WEBVTT

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Below<00:00:00.480><c> the</c><00:00:00.640><c> surface</c><00:00:00.960><c> of</c><00:00:01.120><c> the</c><00:00:01.360><c> Atlantic</c><00:00:01.839><c> Ocean</c>

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Below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean
 

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Below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean
lies<00:00:02.560><c> the</c><00:00:02.800><c> longest</c><00:00:03.360><c> mountain</c><00:00:03.840><c> chain</c><00:00:04.319><c> on</c>

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lies the longest mountain chain on
 

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lies the longest mountain chain on
Earth.

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Earth.
 

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Earth.
It<00:00:06.480><c> rises</c><00:00:07.040><c> 3</c><00:00:07.359><c> kilometers</c><00:00:08.080><c> above</c><00:00:08.480><c> the</c><00:00:08.720><c> sea</c>

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It rises 3 kilometers above the sea
 

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It rises 3 kilometers above the sea
floor.<00:00:09.440><c> Hidden</c><00:00:09.760><c> almost</c><00:00:10.160><c> entirely</c>

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floor. Hidden almost entirely
 

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floor. Hidden almost entirely
underwater.

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underwater.
 

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underwater.
This<00:00:13.840><c> is</c><00:00:14.000><c> the</c><00:00:14.160><c> Mid-Atlantic</c><00:00:15.120><c> Ridge,</c><00:00:15.759><c> a</c><00:00:16.160><c> 65,000</c>

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This is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a 65,000
 

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This is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a 65,000
km<00:00:18.240><c> long</c><00:00:18.720><c> scar</c><00:00:19.359><c> where</c><00:00:19.600><c> the</c><00:00:19.760><c> Earth</c><00:00:20.000><c> is</c>

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km long scar where the Earth is
 

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km long scar where the Earth is
literally<00:00:20.880><c> pulling</c><00:00:21.199><c> itself</c><00:00:21.760><c> apart.</c>

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literally pulling itself apart.
 

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literally pulling itself apart.
It<00:00:23.519><c> is</c><00:00:23.680><c> a</c><00:00:23.920><c> place</c><00:00:24.160><c> of</c><00:00:24.400><c> perpetual</c><00:00:25.199><c> darkness,</c>

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It is a place of perpetual darkness,
 

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It is a place of perpetual darkness,
crushing<00:00:27.039><c> pressure,</c><00:00:27.840><c> and</c><00:00:28.080><c> extreme</c><00:00:28.800><c> volcanic</c>

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crushing pressure, and extreme volcanic
 

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crushing pressure, and extreme volcanic
activity.<00:00:30.800><c> The</c><00:00:30.960><c> Mid-Atlantic</c><00:00:31.599><c> Ridge</c><00:00:31.920><c> was</c>

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activity. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was
 

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activity. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was
something<00:00:32.320><c> we</c><00:00:32.640><c> thought</c><00:00:32.960><c> we</c><00:00:33.360><c> understood.</c><00:00:34.239><c> We</c>

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something we thought we understood. We
 

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something we thought we understood. We
thought<00:00:34.719><c> it</c><00:00:34.880><c> was</c><00:00:35.120><c> bursting</c><00:00:35.600><c> with</c><00:00:35.840><c> black</c>

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thought it was bursting with black
 

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thought it was bursting with black
smokers,<00:00:36.880><c> acidic</c><00:00:37.360><c> vents,</c><00:00:37.680><c> and</c><00:00:37.920><c> even</c><00:00:38.320><c> life</c>

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smokers, acidic vents, and even life
 

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smokers, acidic vents, and even life
fueled<00:00:39.520><c> by</c><00:00:39.680><c> the</c><00:00:39.920><c> heat</c><00:00:40.239><c> of</c><00:00:40.480><c> magma.</c><00:00:41.760><c> But</c><00:00:41.920><c> in</c><00:00:42.079><c> the</c>

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fueled by the heat of magma. But in the
 

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fueled by the heat of magma. But in the
year<00:00:42.559><c> 2000,</c><00:00:43.200><c> a</c><00:00:43.440><c> team</c><00:00:43.680><c> of</c><00:00:43.840><c> scientists</c><00:00:44.320><c> stumbled</c>

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year 2000, a team of scientists stumbled
 

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year 2000, a team of scientists stumbled
upon<00:00:44.960><c> something</c><00:00:45.200><c> that</c><00:00:45.440><c> shouldn't</c><00:00:46.000><c> exist.</c><00:00:47.200><c> A</c>

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upon something that shouldn't exist. A
 

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upon something that shouldn't exist. A
towering<00:00:48.160><c> ghostly</c><00:00:48.719><c> white</c><00:00:49.120><c> metropolis</c><00:00:49.920><c> of</c>

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towering ghostly white metropolis of
 

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towering ghostly white metropolis of
spires<00:00:51.440><c> standing</c><00:00:51.920><c> like</c><00:00:52.160><c> a</c><00:00:52.320><c> cathedral</c><00:00:52.960><c> in</c><00:00:53.280><c> the</c>

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spires standing like a cathedral in the
 

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spires standing like a cathedral in the
dark<00:00:54.559><c> spanning</c><00:00:54.960><c> the</c><00:00:55.199><c> area</c><00:00:55.360><c> of</c><00:00:55.520><c> a</c><00:00:55.760><c> city</c><00:00:56.079><c> block</c>

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dark spanning the area of a city block
 

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dark spanning the area of a city block
and<00:00:56.640><c> towering</c><00:00:57.120><c> up</c><00:00:57.280><c> to</c><00:00:57.600><c> 60</c><00:00:58.079><c> m</c><00:00:58.640><c> tall.</c><00:00:59.600><c> They</c>

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and towering up to 60 m tall. They
 

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and towering up to 60 m tall. They
called<00:01:00.160><c> it</c><00:01:00.879><c> the</c><00:01:01.120><c> lost</c><00:01:01.840><c> city.</c>

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called it the lost city.
 

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called it the lost city.
Conditions<00:01:04.239><c> here</c><00:01:04.479><c> are</c><00:01:04.720><c> so</c><00:01:05.119><c> hostile,</c><00:01:05.760><c> so</c>

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Conditions here are so hostile, so
 

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Conditions here are so hostile, so
extreme<00:01:06.560><c> that</c><00:01:06.880><c> no</c><00:01:07.200><c> life</c><00:01:07.680><c> should</c><00:01:08.560><c> be</c><00:01:08.720><c> able</c><00:01:09.040><c> to</c>

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extreme that no life should be able to
 

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extreme that no life should be able to
survive.<00:01:10.640><c> And</c><00:01:10.880><c> yet</c><00:01:11.600><c> it's</c><00:01:11.920><c> teameming</c><00:01:12.320><c> with</c>

01:12.710 --> 01:12.720 align:start position:0%
survive. And yet it's teameming with
 

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survive. And yet it's teameming with
trillions<00:01:13.439><c> of</c><00:01:13.760><c> residents.</c><00:01:15.200><c> This</c><00:01:15.439><c> is</c><00:01:15.600><c> no</c>

01:15.910 --> 01:15.920 align:start position:0%
trillions of residents. This is no
 

01:15.920 --> 01:19.590 align:start position:0%
trillions of residents. This is no
mythical<00:01:16.640><c> land</c><00:01:17.040><c> or</c><00:01:17.439><c> hidden</c><00:01:18.080><c> Atlantis.</c>

01:19.590 --> 01:19.600 align:start position:0%
mythical land or hidden Atlantis.
 

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mythical land or hidden Atlantis.
This<00:01:19.840><c> is</c><00:01:20.000><c> a</c><00:01:20.240><c> place</c><00:01:20.479><c> that's</c><00:01:20.880><c> revealing</c><00:01:21.439><c> to</c><00:01:21.759><c> us</c>

01:22.550 --> 01:22.560 align:start position:0%
This is a place that's revealing to us
 

01:22.560 --> 01:26.149 align:start position:0%
This is a place that's revealing to us
life's<00:01:23.040><c> most</c><00:01:23.520><c> brutal</c><00:01:24.159><c> survival</c><00:01:24.880><c> tactics.</c><00:01:25.920><c> I'm</c>

01:26.149 --> 01:26.159 align:start position:0%
life's most brutal survival tactics. I'm
 

01:26.159 --> 01:27.510 align:start position:0%
life's most brutal survival tactics. I'm
James<00:01:26.479><c> Stewart</c><00:01:26.799><c> and</c><00:01:26.960><c> you're</c><00:01:27.119><c> watching</c>

01:27.510 --> 01:27.520 align:start position:0%
James Stewart and you're watching
 

01:27.520 --> 01:30.550 align:start position:0%
James Stewart and you're watching
Astramm<00:01:28.159><c> Earth.</c><00:01:29.040><c> Join</c><00:01:29.360><c> me</c><00:01:29.520><c> in</c><00:01:29.759><c> this</c><00:01:30.000><c> video</c><00:01:30.320><c> as</c>

01:30.550 --> 01:30.560 align:start position:0%
Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
 

01:30.560 --> 01:32.789 align:start position:0%
Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
we<00:01:30.799><c> go</c><00:01:30.960><c> to</c><00:01:31.119><c> the</c><00:01:31.280><c> depths</c><00:01:31.680><c> of</c><00:01:31.840><c> the</c><00:01:32.000><c> Mid-Atlantic</c>

01:32.789 --> 01:32.799 align:start position:0%
we go to the depths of the Mid-Atlantic
 

01:32.799 --> 01:35.429 align:start position:0%
we go to the depths of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge<00:01:33.360><c> to</c><00:01:33.600><c> uncover</c><00:01:34.159><c> how</c><00:01:34.479><c> this</c><00:01:34.799><c> city</c><00:01:35.119><c> was</c>

01:35.429 --> 01:35.439 align:start position:0%
Ridge to uncover how this city was
 

01:35.439 --> 01:38.149 align:start position:0%
Ridge to uncover how this city was
built,<00:01:36.079><c> the</c><00:01:36.320><c> alien</c><00:01:36.880><c> chemistry</c><00:01:37.439><c> that</c><00:01:37.759><c> fuels</c>

01:38.149 --> 01:38.159 align:start position:0%
built, the alien chemistry that fuels
 

01:38.159 --> 01:40.789 align:start position:0%
built, the alien chemistry that fuels
it,<00:01:38.720><c> and</c><00:01:38.960><c> why</c><00:01:39.280><c> this</c><00:01:39.520><c> place</c><00:01:39.920><c> might</c><00:01:40.320><c> hold</c><00:01:40.560><c> the</c>

01:40.789 --> 01:40.799 align:start position:0%
it, and why this place might hold the
 

01:40.799 --> 01:43.749 align:start position:0%
it, and why this place might hold the
key<00:01:40.960><c> to</c><00:01:41.200><c> how</c><00:01:41.520><c> life</c><00:01:42.000><c> begun,</c><00:01:42.960><c> not</c><00:01:43.200><c> just</c><00:01:43.360><c> here</c><00:01:43.600><c> on</c>

01:43.749 --> 01:43.759 align:start position:0%
key to how life begun, not just here on
 

01:43.759 --> 01:47.030 align:start position:0%
key to how life begun, not just here on
Earth,<00:01:44.320><c> but</c><00:01:44.560><c> on</c><00:01:44.960><c> icy</c><00:01:45.280><c> moons</c><00:01:45.759><c> across</c><00:01:46.320><c> our</c><00:01:46.640><c> solar</c>

01:47.030 --> 01:47.040 align:start position:0%
Earth, but on icy moons across our solar
 

01:47.040 --> 01:49.590 align:start position:0%
Earth, but on icy moons across our solar
system.<00:01:47.920><c> as</c><00:01:48.159><c> we</c><00:01:48.479><c> finally</c><00:01:48.880><c> bring</c><00:01:49.119><c> one</c><00:01:49.360><c> of</c><00:01:49.439><c> the</c>

01:49.590 --> 01:49.600 align:start position:0%
system. as we finally bring one of the
 

01:49.600 --> 01:51.990 align:start position:0%
system. as we finally bring one of the
strangest<00:01:50.159><c> ecosystems</c><00:01:51.040><c> ever</c><00:01:51.360><c> found</c><00:01:51.680><c> on</c>

01:51.990 --> 01:52.000 align:start position:0%
strangest ecosystems ever found on
 

01:52.000 --> 01:58.230 align:start position:0%
strangest ecosystems ever found on
planet<00:01:52.399><c> Earth</c><00:01:53.439><c> to</c><00:01:53.680><c> light.</c>

01:58.230 --> 01:58.240 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:58.240 --> 02:00.870 align:start position:0%
 
On<00:01:58.479><c> the</c><00:01:58.560><c> 4th</c><00:01:58.799><c> of</c><00:01:58.960><c> December</c><00:01:59.680><c> 2000,</c><00:02:00.640><c> an</c>

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On the 4th of December 2000, an
 

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On the 4th of December 2000, an
expedition<00:02:01.439><c> funded</c><00:02:01.840><c> by</c><00:02:02.000><c> the</c><00:02:02.159><c> US</c><00:02:02.560><c> National</c>

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expedition funded by the US National
 

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expedition funded by the US National
Science<00:02:03.520><c> Foundation</c><00:02:04.320><c> was</c><00:02:04.640><c> sent</c><00:02:04.799><c> out</c><00:02:05.040><c> to</c><00:02:05.200><c> dive</c>

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Science Foundation was sent out to dive
 

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Science Foundation was sent out to dive
deeper<00:02:05.920><c> into</c><00:02:06.159><c> this</c><00:02:06.399><c> spectacular</c><00:02:07.119><c> underwater</c>

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deeper into this spectacular underwater
 

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deeper into this spectacular underwater
mountain<00:02:08.239><c> range</c><00:02:08.800><c> than</c><00:02:09.039><c> anyone</c><00:02:09.440><c> had</c><00:02:09.759><c> ever</c><00:02:10.000><c> been</c>

02:10.150 --> 02:10.160 align:start position:0%
mountain range than anyone had ever been
 

02:10.160 --> 02:13.270 align:start position:0%
mountain range than anyone had ever been
able<00:02:10.399><c> to</c><00:02:10.720><c> before.</c><00:02:11.920><c> led</c><00:02:12.160><c> by</c><00:02:12.319><c> Donna</c><00:02:12.720><c> Blackman</c><00:02:13.120><c> of</c>

02:13.270 --> 02:13.280 align:start position:0%
able to before. led by Donna Blackman of
 

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able to before. led by Donna Blackman of
the<00:02:13.520><c> Scripps</c><00:02:14.000><c> Institute</c><00:02:14.480><c> of</c><00:02:14.720><c> Oceanography,</c>

02:15.910 --> 02:15.920 align:start position:0%
the Scripps Institute of Oceanography,
 

02:15.920 --> 02:17.750 align:start position:0%
the Scripps Institute of Oceanography,
Deborah<00:02:16.400><c> Kelly</c><00:02:16.800><c> of</c><00:02:16.959><c> the</c><00:02:17.120><c> University</c><00:02:17.520><c> of</c>

02:17.750 --> 02:17.760 align:start position:0%
Deborah Kelly of the University of
 

02:17.760 --> 02:20.550 align:start position:0%
Deborah Kelly of the University of
Washington,<00:02:18.640><c> and</c><00:02:18.959><c> Jeffrey</c><00:02:19.440><c> Carson</c><00:02:19.920><c> of</c><00:02:20.080><c> Duke</c>

02:20.550 --> 02:20.560 align:start position:0%
Washington, and Jeffrey Carson of Duke
 

02:20.560 --> 02:23.589 align:start position:0%
Washington, and Jeffrey Carson of Duke
University.<00:02:21.599><c> Their</c><00:02:21.840><c> goal</c><00:02:22.080><c> was</c><00:02:22.239><c> a</c><00:02:22.560><c> simple</c><00:02:22.879><c> one.</c>

02:23.589 --> 02:23.599 align:start position:0%
University. Their goal was a simple one.
 

02:23.599 --> 02:25.510 align:start position:0%
University. Their goal was a simple one.
Understand<00:02:24.080><c> the</c><00:02:24.400><c> structural</c><00:02:24.800><c> geology</c><00:02:25.280><c> and</c>

02:25.510 --> 02:25.520 align:start position:0%
Understand the structural geology and
 

02:25.520 --> 02:28.309 align:start position:0%
Understand the structural geology and
tectonics<00:02:26.319><c> of</c><00:02:26.560><c> the</c><00:02:26.800><c> mountain</c><00:02:27.200><c> range.</c><00:02:28.080><c> They</c>

02:28.309 --> 02:28.319 align:start position:0%
tectonics of the mountain range. They
 

02:28.319 --> 02:30.229 align:start position:0%
tectonics of the mountain range. They
plan<00:02:28.560><c> to</c><00:02:28.720><c> take</c><00:02:28.879><c> images</c><00:02:29.200><c> of</c><00:02:29.440><c> the</c><00:02:29.599><c> steep</c><00:02:29.920><c> cliffs</c>

02:30.229 --> 02:30.239 align:start position:0%
plan to take images of the steep cliffs
 

02:30.239 --> 02:33.030 align:start position:0%
plan to take images of the steep cliffs
using<00:02:30.480><c> a</c><00:02:30.720><c> submersible,</c><00:02:31.760><c> study</c><00:02:32.080><c> the</c><00:02:32.400><c> faults,</c>

02:33.030 --> 02:33.040 align:start position:0%
using a submersible, study the faults,
 

02:33.040 --> 02:35.190 align:start position:0%
using a submersible, study the faults,
and<00:02:33.280><c> work</c><00:02:33.519><c> out</c><00:02:33.680><c> the</c><00:02:33.920><c> origin</c><00:02:34.239><c> of</c><00:02:34.400><c> this</c><00:02:34.640><c> strange</c>

02:35.190 --> 02:35.200 align:start position:0%
and work out the origin of this strange
 

02:35.200 --> 02:38.710 align:start position:0%
and work out the origin of this strange
oceanic<00:02:36.000><c> mountain.</c><00:02:37.280><c> But</c><00:02:37.440><c> a</c><00:02:37.599><c> chance</c><00:02:38.000><c> discovery</c>

02:38.710 --> 02:38.720 align:start position:0%
oceanic mountain. But a chance discovery
 

02:38.720 --> 02:41.190 align:start position:0%
oceanic mountain. But a chance discovery
changed<00:02:39.200><c> those</c><00:02:39.599><c> plans.</c><00:02:40.239><c> A</c><00:02:40.480><c> flicker</c><00:02:40.879><c> on</c><00:02:40.959><c> a</c>

02:41.190 --> 02:41.200 align:start position:0%
changed those plans. A flicker on a
 

02:41.200 --> 02:43.830 align:start position:0%
changed those plans. A flicker on a
camera<00:02:41.440><c> feed</c><00:02:41.840><c> 700</c><00:02:42.400><c> meters</c><00:02:42.800><c> down</c><00:02:43.440><c> showed</c>

02:43.830 --> 02:43.840 align:start position:0%
camera feed 700 meters down showed
 

02:43.840 --> 02:45.910 align:start position:0%
camera feed 700 meters down showed
ghostly<00:02:44.400><c> shapes</c><00:02:44.879><c> rising</c><00:02:45.360><c> out</c><00:02:45.519><c> of</c><00:02:45.680><c> the</c>

02:45.910 --> 02:45.920 align:start position:0%
ghostly shapes rising out of the
 

02:45.920 --> 02:47.910 align:start position:0%
ghostly shapes rising out of the
darkness<00:02:46.720><c> in</c><00:02:46.879><c> a</c><00:02:47.120><c> place</c><00:02:47.200><c> where</c><00:02:47.440><c> all</c><00:02:47.599><c> they</c><00:02:47.760><c> were</c>

02:47.910 --> 02:47.920 align:start position:0%
darkness in a place where all they were
 

02:47.920 --> 02:50.229 align:start position:0%
darkness in a place where all they were
expecting<00:02:48.239><c> to</c><00:02:48.480><c> see</c><00:02:48.720><c> were</c><00:02:49.200><c> normal</c><00:02:49.760><c> black</c>

02:50.229 --> 02:50.239 align:start position:0%
expecting to see were normal black
 

02:50.239 --> 02:53.350 align:start position:0%
expecting to see were normal black
hydrothermal<00:02:51.120><c> vents.</c><00:02:52.480><c> But</c><00:02:52.640><c> what</c><00:02:52.879><c> they</c><00:02:53.120><c> saw</c>

02:53.350 --> 02:53.360 align:start position:0%
hydrothermal vents. But what they saw
 

02:53.360 --> 02:56.309 align:start position:0%
hydrothermal vents. But what they saw
wasn't<00:02:53.840><c> black</c><00:02:54.160><c> or</c><00:02:54.480><c> molten,</c><00:02:55.280><c> but</c><00:02:55.680><c> pale,</c>

02:56.309 --> 02:56.319 align:start position:0%
wasn't black or molten, but pale,
 

02:56.319 --> 02:58.869 align:start position:0%
wasn't black or molten, but pale,
towering,<00:02:56.959><c> and</c><00:02:57.360><c> otherworldly.</c>

02:58.869 --> 02:58.879 align:start position:0%
towering, and otherworldly.
 

