WEBVTT

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[groaning]

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[groaning]
 

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[groaning]
T-Rex<00:00:03.439><c> is</c><00:00:03.840><c> not</c><00:00:04.160><c> what</c><00:00:04.560><c> we</c><00:00:04.960><c> thought.</c><00:00:06.400><c> Thanks</c><00:00:06.640><c> to</c>

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T-Rex is not what we thought. Thanks to
 

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T-Rex is not what we thought. Thanks to
the<00:00:07.120><c> 1993</c><00:00:08.080><c> classic</c><00:00:08.480><c> Jurassic</c><00:00:09.040><c> Park,</c><00:00:09.519><c> this</c>

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the 1993 classic Jurassic Park, this
 

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the 1993 classic Jurassic Park, this
giant<00:00:10.480><c> bulldozing,</c><00:00:11.360><c> seemingly</c><00:00:11.840><c> halfblind</c>

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giant bulldozing, seemingly halfblind
 

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giant bulldozing, seemingly halfblind
wall<00:00:13.040><c> of</c><00:00:13.280><c> teeth</c><00:00:14.000><c> has</c><00:00:14.320><c> been</c><00:00:14.559><c> seared</c><00:00:15.040><c> into</c><00:00:15.360><c> our</c>

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wall of teeth has been seared into our
 

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wall of teeth has been seared into our
central<00:00:16.160><c> consciousness.</c><00:00:17.279><c> A</c><00:00:17.600><c> tyrannosaurized</c>

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central consciousness. A tyrannosaurized
 

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central consciousness. A tyrannosaurized
trope<00:00:19.520><c> that's</c><00:00:19.840><c> kept</c><00:00:20.080><c> Jeff</c><00:00:20.320><c> Goldblum</c><00:00:20.800><c> running</c>

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trope that's kept Jeff Goldblum running
 

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trope that's kept Jeff Goldblum running
across<00:00:21.279><c> our</c><00:00:21.520><c> screens</c><00:00:22.480><c> ever</c><00:00:22.880><c> since.</c><00:00:24.000><c> Luckily,</c>

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across our screens ever since. Luckily,
 

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across our screens ever since. Luckily,
none<00:00:24.720><c> of</c><00:00:24.880><c> us</c><00:00:25.039><c> will</c><00:00:25.199><c> have</c><00:00:25.359><c> to</c><00:00:25.519><c> contend</c><00:00:25.920><c> with</c>

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none of us will have to contend with
 

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none of us will have to contend with
this<00:00:26.560><c> monster.</c><00:00:27.279><c> Not</c><00:00:27.519><c> just</c><00:00:27.680><c> because</c><00:00:28.000><c> dinosaur</c>

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this monster. Not just because dinosaur
 

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this monster. Not just because dinosaur
deextinction<00:00:29.279><c> is</c><00:00:29.519><c> virtually</c><00:00:29.920><c> impossible.</c>

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deextinction is virtually impossible.
 

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deextinction is virtually impossible.
Sorry,<00:00:31.439><c> Steven</c><00:00:31.760><c> Spielberg,</c><00:00:32.399><c> but</c><00:00:32.559><c> because</c><00:00:32.800><c> the</c>

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Sorry, Steven Spielberg, but because the
 

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Sorry, Steven Spielberg, but because the
T-Rex<00:00:33.600><c> was</c><00:00:34.000><c> in</c><00:00:34.320><c> fact</c><00:00:35.440><c> nothing</c><00:00:35.840><c> like</c><00:00:36.079><c> this</c><00:00:36.640><c> at</c>

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T-Rex was in fact nothing like this at
 

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T-Rex was in fact nothing like this at
all.<00:00:37.680><c> In</c><00:00:37.920><c> fact,</c><00:00:38.160><c> it</c><00:00:38.399><c> was</c><00:00:38.640><c> much,</c><00:00:39.200><c> much</c><00:00:40.320><c> worse.</c>

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all. In fact, it was much, much worse.
 

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all. In fact, it was much, much worse.
From<00:00:42.160><c> 2023</c><00:00:42.960><c> to</c><00:00:43.280><c> 2026,</c><00:00:44.320><c> a</c><00:00:44.640><c> wave</c><00:00:44.960><c> of</c>

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From 2023 to 2026, a wave of
 

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From 2023 to 2026, a wave of
breakthrough<00:00:45.840><c> discoveries</c><00:00:46.640><c> transformed</c>

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breakthrough discoveries transformed
 

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breakthrough discoveries transformed
this<00:00:48.000><c> brute</c><00:00:48.640><c> with</c><00:00:48.879><c> a</c><00:00:49.120><c> set</c><00:00:49.280><c> of</c><00:00:49.520><c> pretty</c><00:00:49.920><c> serious</c>

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this brute with a set of pretty serious
 

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this brute with a set of pretty serious
upgrades.<00:00:51.440><c> T-Rex</c><00:00:51.920><c> was</c><00:00:52.160><c> more</c><00:00:52.480><c> cunning,</c><00:00:53.039><c> more</c>

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upgrades. T-Rex was more cunning, more
 

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upgrades. T-Rex was more cunning, more
stealthy,<00:00:53.760><c> and</c><00:00:54.079><c> frankly</c><00:00:54.800><c> more</c><00:00:55.199><c> weird</c><00:00:55.600><c> looking</c>

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stealthy, and frankly more weird looking
 

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stealthy, and frankly more weird looking
than<00:00:56.800><c> we'd</c><00:00:57.199><c> thought.</c>

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than we'd thought.
 

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than we'd thought.
So,<00:00:58.960><c> how</c><00:00:59.199><c> did</c><00:00:59.280><c> we</c><00:00:59.440><c> get</c><00:00:59.680><c> T-Rex</c><00:01:00.320><c> so</c><00:01:00.800><c> wrong?</c><00:01:01.760><c> What</c>

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So, how did we get T-Rex so wrong? What
 

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So, how did we get T-Rex so wrong? What
new<00:01:02.399><c> scientific</c><00:01:02.960><c> approach</c><00:01:03.520><c> changed</c><00:01:04.000><c> it</c><00:01:04.239><c> all?</c>

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new scientific approach changed it all?
 

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new scientific approach changed it all?
And<00:01:04.799><c> what</c><00:01:04.960><c> does</c><00:01:05.199><c> this</c><00:01:05.439><c> new</c><00:01:05.760><c> vision</c><00:01:06.080><c> of</c><00:01:06.400><c> T-Rex</c>

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And what does this new vision of T-Rex
 

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And what does this new vision of T-Rex
tell<00:01:07.600><c> us</c><00:01:07.840><c> about</c><00:01:08.080><c> just</c><00:01:08.400><c> how</c><00:01:08.640><c> effectively</c><00:01:09.360><c> it</c>

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tell us about just how effectively it
 

01:09.600 --> 01:12.630 align:start position:0%
tell us about just how effectively it
dominated<00:01:10.159><c> its</c><00:01:10.479><c> domain?</c><00:01:11.680><c> I'm</c><00:01:11.920><c> James</c><00:01:12.320><c> Stewart,</c>

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dominated its domain? I'm James Stewart,
 

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dominated its domain? I'm James Stewart,
and<00:01:12.799><c> you're</c><00:01:13.040><c> watching</c><00:01:13.439><c> Astramm</c><00:01:14.080><c> Earth.</c><00:01:15.040><c> Join</c>

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and you're watching Astramm Earth. Join
 

01:15.280 --> 01:17.749 align:start position:0%
and you're watching Astramm Earth. Join
me<00:01:15.439><c> as</c><00:01:15.600><c> we</c><00:01:15.760><c> take</c><00:01:15.840><c> a</c><00:01:16.080><c> tour</c><00:01:16.240><c> through</c><00:01:16.960><c> 120</c><00:01:17.439><c> years</c>

01:17.749 --> 01:17.759 align:start position:0%
me as we take a tour through 120 years
 

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me as we take a tour through 120 years
of<00:01:18.000><c> our</c><00:01:18.240><c> relationship</c><00:01:18.640><c> with</c><00:01:18.880><c> the</c><00:01:19.040><c> coolest</c>

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of our relationship with the coolest
 

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of our relationship with the coolest
creature<00:01:19.920><c> in</c><00:01:20.159><c> the</c><00:01:20.320><c> Cretaceous.</c><00:01:21.680><c> From</c><00:01:21.840><c> the</c>

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creature in the Cretaceous. From the
 

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creature in the Cretaceous. From the
bone<00:01:22.400><c> collecting</c><00:01:22.880><c> trailbases</c><00:01:23.600><c> who</c>

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bone collecting trailbases who
 

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bone collecting trailbases who
catapulted<00:01:24.400><c> the</c><00:01:24.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:01:25.119><c> into</c><00:01:25.439><c> the</c><00:01:25.600><c> spotlight,</c>

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catapulted the T-Rex into the spotlight,
 

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catapulted the T-Rex into the spotlight,
all<00:01:26.799><c> the</c><00:01:26.960><c> way</c><00:01:27.119><c> to</c><00:01:27.360><c> the</c><00:01:27.520><c> latest</c><00:01:27.920><c> remarkable</c>

01:28.710 --> 01:28.720 align:start position:0%
all the way to the latest remarkable
 

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all the way to the latest remarkable
scientific<00:01:29.360><c> techniques</c><00:01:30.080><c> that</c><00:01:30.320><c> have</c><00:01:30.479><c> unlocked</c>

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scientific techniques that have unlocked
 

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scientific techniques that have unlocked
this<00:01:31.360><c> great</c><00:01:31.680><c> beast's</c><00:01:32.320><c> true</c><00:01:32.720><c> nature.</c>

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this great beast's true nature.
 

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this great beast's true nature.
Discoveries<00:01:34.159><c> that</c><00:01:34.400><c> paint</c><00:01:34.640><c> an</c><00:01:34.880><c> entirely</c><00:01:35.360><c> new</c>

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Discoveries that paint an entirely new
 

01:35.680 --> 01:43.429 align:start position:0%
Discoveries that paint an entirely new
picture<00:01:36.240><c> of</c><00:01:36.400><c> the</c><00:01:36.640><c> dinosaur</c><00:01:37.360><c> we</c><00:01:37.680><c> love</c><00:01:38.000><c> to</c><00:01:38.240><c> fear.</c>

01:43.429 --> 01:43.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:43.439 --> 01:45.109 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:01:43.759><c> understand</c><00:01:44.159><c> why</c><00:01:44.479><c> these</c><00:01:44.799><c> recent</c>

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To understand why these recent
 

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To understand why these recent
discoveries<00:01:45.759><c> are</c><00:01:46.000><c> so</c><00:01:46.320><c> earthshattering,</c><00:01:47.439><c> we</c>

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discoveries are so earthshattering, we
 

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discoveries are so earthshattering, we
first<00:01:47.920><c> need</c><00:01:48.079><c> to</c><00:01:48.240><c> go</c><00:01:48.399><c> back</c><00:01:48.560><c> to</c><00:01:48.720><c> the</c><00:01:48.960><c> birth</c><00:01:49.439><c> of</c>

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first need to go back to the birth of
 

01:49.840 --> 01:53.030 align:start position:0%
first need to go back to the birth of
T-Rex.<00:01:50.960><c> No,</c><00:01:51.280><c> not</c><00:01:51.520><c> 68</c><00:01:51.920><c> million</c><00:01:52.159><c> years</c><00:01:52.320><c> ago,</c><00:01:52.799><c> but</c>

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T-Rex. No, not 68 million years ago, but
 

01:53.040 --> 01:56.149 align:start position:0%
T-Rex. No, not 68 million years ago, but
to<00:01:53.200><c> the</c><00:01:53.360><c> dawn</c><00:01:53.680><c> of</c><00:01:53.840><c> the</c><00:01:54.159><c> 20th</c><00:01:54.640><c> century.</c><00:01:55.840><c> The</c>

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to the dawn of the 20th century. The
 

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to the dawn of the 20th century. The
year<00:01:56.399><c> is</c><00:01:56.799><c> 1905,</c><00:01:57.840><c> and</c><00:01:58.079><c> we're</c><00:01:58.320><c> in</c><00:01:58.479><c> Hell</c><00:01:58.880><c> Creek,</c>

01:59.429 --> 01:59.439 align:start position:0%
year is 1905, and we're in Hell Creek,
 

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year is 1905, and we're in Hell Creek,
Montana.<00:02:00.399><c> The</c><00:02:00.640><c> race</c><00:02:00.880><c> for</c><00:02:01.040><c> the</c><00:02:01.200><c> world's</c>

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Montana. The race for the world's
 

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Montana. The race for the world's
greatest<00:02:01.920><c> fossil</c><00:02:02.479><c> is</c><00:02:02.799><c> very</c><00:02:03.119><c> much</c><00:02:03.439><c> on</c><00:02:04.159><c> here.</c><00:02:04.560><c> A</c>

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greatest fossil is very much on here. A
 

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greatest fossil is very much on here. A
relentless<00:02:05.280><c> young</c><00:02:05.520><c> paleontologist,</c><00:02:06.479><c> Barnum</c>

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relentless young paleontologist, Barnum
 

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relentless young paleontologist, Barnum
Brown,<00:02:07.520><c> is</c><00:02:07.759><c> armed</c><00:02:08.080><c> with</c><00:02:08.319><c> several</c><00:02:08.640><c> cases</c><00:02:09.039><c> of</c>

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Brown, is armed with several cases of
 

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Brown, is armed with several cases of
dynamite<00:02:10.080><c> and</c><00:02:10.399><c> determined</c><00:02:11.120><c> to</c><00:02:11.360><c> make</c><00:02:11.520><c> the</c>

02:11.670 --> 02:11.680 align:start position:0%
dynamite and determined to make the
 

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dynamite and determined to make the
discovery<00:02:12.160><c> of</c><00:02:12.400><c> a</c><00:02:12.560><c> lifetime.</c>

02:14.470 --> 02:14.480 align:start position:0%
discovery of a lifetime.
 

02:14.480 --> 02:16.630 align:start position:0%
discovery of a lifetime.
3<00:02:14.720><c> years</c><00:02:14.959><c> earlier,</c><00:02:15.440><c> Barnum</c><00:02:15.920><c> had</c><00:02:16.080><c> left</c><00:02:16.400><c> Hell</c>

02:16.630 --> 02:16.640 align:start position:0%
3 years earlier, Barnum had left Hell
 

02:16.640 --> 02:18.630 align:start position:0%
3 years earlier, Barnum had left Hell
Creek<00:02:16.959><c> with</c><00:02:17.120><c> little</c><00:02:17.360><c> more</c><00:02:17.520><c> than</c><00:02:17.680><c> a</c><00:02:17.840><c> pubic</c><00:02:18.319><c> bone</c>

02:18.630 --> 02:18.640 align:start position:0%
Creek with little more than a pubic bone
 

02:18.640 --> 02:20.869 align:start position:0%
Creek with little more than a pubic bone
and<00:02:18.800><c> the</c><00:02:19.040><c> feur</c><00:02:19.520><c> of</c><00:02:19.680><c> what</c><00:02:20.000><c> seemed</c><00:02:20.239><c> to</c><00:02:20.400><c> be</c><00:02:20.560><c> a</c>

02:20.869 --> 02:20.879 align:start position:0%
and the feur of what seemed to be a
 

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and the feur of what seemed to be a
large<00:02:21.200><c> carnivorous</c><00:02:21.920><c> predator.</c><00:02:22.800><c> Intriguing,</c>

02:23.510 --> 02:23.520 align:start position:0%
large carnivorous predator. Intriguing,
 

02:23.520 --> 02:25.270 align:start position:0%
large carnivorous predator. Intriguing,
but<00:02:23.760><c> nowhere</c><00:02:24.160><c> near</c><00:02:24.400><c> enough</c><00:02:24.720><c> to</c><00:02:24.959><c> make</c><00:02:25.040><c> a</c>

02:25.270 --> 02:25.280 align:start position:0%
but nowhere near enough to make a
 

02:25.280 --> 02:26.869 align:start position:0%
but nowhere near enough to make a
splash.

02:26.869 --> 02:26.879 align:start position:0%
splash.
 

02:26.879 --> 02:30.309 align:start position:0%
splash.
Now<00:02:27.280><c> he</c><00:02:27.599><c> was</c><00:02:27.920><c> back</c><00:02:28.560><c> baking</c><00:02:29.120><c> in</c><00:02:29.440><c> the</c><00:02:29.760><c> same</c>

02:30.309 --> 02:30.319 align:start position:0%
Now he was back baking in the same
 

02:30.319 --> 02:33.350 align:start position:0%
Now he was back baking in the same
merciless<00:02:31.120><c> heat.</c><00:02:31.599><c> And</c><00:02:31.840><c> this</c><00:02:32.080><c> time</c><00:02:32.800><c> he</c><00:02:33.040><c> had</c>

02:33.350 --> 02:33.360 align:start position:0%
merciless heat. And this time he had
 

02:33.360 --> 02:37.190 align:start position:0%
merciless heat. And this time he had
something<00:02:33.840><c> extra</c><00:02:34.239><c> driving</c><00:02:34.720><c> him.</c><00:02:35.680><c> Jealousy.</c>

02:37.190 --> 02:37.200 align:start position:0%
something extra driving him. Jealousy.
 

02:37.200 --> 02:39.670 align:start position:0%
something extra driving him. Jealousy.
Edward<00:02:37.599><c> IIIth,</c><00:02:38.319><c> King</c><00:02:38.560><c> of</c><00:02:38.800><c> England,</c><00:02:39.440><c> had</c>

02:39.670 --> 02:39.680 align:start position:0%
Edward IIIth, King of England, had
 

02:39.680 --> 02:41.910 align:start position:0%
Edward IIIth, King of England, had
recently<00:02:40.080><c> paid</c><00:02:40.400><c> a</c><00:02:40.560><c> visit</c><00:02:40.879><c> to</c><00:02:41.120><c> the</c><00:02:41.360><c> rival</c>

02:41.910 --> 02:41.920 align:start position:0%
recently paid a visit to the rival
 

02:41.920 --> 02:44.710 align:start position:0%
recently paid a visit to the rival
Carnegie<00:02:42.560><c> Museum</c><00:02:42.959><c> in</c><00:02:43.200><c> Pittsburgh</c><00:02:44.080><c> to</c><00:02:44.319><c> admire</c>

02:44.710 --> 02:44.720 align:start position:0%
Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh to admire
 

02:44.720 --> 02:47.670 align:start position:0%
Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh to admire
their<00:02:45.040><c> new</c><00:02:45.440><c> shiny</c><00:02:45.920><c> Diplodocus.</c>

02:47.670 --> 02:47.680 align:start position:0%
their new shiny Diplodocus.
 

02:47.680 --> 02:49.190 align:start position:0%
their new shiny Diplodocus.
If<00:02:48.000><c> Barnuman</c><00:02:48.400><c> was</c><00:02:48.560><c> going</c><00:02:48.720><c> to</c><00:02:48.800><c> put</c><00:02:48.959><c> the</c>

02:49.190 --> 02:49.200 align:start position:0%
If Barnuman was going to put the
 

02:49.200 --> 02:51.110 align:start position:0%
If Barnuman was going to put the
American<00:02:49.519><c> Museum</c><00:02:49.840><c> of</c><00:02:50.000><c> Natural</c><00:02:50.400><c> History</c><00:02:50.879><c> back</c>

02:51.110 --> 02:51.120 align:start position:0%
American Museum of Natural History back
 

02:51.120 --> 02:53.910 align:start position:0%
American Museum of Natural History back
in<00:02:51.440><c> the</c><00:02:51.680><c> spotlight,</c><00:02:52.800><c> he</c><00:02:53.120><c> needed</c><00:02:53.440><c> something</c>

02:53.910 --> 02:53.920 align:start position:0%
in the spotlight, he needed something
 

02:53.920 --> 02:57.030 align:start position:0%
in the spotlight, he needed something
even<00:02:54.319><c> better.</c><00:02:55.680><c> After</c><00:02:56.160><c> three</c><00:02:56.480><c> months</c><00:02:56.720><c> of</c>

02:57.030 --> 02:57.040 align:start position:0%
even better. After three months of
 

02:57.040 --> 03:00.309 align:start position:0%
even better. After three months of
blasting<00:02:57.599><c> and</c><00:02:58.000><c> digging,</c><00:02:58.720><c> Barnum</c><00:02:59.360><c> finally</c><00:02:59.920><c> had</c>

03:00.309 --> 03:00.319 align:start position:0%
blasting and digging, Barnum finally had
 

03:00.319 --> 03:03.990 align:start position:0%
blasting and digging, Barnum finally had
enough<00:03:00.800><c> bones.</c><00:03:01.920><c> But</c><00:03:02.560><c> rumor</c><00:03:02.959><c> had</c><00:03:03.200><c> it</c><00:03:03.680><c> the</c>

03:03.990 --> 03:04.000 align:start position:0%
enough bones. But rumor had it the
 

03:04.000 --> 03:06.070 align:start position:0%
enough bones. But rumor had it the
Pittsburgh<00:03:04.560><c> team</c><00:03:04.879><c> were</c><00:03:05.120><c> just</c><00:03:05.360><c> about</c><00:03:05.599><c> to</c><00:03:05.760><c> name</c>

03:06.070 --> 03:06.080 align:start position:0%
Pittsburgh team were just about to name
 

03:06.080 --> 03:09.990 align:start position:0%
Pittsburgh team were just about to name
their<00:03:06.400><c> own</c><00:03:07.200><c> large</c><00:03:07.840><c> carnivore</c><00:03:08.560><c> find.</c><00:03:09.519><c> Back</c><00:03:09.760><c> in</c>

03:09.990 --> 03:10.000 align:start position:0%
their own large carnivore find. Back in
 

03:10.000 --> 03:12.710 align:start position:0%
their own large carnivore find. Back in
New<00:03:10.159><c> York,</c><00:03:10.560><c> Barnum's</c><00:03:11.200><c> boss,</c><00:03:11.599><c> Henry</c><00:03:12.080><c> Fairfield</c>

03:12.710 --> 03:12.720 align:start position:0%
New York, Barnum's boss, Henry Fairfield
 

03:12.720 --> 03:15.270 align:start position:0%
New York, Barnum's boss, Henry Fairfield
Osborne,<00:03:13.440><c> wasn't</c><00:03:13.840><c> waiting</c><00:03:14.239><c> around.</c>

03:15.270 --> 03:15.280 align:start position:0%
Osborne, wasn't waiting around.
 

03:15.280 --> 03:17.670 align:start position:0%
Osborne, wasn't waiting around.
Desperate<00:03:15.680><c> to</c><00:03:15.920><c> get</c><00:03:16.159><c> there</c><00:03:16.480><c> first,</c><00:03:17.120><c> he</c><00:03:17.360><c> began</c>

03:17.670 --> 03:17.680 align:start position:0%
Desperate to get there first, he began
 

03:17.680 --> 03:19.910 align:start position:0%
Desperate to get there first, he began
writing<00:03:18.000><c> up</c><00:03:18.159><c> the</c><00:03:18.319><c> discovery</c><00:03:18.879><c> before</c><00:03:19.200><c> a</c><00:03:19.519><c> single</c>

03:19.910 --> 03:19.920 align:start position:0%
writing up the discovery before a single
 

03:19.920 --> 03:23.589 align:start position:0%
writing up the discovery before a single
bone<00:03:20.400><c> had</c><00:03:20.720><c> even</c><00:03:21.200><c> arrived.</c><00:03:22.400><c> In</c><00:03:22.640><c> late</c><00:03:22.879><c> July,</c><00:03:23.360><c> a</c>

03:23.589 --> 03:23.599 align:start position:0%
bone had even arrived. In late July, a
 

03:23.599 --> 03:26.229 align:start position:0%
bone had even arrived. In late July, a
letter<00:03:23.920><c> reached</c><00:03:24.239><c> Barnum</c><00:03:24.720><c> in</c><00:03:24.959><c> the</c><00:03:25.120><c> field.</c><00:03:26.000><c> I</c>

03:26.229 --> 03:26.239 align:start position:0%
letter reached Barnum in the field. I
 

03:26.239 --> 03:28.630 align:start position:0%
letter reached Barnum in the field. I
have<00:03:26.480><c> just</c><00:03:26.800><c> described</c><00:03:27.280><c> the</c><00:03:27.599><c> big</c><00:03:27.920><c> dinosaur</c>

03:28.630 --> 03:28.640 align:start position:0%
have just described the big dinosaur
 

03:28.640 --> 03:32.789 align:start position:0%
have just described the big dinosaur
under<00:03:28.879><c> the</c><00:03:29.120><c> name</c><00:03:29.760><c> Tyrannosaurus</c><00:03:30.959><c> Rex.</c>

03:32.789 --> 03:32.799 align:start position:0%
under the name Tyrannosaurus Rex.
 

03:32.799 --> 03:35.670 align:start position:0%
under the name Tyrannosaurus Rex.
The<00:03:33.120><c> king</c><00:03:33.360><c> of</c><00:03:33.519><c> the</c><00:03:33.760><c> tyrant</c><00:03:34.159><c> lizards</c><00:03:34.640><c> was</c><00:03:34.959><c> named</c>

03:35.670 --> 03:35.680 align:start position:0%
The king of the tyrant lizards was named
 

03:35.680 --> 03:39.509 align:start position:0%
The king of the tyrant lizards was named
without<00:03:36.159><c> Osborne</c><00:03:36.799><c> ever</c><00:03:37.360><c> laying</c><00:03:37.519><c> eyes</c><00:03:37.840><c> on</c><00:03:38.080><c> it.</c>

03:39.509 --> 03:39.519 align:start position:0%
without Osborne ever laying eyes on it.
 

03:39.519 --> 03:42.309 align:start position:0%
without Osborne ever laying eyes on it.
But<00:03:39.680><c> when</c><00:03:39.920><c> the</c><00:03:40.080><c> grand</c><00:03:40.400><c> reveal</c><00:03:40.959><c> came,</c><00:03:41.599><c> it</c><00:03:41.840><c> was</c><00:03:42.000><c> a</c>

03:42.309 --> 03:42.319 align:start position:0%
But when the grand reveal came, it was a
 

03:42.319 --> 03:44.949 align:start position:0%
But when the grand reveal came, it was a
flop.<00:03:43.120><c> With</c><00:03:43.360><c> still</c><00:03:43.680><c> only</c><00:03:43.920><c> a</c><00:03:44.159><c> handful</c><00:03:44.480><c> of</c><00:03:44.640><c> bones</c>

03:44.949 --> 03:44.959 align:start position:0%
flop. With still only a handful of bones
 

03:44.959 --> 03:47.350 align:start position:0%
flop. With still only a handful of bones
and<00:03:45.200><c> a</c><00:03:45.360><c> whole</c><00:03:45.599><c> lot</c><00:03:45.760><c> of</c><00:03:45.920><c> speculation,</c><00:03:47.120><c> the</c>

03:47.350 --> 03:47.360 align:start position:0%
and a whole lot of speculation, the
 

03:47.360 --> 03:49.110 align:start position:0%
and a whole lot of speculation, the
public<00:03:47.680><c> preferred</c><00:03:48.080><c> the</c><00:03:48.239><c> more</c><00:03:48.560><c> complete</c>

03:49.110 --> 03:49.120 align:start position:0%
public preferred the more complete
 

03:49.120 --> 03:51.670 align:start position:0%
public preferred the more complete
dinosaur<00:03:49.760><c> superstars</c><00:03:50.400><c> of</c><00:03:50.560><c> the</c><00:03:50.799><c> time,</c><00:03:51.280><c> such</c><00:03:51.440><c> as</c>

03:51.670 --> 03:51.680 align:start position:0%
dinosaur superstars of the time, such as
 

03:51.680 --> 03:53.750 align:start position:0%
dinosaur superstars of the time, such as
Diplodocus,<00:03:52.560><c> Stegosaurus,</c><00:03:53.519><c> and</c>

03:53.750 --> 03:53.760 align:start position:0%
Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and
 

03:53.760 --> 03:55.270 align:start position:0%
Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and
Brontosaurus.

03:55.270 --> 03:55.280 align:start position:0%
Brontosaurus.
 

03:55.280 --> 03:59.030 align:start position:0%
Brontosaurus.
It<00:03:55.519><c> wasn't</c><00:03:55.760><c> until</c><00:03:56.159><c> 10</c><00:03:56.480><c> years</c><00:03:56.799><c> later</c><00:03:57.280><c> in</c><00:03:57.680><c> 1915,</c>

03:59.030 --> 03:59.040 align:start position:0%
It wasn't until 10 years later in 1915,
 

03:59.040 --> 04:01.429 align:start position:0%
It wasn't until 10 years later in 1915,
that<00:03:59.280><c> Barnum</c><00:03:59.760><c> and</c><00:03:59.920><c> his</c><00:04:00.239><c> team</c><00:04:00.720><c> finally</c><00:04:01.200><c> had</c>

04:01.429 --> 04:01.439 align:start position:0%
that Barnum and his team finally had
 

04:01.439 --> 04:03.670 align:start position:0%
that Barnum and his team finally had
enough<00:04:01.760><c> bones</c><00:04:02.080><c> to</c><00:04:02.319><c> piece</c><00:04:02.640><c> together</c><00:04:02.959><c> a</c><00:04:03.280><c> near</c>

04:03.670 --> 04:03.680 align:start position:0%
enough bones to piece together a near
 

04:03.680 --> 04:07.270 align:start position:0%
enough bones to piece together a near
complete<00:04:04.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:04:05.360><c> skeleton.</c><00:04:06.640><c> The</c><00:04:06.879><c> American</c>

04:07.270 --> 04:07.280 align:start position:0%
complete T-Rex skeleton. The American
 

04:07.280 --> 04:09.589 align:start position:0%
complete T-Rex skeleton. The American
Museum<00:04:07.599><c> of</c><00:04:07.840><c> Natural</c><00:04:08.319><c> History</c><00:04:08.959><c> mounted</c><00:04:09.360><c> the</c>

04:09.589 --> 04:09.599 align:start position:0%
Museum of Natural History mounted the
 

04:09.599 --> 04:12.470 align:start position:0%
Museum of Natural History mounted the
new<00:04:09.840><c> finds.</c><00:04:10.480><c> And</c><00:04:10.720><c> this</c><00:04:11.040><c> time,</c><00:04:11.760><c> the</c><00:04:12.080><c> public</c>

04:12.470 --> 04:12.480 align:start position:0%
new finds. And this time, the public
 

04:12.480 --> 04:14.630 align:start position:0%
new finds. And this time, the public
lapped<00:04:12.879><c> it</c><00:04:13.120><c> up.</c>

04:14.630 --> 04:14.640 align:start position:0%
lapped it up.
 

04:14.640 --> 04:17.349 align:start position:0%
lapped it up.
The<00:04:14.799><c> T-Rex</c><00:04:15.360><c> was</c><00:04:15.519><c> a</c><00:04:15.760><c> global</c><00:04:16.239><c> sensation,</c>

04:17.349 --> 04:17.359 align:start position:0%
The T-Rex was a global sensation,
 

04:17.359 --> 04:19.749 align:start position:0%
The T-Rex was a global sensation,
sparking<00:04:17.919><c> newspaper</c><00:04:18.400><c> and</c><00:04:18.720><c> magazine</c><00:04:19.199><c> articles</c>

04:19.749 --> 04:19.759 align:start position:0%
sparking newspaper and magazine articles
 

04:19.759 --> 04:23.189 align:start position:0%
sparking newspaper and magazine articles
across<00:04:20.239><c> the</c><00:04:20.479><c> globe.</c><00:04:21.600><c> And</c><00:04:21.919><c> so,</c><00:04:22.479><c> the</c><00:04:22.720><c> king</c><00:04:22.960><c> of</c>

04:23.189 --> 04:23.199 align:start position:0%
across the globe. And so, the king of
 

04:23.199 --> 04:26.870 align:start position:0%
across the globe. And so, the king of
the<00:04:23.360><c> beasts</c><00:04:24.320><c> was</c><00:04:24.639><c> born.</c><00:04:25.840><c> Barnum</c><00:04:26.400><c> himself</c>

04:26.870 --> 04:26.880 align:start position:0%
the beasts was born. Barnum himself
 

04:26.880 --> 04:30.150 align:start position:0%
the beasts was born. Barnum himself
remarked,<00:04:27.280><c> "T-Rex</c><00:04:28.080><c> is</c><00:04:28.320><c> my</c><00:04:28.720><c> favorite</c><00:04:29.360><c> child,</c>

04:30.150 --> 04:30.160 align:start position:0%
remarked, "T-Rex is my favorite child,
 

04:30.160 --> 04:32.390 align:start position:0%
remarked, "T-Rex is my favorite child,
the<00:04:30.400><c> most</c><00:04:30.639><c> formidable</c><00:04:31.360><c> fighting</c><00:04:31.840><c> machine</c>

04:32.390 --> 04:32.400 align:start position:0%
the most formidable fighting machine
 

04:32.400 --> 04:35.110 align:start position:0%
the most formidable fighting machine
ever<00:04:32.800><c> devised</c><00:04:33.440><c> by</c><00:04:33.759><c> nature."</c>

04:35.110 --> 04:35.120 align:start position:0%
ever devised by nature."
 

