WEBVTT

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The<00:00:00.720><c> Pacific</c><00:00:01.200><c> Northwest</c><00:00:01.840><c> is</c><00:00:02.080><c> sitting</c><00:00:02.520><c> on</c><00:00:02.680><c> a</c>

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The Pacific Northwest is sitting on a
 

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The Pacific Northwest is sitting on a
ticking<00:00:03.640><c> time</c><00:00:04.200><c> bomb.</c>

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ticking time bomb.
 

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ticking time bomb.
Scientists<00:00:05.960><c> warn</c><00:00:06.200><c> that</c><00:00:06.320><c> within</c><00:00:06.520><c> the</c><00:00:06.640><c> next</c><00:00:07.000><c> 50</c>

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Scientists warn that within the next 50
 

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Scientists warn that within the next 50
years,<00:00:08.280><c> a</c><00:00:08.480><c> catastrophic</c><00:00:09.560><c> magnitude</c><00:00:10.560><c> 9</c>

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years, a catastrophic magnitude 9
 

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years, a catastrophic magnitude 9
earthquake<00:00:12.080><c> could</c><00:00:12.320><c> strike</c><00:00:13.240><c> and</c><00:00:13.440><c> strike</c><00:00:13.960><c> hard.</c>

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earthquake could strike and strike hard.
 

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earthquake could strike and strike hard.
If<00:00:15.400><c> it</c><00:00:15.560><c> does,</c><00:00:16.160><c> entire</c><00:00:16.760><c> stretches</c><00:00:17.240><c> of</c>

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If it does, entire stretches of
 

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If it does, entire stretches of
coastline<00:00:18.000><c> will</c><00:00:18.160><c> drop</c><00:00:18.480><c> by</c><00:00:18.680><c> 2</c><00:00:19.040><c> m</c><00:00:20.040><c> within</c>

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coastline will drop by 2 m within
 

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coastline will drop by 2 m within
seconds.<00:00:21.680><c> The</c><00:00:21.800><c> ground</c><00:00:22.320><c> will</c><00:00:22.480><c> shake</c><00:00:22.960><c> violently</c>

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seconds. The ground will shake violently
 

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seconds. The ground will shake violently
and<00:00:23.840><c> then</c><00:00:24.400><c> a</c><00:00:24.560><c> colossal</c><00:00:25.280><c> tsunami</c><00:00:26.600><c> will</c><00:00:26.760><c> be</c>

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and then a colossal tsunami will be
 

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and then a colossal tsunami will be
unleashed.

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Entire<00:00:32.599><c> towns</c><00:00:33.200><c> will</c><00:00:33.320><c> be</c><00:00:33.440><c> erased</c><00:00:34.040><c> from</c><00:00:34.280><c> the</c><00:00:34.400><c> map</c>

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Entire towns will be erased from the map
 

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Entire towns will be erased from the map
with<00:00:35.240><c> little</c><00:00:35.600><c> to</c><00:00:35.760><c> no</c><00:00:36.360><c> warning.</c>

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with little to no warning.
 

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with little to no warning.
And<00:00:37.600><c> the</c><00:00:37.720><c> cause</c><00:00:38.280><c> of</c><00:00:38.600><c> all</c><00:00:38.840><c> this?</c><00:00:39.720><c> An</c><00:00:39.840><c> enormous</c>

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And the cause of all this? An enormous
 

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And the cause of all this? An enormous
fault<00:00:40.800><c> line</c><00:00:41.040><c> hidden</c><00:00:41.560><c> under</c><00:00:41.800><c> the</c><00:00:41.920><c> Pacific</c>

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fault line hidden under the Pacific
 

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fault line hidden under the Pacific
Ocean<00:00:43.080><c> known</c><00:00:43.880><c> as</c><00:00:44.080><c> the</c><00:00:44.240><c> Cascadia</c><00:00:45.320><c> Subduction</c>

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Ocean known as the Cascadia Subduction
 

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Ocean known as the Cascadia Subduction
Zone.

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Zone.
 

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Zone.
This<00:00:47.640><c> sleeping</c><00:00:48.160><c> giant</c><00:00:48.560><c> has</c><00:00:48.720><c> the</c><00:00:48.840><c> potential</c><00:00:49.480><c> to</c>

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This sleeping giant has the potential to
 

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This sleeping giant has the potential to
reshape<00:00:50.280><c> the</c><00:00:50.400><c> lives</c><00:00:50.800><c> of</c><00:00:50.880><c> nearly</c><00:00:51.160><c> 13</c><00:00:52.280><c> million</c>

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reshape the lives of nearly 13 million
 

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reshape the lives of nearly 13 million
people<00:00:53.320><c> in</c><00:00:53.480><c> the</c><00:00:53.600><c> blink</c><00:00:54.120><c> of</c><00:00:54.280><c> an</c><00:00:54.440><c> eye.</c>

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people in the blink of an eye.
 

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people in the blink of an eye.
We<00:00:55.560><c> know</c><00:00:55.920><c> that</c><00:00:56.080><c> it's</c><00:00:56.280><c> unleashed</c><00:00:56.760><c> megaquakes</c>

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We know that it's unleashed megaquakes
 

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We know that it's unleashed megaquakes
before<00:00:58.040><c> and</c><00:00:58.280><c> evidence</c><00:00:58.640><c> is</c><00:00:58.800><c> building</c><00:00:59.640><c> that</c>

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before and evidence is building that
 

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before and evidence is building that
another<00:01:00.160><c> one</c><00:01:00.440><c> is</c><00:01:00.680><c> on</c><00:01:01.000><c> the</c><00:01:01.160><c> way.</c>

01:02.510 --> 01:02.520 align:start position:0%
another one is on the way.
 

01:02.520 --> 01:04.390 align:start position:0%
another one is on the way.
An<00:01:02.640><c> international</c><00:01:03.240><c> team</c><00:01:03.480><c> of</c><00:01:03.600><c> scientists</c><00:01:04.280><c> are</c>

01:04.390 --> 01:04.400 align:start position:0%
An international team of scientists are
 

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An international team of scientists are
monitoring<00:01:04.920><c> the</c><00:01:05.000><c> plate</c><00:01:05.320><c> boundary</c><00:01:05.880><c> in</c><00:01:06.160><c> real</c>

01:06.510 --> 01:06.520 align:start position:0%
monitoring the plate boundary in real
 

01:06.520 --> 01:09.470 align:start position:0%
monitoring the plate boundary in real
time<00:01:07.040><c> as</c><00:01:07.200><c> the</c><00:01:07.320><c> pressure</c><00:01:07.840><c> starts</c><00:01:08.320><c> to</c><00:01:08.480><c> build,</c>

01:09.470 --> 01:09.480 align:start position:0%
time as the pressure starts to build,
 

01:09.480 --> 01:11.950 align:start position:0%
time as the pressure starts to build,
deploying<00:01:10.000><c> cutting-edge</c><00:01:10.800><c> technology</c><00:01:11.760><c> in</c><00:01:11.880><c> an</c>

01:11.950 --> 01:11.960 align:start position:0%
deploying cutting-edge technology in an
 

01:11.960 --> 01:14.350 align:start position:0%
deploying cutting-edge technology in an
attempt<00:01:12.360><c> to</c><00:01:12.480><c> work</c><00:01:12.720><c> out</c><00:01:12.880><c> exactly</c><00:01:14.160><c> when</c>

01:14.350 --> 01:14.360 align:start position:0%
attempt to work out exactly when
 

01:14.360 --> 01:17.350 align:start position:0%
attempt to work out exactly when
disaster<00:01:15.160><c> may</c><00:01:15.400><c> strike.</c>

01:17.350 --> 01:17.360 align:start position:0%
disaster may strike.
 

01:17.360 --> 01:18.950 align:start position:0%
disaster may strike.
I'm<00:01:17.520><c> James</c><00:01:17.800><c> Stewart</c><00:01:18.160><c> and</c><00:01:18.320><c> you're</c><00:01:18.480><c> watching</c>

01:18.950 --> 01:18.960 align:start position:0%
I'm James Stewart and you're watching
 

01:18.960 --> 01:21.710 align:start position:0%
I'm James Stewart and you're watching
Astrum<00:01:19.520><c> Earth.</c><00:01:20.320><c> Join</c><00:01:20.560><c> me</c><00:01:20.720><c> today</c><00:01:21.000><c> as</c><00:01:21.160><c> we</c><00:01:21.280><c> reveal</c>

01:21.710 --> 01:21.720 align:start position:0%
Astrum Earth. Join me today as we reveal
 

01:21.720 --> 01:23.910 align:start position:0%
Astrum Earth. Join me today as we reveal
how<00:01:22.120><c> scientists</c><00:01:22.800><c> are</c><00:01:22.920><c> trying</c><00:01:23.280><c> to</c><00:01:23.400><c> predict</c>

01:23.910 --> 01:23.920 align:start position:0%
how scientists are trying to predict
 

01:23.920 --> 01:26.510 align:start position:0%
how scientists are trying to predict
when<00:01:24.600><c> the</c><00:01:24.760><c> Cascadia</c><00:01:25.520><c> Subduction</c><00:01:26.160><c> Zone</c><00:01:26.400><c> will</c>

01:26.510 --> 01:26.520 align:start position:0%
when the Cascadia Subduction Zone will
 

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when the Cascadia Subduction Zone will
produce<00:01:27.000><c> another</c><00:01:28.080><c> deadly</c><00:01:28.800><c> megaquake.</c>

01:29.990 --> 01:30.000 align:start position:0%
produce another deadly megaquake.
 

01:30.000 --> 01:31.230 align:start position:0%
produce another deadly megaquake.
Because<00:01:30.280><c> for</c><00:01:30.400><c> the</c><00:01:30.560><c> millions</c><00:01:30.880><c> of</c><00:01:31.000><c> people</c>

01:31.230 --> 01:31.240 align:start position:0%
Because for the millions of people
 

01:31.240 --> 01:32.870 align:start position:0%
Because for the millions of people
living<00:01:31.480><c> along</c><00:01:31.760><c> this</c><00:01:32.040><c> coastline,</c><00:01:32.520><c> it's</c><00:01:32.640><c> not</c><00:01:32.840><c> a</c>

01:32.870 --> 01:32.880 align:start position:0%
living along this coastline, it's not a
 

01:32.880 --> 01:35.510 align:start position:0%
living along this coastline, it's not a
matter<00:01:33.240><c> of</c><00:01:33.480><c> if</c><00:01:33.880><c> it</c><00:01:34.040><c> will</c><00:01:34.240><c> happen,</c>

01:35.510 --> 01:35.520 align:start position:0%
matter of if it will happen,
 

01:35.520 --> 01:42.310 align:start position:0%
matter of if it will happen,
but<00:01:35.720><c> when.</c>

01:42.310 --> 01:42.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:42.320 --> 01:43.950 align:start position:0%
 
Beneath<00:01:42.680><c> the</c><00:01:42.800><c> quiet</c><00:01:43.200><c> coastline</c><00:01:43.720><c> of</c><00:01:43.840><c> the</c>

01:43.950 --> 01:43.960 align:start position:0%
Beneath the quiet coastline of the
 

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Beneath the quiet coastline of the
Pacific<00:01:44.600><c> Northwest</c><00:01:45.280><c> in</c><00:01:45.400><c> America</c><00:01:46.240><c> lies</c><00:01:46.520><c> one</c><00:01:46.640><c> of</c>

01:46.710 --> 01:46.720 align:start position:0%
Pacific Northwest in America lies one of
 

01:46.720 --> 01:49.310 align:start position:0%
Pacific Northwest in America lies one of
the<00:01:46.920><c> most</c><00:01:47.280><c> powerful</c><00:01:47.880><c> geological</c><00:01:48.440><c> systems</c><00:01:48.960><c> on</c>

01:49.310 --> 01:49.320 align:start position:0%
the most powerful geological systems on
 

01:49.320 --> 01:52.510 align:start position:0%
the most powerful geological systems on
Earth,<00:01:50.000><c> the</c><00:01:50.160><c> Cascadia</c><00:01:50.960><c> Subduction</c><00:01:51.920><c> Zone</c><00:01:52.280><c> or</c>

01:52.510 --> 01:52.520 align:start position:0%
Earth, the Cascadia Subduction Zone or
 

01:52.520 --> 01:54.110 align:start position:0%
Earth, the Cascadia Subduction Zone or
CSZ

01:54.110 --> 01:54.120 align:start position:0%
CSZ
 

01:54.120 --> 01:56.230 align:start position:0%
CSZ
for<00:01:54.400><c> short.</c><00:01:55.480><c> Running</c><00:01:55.760><c> from</c><00:01:55.920><c> northern</c>

01:56.230 --> 01:56.240 align:start position:0%
for short. Running from northern
 

01:56.240 --> 01:58.190 align:start position:0%
for short. Running from northern
California<00:01:57.000><c> all</c><00:01:57.200><c> the</c><00:01:57.320><c> way</c><00:01:57.520><c> north</c><00:01:58.000><c> to</c>

01:58.190 --> 01:58.200 align:start position:0%
California all the way north to
 

01:58.200 --> 02:01.110 align:start position:0%
California all the way north to
Vancouver<00:01:59.040><c> Island,</c><00:01:59.920><c> this</c><00:02:00.280><c> boundary,</c><00:02:00.920><c> more</c>

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Vancouver Island, this boundary, more
 

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Vancouver Island, this boundary, more
than<00:02:01.240><c> 1,000</c><00:02:01.920><c> km</c><00:02:02.560><c> long,</c><00:02:03.200><c> is</c><00:02:03.360><c> where</c><00:02:03.479><c> the</c><00:02:03.640><c> Juan</c><00:02:03.960><c> de</c>

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than 1,000 km long, is where the Juan de
 

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than 1,000 km long, is where the Juan de
Fuca<00:02:04.680><c> Plate</c><00:02:05.000><c> is</c><00:02:05.240><c> slowly</c><00:02:05.640><c> being</c><00:02:05.920><c> forced</c>

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Fuca Plate is slowly being forced
 

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Fuca Plate is slowly being forced
underneath<00:02:07.520><c> the</c><00:02:07.640><c> North</c><00:02:08.039><c> American</c><00:02:08.640><c> Plate.</c>

02:09.790 --> 02:09.800 align:start position:0%
underneath the North American Plate.
 

02:09.800 --> 02:12.070 align:start position:0%
underneath the North American Plate.
When<00:02:09.960><c> this</c><00:02:10.280><c> fault</c><00:02:10.600><c> line</c><00:02:10.920><c> ruptures,</c><00:02:11.840><c> it's</c>

02:12.070 --> 02:12.080 align:start position:0%
When this fault line ruptures, it's
 

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When this fault line ruptures, it's
capable<00:02:12.560><c> of</c><00:02:12.640><c> producing</c><00:02:13.360><c> mega-thrust</c>

02:14.470 --> 02:14.480 align:start position:0%
capable of producing mega-thrust
 

02:14.480 --> 02:17.190 align:start position:0%
capable of producing mega-thrust
earthquakes<00:02:15.280><c> or</c><00:02:15.560><c> megaquakes</c><00:02:16.840><c> measuring</c>

02:17.190 --> 02:17.200 align:start position:0%
earthquakes or megaquakes measuring
 

02:17.200 --> 02:19.590 align:start position:0%
earthquakes or megaquakes measuring
magnitude<00:02:17.800><c> 9</c><00:02:18.240><c> or</c><00:02:18.440><c> more</c><00:02:18.920><c> on</c><00:02:19.120><c> the</c><00:02:19.240><c> Richter</c>

02:19.590 --> 02:19.600 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 or more on the Richter
 

02:19.600 --> 02:22.350 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 or more on the Richter
scale.<00:02:20.560><c> A</c><00:02:20.680><c> logarithmic</c><00:02:21.440><c> scale</c><00:02:21.800><c> where</c><00:02:22.040><c> each</c>

02:22.350 --> 02:22.360 align:start position:0%
scale. A logarithmic scale where each
 

02:22.360 --> 02:25.949 align:start position:0%
scale. A logarithmic scale where each
whole<00:02:22.720><c> number</c><00:02:23.200><c> increase</c><00:02:24.320><c> indicates</c><00:02:25.080><c> 10</c><00:02:25.480><c> times</c>

02:25.949 --> 02:25.959 align:start position:0%
whole number increase indicates 10 times
 

02:25.959 --> 02:30.430 align:start position:0%
whole number increase indicates 10 times
greater<00:02:26.840><c> ground</c><00:02:27.400><c> shaking</c><00:02:28.240><c> and</c><00:02:28.480><c> 31</c><00:02:29.360><c> times</c><00:02:29.800><c> more</c>

02:30.430 --> 02:30.440 align:start position:0%
greater ground shaking and 31 times more
 

02:30.440 --> 02:32.150 align:start position:0%
greater ground shaking and 31 times more
energy<00:02:30.920><c> release.</c>

02:32.150 --> 02:32.160 align:start position:0%
energy release.
 

02:32.160 --> 02:34.070 align:start position:0%
energy release.
A<00:02:32.240><c> magnitude</c><00:02:32.920><c> 9</c><00:02:33.240><c> is</c><00:02:33.400><c> one</c><00:02:33.520><c> of</c><00:02:33.640><c> the</c><00:02:33.800><c> most</c>

02:34.070 --> 02:34.080 align:start position:0%
A magnitude 9 is one of the most
 

02:34.080 --> 02:36.590 align:start position:0%
A magnitude 9 is one of the most
powerful<00:02:34.680><c> earthquakes</c><00:02:35.160><c> there</c><00:02:35.400><c> can</c><00:02:35.800><c> be.</c>

02:36.590 --> 02:36.600 align:start position:0%
powerful earthquakes there can be.
 

02:36.600 --> 02:38.870 align:start position:0%
powerful earthquakes there can be.
They're<00:02:36.840><c> so</c><00:02:37.280><c> rare</c><00:02:37.520><c> that</c><00:02:37.720><c> only</c><00:02:37.959><c> a</c><00:02:38.080><c> handful</c><00:02:38.600><c> have</c>

02:38.870 --> 02:38.880 align:start position:0%
They're so rare that only a handful have
 

02:38.880 --> 02:41.190 align:start position:0%
They're so rare that only a handful have
ever<00:02:39.120><c> been</c><00:02:39.166><c> [music]</c><00:02:39.360><c> recorded</c><00:02:40.000><c> on</c><00:02:40.400><c> Earth.</c>

02:41.190 --> 02:41.200 align:start position:0%
ever been [music] recorded on Earth.
 

02:41.200 --> 02:43.630 align:start position:0%
ever been [music] recorded on Earth.
Entire<00:02:41.720><c> generations</c><00:02:42.360><c> will</c><00:02:42.560><c> never</c><00:02:42.920><c> experience</c>

02:43.630 --> 02:43.640 align:start position:0%
Entire generations will never experience
 

02:43.640 --> 02:45.630 align:start position:0%
Entire generations will never experience
one,<00:02:43.880><c> but</c><00:02:44.160><c> when</c><00:02:44.400><c> a</c><00:02:44.480><c> quake</c><00:02:44.760><c> like</c><00:02:44.959><c> this</c><00:02:45.280><c> does</c>

02:45.630 --> 02:45.640 align:start position:0%
one, but when a quake like this does
 

02:45.640 --> 02:49.670 align:start position:0%
one, but when a quake like this does
strike,<00:02:46.600><c> it</c><00:02:46.840><c> rewrites</c><00:02:47.320><c> history</c><00:02:48.000><c> forever.</c>

02:49.670 --> 02:49.680 align:start position:0%
strike, it rewrites history forever.
 

02:49.680 --> 02:51.390 align:start position:0%
strike, it rewrites history forever.
A<00:02:49.800><c> megaquake</c><00:02:50.360><c> can</c><00:02:50.560><c> release</c><00:02:50.840><c> the</c><00:02:51.040><c> energy</c>

02:51.390 --> 02:51.400 align:start position:0%
A megaquake can release the energy
 

02:51.400 --> 02:54.150 align:start position:0%
A megaquake can release the energy
equivalent<00:02:51.959><c> of</c><00:02:52.040><c> around</c><00:02:52.400><c> 2</c><00:02:52.760><c> million</c><00:02:53.440><c> Hiroshima</c>

02:54.150 --> 02:54.160 align:start position:0%
equivalent of around 2 million Hiroshima
 

02:54.160 --> 02:57.190 align:start position:0%
equivalent of around 2 million Hiroshima
bombs.

02:57.190 --> 02:57.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

02:57.200 --> 03:00.590 align:start position:0%
 
That's<00:02:57.440><c> 31</c><00:02:58.040><c> billion</c><00:02:58.360><c> tons</c><00:02:58.680><c> of</c><00:02:58.840><c> TNT</c><00:02:59.400><c> exploding</c>

03:00.590 --> 03:00.600 align:start position:0%
That's 31 billion tons of TNT exploding
 

03:00.600 --> 03:03.670 align:start position:0%
That's 31 billion tons of TNT exploding
right<00:03:01.080><c> beneath</c><00:03:01.600><c> your</c><00:03:01.840><c> feet.</c>

03:03.670 --> 03:03.680 align:start position:0%
right beneath your feet.
 

03:03.680 --> 03:05.670 align:start position:0%
right beneath your feet.
The<00:03:03.760><c> secret</c><00:03:04.200><c> to</c><00:03:04.280><c> this</c><00:03:04.440><c> incomprehensible</c>

03:05.670 --> 03:05.680 align:start position:0%
The secret to this incomprehensible
 

03:05.680 --> 03:08.790 align:start position:0%
The secret to this incomprehensible
amount<00:03:06.080><c> of</c><00:03:06.200><c> power</c><00:03:06.640><c> lies</c><00:03:07.000><c> deep</c><00:03:07.400><c> underground.</c>

03:08.790 --> 03:08.800 align:start position:0%
amount of power lies deep underground.
 

03:08.800 --> 03:11.270 align:start position:0%
amount of power lies deep underground.
Encircling<00:03:09.480><c> the</c><00:03:09.680><c> vast</c><00:03:10.080><c> Pacific</c><00:03:10.640><c> Ocean</c><00:03:11.040><c> is</c><00:03:11.160><c> one</c>

03:11.270 --> 03:11.280 align:start position:0%
Encircling the vast Pacific Ocean is one
 

03:11.280 --> 03:13.910 align:start position:0%
Encircling the vast Pacific Ocean is one
of<00:03:11.400><c> the</c><00:03:11.600><c> most</c><00:03:12.000><c> dynamic</c><00:03:12.600><c> and</c><00:03:12.840><c> volatile</c><00:03:13.440><c> regions</c>

03:13.910 --> 03:13.920 align:start position:0%
of the most dynamic and volatile regions
 

03:13.920 --> 03:17.710 align:start position:0%
of the most dynamic and volatile regions
on<00:03:14.280><c> Earth,</c><00:03:15.000><c> the</c><00:03:15.160><c> Pacific</c><00:03:15.959><c> Ring</c><00:03:16.320><c> of</c><00:03:16.600><c> Fire.</c>

03:17.710 --> 03:17.720 align:start position:0%
on Earth, the Pacific Ring of Fire.
 

03:17.720 --> 03:20.190 align:start position:0%
on Earth, the Pacific Ring of Fire.
This<00:03:17.959><c> 40,233</c>

03:20.190 --> 03:20.200 align:start position:0%
This 40,233
 

03:20.200 --> 03:23.350 align:start position:0%
This 40,233
km<00:03:20.680><c> horseshoe</c><00:03:21.440><c> arc</c><00:03:21.840><c> consists</c><00:03:22.440><c> of</c><00:03:22.560><c> a</c><00:03:22.640><c> chain</c><00:03:23.120><c> of</c>

03:23.350 --> 03:23.360 align:start position:0%
km horseshoe arc consists of a chain of
 

03:23.360 --> 03:25.662 align:start position:0%
km horseshoe arc consists of a chain of
452<00:03:24.560><c> volcanoes</c>

03:25.662 --> 03:25.672 align:start position:0%
452 volcanoes
 

03:25.672 --> 03:25.710 align:start position:0%
452 volcanoes
&gt;&gt; [music]

03:25.710 --> 03:25.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

03:25.720 --> 03:28.229 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; and<00:03:26.000><c> earthquake</c><00:03:26.600><c> hotspots,</c><00:03:27.640><c> many</c><00:03:27.880><c> of</c><00:03:27.959><c> which</c>

03:28.229 --> 03:28.239 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; and earthquake hotspots, many of which
 

03:28.239 --> 03:30.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; and earthquake hotspots, many of which
are<00:03:28.400><c> found</c><00:03:28.920><c> underwater.</c>

03:30.630 --> 03:30.640 align:start position:0%
are found underwater.
 

03:30.640 --> 03:32.830 align:start position:0%
are found underwater.
This<00:03:30.840><c> is</c><00:03:31.000><c> where</c><00:03:31.200><c> 90%</c><00:03:32.120><c> of</c><00:03:32.200><c> the</c><00:03:32.360><c> planet's</c>

03:32.830 --> 03:32.840 align:start position:0%
This is where 90% of the planet's
 

03:32.840 --> 03:34.832 align:start position:0%
This is where 90% of the planet's
seismic<00:03:33.320><c> activity</c><00:03:33.880><c> takes</c><00:03:34.280><c> place</c>

03:34.832 --> 03:34.842 align:start position:0%
seismic activity takes place
 

03:34.842 --> 03:35.070 align:start position:0%
seismic activity takes place
&gt;&gt; [music]

03:35.070 --> 03:35.080 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

03:35.080 --> 03:38.470 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; and<00:03:35.280><c> 75%</c><00:03:36.320><c> of</c><00:03:36.600><c> all</c><00:03:36.920><c> active</c><00:03:37.320><c> volcanoes</c><00:03:38.239><c> are</c>

03:38.470 --> 03:38.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; and 75% of all active volcanoes are
 

03:38.480 --> 03:41.350 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; and 75% of all active volcanoes are
found.<00:03:39.560><c> The</c><00:03:39.680><c> Ring</c><00:03:39.880><c> of</c><00:03:40.040><c> Fire</c><00:03:40.360><c> is</c><00:03:40.519><c> the</c><00:03:40.640><c> result</c><00:03:41.239><c> of</c>

03:41.350 --> 03:41.360 align:start position:0%
found. The Ring of Fire is the result of
 

03:41.360 --> 03:44.110 align:start position:0%
found. The Ring of Fire is the result of
the<00:03:41.560><c> restless</c><00:03:42.200><c> motion</c><00:03:42.800><c> of</c><00:03:43.080><c> Earth's</c><00:03:43.440><c> tectonic</c>

03:44.110 --> 03:44.120 align:start position:0%
the restless motion of Earth's tectonic
 

03:44.120 --> 03:46.910 align:start position:0%
the restless motion of Earth's tectonic
plates.<00:03:45.080><c> These</c><00:03:45.280><c> enormous</c><00:03:45.840><c> slabs</c><00:03:46.239><c> of</c><00:03:46.360><c> crust</c>

03:46.910 --> 03:46.920 align:start position:0%
plates. These enormous slabs of crust
 

03:46.920 --> 03:48.790 align:start position:0%
plates. These enormous slabs of crust
and<00:03:47.200><c> upper</c><00:03:47.519><c> mantle,</c><00:03:48.000><c> some</c><00:03:48.280><c> the</c><00:03:48.400><c> size</c><00:03:48.720><c> of</c>

03:48.790 --> 03:48.800 align:start position:0%
and upper mantle, some the size of
 

03:48.800 --> 03:53.150 align:start position:0%
and upper mantle, some the size of
entire<00:03:49.360><c> continents,</c><00:03:50.480><c> up</c><00:03:50.640><c> to</c><00:03:50.800><c> 200</c><00:03:51.640><c> km</c><00:03:52.280><c> thick,</c>

03:53.150 --> 03:53.160 align:start position:0%
entire continents, up to 200 km thick,
 

03:53.160 --> 03:56.710 align:start position:0%
entire continents, up to 200 km thick,
drift<00:03:53.560><c> slowly</c><00:03:54.040><c> atop</c><00:03:54.560><c> a</c><00:03:54.680><c> semi-molten</c><00:03:55.960><c> hot,</c>

03:56.710 --> 03:56.720 align:start position:0%
drift slowly atop a semi-molten hot,
 

03:56.720 --> 04:00.110 align:start position:0%
drift slowly atop a semi-molten hot,
gooey<00:03:57.160><c> layer</c><00:03:57.960><c> called</c><00:03:58.200><c> the</c><00:03:58.360><c> asthenosphere.</c>

04:00.110 --> 04:00.120 align:start position:0%
gooey layer called the asthenosphere.
 

04:00.120 --> 04:02.390 align:start position:0%
gooey layer called the asthenosphere.
Their<00:04:00.320><c> motion</c><00:04:00.720><c> is</c><00:04:00.880><c> powered</c><00:04:01.240><c> by</c><00:04:01.400><c> intense</c><00:04:02.040><c> heat</c>

04:02.390 --> 04:02.400 align:start position:0%
Their motion is powered by intense heat
 

04:02.400 --> 04:04.990 align:start position:0%
Their motion is powered by intense heat
that<00:04:02.640><c> rises</c><00:04:03.120><c> up</c><00:04:03.480><c> from</c><00:04:03.720><c> deep</c><00:04:04.040><c> within</c><00:04:04.560><c> Earth's</c>

04:04.990 --> 04:05.000 align:start position:0%
that rises up from deep within Earth's
 

04:05.000 --> 04:07.750 align:start position:0%
that rises up from deep within Earth's
interior.<00:04:06.200><c> And</c><00:04:06.520><c> as</c><00:04:06.720><c> they</c><00:04:06.880><c> move</c><00:04:07.120><c> around,</c><00:04:07.520><c> these</c>

04:07.750 --> 04:07.760 align:start position:0%
interior. And as they move around, these
 

04:07.760 --> 04:10.350 align:start position:0%
interior. And as they move around, these
plates<00:04:08.160><c> collide,</c><00:04:08.880><c> pull</c><00:04:09.120><c> apart,</c><00:04:09.600><c> or</c><00:04:09.800><c> grind</c>

04:10.350 --> 04:10.360 align:start position:0%
plates collide, pull apart, or grind
 

04:10.360 --> 04:13.310 align:start position:0%
plates collide, pull apart, or grind
past<00:04:10.840><c> one</c><00:04:11.040><c> another,</c><00:04:11.840><c> generating</c><00:04:12.640><c> immense</c>

04:13.310 --> 04:13.320 align:start position:0%
past one another, generating immense
 

04:13.320 --> 04:14.830 align:start position:0%
past one another, generating immense
forces.

04:14.830 --> 04:14.840 align:start position:0%
forces.
 

04:14.840 --> 04:17.630 align:start position:0%
forces.
In<00:04:14.959><c> the</c><00:04:15.080><c> Cascadia</c><00:04:15.880><c> region</c><00:04:16.239><c> of</c><00:04:16.480><c> this</c><00:04:16.799><c> ring,</c><00:04:17.480><c> we</c>

04:17.630 --> 04:17.640 align:start position:0%
In the Cascadia region of this ring, we
 

04:17.640 --> 04:20.349 align:start position:0%
In the Cascadia region of this ring, we
find<00:04:18.040><c> a</c><00:04:18.120><c> convergent</c><00:04:19.000><c> plate</c><00:04:19.359><c> boundary,</c><00:04:20.200><c> where</c>

04:20.349 --> 04:20.359 align:start position:0%
find a convergent plate boundary, where
 

04:20.359 --> 04:22.430 align:start position:0%
find a convergent plate boundary, where
the<00:04:20.519><c> Juan</c><00:04:20.840><c> de</c><00:04:20.959><c> Fuca</c><00:04:21.359><c> plate,</c><00:04:21.720><c> made</c><00:04:21.920><c> of</c><00:04:22.040><c> dense</c>

04:22.430 --> 04:22.440 align:start position:0%
the Juan de Fuca plate, made of dense
 

04:22.440 --> 04:25.110 align:start position:0%
the Juan de Fuca plate, made of dense
oceanic<00:04:23.080><c> crust,</c><00:04:23.919><c> is</c><00:04:24.120><c> sliding</c><00:04:24.640><c> under</c><00:04:24.919><c> the</c>

04:25.110 --> 04:25.120 align:start position:0%
oceanic crust, is sliding under the
 

04:25.120 --> 04:27.150 align:start position:0%
oceanic crust, is sliding under the
continental<00:04:25.840><c> North</c><00:04:26.200><c> American</c><00:04:26.840><c> plate</c>

04:27.150 --> 04:27.160 align:start position:0%
continental North American plate
 

04:27.160 --> 04:30.870 align:start position:0%
continental North American plate
incredibly<00:04:28.040><c> slowly,</c><00:04:29.000><c> at</c><00:04:29.160><c> around</c><00:04:29.600><c> 4</c><00:04:29.919><c> cm</c><00:04:30.760><c> a</c>

04:30.870 --> 04:30.880 align:start position:0%
incredibly slowly, at around 4 cm a
 

04:30.880 --> 04:32.390 align:start position:0%
incredibly slowly, at around 4 cm a
year.

04:32.390 --> 04:32.400 align:start position:0%
year.
 