02:58.879 --> 03:00.710 align:start position:0%
towering, and otherworldly.
At<00:02:59.120><c> first,</c><00:02:59.440><c> they</c><00:02:59.680><c> didn't</c><00:02:59.840><c> understand</c><00:03:00.400><c> what</c>

03:00.710 --> 03:00.720 align:start position:0%
At first, they didn't understand what
 

03:00.720 --> 03:02.790 align:start position:0%
At first, they didn't understand what
their<00:03:01.040><c> cameras</c><00:03:01.519><c> were</c><00:03:01.760><c> showing.</c><00:03:02.560><c> These</c>

03:02.790 --> 03:02.800 align:start position:0%
their cameras were showing. These
 

03:02.800 --> 03:04.550 align:start position:0%
their cameras were showing. These
structures<00:03:03.200><c> had</c><00:03:03.519><c> similar</c><00:03:03.920><c> characteristics</c>

03:04.550 --> 03:04.560 align:start position:0%
structures had similar characteristics
 

03:04.560 --> 03:07.430 align:start position:0%
structures had similar characteristics
to<00:03:05.040><c> hydrothermal</c><00:03:05.840><c> vents,</c><00:03:06.640><c> natural</c><00:03:07.120><c> hot</c>

03:07.430 --> 03:07.440 align:start position:0%
to hydrothermal vents, natural hot
 

03:07.440 --> 03:10.070 align:start position:0%
to hydrothermal vents, natural hot
springs<00:03:07.840><c> on</c><00:03:08.080><c> the</c><00:03:08.239><c> sea</c><00:03:08.560><c> floor,</c><00:03:09.280><c> chimney-like</c>

03:10.070 --> 03:10.080 align:start position:0%
springs on the sea floor, chimney-like
 

03:10.080 --> 03:12.790 align:start position:0%
springs on the sea floor, chimney-like
structures<00:03:10.480><c> that</c><00:03:10.720><c> emit</c><00:03:11.120><c> dark</c><00:03:11.840><c> particleladen</c>

03:12.790 --> 03:12.800 align:start position:0%
structures that emit dark particleladen
 

03:12.800 --> 03:15.750 align:start position:0%
structures that emit dark particleladen
fluids<00:03:13.280><c> rich</c><00:03:13.840><c> in</c><00:03:14.159><c> metal</c><00:03:14.560><c> sulfides,</c><00:03:15.360><c> often</c>

03:15.750 --> 03:15.760 align:start position:0%
fluids rich in metal sulfides, often
 

03:15.760 --> 03:19.350 align:start position:0%
fluids rich in metal sulfides, often
referred<00:03:16.080><c> to</c><00:03:16.239><c> as</c><00:03:16.640><c> black</c><00:03:17.040><c> smokers.</c><00:03:18.319><c> But</c><00:03:18.800><c> those</c>

03:19.350 --> 03:19.360 align:start position:0%
referred to as black smokers. But those
 

03:19.360 --> 03:22.149 align:start position:0%
referred to as black smokers. But those
shouldn't<00:03:19.840><c> be</c><00:03:20.159><c> here.</c><00:03:21.040><c> They</c><00:03:21.280><c> should</c><00:03:21.519><c> be</c><00:03:21.760><c> on</c><00:03:22.000><c> the</c>

03:22.149 --> 03:22.159 align:start position:0%
shouldn't be here. They should be on the
 

03:22.159 --> 03:24.869 align:start position:0%
shouldn't be here. They should be on the
ridge<00:03:22.640><c> axis</c><00:03:23.200><c> where</c><00:03:23.360><c> it's</c><00:03:23.599><c> hot,</c><00:03:24.000><c> volcanic,</c><00:03:24.640><c> and</c>

03:24.869 --> 03:24.879 align:start position:0%
ridge axis where it's hot, volcanic, and
 

03:24.879 --> 03:28.470 align:start position:0%
ridge axis where it's hot, volcanic, and
violent.<00:03:25.760><c> where</c><00:03:26.080><c> new</c><00:03:26.319><c> land</c><00:03:26.720><c> is</c><00:03:27.040><c> forming,</c><00:03:27.599><c> not</c>

03:28.470 --> 03:28.480 align:start position:0%
violent. where new land is forming, not
 

03:28.480 --> 03:32.390 align:start position:0%
violent. where new land is forming, not
15<00:03:28.959><c> km</c><00:03:29.519><c> away</c><00:03:29.840><c> from</c><00:03:30.080><c> the</c><00:03:30.239><c> ridge</c><00:03:30.720><c> on</c><00:03:31.120><c> crust</c><00:03:32.159><c> over</c>

03:32.390 --> 03:32.400 align:start position:0%
15 km away from the ridge on crust over
 

03:32.400 --> 03:35.030 align:start position:0%
15 km away from the ridge on crust over
a<00:03:32.720><c> million</c><00:03:33.040><c> years</c><00:03:33.280><c> old.</c><00:03:34.400><c> The</c><00:03:34.640><c> weather</c><00:03:34.879><c> was</c>

03:35.030 --> 03:35.040 align:start position:0%
a million years old. The weather was
 

03:35.040 --> 03:36.229 align:start position:0%
a million years old. The weather was
turning<00:03:35.360><c> bad</c><00:03:35.519><c> and</c><00:03:35.680><c> they</c><00:03:35.840><c> were</c><00:03:36.000><c> working</c>

03:36.229 --> 03:36.239 align:start position:0%
turning bad and they were working
 

03:36.239 --> 03:39.030 align:start position:0%
turning bad and they were working
against<00:03:36.480><c> the</c><00:03:36.720><c> clock</c><00:03:36.959><c> to</c><00:03:37.200><c> get</c><00:03:37.360><c> back</c><00:03:37.680><c> to</c><00:03:37.920><c> shore.</c>

03:39.030 --> 03:39.040 align:start position:0%
against the clock to get back to shore.
 

03:39.040 --> 03:41.350 align:start position:0%
against the clock to get back to shore.
With<00:03:39.280><c> only</c><00:03:39.519><c> enough</c><00:03:39.840><c> time</c><00:03:40.080><c> for</c><00:03:40.400><c> one</c><00:03:40.720><c> more</c><00:03:41.040><c> dive</c>

03:41.350 --> 03:41.360 align:start position:0%
With only enough time for one more dive
 

03:41.360 --> 03:44.309 align:start position:0%
With only enough time for one more dive
in<00:03:41.599><c> their</c><00:03:41.840><c> underwater</c><00:03:42.480><c> submersible,</c><00:03:43.280><c> Alvin,</c>

03:44.309 --> 03:44.319 align:start position:0%
in their underwater submersible, Alvin,
 

03:44.319 --> 03:46.470 align:start position:0%
in their underwater submersible, Alvin,
quickly,<00:03:44.720><c> the</c><00:03:44.959><c> team</c><00:03:45.200><c> plunged</c><00:03:45.680><c> into</c><00:03:45.920><c> the</c><00:03:46.080><c> abyss</c>

03:46.470 --> 03:46.480 align:start position:0%
quickly, the team plunged into the abyss
 

03:46.480 --> 03:48.630 align:start position:0%
quickly, the team plunged into the abyss
for<00:03:46.640><c> a</c><00:03:46.799><c> better</c><00:03:47.040><c> look</c><00:03:47.200><c> at</c><00:03:47.360><c> what</c><00:03:47.599><c> the</c><00:03:47.920><c> camera</c><00:03:48.319><c> had</c>

03:48.630 --> 03:48.640 align:start position:0%
for a better look at what the camera had
 

03:48.640 --> 03:51.110 align:start position:0%
for a better look at what the camera had
first<00:03:49.120><c> glimpsed.</c><00:03:50.159><c> As</c><00:03:50.400><c> they</c><00:03:50.560><c> descended</c><00:03:50.959><c> down</c>

03:51.110 --> 03:51.120 align:start position:0%
first glimpsed. As they descended down
 

03:51.120 --> 03:53.270 align:start position:0%
first glimpsed. As they descended down
in<00:03:51.280><c> a</c><00:03:51.440><c> submersible,</c><00:03:52.239><c> they</c><00:03:52.480><c> entered</c><00:03:52.720><c> a</c><00:03:52.959><c> world</c>

03:53.270 --> 03:53.280 align:start position:0%
in a submersible, they entered a world
 

03:53.280 --> 03:56.309 align:start position:0%
in a submersible, they entered a world
no<00:03:53.599><c> one</c><00:03:53.840><c> had</c><00:03:54.080><c> ever</c><00:03:54.400><c> seen</c><00:03:54.879><c> before.</c><00:03:56.080><c> What</c>

03:56.309 --> 03:56.319 align:start position:0%
no one had ever seen before. What
 

03:56.319 --> 03:58.710 align:start position:0%
no one had ever seen before. What
awaited<00:03:56.799><c> them</c><00:03:56.959><c> was</c><00:03:57.200><c> a</c><00:03:57.360><c> landscape</c><00:03:57.760><c> of</c><00:03:58.000><c> towering</c>

03:58.710 --> 03:58.720 align:start position:0%
awaited them was a landscape of towering
 

03:58.720 --> 04:02.550 align:start position:0%
awaited them was a landscape of towering
spires,<00:03:59.680><c> sun</c><00:04:00.000><c> rising</c><00:04:00.560><c> 60</c><00:04:01.040><c> m</c><00:04:01.519><c> high,</c><00:04:01.920><c> taller</c>

04:02.550 --> 04:02.560 align:start position:0%
spires, sun rising 60 m high, taller
 

04:02.560 --> 04:05.830 align:start position:0%
spires, sun rising 60 m high, taller
than<00:04:02.799><c> a</c><00:04:03.120><c> 15story</c><00:04:04.159><c> building.</c><00:04:04.879><c> The</c><00:04:05.120><c> tallest</c>

04:05.830 --> 04:05.840 align:start position:0%
than a 15story building. The tallest
 

04:05.840 --> 04:10.229 align:start position:0%
than a 15story building. The tallest
hydrothermal<00:04:06.720><c> deposit</c><00:04:07.280><c> known</c><00:04:08.080><c> at</c><00:04:08.319><c> the</c><00:04:08.560><c> time.</c>

04:10.229 --> 04:10.239 align:start position:0%
hydrothermal deposit known at the time.
 

04:10.239 --> 04:12.070 align:start position:0%
hydrothermal deposit known at the time.
Their<00:04:10.480><c> surfaces</c><00:04:11.040><c> were</c><00:04:11.280><c> pale,</c><00:04:11.680><c> almost</c>

04:12.070 --> 04:12.080 align:start position:0%
Their surfaces were pale, almost
 

04:12.080 --> 04:14.309 align:start position:0%
Their surfaces were pale, almost
luminous<00:04:12.720><c> like</c><00:04:12.959><c> limestone</c><00:04:13.599><c> ruins</c><00:04:14.000><c> in</c><00:04:14.159><c> a</c>

04:14.309 --> 04:14.319 align:start position:0%
luminous like limestone ruins in a
 

04:14.319 --> 04:17.270 align:start position:0%
luminous like limestone ruins in a
submerged<00:04:15.120><c> world.</c><00:04:16.079><c> But</c><00:04:16.320><c> most</c><00:04:16.639><c> mysterious</c><00:04:17.040><c> of</c>

04:17.270 --> 04:17.280 align:start position:0%
submerged world. But most mysterious of
 

04:17.280 --> 04:19.990 align:start position:0%
submerged world. But most mysterious of
all<00:04:17.759><c> was</c><00:04:18.000><c> what</c><00:04:18.239><c> was</c><00:04:18.400><c> coming</c><00:04:18.720><c> out</c><00:04:18.880><c> of</c><00:04:19.120><c> them.</c>

04:19.990 --> 04:20.000 align:start position:0%
all was what was coming out of them.
 

04:20.000 --> 04:22.230 align:start position:0%
all was what was coming out of them.
Instead<00:04:20.320><c> of</c><00:04:20.560><c> sulfide</c><00:04:21.120><c> chimneys</c><00:04:21.600><c> akin</c><00:04:22.000><c> to</c>

04:22.230 --> 04:22.240 align:start position:0%
Instead of sulfide chimneys akin to
 

04:22.240 --> 04:25.030 align:start position:0%
Instead of sulfide chimneys akin to
normal<00:04:22.800><c> hydrothermal</c><00:04:23.759><c> vents,</c><00:04:24.560><c> the</c><00:04:24.800><c> team</c>

04:25.030 --> 04:25.040 align:start position:0%
normal hydrothermal vents, the team
 

04:25.040 --> 04:27.670 align:start position:0%
normal hydrothermal vents, the team
found<00:04:25.360><c> steepsided</c><00:04:26.080><c> pinnacles</c><00:04:27.040><c> made</c><00:04:27.280><c> largely</c>

04:27.670 --> 04:27.680 align:start position:0%
found steepsided pinnacles made largely
 

04:27.680 --> 04:29.990 align:start position:0%
found steepsided pinnacles made largely
of<00:04:27.919><c> carbonate</c><00:04:28.479><c> minerals</c><00:04:28.880><c> and</c><00:04:29.199><c> magnesium</c>

04:29.990 --> 04:30.000 align:start position:0%
of carbonate minerals and magnesium
 

04:30.000 --> 04:31.510 align:start position:0%
of carbonate minerals and magnesium
hydroxide.

04:31.510 --> 04:31.520 align:start position:0%
hydroxide.
 

04:31.520 --> 04:33.909 align:start position:0%
hydroxide.
Some<00:04:31.759><c> vents</c><00:04:32.160><c> even</c><00:04:32.400><c> discharge</c><00:04:33.040><c> fluids</c><00:04:33.520><c> around</c>

04:33.909 --> 04:33.919 align:start position:0%
Some vents even discharge fluids around
 

04:33.919 --> 04:37.430 align:start position:0%
Some vents even discharge fluids around
75°<00:04:34.960><c> C,</c><00:04:35.759><c> while</c><00:04:36.000><c> flanges</c><00:04:36.639><c> trap</c><00:04:36.960><c> shimmering</c>

04:37.430 --> 04:37.440 align:start position:0%
75° C, while flanges trap shimmering
 

04:37.440 --> 04:41.670 align:start position:0%
75° C, while flanges trap shimmering
pools<00:04:37.759><c> of</c><00:04:37.919><c> 50</c><00:04:38.240><c> to</c><00:04:38.479><c> 55°</c><00:04:39.440><c> C</c><00:04:40.000><c> water,</c><00:04:40.720><c> a</c><00:04:41.040><c> far</c><00:04:41.360><c> cry</c>

04:41.670 --> 04:41.680 align:start position:0%
pools of 50 to 55° C water, a far cry
 

04:41.680 --> 04:45.030 align:start position:0%
pools of 50 to 55° C water, a far cry
from<00:04:41.840><c> the</c><00:04:42.160><c> 200</c><00:04:42.639><c> to</c><00:04:42.960><c> 400°</c><00:04:43.759><c> you'd</c><00:04:44.000><c> expect</c><00:04:44.800><c> in</c>

04:45.030 --> 04:45.040 align:start position:0%
from the 200 to 400° you'd expect in
 

04:45.040 --> 04:47.909 align:start position:0%
from the 200 to 400° you'd expect in
typical<00:04:45.520><c> hydrothermal</c><00:04:46.400><c> vents.</c>

04:47.909 --> 04:47.919 align:start position:0%
typical hydrothermal vents.
 

04:47.919 --> 04:50.469 align:start position:0%
typical hydrothermal vents.
This<00:04:48.160><c> area</c><00:04:48.560><c> looked</c><00:04:48.880><c> less</c><00:04:49.280><c> like</c><00:04:49.520><c> a</c><00:04:49.759><c> volcanic</c>

04:50.469 --> 04:50.479 align:start position:0%
This area looked less like a volcanic
 

04:50.479 --> 04:53.590 align:start position:0%
This area looked less like a volcanic
furnace<00:04:51.360><c> and</c><00:04:51.759><c> more</c><00:04:52.000><c> like</c><00:04:52.240><c> a</c><00:04:52.560><c> limestone</c>

04:53.590 --> 04:53.600 align:start position:0%
furnace and more like a limestone
 

04:53.600 --> 04:56.790 align:start position:0%
furnace and more like a limestone
citadel.<00:04:54.960><c> Staggeringly,</c><00:04:55.759><c> the</c><00:04:56.000><c> team</c><00:04:56.240><c> saw</c><00:04:56.560><c> that</c>

04:56.790 --> 04:56.800 align:start position:0%
citadel. Staggeringly, the team saw that
 

04:56.800 --> 04:59.749 align:start position:0%
citadel. Staggeringly, the team saw that
these<00:04:57.120><c> vents</c><00:04:57.600><c> hosted</c><00:04:58.160><c> abundant</c><00:04:58.880><c> microbial</c>

04:59.749 --> 04:59.759 align:start position:0%
these vents hosted abundant microbial
 

04:59.759 --> 05:03.110 align:start position:0%
these vents hosted abundant microbial
life,<00:05:00.479><c> but</c><00:05:00.800><c> lacked</c><00:05:01.280><c> the</c><00:05:01.600><c> kind</c><00:05:01.759><c> of</c><00:05:02.080><c> giant</c><00:05:02.560><c> vent</c>

05:03.110 --> 05:03.120 align:start position:0%
life, but lacked the kind of giant vent
 

05:03.120 --> 05:06.629 align:start position:0%
life, but lacked the kind of giant vent
fauna<00:05:03.840><c> that</c><00:05:04.080><c> had</c><00:05:04.320><c> become</c><00:05:04.800><c> iconic</c><00:05:05.280><c> elsewhere.</c>

05:06.629 --> 05:06.639 align:start position:0%
fauna that had become iconic elsewhere.
 

05:06.639 --> 05:09.830 align:start position:0%
fauna that had become iconic elsewhere.
This<00:05:06.960><c> was</c><00:05:07.199><c> not</c><00:05:07.600><c> a</c><00:05:07.840><c> volcanic</c><00:05:08.639><c> system,</c><00:05:09.440><c> but</c>

05:09.830 --> 05:09.840 align:start position:0%
This was not a volcanic system, but
 

05:09.840 --> 05:13.430 align:start position:0%
This was not a volcanic system, but
something<00:05:10.320><c> else</c><00:05:11.120><c> entirely.</c><00:05:12.560><c> They</c><00:05:12.880><c> named</c><00:05:13.199><c> the</c>

05:13.430 --> 05:13.440 align:start position:0%
something else entirely. They named the
 

05:13.440 --> 05:16.310 align:start position:0%
something else entirely. They named the
spooky<00:05:13.840><c> landscape</c><00:05:14.479><c> the</c><00:05:14.720><c> lost</c><00:05:15.199><c> city,</c><00:05:15.600><c> but</c><00:05:16.000><c> that</c>

05:16.310 --> 05:16.320 align:start position:0%
spooky landscape the lost city, but that
 

05:16.320 --> 05:18.230 align:start position:0%
spooky landscape the lost city, but that
was<00:05:16.479><c> it.</c><00:05:16.800><c> Their</c><00:05:17.199><c> time</c><00:05:17.360><c> was</c><00:05:17.520><c> up.</c><00:05:17.759><c> They</c><00:05:17.919><c> had</c><00:05:18.080><c> to</c>

05:18.230 --> 05:18.240 align:start position:0%
was it. Their time was up. They had to
 

05:18.240 --> 05:20.469 align:start position:0%
was it. Their time was up. They had to
get<00:05:18.479><c> back</c><00:05:18.720><c> to</c><00:05:18.960><c> shore.</c><00:05:19.440><c> They</c><00:05:19.680><c> had</c><00:05:19.840><c> glimpsed</c><00:05:20.320><c> the</c>

05:20.469 --> 05:20.479 align:start position:0%
get back to shore. They had glimpsed the
 

05:20.479 --> 05:21.990 align:start position:0%
get back to shore. They had glimpsed the
unthinkable<00:05:20.960><c> and</c><00:05:21.120><c> then</c><00:05:21.280><c> had</c><00:05:21.440><c> it</c><00:05:21.600><c> clutched</c>

05:21.990 --> 05:22.000 align:start position:0%
unthinkable and then had it clutched
 

05:22.000 --> 05:24.629 align:start position:0%
unthinkable and then had it clutched
away<00:05:22.160><c> from</c><00:05:22.400><c> them</c><00:05:22.639><c> just</c><00:05:22.960><c> as</c><00:05:23.280><c> quickly.</c>

05:24.629 --> 05:24.639 align:start position:0%
away from them just as quickly.
 