04:35.120 --> 04:37.990 align:start position:0%
ever devised by nature."
Barnum's<00:04:35.680><c> vision</c><00:04:35.919><c> was</c><00:04:36.160><c> an</c><00:04:36.320><c> imposing</c><00:04:37.120><c> beast</c>

04:37.990 --> 04:38.000 align:start position:0%
Barnum's vision was an imposing beast
 

04:38.000 --> 04:40.390 align:start position:0%
Barnum's vision was an imposing beast
standing<00:04:38.479><c> upright</c><00:04:38.960><c> like</c><00:04:39.120><c> a</c><00:04:39.360><c> kangaroo</c><00:04:39.919><c> with</c><00:04:40.160><c> a</c>

04:40.390 --> 04:40.400 align:start position:0%
standing upright like a kangaroo with a
 

04:40.400 --> 04:43.590 align:start position:0%
standing upright like a kangaroo with a
terrifying<00:04:41.040><c> set</c><00:04:41.360><c> of</c><00:04:41.600><c> teeth.</c><00:04:42.720><c> This</c><00:04:42.960><c> spawn</c><00:04:43.360><c> the</c>

04:43.590 --> 04:43.600 align:start position:0%
terrifying set of teeth. This spawn the
 

04:43.600 --> 04:45.749 align:start position:0%
terrifying set of teeth. This spawn the
archetype<00:04:44.160><c> for</c><00:04:44.479><c> Hollywood's</c><00:04:45.040><c> vision</c><00:04:45.360><c> of</c>

04:45.749 --> 04:45.759 align:start position:0%
archetype for Hollywood's vision of
 

04:45.759 --> 04:48.070 align:start position:0%
archetype for Hollywood's vision of
terror<00:04:46.160><c> and</c><00:04:46.479><c> set</c><00:04:46.720><c> the</c><00:04:46.960><c> template</c><00:04:47.280><c> for</c><00:04:47.520><c> what</c><00:04:47.759><c> we</c>

04:48.070 --> 04:48.080 align:start position:0%
terror and set the template for what we
 

04:48.080 --> 04:51.189 align:start position:0%
terror and set the template for what we
thought<00:04:48.800><c> the</c><00:04:49.120><c> T-Rex</c><00:04:49.759><c> looked</c><00:04:50.080><c> like.</c><00:04:50.720><c> A</c><00:04:50.960><c> thought</c>

04:51.189 --> 04:51.199 align:start position:0%
thought the T-Rex looked like. A thought
 

04:51.199 --> 04:53.270 align:start position:0%
thought the T-Rex looked like. A thought
that<00:04:51.440><c> maintained</c><00:04:51.919><c> for</c><00:04:52.160><c> nearly</c><00:04:52.479><c> a</c><00:04:52.639><c> hundred</c>

04:53.270 --> 04:53.280 align:start position:0%
that maintained for nearly a hundred
 

04:53.280 --> 04:55.030 align:start position:0%
that maintained for nearly a hundred
years.

04:55.030 --> 04:55.040 align:start position:0%
years.
 

04:55.040 --> 04:57.670 align:start position:0%
years.
But<00:04:55.199><c> this</c><00:04:55.440><c> creature</c><00:04:55.840><c> was</c><00:04:56.320><c> in</c><00:04:56.560><c> many</c><00:04:56.800><c> ways</c><00:04:57.360><c> a</c>

04:57.670 --> 04:57.680 align:start position:0%
But this creature was in many ways a
 

04:57.680 --> 05:00.629 align:start position:0%
But this creature was in many ways a
work<00:04:57.919><c> of</c><00:04:58.160><c> fiction.</c><00:04:59.120><c> A</c><00:04:59.360><c> terrifying</c><00:05:00.000><c> beast</c>

05:00.629 --> 05:00.639 align:start position:0%
work of fiction. A terrifying beast
 

05:00.639 --> 05:02.390 align:start position:0%
work of fiction. A terrifying beast
stitched<00:05:01.040><c> together</c><00:05:01.360><c> with</c><00:05:01.680><c> incomplete</c>

05:02.390 --> 05:02.400 align:start position:0%
stitched together with incomplete
 

05:02.400 --> 05:05.189 align:start position:0%
stitched together with incomplete
evidence<00:05:02.880><c> and</c><00:05:03.120><c> educated</c><00:05:03.840><c> guesswork.</c><00:05:04.880><c> A</c><00:05:05.040><c> sort</c>

05:05.189 --> 05:05.199 align:start position:0%
evidence and educated guesswork. A sort
 

05:05.199 --> 05:08.629 align:start position:0%
evidence and educated guesswork. A sort
of<00:05:05.360><c> prehistoric</c><00:05:06.240><c> Frankenstein's</c><00:05:07.280><c> monster.</c>

05:08.629 --> 05:08.639 align:start position:0%
of prehistoric Frankenstein's monster.
 

05:08.639 --> 05:11.909 align:start position:0%
of prehistoric Frankenstein's monster.
T-Rex<00:05:09.199><c> was</c><00:05:09.520><c> undoubtedly</c><00:05:10.400><c> a</c><00:05:10.720><c> supreme</c><00:05:11.360><c> apex</c>

05:11.909 --> 05:11.919 align:start position:0%
T-Rex was undoubtedly a supreme apex
 

05:11.919 --> 05:14.469 align:start position:0%
T-Rex was undoubtedly a supreme apex
predator.<00:05:12.800><c> But</c><00:05:13.039><c> this</c><00:05:13.280><c> version</c><00:05:13.680><c> was</c><00:05:14.000><c> riddled</c>

05:14.469 --> 05:14.479 align:start position:0%
predator. But this version was riddled
 

05:14.479 --> 05:19.350 align:start position:0%
predator. But this version was riddled
with<00:05:14.800><c> errors.</c><00:05:15.919><c> So</c><00:05:16.800><c> where</c><00:05:17.039><c> did</c><00:05:17.199><c> they</c><00:05:17.440><c> go</c><00:05:17.759><c> wrong?</c>

05:19.350 --> 05:19.360 align:start position:0%
with errors. So where did they go wrong?
 

05:19.360 --> 05:21.510 align:start position:0%
with errors. So where did they go wrong?
Well,<00:05:19.680><c> firstly,</c><00:05:20.240><c> T-Rex</c><00:05:20.720><c> was</c><00:05:20.960><c> put</c><00:05:21.199><c> together</c>

05:21.510 --> 05:21.520 align:start position:0%
Well, firstly, T-Rex was put together
 

05:21.520 --> 05:24.710 align:start position:0%
Well, firstly, T-Rex was put together
using<00:05:21.840><c> a</c><00:05:22.160><c> combination</c><00:05:23.120><c> of</c><00:05:23.520><c> finds.</c><00:05:24.400><c> As</c>

05:24.710 --> 05:24.720 align:start position:0%
using a combination of finds. As
 

05:24.720 --> 05:26.070 align:start position:0%
using a combination of finds. As
Professor<00:05:25.120><c> Thomas</c><00:05:25.440><c> Holtz</c><00:05:25.840><c> from</c><00:05:26.000><c> the</c>

05:26.070 --> 05:26.080 align:start position:0%
Professor Thomas Holtz from the
 

05:26.080 --> 05:27.590 align:start position:0%
Professor Thomas Holtz from the
University<00:05:26.400><c> of</c><00:05:26.560><c> Maryland</c><00:05:27.039><c> told</c><00:05:27.360><c> News</c>

05:27.590 --> 05:27.600 align:start position:0%
University of Maryland told News
 

05:27.600 --> 05:30.070 align:start position:0%
University of Maryland told News
Scientists<00:05:28.160><c> in</c><00:05:28.479><c> 2005,</c>

05:30.070 --> 05:30.080 align:start position:0%
Scientists in 2005,
 

05:30.080 --> 05:31.510 align:start position:0%
Scientists in 2005,
"It<00:05:30.400><c> was</c><00:05:30.479><c> like</c><00:05:30.720><c> placing</c><00:05:31.039><c> Arnold</c>

05:31.510 --> 05:31.520 align:start position:0%
"It was like placing Arnold
 

05:31.520 --> 05:34.310 align:start position:0%
"It was like placing Arnold
Schwarzenegger's<00:05:32.400><c> legs</c><00:05:33.120><c> on</c><00:05:33.440><c> Brad</c><00:05:33.759><c> Pitt's</c>

05:34.310 --> 05:34.320 align:start position:0%
Schwarzenegger's legs on Brad Pitt's
 

05:34.320 --> 05:37.350 align:start position:0%
Schwarzenegger's legs on Brad Pitt's
body."<00:05:35.680><c> Barnum's</c><00:05:36.320><c> team</c><00:05:36.560><c> also</c><00:05:37.039><c> used</c>

05:37.350 --> 05:37.360 align:start position:0%
body." Barnum's team also used
 

05:37.360 --> 05:39.830 align:start position:0%
body." Barnum's team also used
Allosaurus<00:05:38.400><c> hands,</c><00:05:38.880><c> which</c><00:05:39.199><c> have</c><00:05:39.440><c> three</c>

05:39.830 --> 05:39.840 align:start position:0%
Allosaurus hands, which have three
 

05:39.840 --> 05:42.469 align:start position:0%
Allosaurus hands, which have three
fingers,<00:05:40.639><c> not</c><00:05:40.880><c> the</c><00:05:41.120><c> two</c><00:05:41.360><c> digits</c><00:05:41.680><c> that</c><00:05:41.919><c> T-Rex</c>

05:42.469 --> 05:42.479 align:start position:0%
fingers, not the two digits that T-Rex
 

05:42.479 --> 05:45.430 align:start position:0%
fingers, not the two digits that T-Rex
was<00:05:42.720><c> later</c><00:05:43.199><c> found</c><00:05:43.520><c> to</c><00:05:43.759><c> have.</c><00:05:44.800><c> It</c><00:05:45.120><c> also</c>

05:45.430 --> 05:45.440 align:start position:0%
was later found to have. It also
 

05:45.440 --> 05:47.029 align:start position:0%
was later found to have. It also
transpires<00:05:46.000><c> that</c><00:05:46.240><c> this</c><00:05:46.479><c> version</c><00:05:46.720><c> of</c><00:05:46.880><c> the</c>

05:47.029 --> 05:47.039 align:start position:0%
transpires that this version of the
 

05:47.039 --> 05:48.790 align:start position:0%
transpires that this version of the
T-Rex<00:05:47.520><c> would</c><00:05:47.680><c> have</c><00:05:47.840><c> a</c><00:05:48.080><c> pretty</c><00:05:48.320><c> tough</c><00:05:48.560><c> time</c>

05:48.790 --> 05:48.800 align:start position:0%
T-Rex would have a pretty tough time
 

05:48.800 --> 05:50.870 align:start position:0%
T-Rex would have a pretty tough time
walking<00:05:49.199><c> around</c><00:05:49.520><c> with</c><00:05:49.759><c> a</c><00:05:50.000><c> long,</c><00:05:50.240><c> heavy</c><00:05:50.560><c> tail</c>

05:50.870 --> 05:50.880 align:start position:0%
walking around with a long, heavy tail
 

05:50.880 --> 05:53.590 align:start position:0%
walking around with a long, heavy tail
dragging<00:05:51.280><c> behind</c><00:05:51.600><c> it</c><00:05:52.000><c> like</c><00:05:52.240><c> an</c><00:05:52.479><c> anchor.</c><00:05:53.360><c> not</c>

05:53.590 --> 05:53.600 align:start position:0%
dragging behind it like an anchor. not
 

05:53.600 --> 05:55.670 align:start position:0%
dragging behind it like an anchor. not
very<00:05:53.919><c> efficient</c><00:05:54.320><c> for</c><00:05:54.560><c> the</c><00:05:54.800><c> greatest</c><00:05:55.199><c> predator</c>

05:55.670 --> 05:55.680 align:start position:0%
very efficient for the greatest predator
 

05:55.680 --> 05:58.469 align:start position:0%
very efficient for the greatest predator
to<00:05:55.919><c> have</c><00:05:56.160><c> ever</c><00:05:56.479><c> stalked</c><00:05:56.960><c> the</c><00:05:57.280><c> earth.</c><00:05:58.240><c> It</c>

05:58.469 --> 05:58.479 align:start position:0%
to have ever stalked the earth. It
 

05:58.479 --> 06:00.870 align:start position:0%
to have ever stalked the earth. It
wasn't<00:05:58.720><c> until</c><00:05:59.039><c> the</c><00:05:59.199><c> 1970s</c><00:06:00.000><c> that</c><00:06:00.160><c> T-Rex's</c>

06:00.870 --> 06:00.880 align:start position:0%
wasn't until the 1970s that T-Rex's
 

06:00.880 --> 06:03.110 align:start position:0%
wasn't until the 1970s that T-Rex's
shape<00:06:01.280><c> began</c><00:06:01.600><c> to</c><00:06:01.840><c> change</c><00:06:02.240><c> from</c><00:06:02.560><c> Barnum's</c>

06:03.110 --> 06:03.120 align:start position:0%
shape began to change from Barnum's
 

06:03.120 --> 06:05.510 align:start position:0%
shape began to change from Barnum's
vision.<00:06:04.080><c> Barney</c><00:06:04.479><c> Newman</c><00:06:04.880><c> from</c><00:06:05.039><c> the</c><00:06:05.199><c> British</c>

06:05.510 --> 06:05.520 align:start position:0%
vision. Barney Newman from the British
 

06:05.520 --> 06:07.990 align:start position:0%
vision. Barney Newman from the British
Museum<00:06:05.919><c> of</c><00:06:06.160><c> Natural</c><00:06:06.560><c> History</c><00:06:06.960><c> in</c><00:06:07.199><c> London</c>

06:07.990 --> 06:08.000 align:start position:0%
Museum of Natural History in London
 

06:08.000 --> 06:10.550 align:start position:0%
Museum of Natural History in London
investigated<00:06:08.800><c> where</c><00:06:09.199><c> T-Rex's</c><00:06:09.919><c> vertebrae</c>

06:10.550 --> 06:10.560 align:start position:0%
investigated where T-Rex's vertebrae
 

06:10.560 --> 06:13.430 align:start position:0%
investigated where T-Rex's vertebrae
fused<00:06:10.960><c> together</c><00:06:11.520><c> and</c><00:06:11.840><c> ligaments</c><00:06:12.479><c> attached</c>

06:13.430 --> 06:13.440 align:start position:0%
fused together and ligaments attached
 

06:13.440 --> 06:15.350 align:start position:0%
fused together and ligaments attached
and<00:06:13.759><c> soon</c><00:06:14.080><c> realized</c><00:06:14.400><c> that</c><00:06:14.639><c> its</c><00:06:14.880><c> spine</c>

06:15.350 --> 06:15.360 align:start position:0%
and soon realized that its spine
 

06:15.360 --> 06:17.590 align:start position:0%
and soon realized that its spine
couldn't<00:06:15.759><c> have</c><00:06:15.919><c> been</c><00:06:16.240><c> upright</c><00:06:17.120><c> without</c><00:06:17.440><c> the</c>

06:17.590 --> 06:17.600 align:start position:0%
couldn't have been upright without the
 

06:17.600 --> 06:20.550 align:start position:0%
couldn't have been upright without the
head<00:06:18.080><c> being</c><00:06:18.400><c> out</c><00:06:18.639><c> of</c><00:06:18.880><c> joint.</c>

06:20.550 --> 06:20.560 align:start position:0%
head being out of joint.
 

06:20.560 --> 06:23.189 align:start position:0%
head being out of joint.
Instead,<00:06:21.199><c> a</c><00:06:21.520><c> horizontal</c><00:06:22.160><c> posture</c><00:06:22.560><c> was</c><00:06:22.880><c> much</c>

06:23.189 --> 06:23.199 align:start position:0%
Instead, a horizontal posture was much
 

06:23.199 --> 06:25.749 align:start position:0%
Instead, a horizontal posture was much
more<00:06:23.520><c> likely</c><00:06:24.240><c> with</c><00:06:24.479><c> the</c><00:06:24.720><c> tail</c><00:06:24.960><c> lifted</c><00:06:25.360><c> off</c><00:06:25.600><c> the</c>

06:25.749 --> 06:25.759 align:start position:0%
more likely with the tail lifted off the
 

06:25.759 --> 06:28.469 align:start position:0%
more likely with the tail lifted off the
ground<00:06:26.000><c> like</c><00:06:26.240><c> a</c><00:06:26.560><c> counterweight.</c><00:06:27.759><c> He</c><00:06:28.080><c> also</c>

06:28.469 --> 06:28.479 align:start position:0%
ground like a counterweight. He also
 

06:28.479 --> 06:31.990 align:start position:0%
ground like a counterweight. He also
shortened<00:06:28.880><c> the</c><00:06:29.039><c> tail</c><00:06:29.360><c> by</c><00:06:29.520><c> about</c><00:06:29.840><c> 3.7</c><00:06:30.800><c> m.</c><00:06:31.680><c> The</c>

06:31.990 --> 06:32.000 align:start position:0%
shortened the tail by about 3.7 m. The
 

06:32.000 --> 06:33.909 align:start position:0%
shortened the tail by about 3.7 m. The
old<00:06:32.240><c> version</c><00:06:32.560><c> was</c><00:06:32.880><c> longer</c><00:06:33.280><c> because</c><00:06:33.520><c> it</c><00:06:33.759><c> was</c>

06:33.909 --> 06:33.919 align:start position:0%
old version was longer because it was
 

06:33.919 --> 06:35.830 align:start position:0%
old version was longer because it was
thought<00:06:34.160><c> to</c><00:06:34.319><c> act</c><00:06:34.560><c> like</c><00:06:34.720><c> a</c><00:06:34.960><c> third</c><00:06:35.199><c> leg</c><00:06:35.520><c> to</c>

06:35.830 --> 06:35.840 align:start position:0%
thought to act like a third leg to
 

06:35.840 --> 06:38.150 align:start position:0%
thought to act like a third leg to
balance,<00:06:36.560><c> as</c><00:06:36.800><c> well</c><00:06:36.880><c> as</c><00:06:37.120><c> being</c><00:06:37.360><c> based</c><00:06:37.759><c> on</c><00:06:37.919><c> the</c>

06:38.150 --> 06:38.160 align:start position:0%
balance, as well as being based on the
 

06:38.160 --> 06:39.990 align:start position:0%
balance, as well as being based on the
Allosaurus.

06:39.990 --> 06:40.000 align:start position:0%
Allosaurus.
 

06:40.000 --> 06:42.629 align:start position:0%
Allosaurus.
The<00:06:40.240><c> real</c><00:06:40.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:06:41.199><c> was</c><00:06:41.520><c> slowly</c><00:06:42.080><c> coming</c><00:06:42.400><c> to</c>

06:42.629 --> 06:42.639 align:start position:0%
The real T-Rex was slowly coming to
 

06:42.639 --> 06:45.270 align:start position:0%
The real T-Rex was slowly coming to
light,<00:06:43.280><c> but</c><00:06:43.600><c> rearranging</c><00:06:44.400><c> bones</c><00:06:44.880><c> can</c><00:06:45.120><c> only</c>

06:45.270 --> 06:45.280 align:start position:0%
light, but rearranging bones can only
 

06:45.280 --> 06:47.670 align:start position:0%
light, but rearranging bones can only
get<00:06:45.520><c> you</c><00:06:45.759><c> so</c><00:06:46.000><c> far.</c><00:06:46.720><c> What</c><00:06:46.960><c> scientists</c><00:06:47.440><c> needed</c>

06:47.670 --> 06:47.680 align:start position:0%
get you so far. What scientists needed
 

06:47.680 --> 06:49.670 align:start position:0%
get you so far. What scientists needed
to<00:06:47.840><c> know</c><00:06:48.000><c> now</c><00:06:48.240><c> was</c><00:06:48.560><c> not</c><00:06:48.800><c> necessarily</c><00:06:49.440><c> how</c>

06:49.670 --> 06:49.680 align:start position:0%
to know now was not necessarily how
 

06:49.680 --> 06:52.309 align:start position:0%
to know now was not necessarily how
these<00:06:50.000><c> bone</c><00:06:50.319><c> fragments</c><00:06:50.880><c> sat</c><00:06:51.199><c> together,</c><00:06:52.000><c> but</c>

06:52.309 --> 06:52.319 align:start position:0%
these bone fragments sat together, but
 

06:52.319 --> 06:54.230 align:start position:0%
these bone fragments sat together, but
what<00:06:52.479><c> the</c><00:06:52.800><c> individual</c><00:06:53.440><c> bone</c><00:06:53.759><c> fragments</c>

06:54.230 --> 06:54.240 align:start position:0%
what the individual bone fragments
 

06:54.240 --> 06:57.350 align:start position:0%
what the individual bone fragments
themselves<00:06:55.360><c> could</c><00:06:55.680><c> tell</c><00:06:55.840><c> us.</c><00:06:56.880><c> This</c><00:06:57.120><c> new</c>

06:57.350 --> 06:57.360 align:start position:0%
themselves could tell us. This new
 

06:57.360 --> 06:59.189 align:start position:0%
themselves could tell us. This new
thinking<00:06:57.680><c> was</c><00:06:57.919><c> the</c><00:06:58.160><c> driver</c><00:06:58.560><c> behind</c><00:06:58.880><c> what</c>

06:59.189 --> 06:59.199 align:start position:0%
thinking was the driver behind what
 

06:59.199 --> 07:01.749 align:start position:0%
thinking was the driver behind what
paleontologist<00:07:00.080><c> Gregory</c><00:07:00.560><c> Ericson</c><00:07:01.199><c> dubbed</c>

07:01.749 --> 07:01.759 align:start position:0%
paleontologist Gregory Ericson dubbed
 

07:01.759 --> 07:05.029 align:start position:0%
paleontologist Gregory Ericson dubbed
the<00:07:02.080><c> microscopic</c><00:07:03.120><c> revolution,</c><00:07:04.319><c> transforming</c>

07:05.029 --> 07:05.039 align:start position:0%
the microscopic revolution, transforming
 

07:05.039 --> 07:07.589 align:start position:0%
the microscopic revolution, transforming
how<00:07:05.440><c> scientists</c><00:07:06.080><c> integrated</c><00:07:06.960><c> dinosaur</c>

07:07.589 --> 07:07.599 align:start position:0%
how scientists integrated dinosaur
 

07:07.599 --> 07:10.070 align:start position:0%
how scientists integrated dinosaur
fragments.<00:07:08.639><c> And</c><00:07:08.880><c> what</c><00:07:09.120><c> it</c><00:07:09.280><c> revealed</c><00:07:09.680><c> was</c><00:07:09.840><c> a</c>

07:10.070 --> 07:10.080 align:start position:0%
fragments. And what it revealed was a
 

07:10.080 --> 07:12.710 align:start position:0%
fragments. And what it revealed was a
T-Rex<00:07:10.479><c> that</c><00:07:10.720><c> went</c><00:07:10.960><c> from</c><00:07:11.360><c> dangerous</c><00:07:12.319><c> to</c>

07:12.710 --> 07:12.720 align:start position:0%
T-Rex that went from dangerous to
 

07:12.720 --> 07:15.430 align:start position:0%
T-Rex that went from dangerous to
profoundly<00:07:13.759><c> terrifying.</c>

07:15.430 --> 07:15.440 align:start position:0%
profoundly terrifying.
 

07:15.440 --> 07:17.110 align:start position:0%
profoundly terrifying.
Let's<00:07:15.680><c> stop</c><00:07:15.919><c> at</c><00:07:16.160><c> the</c><00:07:16.240><c> sharp</c><00:07:16.560><c> end</c><00:07:16.800><c> of</c><00:07:16.960><c> the</c>

07:17.110 --> 07:17.120 align:start position:0%
Let's stop at the sharp end of the
 

07:17.120 --> 07:20.710 align:start position:0%
Let's stop at the sharp end of the
T-Rex's<00:07:17.840><c> bone</c><00:07:18.240><c> crushing</c><00:07:18.720><c> bite.</c><00:07:20.000><c> T-Rex's</c>

07:20.710 --> 07:20.720 align:start position:0%
T-Rex's bone crushing bite. T-Rex's
 

07:20.720 --> 07:23.510 align:start position:0%
T-Rex's bone crushing bite. T-Rex's
teeth<00:07:21.039><c> are</c><00:07:21.520><c> massive,</c><00:07:22.319><c> the</c><00:07:22.479><c> largest</c><00:07:22.880><c> of</c><00:07:23.199><c> any</c>

07:23.510 --> 07:23.520 align:start position:0%
teeth are massive, the largest of any
 

07:23.520 --> 07:25.909 align:start position:0%
teeth are massive, the largest of any
carnivorous<00:07:24.160><c> dinosaur</c><00:07:24.720><c> found</c><00:07:25.039><c> so</c><00:07:25.280><c> far,</c>

07:25.909 --> 07:25.919 align:start position:0%
carnivorous dinosaur found so far,
 

07:25.919 --> 07:29.670 align:start position:0%
carnivorous dinosaur found so far,
reaching<00:07:26.240><c> up</c><00:07:26.400><c> to</c><00:07:26.639><c> 30</c><00:07:27.120><c> cm</c><00:07:27.919><c> in</c><00:07:28.240><c> length.</c><00:07:29.039><c> And</c><00:07:29.280><c> in</c>

07:29.670 --> 07:29.680 align:start position:0%
reaching up to 30 cm in length. And in
 

07:29.680 --> 07:32.550 align:start position:0%
reaching up to 30 cm in length. And in
2015,<00:07:30.479><c> a</c><00:07:30.720><c> study</c><00:07:31.039><c> led</c><00:07:31.280><c> by</c><00:07:31.440><c> Kirsten</c><00:07:32.000><c> Brink</c><00:07:32.400><c> at</c>

07:32.550 --> 07:32.560 align:start position:0%
2015, a study led by Kirsten Brink at
 

07:32.560 --> 07:35.670 align:start position:0%
2015, a study led by Kirsten Brink at
the<00:07:32.800><c> University</c><00:07:33.360><c> Toronto</c><00:07:34.000><c> Missy</c><00:07:34.479><c> Saga</c><00:07:35.280><c> showed</c>

07:35.670 --> 07:35.680 align:start position:0%
the University Toronto Missy Saga showed
 

07:35.680 --> 07:38.629 align:start position:0%
the University Toronto Missy Saga showed
T-Rex<00:07:36.160><c> teeth</c><00:07:36.479><c> are</c><00:07:36.800><c> far</c><00:07:37.120><c> more</c><00:07:37.440><c> formidable</c><00:07:38.319><c> than</c>

07:38.629 --> 07:38.639 align:start position:0%
T-Rex teeth are far more formidable than
 

07:38.639 --> 07:42.790 align:start position:0%
T-Rex teeth are far more formidable than
we<00:07:38.960><c> thought.</c><00:07:39.840><c> No</c><00:07:40.160><c> filler</c><00:07:41.199><c> or</c><00:07:41.440><c> killer.</c><00:07:42.479><c> Under</c>

07:42.790 --> 07:42.800 align:start position:0%
we thought. No filler or killer. Under
 

07:42.800 --> 07:45.110 align:start position:0%
we thought. No filler or killer. Under
the<00:07:42.960><c> microscope,</c><00:07:43.599><c> each</c><00:07:43.919><c> tooth</c><00:07:44.319><c> has</c><00:07:44.560><c> serrated</c>

07:45.110 --> 07:45.120 align:start position:0%
the microscope, each tooth has serrated
 

07:45.120 --> 07:47.510 align:start position:0%
the microscope, each tooth has serrated
edges<00:07:45.599><c> like</c><00:07:45.759><c> a</c><00:07:46.000><c> steak</c><00:07:46.319><c> knife,</c><00:07:46.800><c> designed</c><00:07:47.199><c> to</c>

07:47.510 --> 07:47.520 align:start position:0%
edges like a steak knife, designed to
 

07:47.520 --> 07:50.070 align:start position:0%
edges like a steak knife, designed to
slice<00:07:47.919><c> through</c><00:07:48.240><c> meat</c><00:07:48.639><c> and</c><00:07:48.960><c> reinforced</c><00:07:49.840><c> with</c>

07:50.070 --> 07:50.080 align:start position:0%
slice through meat and reinforced with
 

07:50.080 --> 07:52.870 align:start position:0%
slice through meat and reinforced with
extra<00:07:50.560><c> dentine</c><00:07:51.120><c> to</c><00:07:51.360><c> absorb</c><00:07:51.840><c> tremendous</c><00:07:52.560><c> bite</c>

07:52.870 --> 07:52.880 align:start position:0%
extra dentine to absorb tremendous bite
 

07:52.880 --> 07:55.990 align:start position:0%
extra dentine to absorb tremendous bite
force.<00:07:54.000><c> Since</c><00:07:54.240><c> these</c><00:07:54.560><c> nashes</c><00:07:55.039><c> were</c><00:07:55.360><c> so</c><00:07:55.680><c> large</c>

07:55.990 --> 07:56.000 align:start position:0%
force. Since these nashes were so large
 

07:56.000 --> 07:58.309 align:start position:0%
force. Since these nashes were so large
and<00:07:56.400><c> sharp,</c><00:07:56.960><c> it</c><00:07:57.199><c> was</c><00:07:57.360><c> thought</c><00:07:57.599><c> they</c><00:07:57.840><c> sat</c><00:07:58.160><c> on</c>

07:58.309 --> 07:58.319 align:start position:0%
and sharp, it was thought they sat on
 

07:58.319 --> 08:00.790 align:start position:0%
and sharp, it was thought they sat on
the<00:07:58.560><c> outside</c><00:07:59.280><c> of</c><00:07:59.520><c> the</c><00:07:59.759><c> mouth,</c><00:08:00.240><c> much</c><00:08:00.400><c> like</c><00:08:00.639><c> the</c>

08:00.790 --> 08:00.800 align:start position:0%
the outside of the mouth, much like the
 

08:00.800 --> 08:03.189 align:start position:0%
the outside of the mouth, much like the
crocodile,<00:08:01.440><c> an</c><00:08:01.680><c> animal</c><00:08:01.919><c> whose</c><00:08:02.240><c> lipless</c><00:08:02.800><c> mouth</c>

08:03.189 --> 08:03.199 align:start position:0%
crocodile, an animal whose lipless mouth
 

08:03.199 --> 08:05.270 align:start position:0%
crocodile, an animal whose lipless mouth
scientists<00:08:03.599><c> had</c><00:08:03.840><c> long</c><00:08:04.240><c> used</c><00:08:04.479><c> as</c><00:08:04.639><c> a</c><00:08:04.879><c> reference</c>

08:05.270 --> 08:05.280 align:start position:0%
scientists had long used as a reference
 

08:05.280 --> 08:08.150 align:start position:0%
scientists had long used as a reference
point<00:08:05.680><c> for</c><00:08:06.400><c> T-Rex.</c>

08:08.150 --> 08:08.160 align:start position:0%
point for T-Rex.
 