04:32.400 --> 04:34.710 align:start position:0%
year.
Some<00:04:32.840><c> sections</c><00:04:33.440><c> slip</c><00:04:33.760><c> gradually</c><00:04:34.400><c> in</c><00:04:34.520><c> what</c>

04:34.710 --> 04:34.720 align:start position:0%
Some sections slip gradually in what
 

04:34.720 --> 04:37.710 align:start position:0%
Some sections slip gradually in what
scientists<00:04:35.360><c> call</c><00:04:35.720><c> slow</c><00:04:36.240><c> slip</c><00:04:36.800><c> events,</c><00:04:37.520><c> or</c>

04:37.710 --> 04:37.720 align:start position:0%
scientists call slow slip events, or
 

04:37.720 --> 04:40.310 align:start position:0%
scientists call slow slip events, or
silent<00:04:38.520><c> earthquakes,</c><00:04:39.560><c> which</c><00:04:39.760><c> release</c><00:04:40.080><c> small</c>

04:40.310 --> 04:40.320 align:start position:0%
silent earthquakes, which release small
 

04:40.320 --> 04:42.230 align:start position:0%
silent earthquakes, which release small
amounts<00:04:40.640><c> of</c><00:04:40.720><c> energy</c><00:04:41.080><c> over</c><00:04:41.440><c> weeks</c><00:04:41.840><c> or</c><00:04:41.960><c> even</c>

04:42.230 --> 04:42.240 align:start position:0%
amounts of energy over weeks or even
 

04:42.240 --> 04:44.150 align:start position:0%
amounts of energy over weeks or even
months.<00:04:43.000><c> This</c><00:04:43.160><c> is</c><00:04:43.280><c> often</c><00:04:43.480><c> accompanied</c><00:04:43.919><c> by</c>

04:44.150 --> 04:44.160 align:start position:0%
months. This is often accompanied by
 

04:44.160 --> 04:46.550 align:start position:0%
months. This is often accompanied by
tremors,<00:04:44.919><c> faint,</c><00:04:45.280><c> continuous</c><00:04:45.880><c> vibrations</c>

04:46.550 --> 04:46.560 align:start position:0%
tremors, faint, continuous vibrations
 

04:46.560 --> 04:48.950 align:start position:0%
tremors, faint, continuous vibrations
deep<00:04:46.880><c> within</c><00:04:47.240><c> the</c><00:04:47.480><c> Earth,</c><00:04:47.919><c> so</c><00:04:48.160><c> subtle</c><00:04:48.600><c> that</c><00:04:48.800><c> we</c>

04:48.950 --> 04:48.960 align:start position:0%
deep within the Earth, so subtle that we
 

04:48.960 --> 04:51.190 align:start position:0%
deep within the Earth, so subtle that we
can't<00:04:49.400><c> really</c><00:04:49.680><c> feel</c><00:04:50.000><c> them,</c><00:04:50.440><c> but</c><00:04:50.640><c> sensitive</c>

04:51.190 --> 04:51.200 align:start position:0%
can't really feel them, but sensitive
 

04:51.200 --> 04:54.150 align:start position:0%
can't really feel them, but sensitive
seismographs<00:04:52.240><c> can.</c>

04:54.150 --> 04:54.160 align:start position:0%
seismographs can.
 

04:54.160 --> 04:56.510 align:start position:0%
seismographs can.
Now,<00:04:54.280><c> this</c><00:04:54.480><c> motion</c><00:04:54.800><c> isn't</c><00:04:55.080><c> always</c><00:04:55.560><c> smooth.</c>

04:56.510 --> 04:56.520 align:start position:0%
Now, this motion isn't always smooth.
 

04:56.520 --> 04:58.630 align:start position:0%
Now, this motion isn't always smooth.
When<00:04:56.840><c> immense</c><00:04:57.240><c> stress</c><00:04:57.560><c> builds</c><00:04:57.960><c> up</c><00:04:58.200><c> along</c><00:04:58.520><c> the</c>

04:58.630 --> 04:58.640 align:start position:0%
When immense stress builds up along the
 

04:58.640 --> 05:00.670 align:start position:0%
When immense stress builds up along the
fault<00:04:59.000><c> line,</c><00:04:59.160><c> it</c><00:04:59.280><c> eventually</c><00:04:59.840><c> reaches</c><00:05:00.520><c> a</c>

05:00.670 --> 05:00.680 align:start position:0%
fault line, it eventually reaches a
 

05:00.680 --> 05:03.390 align:start position:0%
fault line, it eventually reaches a
breaking<00:05:01.280><c> point.</c><00:05:02.400><c> The</c><00:05:02.480><c> plates</c><00:05:02.919><c> buckle</c>

05:03.390 --> 05:03.400 align:start position:0%
breaking point. The plates buckle
 

05:03.400 --> 05:06.350 align:start position:0%
breaking point. The plates buckle
violently,<00:05:04.320><c> lurching</c><00:05:05.200><c> past</c><00:05:05.760><c> each</c><00:05:06.040><c> other</c><00:05:06.200><c> in</c><00:05:06.280><c> a</c>

05:06.350 --> 05:06.360 align:start position:0%
violently, lurching past each other in a
 

05:06.360 --> 05:09.190 align:start position:0%
violently, lurching past each other in a
sudden<00:05:06.760><c> release</c><00:05:07.200><c> of</c><00:05:07.480><c> energy</c><00:05:07.800><c> that</c><00:05:08.000><c> triggers</c><00:05:09.000><c> a</c>

05:09.190 --> 05:09.200 align:start position:0%
sudden release of energy that triggers a
 

05:09.200 --> 05:12.830 align:start position:0%
sudden release of energy that triggers a
deadly<00:05:10.000><c> megathrust</c><00:05:11.120><c> earthquake.</c><00:05:12.440><c> The</c><00:05:12.520><c> most</c>

05:12.830 --> 05:12.840 align:start position:0%
deadly megathrust earthquake. The most
 

05:12.840 --> 05:14.909 align:start position:0%
deadly megathrust earthquake. The most
recent<00:05:13.160><c> one</c><00:05:13.400><c> struck</c><00:05:13.840><c> off</c><00:05:14.000><c> the</c><00:05:14.120><c> far</c><00:05:14.480><c> eastern</c>

05:14.909 --> 05:14.919 align:start position:0%
recent one struck off the far eastern
 

05:14.919 --> 05:18.390 align:start position:0%
recent one struck off the far eastern
coast<00:05:15.440><c> of</c><00:05:15.720><c> Russia's</c><00:05:16.200><c> Kamchatka</c><00:05:17.240><c> Peninsula</c><00:05:18.240><c> on</c>

05:18.390 --> 05:18.400 align:start position:0%
coast of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on
 

05:18.400 --> 05:20.990 align:start position:0%
coast of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on
July<00:05:18.680><c> 29th,</c><00:05:19.440><c> 2025,</c>

05:20.990 --> 05:21.000 align:start position:0%
July 29th, 2025,
 

05:21.000 --> 05:24.670 align:start position:0%
July 29th, 2025,
at<00:05:21.160><c> a</c><00:05:21.240><c> depth</c><00:05:21.640><c> of</c><00:05:21.800><c> 35</c><00:05:22.640><c> km,</c><00:05:23.680><c> and</c><00:05:23.880><c> registering</c><00:05:24.480><c> as</c>

05:24.670 --> 05:24.680 align:start position:0%
at a depth of 35 km, and registering as
 

05:24.680 --> 05:28.670 align:start position:0%
at a depth of 35 km, and registering as
a<00:05:24.760><c> massive</c><00:05:25.440><c> 8.8</c><00:05:26.880><c> on</c><00:05:27.000><c> the</c><00:05:27.120><c> Richter</c><00:05:27.520><c> scale.</c>

05:28.670 --> 05:28.680 align:start position:0%
a massive 8.8 on the Richter scale.
 

05:28.680 --> 05:30.870 align:start position:0%
a massive 8.8 on the Richter scale.
If,<00:05:29.040><c> or</c><00:05:29.200><c> should</c><00:05:29.360><c> I</c><00:05:29.440><c> say</c><00:05:29.720><c> when</c><00:05:30.160><c> an</c><00:05:30.280><c> event</c><00:05:30.600><c> like</c>

05:30.870 --> 05:30.880 align:start position:0%
If, or should I say when an event like
 

05:30.880 --> 05:34.110 align:start position:0%
If, or should I say when an event like
this<00:05:31.160><c> happens</c><00:05:31.760><c> at</c><00:05:31.919><c> the</c><00:05:32.040><c> CSZ,</c><00:05:33.400><c> scientists</c><00:05:34.000><c> have</c>

05:34.110 --> 05:34.120 align:start position:0%
this happens at the CSZ, scientists have
 

05:34.120 --> 05:36.030 align:start position:0%
this happens at the CSZ, scientists have
predicted<00:05:34.560><c> that</c><00:05:34.680><c> the</c><00:05:34.760><c> Pacific</c><00:05:35.360><c> Northwest</c>

05:36.030 --> 05:36.040 align:start position:0%
predicted that the Pacific Northwest
 

05:36.040 --> 05:37.790 align:start position:0%
predicted that the Pacific Northwest
will<00:05:36.160><c> suffer</c><00:05:36.480><c> one</c><00:05:36.600><c> of</c><00:05:36.680><c> the</c><00:05:36.880><c> worst</c><00:05:37.400><c> natural</c>

05:37.790 --> 05:37.800 align:start position:0%
will suffer one of the worst natural
 

05:37.800 --> 05:40.230 align:start position:0%
will suffer one of the worst natural
disasters<00:05:38.320><c> in</c><00:05:38.440><c> the</c><00:05:38.600><c> history</c><00:05:39.600><c> of</c><00:05:39.800><c> North</c>

05:40.230 --> 05:40.240 align:start position:0%
disasters in the history of North
 

05:40.240 --> 05:41.870 align:start position:0%
disasters in the history of North
America.

05:41.870 --> 05:41.880 align:start position:0%
America.
 

05:41.880 --> 05:43.630 align:start position:0%
America.
As<00:05:42.040><c> per</c><00:05:42.240><c> their</c><00:05:42.480><c> predictions,</c><00:05:43.160><c> the</c><00:05:43.240><c> ground</c>

05:43.630 --> 05:43.640 align:start position:0%
As per their predictions, the ground
 

05:43.640 --> 05:45.710 align:start position:0%
As per their predictions, the ground
near<00:05:43.760><c> the</c><00:05:43.919><c> coast</c><00:05:44.280><c> will</c><00:05:44.400><c> shake</c><00:05:44.640><c> continuously</c>

05:45.710 --> 05:45.720 align:start position:0%
near the coast will shake continuously
 

05:45.720 --> 05:49.190 align:start position:0%
near the coast will shake continuously
for<00:05:46.000><c> 3</c><00:05:46.440><c> minutes,</c><00:05:47.280><c> and</c><00:05:47.560><c> drops</c><00:05:47.920><c> suddenly</c><00:05:48.440><c> by</c><00:05:48.720><c> 2</c>

05:49.190 --> 05:49.200 align:start position:0%
for 3 minutes, and drops suddenly by 2
 

05:49.200 --> 05:52.030 align:start position:0%
for 3 minutes, and drops suddenly by 2
m.<00:05:50.440><c> And</c><00:05:50.760><c> as</c><00:05:50.920><c> the</c><00:05:51.000><c> event</c><00:05:51.280><c> will</c><00:05:51.400><c> take</c><00:05:51.600><c> place</c><00:05:51.920><c> in</c>

05:52.030 --> 05:52.040 align:start position:0%
m. And as the event will take place in
 

05:52.040 --> 05:53.950 align:start position:0%
m. And as the event will take place in
the<00:05:52.200><c> ocean,</c><00:05:52.920><c> it</c><00:05:53.040><c> will</c><00:05:53.160><c> likely</c><00:05:53.480><c> trigger</c><00:05:53.840><c> a</c>

05:53.950 --> 05:53.960 align:start position:0%
the ocean, it will likely trigger a
 

05:53.960 --> 05:57.150 align:start position:0%
the ocean, it will likely trigger a
tsunami,<00:05:55.040><c> a</c><00:05:55.200><c> wall</c><00:05:55.600><c> of</c><00:05:55.800><c> powerful,</c><00:05:56.560><c> raging</c>

05:57.150 --> 05:57.160 align:start position:0%
tsunami, a wall of powerful, raging
 

05:57.160 --> 06:00.470 align:start position:0%
tsunami, a wall of powerful, raging
seawater,<00:05:58.360><c> 30</c><00:05:58.920><c> m</c><00:05:59.480><c> high</c><00:05:59.760><c> and</c><00:05:59.920><c> stretching</c><00:06:00.360><c> more</c>

06:00.470 --> 06:00.480 align:start position:0%
seawater, 30 m high and stretching more
 

06:00.480 --> 06:04.230 align:start position:0%
seawater, 30 m high and stretching more
than<00:06:00.640><c> 1,000</c><00:06:01.400><c> km</c><00:06:02.200><c> along</c><00:06:02.640><c> the</c><00:06:02.800><c> coast.</c><00:06:03.920><c> As</c><00:06:04.120><c> it</c>

06:04.230 --> 06:04.240 align:start position:0%
than 1,000 km along the coast. As it
 

06:04.240 --> 06:06.230 align:start position:0%
than 1,000 km along the coast. As it
surges<00:06:04.720><c> inland,</c><00:06:05.120><c> it</c><00:06:05.320><c> will</c><00:06:05.520><c> destroy</c>

06:06.230 --> 06:06.240 align:start position:0%
surges inland, it will destroy
 

06:06.240 --> 06:08.790 align:start position:0%
surges inland, it will destroy
everything<00:06:06.880><c> in</c><00:06:07.000><c> its</c><00:06:07.200><c> path.</c><00:06:08.160><c> But</c><00:06:08.320><c> that's</c><00:06:08.600><c> not</c>

06:08.790 --> 06:08.800 align:start position:0%
everything in its path. But that's not
 

06:08.800 --> 06:11.190 align:start position:0%
everything in its path. But that's not
even<00:06:09.040><c> the</c><00:06:09.160><c> worst</c><00:06:09.560><c> part.</c><00:06:10.320><c> A</c><00:06:10.480><c> new</c><00:06:10.880><c> study</c>

06:11.190 --> 06:11.200 align:start position:0%
even the worst part. A new study
 

06:11.200 --> 06:13.190 align:start position:0%
even the worst part. A new study
published<00:06:11.640><c> in</c><00:06:11.760><c> the</c><00:06:11.920><c> journal</c><00:06:12.400><c> Geosphere</c><00:06:13.120><c> on</c>

06:13.190 --> 06:13.200 align:start position:0%
published in the journal Geosphere on
 

06:13.200 --> 06:16.110 align:start position:0%
published in the journal Geosphere on
the<00:06:13.320><c> 29th</c><00:06:13.840><c> of</c><00:06:13.920><c> September</c><00:06:14.480><c> 2025</c>

06:16.110 --> 06:16.120 align:start position:0%
the 29th of September 2025
 

06:16.120 --> 06:20.150 align:start position:0%
the 29th of September 2025
suggests<00:06:16.480><c> that</c><00:06:16.600><c> the</c><00:06:16.760><c> CSZ</c><00:06:17.880><c> may</c><00:06:18.200><c> not</c><00:06:18.680><c> act</c><00:06:19.120><c> alone.</c>

06:20.150 --> 06:20.160 align:start position:0%
suggests that the CSZ may not act alone.
 

06:20.160 --> 06:22.270 align:start position:0%
suggests that the CSZ may not act alone.
Marine<00:06:20.560><c> geologist</c><00:06:21.120><c> Chris</c><00:06:21.480><c> Goldfinger</c><00:06:22.080><c> and</c>

06:22.270 --> 06:22.280 align:start position:0%
Marine geologist Chris Goldfinger and
 

06:22.280 --> 06:24.230 align:start position:0%
Marine geologist Chris Goldfinger and
his<00:06:22.640><c> team</c><00:06:23.000><c> have</c><00:06:23.240><c> found</c><00:06:23.520><c> evidence</c><00:06:23.919><c> that</c><00:06:24.040><c> the</c>

06:24.230 --> 06:24.240 align:start position:0%
his team have found evidence that the
 

06:24.240 --> 06:26.750 align:start position:0%
his team have found evidence that the
two<00:06:24.520><c> most</c><00:06:24.880><c> dangerous</c><00:06:25.360><c> faults</c><00:06:25.720><c> on</c><00:06:25.880><c> the</c><00:06:26.000><c> US</c><00:06:26.400><c> West</c>

06:26.750 --> 06:26.760 align:start position:0%
two most dangerous faults on the US West
 

06:26.760 --> 06:30.590 align:start position:0%
two most dangerous faults on the US West
Coast,<00:06:27.520><c> the</c><00:06:27.720><c> CSZ</c><00:06:28.640><c> and</c><00:06:28.800><c> the</c><00:06:28.919><c> San</c><00:06:29.320><c> Andreas,</c><00:06:30.360><c> may</c>

06:30.590 --> 06:30.600 align:start position:0%
Coast, the CSZ and the San Andreas, may
 

06:30.600 --> 06:33.030 align:start position:0%
Coast, the CSZ and the San Andreas, may
be<00:06:30.880><c> far</c><00:06:31.240><c> more</c><00:06:31.480><c> connected</c><00:06:32.160><c> than</c><00:06:32.360><c> scientists</c>

06:33.030 --> 06:33.040 align:start position:0%
be far more connected than scientists
 

06:33.040 --> 06:35.510 align:start position:0%
be far more connected than scientists
once<00:06:33.440><c> thought.</c><00:06:34.320><c> The</c><00:06:34.440><c> San</c><00:06:34.680><c> Andreas</c><00:06:35.120><c> fault</c><00:06:35.400><c> is</c>

06:35.510 --> 06:35.520 align:start position:0%
once thought. The San Andreas fault is
 

06:35.520 --> 06:38.030 align:start position:0%
once thought. The San Andreas fault is
one<00:06:35.640><c> of</c><00:06:35.760><c> the</c><00:06:36.000><c> most</c><00:06:36.480><c> highly</c><00:06:37.000><c> active</c><00:06:37.440><c> faults</c><00:06:37.880><c> in</c>

06:38.030 --> 06:38.040 align:start position:0%
one of the most highly active faults in
 

06:38.040 --> 06:40.710 align:start position:0%
one of the most highly active faults in
the<00:06:38.160><c> world,</c><00:06:38.880><c> causing</c><00:06:39.200><c> more</c><00:06:39.320><c> than</c><00:06:39.520><c> 10,000</c>

06:40.710 --> 06:40.720 align:start position:0%
the world, causing more than 10,000
 

06:40.720 --> 06:42.909 align:start position:0%
the world, causing more than 10,000
earthquakes<00:06:41.280><c> a</c><00:06:41.440><c> year</c><00:06:42.280><c> in</c><00:06:42.480><c> Southern</c>

06:42.909 --> 06:42.919 align:start position:0%
earthquakes a year in Southern
 

06:42.919 --> 06:45.510 align:start position:0%
earthquakes a year in Southern
California.<00:06:44.320><c> At</c><00:06:44.400><c> its</c><00:06:44.600><c> closest</c><00:06:45.120><c> point,</c><00:06:45.400><c> it's</c>

06:45.510 --> 06:45.520 align:start position:0%
California. At its closest point, it's
 

06:45.520 --> 06:49.710 align:start position:0%
California. At its closest point, it's
located<00:06:46.000><c> just</c><00:06:46.200><c> 56</c><00:06:46.800><c> km</c><00:06:47.680><c> from</c><00:06:48.080><c> Los</c><00:06:48.320><c> Angeles.</c>

06:49.710 --> 06:49.720 align:start position:0%
located just 56 km from Los Angeles.
 

06:49.720 --> 06:52.150 align:start position:0%
located just 56 km from Los Angeles.
For<00:06:50.000><c> decades,</c><00:06:50.760><c> scientists</c><00:06:51.280><c> have</c><00:06:51.440><c> suspected</c>

06:52.150 --> 06:52.160 align:start position:0%
For decades, scientists have suspected
 

06:52.160 --> 06:54.790 align:start position:0%
For decades, scientists have suspected
that<00:06:52.320><c> major</c><00:06:52.800><c> faults</c><00:06:53.280><c> could</c><00:06:53.800><c> influence</c><00:06:54.480><c> one</c>

06:54.790 --> 06:54.800 align:start position:0%
that major faults could influence one
 

06:54.800 --> 06:57.190 align:start position:0%
that major faults could influence one
another,<00:06:55.600><c> but</c><00:06:55.840><c> direct</c><00:06:56.440><c> evidence</c><00:06:56.919><c> from</c>

06:57.190 --> 06:57.200 align:start position:0%
another, but direct evidence from
 

06:57.200 --> 07:00.430 align:start position:0%
another, but direct evidence from
real-world<00:06:57.680><c> events</c><00:06:58.080><c> has</c><00:06:58.320><c> remained</c><00:06:59.160><c> elusive.</c>

07:00.430 --> 07:00.440 align:start position:0%
real-world events has remained elusive.
 

07:00.440 --> 07:02.510 align:start position:0%
real-world events has remained elusive.
Until<00:07:00.800><c> now,</c><00:07:01.240><c> that</c><00:07:01.440><c> is.</c>

07:02.510 --> 07:02.520 align:start position:0%
Until now, that is.
 

07:02.520 --> 07:04.590 align:start position:0%
Until now, that is.
It<00:07:02.600><c> began</c><00:07:02.919><c> with</c><00:07:03.040><c> an</c><00:07:03.200><c> unexpected</c><00:07:03.840><c> discovery</c><00:07:04.400><c> in</c>

07:04.590 --> 07:04.600 align:start position:0%
It began with an unexpected discovery in
 

07:04.600 --> 07:06.350 align:start position:0%
It began with an unexpected discovery in
1999.

07:06.350 --> 07:06.360 align:start position:0%
1999.
 

07:06.360 --> 07:08.350 align:start position:0%
1999.
During<00:07:06.640><c> expeditions</c><00:07:07.320><c> off</c><00:07:07.520><c> the</c><00:07:07.680><c> coast</c><00:07:08.120><c> of</c>

07:08.350 --> 07:08.360 align:start position:0%
During expeditions off the coast of
 

07:08.360 --> 07:10.670 align:start position:0%
During expeditions off the coast of
Oregon<00:07:08.840><c> and</c><00:07:09.040><c> Northern</c><00:07:09.440><c> California,</c>

07:10.670 --> 07:10.680 align:start position:0%
Oregon and Northern California,
 

07:10.680 --> 07:12.470 align:start position:0%
Oregon and Northern California,
Goldfinger's<00:07:11.320><c> team</c><00:07:11.640><c> collected</c><00:07:12.040><c> sediment</c>

07:12.470 --> 07:12.480 align:start position:0%
Goldfinger's team collected sediment
 

07:12.480 --> 07:15.270 align:start position:0%
Goldfinger's team collected sediment
cores<00:07:12.840><c> recording</c><00:07:13.240><c> around</c><00:07:13.600><c> 3,100</c>

07:15.270 --> 07:15.280 align:start position:0%
cores recording around 3,100
 

07:15.280 --> 07:18.270 align:start position:0%
cores recording around 3,100
years<00:07:16.000><c> of</c><00:07:16.240><c> geological</c><00:07:16.800><c> history</c><00:07:17.280><c> along</c><00:07:18.120><c> the</c>

07:18.270 --> 07:18.280 align:start position:0%
years of geological history along the
 

07:18.280 --> 07:19.830 align:start position:0%
years of geological history along the
CSZ.

07:19.830 --> 07:19.840 align:start position:0%
CSZ.
 

07:19.840 --> 07:21.630 align:start position:0%
CSZ.
Within<00:07:20.160><c> them</c><00:07:20.280><c> were</c><00:07:20.480><c> turbidites,</c><00:07:21.200><c> layers</c><00:07:21.520><c> of</c>

07:21.630 --> 07:21.640 align:start position:0%
Within them were turbidites, layers of
 

07:21.640 --> 07:23.630 align:start position:0%
Within them were turbidites, layers of
sediment<00:07:22.000><c> left</c><00:07:22.200><c> behind</c><00:07:22.720><c> by</c><00:07:22.960><c> underwater</c>

07:23.630 --> 07:23.640 align:start position:0%
sediment left behind by underwater
 

07:23.640 --> 07:25.430 align:start position:0%
sediment left behind by underwater
landslides<00:07:24.280><c> often</c><00:07:24.600><c> triggered</c><00:07:25.120><c> by</c>

07:25.430 --> 07:25.440 align:start position:0%
landslides often triggered by
 

07:25.440 --> 07:27.230 align:start position:0%
landslides often triggered by
earthquakes.

07:27.230 --> 07:27.240 align:start position:0%
earthquakes.
 

07:27.240 --> 07:29.550 align:start position:0%
earthquakes.
Although<00:07:27.440><c> they</c><00:07:27.560><c> were</c><00:07:27.680><c> studying</c><00:07:28.040><c> the</c><00:07:28.160><c> CSZ,</c><00:07:29.320><c> at</c>

07:29.550 --> 07:29.560 align:start position:0%
Although they were studying the CSZ, at
 

07:29.560 --> 07:31.990 align:start position:0%
Although they were studying the CSZ, at
one<00:07:29.800><c> point</c><00:07:30.080><c> the</c><00:07:30.200><c> team</c><00:07:30.480><c> drifted</c><00:07:30.919><c> off</c><00:07:31.160><c> course</c>

07:31.990 --> 07:32.000 align:start position:0%
one point the team drifted off course
 

07:32.000 --> 07:35.390 align:start position:0%
one point the team drifted off course
and<00:07:32.200><c> found</c><00:07:32.400><c> themselves</c><00:07:32.919><c> just</c><00:07:33.200><c> 88</c><00:07:33.760><c> km</c><00:07:34.400><c> south</c><00:07:35.280><c> of</c>

07:35.390 --> 07:35.400 align:start position:0%
and found themselves just 88 km south of
 

07:35.400 --> 07:38.030 align:start position:0%
and found themselves just 88 km south of
the<00:07:35.520><c> San</c><00:07:35.840><c> Andreas</c><00:07:36.440><c> fault</c><00:07:36.800><c> zone.</c><00:07:37.400><c> And</c><00:07:37.720><c> whilst</c>

07:38.030 --> 07:38.040 align:start position:0%
the San Andreas fault zone. And whilst
 

07:38.040 --> 07:39.390 align:start position:0%
the San Andreas fault zone. And whilst
there,<00:07:38.400><c> they</c><00:07:38.600><c> decided</c><00:07:39.040><c> to</c><00:07:39.120><c> collect</c>

07:39.390 --> 07:39.400 align:start position:0%
there, they decided to collect
 

07:39.400 --> 07:41.990 align:start position:0%
there, they decided to collect
additional<00:07:40.080><c> sediment</c><00:07:40.680><c> cores.</c><00:07:41.200><c> I</c><00:07:41.280><c> mean,</c><00:07:41.760><c> why</c>

07:41.990 --> 07:42.000 align:start position:0%
additional sediment cores. I mean, why
 

07:42.000 --> 07:43.350 align:start position:0%
additional sediment cores. I mean, why
wouldn't<00:07:42.240><c> you?</c>

07:43.350 --> 07:43.360 align:start position:0%
wouldn't you?
 

07:43.360 --> 07:45.870 align:start position:0%
wouldn't you?
What<00:07:43.560><c> they</c><00:07:43.680><c> uncovered</c><00:07:44.200><c> was</c><00:07:44.680><c> chilling.</c>

07:45.870 --> 07:45.880 align:start position:0%
What they uncovered was chilling.
 

07:45.880 --> 07:48.270 align:start position:0%
What they uncovered was chilling.
The<00:07:46.000><c> turbidite</c><00:07:46.560><c> layers</c><00:07:46.920><c> closely</c><00:07:47.560><c> match</c><00:07:47.960><c> those</c>

07:48.270 --> 07:48.280 align:start position:0%
The turbidite layers closely match those
 

07:48.280 --> 07:51.270 align:start position:0%
The turbidite layers closely match those
from<00:07:48.440><c> the</c><00:07:48.600><c> CSZ</c><00:07:49.760><c> in</c><00:07:49.960><c> both</c><00:07:50.280><c> structure</c><00:07:50.880><c> and</c>

07:51.270 --> 07:51.280 align:start position:0%
from the CSZ in both structure and
 

07:51.280 --> 07:53.910 align:start position:0%
from the CSZ in both structure and
timing,<00:07:52.120><c> suggesting</c><00:07:52.720><c> the</c><00:07:52.880><c> two</c><00:07:53.120><c> fault</c><00:07:53.480><c> systems</c>

07:53.910 --> 07:53.920 align:start position:0%
timing, suggesting the two fault systems
 

07:53.920 --> 07:56.510 align:start position:0%
timing, suggesting the two fault systems
may<00:07:54.160><c> have</c><00:07:54.520><c> ruptured</c><00:07:55.000><c> in</c><00:07:55.240><c> near</c><00:07:55.480><c> synchrony,</c>

07:56.510 --> 07:56.520 align:start position:0%
may have ruptured in near synchrony,
 

07:56.520 --> 07:59.150 align:start position:0%
may have ruptured in near synchrony,
within<00:07:56.880><c> hours</c><00:07:57.240><c> or</c><00:07:57.440><c> just</c><00:07:57.720><c> minutes</c><00:07:58.320><c> of</c><00:07:58.760><c> each</c>

07:59.150 --> 07:59.160 align:start position:0%
within hours or just minutes of each
 

07:59.160 --> 08:00.310 align:start position:0%
within hours or just minutes of each
other.

08:00.310 --> 08:00.320 align:start position:0%
other.
 

08:00.320 --> 08:02.190 align:start position:0%
other.
In<00:08:00.480><c> other</c><00:08:00.640><c> words,</c><00:08:00.920><c> they</c><00:08:01.040><c> might</c><00:08:01.400><c> actually</c><00:08:01.880><c> be</c>

08:02.190 --> 08:02.200 align:start position:0%
In other words, they might actually be
 

08:02.200 --> 08:03.670 align:start position:0%
In other words, they might actually be
linked.

08:03.670 --> 08:03.680 align:start position:0%
linked.
 

08:03.680 --> 08:06.150 align:start position:0%
linked.
This<00:08:03.840><c> has</c><00:08:04.120><c> terrifying</c><00:08:04.800><c> consequences</c><00:08:05.720><c> for</c><00:08:06.000><c> the</c>

08:06.150 --> 08:06.160 align:start position:0%
This has terrifying consequences for the
 

08:06.160 --> 08:07.830 align:start position:0%
This has terrifying consequences for the
future<00:08:06.560><c> because</c><00:08:06.800><c> it</c><00:08:06.920><c> means</c><00:08:07.160><c> that</c><00:08:07.320><c> when</c><00:08:07.640><c> the</c>

08:07.830 --> 08:07.840 align:start position:0%
future because it means that when the
 

08:07.840 --> 08:09.670 align:start position:0%
future because it means that when the
big<00:08:08.240><c> one,</c><00:08:08.520><c> which</c><00:08:08.680><c> is</c><00:08:08.800><c> what</c><00:08:09.000><c> some</c><00:08:09.200><c> articles</c><00:08:09.560><c> are</c>

08:09.670 --> 08:09.680 align:start position:0%
big one, which is what some articles are
 

08:09.680 --> 08:11.710 align:start position:0%
big one, which is what some articles are
calling<00:08:10.040><c> a</c><00:08:10.120><c> Cascadia</c><00:08:10.720><c> event</c><00:08:11.000><c> by</c><00:08:11.120><c> the</c><00:08:11.240><c> way,</c>

08:11.710 --> 08:11.720 align:start position:0%
calling a Cascadia event by the way,
 

08:11.720 --> 08:14.870 align:start position:0%
calling a Cascadia event by the way,
strikes<00:08:12.120><c> again,</c><00:08:12.840><c> it</c><00:08:13.160><c> may</c><00:08:13.320><c> not</c><00:08:13.560><c> strike</c><00:08:14.040><c> alone.</c>

08:14.870 --> 08:14.880 align:start position:0%
strikes again, it may not strike alone.
 

08:14.880 --> 08:17.510 align:start position:0%
strikes again, it may not strike alone.
A<00:08:15.000><c> Cascadia</c><00:08:15.760><c> megathrust</c><00:08:16.560><c> earthquake</c><00:08:17.200><c> could</c>

08:17.510 --> 08:17.520 align:start position:0%
A Cascadia megathrust earthquake could
 

08:17.520 --> 08:20.390 align:start position:0%
A Cascadia megathrust earthquake could
coincide<00:08:18.120><c> with</c><00:08:18.240><c> a</c><00:08:18.360><c> major</c><00:08:19.400><c> San</c><00:08:19.760><c> Andreas</c>

08:20.390 --> 08:20.400 align:start position:0%
coincide with a major San Andreas
 

08:20.400 --> 08:23.150 align:start position:0%
coincide with a major San Andreas
rupture,<00:08:21.320><c> creating</c><00:08:21.800><c> a</c><00:08:21.919><c> devastating</c><00:08:22.760><c> double</c>

08:23.150 --> 08:23.160 align:start position:0%
rupture, creating a devastating double
 

08:23.160 --> 08:27.070 align:start position:0%
rupture, creating a devastating double
disaster<00:08:23.840><c> across</c><00:08:24.840><c> the</c><00:08:24.960><c> US</c><00:08:25.520><c> West</c><00:08:26.000><c> Coast.</c>

08:27.070 --> 08:27.080 align:start position:0%
disaster across the US West Coast.
 

08:27.080 --> 08:29.230 align:start position:0%
disaster across the US West Coast.
Cities<00:08:27.480><c> including</c><00:08:27.960><c> Seattle,</c><00:08:28.520><c> Portland,</c><00:08:29.040><c> San</c>

08:29.230 --> 08:29.240 align:start position:0%
Cities including Seattle, Portland, San
 

08:29.240 --> 08:31.270 align:start position:0%
Cities including Seattle, Portland, San
Francisco,<00:08:29.800><c> and</c><00:08:30.000><c> Vancouver</c><00:08:30.560><c> could</c><00:08:30.919><c> all</c><00:08:31.120><c> be</c>

08:31.270 --> 08:31.280 align:start position:0%
Francisco, and Vancouver could all be
 

08:31.280 --> 08:33.469 align:start position:0%
Francisco, and Vancouver could all be
struck,<00:08:31.880><c> triggering</c><00:08:32.320><c> a</c><00:08:32.440><c> catastrophic</c>

08:33.469 --> 08:33.479 align:start position:0%
struck, triggering a catastrophic
 

08:33.479 --> 08:35.310 align:start position:0%
struck, triggering a catastrophic
emergency<00:08:34.039><c> that</c><00:08:34.240><c> could</c><00:08:34.400><c> potentially</c><00:08:34.919><c> kill</c>

08:35.310 --> 08:35.320 align:start position:0%
emergency that could potentially kill
 

08:35.320 --> 08:37.550 align:start position:0%
emergency that could potentially kill
thousands<00:08:35.880><c> of</c><00:08:36.080><c> people</c><00:08:36.440><c> and</c><00:08:36.599><c> cause</c><00:08:37.039><c> billions</c>

08:37.550 --> 08:37.560 align:start position:0%
thousands of people and cause billions
 

08:37.560 --> 08:40.790 align:start position:0%
thousands of people and cause billions
of<00:08:37.640><c> dollars</c><00:08:38.440><c> in</c><00:08:38.599><c> damage.</c>

08:40.790 --> 08:40.800 align:start position:0%
of dollars in damage.
 