05:24.639 --> 05:27.270 align:start position:0%
away from them just as quickly.
Ascending<00:05:25.199><c> rapidly</c><00:05:25.759><c> to</c><00:05:25.919><c> avoid</c><00:05:26.320><c> the</c><00:05:26.479><c> weather.</c>

05:27.270 --> 05:27.280 align:start position:0%
Ascending rapidly to avoid the weather.
 

05:27.280 --> 05:29.110 align:start position:0%
Ascending rapidly to avoid the weather.
This<00:05:27.600><c> voyage</c><00:05:28.080><c> left</c><00:05:28.400><c> them</c><00:05:28.560><c> with</c><00:05:28.800><c> more</c>

05:29.110 --> 05:29.120 align:start position:0%
This voyage left them with more
 

05:29.120 --> 05:31.430 align:start position:0%
This voyage left them with more
questions<00:05:29.600><c> than</c><00:05:29.919><c> answers.</c><00:05:30.960><c> Once</c><00:05:31.280><c> they</c>

05:31.430 --> 05:31.440 align:start position:0%
questions than answers. Once they
 

05:31.440 --> 05:32.870 align:start position:0%
questions than answers. Once they
returned<00:05:31.759><c> to</c><00:05:32.000><c> shore,</c><00:05:32.320><c> it</c><00:05:32.400><c> would</c><00:05:32.560><c> force</c>

05:32.870 --> 05:32.880 align:start position:0%
returned to shore, it would force
 

05:32.880 --> 05:35.430 align:start position:0%
returned to shore, it would force
geologists,<00:05:33.600><c> chemists,</c><00:05:34.080><c> and</c><00:05:34.240><c> biologists</c><00:05:35.120><c> to</c>

05:35.430 --> 05:35.440 align:start position:0%
geologists, chemists, and biologists to
 

05:35.440 --> 05:38.390 align:start position:0%
geologists, chemists, and biologists to
rethink<00:05:36.000><c> what</c><00:05:36.400><c> a</c><00:05:36.720><c> hydrothermal</c><00:05:37.600><c> vent</c><00:05:37.919><c> field</c>

05:38.390 --> 05:38.400 align:start position:0%
rethink what a hydrothermal vent field
 

05:38.400 --> 05:41.350 align:start position:0%
rethink what a hydrothermal vent field
could<00:05:38.720><c> be.</c><00:05:39.759><c> Everything</c><00:05:40.240><c> about</c><00:05:40.560><c> the</c><00:05:40.720><c> lost</c><00:05:41.039><c> city</c>

05:41.350 --> 05:41.360 align:start position:0%
could be. Everything about the lost city
 

05:41.360 --> 05:43.270 align:start position:0%
could be. Everything about the lost city
broke<00:05:41.680><c> the</c><00:05:41.840><c> rules.</c><00:05:42.400><c> It</c><00:05:42.639><c> was</c><00:05:42.720><c> in</c><00:05:42.880><c> the</c><00:05:43.039><c> wrong</c>

05:43.270 --> 05:43.280 align:start position:0%
broke the rules. It was in the wrong
 

05:43.280 --> 05:45.430 align:start position:0%
broke the rules. It was in the wrong
location,<00:05:43.840><c> had</c><00:05:44.160><c> the</c><00:05:44.400><c> wrong</c><00:05:44.720><c> chemistry,</c><00:05:45.280><c> the</c>

05:45.430 --> 05:45.440 align:start position:0%
location, had the wrong chemistry, the
 

05:45.440 --> 05:47.749 align:start position:0%
location, had the wrong chemistry, the
wrong<00:05:45.680><c> temperature,</c><00:05:46.080><c> and</c><00:05:46.400><c> even</c><00:05:47.120><c> the</c><00:05:47.440><c> wrong</c>

05:47.749 --> 05:47.759 align:start position:0%
wrong temperature, and even the wrong
 

05:47.759 --> 05:50.310 align:start position:0%
wrong temperature, and even the wrong
minerals.<00:05:48.960><c> Hydrothermal</c><00:05:49.759><c> vents</c><00:05:50.080><c> were</c>

05:50.310 --> 05:50.320 align:start position:0%
minerals. Hydrothermal vents were
 

05:50.320 --> 05:52.230 align:start position:0%
minerals. Hydrothermal vents were
supposed<00:05:50.639><c> to</c><00:05:50.800><c> be</c><00:05:50.880><c> driven</c><00:05:51.199><c> by</c><00:05:51.520><c> magma.</c><00:05:52.080><c> But</c>

05:52.230 --> 05:52.240 align:start position:0%
supposed to be driven by magma. But
 

05:52.240 --> 05:55.430 align:start position:0%
supposed to be driven by magma. But
here,<00:05:53.120><c> there</c><00:05:53.360><c> was</c><00:05:53.520><c> no</c><00:05:53.680><c> magma</c><00:05:54.240><c> chamber.</c><00:05:55.039><c> And</c><00:05:55.199><c> it</c>

05:55.430 --> 05:55.440 align:start position:0%
here, there was no magma chamber. And it
 

05:55.440 --> 05:57.189 align:start position:0%
here, there was no magma chamber. And it
would<00:05:55.600><c> later</c><00:05:55.919><c> transpire</c><00:05:56.479><c> that</c><00:05:56.720><c> area</c><00:05:56.960><c> they</c>

05:57.189 --> 05:57.199 align:start position:0%
would later transpire that area they
 

05:57.199 --> 05:59.670 align:start position:0%
would later transpire that area they
observed<00:05:57.600><c> on</c><00:05:57.840><c> that</c><00:05:58.080><c> day</c><00:05:58.639><c> was</c><00:05:58.960><c> just</c><00:05:59.120><c> one</c><00:05:59.280><c> of</c><00:05:59.440><c> a</c>

05:59.670 --> 05:59.680 align:start position:0%
observed on that day was just one of a
 

05:59.680 --> 06:01.590 align:start position:0%
observed on that day was just one of a
cluster<00:05:59.919><c> of</c><00:06:00.160><c> more</c><00:06:00.320><c> than</c><00:06:00.720><c> 30</c><00:06:01.199><c> similar</c>

06:01.590 --> 06:01.600 align:start position:0%
cluster of more than 30 similar
 

06:01.600 --> 06:03.749 align:start position:0%
cluster of more than 30 similar
structures<00:06:02.080><c> spread</c><00:06:02.400><c> over</c><00:06:02.560><c> an</c><00:06:02.720><c> area</c><00:06:02.960><c> larger</c>

06:03.749 --> 06:03.759 align:start position:0%
structures spread over an area larger
 

06:03.759 --> 06:06.469 align:start position:0%
structures spread over an area larger
than<00:06:04.000><c> a</c><00:06:04.240><c> football</c><00:06:04.639><c> field.</c>

06:06.469 --> 06:06.479 align:start position:0%
than a football field.
 

06:06.479 --> 06:08.469 align:start position:0%
than a football field.
To<00:06:06.800><c> understand</c><00:06:07.120><c> the</c><00:06:07.360><c> significance</c><00:06:08.000><c> of</c><00:06:08.160><c> this,</c>

06:08.469 --> 06:08.479 align:start position:0%
To understand the significance of this,
 

06:08.479 --> 06:10.550 align:start position:0%
To understand the significance of this,
we<00:06:08.720><c> need</c><00:06:08.800><c> to</c><00:06:08.960><c> zoom</c><00:06:09.280><c> out</c><00:06:09.440><c> and</c><00:06:09.759><c> look</c><00:06:09.919><c> at</c><00:06:10.080><c> how</c><00:06:10.319><c> the</c>

06:10.550 --> 06:10.560 align:start position:0%
we need to zoom out and look at how the
 

06:10.560 --> 06:12.469 align:start position:0%
we need to zoom out and look at how the
Mid-Atlantic<00:06:11.120><c> ridge</c><00:06:11.440><c> came</c><00:06:11.600><c> to</c><00:06:11.759><c> be</c><00:06:12.000><c> in</c><00:06:12.240><c> the</c>

06:12.469 --> 06:12.479 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic ridge came to be in the
 

06:12.479 --> 06:14.309 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic ridge came to be in the
first<00:06:12.720><c> place.</c><00:06:13.520><c> Now,</c><00:06:13.759><c> when</c><00:06:13.919><c> you</c><00:06:14.000><c> think</c><00:06:14.160><c> of</c>

06:14.309 --> 06:14.319 align:start position:0%
first place. Now, when you think of
 

06:14.319 --> 06:15.670 align:start position:0%
first place. Now, when you think of
mountain<00:06:14.560><c> ranges,</c><00:06:15.039><c> you'd</c><00:06:15.199><c> be</c><00:06:15.360><c> right</c><00:06:15.520><c> to</c>

06:15.670 --> 06:15.680 align:start position:0%
mountain ranges, you'd be right to
 

06:15.680 --> 06:17.510 align:start position:0%
mountain ranges, you'd be right to
picture<00:06:16.000><c> something</c><00:06:16.240><c> that</c><00:06:16.479><c> looks</c><00:06:16.800><c> like</c><00:06:17.120><c> Mount</c>

06:17.510 --> 06:17.520 align:start position:0%
picture something that looks like Mount
 

06:17.520 --> 06:20.710 align:start position:0%
picture something that looks like Mount
Everest.<00:06:18.479><c> But</c><00:06:18.800><c> 90%</c><00:06:19.520><c> of</c><00:06:19.680><c> the</c><00:06:20.000><c> biggest</c><00:06:20.319><c> mountain</c>

06:20.710 --> 06:20.720 align:start position:0%
Everest. But 90% of the biggest mountain
 

06:20.720 --> 06:23.350 align:start position:0%
Everest. But 90% of the biggest mountain
range<00:06:21.039><c> on</c><00:06:21.360><c> Earth,</c><00:06:21.919><c> as</c><00:06:22.080><c> we've</c><00:06:22.400><c> just</c><00:06:22.560><c> seen,</c><00:06:23.039><c> is</c>

06:23.350 --> 06:23.360 align:start position:0%
range on Earth, as we've just seen, is
 

06:23.360 --> 06:26.390 align:start position:0%
range on Earth, as we've just seen, is
almost<00:06:23.680><c> entirely</c><00:06:24.319><c> underwater.</c>

06:26.390 --> 06:26.400 align:start position:0%
almost entirely underwater.
 

06:26.400 --> 06:29.430 align:start position:0%
almost entirely underwater.
The<00:06:26.639><c> global</c><00:06:26.960><c> mid</c><00:06:27.280><c> ocean</c><00:06:27.680><c> ridge</c><00:06:28.160><c> system</c><00:06:29.039><c> snakes</c>

06:29.430 --> 06:29.440 align:start position:0%
The global mid ocean ridge system snakes
 

06:29.440 --> 06:31.270 align:start position:0%
The global mid ocean ridge system snakes
around<00:06:29.680><c> the</c><00:06:29.919><c> planet</c><00:06:30.160><c> like</c><00:06:30.400><c> the</c><00:06:30.560><c> seam</c><00:06:30.880><c> on</c><00:06:31.039><c> a</c>

06:31.270 --> 06:31.280 align:start position:0%
around the planet like the seam on a
 

06:31.280 --> 06:34.870 align:start position:0%
around the planet like the seam on a
baseball,<00:06:32.080><c> stretching</c><00:06:32.560><c> roughly</c><00:06:33.199><c> 65,000</c>

06:34.870 --> 06:34.880 align:start position:0%
baseball, stretching roughly 65,000
 

06:34.880 --> 06:37.110 align:start position:0%
baseball, stretching roughly 65,000
kilometers.<00:06:35.919><c> The</c><00:06:36.080><c> mid-Atlantic</c><00:06:36.720><c> ridge</c><00:06:36.960><c> is</c>

06:37.110 --> 06:37.120 align:start position:0%
kilometers. The mid-Atlantic ridge is
 

06:37.120 --> 06:39.110 align:start position:0%
kilometers. The mid-Atlantic ridge is
one<00:06:37.280><c> of</c><00:06:37.360><c> the</c><00:06:37.520><c> most</c><00:06:37.680><c> famous</c><00:06:38.080><c> segments</c><00:06:38.479><c> of</c><00:06:38.800><c> this</c>

06:39.110 --> 06:39.120 align:start position:0%
one of the most famous segments of this
 

06:39.120 --> 06:42.309 align:start position:0%
one of the most famous segments of this
monstrosity.<00:06:40.400><c> A</c><00:06:40.639><c> submerged</c><00:06:41.440><c> backbone</c><00:06:42.080><c> that</c>

06:42.309 --> 06:42.319 align:start position:0%
monstrosity. A submerged backbone that
 

06:42.319 --> 06:44.469 align:start position:0%
monstrosity. A submerged backbone that
runs<00:06:42.639><c> right</c><00:06:42.960><c> down</c><00:06:43.199><c> the</c><00:06:43.440><c> middle</c><00:06:44.000><c> of</c><00:06:44.240><c> the</c>

06:44.469 --> 06:44.479 align:start position:0%
runs right down the middle of the
 

06:44.479 --> 06:47.430 align:start position:0%
runs right down the middle of the
Atlantic<00:06:45.199><c> Ocean.</c><00:06:46.240><c> an</c><00:06:46.560><c> ever</c><00:06:46.800><c> evolving</c>

06:47.430 --> 06:47.440 align:start position:0%
Atlantic Ocean. an ever evolving
 

06:47.440 --> 06:49.350 align:start position:0%
Atlantic Ocean. an ever evolving
boundary<00:06:47.840><c> line</c><00:06:48.160><c> between</c><00:06:48.400><c> the</c><00:06:48.639><c> North</c><00:06:48.880><c> American</c>

06:49.350 --> 06:49.360 align:start position:0%
boundary line between the North American
 

06:49.360 --> 06:51.110 align:start position:0%
boundary line between the North American
plate<00:06:49.680><c> and</c><00:06:49.840><c> the</c><00:06:50.000><c> Eurasian</c><00:06:50.400><c> plate</c><00:06:50.720><c> in</c><00:06:50.960><c> the</c>

06:51.110 --> 06:51.120 align:start position:0%
plate and the Eurasian plate in the
 

06:51.120 --> 06:53.189 align:start position:0%
plate and the Eurasian plate in the
North<00:06:51.360><c> Atlantic</c><00:06:52.080><c> and</c><00:06:52.319><c> the</c><00:06:52.560><c> South</c><00:06:52.800><c> American</c>

06:53.189 --> 06:53.199 align:start position:0%
North Atlantic and the South American
 

06:53.199 --> 06:55.029 align:start position:0%
North Atlantic and the South American
plate<00:06:53.440><c> from</c><00:06:53.680><c> the</c><00:06:53.840><c> African</c><00:06:54.240><c> plate</c><00:06:54.639><c> in</c><00:06:54.880><c> the</c>

06:55.029 --> 06:55.039 align:start position:0%
plate from the African plate in the
 

06:55.039 --> 06:57.270 align:start position:0%
plate from the African plate in the
South<00:06:55.280><c> Atlantic.</c><00:06:56.400><c> It</c><00:06:56.560><c> was</c><00:06:56.720><c> first</c><00:06:56.880><c> discovered</c>

06:57.270 --> 06:57.280 align:start position:0%
South Atlantic. It was first discovered
 

06:57.280 --> 07:00.870 align:start position:0%
South Atlantic. It was first discovered
in<00:06:57.520><c> 1853</c><00:06:58.479><c> by</c><00:06:58.800><c> Matthew</c><00:06:59.280><c> Fontaine</c><00:07:00.080><c> Mory</c><00:07:00.639><c> and</c>

07:00.870 --> 07:00.880 align:start position:0%
in 1853 by Matthew Fontaine Mory and
 

07:00.880 --> 07:03.029 align:start position:0%
in 1853 by Matthew Fontaine Mory and
confirmed<00:07:01.280><c> as</c><00:07:01.520><c> a</c><00:07:01.759><c> major</c><00:07:02.080><c> underwater</c><00:07:02.720><c> mountain</c>

07:03.029 --> 07:03.039 align:start position:0%
confirmed as a major underwater mountain
 

07:03.039 --> 07:05.189 align:start position:0%
confirmed as a major underwater mountain
range<00:07:03.440><c> in</c><00:07:03.680><c> 1872</c>

07:05.189 --> 07:05.199 align:start position:0%
range in 1872
 

07:05.199 --> 07:08.469 align:start position:0%
range in 1872
by<00:07:05.520><c> the</c><00:07:05.759><c> HMS</c><00:07:06.319><c> Challenger</c><00:07:06.880><c> expedition.</c><00:07:08.160><c> Its</c>

07:08.469 --> 07:08.479 align:start position:0%
by the HMS Challenger expedition. Its
 

07:08.479 --> 07:10.469 align:start position:0%
by the HMS Challenger expedition. Its
full<00:07:08.880><c> continuous</c><00:07:09.440><c> nature</c><00:07:09.840><c> was</c><00:07:10.080><c> further</c>

07:10.469 --> 07:10.479 align:start position:0%
full continuous nature was further
 

07:10.479 --> 07:13.430 align:start position:0%
full continuous nature was further
mapped<00:07:10.800><c> in</c><00:07:11.039><c> the</c><00:07:11.199><c> 1920s</c><00:07:11.919><c> with</c><00:07:12.240><c> sonar.</c><00:07:13.039><c> And</c><00:07:13.280><c> in</c>

07:13.430 --> 07:13.440 align:start position:0%
mapped in the 1920s with sonar. And in
 

07:13.440 --> 07:17.110 align:start position:0%
mapped in the 1920s with sonar. And in
the<00:07:13.680><c> 1950s,</c><00:07:14.800><c> it</c><00:07:15.120><c> was</c><00:07:15.440><c> finally</c><00:07:16.080><c> recognized</c><00:07:16.800><c> as</c>

07:17.110 --> 07:17.120 align:start position:0%
the 1950s, it was finally recognized as
 

07:17.120 --> 07:20.309 align:start position:0%
the 1950s, it was finally recognized as
what<00:07:17.440><c> we</c><00:07:17.680><c> know</c><00:07:17.840><c> it</c><00:07:18.000><c> as</c><00:07:18.400><c> today,</c><00:07:19.280><c> a</c><00:07:19.680><c> huge</c>

07:20.309 --> 07:20.319 align:start position:0%
what we know it as today, a huge
 

07:20.319 --> 07:22.629 align:start position:0%
what we know it as today, a huge
mountain<00:07:20.800><c> range,</c><00:07:21.360><c> completely</c><00:07:21.919><c> hidden</c>

07:22.629 --> 07:22.639 align:start position:0%
mountain range, completely hidden
 

07:22.639 --> 07:25.749 align:start position:0%
mountain range, completely hidden
beneath<00:07:23.039><c> the</c><00:07:23.280><c> waves.</c><00:07:24.319><c> So,</c><00:07:24.639><c> how</c><00:07:24.880><c> did</c><00:07:25.039><c> a</c><00:07:25.280><c> giant</c>

