c><00:14:45.760><c> lyns,</c><00:14:46.560><c> grey</c><00:14:46.880><c> wolf,</c><00:14:47.680><c> brown</c>

13:00.587 --> 13:00.597 align:start position:0%
the Eurasian lyns, grey wolf, brown
 

13:00.597 --> 13:03.786 align:start position:0%
the Eurasian lyns, grey wolf, brown
bear,<00:14:48.959><c> arctic</c><00:14:49.440><c> foxes,</c><00:14:50.000><c> and</c><00:14:50.240><c> even</c><00:14:50.880><c> the</c>

13:03.786 --> 13:03.796 align:start position:0%
bear, arctic foxes, and even the
 

13:03.796 --> 13:07.147 align:start position:0%
bear, arctic foxes, and even the
Caucasian<00:14:52.079><c> leopard.</c><00:14:53.360><c> Many</c><00:14:53.680><c> of</c><00:14:53.760><c> these</c><00:14:54.000><c> species</c>

13:07.147 --> 13:07.157 align:start position:0%
Caucasian leopard. Many of these species
 

13:07.157 --> 13:09.467 align:start position:0%
Caucasian leopard. Many of these species
also<00:14:54.959><c> found</c><00:14:55.279><c> themselves</c><00:14:55.920><c> in</c><00:14:56.160><c> conflict</c><00:14:56.639><c> with</c>

13:09.467 --> 13:09.477 align:start position:0%
also found themselves in conflict with
 

13:09.477 --> 13:11.467 align:start position:0%
also found themselves in conflict with
humans,<00:14:57.440><c> and</c><00:14:57.600><c> as</c><00:14:57.839><c> a</c><00:14:58.000><c> result,</c><00:14:58.320><c> they've</c><00:14:58.639><c> been</c>

13:11.467 --> 13:11.477 align:start position:0%
humans, and as a result, they've been
 

13:11.477 --> 13:13.307 align:start position:0%
humans, and as a result, they've been
lost<00:14:59.279><c> from</c><00:14:59.519><c> many</c><00:14:59.839><c> of</c><00:15:00.000><c> their</c><00:15:00.240><c> original</c>

13:13.307 --> 13:13.317 align:start position:0%
lost from many of their original
 

13:13.317 --> 13:17.226 align:start position:0%
lost from many of their original
habitats<00:15:01.360><c> or</c><00:15:01.680><c> persists.</c>

13:17.226 --> 13:17.236 align:start position:0%
habitats or persists.
 

13:17.236 --> 13:18.907 align:start position:0%
habitats or persists.
But<00:15:04.880><c> if</c><00:15:05.120><c> humans</c><00:15:05.519><c> weren't</c><00:15:05.839><c> part</c><00:15:06.000><c> of</c><00:15:06.160><c> the</c>

13:18.907 --> 13:18.917 align:start position:0%
But if humans weren't part of the
 

13:18.917 --> 13:21.467 align:start position:0%
But if humans weren't part of the
equation<00:15:06.800><c> anymore,</c><00:15:07.680><c> these</c><00:15:08.000><c> animals</c><00:15:08.480><c> might</c><00:15:08.800><c> be</c>

13:21.467 --> 13:21.477 align:start position:0%
equation anymore, these animals might be
 

13:21.477 --> 13:24.106 align:start position:0%
equation anymore, these animals might be
able<00:15:09.120><c> to</c><00:15:09.279><c> come</c><00:15:09.440><c> back,</c><00:15:09.839><c> too.</c><00:15:10.959><c> They'd</c><00:15:11.199><c> be</c><00:15:11.360><c> free</c>

13:24.106 --> 13:24.116 align:start position:0%
able to come back, too. They'd be free
 

13:24.116 --> 13:26.106 align:start position:0%
able to come back, too. They'd be free
to<00:15:11.760><c> feast</c><00:15:12.079><c> on</c><00:15:12.240><c> our</c><00:15:12.480><c> remaining</c><00:15:12.880><c> livestock</c>

13:26.106 --> 13:26.116 align:start position:0%
to feast on our remaining livestock
 

13:26.116 --> 13:28.827 align:start position:0%
to feast on our remaining livestock
without<00:15:13.920><c> fear</c><00:15:14.240><c> of</c><00:15:14.560><c> persecution</c><00:15:15.519><c> and</c><00:15:15.839><c> expand</c>

13:28.827 --> 13:28.837 align:start position:0%
without fear of persecution and expand
 

13:28.837 --> 13:30.587 align:start position:0%
without fear of persecution and expand
their<00:15:16.480><c> ranges</c><00:15:17.040><c> throughout</c><00:15:17.440><c> their</c><00:15:17.680><c> old</c>

13:30.587 --> 13:30.597 align:start position:0%
their ranges throughout their old
 

13:30.597 --> 13:32.872 align:start position:0%
their ranges throughout their old
hunting<00:15:18.480><c> grounds</c><00:15:18.880><c> of</c><00:15:19.199><c> Europe.</c>

13:32.872 --> 13:32.882 align:start position:0%
hunting grounds of Europe.
 

13:32.882 --> 13:33.147 align:start position:0%
hunting grounds of Europe.
&gt;&gt; [music]

13:33.147 --> 13:33.157 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

13:33.157 --> 13:34.986 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; So<00:15:20.880><c> without</c><00:15:21.199><c> humans,</c><00:15:21.519><c> we'd</c><00:15:21.760><c> be</c><00:15:21.839><c> looking</c><00:15:22.079><c> at</c><00:15:22.240><c> a</c>

13:34.986 --> 13:34.996 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; So without humans, we'd be looking at a
 

13:34.996 --> 13:38.187 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; So without humans, we'd be looking at a
boom<00:15:22.720><c> in</c><00:15:22.959><c> your</c><00:15:23.199><c> least</c><00:15:23.760><c> favorite</c><00:15:24.399><c> city</c><00:15:24.880><c> pests,</c>

13:38.187 --> 13:38.197 align:start position:0%
boom in your least favorite city pests,
 

13:38.197 --> 13:40.106 align:start position:0%
boom in your least favorite city pests,
a<00:15:25.920><c> carnivore</c><00:15:26.180><c> [music]</c><00:15:26.560><c> comeback,</c><00:15:27.120><c> more</c>

13:40.106 --> 13:40.116 align:start position:0%
a carnivore [music] comeback, more
 

13:40.116 --> 13:42.907 align:start position:0%
a carnivore [music] comeback, more
grassland,<00:15:28.480><c> and</c><00:15:28.639><c> a</c><00:15:28.880><c> return</c><00:15:29.199><c> to</c><00:15:29.440><c> prehistoricl</c>

13:42.907 --> 13:42.917 align:start position:0%
grassland, and a return to prehistoricl
 

13:42.917 --> 13:44.907 align:start position:0%
grassland, and a return to prehistoricl
looking<00:15:30.720><c> landscapes.</c>

13:44.907 --> 13:44.917 align:start position:0%
looking landscapes.
 

13:44.917 --> 13:46.907 align:start position:0%
looking landscapes.
But<00:15:32.480><c> without</c><00:15:32.800><c> us</c><00:15:33.040><c> to</c><00:15:33.199><c> rule</c><00:15:33.519><c> over</c><00:15:33.839><c> this</c><00:15:34.079><c> new</c>

13:46.907 --> 13:46.917 align:start position:0%
But without us to rule over this new
 

13:46.917 --> 13:49.786 align:start position:0%
But without us to rule over this new
world,<00:15:34.800><c> which</c><00:15:35.040><c> species</c><00:15:35.519><c> might</c><00:15:35.839><c> emerge</c><00:15:36.959><c> to</c>

13:49.786 --> 13:49.796 align:start position:0%
world, which species might emerge to
 

13:49.796 --> 13:52.267 align:start position:0%
world, which species might emerge to
take<00:15:37.440><c> our</c><00:15:37.680><c> place?</c><00:15:38.480><c> Would</c><00:15:38.639><c> it</c><00:15:38.880><c> finally</c><00:15:39.360><c> be</c><00:15:39.519><c> time</c>

13:52.267 --> 13:52.277 align:start position:0%
take our place? Would it finally be time
 

13:52.277 --> 13:55.067 align:start position:0%
take our place? Would it finally be time
for<00:15:39.920><c> chimpanzees</c><00:15:40.800><c> to</c><00:15:41.040><c> reclaim</c><00:15:41.519><c> their</c><00:15:41.839><c> throne,</c>

13:55.067 --> 13:55.077 align:start position:0%
for chimpanzees to reclaim their throne,
 

13:55.077 --> 13:56.747 align:start position:0%
for chimpanzees to reclaim their throne,
living<00:15:42.800><c> out</c><00:15:42.959><c> the</c><00:15:43.120><c> planet</c><00:15:43.360><c> of</c><00:15:43.440><c> the</c><00:15:43.519><c> apes</c><00:15:43.920><c> in</c>

13:56.747 --> 13:56.757 align:start position:0%
living out the planet of the apes in
 

13:56.757 --> 13:59.467 align:start position:0%
living out the planet of the apes in
real<00:15:44.480><c> time?</c><00:15:45.120><c> Or</c><00:15:45.519><c> could</c><00:15:45.839><c> something</c><00:15:46.079><c> else</c><00:15:46.399><c> more</c>

13:59.467 --> 13:59.477 align:start position:0%
real time? Or could something else more
 

13:59.477 --> 14:02.587 align:start position:0%
real time? Or could something else more
unexpected<00:15:47.839><c> come</c><00:15:48.079><c> to</c><00:15:48.240><c> the</c><00:15:48.399><c> four?</c>

14:02.587 --> 14:02.597 align:start position:0%
unexpected come to the four?
 

14:02.597 --> 14:04.187 align:start position:0%
unexpected come to the four?
The<00:15:50.160><c> disappearance</c><00:15:50.639><c> of</c><00:15:50.800><c> humans</c><00:15:51.120><c> would</c><00:15:51.360><c> create</c>

14:04.187 --> 14:04.197 align:start position:0%
The disappearance of humans would create
 

14:04.197 --> 14:07.786 align:start position:0%
The disappearance of humans would create
a<00:15:51.920><c> major</c><00:15:52.320><c> vacuum</c><00:15:52.800><c> in</c><00:15:53.120><c> available</c><00:15:53.759><c> niche</c><00:15:54.399><c> space,</c>

14:07.786 --> 14:07.796 align:start position:0%
a major vacuum in available niche space,
 

14:07.796 --> 14:09.707 align:start position:0%
a major vacuum in available niche space,
creating<00:15:55.519><c> the</c><00:15:55.839><c> perfect</c><00:15:56.240><c> opportunity</c><00:15:56.720><c> for</c>

14:09.707 --> 14:09.717 align:start position:0%
creating the perfect opportunity for
 

14:09.717 --> 14:11.947 align:start position:0%
creating the perfect opportunity for
some<00:15:57.360><c> other</c><00:15:57.600><c> species</c><00:15:58.000><c> to</c><00:15:58.240><c> evolve</c><00:15:58.639><c> to</c><00:15:58.880><c> fill</c><00:15:59.120><c> it</c>

14:11.947 --> 14:11.957 align:start position:0%
some other species to evolve to fill it
 

14:11.957 --> 14:15.546 align:start position:0%
some other species to evolve to fill it
and<00:15:59.839><c> replace</c><00:16:00.880><c> us.</c><00:16:01.759><c> So,</c><00:16:02.160><c> who</c><00:16:02.399><c> are</c><00:16:02.560><c> the</c><00:16:02.720><c> most</c>

14:15.546 --> 14:15.556 align:start position:0%
and replace us. So, who are the most
 

14:15.556 --> 14:18.267 align:start position:0%
and replace us. So, who are the most
likely<00:16:03.440><c> contenders?</c><00:16:04.800><c> There</c><00:16:05.040><c> are</c><00:16:05.199><c> several</c>

14:18.267 --> 14:18.277 align:start position:0%
likely contenders? There are several
 

14:18.277 --> 14:20.187 align:start position:0%
likely contenders? There are several
possible<00:16:06.079><c> answers</c><00:16:06.480><c> to</c><00:16:06.720><c> this</c><00:16:07.040><c> question,</c><00:16:07.360><c> and</c>

14:20.187 --> 14:20.197 align:start position:0%
possible answers to this question, and
 

14:20.197 --> 14:21.387 align:start position:0%
possible answers to this question, and
in<00:16:07.759><c> fact,</c><00:16:07.920><c> some</c><00:16:08.000><c> of</c><00:16:08.079><c> the</c><00:16:08.240><c> animals</c><00:16:08.560><c> I've</c>

14:21.387 --> 14:21.397 align:start position:0%
in fact, some of the animals I've
 

14:21.397 --> 14:23.546 align:start position:0%
in fact, some of the animals I've
already<00:16:09.040><c> mentioned</c><00:16:09.519><c> could</c><00:16:10.320><c> be</c><00:16:10.480><c> up</c><00:16:10.720><c> for</c>

14:23.546 --> 14:23.556 align:start position:0%
already mentioned could be up for
 

14:23.556 --> 14:25.627 align:start position:0%
already mentioned could be up for
consideration.<00:16:12.160><c> It's</c><00:16:12.399><c> even</c><00:16:12.560><c> possible</c><00:16:12.880><c> that</c>

14:25.627 --> 14:25.637 align:start position:0%
consideration. It's even possible that
 

14:25.637 --> 14:27.866 align:start position:0%
consideration. It's even possible that
humans<00:16:13.440><c> 2.0</c><00:16:14.079><c> could</c><00:16:14.320><c> evolve</c><00:16:14.800><c> since</c><00:16:15.040><c> our</c>

14:27.866 --> 14:27.876 align:start position:0%
humans 2.0 could evolve since our
 

14:27.876 --> 14:29.546 align:start position:0%
humans 2.0 could evolve since our
chimpanzeee<00:16:15.920><c> ancestors</c><00:16:16.399><c> would</c><00:16:16.639><c> still</c><00:16:16.800><c> be</c>

14:29.546 --> 14:29.556 align:start position:0%
chimpanzeee ancestors would still be
 

14:29.556 --> 14:31.786 align:start position:0%
chimpanzeee ancestors would still be
around<00:16:17.199><c> after</c><00:16:17.519><c> we're</c><00:16:17.839><c> gone.</c><00:16:18.399><c> But</c><00:16:18.800><c> there</c><00:16:19.040><c> is</c>