08:40.800 --> 08:42.469 align:start position:0%
of dollars in damage.
So,<00:08:40.960><c> the</c><00:08:41.080><c> million</c><00:08:41.440><c> or</c><00:08:41.640><c> billion-dollar</c>

08:42.469 --> 08:42.479 align:start position:0%
So, the million or billion-dollar
 

08:42.479 --> 08:46.470 align:start position:0%
So, the million or billion-dollar
question<00:08:42.919><c> is</c><00:08:43.080><c> then,</c><00:08:43.440><c> when</c><00:08:43.960><c> will</c><00:08:44.320><c> it</c><00:08:44.680><c> happen?</c>

08:46.470 --> 08:46.480 align:start position:0%
question is then, when will it happen?
 

08:46.480 --> 08:47.630 align:start position:0%
question is then, when will it happen?
Well,<00:08:46.640><c> to</c><00:08:46.760><c> answer</c><00:08:47.040><c> that,</c><00:08:47.200><c> we</c><00:08:47.280><c> have</c><00:08:47.400><c> to</c><00:08:47.480><c> turn</c>

08:47.630 --> 08:47.640 align:start position:0%
Well, to answer that, we have to turn
 

08:47.640 --> 08:49.710 align:start position:0%
Well, to answer that, we have to turn
our<00:08:47.720><c> attention</c><00:08:48.120><c> to</c><00:08:48.240><c> working</c><00:08:48.680><c> out</c><00:08:49.080><c> when</c><00:08:49.480><c> it</c>

08:49.710 --> 08:49.720 align:start position:0%
our attention to working out when it
 

08:49.720 --> 08:52.750 align:start position:0%
our attention to working out when it
happened<00:08:50.240><c> in</c><00:08:50.440><c> the</c><00:08:50.560><c> past.</c><00:08:51.680><c> Terrifying</c><00:08:52.280><c> tales</c>

08:52.750 --> 08:52.760 align:start position:0%
happened in the past. Terrifying tales
 

08:52.760 --> 08:54.990 align:start position:0%
happened in the past. Terrifying tales
of<00:08:52.880><c> the</c><00:08:52.960><c> ground</c><00:08:53.400><c> shaking</c><00:08:53.880><c> and</c><00:08:54.040><c> enormous</c><00:08:54.640><c> waves</c>

08:54.990 --> 08:55.000 align:start position:0%
of the ground shaking and enormous waves
 

08:55.000 --> 08:56.430 align:start position:0%
of the ground shaking and enormous waves
have<00:08:55.200><c> been</c><00:08:55.480><c> passed</c><00:08:55.960><c> down</c><00:08:56.200><c> through</c>

08:56.430 --> 08:56.440 align:start position:0%
have been passed down through
 

08:56.440 --> 08:59.310 align:start position:0%
have been passed down through
generations<00:08:57.280><c> by</c><00:08:57.520><c> indigenous</c><00:08:58.120><c> people</c><00:08:58.520><c> living</c>

08:59.310 --> 08:59.320 align:start position:0%
generations by indigenous people living
 

08:59.320 --> 09:03.110 align:start position:0%
generations by indigenous people living
in<00:08:59.520><c> Western</c><00:09:00.120><c> North</c><00:09:00.560><c> America.</c>

09:03.110 --> 09:03.120 align:start position:0%
in Western North America.
 

09:03.120 --> 09:05.470 align:start position:0%
in Western North America.
On<00:09:03.320><c> Vancouver</c><00:09:03.920><c> Island,</c><00:09:04.320><c> the</c><00:09:04.480><c> Nuu-chah-nulth</c>

09:05.470 --> 09:05.480 align:start position:0%
On Vancouver Island, the Nuu-chah-nulth
 

09:05.480 --> 09:08.150 align:start position:0%
On Vancouver Island, the Nuu-chah-nulth
people<00:09:06.000><c> have</c><00:09:06.320><c> ancestral</c><00:09:07.160><c> stories</c><00:09:07.960><c> of</c>

09:08.150 --> 09:08.160 align:start position:0%
people have ancestral stories of
 

09:08.160 --> 09:11.350 align:start position:0%
people have ancestral stories of
mountain<00:09:08.880><c> dwarves</c><00:09:09.560><c> inviting</c><00:09:10.320><c> them</c><00:09:10.839><c> to</c><00:09:11.000><c> dance</c>

09:11.350 --> 09:11.360 align:start position:0%
mountain dwarves inviting them to dance
 

09:11.360 --> 09:13.470 align:start position:0%
mountain dwarves inviting them to dance
around<00:09:11.720><c> their</c><00:09:11.839><c> drum.</c><00:09:12.600><c> Now,</c><00:09:12.839><c> when</c><00:09:13.040><c> someone</c>

09:13.470 --> 09:13.480 align:start position:0%
around their drum. Now, when someone
 

09:13.480 --> 09:15.630 align:start position:0%
around their drum. Now, when someone
accidentally<00:09:14.120><c> kicked</c><00:09:14.640><c> that</c><00:09:14.880><c> drum,</c><00:09:15.440><c> the</c>

09:15.630 --> 09:15.640 align:start position:0%
accidentally kicked that drum, the
 

09:15.640 --> 09:19.470 align:start position:0%
accidentally kicked that drum, the
dancer<00:09:16.320><c> got</c><00:09:16.800><c> earthquake</c><00:09:17.600><c> foot,</c><00:09:18.480><c> and</c><00:09:18.839><c> so</c><00:09:19.160><c> each</c>

09:19.470 --> 09:19.480 align:start position:0%
dancer got earthquake foot, and so each
 

09:19.480 --> 09:21.750 align:start position:0%
dancer got earthquake foot, and so each
step<00:09:19.800><c> they</c><00:09:20.000><c> took</c><00:09:20.360><c> triggered</c><00:09:21.080><c> earthquakes</c>

09:21.750 --> 09:21.760 align:start position:0%
step they took triggered earthquakes
 

09:21.760 --> 09:24.030 align:start position:0%
step they took triggered earthquakes
that<00:09:22.000><c> shook</c><00:09:22.360><c> the</c><00:09:22.480><c> land</c><00:09:22.800><c> and</c><00:09:22.960><c> sent</c><00:09:23.200><c> the</c><00:09:23.400><c> oceans</c>

09:24.030 --> 09:24.040 align:start position:0%
that shook the land and sent the oceans
 

09:24.040 --> 09:26.270 align:start position:0%
that shook the land and sent the oceans
surging<00:09:24.600><c> ashore.</c><00:09:25.440><c> People</c><00:09:25.720><c> didn't</c><00:09:25.920><c> even</c><00:09:26.080><c> have</c>

09:26.270 --> 09:26.280 align:start position:0%
surging ashore. People didn't even have
 

09:26.280 --> 09:28.150 align:start position:0%
surging ashore. People didn't even have
time<00:09:26.520><c> to</c><00:09:26.640><c> get</c><00:09:26.880><c> into</c><00:09:27.120><c> their</c><00:09:27.280><c> canoes</c><00:09:27.760><c> before</c>

09:28.150 --> 09:28.160 align:start position:0%
time to get into their canoes before
 

09:28.160 --> 09:31.590 align:start position:0%
time to get into their canoes before
everything<00:09:28.680><c> they</c><00:09:28.880><c> knew</c><00:09:29.320><c> was</c><00:09:29.920><c> lost.</c>

09:31.590 --> 09:31.600 align:start position:0%
everything they knew was lost.
 

09:31.600 --> 09:33.710 align:start position:0%
everything they knew was lost.
The<00:09:31.760><c> Nuu-chah-nulth</c><00:09:32.800><c> people</c><00:09:33.200><c> were</c><00:09:33.320><c> not</c><00:09:33.520><c> the</c>

09:33.710 --> 09:33.720 align:start position:0%
The Nuu-chah-nulth people were not the
 

09:33.720 --> 09:35.230 align:start position:0%
The Nuu-chah-nulth people were not the
only<00:09:34.080><c> indigenous</c><00:09:34.600><c> people</c><00:09:34.880><c> with</c><00:09:35.040><c> an</c>

09:35.230 --> 09:35.240 align:start position:0%
only indigenous people with an
 

09:35.240 --> 09:38.070 align:start position:0%
only indigenous people with an
earthquake<00:09:36.000><c> legend.</c><00:09:36.800><c> In</c><00:09:37.000><c> fact,</c><00:09:37.360><c> a</c><00:09:37.520><c> team</c><00:09:37.840><c> led</c>

09:38.070 --> 09:38.080 align:start position:0%
earthquake legend. In fact, a team led
 

09:38.080 --> 09:40.270 align:start position:0%
earthquake legend. In fact, a team led
by<00:09:38.280><c> Ruth</c><00:09:38.680><c> Ludwin</c><00:09:39.160><c> at</c><00:09:39.280><c> the</c><00:09:39.400><c> University</c><00:09:40.040><c> of</c>

09:40.270 --> 09:40.280 align:start position:0%
by Ruth Ludwin at the University of
 

09:40.280 --> 09:42.710 align:start position:0%
by Ruth Ludwin at the University of
Washington,<00:09:41.200><c> comprising</c><00:09:41.760><c> anthropologists,</c>

09:42.710 --> 09:42.720 align:start position:0%
Washington, comprising anthropologists,
 

09:42.720 --> 09:45.070 align:start position:0%
Washington, comprising anthropologists,
geologists,<00:09:43.400><c> and</c><00:09:43.560><c> indigenous</c><00:09:44.120><c> scholars,</c>

09:45.070 --> 09:45.080 align:start position:0%
geologists, and indigenous scholars,
 

09:45.080 --> 09:47.870 align:start position:0%
geologists, and indigenous scholars,
studied<00:09:45.600><c> 40</c><00:09:46.240><c> stories</c><00:09:46.840><c> from</c><00:09:47.040><c> native</c><00:09:47.520><c> groups</c>

09:47.870 --> 09:47.880 align:start position:0%
studied 40 stories from native groups
 

09:47.880 --> 09:49.990 align:start position:0%
studied 40 stories from native groups
along<00:09:48.240><c> the</c><00:09:48.400><c> coast</c><00:09:48.880><c> from</c><00:09:49.160><c> California</c><00:09:49.880><c> to</c>

09:49.990 --> 09:50.000 align:start position:0%
along the coast from California to
 

09:50.000 --> 09:52.830 align:start position:0%
along the coast from California to
Canada,<00:09:50.760><c> including</c><00:09:51.240><c> the</c><00:09:51.360><c> Yurok,</c><00:09:52.080><c> Tolowa,</c><00:09:52.680><c> the</c>

09:52.830 --> 09:52.840 align:start position:0%
Canada, including the Yurok, Tolowa, the
 

09:52.840 --> 09:54.630 align:start position:0%
Canada, including the Yurok, Tolowa, the
Squamish,<00:09:53.480><c> the</c><00:09:53.640><c> Tillamook,</c><00:09:54.360><c> and</c><00:09:54.520><c> the</c>

09:54.630 --> 09:54.640 align:start position:0%
Squamish, the Tillamook, and the
 

09:54.640 --> 09:56.950 align:start position:0%
Squamish, the Tillamook, and the
Quileute,<00:09:55.760><c> and</c><00:09:55.920><c> discovered</c><00:09:56.480><c> the</c><00:09:56.640><c> whole</c>

09:56.950 --> 09:56.960 align:start position:0%
Quileute, and discovered the whole
 

09:56.960 --> 09:58.710 align:start position:0%
Quileute, and discovered the whole
Pacific<00:09:57.600><c> coast</c><00:09:58.080><c> seemed</c><00:09:58.360><c> to</c><00:09:58.440><c> have</c><00:09:58.520><c> been</c>

09:58.710 --> 09:58.720 align:start position:0%
Pacific coast seemed to have been
 

09:58.720 --> 10:01.070 align:start position:0%
Pacific coast seemed to have been
telling<00:09:59.080><c> stories</c><00:09:59.480><c> about</c><00:09:59.840><c> one</c><00:10:00.200><c> particular</c>

10:01.070 --> 10:01.080 align:start position:0%
telling stories about one particular
 

10:01.080 --> 10:04.710 align:start position:0%
telling stories about one particular
earthquake<00:10:02.200><c> and</c><00:10:02.480><c> one</c><00:10:02.720><c> particular</c><00:10:03.400><c> tsunami.</c>

10:04.710 --> 10:04.720 align:start position:0%
earthquake and one particular tsunami.
 

10:04.720 --> 10:06.910 align:start position:0%
earthquake and one particular tsunami.
These<00:10:04.960><c> were</c><00:10:05.080><c> tales</c><00:10:05.560><c> of</c><00:10:05.680><c> the</c><00:10:05.920><c> earth</c><00:10:06.280><c> shaking</c>

10:06.910 --> 10:06.920 align:start position:0%
These were tales of the earth shaking
 

10:06.920 --> 10:09.430 align:start position:0%
These were tales of the earth shaking
violently,<00:10:07.760><c> of</c><00:10:07.880><c> the</c><00:10:08.080><c> ocean</c><00:10:08.600><c> pulling</c><00:10:09.040><c> away</c><00:10:09.320><c> and</c>

10:09.430 --> 10:09.440 align:start position:0%
violently, of the ocean pulling away and
 

10:09.440 --> 10:12.630 align:start position:0%
violently, of the ocean pulling away and
then<00:10:09.640><c> flooding</c><00:10:10.480><c> back</c><00:10:10.920><c> in,</c><00:10:11.600><c> and</c><00:10:11.880><c> rockslides</c>

10:12.630 --> 10:12.640 align:start position:0%
then flooding back in, and rockslides
 

10:12.640 --> 10:15.670 align:start position:0%
then flooding back in, and rockslides
burying<00:10:13.280><c> whole</c><00:10:14.000><c> villages.</c>

10:15.670 --> 10:15.680 align:start position:0%
burying whole villages.
 

10:15.680 --> 10:17.910 align:start position:0%
burying whole villages.
These<00:10:15.960><c> legends</c><00:10:16.320><c> are</c><00:10:16.560><c> rich</c><00:10:16.960><c> in</c><00:10:17.080><c> the</c><00:10:17.200><c> detail</c><00:10:17.840><c> of</c>

10:17.910 --> 10:17.920 align:start position:0%
These legends are rich in the detail of
 

10:17.920 --> 10:20.670 align:start position:0%
These legends are rich in the detail of
the<00:10:18.120><c> region's</c><00:10:18.880><c> seismic</c><00:10:19.520><c> history,</c><00:10:20.400><c> but</c><00:10:20.560><c> the</c>

10:20.670 --> 10:20.680 align:start position:0%
the region's seismic history, but the
 

10:20.680 --> 10:23.270 align:start position:0%
the region's seismic history, but the
exact<00:10:21.240><c> dates</c><00:10:21.600><c> and</c><00:10:21.800><c> locations</c><00:10:22.640><c> have</c><00:10:22.760><c> been</c><00:10:22.960><c> lost</c>

10:23.270 --> 10:23.280 align:start position:0%
exact dates and locations have been lost
 

10:23.280 --> 10:24.950 align:start position:0%
exact dates and locations have been lost
to<00:10:23.440><c> time.</c>

10:24.950 --> 10:24.960 align:start position:0%
to time.
 

10:24.960 --> 10:27.390 align:start position:0%
to time.
To<00:10:25.040><c> try</c><00:10:25.240><c> and</c><00:10:25.400><c> piece</c><00:10:25.640><c> together</c><00:10:26.040><c> when</c><00:10:26.400><c> the</c><00:10:26.520><c> CSZ</c>

10:27.390 --> 10:27.400 align:start position:0%
To try and piece together when the CSZ
 

10:27.400 --> 10:29.670 align:start position:0%
To try and piece together when the CSZ
last<00:10:27.720><c> erupted,</c><00:10:28.720><c> scientists</c><00:10:29.200><c> have</c><00:10:29.320><c> turned</c><00:10:29.560><c> to</c>

10:29.670 --> 10:29.680 align:start position:0%
last erupted, scientists have turned to
 

10:29.680 --> 10:33.790 align:start position:0%
last erupted, scientists have turned to
another,<00:10:30.080><c> perhaps</c><00:10:30.680><c> unlikely,</c><00:10:31.600><c> witness.</c>

10:33.790 --> 10:33.800 align:start position:0%
another, perhaps unlikely, witness.
 

10:33.800 --> 10:36.830 align:start position:0%
another, perhaps unlikely, witness.
Along<00:10:34.200><c> the</c><00:10:34.400><c> Oregon</c><00:10:34.840><c> coast</c><00:10:35.440><c> lies</c><00:10:35.800><c> the</c><00:10:35.920><c> Neskowin</c>

10:36.830 --> 10:36.840 align:start position:0%
Along the Oregon coast lies the Neskowin
 

10:36.840 --> 10:40.230 align:start position:0%
Along the Oregon coast lies the Neskowin
Ghost<00:10:37.440><c> Forest,</c><00:10:38.360><c> a</c><00:10:38.560><c> haunting</c><00:10:39.320><c> landscape</c><00:10:39.960><c> of</c>

10:40.230 --> 10:40.240 align:start position:0%
Ghost Forest, a haunting landscape of
 

10:40.240 --> 10:43.910 align:start position:0%
Ghost Forest, a haunting landscape of
dead<00:10:40.800><c> western</c><00:10:41.440><c> red</c><00:10:41.800><c> cedars</c><00:10:42.720><c> frozen</c><00:10:43.280><c> in</c><00:10:43.440><c> time</c>

10:43.910 --> 10:43.920 align:start position:0%
dead western red cedars frozen in time
 

10:43.920 --> 10:46.430 align:start position:0%
dead western red cedars frozen in time
next<00:10:44.280><c> to</c><00:10:44.400><c> the</c><00:10:44.600><c> Copalis</c><00:10:45.320><c> River.</c>

10:46.430 --> 10:46.440 align:start position:0%
next to the Copalis River.
 

10:46.440 --> 10:49.270 align:start position:0%
next to the Copalis River.
Their<00:10:46.680><c> ancient</c><00:10:47.120><c> trunks</c><00:10:47.600><c> are</c><00:10:47.680><c> an</c><00:10:47.920><c> eerie</c><00:10:48.400><c> sight,</c>

10:49.270 --> 10:49.280 align:start position:0%
Their ancient trunks are an eerie sight,
 

10:49.280 --> 10:52.030 align:start position:0%
Their ancient trunks are an eerie sight,
rooted<00:10:49.800><c> in</c><00:10:50.040><c> salty</c><00:10:50.600><c> marsh</c><00:10:51.120><c> and</c><00:10:51.360><c> emerging</c><00:10:51.880><c> from</c>

10:52.030 --> 10:52.040 align:start position:0%
rooted in salty marsh and emerging from
 

10:52.040 --> 10:54.270 align:start position:0%
rooted in salty marsh and emerging from
the<00:10:52.160><c> mud</c><00:10:52.440><c> like</c><00:10:52.560><c> the</c><00:10:52.680><c> remains</c><00:10:53.200><c> of</c><00:10:53.320><c> a</c><00:10:53.440><c> drowned</c>

10:54.270 --> 10:54.280 align:start position:0%
the mud like the remains of a drowned
 

10:54.280 --> 10:55.510 align:start position:0%
the mud like the remains of a drowned
world.

10:55.510 --> 10:55.520 align:start position:0%
world.
 

10:55.520 --> 10:57.310 align:start position:0%
world.
For<00:10:55.680><c> years,</c><00:10:56.200><c> scientists</c><00:10:56.800><c> thought</c><00:10:57.080><c> these</c>

10:57.310 --> 10:57.320 align:start position:0%
For years, scientists thought these
 

10:57.320 --> 10:59.390 align:start position:0%
For years, scientists thought these
trees<00:10:57.680><c> died</c><00:10:58.080><c> when</c><00:10:58.320><c> rising</c><00:10:58.760><c> sea</c><00:10:59.000><c> levels</c>

10:59.390 --> 10:59.400 align:start position:0%
trees died when rising sea levels
 

10:59.400 --> 11:02.150 align:start position:0%
trees died when rising sea levels
poisoned<00:10:59.920><c> them</c><00:11:00.120><c> with</c><00:11:00.440><c> salt</c><00:11:00.760><c> water.</c><00:11:01.520><c> But,</c><00:11:02.000><c> in</c>

11:02.150 --> 11:02.160 align:start position:0%
poisoned them with salt water. But, in
 

11:02.160 --> 11:03.750 align:start position:0%
poisoned them with salt water. But, in
1987,

11:03.750 --> 11:03.760 align:start position:0%
1987,
 

11:03.760 --> 11:05.950 align:start position:0%
1987,
geologist<00:11:04.280><c> Brian</c><00:11:04.680><c> Atwater</c><00:11:05.120><c> from</c><00:11:05.520><c> the</c><00:11:05.600><c> United</c>

11:05.950 --> 11:05.960 align:start position:0%
geologist Brian Atwater from the United
 

11:05.960 --> 11:08.310 align:start position:0%
geologist Brian Atwater from the United
States<00:11:06.360><c> Geological</c><00:11:06.960><c> Survey</c><00:11:07.800><c> published</c><00:11:08.240><c> a</c>

11:08.310 --> 11:08.320 align:start position:0%
States Geological Survey published a
 

11:08.320 --> 11:10.950 align:start position:0%
States Geological Survey published a
landmark<00:11:09.000><c> paper</c><00:11:09.360><c> in</c><00:11:09.520><c> the</c><00:11:09.640><c> journal</c><00:11:10.080><c> Science</c>

11:10.950 --> 11:10.960 align:start position:0%
landmark paper in the journal Science
 

11:10.960 --> 11:13.670 align:start position:0%
landmark paper in the journal Science
titled<00:11:11.640><c> "Evidence</c><00:11:12.200><c> for</c><00:11:12.480><c> Great</c><00:11:12.960><c> Holocene</c>

11:13.670 --> 11:13.680 align:start position:0%
titled "Evidence for Great Holocene
 

11:13.680 --> 11:15.990 align:start position:0%
titled "Evidence for Great Holocene
Earthquakes<00:11:14.360><c> Along</c><00:11:14.800><c> the</c><00:11:15.000><c> Outer</c><00:11:15.360><c> Coast</c><00:11:15.800><c> of</c>

11:15.990 --> 11:16.000 align:start position:0%
Earthquakes Along the Outer Coast of
 

11:16.000 --> 11:18.350 align:start position:0%
Earthquakes Along the Outer Coast of
Washington<00:11:16.560><c> State."</c><00:11:17.520><c> Now,</c><00:11:17.760><c> by</c><00:11:17.920><c> studying</c>

11:18.350 --> 11:18.360 align:start position:0%
Washington State." Now, by studying
 

11:18.360 --> 11:20.670 align:start position:0%
Washington State." Now, by studying
evidence<00:11:18.760><c> from</c><00:11:19.000><c> buried</c><00:11:19.360><c> marsh</c><00:11:19.800><c> and</c><00:11:20.080><c> forest</c>

11:20.670 --> 11:20.680 align:start position:0%
evidence from buried marsh and forest
 

11:20.680 --> 11:23.470 align:start position:0%
evidence from buried marsh and forest
soils,<00:11:21.640><c> Atwater</c><00:11:22.160><c> and</c><00:11:22.360><c> his</c><00:11:22.640><c> team</c><00:11:23.000><c> found</c><00:11:23.360><c> that</c>

11:23.470 --> 11:23.480 align:start position:0%
soils, Atwater and his team found that
 

11:23.480 --> 11:26.630 align:start position:0%
soils, Atwater and his team found that
the<00:11:23.600><c> land</c><00:11:24.040><c> had</c><00:11:24.240><c> dropped</c><00:11:25.040><c> rapidly,</c><00:11:26.120><c> subsiding</c>

11:26.630 --> 11:26.640 align:start position:0%
the land had dropped rapidly, subsiding
 

11:26.640 --> 11:29.950 align:start position:0%
the land had dropped rapidly, subsiding
by<00:11:26.760><c> as</c><00:11:26.880><c> much</c><00:11:27.200><c> as</c><00:11:27.440><c> 2</c><00:11:27.839><c> m,</c><00:11:28.480><c> allowing</c><00:11:29.080><c> seawater</c><00:11:29.760><c> to</c>

11:29.950 --> 11:29.960 align:start position:0%
by as much as 2 m, allowing seawater to
 

11:29.960 --> 11:32.550 align:start position:0%
by as much as 2 m, allowing seawater to
rush<00:11:30.240><c> in</c><00:11:30.480><c> and</c><00:11:30.760><c> drown</c><00:11:31.120><c> the</c><00:11:31.240><c> trees.</c>

11:32.550 --> 11:32.560 align:start position:0%
rush in and drown the trees.
 

11:32.560 --> 11:34.630 align:start position:0%
rush in and drown the trees.
Embedded<00:11:33.080><c> within</c><00:11:33.480><c> the</c><00:11:33.600><c> soil</c><00:11:33.960><c> were</c><00:11:34.160><c> also</c>

11:34.630 --> 11:34.640 align:start position:0%
Embedded within the soil were also
 

11:34.640 --> 11:37.390 align:start position:0%
Embedded within the soil were also
layers<00:11:35.080><c> of</c><00:11:35.360><c> sand,</c><00:11:36.280><c> the</c><00:11:36.520><c> unmistakable</c>

11:37.390 --> 11:37.400 align:start position:0%
layers of sand, the unmistakable
 

11:37.400 --> 11:41.070 align:start position:0%
layers of sand, the unmistakable
fingerprint<00:11:38.160><c> of</c><00:11:38.320><c> a</c><00:11:38.440><c> powerful</c><00:11:39.320><c> tsunami.</c><00:11:40.720><c> Brian</c>

11:41.070 --> 11:41.080 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of a powerful tsunami. Brian
 

11:41.080 --> 11:42.750 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of a powerful tsunami. Brian
Atwater's<00:11:41.680><c> evidence</c><00:11:42.080><c> pointed</c><00:11:42.168><c> [music]</c><00:11:42.560><c> to</c><00:11:42.680><c> a</c>

11:42.750 --> 11:42.760 align:start position:0%
Atwater's evidence pointed [music] to a
 

11:42.760 --> 11:45.710 align:start position:0%
Atwater's evidence pointed [music] to a
massive<00:11:43.440><c> earthquake</c><00:11:44.000><c> in</c><00:11:44.240><c> the</c><00:11:44.400><c> area,</c><00:11:45.000><c> but</c><00:11:45.360><c> one</c>

11:45.710 --> 11:45.720 align:start position:0%
massive earthquake in the area, but one
 

11:45.720 --> 11:47.710 align:start position:0%
massive earthquake in the area, but one
deeply<00:11:46.080><c> unsettling</c><00:11:46.800><c> mystery</c><00:11:47.360><c> still</c>

11:47.710 --> 11:47.720 align:start position:0%
deeply unsettling mystery still
 

11:47.720 --> 11:48.950 align:start position:0%
deeply unsettling mystery still
remained.

11:48.950 --> 11:48.960 align:start position:0%
remained.
 

11:48.960 --> 11:51.590 align:start position:0%
remained.
When<00:11:49.160><c> exactly</c><00:11:49.640><c> did</c><00:11:49.800><c> it</c><00:11:50.000><c> happen?</c>

11:51.590 --> 11:51.600 align:start position:0%
When exactly did it happen?
 

11:51.600 --> 11:53.710 align:start position:0%
When exactly did it happen?
To<00:11:51.720><c> find</c><00:11:51.960><c> the</c><00:11:52.080><c> answer,</c><00:11:52.560><c> Atwater</c><00:11:53.040><c> took</c><00:11:53.360><c> a</c><00:11:53.440><c> new</c>

11:53.710 --> 11:53.720 align:start position:0%
To find the answer, Atwater took a new
 

11:53.720 --> 11:55.710 align:start position:0%
To find the answer, Atwater took a new
approach<00:11:54.320><c> and</c><00:11:54.560><c> teamed</c><00:11:54.880><c> up</c><00:11:55.000><c> with</c><00:11:55.240><c> David</c>

11:55.710 --> 11:55.720 align:start position:0%
approach and teamed up with David
 

11:55.720 --> 11:58.710 align:start position:0%
approach and teamed up with David
Yamaguchi,<00:11:56.760><c> a</c><00:11:56.920><c> dendrochronologist.</c>

11:58.710 --> 11:58.720 align:start position:0%
Yamaguchi, a dendrochronologist.
 

11:58.720 --> 12:00.030 align:start position:0%
Yamaguchi, a dendrochronologist.
That's<00:11:58.880><c> a</c><00:11:58.920><c> scientist</c><00:11:59.320><c> who</c><00:11:59.400><c> studies</c><00:11:59.720><c> tree</c>

12:00.030 --> 12:00.040 align:start position:0%
That's a scientist who studies tree
 

12:00.040 --> 12:02.150 align:start position:0%
That's a scientist who studies tree
rings<00:12:00.320><c> to</c><00:12:00.440><c> evaluate</c><00:12:01.000><c> past</c><00:12:01.360><c> climate</c><00:12:01.760><c> changes</c>

12:02.150 --> 12:02.160 align:start position:0%
rings to evaluate past climate changes
 

12:02.160 --> 12:04.830 align:start position:0%
rings to evaluate past climate changes
and<00:12:02.400><c> events.</c><00:12:03.560><c> Trees</c><00:12:03.960><c> are</c><00:12:04.240><c> natural</c>

12:04.830 --> 12:04.840 align:start position:0%
and events. Trees are natural
 

12:04.840 --> 12:06.990 align:start position:0%
and events. Trees are natural
timekeepers.<00:12:06.040><c> Studying</c><00:12:06.440><c> their</c><00:12:06.640><c> rings</c><00:12:06.880><c> is</c><00:12:06.960><c> a</c>

12:06.990 --> 12:07.000 align:start position:0%
timekeepers. Studying their rings is a
 

12:07.000 --> 12:08.910 align:start position:0%
timekeepers. Studying their rings is a
bit<00:12:07.160><c> like</c><00:12:07.280><c> reading</c><00:12:07.560><c> a</c><00:12:07.680><c> diary</c><00:12:08.160><c> written</c><00:12:08.600><c> in</c>

12:08.910 --> 12:08.920 align:start position:0%
bit like reading a diary written in
 

12:08.920 --> 12:11.390 align:start position:0%
bit like reading a diary written in
wood.<00:12:09.440><c> Each</c><00:12:09.800><c> ring</c><00:12:10.040><c> marks</c><00:12:10.440><c> a</c><00:12:10.560><c> year</c><00:12:11.040><c> of</c><00:12:11.280><c> the</c>

12:11.390 --> 12:11.400 align:start position:0%
wood. Each ring marks a year of the
 

12:11.400 --> 12:14.350 align:start position:0%
wood. Each ring marks a year of the
tree's<00:12:11.920><c> life.</c><00:12:12.840><c> In</c><00:12:12.960><c> a</c><00:12:13.040><c> good</c><00:12:13.360><c> year,</c><00:12:13.680><c> trees</c><00:12:14.160><c> in</c>

12:14.350 --> 12:14.360 align:start position:0%
tree's life. In a good year, trees in
 

12:14.360 --> 12:16.870 align:start position:0%
tree's life. In a good year, trees in
temperate<00:12:14.920><c> regions</c><00:12:15.400><c> grow</c><00:12:15.720><c> wide</c><00:12:16.200><c> rings,</c>

12:16.870 --> 12:16.880 align:start position:0%
temperate regions grow wide rings,
 

12:16.880 --> 12:19.270 align:start position:0%
temperate regions grow wide rings,
shaped<00:12:17.200><c> by</c><00:12:17.480><c> warm</c><00:12:17.920><c> weather</c><00:12:18.280><c> and</c><00:12:18.600><c> rain.</c><00:12:18.848><c> [music]</c>

12:19.270 --> 12:19.280 align:start position:0%
shaped by warm weather and rain. [music]
 

12:19.280 --> 12:21.270 align:start position:0%
shaped by warm weather and rain. [music]
In<00:12:19.520><c> harsher</c><00:12:20.000><c> years,</c><00:12:20.400><c> the</c><00:12:20.480><c> tree</c><00:12:20.760><c> rings</c><00:12:21.080><c> are</c>

12:21.270 --> 12:21.280 align:start position:0%
In harsher years, the tree rings are
 

12:21.280 --> 12:23.870 align:start position:0%
In harsher years, the tree rings are
narrow,<00:12:22.120><c> recording</c><00:12:22.600><c> droughts</c><00:12:23.080><c> and</c><00:12:23.160><c> extreme</c>

12:23.870 --> 12:23.880 align:start position:0%
narrow, recording droughts and extreme
 

12:23.880 --> 12:26.830 align:start position:0%
narrow, recording droughts and extreme
climate<00:12:24.400><c> conditions.</c><00:12:25.760><c> By</c><00:12:25.880><c> comparing</c><00:12:26.520><c> living</c>

12:26.830 --> 12:26.840 align:start position:0%
climate conditions. By comparing living
 

12:26.840 --> 12:29.110 align:start position:0%
climate conditions. By comparing living
trees<00:12:27.240><c> meters</c><00:12:27.600><c> away</c><00:12:27.880><c> from</c><00:12:28.120><c> the</c><00:12:28.320><c> dead</c><00:12:28.680><c> stump</c>

12:29.110 --> 12:29.120 align:start position:0%
trees meters away from the dead stump
 

12:29.120 --> 12:32.030 align:start position:0%
trees meters away from the dead stump
ones<00:12:29.440><c> in</c><00:12:29.600><c> the</c><00:12:29.760><c> ghost</c><00:12:30.360><c> forest,</c><00:12:31.320><c> Yamaguchi</c>

12:32.030 --> 12:32.040 align:start position:0%
ones in the ghost forest, Yamaguchi
 

12:32.040 --> 12:34.870 align:start position:0%
ones in the ghost forest, Yamaguchi
searched<00:12:32.480><c> for</c><00:12:32.720><c> any</c><00:12:33.000><c> unusual</c><00:12:33.760><c> differences,</c>

12:34.870 --> 12:34.880 align:start position:0%
searched for any unusual differences,
 

12:34.880 --> 12:36.550 align:start position:0%
searched for any unusual differences,
like<00:12:35.120><c> a</c><00:12:35.200><c> moment</c><00:12:35.720><c> when</c><00:12:35.920><c> growth</c><00:12:36.240><c> stopped</c>

12:36.550 --> 12:36.560 align:start position:0%
like a moment when growth stopped
 

12:36.560 --> 12:39.630 align:start position:0%
like a moment when growth stopped
abruptly,<00:12:37.000><c> for</c><00:12:37.120><c> example.</c><00:12:38.000><c> And</c><00:12:38.160><c> he</c><00:12:38.320><c> found</c><00:12:38.720><c> one.</c>

12:39.630 --> 12:39.640 align:start position:0%
abruptly, for example. And he found one.
 