07:25.749 --> 07:25.759 align:start position:0%
beneath the waves. So, how did a giant
 

07:25.759 --> 07:27.990 align:start position:0%
beneath the waves. So, how did a giant
scar<00:07:26.080><c> just</c><00:07:26.560><c> appear</c><00:07:27.039><c> in</c><00:07:27.280><c> the</c><00:07:27.440><c> middle</c><00:07:27.599><c> of</c><00:07:27.840><c> the</c>

07:27.990 --> 07:28.000 align:start position:0%
scar just appear in the middle of the
 

07:28.000 --> 07:30.550 align:start position:0%
scar just appear in the middle of the
ocean?<00:07:28.800><c> Well,</c><00:07:29.039><c> the</c><00:07:29.280><c> truth</c><00:07:29.599><c> behind</c><00:07:29.840><c> the</c><00:07:30.319><c> antic</c>

07:30.550 --> 07:30.560 align:start position:0%
ocean? Well, the truth behind the antic
 

07:30.560 --> 07:31.670 align:start position:0%
ocean? Well, the truth behind the antic
ridge<00:07:30.800><c> is</c><00:07:30.960><c> actually</c><00:07:31.199><c> quite</c><00:07:31.440><c> a</c>

07:31.670 --> 07:31.680 align:start position:0%
ridge is actually quite a
 

07:31.680 --> 07:33.749 align:start position:0%
ridge is actually quite a
straightforward<00:07:32.160><c> one.</c><00:07:32.720><c> It</c><00:07:32.960><c> exists</c><00:07:33.360><c> on</c><00:07:33.520><c> a</c>

07:33.749 --> 07:33.759 align:start position:0%
straightforward one. It exists on a
 

07:33.759 --> 07:35.990 align:start position:0%
straightforward one. It exists on a
divergent<00:07:34.479><c> boundary</c><00:07:34.960><c> where</c><00:07:35.280><c> two</c><00:07:35.520><c> tectonic</c>

07:35.990 --> 07:36.000 align:start position:0%
divergent boundary where two tectonic
 

07:36.000 --> 07:37.990 align:start position:0%
divergent boundary where two tectonic
plates<00:07:36.319><c> are</c><00:07:36.560><c> quite</c><00:07:36.800><c> simply</c><00:07:37.120><c> moving</c><00:07:37.360><c> away</c><00:07:37.599><c> from</c>

07:37.990 --> 07:38.000 align:start position:0%
plates are quite simply moving away from
 

07:38.000 --> 07:40.870 align:start position:0%
plates are quite simply moving away from
each<00:07:38.240><c> other.</c><00:07:39.120><c> As</c><00:07:39.360><c> they</c><00:07:39.599><c> separate,</c><00:07:40.319><c> hot</c><00:07:40.639><c> rock</c>

07:40.870 --> 07:40.880 align:start position:0%
each other. As they separate, hot rock
 

07:40.880 --> 07:43.270 align:start position:0%
each other. As they separate, hot rock
from<00:07:41.039><c> the</c><00:07:41.199><c> mantle</c><00:07:41.680><c> rises,</c><00:07:42.400><c> which</c><00:07:42.720><c> causes</c><00:07:43.120><c> the</c>

07:43.270 --> 07:43.280 align:start position:0%
from the mantle rises, which causes the
 

07:43.280 --> 07:45.430 align:start position:0%
from the mantle rises, which causes the
pressure<00:07:43.599><c> to</c><00:07:43.840><c> drop.</c><00:07:44.479><c> Now,</c><00:07:44.800><c> that</c><00:07:44.960><c> drop</c><00:07:45.199><c> in</c>

07:45.430 --> 07:45.440 align:start position:0%
pressure to drop. Now, that drop in
 

07:45.440 --> 07:47.110 align:start position:0%
pressure to drop. Now, that drop in
pressure<00:07:45.759><c> allows</c><00:07:46.160><c> some</c><00:07:46.319><c> of</c><00:07:46.400><c> the</c><00:07:46.479><c> mantle</c><00:07:46.880><c> to</c>

07:47.110 --> 07:47.120 align:start position:0%
pressure allows some of the mantle to
 

07:47.120 --> 07:50.150 align:start position:0%
pressure allows some of the mantle to
melt<00:07:47.440><c> away,</c><00:07:47.919><c> creating</c><00:07:48.400><c> magma.</c><00:07:49.440><c> That</c><00:07:49.680><c> magma</c>

07:50.150 --> 07:50.160 align:start position:0%
melt away, creating magma. That magma
 

07:50.160 --> 07:52.710 align:start position:0%
melt away, creating magma. That magma
moves<00:07:50.479><c> upward</c><00:07:50.800><c> and</c><00:07:51.120><c> cools</c><00:07:51.440><c> into</c><00:07:51.759><c> a</c><00:07:52.000><c> brand</c><00:07:52.240><c> new</c>

07:52.710 --> 07:52.720 align:start position:0%
moves upward and cools into a brand new
 

07:52.720 --> 07:55.270 align:start position:0%
moves upward and cools into a brand new
ocean<00:07:53.280><c> crust.</c><00:07:54.560><c> In</c><00:07:54.720><c> other</c><00:07:54.879><c> words,</c><00:07:55.120><c> the</c>

07:55.270 --> 07:55.280 align:start position:0%
ocean crust. In other words, the
 

07:55.280 --> 07:57.110 align:start position:0%
ocean crust. In other words, the
seafloor<00:07:55.840><c> here</c><00:07:56.080><c> isn't</c><00:07:56.400><c> just</c><00:07:56.560><c> sort</c><00:07:56.720><c> of</c><00:07:56.879><c> sitting</c>

07:57.110 --> 07:57.120 align:start position:0%
seafloor here isn't just sort of sitting
 

07:57.120 --> 07:59.350 align:start position:0%
seafloor here isn't just sort of sitting
around<00:07:57.440><c> looking</c><00:07:57.840><c> pretty.</c><00:07:58.479><c> It's</c><00:07:58.800><c> actively</c>

07:59.350 --> 07:59.360 align:start position:0%
around looking pretty. It's actively
 

07:59.360 --> 08:01.909 align:start position:0%
around looking pretty. It's actively
being<00:07:59.759><c> manufactured</c><00:08:00.720><c> and</c><00:08:01.199><c> continuously</c>

08:01.909 --> 08:01.919 align:start position:0%
being manufactured and continuously
 

08:01.919 --> 08:04.390 align:start position:0%
being manufactured and continuously
manipulated<00:08:02.800><c> along</c><00:08:03.199><c> the</c><00:08:03.440><c> ridge.</c><00:08:04.160><c> This</c>

08:04.390 --> 08:04.400 align:start position:0%
manipulated along the ridge. This
 

08:04.400 --> 08:06.390 align:start position:0%
manipulated along the ridge. This
happens<00:08:04.800><c> again</c><00:08:05.120><c> and</c><00:08:05.360><c> again</c><00:08:05.680><c> and</c><00:08:05.919><c> again</c><00:08:06.160><c> and</c>

08:06.390 --> 08:06.400 align:start position:0%
happens again and again and again and
 

08:06.400 --> 08:09.110 align:start position:0%
happens again and again and again and
again<00:08:06.639><c> over</c><00:08:06.960><c> millions</c><00:08:07.360><c> of</c><00:08:07.680><c> years,</c><00:08:08.400><c> creating</c><00:08:08.800><c> a</c>

08:09.110 --> 08:09.120 align:start position:0%
again over millions of years, creating a
 

08:09.120 --> 08:11.909 align:start position:0%
again over millions of years, creating a
conveyor<00:08:09.599><c> belt</c><00:08:10.000><c> of</c><00:08:10.240><c> rock,</c><00:08:11.120><c> fresh</c><00:08:11.520><c> crust</c>

08:11.909 --> 08:11.919 align:start position:0%
conveyor belt of rock, fresh crust
 

08:11.919 --> 08:14.070 align:start position:0%
conveyor belt of rock, fresh crust
forming<00:08:12.319><c> at</c><00:08:12.560><c> the</c><00:08:12.720><c> ridge.</c><00:08:13.120><c> Older</c><00:08:13.440><c> crust</c><00:08:13.759><c> being</c>

08:14.070 --> 08:14.080 align:start position:0%
forming at the ridge. Older crust being
 

08:14.080 --> 08:16.950 align:start position:0%
forming at the ridge. Older crust being
pushed<00:08:14.479><c> outward</c><00:08:14.960><c> on</c><00:08:15.280><c> either</c><00:08:15.680><c> side.</c><00:08:16.639><c> In</c><00:08:16.800><c> the</c>

08:16.950 --> 08:16.960 align:start position:0%
pushed outward on either side. In the
 

08:16.960 --> 08:18.469 align:start position:0%
pushed outward on either side. In the
case<00:08:17.120><c> of</c><00:08:17.199><c> the</c><00:08:17.360><c> Mid-Atlantic</c><00:08:18.000><c> Ridge,</c><00:08:18.319><c> that's</c>

08:18.469 --> 08:18.479 align:start position:0%
case of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, that's
 

08:18.479 --> 08:20.950 align:start position:0%
case of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, that's
been<00:08:18.639><c> happening</c><00:08:18.879><c> at</c><00:08:19.039><c> roughly</c><00:08:19.440><c> 2.5</c><00:08:20.080><c> cm</c><00:08:20.639><c> per</c>

08:20.950 --> 08:20.960 align:start position:0%
been happening at roughly 2.5 cm per
 

08:20.960 --> 08:22.469 align:start position:0%
been happening at roughly 2.5 cm per
year,<00:08:21.280><c> which</c><00:08:21.599><c> sounds</c><00:08:21.840><c> pretty</c><00:08:22.080><c> trivial,</c>

08:22.469 --> 08:22.479 align:start position:0%
year, which sounds pretty trivial,
 

08:22.479 --> 08:24.869 align:start position:0%
year, which sounds pretty trivial,
right?<00:08:23.120><c> until</c><00:08:23.919><c> you</c><00:08:24.160><c> realize</c><00:08:24.479><c> it's</c><00:08:24.720><c> been</c>

08:24.869 --> 08:24.879 align:start position:0%
right? until you realize it's been
 

08:24.879 --> 08:27.670 align:start position:0%
right? until you realize it's been
happening<00:08:25.120><c> long</c><00:08:25.360><c> enough</c><00:08:25.599><c> to</c><00:08:25.840><c> widen</c><00:08:26.560><c> an</c><00:08:26.960><c> entire</c>

08:27.670 --> 08:27.680 align:start position:0%
happening long enough to widen an entire
 

08:27.680 --> 08:29.909 align:start position:0%
happening long enough to widen an entire
ocean<00:08:28.319><c> basin.</c>

08:29.909 --> 08:29.919 align:start position:0%
ocean basin.
 

08:29.919 --> 08:31.589 align:start position:0%
ocean basin.
Now,<00:08:30.319><c> the</c><00:08:30.560><c> reason</c><00:08:30.720><c> we</c><00:08:30.960><c> know</c><00:08:31.199><c> this</c><00:08:31.360><c> is</c>

08:31.589 --> 08:31.599 align:start position:0%
Now, the reason we know this is
 

08:31.599 --> 08:34.149 align:start position:0%
Now, the reason we know this is
happening<00:08:32.080><c> is</c><00:08:32.399><c> because</c><00:08:32.640><c> the</c><00:08:32.959><c> sea</c><00:08:33.279><c> floor</c><00:08:33.680><c> keeps</c>

08:34.149 --> 08:34.159 align:start position:0%
happening is because the sea floor keeps
 

08:34.159 --> 08:38.149 align:start position:0%
happening is because the sea floor keeps
a<00:08:34.560><c> record</c><00:08:35.440><c> like</c><00:08:35.680><c> a</c><00:08:36.000><c> giant</c><00:08:36.560><c> rocky</c><00:08:37.120><c> diary</c><00:08:37.680><c> of</c><00:08:37.919><c> its</c>

08:38.149 --> 08:38.159 align:start position:0%
a record like a giant rocky diary of its
 

08:38.159 --> 08:41.110 align:start position:0%
a record like a giant rocky diary of its
own<00:08:38.479><c> creation.</c><00:08:39.760><c> As</c><00:08:40.080><c> magma</c><00:08:40.560><c> rises</c><00:08:40.880><c> from</c><00:08:40.959><c> the</c>

08:41.110 --> 08:41.120 align:start position:0%
own creation. As magma rises from the
 

08:41.120 --> 08:43.589 align:start position:0%
own creation. As magma rises from the
mantle,<00:08:41.440><c> it</c><00:08:41.680><c> cools</c><00:08:42.000><c> quickly</c><00:08:42.399><c> in</c><00:08:42.719><c> seawater.</c>

08:43.589 --> 08:43.599 align:start position:0%
mantle, it cools quickly in seawater.
 

08:43.599 --> 08:46.070 align:start position:0%
mantle, it cools quickly in seawater.
And<00:08:43.839><c> this</c><00:08:44.080><c> process</c><00:08:44.560><c> almost</c><00:08:45.040><c> always</c><00:08:45.519><c> produces</c>

08:46.070 --> 08:46.080 align:start position:0%
And this process almost always produces
 

08:46.080 --> 08:47.829 align:start position:0%
And this process almost always produces
bassalts.<00:08:46.880><c> And</c><00:08:47.040><c> fortunately</c><00:08:47.519><c> for</c>

08:47.829 --> 08:47.839 align:start position:0%
bassalts. And fortunately for
 

08:47.839 --> 08:49.990 align:start position:0%
bassalts. And fortunately for
scientists,<00:08:48.720><c> bassalt</c><00:08:49.279><c> has</c><00:08:49.440><c> a</c><00:08:49.680><c> rather</c>

08:49.990 --> 08:50.000 align:start position:0%
scientists, bassalt has a rather
 

08:50.000 --> 08:53.590 align:start position:0%
scientists, bassalt has a rather
remarkable<00:08:50.640><c> property.</c><00:08:52.080><c> As</c><00:08:52.320><c> it</c><00:08:52.560><c> cools,</c><00:08:53.200><c> tiny</c>

08:53.590 --> 08:53.600 align:start position:0%
remarkable property. As it cools, tiny
 

08:53.600 --> 08:55.910 align:start position:0%
remarkable property. As it cools, tiny
crystals<00:08:54.080><c> of</c><00:08:54.240><c> ironbearing</c><00:08:55.040><c> minerals</c><00:08:55.440><c> inside</c>

08:55.910 --> 08:55.920 align:start position:0%
crystals of ironbearing minerals inside
 

08:55.920 --> 08:59.190 align:start position:0%
crystals of ironbearing minerals inside
it<00:08:56.160><c> act</c><00:08:56.480><c> like</c><00:08:56.720><c> microscopic</c><00:08:57.680><c> compasses.</c><00:08:58.959><c> They</c>

08:59.190 --> 08:59.200 align:start position:0%
it act like microscopic compasses. They
 

08:59.200 --> 09:01.350 align:start position:0%
it act like microscopic compasses. They
align<00:08:59.519><c> themselves</c><00:09:00.000><c> with</c><00:09:00.320><c> Earth's</c><00:09:00.720><c> magnetic</c>

09:01.350 --> 09:01.360 align:start position:0%
align themselves with Earth's magnetic
 

09:01.360 --> 09:04.949 align:start position:0%
align themselves with Earth's magnetic
field<00:09:01.760><c> at</c><00:09:02.080><c> that</c><00:09:02.320><c> exact</c><00:09:03.120><c> moment</c><00:09:03.680><c> and</c><00:09:04.000><c> then</c><00:09:04.320><c> lock</c>

09:04.949 --> 09:04.959 align:start position:0%
field at that exact moment and then lock
 

09:04.959 --> 09:07.990 align:start position:0%
field at that exact moment and then lock
permanently<00:09:05.760><c> into</c><00:09:06.160><c> place.</c><00:09:07.200><c> But</c><00:09:07.440><c> here's</c><00:09:07.760><c> where</c>

09:07.990 --> 09:08.000 align:start position:0%
permanently into place. But here's where
 

09:08.000 --> 09:10.389 align:start position:0%
permanently into place. But here's where
things<00:09:08.320><c> get</c><00:09:08.640><c> strange.</c><00:09:09.600><c> Because</c><00:09:09.920><c> Earth's</c>

09:10.389 --> 09:10.399 align:start position:0%
things get strange. Because Earth's
 

09:10.399 --> 09:13.670 align:start position:0%
things get strange. Because Earth's
magnetic<00:09:10.959><c> field</c><00:09:11.600><c> doesn't</c><00:09:12.080><c> stay</c><00:09:12.480><c> constant</c>

09:13.670 --> 09:13.680 align:start position:0%
magnetic field doesn't stay constant
 

09:13.680 --> 09:16.070 align:start position:0%
magnetic field doesn't stay constant
over<00:09:14.000><c> geological</c><00:09:14.560><c> time,</c><00:09:14.880><c> it</c><00:09:15.200><c> flips.</c><00:09:15.760><c> North</c>

09:16.070 --> 09:16.080 align:start position:0%
over geological time, it flips. North
 

09:16.080 --> 09:18.070 align:start position:0%
over geological time, it flips. North
becomes<00:09:16.480><c> south,</c><00:09:16.880><c> south</c><00:09:17.120><c> becomes</c><00:09:17.519><c> north</c><00:09:17.839><c> again</c>

09:18.070 --> 09:18.080 align:start position:0%
becomes south, south becomes north again
 

09:18.080 --> 09:19.910 align:start position:0%
becomes south, south becomes north again
and<00:09:18.399><c> again.</c><00:09:18.800><c> It's</c><00:09:18.959><c> a</c><00:09:19.120><c> pattern</c><00:09:19.360><c> that</c><00:09:19.519><c> stretches</c>

09:19.910 --> 09:19.920 align:start position:0%
and again. It's a pattern that stretches
 

09:19.920 --> 09:22.550 align:start position:0%
and again. It's a pattern that stretches
back<00:09:20.160><c> millions</c><00:09:20.640><c> of</c><00:09:20.880><c> years.</c><00:09:21.760><c> Now</c><00:09:22.080><c> let's</c><00:09:22.320><c> apply</c>

09:22.550 --> 09:22.560 align:start position:0%
back millions of years. Now let's apply
 

09:22.560 --> 09:25.350 align:start position:0%
back millions of years. Now let's apply
that<00:09:22.880><c> concept</c><00:09:23.200><c> to</c><00:09:23.440><c> the</c><00:09:23.680><c> mid</c><00:09:23.920><c> ocean</c><00:09:24.399><c> ridge.</c><00:09:25.040><c> As</c>

09:25.350 --> 09:25.360 align:start position:0%
that concept to the mid ocean ridge. As
 

09:25.360 --> 09:28.150 align:start position:0%
that concept to the mid ocean ridge. As
new<00:09:25.600><c> bassalt</c><00:09:26.160><c> is</c><00:09:26.399><c> constantly</c><00:09:26.959><c> forming</c><00:09:27.760><c> each</c>

09:28.150 --> 09:28.160 align:start position:0%
new bassalt is constantly forming each
 

09:28.160 --> 09:30.470 align:start position:0%
new bassalt is constantly forming each
layer<00:09:28.399><c> records</c><00:09:28.720><c> the</c><00:09:28.959><c> magnetic</c><00:09:29.519><c> direction</c><00:09:30.080><c> at</c>

09:30.470 --> 09:30.480 align:start position:0%
layer records the magnetic direction at
 

09:30.480 --> 09:33.590 align:start position:0%
layer records the magnetic direction at
that<00:09:30.880><c> time.</c><00:09:31.760><c> So</c><00:09:31.920><c> as</c><00:09:32.160><c> the</c><00:09:32.399><c> seafloor</c><00:09:32.959><c> spreads</c>

09:33.590 --> 09:33.600 align:start position:0%
that time. So as the seafloor spreads
 

09:33.600 --> 09:35.990 align:start position:0%
that time. So as the seafloor spreads
that<00:09:33.920><c> record</c><00:09:34.240><c> is</c><00:09:34.480><c> carried</c><00:09:34.800><c> outward</c><00:09:35.600><c> frozen</c>

09:35.990 --> 09:36.000 align:start position:0%
that record is carried outward frozen
 