14:31.786 --> 14:31.796 align:start position:0%
around after we're gone. But there is
 

14:31.796 --> 14:34.267 align:start position:0%
around after we're gone. But there is
one<00:16:19.440><c> group</c><00:16:19.680><c> we</c><00:16:20.000><c> haven't</c><00:16:20.320><c> talked</c><00:16:20.639><c> about</c><00:16:20.959><c> yet.</c><00:16:21.519><c> A</c>

14:34.267 --> 14:34.277 align:start position:0%
one group we haven't talked about yet. A
 

14:34.277 --> 14:36.507 align:start position:0%
one group we haven't talked about yet. A
group<00:16:21.839><c> that</c><00:16:22.079><c> could</c><00:16:22.240><c> stand</c><00:16:22.560><c> a</c><00:16:22.800><c> real</c><00:16:23.199><c> chance</c><00:16:23.600><c> of</c>

14:36.507 --> 14:36.517 align:start position:0%
group that could stand a real chance of
 

14:36.517 --> 14:39.467 align:start position:0%
group that could stand a real chance of
coming<00:16:24.160><c> out</c><00:16:24.560><c> on</c><00:16:24.880><c> top.</c><00:16:26.000><c> Insects</c><00:16:26.480><c> have</c><00:16:26.720><c> been</c>

14:39.467 --> 14:39.477 align:start position:0%
coming out on top. Insects have been
 

14:39.477 --> 14:42.106 align:start position:0%
coming out on top. Insects have been
described<00:16:27.279><c> as</c><00:16:27.600><c> evolutionary</c><00:16:28.480><c> overachievers</c>

14:42.106 --> 14:42.116 align:start position:0%
described as evolutionary overachievers
 

14:42.116 --> 14:44.666 align:start position:0%
described as evolutionary overachievers
by<00:16:29.759><c> many</c><00:16:30.160><c> biologists.</c><00:16:31.360><c> There</c><00:16:31.600><c> are</c><00:16:31.759><c> more</c><00:16:31.920><c> than</c>

14:44.666 --> 14:44.676 align:start position:0%
by many biologists. There are more than
 

14:44.676 --> 14:46.986 align:start position:0%
by many biologists. There are more than
a<00:16:32.320><c> million</c><00:16:32.720><c> documented</c><00:16:33.440><c> species</c><00:16:34.000><c> and</c><00:16:34.160><c> they've</c>

14:46.986 --> 14:46.996 align:start position:0%
a million documented species and they've
 

14:46.996 --> 14:49.866 align:start position:0%
a million documented species and they've
been<00:16:34.560><c> around</c><00:16:34.720><c> for</c><00:16:35.120><c> 350</c><00:16:36.240><c> million</c><00:16:36.639><c> years,</c>

14:49.866 --> 14:49.876 align:start position:0%
been around for 350 million years,
 

14:49.876 --> 14:51.786 align:start position:0%
been around for 350 million years,
longer<00:16:37.680><c> than</c><00:16:37.839><c> the</c><00:16:38.000><c> dinosaurs</c><00:16:38.560><c> or</c><00:16:38.880><c> even</c>

14:51.786 --> 14:51.796 align:start position:0%
longer than the dinosaurs or even
 

14:51.796 --> 14:54.426 align:start position:0%
longer than the dinosaurs or even
flowering<00:16:39.839><c> plants.</c><00:16:40.880><c> They</c><00:16:41.120><c> can</c><00:16:41.279><c> be</c><00:16:41.440><c> found</c><00:16:41.600><c> in</c>

14:54.426 --> 14:54.436 align:start position:0%
flowering plants. They can be found in
 

14:54.436 --> 14:57.546 align:start position:0%
flowering plants. They can be found in
almost<00:16:42.320><c> every</c><00:16:42.720><c> habitat,</c><00:16:43.440><c> even</c><00:16:43.839><c> Antarctica,</c>

14:57.546 --> 14:57.556 align:start position:0%
almost every habitat, even Antarctica,
 

14:57.556 --> 14:59.627 align:start position:0%
almost every habitat, even Antarctica,
and<00:16:45.199><c> outnumber</c><00:16:45.680><c> the</c><00:16:45.839><c> human</c><00:16:46.160><c> population</c><00:16:46.639><c> by</c>

14:59.627 --> 14:59.637 align:start position:0%
and outnumber the human population by
 

14:59.637 --> 15:03.147 align:start position:0%
and outnumber the human population by
1.4<00:16:47.600><c> 4</c><00:16:47.920><c> billion</c><00:16:48.639><c> to</c><00:16:48.959><c> one.</c><00:16:49.839><c> And</c><00:16:50.079><c> with</c><00:16:50.320><c> these</c>

15:03.147 --> 15:03.157 align:start position:0%
1.4 4 billion to one. And with these
 

15:03.157 --> 15:05.387 align:start position:0%
1.4 4 billion to one. And with these
impressive<00:16:51.199><c> stats,</c><00:16:51.759><c> it's</c><00:16:52.000><c> fair</c><00:16:52.240><c> to</c><00:16:52.399><c> say</c><00:16:52.560><c> that</c>

15:05.387 --> 15:05.397 align:start position:0%
impressive stats, it's fair to say that
 

15:05.397 --> 15:07.467 align:start position:0%
impressive stats, it's fair to say that
insects<00:16:53.279><c> would</c><00:16:53.519><c> be</c><00:16:53.680><c> a</c><00:16:53.920><c> contender</c><00:16:54.480><c> for</c><00:16:54.720><c> the</c>

15:07.467 --> 15:07.477 align:start position:0%
insects would be a contender for the
 

15:07.477 --> 15:10.827 align:start position:0%
insects would be a contender for the
rulers<00:16:55.360><c> of</c><00:16:55.519><c> the</c><00:16:55.759><c> posthuman</c><00:16:56.720><c> world.</c><00:16:57.680><c> So,</c><00:16:58.000><c> what</c>

15:10.827 --> 15:10.837 align:start position:0%
rulers of the posthuman world. So, what
 

15:10.837 --> 15:12.986 align:start position:0%
rulers of the posthuman world. So, what
is<00:16:58.320><c> it</c><00:16:58.560><c> about</c><00:16:58.800><c> them</c><00:16:59.040><c> that</c><00:16:59.279><c> makes</c><00:16:59.440><c> them</c><00:16:59.759><c> so</c>

15:12.986 --> 15:12.996 align:start position:0%
is it about them that makes them so
 

15:12.996 --> 15:15.307 align:start position:0%
is it about them that makes them so
successful?<00:17:01.759><c> Well,</c><00:17:02.000><c> it's</c><00:17:02.160><c> easy</c><00:17:02.399><c> to</c><00:17:02.480><c> forget</c>

15:15.307 --> 15:15.317 align:start position:0%
successful? Well, it's easy to forget
 

15:15.317 --> 15:16.827 align:start position:0%
successful? Well, it's easy to forget
this,<00:17:02.880><c> but</c><00:17:03.040><c> insects</c><00:17:03.360><c> were</c><00:17:03.519><c> the</c><00:17:03.680><c> first</c><00:17:03.920><c> animals</c>

15:16.827 --> 15:16.837 align:start position:0%
this, but insects were the first animals
 

15:16.837 --> 15:20.187 align:start position:0%
this, but insects were the first animals
to<00:17:04.480><c> evolve</c><00:17:05.199><c> flight</c><00:17:05.839><c> and</c><00:17:06.079><c> flew</c><00:17:06.400><c> for</c><00:17:06.559><c> up</c><00:17:06.640><c> to</c><00:17:07.199><c> 170</c>

15:20.187 --> 15:20.197 align:start position:0%
to evolve flight and flew for up to 170
 

15:20.197 --> 15:23.146 align:start position:0%
to evolve flight and flew for up to 170
million<00:17:07.919><c> years</c><00:17:08.240><c> before</c><00:17:08.880><c> anyone</c><00:17:09.600><c> else.</c><00:17:10.319><c> This</c>

15:23.146 --> 15:23.156 align:start position:0%
million years before anyone else. This
 

15:23.156 --> 15:25.307 align:start position:0%
million years before anyone else. This
makes<00:17:10.799><c> insects</c><00:17:11.360><c> naturally</c><00:17:11.919><c> very</c><00:17:12.240><c> good</c><00:17:12.400><c> at</c>

15:25.307 --> 15:25.317 align:start position:0%
makes insects naturally very good at
 

15:25.317 --> 15:27.227 align:start position:0%
makes insects naturally very good at
dispersing<00:17:13.439><c> throughout</c><00:17:13.839><c> their</c><00:17:14.160><c> habitat,</c>

15:27.227 --> 15:27.237 align:start position:0%
dispersing throughout their habitat,
 

15:27.237 --> 15:29.867 align:start position:0%
dispersing throughout their habitat,
which<00:17:14.880><c> is</c><00:17:14.959><c> a</c><00:17:15.199><c> vital</c><00:17:15.600><c> skill</c><00:17:15.919><c> for</c><00:17:16.240><c> finding</c><00:17:16.720><c> food,</c>

15:29.867 --> 15:29.877 align:start position:0%
which is a vital skill for finding food,
 

15:29.877 --> 15:32.506 align:start position:0%
which is a vital skill for finding food,
mates,<00:17:17.839><c> and</c><00:17:18.160><c> shelter.</c><00:17:19.120><c> Another</c><00:17:19.439><c> win</c><00:17:19.760><c> for</c><00:17:19.839><c> the</c>

15:32.506 --> 15:32.516 align:start position:0%
mates, and shelter. Another win for the
 

15:32.516 --> 15:34.026 align:start position:0%
mates, and shelter. Another win for the
insects<00:17:20.319><c> is</c><00:17:20.400><c> the</c><00:17:20.559><c> fact</c><00:17:20.720><c> they</c><00:17:20.880><c> have</c><00:17:20.959><c> a</c><00:17:21.199><c> very</c>

15:34.026 --> 15:34.036 align:start position:0%
insects is the fact they have a very
 

15:34.036 --> 15:36.587 align:start position:0%
insects is the fact they have a very
segmented<00:17:22.160><c> body</c><00:17:22.480><c> plan.</c><00:17:23.199><c> There</c><00:17:23.439><c> are</c><00:17:23.600><c> usually</c>

15:36.587 --> 15:36.597 align:start position:0%
segmented body plan. There are usually
 

15:36.597 --> 15:38.666 align:start position:0%
segmented body plan. There are usually
just<00:17:24.240><c> three</c><00:17:24.480><c> segments:</c><00:17:24.959><c> head,</c><00:17:25.360><c> thorax,</c><00:17:25.839><c> and</c>

15:38.666 --> 15:38.676 align:start position:0%
just three segments: head, thorax, and
 

15:38.676 --> 15:40.666 align:start position:0%
just three segments: head, thorax, and
abdomen,<00:17:26.559><c> which</c><00:17:26.799><c> are</c><00:17:26.959><c> collectively</c><00:17:27.520><c> called</c>

15:40.666 --> 15:40.676 align:start position:0%
abdomen, which are collectively called
 

15:40.676 --> 15:42.667 align:start position:0%
abdomen, which are collectively called
tag<00:17:28.480><c> matter.</c><00:17:29.120><c> This</c><00:17:29.280><c> is</c><00:17:29.440><c> fundamentally</c>

15:42.667 --> 15:42.677 align:start position:0%
tag matter. This is fundamentally
 

15:42.677 --> 15:45.307 align:start position:0%
tag matter. This is fundamentally
similar<00:17:30.480><c> between</c><00:17:30.880><c> insect</c><00:17:31.440><c> species,</c><00:17:32.000><c> but</c><00:17:32.400><c> it</c>

15:45.307 --> 15:45.317 align:start position:0%
similar between insect species, but it
 

15:45.317 --> 15:47.626 align:start position:0%
similar between insect species, but it
has<00:17:32.960><c> huge</c><00:17:33.360><c> evolutionary</c><00:17:34.080><c> potential</c><00:17:34.720><c> for</c>

15:47.626 --> 15:47.636 align:start position:0%
has huge evolutionary potential for
 

15:47.636 --> 15:49.467 align:start position:0%
has huge evolutionary potential for
diversification.

15:49.467 --> 15:49.477 align:start position:0%
diversification.
 

15:49.477 --> 15:51.146 align:start position:0%
diversification.
Think<00:17:37.039><c> about</c><00:17:37.200><c> it.</c><00:17:37.440><c> Small</c><00:17:37.840><c> evolutionary</c>

15:51.146 --> 15:51.156 align:start position:0%
Think about it. Small evolutionary
 

15:51.156 --> 15:53.467 align:start position:0%
Think about it. Small evolutionary
changes<00:17:38.960><c> to</c><00:17:39.200><c> each</c><00:17:39.600><c> segment</c><00:17:40.160><c> could</c><00:17:40.400><c> be</c><00:17:40.640><c> enough</c>

15:53.467 --> 15:53.477 align:start position:0%
changes to each segment could be enough
 

15:53.477 --> 15:56.266 align:start position:0%
changes to each segment could be enough
for<00:17:41.039><c> a</c><00:17:41.280><c> new</c><00:17:41.600><c> species</c><00:17:42.160><c> to</c><00:17:42.480><c> be</c><00:17:42.720><c> created.</c><00:17:43.520><c> And</c>

15:56.266 --> 15:56.276 align:start position:0%
for a new species to be created. And
 

15:56.276 --> 15:57.867 align:start position:0%
for a new species to be created. And
there<00:17:43.840><c> are</c><00:17:44.000><c> millions</c><00:17:44.400><c> of</c><00:17:44.559><c> additions</c><00:17:44.960><c> and</c>

15:57.867 --> 15:57.877 align:start position:0%
there are millions of additions and
 

15:57.877 --> 16:00.266 align:start position:0%
there are millions of additions and
configurations<00:17:46.080><c> to</c><00:17:46.400><c> explore.</c><00:17:47.360><c> Each</c>

16:00.266 --> 16:00.276 align:start position:0%
configurations to explore. Each
 

16:00.276 --> 16:02.667 align:start position:0%
configurations to explore. Each
adaptation<00:17:48.559><c> could</c><00:17:48.880><c> give</c><00:17:49.039><c> the</c><00:17:49.200><c> insect</c><00:17:49.600><c> a</c><00:17:49.919><c> new</c>

16:02.667 --> 16:02.677 align:start position:0%
adaptation could give the insect a new
 

16:02.677 --> 16:04.827 align:start position:0%
adaptation could give the insect a new
ability.<00:17:50.960><c> Whether</c><00:17:51.200><c> it's</c><00:17:51.440><c> making</c><00:17:51.679><c> use</c><00:17:51.840><c> of</c><00:17:52.000><c> a</c>

16:04.827 --> 16:04.837 align:start position:0%
ability. Whether it's making use of a
 

16:04.837 --> 16:07.547 align:start position:0%
ability. Whether it's making use of a
specific<00:17:52.799><c> food</c><00:17:53.120><c> source,</c><00:17:53.919><c> exploiting</c><00:17:54.480><c> a</c><00:17:54.720><c> new</c>

16:07.547 --> 16:07.557 align:start position:0%
specific food source, exploiting a new
 

16:07.557 --> 16:10.027 align:start position:0%
specific food source, exploiting a new
habitat,<00:17:55.600><c> or</c><00:17:55.760><c> even</c><00:17:56.080><c> finding</c><00:17:56.400><c> a</c><00:17:56.640><c> mate</c><00:17:57.039><c> more</c>

16:10.027 --> 16:10.037 align:start position:0%
habitat, or even finding a mate more
 

16:10.037 --> 16:12.347 align:start position:0%
habitat, or even finding a mate more
successfully,<00:17:58.640><c> they</c><00:17:58.880><c> are</c><00:17:59.120><c> perfect</c><00:17:59.520><c> for</c>

16:12.347 --> 16:12.357 align:start position:0%
successfully, they are perfect for
 

16:12.357 --> 16:15.707 align:start position:0%
successfully, they are perfect for
adapting<00:18:00.080><c> to</c><00:18:00.240><c> an</c><00:18:00.480><c> environment</c><00:18:01.360><c> without</c><00:18:01.919><c> us.</c>

16:15.707 --> 16:15.717 align:start position:0%
adapting to an environment without us.
 