08:08.160 --> 08:11.990 align:start position:0%
point for T-Rex.
But<00:08:08.479><c> in</c><00:08:08.800><c> 2023,</c><00:08:10.080><c> Thomas</c><00:08:10.560><c> Cullen</c><00:08:11.120><c> at</c><00:08:11.360><c> Auburn</c>

08:11.990 --> 08:12.000 align:start position:0%
But in 2023, Thomas Cullen at Auburn
 

08:12.000 --> 08:14.790 align:start position:0%
But in 2023, Thomas Cullen at Auburn
University<00:08:12.960><c> led</c><00:08:13.199><c> a</c><00:08:13.440><c> study</c><00:08:13.680><c> that</c><00:08:14.000><c> changed</c><00:08:14.560><c> all</c>

08:14.790 --> 08:14.800 align:start position:0%
University led a study that changed all
 

08:14.800 --> 08:17.749 align:start position:0%
University led a study that changed all
of<00:08:14.960><c> that.</c><00:08:16.160><c> Cullen's</c><00:08:16.720><c> team</c><00:08:16.960><c> ran</c><00:08:17.280><c> three</c>

08:17.749 --> 08:17.759 align:start position:0%
of that. Cullen's team ran three
 

08:17.759 --> 08:20.710 align:start position:0%
of that. Cullen's team ran three
separate<00:08:18.319><c> tests.</c><00:08:19.599><c> First,</c><00:08:20.080><c> they</c><00:08:20.319><c> measured</c>

08:20.710 --> 08:20.720 align:start position:0%
separate tests. First, they measured
 

08:20.720 --> 08:23.029 align:start position:0%
separate tests. First, they measured
skull<00:08:21.120><c> length</c><00:08:21.440><c> against</c><00:08:21.840><c> tooth</c><00:08:22.240><c> height</c><00:08:22.639><c> across</c>

08:23.029 --> 08:23.039 align:start position:0%
skull length against tooth height across
 

08:23.039 --> 08:25.350 align:start position:0%
skull length against tooth height across
a<00:08:23.360><c> range</c><00:08:23.599><c> of</c><00:08:23.840><c> two-legged</c><00:08:24.479><c> dinosaurs</c><00:08:25.120><c> and</c>

08:25.350 --> 08:25.360 align:start position:0%
a range of two-legged dinosaurs and
 

08:25.360 --> 08:28.150 align:start position:0%
a range of two-legged dinosaurs and
modern<00:08:25.680><c> lizards.</c><00:08:26.879><c> They</c><00:08:27.120><c> found</c><00:08:27.360><c> the</c><00:08:27.520><c> T-Rex</c>

08:28.150 --> 08:28.160 align:start position:0%
modern lizards. They found the T-Rex
 

08:28.160 --> 08:30.790 align:start position:0%
modern lizards. They found the T-Rex
ratio<00:08:28.720><c> most</c><00:08:29.039><c> closely</c><00:08:29.520><c> match</c><00:08:29.919><c> modern</c><00:08:30.400><c> lipped</c>

08:30.790 --> 08:30.800 align:start position:0%
ratio most closely match modern lipped
 

08:30.800 --> 08:34.149 align:start position:0%
ratio most closely match modern lipped
lizards<00:08:31.360><c> like</c><00:08:31.680><c> monitors</c><00:08:32.159><c> and</c><00:08:32.479><c> iguanas.</c>

08:34.149 --> 08:34.159 align:start position:0%
lizards like monitors and iguanas.
 

08:34.159 --> 08:36.550 align:start position:0%
lizards like monitors and iguanas.
Next,<00:08:34.560><c> they</c><00:08:34.800><c> took</c><00:08:34.959><c> a</c><00:08:35.200><c> thin</c><00:08:35.440><c> slice</c><00:08:35.839><c> of</c><00:08:36.000><c> T-Rex</c>

08:36.550 --> 08:36.560 align:start position:0%
Next, they took a thin slice of T-Rex
 

08:36.560 --> 08:39.190 align:start position:0%
Next, they took a thin slice of T-Rex
tooth<00:08:36.959><c> and</c><00:08:37.200><c> looked</c><00:08:37.440><c> at</c><00:08:37.599><c> the</c><00:08:37.839><c> enamel.</c><00:08:38.880><c> Now,</c>

08:39.190 --> 08:39.200 align:start position:0%
tooth and looked at the enamel. Now,
 

08:39.200 --> 08:41.269 align:start position:0%
tooth and looked at the enamel. Now,
crocodile<00:08:39.760><c> teeth</c><00:08:40.080><c> are</c><00:08:40.320><c> permanently</c><00:08:40.880><c> exposed</c>

08:41.269 --> 08:41.279 align:start position:0%
crocodile teeth are permanently exposed
 

08:41.279 --> 08:43.829 align:start position:0%
crocodile teeth are permanently exposed
to<00:08:41.440><c> the</c><00:08:41.680><c> air.</c><00:08:42.080><c> So,</c><00:08:42.399><c> over</c><00:08:42.719><c> time,</c><00:08:43.200><c> their</c><00:08:43.440><c> enamel</c>

08:43.829 --> 08:43.839 align:start position:0%
to the air. So, over time, their enamel
 

08:43.839 --> 08:46.550 align:start position:0%
to the air. So, over time, their enamel
is<00:08:44.080><c> worn</c><00:08:44.399><c> thin</c><00:08:44.720><c> on</c><00:08:44.959><c> the</c><00:08:45.120><c> outside</c><00:08:45.600><c> and</c><00:08:45.920><c> thick</c><00:08:46.320><c> on</c>

08:46.550 --> 08:46.560 align:start position:0%
is worn thin on the outside and thick on
 

08:46.560 --> 08:49.910 align:start position:0%
is worn thin on the outside and thick on
the<00:08:46.800><c> inside.</c><00:08:47.839><c> However,</c><00:08:48.480><c> the</c><00:08:48.720><c> T-Rex</c><00:08:49.200><c> had</c><00:08:49.519><c> even</c>

08:49.910 --> 08:49.920 align:start position:0%
the inside. However, the T-Rex had even
 

08:49.920 --> 08:52.630 align:start position:0%
the inside. However, the T-Rex had even
thickness<00:08:50.320><c> of</c><00:08:50.480><c> enamel</c><00:08:50.959><c> on</c><00:08:51.360><c> both</c><00:08:51.760><c> sides</c><00:08:52.240><c> and</c>

08:52.630 --> 08:52.640 align:start position:0%
thickness of enamel on both sides and
 

08:52.640 --> 08:55.190 align:start position:0%
thickness of enamel on both sides and
hardly<00:08:53.200><c> any</c><00:08:53.680><c> wear.</c>

08:55.190 --> 08:55.200 align:start position:0%
hardly any wear.
 

08:55.200 --> 08:57.110 align:start position:0%
hardly any wear.
Finally,<00:08:55.760><c> they</c><00:08:56.000><c> looked</c><00:08:56.160><c> at</c><00:08:56.320><c> the</c><00:08:56.480><c> small</c><00:08:56.800><c> holes</c>

08:57.110 --> 08:57.120 align:start position:0%
Finally, they looked at the small holes
 

08:57.120 --> 09:00.150 align:start position:0%
Finally, they looked at the small holes
in<00:08:57.360><c> the</c><00:08:57.519><c> jawbones</c><00:08:58.240><c> called</c><00:08:58.640><c> foramina.</c><00:08:59.839><c> These</c>

09:00.150 --> 09:00.160 align:start position:0%
in the jawbones called foramina. These
 

09:00.160 --> 09:02.070 align:start position:0%
in the jawbones called foramina. These
carry<00:09:00.480><c> nerves</c><00:09:00.880><c> and</c><00:09:01.120><c> blood</c><00:09:01.360><c> vessels</c><00:09:01.760><c> to</c><00:09:01.920><c> the</c>

09:02.070 --> 09:02.080 align:start position:0%
carry nerves and blood vessels to the
 

09:02.080 --> 09:04.870 align:start position:0%
carry nerves and blood vessels to the
soft<00:09:02.320><c> tissue</c><00:09:02.640><c> of</c><00:09:02.800><c> the</c><00:09:03.040><c> face.</c><00:09:03.920><c> Crocodiles</c><00:09:04.640><c> have</c>

09:04.870 --> 09:04.880 align:start position:0%
soft tissue of the face. Crocodiles have
 

09:04.880 --> 09:07.110 align:start position:0%
soft tissue of the face. Crocodiles have
foramina<00:09:05.519><c> scattered</c><00:09:05.920><c> all</c><00:09:06.160><c> over</c><00:09:06.399><c> their</c><00:09:06.720><c> snouts</c>

09:07.110 --> 09:07.120 align:start position:0%
foramina scattered all over their snouts
 

09:07.120 --> 09:09.350 align:start position:0%
foramina scattered all over their snouts
in<00:09:07.360><c> a</c><00:09:07.519><c> distinctive</c><00:09:08.080><c> pattern.</c><00:09:08.959><c> Lipped</c>

09:09.350 --> 09:09.360 align:start position:0%
in a distinctive pattern. Lipped
 

09:09.360 --> 09:11.110 align:start position:0%
in a distinctive pattern. Lipped
reptiles<00:09:09.839><c> like</c><00:09:10.000><c> lizards</c><00:09:10.320><c> and</c><00:09:10.399><c> iguanas</c><00:09:11.040><c> have</c>

09:11.110 --> 09:11.120 align:start position:0%
reptiles like lizards and iguanas have
 

09:11.120 --> 09:13.190 align:start position:0%
reptiles like lizards and iguanas have
them<00:09:11.279><c> arranged</c><00:09:11.600><c> in</c><00:09:11.760><c> a</c><00:09:12.000><c> single</c><00:09:12.320><c> line</c><00:09:12.640><c> along</c><00:09:13.040><c> the</c>

09:13.190 --> 09:13.200 align:start position:0%
them arranged in a single line along the
 

09:13.200 --> 09:16.870 align:start position:0%
them arranged in a single line along the
jaw<00:09:13.519><c> margin.</c><00:09:14.720><c> Again,</c><00:09:15.600><c> T-Rex</c><00:09:16.320><c> matched</c><00:09:16.640><c> the</c>

09:16.870 --> 09:16.880 align:start position:0%
jaw margin. Again, T-Rex matched the
 

09:16.880 --> 09:20.470 align:start position:0%
jaw margin. Again, T-Rex matched the
lipped<00:09:17.360><c> group.</c><00:09:18.720><c> Three</c><00:09:19.040><c> lines</c><00:09:19.440><c> of</c><00:09:19.839><c> evidence,</c>

09:20.470 --> 09:20.480 align:start position:0%
lipped group. Three lines of evidence,
 

09:20.480 --> 09:22.870 align:start position:0%
lipped group. Three lines of evidence,
all<00:09:20.800><c> pointing</c><00:09:21.200><c> to</c><00:09:21.360><c> the</c><00:09:21.680><c> same</c><00:09:22.080><c> remarkable</c>

09:22.870 --> 09:22.880 align:start position:0%
all pointing to the same remarkable
 

09:22.880 --> 09:26.630 align:start position:0%
all pointing to the same remarkable
conclusion.<00:09:24.000><c> T-Rex's</c><00:09:24.800><c> teeth</c><00:09:25.200><c> sat</c><00:09:25.600><c> behind</c>

09:26.630 --> 09:26.640 align:start position:0%
conclusion. T-Rex's teeth sat behind
 

09:26.640 --> 09:30.230 align:start position:0%
conclusion. T-Rex's teeth sat behind
scaly<00:09:27.200><c> lips</c><00:09:28.000><c> like</c><00:09:28.240><c> a</c><00:09:28.560><c> giant</c><00:09:29.120><c> terrifying</c>

09:30.230 --> 09:30.240 align:start position:0%
scaly lips like a giant terrifying
 

09:30.240 --> 09:33.990 align:start position:0%
scaly lips like a giant terrifying
Komodo<00:09:31.040><c> dragon.</c><00:09:32.399><c> So</c><00:09:32.720><c> why</c><00:09:32.959><c> does</c><00:09:33.120><c> this</c><00:09:33.360><c> matter?</c>

09:33.990 --> 09:34.000 align:start position:0%
Komodo dragon. So why does this matter?
 

09:34.000 --> 09:35.829 align:start position:0%
Komodo dragon. So why does this matter?
Well,<00:09:34.320><c> keeping</c><00:09:34.560><c> the</c><00:09:34.800><c> teeth</c><00:09:35.120><c> continuously</c>

09:35.829 --> 09:35.839 align:start position:0%
Well, keeping the teeth continuously
 

09:35.839 --> 09:38.389 align:start position:0%
Well, keeping the teeth continuously
bathed<00:09:36.160><c> in</c><00:09:36.399><c> saliva</c><00:09:36.959><c> behind</c><00:09:37.440><c> lips</c><00:09:38.000><c> would</c><00:09:38.240><c> have</c>

09:38.389 --> 09:38.399 align:start position:0%
bathed in saliva behind lips would have
 

09:38.399 --> 09:39.750 align:start position:0%
bathed in saliva behind lips would have
prevented<00:09:38.720><c> their</c><00:09:38.880><c> tooth</c><00:09:39.200><c> enamel</c><00:09:39.600><c> from</c>

09:39.750 --> 09:39.760 align:start position:0%
prevented their tooth enamel from
 

09:39.760 --> 09:42.310 align:start position:0%
prevented their tooth enamel from
becoming<00:09:40.160><c> brittle</c><00:09:40.560><c> and</c><00:09:40.880><c> prone</c><00:09:41.120><c> to</c><00:09:41.440><c> fracture.</c>

09:42.310 --> 09:42.320 align:start position:0%
becoming brittle and prone to fracture.
 

09:42.320 --> 09:45.350 align:start position:0%
becoming brittle and prone to fracture.
So<00:09:42.640><c> T-Rex</c><00:09:43.200><c> teeth</c><00:09:43.519><c> were</c><00:09:43.839><c> always</c><00:09:44.480><c> in</c><00:09:44.800><c> peak</c>

09:45.350 --> 09:45.360 align:start position:0%
So T-Rex teeth were always in peak
 

09:45.360 --> 09:48.710 align:start position:0%
So T-Rex teeth were always in peak
killing<00:09:45.920><c> condition.</c><00:09:47.279><c> Yeah,</c><00:09:47.680><c> basically</c><00:09:48.160><c> moist</c>

09:48.710 --> 09:48.720 align:start position:0%
killing condition. Yeah, basically moist
 

09:48.720 --> 09:51.750 align:start position:0%
killing condition. Yeah, basically moist
teeth<00:09:49.120><c> are</c><00:09:49.440><c> also</c><00:09:49.680><c> the</c><00:09:49.920><c> secret</c><00:09:50.320><c> behind</c><00:09:50.959><c> T-Rex's</c>

09:51.750 --> 09:51.760 align:start position:0%
teeth are also the secret behind T-Rex's
 

09:51.760 --> 09:55.030 align:start position:0%
teeth are also the secret behind T-Rex's
greatest<00:09:52.240><c> weapon,</c><00:09:53.120><c> its</c><00:09:53.440><c> bite.</c><00:09:54.399><c> With</c><00:09:54.640><c> the</c><00:09:54.800><c> most</c>

09:55.030 --> 09:55.040 align:start position:0%
greatest weapon, its bite. With the most
 

09:55.040 --> 09:57.910 align:start position:0%
greatest weapon, its bite. With the most
powerful<00:09:55.519><c> bite</c><00:09:55.839><c> of</c><00:09:56.080><c> any</c><00:09:56.480><c> known</c><00:09:56.959><c> land</c><00:09:57.440><c> animal,</c>

09:57.910 --> 09:57.920 align:start position:0%
powerful bite of any known land animal,
 

09:57.920 --> 10:00.070 align:start position:0%
powerful bite of any known land animal,
up<00:09:58.080><c> to</c><00:09:58.320><c> three</c><00:09:58.560><c> times</c><00:09:58.959><c> more</c><00:09:59.279><c> powerful</c><00:09:59.760><c> than</c>

10:00.070 --> 10:00.080 align:start position:0%
up to three times more powerful than
 

10:00.080 --> 10:01.750 align:start position:0%
up to three times more powerful than
today's<00:10:00.560><c> record</c><00:10:00.880><c> holder,</c><00:10:01.279><c> by</c><00:10:01.360><c> the</c><00:10:01.440><c> way,</c><00:10:01.600><c> the</c>

10:01.750 --> 10:01.760 align:start position:0%
today's record holder, by the way, the
 

10:01.760 --> 10:04.550 align:start position:0%
today's record holder, by the way, the
Nile<00:10:02.160><c> crocodile.</c><00:10:03.360><c> Even</c><00:10:03.760><c> microscopic</c>

10:04.550 --> 10:04.560 align:start position:0%
Nile crocodile. Even microscopic
 

10:04.560 --> 10:06.310 align:start position:0%
Nile crocodile. Even microscopic
brittleleness<00:10:05.040><c> in</c><00:10:05.200><c> a</c><00:10:05.360><c> tooth</c><00:10:05.760><c> could</c><00:10:06.000><c> cause</c>

10:06.310 --> 10:06.320 align:start position:0%
brittleleness in a tooth could cause
 

10:06.320 --> 10:08.870 align:start position:0%
brittleleness in a tooth could cause
catastrophic<00:10:07.040><c> chipping</c><00:10:07.760><c> at</c><00:10:08.000><c> the</c><00:10:08.240><c> moment</c><00:10:08.560><c> of</c>

10:08.870 --> 10:08.880 align:start position:0%
catastrophic chipping at the moment of
 

10:08.880 --> 10:12.230 align:start position:0%
catastrophic chipping at the moment of
impact,<00:10:09.839><c> damaging</c><00:10:10.399><c> T-Rex's</c><00:10:11.120><c> primary</c><00:10:11.519><c> weapon.</c>

10:12.230 --> 10:12.240 align:start position:0%
impact, damaging T-Rex's primary weapon.
 

10:12.240 --> 10:15.110 align:start position:0%
impact, damaging T-Rex's primary weapon.
And<00:10:12.399><c> a</c><00:10:12.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:10:13.040><c> unable</c><00:10:13.519><c> to</c><00:10:13.680><c> use</c><00:10:13.839><c> its</c><00:10:14.160><c> teeth</c><00:10:14.480><c> is</c>

10:15.110 --> 10:15.120 align:start position:0%
And a T-Rex unable to use its teeth is
 

10:15.120 --> 10:18.310 align:start position:0%
And a T-Rex unable to use its teeth is
no<00:10:15.440><c> T-Rex</c><00:10:16.000><c> at</c><00:10:16.240><c> all.</c><00:10:17.200><c> Cullen's</c><00:10:17.680><c> team</c><00:10:18.000><c> sectioned</c>

10:18.310 --> 10:18.320 align:start position:0%
no T-Rex at all. Cullen's team sectioned
 

10:18.320 --> 10:19.910 align:start position:0%
no T-Rex at all. Cullen's team sectioned
a<00:10:18.480><c> tooth</c><00:10:18.720><c> from</c><00:10:18.880><c> a</c><00:10:19.040><c> closely</c><00:10:19.519><c> related</c>

10:19.910 --> 10:19.920 align:start position:0%
a tooth from a closely related
 

10:19.920 --> 10:22.710 align:start position:0%
a tooth from a closely related
tyrannosaurid<00:10:20.959><c> under</c><00:10:21.279><c> a</c><00:10:21.440><c> microscope</c><00:10:22.399><c> to</c>

10:22.710 --> 10:22.720 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaurid under a microscope to
 

10:22.720 --> 10:24.710 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaurid under a microscope to
count<00:10:22.959><c> their</c><00:10:23.279><c> daily</c><00:10:23.600><c> growth</c><00:10:24.079><c> layers</c><00:10:24.399><c> called</c>

10:24.710 --> 10:24.720 align:start position:0%
count their daily growth layers called
 

10:24.720 --> 10:27.269 align:start position:0%
count their daily growth layers called
von<00:10:25.120><c> Ebnner</c><00:10:25.600><c> lines</c><00:10:26.160><c> and</c><00:10:26.399><c> they</c><00:10:26.640><c> found</c><00:10:26.959><c> well</c>

10:27.269 --> 10:27.279 align:start position:0%
von Ebnner lines and they found well
 

10:27.279 --> 10:30.230 align:start position:0%
von Ebnner lines and they found well
over<00:10:27.760><c> 500.</c><00:10:29.200><c> The</c><00:10:29.360><c> same</c><00:10:29.600><c> would</c><00:10:29.760><c> have</c><00:10:30.000><c> almost</c>

10:30.230 --> 10:30.240 align:start position:0%
over 500. The same would have almost
 

10:30.240 --> 10:32.710 align:start position:0%
over 500. The same would have almost
certainly<00:10:30.720><c> applied</c><00:10:31.040><c> to</c><00:10:31.200><c> a</c><00:10:31.440><c> T-Rex</c><00:10:32.079><c> too,</c>

10:32.710 --> 10:32.720 align:start position:0%
certainly applied to a T-Rex too,
 

10:32.720 --> 10:35.030 align:start position:0%
certainly applied to a T-Rex too,
meaning<00:10:32.959><c> a</c><00:10:33.279><c> single</c><00:10:33.519><c> tooth</c><00:10:33.920><c> took</c><00:10:34.160><c> over</c><00:10:34.399><c> a</c><00:10:34.720><c> year</c>

10:35.030 --> 10:35.040 align:start position:0%
meaning a single tooth took over a year
 

10:35.040 --> 10:38.069 align:start position:0%
meaning a single tooth took over a year
to<00:10:35.360><c> grow.</c><00:10:36.320><c> So</c><00:10:36.720><c> putting</c><00:10:36.959><c> its</c><00:10:37.200><c> teeth</c><00:10:37.440><c> behind</c><00:10:37.839><c> the</c>

10:38.069 --> 10:38.079 align:start position:0%
to grow. So putting its teeth behind the
 

10:38.079 --> 10:39.990 align:start position:0%
to grow. So putting its teeth behind the
lips<00:10:38.480><c> to</c><00:10:38.720><c> protect</c><00:10:39.040><c> them</c><00:10:39.200><c> from</c><00:10:39.440><c> wear</c><00:10:39.680><c> and</c>

10:39.990 --> 10:40.000 align:start position:0%
lips to protect them from wear and
 

10:40.000 --> 10:42.230 align:start position:0%
lips to protect them from wear and
erosion<00:10:40.320><c> was</c><00:10:40.560><c> doubly</c><00:10:41.040><c> important.</c><00:10:41.839><c> as</c><00:10:42.079><c> they</c>

10:42.230 --> 10:42.240 align:start position:0%
erosion was doubly important. as they
 

10:42.240 --> 10:45.670 align:start position:0%
erosion was doubly important. as they
took<00:10:42.560><c> such</c><00:10:42.880><c> a</c><00:10:43.040><c> long</c><00:10:43.360><c> time</c><00:10:43.600><c> to</c><00:10:43.920><c> replace.</c><00:10:45.120><c> A</c><00:10:45.360><c> bone</c>

10:45.670 --> 10:45.680 align:start position:0%
took such a long time to replace. A bone
 

10:45.680 --> 10:48.389 align:start position:0%
took such a long time to replace. A bone
crushing<00:10:46.160><c> jaw</c><00:10:46.399><c> with</c><00:10:46.640><c> a</c><00:10:46.800><c> set</c><00:10:47.120><c> of</c><00:10:47.360><c> giant</c><00:10:48.000><c> flesh</c>

10:48.389 --> 10:48.399 align:start position:0%
crushing jaw with a set of giant flesh
 

10:48.399 --> 10:51.670 align:start position:0%
crushing jaw with a set of giant flesh
ripping<00:10:48.800><c> teeth</c><00:10:49.200><c> kept</c><00:10:49.519><c> in</c><00:10:49.839><c> perfect</c><00:10:50.399><c> condition.</c>

10:51.670 --> 10:51.680 align:start position:0%
ripping teeth kept in perfect condition.
 

10:51.680 --> 10:54.150 align:start position:0%
ripping teeth kept in perfect condition.
Well,<00:10:52.000><c> T-Rex</c><00:10:52.640><c> truly</c><00:10:53.040><c> earned</c><00:10:53.440><c> the</c><00:10:53.680><c> deadliest</c>

10:54.150 --> 10:54.160 align:start position:0%
Well, T-Rex truly earned the deadliest
 

10:54.160 --> 10:56.949 align:start position:0%
Well, T-Rex truly earned the deadliest
bite<00:10:54.560><c> on</c><00:10:54.880><c> Earth.</c><00:10:55.760><c> But</c><00:10:56.000><c> things</c><00:10:56.320><c> get</c><00:10:56.560><c> even</c>

10:56.949 --> 10:56.959 align:start position:0%
bite on Earth. But things get even
 

10:56.959 --> 10:58.870 align:start position:0%
bite on Earth. But things get even
crazier<00:10:57.519><c> when</c><00:10:57.760><c> you</c><00:10:57.920><c> look</c><00:10:58.079><c> at</c><00:10:58.160><c> the</c><00:10:58.399><c> rest</c><00:10:58.560><c> of</c><00:10:58.640><c> the</c>

10:58.870 --> 10:58.880 align:start position:0%
crazier when you look at the rest of the
 

10:58.880 --> 11:01.509 align:start position:0%
crazier when you look at the rest of the
body.<00:10:59.839><c> T-Rex</c><00:11:00.320><c> is</c><00:11:00.480><c> often</c><00:11:00.720><c> portrayed</c><00:11:01.040><c> as</c><00:11:01.279><c> a</c>

11:01.509 --> 11:01.519 align:start position:0%
body. T-Rex is often portrayed as a
 

11:01.519 --> 11:04.790 align:start position:0%
body. T-Rex is often portrayed as a
scaly<00:11:02.160><c> beast.</c><00:11:03.200><c> There</c><00:11:03.360><c> are</c><00:11:03.600><c> hints</c><00:11:04.000><c> of</c><00:11:04.240><c> a</c><00:11:04.480><c> rather</c>

11:04.790 --> 11:04.800 align:start position:0%
scaly beast. There are hints of a rather
 

11:04.800 --> 11:08.949 align:start position:0%
scaly beast. There are hints of a rather
more<00:11:05.440><c> feathery</c><00:11:06.079><c> past.</c><00:11:07.120><c> Feathered</c><00:11:08.399><c> dinosaurs</c>

11:08.949 --> 11:08.959 align:start position:0%
more feathery past. Feathered dinosaurs
 

11:08.959 --> 11:11.110 align:start position:0%
more feathery past. Feathered dinosaurs
became<00:11:09.279><c> a</c><00:11:09.519><c> point</c><00:11:09.680><c> of</c><00:11:09.920><c> renewed</c><00:11:10.399><c> scientific</c>

11:11.110 --> 11:11.120 align:start position:0%
became a point of renewed scientific
 

11:11.120 --> 11:13.030 align:start position:0%
became a point of renewed scientific
interest<00:11:11.760><c> after</c><00:11:12.079><c> the</c><00:11:12.320><c> discovery</c><00:11:12.720><c> of</c>

11:13.030 --> 11:13.040 align:start position:0%
interest after the discovery of
 

11:13.040 --> 11:16.710 align:start position:0%
interest after the discovery of
feathered<00:11:13.600><c> sinosaur</c><00:11:14.399><c> opterex</c><00:11:15.120><c> in</c><00:11:15.360><c> the</c><00:11:15.519><c> 1990s.</c>

11:16.710 --> 11:16.720 align:start position:0%
feathered sinosaur opterex in the 1990s.
 

11:16.720 --> 11:18.870 align:start position:0%
feathered sinosaur opterex in the 1990s.
The<00:11:16.959><c> first</c><00:11:17.200><c> dinosaur</c><00:11:17.760><c> to</c><00:11:17.920><c> be</c><00:11:18.079><c> found</c><00:11:18.320><c> preserved</c>

11:18.870 --> 11:18.880 align:start position:0%
The first dinosaur to be found preserved
 

11:18.880 --> 11:21.670 align:start position:0%
The first dinosaur to be found preserved
with<00:11:19.200><c> filaments</c><00:11:19.760><c> of</c><00:11:20.079><c> proto</c><00:11:20.640><c> feathers</c><00:11:21.440><c> and</c>

11:21.670 --> 11:21.680 align:start position:0%
with filaments of proto feathers and
 

11:21.680 --> 11:24.310 align:start position:0%
with filaments of proto feathers and
bolstered<00:11:22.160><c> by</c><00:11:22.320><c> a</c><00:11:22.560><c> wave</c><00:11:22.880><c> of</c><00:11:23.120><c> other</c><00:11:23.440><c> discoveries</c>

11:24.310 --> 11:24.320 align:start position:0%
bolstered by a wave of other discoveries
 

11:24.320 --> 11:27.590 align:start position:0%
bolstered by a wave of other discoveries
such<00:11:24.560><c> as</c><00:11:25.200><c> Dylong</c><00:11:25.839><c> paradoxus</c>

11:27.590 --> 11:27.600 align:start position:0%
such as Dylong paradoxus
 

11:27.600 --> 11:29.350 align:start position:0%
such as Dylong paradoxus
cordipix

11:29.350 --> 11:29.360 align:start position:0%
cordipix
 

11:29.360 --> 11:31.750 align:start position:0%
cordipix
and<00:11:29.680><c> bay</c><00:11:30.000><c> piosaurus.</c>

11:31.750 --> 11:31.760 align:start position:0%
and bay piosaurus.
 

11:31.760 --> 11:35.990 align:start position:0%
and bay piosaurus.
So<00:11:32.079><c> when</c><00:11:32.320><c> a</c><00:11:32.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:11:33.200><c> relative</c><00:11:34.160><c> UTranis</c><00:11:35.040><c> Harley</c>

11:35.990 --> 11:36.000 align:start position:0%
So when a T-Rex relative UTranis Harley
 

11:36.000 --> 11:38.230 align:start position:0%
So when a T-Rex relative UTranis Harley
was<00:11:36.240><c> found</c><00:11:36.480><c> by</c><00:11:36.640><c> Shuing</c><00:11:37.360><c> and</c><00:11:37.600><c> colleagues</c>

11:38.230 --> 11:38.240 align:start position:0%
was found by Shuing and colleagues
 

11:38.240 --> 11:40.949 align:start position:0%
was found by Shuing and colleagues
covered<00:11:38.720><c> in</c><00:11:39.040><c> proto</c><00:11:39.600><c> feathers,</c><00:11:40.480><c> the</c><00:11:40.720><c> question</c>

11:40.949 --> 11:40.959 align:start position:0%
covered in proto feathers, the question
 

11:40.959 --> 11:43.910 align:start position:0%
covered in proto feathers, the question
became<00:11:41.360><c> impossible</c><00:11:41.839><c> to</c><00:11:42.160><c> ignore.</c><00:11:43.040><c> Did</c><00:11:43.279><c> T-Rex</c>

11:43.910 --> 11:43.920 align:start position:0%
became impossible to ignore. Did T-Rex
 

11:43.920 --> 11:46.550 align:start position:0%
became impossible to ignore. Did T-Rex
have<00:11:44.160><c> feathers</c><00:11:44.800><c> too?</c><00:11:45.839><c> Well,</c><00:11:46.160><c> it's</c><00:11:46.399><c> an</c>

11:46.550 --> 11:46.560 align:start position:0%
have feathers too? Well, it's an
 

11:46.560 --> 11:48.630 align:start position:0%
have feathers too? Well, it's an
intriguing<00:11:47.040><c> idea</c><00:11:47.360><c> and</c><00:11:47.680><c> quite</c><00:11:48.000><c> a</c><00:11:48.160><c> comical</c>

11:48.630 --> 11:48.640 align:start position:0%
intriguing idea and quite a comical
 

11:48.640 --> 11:51.670 align:start position:0%
intriguing idea and quite a comical
vision.<00:11:49.120><c> But</c><00:11:49.279><c> let's</c><00:11:49.600><c> look</c><00:11:49.680><c> at</c><00:11:49.839><c> the</c><00:11:50.079><c> evidence.</c>

11:51.670 --> 11:51.680 align:start position:0%
vision. But let's look at the evidence.
 