09:36.000 --> 09:39.269 align:start position:0%
that record is carried outward frozen
into<00:09:36.240><c> the</c><00:09:36.399><c> crust</c><00:09:36.959><c> and</c><00:09:37.200><c> the</c><00:09:37.440><c> result</c><00:09:38.560><c> bands</c><00:09:39.040><c> of</c>

09:39.269 --> 09:39.279 align:start position:0%
into the crust and the result bands of
 

09:39.279 --> 09:41.269 align:start position:0%
into the crust and the result bands of
rock<00:09:39.600><c> with</c><00:09:39.920><c> alternating</c><00:09:40.640><c> magnetic</c>

09:41.269 --> 09:41.279 align:start position:0%
rock with alternating magnetic
 

09:41.279 --> 09:43.829 align:start position:0%
rock with alternating magnetic
orientations<00:09:42.399><c> like</c><00:09:42.720><c> stripes</c><00:09:43.440><c> running</c>

09:43.829 --> 09:43.839 align:start position:0%
orientations like stripes running
 

09:43.839 --> 09:45.990 align:start position:0%
orientations like stripes running
parallel<00:09:44.399><c> to</c><00:09:44.560><c> the</c><00:09:44.720><c> ridge.</c><00:09:45.440><c> Now,</c><00:09:45.680><c> the</c><00:09:45.839><c> cool</c>

09:45.990 --> 09:46.000 align:start position:0%
parallel to the ridge. Now, the cool
 

09:46.000 --> 09:47.509 align:start position:0%
parallel to the ridge. Now, the cool
part<00:09:46.160><c> is</c><00:09:46.320><c> that</c><00:09:46.480><c> because</c><00:09:46.800><c> spreading</c><00:09:47.200><c> happens</c>

09:47.509 --> 09:47.519 align:start position:0%
part is that because spreading happens
 

09:47.519 --> 09:50.070 align:start position:0%
part is that because spreading happens
in<00:09:47.760><c> both</c><00:09:48.080><c> directions</c><00:09:48.560><c> at</c><00:09:48.880><c> once,</c><00:09:49.839><c> those</c>

09:50.070 --> 09:50.080 align:start position:0%
in both directions at once, those
 

09:50.080 --> 09:52.630 align:start position:0%
in both directions at once, those
stripes<00:09:50.560><c> are</c><00:09:50.800><c> perfectly</c><00:09:51.360><c> mirrored</c><00:09:51.839><c> on</c><00:09:52.240><c> either</c>

09:52.630 --> 09:52.640 align:start position:0%
stripes are perfectly mirrored on either
 

09:52.640 --> 09:55.990 align:start position:0%
stripes are perfectly mirrored on either
side.<00:09:53.519><c> It's</c><00:09:53.760><c> like</c><00:09:53.920><c> a</c><00:09:54.240><c> giant</c><00:09:54.640><c> barcode</c><00:09:55.440><c> stamped</c>

09:55.990 --> 09:56.000 align:start position:0%
side. It's like a giant barcode stamped
 

09:56.000 --> 09:58.550 align:start position:0%
side. It's like a giant barcode stamped
across<00:09:56.320><c> the</c><00:09:56.480><c> Atlantic</c><00:09:56.959><c> Ocean</c><00:09:57.360><c> floor.</c><00:09:58.320><c> So,</c>

09:58.550 --> 09:58.560 align:start position:0%
across the Atlantic Ocean floor. So,
 

09:58.560 --> 10:00.550 align:start position:0%
across the Atlantic Ocean floor. So,
when<00:09:58.880><c> scientists</c><00:09:59.440><c> mapped</c><00:09:59.760><c> these</c><00:10:00.080><c> magnetic</c>

10:00.550 --> 10:00.560 align:start position:0%
when scientists mapped these magnetic
 

10:00.560 --> 10:02.310 align:start position:0%
when scientists mapped these magnetic
patterns<00:10:00.959><c> and</c><00:10:01.200><c> link</c><00:10:01.440><c> them</c><00:10:01.680><c> to</c><00:10:01.920><c> known</c>

10:02.310 --> 10:02.320 align:start position:0%
patterns and link them to known
 

10:02.320 --> 10:05.030 align:start position:0%
patterns and link them to known
reversals<00:10:02.880><c> of</c><00:10:03.200><c> Earth's</c><00:10:03.600><c> magnetic</c><00:10:04.160><c> field,</c>

10:05.030 --> 10:05.040 align:start position:0%
reversals of Earth's magnetic field,
 

10:05.040 --> 10:07.829 align:start position:0%
reversals of Earth's magnetic field,
something<00:10:05.440><c> incredible</c><00:10:05.920><c> emerged.</c><00:10:07.120><c> The</c><00:10:07.440><c> age</c><00:10:07.680><c> of</c>

10:07.829 --> 10:07.839 align:start position:0%
something incredible emerged. The age of
 

10:07.839 --> 10:10.389 align:start position:0%
something incredible emerged. The age of
the<00:10:08.080><c> ocean</c><00:10:08.560><c> crust</c><00:10:09.120><c> increases</c><00:10:09.760><c> the</c><00:10:10.080><c> farther</c>

10:10.389 --> 10:10.399 align:start position:0%
the ocean crust increases the farther
 

10:10.399 --> 10:13.269 align:start position:0%
the ocean crust increases the farther
you<00:10:10.640><c> move</c><00:10:10.800><c> away</c><00:10:11.279><c> from</c><00:10:11.600><c> the</c><00:10:11.839><c> ridge.</c><00:10:12.800><c> This</c><00:10:13.040><c> isn't</c>

10:13.269 --> 10:13.279 align:start position:0%
you move away from the ridge. This isn't
 

10:13.279 --> 10:15.590 align:start position:0%
you move away from the ridge. This isn't
just<00:10:13.440><c> a</c><00:10:13.760><c> symmetrical</c><00:10:14.480><c> pattern.</c><00:10:15.279><c> It's</c>

10:15.590 --> 10:15.600 align:start position:0%
just a symmetrical pattern. It's
 

10:15.600 --> 10:17.670 align:start position:0%
just a symmetrical pattern. It's
confirmation<00:10:16.160><c> that</c><00:10:16.320><c> the</c><00:10:16.480><c> Atlantic</c><00:10:16.959><c> Ocean</c><00:10:17.360><c> is</c>

10:17.670 --> 10:17.680 align:start position:0%
confirmation that the Atlantic Ocean is
 

10:17.680 --> 10:20.389 align:start position:0%
confirmation that the Atlantic Ocean is
still<00:10:18.079><c> opening</c><00:10:18.640><c> today,</c><00:10:19.200><c> right</c><00:10:19.519><c> now,</c><00:10:19.839><c> as</c><00:10:20.160><c> you</c>

10:20.389 --> 10:20.399 align:start position:0%
still opening today, right now, as you
 

10:20.399 --> 10:22.310 align:start position:0%
still opening today, right now, as you
watch<00:10:20.640><c> this</c><00:10:20.880><c> video.</c><00:10:21.920><c> Because</c><00:10:22.160><c> the</c>

10:22.310 --> 10:22.320 align:start position:0%
watch this video. Because the
 

10:22.320 --> 10:24.150 align:start position:0%
watch this video. Because the
Mid-Atlantic<00:10:22.880><c> Ridge</c><00:10:23.200><c> spreads</c><00:10:23.519><c> relatively</c>

10:24.150 --> 10:24.160 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic Ridge spreads relatively
 

10:24.160 --> 10:26.150 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic Ridge spreads relatively
slowly,<00:10:24.800><c> it</c><00:10:25.040><c> doesn't</c><00:10:25.200><c> form</c><00:10:25.519><c> a</c><00:10:25.760><c> smooth</c>

10:26.150 --> 10:26.160 align:start position:0%
slowly, it doesn't form a smooth
 

10:26.160 --> 10:29.190 align:start position:0%
slowly, it doesn't form a smooth
volcanic<00:10:26.800><c> dome,</c><00:10:27.519><c> but</c><00:10:27.760><c> instead</c><00:10:28.320><c> a</c><00:10:28.640><c> series</c><00:10:28.959><c> of</c>

10:29.190 --> 10:29.200 align:start position:0%
volcanic dome, but instead a series of
 

10:29.200 --> 10:31.990 align:start position:0%
volcanic dome, but instead a series of
rugged,<00:10:29.839><c> broken</c><00:10:30.480><c> faults,</c><00:10:31.360><c> scars,</c>

10:31.990 --> 10:32.000 align:start position:0%
rugged, broken faults, scars,
 

10:32.000 --> 10:34.550 align:start position:0%
rugged, broken faults, scars,
landslides,<00:10:32.640><c> and</c><00:10:32.720><c> a</c><00:10:32.959><c> central</c><00:10:33.279><c> rift</c><00:10:33.680><c> valley.</c>

10:34.550 --> 10:34.560 align:start position:0%
landslides, and a central rift valley.
 

10:34.560 --> 10:36.389 align:start position:0%
landslides, and a central rift valley.
In<00:10:34.800><c> contrast,</c><00:10:35.200><c> a</c><00:10:35.440><c> fast-spreading</c><00:10:36.079><c> ridge</c><00:10:36.320><c> like</c>

10:36.389 --> 10:36.399 align:start position:0%
In contrast, a fast-spreading ridge like
 

10:36.399 --> 10:38.630 align:start position:0%
In contrast, a fast-spreading ridge like
the<00:10:36.560><c> East</c><00:10:36.800><c> Pacific</c><00:10:37.279><c> Rise</c><00:10:37.920><c> tends</c><00:10:38.240><c> to</c><00:10:38.399><c> have</c>

10:38.630 --> 10:38.640 align:start position:0%
the East Pacific Rise tends to have
 

10:38.640 --> 10:41.430 align:start position:0%
the East Pacific Rise tends to have
smoother<00:10:39.120><c> volcanic</c><00:10:39.760><c> crests.</c><00:10:40.800><c> But</c><00:10:41.040><c> make</c><00:10:41.279><c> no</c>

10:41.430 --> 10:41.440 align:start position:0%
smoother volcanic crests. But make no
 

10:41.440 --> 10:42.949 align:start position:0%
smoother volcanic crests. But make no
mistake,<00:10:41.839><c> the</c><00:10:42.000><c> scales</c><00:10:42.320><c> we're</c><00:10:42.560><c> talking</c><00:10:42.800><c> about</c>

10:42.949 --> 10:42.959 align:start position:0%
mistake, the scales we're talking about
 

10:42.959 --> 10:45.590 align:start position:0%
mistake, the scales we're talking about
in<00:10:43.279><c> this</c><00:10:43.440><c> video</c><00:10:43.760><c> are</c><00:10:44.240><c> gargantuan.</c><00:10:45.120><c> So</c><00:10:45.279><c> when</c><00:10:45.440><c> I</c>

10:45.590 --> 10:45.600 align:start position:0%
in this video are gargantuan. So when I
 

10:45.600 --> 10:47.590 align:start position:0%
in this video are gargantuan. So when I
say<00:10:45.839><c> Rift</c><00:10:46.160><c> Valley</c><00:10:46.480><c> quite</c><00:10:46.640><c> flippantly</c><00:10:47.120><c> like</c><00:10:47.360><c> I</c>

10:47.590 --> 10:47.600 align:start position:0%
say Rift Valley quite flippantly like I
 

10:47.600 --> 10:49.110 align:start position:0%
say Rift Valley quite flippantly like I
did,<00:10:48.240><c> we're</c><00:10:48.480><c> talking</c><00:10:48.640><c> about</c><00:10:48.720><c> a</c><00:10:48.880><c> valley</c>

10:49.110 --> 10:49.120 align:start position:0%
did, we're talking about a valley
 

10:49.120 --> 10:51.750 align:start position:0%
did, we're talking about a valley
comparable<00:10:49.519><c> in</c><00:10:49.760><c> scale</c><00:10:50.000><c> to</c><00:10:50.240><c> the</c><00:10:50.399><c> Grand</c><00:10:50.959><c> Canyon</c>

10:51.750 --> 10:51.760 align:start position:0%
comparable in scale to the Grand Canyon
 

10:51.760 --> 10:55.509 align:start position:0%
comparable in scale to the Grand Canyon
in<00:10:52.079><c> depth</c><00:10:52.800><c> and</c><00:10:53.120><c> width.</c><00:10:54.399><c> This</c><00:10:54.640><c> ridge</c><00:10:54.880><c> isn't</c><00:10:55.200><c> a</c>

10:55.509 --> 10:55.519 align:start position:0%
in depth and width. This ridge isn't a
 

10:55.519 --> 10:58.150 align:start position:0%
in depth and width. This ridge isn't a
single<00:10:55.839><c> unbroken</c><00:10:56.560><c> line</c><00:10:56.959><c> either.</c><00:10:57.440><c> It's</c><00:10:57.680><c> offset</c>

10:58.150 --> 10:58.160 align:start position:0%
single unbroken line either. It's offset
 

10:58.160 --> 11:00.150 align:start position:0%
single unbroken line either. It's offset
by<00:10:58.480><c> transform</c><00:10:59.200><c> fault,</c><00:10:59.600><c> which</c><00:10:59.760><c> is</c><00:10:59.920><c> sort</c><00:11:00.079><c> of</c>

11:00.150 --> 11:00.160 align:start position:0%
by transform fault, which is sort of
 

11:00.160 --> 11:03.269 align:start position:0%
by transform fault, which is sort of
like<00:11:00.399><c> giant</c><00:11:00.880><c> sideways</c><00:11:01.600><c> tears</c><00:11:02.079><c> in</c><00:11:02.320><c> the</c><00:11:02.480><c> crust,</c>

11:03.269 --> 11:03.279 align:start position:0%
like giant sideways tears in the crust,
 

11:03.279 --> 11:05.110 align:start position:0%
like giant sideways tears in the crust,
creating<00:11:03.680><c> the</c><00:11:03.920><c> zigzag</c><00:11:04.399><c> pattern</c><00:11:04.640><c> you</c><00:11:04.880><c> see</c><00:11:04.959><c> on</c>

11:05.110 --> 11:05.120 align:start position:0%
creating the zigzag pattern you see on
 

11:05.120 --> 11:08.310 align:start position:0%
creating the zigzag pattern you see on
the<00:11:05.200><c> seafloor</c><00:11:05.680><c> and</c><00:11:05.920><c> now</c><00:11:06.160><c> on</c><00:11:06.560><c> Google</c><00:11:06.880><c> Maps.</c>

11:08.310 --> 11:08.320 align:start position:0%
the seafloor and now on Google Maps.
 

11:08.320 --> 11:11.269 align:start position:0%
the seafloor and now on Google Maps.
newly<00:11:08.720><c> created</c><00:11:09.279><c> oceanic</c><00:11:09.920><c> crust</c><00:11:10.399><c> moves</c><00:11:10.880><c> away</c>

11:11.269 --> 11:11.279 align:start position:0%
newly created oceanic crust moves away
 

11:11.279 --> 11:14.310 align:start position:0%
newly created oceanic crust moves away
from<00:11:11.600><c> mid</c><00:11:12.000><c> ocean</c><00:11:12.560><c> spreading</c><00:11:13.120><c> centers.</c><00:11:14.079><c> But</c>

11:14.310 --> 11:14.320 align:start position:0%
from mid ocean spreading centers. But
 

11:14.320 --> 11:16.870 align:start position:0%
from mid ocean spreading centers. But
because<00:11:14.720><c> Earth</c><00:11:15.040><c> is</c><00:11:15.360><c> spherical,</c><00:11:16.320><c> this</c><00:11:16.560><c> new</c>

11:16.870 --> 11:16.880 align:start position:0%
because Earth is spherical, this new
 

11:16.880 --> 11:19.750 align:start position:0%
because Earth is spherical, this new
crust<00:11:17.360><c> can't</c><00:11:17.760><c> spread</c><00:11:18.079><c> out</c><00:11:18.240><c> in</c><00:11:18.560><c> flat</c><00:11:19.120><c> uniform</c>

11:19.750 --> 11:19.760 align:start position:0%
crust can't spread out in flat uniform
 

11:19.760 --> 11:23.110 align:start position:0%
crust can't spread out in flat uniform
sheets.<00:11:20.800><c> Instead,</c><00:11:21.760><c> it</c><00:11:22.000><c> must</c><00:11:22.320><c> adjust</c><00:11:22.720><c> to</c><00:11:22.959><c> the</c>

11:23.110 --> 11:23.120 align:start position:0%
sheets. Instead, it must adjust to the
 

11:23.120 --> 11:25.670 align:start position:0%
sheets. Instead, it must adjust to the
planet's<00:11:23.600><c> curved</c><00:11:24.160><c> shape,</c><00:11:24.880><c> which</c><00:11:25.200><c> causes</c>

11:25.670 --> 11:25.680 align:start position:0%
planet's curved shape, which causes
 

11:25.680 --> 11:28.550 align:start position:0%
planet's curved shape, which causes
cracks<00:11:26.079><c> to</c><00:11:26.240><c> form</c><00:11:26.640><c> perpendicular</c><00:11:27.760><c> to</c><00:11:28.000><c> the</c><00:11:28.160><c> axis</c>

11:28.550 --> 11:28.560 align:start position:0%
cracks to form perpendicular to the axis
 

11:28.560 --> 11:31.430 align:start position:0%
cracks to form perpendicular to the axis
of<00:11:28.880><c> seafloor</c><00:11:29.600><c> spreading.</c><00:11:30.560><c> These</c><00:11:30.880><c> cracks</c><00:11:31.279><c> are</c>

11:31.430 --> 11:31.440 align:start position:0%
of seafloor spreading. These cracks are
 

11:31.440 --> 11:34.230 align:start position:0%
of seafloor spreading. These cracks are
known<00:11:31.680><c> as</c><00:11:32.000><c> fracture</c><00:11:32.560><c> zones.</c><00:11:33.519><c> When</c><00:11:33.839><c> spreading</c>

11:34.230 --> 11:34.240 align:start position:0%
known as fracture zones. When spreading
 

11:34.240 --> 11:36.389 align:start position:0%
known as fracture zones. When spreading
centers<00:11:34.720><c> are</c><00:11:34.959><c> displaced</c><00:11:35.600><c> along</c><00:11:36.000><c> these</c>

11:36.389 --> 11:36.399 align:start position:0%
centers are displaced along these
 

11:36.399 --> 11:38.790 align:start position:0%
centers are displaced along these
fractures<00:11:37.120><c> and</c><00:11:37.360><c> the</c><00:11:37.519><c> fault</c><00:11:38.000><c> movement</c><00:11:38.480><c> occurs</c>

11:38.790 --> 11:38.800 align:start position:0%
fractures and the fault movement occurs
 

11:38.800 --> 11:41.350 align:start position:0%
fractures and the fault movement occurs
in<00:11:39.040><c> opposite</c><00:11:39.519><c> directions,</c><00:11:40.560><c> the</c><00:11:40.800><c> crack</c><00:11:41.120><c> is</c>

11:41.350 --> 11:41.360 align:start position:0%
in opposite directions, the crack is
 

11:41.360 --> 11:44.470 align:start position:0%
in opposite directions, the crack is
referred<00:11:41.680><c> to</c><00:11:41.920><c> as</c><00:11:42.160><c> a</c><00:11:42.399><c> transform</c><00:11:43.200><c> fault.</c><00:11:44.079><c> In</c><00:11:44.320><c> a</c>

11:44.470 --> 11:44.480 align:start position:0%
referred to as a transform fault. In a
 

11:44.480 --> 11:46.550 align:start position:0%
referred to as a transform fault. In a
few<00:11:44.560><c> rare</c><00:11:44.880><c> places,</c><00:11:45.440><c> the</c><00:11:45.680><c> ridge</c><00:11:45.920><c> rises</c><00:11:46.320><c> high</c>

11:46.550 --> 11:46.560 align:start position:0%
few rare places, the ridge rises high
 

11:46.560 --> 11:48.550 align:start position:0%
few rare places, the ridge rises high
enough<00:11:46.800><c> to</c><00:11:47.040><c> break</c><00:11:47.360><c> the</c><00:11:47.680><c> surface.</c><00:11:48.240><c> Actually,</c>

11:48.550 --> 11:48.560 align:start position:0%
enough to break the surface. Actually,
 

11:48.560 --> 11:50.870 align:start position:0%
enough to break the surface. Actually,
Iceland<00:11:48.959><c> is</c><00:11:49.120><c> a</c><00:11:49.279><c> classic</c><00:11:49.600><c> example</c><00:11:50.000><c> of</c><00:11:50.320><c> this.</c>

11:50.870 --> 11:50.880 align:start position:0%
Iceland is a classic example of this.
 