16:15.717 --> 16:17.547 align:start position:0%
adapting to an environment without us.
Finally,<00:18:03.600><c> insect</c><00:18:04.080><c> development</c><00:18:04.559><c> involves</c>

16:17.547 --> 16:17.557 align:start position:0%
Finally, insect development involves
 

16:17.557 --> 16:20.427 align:start position:0%
Finally, insect development involves
metamorphosis.<00:18:06.400><c> Insects</c><00:18:06.960><c> can</c><00:18:07.200><c> have</c><00:18:07.440><c> several</c>

16:20.427 --> 16:20.437 align:start position:0%
metamorphosis. Insects can have several
 

16:20.437 --> 16:23.386 align:start position:0%
metamorphosis. Insects can have several
developmental<00:18:08.480><c> stages</c><00:18:08.960><c> punctuated</c><00:18:09.679><c> by</c><00:18:10.000><c> molts</c>

16:23.386 --> 16:23.396 align:start position:0%
developmental stages punctuated by molts
 

16:23.396 --> 16:25.386 align:start position:0%
developmental stages punctuated by molts
where<00:18:11.039><c> they</c><00:18:11.200><c> shed</c><00:18:11.520><c> their</c><00:18:11.679><c> exoskeleton</c><00:18:12.559><c> and</c>

16:25.386 --> 16:25.396 align:start position:0%
where they shed their exoskeleton and
 

16:25.396 --> 16:28.187 align:start position:0%
where they shed their exoskeleton and
emerge<00:18:13.280><c> into</c><00:18:13.520><c> a</c><00:18:13.760><c> new</c><00:18:14.000><c> form</c><00:18:14.480><c> entirely.</c><00:18:15.360><c> And</c>

16:28.187 --> 16:28.197 align:start position:0%
emerge into a new form entirely. And
 

16:28.197 --> 16:30.827 align:start position:0%
emerge into a new form entirely. And
this<00:18:15.760><c> accomplishes</c><00:18:16.400><c> several</c><00:18:16.960><c> things.</c>

16:30.827 --> 16:30.837 align:start position:0%
this accomplishes several things.
 

16:30.837 --> 16:33.067 align:start position:0%
this accomplishes several things.
Firstly,<00:18:18.799><c> each</c><00:18:19.039><c> developmental</c><00:18:19.679><c> stage</c><00:18:20.080><c> often</c>

16:33.067 --> 16:33.077 align:start position:0%
Firstly, each developmental stage often
 

16:33.077 --> 16:35.947 align:start position:0%
Firstly, each developmental stage often
has<00:18:20.720><c> its</c><00:18:21.039><c> own</c><00:18:21.280><c> unique</c><00:18:21.760><c> food</c><00:18:22.080><c> sources,</c><00:18:23.120><c> meaning</c>

16:35.947 --> 16:35.957 align:start position:0%
has its own unique food sources, meaning
 

16:35.957 --> 16:37.386 align:start position:0%
has its own unique food sources, meaning
there<00:18:23.600><c> is</c><00:18:23.760><c> less</c><00:18:24.000><c> competition</c><00:18:24.480><c> between</c>

16:37.386 --> 16:37.396 align:start position:0%
there is less competition between
 

16:37.396 --> 16:40.027 align:start position:0%
there is less competition between
members<00:18:25.200><c> of</c><00:18:25.440><c> the</c><00:18:25.679><c> same</c><00:18:26.080><c> species.</c><00:18:27.200><c> This</c>

16:40.027 --> 16:40.037 align:start position:0%
members of the same species. This
 

16:40.037 --> 16:42.107 align:start position:0%
members of the same species. This
supports<00:18:27.919><c> larger</c><00:18:28.320><c> overall</c><00:18:28.880><c> population</c>

16:42.107 --> 16:42.117 align:start position:0%
supports larger overall population
 

16:42.117 --> 16:44.427 align:start position:0%
supports larger overall population
sizes.<00:18:30.320><c> And</c><00:18:30.559><c> it</c><00:18:30.720><c> also</c><00:18:31.039><c> means</c><00:18:31.200><c> that</c><00:18:31.440><c> during</c>

16:44.427 --> 16:44.437 align:start position:0%
sizes. And it also means that during
 

16:44.437 --> 16:46.347 align:start position:0%
sizes. And it also means that during
pupil<00:18:32.400><c> stages,</c><00:18:32.880><c> when</c><00:18:33.039><c> the</c><00:18:33.200><c> insect</c><00:18:33.600><c> is</c>

16:46.347 --> 16:46.357 align:start position:0%
pupil stages, when the insect is
 

16:46.357 --> 16:49.146 align:start position:0%
pupil stages, when the insect is
protected<00:18:34.160><c> by</c><00:18:34.400><c> a</c><00:18:34.559><c> cocoon,</c><00:18:35.440><c> it</c><00:18:35.679><c> can</c><00:18:35.840><c> wait</c><00:18:36.160><c> out</c>

16:49.146 --> 16:49.156 align:start position:0%
protected by a cocoon, it can wait out
 

16:49.156 --> 16:51.547 align:start position:0%
protected by a cocoon, it can wait out
tough<00:18:36.960><c> conditions</c><00:18:37.600><c> until</c><00:18:37.919><c> the</c><00:18:38.160><c> outlook</c><00:18:38.559><c> for</c>

16:51.547 --> 16:51.557 align:start position:0%
tough conditions until the outlook for
 

16:51.557 --> 16:53.467 align:start position:0%
tough conditions until the outlook for
survival<00:18:39.600><c> gets</c><00:18:40.000><c> better.</c><00:18:40.062><c> [music]</c>

16:53.467 --> 16:53.477 align:start position:0%
survival gets better. [music]
 

16:53.477 --> 16:54.827 align:start position:0%
survival gets better. [music]
Essentially,<00:18:41.440><c> having</c><00:18:41.840><c> several</c>

16:54.827 --> 16:54.837 align:start position:0%
Essentially, having several
 

16:54.837 --> 16:57.386 align:start position:0%
Essentially, having several
developmental<00:18:42.880><c> stages</c><00:18:43.520><c> allows</c><00:18:44.000><c> each</c><00:18:44.320><c> insect</c>

16:57.386 --> 16:57.396 align:start position:0%
developmental stages allows each insect
 

16:57.396 --> 16:59.467 align:start position:0%
developmental stages allows each insect
to<00:18:45.039><c> occupy</c><00:18:45.600><c> several</c><00:18:46.000><c> different</c><00:18:46.320><c> niches</c>

16:59.467 --> 16:59.477 align:start position:0%
to occupy several different niches
 

16:59.477 --> 17:02.107 align:start position:0%
to occupy several different niches
throughout<00:18:47.280><c> its</c><00:18:47.679><c> lifetime.</c><00:18:48.720><c> So</c><00:18:49.039><c> basically,</c>

17:02.107 --> 17:02.117 align:start position:0%
throughout its lifetime. So basically,
 

17:02.117 --> 17:04.827 align:start position:0%
throughout its lifetime. So basically,
it<00:18:49.679><c> can</c><00:18:49.760><c> get</c><00:18:49.919><c> the</c><00:18:50.160><c> best</c><00:18:50.480><c> of</c><00:18:50.720><c> every</c><00:18:51.280><c> lifestyle.</c>

17:04.827 --> 17:04.837 align:start position:0%
it can get the best of every lifestyle.
 

17:04.837 --> 17:07.467 align:start position:0%
it can get the best of every lifestyle.
For<00:18:52.559><c> these</c><00:18:52.880><c> reasons,</c><00:18:53.360><c> many</c><00:18:53.679><c> experts</c><00:18:54.240><c> have</c><00:18:54.480><c> bat</c>

17:07.467 --> 17:07.477 align:start position:0%
For these reasons, many experts have bat
 

17:07.477 --> 17:09.467 align:start position:0%
For these reasons, many experts have bat
insects<00:18:55.127><c> [music]</c><00:18:55.360><c> as</c><00:18:55.679><c> the</c><00:18:55.919><c> next</c><00:18:56.400><c> most</c>

17:09.467 --> 17:09.477 align:start position:0%
insects [music] as the next most
 

17:09.477 --> 17:11.947 align:start position:0%
insects [music] as the next most
successful<00:18:57.440><c> group</c><00:18:57.919><c> after</c><00:18:58.320><c> humans.</c><00:18:59.120><c> But</c>

17:11.947 --> 17:11.957 align:start position:0%
successful group after humans. But
 

17:11.957 --> 17:14.347 align:start position:0%
successful group after humans. But
evolution<00:19:00.000><c> takes</c><00:19:00.480><c> time.</c><00:19:01.039><c> And</c><00:19:01.200><c> given</c><00:19:01.520><c> there</c>

17:14.347 --> 17:14.357 align:start position:0%
evolution takes time. And given there
 

17:14.357 --> 17:16.187 align:start position:0%
evolution takes time. And given there
might<00:19:01.919><c> be</c><00:19:02.160><c> some</c><00:19:02.400><c> climate</c><00:19:02.799><c> upheaval,</c><00:19:03.440><c> don't</c>

17:16.187 --> 17:16.197 align:start position:0%
might be some climate upheaval, don't
 

17:16.197 --> 17:17.707 align:start position:0%
might be some climate upheaval, don't
worry,<00:19:03.760><c> we'll</c><00:19:03.919><c> get</c><00:19:04.000><c> into</c><00:19:04.160><c> that</c><00:19:04.320><c> in</c><00:19:04.480><c> a</c><00:19:04.640><c> second,</c>

17:17.707 --> 17:17.717 align:start position:0%
worry, we'll get into that in a second,
 

17:17.717 --> 17:19.787 align:start position:0%
worry, we'll get into that in a second,
it<00:19:05.360><c> could</c><00:19:05.600><c> take</c><00:19:05.919><c> millions</c><00:19:06.320><c> of</c><00:19:06.480><c> years</c><00:19:06.720><c> for</c><00:19:06.960><c> them</c>

17:19.787 --> 17:19.797 align:start position:0%
it could take millions of years for them
 

17:19.797 --> 17:22.587 align:start position:0%
it could take millions of years for them
to<00:19:07.440><c> completely</c><00:19:08.080><c> flourish.</c><00:19:09.360><c> The</c><00:19:09.520><c> other</c><00:19:09.679><c> issue</c>

17:22.587 --> 17:22.597 align:start position:0%
to completely flourish. The other issue
 

17:22.597 --> 17:24.266 align:start position:0%
to completely flourish. The other issue
is<00:19:10.160><c> that</c><00:19:10.320><c> although</c><00:19:10.640><c> insects</c><00:19:11.120><c> may</c><00:19:11.280><c> experience</c>

17:24.266 --> 17:24.276 align:start position:0%
is that although insects may experience
 

17:24.276 --> 17:26.427 align:start position:0%
is that although insects may experience
success<00:19:12.000><c> on</c><00:19:12.240><c> par</c><00:19:12.559><c> with</c><00:19:12.799><c> humans,</c><00:19:13.600><c> they're</c>

17:26.427 --> 17:26.437 align:start position:0%
success on par with humans, they're
 

17:26.437 --> 17:28.667 align:start position:0%
success on par with humans, they're
unlikely<00:19:14.320><c> to</c><00:19:14.559><c> share</c><00:19:14.880><c> our</c><00:19:15.120><c> intelligence.</c><00:19:15.840><c> So,</c>

17:28.667 --> 17:28.677 align:start position:0%
unlikely to share our intelligence. So,
 

17:28.677 --> 17:31.146 align:start position:0%
unlikely to share our intelligence. So,
we<00:19:16.320><c> can't</c><00:19:16.720><c> really</c><00:19:17.200><c> say</c><00:19:17.520><c> they'll</c><00:19:17.919><c> take</c><00:19:18.240><c> our</c>

17:31.146 --> 17:31.156 align:start position:0%
we can't really say they'll take our
 

17:31.156 --> 17:34.987 align:start position:0%
we can't really say they'll take our
place.<00:19:20.000><c> So,</c><00:19:20.400><c> which</c><00:19:20.720><c> species</c><00:19:21.120><c> can</c><00:19:21.360><c> match</c><00:19:21.679><c> us</c><00:19:22.000><c> in</c>

17:34.987 --> 17:34.997 align:start position:0%
place. So, which species can match us in
 

17:34.997 --> 17:36.667 align:start position:0%
place. So, which species can match us in
this<00:19:22.640><c> regard?</c><00:19:23.360><c> Well,</c><00:19:23.679><c> measuring</c>