12:39.640 --> 12:41.990 align:start position:0%
abruptly, for example. And he found one.
In<00:12:39.760><c> the</c><00:12:39.880><c> dead</c><00:12:40.160><c> tree</c><00:12:40.440><c> samples,</c><00:12:40.920><c> the</c><00:12:41.120><c> last</c><00:12:41.680><c> tree</c>

12:41.990 --> 12:42.000 align:start position:0%
In the dead tree samples, the last tree
 

12:42.000 --> 12:45.190 align:start position:0%
In the dead tree samples, the last tree
ring<00:12:42.200><c> was</c><00:12:42.400><c> dated</c><00:12:42.800><c> to</c><00:12:42.880><c> the</c><00:12:43.000><c> year</c><00:12:43.200><c> 1699,</c>

12:45.190 --> 12:45.200 align:start position:0%
ring was dated to the year 1699,
 

12:45.200 --> 12:47.110 align:start position:0%
ring was dated to the year 1699,
suggesting<00:12:45.680><c> that</c><00:12:45.880><c> a</c><00:12:46.000><c> seismic</c><00:12:46.560><c> event</c><00:12:46.920><c> had</c>

12:47.110 --> 12:47.120 align:start position:0%
suggesting that a seismic event had
 

12:47.120 --> 12:50.150 align:start position:0%
suggesting that a seismic event had
occurred<00:12:47.560><c> around</c><00:12:48.040><c> that</c><00:12:48.320><c> time.</c><00:12:49.320><c> Analysis</c><00:12:49.880><c> of</c>

12:50.150 --> 12:50.160 align:start position:0%
occurred around that time. Analysis of
 

12:50.160 --> 12:52.829 align:start position:0%
occurred around that time. Analysis of
root<00:12:50.360><c> samples</c><00:12:50.800><c> then</c><00:12:51.080><c> confirmed</c><00:12:51.880><c> this,</c><00:12:52.400><c> also</c>

12:52.829 --> 12:52.839 align:start position:0%
root samples then confirmed this, also
 

12:52.839 --> 12:54.710 align:start position:0%
root samples then confirmed this, also
narrowing<00:12:53.320><c> the</c><00:12:53.480><c> likely</c><00:12:53.839><c> time</c><00:12:54.200><c> frame</c><00:12:54.400><c> to</c><00:12:54.520><c> the</c>

12:54.710 --> 12:54.720 align:start position:0%
narrowing the likely time frame to the
 

12:54.720 --> 12:58.829 align:start position:0%
narrowing the likely time frame to the
winter<00:12:55.480><c> of</c><00:12:55.720><c> 1699</c><00:12:57.040><c> and</c><00:12:57.240><c> 1700.</c>

12:58.829 --> 12:58.839 align:start position:0%
winter of 1699 and 1700.
 

12:58.839 --> 13:01.190 align:start position:0%
winter of 1699 and 1700.
But<00:12:59.200><c> likely</c><00:12:59.920><c> wasn't</c><00:13:00.280><c> enough.</c><00:13:00.720><c> They</c><00:13:00.839><c> needed</c><00:13:01.120><c> an</c>

13:01.190 --> 13:01.200 align:start position:0%
But likely wasn't enough. They needed an
 

13:01.200 --> 13:04.630 align:start position:0%
But likely wasn't enough. They needed an
exact<00:13:02.080><c> moment</c><00:13:02.640><c> in</c><00:13:02.839><c> time.</c><00:13:03.880><c> Strangely,</c><00:13:04.440><c> the</c>

13:04.630 --> 13:04.640 align:start position:0%
exact moment in time. Strangely, the
 

13:04.640 --> 13:06.230 align:start position:0%
exact moment in time. Strangely, the
final<00:13:05.040><c> piece</c><00:13:05.320><c> of</c><00:13:05.440><c> the</c><00:13:05.520><c> puzzle</c><00:13:05.880><c> wouldn't</c><00:13:06.120><c> be</c>

13:06.230 --> 13:06.240 align:start position:0%
final piece of the puzzle wouldn't be
 

13:06.240 --> 13:08.430 align:start position:0%
final piece of the puzzle wouldn't be
found<00:13:06.480><c> in</c><00:13:06.560><c> North</c><00:13:06.800><c> America</c><00:13:07.320><c> at</c><00:13:07.680><c> all,</c><00:13:08.120><c> but</c><00:13:08.280><c> more</c>

13:08.430 --> 13:08.440 align:start position:0%
found in North America at all, but more
 

13:08.440 --> 13:11.470 align:start position:0%
found in North America at all, but more
than<00:13:08.640><c> 8,000</c><00:13:09.280><c> km</c><00:13:09.839><c> away</c><00:13:10.200><c> on</c><00:13:10.360><c> the</c><00:13:10.600><c> other</c><00:13:10.839><c> side</c><00:13:11.360><c> of</c>

13:11.470 --> 13:11.480 align:start position:0%
than 8,000 km away on the other side of
 

13:11.480 --> 13:13.710 align:start position:0%
than 8,000 km away on the other side of
the<00:13:11.600><c> Pacific.</c>

13:13.710 --> 13:13.720 align:start position:0%
the Pacific.
 

13:13.720 --> 13:16.030 align:start position:0%
the Pacific.
Perched<00:13:14.080><c> on</c><00:13:14.200><c> the</c><00:13:14.440><c> edge</c><00:13:14.839><c> of</c><00:13:15.000><c> the</c><00:13:15.120><c> Ring</c><00:13:15.480><c> of</c><00:13:15.640><c> Fire,</c>

13:16.030 --> 13:16.040 align:start position:0%
Perched on the edge of the Ring of Fire,
 

13:16.040 --> 13:18.310 align:start position:0%
Perched on the edge of the Ring of Fire,
Japan<00:13:16.760><c> and</c><00:13:17.120><c> earthquakes</c><00:13:17.640><c> have</c><00:13:17.760><c> always</c><00:13:18.080><c> kind</c>

13:18.310 --> 13:18.320 align:start position:0%
Japan and earthquakes have always kind
 

13:18.320 --> 13:21.150 align:start position:0%
Japan and earthquakes have always kind
of<00:13:18.400><c> gone</c><00:13:18.720><c> hand</c><00:13:19.240><c> in</c><00:13:19.480><c> hand.</c><00:13:20.280><c> The</c><00:13:20.400><c> country</c><00:13:20.800><c> lies</c>

13:21.150 --> 13:21.160 align:start position:0%
of gone hand in hand. The country lies
 

13:21.160 --> 13:23.430 align:start position:0%
of gone hand in hand. The country lies
at<00:13:21.240><c> the</c><00:13:21.400><c> intersection</c><00:13:22.080><c> of</c><00:13:22.400><c> four</c><00:13:23.000><c> major</c>

13:23.430 --> 13:23.440 align:start position:0%
at the intersection of four major
 

13:23.440 --> 13:25.670 align:start position:0%
at the intersection of four major
tectonic<00:13:24.120><c> plates,</c><00:13:24.880><c> making</c><00:13:25.240><c> it</c><00:13:25.280><c> one</c><00:13:25.400><c> of</c><00:13:25.480><c> the</c>

13:25.670 --> 13:25.680 align:start position:0%
tectonic plates, making it one of the
 

13:25.680 --> 13:28.270 align:start position:0%
tectonic plates, making it one of the
most<00:13:26.280><c> seismically</c><00:13:27.000><c> active</c><00:13:27.400><c> regions</c><00:13:27.880><c> on</c>

13:28.270 --> 13:28.280 align:start position:0%
most seismically active regions on
 

13:28.280 --> 13:30.950 align:start position:0%
most seismically active regions on
Earth.<00:13:29.400><c> Each</c><00:13:29.680><c> year</c><00:13:29.840><c> Japan</c><00:13:30.240><c> records</c><00:13:30.640><c> around</c>

13:30.950 --> 13:30.960 align:start position:0%
Earth. Each year Japan records around
 

13:30.960 --> 13:32.910 align:start position:0%
Earth. Each year Japan records around
1,500

13:32.910 --> 13:32.920 align:start position:0%
1,500
 

13:32.920 --> 13:35.110 align:start position:0%
1,500
earthquakes.<00:13:33.880><c> Many</c><00:13:34.160><c> are</c><00:13:34.400><c> too</c><00:13:34.680><c> small</c><00:13:35.000><c> to</c>

13:35.110 --> 13:35.120 align:start position:0%
earthquakes. Many are too small to
 

13:35.120 --> 13:37.990 align:start position:0%
earthquakes. Many are too small to
notice,<00:13:35.680><c> but</c><00:13:35.920><c> some</c><00:13:36.880><c> are</c><00:13:37.080><c> powerful</c><00:13:37.560><c> enough</c><00:13:37.800><c> to</c>

13:37.990 --> 13:38.000 align:start position:0%
notice, but some are powerful enough to
 

13:38.000 --> 13:41.630 align:start position:0%
notice, but some are powerful enough to
reshape<00:13:38.560><c> the</c><00:13:38.640><c> landscape</c><00:13:39.200><c> in</c><00:13:39.440><c> seconds.</c>

13:41.630 --> 13:41.640 align:start position:0%
reshape the landscape in seconds.
 

13:41.640 --> 13:44.110 align:start position:0%
reshape the landscape in seconds.
On<00:13:41.840><c> Friday,</c><00:13:42.240><c> the</c><00:13:42.360><c> 11th</c><00:13:42.680><c> of</c><00:13:42.800><c> March,</c><00:13:43.120><c> 2011,</c><00:13:43.920><c> at</c>

13:44.110 --> 13:44.120 align:start position:0%
On Friday, the 11th of March, 2011, at
 

13:44.120 --> 13:46.430 align:start position:0%
On Friday, the 11th of March, 2011, at
14:46,

13:46.430 --> 13:46.440 align:start position:0%
14:46,
 

13:46.440 --> 13:49.070 align:start position:0%
14:46,
a<00:13:46.600><c> magnitude</c><00:13:47.320><c> 9</c><00:13:47.720><c> megathrust</c><00:13:48.560><c> earthquake</c>

13:49.070 --> 13:49.080 align:start position:0%
a magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake
 

13:49.080 --> 13:53.150 align:start position:0%
a magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake
struck<00:13:49.680><c> off</c><00:13:49.880><c> the</c><00:13:50.040><c> coast</c><00:13:50.480><c> of</c><00:13:50.640><c> Japan.</c>

13:53.150 --> 13:53.160 align:start position:0%
struck off the coast of Japan.
 

13:53.160 --> 13:54.950 align:start position:0%
struck off the coast of Japan.
It<00:13:53.280><c> was</c><00:13:53.400><c> one</c><00:13:53.560><c> of</c><00:13:53.600><c> the</c><00:13:53.720><c> strongest</c><00:13:54.280><c> earthquakes</c>

13:54.950 --> 13:54.960 align:start position:0%
It was one of the strongest earthquakes
 

13:54.960 --> 13:59.270 align:start position:0%
It was one of the strongest earthquakes
ever<00:13:55.240><c> recorded.</c>

13:59.270 --> 13:59.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:59.280 --> 14:03.310 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:13:59.480><c> epicenter</c><00:14:00.080><c> lay</c><00:14:00.240><c> 72</c><00:14:01.040><c> km</c><00:14:01.720><c> east</c><00:14:02.120><c> of</c><00:14:02.400><c> Tohoku</c>

14:03.310 --> 14:03.320 align:start position:0%
The epicenter lay 72 km east of Tohoku
 

14:03.320 --> 14:05.670 align:start position:0%
The epicenter lay 72 km east of Tohoku
at<00:14:03.440><c> a</c><00:14:03.480><c> depth</c><00:14:03.800><c> of</c><00:14:04.000><c> 32</c><00:14:04.640><c> km</c><00:14:05.120><c> beneath</c><00:14:05.560><c> the</c>

14:05.670 --> 14:05.680 align:start position:0%
at a depth of 32 km beneath the
 

14:05.680 --> 14:07.190 align:start position:0%
at a depth of 32 km beneath the
seafloor.

14:07.190 --> 14:07.200 align:start position:0%
seafloor.
 

14:07.200 --> 14:09.950 align:start position:0%
seafloor.
For<00:14:07.480><c> six</c><00:14:08.120><c> relentless</c><00:14:08.840><c> minutes,</c><00:14:09.360><c> the</c><00:14:09.480><c> ground</c>

14:09.950 --> 14:09.960 align:start position:0%
For six relentless minutes, the ground
 

14:09.960 --> 14:12.230 align:start position:0%
For six relentless minutes, the ground
shook<00:14:10.280><c> so</c><00:14:10.680><c> violently,</c><00:14:11.560><c> it</c><00:14:11.800><c> actually</c>

14:12.230 --> 14:12.240 align:start position:0%
shook so violently, it actually
 

14:12.240 --> 14:15.430 align:start position:0%
shook so violently, it actually
shortened<00:14:12.880><c> the</c><00:14:13.000><c> length</c><00:14:13.400><c> of</c><00:14:13.680><c> each</c><00:14:14.160><c> Earth</c><00:14:14.600><c> day</c>

14:15.430 --> 14:15.440 align:start position:0%
shortened the length of each Earth day
 

14:15.440 --> 14:18.950 align:start position:0%
shortened the length of each Earth day
by<00:14:15.680><c> 1.8</c><00:14:16.760><c> microseconds.</c>

14:18.950 --> 14:18.960 align:start position:0%
by 1.8 microseconds.
 

14:18.960 --> 14:20.630 align:start position:0%
by 1.8 microseconds.
What<00:14:19.200><c> followed</c><00:14:19.520><c> was</c><00:14:19.720><c> devastation</c><00:14:20.400><c> on</c><00:14:20.560><c> a</c>

14:20.630 --> 14:20.640 align:start position:0%
What followed was devastation on a
 

14:20.640 --> 14:23.310 align:start position:0%
What followed was devastation on a
historic<00:14:21.480><c> scale.</c><00:14:22.400><c> Entire</c><00:14:22.800><c> towns</c><00:14:23.240><c> were</c>

14:23.310 --> 14:23.320 align:start position:0%
historic scale. Entire towns were
 

14:23.320 --> 14:26.110 align:start position:0%
historic scale. Entire towns were
destroyed,<00:14:24.120><c> thousands</c><00:14:25.120><c> died,</c><00:14:25.920><c> and</c><00:14:26.040><c> the</c>

14:26.110 --> 14:26.120 align:start position:0%
destroyed, thousands died, and the
 

14:26.120 --> 14:28.750 align:start position:0%
destroyed, thousands died, and the
Fukushima<00:14:27.040><c> power</c><00:14:27.440><c> plant</c><00:14:27.760><c> was</c><00:14:27.920><c> damaged,</c>

14:28.750 --> 14:28.760 align:start position:0%
Fukushima power plant was damaged,
 

14:28.760 --> 14:30.870 align:start position:0%
Fukushima power plant was damaged,
resulting<00:14:29.280><c> in</c><00:14:29.400><c> its</c><00:14:29.600><c> core</c><00:14:29.960><c> melting</c><00:14:30.520><c> down</c><00:14:30.800><c> and</c>

14:30.870 --> 14:30.880 align:start position:0%
resulting in its core melting down and
 

14:30.880 --> 14:33.070 align:start position:0%
resulting in its core melting down and
releasing<00:14:31.360><c> radioactive</c><00:14:31.920><c> material</c><00:14:32.640><c> into</c><00:14:32.960><c> the</c>

14:33.070 --> 14:33.080 align:start position:0%
releasing radioactive material into the
 

14:33.080 --> 14:35.470 align:start position:0%
releasing radioactive material into the
environment.<00:14:34.320><c> The</c><00:14:34.440><c> total</c><00:14:34.800><c> cost</c><00:14:35.160><c> of</c><00:14:35.320><c> this</c>

14:35.470 --> 14:35.480 align:start position:0%
environment. The total cost of this
 

14:35.480 --> 14:38.870 align:start position:0%
environment. The total cost of this
disaster<00:14:36.120><c> reached</c><00:14:36.360><c> a</c><00:14:36.440><c> staggering</c><00:14:37.160><c> $235</c>

14:38.870 --> 14:38.880 align:start position:0%
disaster reached a staggering $235
 

14:38.880 --> 14:40.710 align:start position:0%
disaster reached a staggering $235
billion.<00:14:39.560><c> dollars.</c>

14:40.710 --> 14:40.720 align:start position:0%
billion. dollars.
 

14:40.720 --> 14:42.150 align:start position:0%
billion. dollars.
To<00:14:40.839><c> give</c><00:14:41.000><c> you</c><00:14:41.080><c> some</c><00:14:41.280><c> context,</c><00:14:41.760><c> that's</c><00:14:41.960><c> enough</c>

14:42.150 --> 14:42.160 align:start position:0%
To give you some context, that's enough
 

14:42.160 --> 14:44.350 align:start position:0%
To give you some context, that's enough
to<00:14:42.280><c> buy</c><00:14:42.480><c> both</c><00:14:42.760><c> the</c><00:14:42.920><c> LA</c><00:14:43.200><c> Lakers</c><00:14:43.760><c> and</c><00:14:44.080><c> the</c><00:14:44.200><c> New</c>

14:44.350 --> 14:44.360 align:start position:0%
to buy both the LA Lakers and the New
 

14:44.360 --> 14:46.910 align:start position:0%
to buy both the LA Lakers and the New
York<00:14:44.640><c> Yankees</c><00:14:45.040><c> and</c><00:14:45.240><c> still</c><00:14:45.520><c> have</c><00:14:45.760><c> $200</c><00:14:46.600><c> billion</c>

14:46.910 --> 14:46.920 align:start position:0%
York Yankees and still have $200 billion
 

14:46.920 --> 14:49.710 align:start position:0%
York Yankees and still have $200 billion
left<00:14:47.160><c> over</c><00:14:47.480><c> in</c><00:14:47.720><c> change.</c><00:14:48.880><c> But</c><00:14:49.000><c> the</c><00:14:49.080><c> megathrust</c>

14:49.710 --> 14:49.720 align:start position:0%
left over in change. But the megathrust
 

14:49.720 --> 14:51.670 align:start position:0%
left over in change. But the megathrust
earthquake<00:14:50.040><c> was</c><00:14:50.200><c> only</c><00:14:50.360><c> the</c><00:14:50.480><c> beginning</c><00:14:51.160><c> of</c><00:14:51.520><c> the</c>

14:51.670 --> 14:51.680 align:start position:0%
earthquake was only the beginning of the
 

14:51.680 --> 14:53.870 align:start position:0%
earthquake was only the beginning of the
nightmare.<00:14:52.680><c> Within</c><00:14:52.960><c> minutes</c><00:14:53.360><c> of</c><00:14:53.520><c> the</c><00:14:53.600><c> quake,</c>

14:53.870 --> 14:53.880 align:start position:0%
nightmare. Within minutes of the quake,
 

14:53.880 --> 14:55.550 align:start position:0%
nightmare. Within minutes of the quake,
something<00:14:54.240><c> far</c><00:14:54.600><c> more</c><00:14:54.880><c> deadly</c><00:14:55.320><c> and</c>

14:55.550 --> 14:55.560 align:start position:0%
something far more deadly and
 

14:55.560 --> 14:58.750 align:start position:0%
something far more deadly and
destructive<00:14:56.360><c> emerged</c><00:14:57.080><c> from</c><00:14:57.280><c> the</c><00:14:57.480><c> ocean.</c><00:14:58.600><c> A</c>

14:58.750 --> 14:58.760 align:start position:0%
destructive emerged from the ocean. A
 

14:58.760 --> 15:01.150 align:start position:0%
destructive emerged from the ocean. A
tsunami.

15:01.150 --> 15:01.160 align:start position:0%
tsunami.
 

15:01.160 --> 15:06.390 align:start position:0%
tsunami.
A<00:15:01.320><c> towering</c><00:15:02.040><c> wall</c><00:15:02.360><c> 38</c><00:15:03.480><c> m</c><00:15:04.040><c> high,</c><00:15:04.760><c> racing</c><00:15:05.280><c> 10</c><00:15:05.720><c> km</c>

15:06.390 --> 15:06.400 align:start position:0%
A towering wall 38 m high, racing 10 km
 

15:06.400 --> 15:09.670 align:start position:0%
A towering wall 38 m high, racing 10 km
inland<00:15:07.000><c> with</c><00:15:07.200><c> unstoppable</c><00:15:08.360><c> force.</c>

15:09.670 --> 15:09.680 align:start position:0%
inland with unstoppable force.
 

15:09.680 --> 15:11.750 align:start position:0%
inland with unstoppable force.
It<00:15:09.760><c> was</c><00:15:09.880><c> triggered</c><00:15:10.320><c> when</c><00:15:10.520><c> roughly</c><00:15:10.880><c> 4</c><00:15:11.200><c> to</c><00:15:11.360><c> 5</c>

15:11.750 --> 15:11.760 align:start position:0%
It was triggered when roughly 4 to 5
 

15:11.760 --> 15:14.510 align:start position:0%
It was triggered when roughly 4 to 5
cubic<00:15:12.120><c> kilometers</c><00:15:12.600><c> of</c><00:15:12.760><c> Pacific</c><00:15:13.320><c> Ocean</c><00:15:13.760><c> water</c>

15:14.510 --> 15:14.520 align:start position:0%
cubic kilometers of Pacific Ocean water
 

15:14.520 --> 15:16.790 align:start position:0%
cubic kilometers of Pacific Ocean water
was<00:15:14.760><c> suddenly</c><00:15:15.200><c> displaced</c><00:15:16.400><c> after</c><00:15:16.680><c> the</c>

15:16.790 --> 15:16.800 align:start position:0%
was suddenly displaced after the
 

15:16.800 --> 15:21.310 align:start position:0%
was suddenly displaced after the
seafloor<00:15:17.600><c> violently</c><00:15:18.200><c> uplifted</c><00:15:18.800><c> by</c><00:15:19.000><c> 16</c><00:15:20.200><c> m</c><00:15:21.080><c> and</c>

15:21.310 --> 15:21.320 align:start position:0%
seafloor violently uplifted by 16 m and
 

15:21.320 --> 15:24.990 align:start position:0%
seafloor violently uplifted by 16 m and
shifted<00:15:21.760><c> horizontally</c><00:15:23.080><c> by</c><00:15:23.320><c> 50</c><00:15:24.040><c> meters.</c>

15:24.990 --> 15:25.000 align:start position:0%
shifted horizontally by 50 meters.
 

15:25.000 --> 15:26.430 align:start position:0%
shifted horizontally by 50 meters.
That's<00:15:25.200><c> about</c><00:15:25.520><c> half</c><00:15:25.880><c> the</c><00:15:26.000><c> length</c><00:15:26.280><c> of</c><00:15:26.360><c> a</c>

15:26.430 --> 15:26.440 align:start position:0%
That's about half the length of a
 

15:26.440 --> 15:28.510 align:start position:0%
That's about half the length of a
football<00:15:27.000><c> field.</c>

15:28.510 --> 15:28.520 align:start position:0%
football field.
 

15:28.520 --> 15:31.070 align:start position:0%
football field.
Waves<00:15:28.880><c> traveling</c><00:15:29.280><c> at</c><00:15:29.440><c> 804</c>

15:31.070 --> 15:31.080 align:start position:0%
Waves traveling at 804
 

15:31.080 --> 15:33.830 align:start position:0%
Waves traveling at 804
kilometers<00:15:31.920><c> an</c><00:15:32.160><c> hour,</c><00:15:33.000><c> the</c><00:15:33.160><c> average</c><00:15:33.520><c> cruising</c>

15:33.830 --> 15:33.840 align:start position:0%
kilometers an hour, the average cruising
 

15:33.840 --> 15:36.350 align:start position:0%
kilometers an hour, the average cruising
speed<00:15:34.040><c> of</c><00:15:34.160><c> a</c><00:15:34.240><c> commercial</c><00:15:34.920><c> passenger</c><00:15:35.520><c> plane,</c>

15:36.350 --> 15:36.360 align:start position:0%
speed of a commercial passenger plane,
 

15:36.360 --> 15:39.870 align:start position:0%
speed of a commercial passenger plane,
swallowed<00:15:36.800><c> entire</c><00:15:37.680><c> coastlines</c><00:15:38.640><c> in</c><00:15:38.880><c> minutes.</c>

15:39.870 --> 15:39.880 align:start position:0%
swallowed entire coastlines in minutes.
 

15:39.880 --> 15:43.430 align:start position:0%
swallowed entire coastlines in minutes.
Anything<00:15:40.480><c> in</c><00:15:40.600><c> its</c><00:15:40.800><c> path</c><00:15:41.160><c> was</c><00:15:41.560><c> simply</c><00:15:42.200><c> erased.</c>

15:43.430 --> 15:43.440 align:start position:0%
Anything in its path was simply erased.
 

15:43.440 --> 15:45.470 align:start position:0%
Anything in its path was simply erased.
More<00:15:43.520><c> than</c><00:15:43.680><c> 19,000</c><00:15:44.680><c> people</c><00:15:45.040><c> lost</c><00:15:45.320><c> their</c>

15:45.470 --> 15:45.480 align:start position:0%
More than 19,000 people lost their
 

15:45.480 --> 15:50.750 align:start position:0%
More than 19,000 people lost their
lives.<00:15:46.320><c> 92%</c><00:15:47.600><c> of</c><00:15:47.720><c> them</c><00:15:48.560><c> by</c><00:15:48.640><c> drowning.</c>

15:50.750 --> 15:50.760 align:start position:0%
lives. 92% of them by drowning.
 

15:50.760 --> 15:53.430 align:start position:0%
lives. 92% of them by drowning.
This<00:15:50.920><c> was</c><00:15:51.080><c> a</c><00:15:51.160><c> truly</c><00:15:51.880><c> devastating</c><00:15:52.640><c> event,</c><00:15:53.120><c> but</c>

15:53.430 --> 15:53.440 align:start position:0%
This was a truly devastating event, but
 

15:53.440 --> 15:56.390 align:start position:0%
This was a truly devastating event, but
shockingly<00:15:54.120><c> it</c><00:15:54.360><c> wasn't</c><00:15:54.800><c> the</c><00:15:54.920><c> first.</c><00:15:56.080><c> Along</c>

15:56.390 --> 15:56.400 align:start position:0%
shockingly it wasn't the first. Along
 

15:56.400 --> 15:58.870 align:start position:0%
shockingly it wasn't the first. Along
the<00:15:56.560><c> east</c><00:15:56.840><c> coast</c><00:15:57.240><c> of</c><00:15:57.400><c> Japan,</c><00:15:58.120><c> tsunamis</c><00:15:58.720><c> have</c>

15:58.870 --> 15:58.880 align:start position:0%
the east coast of Japan, tsunamis have
 

15:58.880 --> 16:01.110 align:start position:0%
the east coast of Japan, tsunamis have
been<00:15:59.040><c> recorded</c><00:15:59.560><c> in</c><00:15:59.680><c> extraordinary</c><00:16:00.640><c> detail</c>

16:01.110 --> 16:01.120 align:start position:0%
been recorded in extraordinary detail
 

16:01.120 --> 16:03.830 align:start position:0%
been recorded in extraordinary detail
for<00:16:01.400><c> centuries,</c><00:16:02.680><c> with</c><00:16:02.920><c> coastal</c><00:16:03.400><c> villagers</c>

16:03.830 --> 16:03.840 align:start position:0%
for centuries, with coastal villagers
 

16:03.840 --> 16:06.470 align:start position:0%
for centuries, with coastal villagers
documenting<00:16:04.600><c> wave</c><00:16:04.960><c> heights,</c><00:16:05.640><c> damage,</c><00:16:06.200><c> and</c>

16:06.470 --> 16:06.480 align:start position:0%
documenting wave heights, damage, and
 

16:06.480 --> 16:08.750 align:start position:0%
documenting wave heights, damage, and
even<00:16:07.040><c> timings.</c>

16:08.750 --> 16:08.760 align:start position:0%
even timings.
 

16:08.760 --> 16:10.470 align:start position:0%
even timings.
In<00:16:08.880><c> 1996,</c>

16:10.470 --> 16:10.480 align:start position:0%
In 1996,
 

16:10.480 --> 16:12.590 align:start position:0%
In 1996,
geologist<00:16:11.080><c> Kenji</c><00:16:11.600><c> Satake</c><00:16:12.280><c> from</c><00:16:12.480><c> the</c>

16:12.590 --> 16:12.600 align:start position:0%
geologist Kenji Satake from the
 

16:12.600 --> 16:15.390 align:start position:0%
geologist Kenji Satake from the
Geological<00:16:13.160><c> Survey</c><00:16:13.640><c> of</c><00:16:13.840><c> Japan</c><00:16:14.720><c> was</c><00:16:14.920><c> studying</c>

16:15.390 --> 16:15.400 align:start position:0%
Geological Survey of Japan was studying
 

16:15.400 --> 16:16.990 align:start position:0%
Geological Survey of Japan was studying
these<00:16:15.640><c> historical</c><00:16:16.280><c> records</c><00:16:16.680><c> when</c><00:16:16.840><c> he</c>

16:16.990 --> 16:17.000 align:start position:0%
these historical records when he
 

16:17.000 --> 16:19.190 align:start position:0%
these historical records when he
uncovered<00:16:17.400><c> something</c><00:16:17.920><c> deeply</c><00:16:18.400><c> unsettling</c>

16:19.190 --> 16:19.200 align:start position:0%
uncovered something deeply unsettling
 

16:19.200 --> 16:21.430 align:start position:0%
uncovered something deeply unsettling
hidden<00:16:19.600><c> within</c><00:16:20.560><c> those</c><00:16:20.880><c> ancient</c><00:16:21.201><c> [music]</c>

16:21.430 --> 16:21.440 align:start position:0%
hidden within those ancient [music]
 

16:21.440 --> 16:23.910 align:start position:0%
hidden within those ancient [music]
records.<00:16:22.600><c> The</c><00:16:22.720><c> documents</c><00:16:23.200><c> described</c>

16:23.910 --> 16:23.920 align:start position:0%
records. The documents described
 

16:23.920 --> 16:26.550 align:start position:0%
records. The documents described
widespread<00:16:24.680><c> flooding,</c><00:16:25.320><c> homes</c><00:16:25.800><c> being</c><00:16:26.120><c> swept</c>

16:26.550 --> 16:26.560 align:start position:0%
widespread flooding, homes being swept
 

16:26.560 --> 16:28.390 align:start position:0%
widespread flooding, homes being swept
away,<00:16:26.960><c> fires</c><00:16:27.560><c> breaking</c><00:16:28.000><c> out,</c><00:16:28.160><c> and</c><00:16:28.280><c> a</c>

16:28.390 --> 16:28.400 align:start position:0%
away, fires breaking out, and a
 

16:28.400 --> 16:31.910 align:start position:0%
away, fires breaking out, and a
shipwreck<00:16:29.640><c> off</c><00:16:29.920><c> the</c><00:16:30.120><c> coast.</c><00:16:31.160><c> Some</c><00:16:31.400><c> records</c>

16:31.910 --> 16:31.920 align:start position:0%
shipwreck off the coast. Some records
 

16:31.920 --> 16:33.590 align:start position:0%
shipwreck off the coast. Some records
even<00:16:32.240><c> recounted</c><00:16:32.800><c> a</c><00:16:32.880><c> powerful</c><00:16:33.440><c> and</c>

16:33.590 --> 16:33.600 align:start position:0%
even recounted a powerful and
 

16:33.600 --> 16:35.790 align:start position:0%
even recounted a powerful and
destructive<00:16:34.240><c> 2-m</c><00:16:34.880><c> wave</c><00:16:35.240><c> striking</c><00:16:35.680><c> the</c>

16:35.790 --> 16:35.800 align:start position:0%
destructive 2-m wave striking the
 

16:35.800 --> 16:39.030 align:start position:0%
destructive 2-m wave striking the
shoreline<00:16:36.839><c> in</c><00:16:37.000><c> the</c><00:16:37.080><c> middle</c><00:16:37.520><c> of</c><00:16:37.720><c> the</c><00:16:37.839><c> night.</c>

16:39.030 --> 16:39.040 align:start position:0%
shoreline in the middle of the night.
 

16:39.040 --> 16:41.230 align:start position:0%
shoreline in the middle of the night.
Around<00:16:39.320><c> 1,000</c><00:16:39.960><c> bodies</c><00:16:40.320><c> were</c><00:16:40.440><c> later</c><00:16:40.880><c> washed</c>

16:41.230 --> 16:41.240 align:start position:0%
Around 1,000 bodies were later washed
 

16:41.240 --> 16:43.990 align:start position:0%
Around 1,000 bodies were later washed
ashore<00:16:41.760><c> as</c><00:16:41.920><c> survivors</c><00:16:42.600><c> fled</c><00:16:43.480><c> to</c><00:16:43.640><c> higher</c>

16:43.990 --> 16:44.000 align:start position:0%
ashore as survivors fled to higher
 

16:44.000 --> 16:45.510 align:start position:0%
ashore as survivors fled to higher
ground.

16:45.510 --> 16:45.520 align:start position:0%
ground.
 

16:45.520 --> 16:47.070 align:start position:0%
ground.
But<00:16:45.640><c> within</c><00:16:45.920><c> this</c><00:16:46.080><c> desolation,</c><00:16:46.680><c> there</c><00:16:46.839><c> was</c>

16:47.070 --> 16:47.080 align:start position:0%
But within this desolation, there was
 

16:47.080 --> 16:49.190 align:start position:0%
But within this desolation, there was
one<00:16:47.440><c> terrifying</c><00:16:48.080><c> detail</c><00:16:48.440><c> that</c><00:16:48.640><c> made</c><00:16:49.000><c> no</c>

16:49.190 --> 16:49.200 align:start position:0%
one terrifying detail that made no
 

16:49.200 --> 16:50.590 align:start position:0%
one terrifying detail that made no
sense.