11:51.680 --> 11:55.670 align:start position:0%
vision. But let's look at the evidence.
Exhibit<00:11:52.240><c> A.</c><00:11:52.880><c> T-Rex</c><00:11:53.760><c> skin.</c><00:11:54.720><c> In</c><00:11:55.040><c> very</c><00:11:55.360><c> rare</c>

11:55.670 --> 11:55.680 align:start position:0%
Exhibit A. T-Rex skin. In very rare
 

11:55.680 --> 11:58.230 align:start position:0%
Exhibit A. T-Rex skin. In very rare
instances,<00:11:56.480><c> dinosaur</c><00:11:57.040><c> skin</c><00:11:57.440><c> presses</c><00:11:57.920><c> into</c>

11:58.230 --> 11:58.240 align:start position:0%
instances, dinosaur skin presses into
 

11:58.240 --> 12:01.030 align:start position:0%
instances, dinosaur skin presses into
the<00:11:58.480><c> sediment</c><00:11:58.959><c> before</c><00:11:59.360><c> decaying,</c><00:12:00.399><c> leaving</c><00:12:00.720><c> a</c>

12:01.030 --> 12:01.040 align:start position:0%
the sediment before decaying, leaving a
 

12:01.040 --> 12:03.190 align:start position:0%
the sediment before decaying, leaving a
perfect<00:12:01.440><c> imprint</c><00:12:01.920><c> of</c><00:12:02.160><c> what</c><00:12:02.399><c> that</c><00:12:02.720><c> animal</c>

12:03.190 --> 12:03.200 align:start position:0%
perfect imprint of what that animal
 

12:03.200 --> 12:05.829 align:start position:0%
perfect imprint of what that animal
actually<00:12:03.600><c> looked</c><00:12:03.839><c> like</c><00:12:04.160><c> on</c><00:12:04.399><c> the</c><00:12:04.640><c> outside.</c>

12:05.829 --> 12:05.839 align:start position:0%
actually looked like on the outside.
 

12:05.839 --> 12:08.629 align:start position:0%
actually looked like on the outside.
Now,<00:12:06.079><c> in</c><00:12:06.399><c> 2017,</c><00:12:07.360><c> Phil</c><00:12:07.760><c> Bell</c><00:12:08.079><c> and</c><00:12:08.240><c> his</c><00:12:08.480><c> team</c>

12:08.629 --> 12:08.639 align:start position:0%
Now, in 2017, Phil Bell and his team
 

12:08.639 --> 12:10.310 align:start position:0%
Now, in 2017, Phil Bell and his team
from<00:12:08.880><c> the</c><00:12:09.040><c> University</c><00:12:09.360><c> of</c><00:12:09.600><c> New</c><00:12:09.839><c> England</c><00:12:10.079><c> in</c>

12:10.310 --> 12:10.320 align:start position:0%
from the University of New England in
 

12:10.320 --> 12:12.949 align:start position:0%
from the University of New England in
Australia,<00:12:11.279><c> examined</c><00:12:11.760><c> a</c><00:12:12.000><c> T-Rex</c><00:12:12.480><c> specimen</c>

12:12.949 --> 12:12.959 align:start position:0%
Australia, examined a T-Rex specimen
 

12:12.959 --> 12:16.629 align:start position:0%
Australia, examined a T-Rex specimen
from<00:12:13.360><c> Texas,</c><00:12:14.320><c> nicknamed</c><00:12:15.040><c> Yrex,</c><00:12:16.000><c> with</c><00:12:16.240><c> skin</c>

12:16.629 --> 12:16.639 align:start position:0%
from Texas, nicknamed Yrex, with skin
 

12:16.639 --> 12:19.590 align:start position:0%
from Texas, nicknamed Yrex, with skin
preserved<00:12:17.040><c> from</c><00:12:17.279><c> the</c><00:12:17.440><c> neck,</c><00:12:17.839><c> hip,</c><00:12:18.320><c> and</c><00:12:18.639><c> tail,</c>

12:19.590 --> 12:19.600 align:start position:0%
preserved from the neck, hip, and tail,
 

12:19.600 --> 12:23.110 align:start position:0%
preserved from the neck, hip, and tail,
and<00:12:19.839><c> they</c><00:12:20.160><c> showed</c><00:12:20.560><c> no</c><00:12:21.040><c> evidence</c><00:12:21.440><c> of</c><00:12:21.839><c> feathers.</c>

12:23.110 --> 12:23.120 align:start position:0%
and they showed no evidence of feathers.
 

12:23.120 --> 12:25.269 align:start position:0%
and they showed no evidence of feathers.
So,<00:12:23.519><c> had</c><00:12:23.760><c> we</c><00:12:23.920><c> all</c><00:12:24.160><c> been</c><00:12:24.320><c> tricked</c><00:12:24.720><c> by</c><00:12:24.880><c> this</c>

12:25.269 --> 12:25.279 align:start position:0%
So, had we all been tricked by this
 

12:25.279 --> 12:28.310 align:start position:0%
So, had we all been tricked by this
feather<00:12:25.760><c> fad?</c><00:12:26.800><c> Well,</c><00:12:27.120><c> hang</c><00:12:27.200><c> on</c><00:12:27.360><c> a</c><00:12:27.600><c> sec.</c><00:12:27.839><c> Not</c><00:12:28.079><c> so</c>

12:28.310 --> 12:28.320 align:start position:0%
feather fad? Well, hang on a sec. Not so
 

12:28.320 --> 12:31.190 align:start position:0%
feather fad? Well, hang on a sec. Not so
fast.<00:12:29.040><c> Because</c><00:12:29.279><c> the</c><00:12:29.519><c> same</c><00:12:29.839><c> 2017</c><00:12:30.639><c> study</c><00:12:30.959><c> by</c>

12:31.190 --> 12:31.200 align:start position:0%
fast. Because the same 2017 study by
 

12:31.200 --> 12:33.430 align:start position:0%
fast. Because the same 2017 study by
Belle<00:12:31.600><c> and</c><00:12:31.839><c> colleagues</c><00:12:32.240><c> looked</c><00:12:32.480><c> at</c><00:12:32.639><c> the</c><00:12:32.880><c> whole</c>

12:33.430 --> 12:33.440 align:start position:0%
Belle and colleagues looked at the whole
 

12:33.440 --> 12:35.910 align:start position:0%
Belle and colleagues looked at the whole
Thoropod<00:12:34.240><c> family</c><00:12:34.639><c> tree,</c><00:12:35.200><c> the</c><00:12:35.440><c> clay</c><00:12:35.760><c> that</c>

12:35.910 --> 12:35.920 align:start position:0%
Thoropod family tree, the clay that
 

12:35.920 --> 12:38.389 align:start position:0%
Thoropod family tree, the clay that
includes<00:12:36.320><c> T-Rex,</c><00:12:37.200><c> and</c><00:12:37.519><c> found</c><00:12:37.680><c> that</c><00:12:38.000><c> while</c>

12:38.389 --> 12:38.399 align:start position:0%
includes T-Rex, and found that while
 

12:38.399 --> 12:41.030 align:start position:0%
includes T-Rex, and found that while
some<00:12:38.720><c> therapods</c><00:12:39.360><c> develop</c><00:12:39.760><c> feathers,</c><00:12:40.639><c> large</c>

12:41.030 --> 12:41.040 align:start position:0%
some therapods develop feathers, large
 

12:41.040 --> 12:44.230 align:start position:0%
some therapods develop feathers, large
Tyrannosaurids<00:12:42.160><c> like</c><00:12:42.399><c> T-Rex</c><00:12:43.440><c> subsequently</c>

12:44.230 --> 12:44.240 align:start position:0%
Tyrannosaurids like T-Rex subsequently
 

12:44.240 --> 12:47.110 align:start position:0%
Tyrannosaurids like T-Rex subsequently
lost<00:12:44.720><c> them.</c><00:12:45.600><c> Why?</c><00:12:46.079><c> Well,</c><00:12:46.320><c> it</c><00:12:46.480><c> comes</c><00:12:46.639><c> down</c><00:12:46.880><c> to</c>

12:47.110 --> 12:47.120 align:start position:0%
lost them. Why? Well, it comes down to
 

12:47.120 --> 12:49.110 align:start position:0%
lost them. Why? Well, it comes down to
heat<00:12:47.519><c> and</c><00:12:47.680><c> a</c><00:12:47.920><c> question</c><00:12:48.160><c> that's</c><00:12:48.480><c> been</c><00:12:48.639><c> debated</c>

12:49.110 --> 12:49.120 align:start position:0%
heat and a question that's been debated
 

12:49.120 --> 12:55.910 align:start position:0%
heat and a question that's been debated
for<00:12:49.440><c> decades.</c><00:12:50.480><c> Was</c><00:12:50.959><c> T-Rex</c><00:12:51.680><c> warm-blooded?</c>

12:53.239 --> 12:55.468 align:start position:0%
private as we head back to everyone's
favorite<00:14:47.120><c> monster.</c>

12:55.468 --> 12:55.478 align:start position:0%
favorite monster.
 

12:55.478 --> 12:57.708 align:start position:0%
favorite monster.
For<00:14:49.279><c> most</c><00:14:49.519><c> of</c><00:14:49.680><c> its</c><00:14:49.920><c> existence,</c><00:14:50.480><c> T-Rex</c><00:14:50.959><c> was</c>

12:57.708 --> 12:57.718 align:start position:0%
For most of its existence, T-Rex was
 

12:57.718 --> 13:00.109 align:start position:0%
For most of its existence, T-Rex was
imagined<00:14:51.680><c> as</c><00:14:51.920><c> a</c><00:14:52.160><c> sluggish,</c><00:14:52.800><c> cold-blooded</c>

13:00.109 --> 13:00.119 align:start position:0%
imagined as a sluggish, cold-blooded
 

13:00.119 --> 13:03.788 align:start position:0%
imagined as a sluggish, cold-blooded
brute.<00:14:54.560><c> But</c><00:14:54.880><c> in</c><00:14:55.199><c> 2022,</c><00:14:56.079><c> a</c><00:14:56.399><c> remarkable</c><00:14:56.959><c> paper</c>

13:03.788 --> 13:03.798 align:start position:0%
brute. But in 2022, a remarkable paper
 

13:03.798 --> 13:07.069 align:start position:0%
brute. But in 2022, a remarkable paper
by<00:14:57.519><c> Yasmina</c><00:14:58.160><c> Weimman</c><00:14:58.639><c> at</c><00:14:58.880><c> Yale</c><00:14:59.680><c> rewrote</c><00:15:00.160><c> that</c>

13:07.069 --> 13:07.079 align:start position:0%
by Yasmina Weimman at Yale rewrote that
 

13:07.079 --> 13:10.429 align:start position:0%
by Yasmina Weimman at Yale rewrote that
entire<00:15:01.199><c> picture.</c><00:15:02.560><c> Her</c><00:15:02.880><c> team</c><00:15:03.120><c> used</c><00:15:03.519><c> twin</c>

13:10.429 --> 13:10.439 align:start position:0%
entire picture. Her team used twin
 

13:10.439 --> 13:12.509 align:start position:0%
entire picture. Her team used twin
techniques<00:15:04.399><c> called</c><00:15:04.639><c> Ramen</c><00:15:05.120><c> and</c><00:15:05.440><c> Faria</c>

13:12.509 --> 13:12.519 align:start position:0%
techniques called Ramen and Faria
 

13:12.519 --> 13:15.629 align:start position:0%
techniques called Ramen and Faria
transform<00:15:06.639><c> infrared</c><00:15:07.199><c> spectroscopy.</c>

13:15.629 --> 13:15.639 align:start position:0%
transform infrared spectroscopy.
 

13:15.639 --> 13:19.069 align:start position:0%
transform infrared spectroscopy.
FTIR<00:15:10.560><c> measures</c><00:15:11.120><c> which</c><00:15:11.440><c> specific</c><00:15:12.000><c> frequencies</c>

13:19.069 --> 13:19.079 align:start position:0%
FTIR measures which specific frequencies
 

13:19.079 --> 13:22.749 align:start position:0%
FTIR measures which specific frequencies
of<00:15:12.800><c> infrared</c><00:15:13.360><c> light</c><00:15:13.680><c> a</c><00:15:14.000><c> sample</c><00:15:14.560><c> absorbs</c><00:15:15.920><c> while</c>

13:22.749 --> 13:22.759 align:start position:0%
of infrared light a sample absorbs while
 

13:22.759 --> 13:24.669 align:start position:0%
of infrared light a sample absorbs while
Rama<00:15:16.720><c> measures</c><00:15:17.040><c> how</c><00:15:17.199><c> a</c><00:15:17.440><c> laser's</c><00:15:17.839><c> light</c>

13:24.669 --> 13:24.679 align:start position:0%
Rama measures how a laser's light
 

13:24.679 --> 13:26.829 align:start position:0%
Rama measures how a laser's light
scatters<00:15:18.639><c> off</c><00:15:18.880><c> the</c><00:15:19.120><c> sample</c><00:15:19.680><c> at</c><00:15:19.920><c> different</c>

13:26.829 --> 13:26.839 align:start position:0%
scatters off the sample at different
 

13:26.839 --> 13:28.429 align:start position:0%
scatters off the sample at different
frequencies.

13:28.429 --> 13:28.439 align:start position:0%
frequencies.
 

13:28.439 --> 13:30.669 align:start position:0%
frequencies.
This<00:15:22.160><c> provides</c><00:15:22.560><c> a</c><00:15:22.880><c> complete</c><00:15:23.279><c> and</c><00:15:23.680><c> unique</c>

13:30.669 --> 13:30.679 align:start position:0%
This provides a complete and unique
 

13:30.679 --> 13:32.829 align:start position:0%
This provides a complete and unique
chemical<00:15:24.639><c> footprint</c><00:15:25.120><c> to</c><00:15:25.519><c> identify</c><00:15:26.079><c> the</c>

13:32.829 --> 13:32.839 align:start position:0%
chemical footprint to identify the
 

13:32.839 --> 13:35.708 align:start position:0%
chemical footprint to identify the
substances<00:15:27.040><c> present.</c><00:15:28.240><c> In</c><00:15:28.560><c> this</c><00:15:28.720><c> case,</c>

13:35.708 --> 13:35.718 align:start position:0%
substances present. In this case,
 

13:35.718 --> 13:37.389 align:start position:0%
substances present. In this case,
scientists<00:15:29.680><c> are</c><00:15:29.839><c> on</c><00:15:30.000><c> the</c><00:15:30.079><c> hunt</c><00:15:30.240><c> for</c><00:15:30.480><c> advanced</c>

13:37.389 --> 13:37.399 align:start position:0%
scientists are on the hunt for advanced
 

13:37.399 --> 13:41.549 align:start position:0%
scientists are on the hunt for advanced
lipoxidation<00:15:32.000><c> end</c><00:15:32.399><c> products</c><00:15:32.880><c> or</c><00:15:33.279><c> ALES,</c>

13:41.549 --> 13:41.559 align:start position:0%
lipoxidation end products or ALES,
 

13:41.559 --> 13:44.189 align:start position:0%
lipoxidation end products or ALES,
tiny<00:15:35.519><c> molecular</c><00:15:36.079><c> scars</c><00:15:36.560><c> left</c><00:15:36.880><c> behind</c><00:15:37.279><c> by</c><00:15:37.519><c> an</c>

13:44.189 --> 13:44.199 align:start position:0%
tiny molecular scars left behind by an
 

13:44.199 --> 13:46.588 align:start position:0%
tiny molecular scars left behind by an
animal's<00:15:38.160><c> metabolism.</c><00:15:39.279><c> The</c><00:15:39.519><c> faster</c><00:15:39.839><c> your</c>

13:46.588 --> 13:46.598 align:start position:0%
animal's metabolism. The faster your
 

13:46.598 --> 13:48.749 align:start position:0%
animal's metabolism. The faster your
metabolism<00:15:40.720><c> runs,</c><00:15:41.120><c> the</c><00:15:41.279><c> more</c><00:15:41.440><c> of</c><00:15:41.600><c> these</c><00:15:41.839><c> scars</c>

13:48.749 --> 13:48.759 align:start position:0%
metabolism runs, the more of these scars
 

13:48.759 --> 13:51.309 align:start position:0%
metabolism runs, the more of these scars
acrew<00:15:42.800><c> in</c><00:15:43.040><c> your</c><00:15:43.199><c> bones</c><00:15:43.600><c> during</c><00:15:43.920><c> life.</c><00:15:44.480><c> And</c>

13:51.309 --> 13:51.319 align:start position:0%
acrew in your bones during life. And
 

13:51.319 --> 13:56.028 align:start position:0%
acrew in your bones during life. And
crucially,<00:15:45.920><c> they</c><00:15:46.320><c> survive</c><00:15:47.199><c> fossilization.</c>

13:56.028 --> 13:56.038 align:start position:0%
crucially, they survive fossilization.
 

13:56.038 --> 13:58.669 align:start position:0%
crucially, they survive fossilization.
Weman's<00:15:50.079><c> team</c><00:15:50.320><c> analyzed</c><00:15:50.959><c> 30</c><00:15:51.360><c> dinosaur</c><00:15:51.920><c> bones</c>

13:58.669 --> 13:58.679 align:start position:0%
Weman's team analyzed 30 dinosaur bones
 

13:58.679 --> 14:01.629 align:start position:0%
Weman's team analyzed 30 dinosaur bones
for<00:15:52.480><c> ALES</c><00:15:53.759><c> and</c><00:15:53.920><c> they</c><00:15:54.160><c> found</c><00:15:54.399><c> that</c><00:15:54.720><c> every</c>

14:01.629 --> 14:01.639 align:start position:0%
for ALES and they found that every
 

14:01.639 --> 14:04.749 align:start position:0%
for ALES and they found that every
theropod<00:15:55.759><c> they</c><00:15:56.000><c> tested,</c><00:15:56.560><c> T-Rex</c><00:15:57.199><c> included,</c>

14:04.749 --> 14:04.759 align:start position:0%
theropod they tested, T-Rex included,
 

14:04.759 --> 14:07.788 align:start position:0%
theropod they tested, T-Rex included,
plotted<00:15:58.720><c> right</c><00:15:59.120><c> alongside</c><00:16:00.000><c> modern</c><00:16:00.480><c> birds</c><00:16:00.959><c> and</c>

14:07.788 --> 14:07.798 align:start position:0%
plotted right alongside modern birds and
 

14:07.798 --> 14:11.148 align:start position:0%
plotted right alongside modern birds and
mammals<00:16:02.079><c> on</c><00:16:02.320><c> the</c><00:16:02.560><c> metabolic</c><00:16:03.199><c> chart,</c><00:16:03.839><c> meaning</c>

14:11.148 --> 14:11.158 align:start position:0%
mammals on the metabolic chart, meaning
 

14:11.158 --> 14:14.509 align:start position:0%
mammals on the metabolic chart, meaning
they<00:16:04.959><c> were</c><00:16:05.199><c> warmblooded.</c><00:16:06.560><c> Yes,</c><00:16:07.360><c> T-Rex</c>

14:14.509 --> 14:14.519 align:start position:0%
they were warmblooded. Yes, T-Rex
 

14:14.519 --> 14:18.109 align:start position:0%
they were warmblooded. Yes, T-Rex
generated<00:16:08.639><c> its</c><00:16:09.040><c> own</c><00:16:09.519><c> heat.</c><00:16:10.959><c> This</c><00:16:11.199><c> is</c><00:16:11.360><c> so</c>

14:18.109 --> 14:18.119 align:start position:0%
generated its own heat. This is so
 

14:18.119 --> 14:19.869 align:start position:0%
generated its own heat. This is so
important<00:16:12.000><c> because</c><00:16:12.240><c> for</c><00:16:12.480><c> warm-blooded</c>

14:19.869 --> 14:19.879 align:start position:0%
important because for warm-blooded
 

14:19.879 --> 14:21.708 align:start position:0%
important because for warm-blooded
animals,<00:16:13.759><c> the</c><00:16:13.920><c> larger</c><00:16:14.320><c> you</c><00:16:14.480><c> are,</c><00:16:14.800><c> the</c><00:16:14.959><c> more</c>

14:21.708 --> 14:21.718 align:start position:0%
animals, the larger you are, the more
 

14:21.718 --> 14:24.908 align:start position:0%
animals, the larger you are, the more
heat<00:16:15.519><c> you</c><00:16:15.759><c> generate</c><00:16:16.160><c> and</c><00:16:16.480><c> retain.</c><00:16:17.920><c> So,</c><00:16:18.240><c> if</c>

14:24.908 --> 14:24.918 align:start position:0%
heat you generate and retain. So, if
 

14:24.918 --> 14:26.749 align:start position:0%
heat you generate and retain. So, if
you're<00:16:18.560><c> a</c><00:16:18.720><c> small</c><00:16:19.040><c> young</c><00:16:19.279><c> T-Rex,</c><00:16:19.920><c> you</c><00:16:20.079><c> might</c>

14:26.749 --> 14:26.759 align:start position:0%
you're a small young T-Rex, you might
 

14:26.759 --> 14:29.069 align:start position:0%
you're a small young T-Rex, you might
need<00:16:20.480><c> feathers</c><00:16:20.880><c> to</c><00:16:21.040><c> keep</c><00:16:21.279><c> warm,</c><00:16:21.839><c> but</c><00:16:22.079><c> once</c><00:16:22.399><c> you</c>

14:29.069 --> 14:29.079 align:start position:0%
need feathers to keep warm, but once you
 

14:29.079 --> 14:31.629 align:start position:0%
need feathers to keep warm, but once you
get<00:16:22.720><c> big</c><00:16:22.959><c> enough,</c><00:16:23.279><c> you</c><00:16:23.519><c> retain</c><00:16:23.920><c> heat</c><00:16:24.320><c> so</c><00:16:24.639><c> well</c>

14:31.629 --> 14:31.639 align:start position:0%
get big enough, you retain heat so well
 

14:31.639 --> 14:34.348 align:start position:0%
get big enough, you retain heat so well
that<00:16:25.440><c> the</c><00:16:25.680><c> extra</c><00:16:26.079><c> insulation</c><00:16:26.959><c> actually</c><00:16:27.360><c> risks</c>

14:34.348 --> 14:34.358 align:start position:0%
that the extra insulation actually risks
 

14:34.358 --> 14:37.468 align:start position:0%
that the extra insulation actually risks
overheating<00:16:28.560><c> you.</c><00:16:29.680><c> This</c><00:16:30.000><c> led</c><00:16:30.320><c> scientists</c><00:16:30.800><c> to</c>

14:37.468 --> 14:37.478 align:start position:0%
overheating you. This led scientists to
 

14:37.478 --> 14:40.749 align:start position:0%
overheating you. This led scientists to
suggest<00:16:31.360><c> that</c><00:16:31.680><c> baby</c><00:16:32.079><c> T-Rex</c><00:16:32.800><c> may</c><00:16:33.600><c> have</c><00:16:33.839><c> had</c>

14:40.749 --> 14:40.759 align:start position:0%
suggest that baby T-Rex may have had
 

14:40.759 --> 14:44.588 align:start position:0%
suggest that baby T-Rex may have had
feathers,<00:16:34.800><c> but</c><00:16:35.120><c> shed</c><00:16:35.440><c> them</c><00:16:35.920><c> as</c><00:16:36.160><c> it</c><00:16:36.399><c> got</c><00:16:36.720><c> older.</c>

14:44.588 --> 14:44.598 align:start position:0%
feathers, but shed them as it got older.
 

14:44.598 --> 14:46.989 align:start position:0%
feathers, but shed them as it got older.
It's<00:16:38.399><c> possible</c><00:16:38.959><c> some</c><00:16:39.360><c> feathering</c><00:16:39.920><c> persisted</c>

14:46.989 --> 14:46.999 align:start position:0%
It's possible some feathering persisted
 

14:46.999 --> 14:48.588 align:start position:0%
It's possible some feathering persisted
in<00:16:40.720><c> places</c><00:16:41.040><c> we</c><00:16:41.360><c> haven't</c><00:16:41.600><c> yet</c><00:16:41.839><c> found</c>

14:48.588 --> 14:48.598 align:start position:0%
in places we haven't yet found
 

14:48.598 --> 14:51.148 align:start position:0%
in places we haven't yet found
impressions<00:16:42.639><c> for,</c><00:16:43.440><c> but</c><00:16:43.600><c> the</c><00:16:43.839><c> picture</c><00:16:44.079><c> we</c><00:16:44.320><c> have</c>

14:51.148 --> 14:51.158 align:start position:0%
impressions for, but the picture we have
 

14:51.158 --> 14:54.669 align:start position:0%
impressions for, but the picture we have
right<00:16:44.880><c> now</c><00:16:45.120><c> for</c><00:16:45.519><c> T-Rex</c><00:16:46.320><c> is</c><00:16:46.560><c> of</c><00:16:46.720><c> a</c><00:16:47.040><c> largecale</c>

14:54.669 --> 14:54.679 align:start position:0%
right now for T-Rex is of a largecale
 

14:54.679 --> 14:57.869 align:start position:0%
right now for T-Rex is of a largecale
predator<00:16:48.959><c> with</c><00:16:49.279><c> pristine</c><00:16:49.920><c> teeth</c><00:16:50.720><c> built</c><00:16:51.040><c> for</c>

14:57.869 --> 14:57.879 align:start position:0%
predator with pristine teeth built for
 

14:57.879 --> 15:00.109 align:start position:0%
predator with pristine teeth built for
explosive<00:16:52.000><c> bursts</c><00:16:52.399><c> of</c><00:16:52.560><c> energy</c><00:16:52.880><c> to</c><00:16:53.120><c> take</c><00:16:53.360><c> down</c>

15:00.109 --> 15:00.119 align:start position:0%
explosive bursts of energy to take down
 

15:00.119 --> 15:03.309 align:start position:0%
explosive bursts of energy to take down
its<00:16:53.920><c> prey.</c><00:16:54.880><c> A</c><00:16:55.120><c> deadly</c><00:16:55.519><c> killing</c><00:16:55.920><c> machine</c><00:16:56.399><c> with</c>

15:03.309 --> 15:03.319 align:start position:0%
its prey. A deadly killing machine with
 

15:03.319 --> 15:05.869 align:start position:0%
its prey. A deadly killing machine with
or<00:16:57.040><c> without</c><00:16:57.519><c> feathers.</c><00:16:58.800><c> But</c><00:16:58.959><c> the</c><00:16:59.199><c> most</c>

15:05.869 --> 15:05.879 align:start position:0%
or without feathers. But the most
 

15:05.879 --> 15:09.069 align:start position:0%
or without feathers. But the most
shocking<00:16:59.759><c> revelation</c><00:17:00.320><c> was</c><00:17:00.560><c> yet</c><00:17:00.880><c> to</c><00:17:01.199><c> come,</c><00:17:02.240><c> its</c>

15:09.069 --> 15:09.079 align:start position:0%
shocking revelation was yet to come, its
 

15:09.079 --> 15:10.749 align:start position:0%
shocking revelation was yet to come, its
size.

15:10.749 --> 15:10.759 align:start position:0%
size.
 

15:10.759 --> 15:12.989 align:start position:0%
size.
The<00:17:04.480><c> biggest</c><00:17:04.799><c> T-Rex</c><00:17:05.199><c> we've</c><00:17:05.520><c> found</c><00:17:05.760><c> so</c><00:17:06.000><c> far</c><00:17:06.240><c> is</c>

15:12.989 --> 15:12.999 align:start position:0%
The biggest T-Rex we've found so far is
 

15:12.999 --> 15:15.629 align:start position:0%
The biggest T-Rex we've found so far is
a<00:17:06.640><c> specimen</c><00:17:07.199><c> called</c><00:17:07.600><c> Scotty,</c><00:17:08.319><c> discovered</c><00:17:08.799><c> in</c>

15:15.629 --> 15:15.639 align:start position:0%
a specimen called Scotty, discovered in
 

15:15.639 --> 15:18.029 align:start position:0%
a specimen called Scotty, discovered in
Saskatchewan,<00:17:10.000><c> Canada.</c><00:17:10.880><c> It</c><00:17:11.120><c> was</c><00:17:11.280><c> first</c>

15:18.029 --> 15:18.039 align:start position:0%
Saskatchewan, Canada. It was first
 

15:18.039 --> 15:20.109 align:start position:0%
Saskatchewan, Canada. It was first
spotted<00:17:11.839><c> by</c><00:17:12.079><c> a</c><00:17:12.319><c> school</c><00:17:12.640><c> teacher,</c><00:17:13.199><c> Robert</c>

15:20.109 --> 15:20.119 align:start position:0%
spotted by a school teacher, Robert
 

15:20.119 --> 15:23.468 align:start position:0%
spotted by a school teacher, Robert
Ghart,<00:17:14.319><c> in</c><00:17:14.559><c> 1991,</c><00:17:15.760><c> but</c><00:17:16.000><c> took</c><00:17:16.240><c> over</c><00:17:16.400><c> a</c><00:17:16.640><c> decade</c>

15:23.468 --> 15:23.478 align:start position:0%
Ghart, in 1991, but took over a decade
 

15:23.478 --> 15:25.708 align:start position:0%
Ghart, in 1991, but took over a decade
of<00:17:17.199><c> painstaking</c><00:17:18.000><c> excavation</c><00:17:18.720><c> before</c>

15:25.708 --> 15:25.718 align:start position:0%
of painstaking excavation before
 

15:25.718 --> 15:28.029 align:start position:0%
of painstaking excavation before
scientists<00:17:19.760><c> could</c><00:17:20.079><c> study</c><00:17:20.640><c> the</c><00:17:20.959><c> complete</c>

15:28.029 --> 15:28.039 align:start position:0%
scientists could study the complete
 

15:28.039 --> 15:31.308 align:start position:0%
scientists could study the complete
animal.<00:17:22.880><c> This</c><00:17:23.199><c> whopper</c><00:17:23.760><c> of</c><00:17:23.919><c> a</c><00:17:24.079><c> T-Rex</c><00:17:24.559><c> was</c>

15:31.308 --> 15:31.318 align:start position:0%
animal. This whopper of a T-Rex was
 

15:31.318 --> 15:35.389 align:start position:0%
animal. This whopper of a T-Rex was
estimated<00:17:25.280><c> to</c><00:17:25.520><c> be</c><00:17:26.000><c> 13</c><00:17:26.640><c> m</c><00:17:27.199><c> long</c><00:17:28.000><c> and</c><00:17:28.319><c> using</c><00:17:28.640><c> the</c>

15:35.389 --> 15:35.399 align:start position:0%
estimated to be 13 m long and using the
 

15:35.399 --> 15:37.629 align:start position:0%
estimated to be 13 m long and using the
circumference<00:17:29.360><c> of</c><00:17:29.440><c> its</c><00:17:29.679><c> massive</c><00:17:30.080><c> thigh</c><00:17:30.400><c> bone</c>

15:37.629 --> 15:37.639 align:start position:0%
circumference of its massive thigh bone
 

15:37.639 --> 15:40.909 align:start position:0%
circumference of its massive thigh bone
estimated<00:17:31.600><c> to</c><00:17:31.840><c> weigh</c><00:17:32.160><c> over</c><00:17:32.559><c> 8,800</c>

15:40.909 --> 15:40.919 align:start position:0%
estimated to weigh over 8,800
 

15:40.919 --> 15:42.428 align:start position:0%
estimated to weigh over 8,800
kg.

15:42.428 --> 15:42.438 align:start position:0%
kg.
 

15:42.438 --> 15:44.269 align:start position:0%
kg.
As<00:17:36.240><c> one</c><00:17:36.400><c> of</c><00:17:36.480><c> the</c><00:17:36.720><c> largest</c><00:17:37.280><c> terrestrial</c>

15:44.269 --> 15:44.279 align:start position:0%
As one of the largest terrestrial
 

15:44.279 --> 15:46.188 align:start position:0%
As one of the largest terrestrial
predators<00:17:38.160><c> we've</c><00:17:38.480><c> ever</c><00:17:38.799><c> found,</c><00:17:39.280><c> it</c><00:17:39.520><c> was</c>

15:46.188 --> 15:46.198 align:start position:0%
predators we've ever found, it was
 

15:46.198 --> 15:50.029 align:start position:0%
predators we've ever found, it was
rightly<00:17:40.160><c> crowned</c><00:17:41.039><c> the</c><00:17:41.360><c> Rex</c><00:17:41.840><c> of</c><00:17:42.160><c> Rexes.</c><00:17:43.280><c> But</c>

15:50.029 --> 15:50.039 align:start position:0%
rightly crowned the Rex of Rexes. But
 

15:50.039 --> 15:51.789 align:start position:0%
rightly crowned the Rex of Rexes. But
these<00:17:43.760><c> impressive</c><00:17:44.160><c> numbers</c><00:17:44.559><c> don't</c><00:17:44.880><c> actually</c>

15:51.789 --> 15:51.799 align:start position:0%
these impressive numbers don't actually
 

15:51.799 --> 15:54.829 align:start position:0%
these impressive numbers don't actually
tell<00:17:45.520><c> us</c><00:17:45.840><c> what</c><00:17:46.240><c> T-Rex</c><00:17:47.039><c> looked</c><00:17:47.360><c> like.</c><00:17:47.840><c> And</c><00:17:48.000><c> for</c>

15:54.829 --> 15:54.839 align:start position:0%
tell us what T-Rex looked like. And for
 

15:54.839 --> 15:56.669 align:start position:0%
tell us what T-Rex looked like. And for
decades,<00:17:48.720><c> that's</c><00:17:49.039><c> been</c><00:17:49.200><c> a</c><00:17:49.440><c> surprisingly</c>

15:56.669 --> 15:56.679 align:start position:0%
decades, that's been a surprisingly
 

15:56.679 --> 15:58.909 align:start position:0%
decades, that's been a surprisingly
difficult<00:17:50.559><c> question</c><00:17:50.880><c> to</c><00:17:51.200><c> answer.</c>

15:58.909 --> 15:58.919 align:start position:0%
difficult question to answer.
 