17:36.667 --> 17:36.677 align:start position:0%
this regard? Well, measuring
 

17:36.677 --> 17:39.227 align:start position:0%
this regard? Well, measuring
intelligence<00:19:24.640><c> is</c><00:19:24.799><c> a</c><00:19:25.039><c> tricky</c><00:19:25.440><c> business</c><00:19:26.320><c> since</c>

17:39.227 --> 17:39.237 align:start position:0%
intelligence is a tricky business since
 

17:39.237 --> 17:41.146 align:start position:0%
intelligence is a tricky business since
we<00:19:26.880><c> humans</c><00:19:27.200><c> have</c><00:19:27.440><c> historically</c><00:19:28.000><c> tried</c><00:19:28.240><c> to</c><00:19:28.400><c> use</c>

17:41.146 --> 17:41.156 align:start position:0%
we humans have historically tried to use
 

17:41.156 --> 17:43.467 align:start position:0%
we humans have historically tried to use
our<00:19:28.799><c> own</c><00:19:29.039><c> brain</c><00:19:29.360><c> power</c><00:19:29.679><c> as</c><00:19:29.919><c> a</c><00:19:30.080><c> yard</c><00:19:30.400><c> stick</c><00:19:30.640><c> to</c>

17:43.467 --> 17:43.477 align:start position:0%
our own brain power as a yard stick to
 

17:43.477 --> 17:45.707 align:start position:0%
our own brain power as a yard stick to
measure<00:19:31.120><c> everything</c><00:19:31.440><c> else</c><00:19:32.000><c> against,</c><00:19:32.880><c> but</c>

17:45.707 --> 17:45.717 align:start position:0%
measure everything else against, but
 

17:45.717 --> 17:48.266 align:start position:0%
measure everything else against, but
that<00:19:33.360><c> isn't</c><00:19:33.600><c> necessarily</c><00:19:34.160><c> the</c><00:19:34.400><c> best</c><00:19:34.640><c> gauge</c><00:19:35.360><c> as</c>

17:48.266 --> 17:48.276 align:start position:0%
that isn't necessarily the best gauge as
 

17:48.276 --> 17:50.347 align:start position:0%
that isn't necessarily the best gauge as
different<00:19:36.080><c> animals</c><00:19:36.480><c> perceive</c><00:19:36.880><c> the</c><00:19:37.120><c> world</c><00:19:37.440><c> and</c>

17:50.347 --> 17:50.357 align:start position:0%
different animals perceive the world and
 

17:50.357 --> 17:52.266 align:start position:0%
different animals perceive the world and
interact<00:19:38.240><c> with</c><00:19:38.400><c> it</c><00:19:38.640><c> in</c><00:19:38.960><c> different</c><00:19:39.280><c> ways,</c>

17:52.266 --> 17:52.276 align:start position:0%
interact with it in different ways,
 

17:52.276 --> 17:53.947 align:start position:0%
interact with it in different ways,
which<00:19:40.000><c> then</c><00:19:40.320><c> also</c><00:19:40.640><c> affects</c><00:19:41.039><c> their</c>

17:53.947 --> 17:53.957 align:start position:0%
which then also affects their
 

17:53.957 --> 17:56.027 align:start position:0%
which then also affects their
intelligence.<00:19:42.559><c> This</c><00:19:42.799><c> is</c><00:19:43.039><c> nicely</c>

17:56.027 --> 17:56.037 align:start position:0%
intelligence. This is nicely
 

17:56.037 --> 17:58.827 align:start position:0%
intelligence. This is nicely
demonstrated<00:19:44.080><c> by</c><00:19:44.320><c> the</c><00:19:44.559><c> octopuses.</c><00:19:45.600><c> Octopuses</c>

17:58.827 --> 17:58.837 align:start position:0%
demonstrated by the octopuses. Octopuses
 

17:58.837 --> 18:01.067 align:start position:0%
demonstrated by the octopuses. Octopuses
are<00:19:46.480><c> weirdly</c><00:19:46.960><c> similar</c><00:19:47.200><c> to</c><00:19:47.440><c> humans</c><00:19:47.919><c> in</c><00:19:48.240><c> some</c>

18:01.067 --> 18:01.077 align:start position:0%
are weirdly similar to humans in some
 

18:01.077 --> 18:04.027 align:start position:0%
are weirdly similar to humans in some
ways.<00:19:49.120><c> We</c><00:19:49.360><c> both</c><00:19:49.520><c> have</c><00:19:50.000><c> camera</c><00:19:50.480><c> type</c><00:19:50.799><c> eyes</c><00:19:51.120><c> that</c>

18:04.027 --> 18:04.037 align:start position:0%
ways. We both have camera type eyes that
 

18:04.037 --> 18:06.827 align:start position:0%
ways. We both have camera type eyes that
focus<00:19:51.919><c> light</c><00:19:52.240><c> in</c><00:19:52.559><c> the</c><00:19:52.799><c> same</c><00:19:52.960><c> way</c><00:19:53.520><c> and</c><00:19:53.760><c> we</c><00:19:54.000><c> share</c>

18:06.827 --> 18:06.837 align:start position:0%
focus light in the same way and we share
 

18:06.837 --> 18:10.027 align:start position:0%
focus light in the same way and we share
the<00:19:54.480><c> same</c><00:19:54.880><c> bilateral</c><00:19:55.600><c> symmetry.</c><00:19:56.720><c> But</c><00:19:56.960><c> unlike</c>

18:10.027 --> 18:10.037 align:start position:0%
the same bilateral symmetry. But unlike
 

18:10.037 --> 18:11.947 align:start position:0%
the same bilateral symmetry. But unlike
humans,<00:19:57.840><c> octopuses</c><00:19:58.480><c> obviously</c><00:19:58.880><c> have</c><00:19:59.039><c> eight</c>

18:11.947 --> 18:11.957 align:start position:0%
humans, octopuses obviously have eight
 

18:11.957 --> 18:14.427 align:start position:0%
humans, octopuses obviously have eight
arms<00:19:59.840><c> which</c><00:20:00.160><c> are</c><00:20:00.400><c> controlled</c><00:20:00.880><c> in</c><00:20:01.120><c> an</c><00:20:01.280><c> unusual</c>

18:14.427 --> 18:14.437 align:start position:0%
arms which are controlled in an unusual
 

18:14.437 --> 18:17.227 align:start position:0%
arms which are controlled in an unusual
way.<00:20:02.640><c> Unlike</c><00:20:03.120><c> us</c><00:20:03.360><c> and</c><00:20:03.600><c> our</c><00:20:03.919><c> centralized</c>

18:17.227 --> 18:17.237 align:start position:0%
way. Unlike us and our centralized
 

18:17.237 --> 18:20.347 align:start position:0%
way. Unlike us and our centralized
nervous<00:20:05.039><c> systems</c><00:20:05.600><c> or</c><00:20:05.840><c> brains,</c><00:20:06.880><c> 2/3</c><00:20:07.520><c> of</c><00:20:07.600><c> an</c>

18:20.347 --> 18:20.357 align:start position:0%
nervous systems or brains, 2/3 of an
 

18:20.357 --> 18:23.386 align:start position:0%
nervous systems or brains, 2/3 of an
octopus's<00:20:08.559><c> 500</c><00:20:09.280><c> million</c><00:20:09.679><c> neurons</c><00:20:10.240><c> are</c><00:20:10.480><c> found</c>

18:23.386 --> 18:23.396 align:start position:0%
octopus's 500 million neurons are found
 

18:23.396 --> 18:26.187 align:start position:0%
octopus's 500 million neurons are found
in<00:20:11.039><c> their</c><00:20:11.280><c> limbs.</c><00:20:12.080><c> This</c><00:20:12.400><c> decentralizes</c><00:20:13.360><c> their</c>

18:26.187 --> 18:26.197 align:start position:0%
in their limbs. This decentralizes their
 

18:26.197 --> 18:28.266 align:start position:0%
in their limbs. This decentralizes their
nervous<00:20:14.080><c> systems</c><00:20:14.480><c> and</c><00:20:14.720><c> their</c><00:20:15.039><c> processing</c>

18:28.266 --> 18:28.276 align:start position:0%
nervous systems and their processing
 

18:28.276 --> 18:30.747 align:start position:0%
nervous systems and their processing
power,<00:20:16.480><c> allowing</c><00:20:16.880><c> octopuses</c><00:20:17.600><c> to</c><00:20:17.840><c> control</c>

18:30.747 --> 18:30.757 align:start position:0%
power, allowing octopuses to control
 

18:30.757 --> 18:32.027 align:start position:0%
power, allowing octopuses to control
each<00:20:18.400><c> one</c><00:20:18.559><c> of</c><00:20:18.720><c> their</c><00:20:18.880><c> arms</c>

18:32.027 --> 18:32.037 align:start position:0%
each one of their arms
 

18:32.037 --> 18:33.787 align:start position:0%
each one of their arms
semi-independently,

18:33.787 --> 18:33.797 align:start position:0%
semi-independently,
 

18:33.797 --> 18:36.827 align:start position:0%
semi-independently,
like<00:20:21.520><c> eight</c><00:20:22.000><c> mini</c><00:20:22.320><c> brains,</c><00:20:22.880><c> if</c><00:20:23.120><c> you</c><00:20:23.280><c> like.</c>

18:36.827 --> 18:36.837 align:start position:0%
like eight mini brains, if you like.
 

18:36.837 --> 18:38.827 align:start position:0%
like eight mini brains, if you like.
Research<00:20:24.720><c> has</c><00:20:24.960><c> shown</c><00:20:25.120><c> that</c><00:20:25.360><c> this</c><00:20:25.600><c> body</c><00:20:25.919><c> plan</c>

18:38.827 --> 18:38.837 align:start position:0%
Research has shown that this body plan
 

18:38.837 --> 18:40.987 align:start position:0%
Research has shown that this body plan
helps<00:20:26.559><c> octopuses</c><00:20:27.200><c> to</c><00:20:27.360><c> perform</c><00:20:27.840><c> complex</c>

18:40.987 --> 18:40.997 align:start position:0%
helps octopuses to perform complex
 

18:40.997 --> 18:44.427 align:start position:0%
helps octopuses to perform complex
behaviors<00:20:29.440><c> from</c><00:20:29.760><c> tool</c><00:20:30.240><c> use</c><00:20:30.559><c> to</c><00:20:30.880><c> camouflage.</c>

18:44.427 --> 18:44.437 align:start position:0%
behaviors from tool use to camouflage.
 

18:44.437 --> 18:45.867 align:start position:0%
behaviors from tool use to camouflage.
It's<00:20:32.080><c> almost</c><00:20:32.400><c> like</c><00:20:32.559><c> having</c><00:20:32.720><c> a</c><00:20:32.960><c> sort</c><00:20:33.120><c> of</c>

18:45.867 --> 18:45.877 align:start position:0%
It's almost like having a sort of
 

18:45.877 --> 18:48.266 align:start position:0%
It's almost like having a sort of
builtin<00:20:34.080><c> intelligence.</c>

18:48.266 --> 18:48.276 align:start position:0%
builtin intelligence.
 

18:48.276 --> 18:50.027 align:start position:0%
builtin intelligence.
So,<00:20:36.000><c> octopuses</c><00:20:36.640><c> would</c><00:20:36.799><c> definitely</c><00:20:37.120><c> be</c><00:20:37.280><c> up</c>

18:50.027 --> 18:50.037 align:start position:0%
So, octopuses would definitely be up
 

18:50.037 --> 18:51.707 align:start position:0%
So, octopuses would definitely be up
there<00:20:37.600><c> as</c><00:20:37.840><c> some</c><00:20:38.000><c> of</c><00:20:38.080><c> the</c><00:20:38.320><c> cleverest</c><00:20:38.720><c> animals</c>

18:51.707 --> 18:51.717 align:start position:0%
there as some of the cleverest animals
 

18:51.717 --> 18:54.027 align:start position:0%
there as some of the cleverest animals
in<00:20:39.360><c> a</c><00:20:39.520><c> posthuman</c><00:20:40.400><c> world.</c><00:20:40.799><c> But</c><00:20:41.039><c> what</c><00:20:41.200><c> would</c>

18:54.027 --> 18:54.037 align:start position:0%
in a posthuman world. But what would
 

18:54.037 --> 18:56.667 align:start position:0%
in a posthuman world. But what would
they<00:20:41.679><c> do</c><00:20:41.919><c> with</c><00:20:42.159><c> this</c><00:20:42.559><c> intelligence?</c><00:20:43.760><c> Let's</c>

18:56.667 --> 18:56.677 align:start position:0%
they do with this intelligence? Let's
 

18:56.677 --> 18:58.667 align:start position:0%
they do with this intelligence? Let's
head<00:20:44.240><c> to</c><00:20:44.400><c> the</c><00:20:44.559><c> waters</c><00:20:44.799><c> of</c><00:20:45.039><c> Jervis</c><00:20:45.520><c> Bay</c><00:20:45.840><c> in</c>

18:58.667 --> 18:58.677 align:start position:0%
head to the waters of Jervis Bay in
 

18:58.677 --> 19:00.506 align:start position:0%
head to the waters of Jervis Bay in
eastern<00:20:46.559><c> Australia.</c><00:20:47.280><c> Well,</c><00:20:47.440><c> we</c><00:20:47.600><c> find</c><00:20:47.760><c> an</c>

19:00.506 --> 19:00.516 align:start position:0%
eastern Australia. Well, we find an
 

19:00.516 --> 19:02.266 align:start position:0%
eastern Australia. Well, we find an
example<00:20:48.240><c> of</c><00:20:48.400><c> the</c><00:20:48.640><c> impressive</c><00:20:49.120><c> feats</c>

19:02.266 --> 19:02.276 align:start position:0%
example of the impressive feats
 

19:02.276 --> 19:05.947 align:start position:0%
example of the impressive feats
octopuses<00:20:50.400><c> are</c><00:20:50.720><c> capable</c><00:20:51.120><c> of.</c><00:20:51.919><c> Dubbed</c><00:20:52.480><c> Olantis</c>

19:05.947 --> 19:05.957 align:start position:0%
octopuses are capable of. Dubbed Olantis
 