11:50.880 --> 11:52.790 align:start position:0%
Iceland is a classic example of this.
One<00:11:51.040><c> of</c><00:11:51.200><c> the</c><00:11:51.360><c> few</c><00:11:51.600><c> places</c><00:11:51.920><c> on</c><00:11:52.240><c> Earth</c><00:11:52.399><c> where</c><00:11:52.640><c> the</c>

11:52.790 --> 11:52.800 align:start position:0%
One of the few places on Earth where the
 

11:52.800 --> 11:55.750 align:start position:0%
One of the few places on Earth where the
ridge<00:11:53.040><c> can</c><00:11:53.200><c> be</c><00:11:53.360><c> studied</c><00:11:54.079><c> above</c><00:11:54.640><c> sea</c><00:11:54.959><c> level.</c>

11:55.750 --> 11:55.760 align:start position:0%
ridge can be studied above sea level.
 

11:55.760 --> 11:57.269 align:start position:0%
ridge can be studied above sea level.
And<00:11:56.000><c> very</c><00:11:56.240><c> helpfully,</c><00:11:56.560><c> we've</c><00:11:56.800><c> already</c><00:11:56.959><c> made</c><00:11:57.120><c> a</c>

11:57.269 --> 11:57.279 align:start position:0%
And very helpfully, we've already made a
 

11:57.279 --> 11:59.110 align:start position:0%
And very helpfully, we've already made a
video<00:11:57.519><c> about</c><00:11:57.839><c> how</c><00:11:58.160><c> that</c><00:11:58.399><c> ridge</c><00:11:58.720><c> affects</c>

11:59.110 --> 11:59.120 align:start position:0%
video about how that ridge affects
 

11:59.120 --> 12:00.550 align:start position:0%
video about how that ridge affects
Iceland,<00:11:59.600><c> by</c><00:11:59.680><c> the</c><00:11:59.760><c> way,</c><00:11:59.920><c> which</c><00:12:00.079><c> you</c><00:12:00.240><c> can</c><00:12:00.399><c> watch</c>

12:00.550 --> 12:00.560 align:start position:0%
Iceland, by the way, which you can watch
 

12:00.560 --> 12:03.110 align:start position:0%
Iceland, by the way, which you can watch
here<00:12:01.200><c> when</c><00:12:01.440><c> you</c><00:12:01.600><c> finish</c><00:12:01.839><c> watching</c><00:12:02.160><c> this</c><00:12:02.399><c> one.</c>

12:01.925 --> 12:04.315 align:start position:0%
another awesome ecosystem and revisit
the<00:13:47.200><c> lost</c><00:13:47.600><c> city.</c>

12:04.315 --> 12:04.325 align:start position:0%
the lost city.
 

12:04.325 --> 12:06.555 align:start position:0%
the lost city.
Slow<00:13:49.760><c> spreading</c><00:13:50.160><c> ridges</c><00:13:50.560><c> do</c><00:13:50.800><c> something</c><00:13:51.200><c> else</c>

12:06.555 --> 12:06.565 align:start position:0%
Slow spreading ridges do something else
 

12:06.565 --> 12:09.675 align:start position:0%
Slow spreading ridges do something else
too.<00:13:52.480><c> They</c><00:13:52.800><c> can</c><00:13:52.880><c> tear</c><00:13:53.200><c> themselves</c><00:13:53.680><c> open</c><00:13:54.160><c> along</c>

12:09.675 --> 12:09.685 align:start position:0%
too. They can tear themselves open along
 

12:09.685 --> 12:12.875 align:start position:0%
too. They can tear themselves open along
longived<00:13:55.760><c> faults</c><00:13:56.480><c> and</c><00:13:56.800><c> expose</c><00:13:57.360><c> rocks</c><00:13:57.680><c> from</c>

12:12.875 --> 12:12.885 align:start position:0%
longived faults and expose rocks from
 

12:12.885 --> 12:15.834 align:start position:0%
longived faults and expose rocks from
deep<00:13:58.320><c> in</c><00:13:58.560><c> the</c><00:13:58.720><c> oceanic</c><00:13:59.279><c> lithosphere.</c><00:14:00.480><c> This</c><00:14:00.720><c> is</c>

12:15.834 --> 12:15.844 align:start position:0%
deep in the oceanic lithosphere. This is
 

12:15.844 --> 12:18.714 align:start position:0%
deep in the oceanic lithosphere. This is
what's<00:14:01.279><c> happening</c><00:14:01.760><c> here.</c><00:14:02.880><c> When</c><00:14:03.199><c> seawater</c>

12:18.714 --> 12:18.724 align:start position:0%
what's happening here. When seawater
 

12:18.724 --> 12:21.514 align:start position:0%
what's happening here. When seawater
penetrates<00:14:04.480><c> those</c><00:14:04.800><c> fractured</c><00:14:05.360><c> mantle</c><00:14:05.920><c> rocks,</c>

12:21.514 --> 12:21.524 align:start position:0%
penetrates those fractured mantle rocks,
 

12:21.524 --> 12:23.995 align:start position:0%
penetrates those fractured mantle rocks,
it<00:14:06.880><c> reacts</c><00:14:07.279><c> with</c><00:14:07.600><c> primary</c><00:14:08.079><c> mantle</c><00:14:08.560><c> minerals</c>

12:23.995 --> 12:24.005 align:start position:0%
it reacts with primary mantle minerals
 

12:24.005 --> 12:26.394 align:start position:0%
it reacts with primary mantle minerals
such<00:14:09.279><c> as</c><00:14:09.680><c> olivine</c><00:14:10.240><c> in</c><00:14:10.480><c> a</c><00:14:10.720><c> process</c><00:14:11.120><c> called</c>

12:26.394 --> 12:26.404 align:start position:0%
such as olivine in a process called
 

12:26.404 --> 12:28.074 align:start position:0%
such as olivine in a process called
serpentonization.

12:28.074 --> 12:28.084 align:start position:0%
serpentonization.
 

12:28.084 --> 12:31.675 align:start position:0%
serpentonization.
And<00:14:13.360><c> it's</c><00:14:13.600><c> this</c><00:14:14.240><c> that</c><00:14:14.560><c> changes</c><00:14:15.279><c> everything.</c>

12:31.675 --> 12:31.685 align:start position:0%
And it's this that changes everything.
 

12:31.685 --> 12:34.315 align:start position:0%
And it's this that changes everything.
That<00:14:17.199><c> reaction</c><00:14:17.680><c> generates</c><00:14:18.240><c> heat.</c><00:14:18.880><c> hydrogen,</c>

12:34.315 --> 12:34.325 align:start position:0%
That reaction generates heat. hydrogen,
 

12:34.325 --> 12:37.115 align:start position:0%
That reaction generates heat. hydrogen,
methane,<00:14:20.000><c> and</c><00:14:20.240><c> extremely</c><00:14:21.040><c> alkaline</c><00:14:21.680><c> fluids,</c>

12:37.115 --> 12:37.125 align:start position:0%
methane, and extremely alkaline fluids,
 

12:37.125 --> 12:38.875 align:start position:0%
methane, and extremely alkaline fluids,
similar<00:14:22.560><c> to</c><00:14:22.720><c> the</c><00:14:22.959><c> hydrothermal</c><00:14:23.680><c> vents</c>

12:38.875 --> 12:38.885 align:start position:0%
similar to the hydrothermal vents
 

12:38.885 --> 12:40.154 align:start position:0%
similar to the hydrothermal vents
scientists<00:14:24.399><c> have</c><00:14:24.560><c> been</c><00:14:24.720><c> accustomed</c><00:14:25.120><c> to</c>

12:40.154 --> 12:40.164 align:start position:0%
scientists have been accustomed to
 

12:40.164 --> 12:43.115 align:start position:0%
scientists have been accustomed to
seeing.<00:14:25.920><c> But</c><00:14:26.079><c> these</c><00:14:26.399><c> ones</c><00:14:26.880><c> behave</c><00:14:27.440><c> completely</c>

12:43.115 --> 12:43.125 align:start position:0%
seeing. But these ones behave completely
 

12:43.125 --> 12:45.834 align:start position:0%
seeing. But these ones behave completely
differently.<00:14:29.519><c> When</c><00:14:29.760><c> those</c><00:14:30.000><c> fluids</c><00:14:30.399><c> mix</c><00:14:30.720><c> with</c>

12:45.834 --> 12:45.844 align:start position:0%
differently. When those fluids mix with
 

12:45.844 --> 12:48.074 align:start position:0%
differently. When those fluids mix with
cold<00:14:31.360><c> seawater,</c><00:14:32.240><c> they</c><00:14:32.480><c> precipitate</c>

12:48.074 --> 12:48.084 align:start position:0%
cold seawater, they precipitate
 

12:48.084 --> 12:50.714 align:start position:0%
cold seawater, they precipitate
carbonate<00:14:33.760><c> and</c><00:14:34.000><c> brucite,</c><00:14:34.639><c> a</c><00:14:34.880><c> natural</c><00:14:35.440><c> mineral</c>

12:50.714 --> 12:50.724 align:start position:0%
carbonate and brucite, a natural mineral
 

12:50.724 --> 12:52.954 align:start position:0%
carbonate and brucite, a natural mineral
form<00:14:36.160><c> of</c><00:14:36.320><c> magnesium</c><00:14:37.040><c> hydroxide</c>

12:52.954 --> 12:52.964 align:start position:0%
form of magnesium hydroxide
 

12:52.964 --> 12:55.595 align:start position:0%
form of magnesium hydroxide
characterized<00:14:38.720><c> by</c><00:14:38.959><c> its</c><00:14:39.199><c> soft</c><00:14:39.600><c> pearly</c><00:14:40.079><c> to</c><00:14:40.240><c> waxy</c>

12:55.595 --> 12:55.605 align:start position:0%
characterized by its soft pearly to waxy
 

12:55.605 --> 12:58.475 align:start position:0%
characterized by its soft pearly to waxy
appearance<00:14:41.199><c> and</c><00:14:41.680><c> white</c><00:14:42.240><c> gray</c><00:14:42.560><c> or</c><00:14:42.800><c> pale</c><00:14:43.199><c> green</c>

12:58.475 --> 12:58.485 align:start position:0%
appearance and white gray or pale green
 

12:58.485 --> 13:01.115 align:start position:0%
appearance and white gray or pale green
color.<00:14:44.639><c> And</c><00:14:44.800><c> it's</c><00:14:45.120><c> exactly</c><00:14:45.519><c> that</c><00:14:45.839><c> reaction</c>

13:01.115 --> 13:01.125 align:start position:0%
color. And it's exactly that reaction
 

13:01.125 --> 13:03.834 align:start position:0%
color. And it's exactly that reaction
that<00:14:46.560><c> builds</c><00:14:47.040><c> those</c><00:14:47.519><c> giant</c><00:14:48.079><c> pale</c><00:14:48.480><c> chimneys</c>

13:03.834 --> 13:03.844 align:start position:0%
that builds those giant pale chimneys
 

13:03.844 --> 13:07.274 align:start position:0%
that builds those giant pale chimneys
the<00:14:49.199><c> team</c><00:14:49.440><c> saw</c><00:14:50.240><c> in</c><00:14:50.480><c> the</c><00:14:50.720><c> Lost</c><00:14:51.279><c> City.</c><00:14:52.000><c> But</c><00:14:52.240><c> why</c>

13:07.274 --> 13:07.284 align:start position:0%
the team saw in the Lost City. But why
 

13:07.284 --> 13:09.995 align:start position:0%
the team saw in the Lost City. But why
is<00:14:52.639><c> that</c><00:14:52.880><c> so</c><00:14:53.199><c> significant?</c><00:14:54.560><c> Well,</c><00:14:54.720><c> what</c><00:14:54.880><c> this</c>

13:09.995 --> 13:10.005 align:start position:0%
is that so significant? Well, what this
 

13:10.005 --> 13:11.755 align:start position:0%
is that so significant? Well, what this
revealed<00:14:55.360><c> is</c><00:14:55.519><c> that</c><00:14:55.600><c> the</c><00:14:55.760><c> Lost</c><00:14:56.000><c> City</c><00:14:56.320><c> is</c><00:14:56.560><c> not</c>

13:11.755 --> 13:11.765 align:start position:0%
revealed is that the Lost City is not
 

13:11.765 --> 13:14.074 align:start position:0%
revealed is that the Lost City is not
driven<00:14:57.199><c> in</c><00:14:57.440><c> the</c><00:14:57.680><c> familiar</c><00:14:58.240><c> way.</c><00:14:58.560><c> There</c><00:14:58.800><c> is</c><00:14:58.959><c> no</c>

13:14.074 --> 13:14.084 align:start position:0%
driven in the familiar way. There is no
 

13:14.084 --> 13:16.074 align:start position:0%
driven in the familiar way. There is no
roaring<00:14:59.680><c> magma</c><00:15:00.000><c> chamber</c><00:15:00.320><c> beneath</c><00:15:00.560><c> a</c><00:15:00.800><c> volcanic</c>

13:16.074 --> 13:16.084 align:start position:0%
roaring magma chamber beneath a volcanic
 

13:16.084 --> 13:18.795 align:start position:0%
roaring magma chamber beneath a volcanic
ridge<00:15:01.600><c> crest.</c><00:15:02.000><c> Essentially,</c><00:15:03.360><c> we're</c><00:15:03.680><c> talking</c>

13:18.795 --> 13:18.805 align:start position:0%
ridge crest. Essentially, we're talking
 

13:18.805 --> 13:21.035 align:start position:0%
ridge crest. Essentially, we're talking
about<00:15:04.320><c> seawater</c><00:15:05.040><c> infiltrating</c><00:15:05.760><c> deep</c>

13:21.035 --> 13:21.045 align:start position:0%
about seawater infiltrating deep
 

13:21.045 --> 13:23.195 align:start position:0%
about seawater infiltrating deep
fractures<00:15:06.639><c> in</c><00:15:06.959><c> mantle</c><00:15:07.440><c> rock,</c><00:15:08.000><c> being</c>

13:23.195 --> 13:23.205 align:start position:0%
fractures in mantle rock, being
 

13:23.205 --> 13:25.435 align:start position:0%
fractures in mantle rock, being
chemically<00:15:08.959><c> transformed,</c><00:15:10.079><c> and</c><00:15:10.320><c> then</c>

13:25.435 --> 13:25.445 align:start position:0%
chemically transformed, and then
 

13:25.445 --> 13:28.235 align:start position:0%
chemically transformed, and then
returning<00:15:11.040><c> to</c><00:15:11.360><c> the</c><00:15:11.600><c> ocean</c><00:15:12.320><c> fully</c><00:15:12.720><c> loaded</c><00:15:13.040><c> with</c>

13:28.235 --> 13:28.245 align:start position:0%
returning to the ocean fully loaded with
 

13:28.245 --> 13:31.514 align:start position:0%
returning to the ocean fully loaded with
hydrogen,<00:15:14.240><c> methane,</c><00:15:14.720><c> and</c><00:15:15.040><c> alkalinity.</c><00:15:16.399><c> Just</c>

13:31.514 --> 13:31.524 align:start position:0%
hydrogen, methane, and alkalinity. Just
 

13:31.524 --> 13:33.595 align:start position:0%
hydrogen, methane, and alkalinity. Just
try<00:15:16.720><c> and</c><00:15:16.880><c> imagine</c><00:15:17.199><c> that.</c><00:15:17.760><c> Not</c><00:15:18.079><c> only</c><00:15:18.320><c> does</c><00:15:18.560><c> this</c>

13:33.595 --> 13:33.605 align:start position:0%
try and imagine that. Not only does this
 

13:33.605 --> 13:35.035 align:start position:0%
try and imagine that. Not only does this
place<00:15:18.959><c> show</c><00:15:19.199><c> that</c><00:15:19.360><c> life</c><00:15:19.680><c> doesn't</c><00:15:19.920><c> need</c>

13:35.035 --> 13:35.045 align:start position:0%
place show that life doesn't need
 

13:35.045 --> 13:36.795 align:start position:0%
place show that life doesn't need
sunlight<00:15:20.639><c> to</c><00:15:20.880><c> survive,</c><00:15:21.360><c> perhaps</c><00:15:21.600><c> the</c><00:15:21.760><c> most</c>

13:36.795 --> 13:36.805 align:start position:0%
sunlight to survive, perhaps the most
 

13:36.805 --> 13:38.635 align:start position:0%
sunlight to survive, perhaps the most
significant<00:15:22.320><c> aspect</c><00:15:22.720><c> of</c><00:15:22.959><c> hydrothermal</c>

13:38.635 --> 13:38.645 align:start position:0%
significant aspect of hydrothermal
 

13:38.645 --> 13:40.714 align:start position:0%
significant aspect of hydrothermal
vents,<00:15:24.480><c> but</c><00:15:24.639><c> it</c><00:15:24.800><c> also</c><00:15:25.040><c> shows</c><00:15:25.360><c> life</c><00:15:25.600><c> doesn't</c>

13:40.714 --> 13:40.724 align:start position:0%
vents, but it also shows life doesn't
 

13:40.724 --> 13:43.115 align:start position:0%
vents, but it also shows life doesn't
even<00:15:26.000><c> need</c><00:15:26.240><c> volcanic</c><00:15:26.880><c> heat.</c><00:15:27.680><c> Life</c><00:15:28.000><c> can</c>

13:43.115 --> 13:43.125 align:start position:0%
even need volcanic heat. Life can
 

13:43.125 --> 13:46.555 align:start position:0%
even need volcanic heat. Life can
survive<00:15:28.560><c> on</c><00:15:28.800><c> chemistry</c><00:15:29.760><c> alone.</c><00:15:30.959><c> These</c><00:15:31.279><c> fluids</c>

13:46.555 --> 13:46.565 align:start position:0%
survive on chemistry alone. These fluids
 

13:46.565 --> 13:49.195 align:start position:0%
survive on chemistry alone. These fluids
are<00:15:31.839><c> energy</c><00:15:32.320><c> bonanzas,</c><00:15:33.279><c> creating</c><00:15:33.600><c> a</c><00:15:33.839><c> unique</c>

13:49.195 --> 13:49.205 align:start position:0%
are energy bonanzas, creating a unique
 

13:49.205 --> 13:52.154 align:start position:0%
are energy bonanzas, creating a unique
environment<00:15:34.880><c> for</c><00:15:35.279><c> microbial</c><00:15:36.160><c> communities.</c>

13:52.154 --> 13:52.164 align:start position:0%
environment for microbial communities.
 

13:52.164 --> 13:55.115 align:start position:0%
environment for microbial communities.
The<00:15:37.440><c> lost</c><00:15:37.760><c> city</c><00:15:38.000><c> is</c><00:15:38.160><c> a</c><00:15:38.480><c> scientific</c><00:15:39.120><c> anomaly.</c>

13:55.115 --> 13:55.125 align:start position:0%
The lost city is a scientific anomaly.
 