16:50.590 --> 16:50.600 align:start position:0%
sense.
 

16:50.600 --> 16:53.190 align:start position:0%
sense.
There<00:16:50.760><c> wasn't</c><00:16:51.120><c> a</c><00:16:51.240><c> single</c><00:16:51.839><c> report</c><00:16:52.920><c> of</c><00:16:53.080><c> an</c>

16:53.190 --> 16:53.200 align:start position:0%
There wasn't a single report of an
 

16:53.200 --> 16:54.750 align:start position:0%
There wasn't a single report of an
earthquake.

16:54.750 --> 16:54.760 align:start position:0%
earthquake.
 

16:54.760 --> 16:56.710 align:start position:0%
earthquake.
Because<00:16:55.040><c> of</c><00:16:55.160><c> this,</c><00:16:55.520><c> scientists</c><00:16:56.120><c> later</c><00:16:56.480><c> called</c>

16:56.710 --> 16:56.720 align:start position:0%
Because of this, scientists later called
 

16:56.720 --> 17:00.070 align:start position:0%
Because of this, scientists later called
the<00:16:56.880><c> incident</c><00:16:57.440><c> an</c><00:16:57.680><c> orphan</c><00:16:58.360><c> tsunami.</c>

17:00.070 --> 17:00.080 align:start position:0%
the incident an orphan tsunami.
 

17:00.080 --> 17:01.950 align:start position:0%
the incident an orphan tsunami.
No<00:17:00.320><c> one</c><00:17:00.520><c> knew</c><00:17:00.800><c> what</c><00:17:01.120><c> had</c><00:17:01.280><c> unleashed</c><00:17:01.880><c> the</c>

17:01.950 --> 17:01.960 align:start position:0%
No one knew what had unleashed the
 

17:01.960 --> 17:04.429 align:start position:0%
No one knew what had unleashed the
deadly<00:17:02.400><c> wall</c><00:17:02.640><c> of</c><00:17:02.800><c> water,</c><00:17:03.240><c> or</c><00:17:03.600><c> where</c><00:17:03.920><c> it</c><00:17:04.040><c> came</c>

17:04.429 --> 17:04.439 align:start position:0%
deadly wall of water, or where it came
 

17:04.439 --> 17:07.230 align:start position:0%
deadly wall of water, or where it came
from.<00:17:05.280><c> Using</c><00:17:05.760><c> century-old</c><00:17:06.600><c> historical</c>

17:07.230 --> 17:07.240 align:start position:0%
from. Using century-old historical
 

17:07.240 --> 17:09.670 align:start position:0%
from. Using century-old historical
records<00:17:07.640><c> and</c><00:17:07.760><c> advanced</c><00:17:08.319><c> computer</c><00:17:08.880><c> modeling,</c>

17:09.670 --> 17:09.680 align:start position:0%
records and advanced computer modeling,
 

17:09.680 --> 17:12.189 align:start position:0%
records and advanced computer modeling,
Kenji<00:17:10.079><c> Satake</c><00:17:10.640><c> and</c><00:17:10.760><c> his</c><00:17:10.959><c> colleagues</c><00:17:11.640><c> changed</c>

17:12.189 --> 17:12.199 align:start position:0%
Kenji Satake and his colleagues changed
 

17:12.199 --> 17:14.910 align:start position:0%
Kenji Satake and his colleagues changed
that.<00:17:12.959><c> They</c><00:17:13.160><c> reconstructed</c><00:17:13.959><c> the</c><00:17:14.079><c> size</c><00:17:14.640><c> and</c>

17:14.910 --> 17:14.920 align:start position:0%
that. They reconstructed the size and
 

17:14.920 --> 17:17.309 align:start position:0%
that. They reconstructed the size and
source<00:17:15.439><c> of</c><00:17:15.640><c> the</c><00:17:15.880><c> earthquake</c><00:17:16.319><c> that</c><00:17:16.600><c> generated</c>

17:17.309 --> 17:17.319 align:start position:0%
source of the earthquake that generated
 

17:17.319 --> 17:19.949 align:start position:0%
source of the earthquake that generated
those<00:17:17.680><c> deadly</c><00:17:18.120><c> waves.</c><00:17:19.040><c> The</c><00:17:19.160><c> data</c><00:17:19.560><c> revealed</c>

17:19.949 --> 17:19.959 align:start position:0%
those deadly waves. The data revealed
 

17:19.959 --> 17:22.230 align:start position:0%
those deadly waves. The data revealed
the<00:17:20.040><c> tsunami</c><00:17:20.560><c> was</c><00:17:20.760><c> triggered</c><00:17:21.120><c> by</c><00:17:21.280><c> a</c><00:17:21.360><c> magnitude</c>

17:22.230 --> 17:22.240 align:start position:0%
the tsunami was triggered by a magnitude
 

17:22.240 --> 17:26.670 align:start position:0%
the tsunami was triggered by a magnitude
9<00:17:22.839><c> earthquake</c><00:17:23.560><c> 8,000</c><00:17:24.520><c> km</c><00:17:25.120><c> away</c><00:17:25.439><c> along,</c><00:17:26.120><c> guess</c>

17:26.670 --> 17:26.680 align:start position:0%
9 earthquake 8,000 km away along, guess
 

17:26.680 --> 17:30.150 align:start position:0%
9 earthquake 8,000 km away along, guess
where,<00:17:27.520><c> the</c><00:17:27.680><c> Cascadia</c><00:17:28.640><c> fault</c><00:17:29.120><c> line.</c><00:17:30.040><c> The</c>

17:30.150 --> 17:30.160 align:start position:0%
where, the Cascadia fault line. The
 

17:30.160 --> 17:32.470 align:start position:0%
where, the Cascadia fault line. The
seismic<00:17:30.720><c> power</c><00:17:31.040><c> released</c><00:17:31.440><c> is</c><00:17:31.600><c> comparable</c><00:17:32.400><c> to</c>

17:32.470 --> 17:32.480 align:start position:0%
seismic power released is comparable to
 

17:32.480 --> 17:34.670 align:start position:0%
seismic power released is comparable to
the<00:17:32.560><c> amount</c><00:17:32.920><c> of</c><00:17:33.120><c> energy</c><00:17:33.520><c> used</c><00:17:33.880><c> in</c><00:17:34.000><c> the</c><00:17:34.120><c> US</c><00:17:34.560><c> in</c>

17:34.670 --> 17:34.680 align:start position:0%
the amount of energy used in the US in
 

17:34.680 --> 17:37.830 align:start position:0%
the amount of energy used in the US in
an<00:17:34.800><c> entire</c><00:17:35.480><c> month.</c><00:17:36.440><c> And</c><00:17:36.680><c> huge</c><00:17:37.120><c> sections</c><00:17:37.680><c> of</c>

17:37.830 --> 17:37.840 align:start position:0%
an entire month. And huge sections of
 

17:37.840 --> 17:40.390 align:start position:0%
an entire month. And huge sections of
the<00:17:38.040><c> ocean</c><00:17:38.480><c> floor</c><00:17:38.800><c> were</c><00:17:38.920><c> thrust</c><00:17:39.520><c> upwards,</c>

17:40.390 --> 17:40.400 align:start position:0%
the ocean floor were thrust upwards,
 

17:40.400 --> 17:42.790 align:start position:0%
the ocean floor were thrust upwards,
displacing<00:17:40.960><c> an</c><00:17:41.040><c> enormous</c><00:17:41.880><c> volume</c><00:17:42.280><c> of</c><00:17:42.440><c> water</c>

17:42.790 --> 17:42.800 align:start position:0%
displacing an enormous volume of water
 

17:42.800 --> 17:45.390 align:start position:0%
displacing an enormous volume of water
in<00:17:43.120><c> just</c><00:17:43.640><c> minutes.</c><00:17:44.600><c> The</c><00:17:44.720><c> result</c><00:17:45.160><c> was</c><00:17:45.320><c> a</c>

17:45.390 --> 17:45.400 align:start position:0%
in just minutes. The result was a
 

17:45.400 --> 17:48.150 align:start position:0%
in just minutes. The result was a
tsunami<00:17:45.960><c> that</c><00:17:46.160><c> sent</c><00:17:46.440><c> waves</c><00:17:46.720><c> up</c><00:17:46.840><c> to</c><00:17:47.000><c> 5</c><00:17:47.480><c> m</c><00:17:47.880><c> high</c>

17:48.150 --> 17:48.160 align:start position:0%
tsunami that sent waves up to 5 m high
 

17:48.160 --> 17:50.630 align:start position:0%
tsunami that sent waves up to 5 m high
racing<00:17:48.720><c> across</c><00:17:49.080><c> the</c><00:17:49.160><c> Pacific</c><00:17:49.600><c> Ocean</c><00:17:50.400><c> from</c>

17:50.630 --> 17:50.640 align:start position:0%
racing across the Pacific Ocean from
 

17:50.640 --> 17:53.350 align:start position:0%
racing across the Pacific Ocean from
North<00:17:50.960><c> America</c><00:17:51.560><c> all</c><00:17:51.800><c> the</c><00:17:51.920><c> way</c><00:17:52.640><c> to</c><00:17:52.760><c> the</c><00:17:52.880><c> coast</c>

17:53.350 --> 17:53.360 align:start position:0%
North America all the way to the coast
 

17:53.360 --> 17:56.030 align:start position:0%
North America all the way to the coast
of<00:17:53.520><c> Japan</c><00:17:54.520><c> towards</c><00:17:55.040><c> coastal</c><00:17:55.480><c> communities</c>

17:56.030 --> 17:56.040 align:start position:0%
of Japan towards coastal communities
 

17:56.040 --> 17:59.270 align:start position:0%
of Japan towards coastal communities
that<00:17:56.360><c> had</c><00:17:56.720><c> no</c><00:17:57.040><c> idea</c><00:17:57.520><c> what</c><00:17:57.720><c> was</c><00:17:57.920><c> coming.</c>

17:59.270 --> 17:59.280 align:start position:0%
that had no idea what was coming.
 

17:59.280 --> 18:01.310 align:start position:0%
that had no idea what was coming.
And<00:17:59.520><c> guess</c><00:17:59.840><c> what?</c><00:18:00.120><c> By</c><00:18:00.280><c> combining</c><00:18:00.960><c> the</c><00:18:01.040><c> model</c>

18:01.310 --> 18:01.320 align:start position:0%
And guess what? By combining the model
 

18:01.320 --> 18:02.790 align:start position:0%
And guess what? By combining the model
with<00:18:01.480><c> tree</c><00:18:01.720><c> ring</c><00:18:01.880><c> analysis,</c><00:18:02.440><c> sediment</c>

18:02.790 --> 18:02.800 align:start position:0%
with tree ring analysis, sediment
 

18:02.800 --> 18:04.682 align:start position:0%
with tree ring analysis, sediment
studies,<00:18:03.120><c> and</c><00:18:03.240><c> historical</c><00:18:03.840><c> written</c><00:18:04.160><c> records,</c>

18:04.682 --> 18:04.692 align:start position:0%
studies, and historical written records,
 

18:04.692 --> 18:06.230 align:start position:0%
studies, and historical written records,
[music]<00:18:05.040><c> they</c><00:18:05.200><c> were</c><00:18:05.320><c> able</c><00:18:05.560><c> to</c><00:18:05.720><c> pinpoint</c>

18:06.230 --> 18:06.240 align:start position:0%
[music] they were able to pinpoint
 

18:06.240 --> 18:09.470 align:start position:0%
[music] they were able to pinpoint
exactly<00:18:07.280><c> when</c><00:18:07.640><c> all</c><00:18:07.920><c> this</c><00:18:08.240><c> happened.</c><00:18:09.200><c> On</c><00:18:09.360><c> the</c>

18:09.470 --> 18:09.480 align:start position:0%
exactly when all this happened. On the
 

18:09.480 --> 18:12.670 align:start position:0%
exactly when all this happened. On the
night<00:18:09.800><c> of</c><00:18:09.880><c> the</c><00:18:09.960><c> 26th</c><00:18:10.640><c> of</c><00:18:10.760><c> January,</c><00:18:11.240><c> 1700,</c>

18:12.670 --> 18:12.680 align:start position:0%
night of the 26th of January, 1700,
 

18:12.680 --> 18:16.030 align:start position:0%
night of the 26th of January, 1700,
around<00:18:13.080><c> 9:00</c><00:18:13.400><c> p.m.</c><00:18:13.760><c> local</c><00:18:14.160><c> time,</c><00:18:15.120><c> a</c><00:18:15.280><c> silent</c>

18:16.030 --> 18:16.040 align:start position:0%
around 9:00 p.m. local time, a silent
 

18:16.040 --> 18:18.750 align:start position:0%
around 9:00 p.m. local time, a silent
rupture<00:18:16.520><c> beneath</c><00:18:16.880><c> the</c><00:18:17.040><c> ocean</c><00:18:17.880><c> unleashed</c>

18:18.750 --> 18:18.760 align:start position:0%
rupture beneath the ocean unleashed
 

18:18.760 --> 18:20.910 align:start position:0%
rupture beneath the ocean unleashed
devastation<00:18:19.520><c> along</c><00:18:19.800><c> the</c><00:18:19.920><c> coasts</c><00:18:20.440><c> of</c><00:18:20.600><c> both</c><00:18:20.840><c> the</c>

18:20.910 --> 18:20.920 align:start position:0%
devastation along the coasts of both the
 

18:20.920 --> 18:23.310 align:start position:0%
devastation along the coasts of both the
USA<00:18:21.920><c> and</c><00:18:22.080><c> Japan.</c>

18:23.310 --> 18:23.320 align:start position:0%
USA and Japan.
 

18:23.320 --> 18:25.390 align:start position:0%
USA and Japan.
The<00:18:23.360><c> question</c><00:18:23.760><c> now</c><00:18:24.080><c> then</c><00:18:24.320><c> is,</c><00:18:24.520><c> how</c><00:18:24.800><c> can</c><00:18:25.040><c> this</c>

18:25.390 --> 18:25.400 align:start position:0%
The question now then is, how can this
 

18:25.400 --> 18:27.630 align:start position:0%
The question now then is, how can this
new<00:18:25.680><c> knowledge</c><00:18:26.240><c> help</c><00:18:26.640><c> scientists</c><00:18:27.240><c> predict</c>

18:27.630 --> 18:27.640 align:start position:0%
new knowledge help scientists predict
 

18:27.640 --> 18:32.790 align:start position:0%
new knowledge help scientists predict
exactly<00:18:29.040><c> when</c><00:18:29.200><c> it</c><00:18:29.320><c> will</c><00:18:29.440><c> happen</c><00:18:30.120><c> again?</c>

18:30.621 --> 18:33.291 align:start position:0%
you want to get involved as we head back
to<00:20:04.880><c> Oregon.</c>

18:33.291 --> 18:33.301 align:start position:0%
to Oregon.
 

18:33.301 --> 18:35.531 align:start position:0%
to Oregon.
Over<00:20:07.640><c> the</c><00:20:07.760><c> past</c><00:20:08.080><c> 326</c>

18:35.531 --> 18:35.541 align:start position:0%
Over the past 326
 

18:35.541 --> 18:37.971 align:start position:0%
Over the past 326
years<00:20:10.040><c> since</c><00:20:10.480><c> the</c><00:20:10.640><c> last</c><00:20:11.240><c> mega</c><00:20:11.520><c> thrust</c>

18:37.971 --> 18:37.981 align:start position:0%
years since the last mega thrust
 

18:37.981 --> 18:40.411 align:start position:0%
years since the last mega thrust
earthquake,<00:20:13.040><c> pressure</c><00:20:13.440><c> has</c><00:20:13.760><c> slowly</c><00:20:14.240><c> been</c>

18:40.411 --> 18:40.421 align:start position:0%
earthquake, pressure has slowly been
 

18:40.421 --> 18:42.931 align:start position:0%
earthquake, pressure has slowly been
building<00:20:14.880><c> along</c><00:20:15.320><c> the</c><00:20:15.480><c> Cascadia</c><00:20:16.280><c> subduction</c>

18:42.931 --> 18:42.941 align:start position:0%
building along the Cascadia subduction
 

18:42.941 --> 18:45.171 align:start position:0%
building along the Cascadia subduction
zone,<00:20:17.600><c> where</c><00:20:17.760><c> the</c><00:20:17.960><c> Juan</c><00:20:18.240><c> de</c><00:20:18.400><c> Fuca</c><00:20:18.760><c> plate</c><00:20:19.080><c> is</c>

18:45.171 --> 18:45.181 align:start position:0%
zone, where the Juan de Fuca plate is
 

18:45.181 --> 18:48.331 align:start position:0%
zone, where the Juan de Fuca plate is
sliding<00:20:19.720><c> under</c><00:20:20.520><c> the</c><00:20:20.640><c> North</c><00:20:21.000><c> American</c><00:20:21.560><c> plate.</c>

18:48.331 --> 18:48.341 align:start position:0%
sliding under the North American plate.
 

18:48.341 --> 18:51.091 align:start position:0%
sliding under the North American plate.
It's<00:20:22.640><c> a</c><00:20:22.800><c> geological</c><00:20:23.640><c> ticking</c><00:20:24.240><c> time</c><00:20:24.680><c> bomb,</c><00:20:24.960><c> and</c>

18:51.091 --> 18:51.101 align:start position:0%
It's a geological ticking time bomb, and
 

18:51.101 --> 18:53.051 align:start position:0%
It's a geological ticking time bomb, and
we<00:20:25.280><c> know</c><00:20:25.520><c> this</c><00:20:25.720><c> because,</c><00:20:26.280><c> well,</c><00:20:26.880><c> we're</c>

18:53.051 --> 18:53.061 align:start position:0%
we know this because, well, we're
 

18:53.061 --> 18:56.451 align:start position:0%
we know this because, well, we're
watching<00:20:27.520><c> it</c><00:20:27.680><c> happen.</c><00:20:28.720><c> In</c><00:20:28.880><c> 2021,</c><00:20:30.080><c> on</c><00:20:30.240><c> board</c>

18:56.451 --> 18:56.461 align:start position:0%
watching it happen. In 2021, on board
 

18:56.461 --> 19:00.131 align:start position:0%
watching it happen. In 2021, on board
the<00:20:30.680><c> research</c><00:20:31.320><c> vessel</c><00:20:31.880><c> Marcus</c><00:20:32.640><c> G.</c><00:20:33.080><c> Langseth,</c>

19:00.131 --> 19:00.141 align:start position:0%
the research vessel Marcus G. Langseth,
 

19:00.141 --> 19:01.691 align:start position:0%
the research vessel Marcus G. Langseth,
a<00:20:34.280><c> team</c><00:20:34.560><c> of</c><00:20:34.680><c> scientists</c><00:20:35.320><c> launched</c><00:20:35.640><c> a</c>

19:01.691 --> 19:01.701 align:start position:0%
a team of scientists launched a
 

19:01.701 --> 19:04.891 align:start position:0%
a team of scientists launched a
high-stakes<00:20:36.640><c> expedition</c><00:20:37.400><c> to</c><00:20:38.080><c> the</c><00:20:38.240><c> Cascadia</c>

19:04.891 --> 19:04.901 align:start position:0%
high-stakes expedition to the Cascadia
 

19:04.901 --> 19:09.211 align:start position:0%
high-stakes expedition to the Cascadia
subduction<00:20:39.640><c> zone.</c><00:20:40.480><c> Using</c><00:20:40.920><c> 36</c><00:20:42.000><c> air</c><00:20:42.280><c> guns,</c><00:20:43.080><c> they</c>

19:09.211 --> 19:09.221 align:start position:0%
subduction zone. Using 36 air guns, they
 

19:09.221 --> 19:11.731 align:start position:0%
subduction zone. Using 36 air guns, they
blasted<00:20:44.080><c> seismic</c><00:20:44.720><c> pulses</c><00:20:45.240><c> down</c><00:20:45.560><c> to</c><00:20:45.680><c> the</c>

19:11.731 --> 19:11.741 align:start position:0%
blasted seismic pulses down to the
 

19:11.741 --> 19:14.051 align:start position:0%
blasted seismic pulses down to the
seafloor,<00:20:46.960><c> and</c><00:20:47.120><c> then</c><00:20:47.200><c> they</c><00:20:47.320><c> recorded</c><00:20:48.000><c> the</c>

19:14.051 --> 19:14.061 align:start position:0%
seafloor, and then they recorded the
 

19:14.061 --> 19:16.731 align:start position:0%
seafloor, and then they recorded the
returning<00:20:48.880><c> seismic</c><00:20:49.480><c> echoes.</c><00:20:50.440><c> Now,</c><00:20:50.520><c> they</c><00:20:50.640><c> did</c>

19:16.731 --> 19:16.741 align:start position:0%
returning seismic echoes. Now, they did
 

19:16.741 --> 19:19.971 align:start position:0%
returning seismic echoes. Now, they did
this<00:20:51.000><c> using</c><00:20:51.280><c> 1,200</c><00:20:52.360><c> underwater</c><00:20:53.160><c> hydrophone</c>

19:19.971 --> 19:19.981 align:start position:0%
this using 1,200 underwater hydrophone
 

19:19.981 --> 19:23.131 align:start position:0%
this using 1,200 underwater hydrophone
sensors,<00:20:54.560><c> which</c><00:20:54.760><c> are</c><00:20:54.840><c> attached</c><00:20:55.800><c> to</c><00:20:55.920><c> a</c><00:20:56.000><c> 15-km</c>

19:23.131 --> 19:23.141 align:start position:0%
sensors, which are attached to a 15-km
 

19:23.141 --> 19:25.811 align:start position:0%
sensors, which are attached to a 15-km
long<00:20:57.520><c> cable</c><00:20:57.960><c> that</c><00:20:58.080><c> drifted</c><00:20:58.440><c> on</c><00:20:58.560><c> the</c><00:20:58.680><c> surface.</c>

19:25.811 --> 19:25.821 align:start position:0%
long cable that drifted on the surface.
 

19:25.821 --> 19:27.251 align:start position:0%
long cable that drifted on the surface.
It<00:20:59.960><c> was</c><00:21:00.080><c> a</c><00:21:00.160><c> bit</c><00:21:00.280><c> like</c><00:21:00.440><c> conducting</c><00:21:00.920><c> a</c><00:21:00.960><c> giant</c>

19:27.251 --> 19:27.261 align:start position:0%
It was a bit like conducting a giant
 

19:27.261 --> 19:29.691 align:start position:0%
It was a bit like conducting a giant
ultrasound<00:21:02.080><c> scan</c><00:21:02.520><c> of</c><00:21:02.680><c> the</c><00:21:02.880><c> Earth's</c><00:21:03.200><c> crust</c>

19:29.691 --> 19:29.701 align:start position:0%
ultrasound scan of the Earth's crust
 

19:29.701 --> 19:32.331 align:start position:0%
ultrasound scan of the Earth's crust
deep<00:21:04.040><c> below</c><00:21:04.400><c> the</c><00:21:04.520><c> seafloor.</c><00:21:05.640><c> Geophysicist</c>

19:32.331 --> 19:32.341 align:start position:0%
deep below the seafloor. Geophysicist
 

19:32.341 --> 19:34.931 align:start position:0%
deep below the seafloor. Geophysicist
Brandon<00:21:07.120><c> Shuck</c><00:21:07.520><c> from</c><00:21:07.680><c> the</c><00:21:07.880><c> Columbia</c><00:21:08.480><c> Climate</c>

19:34.931 --> 19:34.941 align:start position:0%
Brandon Shuck from the Columbia Climate
 

19:34.941 --> 19:37.371 align:start position:0%
Brandon Shuck from the Columbia Climate
School<00:21:09.280><c> and</c><00:21:09.520><c> his</c><00:21:09.840><c> team</c><00:21:10.160><c> set</c><00:21:10.480><c> about</c><00:21:10.840><c> analyzing</c>

19:37.371 --> 19:37.381 align:start position:0%
School and his team set about analyzing
 

19:37.381 --> 19:40.371 align:start position:0%
School and his team set about analyzing
the<00:21:11.560><c> data</c><00:21:12.000><c> and</c><00:21:12.200><c> there</c><00:21:12.400><c> was</c><00:21:12.680><c> a</c><00:21:12.800><c> lot</c><00:21:13.520><c> of</c><00:21:13.720><c> it.</c><00:21:14.320><c> In</c>

19:40.371 --> 19:40.381 align:start position:0%
the data and there was a lot of it. In
 

19:40.381 --> 19:41.411 align:start position:0%
the data and there was a lot of it. In
fact,<00:21:14.640><c> they</c><00:21:14.720><c> didn't</c><00:21:14.920><c> release</c><00:21:15.080><c> some</c><00:21:15.280><c> of</c><00:21:15.360><c> their</c>

19:41.411 --> 19:41.421 align:start position:0%
fact, they didn't release some of their
 

19:41.421 --> 19:44.611 align:start position:0%
fact, they didn't release some of their
findings<00:21:15.920><c> until</c><00:21:16.240><c> April</c><00:21:16.640><c> 2026.</c>

19:44.611 --> 19:44.621 align:start position:0%
findings until April 2026.
 

19:44.621 --> 19:47.171 align:start position:0%
findings until April 2026.
But,<00:21:19.000><c> it</c><00:21:19.160><c> was</c><00:21:19.560><c> worth</c><00:21:20.080><c> the</c><00:21:20.240><c> wait</c><00:21:20.960><c> as</c><00:21:21.120><c> it</c>

19:47.171 --> 19:47.181 align:start position:0%
But, it was worth the wait as it
 

19:47.181 --> 19:49.091 align:start position:0%
But, it was worth the wait as it
produced<00:21:21.680><c> some</c><00:21:21.800><c> of</c><00:21:21.880><c> the</c><00:21:22.080><c> clearest</c><00:21:22.760><c> images</c>

19:49.091 --> 19:49.101 align:start position:0%
produced some of the clearest images
 

19:49.101 --> 19:52.211 align:start position:0%
produced some of the clearest images
we've<00:21:23.360><c> ever</c><00:21:23.600><c> seen</c><00:21:24.160><c> of</c><00:21:24.320><c> the</c><00:21:24.480><c> CSZ.</c>

19:52.211 --> 19:52.221 align:start position:0%
we've ever seen of the CSZ.
 

19:52.221 --> 19:53.371 align:start position:0%
we've ever seen of the CSZ.
It<00:21:26.434><c> [music]</c><00:21:26.480><c> showed</c><00:21:26.720><c> that</c><00:21:26.840><c> instead</c><00:21:27.280><c> of</c>

19:53.371 --> 19:53.381 align:start position:0%
It [music] showed that instead of
 

19:53.381 --> 19:55.211 align:start position:0%
It [music] showed that instead of
sliding<00:21:28.000><c> smoothly</c><00:21:28.480><c> beneath</c><00:21:28.920><c> the</c><00:21:29.000><c> North</c>

19:55.211 --> 19:55.221 align:start position:0%
sliding smoothly beneath the North
 

19:55.221 --> 19:57.811 align:start position:0%
sliding smoothly beneath the North
American<00:21:29.880><c> Plate,</c><00:21:30.600><c> the</c><00:21:30.840><c> Juan</c><00:21:31.120><c> de</c><00:21:31.240><c> Fuca</c><00:21:31.640><c> Plate</c>

19:57.811 --> 19:57.821 align:start position:0%
American Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate
 

19:57.821 --> 20:00.771 align:start position:0%
American Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate
is<00:21:32.120><c> actually</c><00:21:32.600><c> ripping</c><00:21:33.000><c> apart</c><00:21:33.560><c> chaotically</c>

20:00.771 --> 20:00.781 align:start position:0%
is actually ripping apart chaotically
 

20:00.781 --> 20:03.731 align:start position:0%
is actually ripping apart chaotically
piece<00:21:35.280><c> by</c><00:21:35.520><c> piece.</c><00:21:36.480><c> As</c><00:21:36.720><c> the</c><00:21:36.840><c> plate</c><00:21:37.160><c> sinks</c><00:21:37.520><c> into</c>

20:03.731 --> 20:03.741 align:start position:0%
piece by piece. As the plate sinks into
 

20:03.741 --> 20:06.531 align:start position:0%
piece by piece. As the plate sinks into
the<00:21:37.920><c> mantle,</c><00:21:38.400><c> it</c><00:21:38.640><c> fractures</c><00:21:39.240><c> into</c><00:21:39.600><c> segments</c>

20:06.531 --> 20:06.541 align:start position:0%
the mantle, it fractures into segments
 

20:06.541 --> 20:08.771 align:start position:0%
the mantle, it fractures into segments
with<00:21:40.840><c> massive</c><00:21:41.400><c> slabs</c><00:21:41.880><c> peeling</c><00:21:42.320><c> away</c><00:21:42.680><c> and</c>

20:08.771 --> 20:08.781 align:start position:0%
with massive slabs peeling away and
 

20:08.781 --> 20:11.051 align:start position:0%
with massive slabs peeling away and
descending<00:21:43.440><c> further</c><00:21:44.080><c> deep</c><00:21:44.480><c> below</c><00:21:44.960><c> the</c>

20:11.051 --> 20:11.061 align:start position:0%
descending further deep below the
 

20:11.061 --> 20:12.491 align:start position:0%
descending further deep below the
surface.

20:12.491 --> 20:12.501 align:start position:0%
surface.
 

20:12.501 --> 20:15.171 align:start position:0%
surface.
In<00:21:46.760><c> one</c><00:21:47.040><c> region</c><00:21:47.320><c> of</c><00:21:47.440><c> the</c><00:21:47.600><c> Juan</c><00:21:47.920><c> de</c><00:21:48.040><c> Fuca</c><00:21:48.480><c> Plate,</c>

20:15.171 --> 20:15.181 align:start position:0%
In one region of the Juan de Fuca Plate,
 

20:15.181 --> 20:17.371 align:start position:0%
In one region of the Juan de Fuca Plate,
a<00:21:49.440><c> major</c><00:21:49.960><c> tear</c><00:21:50.320><c> has</c><00:21:50.560><c> caused</c><00:21:50.920><c> the</c><00:21:51.040><c> plate</c><00:21:51.320><c> to</c>

20:17.371 --> 20:17.381 align:start position:0%
a major tear has caused the plate to
 

20:17.381 --> 20:21.491 align:start position:0%
a major tear has caused the plate to
shift<00:21:51.880><c> downwards</c><00:21:52.480><c> by</c><00:21:52.720><c> a</c><00:21:52.760><c> massive</c><00:21:53.480><c> 5</c><00:21:54.000><c> km.</c>

20:21.491 --> 20:21.501 align:start position:0%
shift downwards by a massive 5 km.
 

20:21.501 --> 20:23.171 align:start position:0%
shift downwards by a massive 5 km.
Scientists<00:21:56.040><c> have</c><00:21:56.160><c> described</c><00:21:56.560><c> the</c><00:21:56.640><c> movement</c>

20:23.171 --> 20:23.181 align:start position:0%
Scientists have described the movement
 

20:23.181 --> 20:25.571 align:start position:0%
Scientists have described the movement
here<00:21:57.520><c> as</c><00:21:57.800><c> episodic</c><00:21:58.640><c> or</c><00:21:58.800><c> piecewise</c>

20:25.571 --> 20:25.581 align:start position:0%
here as episodic or piecewise
 

20:25.581 --> 20:27.571 align:start position:0%
here as episodic or piecewise
termination<00:22:00.320><c> and</c><00:22:00.440><c> this</c><00:22:00.600><c> is</c><00:22:00.720><c> a</c><00:22:00.800><c> really</c><00:22:01.320><c> big</c>

20:27.571 --> 20:27.581 align:start position:0%
termination and this is a really big
 

20:27.581 --> 20:29.171 align:start position:0%
termination and this is a really big
deal<00:22:02.240><c> because</c><00:22:02.440><c> it</c><00:22:02.600><c> changes</c><00:22:03.120><c> our</c>

20:29.171 --> 20:29.181 align:start position:0%
deal because it changes our
 

20:29.181 --> 20:32.371 align:start position:0%
deal because it changes our
understanding<00:22:03.800><c> of</c><00:22:04.000><c> how</c><00:22:04.600><c> earthquakes</c><00:22:05.240><c> behave.</c>

20:32.371 --> 20:32.381 align:start position:0%
understanding of how earthquakes behave.
 

20:32.381 --> 20:34.891 align:start position:0%
understanding of how earthquakes behave.
If<00:22:06.800><c> a</c><00:22:06.880><c> subducting</c><00:22:07.600><c> plate</c><00:22:07.920><c> is</c><00:22:08.080><c> cracking</c><00:22:08.680><c> and</c>

20:34.891 --> 20:34.901 align:start position:0%
If a subducting plate is cracking and
 

20:34.901 --> 20:37.371 align:start position:0%
If a subducting plate is cracking and
splitting<00:22:09.600><c> as</c><00:22:09.800><c> it</c><00:22:09.920><c> descends,</c><00:22:11.000><c> it</c><00:22:11.200><c> could</c>

20:37.371 --> 20:37.381 align:start position:0%
splitting as it descends, it could
 

20:37.381 --> 20:39.891 align:start position:0%
splitting as it descends, it could
influence<00:22:11.920><c> how</c><00:22:12.160><c> stress</c><00:22:12.640><c> builds</c><00:22:13.040><c> and</c><00:22:13.200><c> releases</c>

20:39.891 --> 20:39.901 align:start position:0%
influence how stress builds and releases
 

20:39.901 --> 20:42.651 align:start position:0%
influence how stress builds and releases
along<00:22:14.360><c> the</c><00:22:14.480><c> fault</c><00:22:14.840><c> above,</c><00:22:15.800><c> meaning</c><00:22:16.240><c> it</c><00:22:16.440><c> may</c>

20:42.651 --> 20:42.661 align:start position:0%
along the fault above, meaning it may
 

20:42.661 --> 20:45.011 align:start position:0%
along the fault above, meaning it may
not<00:22:17.120><c> rupture</c><00:22:17.520><c> in</c><00:22:17.640><c> the</c><00:22:17.760><c> way</c><00:22:17.960><c> scientists</c><00:22:18.680><c> once</c>

20:45.011 --> 20:45.021 align:start position:0%
not rupture in the way scientists once
 

20:45.021 --> 20:48.531 align:start position:0%
not rupture in the way scientists once
believed<00:22:19.720><c> and</c><00:22:20.040><c> that</c><00:22:20.360><c> changes</c><00:22:21.160><c> everything.</c>

20:48.531 --> 20:48.541 align:start position:0%
believed and that changes everything.
 