19:05.957 --> 19:08.266 align:start position:0%
octopuses are capable of. Dubbed Olantis
by<00:20:53.600><c> the</c><00:20:53.840><c> researchers</c><00:20:54.400><c> that</c><00:20:54.640><c> discovered</c><00:20:55.120><c> it,</c>

19:08.266 --> 19:08.276 align:start position:0%
by the researchers that discovered it,
 

19:08.276 --> 19:10.907 align:start position:0%
by the researchers that discovered it,
the<00:20:55.919><c> Jervis</c><00:20:56.480><c> base</c><00:20:56.720><c> site</c><00:20:56.960><c> is</c><00:20:57.120><c> home</c><00:20:57.360><c> to</c><00:20:57.760><c> 15</c>

19:10.907 --> 19:10.917 align:start position:0%
the Jervis base site is home to 15
 

19:10.917 --> 19:13.067 align:start position:0%
the Jervis base site is home to 15
individuals<00:20:59.280><c> that</c><00:20:59.520><c> have</c><00:20:59.760><c> meticulously</c>

19:13.067 --> 19:13.077 align:start position:0%
individuals that have meticulously
 

19:13.077 --> 19:15.307 align:start position:0%
individuals that have meticulously
arranged<00:21:00.880><c> their</c><00:21:01.120><c> dens</c><00:21:01.840><c> made</c><00:21:02.159><c> out</c><00:21:02.320><c> of</c>

19:15.307 --> 19:15.317 align:start position:0%
arranged their dens made out of
 

19:15.317 --> 19:17.947 align:start position:0%
arranged their dens made out of
scavenged<00:21:03.440><c> shells.</c><00:21:04.400><c> Here</c><00:21:04.720><c> they</c><00:21:04.960><c> live,</c>

19:17.947 --> 19:17.957 align:start position:0%
scavenged shells. Here they live,
 

19:17.957 --> 19:19.547 align:start position:0%
scavenged shells. Here they live,
communicate<00:21:05.840><c> with</c><00:21:06.000><c> each</c><00:21:06.159><c> other,</c><00:21:06.559><c> fight</c><00:21:06.720><c> for</c>

19:19.547 --> 19:19.557 align:start position:0%
communicate with each other, fight for
 

19:19.557 --> 19:22.107 align:start position:0%
communicate with each other, fight for
territory,<00:21:07.679><c> and</c><00:21:08.159><c> mate.</c><00:21:08.960><c> This</c><00:21:09.200><c> was</c><00:21:09.360><c> an</c>

19:22.107 --> 19:22.117 align:start position:0%
territory, and mate. This was an
 

19:22.117 --> 19:24.506 align:start position:0%
territory, and mate. This was an
especially<00:21:10.080><c> exciting</c><00:21:10.640><c> discovery</c><00:21:11.360><c> as</c><00:21:11.679><c> the</c>

19:24.506 --> 19:24.516 align:start position:0%
especially exciting discovery as the
 

19:24.516 --> 19:27.307 align:start position:0%
especially exciting discovery as the
species<00:21:12.240><c> in</c><00:21:12.480><c> question,</c><00:21:12.880><c> the</c><00:21:13.200><c> gloomy</c><00:21:13.760><c> octopus,</c>

19:27.307 --> 19:27.317 align:start position:0%
species in question, the gloomy octopus,
 

19:27.317 --> 19:29.707 align:start position:0%
species in question, the gloomy octopus,
was<00:21:14.960><c> thought</c><00:21:15.120><c> to</c><00:21:15.280><c> be</c><00:21:15.360><c> a</c><00:21:15.520><c> bit</c><00:21:15.600><c> of</c><00:21:15.679><c> a</c><00:21:16.000><c> loner.</c><00:21:16.880><c> But</c>

19:29.707 --> 19:29.717 align:start position:0%
was thought to be a bit of a loner. But
 

19:29.717 --> 19:32.347 align:start position:0%
was thought to be a bit of a loner. But
this<00:21:17.440><c> octopus</c><00:21:18.240><c> city,</c><00:21:18.960><c> shows</c><00:21:19.200><c> that</c><00:21:19.360><c> they</c><00:21:19.600><c> are</c>

19:32.347 --> 19:32.357 align:start position:0%
this octopus city, shows that they are
 

19:32.357 --> 19:35.146 align:start position:0%
this octopus city, shows that they are
capable<00:21:20.080><c> of</c><00:21:20.480><c> complex</c><00:21:21.039><c> social</c><00:21:21.520><c> interaction</c><00:21:22.240><c> in</c>

19:35.146 --> 19:35.156 align:start position:0%
capable of complex social interaction in
 

19:35.156 --> 19:38.266 align:start position:0%
capable of complex social interaction in
the<00:21:22.799><c> wild</c><00:21:23.200><c> and</c><00:21:23.520><c> have</c><00:21:23.760><c> capacity</c><00:21:24.320><c> for</c><00:21:24.799><c> humanlike</c>

19:38.266 --> 19:38.276 align:start position:0%
the wild and have capacity for humanlike
 

19:38.276 --> 19:40.506 align:start position:0%
the wild and have capacity for humanlike
intelligence.

19:40.506 --> 19:40.516 align:start position:0%
intelligence.
 

19:40.516 --> 19:43.146 align:start position:0%
intelligence.
So,<00:21:28.159><c> there</c><00:21:28.400><c> we</c><00:21:28.640><c> have</c><00:21:28.720><c> it.</c><00:21:29.039><c> The</c><00:21:29.200><c> dawn</c><00:21:29.600><c> of</c><00:21:29.919><c> insect</c>

19:43.146 --> 19:43.156 align:start position:0%
So, there we have it. The dawn of insect
 

19:43.156 --> 19:45.947 align:start position:0%
So, there we have it. The dawn of insect
rule<00:21:31.120><c> and</c><00:21:31.360><c> underwaterlantis.</c>

19:45.947 --> 19:45.957 align:start position:0%
rule and underwaterlantis.
 

19:45.957 --> 19:47.707 align:start position:0%
rule and underwaterlantis.
The<00:21:33.520><c> posthuman</c><00:21:34.159><c> world</c><00:21:34.400><c> is</c><00:21:34.640><c> certainly</c><00:21:34.960><c> going</c>

19:47.707 --> 19:47.717 align:start position:0%
The posthuman world is certainly going
 

19:47.717 --> 19:49.467 align:start position:0%
The posthuman world is certainly going
to<00:21:35.200><c> deliver,</c><00:21:35.840><c> but</c><00:21:36.080><c> one</c><00:21:36.320><c> question</c><00:21:36.640><c> still</c>

19:49.467 --> 19:49.477 align:start position:0%
to deliver, but one question still
 

19:49.477 --> 19:51.626 align:start position:0%
to deliver, but one question still
remains.<00:21:37.440><c> What</c><00:21:37.760><c> kind</c><00:21:37.919><c> of</c><00:21:38.159><c> climate</c><00:21:38.640><c> are</c><00:21:38.880><c> they</c>

19:51.626 --> 19:51.636 align:start position:0%
remains. What kind of climate are they
 

19:51.636 --> 19:53.707 align:start position:0%
remains. What kind of climate are they
going<00:21:39.200><c> to</c><00:21:39.280><c> deliver</c><00:21:39.679><c> in?</c><00:21:40.400><c> In</c><00:21:40.640><c> my</c><00:21:40.799><c> opinion,</c>

19:53.707 --> 19:53.717 align:start position:0%
going to deliver in? In my opinion,
 

19:53.717 --> 19:55.307 align:start position:0%
going to deliver in? In my opinion,
we've<00:21:41.280><c> saved</c><00:21:41.520><c> the</c><00:21:41.679><c> best</c><00:21:41.840><c> and</c><00:21:42.000><c> arguably</c><00:21:42.480><c> most</c>

19:55.307 --> 19:55.317 align:start position:0%
we've saved the best and arguably most
 

19:55.317 --> 19:57.547 align:start position:0%
we've saved the best and arguably most
important<00:21:43.120><c> stuff</c><00:21:43.520><c> to</c><00:21:43.760><c> last</c><00:21:44.320><c> with</c><00:21:44.559><c> us</c><00:21:44.720><c> not</c>

19:57.547 --> 19:57.557 align:start position:0%
important stuff to last with us not
 

19:57.557 --> 19:59.787 align:start position:0%
important stuff to last with us not
being<00:21:45.120><c> around</c><00:21:45.360><c> to</c><00:21:45.520><c> mess</c><00:21:45.840><c> things</c><00:21:46.159><c> up.</c><00:21:46.799><c> Do</c><00:21:46.960><c> the</c>

19:59.787 --> 19:59.797 align:start position:0%
being around to mess things up. Do the
 

19:59.797 --> 20:01.867 align:start position:0%
being around to mess things up. Do the
climate<00:21:47.520><c> systems</c><00:21:47.840><c> that</c><00:21:48.080><c> hang</c><00:21:48.400><c> so</c><00:21:48.720><c> delicately</c>

20:01.867 --> 20:01.877 align:start position:0%
climate systems that hang so delicately
 

20:01.877 --> 20:04.427 align:start position:0%
climate systems that hang so delicately
have<00:21:49.440><c> a</c><00:21:49.679><c> chance</c><00:21:49.840><c> of</c><00:21:50.159><c> fighting</c><00:21:50.640><c> back?</c><00:21:51.440><c> Or</c><00:21:51.600><c> is</c>

20:04.427 --> 20:04.437 align:start position:0%
have a chance of fighting back? Or is
 

20:04.437 --> 20:06.987 align:start position:0%
have a chance of fighting back? Or is
the<00:21:52.080><c> damage</c><00:21:52.480><c> already</c><00:21:52.960><c> done?</c><00:21:53.520><c> One</c><00:21:53.840><c> final</c>

20:06.987 --> 20:06.997 align:start position:0%
the damage already done? One final
 

20:06.997 --> 20:09.947 align:start position:0%
the damage already done? One final
parting<00:21:54.880><c> gift</c><00:21:55.200><c> from</c><00:21:55.600><c> humanity.</c><00:21:56.720><c> Our</c><00:21:57.039><c> climate</c>

20:09.947 --> 20:09.957 align:start position:0%
parting gift from humanity. Our climate
 

20:09.957 --> 20:12.746 align:start position:0%
parting gift from humanity. Our climate
is<00:21:57.600><c> influenced</c><00:21:58.000><c> by</c><00:21:58.320><c> so</c><00:21:58.720><c> many</c><00:21:59.120><c> factors.</c><00:21:59.840><c> Some,</c>

20:12.746 --> 20:12.756 align:start position:0%
is influenced by so many factors. Some,
 

20:12.756 --> 20:14.746 align:start position:0%
is influenced by so many factors. Some,
like<00:22:00.400><c> the</c><00:22:00.559><c> most</c><00:22:00.799><c> recent</c><00:22:01.039><c> ones,</c><00:22:01.440><c> can</c><00:22:01.679><c> be</c><00:22:01.840><c> traced</c>

20:14.746 --> 20:14.756 align:start position:0%
like the most recent ones, can be traced
 

20:14.756 --> 20:17.307 align:start position:0%
like the most recent ones, can be traced
back<00:22:02.400><c> to</c><00:22:02.720><c> humans.</c><00:22:03.679><c> Considering</c><00:22:04.080><c> the</c><00:22:04.320><c> sheer</c>

20:17.307 --> 20:17.317 align:start position:0%
back to humans. Considering the sheer
 

20:17.317 --> 20:20.107 align:start position:0%
back to humans. Considering the sheer
number<00:22:05.039><c> of</c><00:22:05.200><c> us</c><00:22:05.520><c> on</c><00:22:05.760><c> the</c><00:22:06.000><c> planet,</c><00:22:06.400><c> 8.3</c><00:22:07.039><c> billion,</c>

20:20.107 --> 20:20.117 align:start position:0%
number of us on the planet, 8.3 billion,
 

20:20.117 --> 20:21.707 align:start position:0%
number of us on the planet, 8.3 billion,
and<00:22:07.679><c> the</c><00:22:07.919><c> scale</c><00:22:08.159><c> of</c><00:22:08.320><c> industries</c><00:22:08.799><c> like</c>

20:21.707 --> 20:21.717 align:start position:0%
and the scale of industries like
 

20:21.717 --> 20:23.467 align:start position:0%
and the scale of industries like
farming,<00:22:09.679><c> transport,</c><00:22:10.240><c> energy,</c><00:22:10.559><c> and</c>

20:23.467 --> 20:23.477 align:start position:0%
farming, transport, energy, and
 

20:23.477 --> 20:25.386 align:start position:0%
farming, transport, energy, and
manufacturing,<00:22:11.919><c> we're</c><00:22:12.240><c> bound</c><00:22:12.400><c> to</c><00:22:12.559><c> leave</c>

20:25.386 --> 20:25.396 align:start position:0%
manufacturing, we're bound to leave
 

20:25.396 --> 20:27.067 align:start position:0%
manufacturing, we're bound to leave
behind<00:22:13.200><c> traces</c><00:22:13.520><c> of</c><00:22:13.679><c> our</c><00:22:13.840><c> presence</c><00:22:14.080><c> for</c><00:22:14.320><c> the</c>

20:27.067 --> 20:27.077 align:start position:0%
behind traces of our presence for the
 

20:27.077 --> 20:29.867 align:start position:0%
behind traces of our presence for the
posthuman<00:22:15.360><c> world.</c><00:22:16.159><c> The</c><00:22:16.400><c> National</c><00:22:16.799><c> Oceanic</c>

20:29.867 --> 20:29.877 align:start position:0%
posthuman world. The National Oceanic
 

20:29.877 --> 20:31.707 align:start position:0%
posthuman world. The National Oceanic
and<00:22:17.520><c> Atmospheric</c><00:22:18.080><c> Administration</c><00:22:18.799><c> states</c>

20:31.707 --> 20:31.717 align:start position:0%
and Atmospheric Administration states
 

20:31.717 --> 20:33.787 align:start position:0%
and Atmospheric Administration states
that<00:22:19.360><c> carbon</c><00:22:19.679><c> dioxide</c><00:22:20.159><c> levels</c><00:22:20.480><c> have</c><00:22:20.640><c> risen</c><00:22:20.880><c> by</c>

20:33.787 --> 20:33.797 align:start position:0%
that carbon dioxide levels have risen by
 