15:58.919 --> 16:01.149 align:start position:0%
difficult question to answer.
For<00:17:52.720><c> a</c><00:17:52.960><c> long</c><00:17:53.200><c> time,</c><00:17:53.679><c> scientists</c><00:17:54.240><c> trying</c><00:17:54.480><c> to</c>

16:01.149 --> 16:01.159 align:start position:0%
For a long time, scientists trying to
 

16:01.159 --> 16:03.389 align:start position:0%
For a long time, scientists trying to
work<00:17:54.799><c> out</c><00:17:54.960><c> the</c><00:17:55.280><c> size</c><00:17:55.520><c> of</c><00:17:55.760><c> dinosaurs</c><00:17:56.480><c> like</c><00:17:56.720><c> the</c>

16:03.389 --> 16:03.399 align:start position:0%
work out the size of dinosaurs like the
 

16:03.399 --> 16:06.109 align:start position:0%
work out the size of dinosaurs like the
T-Rex<00:17:57.760><c> stuck</c><00:17:58.080><c> with</c><00:17:58.320><c> the</c><00:17:58.559><c> convex</c><00:17:59.120><c> hole</c>

16:06.109 --> 16:06.119 align:start position:0%
T-Rex stuck with the convex hole
 

16:06.119 --> 16:08.829 align:start position:0%
T-Rex stuck with the convex hole
expansion<00:18:00.320><c> method.</c><00:18:01.520><c> This</c><00:18:01.679><c> is</c><00:18:01.840><c> when</c><00:18:02.000><c> you</c><00:18:02.160><c> take</c>

16:08.829 --> 16:08.839 align:start position:0%
expansion method. This is when you take
 

16:08.839 --> 16:11.548 align:start position:0%
expansion method. This is when you take
the<00:18:02.559><c> 3D</c><00:18:02.960><c> skeleton</c><00:18:03.360><c> of</c><00:18:03.600><c> a</c><00:18:03.760><c> T-Rex</c><00:18:04.320><c> and</c><00:18:04.640><c> surround</c>

16:11.548 --> 16:11.558 align:start position:0%
the 3D skeleton of a T-Rex and surround
 

16:11.558 --> 16:14.029 align:start position:0%
the 3D skeleton of a T-Rex and surround
it<00:18:05.280><c> in</c><00:18:05.440><c> a</c><00:18:05.679><c> skin</c><00:18:06.000><c> wrapper</c><00:18:06.480><c> as</c><00:18:06.720><c> tightly</c><00:18:07.200><c> as</c>

16:14.029 --> 16:14.039 align:start position:0%
it in a skin wrapper as tightly as
 

16:14.039 --> 16:16.829 align:start position:0%
it in a skin wrapper as tightly as
possible.<00:18:08.240><c> This</c><00:18:08.400><c> is</c><00:18:08.559><c> the</c><00:18:08.799><c> convex</c><00:18:09.360><c> hole.</c><00:18:10.080><c> Then</c>

16:16.829 --> 16:16.839 align:start position:0%
possible. This is the convex hole. Then
 

16:16.839 --> 16:19.229 align:start position:0%
possible. This is the convex hole. Then
you<00:18:10.559><c> expand</c><00:18:10.880><c> the</c><00:18:11.039><c> hole,</c><00:18:11.360><c> the</c><00:18:11.600><c> skin</c><00:18:12.080><c> outward</c>

16:19.229 --> 16:19.239 align:start position:0%
you expand the hole, the skin outward
 

16:19.239 --> 16:21.068 align:start position:0%
you expand the hole, the skin outward
after<00:18:13.039><c> you've</c><00:18:13.280><c> estimated</c><00:18:13.840><c> where</c><00:18:14.080><c> the</c><00:18:14.240><c> soft</c>

16:21.068 --> 16:21.078 align:start position:0%
after you've estimated where the soft
 

16:21.078 --> 16:23.389 align:start position:0%
after you've estimated where the soft
tissue,<00:18:14.960><c> muscles,</c><00:18:15.360><c> organs,</c><00:18:15.840><c> fat,</c><00:18:16.240><c> etc.</c><00:18:16.640><c> would</c>

16:23.389 --> 16:23.399 align:start position:0%
tissue, muscles, organs, fat, etc. would
 

16:23.399 --> 16:26.669 align:start position:0%
tissue, muscles, organs, fat, etc. would
be.<00:18:17.840><c> Now,</c><00:18:18.160><c> the</c><00:18:18.320><c> problem</c><00:18:18.559><c> is</c><00:18:19.039><c> this</c><00:18:19.280><c> led</c><00:18:19.600><c> artists</c>

16:26.669 --> 16:26.679 align:start position:0%
be. Now, the problem is this led artists
 

16:26.679 --> 16:28.428 align:start position:0%
be. Now, the problem is this led artists
and<00:18:20.480><c> scientists</c><00:18:20.960><c> to</c><00:18:21.120><c> come</c><00:18:21.280><c> up</c><00:18:21.360><c> with</c><00:18:21.600><c> some</c>

16:28.428 --> 16:28.438 align:start position:0%
and scientists to come up with some
 

16:28.438 --> 16:32.589 align:start position:0%
and scientists to come up with some
wildly<00:18:22.480><c> diverse</c><00:18:23.039><c> size</c><00:18:23.360><c> estimates</c><00:18:23.919><c> for</c><00:18:24.320><c> T-Rex.</c>

16:32.589 --> 16:32.599 align:start position:0%
wildly diverse size estimates for T-Rex.
 

16:32.599 --> 16:35.149 align:start position:0%
wildly diverse size estimates for T-Rex.
But<00:18:26.480><c> two</c><00:18:26.799><c> new</c><00:18:27.120><c> studies,</c><00:18:27.679><c> one</c><00:18:27.919><c> by</c><00:18:28.240><c> Sophie</c>

16:35.149 --> 16:35.159 align:start position:0%
But two new studies, one by Sophie
 

16:35.159 --> 16:36.909 align:start position:0%
But two new studies, one by Sophie
McCauley<00:18:29.280><c> at</c><00:18:29.440><c> the</c><00:18:29.520><c> University</c><00:18:29.840><c> of</c><00:18:30.000><c> Liverpool</c>

16:36.909 --> 16:36.919 align:start position:0%
McCauley at the University of Liverpool
 

16:36.919 --> 16:39.869 align:start position:0%
McCauley at the University of Liverpool
and<00:18:30.640><c> her</c><00:18:30.880><c> colleagues</c><00:18:31.280><c> in</c><00:18:31.520><c> 2023,</c><00:18:32.720><c> and</c><00:18:32.960><c> another</c>

16:39.869 --> 16:39.879 align:start position:0%
and her colleagues in 2023, and another
 

16:39.879 --> 16:41.709 align:start position:0%
and her colleagues in 2023, and another
by<00:18:33.600><c> Matt</c><00:18:33.919><c> Dempsey</c><00:18:34.320><c> at</c><00:18:34.480><c> the</c><00:18:34.640><c> University</c><00:18:35.039><c> of</c>

16:41.709 --> 16:41.719 align:start position:0%
by Matt Dempsey at the University of
 

16:41.719 --> 16:45.068 align:start position:0%
by Matt Dempsey at the University of
Liverpool<00:18:35.679><c> and</c><00:18:35.919><c> his</c><00:18:36.160><c> colleagues</c><00:18:36.640><c> in</c><00:18:36.960><c> 2025,</c>

16:45.068 --> 16:45.078 align:start position:0%
Liverpool and his colleagues in 2025,
 

16:45.078 --> 16:48.029 align:start position:0%
Liverpool and his colleagues in 2025,
have<00:18:38.880><c> removed</c><00:18:39.440><c> that</c><00:18:39.840><c> guesswork.</c>

16:48.029 --> 16:48.039 align:start position:0%
have removed that guesswork.
 

16:48.039 --> 16:51.149 align:start position:0%
have removed that guesswork.
Instead,<00:18:42.320><c> they</c><00:18:42.640><c> use</c><00:18:42.960><c> CT</c><00:18:43.520><c> scans</c><00:18:44.000><c> of</c><00:18:44.240><c> living</c>

16:51.149 --> 16:51.159 align:start position:0%
Instead, they use CT scans of living
 

16:51.159 --> 16:53.789 align:start position:0%
Instead, they use CT scans of living
birds<00:18:45.039><c> and</c><00:18:45.360><c> reptiles,</c><00:18:46.080><c> T-Rex's</c><00:18:46.880><c> closest</c>

16:53.789 --> 16:53.799 align:start position:0%
birds and reptiles, T-Rex's closest
 

16:53.799 --> 16:56.029 align:start position:0%
birds and reptiles, T-Rex's closest
living<00:18:47.600><c> relatives,</c><00:18:48.400><c> to</c><00:18:48.640><c> define</c><00:18:48.960><c> how</c><00:18:49.280><c> much</c>

16:56.029 --> 16:56.039 align:start position:0%
living relatives, to define how much
 

16:56.039 --> 16:58.269 align:start position:0%
living relatives, to define how much
soft<00:18:49.840><c> tissue</c><00:18:50.240><c> each</c><00:18:50.559><c> segment</c><00:18:50.880><c> of</c><00:18:51.039><c> the</c><00:18:51.280><c> body</c>

16:58.269 --> 16:58.279 align:start position:0%
soft tissue each segment of the body
 

16:58.279 --> 17:00.989 align:start position:0%
soft tissue each segment of the body
should<00:18:52.080><c> have.</c><00:18:53.120><c> They</c><00:18:53.440><c> essentially</c><00:18:53.840><c> created</c><00:18:54.160><c> a</c>

17:00.989 --> 17:00.999 align:start position:0%
should have. They essentially created a
 

17:00.999 --> 17:03.789 align:start position:0%
should have. They essentially created a
series<00:18:54.720><c> of</c><00:18:54.960><c> ratios</c><00:18:55.760><c> showing</c><00:18:56.160><c> how</c><00:18:56.480><c> big</c><00:18:56.720><c> a</c><00:18:56.960><c> body</c>

17:03.789 --> 17:03.799 align:start position:0%
series of ratios showing how big a body
 

17:03.799 --> 17:05.469 align:start position:0%
series of ratios showing how big a body
part<00:18:57.600><c> should</c><00:18:57.840><c> be</c><00:18:58.160><c> compared</c><00:18:58.559><c> to</c><00:18:58.720><c> the</c>

17:05.469 --> 17:05.479 align:start position:0%
part should be compared to the
 

17:05.479 --> 17:08.749 align:start position:0%
part should be compared to the
underlying<00:18:59.520><c> bones</c><00:19:00.480><c> for</c><00:19:00.880><c> every</c><00:19:01.280><c> part</c><00:19:01.840><c> of</c><00:19:02.000><c> the</c>

17:08.749 --> 17:08.759 align:start position:0%
underlying bones for every part of the
 

17:08.759 --> 17:11.949 align:start position:0%
underlying bones for every part of the
animal.<00:19:03.440><c> They</c><00:19:03.679><c> then</c><00:19:03.919><c> used</c><00:19:04.240><c> those</c><00:19:04.480><c> ratios</c><00:19:05.039><c> as</c><00:19:05.200><c> a</c>

17:11.949 --> 17:11.959 align:start position:0%
animal. They then used those ratios as a
 

17:11.959 --> 17:14.909 align:start position:0%
animal. They then used those ratios as a
recipe<00:19:05.840><c> to</c><00:19:06.160><c> flesh</c><00:19:06.480><c> out</c><00:19:06.880><c> 52</c><00:19:07.760><c> dinosaur</c>

17:14.909 --> 17:14.919 align:start position:0%
recipe to flesh out 52 dinosaur
 

17:14.919 --> 17:18.989 align:start position:0%
recipe to flesh out 52 dinosaur
skeletons,<00:19:09.280><c> including</c><00:19:10.240><c> the</c><00:19:10.559><c> T-Rex.</c>

17:18.989 --> 17:18.999 align:start position:0%
skeletons, including the T-Rex.
 

17:18.999 --> 17:20.669 align:start position:0%
skeletons, including the T-Rex.
They<00:19:12.799><c> found</c><00:19:12.960><c> that</c><00:19:13.200><c> many</c><00:19:13.520><c> of</c><00:19:13.679><c> the</c><00:19:13.840><c> old</c>

17:20.669 --> 17:20.679 align:start position:0%
They found that many of the old
 

17:20.679 --> 17:23.308 align:start position:0%
They found that many of the old
reconstructions<00:19:14.960><c> for</c><00:19:15.280><c> non-avian</c><00:19:16.160><c> dinosaurs</c>

17:23.308 --> 17:23.318 align:start position:0%
reconstructions for non-avian dinosaurs
 

17:23.318 --> 17:26.428 align:start position:0%
reconstructions for non-avian dinosaurs
were<00:19:17.200><c> too</c><00:19:17.600><c> slim.</c><00:19:18.640><c> The</c><00:19:18.880><c> real</c><00:19:19.200><c> animals</c><00:19:19.679><c> were</c>

17:26.428 --> 17:26.438 align:start position:0%
were too slim. The real animals were
 

17:26.438 --> 17:28.829 align:start position:0%
were too slim. The real animals were
more<00:19:20.160><c> muscular,</c><00:19:20.960><c> heavier</c><00:19:21.520><c> than</c><00:19:21.840><c> previous</c>

17:28.829 --> 17:28.839 align:start position:0%
more muscular, heavier than previous
 

17:28.839 --> 17:31.548 align:start position:0%
more muscular, heavier than previous
artistic<00:19:22.880><c> depictions</c><00:19:23.520><c> suggested.</c><00:19:24.799><c> For</c>

17:31.548 --> 17:31.558 align:start position:0%
artistic depictions suggested. For
 

17:31.558 --> 17:33.869 align:start position:0%
artistic depictions suggested. For
T-Rex,<00:19:25.600><c> the</c><00:19:25.760><c> weight</c><00:19:26.080><c> was</c><00:19:26.400><c> roughly</c><00:19:26.799><c> in</c><00:19:27.039><c> keeping</c>

17:33.869 --> 17:33.879 align:start position:0%
T-Rex, the weight was roughly in keeping
 

17:33.879 --> 17:36.269 align:start position:0%
T-Rex, the weight was roughly in keeping
with<00:19:27.760><c> previous</c><00:19:28.320><c> estimates,</c><00:19:28.960><c> but</c><00:19:29.200><c> the</c><00:19:29.440><c> old</c>

17:36.269 --> 17:36.279 align:start position:0%
with previous estimates, but the old
 

17:36.279 --> 17:38.509 align:start position:0%
with previous estimates, but the old
visuals<00:19:30.240><c> were</c><00:19:30.480><c> underselling</c><00:19:31.200><c> how</c><00:19:31.440><c> heavily</c>

17:38.509 --> 17:38.519 align:start position:0%
visuals were underselling how heavily
 

17:38.519 --> 17:41.229 align:start position:0%
visuals were underselling how heavily
muscled<00:19:32.559><c> it</c><00:19:32.799><c> really</c><00:19:33.120><c> was</c><00:19:33.840><c> because</c><00:19:34.160><c> the</c><00:19:34.400><c> truth</c>

17:41.229 --> 17:41.239 align:start position:0%
muscled it really was because the truth
 

17:41.239 --> 17:44.989 align:start position:0%
muscled it really was because the truth
is<00:19:35.520><c> T-Rex</c><00:19:36.080><c> was</c><00:19:36.559><c> stacked.</c>

17:44.989 --> 17:44.999 align:start position:0%
is T-Rex was stacked.
 

17:44.999 --> 17:46.349 align:start position:0%
is T-Rex was stacked.
And<00:19:38.720><c> this</c><00:19:38.960><c> fits</c><00:19:39.200><c> in</c><00:19:39.360><c> with</c><00:19:39.520><c> what</c>

17:46.349 --> 17:46.359 align:start position:0%
And this fits in with what
 

17:46.359 --> 17:49.068 align:start position:0%
And this fits in with what
paleontologists<00:19:40.880><c> already</c><00:19:41.280><c> knew</c><00:19:41.600><c> about</c><00:19:41.919><c> T-Rex</c>

17:49.068 --> 17:49.078 align:start position:0%
paleontologists already knew about T-Rex
 

17:49.078 --> 17:52.029 align:start position:0%
paleontologists already knew about T-Rex
anatomy.<00:19:43.600><c> It</c><00:19:43.840><c> had</c><00:19:44.080><c> longer</c><00:19:44.559><c> distal</c><00:19:45.120><c> limb</c>

17:52.029 --> 17:52.039 align:start position:0%
anatomy. It had longer distal limb
 

17:52.039 --> 17:54.909 align:start position:0%
anatomy. It had longer distal limb
bones,<00:19:46.240><c> larger</c><00:19:46.799><c> muscle</c><00:19:47.280><c> attachment</c><00:19:47.840><c> surfaces</c>

17:54.909 --> 17:54.919 align:start position:0%
bones, larger muscle attachment surfaces
 

17:54.919 --> 17:58.029 align:start position:0%
bones, larger muscle attachment surfaces
on<00:19:48.640><c> the</c><00:19:48.880><c> hips,</c><00:19:49.679><c> and</c><00:19:49.919><c> more</c><00:19:50.160><c> rigid</c><00:19:50.640><c> tails</c><00:19:51.200><c> than</c>

17:58.029 --> 17:58.039 align:start position:0%
on the hips, and more rigid tails than
 

17:58.039 --> 18:01.149 align:start position:0%
on the hips, and more rigid tails than
any<00:19:51.840><c> other</c><00:19:52.320><c> large</c><00:19:52.880><c> theropod.</c><00:19:54.160><c> This</c><00:19:54.400><c> all</c>

18:01.149 --> 18:01.159 align:start position:0%
any other large theropod. This all
 

18:01.159 --> 18:03.229 align:start position:0%
any other large theropod. This all
points<00:19:54.880><c> to</c><00:19:55.039><c> an</c><00:19:55.200><c> animal</c><00:19:55.440><c> that</c><00:19:55.760><c> was</c><00:19:55.919><c> capable</c><00:19:56.400><c> of</c>

18:03.229 --> 18:03.239 align:start position:0%
points to an animal that was capable of
 

18:03.239 --> 18:06.029 align:start position:0%
points to an animal that was capable of
more<00:19:57.039><c> vigorous</c><00:19:57.679><c> and</c><00:19:58.000><c> more</c><00:19:58.320><c> powerful</c><00:19:58.960><c> physical</c>

18:06.029 --> 18:06.039 align:start position:0%
more vigorous and more powerful physical
 

18:06.039 --> 18:09.869 align:start position:0%
more vigorous and more powerful physical
movement<00:20:00.400><c> than</c><00:20:00.799><c> any</c><00:20:01.280><c> predator</c><00:20:01.919><c> its</c><00:20:02.240><c> size.</c>

18:09.869 --> 18:09.879 align:start position:0%
movement than any predator its size.
 

18:09.879 --> 18:12.269 align:start position:0%
movement than any predator its size.
T-Rex<00:20:03.919><c> wasn't</c><00:20:04.240><c> just</c><00:20:04.480><c> the</c><00:20:04.720><c> biggest.</c><00:20:05.440><c> It</c><00:20:05.600><c> was</c>

18:12.269 --> 18:12.279 align:start position:0%
T-Rex wasn't just the biggest. It was
 

18:12.279 --> 18:14.749 align:start position:0%
T-Rex wasn't just the biggest. It was
also<00:20:06.080><c> the</c><00:20:06.320><c> most</c><00:20:06.640><c> powerfully</c><00:20:07.360><c> built</c><00:20:07.840><c> land</c>

18:14.749 --> 18:14.759 align:start position:0%
also the most powerfully built land
 

18:14.759 --> 18:18.509 align:start position:0%
also the most powerfully built land
predator<00:20:09.120><c> that</c><00:20:09.520><c> ever</c><00:20:10.080><c> lived.</c><00:20:11.280><c> For</c><00:20:11.600><c> years,</c>

18:18.509 --> 18:18.519 align:start position:0%
predator that ever lived. For years,
 

18:18.519 --> 18:20.749 align:start position:0%
predator that ever lived. For years,
scientists<00:20:12.480><c> thought</c><00:20:12.880><c> Scotty</c><00:20:13.360><c> at</c><00:20:13.600><c> just</c><00:20:13.840><c> under</c>

18:20.749 --> 18:20.759 align:start position:0%
scientists thought Scotty at just under
 

18:20.759 --> 18:24.188 align:start position:0%
scientists thought Scotty at just under
9<00:20:14.559><c> tons</c><00:20:15.440><c> was</c><00:20:15.600><c> the</c><00:20:15.919><c> upper</c><00:20:16.320><c> biological</c><00:20:16.960><c> limit</c><00:20:17.280><c> of</c>

18:24.188 --> 18:24.198 align:start position:0%
9 tons was the upper biological limit of
 

18:24.198 --> 18:27.308 align:start position:0%
9 tons was the upper biological limit of
T-Rex.<00:20:18.799><c> But</c><00:20:19.039><c> in</c><00:20:19.280><c> 2024,</c>

18:27.308 --> 18:27.318 align:start position:0%
T-Rex. But in 2024,
 

18:27.318 --> 18:29.629 align:start position:0%
T-Rex. But in 2024,
new<00:20:21.120><c> research</c><00:20:21.600><c> suggested</c><00:20:22.240><c> something</c><00:20:22.799><c> far</c>

18:29.629 --> 18:29.639 align:start position:0%
new research suggested something far
 

18:29.639 --> 18:33.469 align:start position:0%
new research suggested something far
more<00:20:23.760><c> menacing.</c><00:20:24.960><c> T-Rex</c><00:20:25.520><c> may</c><00:20:25.760><c> have</c><00:20:26.000><c> been</c><00:20:26.320><c> much,</c>

18:33.469 --> 18:33.479 align:start position:0%
more menacing. T-Rex may have been much,
 

18:33.479 --> 18:37.308 align:start position:0%
more menacing. T-Rex may have been much,
much<00:20:28.159><c> bigger.</c><00:20:29.520><c> The</c><00:20:29.760><c> study</c><00:20:30.000><c> was</c><00:20:30.159><c> based</c><00:20:30.400><c> on</c><00:20:30.559><c> the</c>

18:37.308 --> 18:37.318 align:start position:0%
much bigger. The study was based on the
 

18:37.318 --> 18:40.109 align:start position:0%
much bigger. The study was based on the
idea<00:20:30.960><c> that</c><00:20:31.200><c> of</c><00:20:31.440><c> the</c><00:20:31.679><c> estimated</c><00:20:32.320><c> 2.5</c><00:20:33.200><c> billion</c>

18:40.109 --> 18:40.119 align:start position:0%
idea that of the estimated 2.5 billion
 

18:40.119 --> 18:42.989 align:start position:0%
idea that of the estimated 2.5 billion
T-Rex<00:20:34.080><c> to</c><00:20:34.320><c> have</c><00:20:34.480><c> ever</c><00:20:34.720><c> lived,</c><00:20:35.600><c> we</c><00:20:35.840><c> only</c><00:20:36.080><c> have</c>

18:42.989 --> 18:42.999 align:start position:0%
T-Rex to have ever lived, we only have
 

18:42.999 --> 18:46.349 align:start position:0%
T-Rex to have ever lived, we only have
84<00:20:37.280><c> reasonably</c><00:20:38.000><c> complete</c><00:20:38.559><c> skeletons.</c><00:20:39.600><c> And</c>

18:46.349 --> 18:46.359 align:start position:0%
84 reasonably complete skeletons. And
 

18:46.359 --> 18:47.709 align:start position:0%
84 reasonably complete skeletons. And
that<00:20:40.000><c> means</c><00:20:40.240><c> the</c><00:20:40.480><c> chances</c><00:20:40.720><c> that</c><00:20:40.960><c> we've</c>

18:47.709 --> 18:47.719 align:start position:0%
that means the chances that we've
 

18:47.719 --> 18:50.989 align:start position:0%
that means the chances that we've
already<00:20:41.440><c> found</c><00:20:41.760><c> the</c><00:20:42.240><c> maximumsized</c><00:20:43.200><c> T-Rex</c><00:20:44.000><c> are</c>

18:50.989 --> 18:50.999 align:start position:0%
already found the maximumsized T-Rex are
 

18:50.999 --> 18:53.949 align:start position:0%
already found the maximumsized T-Rex are
basically<00:20:45.039><c> zilch.</c><00:20:46.320><c> And</c><00:20:46.559><c> that</c><00:20:46.880><c> inspired</c>

18:53.949 --> 18:53.959 align:start position:0%
basically zilch. And that inspired
 

18:53.959 --> 18:56.589 align:start position:0%
basically zilch. And that inspired
analysis<00:20:48.000><c> by</c><00:20:48.320><c> Jordan</c><00:20:48.799><c> Malin</c><00:20:49.200><c> from</c><00:20:49.440><c> Canadian</c>

18:56.589 --> 18:56.599 align:start position:0%
analysis by Jordan Malin from Canadian
 

18:56.599 --> 18:59.149 align:start position:0%
analysis by Jordan Malin from Canadian
Museum<00:20:50.480><c> of</c><00:20:50.720><c> Nature</c><00:20:51.360><c> and</c><00:20:51.679><c> David</c><00:20:52.000><c> Hone</c><00:20:52.400><c> from</c>

18:59.149 --> 18:59.159 align:start position:0%
Museum of Nature and David Hone from
 

18:59.159 --> 19:01.308 align:start position:0%
Museum of Nature and David Hone from
Queen<00:20:52.960><c> Mary</c><00:20:53.280><c> University</c><00:20:53.679><c> in</c><00:20:54.000><c> London</c><00:20:54.559><c> who</c>

19:01.308 --> 19:01.318 align:start position:0%
Queen Mary University in London who
 

19:01.318 --> 19:03.548 align:start position:0%
Queen Mary University in London who
built<00:20:55.120><c> a</c><00:20:55.280><c> statistical</c><00:20:55.840><c> model</c><00:20:56.159><c> of</c><00:20:56.400><c> the</c><00:20:56.720><c> full</c>

19:03.548 --> 19:03.558 align:start position:0%
built a statistical model of the full
 

19:03.558 --> 19:06.909 align:start position:0%
built a statistical model of the full
range<00:20:57.840><c> of</c><00:20:58.159><c> T-Rex</c><00:20:58.799><c> sizes.</c>

19:06.909 --> 19:06.919 align:start position:0%
range of T-Rex sizes.
 

19:06.919 --> 19:09.308 align:start position:0%
range of T-Rex sizes.
Staggeringly,<00:21:01.280><c> their</c><00:21:01.600><c> results</c><00:21:02.000><c> show</c><00:21:02.240><c> that</c><00:21:02.480><c> in</c>

19:09.308 --> 19:09.318 align:start position:0%
Staggeringly, their results show that in
 

19:09.318 --> 19:12.829 align:start position:0%
Staggeringly, their results show that in
fact<00:21:03.440><c> the</c><00:21:03.760><c> absolute</c><00:21:04.400><c> maximum</c><00:21:04.960><c> body</c><00:21:05.280><c> of</c><00:21:05.520><c> T-Rex</c>

19:12.829 --> 19:12.839 align:start position:0%
fact the absolute maximum body of T-Rex
 

19:12.839 --> 19:15.389 align:start position:0%
fact the absolute maximum body of T-Rex
could<00:21:06.480><c> have</c><00:21:06.720><c> actually</c><00:21:07.120><c> been</c><00:21:07.360><c> more</c><00:21:07.600><c> like</c><00:21:08.159><c> 15</c>

19:15.389 --> 19:15.399 align:start position:0%
could have actually been more like 15
 

19:15.399 --> 19:19.469 align:start position:0%
could have actually been more like 15
tons.<00:21:10.000><c> That</c><00:21:10.240><c> is</c><00:21:10.559><c> 70%</c><00:21:11.360><c> heavier</c><00:21:11.840><c> than</c><00:21:12.159><c> Scotty,</c>

19:19.469 --> 19:19.479 align:start position:0%
tons. That is 70% heavier than Scotty,
 

19:19.479 --> 19:22.269 align:start position:0%
tons. That is 70% heavier than Scotty,
the<00:21:13.280><c> largest</c><00:21:13.679><c> specimen</c><00:21:14.240><c> we've</c><00:21:14.640><c> ever</c><00:21:14.960><c> found.</c>

19:22.269 --> 19:22.279 align:start position:0%
the largest specimen we've ever found.
 

19:22.279 --> 19:24.509 align:start position:0%
the largest specimen we've ever found.
They<00:21:16.080><c> also</c><00:21:16.480><c> calculate</c><00:21:16.880><c> that</c><00:21:17.120><c> a</c><00:21:17.360><c> full-size</c>

19:24.509 --> 19:24.519 align:start position:0%
They also calculate that a full-size
 

19:24.519 --> 19:28.109 align:start position:0%
They also calculate that a full-size
T-Rex<00:21:18.880><c> would</c><00:21:19.120><c> have</c><00:21:19.280><c> exceeded</c><00:21:20.080><c> 15</c><00:21:20.720><c> m</c><00:21:21.360><c> in</c>

19:28.109 --> 19:28.119 align:start position:0%
T-Rex would have exceeded 15 m in
 

19:28.119 --> 19:29.869 align:start position:0%
T-Rex would have exceeded 15 m in
length.

19:29.869 --> 19:29.879 align:start position:0%
length.
 

19:29.879 --> 19:31.869 align:start position:0%
length.
That<00:21:23.600><c> was</c><00:21:23.919><c> a</c><00:21:24.080><c> lot</c><00:21:24.240><c> to</c><00:21:24.480><c> digest.</c><00:21:24.880><c> And</c><00:21:25.039><c> I</c><00:21:25.200><c> don't</c>

19:31.869 --> 19:31.879 align:start position:0%
That was a lot to digest. And I don't
 

19:31.879 --> 19:33.068 align:start position:0%
That was a lot to digest. And I don't
know<00:21:25.440><c> about</c><00:21:25.600><c> you,</c><00:21:25.760><c> but</c><00:21:25.919><c> if</c><00:21:26.159><c> I</c><00:21:26.320><c> were</c><00:21:26.480><c> a</c>

19:33.068 --> 19:33.078 align:start position:0%
know about you, but if I were a
 

19:33.078 --> 19:35.229 align:start position:0%
know about you, but if I were a
paleontologist<00:21:27.440><c> discovering</c><00:21:27.919><c> that</c><00:21:28.159><c> T-Rex</c>

19:35.229 --> 19:35.239 align:start position:0%
paleontologist discovering that T-Rex
 

19:35.239 --> 19:37.469 align:start position:0%
paleontologist discovering that T-Rex
was<00:21:29.039><c> actually</c><00:21:29.360><c> almost</c><00:21:29.679><c> twice</c><00:21:30.000><c> the</c><00:21:30.320><c> size</c><00:21:30.559><c> we</c>

19:37.469 --> 19:37.479 align:start position:0%
was actually almost twice the size we
 

19:37.479 --> 19:40.188 align:start position:0%
was actually almost twice the size we
thought,<00:21:32.000><c> well,</c><00:21:32.320><c> that</c><00:21:32.559><c> would</c><00:21:32.720><c> make</c><00:21:32.960><c> my</c><00:21:33.200><c> entire</c>

19:40.188 --> 19:40.198 align:start position:0%
thought, well, that would make my entire
 

19:40.198 --> 19:42.269 align:start position:0%
thought, well, that would make my entire
career.<00:21:34.320><c> I</c><00:21:34.480><c> mean,</c><00:21:34.640><c> this</c><00:21:34.799><c> is</c><00:21:34.880><c> the</c><00:21:35.120><c> stuff</c><00:21:35.360><c> of</c>

19:42.269 --> 19:42.279 align:start position:0%
career. I mean, this is the stuff of
 

19:42.279 --> 19:44.589 align:start position:0%
career. I mean, this is the stuff of
dreams<00:21:36.240><c> for</c><00:21:36.559><c> paleontologists</c><00:21:37.440><c> and</c><00:21:37.679><c> for</c><00:21:37.919><c> many</c>

19:44.589 --> 19:44.599 align:start position:0%
dreams for paleontologists and for many
 

19:44.599 --> 19:47.389 align:start position:0%
dreams for paleontologists and for many
of<00:21:38.240><c> us,</c><00:21:38.799><c> the</c><00:21:39.039><c> stuff</c><00:21:39.200><c> of</c><00:21:39.360><c> nightmares.</c>

19:47.389 --> 19:47.399 align:start position:0%
of us, the stuff of nightmares.
 