20:48.541 --> 20:50.651 align:start position:0%
believed and that changes everything.
So,<00:22:22.800><c> just</c><00:22:23.040><c> to</c><00:22:23.160><c> recap,</c><00:22:23.520><c> we</c><00:22:23.680><c> now</c><00:22:23.920><c> know</c><00:22:24.040><c> this</c><00:22:24.360><c> has</c>

20:50.651 --> 20:50.661 align:start position:0%
So, just to recap, we now know this has
 

20:50.661 --> 20:53.051 align:start position:0%
So, just to recap, we now know this has
happened<00:22:25.120><c> before,</c><00:22:25.640><c> we</c><00:22:25.760><c> now</c><00:22:26.040><c> know</c><00:22:26.360><c> when</c><00:22:26.920><c> it</c>

20:53.051 --> 20:53.061 align:start position:0%
happened before, we now know when it
 

20:53.061 --> 20:56.331 align:start position:0%
happened before, we now know when it
happened,<00:22:27.880><c> and</c><00:22:28.080><c> we</c><00:22:28.240><c> know</c><00:22:29.120><c> it's</c><00:22:29.400><c> on</c><00:22:29.760><c> the</c><00:22:29.920><c> way</c>

20:56.331 --> 20:56.341 align:start position:0%
happened, and we know it's on the way
 

20:56.341 --> 20:57.571 align:start position:0%
happened, and we know it's on the way
again.

20:57.571 --> 20:57.581 align:start position:0%
again.
 

20:57.581 --> 20:59.451 align:start position:0%
again.
The<00:22:31.680><c> question</c><00:22:32.080><c> then</c><00:22:32.240><c> becomes</c><00:22:32.720><c> how</c><00:22:32.960><c> much</c><00:22:33.240><c> time</c>

20:59.451 --> 20:59.461 align:start position:0%
The question then becomes how much time
 

20:59.461 --> 21:02.891 align:start position:0%
The question then becomes how much time
do<00:22:33.720><c> we</c><00:22:33.960><c> have</c><00:22:34.240><c> left</c><00:22:34.680><c> before</c><00:22:35.040><c> the</c><00:22:35.920><c> next</c><00:22:36.480><c> big</c><00:22:36.680><c> one</c>

21:02.891 --> 21:02.901 align:start position:0%
do we have left before the next big one
 

21:02.901 --> 21:05.091 align:start position:0%
do we have left before the next big one
is<00:22:37.200><c> due</c><00:22:37.520><c> to</c><00:22:37.680><c> hit.</c>

21:05.091 --> 21:05.101 align:start position:0%
is due to hit.
 

21:05.101 --> 21:07.211 align:start position:0%
is due to hit.
To<00:22:39.280><c> find</c><00:22:39.720><c> out,</c><00:22:39.920><c> marine</c><00:22:40.360><c> geologist</c><00:22:40.880><c> Chris</c>

21:07.211 --> 21:07.221 align:start position:0%
To find out, marine geologist Chris
 

21:07.221 --> 21:09.131 align:start position:0%
To find out, marine geologist Chris
Goldfinger,<00:22:41.920><c> remember</c><00:22:42.160><c> him</c><00:22:42.360><c> from</c><00:22:42.520><c> before,</c>

21:09.131 --> 21:09.141 align:start position:0%
Goldfinger, remember him from before,
 

21:09.141 --> 21:10.651 align:start position:0%
Goldfinger, remember him from before,
and<00:22:43.360><c> his</c><00:22:43.520><c> team</c><00:22:43.720><c> from</c><00:22:43.960><c> Oregon</c><00:22:44.320><c> State</c>

21:10.651 --> 21:10.661 align:start position:0%
and his team from Oregon State
 

21:10.661 --> 21:12.771 align:start position:0%
and his team from Oregon State
University<00:22:45.560><c> are</c><00:22:45.800><c> reconstructing</c><00:22:46.720><c> the</c>

21:12.771 --> 21:12.781 align:start position:0%
University are reconstructing the
 

21:12.781 --> 21:15.611 align:start position:0%
University are reconstructing the
region's<00:22:47.360><c> violent</c><00:22:48.000><c> seismic</c><00:22:48.600><c> history</c><00:22:49.440><c> by</c>

21:15.611 --> 21:15.621 align:start position:0%
region's violent seismic history by
 

21:15.621 --> 21:19.211 align:start position:0%
region's violent seismic history by
reading<00:22:50.480><c> the</c><00:22:50.720><c> ocean</c><00:22:51.240><c> floor</c><00:22:51.760><c> itself.</c><00:22:53.200><c> They</c>

21:19.211 --> 21:19.221 align:start position:0%
reading the ocean floor itself. They
 

21:19.221 --> 21:21.891 align:start position:0%
reading the ocean floor itself. They
analyzed<00:22:53.800><c> layers</c><00:22:54.240><c> of</c><00:22:54.400><c> deep-sea</c><00:22:55.040><c> sediments</c>

21:21.891 --> 21:21.901 align:start position:0%
analyzed layers of deep-sea sediments
 

21:21.901 --> 21:25.211 align:start position:0%
analyzed layers of deep-sea sediments
and<00:22:56.160><c> found</c><00:22:56.480><c> thicker,</c><00:22:57.320><c> coarser</c><00:22:57.960><c> sand</c><00:22:58.560><c> layers</c>

21:25.211 --> 21:25.221 align:start position:0%
and found thicker, coarser sand layers
 

21:25.221 --> 21:27.891 align:start position:0%
and found thicker, coarser sand layers
marking<00:22:59.880><c> major</c><00:23:00.360><c> historical</c><00:23:01.120><c> megathrust</c>

21:27.891 --> 21:27.901 align:start position:0%
marking major historical megathrust
 

21:27.901 --> 21:29.811 align:start position:0%
marking major historical megathrust
earthquake<00:23:02.480><c> events.</c>

21:29.811 --> 21:29.821 align:start position:0%
earthquake events.
 

21:29.821 --> 21:32.411 align:start position:0%
earthquake events.
Next,<00:23:04.360><c> they</c><00:23:04.560><c> dated</c><00:23:05.200><c> the</c><00:23:05.320><c> events</c><00:23:06.000><c> by</c><00:23:06.160><c> using</c>

21:32.411 --> 21:32.421 align:start position:0%
Next, they dated the events by using
 

21:32.421 --> 21:35.051 align:start position:0%
Next, they dated the events by using
carbon-14<00:23:07.520><c> analysis,</c><00:23:08.480><c> which</c><00:23:08.720><c> helped</c><00:23:08.960><c> them</c>

21:35.051 --> 21:35.061 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 analysis, which helped them
 

21:35.061 --> 21:37.011 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 analysis, which helped them
reconstruct<00:23:09.800><c> a</c><00:23:09.880><c> geological</c><00:23:10.480><c> timeline</c>

21:37.011 --> 21:37.021 align:start position:0%
reconstruct a geological timeline
 

21:37.021 --> 21:40.051 align:start position:0%
reconstruct a geological timeline
stretching<00:23:11.480><c> back</c><00:23:11.680><c> nearly</c><00:23:11.960><c> 10,000</c><00:23:13.160><c> years.</c>

21:40.051 --> 21:40.061 align:start position:0%
stretching back nearly 10,000 years.
 

21:40.061 --> 21:42.011 align:start position:0%
stretching back nearly 10,000 years.
This<00:23:14.360><c> then</c><00:23:14.520><c> allowed</c><00:23:14.840><c> them</c><00:23:14.960><c> to</c><00:23:15.080><c> uncover</c><00:23:15.600><c> new</c>

21:42.011 --> 21:42.021 align:start position:0%
This then allowed them to uncover new
 

21:42.021 --> 21:43.971 align:start position:0%
This then allowed them to uncover new
insights<00:23:16.680><c> into</c><00:23:16.880><c> the</c><00:23:17.000><c> frequency</c><00:23:17.800><c> of</c><00:23:17.920><c> the</c>

21:43.971 --> 21:43.981 align:start position:0%
insights into the frequency of the
 

21:43.981 --> 21:46.131 align:start position:0%
insights into the frequency of the
region's<00:23:18.640><c> earthquake</c><00:23:19.160><c> history,</c><00:23:19.960><c> and</c><00:23:20.120><c> the</c>

21:46.131 --> 21:46.141 align:start position:0%
region's earthquake history, and the
 

21:46.141 --> 21:48.731 align:start position:0%
region's earthquake history, and the
pattern<00:23:20.560><c> that</c><00:23:20.720><c> emerged</c><00:23:21.160><c> was</c><00:23:21.560><c> chilling.</c>

21:48.731 --> 21:48.741 align:start position:0%
pattern that emerged was chilling.
 

21:48.741 --> 21:51.451 align:start position:0%
pattern that emerged was chilling.
Over<00:23:23.000><c> the</c><00:23:23.120><c> past</c><00:23:23.480><c> 10,000</c><00:23:24.400><c> years,</c><00:23:24.840><c> magnitude</c>

21:51.451 --> 21:51.461 align:start position:0%
Over the past 10,000 years, magnitude
 

21:51.461 --> 21:54.131 align:start position:0%
Over the past 10,000 years, magnitude
8.2<00:23:26.320><c> or</c><00:23:26.560><c> higher</c><00:23:26.920><c> subduction</c><00:23:27.640><c> earthquakes</c>

21:54.131 --> 21:54.141 align:start position:0%
8.2 or higher subduction earthquakes
 

21:54.141 --> 21:57.371 align:start position:0%
8.2 or higher subduction earthquakes
have<00:23:28.360><c> happened</c><00:23:28.760><c> 41</c><00:23:29.440><c> to</c><00:23:29.640><c> 43</c><00:23:30.200><c> times,</c><00:23:30.600><c> and</c><00:23:31.160><c> yeah,</c>

21:57.371 --> 21:57.381 align:start position:0%
have happened 41 to 43 times, and yeah,
 

21:57.381 --> 22:00.611 align:start position:0%
have happened 41 to 43 times, and yeah,
41<00:23:32.040><c> to</c><00:23:32.160><c> 43</c><00:23:32.720><c> might</c><00:23:32.920><c> sound</c><00:23:33.400><c> oddly</c><00:23:33.840><c> vague,</c><00:23:34.480><c> but</c>

22:00.611 --> 22:00.621 align:start position:0%
41 to 43 might sound oddly vague, but
 

22:00.621 --> 22:02.331 align:start position:0%
41 to 43 might sound oddly vague, but
scientists<00:23:35.160><c> are</c><00:23:35.280><c> trying</c><00:23:35.640><c> to</c><00:23:35.760><c> count</c><00:23:36.080><c> events</c>

22:02.331 --> 22:02.341 align:start position:0%
scientists are trying to count events
 

22:02.341 --> 22:03.891 align:start position:0%
scientists are trying to count events
that<00:23:36.520><c> happened</c><00:23:36.880><c> long</c><00:23:37.120><c> before</c><00:23:37.640><c> written</c>

22:03.891 --> 22:03.901 align:start position:0%
that happened long before written
 

22:03.901 --> 22:06.931 align:start position:0%
that happened long before written
records<00:23:38.440><c> existed.</c><00:23:39.760><c> For</c><00:23:39.840><c> decades,</c><00:23:40.520><c> scientists</c>

22:06.931 --> 22:06.941 align:start position:0%
records existed. For decades, scientists
 

22:06.941 --> 22:08.451 align:start position:0%
records existed. For decades, scientists
believed<00:23:41.280><c> these</c><00:23:41.480><c> catastrophic</c><00:23:42.160><c> events</c>

22:08.451 --> 22:08.461 align:start position:0%
believed these catastrophic events
 

22:08.461 --> 22:10.211 align:start position:0%
believed these catastrophic events
occurred<00:23:42.840><c> in</c><00:23:42.920><c> a</c><00:23:43.000><c> relatively</c><00:23:43.600><c> predictable</c>

22:10.211 --> 22:10.221 align:start position:0%
occurred in a relatively predictable
 

22:10.221 --> 22:12.851 align:start position:0%
occurred in a relatively predictable
cycle,<00:23:44.840><c> roughly</c><00:23:45.240><c> one</c><00:23:45.480><c> every</c><00:23:45.840><c> 500</c><00:23:46.560><c> years</c><00:23:46.800><c> or</c>

22:12.851 --> 22:12.861 align:start position:0%
cycle, roughly one every 500 years or
 

22:12.861 --> 22:14.811 align:start position:0%
cycle, roughly one every 500 years or
so,<00:23:47.480><c> but</c><00:23:47.600><c> the</c><00:23:47.720><c> seismic</c><00:23:48.200><c> and</c><00:23:48.360><c> geological</c>

22:14.811 --> 22:14.821 align:start position:0%
so, but the seismic and geological
 

22:14.821 --> 22:17.411 align:start position:0%
so, but the seismic and geological
record<00:23:49.240><c> starting</c><00:23:49.720><c> to</c><00:23:49.840><c> emerge</c><00:23:50.240><c> is</c><00:23:50.600><c> far</c><00:23:50.920><c> more</c>

22:17.411 --> 22:17.421 align:start position:0%
record starting to emerge is far more
 

22:17.421 --> 22:20.891 align:start position:0%
record starting to emerge is far more
complicated<00:23:52.200><c> and</c><00:23:52.600><c> far</c><00:23:52.920><c> more</c><00:23:53.280><c> unpredictable.</c>

22:20.891 --> 22:20.901 align:start position:0%
complicated and far more unpredictable.
 

22:20.901 --> 22:24.651 align:start position:0%
complicated and far more unpredictable.
Current<00:23:55.400><c> models</c><00:23:55.880><c> estimate</c><00:23:56.280><c> a</c><00:23:56.400><c> 37%</c><00:23:57.640><c> chance</c><00:23:58.040><c> of</c>

22:24.651 --> 22:24.661 align:start position:0%
Current models estimate a 37% chance of
 

22:24.661 --> 22:27.731 align:start position:0%
Current models estimate a 37% chance of
a<00:23:58.880><c> 7.1</c><00:23:59.960><c> or</c><00:24:00.160><c> above</c><00:24:00.680><c> magnitude</c><00:24:01.440><c> earthquake</c>

22:27.731 --> 22:27.741 align:start position:0%
a 7.1 or above magnitude earthquake
 

22:27.741 --> 22:30.891 align:start position:0%
a 7.1 or above magnitude earthquake
within<00:24:02.320><c> the</c><00:24:02.440><c> next</c><00:24:02.920><c> 50</c><00:24:03.440><c> years.</c><00:24:04.560><c> And</c><00:24:04.760><c> for</c><00:24:04.840><c> the</c>

22:30.891 --> 22:30.901 align:start position:0%
within the next 50 years. And for the
 

22:30.901 --> 22:33.731 align:start position:0%
within the next 50 years. And for the
northern<00:24:05.440><c> segment</c><00:24:05.920><c> from</c><00:24:06.240><c> Seaside,</c><00:24:07.280><c> Oregon,</c>

22:33.731 --> 22:33.741 align:start position:0%
northern segment from Seaside, Oregon,
 

22:33.741 --> 22:36.491 align:start position:0%
northern segment from Seaside, Oregon,
to<00:24:08.040><c> British</c><00:24:08.400><c> Columbia,</c><00:24:09.440><c> the</c><00:24:09.680><c> odds</c><00:24:10.000><c> are</c><00:24:10.200><c> even</c>

22:36.491 --> 22:36.501 align:start position:0%
to British Columbia, the odds are even
 

22:36.501 --> 22:40.091 align:start position:0%
to British Columbia, the odds are even
higher.<00:24:11.440><c> They</c><00:24:11.640><c> tend</c><00:24:12.120><c> to</c><00:24:12.240><c> 15%</c><00:24:13.320><c> chance</c><00:24:13.960><c> of</c><00:24:14.080><c> a</c>

22:40.091 --> 22:40.101 align:start position:0%
higher. They tend to 15% chance of a
 

22:40.101 --> 22:43.731 align:start position:0%
higher. They tend to 15% chance of a
magnitude<00:24:14.920><c> 9</c><00:24:15.320><c> plus</c><00:24:16.120><c> event.</c><00:24:17.280><c> In</c><00:24:17.400><c> fact,</c><00:24:17.640><c> we've</c>

22:43.731 --> 22:43.741 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 plus event. In fact, we've
 

22:43.741 --> 22:45.691 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 plus event. In fact, we've
already<00:24:18.000><c> gone</c><00:24:18.360><c> longer</c><00:24:18.760><c> without</c><00:24:19.240><c> a</c><00:24:19.320><c> major</c>

22:45.691 --> 22:45.701 align:start position:0%
already gone longer without a major
 

22:45.701 --> 22:48.531 align:start position:0%
already gone longer without a major
earthquake<00:24:20.240><c> than</c><00:24:20.360><c> in</c><00:24:20.480><c> 75%</c><00:24:21.800><c> of</c><00:24:21.920><c> the</c><00:24:22.120><c> known</c>

22:48.531 --> 22:48.541 align:start position:0%
earthquake than in 75% of the known
 

22:48.541 --> 22:51.731 align:start position:0%
earthquake than in 75% of the known
intervals<00:24:23.280><c> over</c><00:24:23.520><c> the</c><00:24:23.600><c> past</c><00:24:24.080><c> 10,000</c><00:24:25.040><c> years,</c>

22:51.731 --> 22:51.741 align:start position:0%
intervals over the past 10,000 years,
 

22:51.741 --> 22:54.171 align:start position:0%
intervals over the past 10,000 years,
and<00:24:25.960><c> within</c><00:24:26.360><c> 50</c><00:24:26.800><c> years,</c><00:24:27.520><c> that</c><00:24:27.840><c> figure</c><00:24:28.120><c> is</c>

22:54.171 --> 22:54.181 align:start position:0%
and within 50 years, that figure is
 

22:54.181 --> 22:57.131 align:start position:0%
and within 50 years, that figure is
projected<00:24:28.720><c> to</c><00:24:28.840><c> rise</c><00:24:29.160><c> to</c><00:24:29.400><c> 85%.</c>

22:57.131 --> 22:57.141 align:start position:0%
projected to rise to 85%.
 

22:57.141 --> 22:59.331 align:start position:0%
projected to rise to 85%.
In<00:24:31.560><c> other</c><00:24:31.800><c> words,</c><00:24:32.080><c> by</c><00:24:32.240><c> historical</c><00:24:32.880><c> standards,</c>

22:59.331 --> 22:59.341 align:start position:0%
In other words, by historical standards,
 

22:59.341 --> 23:01.691 align:start position:0%
In other words, by historical standards,
a<00:24:33.520><c> mega</c><00:24:33.840><c> quake</c><00:24:34.120><c> appears</c><00:24:34.520><c> to</c><00:24:34.600><c> be</c><00:24:34.720><c> increasingly</c>

23:01.691 --> 23:01.701 align:start position:0%
a mega quake appears to be increasingly
 

23:01.701 --> 23:03.771 align:start position:0%
a mega quake appears to be increasingly
overdue,<00:24:36.880><c> which</c><00:24:37.000><c> is</c><00:24:37.080><c> not</c><00:24:37.280><c> really</c><00:24:37.440><c> a</c><00:24:37.480><c> sentence</c>

23:03.771 --> 23:03.781 align:start position:0%
overdue, which is not really a sentence
 

23:03.781 --> 23:05.771 align:start position:0%
overdue, which is not really a sentence
anyone<00:24:38.160><c> wants</c><00:24:38.360><c> to</c><00:24:38.440><c> hear</c><00:24:38.640><c> from</c><00:24:38.800><c> a</c><00:24:38.880><c> geologist</c><00:24:39.520><c> or</c>

23:05.771 --> 23:05.781 align:start position:0%
anyone wants to hear from a geologist or
 

23:05.781 --> 23:07.211 align:start position:0%
anyone wants to hear from a geologist or
me.

23:07.211 --> 23:07.221 align:start position:0%
me.
 

23:07.221 --> 23:08.291 align:start position:0%
me.
So,<00:24:41.440><c> what</c><00:24:41.560><c> happens</c><00:24:41.880><c> when</c><00:24:42.000><c> this</c><00:24:42.200><c> thing</c>

23:08.291 --> 23:08.301 align:start position:0%
So, what happens when this thing
 

23:08.301 --> 23:09.731 align:start position:0%
So, what happens when this thing
arrives?

23:09.731 --> 23:09.741 align:start position:0%
arrives?
 

23:09.741 --> 23:12.291 align:start position:0%
arrives?
If<00:24:44.120><c> a</c><00:24:44.200><c> magnitude</c><00:24:44.760><c> 9</c><00:24:45.040><c> plus</c><00:24:45.280><c> mega</c><00:24:45.520><c> quake</c><00:24:45.840><c> hit</c><00:24:46.160><c> the</c>

23:12.291 --> 23:12.301 align:start position:0%
If a magnitude 9 plus mega quake hit the
 

23:12.301 --> 23:14.051 align:start position:0%
If a magnitude 9 plus mega quake hit the
Cascadia<00:24:47.000><c> region,</c><00:24:47.320><c> the</c><00:24:47.440><c> destruction</c><00:24:48.000><c> would</c>

23:14.051 --> 23:14.061 align:start position:0%
Cascadia region, the destruction would
 

23:14.061 --> 23:17.011 align:start position:0%
Cascadia region, the destruction would
begin<00:24:48.520><c> in</c><00:24:48.840><c> seconds.</c><00:24:49.960><c> Seismic</c><00:24:50.520><c> shock</c><00:24:50.840><c> waves</c>

23:17.011 --> 23:17.021 align:start position:0%
begin in seconds. Seismic shock waves
 

23:17.021 --> 23:18.651 align:start position:0%
begin in seconds. Seismic shock waves
would<00:24:51.200><c> explode</c><00:24:51.880><c> outwards</c><00:24:52.400><c> from</c><00:24:52.560><c> the</c>

23:18.651 --> 23:18.661 align:start position:0%
would explode outwards from the
 

23:18.661 --> 23:22.131 align:start position:0%
would explode outwards from the
epicenter<00:24:53.360><c> at</c><00:24:53.480><c> nearly</c><00:24:53.800><c> 5</c><00:24:54.280><c> km/s.</c>

23:22.131 --> 23:22.141 align:start position:0%
epicenter at nearly 5 km/s.
 

23:22.141 --> 23:23.971 align:start position:0%
epicenter at nearly 5 km/s.
The<00:24:56.320><c> ground</c><00:24:56.640><c> would</c><00:24:56.800><c> shake</c><00:24:57.200><c> for</c><00:24:57.440><c> several</c>

23:23.971 --> 23:23.981 align:start position:0%
The ground would shake for several
 

23:23.981 --> 23:26.331 align:start position:0%
The ground would shake for several
minutes<00:24:58.720><c> with</c><00:24:59.000><c> aftershocks</c><00:24:59.520><c> continuing</c><00:25:00.120><c> for</c>

23:26.331 --> 23:26.341 align:start position:0%
minutes with aftershocks continuing for
 

23:26.341 --> 23:28.251 align:start position:0%
minutes with aftershocks continuing for
months.

23:28.251 --> 23:28.261 align:start position:0%
months.
 

23:28.261 --> 23:29.931 align:start position:0%
months.
Computer<00:25:02.800><c> modeling</c><00:25:03.160><c> paints</c><00:25:03.440><c> an</c><00:25:03.520><c> almost</c>

23:29.931 --> 23:29.941 align:start position:0%
Computer modeling paints an almost
 

23:29.941 --> 23:32.691 align:start position:0%
Computer modeling paints an almost
apocalyptic<00:25:05.040><c> picture.</c><00:25:05.880><c> More</c><00:25:06.040><c> than</c><00:25:06.160><c> a</c><00:25:06.240><c> million</c>

23:32.691 --> 23:32.701 align:start position:0%
apocalyptic picture. More than a million
 

23:32.701 --> 23:34.731 align:start position:0%
apocalyptic picture. More than a million
buildings<00:25:07.240><c> could</c><00:25:07.600><c> collapse</c><00:25:08.160><c> or</c><00:25:08.280><c> be</c><00:25:08.440><c> left</c>

23:34.731 --> 23:34.741 align:start position:0%
buildings could collapse or be left
 

23:34.741 --> 23:37.931 align:start position:0%
buildings could collapse or be left
beyond<00:25:09.280><c> repair.</c><00:25:10.280><c> Highways</c><00:25:10.920><c> would</c><00:25:11.160><c> twist</c><00:25:11.680><c> and</c>

23:37.931 --> 23:37.941 align:start position:0%
beyond repair. Highways would twist and
 

23:37.941 --> 23:40.691 align:start position:0%
beyond repair. Highways would twist and
buckle,<00:25:12.840><c> bridges</c><00:25:13.480><c> fail,</c><00:25:13.960><c> and</c><00:25:14.200><c> massive</c>

23:40.691 --> 23:40.701 align:start position:0%
buckle, bridges fail, and massive
 

23:40.701 --> 23:43.011 align:start position:0%
buckle, bridges fail, and massive
landslides<00:25:15.440><c> would</c><00:25:15.680><c> tear</c><00:25:16.040><c> through</c><00:25:16.440><c> entire</c>

23:43.011 --> 23:43.021 align:start position:0%
landslides would tear through entire
 

23:43.021 --> 23:45.251 align:start position:0%
landslides would tear through entire
communities.<00:25:18.240><c> By</c><00:25:18.400><c> the</c><00:25:18.520><c> time</c><00:25:18.840><c> the</c><00:25:18.920><c> initial</c>

23:45.251 --> 23:45.261 align:start position:0%
communities. By the time the initial
 

23:45.261 --> 23:48.171 align:start position:0%
communities. By the time the initial
shaking<00:25:19.800><c> stops,</c><00:25:20.480><c> all</c><00:25:20.800><c> power,</c><00:25:21.360><c> cell</c><00:25:21.760><c> service,</c>

23:48.171 --> 23:48.181 align:start position:0%
shaking stops, all power, cell service,
 

23:48.181 --> 23:50.611 align:start position:0%
shaking stops, all power, cell service,
and<00:25:22.480><c> water</c><00:25:22.720><c> supplies</c><00:25:23.240><c> may</c><00:25:23.440><c> have</c><00:25:23.600><c> been</c><00:25:24.000><c> lost,</c>

23:50.611 --> 23:50.621 align:start position:0%
and water supplies may have been lost,
 

23:50.621 --> 23:52.171 align:start position:0%
and water supplies may have been lost,
leaving<00:25:24.960><c> millions</c><00:25:25.400><c> trapped.</c><00:25:25.840><c> And</c><00:25:26.000><c> if</c><00:25:26.120><c> it</c>

23:52.171 --> 23:52.181 align:start position:0%
leaving millions trapped. And if it
 

23:52.181 --> 23:54.251 align:start position:0%
leaving millions trapped. And if it
happens<00:25:26.600><c> at</c><00:25:26.760><c> night,</c><00:25:27.600><c> everyone</c><00:25:28.080><c> would</c><00:25:28.200><c> be</c>

23:54.251 --> 23:54.261 align:start position:0%
happens at night, everyone would be
 

23:54.261 --> 23:56.611 align:start position:0%
happens at night, everyone would be
plunged<00:25:28.840><c> into</c><00:25:29.080><c> darkness.</c>

23:56.611 --> 23:56.621 align:start position:0%
plunged into darkness.
 

23:56.621 --> 23:58.371 align:start position:0%
plunged into darkness.
The<00:25:30.760><c> megaquake</c><00:25:31.320><c> is</c><00:25:31.560><c> also</c><00:25:31.920><c> predicted</c><00:25:32.360><c> to</c>

23:58.371 --> 23:58.381 align:start position:0%
The megaquake is also predicted to
 

23:58.381 --> 24:00.371 align:start position:0%
The megaquake is also predicted to
trigger<00:25:32.800><c> a</c><00:25:32.920><c> bizarre</c><00:25:33.400><c> phenomenon</c><00:25:34.000><c> called</c>

24:00.371 --> 24:00.381 align:start position:0%
trigger a bizarre phenomenon called
 

24:00.381 --> 24:01.931 align:start position:0%
trigger a bizarre phenomenon called
liquefaction.

24:01.931 --> 24:01.941 align:start position:0%
liquefaction.
 

24:01.941 --> 24:03.531 align:start position:0%
liquefaction.
This<00:25:36.200><c> is</c><00:25:36.320><c> when</c><00:25:36.440><c> the</c><00:25:36.560><c> friction</c><00:25:37.000><c> that</c><00:25:37.160><c> normally</c>

24:03.531 --> 24:03.541 align:start position:0%
This is when the friction that normally
 

24:03.541 --> 24:05.811 align:start position:0%
This is when the friction that normally
holds<00:25:38.080><c> soil</c><00:25:38.520><c> particles</c><00:25:39.160><c> together</c><00:25:39.600><c> is</c>

24:05.811 --> 24:05.821 align:start position:0%
holds soil particles together is
 

24:05.821 --> 24:07.931 align:start position:0%
holds soil particles together is
overcome<00:25:40.720><c> by</c><00:25:40.840><c> the</c><00:25:40.960><c> shaking</c><00:25:41.520><c> of</c><00:25:41.800><c> the</c>

24:07.931 --> 24:07.941 align:start position:0%
overcome by the shaking of the
 

24:07.941 --> 24:10.371 align:start position:0%
overcome by the shaking of the
earthquake.<00:25:43.160><c> The</c><00:25:43.320><c> rise</c><00:25:43.760><c> of</c><00:25:43.880><c> the</c><00:25:44.040><c> pore</c>

24:10.371 --> 24:10.381 align:start position:0%
earthquake. The rise of the pore
 

24:10.381 --> 24:12.251 align:start position:0%
earthquake. The rise of the pore
pressure,<00:25:44.960><c> which</c><00:25:45.200><c> is</c><00:25:45.280><c> the</c><00:25:45.440><c> pressure</c><00:25:45.880><c> built</c><00:25:46.200><c> up</c>

24:12.251 --> 24:12.261 align:start position:0%
pressure, which is the pressure built up
 

24:12.261 --> 24:14.171 align:start position:0%
pressure, which is the pressure built up
by<00:25:46.520><c> water</c><00:25:46.920><c> trapped</c><00:25:47.320><c> between</c><00:25:47.680><c> the</c><00:25:47.760><c> grains</c><00:25:48.120><c> of</c>

24:14.171 --> 24:14.181 align:start position:0%
by water trapped between the grains of
 

24:14.181 --> 24:16.851 align:start position:0%
by water trapped between the grains of
soil<00:25:48.640><c> underground,</c><00:25:49.840><c> leads</c><00:25:50.160><c> to</c><00:25:50.240><c> the</c><00:25:50.320><c> loss</c><00:25:50.680><c> of</c>

24:16.851 --> 24:16.861 align:start position:0%
soil underground, leads to the loss of
 

24:16.861 --> 24:18.811 align:start position:0%
soil underground, leads to the loss of
soil<00:25:51.320><c> strength,</c><00:25:51.880><c> and</c><00:25:52.040><c> the</c><00:25:52.120><c> ground</c><00:25:52.440><c> begins</c><00:25:52.760><c> to</c>

24:18.811 --> 24:18.821 align:start position:0%
soil strength, and the ground begins to
 

24:18.821 --> 24:21.971 align:start position:0%
soil strength, and the ground begins to
behave<00:25:53.400><c> like</c><00:25:53.680><c> a</c><00:25:53.840><c> liquid.</c><00:25:55.040><c> In</c><00:25:55.280><c> just</c><00:25:55.560><c> moments,</c>

24:21.971 --> 24:21.981 align:start position:0%
behave like a liquid. In just moments,
 

24:21.981 --> 24:24.411 align:start position:0%
behave like a liquid. In just moments,
the<00:25:56.160><c> soil</c><00:25:56.560><c> is</c><00:25:56.800><c> weakened</c><00:25:57.560><c> and</c><00:25:57.800><c> loses</c><00:25:58.280><c> its</c>

24:24.411 --> 24:24.421 align:start position:0%
the soil is weakened and loses its
 

24:24.421 --> 24:26.891 align:start position:0%
the soil is weakened and loses its
ability<00:25:58.920><c> to</c><00:25:59.080><c> support</c><00:25:59.680><c> anything</c><00:26:00.240><c> on</c><00:26:00.520><c> top</c><00:26:00.800><c> of</c>

24:26.891 --> 24:26.901 align:start position:0%
ability to support anything on top of
 

24:26.901 --> 24:29.411 align:start position:0%
ability to support anything on top of
it.<00:26:01.600><c> Buildings</c><00:26:02.080><c> can</c><00:26:02.320><c> sink</c><00:26:02.680><c> by</c><00:26:02.880><c> several</c>

24:29.411 --> 24:29.421 align:start position:0%
it. Buildings can sink by several
 

24:29.421 --> 24:32.211 align:start position:0%
it. Buildings can sink by several
meters,<00:26:03.960><c> and</c><00:26:04.200><c> cars</c><00:26:04.680><c> can</c><00:26:04.840><c> be</c><00:26:04.960><c> swallowed</c><00:26:05.320><c> whole</c>

24:32.211 --> 24:32.221 align:start position:0%
meters, and cars can be swallowed whole
 

24:32.221 --> 24:34.051 align:start position:0%
meters, and cars can be swallowed whole
into<00:26:06.640><c> the</c><00:26:06.760><c> ground.</c>

24:34.051 --> 24:34.061 align:start position:0%
into the ground.
 