20:33.797 --> 20:38.907 align:start position:0%
that carbon dioxide levels have risen by
50%<00:22:22.159><c> since</c><00:22:22.799><c> 1800,</c><00:22:24.000><c> hitting</c><00:22:24.480><c> 431</c><00:22:25.679><c> parts</c><00:22:26.000><c> per</c>

20:38.907 --> 20:38.917 align:start position:0%
50% since 1800, hitting 431 parts per
 

20:38.917 --> 20:42.027 align:start position:0%
50% since 1800, hitting 431 parts per
million<00:22:26.960><c> in</c><00:22:27.200><c> April</c><00:22:27.840><c> 2026.</c><00:22:28.660><c> [music]</c>

20:42.027 --> 20:42.037 align:start position:0%
million in April 2026. [music]
 

20:42.037 --> 20:44.347 align:start position:0%
million in April 2026. [music]
Noah<00:22:29.840><c> attributes</c><00:22:30.320><c> this</c><00:22:30.720><c> increase</c><00:22:31.120><c> mainly</c><00:22:31.520><c> to</c>

20:44.347 --> 20:44.357 align:start position:0%
Noah attributes this increase mainly to
 

20:44.357 --> 20:46.506 align:start position:0%
Noah attributes this increase mainly to
human<00:22:32.080><c> activities</c><00:22:32.720><c> like</c><00:22:33.120><c> extraction</c><00:22:33.679><c> and</c>

20:46.506 --> 20:46.516 align:start position:0%
human activities like extraction and
 

20:46.516 --> 20:48.987 align:start position:0%
human activities like extraction and
burning<00:22:34.240><c> of</c><00:22:34.480><c> fossil</c><00:22:34.960><c> fuels.</c><00:22:35.840><c> But</c><00:22:36.000><c> if</c><00:22:36.240><c> we</c>

20:48.987 --> 20:48.997 align:start position:0%
burning of fossil fuels. But if we
 

20:48.997 --> 20:51.386 align:start position:0%
burning of fossil fuels. But if we
weren't<00:22:36.799><c> here</c><00:22:37.039><c> anymore,</c><00:22:37.840><c> then</c><00:22:38.080><c> these</c><00:22:38.400><c> drivers</c>

20:51.386 --> 20:51.396 align:start position:0%
weren't here anymore, then these drivers
 

20:51.396 --> 20:54.266 align:start position:0%
weren't here anymore, then these drivers
would<00:22:39.039><c> naturally</c><00:22:39.600><c> stop.</c><00:22:40.320><c> Problem</c><00:22:40.640><c> solved?</c>

20:54.266 --> 20:54.276 align:start position:0%
would naturally stop. Problem solved?
 

20:54.276 --> 20:56.187 align:start position:0%
would naturally stop. Problem solved?
Not<00:22:41.919><c> quite.</c><00:22:42.640><c> This</c><00:22:42.880><c> probably</c><00:22:43.120><c> wouldn't</c><00:22:43.440><c> make</c>

20:56.187 --> 20:56.197 align:start position:0%
Not quite. This probably wouldn't make
 

20:56.197 --> 20:58.506 align:start position:0%
Not quite. This probably wouldn't make
an<00:22:43.840><c> immediate</c><00:22:44.400><c> difference</c><00:22:44.720><c> to</c><00:22:44.960><c> the</c><00:22:45.120><c> climate.</c>

20:58.506 --> 20:58.516 align:start position:0%
an immediate difference to the climate.
 

20:58.516 --> 20:59.787 align:start position:0%
an immediate difference to the climate.
There's<00:22:46.080><c> a</c><00:22:46.240><c> term</c><00:22:46.400><c> used</c><00:22:46.640><c> by</c><00:22:46.799><c> climate</c>

20:59.787 --> 20:59.797 align:start position:0%
There's a term used by climate
 

20:59.797 --> 21:02.107 align:start position:0%
There's a term used by climate
scientists<00:22:47.679><c> called</c><00:22:48.080><c> committed</c><00:22:48.799><c> warming.</c><00:22:49.360><c> And</c>

21:02.107 --> 21:02.117 align:start position:0%
scientists called committed warming. And
 

21:02.117 --> 21:03.707 align:start position:0%
scientists called committed warming. And
basically,<00:22:49.840><c> it</c><00:22:50.080><c> includes</c><00:22:50.480><c> any</c><00:22:50.799><c> global</c>

21:03.707 --> 21:03.717 align:start position:0%
basically, it includes any global
 

21:03.717 --> 21:05.386 align:start position:0%
basically, it includes any global
warming<00:22:51.360><c> that</c><00:22:51.600><c> results</c><00:22:51.919><c> from</c><00:22:52.080><c> the</c><00:22:52.240><c> greenhouse</c>

21:05.386 --> 21:05.396 align:start position:0%
warming that results from the greenhouse
 

21:05.396 --> 21:07.467 align:start position:0%
warming that results from the greenhouse
gas<00:22:53.120><c> emissions</c><00:22:53.520><c> that</c><00:22:53.760><c> we've</c><00:22:54.159><c> already</c>

21:07.467 --> 21:07.477 align:start position:0%
gas emissions that we've already
 

21:07.477 --> 21:09.626 align:start position:0%
gas emissions that we've already
released,<00:22:55.760><c> even</c><00:22:56.000><c> if</c><00:22:56.320><c> we</c><00:22:56.559><c> disappeared</c>

21:09.626 --> 21:09.636 align:start position:0%
released, even if we disappeared
 

21:09.636 --> 21:12.347 align:start position:0%
released, even if we disappeared
tomorrow<00:22:57.440><c> and</c><00:22:57.840><c> stopped</c><00:22:58.240><c> releasing</c><00:22:58.720><c> them.</c><00:22:59.360><c> So,</c>

21:12.347 --> 21:12.357 align:start position:0%
tomorrow and stopped releasing them. So,
 

21:12.357 --> 21:14.107 align:start position:0%
tomorrow and stopped releasing them. So,
climate<00:23:00.159><c> change</c><00:23:00.559><c> would</c><00:23:00.799><c> technically</c>

21:14.107 --> 21:14.117 align:start position:0%
climate change would technically
 

21:14.117 --> 21:16.427 align:start position:0%
climate change would technically
continue.<00:23:02.400><c> And</c><00:23:02.640><c> experts</c><00:23:03.120><c> predict</c><00:23:03.440><c> it</c><00:23:03.679><c> would</c>

21:16.427 --> 21:16.437 align:start position:0%
continue. And experts predict it would
 

21:16.437 --> 21:18.506 align:start position:0%
continue. And experts predict it would
take<00:23:04.159><c> thousands</c><00:23:04.640><c> of</c><00:23:04.799><c> years</c><00:23:05.039><c> for</c><00:23:05.360><c> CO2</c>

21:18.506 --> 21:18.516 align:start position:0%
take thousands of years for CO2
 

21:18.516 --> 21:20.506 align:start position:0%
take thousands of years for CO2
concentrations<00:23:06.559><c> to</c><00:23:06.880><c> return</c><00:23:07.600><c> to</c>

21:20.506 --> 21:20.516 align:start position:0%
concentrations to return to
 

21:20.516 --> 21:22.987 align:start position:0%
concentrations to return to
pre-industrial<00:23:09.120><c> levels.</c><00:23:09.840><c> This</c><00:23:10.000><c> is</c><00:23:10.159><c> because</c>

21:22.987 --> 21:22.997 align:start position:0%
pre-industrial levels. This is because
 

21:22.997 --> 21:25.547 align:start position:0%
pre-industrial levels. This is because
the<00:23:10.640><c> ocean</c><00:23:10.880><c> is</c><00:23:11.120><c> like</c><00:23:11.280><c> a</c><00:23:11.440><c> big</c><00:23:11.760><c> carbon</c><00:23:12.320><c> sponge.</c>

21:25.547 --> 21:25.557 align:start position:0%
the ocean is like a big carbon sponge.
 

21:25.557 --> 21:27.547 align:start position:0%
the ocean is like a big carbon sponge.
It<00:23:13.200><c> can</c><00:23:13.360><c> absorb</c><00:23:13.760><c> carbon</c><00:23:14.159><c> dioxide</c><00:23:14.640><c> when</c><00:23:14.799><c> it</c>

21:27.547 --> 21:27.557 align:start position:0%
It can absorb carbon dioxide when it
 

21:27.557 --> 21:30.107 align:start position:0%
It can absorb carbon dioxide when it
dissolves<00:23:15.600><c> into</c><00:23:16.000><c> the</c><00:23:16.240><c> water</c><00:23:16.559><c> or</c><00:23:16.960><c> enters</c><00:23:17.280><c> the</c>

21:30.107 --> 21:30.117 align:start position:0%
dissolves into the water or enters the
 

21:30.117 --> 21:32.427 align:start position:0%
dissolves into the water or enters the
ocean<00:23:17.760><c> from</c><00:23:18.080><c> the</c><00:23:18.320><c> soil.</c><00:23:19.039><c> But</c><00:23:19.120><c> it</c><00:23:19.360><c> takes</c><00:23:19.600><c> a</c>

21:32.427 --> 21:32.437 align:start position:0%
ocean from the soil. But it takes a
 

21:32.437 --> 21:34.266 align:start position:0%
ocean from the soil. But it takes a
while<00:23:20.000><c> for</c><00:23:20.320><c> this</c><00:23:20.480><c> carbon</c><00:23:20.799><c> to</c><00:23:21.039><c> get</c><00:23:21.200><c> absorbed</c>

21:34.266 --> 21:34.276 align:start position:0%
while for this carbon to get absorbed
 

21:34.276 --> 21:37.227 align:start position:0%
while for this carbon to get absorbed
into<00:23:21.919><c> the</c><00:23:22.080><c> deepest</c><00:23:22.559><c> depths</c><00:23:22.960><c> of</c><00:23:23.200><c> the</c><00:23:23.440><c> sea.</c><00:23:24.320><c> So</c>

21:37.227 --> 21:37.237 align:start position:0%
into the deepest depths of the sea. So
 

21:37.237 --> 21:40.506 align:start position:0%
into the deepest depths of the sea. So
patience<00:23:25.200><c> is</c><00:23:25.520><c> key.</c><00:23:26.960><c> Regardless</c><00:23:27.440><c> of</c><00:23:27.600><c> our</c>

21:40.506 --> 21:40.516 align:start position:0%
patience is key. Regardless of our
 

21:40.516 --> 21:42.987 align:start position:0%
patience is key. Regardless of our
influence<00:23:28.320><c> on</c><00:23:28.559><c> the</c><00:23:28.720><c> climate,</c><00:23:29.440><c> the</c><00:23:29.679><c> posthuman</c>

21:42.987 --> 21:42.997 align:start position:0%
influence on the climate, the posthuman
 

21:42.997 --> 21:44.827 align:start position:0%
influence on the climate, the posthuman
world<00:23:30.640><c> is</c><00:23:30.880><c> probably</c><00:23:31.280><c> heading</c><00:23:31.600><c> for</c><00:23:31.840><c> another</c>

21:44.827 --> 21:44.837 align:start position:0%
world is probably heading for another
 

21:44.837 --> 21:46.907 align:start position:0%
world is probably heading for another
ice<00:23:32.640><c> age.</c><00:23:33.200><c> Now,</c><00:23:33.440><c> we</c><00:23:33.600><c> are</c><00:23:33.760><c> technically,</c><00:23:34.159><c> of</c>

21:46.907 --> 21:46.917 align:start position:0%
ice age. Now, we are technically, of
 

21:46.917 --> 21:48.746 align:start position:0%
ice age. Now, we are technically, of
course,<00:23:34.559><c> in</c><00:23:34.720><c> an</c><00:23:34.880><c> ice</c><00:23:35.120><c> age</c><00:23:35.520><c> already</c><00:23:35.919><c> since</c>

21:48.746 --> 21:48.756 align:start position:0%
course, in an ice age already since
 

21:48.756 --> 21:50.907 align:start position:0%
course, in an ice age already since
there<00:23:36.400><c> is</c><00:23:36.559><c> still</c><00:23:36.720><c> ice</c><00:23:37.039><c> at</c><00:23:37.280><c> the</c><00:23:37.440><c> poles,</c><00:23:38.080><c> but</c>

21:50.907 --> 21:50.917 align:start position:0%
there is still ice at the poles, but
 

21:50.917 --> 21:52.827 align:start position:0%
there is still ice at the poles, but
experts<00:23:38.720><c> think</c><00:23:38.880><c> the</c><00:23:39.039><c> ice</c><00:23:39.280><c> could</c><00:23:39.520><c> spread</c><00:23:39.840><c> much</c>

21:52.827 --> 21:52.837 align:start position:0%
experts think the ice could spread much
 

21:52.837 --> 21:55.547 align:start position:0%
experts think the ice could spread much
further<00:23:40.559><c> than</c><00:23:40.799><c> this</c><00:23:41.200><c> in</c><00:23:41.440><c> the</c><00:23:41.679><c> future.</c><00:23:42.559><c> Under</c>

21:55.547 --> 21:55.557 align:start position:0%
further than this in the future. Under
 

21:55.557 --> 21:57.787 align:start position:0%
further than this in the future. Under
natural<00:23:43.440><c> conditions,</c><00:23:44.159><c> some</c><00:23:44.480><c> studies</c><00:23:44.799><c> suggest</c>

21:57.787 --> 21:57.797 align:start position:0%
natural conditions, some studies suggest
 

21:57.797 --> 22:00.107 align:start position:0%
natural conditions, some studies suggest
a<00:23:45.440><c> major</c><00:23:45.919><c> glaciation</c><00:23:46.640><c> could</c><00:23:46.960><c> begin</c><00:23:47.200><c> within</c>

22:00.107 --> 22:00.117 align:start position:0%
a major glaciation could begin within
 

22:00.117 --> 22:02.827 align:start position:0%
a major glaciation could begin within
roughly<00:23:47.840><c> the</c><00:23:48.000><c> next</c><00:23:48.320><c> 50,000</c><00:23:48.880><c> to</c><00:23:49.280><c> 100,000</c>

22:02.827 --> 22:02.837 align:start position:0%
roughly the next 50,000 to 100,000
 

22:02.837 --> 22:04.827 align:start position:0%
roughly the next 50,000 to 100,000
years,<00:23:50.960><c> although</c><00:23:51.280><c> the</c><00:23:51.520><c> committed</c><00:23:51.919><c> warming</c>