13:55.125 --> 13:57.195 align:start position:0%
The lost city is a scientific anomaly.
While<00:15:40.560><c> black</c><00:15:40.800><c> smokers</c><00:15:41.360><c> can</c><00:15:41.519><c> support</c><00:15:41.920><c> giant</c>

13:57.195 --> 13:57.205 align:start position:0%
While black smokers can support giant
 

13:57.205 --> 13:59.834 align:start position:0%
While black smokers can support giant
tubeworms,<00:15:43.279><c> the</c><00:15:43.440><c> lost</c><00:15:43.680><c> city</c><00:15:44.000><c> is</c><00:15:44.160><c> dominated</c><00:15:44.560><c> by</c>

13:59.834 --> 13:59.844 align:start position:0%
tubeworms, the lost city is dominated by
 

13:59.844 --> 14:02.235 align:start position:0%
tubeworms, the lost city is dominated by
microbes.<00:15:46.000><c> The</c><00:15:46.160><c> chimneys</c><00:15:46.639><c> are</c><00:15:46.800><c> lined</c><00:15:47.120><c> with</c>

14:02.235 --> 14:02.245 align:start position:0%
microbes. The chimneys are lined with
 

14:02.245 --> 14:05.195 align:start position:0%
microbes. The chimneys are lined with
thick<00:15:47.839><c> bofilms</c><00:15:48.560><c> of</c><00:15:48.800><c> archa,</c><00:15:49.920><c> ancient</c>

14:05.195 --> 14:05.205 align:start position:0%
thick bofilms of archa, ancient
 

14:05.205 --> 14:07.915 align:start position:0%
thick bofilms of archa, ancient
organisms<00:15:50.880><c> that</c><00:15:51.199><c> don't</c><00:15:51.600><c> breathe</c><00:15:52.160><c> oxygen</c><00:15:52.639><c> or</c>

14:07.915 --> 14:07.925 align:start position:0%
organisms that don't breathe oxygen or
 

14:07.925 --> 14:10.795 align:start position:0%
organisms that don't breathe oxygen or
eat<00:15:53.360><c> plants.</c><00:15:54.399><c> They</c><00:15:54.720><c> consume</c><00:15:55.199><c> the</c><00:15:55.440><c> hydrogen</c>

14:10.795 --> 14:10.805 align:start position:0%
eat plants. They consume the hydrogen
 

14:10.805 --> 14:12.795 align:start position:0%
eat plants. They consume the hydrogen
and<00:15:56.160><c> methane</c><00:15:56.639><c> produced</c><00:15:57.120><c> by</c><00:15:57.279><c> the</c><00:15:57.519><c> rocks</c>

14:12.795 --> 14:12.805 align:start position:0%
and methane produced by the rocks
 

14:12.805 --> 14:15.435 align:start position:0%
and methane produced by the rocks
themselves.<00:15:58.560><c> That's</c><00:15:58.800><c> their</c><00:15:59.120><c> lunch.</c>

14:15.435 --> 14:15.445 align:start position:0%
themselves. That's their lunch.
 

14:15.445 --> 14:17.035 align:start position:0%
themselves. That's their lunch.
Living<00:16:00.880><c> on</c><00:16:01.040><c> the</c><00:16:01.199><c> surface</c><00:16:01.440><c> of</c><00:16:01.600><c> these</c><00:16:01.839><c> towers</c>

14:17.035 --> 14:17.045 align:start position:0%
Living on the surface of these towers
 

14:17.045 --> 14:19.514 align:start position:0%
Living on the surface of these towers
are<00:16:02.399><c> swarms</c><00:16:02.800><c> of</c><00:16:03.040><c> tiny</c><00:16:03.440><c> translucent</c><00:16:04.160><c> shrimp,</c>

14:19.514 --> 14:19.524 align:start position:0%
are swarms of tiny translucent shrimp,
 

14:19.524 --> 14:21.514 align:start position:0%
are swarms of tiny translucent shrimp,
snails,<00:16:04.959><c> and</c><00:16:05.279><c> anthropods.</c><00:16:06.160><c> Because</c><00:16:06.399><c> the</c>

14:21.514 --> 14:21.524 align:start position:0%
snails, and anthropods. Because the
 

14:21.524 --> 14:23.915 align:start position:0%
snails, and anthropods. Because the
environment<00:16:07.040><c> is</c><00:16:07.279><c> so</c><00:16:07.600><c> stable,</c><00:16:08.320><c> evolution</c><00:16:08.800><c> has</c>

14:23.915 --> 14:23.925 align:start position:0%
environment is so stable, evolution has
 

14:23.925 --> 14:25.595 align:start position:0%
environment is so stable, evolution has
actually<00:16:09.279><c> been</c><00:16:09.440><c> given</c><00:16:09.680><c> the</c><00:16:09.920><c> time</c><00:16:10.160><c> to</c><00:16:10.399><c> slowly</c>

14:25.595 --> 14:25.605 align:start position:0%
actually been given the time to slowly
 

14:25.605 --> 14:27.595 align:start position:0%
actually been given the time to slowly
but<00:16:10.959><c> surely</c><00:16:11.440><c> create</c><00:16:11.920><c> this</c><00:16:12.240><c> highly</c>

14:27.595 --> 14:27.605 align:start position:0%
but surely create this highly
 

14:27.605 --> 14:30.394 align:start position:0%
but surely create this highly
specialized<00:16:13.440><c> ecosystem.</c><00:16:14.720><c> Which,</c><00:16:15.199><c> by</c><00:16:15.360><c> the</c>

14:30.394 --> 14:30.404 align:start position:0%
specialized ecosystem. Which, by the
 

14:30.404 --> 14:31.834 align:start position:0%
specialized ecosystem. Which, by the
way,<00:16:15.759><c> is</c><00:16:15.920><c> the</c><00:16:16.160><c> reason</c><00:16:16.320><c> it's</c><00:16:16.560><c> not</c><00:16:16.720><c> just</c>

14:31.834 --> 14:31.844 align:start position:0%
way, is the reason it's not just
 

14:31.844 --> 14:33.675 align:start position:0%
way, is the reason it's not just
scientists<00:16:17.360><c> here</c><00:16:17.519><c> on</c><00:16:17.680><c> Earth</c><00:16:18.079><c> interested</c><00:16:18.480><c> in</c>

14:33.675 --> 14:33.685 align:start position:0%
scientists here on Earth interested in
 

14:33.685 --> 14:36.795 align:start position:0%
scientists here on Earth interested in
the<00:16:18.959><c> lost</c><00:16:19.360><c> city.</c><00:16:20.320><c> NASA</c><00:16:20.880><c> is</c><00:16:21.120><c> also</c><00:16:21.440><c> keeping</c><00:16:21.680><c> a</c>

14:36.795 --> 14:36.805 align:start position:0%
the lost city. NASA is also keeping a
 

14:36.805 --> 14:38.714 align:start position:0%
the lost city. NASA is also keeping a
close<00:16:22.160><c> eye</c><00:16:22.399><c> on</c><00:16:22.560><c> things</c><00:16:22.880><c> as</c><00:16:23.040><c> well.</c><00:16:23.360><c> Because</c><00:16:23.680><c> if</c>

14:38.714 --> 14:38.724 align:start position:0%
close eye on things as well. Because if
 

14:38.724 --> 14:40.795 align:start position:0%
close eye on things as well. Because if
life<00:16:24.079><c> can</c><00:16:24.320><c> exist</c><00:16:24.639><c> here,</c><00:16:25.040><c> powered</c><00:16:25.440><c> only</c><00:16:25.600><c> by</c><00:16:25.759><c> the</c>

14:40.795 --> 14:40.805 align:start position:0%
life can exist here, powered only by the
 

14:40.805 --> 14:42.795 align:start position:0%
life can exist here, powered only by the
reaction<00:16:26.240><c> between</c><00:16:26.560><c> water</c><00:16:26.880><c> and</c><00:16:27.120><c> rock,</c><00:16:27.600><c> then</c><00:16:27.759><c> it</c>

14:42.795 --> 14:42.805 align:start position:0%
reaction between water and rock, then it
 

14:42.805 --> 14:44.394 align:start position:0%
reaction between water and rock, then it
could<00:16:28.079><c> exist</c><00:16:28.320><c> on</c><00:16:28.560><c> Enceladus,</c><00:16:29.279><c> one</c><00:16:29.360><c> of</c>

14:44.394 --> 14:44.404 align:start position:0%
could exist on Enceladus, one of
 

14:44.404 --> 14:46.394 align:start position:0%
could exist on Enceladus, one of
Saturn's<00:16:29.920><c> moons,</c><00:16:30.079><c> or</c><00:16:30.320><c> even</c><00:16:30.480><c> Europa,</c><00:16:31.199><c> one</c><00:16:31.440><c> of</c>

14:46.394 --> 14:46.404 align:start position:0%
Saturn's moons, or even Europa, one of
 

14:46.404 --> 14:48.954 align:start position:0%
Saturn's moons, or even Europa, one of
Jupiter's<00:16:32.079><c> moons.</c><00:16:33.040><c> Both</c><00:16:33.360><c> have</c><00:16:33.600><c> similar</c>

14:48.954 --> 14:48.964 align:start position:0%
Jupiter's moons. Both have similar
 

14:48.964 --> 14:51.355 align:start position:0%
Jupiter's moons. Both have similar
properties,<00:16:34.959><c> rocky</c><00:16:35.360><c> cores</c><00:16:35.759><c> and</c><00:16:36.079><c> liquid</c>

14:51.355 --> 14:51.365 align:start position:0%
properties, rocky cores and liquid
 

14:51.365 --> 14:53.274 align:start position:0%
properties, rocky cores and liquid
oceans,<00:16:36.880><c> albeit</c><00:16:37.279><c> hidden</c><00:16:37.519><c> under</c><00:16:37.759><c> thick</c><00:16:38.079><c> icy</c>

14:53.274 --> 14:53.284 align:start position:0%
oceans, albeit hidden under thick icy
 

14:53.284 --> 14:55.675 align:start position:0%
oceans, albeit hidden under thick icy
crusts,<00:16:39.120><c> making</c><00:16:39.360><c> the</c><00:16:39.600><c> lost</c><00:16:39.839><c> city</c><00:16:40.160><c> not</c><00:16:40.320><c> just</c><00:16:40.480><c> an</c>

14:55.675 --> 14:55.685 align:start position:0%
crusts, making the lost city not just an
 

14:55.685 --> 14:57.834 align:start position:0%
crusts, making the lost city not just an
earthly<00:16:41.360><c> wonder,</c><00:16:42.079><c> but</c><00:16:42.320><c> the</c><00:16:42.560><c> potential</c>

14:57.834 --> 14:57.844 align:start position:0%
earthly wonder, but the potential
 

14:57.844 --> 14:59.995 align:start position:0%
earthly wonder, but the potential
blueprint<00:16:43.440><c> for</c><00:16:43.759><c> finding</c><00:16:44.240><c> life</c><00:16:44.639><c> in</c><00:16:44.880><c> the</c>

14:59.995 --> 15:00.005 align:start position:0%
blueprint for finding life in the
 

15:00.005 --> 15:02.555 align:start position:0%
blueprint for finding life in the
cosmos,<00:16:46.000><c> which</c><00:16:46.240><c> is</c><00:16:46.399><c> obviously</c><00:16:47.040><c> pretty</c><00:16:47.279><c> cool.</c>

15:02.555 --> 15:02.565 align:start position:0%
cosmos, which is obviously pretty cool.
 

15:02.565 --> 15:03.514 align:start position:0%
cosmos, which is obviously pretty cool.
But<00:16:47.839><c> before</c><00:16:48.000><c> we</c><00:16:48.079><c> get</c><00:16:48.160><c> too</c><00:16:48.320><c> far</c><00:16:48.399><c> ahead</c><00:16:48.560><c> of</c>

15:03.514 --> 15:03.524 align:start position:0%
But before we get too far ahead of
 

15:03.524 --> 15:04.954 align:start position:0%
But before we get too far ahead of
ourselves<00:16:48.880><c> and</c><00:16:49.040><c> run</c><00:16:49.120><c> off</c><00:16:49.279><c> to</c><00:16:49.440><c> other</c><00:16:49.680><c> planets,</c>

15:04.954 --> 15:04.964 align:start position:0%
ourselves and run off to other planets,
 

15:04.964 --> 15:07.355 align:start position:0%
ourselves and run off to other planets,
which<00:16:50.240><c> is</c><00:16:50.320><c> what</c><00:16:50.480><c> Ash</c><00:16:51.040><c> Space</c><00:16:51.279><c> is</c><00:16:51.440><c> for,</c><00:16:52.160><c> there</c><00:16:52.320><c> is</c>

15:07.355 --> 15:07.365 align:start position:0%
which is what Ash Space is for, there is
 

15:07.365 --> 15:09.514 align:start position:0%
which is what Ash Space is for, there is
still<00:16:52.720><c> much</c><00:16:52.959><c> more</c><00:16:53.199><c> to</c><00:16:53.360><c> uncover</c><00:16:53.839><c> here</c><00:16:54.160><c> on</c><00:16:54.399><c> our</c>

15:09.514 --> 15:09.524 align:start position:0%
still much more to uncover here on our
 

15:09.524 --> 15:11.915 align:start position:0%
still much more to uncover here on our
planet<00:16:54.959><c> and</c><00:16:55.279><c> in</c><00:16:55.440><c> the</c><00:16:55.600><c> lost</c><00:16:55.839><c> city.</c><00:16:56.560><c> And</c><00:16:56.800><c> this</c>

15:11.915 --> 15:11.925 align:start position:0%
planet and in the lost city. And this
 

15:11.925 --> 15:13.915 align:start position:0%
planet and in the lost city. And this
place<00:16:57.279><c> has</c><00:16:57.519><c> thrown</c><00:16:57.759><c> up</c><00:16:58.000><c> even</c><00:16:58.320><c> more</c><00:16:58.639><c> striking</c>

15:13.915 --> 15:13.925 align:start position:0%
place has thrown up even more striking
 

15:13.925 --> 15:18.555 align:start position:0%
place has thrown up even more striking
revelations<00:16:59.759><c> in</c><00:17:00.000><c> the</c><00:17:00.240><c> years</c><00:17:00.639><c> since.</c>

15:18.555 --> 15:18.565 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:18.565 --> 15:20.714 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:17:03.920><c> 2000</c><00:17:04.400><c> discovery</c><00:17:04.880><c> was</c><00:17:05.120><c> spectacular.</c>

15:20.714 --> 15:20.724 align:start position:0%
The 2000 discovery was spectacular.
 

15:20.724 --> 15:22.395 align:start position:0%
The 2000 discovery was spectacular.
There<00:17:06.000><c> is</c><00:17:06.160><c> no</c><00:17:06.319><c> doubt</c><00:17:06.559><c> about</c><00:17:06.799><c> that.</c><00:17:07.039><c> But</c><00:17:07.199><c> it</c><00:17:07.360><c> was</c>

15:22.395 --> 15:22.405 align:start position:0%
There is no doubt about that. But it was
 

15:22.405 --> 15:24.794 align:start position:0%
There is no doubt about that. But it was
also<00:17:08.079><c> incomplete.</c>

15:24.794 --> 15:24.804 align:start position:0%
also incomplete.
 

15:24.804 --> 15:27.035 align:start position:0%
also incomplete.
The<00:17:10.160><c> team</c><00:17:10.480><c> still</c><00:17:10.799><c> didn't</c><00:17:11.039><c> know</c><00:17:11.280><c> exactly</c><00:17:11.760><c> how</c>

15:27.035 --> 15:27.045 align:start position:0%
The team still didn't know exactly how
 

15:27.045 --> 15:29.995 align:start position:0%
The team still didn't know exactly how
old<00:17:12.640><c> the</c><00:17:12.959><c> field</c><00:17:13.439><c> was,</c><00:17:14.160><c> whether</c><00:17:14.400><c> the</c><00:17:14.640><c> towers</c>

15:29.995 --> 15:30.005 align:start position:0%
old the field was, whether the towers
 

15:30.005 --> 15:33.115 align:start position:0%
old the field was, whether the towers
were<00:17:15.360><c> fixed</c><00:17:15.760><c> in</c><00:17:15.919><c> a</c><00:17:16.160><c> place</c><00:17:16.480><c> or</c><00:17:16.880><c> migrating,</c><00:17:17.919><c> how</c>

15:33.115 --> 15:33.125 align:start position:0%
were fixed in a place or migrating, how
 

15:33.125 --> 15:35.355 align:start position:0%
were fixed in a place or migrating, how
far<00:17:18.720><c> venting</c><00:17:19.199><c> extended</c><00:17:19.839><c> across</c><00:17:20.240><c> the</c>

15:35.355 --> 15:35.365 align:start position:0%
far venting extended across the
 

15:35.365 --> 15:38.475 align:start position:0%
far venting extended across the
midatlantic<00:17:21.520><c> ridge,</c><00:17:21.919><c> or</c><00:17:22.079><c> even</c><00:17:22.880><c> whether</c><00:17:23.199><c> Lost</c>

15:38.475 --> 15:38.485 align:start position:0%
midatlantic ridge, or even whether Lost
 

15:38.485 --> 15:41.674 align:start position:0%
midatlantic ridge, or even whether Lost
City<00:17:23.919><c> was</c><00:17:24.400><c> a</c><00:17:24.640><c> one-off.</c><00:17:25.839><c> The</c><00:17:26.079><c> fact</c><00:17:26.240><c> they'd</c><00:17:26.559><c> only</c>

15:41.674 --> 15:41.684 align:start position:0%
City was a one-off. The fact they'd only
 

15:41.684 --> 15:44.635 align:start position:0%
City was a one-off. The fact they'd only
had<00:17:27.039><c> time</c><00:17:27.280><c> for</c><00:17:27.439><c> that</c><00:17:27.760><c> one</c><00:17:28.319><c> miraculous</c><00:17:29.280><c> but</c>

15:44.635 --> 15:44.645 align:start position:0%
had time for that one miraculous but
 

15:44.645 --> 15:47.595 align:start position:0%
had time for that one miraculous but
single<00:17:30.320><c> dive</c><00:17:31.200><c> made</c><00:17:31.520><c> those</c><00:17:31.760><c> uncertainties</c>

15:47.595 --> 15:47.605 align:start position:0%
single dive made those uncertainties
 

15:47.605 --> 15:50.635 align:start position:0%
single dive made those uncertainties
especially<00:17:33.440><c> acute.</c><00:17:34.720><c> The</c><00:17:35.039><c> first</c><00:17:35.280><c> major</c>

15:50.635 --> 15:50.645 align:start position:0%
especially acute. The first major
 

15:50.645 --> 15:53.195 align:start position:0%
especially acute. The first major
answers<00:17:36.240><c> arrived</c><00:17:36.640><c> in</c><00:17:36.960><c> different</c><00:17:37.360><c> stages.</c>

15:53.195 --> 15:53.205 align:start position:0%
answers arrived in different stages.
 