24:34.061 --> 24:37.171 align:start position:0%
into the ground.
And<00:26:08.320><c> here's</c><00:26:08.640><c> the</c><00:26:08.760><c> kicker.</c><00:26:09.520><c> Around</c><00:26:10.000><c> 15%</c><00:26:11.040><c> of</c>

24:37.171 --> 24:37.181 align:start position:0%
And here's the kicker. Around 15% of
 

24:37.181 --> 24:40.291 align:start position:0%
And here's the kicker. Around 15% of
Seattle<00:26:11.880><c> sits</c><00:26:12.760><c> on</c><00:26:13.040><c> land</c><00:26:13.400><c> vulnerable</c><00:26:14.040><c> to</c>

24:40.291 --> 24:40.301 align:start position:0%
Seattle sits on land vulnerable to
 

24:40.301 --> 24:43.291 align:start position:0%
Seattle sits on land vulnerable to
liquefaction,<00:26:15.840><c> and</c><00:26:16.080><c> Portland's</c><00:26:16.640><c> industrial</c>

24:43.291 --> 24:43.301 align:start position:0%
liquefaction, and Portland's industrial
 

24:43.301 --> 24:45.931 align:start position:0%
liquefaction, and Portland's industrial
district<00:26:17.960><c> is</c><00:26:18.200><c> known</c><00:26:18.640><c> to</c><00:26:18.760><c> experience</c>

24:45.931 --> 24:45.941 align:start position:0%
district is known to experience
 

24:45.941 --> 24:47.851 align:start position:0%
district is known to experience
liquefaction,<00:26:20.840><c> which</c><00:26:21.120><c> could</c><00:26:21.320><c> result</c><00:26:21.720><c> in</c>

24:47.851 --> 24:47.861 align:start position:0%
liquefaction, which could result in
 

24:47.861 --> 24:51.611 align:start position:0%
liquefaction, which could result in
rupturing<00:26:22.520><c> miles</c><00:26:23.080><c> and</c><00:26:23.360><c> miles</c><00:26:24.240><c> of</c><00:26:24.520><c> gas</c><00:26:25.080><c> and</c><00:26:25.320><c> oil</c>

24:51.611 --> 24:51.621 align:start position:0%
rupturing miles and miles of gas and oil
 

24:51.621 --> 24:54.891 align:start position:0%
rupturing miles and miles of gas and oil
pipes.<00:26:26.680><c> If</c><00:26:26.960><c> that</c><00:26:27.240><c> happens,</c><00:26:27.720><c> a</c><00:26:27.880><c> single</c><00:26:28.480><c> spark</c>

24:54.891 --> 24:54.901 align:start position:0%
pipes. If that happens, a single spark
 

24:54.901 --> 24:57.891 align:start position:0%
pipes. If that happens, a single spark
could<00:26:29.240><c> trigger</c><00:26:29.600><c> an</c><00:26:29.840><c> almighty</c><00:26:30.920><c> catastrophic</c>

24:57.891 --> 24:57.901 align:start position:0%
could trigger an almighty catastrophic
 

24:57.901 --> 24:59.771 align:start position:0%
could trigger an almighty catastrophic
explosion.

24:59.771 --> 24:59.781 align:start position:0%
explosion.
 

24:59.781 --> 25:01.851 align:start position:0%
explosion.
But<00:26:33.960><c> even</c><00:26:34.280><c> with</c><00:26:34.560><c> all</c><00:26:34.680><c> that,</c><00:26:34.960><c> the</c><00:26:35.160><c> worst</c><00:26:35.640><c> may</c>

25:01.851 --> 25:01.861 align:start position:0%
But even with all that, the worst may
 

25:01.861 --> 25:04.171 align:start position:0%
But even with all that, the worst may
still<00:26:36.320><c> be</c><00:26:36.520><c> to</c><00:26:36.720><c> come.</c><00:26:37.720><c> Because</c><00:26:38.000><c> if</c><00:26:38.120><c> the</c>

25:04.171 --> 25:04.181 align:start position:0%
still be to come. Because if the
 

25:04.181 --> 25:06.651 align:start position:0%
still be to come. Because if the
epicenter<00:26:38.760><c> lies</c><00:26:39.160><c> offshore,</c><00:26:40.160><c> coastal</c>

25:06.651 --> 25:06.661 align:start position:0%
epicenter lies offshore, coastal
 

25:06.661 --> 25:08.811 align:start position:0%
epicenter lies offshore, coastal
communities<00:26:41.280><c> could</c><00:26:41.480><c> have</c><00:26:41.680><c> just</c><00:26:42.040><c> 10</c><00:26:42.440><c> minutes</c>

25:08.811 --> 25:08.821 align:start position:0%
communities could have just 10 minutes
 

25:08.821 --> 25:12.571 align:start position:0%
communities could have just 10 minutes
warning<00:26:43.240><c> before</c><00:26:43.800><c> a</c><00:26:43.920><c> towering</c><00:26:44.640><c> tsunami</c><00:26:45.920><c> surges</c>

25:12.571 --> 25:12.581 align:start position:0%
warning before a towering tsunami surges
 

25:12.581 --> 25:15.491 align:start position:0%
warning before a towering tsunami surges
inland.<00:26:48.000><c> Computer</c><00:26:48.440><c> models</c><00:26:48.760><c> suggest</c><00:26:49.160><c> tsunami</c>

25:15.491 --> 25:15.501 align:start position:0%
inland. Computer models suggest tsunami
 

25:15.501 --> 25:18.811 align:start position:0%
inland. Computer models suggest tsunami
waves<00:26:49.840><c> could</c><00:26:50.040><c> reach</c><00:26:50.240><c> 24</c><00:26:51.000><c> to</c><00:26:51.160><c> even</c><00:26:51.480><c> 30</c><00:26:52.200><c> m</c><00:26:52.600><c> high</c>

25:18.811 --> 25:18.821 align:start position:0%
waves could reach 24 to even 30 m high
 

25:18.821 --> 25:21.891 align:start position:0%
waves could reach 24 to even 30 m high
along<00:26:53.280><c> parts</c><00:26:54.240><c> of</c><00:26:54.400><c> the</c><00:26:54.600><c> Oregon</c><00:26:55.080><c> coast,</c>

25:21.891 --> 25:21.901 align:start position:0%
along parts of the Oregon coast,
 

25:21.901 --> 25:23.971 align:start position:0%
along parts of the Oregon coast,
traveling<00:26:56.280><c> at</c><00:26:56.440><c> 788</c>

25:23.971 --> 25:23.981 align:start position:0%
traveling at 788
 

25:23.981 --> 25:25.491 align:start position:0%
traveling at 788
km/h,

25:25.491 --> 25:25.501 align:start position:0%
km/h,
 

25:25.501 --> 25:27.491 align:start position:0%
km/h,
comparable<00:27:00.200><c> to</c><00:27:00.320><c> the</c><00:27:00.400><c> devastating</c><00:27:01.080><c> tsunami</c>

25:27.491 --> 25:27.501 align:start position:0%
comparable to the devastating tsunami
 

25:27.501 --> 25:30.571 align:start position:0%
comparable to the devastating tsunami
that<00:27:01.720><c> struck</c><00:27:02.040><c> Sumatra</c><00:27:02.800><c> in</c><00:27:02.960><c> 2004.</c>

25:30.571 --> 25:30.581 align:start position:0%
that struck Sumatra in 2004.
 

25:30.581 --> 25:32.691 align:start position:0%
that struck Sumatra in 2004.
That<00:27:04.960><c> earthquake</c><00:27:05.560><c> and</c><00:27:05.800><c> tsunami</c><00:27:06.360><c> was</c><00:27:06.560><c> one</c><00:27:06.680><c> of</c>

25:32.691 --> 25:32.701 align:start position:0%
That earthquake and tsunami was one of
 

25:32.701 --> 25:34.731 align:start position:0%
That earthquake and tsunami was one of
the<00:27:06.960><c> deadliest</c><00:27:07.600><c> natural</c><00:27:07.920><c> disasters</c><00:27:08.560><c> in</c>

25:34.731 --> 25:34.741 align:start position:0%
the deadliest natural disasters in
 

25:34.741 --> 25:38.571 align:start position:0%
the deadliest natural disasters in
modern<00:27:09.160><c> history,</c><00:27:10.120><c> killing</c><00:27:10.480><c> 230,000</c>

25:38.571 --> 25:38.581 align:start position:0%
modern history, killing 230,000
 

25:38.581 --> 25:41.291 align:start position:0%
modern history, killing 230,000
people.<00:27:13.720><c> Some</c><00:27:14.080><c> coastal</c><00:27:14.560><c> areas</c><00:27:14.960><c> could</c><00:27:15.160><c> flood</c>

25:41.291 --> 25:41.301 align:start position:0%
people. Some coastal areas could flood
 

25:41.301 --> 25:44.931 align:start position:0%
people. Some coastal areas could flood
up<00:27:15.480><c> to</c><00:27:15.600><c> 16</c><00:27:16.320><c> km</c><00:27:16.960><c> inland</c><00:27:17.640><c> as</c><00:27:17.920><c> walls</c><00:27:18.280><c> of</c><00:27:18.440><c> debris</c>

25:44.931 --> 25:44.941 align:start position:0%
up to 16 km inland as walls of debris
 

25:44.941 --> 25:48.051 align:start position:0%
up to 16 km inland as walls of debris
filled<00:27:19.440><c> seawalls</c><00:27:20.040><c> of</c><00:27:20.200><c> three</c><00:27:20.560><c> stories</c><00:27:21.160><c> high</c>

25:48.051 --> 25:48.061 align:start position:0%
filled seawalls of three stories high
 

25:48.061 --> 25:51.371 align:start position:0%
filled seawalls of three stories high
surge<00:27:22.800><c> onshore.</c><00:27:24.120><c> And</c><00:27:24.240><c> these</c><00:27:24.480><c> are</c><00:27:24.600><c> no</c><00:27:24.960><c> ordinary</c>

25:51.371 --> 25:51.381 align:start position:0%
surge onshore. And these are no ordinary
 

25:51.381 --> 25:53.531 align:start position:0%
surge onshore. And these are no ordinary
waves.<00:27:26.200><c> They</c><00:27:26.360><c> are</c><00:27:26.480><c> what</c><00:27:26.720><c> scientists</c><00:27:27.280><c> call</c>

25:53.531 --> 25:53.541 align:start position:0%
waves. They are what scientists call
 

25:53.541 --> 25:56.371 align:start position:0%
waves. They are what scientists call
shallow<00:27:28.280><c> water</c><00:27:28.880><c> waves,</c><00:27:29.640><c> with</c><00:27:29.880><c> wavelengths</c>

25:56.371 --> 25:56.381 align:start position:0%
shallow water waves, with wavelengths
 

25:56.381 --> 26:00.491 align:start position:0%
shallow water waves, with wavelengths
stretching<00:27:30.840><c> in</c><00:27:30.920><c> excess</c><00:27:31.560><c> of</c><00:27:31.800><c> 500</c><00:27:32.840><c> km.</c>

26:00.491 --> 26:00.501 align:start position:0%
stretching in excess of 500 km.
 

26:00.501 --> 26:02.691 align:start position:0%
stretching in excess of 500 km.
The<00:27:34.640><c> gap</c><00:27:34.960><c> between</c><00:27:35.440><c> two</c><00:27:35.720><c> successive</c><00:27:36.320><c> waves</c><00:27:36.600><c> can</c>

26:02.691 --> 26:02.701 align:start position:0%
The gap between two successive waves can
 

26:02.701 --> 26:05.211 align:start position:0%
The gap between two successive waves can
last<00:27:37.000><c> up</c><00:27:37.120><c> to</c><00:27:37.320><c> two</c><00:27:37.840><c> hours,</c><00:27:38.760><c> which</c><00:27:38.960><c> means</c><00:27:39.160><c> the</c>

26:05.211 --> 26:05.221 align:start position:0%
last up to two hours, which means the
 

26:05.221 --> 26:07.491 align:start position:0%
last up to two hours, which means the
danger<00:27:39.600><c> doesn't</c><00:27:39.960><c> just</c><00:27:40.200><c> pass</c><00:27:40.720><c> after</c><00:27:41.000><c> the</c><00:27:41.120><c> first</c>

26:07.491 --> 26:07.501 align:start position:0%
danger doesn't just pass after the first
 

26:07.501 --> 26:09.251 align:start position:0%
danger doesn't just pass after the first
wave's<00:27:41.880><c> come</c><00:27:42.120><c> and</c><00:27:42.240><c> gone.</c>

26:09.251 --> 26:09.261 align:start position:0%
wave's come and gone.
 

26:09.261 --> 26:11.811 align:start position:0%
wave's come and gone.
Flooding<00:27:43.680><c> can</c><00:27:43.960><c> last</c><00:27:44.440><c> hours,</c><00:27:45.200><c> and</c><00:27:45.440><c> waves</c><00:27:45.760><c> can</c>

26:11.811 --> 26:11.821 align:start position:0%
Flooding can last hours, and waves can
 

26:11.821 --> 26:13.971 align:start position:0%
Flooding can last hours, and waves can
have<00:27:46.000><c> the</c><00:27:46.120><c> power</c><00:27:46.400><c> to</c><00:27:46.520><c> drag</c><00:27:47.080><c> wreckage</c><00:27:47.480><c> and</c><00:27:47.680><c> suck</c>

26:13.971 --> 26:13.981 align:start position:0%
have the power to drag wreckage and suck
 

26:13.981 --> 26:17.611 align:start position:0%
have the power to drag wreckage and suck
people<00:27:48.480><c> back</c><00:27:49.280><c> out</c><00:27:49.600><c> to</c><00:27:49.760><c> sea.</c>

26:17.611 --> 26:17.621 align:start position:0%
people back out to sea.
 

26:17.621 --> 26:19.051 align:start position:0%
people back out to sea.
The<00:27:51.720><c> devastation</c><00:27:52.360><c> wouldn't</c><00:27:52.560><c> just</c><00:27:52.720><c> stop</c><00:27:52.960><c> at</c>

26:19.051 --> 26:19.061 align:start position:0%
The devastation wouldn't just stop at
 

26:19.061 --> 26:21.451 align:start position:0%
The devastation wouldn't just stop at
one<00:27:53.400><c> coastline,</c><00:27:54.200><c> either.</c><00:27:54.920><c> The</c><00:27:55.040><c> waves</c><00:27:55.400><c> are</c>

26:21.451 --> 26:21.461 align:start position:0%
one coastline, either. The waves are
 

26:21.461 --> 26:23.291 align:start position:0%
one coastline, either. The waves are
predicted<00:27:55.960><c> to</c><00:27:56.040><c> cause</c><00:27:56.320><c> damage</c><00:27:56.600><c> as</c><00:27:56.760><c> far</c><00:27:57.000><c> away</c><00:27:57.200><c> as</c>

26:23.291 --> 26:23.301 align:start position:0%
predicted to cause damage as far away as
 

26:23.301 --> 26:26.171 align:start position:0%
predicted to cause damage as far away as
Hawaii<00:27:58.000><c> and</c><00:27:58.320><c> even</c><00:27:58.760><c> Japan.</c>

26:26.171 --> 26:26.181 align:start position:0%
Hawaii and even Japan.
 

26:26.181 --> 26:27.771 align:start position:0%
Hawaii and even Japan.
According<00:28:00.680><c> to</c><00:28:00.760><c> the</c><00:28:00.920><c> Federal</c><00:28:01.320><c> Emergency</c>

26:27.771 --> 26:27.781 align:start position:0%
According to the Federal Emergency
 

26:27.781 --> 26:29.691 align:start position:0%
According to the Federal Emergency
Management<00:28:02.320><c> Agency,</c><00:28:03.000><c> it's</c><00:28:03.200><c> predicted</c><00:28:03.640><c> that</c>

26:29.691 --> 26:29.701 align:start position:0%
Management Agency, it's predicted that
 

26:29.701 --> 26:33.131 align:start position:0%
Management Agency, it's predicted that
nearly<00:28:04.000><c> 13,000</c><00:28:05.360><c> people</c><00:28:05.800><c> could</c><00:28:06.120><c> die,</c><00:28:07.000><c> with</c><00:28:07.120><c> the</c>

26:33.131 --> 26:33.141 align:start position:0%
nearly 13,000 people could die, with the
 

26:33.141 --> 26:35.571 align:start position:0%
nearly 13,000 people could die, with the
tsunami<00:28:07.680><c> responsible</c><00:28:08.200><c> for</c><00:28:08.400><c> 70%</c><00:28:09.400><c> of</c><00:28:09.520><c> the</c>

26:35.571 --> 26:35.581 align:start position:0%
tsunami responsible for 70% of the
 

26:35.581 --> 26:39.331 align:start position:0%
tsunami responsible for 70% of the
deaths<00:28:10.200><c> and</c><00:28:10.480><c> injury.</c><00:28:11.560><c> Another</c><00:28:11.800><c> 27,000</c><00:28:13.160><c> could</c>

26:39.331 --> 26:39.341 align:start position:0%
deaths and injury. Another 27,000 could
 

26:39.341 --> 26:42.771 align:start position:0%
deaths and injury. Another 27,000 could
be<00:28:13.640><c> injured</c><00:28:14.040><c> and</c><00:28:14.200><c> over</c><00:28:14.440><c> a</c><00:28:14.520><c> million</c><00:28:15.600><c> displaced.</c>

26:42.771 --> 26:42.781 align:start position:0%
be injured and over a million displaced.
 

26:42.781 --> 26:45.411 align:start position:0%
be injured and over a million displaced.
The<00:28:16.920><c> immediate</c><00:28:17.400><c> cost</c><00:28:17.760><c> could</c><00:28:17.880><c> exceed</c><00:28:18.240><c> 150</c>

26:45.411 --> 26:45.421 align:start position:0%
The immediate cost could exceed 150
 

26:45.421 --> 26:47.771 align:start position:0%
The immediate cost could exceed 150
billion<00:28:19.960><c> dollars,</c><00:28:20.840><c> making</c><00:28:21.200><c> it</c><00:28:21.320><c> one</c><00:28:21.480><c> of</c><00:28:21.600><c> the</c>

26:47.771 --> 26:47.781 align:start position:0%
billion dollars, making it one of the
 

26:47.781 --> 26:50.291 align:start position:0%
billion dollars, making it one of the
costliest<00:28:22.600><c> natural</c><00:28:22.880><c> disasters</c><00:28:23.680><c> in</c><00:28:23.920><c> modern</c>

26:50.291 --> 26:50.301 align:start position:0%
costliest natural disasters in modern
 

26:50.301 --> 26:51.691 align:start position:0%
costliest natural disasters in modern
history.

26:51.691 --> 26:51.701 align:start position:0%
history.
 

26:51.701 --> 26:53.131 align:start position:0%
history.
I<00:28:25.840><c> know</c><00:28:26.040><c> that's</c><00:28:26.320><c> a</c><00:28:26.360><c> lot</c><00:28:26.560><c> to</c><00:28:26.720><c> wrap</c><00:28:26.960><c> your</c><00:28:27.040><c> head</c>

26:53.131 --> 26:53.141 align:start position:0%
I know that's a lot to wrap your head
 

26:53.141 --> 26:54.531 align:start position:0%
I know that's a lot to wrap your head
around.<00:28:27.480><c> So,</c><00:28:27.720><c> what</c><00:28:27.880><c> we</c><00:28:27.960><c> really</c><00:28:28.160><c> want</c><00:28:28.360><c> to</c><00:28:28.440><c> know</c>

26:54.531 --> 26:54.541 align:start position:0%
around. So, what we really want to know
 

26:54.541 --> 26:57.571 align:start position:0%
around. So, what we really want to know
now<00:28:29.280><c> is</c><00:28:29.600><c> how</c><00:28:30.040><c> are</c><00:28:30.240><c> scientists</c><00:28:30.720><c> preparing</c><00:28:31.400><c> for</c>

26:57.571 --> 26:57.581 align:start position:0%
now is how are scientists preparing for
 

26:57.581 --> 27:00.451 align:start position:0%
now is how are scientists preparing for
such<00:28:32.200><c> a</c><00:28:32.320><c> catastrophic</c><00:28:33.280><c> event?</c>

27:00.451 --> 27:00.461 align:start position:0%
such a catastrophic event?
 

27:00.461 --> 27:03.091 align:start position:0%
such a catastrophic event?
In<00:28:34.640><c> April</c><00:28:34.960><c> 2025,</c><00:28:36.000><c> a</c><00:28:36.120><c> team</c><00:28:36.520><c> of</c><00:28:36.680><c> leading</c>

27:03.091 --> 27:03.101 align:start position:0%
In April 2025, a team of leading
 

27:03.101 --> 27:05.091 align:start position:0%
In April 2025, a team of leading
earthquake<00:28:37.720><c> scientists</c><00:28:38.280><c> from</c><00:28:38.400><c> the</c><00:28:38.520><c> Northwest</c>

27:05.091 --> 27:05.101 align:start position:0%
earthquake scientists from the Northwest
 

27:05.101 --> 27:07.531 align:start position:0%
earthquake scientists from the Northwest
Pacific<00:28:39.680><c> area,</c><00:28:40.000><c> along</c><00:28:40.840><c> with</c><00:28:40.960><c> the</c><00:28:41.040><c> University</c>

27:07.531 --> 27:07.541 align:start position:0%
Pacific area, along with the University
 

27:07.541 --> 27:10.011 align:start position:0%
Pacific area, along with the University
of<00:28:41.760><c> Washington,</c><00:28:42.640><c> launched</c><00:28:43.080><c> an</c><00:28:43.160><c> ambitious</c><00:28:43.840><c> new</c>

27:10.011 --> 27:10.021 align:start position:0%
of Washington, launched an ambitious new
 

27:10.021 --> 27:13.291 align:start position:0%
of Washington, launched an ambitious new
project<00:28:44.520><c> called</c><00:28:44.920><c> M9,</c><00:28:46.160><c> a</c><00:28:46.320><c> high-stakes</c><00:28:47.000><c> mission</c>

27:13.291 --> 27:13.301 align:start position:0%
project called M9, a high-stakes mission
 

27:13.301 --> 27:16.171 align:start position:0%
project called M9, a high-stakes mission
to<00:28:47.520><c> prepare</c><00:28:48.080><c> for</c><00:28:48.280><c> the</c><00:28:48.480><c> next</c><00:28:49.320><c> catastrophic</c>

27:16.171 --> 27:16.181 align:start position:0%
to prepare for the next catastrophic
 

27:16.181 --> 27:19.331 align:start position:0%
to prepare for the next catastrophic
magnitude<00:28:50.920><c> 9</c><00:28:51.360><c> megathrust</c><00:28:52.200><c> earthquake.</c>

27:19.331 --> 27:19.341 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake.
 

27:19.341 --> 27:20.531 align:start position:0%
magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake.
They're<00:28:53.600><c> working</c><00:28:53.920><c> on</c><00:28:54.040><c> improving</c><00:28:54.520><c> the</c>

27:20.531 --> 27:20.541 align:start position:0%
They're working on improving the
 

27:20.541 --> 27:22.891 align:start position:0%
They're working on improving the
evacuation<00:28:55.360><c> routes</c><00:28:55.600><c> for</c><00:28:55.680><c> the</c><00:28:55.800><c> 70,000</c><00:28:56.640><c> people</c>

27:22.891 --> 27:22.901 align:start position:0%
evacuation routes for the 70,000 people
 

27:22.901 --> 27:25.091 align:start position:0%
evacuation routes for the 70,000 people
living<00:28:57.240><c> in</c><00:28:57.400><c> the</c><00:28:57.600><c> inundation</c><00:28:58.720><c> zone.</c><00:28:58.960><c> That's</c>

27:25.091 --> 27:25.101 align:start position:0%
living in the inundation zone. That's
 

27:25.101 --> 27:26.931 align:start position:0%
living in the inundation zone. That's
the<00:28:59.320><c> low-lying</c><00:29:00.040><c> coastal</c><00:29:00.520><c> area</c><00:29:00.760><c> that</c><00:29:00.880><c> will</c>

27:26.931 --> 27:26.941 align:start position:0%
the low-lying coastal area that will
 

27:26.941 --> 27:29.531 align:start position:0%
the low-lying coastal area that will
likely<00:29:01.360><c> be</c><00:29:01.560><c> flooded</c><00:29:02.000><c> by</c><00:29:02.240><c> a</c><00:29:02.320><c> tsunami.</c><00:29:03.360><c> Because</c>

27:29.531 --> 27:29.541 align:start position:0%
likely be flooded by a tsunami. Because
 

27:29.541 --> 27:31.531 align:start position:0%
likely be flooded by a tsunami. Because
in<00:29:03.720><c> a</c><00:29:03.840><c> worst-case</c><00:29:04.640><c> scenario,</c><00:29:05.000><c> there</c><00:29:05.200><c> may</c><00:29:05.400><c> be</c>

27:31.531 --> 27:31.541 align:start position:0%
in a worst-case scenario, there may be
 

27:31.541 --> 27:34.051 align:start position:0%
in a worst-case scenario, there may be
no<00:29:06.040><c> warning.</c><00:29:06.680><c> And</c><00:29:06.880><c> for</c><00:29:07.120><c> some,</c><00:29:07.480><c> the</c><00:29:07.600><c> first</c><00:29:07.920><c> wave</c>

27:34.051 --> 27:34.061 align:start position:0%
no warning. And for some, the first wave
 

27:34.061 --> 27:36.111 align:start position:0%
no warning. And for some, the first wave
could<00:29:08.240><c> arrive</c><00:29:08.520><c> in</c><00:29:08.720><c> less</c><00:29:08.960><c> than</c><00:29:09.160><c> 60</c><00:29:09.640><c> seconds.</c>

27:36.111 --> 27:36.121 align:start position:0%
could arrive in less than 60 seconds.
 

27:36.121 --> 27:36.771 align:start position:0%
could arrive in less than 60 seconds.
[music]

27:36.771 --> 27:36.781 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

27:36.781 --> 27:38.611 align:start position:0%
[music]
So,<00:29:10.920><c> how</c><00:29:11.080><c> do</c><00:29:11.160><c> you</c><00:29:11.280><c> reach</c><00:29:11.640><c> high</c><00:29:11.880><c> ground</c><00:29:12.240><c> in</c><00:29:12.440><c> less</c>

27:38.611 --> 27:38.621 align:start position:0%
So, how do you reach high ground in less
 

27:38.621 --> 27:40.251 align:start position:0%
So, how do you reach high ground in less
than<00:29:12.800><c> a</c><00:29:12.840><c> minute</c><00:29:13.120><c> when</c><00:29:13.240><c> the</c><00:29:13.400><c> closest</c><00:29:13.760><c> elevation</c>

27:40.251 --> 27:40.261 align:start position:0%
than a minute when the closest elevation
 

27:40.261 --> 27:43.411 align:start position:0%
than a minute when the closest elevation
may<00:29:14.440><c> be</c><00:29:14.600><c> more</c><00:29:14.800><c> than</c><00:29:15.080><c> 8</c><00:29:15.360><c> km</c><00:29:16.080><c> away?</c><00:29:16.920><c> Well,</c><00:29:17.160><c> unless</c>

27:43.411 --> 27:43.421 align:start position:0%
may be more than 8 km away? Well, unless
 

27:43.421 --> 27:45.531 align:start position:0%
may be more than 8 km away? Well, unless
you<00:29:17.560><c> can</c><00:29:17.680><c> outrun</c><00:29:18.040><c> a</c><00:29:18.120><c> tsunami</c><00:29:18.800><c> wave</c><00:29:19.160><c> powering</c>

27:45.531 --> 27:45.541 align:start position:0%
you can outrun a tsunami wave powering
 

27:45.541 --> 27:47.491 align:start position:0%
you can outrun a tsunami wave powering
along<00:29:19.800><c> the</c><00:29:19.920><c> coast</c><00:29:20.240><c> at</c><00:29:20.360><c> more</c><00:29:20.480><c> than</c><00:29:20.640><c> 50</c><00:29:21.040><c> km</c><00:29:21.440><c> an</c>

27:47.491 --> 27:47.501 align:start position:0%
along the coast at more than 50 km an
 

27:47.501 --> 27:50.451 align:start position:0%
along the coast at more than 50 km an
hour,<00:29:22.640><c> you're</c><00:29:22.720><c> pretty</c><00:29:22.960><c> much</c><00:29:23.240><c> toast.</c>

27:50.451 --> 27:50.461 align:start position:0%
hour, you're pretty much toast.
 

27:50.461 --> 27:54.051 align:start position:0%
hour, you're pretty much toast.
But,<00:29:24.800><c> in</c><00:29:24.960><c> 2022,</c><00:29:26.160><c> the</c><00:29:26.360><c> Shoalwater</c><00:29:27.280><c> Bay</c><00:29:27.600><c> Indian</c>

27:54.051 --> 27:54.061 align:start position:0%
But, in 2022, the Shoalwater Bay Indian
 

27:54.061 --> 27:57.251 align:start position:0%
But, in 2022, the Shoalwater Bay Indian
Tribe<00:29:28.560><c> chose</c><00:29:28.960><c> not</c><00:29:29.280><c> to</c><00:29:29.400><c> rely</c><00:29:29.680><c> on</c><00:29:29.920><c> speed</c><00:29:30.600><c> or</c><00:29:30.840><c> even</c>

27:57.251 --> 27:57.261 align:start position:0%
Tribe chose not to rely on speed or even
 

27:57.261 --> 28:00.131 align:start position:0%
Tribe chose not to rely on speed or even
luck.<00:29:32.200><c> Instead,</c><00:29:32.720><c> they</c><00:29:32.880><c> built</c><00:29:33.200><c> a</c><00:29:33.320><c> tsunami</c>

28:00.131 --> 28:00.141 align:start position:0%
luck. Instead, they built a tsunami
 

28:00.141 --> 28:03.051 align:start position:0%
luck. Instead, they built a tsunami
vertical<00:29:34.880><c> evacuation</c><00:29:35.840><c> tower,</c><00:29:36.520><c> the</c><00:29:36.640><c> first</c><00:29:37.040><c> of</c>

28:03.051 --> 28:03.061 align:start position:0%
vertical evacuation tower, the first of
 

28:03.061 --> 28:06.251 align:start position:0%
vertical evacuation tower, the first of
its<00:29:37.320><c> kind</c><00:29:37.880><c> in</c><00:29:38.000><c> the</c><00:29:38.120><c> United</c><00:29:38.720><c> States.</c><00:29:39.840><c> Located</c>

28:06.251 --> 28:06.261 align:start position:0%
its kind in the United States. Located
 

28:06.261 --> 28:09.891 align:start position:0%
its kind in the United States. Located
in<00:29:40.480><c> Tokeland,</c><00:29:41.080><c> Washington,</c><00:29:41.720><c> it</c><00:29:41.920><c> towers</c><00:29:42.480><c> 15</c><00:29:43.080><c> m,</c>

28:09.891 --> 28:09.901 align:start position:0%
in Tokeland, Washington, it towers 15 m,
 

28:09.901 --> 28:13.131 align:start position:0%
in Tokeland, Washington, it towers 15 m,
12<00:29:44.280><c> m</c><00:29:44.720><c> wide,</c><00:29:45.080><c> and</c><00:29:45.240><c> can</c><00:29:45.440><c> shelter</c><00:29:45.880><c> up</c><00:29:46.040><c> to</c><00:29:46.200><c> 400</c>

28:13.131 --> 28:13.141 align:start position:0%
12 m wide, and can shelter up to 400
 

28:13.141 --> 28:14.291 align:start position:0%
12 m wide, and can shelter up to 400
people.

28:14.291 --> 28:14.301 align:start position:0%
people.
 

28:14.301 --> 28:15.771 align:start position:0%
people.
It's<00:29:48.600><c> anchored</c><00:29:49.080><c> deep</c><00:29:49.440><c> into</c><00:29:49.480><c> [music]</c><00:29:49.760><c> the</c>

28:15.771 --> 28:15.781 align:start position:0%
It's anchored deep into [music] the
 

28:15.781 --> 28:19.651 align:start position:0%
It's anchored deep into [music] the
ground<00:29:50.160><c> by</c><00:29:50.320><c> 16-m</c><00:29:51.680><c> concrete</c><00:29:52.440><c> pilings,</c><00:29:53.480><c> and</c>

28:19.651 --> 28:19.661 align:start position:0%
ground by 16-m concrete pilings, and
 

28:19.661 --> 28:21.411 align:start position:0%
ground by 16-m concrete pilings, and
engineered<00:29:54.280><c> to</c><00:29:54.400><c> survive</c><00:29:54.880><c> the</c><00:29:55.040><c> violent</c>

28:21.411 --> 28:21.421 align:start position:0%
engineered to survive the violent
 

28:21.421 --> 28:24.571 align:start position:0%
engineered to survive the violent
shakings<00:29:55.960><c> of</c><00:29:56.080><c> a</c><00:29:56.160><c> once-in-2,500-year</c>

28:24.571 --> 28:24.581 align:start position:0%
shakings of a once-in-2,500-year
 

28:24.581 --> 28:27.371 align:start position:0%
shakings of a once-in-2,500-year
earthquake<00:29:59.240><c> event,</c><00:29:59.920><c> resist</c><00:30:00.600><c> liquefaction,</c>

28:27.371 --> 28:27.381 align:start position:0%
earthquake event, resist liquefaction,
 

28:27.381 --> 28:31.251 align:start position:0%
earthquake event, resist liquefaction,
and<00:30:01.640><c> withstand</c><00:30:02.800><c> up</c><00:30:02.960><c> to</c><00:30:03.080><c> 3</c><00:30:03.600><c> m</c><00:30:04.320><c> of</c><00:30:04.560><c> sideways</c>

28:31.251 --> 28:31.261 align:start position:0%
and withstand up to 3 m of sideways
 

28:31.261 --> 28:34.171 align:start position:0%
and withstand up to 3 m of sideways
ground<00:30:05.880><c> movement.</c><00:30:07.000><c> Placed</c><00:30:07.480><c> deliberately</c><00:30:08.080><c> at</c>

28:34.171 --> 28:34.181 align:start position:0%
ground movement. Placed deliberately at
 

28:34.181 --> 28:36.971 align:start position:0%
ground movement. Placed deliberately at
the<00:30:08.360><c> heart</c><00:30:08.800><c> of</c><00:30:08.920><c> the</c><00:30:09.040><c> community,</c><00:30:10.360><c> it</c><00:30:10.520><c> stands</c><00:30:10.920><c> as</c>

28:36.971 --> 28:36.981 align:start position:0%
the heart of the community, it stands as
 

28:36.981 --> 28:39.251 align:start position:0%
the heart of the community, it stands as
a<00:30:11.120><c> lifeline</c><00:30:11.680><c> for</c><00:30:11.840><c> both</c><00:30:12.120><c> tribal</c><00:30:12.600><c> members</c><00:30:13.040><c> and</c>

28:39.251 --> 28:39.261 align:start position:0%
a lifeline for both tribal members and
 

28:39.261 --> 28:41.571 align:start position:0%
a lifeline for both tribal members and
local<00:30:13.715><c> [music]</c><00:30:13.760><c> residents,</c><00:30:14.640><c> a</c><00:30:14.800><c> last</c><00:30:15.240><c> resort</c>

28:41.571 --> 28:41.581 align:start position:0%
local [music] residents, a last resort
 

28:41.581 --> 28:44.371 align:start position:0%
local [music] residents, a last resort
when<00:30:15.800><c> there</c><00:30:16.000><c> is</c><00:30:16.240><c> nowhere</c><00:30:16.560><c> else</c><00:30:16.960><c> to</c><00:30:17.120><c> go.</c>

28:44.371 --> 28:44.381 align:start position:0%
when there is nowhere else to go.
 