22:04.827 --> 22:04.837 align:start position:0%
years, although the committed warming
 

22:04.837 --> 22:06.506 align:start position:0%
years, although the committed warming
we've<00:23:52.480><c> talked</c><00:23:52.720><c> about</c><00:23:52.960><c> may</c><00:23:53.280><c> delay</c><00:23:53.600><c> this</c>

22:06.506 --> 22:06.516 align:start position:0%
we've talked about may delay this
 

22:06.516 --> 22:09.227 align:start position:0%
we've talked about may delay this
significantly.<00:23:55.039><c> A</c><00:23:55.360><c> long-term</c><00:23:56.000><c> cooling</c><00:23:56.400><c> trend</c>

22:09.227 --> 22:09.237 align:start position:0%
significantly. A long-term cooling trend
 

22:09.237 --> 22:11.787 align:start position:0%
significantly. A long-term cooling trend
began<00:23:56.960><c> on</c><00:23:57.200><c> Earth</c><00:23:57.440><c> around</c><00:23:57.840><c> 6,000</c><00:23:58.480><c> years</c><00:23:58.640><c> ago,</c>

22:11.787 --> 22:11.797 align:start position:0%
began on Earth around 6,000 years ago,
 

22:11.797 --> 22:14.347 align:start position:0%
began on Earth around 6,000 years ago,
resulting<00:23:59.679><c> from</c><00:24:00.000><c> changes</c><00:24:00.480><c> to</c><00:24:00.799><c> Earth's</c><00:24:01.200><c> tilt,</c>

22:14.347 --> 22:14.357 align:start position:0%
resulting from changes to Earth's tilt,
 

22:14.357 --> 22:16.667 align:start position:0%
resulting from changes to Earth's tilt,
orbit<00:24:02.159><c> shape,</c><00:24:02.480><c> and</c><00:24:02.799><c> wobble,</c><00:24:03.440><c> also</c><00:24:03.679><c> known</c><00:24:03.919><c> as</c>

22:16.667 --> 22:16.677 align:start position:0%
orbit shape, and wobble, also known as
 

22:16.677 --> 22:19.146 align:start position:0%
orbit shape, and wobble, also known as
the<00:24:04.320><c> Meankovich</c><00:24:05.120><c> cycles.</c><00:24:05.919><c> However,</c>

22:19.146 --> 22:19.156 align:start position:0%
the Meankovich cycles. However,
 

22:19.156 --> 22:20.746 align:start position:0%
the Meankovich cycles. However,
human-driven<00:24:07.120><c> emissions</c><00:24:07.600><c> have</c><00:24:07.840><c> now</c>

22:20.746 --> 22:20.756 align:start position:0%
human-driven emissions have now
 

22:20.756 --> 22:23.307 align:start position:0%
human-driven emissions have now
overwhelmed<00:24:08.880><c> much</c><00:24:09.200><c> of</c><00:24:09.440><c> this</c><00:24:09.760><c> natural</c><00:24:10.240><c> cooling</c>

22:23.307 --> 22:23.317 align:start position:0%
overwhelmed much of this natural cooling
 

22:23.317 --> 22:25.947 align:start position:0%
overwhelmed much of this natural cooling
trend.<00:24:11.600><c> So,</c><00:24:11.840><c> with</c><00:24:12.080><c> no</c><00:24:12.400><c> fresh</c><00:24:12.720><c> human</c><00:24:12.960><c> emissions</c>

22:25.947 --> 22:25.957 align:start position:0%
trend. So, with no fresh human emissions
 

22:25.957 --> 22:27.947 align:start position:0%
trend. So, with no fresh human emissions
being<00:24:13.600><c> pumped</c><00:24:13.919><c> into</c><00:24:14.080><c> the</c><00:24:14.320><c> atmosphere,</c><00:24:15.039><c> these</c>

22:27.947 --> 22:27.957 align:start position:0%
being pumped into the atmosphere, these
 

22:27.957 --> 22:29.707 align:start position:0%
being pumped into the atmosphere, these
cycles<00:24:15.760><c> would</c><00:24:16.000><c> probably</c><00:24:16.320><c> reassert</c><00:24:16.880><c> their</c>

22:29.707 --> 22:29.717 align:start position:0%
cycles would probably reassert their
 

22:29.717 --> 22:31.947 align:start position:0%
cycles would probably reassert their
cooling<00:24:17.440><c> effects</c><00:24:17.919><c> far</c><00:24:18.320><c> sooner</c><00:24:18.880><c> than</c><00:24:19.120><c> they</c>

22:31.947 --> 22:31.957 align:start position:0%
cooling effects far sooner than they
 

22:31.957 --> 22:34.427 align:start position:0%
cooling effects far sooner than they
would<00:24:19.520><c> have</c><00:24:19.679><c> otherwise.</c><00:24:20.960><c> And</c><00:24:21.120><c> then</c><00:24:21.360><c> an</c><00:24:21.600><c> ice</c>

22:34.427 --> 22:34.437 align:start position:0%
would have otherwise. And then an ice
 

22:34.437 --> 22:36.427 align:start position:0%
would have otherwise. And then an ice
age<00:24:22.159><c> seems</c><00:24:22.480><c> to</c><00:24:22.640><c> be</c><00:24:22.799><c> just</c><00:24:23.039><c> around</c><00:24:23.279><c> the</c><00:24:23.520><c> corner</c>

22:36.427 --> 22:36.437 align:start position:0%
age seems to be just around the corner
 

22:36.437 --> 22:39.386 align:start position:0%
age seems to be just around the corner
for<00:24:24.080><c> those</c><00:24:24.400><c> species</c><00:24:24.880><c> we</c><00:24:25.200><c> left</c><00:24:25.440><c> behind.</c><00:24:26.480><c> So,</c>

22:39.386 --> 22:39.396 align:start position:0%
for those species we left behind. So,
 

22:39.396 --> 22:40.746 align:start position:0%
for those species we left behind. So,
good<00:24:26.960><c> luck</c><00:24:27.120><c> to</c><00:24:27.279><c> the</c><00:24:27.440><c> insects</c><00:24:27.760><c> and</c><00:24:28.000><c> the</c>

22:40.746 --> 22:40.756 align:start position:0%
good luck to the insects and the
 

22:40.756 --> 22:42.827 align:start position:0%
good luck to the insects and the
octopuses.<00:24:29.120><c> It</c><00:24:29.279><c> might</c><00:24:29.440><c> be</c><00:24:29.600><c> time</c><00:24:29.679><c> to</c><00:24:29.840><c> wrap</c><00:24:30.000><c> up</c>

22:42.827 --> 22:42.837 align:start position:0%
octopuses. It might be time to wrap up
 

22:42.837 --> 22:45.787 align:start position:0%
octopuses. It might be time to wrap up
warm.<00:24:31.279><c> With</c><00:24:31.600><c> cities</c><00:24:32.080><c> destroyed</c><00:24:32.559><c> and</c><00:24:32.880><c> Earth</c>

22:45.787 --> 22:45.797 align:start position:0%
warm. With cities destroyed and Earth
 

22:45.797 --> 22:48.027 align:start position:0%
warm. With cities destroyed and Earth
covered<00:24:33.600><c> in</c><00:24:33.840><c> ice,</c><00:24:34.320><c> it</c><00:24:34.559><c> appears</c><00:24:34.880><c> that</c><00:24:35.200><c> from</c>

22:48.027 --> 22:48.037 align:start position:0%
covered in ice, it appears that from
 

22:48.037 --> 22:50.667 align:start position:0%
covered in ice, it appears that from
above<00:24:35.840><c> at</c><00:24:35.919><c> least,</c><00:24:36.640><c> all</c><00:24:36.960><c> traces</c><00:24:37.360><c> of</c><00:24:37.600><c> humanity</c>

22:50.667 --> 22:50.677 align:start position:0%
above at least, all traces of humanity
 

22:50.677 --> 22:52.667 align:start position:0%
above at least, all traces of humanity
would<00:24:38.320><c> be</c><00:24:38.480><c> gone</c><00:24:38.720><c> in</c><00:24:38.960><c> perhaps</c><00:24:39.200><c> as</c><00:24:39.440><c> little</c><00:24:39.600><c> as</c><00:24:39.760><c> a</c>

22:52.667 --> 22:52.677 align:start position:0%
would be gone in perhaps as little as a
 

22:52.677 --> 22:55.146 align:start position:0%
would be gone in perhaps as little as a
few<00:24:40.400><c> thousand</c><00:24:40.880><c> years.</c><00:24:41.760><c> But,</c><00:24:42.000><c> as</c><00:24:42.240><c> we've</c>

22:55.146 --> 22:55.156 align:start position:0%
few thousand years. But, as we've
 

22:55.156 --> 22:57.467 align:start position:0%
few thousand years. But, as we've
already<00:24:42.880><c> discovered,</c><00:24:43.760><c> our</c><00:24:44.080><c> impact</c><00:24:44.559><c> runs</c>

22:57.467 --> 22:57.477 align:start position:0%
already discovered, our impact runs
 

22:57.477 --> 23:00.347 align:start position:0%
already discovered, our impact runs
deeper<00:24:45.200><c> than</c><00:24:45.440><c> that.</c><00:24:46.480><c> Just</c><00:24:46.720><c> as</c><00:24:46.960><c> today</c><00:24:47.200><c> we</c><00:24:47.440><c> find</c>

23:00.347 --> 23:00.357 align:start position:0%
deeper than that. Just as today we find
 

23:00.357 --> 23:03.227 align:start position:0%
deeper than that. Just as today we find
fossilized<00:24:48.559><c> dinosaur</c><00:24:49.200><c> bones,</c><00:24:49.840><c> we</c><00:24:50.159><c> will</c><00:24:50.400><c> leave</c>

23:03.227 --> 23:03.237 align:start position:0%
fossilized dinosaur bones, we will leave
 

23:03.237 --> 23:06.266 align:start position:0%
fossilized dinosaur bones, we will leave
behind<00:24:51.039><c> our</c><00:24:51.279><c> own</c><00:24:51.679><c> rock</c><00:24:52.080><c> record.</c><00:24:53.039><c> And</c><00:24:53.279><c> not</c><00:24:53.440><c> just</c>

23:06.266 --> 23:06.276 align:start position:0%
behind our own rock record. And not just
 

23:06.276 --> 23:09.787 align:start position:0%
behind our own rock record. And not just
bones<00:24:54.080><c> either.</c><00:24:55.440><c> Instead,</c><00:24:56.159><c> a</c><00:24:56.640><c> layer</c><00:24:56.799><c> of</c>

23:09.787 --> 23:09.797 align:start position:0%
bones either. Instead, a layer of
 

23:09.797 --> 23:13.386 align:start position:0%
bones either. Instead, a layer of
plastic<00:24:58.000><c> and</c><00:24:58.400><c> so-called</c><00:24:59.200><c> technof</c><00:24:59.840><c> fossils,</c>

23:13.386 --> 23:13.396 align:start position:0%
plastic and so-called technof fossils,
 

23:13.396 --> 23:15.467 align:start position:0%
plastic and so-called technof fossils,
marking<00:25:01.200><c> our</c><00:25:01.520><c> impact</c><00:25:01.919><c> on</c><00:25:02.080><c> the</c><00:25:02.240><c> planet</c><00:25:02.559><c> for</c>

23:15.467 --> 23:15.477 align:start position:0%
marking our impact on the planet for
 

23:15.477 --> 23:18.347 align:start position:0%
marking our impact on the planet for
millions,<00:25:03.360><c> if</c><00:25:03.679><c> not</c><00:25:03.919><c> billions</c><00:25:04.880><c> of</c><00:25:05.120><c> years</c><00:25:05.440><c> to</c>

23:18.347 --> 23:18.357 align:start position:0%
millions, if not billions of years to
 

23:18.357 --> 23:21.626 align:start position:0%
millions, if not billions of years to
come.<00:25:07.200><c> Eventually,</c><00:25:07.840><c> even</c><00:25:08.159><c> that</c><00:25:08.400><c> will</c><00:25:08.640><c> be</c><00:25:08.799><c> lost</c>

23:21.626 --> 23:21.636 align:start position:0%
come. Eventually, even that will be lost
 

23:21.636 --> 23:23.626 align:start position:0%
come. Eventually, even that will be lost
as<00:25:09.279><c> it's</c><00:25:09.520><c> gradually</c><00:25:10.000><c> recycled</c><00:25:10.640><c> into</c><00:25:10.880><c> the</c>

23:23.626 --> 23:23.636 align:start position:0%
as it's gradually recycled into the
 

23:23.636 --> 23:25.707 align:start position:0%
as it's gradually recycled into the
Earth's<00:25:11.440><c> mantle</c><00:25:11.919><c> thanks</c><00:25:12.159><c> to</c><00:25:12.400><c> shifting</c><00:25:12.799><c> and</c>

23:25.707 --> 23:25.717 align:start position:0%
Earth's mantle thanks to shifting and
 

23:25.717 --> 23:28.587 align:start position:0%
Earth's mantle thanks to shifting and
subducting<00:25:13.840><c> tectonic</c><00:25:14.480><c> plates.</c><00:25:15.360><c> But</c><00:25:15.600><c> as</c>

23:28.587 --> 23:28.597 align:start position:0%
subducting tectonic plates. But as
 

23:28.597 --> 23:30.266 align:start position:0%
subducting tectonic plates. But as
currently<00:25:16.400><c> the</c><00:25:16.640><c> oldest</c><00:25:16.960><c> rocks</c><00:25:17.279><c> in</c><00:25:17.440><c> the</c><00:25:17.520><c> world</c>

23:30.266 --> 23:30.276 align:start position:0%
currently the oldest rocks in the world
 

23:30.276 --> 23:33.307 align:start position:0%
currently the oldest rocks in the world
sit<00:25:17.919><c> at</c><00:25:18.080><c> 4.4</c><00:25:18.880><c> billion</c><00:25:19.360><c> years</c><00:25:19.679><c> old,</c><00:25:20.480><c> it's</c>

23:33.307 --> 23:33.317 align:start position:0%
sit at 4.4 billion years old, it's
 

23:33.317 --> 23:35.467 align:start position:0%
sit at 4.4 billion years old, it's
likely<00:25:21.039><c> that</c><00:25:21.279><c> our</c><00:25:21.600><c> geological</c><00:25:22.159><c> history</c><00:25:22.559><c> might</c>

23:35.467 --> 23:35.477 align:start position:0%
likely that our geological history might
 

23:35.477 --> 23:38.587 align:start position:0%
likely that our geological history might
remain<00:25:23.200><c> for</c><00:25:23.600><c> some</c><00:25:23.919><c> time.</c><00:25:25.039><c> And</c><00:25:25.279><c> by</c><00:25:25.520><c> that</c><00:25:25.760><c> point,</c>

23:38.587 --> 23:38.597 align:start position:0%
remain for some time. And by that point,
 

23:38.597 --> 23:40.187 align:start position:0%
remain for some time. And by that point,
the<00:25:26.240><c> sun</c><00:25:26.400><c> might</c><00:25:26.640><c> have</c><00:25:26.799><c> scorched</c><00:25:27.120><c> the</c><00:25:27.279><c> planet</c>

23:40.187 --> 23:40.197 align:start position:0%
the sun might have scorched the planet
 

23:40.197 --> 23:41.547 align:start position:0%
the sun might have scorched the planet
anyway.<00:25:28.000><c> Although</c><00:25:28.240><c> that's</c><00:25:28.400><c> a</c><00:25:28.640><c> story</c><00:25:28.799><c> for</c>

23:41.547 --> 23:41.557 align:start position:0%
anyway. Although that's a story for
 

23:41.557 --> 23:42.667 align:start position:0%
anyway. Although that's a story for
another<00:25:29.120><c> day,</c><00:25:29.279><c> one</c><00:25:29.520><c> you</c><00:25:29.679><c> can</c><00:25:29.760><c> actually</c><00:25:29.919><c> watch</c>

23:42.667 --> 23:42.677 align:start position:0%
another day, one you can actually watch
 

23:42.677 --> 23:45.547 align:start position:0%
another day, one you can actually watch
on<00:25:30.240><c> Astro</c><00:25:30.720><c> Space</c><00:25:30.960><c> after</c><00:25:31.200><c> this</c><00:25:31.360><c> if</c><00:25:31.600><c> you</c><00:25:31.679><c> want.</c>

23:45.547 --> 23:45.557 align:start position:0%
on Astro Space after this if you want.
 