19:47.399 --> 19:49.629 align:start position:0%
of us, the stuff of nightmares.
This<00:21:41.120><c> new</c><00:21:41.440><c> vision</c><00:21:41.760><c> of</c><00:21:42.000><c> the</c><00:21:42.159><c> T-Rex</c><00:21:42.640><c> blows</c>

19:49.629 --> 19:49.639 align:start position:0%
This new vision of the T-Rex blows
 

19:49.639 --> 19:51.869 align:start position:0%
This new vision of the T-Rex blows
everything<00:21:43.520><c> else</c><00:21:43.840><c> out</c><00:21:44.159><c> the</c><00:21:44.400><c> water.</c><00:21:45.120><c> This</c>

19:51.869 --> 19:51.879 align:start position:0%
everything else out the water. This
 

19:51.879 --> 19:54.109 align:start position:0%
everything else out the water. This
beast<00:21:45.679><c> was</c><00:21:45.919><c> likely</c><00:21:46.400><c> bigger,</c><00:21:46.960><c> stronger,</c><00:21:47.360><c> and</c>

19:54.109 --> 19:54.119 align:start position:0%
beast was likely bigger, stronger, and
 

19:54.119 --> 19:56.269 align:start position:0%
beast was likely bigger, stronger, and
more<00:21:47.919><c> terrifying</c><00:21:48.480><c> than</c><00:21:48.640><c> we</c><00:21:48.880><c> could</c><00:21:49.120><c> ever</c><00:21:49.440><c> have</c>

19:56.269 --> 19:56.279 align:start position:0%
more terrifying than we could ever have
 

19:56.279 --> 19:58.029 align:start position:0%
more terrifying than we could ever have
imagined.

19:58.029 --> 19:58.039 align:start position:0%
imagined.
 

19:58.039 --> 19:59.548 align:start position:0%
imagined.
But<00:21:51.760><c> we're</c><00:21:52.000><c> not</c><00:21:52.159><c> done</c><00:21:52.400><c> yet,</c><00:21:52.640><c> because</c><00:21:52.880><c> the</c>

19:59.548 --> 19:59.558 align:start position:0%
But we're not done yet, because the
 

19:59.558 --> 20:01.469 align:start position:0%
But we're not done yet, because the
Dempsey<00:21:53.600><c> study</c><00:21:54.000><c> also</c><00:21:54.320><c> reveals</c><00:21:54.720><c> something</c>

20:01.469 --> 20:01.479 align:start position:0%
Dempsey study also reveals something
 

20:01.479 --> 20:03.869 align:start position:0%
Dempsey study also reveals something
about<00:21:55.200><c> how</c><00:21:55.440><c> T-Rex</c><00:21:56.159><c> carried</c><00:21:56.720><c> all</c><00:21:56.960><c> of</c><00:21:57.120><c> that</c>

20:03.869 --> 20:03.879 align:start position:0%
about how T-Rex carried all of that
 

20:03.879 --> 20:07.308 align:start position:0%
about how T-Rex carried all of that
mass.<00:21:58.799><c> Compared</c><00:21:59.200><c> to</c><00:21:59.440><c> other</c><00:21:59.760><c> giant</c><00:22:00.159><c> theropods</c>

20:07.308 --> 20:07.318 align:start position:0%
mass. Compared to other giant theropods
 

20:07.318 --> 20:10.109 align:start position:0%
mass. Compared to other giant theropods
of<00:22:00.960><c> similar</c><00:22:01.360><c> size,</c><00:22:02.080><c> T-Rex's</c><00:22:02.799><c> center</c><00:22:03.120><c> of</c><00:22:03.280><c> mass</c>

20:10.109 --> 20:10.119 align:start position:0%
of similar size, T-Rex's center of mass
 

20:10.119 --> 20:12.749 align:start position:0%
of similar size, T-Rex's center of mass
sat<00:22:03.919><c> further</c><00:22:04.240><c> toward</c><00:22:04.559><c> its</c><00:22:04.799><c> head,</c><00:22:05.520><c> implying</c><00:22:06.000><c> a</c>

20:12.749 --> 20:12.759 align:start position:0%
sat further toward its head, implying a
 

20:12.759 --> 20:15.068 align:start position:0%
sat further toward its head, implying a
more<00:22:06.559><c> crouched,</c><00:22:07.200><c> actively</c><00:22:07.679><c> balanced</c><00:22:08.159><c> posture</c>

20:15.068 --> 20:15.078 align:start position:0%
more crouched, actively balanced posture
 

20:15.078 --> 20:17.709 align:start position:0%
more crouched, actively balanced posture
than<00:22:08.799><c> its</c><00:22:09.039><c> rivals.</c><00:22:10.159><c> And</c><00:22:10.320><c> that</c><00:22:10.559><c> leads</c><00:22:10.799><c> to</c><00:22:10.960><c> one</c>

20:17.709 --> 20:17.719 align:start position:0%
than its rivals. And that leads to one
 

20:17.719 --> 20:21.389 align:start position:0%
than its rivals. And that leads to one
big<00:22:11.440><c> question.</c><00:22:12.559><c> How</c><00:22:12.799><c> did</c><00:22:12.960><c> it</c><00:22:13.200><c> actually</c><00:22:13.679><c> move?</c>

20:21.389 --> 20:21.399 align:start position:0%
big question. How did it actually move?
 

20:21.399 --> 20:23.229 align:start position:0%
big question. How did it actually move?
Hot<00:22:15.120><c> off</c><00:22:15.360><c> the</c><00:22:15.520><c> press</c><00:22:15.760><c> just</c><00:22:16.000><c> this</c><00:22:16.240><c> year</c><00:22:16.400><c> in</c>

20:23.229 --> 20:23.239 align:start position:0%
Hot off the press just this year in
 

20:23.239 --> 20:26.109 align:start position:0%
Hot off the press just this year in
2026,<00:22:17.760><c> Adrien</c><00:22:18.320><c> Boai</c><00:22:18.799><c> at</c><00:22:18.960><c> the</c><00:22:19.039><c> College</c><00:22:19.360><c> of</c><00:22:19.440><c> the</c>

20:26.109 --> 20:26.119 align:start position:0%
2026, Adrien Boai at the College of the
 

20:26.119 --> 20:28.269 align:start position:0%
2026, Adrien Boai at the College of the
Atlantic<00:22:20.080><c> and</c><00:22:20.320><c> his</c><00:22:20.559><c> colleagues</c><00:22:21.280><c> turned</c><00:22:21.520><c> their</c>

20:28.269 --> 20:28.279 align:start position:0%
Atlantic and his colleagues turned their
 

20:28.279 --> 20:31.469 align:start position:0%
Atlantic and his colleagues turned their
attention<00:22:22.080><c> to</c><00:22:22.240><c> the</c><00:22:22.400><c> T-Rex</c><00:22:23.120><c> foot.</c><00:22:24.400><c> Combining</c>

20:31.469 --> 20:31.479 align:start position:0%
attention to the T-Rex foot. Combining
 

20:31.479 --> 20:33.469 align:start position:0%
attention to the T-Rex foot. Combining
trackway<00:22:25.600><c> evidence</c><00:22:25.919><c> with</c><00:22:26.080><c> biomechanical</c>

20:33.469 --> 20:33.479 align:start position:0%
trackway evidence with biomechanical
 

20:33.479 --> 20:36.109 align:start position:0%
trackway evidence with biomechanical
analysis,<00:22:27.919><c> they</c><00:22:28.159><c> found</c><00:22:28.320><c> that</c><00:22:28.559><c> T-Rex</c><00:22:29.120><c> almost</c>

20:36.109 --> 20:36.119 align:start position:0%
analysis, they found that T-Rex almost
 

20:36.119 --> 20:38.749 align:start position:0%
analysis, they found that T-Rex almost
certainly<00:22:30.080><c> hit</c><00:22:30.320><c> the</c><00:22:30.559><c> ground</c><00:22:30.960><c> toe</c><00:22:31.520><c> first</c><00:22:32.000><c> like</c>

20:38.749 --> 20:38.759 align:start position:0%
certainly hit the ground toe first like
 

20:38.759 --> 20:41.629 align:start position:0%
certainly hit the ground toe first like
a<00:22:32.480><c> bird</c><00:22:33.120><c> with</c><00:22:33.520><c> shorter,</c><00:22:34.080><c> faster</c><00:22:34.559><c> shries</c><00:22:34.880><c> than</c>

20:41.629 --> 20:41.639 align:start position:0%
a bird with shorter, faster shries than
 

20:41.639 --> 20:44.109 align:start position:0%
a bird with shorter, faster shries than
its<00:22:35.280><c> size</c><00:22:35.600><c> would</c><00:22:35.840><c> suggest.</c><00:22:37.039><c> Yeah,</c><00:22:37.360><c> that</c>

20:44.109 --> 20:44.119 align:start position:0%
its size would suggest. Yeah, that
 

20:44.119 --> 20:46.428 align:start position:0%
its size would suggest. Yeah, that
probably<00:22:37.919><c> means</c><00:22:38.240><c> no</c><00:22:38.640><c> thundering</c><00:22:39.360><c> water</c><00:22:39.679><c> in</c>

20:46.428 --> 20:46.438 align:start position:0%
probably means no thundering water in
 

20:46.438 --> 20:48.349 align:start position:0%
probably means no thundering water in
glass<00:22:40.320><c> shaking</c><00:22:40.799><c> steps</c><00:22:41.039><c> that</c><00:22:41.280><c> we</c><00:22:41.520><c> see</c><00:22:41.600><c> in</c>

20:48.349 --> 20:48.359 align:start position:0%
glass shaking steps that we see in
 

20:48.359 --> 20:50.668 align:start position:0%
glass shaking steps that we see in
movies,<00:22:42.480><c> but</c><00:22:42.720><c> something</c><00:22:43.039><c> much</c><00:22:43.360><c> closer</c><00:22:43.760><c> to</c><00:22:43.919><c> a</c>

20:50.668 --> 20:50.678 align:start position:0%
movies, but something much closer to a
 

20:50.678 --> 20:54.029 align:start position:0%
movies, but something much closer to a
giant<00:22:44.720><c> power</c><00:22:45.039><c> walking</c><00:22:45.679><c> ostrich.</c>

20:54.029 --> 20:54.039 align:start position:0%
giant power walking ostrich.
 

20:54.039 --> 20:56.349 align:start position:0%
giant power walking ostrich.
This<00:22:47.840><c> style</c><00:22:48.240><c> of</c><00:22:48.480><c> movement</c><00:22:48.799><c> means</c><00:22:49.120><c> T-Rex</c><00:22:49.600><c> was</c>

20:56.349 --> 20:56.359 align:start position:0%
This style of movement means T-Rex was
 

20:56.359 --> 20:58.909 align:start position:0%
This style of movement means T-Rex was
much<00:22:50.159><c> more</c><00:22:50.400><c> stable</c><00:22:50.799><c> on</c><00:22:51.039><c> its</c><00:22:51.280><c> feet</c><00:22:51.919><c> and</c><00:22:52.159><c> could</c>

20:58.909 --> 20:58.919 align:start position:0%
much more stable on its feet and could
 

20:58.919 --> 21:01.229 align:start position:0%
much more stable on its feet and could
move<00:22:52.640><c> its</c><00:22:52.880><c> head</c><00:22:53.120><c> sharply</c><00:22:53.679><c> for</c><00:22:53.919><c> more</c><00:22:54.159><c> precise</c>

21:01.229 --> 21:01.239 align:start position:0%
move its head sharply for more precise
 

21:01.239 --> 21:03.709 align:start position:0%
move its head sharply for more precise
hunting.<00:22:55.679><c> It</c><00:22:55.919><c> also</c><00:22:56.080><c> means</c><00:22:56.320><c> the</c><00:22:56.480><c> T-Rex</c><00:22:56.960><c> was</c>

21:03.709 --> 21:03.719 align:start position:0%
hunting. It also means the T-Rex was
 

21:03.719 --> 21:06.428 align:start position:0%
hunting. It also means the T-Rex was
quieter<00:22:57.760><c> and</c><00:22:58.000><c> more</c><00:22:58.320><c> agile</c><00:22:59.200><c> than</c><00:22:59.440><c> Jurassic</c>

21:06.428 --> 21:06.438 align:start position:0%
quieter and more agile than Jurassic
 

21:06.438 --> 21:09.469 align:start position:0%
quieter and more agile than Jurassic
Park<00:23:00.320><c> suggests.</c><00:23:01.600><c> Based</c><00:23:01.919><c> on</c><00:23:02.080><c> analysis,</c>

21:09.469 --> 21:09.479 align:start position:0%
Park suggests. Based on analysis,
 

21:09.479 --> 21:11.949 align:start position:0%
Park suggests. Based on analysis,
depending<00:23:03.360><c> on</c><00:23:03.600><c> their</c><00:23:03.840><c> mass,</c><00:23:04.480><c> T-Rex</c><00:23:05.039><c> could</c><00:23:05.200><c> run</c>

21:11.949 --> 21:11.959 align:start position:0%
depending on their mass, T-Rex could run
 

21:11.959 --> 21:15.629 align:start position:0%
depending on their mass, T-Rex could run
between<00:23:05.919><c> 18</c><00:23:06.320><c> and</c><00:23:06.799><c> 40</c><00:23:07.280><c> km</c><00:23:07.919><c> per</c><00:23:08.240><c> hour</c><00:23:08.880><c> with</c>

21:15.629 --> 21:15.639 align:start position:0%
between 18 and 40 km per hour with
 

21:15.639 --> 21:18.349 align:start position:0%
between 18 and 40 km per hour with
heavier<00:23:09.600><c> adults</c><00:23:10.000><c> at</c><00:23:10.240><c> the</c><00:23:10.400><c> slower</c><00:23:10.799><c> end.</c><00:23:11.600><c> So,</c>

21:18.349 --> 21:18.359 align:start position:0%
heavier adults at the slower end. So,
 

21:18.359 --> 21:20.188 align:start position:0%
heavier adults at the slower end. So,
Usain<00:23:12.400><c> Bolt</c><00:23:12.799><c> might</c><00:23:12.960><c> be</c><00:23:13.120><c> okay</c><00:23:13.360><c> running</c><00:23:13.520><c> away</c>

21:20.188 --> 21:20.198 align:start position:0%
Usain Bolt might be okay running away
 

21:20.198 --> 21:23.548 align:start position:0%
Usain Bolt might be okay running away
from<00:23:13.840><c> one</c><00:23:13.919><c> of</c><00:23:14.000><c> these</c><00:23:14.159><c> things</c><00:23:14.320><c> at</c><00:23:14.559><c> 44.72</c><00:23:15.840><c> km/h,</c>

21:23.548 --> 21:23.558 align:start position:0%
from one of these things at 44.72 km/h,
 

21:23.558 --> 21:25.068 align:start position:0%
from one of these things at 44.72 km/h,
but<00:23:17.200><c> it's</c><00:23:17.440><c> not</c><00:23:17.600><c> good</c><00:23:17.760><c> news</c><00:23:17.919><c> for</c><00:23:18.080><c> the</c><00:23:18.240><c> rest</c><00:23:18.400><c> of</c>

21:25.068 --> 21:25.078 align:start position:0%
but it's not good news for the rest of
 

21:25.078 --> 21:27.389 align:start position:0%
but it's not good news for the rest of
us<00:23:19.039><c> or</c><00:23:19.360><c> any</c><00:23:19.760><c> other</c><00:23:20.080><c> large</c><00:23:20.400><c> Cretaceous</c>

21:27.389 --> 21:27.399 align:start position:0%
us or any other large Cretaceous
 

21:27.399 --> 21:29.949 align:start position:0%
us or any other large Cretaceous
herbivore<00:23:21.360><c> for</c><00:23:21.600><c> that</c><00:23:21.760><c> matter.</c><00:23:22.799><c> Boi</c><00:23:23.280><c> and</c>

21:29.949 --> 21:29.959 align:start position:0%
herbivore for that matter. Boi and
 

21:29.959 --> 21:32.269 align:start position:0%
herbivore for that matter. Boi and
colleagues<00:23:23.919><c> also</c><00:23:24.240><c> looked</c><00:23:24.480><c> at</c><00:23:24.720><c> juvenile</c><00:23:25.280><c> T-Rex</c>

21:32.269 --> 21:32.279 align:start position:0%
colleagues also looked at juvenile T-Rex
 

21:32.279 --> 21:34.188 align:start position:0%
colleagues also looked at juvenile T-Rex
speeds<00:23:26.080><c> and</c><00:23:26.320><c> found</c><00:23:26.480><c> that</c><00:23:26.720><c> these</c><00:23:27.120><c> younger,</c>

21:34.188 --> 21:34.198 align:start position:0%
speeds and found that these younger,
 

21:34.198 --> 21:37.229 align:start position:0%
speeds and found that these younger,
lighter<00:23:28.080><c> T-Rex</c><00:23:28.559><c> were</c><00:23:28.799><c> significantly</c><00:23:29.679><c> faster.</c>

21:37.229 --> 21:37.239 align:start position:0%
lighter T-Rex were significantly faster.
 

21:37.239 --> 21:38.909 align:start position:0%
lighter T-Rex were significantly faster.
fast<00:23:30.960><c> enough</c><00:23:31.200><c> to</c><00:23:31.440><c> chase</c><00:23:31.679><c> down</c><00:23:32.000><c> different</c>

21:38.909 --> 21:38.919 align:start position:0%
fast enough to chase down different
 

21:38.919 --> 21:42.109 align:start position:0%
fast enough to chase down different
kinds<00:23:32.720><c> of</c><00:23:32.880><c> prey</c><00:23:33.520><c> to</c><00:23:33.840><c> their</c><00:23:34.080><c> parents.</c>

21:42.109 --> 21:42.119 align:start position:0%
kinds of prey to their parents.
 

21:42.119 --> 21:43.709 align:start position:0%
kinds of prey to their parents.
This<00:23:35.840><c> opened</c><00:23:36.159><c> up</c><00:23:36.320><c> the</c><00:23:36.480><c> possibility</c><00:23:36.960><c> that</c>

21:43.709 --> 21:43.719 align:start position:0%
This opened up the possibility that
 

21:43.719 --> 21:45.789 align:start position:0%
This opened up the possibility that
young<00:23:37.600><c> T-Rex</c><00:23:38.159><c> could</c><00:23:38.240><c> have</c><00:23:38.400><c> lived</c><00:23:38.640><c> a</c><00:23:38.880><c> totally</c>

21:45.789 --> 21:45.799 align:start position:0%
young T-Rex could have lived a totally
 

21:45.799 --> 21:48.109 align:start position:0%
young T-Rex could have lived a totally
different<00:23:39.679><c> kind</c><00:23:40.000><c> of</c><00:23:40.159><c> life</c><00:23:40.559><c> before</c><00:23:41.120><c> it</c><00:23:41.440><c> was</c>

21:48.109 --> 21:48.119 align:start position:0%
different kind of life before it was
 

21:48.119 --> 21:51.149 align:start position:0%
different kind of life before it was
fully<00:23:42.000><c> grown.</c><00:23:42.960><c> So,</c><00:23:43.280><c> what</c><00:23:43.520><c> were</c><00:23:43.600><c> the</c><00:23:43.760><c> T-Rex's</c>

21:51.149 --> 21:51.159 align:start position:0%
fully grown. So, what were the T-Rex's
 

21:51.159 --> 21:53.949 align:start position:0%
fully grown. So, what were the T-Rex's
wonder<00:23:45.039><c> years</c><00:23:45.360><c> like?</c><00:23:46.480><c> We</c><00:23:46.720><c> used</c><00:23:46.880><c> to</c><00:23:47.039><c> think</c><00:23:47.280><c> that</c>

21:53.949 --> 21:53.959 align:start position:0%
wonder years like? We used to think that
 

21:53.959 --> 21:56.188 align:start position:0%
wonder years like? We used to think that
T-Rex<00:23:47.919><c> reached</c><00:23:48.240><c> adulthood</c><00:23:48.880><c> quickly,</c>

21:56.188 --> 21:56.198 align:start position:0%
T-Rex reached adulthood quickly,
 

21:56.198 --> 22:00.269 align:start position:0%
T-Rex reached adulthood quickly,
reaching<00:23:50.159><c> 8</c><00:23:50.400><c> tons,</c><00:23:51.039><c> wrong,</c><00:23:51.760><c> within</c><00:23:52.320><c> 20</c><00:23:52.799><c> years.</c>

22:00.269 --> 22:00.279 align:start position:0%
reaching 8 tons, wrong, within 20 years.
 

22:00.279 --> 22:02.269 align:start position:0%
reaching 8 tons, wrong, within 20 years.
But<00:23:54.000><c> more</c><00:23:54.320><c> rigorous</c><00:23:54.720><c> testing</c><00:23:55.120><c> by</c><00:23:55.360><c> Holly</c>

22:02.269 --> 22:02.279 align:start position:0%
But more rigorous testing by Holly
 

22:02.279 --> 22:04.349 align:start position:0%
But more rigorous testing by Holly
Woodward<00:23:56.159><c> at</c><00:23:56.400><c> Oklahoma</c><00:23:57.039><c> State</c><00:23:57.360><c> University</c>

22:04.349 --> 22:04.359 align:start position:0%
Woodward at Oklahoma State University
 

22:04.359 --> 22:06.909 align:start position:0%
Woodward at Oklahoma State University
and<00:23:58.159><c> her</c><00:23:58.480><c> team</c><00:23:59.039><c> counting</c><00:23:59.520><c> growth</c><00:23:59.760><c> rings</c><00:24:00.159><c> in</c>

22:06.909 --> 22:06.919 align:start position:0%
and her team counting growth rings in
 

22:06.919 --> 22:09.229 align:start position:0%
and her team counting growth rings in
bone<00:24:00.720><c> cross-sections</c><00:24:01.760><c> under</c><00:24:02.080><c> polarized</c>

22:09.229 --> 22:09.239 align:start position:0%
bone cross-sections under polarized
 

22:09.239 --> 22:11.869 align:start position:0%
bone cross-sections under polarized
light<00:24:02.960><c> microscopy</c><00:24:04.240><c> showed</c><00:24:04.559><c> that</c><00:24:04.720><c> T-Rex</c>

22:11.869 --> 22:11.879 align:start position:0%
light microscopy showed that T-Rex
 

22:11.879 --> 22:15.149 align:start position:0%
light microscopy showed that T-Rex
reached<00:24:05.679><c> full</c><00:24:06.000><c> size</c><00:24:06.320><c> around</c><00:24:06.799><c> 35</c><00:24:07.440><c> to</c><00:24:07.840><c> 40</c><00:24:08.320><c> years</c>

22:15.149 --> 22:15.159 align:start position:0%
reached full size around 35 to 40 years
 

22:15.159 --> 22:18.029 align:start position:0%
reached full size around 35 to 40 years
old,<00:24:09.360><c> a</c><00:24:09.520><c> whole</c><00:24:09.919><c> 15</c><00:24:10.320><c> years</c><00:24:10.640><c> later</c><00:24:11.200><c> than</c>

22:18.029 --> 22:18.039 align:start position:0%
old, a whole 15 years later than
 

22:18.039 --> 22:21.068 align:start position:0%
old, a whole 15 years later than
previously<00:24:12.080><c> thought.</c><00:24:13.520><c> This</c><00:24:13.679><c> meant</c><00:24:14.000><c> T-Rex</c>

22:21.068 --> 22:21.078 align:start position:0%
previously thought. This meant T-Rex
 

22:21.078 --> 22:23.788 align:start position:0%
previously thought. This meant T-Rex
grew<00:24:14.880><c> rapidly</c><00:24:15.360><c> from</c><00:24:15.679><c> early</c><00:24:16.000><c> juvenile</c><00:24:16.559><c> to</c><00:24:16.799><c> late</c>

22:23.788 --> 22:23.798 align:start position:0%
grew rapidly from early juvenile to late
 

22:23.798 --> 22:26.829 align:start position:0%
grew rapidly from early juvenile to late
sub<00:24:17.600><c> adult</c><00:24:18.080><c> stages</c><00:24:18.880><c> over</c><00:24:19.120><c> a</c><00:24:19.360><c> period</c><00:24:19.520><c> of</c><00:24:19.840><c> 30</c>

22:26.829 --> 22:26.839 align:start position:0%
sub adult stages over a period of 30
 

22:26.839 --> 22:29.869 align:start position:0%
sub adult stages over a period of 30
plus<00:24:20.640><c> years.</c><00:24:21.840><c> So,</c><00:24:22.080><c> it</c><00:24:22.240><c> must</c><00:24:22.400><c> have</c><00:24:22.559><c> had</c><00:24:22.880><c> massive</c>

22:29.869 --> 22:29.879 align:start position:0%
plus years. So, it must have had massive
 

22:29.879 --> 22:32.509 align:start position:0%
plus years. So, it must have had massive
energy<00:24:23.760><c> demands</c><00:24:24.320><c> for</c><00:24:24.640><c> most</c><00:24:24.880><c> of</c><00:24:25.039><c> its</c><00:24:25.279><c> life.</c><00:24:25.760><c> If</c>

22:32.509 --> 22:32.519 align:start position:0%
energy demands for most of its life. If
 

22:32.519 --> 22:34.668 align:start position:0%
energy demands for most of its life. If
you<00:24:26.159><c> ever</c><00:24:26.480><c> saw</c><00:24:26.720><c> a</c><00:24:26.880><c> T-Rex,</c><00:24:27.440><c> it</c><00:24:27.600><c> was</c><00:24:27.760><c> almost</c>

22:34.668 --> 22:34.678 align:start position:0%
you ever saw a T-Rex, it was almost
 

22:34.678 --> 22:37.068 align:start position:0%
you ever saw a T-Rex, it was almost
certainly<00:24:28.960><c> hungry.</c><00:24:30.080><c> There</c><00:24:30.240><c> were</c><00:24:30.400><c> some</c>

22:37.068 --> 22:37.078 align:start position:0%
certainly hungry. There were some
 

22:37.078 --> 22:38.749 align:start position:0%
certainly hungry. There were some
alarming<00:24:31.039><c> behavioral</c><00:24:31.600><c> conclusions</c><00:24:32.000><c> that</c>

22:38.749 --> 22:38.759 align:start position:0%
alarming behavioral conclusions that
 

22:38.759 --> 22:41.068 align:start position:0%
alarming behavioral conclusions that
came<00:24:32.400><c> out</c><00:24:32.480><c> of</c><00:24:32.640><c> this,</c><00:24:32.960><c> too.</c><00:24:34.000><c> We</c><00:24:34.240><c> know</c><00:24:34.400><c> from</c>

22:41.068 --> 22:41.078 align:start position:0%
came out of this, too. We know from
 

22:41.078 --> 22:42.909 align:start position:0%
came out of this, too. We know from
predators<00:24:35.039><c> today</c><00:24:35.279><c> that</c><00:24:35.600><c> sub</c><00:24:35.840><c> adults</c><00:24:36.240><c> are</c>

22:42.909 --> 22:42.919 align:start position:0%
predators today that sub adults are
 

22:42.919 --> 22:44.829 align:start position:0%
predators today that sub adults are
often<00:24:36.720><c> the</c><00:24:36.880><c> most</c><00:24:37.120><c> active,</c><00:24:37.679><c> bold,</c><00:24:38.080><c> and</c>

22:44.829 --> 22:44.839 align:start position:0%
often the most active, bold, and
 

22:44.839 --> 22:47.308 align:start position:0%
often the most active, bold, and
aggressive<00:24:38.799><c> hunters.</c><00:24:39.679><c> Now,</c><00:24:40.000><c> seeing</c><00:24:40.159><c> as</c><00:24:40.320><c> T-Rex</c>

22:47.308 --> 22:47.318 align:start position:0%
aggressive hunters. Now, seeing as T-Rex
 

22:47.318 --> 22:49.068 align:start position:0%
aggressive hunters. Now, seeing as T-Rex
was<00:24:40.960><c> in</c><00:24:41.120><c> this</c><00:24:41.279><c> phase</c><00:24:41.520><c> for</c><00:24:41.760><c> something</c><00:24:41.919><c> like</c><00:24:42.320><c> two</c>

22:49.068 --> 22:49.078 align:start position:0%
was in this phase for something like two
 

22:49.078 --> 22:52.029 align:start position:0%
was in this phase for something like two
decades,<00:24:43.840><c> that</c><00:24:44.080><c> was</c><00:24:44.240><c> very</c><00:24:44.559><c> bad</c><00:24:44.799><c> news</c><00:24:45.039><c> for</c><00:24:45.279><c> its</c>

22:52.029 --> 22:52.039 align:start position:0%
decades, that was very bad news for its
 

22:52.039 --> 22:55.149 align:start position:0%
decades, that was very bad news for its
prey.<00:24:46.559><c> And</c><00:24:46.720><c> once</c><00:24:46.960><c> a</c><00:24:47.120><c> T-Rex</c><00:24:47.600><c> was</c><00:24:47.760><c> fully</c><00:24:48.159><c> grown,</c>

22:55.149 --> 22:55.159 align:start position:0%
prey. And once a T-Rex was fully grown,
 

22:55.159 --> 22:58.188 align:start position:0%
prey. And once a T-Rex was fully grown,
it<00:24:48.880><c> already</c><00:24:49.200><c> had</c><00:24:49.679><c> 35</c><00:24:50.400><c> years</c><00:24:50.720><c> of</c><00:24:51.039><c> accumulated</c>

22:58.188 --> 22:58.198 align:start position:0%
it already had 35 years of accumulated
 

22:58.198 --> 23:00.749 align:start position:0%
it already had 35 years of accumulated
hunting<00:24:52.080><c> experience.</c><00:24:53.120><c> Its</c><00:24:53.440><c> strategies,</c><00:24:54.000><c> to</c>

23:00.749 --> 23:00.759 align:start position:0%
hunting experience. Its strategies, to
 

23:00.759 --> 23:02.989 align:start position:0%
hunting experience. Its strategies, to
put<00:24:54.400><c> it</c><00:24:54.559><c> lightly,</c><00:24:54.960><c> were</c><00:24:55.360><c> pretty</c><00:24:55.919><c> finely</c>

23:02.989 --> 23:02.999 align:start position:0%
put it lightly, were pretty finely
 

23:02.999 --> 23:04.509 align:start position:0%
put it lightly, were pretty finely
tuned.

23:04.509 --> 23:04.519 align:start position:0%
tuned.
 

23:04.519 --> 23:06.989 align:start position:0%
tuned.
This<00:24:58.400><c> slower</c><00:24:58.880><c> sustained</c><00:24:59.440><c> growth</c><00:24:59.840><c> also</c><00:25:00.159><c> meant</c>

23:06.989 --> 23:06.999 align:start position:0%
This slower sustained growth also meant
 

23:06.999 --> 23:10.188 align:start position:0%
This slower sustained growth also meant
T-Rex<00:25:01.120><c> terrorized</c><00:25:01.840><c> ecosystems</c><00:25:02.640><c> for</c><00:25:03.039><c> longer</c>

23:10.188 --> 23:10.198 align:start position:0%
T-Rex terrorized ecosystems for longer
 

23:10.198 --> 23:11.869 align:start position:0%
T-Rex terrorized ecosystems for longer
and<00:25:03.919><c> with</c><00:25:04.159><c> potentially</c><00:25:04.559><c> more</c><00:25:04.799><c> aggression</c>

23:11.869 --> 23:11.879 align:start position:0%
and with potentially more aggression
 

23:11.879 --> 23:14.428 align:start position:0%
and with potentially more aggression
than<00:25:05.600><c> we</c><00:25:05.840><c> previously</c><00:25:06.320><c> thought.</c>

23:14.428 --> 23:14.438 align:start position:0%
than we previously thought.
 