28:44.381 --> 28:46.691 align:start position:0%
when there is nowhere else to go.
Only<00:30:18.840><c> two</c><00:30:19.240><c> other</c><00:30:19.600><c> purpose-built</c><00:30:20.400><c> tsunami</c>

28:46.691 --> 28:46.701 align:start position:0%
Only two other purpose-built tsunami
 

28:46.701 --> 28:49.011 align:start position:0%
Only two other purpose-built tsunami
towers<00:30:21.200><c> exist</c><00:30:21.575><c> [music]</c><00:30:21.800><c> in</c><00:30:21.920><c> the</c><00:30:22.120><c> area,</c><00:30:22.840><c> with</c><00:30:23.000><c> a</c>

28:49.011 --> 28:49.021 align:start position:0%
towers exist [music] in the area, with a
 

28:49.021 --> 28:51.691 align:start position:0%
towers exist [music] in the area, with a
fourth<00:30:23.600><c> planned</c><00:30:24.040><c> in</c><00:30:24.280><c> Westport,</c><00:30:24.840><c> Washington</c>

28:51.691 --> 28:51.701 align:start position:0%
fourth planned in Westport, Washington
 

28:51.701 --> 28:54.291 align:start position:0%
fourth planned in Westport, Washington
by<00:30:25.920><c> 2027.</c>

28:54.291 --> 28:54.301 align:start position:0%
by 2027.
 

28:54.301 --> 28:56.291 align:start position:0%
by 2027.
Yet,<00:30:28.680><c> some</c><00:30:28.920><c> experts</c><00:30:29.280><c> warn</c><00:30:29.480><c> these</c><00:30:29.720><c> are</c><00:30:29.880><c> nowhere</c>

28:56.291 --> 28:56.301 align:start position:0%
Yet, some experts warn these are nowhere
 

28:56.301 --> 28:58.491 align:start position:0%
Yet, some experts warn these are nowhere
near<00:30:30.760><c> enough,</c><00:30:31.400><c> with</c><00:30:31.640><c> computer</c><00:30:32.120><c> modeling</c>

28:58.491 --> 28:58.501 align:start position:0%
near enough, with computer modeling
 

28:58.501 --> 29:01.811 align:start position:0%
near enough, with computer modeling
predicting<00:30:33.160><c> 50</c><00:30:34.040><c> tsunami</c><00:30:34.600><c> refuges</c><00:30:35.280><c> are</c><00:30:35.480><c> needed</c>

29:01.811 --> 29:01.821 align:start position:0%
predicting 50 tsunami refuges are needed
 

29:01.821 --> 29:03.891 align:start position:0%
predicting 50 tsunami refuges are needed
to<00:30:36.040><c> adequately</c><00:30:36.640><c> protect</c><00:30:37.240><c> all</c><00:30:37.520><c> the</c><00:30:37.640><c> coastal</c>

29:03.891 --> 29:03.901 align:start position:0%
to adequately protect all the coastal
 

29:03.901 --> 29:06.051 align:start position:0%
to adequately protect all the coastal
communities<00:30:38.480><c> living</c><00:30:38.880><c> in</c><00:30:39.080><c> Oregon</c><00:30:39.640><c> and</c>

29:06.051 --> 29:06.061 align:start position:0%
communities living in Oregon and
 

29:06.061 --> 29:07.771 align:start position:0%
communities living in Oregon and
Washington.

29:07.771 --> 29:07.781 align:start position:0%
Washington.
 

29:07.781 --> 29:09.811 align:start position:0%
Washington.
The<00:30:41.920><c> design</c><00:30:42.400><c> of</c><00:30:42.560><c> this</c><00:30:42.760><c> tsunami</c><00:30:43.360><c> vertical</c>

29:09.811 --> 29:09.821 align:start position:0%
The design of this tsunami vertical
 

29:09.821 --> 29:12.171 align:start position:0%
The design of this tsunami vertical
evacuation<00:30:44.680><c> tower</c><00:30:45.040><c> mirrors</c><00:30:45.560><c> Japan's</c>

29:12.171 --> 29:12.181 align:start position:0%
evacuation tower mirrors Japan's
 

29:12.181 --> 29:15.211 align:start position:0%
evacuation tower mirrors Japan's
free-standing<00:30:47.440><c> tsunami</c><00:30:48.040><c> towers,</c><00:30:48.840><c> a</c><00:30:48.920><c> country</c>

29:15.211 --> 29:15.221 align:start position:0%
free-standing tsunami towers, a country
 

29:15.221 --> 29:17.291 align:start position:0%
free-standing tsunami towers, a country
that<00:30:49.440><c> offers</c><00:30:49.760><c> a</c><00:30:49.880><c> powerful</c><00:30:50.400><c> example</c><00:30:50.960><c> of</c><00:30:51.120><c> what</c>

29:17.291 --> 29:17.301 align:start position:0%
that offers a powerful example of what
 

29:17.301 --> 29:19.611 align:start position:0%
that offers a powerful example of what
long-term<00:30:52.120><c> adaptation</c><00:30:52.880><c> to</c><00:30:53.040><c> relentless</c>

29:19.611 --> 29:19.621 align:start position:0%
long-term adaptation to relentless
 

29:19.621 --> 29:22.171 align:start position:0%
long-term adaptation to relentless
earthquake<00:30:54.160><c> and</c><00:30:54.400><c> tsunami</c><00:30:54.960><c> disasters</c><00:30:56.040><c> can</c>

29:22.171 --> 29:22.181 align:start position:0%
earthquake and tsunami disasters can
 

29:22.181 --> 29:24.051 align:start position:0%
earthquake and tsunami disasters can
look<00:30:56.480><c> like.</c>

29:24.051 --> 29:24.061 align:start position:0%
look like.
 

29:24.061 --> 29:25.811 align:start position:0%
look like.
Japan<00:30:58.480><c> has</c><00:30:58.720><c> lived</c><00:30:58.920><c> with</c><00:30:59.080><c> tsunamis</c><00:30:59.560><c> for</c><00:30:59.680><c> more</c>

29:25.811 --> 29:25.821 align:start position:0%
Japan has lived with tsunamis for more
 

29:25.821 --> 29:29.651 align:start position:0%
Japan has lived with tsunamis for more
than<00:31:00.120><c> a</c><00:31:00.240><c> millennium.</c><00:31:01.280><c> 143</c><00:31:02.640><c> have</c><00:31:02.880><c> struck</c><00:31:03.400><c> since</c>

29:29.651 --> 29:29.661 align:start position:0%
than a millennium. 143 have struck since
 

29:29.661 --> 29:31.171 align:start position:0%
than a millennium. 143 have struck since
684

29:31.171 --> 29:31.181 align:start position:0%
684
 

29:31.181 --> 29:34.611 align:start position:0%
684
AD,<00:31:06.200><c> killing</c><00:31:06.560><c> over</c><00:31:06.840><c> 130,000</c>

29:34.611 --> 29:34.621 align:start position:0%
AD, killing over 130,000
 

29:34.621 --> 29:35.771 align:start position:0%
AD, killing over 130,000
people.

29:35.771 --> 29:35.781 align:start position:0%
people.
 

29:35.781 --> 29:37.851 align:start position:0%
people.
It's<00:31:10.040><c> no</c><00:31:10.200><c> surprise</c><00:31:10.720><c> the</c><00:31:10.840><c> world</c><00:31:11.320><c> took</c><00:31:11.520><c> the</c><00:31:11.600><c> word</c>

29:37.851 --> 29:37.861 align:start position:0%
It's no surprise the world took the word
 

29:37.861 --> 29:41.091 align:start position:0%
It's no surprise the world took the word
tsunami<00:31:12.560><c> from</c><00:31:13.240><c> Japanese,</c><00:31:14.000><c> which</c><00:31:14.280><c> means</c>

29:41.091 --> 29:41.101 align:start position:0%
tsunami from Japanese, which means
 

29:41.101 --> 29:42.571 align:start position:0%
tsunami from Japanese, which means
harbor<00:31:15.520><c> wave.</c>

29:42.571 --> 29:42.581 align:start position:0%
harbor wave.
 

29:42.581 --> 29:44.091 align:start position:0%
harbor wave.
As<00:31:16.800><c> a</c><00:31:16.840><c> nation,</c><00:31:17.240><c> they</c><00:31:17.360><c> have</c><00:31:17.520><c> built</c><00:31:17.760><c> one</c><00:31:17.880><c> of</c><00:31:18.000><c> the</c>

29:44.091 --> 29:44.101 align:start position:0%
As a nation, they have built one of the
 

29:44.101 --> 29:46.691 align:start position:0%
As a nation, they have built one of the
most<00:31:18.640><c> advanced</c><00:31:19.440><c> multi-layered</c><00:31:20.200><c> strategies</c>

29:46.691 --> 29:46.701 align:start position:0%
most advanced multi-layered strategies
 

29:46.701 --> 29:50.211 align:start position:0%
most advanced multi-layered strategies
to<00:31:20.880><c> defend</c><00:31:21.680><c> against</c><00:31:22.200><c> tsunamis.</c><00:31:23.400><c> From</c><00:31:23.680><c> vast</c>

29:50.211 --> 29:50.221 align:start position:0%
to defend against tsunamis. From vast
 

29:50.221 --> 29:53.531 align:start position:0%
to defend against tsunamis. From vast
underground<00:31:25.000><c> flood</c><00:31:25.320><c> control</c><00:31:25.800><c> systems</c><00:31:26.640><c> to</c><00:31:26.800><c> 400</c>

29:53.531 --> 29:53.541 align:start position:0%
underground flood control systems to 400
 

29:53.541 --> 29:58.011 align:start position:0%
underground flood control systems to 400
km<00:31:28.080><c> of</c><00:31:28.320><c> seawalls</c><00:31:29.240><c> rising</c><00:31:29.600><c> as</c><00:31:29.760><c> high</c><00:31:30.440><c> as</c><00:31:30.720><c> 15</c><00:31:31.360><c> m</c><00:31:31.840><c> in</c>

29:58.011 --> 29:58.021 align:start position:0%
km of seawalls rising as high as 15 m in
 

29:58.021 --> 29:59.331 align:start position:0%
km of seawalls rising as high as 15 m in
places.

29:59.331 --> 29:59.341 align:start position:0%
places.
 

29:59.341 --> 30:02.051 align:start position:0%
places.
They<00:31:33.480><c> have</c><00:31:33.680><c> sophisticated</c><00:31:34.600><c> high-speed</c><00:31:35.800><c> early</c>

30:02.051 --> 30:02.061 align:start position:0%
They have sophisticated high-speed early
 

30:02.061 --> 30:04.411 align:start position:0%
They have sophisticated high-speed early
warning<00:31:36.520><c> systems,</c><00:31:37.440><c> which</c><00:31:37.720><c> issue</c><00:31:38.040><c> alerts</c><00:31:38.440><c> to</c>

30:04.411 --> 30:04.421 align:start position:0%
warning systems, which issue alerts to
 

30:04.421 --> 30:06.931 align:start position:0%
warning systems, which issue alerts to
the<00:31:38.600><c> public</c><00:31:39.000><c> in</c><00:31:39.080><c> a</c><00:31:39.160><c> matter</c><00:31:39.560><c> of</c><00:31:39.720><c> minutes.</c><00:31:40.880><c> But</c>

30:06.931 --> 30:06.941 align:start position:0%
the public in a matter of minutes. But
 

30:06.941 --> 30:08.811 align:start position:0%
the public in a matter of minutes. But
perhaps<00:31:41.360><c> the</c><00:31:41.440><c> most</c><00:31:41.680><c> powerful</c><00:31:42.080><c> defense</c><00:31:42.520><c> isn't</c>

30:08.811 --> 30:08.821 align:start position:0%
perhaps the most powerful defense isn't
 

30:08.821 --> 30:12.002 align:start position:0%
perhaps the most powerful defense isn't
concrete<00:31:43.480><c> or</c><00:31:43.680><c> technology,</c><00:31:44.720><c> but</c><00:31:45.040><c> culture.</c>

30:12.002 --> 30:12.012 align:start position:0%
concrete or technology, but culture.
 

30:12.012 --> 30:12.451 align:start position:0%
concrete or technology, but culture.
&gt;&gt; [music]

30:12.451 --> 30:12.461 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

30:12.461 --> 30:13.731 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; As<00:31:46.680><c> generations</c><00:31:47.200><c> have</c><00:31:47.360><c> grown</c><00:31:47.600><c> up</c>

30:13.731 --> 30:13.741 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; As generations have grown up
 

30:13.741 --> 30:15.691 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; As generations have grown up
understanding<00:31:48.640><c> the</c><00:31:48.720><c> tsunami</c><00:31:49.200><c> risk</c><00:31:49.600><c> and</c>

30:15.691 --> 30:15.701 align:start position:0%
understanding the tsunami risk and
 

30:15.701 --> 30:18.811 align:start position:0%
understanding the tsunami risk and
crucially<00:31:50.880><c> how</c><00:31:51.080><c> they</c><00:31:51.240><c> should</c><00:31:51.520><c> respond.</c>

30:18.811 --> 30:18.821 align:start position:0%
crucially how they should respond.
 

30:18.821 --> 30:20.571 align:start position:0%
crucially how they should respond.
But<00:31:53.000><c> for</c><00:31:53.120><c> those</c><00:31:53.360><c> living</c><00:31:53.640><c> in</c><00:31:53.760><c> the</c><00:31:53.880><c> Cascadia</c>

30:20.571 --> 30:20.581 align:start position:0%
But for those living in the Cascadia
 

30:20.581 --> 30:23.371 align:start position:0%
But for those living in the Cascadia
region,<00:31:55.000><c> the</c><00:31:55.120><c> story</c><00:31:55.480><c> is</c><00:31:55.960><c> very</c><00:31:56.280><c> different.</c>

30:23.371 --> 30:23.381 align:start position:0%
region, the story is very different.
 

30:23.381 --> 30:25.611 align:start position:0%
region, the story is very different.
Here,<00:31:57.760><c> the</c><00:31:57.880><c> threat</c><00:31:58.240><c> is</c><00:31:58.520><c> just</c><00:31:59.000><c> as</c><00:31:59.240><c> real,</c><00:31:59.520><c> but</c>

30:25.611 --> 30:25.621 align:start position:0%
Here, the threat is just as real, but
 

30:25.621 --> 30:27.811 align:start position:0%
Here, the threat is just as real, but
the<00:31:59.760><c> level</c><00:32:00.000><c> of</c><00:32:00.120><c> preparedness</c><00:32:01.040><c> lags</c><00:32:01.360><c> behind</c>

30:27.811 --> 30:27.821 align:start position:0%
the level of preparedness lags behind
 

30:27.821 --> 30:29.891 align:start position:0%
the level of preparedness lags behind
countries<00:32:02.400><c> like</c><00:32:02.600><c> Japan.</c><00:32:03.560><c> Some</c>

30:29.891 --> 30:29.901 align:start position:0%
countries like Japan. Some
 

30:29.901 --> 30:31.731 align:start position:0%
countries like Japan. Some
infrastructure<00:32:04.640><c> remains</c><00:32:05.200><c> vulnerable,</c>

30:31.731 --> 30:31.741 align:start position:0%
infrastructure remains vulnerable,
 

30:31.741 --> 30:33.691 align:start position:0%
infrastructure remains vulnerable,
warning<00:32:06.160><c> systems</c><00:32:06.680><c> are</c><00:32:06.920><c> more</c><00:32:07.160><c> limited,</c><00:32:07.600><c> and</c>

30:33.691 --> 30:33.701 align:start position:0%
warning systems are more limited, and
 

30:33.701 --> 30:36.451 align:start position:0%
warning systems are more limited, and
public<00:32:08.120><c> awareness</c><00:32:08.600><c> is</c><00:32:09.000><c> pretty</c><00:32:09.400><c> uneven.</c><00:32:10.440><c> So,</c>

30:36.451 --> 30:36.461 align:start position:0%
public awareness is pretty uneven. So,
 

30:36.461 --> 30:39.611 align:start position:0%
public awareness is pretty uneven. So,
how<00:32:10.720><c> can</c><00:32:11.040><c> you</c><00:32:11.520><c> get</c><00:32:11.760><c> ready</c><00:32:12.080><c> for</c><00:32:12.600><c> the</c><00:32:12.720><c> big</c><00:32:13.000><c> one?</c>

30:39.611 --> 30:39.621 align:start position:0%
how can you get ready for the big one?
 

30:39.621 --> 30:41.531 align:start position:0%
how can you get ready for the big one?
Some<00:32:13.960><c> residents</c><00:32:14.360><c> in</c><00:32:14.560><c> Oregon</c><00:32:14.960><c> are</c><00:32:15.120><c> already</c>

30:41.531 --> 30:41.541 align:start position:0%
Some residents in Oregon are already
 

30:41.541 --> 30:44.051 align:start position:0%
Some residents in Oregon are already
bracing<00:32:16.160><c> for</c><00:32:16.360><c> the</c><00:32:16.600><c> worst-case</c><00:32:17.440><c> scenario</c><00:32:17.920><c> and</c>

30:44.051 --> 30:44.061 align:start position:0%
bracing for the worst-case scenario and
 

30:44.061 --> 30:47.571 align:start position:0%
bracing for the worst-case scenario and
preparing<00:32:18.720><c> an</c><00:32:18.840><c> emergency</c><00:32:19.640><c> 2-week</c><00:32:20.400><c> plan.</c>

30:47.571 --> 30:47.581 align:start position:0%
preparing an emergency 2-week plan.
 

30:47.581 --> 30:49.491 align:start position:0%
preparing an emergency 2-week plan.
A<00:32:21.880><c> grim</c><00:32:22.320><c> acknowledgement</c><00:32:22.960><c> that</c><00:32:23.120><c> after</c><00:32:23.480><c> a</c>

30:49.491 --> 30:49.501 align:start position:0%
A grim acknowledgement that after a
 

30:49.501 --> 30:51.971 align:start position:0%
A grim acknowledgement that after a
major<00:32:24.080><c> Cascadia</c><00:32:24.720><c> event,</c><00:32:25.240><c> they</c><00:32:25.400><c> could</c><00:32:25.560><c> be</c><00:32:25.720><c> cut</c>

30:51.971 --> 30:51.981 align:start position:0%
major Cascadia event, they could be cut
 

30:51.981 --> 30:54.371 align:start position:0%
major Cascadia event, they could be cut
off<00:32:26.200><c> from</c><00:32:26.400><c> the</c><00:32:26.520><c> outside</c><00:32:27.080><c> world</c><00:32:27.400><c> for</c><00:32:27.520><c> up</c><00:32:27.640><c> to</c><00:32:27.840><c> 2</c>

30:54.371 --> 30:54.381 align:start position:0%
off from the outside world for up to 2
 

30:54.381 --> 30:57.291 align:start position:0%
off from the outside world for up to 2
weeks.<00:32:29.560><c> Authorities</c><00:32:30.200><c> are</c><00:32:30.480><c> urging</c><00:32:30.880><c> residents</c>

30:57.291 --> 30:57.301 align:start position:0%
weeks. Authorities are urging residents
 

30:57.301 --> 30:59.771 align:start position:0%
weeks. Authorities are urging residents
to<00:32:31.520><c> sign</c><00:32:31.880><c> up</c><00:32:32.080><c> for</c><00:32:32.280><c> emergency</c><00:32:32.960><c> alerts,</c><00:32:33.520><c> stay</c>

30:59.771 --> 30:59.781 align:start position:0%
to sign up for emergency alerts, stay
 

30:59.781 --> 31:01.811 align:start position:0%
to sign up for emergency alerts, stay
tuned<00:32:34.320><c> to</c><00:32:34.440><c> official</c><00:32:34.920><c> warnings,</c><00:32:35.560><c> and</c><00:32:35.760><c> to</c>

31:01.811 --> 31:01.821 align:start position:0%
tuned to official warnings, and to
 

31:01.821 --> 31:04.131 align:start position:0%
tuned to official warnings, and to
memorize<00:32:36.480><c> their</c><00:32:36.640><c> evacuation</c><00:32:37.400><c> routes</c><00:32:37.640><c> before</c>

31:04.131 --> 31:04.141 align:start position:0%
memorize their evacuation routes before
 

31:04.141 --> 31:06.171 align:start position:0%
memorize their evacuation routes before
they're<00:32:38.440><c> ever</c><00:32:38.720><c> needed.</c><00:32:39.680><c> In</c><00:32:39.840><c> other</c><00:32:40.000><c> words,</c>

31:06.171 --> 31:06.181 align:start position:0%
they're ever needed. In other words,
 

31:06.181 --> 31:08.851 align:start position:0%
they're ever needed. In other words,
they're<00:32:40.400><c> preparing</c><00:32:40.920><c> their</c><00:32:41.080><c> escape</c><00:32:41.480><c> plan</c><00:32:42.160><c> now,</c>

31:08.851 --> 31:08.861 align:start position:0%
they're preparing their escape plan now,
 

31:08.861 --> 31:10.651 align:start position:0%
they're preparing their escape plan now,
long<00:32:43.320><c> before</c><00:32:43.800><c> the</c><00:32:43.880><c> ground</c><00:32:44.200><c> begins</c><00:32:44.600><c> to</c>

31:10.651 --> 31:10.661 align:start position:0%
long before the ground begins to
 

31:10.661 --> 31:13.251 align:start position:0%
long before the ground begins to
violently<00:32:45.280><c> shake.</c>

31:13.251 --> 31:13.261 align:start position:0%
violently shake.
 

31:13.261 --> 31:14.771 align:start position:0%
violently shake.
For<00:32:47.440><c> the</c><00:32:47.640><c> millions</c><00:32:48.200><c> living</c><00:32:48.440><c> along</c><00:32:48.680><c> the</c>

31:14.771 --> 31:14.781 align:start position:0%
For the millions living along the
 

31:14.781 --> 31:17.051 align:start position:0%
For the millions living along the
seismically<00:32:49.640><c> active</c><00:32:50.080><c> Pacific</c><00:32:50.520><c> Northwest,</c>

31:17.051 --> 31:17.061 align:start position:0%
seismically active Pacific Northwest,
 

31:17.061 --> 31:18.891 align:start position:0%
seismically active Pacific Northwest,
it's<00:32:51.280><c> a</c><00:32:51.440><c> chilling</c><00:32:51.880><c> reminder</c><00:32:52.320><c> that</c><00:32:52.480><c> the</c><00:32:52.680><c> Earth</c>

31:18.891 --> 31:18.901 align:start position:0%
it's a chilling reminder that the Earth
 

31:18.901 --> 31:21.811 align:start position:0%
it's a chilling reminder that the Earth
is<00:32:53.200><c> never</c><00:32:53.600><c> truly</c><00:32:54.160><c> still.</c><00:32:54.960><c> Because</c><00:32:55.240><c> beneath</c>

31:21.811 --> 31:21.821 align:start position:0%
is never truly still. Because beneath
 

31:21.821 --> 31:24.891 align:start position:0%
is never truly still. Because beneath
this<00:32:56.280><c> coastline,</c><00:32:57.080><c> immense,</c><00:32:57.760><c> powerful</c><00:32:58.400><c> forces</c>

31:24.891 --> 31:24.901 align:start position:0%
this coastline, immense, powerful forces
 

31:24.901 --> 31:27.651 align:start position:0%
this coastline, immense, powerful forces
are<00:32:59.200><c> constantly</c><00:33:00.080><c> at</c><00:33:00.320><c> work.</c>

31:27.651 --> 31:27.661 align:start position:0%
are constantly at work.
 

31:27.661 --> 31:29.411 align:start position:0%
are constantly at work.
Today,<00:33:02.120><c> scientists</c><00:33:02.800><c> are</c><00:33:02.960><c> beginning</c><00:33:03.320><c> to</c>

31:29.411 --> 31:29.421 align:start position:0%
Today, scientists are beginning to
 

31:29.421 --> 31:31.931 align:start position:0%
Today, scientists are beginning to
understand<00:33:04.240><c> how</c><00:33:04.560><c> to</c><00:33:04.800><c> read</c><00:33:05.120><c> the</c><00:33:05.240><c> warning</c><00:33:05.640><c> signs</c>

31:31.931 --> 31:31.941 align:start position:0%
understand how to read the warning signs
 

31:31.941 --> 31:34.891 align:start position:0%
understand how to read the warning signs
before<00:33:06.680><c> catastrophe</c><00:33:07.400><c> strikes</c><00:33:07.880><c> again.</c><00:33:08.640><c> We</c><00:33:08.760><c> can</c>

31:34.891 --> 31:34.901 align:start position:0%
before catastrophe strikes again. We can
 

31:34.901 --> 31:37.491 align:start position:0%
before catastrophe strikes again. We can
watch<00:33:09.240><c> the</c><00:33:09.360><c> CSZ</c><00:33:10.000><c> fault</c><00:33:10.240><c> line</c><00:33:10.520><c> breathe,</c><00:33:11.080><c> shift,</c>

31:37.491 --> 31:37.501 align:start position:0%
watch the CSZ fault line breathe, shift,
 

31:37.501 --> 31:40.131 align:start position:0%
watch the CSZ fault line breathe, shift,
and<00:33:11.800><c> tremble</c><00:33:12.320><c> in</c><00:33:12.600><c> real</c><00:33:12.960><c> time.</c><00:33:13.800><c> And</c><00:33:13.920><c> we</c><00:33:14.000><c> have</c><00:33:14.160><c> a</c>

31:40.131 --> 31:40.141 align:start position:0%
and tremble in real time. And we have a
 

31:40.141 --> 31:42.451 align:start position:0%
and tremble in real time. And we have a
better<00:33:14.600><c> understanding</c><00:33:15.400><c> of</c><00:33:15.680><c> the</c><00:33:15.920><c> earthquake</c>

31:42.451 --> 31:42.461 align:start position:0%
better understanding of the earthquake
 

31:42.461 --> 31:45.171 align:start position:0%
better understanding of the earthquake
recurrence<00:33:17.280><c> intervals.</c><00:33:18.280><c> Yet,</c><00:33:18.480><c> despite</c><00:33:19.000><c> all</c>

31:45.171 --> 31:45.181 align:start position:0%
recurrence intervals. Yet, despite all
 

31:45.181 --> 31:47.371 align:start position:0%
recurrence intervals. Yet, despite all
our<00:33:19.360><c> technology,</c><00:33:19.960><c> the</c><00:33:20.120><c> exact</c><00:33:20.640><c> moment</c><00:33:21.040><c> it</c><00:33:21.240><c> will</c>

31:47.371 --> 31:47.381 align:start position:0%
our technology, the exact moment it will
 

31:47.381 --> 31:51.171 align:start position:0%
our technology, the exact moment it will
rupture<00:33:21.880><c> again</c><00:33:22.760><c> remains</c><00:33:23.800><c> unknown.</c>

31:51.171 --> 31:51.181 align:start position:0%
rupture again remains unknown.
 

31:51.181 --> 31:53.531 align:start position:0%
rupture again remains unknown.
But,<00:33:25.360><c> what</c><00:33:25.520><c> we</c><00:33:25.640><c> do</c><00:33:25.840><c> know</c><00:33:26.080><c> is</c><00:33:26.360><c> this.</c><00:33:27.000><c> One</c><00:33:27.240><c> day</c><00:33:27.480><c> in</c>

31:53.531 --> 31:53.541 align:start position:0%
But, what we do know is this. One day in
 

31:53.541 --> 31:55.491 align:start position:0%
But, what we do know is this. One day in
the<00:33:27.720><c> not-too-distant</c><00:33:28.400><c> future,</c><00:33:28.960><c> the</c><00:33:29.080><c> pressure</c>

31:55.491 --> 31:55.501 align:start position:0%
the not-too-distant future, the pressure
 

31:55.501 --> 31:57.731 align:start position:0%
the not-too-distant future, the pressure
will<00:33:29.580><c> [music]</c><00:33:29.920><c> give</c><00:33:30.200><c> way.</c><00:33:30.760><c> The</c><00:33:30.960><c> ocean</c><00:33:31.400><c> floor</c>

31:57.731 --> 31:57.741 align:start position:0%
will [music] give way. The ocean floor
 

31:57.741 --> 31:59.971 align:start position:0%
will [music] give way. The ocean floor
will<00:33:31.960><c> rise.</c><00:33:32.600><c> The</c><00:33:32.760><c> coastline</c><00:33:33.320><c> will</c><00:33:33.480><c> violently</c>

31:59.971 --> 31:59.981 align:start position:0%
will rise. The coastline will violently
 

31:59.981 --> 32:02.211 align:start position:0%
will rise. The coastline will violently
shake.<00:33:34.360><c> And</c><00:33:34.480><c> the</c><00:33:34.600><c> Pacific</c><00:33:35.120><c> Ocean</c><00:33:35.520><c> will</c><00:33:35.760><c> surge</c>

32:02.211 --> 32:02.221 align:start position:0%
shake. And the Pacific Ocean will surge
 

32:02.221 --> 32:05.411 align:start position:0%
shake. And the Pacific Ocean will surge
inland<00:33:37.080><c> once</c><00:33:37.440><c> more.</c>

32:05.411 --> 32:05.421 align:start position:0%
inland once more.
 

32:05.421 --> 32:07.611 align:start position:0%
inland once more.
The<00:33:39.640><c> final</c><00:33:40.040><c> chapter</c><00:33:40.440><c> of</c><00:33:40.600><c> America's</c><00:33:41.160><c> monster</c>

32:07.611 --> 32:07.621 align:start position:0%
The final chapter of America's monster
 

32:07.621 --> 32:10.651 align:start position:0%
The final chapter of America's monster
megaquake<00:33:42.280><c> has</c><00:33:42.520><c> not</c><00:33:42.960><c> yet</c><00:33:43.360><c> been</c><00:33:43.640><c> written.</c><00:33:44.520><c> But,</c>

32:10.651 --> 32:10.661 align:start position:0%
megaquake has not yet been written. But,
 

32:10.661 --> 32:13.211 align:start position:0%
megaquake has not yet been written. But,
somewhere<00:33:45.160><c> deep</c><00:33:45.520><c> beneath</c><00:33:45.920><c> the</c><00:33:46.160><c> Earth,</c><00:33:46.880><c> it</c><00:33:47.080><c> has</c>

32:13.211 --> 32:13.221 align:start position:0%
somewhere deep beneath the Earth, it has
 

32:13.221 --> 32:16.811 align:start position:0%
somewhere deep beneath the Earth, it has
already<00:33:48.080><c> begun.</c>

32:16.811 --> 32:16.821 align:start position:0%
 
 

32:16.821 --> 32:17.811 align:start position:0%
 
Let<00:33:51.000><c> me</c><00:33:51.080><c> know</c><00:33:51.160><c> what</c><00:33:51.280><c> you</c><00:33:51.360><c> think</c><00:33:51.560><c> down</c><00:33:51.720><c> in</c><00:33:51.800><c> the</c>

32:17.811 --> 32:17.821 align:start position:0%
Let me know what you think down in the
 

32:17.821 --> 32:19.491 align:start position:0%
Let me know what you think down in the
comments<00:33:52.280><c> below.</c><00:33:52.560><c> Do</c><00:33:52.760><c> you</c><00:33:53.000><c> think</c><00:33:53.280><c> this</c>

32:19.491 --> 32:19.501 align:start position:0%
comments below. Do you think this
 

32:19.501 --> 32:21.411 align:start position:0%
comments below. Do you think this
earthquake<00:33:54.080><c> is</c><00:33:54.440><c> imminent,</c><00:33:54.960><c> or</c><00:33:55.080><c> when</c><00:33:55.320><c> do</c><00:33:55.400><c> you</c>

32:21.411 --> 32:21.421 align:start position:0%
earthquake is imminent, or when do you
 

32:21.421 --> 32:22.531 align:start position:0%
earthquake is imminent, or when do you
think<00:33:55.680><c> it's</c><00:33:55.840><c> going</c><00:33:56.000><c> to</c><00:33:56.080><c> come?</c><00:33:56.320><c> Are</c><00:33:56.400><c> you</c>

32:22.531 --> 32:22.541 align:start position:0%
think it's going to come? Are you
 

32:22.541 --> 32:23.971 align:start position:0%
think it's going to come? Are you
worried<00:33:56.880><c> about</c><00:33:57.120><c> it?</c><00:33:57.240><c> Should</c><00:33:57.480><c> we</c><00:33:57.640><c> be</c><00:33:57.800><c> more</c>

32:23.971 --> 32:23.981 align:start position:0%
worried about it? Should we be more
 

32:23.981 --> 32:25.451 align:start position:0%
worried about it? Should we be more
worried<00:33:58.280><c> about</c><00:33:58.520><c> it?</c><00:33:58.960><c> I</c><00:33:59.000><c> look</c><00:33:59.160><c> forward</c><00:33:59.400><c> to</c>

32:25.451 --> 32:25.461 align:start position:0%
worried about it? I look forward to
 

32:25.461 --> 32:26.851 align:start position:0%
worried about it? I look forward to
reading<00:33:59.760><c> what</c><00:33:59.840><c> you</c><00:33:59.920><c> have</c><00:34:00.040><c> to</c><00:34:00.160><c> say,</c><00:34:00.760><c> and</c><00:34:00.840><c> I'll</c>

32:26.851 --> 32:26.861 align:start position:0%
reading what you have to say, and I'll
 

32:26.861 --> 32:32.174 align:start position:0%
reading what you have to say, and I'll
see<00:34:01.040><c> you</c><00:34:01.120><c> in</c><00:34:01.160><c> the</c><00:34:01.240><c> next</c><00:34:01.440><c> one.</c>