23:45.557 --> 23:47.146 align:start position:0%
on Astro Space after this if you want.
For<00:25:33.200><c> now,</c><00:25:33.440><c> we've</c><00:25:33.679><c> come</c><00:25:33.840><c> to</c><00:25:34.000><c> the</c><00:25:34.159><c> end</c><00:25:34.240><c> of</c><00:25:34.400><c> our</c>

23:47.146 --> 23:47.156 align:start position:0%
For now, we've come to the end of our
 

23:47.156 --> 23:48.987 align:start position:0%
For now, we've come to the end of our
little<00:25:34.880><c> thought</c><00:25:35.279><c> experiment.</c><00:25:36.000><c> And</c><00:25:36.080><c> I</c><00:25:36.240><c> hope</c>

23:48.987 --> 23:48.997 align:start position:0%
little thought experiment. And I hope
 

23:48.997 --> 23:50.587 align:start position:0%
little thought experiment. And I hope
you<00:25:36.480><c> aren't</c><00:25:36.720><c> feeling</c><00:25:36.960><c> too</c><00:25:37.279><c> spooked</c><00:25:37.600><c> by</c><00:25:37.760><c> our</c>

23:50.587 --> 23:50.597 align:start position:0%
you aren't feeling too spooked by our
 

23:50.597 --> 23:52.187 align:start position:0%
you aren't feeling too spooked by our
fictional<00:25:38.480><c> disappearance.</c><00:25:39.039><c> Personally,</c>

23:52.187 --> 23:52.197 align:start position:0%
fictional disappearance. Personally,
 

23:52.197 --> 23:53.866 align:start position:0%
fictional disappearance. Personally,
I've<00:25:39.760><c> quite</c><00:25:40.000><c> enjoyed</c><00:25:40.480><c> watching</c><00:25:40.799><c> the</c><00:25:41.039><c> Earth</c>

23:53.866 --> 23:53.876 align:start position:0%
I've quite enjoyed watching the Earth
 

23:53.876 --> 23:55.787 align:start position:0%
I've quite enjoyed watching the Earth
from<00:25:41.600><c> the</c><00:25:41.760><c> void</c><00:25:42.080><c> and</c><00:25:42.480><c> seeing</c><00:25:42.799><c> all</c><00:25:42.960><c> of</c><00:25:43.039><c> the</c>

23:55.787 --> 23:55.797 align:start position:0%
from the void and seeing all of the
 

23:55.797 --> 23:57.547 align:start position:0%
from the void and seeing all of the
remaining<00:25:43.520><c> animals</c><00:25:43.919><c> fight</c><00:25:44.159><c> to</c><00:25:44.400><c> claim</c><00:25:44.720><c> our</c>

23:57.547 --> 23:57.557 align:start position:0%
remaining animals fight to claim our
 

23:57.557 --> 23:59.866 align:start position:0%
remaining animals fight to claim our
vacant<00:25:45.440><c> lands.</c><00:25:46.240><c> For</c><00:25:46.480><c> now,</c><00:25:46.640><c> we</c><00:25:46.799><c> live</c><00:25:46.960><c> in</c><00:25:47.120><c> the</c>

23:59.866 --> 23:59.876 align:start position:0%
vacant lands. For now, we live in the
 

23:59.876 --> 24:02.506 align:start position:0%
vacant lands. For now, we live in the
anthroposine,<00:25:48.240><c> a</c><00:25:48.480><c> geological</c><00:25:49.039><c> epoch</c><00:25:49.520><c> that</c><00:25:49.679><c> is</c>

24:02.506 --> 24:02.516 align:start position:0%
anthroposine, a geological epoch that is
 

24:02.516 --> 24:04.667 align:start position:0%
anthroposine, a geological epoch that is
literally<00:25:50.320><c> named</c><00:25:50.640><c> after</c><00:25:50.960><c> the</c><00:25:51.120><c> humans</c><00:25:51.600><c> and</c><00:25:51.840><c> the</c>

24:04.667 --> 24:04.677 align:start position:0%
literally named after the humans and the
 

24:04.677 --> 24:07.547 align:start position:0%
literally named after the humans and the
huge<00:25:52.480><c> influence</c><00:25:52.960><c> we</c><00:25:53.200><c> have</c><00:25:53.440><c> had</c><00:25:54.159><c> in</c><00:25:54.480><c> shaping</c>

24:07.547 --> 24:07.557 align:start position:0%
huge influence we have had in shaping
 

24:07.557 --> 24:10.027 align:start position:0%
huge influence we have had in shaping
our<00:25:55.279><c> environment.</c><00:25:56.320><c> So,</c><00:25:56.559><c> there's</c><00:25:56.880><c> no</c><00:25:57.200><c> doubt</c>

24:10.027 --> 24:10.037 align:start position:0%
our environment. So, there's no doubt
 

24:10.037 --> 24:11.787 align:start position:0%
our environment. So, there's no doubt
that<00:25:57.600><c> our</c><00:25:57.840><c> disappearance</c><00:25:58.400><c> would</c><00:25:58.640><c> promote</c>

24:11.787 --> 24:11.797 align:start position:0%
that our disappearance would promote
 

24:11.797 --> 24:14.667 align:start position:0%
that our disappearance would promote
some<00:25:59.600><c> major</c><00:26:00.000><c> reshuffleling</c><00:26:00.640><c> of</c><00:26:00.880><c> the</c><00:26:01.039><c> life</c><00:26:01.679><c> we</c>

24:14.667 --> 24:14.677 align:start position:0%
some major reshuffleling of the life we
 

24:14.677 --> 24:17.227 align:start position:0%
some major reshuffleling of the life we
leave<00:26:02.400><c> behind.</c><00:26:03.279><c> As</c><00:26:03.520><c> Alan</c><00:26:03.760><c> Weisman</c><00:26:04.320><c> said</c><00:26:04.400><c> when</c>

24:17.227 --> 24:17.237 align:start position:0%
leave behind. As Alan Weisman said when
 

24:17.237 --> 24:19.067 align:start position:0%
leave behind. As Alan Weisman said when
he<00:26:04.799><c> was</c><00:26:04.960><c> asked</c><00:26:05.200><c> about</c><00:26:05.360><c> his</c><00:26:05.600><c> motivations</c><00:26:06.159><c> for</c>

24:19.067 --> 24:19.077 align:start position:0%
he was asked about his motivations for
 

24:19.077 --> 24:21.467 align:start position:0%
he was asked about his motivations for
writing<00:26:06.799><c> his</c><00:26:07.120><c> book,</c><00:26:08.080><c> looking</c><00:26:08.320><c> at</c><00:26:08.480><c> what</c><00:26:08.720><c> would</c>

24:21.467 --> 24:21.477 align:start position:0%
writing his book, looking at what would
 

24:21.477 --> 24:23.386 align:start position:0%
writing his book, looking at what would
happen<00:26:09.120><c> in</c><00:26:09.279><c> our</c><00:26:09.520><c> absence</c><00:26:10.000><c> is</c><00:26:10.240><c> another</c><00:26:10.480><c> way</c><00:26:10.640><c> of</c>

24:23.386 --> 24:23.396 align:start position:0%
happen in our absence is another way of
 

24:23.396 --> 24:26.827 align:start position:0%
happen in our absence is another way of
looking<00:26:10.960><c> at</c><00:26:11.200><c> what</c><00:26:11.440><c> goes</c><00:26:11.760><c> on</c><00:26:12.480><c> in</c><00:26:12.799><c> our</c><00:26:13.039><c> presence.</c>

24:26.827 --> 24:26.837 align:start position:0%
looking at what goes on in our presence.
 

24:26.837 --> 24:28.746 align:start position:0%
looking at what goes on in our presence.
And<00:26:14.480><c> from</c><00:26:14.720><c> the</c><00:26:14.880><c> information</c><00:26:15.200><c> we</c><00:26:15.520><c> presented</c><00:26:15.919><c> in</c>

24:28.746 --> 24:28.756 align:start position:0%
And from the information we presented in
 

24:28.756 --> 24:31.386 align:start position:0%
And from the information we presented in
this<00:26:16.400><c> video,</c><00:26:17.200><c> it's</c><00:26:17.600><c> hard</c><00:26:17.840><c> to</c><00:26:18.000><c> deny</c><00:26:18.320><c> that</c><00:26:18.480><c> we</c>

24:31.386 --> 24:31.396 align:start position:0%
this video, it's hard to deny that we
 

24:31.396 --> 24:33.707 align:start position:0%
this video, it's hard to deny that we
humans<00:26:19.200><c> have</c><00:26:19.520><c> earned</c><00:26:19.919><c> our</c><00:26:20.240><c> title</c><00:26:20.559><c> as</c><00:26:20.880><c> the</c>

24:33.707 --> 24:33.717 align:start position:0%
humans have earned our title as the
 

24:33.717 --> 24:37.067 align:start position:0%
humans have earned our title as the
defining<00:26:21.840><c> force</c><00:26:22.640><c> of</c><00:26:22.960><c> the</c><00:26:23.200><c> current</c><00:26:23.760><c> era</c><00:26:24.240><c> and</c>

24:37.067 --> 24:37.077 align:start position:0%
defining force of the current era and
 

24:37.077 --> 24:40.187 align:start position:0%
defining force of the current era and
that<00:26:24.799><c> our</c><00:26:25.039><c> legacy,</c><00:26:25.760><c> for</c><00:26:26.080><c> better</c><00:26:26.400><c> or</c><00:26:26.640><c> worse,</c>

24:40.187 --> 24:40.197 align:start position:0%
that our legacy, for better or worse,
 

24:40.197 --> 24:43.547 align:start position:0%
that our legacy, for better or worse,
will<00:26:27.840><c> endure</c><00:26:28.320><c> long</c><00:26:28.720><c> after</c><00:26:29.039><c> we're</c><00:26:29.360><c> gone.</c>

24:43.547 --> 24:43.557 align:start position:0%
will endure long after we're gone.
 

24:43.557 --> 24:44.907 align:start position:0%
will endure long after we're gone.
Let<00:26:31.120><c> me</c><00:26:31.200><c> know</c><00:26:31.279><c> in</c><00:26:31.440><c> the</c><00:26:31.520><c> comments</c><00:26:31.760><c> what</c><00:26:32.080><c> you</c>

24:44.907 --> 24:44.917 align:start position:0%
Let me know in the comments what you
 

24:44.917 --> 24:47.307 align:start position:0%
Let me know in the comments what you
think<00:26:32.720><c> Earth</c><00:26:33.039><c> would</c><00:26:33.279><c> look</c><00:26:33.440><c> like</c><00:26:33.679><c> without</c><00:26:34.240><c> us,</c>

24:47.307 --> 24:47.317 align:start position:0%
think Earth would look like without us,
 

24:47.317 --> 24:50.027 align:start position:0%
think Earth would look like without us,
and<00:26:35.039><c> particularly</c><00:26:36.080><c> which</c><00:26:36.400><c> animal</c><00:26:36.960><c> you'd</c><00:26:37.279><c> like</c>

24:50.027 --> 24:50.037 align:start position:0%
and particularly which animal you'd like
 

24:50.037 --> 24:53.386 align:start position:0%
and particularly which animal you'd like
to<00:26:37.600><c> see</c><00:26:38.000><c> take</c><00:26:38.320><c> our</c><00:26:38.640><c> place.</c><00:26:39.600><c> Personally,</c><00:26:40.559><c> I'm</c>

24:53.386 --> 24:53.396 align:start position:0%
to see take our place. Personally, I'm
 

24:53.396 --> 24:55.146 align:start position:0%
to see take our place. Personally, I'm
team<00:26:41.039><c> Octopus.</c><00:26:41.840><c> Thanks</c><00:26:42.000><c> for</c><00:26:42.240><c> watching,</c><00:26:42.400><c> and</c>

24:55.146 --> 24:55.156 align:start position:0%
team Octopus. Thanks for watching, and
 

24:55.156 --> 24:58.876 align:start position:0%
team Octopus. Thanks for watching, and
we'll<00:26:42.799><c> see</c><00:26:42.880><c> you</c><00:26:42.960><c> in</c><00:26:43.039><c> the</c><00:26:43.120><c> next</c><00:26:43.279><c> one.</c>