23:14.438 --> 23:16.349 align:start position:0%
than we previously thought.
But<00:25:08.159><c> Woodward's</c><00:25:08.720><c> growth</c><00:25:08.960><c> modeling</c><00:25:09.440><c> came</c><00:25:09.600><c> with</c>

23:16.349 --> 23:16.359 align:start position:0%
But Woodward's growth modeling came with
 

23:16.359 --> 23:20.349 align:start position:0%
But Woodward's growth modeling came with
another<00:25:10.240><c> surprising</c><00:25:11.039><c> twist.</c><00:25:12.240><c> Two</c><00:25:12.559><c> of</c><00:25:12.720><c> the</c><00:25:13.120><c> 17</c>

23:20.349 --> 23:20.359 align:start position:0%
another surprising twist. Two of the 17
 

23:20.359 --> 23:23.068 align:start position:0%
another surprising twist. Two of the 17
used<00:25:14.240><c> T-Rex</c><00:25:14.799><c> specimens</c><00:25:15.520><c> didn't</c><00:25:15.919><c> quite</c><00:25:16.240><c> fit</c>

23:23.068 --> 23:23.078 align:start position:0%
used T-Rex specimens didn't quite fit
 

23:23.078 --> 23:26.749 align:start position:0%
used T-Rex specimens didn't quite fit
the<00:25:16.799><c> growth</c><00:25:17.120><c> curve.</c><00:25:17.919><c> Enter</c><00:25:18.400><c> Jane,</c><00:25:19.039><c> BMRP</c>

23:26.749 --> 23:26.759 align:start position:0%
the growth curve. Enter Jane, BMRP
 

23:26.759 --> 23:28.909 align:start position:0%
the growth curve. Enter Jane, BMRP
2002.4.1,

23:28.909 --> 23:28.919 align:start position:0%
2002.4.1,
 

23:28.919 --> 23:33.788 align:start position:0%
2002.4.1,
and<00:25:22.799><c> PY,</c><00:25:23.679><c> BMRP</c><00:25:24.720><c> 2006.4.4,</c>

23:33.788 --> 23:33.798 align:start position:0%
and PY, BMRP 2006.4.4,
 

23:33.798 --> 23:36.029 align:start position:0%
and PY, BMRP 2006.4.4,
who<00:25:27.520><c> would</c><00:25:27.760><c> turn</c><00:25:27.919><c> the</c><00:25:28.080><c> T-Rex</c><00:25:28.559><c> kingdom</c><00:25:28.960><c> upside</c>

23:36.029 --> 23:36.039 align:start position:0%
who would turn the T-Rex kingdom upside
 

23:36.039 --> 23:39.389 align:start position:0%
who would turn the T-Rex kingdom upside
down<00:25:30.480><c> again.</c><00:25:31.600><c> At</c><00:25:31.840><c> the</c><00:25:31.919><c> same</c><00:25:32.080><c> time,</c><00:25:32.400><c> Woodward's</c>

23:39.389 --> 23:39.399 align:start position:0%
down again. At the same time, Woodward's
 

23:39.399 --> 23:40.989 align:start position:0%
down again. At the same time, Woodward's
team<00:25:33.120><c> were</c><00:25:33.360><c> scratching</c><00:25:33.760><c> their</c><00:25:34.000><c> heads</c><00:25:34.240><c> over</c>

23:40.989 --> 23:40.999 align:start position:0%
team were scratching their heads over
 

23:40.999 --> 23:43.629 align:start position:0%
team were scratching their heads over
Jane<00:25:34.880><c> and</c><00:25:35.120><c> Pety</c><00:25:35.600><c> strange</c><00:25:36.080><c> number</c><00:25:36.400><c> of</c><00:25:36.720><c> growth</c>

23:43.629 --> 23:43.639 align:start position:0%
Jane and Pety strange number of growth
 

23:43.639 --> 23:45.949 align:start position:0%
Jane and Pety strange number of growth
rings.<00:25:37.919><c> Another</c><00:25:38.240><c> group</c><00:25:38.559><c> led</c><00:25:38.799><c> by</c><00:25:38.960><c> Lindseay</c>

23:45.949 --> 23:45.959 align:start position:0%
rings. Another group led by Lindseay
 

23:45.959 --> 23:47.869 align:start position:0%
rings. Another group led by Lindseay
Zano<00:25:39.840><c> from</c><00:25:40.000><c> the</c><00:25:40.080><c> North</c><00:25:40.400><c> Carolina</c><00:25:40.880><c> Museum</c><00:25:41.200><c> of</c>

23:47.869 --> 23:47.879 align:start position:0%
Zano from the North Carolina Museum of
 

23:47.879 --> 23:50.668 align:start position:0%
Zano from the North Carolina Museum of
Natural<00:25:41.840><c> Sciences</c><00:25:42.720><c> and</c><00:25:43.039><c> James</c><00:25:43.440><c> Napoli</c><00:25:43.919><c> at</c>

23:50.668 --> 23:50.678 align:start position:0%
Natural Sciences and James Napoli at
 

23:50.678 --> 23:52.989 align:start position:0%
Natural Sciences and James Napoli at
Stonybrook<00:25:44.960><c> University</c><00:25:45.919><c> were</c><00:25:46.159><c> looking</c><00:25:46.320><c> at</c>

23:52.989 --> 23:52.999 align:start position:0%
Stonybrook University were looking at
 

23:52.999 --> 23:56.428 align:start position:0%
Stonybrook University were looking at
the<00:25:46.799><c> spaces</c><00:25:47.440><c> between</c><00:25:48.240><c> growth</c><00:25:48.640><c> rings.</c><00:25:49.679><c> They</c>

23:56.428 --> 23:56.438 align:start position:0%
the spaces between growth rings. They
 

23:56.438 --> 23:58.509 align:start position:0%
the spaces between growth rings. They
knew<00:25:50.159><c> that</c><00:25:50.320><c> as</c><00:25:50.559><c> an</c><00:25:50.799><c> animal</c><00:25:51.039><c> matures,</c><00:25:51.520><c> the</c><00:25:51.679><c> gaps</c>

23:58.509 --> 23:58.519 align:start position:0%
knew that as an animal matures, the gaps
 

23:58.519 --> 24:00.589 align:start position:0%
knew that as an animal matures, the gaps
between<00:25:52.240><c> each</c><00:25:52.559><c> growth</c><00:25:52.880><c> ring</c><00:25:53.200><c> shrink</c><00:25:53.600><c> and</c><00:25:53.840><c> then</c>

24:00.589 --> 24:00.599 align:start position:0%
between each growth ring shrink and then
 

24:00.599 --> 24:03.068 align:start position:0%
between each growth ring shrink and then
stack<00:25:54.400><c> together,</c><00:25:55.120><c> indicating</c><00:25:55.600><c> a</c><00:25:55.919><c> full</c><00:25:56.240><c> grown</c>

24:03.068 --> 24:03.078 align:start position:0%
stack together, indicating a full grown
 

24:03.078 --> 24:05.389 align:start position:0%
stack together, indicating a full grown
animal<00:25:56.880><c> that's</c><00:25:57.200><c> reached</c><00:25:57.440><c> adulthood.</c><00:25:58.480><c> Their</c>

24:05.389 --> 24:05.399 align:start position:0%
animal that's reached adulthood. Their
 

24:05.399 --> 24:10.188 align:start position:0%
animal that's reached adulthood. Their
star<00:25:59.200><c> specimen</c><00:25:59.679><c> was</c><00:26:00.080><c> NCSM40000,</c>

24:10.188 --> 24:10.198 align:start position:0%
 
 

24:10.198 --> 24:13.788 align:start position:0%
 
a<00:26:04.080><c> teen</c><00:26:04.640><c> rex</c><00:26:05.279><c> nicknamed</c><00:26:06.080><c> Mantio</c><00:26:06.880><c> from</c><00:26:07.120><c> the</c>

24:13.788 --> 24:13.798 align:start position:0%
a teen rex nicknamed Mantio from the
 

24:13.798 --> 24:16.668 align:start position:0%
a teen rex nicknamed Mantio from the
famous<00:26:07.840><c> jeweling</c><00:26:08.400><c> dinosaurs</c><00:26:09.200><c> discovery</c>

24:16.668 --> 24:16.678 align:start position:0%
famous jeweling dinosaurs discovery
 

24:16.678 --> 24:18.909 align:start position:0%
famous jeweling dinosaurs discovery
where<00:26:10.400><c> a</c><00:26:10.640><c> triceratops</c><00:26:11.440><c> and</c><00:26:11.600><c> a</c><00:26:11.760><c> smaller</c><00:26:12.159><c> body</c>

24:18.909 --> 24:18.919 align:start position:0%
where a triceratops and a smaller body
 

24:18.919 --> 24:20.829 align:start position:0%
where a triceratops and a smaller body
tyrannosaur<00:26:13.039><c> were</c><00:26:13.279><c> discovered</c><00:26:13.679><c> locked</c><00:26:14.000><c> in</c>

24:20.829 --> 24:20.839 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaur were discovered locked in
 

24:20.839 --> 24:24.749 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaur were discovered locked in
ancient<00:26:14.720><c> combat.</c><00:26:16.159><c> The</c><00:26:16.400><c> result,</c><00:26:17.279><c> this</c><00:26:17.600><c> tiny</c>

24:24.749 --> 24:24.759 align:start position:0%
ancient combat. The result, this tiny
 

24:24.759 --> 24:28.509 align:start position:0%
ancient combat. The result, this tiny
T-Rex<00:26:18.960><c> was</c><00:26:19.440><c> actually</c><00:26:20.159><c> fully</c><00:26:20.559><c> grown.</c>

24:28.509 --> 24:28.519 align:start position:0%
T-Rex was actually fully grown.
 

24:28.519 --> 24:30.349 align:start position:0%
T-Rex was actually fully grown.
They<00:26:22.320><c> also</c><00:26:22.559><c> noted</c><00:26:22.880><c> that</c><00:26:23.120><c> despite</c><00:26:23.520><c> weighing</c>

24:30.349 --> 24:30.359 align:start position:0%
They also noted that despite weighing
 

24:30.359 --> 24:32.509 align:start position:0%
They also noted that despite weighing
less<00:26:24.080><c> than</c><00:26:24.240><c> a</c><00:26:24.400><c> tenth</c><00:26:24.640><c> the</c><00:26:24.880><c> size</c><00:26:25.039><c> of</c><00:26:25.200><c> an</c><00:26:25.440><c> adult,</c>

24:32.509 --> 24:32.519 align:start position:0%
less than a tenth the size of an adult,
 

24:32.519 --> 24:34.589 align:start position:0%
less than a tenth the size of an adult,
its<00:26:26.320><c> arms</c><00:26:26.720><c> were</c><00:26:26.880><c> already</c><00:26:27.279><c> longer</c><00:26:27.760><c> than</c><00:26:27.919><c> a</c>

24:34.589 --> 24:34.599 align:start position:0%
its arms were already longer than a
 

24:34.599 --> 24:37.389 align:start position:0%
its arms were already longer than a
fully<00:26:28.400><c> grown</c><00:26:28.720><c> T-Rex's,</c><00:26:29.919><c> and</c><00:26:30.159><c> it</c><00:26:30.320><c> had</c><00:26:30.480><c> fewer</c>

24:37.389 --> 24:37.399 align:start position:0%
fully grown T-Rex's, and it had fewer
 

24:37.399 --> 24:40.749 align:start position:0%
fully grown T-Rex's, and it had fewer
vertebrae<00:26:31.440><c> in</c><00:26:31.679><c> its</c><00:26:32.000><c> tail.</c>

24:40.749 --> 24:40.759 align:start position:0%
vertebrae in its tail.
 

24:40.759 --> 24:42.829 align:start position:0%
vertebrae in its tail.
The<00:26:34.480><c> final</c><00:26:34.799><c> nail</c><00:26:35.120><c> in</c><00:26:35.279><c> the</c><00:26:35.360><c> coffin</c><00:26:35.760><c> was</c><00:26:36.000><c> when</c>

24:42.829 --> 24:42.839 align:start position:0%
The final nail in the coffin was when
 

24:42.839 --> 24:44.909 align:start position:0%
The final nail in the coffin was when
Zano<00:26:36.720><c> and</c><00:26:36.880><c> Napoli</c><00:26:37.440><c> looked</c><00:26:37.679><c> at</c><00:26:37.919><c> specific</c>

24:44.909 --> 24:44.919 align:start position:0%
Zano and Napoli looked at specific
 

24:44.919 --> 24:47.548 align:start position:0%
Zano and Napoli looked at specific
features<00:26:38.720><c> of</c><00:26:39.039><c> skull</c><00:26:39.600><c> and</c><00:26:39.919><c> skeletal</c><00:26:40.480><c> anatomy</c>

24:47.548 --> 24:47.558 align:start position:0%
features of skull and skeletal anatomy
 

24:47.558 --> 24:50.269 align:start position:0%
features of skull and skeletal anatomy
that<00:26:41.279><c> are</c><00:26:41.440><c> locked</c><00:26:41.919><c> in</c><00:26:42.559><c> and</c><00:26:42.880><c> don't</c><00:26:43.200><c> change</c><00:26:43.520><c> as</c>

24:50.269 --> 24:50.279 align:start position:0%
that are locked in and don't change as
 

24:50.279 --> 24:52.509 align:start position:0%
that are locked in and don't change as
an<00:26:43.919><c> animal</c><00:26:44.159><c> develops</c><00:26:44.640><c> and</c><00:26:44.960><c> grows.</c><00:26:45.760><c> For</c>

24:52.509 --> 24:52.519 align:start position:0%
an animal develops and grows. For
 

24:52.519 --> 24:54.509 align:start position:0%
an animal develops and grows. For
instance,<00:26:46.320><c> the</c><00:26:46.559><c> pattern</c><00:26:46.880><c> of</c><00:26:47.120><c> sinuses</c><00:26:47.679><c> inside</c>

24:54.509 --> 24:54.519 align:start position:0%
instance, the pattern of sinuses inside
 

24:54.519 --> 24:56.989 align:start position:0%
instance, the pattern of sinuses inside
the<00:26:48.240><c> stout,</c><00:26:48.960><c> specific</c><00:26:49.440><c> bone</c><00:26:49.760><c> projections</c><00:26:50.320><c> on</c>

24:56.989 --> 24:56.999 align:start position:0%
the stout, specific bone projections on
 

24:56.999 --> 24:59.469 align:start position:0%
the stout, specific bone projections on
the<00:26:50.640><c> upper</c><00:26:50.880><c> arm</c><00:26:51.120><c> and</c><00:26:51.440><c> pelvis.</c><00:26:52.080><c> Again,</c><00:26:52.720><c> they</c>

24:59.469 --> 24:59.479 align:start position:0%
the upper arm and pelvis. Again, they
 

24:59.479 --> 25:02.188 align:start position:0%
the upper arm and pelvis. Again, they
were<00:26:53.200><c> different</c><00:26:53.600><c> from</c><00:26:54.000><c> T-Rex.</c><00:26:55.200><c> And</c><00:26:55.360><c> that's</c>

25:02.188 --> 25:02.198 align:start position:0%
were different from T-Rex. And that's
 

25:02.198 --> 25:06.749 align:start position:0%
were different from T-Rex. And that's
because<00:26:56.240><c> Teen</c><00:26:56.880><c> Rex</c><00:26:57.360><c> was</c><00:26:57.760><c> not</c><00:26:58.000><c> a</c><00:26:58.159><c> T-Rex</c><00:26:58.960><c> at</c><00:26:59.279><c> all.</c>

25:06.749 --> 25:06.759 align:start position:0%
because Teen Rex was not a T-Rex at all.
 

25:06.759 --> 25:08.909 align:start position:0%
because Teen Rex was not a T-Rex at all.
A<00:27:00.480><c> few</c><00:27:00.640><c> weeks</c><00:27:00.960><c> later,</c><00:27:01.360><c> a</c><00:27:01.679><c> separate</c><00:27:02.080><c> team,</c>

25:08.909 --> 25:08.919 align:start position:0%
A few weeks later, a separate team,
 

25:08.919 --> 25:10.589 align:start position:0%
A few weeks later, a separate team,
Christopher<00:27:02.799><c> Griffin</c><00:27:03.200><c> at</c><00:27:03.360><c> Princeton</c><00:27:03.840><c> and</c>

25:10.589 --> 25:10.599 align:start position:0%
Christopher Griffin at Princeton and
 

25:10.599 --> 25:13.389 align:start position:0%
Christopher Griffin at Princeton and
Caitlyn<00:27:04.559><c> Kiri</c><00:27:05.120><c> at</c><00:27:05.279><c> the</c><00:27:05.440><c> Cleveland</c><00:27:06.000><c> Museum,</c>

25:13.389 --> 25:13.399 align:start position:0%
Caitlyn Kiri at the Cleveland Museum,
 

25:13.399 --> 25:15.788 align:start position:0%
Caitlyn Kiri at the Cleveland Museum,
re-examined<00:27:07.600><c> a</c><00:27:07.840><c> juvenile</c><00:27:08.320><c> T-Rex</c><00:27:08.799><c> fossil</c>

25:15.788 --> 25:15.798 align:start position:0%
re-examined a juvenile T-Rex fossil
 

25:15.798 --> 25:18.749 align:start position:0%
re-examined a juvenile T-Rex fossil
called<00:27:09.440><c> the</c><00:27:09.679><c> Cleveland</c><00:27:10.400><c> Skull.</c><00:27:11.520><c> This</c><00:27:11.840><c> skull</c>

25:18.749 --> 25:18.759 align:start position:0%
called the Cleveland Skull. This skull
 

25:18.759 --> 25:21.869 align:start position:0%
called the Cleveland Skull. This skull
had<00:27:12.480><c> a</c><00:27:12.799><c> history.</c><00:27:13.600><c> Back</c><00:27:13.919><c> in</c><00:27:14.080><c> the</c><00:27:14.240><c> 1980s,</c><00:27:15.039><c> a</c>

25:21.869 --> 25:21.879 align:start position:0%
had a history. Back in the 1980s, a
 

25:21.879 --> 25:24.269 align:start position:0%
had a history. Back in the 1980s, a
researcher<00:27:15.919><c> named</c><00:27:16.320><c> Robert</c><00:27:16.720><c> Backer</c><00:27:17.279><c> made</c><00:27:17.520><c> a</c>

25:24.269 --> 25:24.279 align:start position:0%
researcher named Robert Backer made a
 

25:24.279 --> 25:26.829 align:start position:0%
researcher named Robert Backer made a
controversial<00:27:18.559><c> suggestion</c><00:27:19.679><c> that</c><00:27:19.919><c> it</c><00:27:20.159><c> didn't</c>

25:26.829 --> 25:26.839 align:start position:0%
controversial suggestion that it didn't
 

25:26.839 --> 25:29.149 align:start position:0%
controversial suggestion that it didn't
belong<00:27:20.559><c> to</c><00:27:20.720><c> a</c><00:27:20.880><c> younger</c><00:27:21.200><c> T-Rex</c><00:27:21.679><c> at</c><00:27:21.919><c> all,</c><00:27:22.240><c> but</c><00:27:22.480><c> to</c>

25:29.149 --> 25:29.159 align:start position:0%
belong to a younger T-Rex at all, but to
 

25:29.159 --> 25:31.229 align:start position:0%
belong to a younger T-Rex at all, but to
an<00:27:22.880><c> entirely</c><00:27:23.360><c> different,</c><00:27:24.080><c> smaller</c>

25:31.229 --> 25:31.239 align:start position:0%
an entirely different, smaller
 

25:31.239 --> 25:35.389 align:start position:0%
an entirely different, smaller
tyrannosaur,<00:27:26.159><c> a</c><00:27:26.400><c> nanotyrannus</c><00:27:27.520><c> lancensis</c><00:27:28.559><c> or</c>

25:35.389 --> 25:35.399 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaur, a nanotyrannus lancensis or
 

25:35.399 --> 25:38.349 align:start position:0%
tyrannosaur, a nanotyrannus lancensis or
pygmy<00:27:29.440><c> tyrant.</c><00:27:30.799><c> Since</c><00:27:31.200><c> skulls</c><00:27:31.679><c> are</c>

25:38.349 --> 25:38.359 align:start position:0%
pygmy tyrant. Since skulls are
 

25:38.359 --> 25:40.749 align:start position:0%
pygmy tyrant. Since skulls are
notoriously<00:27:32.559><c> hard</c><00:27:32.799><c> to</c><00:27:33.039><c> age,</c><00:27:33.600><c> discussions</c>

25:40.749 --> 25:40.759 align:start position:0%
notoriously hard to age, discussions
 

25:40.759 --> 25:43.308 align:start position:0%
notoriously hard to age, discussions
over<00:27:34.480><c> its</c><00:27:34.799><c> identity</c><00:27:35.200><c> were</c><00:27:35.600><c> abandoned,</c><00:27:36.480><c> the</c>

25:43.308 --> 25:43.318 align:start position:0%
over its identity were abandoned, the
 

25:43.318 --> 25:45.229 align:start position:0%
over its identity were abandoned, the
scientific<00:27:37.279><c> community</c><00:27:37.760><c> largely</c><00:27:38.240><c> dismissed</c>

25:45.229 --> 25:45.239 align:start position:0%
scientific community largely dismissed
 

25:45.239 --> 25:48.029 align:start position:0%
scientific community largely dismissed
the<00:27:38.960><c> idea.</c><00:27:39.840><c> But</c><00:27:40.080><c> Collier</c><00:27:40.720><c> spotted</c><00:27:41.120><c> something</c>

25:48.029 --> 25:48.039 align:start position:0%
the idea. But Collier spotted something
 

25:48.039 --> 25:50.989 align:start position:0%
the idea. But Collier spotted something
researchers<00:27:42.240><c> had</c><00:27:42.559><c> overlooked.</c><00:27:43.600><c> A</c><00:27:43.919><c> tiny</c>

25:50.989 --> 25:50.999 align:start position:0%
researchers had overlooked. A tiny
 

25:50.999 --> 25:53.149 align:start position:0%
researchers had overlooked. A tiny
throat<00:27:44.799><c> bone</c><00:27:45.200><c> called</c><00:27:45.360><c> the</c><00:27:45.600><c> hyoid.</c>

25:53.149 --> 25:53.159 align:start position:0%
throat bone called the hyoid.
 

25:53.159 --> 25:55.068 align:start position:0%
throat bone called the hyoid.
Tube-shaped<00:27:47.440><c> like</c><00:27:47.600><c> a</c><00:27:47.760><c> limbbone</c><00:27:48.320><c> and</c>

25:55.068 --> 25:55.078 align:start position:0%
Tube-shaped like a limbbone and
 

25:55.078 --> 25:56.909 align:start position:0%
Tube-shaped like a limbbone and
therefore<00:27:49.039><c> capable</c><00:27:49.360><c> of</c><00:27:49.600><c> holding</c><00:27:50.080><c> growth</c>

25:56.909 --> 25:56.919 align:start position:0%
therefore capable of holding growth
 

25:56.919 --> 25:59.629 align:start position:0%
therefore capable of holding growth
rings.<00:27:51.600><c> When</c><00:27:51.840><c> they</c><00:27:52.080><c> sliced</c><00:27:52.400><c> it</c><00:27:52.640><c> open,</c><00:27:52.880><c> the</c>

25:59.629 --> 25:59.639 align:start position:0%
rings. When they sliced it open, the
 

25:59.639 --> 26:03.229 align:start position:0%
rings. When they sliced it open, the
answer<00:27:53.440><c> was</c><00:27:53.840><c> clear.</c><00:27:54.559><c> Like</c><00:27:54.880><c> our</c><00:27:55.279><c> Jane</c><00:27:55.679><c> and</c><00:27:55.919><c> Pey,</c>

26:03.229 --> 26:03.239 align:start position:0%
answer was clear. Like our Jane and Pey,
 

26:03.239 --> 26:05.469 align:start position:0%
answer was clear. Like our Jane and Pey,
the<00:27:56.960><c> Cleveland</c><00:27:57.440><c> skull</c><00:27:57.760><c> was</c><00:27:58.080><c> not</c><00:27:58.320><c> a</c><00:27:58.640><c> young</c>

26:05.469 --> 26:05.479 align:start position:0%
the Cleveland skull was not a young
 

26:05.479 --> 26:08.188 align:start position:0%
the Cleveland skull was not a young
T-Rex,<00:27:59.760><c> but</c><00:28:00.080><c> an</c><00:28:00.320><c> adult</c><00:28:00.640><c> of</c><00:28:00.880><c> a</c><00:28:01.120><c> new</c><00:28:01.360><c> and</c>

26:08.188 --> 26:08.198 align:start position:0%
T-Rex, but an adult of a new and
 

26:08.198 --> 26:11.229 align:start position:0%
T-Rex, but an adult of a new and
different<00:28:02.159><c> species,</c><00:28:02.960><c> the</c><00:28:03.200><c> Pygmy</c><00:28:03.840><c> tyrant,</c>

26:11.229 --> 26:11.239 align:start position:0%
different species, the Pygmy tyrant,
 

26:11.239 --> 26:13.788 align:start position:0%
different species, the Pygmy tyrant,
Nano<00:28:05.360><c> Tyrannis.</c>

26:13.788 --> 26:13.798 align:start position:0%
Nano Tyrannis.
 

26:13.798 --> 26:16.829 align:start position:0%
Nano Tyrannis.
This<00:28:07.600><c> rewrites</c><00:28:08.080><c> the</c><00:28:08.320><c> life</c><00:28:08.640><c> story</c><00:28:08.880><c> of</c><00:28:09.279><c> T-Rex.</c>

26:16.829 --> 26:16.839 align:start position:0%
This rewrites the life story of T-Rex.
 

26:16.839 --> 26:19.068 align:start position:0%
This rewrites the life story of T-Rex.
For<00:28:10.559><c> decades,</c><00:28:11.120><c> paleontologists</c><00:28:12.000><c> had</c><00:28:12.240><c> used</c>

26:19.068 --> 26:19.078 align:start position:0%
For decades, paleontologists had used
 

26:19.078 --> 26:20.908 align:start position:0%
For decades, paleontologists had used
fossils<00:28:13.039><c> like</c><00:28:13.279><c> Jane,</c><00:28:13.760><c> Petey,</c><00:28:14.159><c> and</c><00:28:14.240><c> the</c>

26:20.908 --> 26:20.918 align:start position:0%
fossils like Jane, Petey, and the
 

26:20.918 --> 26:22.989 align:start position:0%
fossils like Jane, Petey, and the
Cleveland<00:28:14.880><c> skull</c><00:28:15.200><c> as</c><00:28:15.440><c> their</c><00:28:15.679><c> reference</c><00:28:16.159><c> point</c>

26:22.989 --> 26:22.999 align:start position:0%
Cleveland skull as their reference point
 

26:22.999 --> 26:26.029 align:start position:0%
Cleveland skull as their reference point
for<00:28:17.120><c> what</c><00:28:17.360><c> a</c><00:28:17.600><c> teenage</c><00:28:18.080><c> Rex</c><00:28:18.399><c> looked</c><00:28:18.720><c> like.</c><00:28:19.279><c> How</c>

26:26.029 --> 26:26.039 align:start position:0%
for what a teenage Rex looked like. How
 

26:26.039 --> 26:28.428 align:start position:0%
for what a teenage Rex looked like. How
it<00:28:19.679><c> hunted,</c><00:28:20.159><c> how</c><00:28:20.320><c> it</c><00:28:20.559><c> grew,</c><00:28:20.880><c> how</c><00:28:21.039><c> it</c><00:28:21.279><c> fit</c><00:28:21.600><c> into</c>

26:28.428 --> 26:28.438 align:start position:0%
it hunted, how it grew, how it fit into
 

26:28.438 --> 26:31.629 align:start position:0%
it hunted, how it grew, how it fit into
its<00:28:22.240><c> ecosystem.</c><00:28:23.600><c> But</c><00:28:23.840><c> this</c><00:28:24.080><c> new</c><00:28:24.320><c> work</c><00:28:24.559><c> reveals</c>

26:31.629 --> 26:31.639 align:start position:0%
its ecosystem. But this new work reveals
 

26:31.639 --> 26:33.788 align:start position:0%
its ecosystem. But this new work reveals
all<00:28:25.360><c> those</c><00:28:25.600><c> comparisons</c><00:28:26.240><c> were</c><00:28:26.480><c> built</c><00:28:26.799><c> on</c><00:28:27.039><c> the</c>

26:33.788 --> 26:33.798 align:start position:0%
all those comparisons were built on the
 

26:33.798 --> 26:36.908 align:start position:0%
all those comparisons were built on the
wrong<00:28:27.679><c> animal.</c><00:28:28.640><c> In</c><00:28:28.960><c> one</c><00:28:29.279><c> fell</c><00:28:29.679><c> swoop,</c><00:28:30.080><c> it</c><00:28:30.240><c> was</c>

26:36.908 --> 26:36.918 align:start position:0%
wrong animal. In one fell swoop, it was
 

26:36.918 --> 26:39.149 align:start position:0%
wrong animal. In one fell swoop, it was
back<00:28:30.640><c> to</c><00:28:30.880><c> the</c><00:28:31.039><c> drawing</c><00:28:31.360><c> board</c><00:28:31.679><c> for</c><00:28:32.000><c> Teenage</c>

26:39.149 --> 26:39.159 align:start position:0%
back to the drawing board for Teenage
 

26:39.159 --> 26:42.989 align:start position:0%
back to the drawing board for Teenage
T-Rex.<00:28:34.080><c> What</c><00:28:34.320><c> we</c><00:28:34.559><c> now</c><00:28:34.799><c> do</c><00:28:35.039><c> know</c><00:28:35.360><c> instead</c><00:28:36.159><c> is</c>

26:42.989 --> 26:42.999 align:start position:0%
T-Rex. What we now do know instead is
 

26:42.999 --> 26:45.389 align:start position:0%
T-Rex. What we now do know instead is
that<00:28:36.640><c> a</c><00:28:36.880><c> young</c><00:28:37.200><c> T-Rex</c><00:28:37.760><c> shared</c><00:28:38.000><c> its</c><00:28:38.240><c> ecosystem</c>

26:45.389 --> 26:45.399 align:start position:0%
that a young T-Rex shared its ecosystem
 

26:45.399 --> 26:47.629 align:start position:0%
that a young T-Rex shared its ecosystem
with<00:28:39.200><c> other</c><00:28:39.520><c> predators,</c><00:28:40.480><c> which</c><00:28:40.640><c> means</c><00:28:40.880><c> it</c>

26:47.629 --> 26:47.639 align:start position:0%
with other predators, which means it
 

26:47.639 --> 26:49.869 align:start position:0%
with other predators, which means it
needed<00:28:41.360><c> to</c><00:28:41.520><c> be</c><00:28:41.760><c> utterly</c><00:28:42.159><c> laser</c><00:28:42.720><c> focused</c><00:28:43.120><c> on</c>

26:49.869 --> 26:49.879 align:start position:0%
needed to be utterly laser focused on
 

26:49.879 --> 26:52.428 align:start position:0%
needed to be utterly laser focused on
its<00:28:43.679><c> niche.</c><00:28:45.039><c> And</c><00:28:45.200><c> that's</c><00:28:45.360><c> where</c><00:28:45.520><c> there's</c><00:28:45.760><c> some</c>

26:52.428 --> 26:52.438 align:start position:0%
its niche. And that's where there's some
 

26:52.438 --> 26:54.029 align:start position:0%
its niche. And that's where there's some
good<00:28:46.080><c> news,</c><00:28:46.480><c> because</c><00:28:46.720><c> clues</c><00:28:47.120><c> are</c><00:28:47.360><c> now</c>

26:54.029 --> 26:54.039 align:start position:0%
good news, because clues are now
 

26:54.039 --> 26:57.149 align:start position:0%
good news, because clues are now
emerging<00:28:47.919><c> that</c><00:28:48.240><c> shed</c><00:28:48.559><c> light</c><00:28:48.960><c> on</c><00:28:49.279><c> how</c><00:28:50.080><c> it</c><00:28:50.399><c> did</c>

26:57.149 --> 26:57.159 align:start position:0%
emerging that shed light on how it did
 

26:57.159 --> 26:59.308 align:start position:0%
emerging that shed light on how it did
just<00:28:50.880><c> that.</c>

26:59.308 --> 26:59.318 align:start position:0%
just that.
 

26:59.318 --> 27:02.509 align:start position:0%
just that.
T-Rex<00:28:53.360><c> had</c><00:28:53.600><c> a</c><00:28:53.760><c> giant</c><00:28:54.240><c> alactory</c><00:28:55.039><c> bulb,</c><00:28:55.760><c> the</c>

27:02.509 --> 27:02.519 align:start position:0%
T-Rex had a giant alactory bulb, the
 

27:02.519 --> 27:03.949 align:start position:0%
T-Rex had a giant alactory bulb, the
part<00:28:56.159><c> of</c><00:28:56.320><c> the</c><00:28:56.399><c> brain</c><00:28:56.640><c> that</c><00:28:56.799><c> deciphers</c>

27:03.949 --> 27:03.959 align:start position:0%
part of the brain that deciphers
 

27:03.959 --> 27:05.949 align:start position:0%
part of the brain that deciphers
messages<00:28:57.919><c> from</c><00:28:58.159><c> the</c><00:28:58.399><c> nose.</c><00:28:59.039><c> So,</c><00:28:59.279><c> it's</c>

27:05.949 --> 27:05.959 align:start position:0%
messages from the nose. So, it's
 

27:05.959 --> 27:07.788 align:start position:0%
messages from the nose. So, it's
obviously<00:28:59.840><c> devoted</c><00:29:00.159><c> a</c><00:29:00.399><c> lot</c><00:29:00.480><c> of</c><00:29:00.640><c> brain</c><00:29:00.960><c> power</c>

27:07.788 --> 27:07.798 align:start position:0%
obviously devoted a lot of brain power
 

27:07.798 --> 27:10.908 align:start position:0%
obviously devoted a lot of brain power
to<00:29:01.679><c> smell,</c><00:29:02.799><c> but</c><00:29:03.120><c> receptor</c><00:29:03.600><c> genes</c><00:29:03.840><c> within</c><00:29:04.159><c> the</c>

27:10.908 --> 27:10.918 align:start position:0%
to smell, but receptor genes within the
 

27:10.918 --> 27:13.149 align:start position:0%
to smell, but receptor genes within the
olfactory<00:29:05.039><c> bulbs</c><00:29:05.440><c> can</c><00:29:05.600><c> tell</c><00:29:05.840><c> scientists</c><00:29:06.320><c> how</c>

27:13.149 --> 27:13.159 align:start position:0%
olfactory bulbs can tell scientists how
 

27:13.159 --> 27:14.829 align:start position:0%
olfactory bulbs can tell scientists how
many<00:29:06.880><c> different</c><00:29:07.200><c> channels</c><00:29:07.600><c> the</c><00:29:07.840><c> brain</c><00:29:08.159><c> can</c>

27:14.829 --> 27:14.839 align:start position:0%
many different channels the brain can
 

27:14.839 --> 27:17.389 align:start position:0%
many different channels the brain can
tune<00:29:08.640><c> into.</c><00:29:09.440><c> In</c><00:29:09.679><c> other</c><00:29:09.919><c> words,</c><00:29:10.240><c> it</c><00:29:10.399><c> can</c><00:29:10.559><c> tell</c>

27:17.389 --> 27:17.399 align:start position:0%
tune into. In other words, it can tell
 

27:17.399 --> 27:19.949 align:start position:0%
tune into. In other words, it can tell
scientists<00:29:11.440><c> how</c><00:29:11.679><c> good</c><00:29:12.080><c> T-Rex</c><00:29:12.640><c> was</c><00:29:13.200><c> at</c>

27:19.949 --> 27:19.959 align:start position:0%
scientists how good T-Rex was at
 

27:19.959 --> 27:21.788 align:start position:0%
scientists how good T-Rex was at
discriminating<00:29:14.159><c> between</c><00:29:14.480><c> different</c><00:29:14.799><c> types</c>

27:21.788 --> 27:21.798 align:start position:0%
discriminating between different types
 

27:21.798 --> 27:24.749 align:start position:0%
discriminating between different types
of<00:29:15.600><c> smell.</c><00:29:16.720><c> So</c><00:29:17.120><c> a</c><00:29:17.279><c> group</c><00:29:17.520><c> from</c><00:29:17.760><c> University</c>

27:24.749 --> 27:24.759 align:start position:0%
of smell. So a group from University
 

27:24.759 --> 27:27.389 align:start position:0%
of smell. So a group from University
College<00:29:18.559><c> in</c><00:29:18.799><c> Dublin</c><00:29:19.279><c> led</c><00:29:19.600><c> by</c><00:29:19.840><c> Graeme</c><00:29:20.240><c> Hughes</c>

27:27.389 --> 27:27.399 align:start position:0%
College in Dublin led by Graeme Hughes
 

27:27.399 --> 27:28.989 align:start position:0%
College in Dublin led by Graeme Hughes
had<00:29:21.120><c> the</c><00:29:21.360><c> idea</c><00:29:21.520><c> that</c><00:29:21.760><c> rather</c><00:29:22.080><c> than</c><00:29:22.320><c> just</c>

27:28.989 --> 27:28.999 align:start position:0%
had the idea that rather than just
 

27:28.999 --> 27:30.989 align:start position:0%
had the idea that rather than just
looking<00:29:22.720><c> at</c><00:29:22.880><c> the</c><00:29:23.120><c> size</c><00:29:23.360><c> of</c><00:29:23.520><c> the</c><00:29:23.840><c> oldactory</c>

27:30.989 --> 27:30.999 align:start position:0%
looking at the size of the oldactory
 

27:30.999 --> 27:33.149 align:start position:0%
looking at the size of the oldactory
bulbs<00:29:24.880><c> in</c><00:29:25.120><c> skull</c><00:29:25.520><c> casts,</c><00:29:26.240><c> they</c><00:29:26.480><c> should</c>

27:33.149 --> 27:33.159 align:start position:0%
bulbs in skull casts, they should
 

27:33.159 --> 27:35.629 align:start position:0%
bulbs in skull casts, they should
combine<00:29:27.039><c> that</c><00:29:27.279><c> physical</c><00:29:27.760><c> data</c><00:29:28.159><c> with</c><00:29:28.399><c> genomic</c>

27:35.629 --> 27:35.639 align:start position:0%
combine that physical data with genomic
 

27:35.639 --> 27:37.229 align:start position:0%
combine that physical data with genomic
information<00:29:29.600><c> from</c><00:29:29.919><c> living</c><00:29:30.159><c> birds</c><00:29:30.480><c> and</c>

27:37.229 --> 27:37.239 align:start position:0%
information from living birds and
 

27:37.239 --> 27:40.029 align:start position:0%
information from living birds and
reptiles<00:29:31.600><c> to</c><00:29:31.840><c> estimate</c><00:29:32.399><c> how</c><00:29:32.720><c> many</c><00:29:33.039><c> actual</c>

27:40.029 --> 27:40.039 align:start position:0%
reptiles to estimate how many actual
 

27:40.039 --> 27:43.308 align:start position:0%
reptiles to estimate how many actual
smell<00:29:33.840><c> receptor</c><00:29:34.320><c> genes</c><00:29:34.720><c> T-Rex</c><00:29:35.360><c> probably</c><00:29:35.919><c> had.</c>

27:43.308 --> 27:43.318 align:start position:0%
smell receptor genes T-Rex probably had.
 

27:43.318 --> 27:45.308 align:start position:0%
smell receptor genes T-Rex probably had.
The<00:29:36.960><c> more</c><00:29:37.200><c> genes,</c><00:29:37.679><c> the</c><00:29:37.840><c> richer</c><00:29:38.240><c> and</c><00:29:38.559><c> more</c>

27:45.308 --> 27:45.318 align:start position:0%
The more genes, the richer and more
 

27:45.318 --> 27:47.709 align:start position:0%
The more genes, the richer and more
detailed<00:29:39.200><c> the</c><00:29:39.440><c> T-Rex's</c><00:29:40.159><c> allactory</c><00:29:40.799><c> world</c>

27:47.709 --> 27:47.719 align:start position:0%
detailed the T-Rex's allactory world
 

27:47.719 --> 27:50.428 align:start position:0%
detailed the T-Rex's allactory world
would<00:29:41.520><c> be.</c><00:29:42.880><c> They</c><00:29:43.200><c> discovered</c><00:29:43.520><c> that</c><00:29:43.679><c> its</c>

27:50.428 --> 27:50.438 align:start position:0%
would be. They discovered that its
 

27:50.438 --> 27:53.149 align:start position:0%
would be. They discovered that its
olfactory<00:29:44.559><c> system</c><00:29:44.960><c> was</c><00:29:45.520><c> exceptional,</c>

27:53.149 --> 27:53.159 align:start position:0%
olfactory system was exceptional,
 

27:53.159 --> 27:55.629 align:start position:0%
olfactory system was exceptional,
suggesting<00:29:47.120><c> upwards</c><00:29:47.520><c> of</c><00:29:47.840><c> 600</c><00:29:48.559><c> receptor</c>

27:55.629 --> 27:55.639 align:start position:0%
suggesting upwards of 600 receptor
 

27:55.639 --> 27:58.749 align:start position:0%
suggesting upwards of 600 receptor
genes,<00:29:49.679><c> on</c><00:29:49.919><c> par</c><00:29:50.159><c> with</c><00:29:50.320><c> a</c><00:29:50.559><c> domestic</c><00:29:51.200><c> cat,</c><00:29:52.000><c> the</c>

27:58.749 --> 27:58.759 align:start position:0%
genes, on par with a domestic cat, the
 

27:58.759 --> 28:02.109 align:start position:0%
genes, on par with a domestic cat, the
highest<00:29:52.640><c> of</c><00:29:52.960><c> any</c><00:29:53.440><c> theropod</c><00:29:54.159><c> ever</c><00:29:54.559><c> studied.</c>

28:02.109 --> 28:02.119 align:start position:0%
highest of any theropod ever studied.
 

28:02.119 --> 28:04.908 align:start position:0%
highest of any theropod ever studied.
The<00:29:55.840><c> UCD</c><00:29:56.480><c> group</c><00:29:56.799><c> also</c><00:29:57.200><c> postulated</c><00:29:57.679><c> that</c><00:29:57.919><c> T-Rex</c>

28:04.908 --> 28:04.918 align:start position:0%
The UCD group also postulated that T-Rex
 

28:04.918 --> 28:07.149 align:start position:0%
The UCD group also postulated that T-Rex
had<00:29:58.559><c> the</c><00:29:58.720><c> ability</c><00:29:58.960><c> to</c><00:29:59.200><c> smell</c><00:29:59.600><c> blood</c><00:30:00.000><c> from</c><00:30:00.320><c> far</c>

28:07.149 --> 28:07.159 align:start position:0%
had the ability to smell blood from far
 

28:07.159 --> 28:09.629 align:start position:0%
had the ability to smell blood from far
away,<00:30:01.440><c> allowing</c><00:30:01.760><c> it</c><00:30:02.000><c> to</c><00:30:02.159><c> track</c><00:30:02.480><c> prey</c><00:30:02.799><c> over</c>

28:09.629 --> 28:09.639 align:start position:0%
away, allowing it to track prey over
 

28:09.639 --> 28:12.029 align:start position:0%
away, allowing it to track prey over
large<00:30:03.520><c> distances</c><00:30:04.080><c> like</c><00:30:04.399><c> modern</c><00:30:04.720><c> wolves</c><00:30:05.200><c> or</c>

28:12.029 --> 28:12.039 align:start position:0%
large distances like modern wolves or
 

28:12.039 --> 28:14.989 align:start position:0%
large distances like modern wolves or
scavenge<00:30:06.159><c> carrying</c><00:30:06.720><c> like</c><00:30:06.880><c> today's</c><00:30:07.360><c> vulture.</c>

28:14.989 --> 28:14.999 align:start position:0%
scavenge carrying like today's vulture.
 

28:14.999 --> 28:17.149 align:start position:0%
scavenge carrying like today's vulture.
So,<00:30:08.799><c> in</c><00:30:09.039><c> reality,</c><00:30:09.440><c> it</c><00:30:09.679><c> probably</c><00:30:10.000><c> sniffed</c><00:30:10.480><c> out</c>

28:17.149 --> 28:17.159 align:start position:0%
So, in reality, it probably sniffed out
 

28:17.159 --> 28:20.829 align:start position:0%
So, in reality, it probably sniffed out
its<00:30:10.960><c> prey</c><00:30:11.360><c> long</c><00:30:11.679><c> before</c><00:30:12.080><c> it</c><00:30:12.320><c> ever</c><00:30:12.640><c> saw</c><00:30:12.880><c> it.</c><00:30:14.159><c> So,</c>

28:20.829 --> 28:20.839 align:start position:0%
its prey long before it ever saw it. So,
 

28:20.839 --> 28:23.629 align:start position:0%
its prey long before it ever saw it. So,
once<00:30:14.640><c> the</c><00:30:14.799><c> T-Rex</c><00:30:15.200><c> had</c><00:30:15.360><c> prey</c><00:30:15.679><c> in</c><00:30:15.840><c> its</c><00:30:16.080><c> sights,</c>

28:23.629 --> 28:23.639 align:start position:0%
once the T-Rex had prey in its sights,
 

28:23.639 --> 28:26.989 align:start position:0%
once the T-Rex had prey in its sights,
what<00:30:17.360><c> did</c><00:30:17.520><c> it</c><00:30:17.760><c> actually</c><00:30:18.159><c> see?</c><00:30:19.440><c> We</c><00:30:19.679><c> can</c><00:30:19.840><c> infer</c><00:30:20.240><c> a</c>

28:26.989 --> 28:26.999 align:start position:0%
what did it actually see? We can infer a
 

28:26.999 --> 28:29.709 align:start position:0%
what did it actually see? We can infer a
few<00:30:20.720><c> things.</c><00:30:21.520><c> First,</c><00:30:22.000><c> both</c><00:30:22.320><c> crocodiles</c><00:30:22.880><c> and</c>

28:29.709 --> 28:29.719 align:start position:0%
few things. First, both crocodiles and
 

28:29.719 --> 28:32.029 align:start position:0%
few things. First, both crocodiles and
birds<00:30:23.600><c> had</c><00:30:23.760><c> the</c><00:30:23.919><c> retinal</c><00:30:24.480><c> capacity</c><00:30:24.960><c> to</c><00:30:25.200><c> see</c>

28:32.029 --> 28:32.039 align:start position:0%
birds had the retinal capacity to see
 

28:32.039 --> 28:33.869 align:start position:0%
birds had the retinal capacity to see
color.<00:30:26.159><c> So,</c><00:30:26.399><c> it</c><00:30:26.559><c> stands</c><00:30:26.799><c> to</c><00:30:26.960><c> reason</c><00:30:27.120><c> that</c>

28:33.869 --> 28:33.879 align:start position:0%
color. So, it stands to reason that
 

28:33.879 --> 28:36.589 align:start position:0%
color. So, it stands to reason that
T-Rex<00:30:27.919><c> had</c><00:30:28.080><c> it,</c><00:30:28.320><c> too.</c><00:30:29.120><c> T-Rex's</c><00:30:29.840><c> eye</c>

28:36.589 --> 28:36.599 align:start position:0%
T-Rex had it, too. T-Rex's eye
 

28:36.599 --> 28:39.229 align:start position:0%
T-Rex had it, too. T-Rex's eye
positioning<00:30:30.640><c> gave</c><00:30:30.799><c> it</c><00:30:31.120><c> stereoscopic</c><00:30:32.159><c> vision,</c>

28:39.229 --> 28:39.239 align:start position:0%
positioning gave it stereoscopic vision,
 

28:39.239 --> 28:41.548 align:start position:0%
positioning gave it stereoscopic vision,
so<00:30:32.880><c> it</c><00:30:33.039><c> would</c><00:30:33.200><c> see</c><00:30:33.440><c> well</c><00:30:33.760><c> in</c><00:30:34.000><c> three</c><00:30:34.320><c> dimension,</c>

28:41.548 --> 28:41.558 align:start position:0%
so it would see well in three dimension,
 

28:41.558 --> 28:43.548 align:start position:0%
so it would see well in three dimension,
with<00:30:35.279><c> some</c><00:30:35.520><c> suggesting</c><00:30:35.919><c> it</c><00:30:36.080><c> had</c><00:30:36.240><c> a</c><00:30:36.399><c> binocular</c>

28:43.548 --> 28:43.558 align:start position:0%
with some suggesting it had a binocular
 

28:43.558 --> 28:46.349 align:start position:0%
with some suggesting it had a binocular
field<00:30:37.279><c> of</c><00:30:37.440><c> vision</c><00:30:37.679><c> of</c><00:30:38.159><c> 55°,</c>

28:46.349 --> 28:46.359 align:start position:0%
field of vision of 55°,
 

28:46.359 --> 28:49.229 align:start position:0%
field of vision of 55°,
on<00:30:40.080><c> par</c><00:30:40.399><c> with</c><00:30:40.640><c> Modern</c><00:30:41.120><c> Hawks,</c><00:30:42.159><c> which</c><00:30:42.399><c> means</c>

28:49.229 --> 28:49.239 align:start position:0%
on par with Modern Hawks, which means
 

28:49.239 --> 28:51.389 align:start position:0%
on par with Modern Hawks, which means
even<00:30:42.880><c> if</c><00:30:43.039><c> you</c><00:30:43.279><c> stood</c><00:30:43.520><c> still,</c><00:30:44.000><c> T-Rex</c><00:30:44.559><c> would</c>

28:51.389 --> 28:51.399 align:start position:0%
even if you stood still, T-Rex would
 

28:51.399 --> 28:52.989 align:start position:0%
even if you stood still, T-Rex would
still<00:30:45.279><c> spot</c><00:30:45.600><c> you,</c><00:30:45.760><c> which</c><00:30:46.000><c> would</c><00:30:46.159><c> have</c><00:30:46.320><c> made</c>

28:52.989 --> 28:52.999 align:start position:0%
still spot you, which would have made
 

28:52.999 --> 28:55.389 align:start position:0%
still spot you, which would have made
Jurassic<00:30:46.880><c> Park</c><00:30:47.120><c> a</c><00:30:47.440><c> much</c><00:30:47.679><c> shorter</c><00:30:48.480><c> and</c><00:30:48.640><c> much</c>

28:55.389 --> 28:55.399 align:start position:0%
Jurassic Park a much shorter and much
 

28:55.399 --> 29:01.149 align:start position:0%
Jurassic Park a much shorter and much
bloodier<00:30:49.360><c> film.</c>

29:01.149 --> 29:01.159 align:start position:0%
 
 

29:01.159 --> 29:03.548 align:start position:0%
 
What<00:30:54.960><c> started</c><00:30:55.279><c> off</c><00:30:55.440><c> as</c><00:30:55.679><c> a</c><00:30:55.919><c> handful</c><00:30:56.320><c> of</c><00:30:56.559><c> bones</c>

29:03.548 --> 29:03.558 align:start position:0%
What started off as a handful of bones
 

29:03.558 --> 29:05.869 align:start position:0%
What started off as a handful of bones
blasted<00:30:57.600><c> out</c><00:30:57.760><c> of</c><00:30:57.840><c> a</c><00:30:58.080><c> Montana</c><00:30:58.559><c> hillside</c><00:30:59.120><c> has</c>

29:05.869 --> 29:05.879 align:start position:0%
blasted out of a Montana hillside has
 

29:05.879 --> 29:08.589 align:start position:0%
blasted out of a Montana hillside has
become<00:31:00.320><c> 120</c><00:31:00.720><c> years</c><00:31:00.960><c> later</c><00:31:01.520><c> something</c>

29:08.589 --> 29:08.599 align:start position:0%
become 120 years later something
 

29:08.599 --> 29:11.149 align:start position:0%
become 120 years later something
completely<00:31:02.799><c> different</c><00:31:03.200><c> to</c><00:31:03.520><c> what</c><00:31:04.080><c> Barnum</c>

29:11.149 --> 29:11.159 align:start position:0%
completely different to what Barnum
 

29:11.159 --> 29:14.109 align:start position:0%
completely different to what Barnum
Brown<00:31:05.120><c> imagined.</c><00:31:06.159><c> T-Rex</c><00:31:06.720><c> was</c><00:31:07.039><c> bigger,</c>

29:14.109 --> 29:14.119 align:start position:0%
Brown imagined. T-Rex was bigger,
 

29:14.119 --> 29:16.829 align:start position:0%
Brown imagined. T-Rex was bigger,
sharper<00:31:08.240><c> sensed,</c><00:31:08.720><c> and</c><00:31:08.960><c> more</c><00:31:09.279><c> cunning</c><00:31:10.080><c> than</c>

29:16.829 --> 29:16.839 align:start position:0%
sharper sensed, and more cunning than
 

29:16.839 --> 29:20.109 align:start position:0%
sharper sensed, and more cunning than
the<00:31:10.559><c> monster</c><00:31:11.039><c> we</c><00:31:11.520><c> thought</c><00:31:12.080><c> we</c><00:31:12.399><c> knew.</c><00:31:13.039><c> And</c><00:31:13.279><c> yet,</c>

29:20.109 --> 29:20.119 align:start position:0%
the monster we thought we knew. And yet,
 

29:20.119 --> 29:22.029 align:start position:0%
the monster we thought we knew. And yet,
for<00:31:13.919><c> all</c><00:31:14.159><c> the</c><00:31:14.399><c> breakthroughs,</c><00:31:15.039><c> we're</c><00:31:15.279><c> still</c>

29:22.029 --> 29:22.039 align:start position:0%
for all the breakthroughs, we're still
 

29:22.039 --> 29:24.908 align:start position:0%
for all the breakthroughs, we're still
only<00:31:15.760><c> working</c><00:31:16.080><c> from</c><00:31:16.559><c> fragments.</c><00:31:18.000><c> To</c><00:31:18.240><c> remind</c>

29:24.908 --> 29:24.918 align:start position:0%
only working from fragments. To remind
 

29:24.918 --> 29:28.349 align:start position:0%
only working from fragments. To remind
you<00:31:18.640><c> of</c><00:31:18.880><c> the</c><00:31:19.039><c> estimated</c><00:31:19.679><c> 2.5</c><00:31:20.720><c> billion</c><00:31:21.279><c> T-Rex</c>

29:28.349 --> 29:28.359 align:start position:0%
you of the estimated 2.5 billion T-Rex
 

29:28.359 --> 29:30.668 align:start position:0%
you of the estimated 2.5 billion T-Rex
that<00:31:22.080><c> ever</c><00:31:22.320><c> lived,</c><00:31:23.039><c> we</c><00:31:23.279><c> found</c><00:31:23.520><c> the</c><00:31:23.679><c> remains</c><00:31:24.000><c> of</c>

29:30.668 --> 29:30.678 align:start position:0%
that ever lived, we found the remains of
 

29:30.678 --> 29:33.229 align:start position:0%
that ever lived, we found the remains of
fewer<00:31:24.480><c> than</c><00:31:24.640><c> a</c><00:31:24.799><c> hundred.</c><00:31:25.840><c> But</c><00:31:26.000><c> the</c><00:31:26.159><c> tools</c><00:31:26.480><c> and</c>

29:33.229 --> 29:33.239 align:start position:0%
fewer than a hundred. But the tools and
 

29:33.239 --> 29:35.629 align:start position:0%
fewer than a hundred. But the tools and
techniques<00:31:27.200><c> of</c><00:31:27.520><c> today</c><00:31:28.080><c> still</c><00:31:28.480><c> continue</c><00:31:28.880><c> to</c>

29:35.629 --> 29:35.639 align:start position:0%
techniques of today still continue to
 

29:35.639 --> 29:38.428 align:start position:0%
techniques of today still continue to
squeeze<00:31:29.600><c> remarkable</c><00:31:30.399><c> new</c><00:31:30.799><c> insights</c><00:31:31.520><c> from</c>

29:38.428 --> 29:38.438 align:start position:0%
squeeze remarkable new insights from
 

29:38.438 --> 29:40.829 align:start position:0%
squeeze remarkable new insights from
these<00:31:32.240><c> fragments.</c><00:31:33.360><c> A</c><00:31:33.679><c> generation</c><00:31:34.080><c> of</c>

29:40.829 --> 29:40.839 align:start position:0%
these fragments. A generation of
 

29:40.839 --> 29:42.749 align:start position:0%
these fragments. A generation of
scientists<00:31:34.880><c> armed</c><00:31:35.279><c> with</c><00:31:35.520><c> technology</c><00:31:36.000><c> Barn</c>

29:42.749 --> 29:42.759 align:start position:0%
scientists armed with technology Barn
 

29:42.759 --> 29:45.308 align:start position:0%
scientists armed with technology Barn
and<00:31:36.480><c> Brown</c><00:31:36.720><c> could</c><00:31:36.880><c> have</c><00:31:36.960><c> only</c><00:31:37.279><c> dreamed</c><00:31:37.679><c> of</c><00:31:38.480><c> are</c>

29:45.308 --> 29:45.318 align:start position:0%
and Brown could have only dreamed of are
 

29:45.318 --> 29:47.629 align:start position:0%
and Brown could have only dreamed of are
slowly,<00:31:39.600><c> painstakingly</c><00:31:40.559><c> bringing</c><00:31:40.880><c> this</c>

29:47.629 --> 29:47.639 align:start position:0%
slowly, painstakingly bringing this
 

29:47.639 --> 29:50.509 align:start position:0%
slowly, painstakingly bringing this
animal<00:31:41.600><c> into</c><00:31:42.000><c> focus.</c><00:31:43.039><c> And</c><00:31:43.200><c> the</c><00:31:43.440><c> clearer</c><00:31:43.760><c> the</c>

29:50.509 --> 29:50.519 align:start position:0%
animal into focus. And the clearer the
 

29:50.519 --> 29:52.989 align:start position:0%
animal into focus. And the clearer the
picture<00:31:44.320><c> gets,</c><00:31:44.799><c> the</c><00:31:45.039><c> more</c><00:31:45.360><c> terrifying</c><00:31:46.159><c> it</c>

29:52.989 --> 29:52.999 align:start position:0%
picture gets, the more terrifying it
 

29:52.999 --> 29:55.869 align:start position:0%
picture gets, the more terrifying it
becomes.<00:31:47.679><c> The</c><00:31:48.000><c> king,</c><00:31:48.320><c> tyrant,</c><00:31:48.799><c> lizard</c><00:31:49.120><c> we</c>

29:55.869 --> 29:55.879 align:start position:0%
becomes. The king, tyrant, lizard we
 

29:55.879 --> 30:00.668 align:start position:0%
becomes. The king, tyrant, lizard we
knew<00:31:49.840><c> is</c><00:31:50.240><c> dead.</c><00:31:51.519><c> Long</c><00:31:51.919><c> live</c><00:31:52.320><c> the</c><00:31:52.640><c> king.</c><00:31:53.919><c> Let</c><00:31:54.080><c> me</c>

30:00.668 --> 30:00.678 align:start position:0%
knew is dead. Long live the king. Let me
 

30:00.678 --> 30:01.709 align:start position:0%
knew is dead. Long live the king. Let me
know<00:31:54.320><c> in</c><00:31:54.399><c> the</c><00:31:54.480><c> comments</c><00:31:54.720><c> what</c><00:31:54.880><c> you</c><00:31:55.039><c> think</c>

30:01.709 --> 30:01.719 align:start position:0%
know in the comments what you think
 

30:01.719 --> 30:03.149 align:start position:0%
know in the comments what you think
about<00:31:55.279><c> these</c><00:31:55.600><c> new</c><00:31:55.760><c> discoveries</c><00:31:56.320><c> and</c>

30:03.149 --> 30:03.159 align:start position:0%
about these new discoveries and
 

30:03.159 --> 30:04.589 align:start position:0%
about these new discoveries and
revelations<00:31:57.120><c> and</c><00:31:57.279><c> whether</c><00:31:57.519><c> it's</c><00:31:57.679><c> changed</c>

30:04.589 --> 30:04.599 align:start position:0%
revelations and whether it's changed
 

30:04.599 --> 30:06.349 align:start position:0%
revelations and whether it's changed
your<00:31:58.320><c> view</c><00:31:58.559><c> on</c><00:31:58.799><c> the</c><00:31:58.960><c> T-Rex</c><00:31:59.440><c> and</c><00:31:59.600><c> whether</c>

30:06.349 --> 30:06.359 align:start position:0%
your view on the T-Rex and whether
 

30:06.359 --> 30:07.869 align:start position:0%
your view on the T-Rex and whether
that's<00:32:00.000><c> a</c><00:32:00.240><c> good</c><00:32:00.320><c> thing</c><00:32:00.480><c> or</c><00:32:00.720><c> a</c><00:32:00.960><c> bad</c><00:32:01.039><c> thing</c><00:32:01.200><c> the</c>

30:07.869 --> 30:07.879 align:start position:0%
that's a good thing or a bad thing the
 

30:07.879 --> 30:09.389 align:start position:0%
that's a good thing or a bad thing the
next<00:32:01.519><c> time</c><00:32:01.600><c> you</c><00:32:01.760><c> watch</c><00:32:01.919><c> Jurassic</c><00:32:02.320><c> Park.</c><00:32:02.799><c> And</c>

30:09.389 --> 30:09.399 align:start position:0%
next time you watch Jurassic Park. And
 

30:09.399 --> 30:10.908 align:start position:0%
next time you watch Jurassic Park. And
if<00:32:03.039><c> you're</c><00:32:03.200><c> still</c><00:32:03.360><c> here,</c><00:32:03.679><c> please</c><00:32:03.840><c> do</c><00:32:04.080><c> hit</c>

30:10.908 --> 30:10.918 align:start position:0%
if you're still here, please do hit
 

30:10.918 --> 30:12.428 align:start position:0%
if you're still here, please do hit
subscribe.<00:32:04.960><c> We</c><00:32:05.120><c> are</c><00:32:05.279><c> a</c><00:32:05.440><c> new</c><00:32:05.600><c> channel</c><00:32:05.760><c> and</c>

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subscribe. We are a new channel and
 

30:12.438 --> 30:13.629 align:start position:0%
subscribe. We are a new channel and
that's<00:32:06.080><c> one</c><00:32:06.240><c> of</c><00:32:06.240><c> the</c><00:32:06.399><c> best</c><00:32:06.559><c> things</c><00:32:06.720><c> you</c><00:32:06.880><c> can</c><00:32:07.039><c> do</c>

30:13.629 --> 30:13.639 align:start position:0%
that's one of the best things you can do
 

30:13.639 --> 30:15.629 align:start position:0%
that's one of the best things you can do
to<00:32:07.360><c> help</c><00:32:07.600><c> a</c><00:32:07.840><c> channel</c><00:32:08.000><c> like</c><00:32:08.240><c> ours</c><00:32:08.640><c> keep</c><00:32:08.880><c> making</c>

30:15.629 --> 30:15.639 align:start position:0%
to help a channel like ours keep making
 

30:15.639 --> 30:17.788 align:start position:0%
to help a channel like ours keep making
awesome<00:32:09.600><c> content</c><00:32:09.919><c> like</c><00:32:10.159><c> this.</c><00:32:10.799><c> Thank</c><00:32:10.960><c> you</c><00:32:11.120><c> so</c>

30:17.788 --> 30:17.798 align:start position:0%
awesome content like this. Thank you so
 

30:17.798 --> 30:21.918 align:start position:0%
awesome content like this. Thank you so
much<00:32:11.440><c> and</c><00:32:11.679><c> I'll</c><00:32:11.919><c> see</c><00:32:12.000><c> you</c><00:32:12.080><c> in</c><00:32:12.159><c> the</c><00:32:12.240><c> next</c><00:32:12.399><c> one.</c>