15:53.205 --> 15:55.755 align:start position:0%
answers arrived in different stages.
After<00:17:38.720><c> three</c><00:17:39.039><c> agonizing</c><00:17:39.919><c> years</c><00:17:40.240><c> filled</c><00:17:40.559><c> with</c>

15:55.755 --> 15:55.765 align:start position:0%
After three agonizing years filled with
 

15:55.765 --> 15:58.475 align:start position:0%
After three agonizing years filled with
theories<00:17:41.280><c> and</c><00:17:41.600><c> speculation,</c><00:17:42.880><c> virtually</c><00:17:43.280><c> the</c>

15:58.475 --> 15:58.485 align:start position:0%
theories and speculation, virtually the
 

15:58.485 --> 16:02.075 align:start position:0%
theories and speculation, virtually the
same<00:17:43.840><c> team</c><00:17:44.240><c> returned</c><00:17:44.720><c> in</c><00:17:45.200><c> 2003</c><00:17:46.559><c> aboard</c><00:17:46.960><c> the</c>

16:02.075 --> 16:02.085 align:start position:0%
same team returned in 2003 aboard the
 

16:02.085 --> 16:04.315 align:start position:0%
same team returned in 2003 aboard the
Woods<00:17:47.520><c> Hull</c><00:17:47.840><c> Oceanographic</c><00:17:48.720><c> Institute's</c>

16:04.315 --> 16:04.325 align:start position:0%
Woods Hull Oceanographic Institute's
 

16:04.325 --> 16:07.195 align:start position:0%
Woods Hull Oceanographic Institute's
research<00:17:49.919><c> vessel</c><00:17:50.720><c> Atlantis.</c><00:17:51.760><c> The</c><00:17:52.000><c> star</c><00:17:52.160><c> of</c>

16:07.195 --> 16:07.205 align:start position:0%
research vessel Atlantis. The star of
 

16:07.205 --> 16:09.275 align:start position:0%
research vessel Atlantis. The star of
the<00:17:52.480><c> show</c><00:17:52.720><c> this</c><00:17:52.960><c> time</c><00:17:53.120><c> was</c><00:17:53.440><c> their</c><00:17:53.679><c> autonomous</c>

16:09.275 --> 16:09.285 align:start position:0%
the show this time was their autonomous
 

16:09.285 --> 16:12.715 align:start position:0%
the show this time was their autonomous
Benthic<00:17:55.120><c> Explorer</c><00:17:55.840><c> or</c><00:17:56.160><c> Abe,</c><00:17:56.880><c> a</c><00:17:57.200><c> free</c><00:17:57.520><c> swimming</c>

16:12.715 --> 16:12.725 align:start position:0%
Benthic Explorer or Abe, a free swimming
 

16:12.725 --> 16:14.554 align:start position:0%
Benthic Explorer or Abe, a free swimming
robotic<00:17:58.320><c> vehicle</c><00:17:58.720><c> deployed</c><00:17:59.120><c> above</c><00:17:59.440><c> the</c>

16:14.554 --> 16:14.564 align:start position:0%
robotic vehicle deployed above the
 

16:14.564 --> 16:17.674 align:start position:0%
robotic vehicle deployed above the
mountain<00:18:00.080><c> each</c><00:18:00.400><c> night</c><00:18:00.880><c> from</c><00:18:01.200><c> Atlantis.</c><00:18:02.559><c> Now,</c>

16:17.674 --> 16:17.684 align:start position:0%
mountain each night from Atlantis. Now,
 

16:17.684 --> 16:19.115 align:start position:0%
mountain each night from Atlantis. Now,
Abe<00:18:03.200><c> was</c><00:18:03.360><c> able</c><00:18:03.520><c> to</c><00:18:03.600><c> do</c><00:18:03.840><c> something</c><00:18:04.000><c> the</c>

16:19.115 --> 16:19.125 align:start position:0%
Abe was able to do something the
 

16:19.125 --> 16:21.674 align:start position:0%
Abe was able to do something the
scientists<00:18:04.799><c> could</c><00:18:05.120><c> not</c><00:18:06.160><c> and</c><00:18:06.480><c> follow</c>

16:21.674 --> 16:21.684 align:start position:0%
scientists could not and follow
 

16:21.684 --> 16:24.155 align:start position:0%
scientists could not and follow
pre-programmed<00:18:07.760><c> glide</c><00:18:08.160><c> paths</c><00:18:08.480><c> to</c><00:18:08.720><c> produce</c>

16:24.155 --> 16:24.165 align:start position:0%
pre-programmed glide paths to produce
 

16:24.165 --> 16:27.035 align:start position:0%
pre-programmed glide paths to produce
sonar<00:18:09.760><c> maps</c><00:18:10.160><c> of</c><00:18:10.400><c> unprecedented</c><00:18:11.280><c> resolution</c>

16:27.035 --> 16:27.045 align:start position:0%
sonar maps of unprecedented resolution
 

16:27.045 --> 16:30.715 align:start position:0%
sonar maps of unprecedented resolution
in<00:18:12.400><c> the</c><00:18:12.640><c> vent</c><00:18:12.960><c> site</c><00:18:13.440><c> area</c><00:18:14.080><c> around</c><00:18:14.559><c> 700</c><00:18:15.120><c> m</c><00:18:15.520><c> below</c>

16:30.715 --> 16:30.725 align:start position:0%
in the vent site area around 700 m below
 

16:30.725 --> 16:33.434 align:start position:0%
in the vent site area around 700 m below
the<00:18:16.080><c> surface,</c><00:18:16.880><c> shining</c><00:18:17.280><c> both</c><00:18:17.520><c> a</c><00:18:17.840><c> literal</c><00:18:18.240><c> and</c>

16:33.434 --> 16:33.444 align:start position:0%
the surface, shining both a literal and
 

16:33.444 --> 16:36.395 align:start position:0%
the surface, shining both a literal and
metaphorical<00:18:19.280><c> light</c><00:18:19.679><c> on</c><00:18:19.919><c> this</c><00:18:20.160><c> hidden</c><00:18:20.640><c> world.</c>

16:36.395 --> 16:36.405 align:start position:0%
metaphorical light on this hidden world.
 

16:36.405 --> 16:38.475 align:start position:0%
metaphorical light on this hidden world.
In<00:18:21.760><c> addition</c><00:18:22.000><c> to</c><00:18:22.160><c> Abee's</c><00:18:22.640><c> relentless</c><00:18:23.200><c> work,</c>

16:38.475 --> 16:38.485 align:start position:0%
In addition to Abee's relentless work,
 

16:38.485 --> 16:41.355 align:start position:0%
In addition to Abee's relentless work,
the<00:18:23.840><c> team</c><00:18:24.080><c> also</c><00:18:24.400><c> collected</c><00:18:24.720><c> a</c><00:18:24.960><c> total</c><00:18:25.200><c> of</c><00:18:25.600><c> 114</c>

16:41.355 --> 16:41.365 align:start position:0%
the team also collected a total of 114
 

16:41.365 --> 16:45.914 align:start position:0%
the team also collected a total of 114
rock,<00:18:27.520><c> 173</c><00:18:28.160><c> vent</c><00:18:28.480><c> fluid,</c><00:18:29.039><c> and</c><00:18:29.840><c> 153</c>

16:45.914 --> 16:45.924 align:start position:0%
rock, 173 vent fluid, and 153
 

16:45.924 --> 16:48.635 align:start position:0%
rock, 173 vent fluid, and 153
microbiological<00:18:32.240><c> samples.</c>

16:48.635 --> 16:48.645 align:start position:0%
microbiological samples.
 

16:48.645 --> 16:52.075 align:start position:0%
microbiological samples.
They<00:18:34.000><c> also</c><00:18:34.320><c> made</c><00:18:34.799><c> 19</c><00:18:35.360><c> dives</c><00:18:35.840><c> to</c><00:18:36.160><c> the</c><00:18:36.320><c> vent</c><00:18:36.720><c> site</c>

16:52.075 --> 16:52.085 align:start position:0%
They also made 19 dives to the vent site
 

16:52.085 --> 16:55.355 align:start position:0%
They also made 19 dives to the vent site
areas<00:18:37.919><c> aboard</c><00:18:38.400><c> Atlantis's</c><00:18:39.280><c> manned</c><00:18:39.760><c> research</c>

16:55.355 --> 16:55.365 align:start position:0%
areas aboard Atlantis's manned research
 

16:55.365 --> 16:58.794 align:start position:0%
areas aboard Atlantis's manned research
submarine,<00:18:41.520><c> Alvin,</c><00:18:42.320><c> and</c><00:18:42.559><c> their</c><00:18:42.880><c> patience</c><00:18:43.440><c> was</c>

16:58.794 --> 16:58.804 align:start position:0%
submarine, Alvin, and their patience was
 

16:58.804 --> 17:01.995 align:start position:0%
submarine, Alvin, and their patience was
rewarded.<00:18:45.360><c> They</c><00:18:45.679><c> were</c><00:18:45.760><c> able</c><00:18:46.000><c> to</c><00:18:46.160><c> map</c><00:18:46.400><c> a</c><00:18:46.640><c> dozen</c>

17:01.995 --> 17:02.005 align:start position:0%
rewarded. They were able to map a dozen
 

17:02.005 --> 17:04.635 align:start position:0%
rewarded. They were able to map a dozen
vent<00:18:47.600><c> structures</c><00:18:48.559><c> spread</c><00:18:48.960><c> over</c><00:18:49.120><c> an</c><00:18:49.440><c> area</c>

17:04.635 --> 17:04.645 align:start position:0%
vent structures spread over an area
 

17:04.645 --> 17:07.035 align:start position:0%
vent structures spread over an area
about<00:18:50.080><c> a</c><00:18:50.320><c> square</c><00:18:50.720><c> kilometer,</c><00:18:51.520><c> including</c><00:18:51.919><c> one</c>

17:07.035 --> 17:07.045 align:start position:0%
about a square kilometer, including one
 

17:07.045 --> 17:09.275 align:start position:0%
about a square kilometer, including one
structure<00:18:52.559><c> they</c><00:18:52.799><c> nicknamed</c><00:18:53.360><c> Poseidon,</c>

17:09.275 --> 17:09.285 align:start position:0%
structure they nicknamed Poseidon,
 

17:09.285 --> 17:13.355 align:start position:0%
structure they nicknamed Poseidon,
standing<00:18:54.799><c> nearly</c><00:18:55.280><c> 61</c><00:18:56.240><c> m</c><00:18:56.799><c> tall.</c><00:18:58.080><c> But</c><00:18:58.320><c> there</c>

17:13.355 --> 17:13.365 align:start position:0%
standing nearly 61 m tall. But there
 

17:13.365 --> 17:16.075 align:start position:0%
standing nearly 61 m tall. But there
were<00:18:58.720><c> still</c><00:18:59.120><c> big</c><00:18:59.440><c> questions</c><00:18:59.840><c> to</c><00:19:00.160><c> answer.</c><00:19:00.960><c> How</c>

17:16.075 --> 17:16.085 align:start position:0%
were still big questions to answer. How
 

17:16.085 --> 17:18.235 align:start position:0%
were still big questions to answer. How
long<00:19:01.520><c> had</c><00:19:01.840><c> these</c><00:19:02.160><c> things</c><00:19:02.480><c> been</c><00:19:02.799><c> sat</c><00:19:03.120><c> here</c>

17:18.235 --> 17:18.245 align:start position:0%
long had these things been sat here
 

17:18.245 --> 17:19.914 align:start position:0%
long had these things been sat here
glowing<00:19:03.760><c> away</c><00:19:04.000><c> in</c><00:19:04.160><c> the</c><00:19:04.320><c> Atlantic</c><00:19:04.720><c> Ocean</c>

17:19.914 --> 17:19.924 align:start position:0%
glowing away in the Atlantic Ocean
 

17:19.924 --> 17:22.475 align:start position:0%
glowing away in the Atlantic Ocean
without<00:19:05.440><c> anyone</c><00:19:06.000><c> realizing</c><00:19:06.480><c> it?</c><00:19:07.120><c> Within</c><00:19:07.440><c> a</c>

17:22.475 --> 17:22.485 align:start position:0%
without anyone realizing it? Within a
 

17:22.485 --> 17:25.115 align:start position:0%
without anyone realizing it? Within a
few<00:19:07.760><c> years,</c><00:19:08.240><c> isotope</c><00:19:08.880><c> and</c><00:19:09.120><c> radiocarbon</c><00:19:10.000><c> work</c>

17:25.115 --> 17:25.125 align:start position:0%
few years, isotope and radiocarbon work
 

17:25.125 --> 17:27.674 align:start position:0%
few years, isotope and radiocarbon work
gave<00:19:10.559><c> us</c><00:19:10.720><c> the</c><00:19:10.960><c> answer.</c><00:19:11.760><c> The</c><00:19:12.000><c> lost</c><00:19:12.240><c> city</c><00:19:12.480><c> had</c>

17:27.674 --> 17:27.684 align:start position:0%
gave us the answer. The lost city had
 

17:27.684 --> 17:30.635 align:start position:0%
gave us the answer. The lost city had
been<00:19:12.960><c> active</c><00:19:13.200><c> for</c><00:19:13.440><c> at</c><00:19:13.520><c> least</c><00:19:14.240><c> 30,000</c>

17:30.635 --> 17:30.645 align:start position:0%
been active for at least 30,000
 

17:30.645 --> 17:33.195 align:start position:0%
been active for at least 30,000
years,<00:19:16.720><c> but</c><00:19:16.880><c> it</c><00:19:17.120><c> still</c><00:19:17.280><c> wasn't</c><00:19:17.679><c> a</c><00:19:17.919><c> firm</c>

17:33.195 --> 17:33.205 align:start position:0%
years, but it still wasn't a firm
 

17:33.205 --> 17:35.035 align:start position:0%
years, but it still wasn't a firm
answer,<00:19:18.720><c> a</c><00:19:18.960><c> nice</c><00:19:19.120><c> round</c><00:19:19.520><c> number</c><00:19:19.679><c> to</c><00:19:19.919><c> take</c>

17:35.035 --> 17:35.045 align:start position:0%
answer, a nice round number to take
 

17:35.045 --> 17:36.794 align:start position:0%
answer, a nice round number to take
home.<00:19:20.880><c> Thanks</c><00:19:21.120><c> to</c><00:19:21.280><c> a</c><00:19:21.440><c> combination</c><00:19:21.760><c> of</c>

17:36.794 --> 17:36.804 align:start position:0%
home. Thanks to a combination of
 

17:36.804 --> 17:38.715 align:start position:0%
home. Thanks to a combination of
highresolution<00:19:22.640><c> bathimemetry,</c><00:19:23.520><c> basically</c>

17:38.715 --> 17:38.725 align:start position:0%
highresolution bathimemetry, basically
 

17:38.725 --> 17:40.475 align:start position:0%
highresolution bathimemetry, basically
just<00:19:24.080><c> precise</c><00:19:24.640><c> detailed</c><00:19:25.039><c> mapping</c><00:19:25.360><c> of</c>

17:40.475 --> 17:40.485 align:start position:0%
just precise detailed mapping of
 

17:40.485 --> 17:43.115 align:start position:0%
just precise detailed mapping of
underwater<00:19:26.160><c> terrain,</c><00:19:26.880><c> image</c><00:19:27.280><c> mosaics,</c><00:19:27.919><c> and</c>

17:43.115 --> 17:43.125 align:start position:0%
underwater terrain, image mosaics, and
 

17:43.125 --> 17:46.395 align:start position:0%
underwater terrain, image mosaics, and
direct<00:19:28.720><c> observations,</c><00:19:30.000><c> those</c><00:19:30.320><c> 30,000</c><00:19:31.039><c> years</c>

17:46.395 --> 17:46.405 align:start position:0%
direct observations, those 30,000 years
 

17:46.405 --> 17:49.434 align:start position:0%
direct observations, those 30,000 years
quadrupled.<00:19:32.960><c> Scientists</c><00:19:33.600><c> now</c><00:19:33.840><c> estimated</c><00:19:34.400><c> the</c>

17:49.434 --> 17:49.444 align:start position:0%
quadrupled. Scientists now estimated the
 

17:49.444 --> 17:51.995 align:start position:0%
quadrupled. Scientists now estimated the
lost<00:19:34.880><c> city</c><00:19:35.039><c> had</c><00:19:35.280><c> been</c><00:19:35.360><c> around</c><00:19:35.600><c> for</c><00:19:35.760><c> at</c><00:19:35.840><c> least</c>

17:51.995 --> 17:52.005 align:start position:0%
lost city had been around for at least
 

17:52.005 --> 17:55.195 align:start position:0%
lost city had been around for at least
120,000<00:19:38.400><c> years.</c><00:19:39.039><c> But</c><00:19:39.200><c> there</c><00:19:39.440><c> was</c><00:19:39.600><c> still</c>

17:55.195 --> 17:55.205 align:start position:0%
120,000 years. But there was still
 

17:55.205 --> 17:57.914 align:start position:0%
120,000 years. But there was still
something<00:19:40.799><c> missing.</c><00:19:42.160><c> The</c><00:19:42.400><c> thing</c><00:19:42.559><c> is,</c><00:19:42.799><c> up</c>

17:57.914 --> 17:57.924 align:start position:0%
something missing. The thing is, up
 

17:57.924 --> 17:59.674 align:start position:0%
something missing. The thing is, up
until<00:19:43.280><c> now,</c><00:19:43.679><c> scientists</c><00:19:44.080><c> weren't</c><00:19:44.400><c> quite</c><00:19:44.640><c> sure</c>

17:59.674 --> 17:59.684 align:start position:0%
until now, scientists weren't quite sure
 

17:59.684 --> 18:01.914 align:start position:0%
until now, scientists weren't quite sure
if<00:19:44.960><c> this</c><00:19:45.200><c> place</c><00:19:45.360><c> was</c><00:19:45.600><c> a</c><00:19:45.840><c> total</c><00:19:46.240><c> fluke,</c><00:19:46.559><c> a</c><00:19:46.799><c> freak</c>

18:01.914 --> 18:01.924 align:start position:0%
if this place was a total fluke, a freak
 

18:01.924 --> 18:03.515 align:start position:0%
if this place was a total fluke, a freak
of<00:19:47.280><c> beautiful</c><00:19:47.600><c> nature</c><00:19:47.919><c> they</c><00:19:48.160><c> accidentally</c>

18:03.515 --> 18:03.525 align:start position:0%
of beautiful nature they accidentally
 

18:03.525 --> 18:06.075 align:start position:0%
of beautiful nature they accidentally
stumbled<00:19:49.039><c> upon,</c><00:19:49.919><c> or</c><00:19:50.240><c> whether</c><00:19:50.720><c> there</c><00:19:51.039><c> were</c>

18:06.075 --> 18:06.085 align:start position:0%
stumbled upon, or whether there were
 

18:06.085 --> 18:09.755 align:start position:0%
stumbled upon, or whether there were
more<00:19:51.600><c> systems</c><00:19:52.160><c> like</c><00:19:52.400><c> it.</c><00:19:53.760><c> So</c><00:19:54.160><c> Noah</c><00:19:54.559><c> and</c><00:19:54.720><c> the</c>

18:09.755 --> 18:09.765 align:start position:0%
more systems like it. So Noah and the
 

18:09.765 --> 18:12.955 align:start position:0%
more systems like it. So Noah and the
Schmidt<00:19:55.440><c> Ocean</c><00:19:55.840><c> Institute</c><00:19:56.480><c> combined</c><00:19:57.120><c> forces,</c>

18:12.955 --> 18:12.965 align:start position:0%
Schmidt Ocean Institute combined forces,
 

18:12.965 --> 18:15.195 align:start position:0%
Schmidt Ocean Institute combined forces,
expanding<00:19:58.640><c> their</c><00:19:58.960><c> search</c><00:19:59.440><c> and</c><00:19:59.679><c> launched</c><00:20:00.080><c> a</c>

18:15.195 --> 18:15.205 align:start position:0%
expanding their search and launched a
 

18:15.205 --> 18:17.515 align:start position:0%
expanding their search and launched a
new<00:20:00.480><c> expedition</c><00:20:01.360><c> called</c><00:20:01.760><c> In</c><00:20:02.080><c> Search</c><00:20:02.320><c> of</c>

18:17.515 --> 18:17.525 align:start position:0%
new expedition called In Search of
 

18:17.525 --> 18:21.035 align:start position:0%
new expedition called In Search of
Hydrothermal<00:20:03.520><c> Lost</c><00:20:04.000><c> Cities.</c>

18:21.035 --> 18:21.045 align:start position:0%
Hydrothermal Lost Cities.
 

18:21.045 --> 18:23.275 align:start position:0%
Hydrothermal Lost Cities.
This<00:20:06.480><c> time</c><00:20:06.720><c> they</c><00:20:06.960><c> didn't</c><00:20:07.120><c> just</c><00:20:07.360><c> focus</c><00:20:07.679><c> on</c><00:20:08.000><c> one</c>

18:23.275 --> 18:23.285 align:start position:0%
This time they didn't just focus on one
 

18:23.285 --> 18:25.595 align:start position:0%
This time they didn't just focus on one
area,<00:20:08.960><c> but</c><00:20:09.280><c> focused</c><00:20:09.679><c> their</c><00:20:09.919><c> efforts</c><00:20:10.240><c> along</c><00:20:10.480><c> a</c>

18:25.595 --> 18:25.605 align:start position:0%
area, but focused their efforts along a
 

18:25.605 --> 18:28.075 align:start position:0%
area, but focused their efforts along a
700<00:20:11.280><c> km</c><00:20:11.840><c> section</c><00:20:12.160><c> of</c><00:20:12.320><c> the</c><00:20:12.480><c> mid-Atlantic</c>

18:28.075 --> 18:28.085 align:start position:0%
700 km section of the mid-Atlantic
 

18:28.085 --> 18:30.635 align:start position:0%
700 km section of the mid-Atlantic
ridge.<00:20:13.919><c> The</c><00:20:14.160><c> expedition</c><00:20:14.640><c> used</c><00:20:14.880><c> a</c><00:20:15.120><c> modern</c>

18:30.635 --> 18:30.645 align:start position:0%
ridge. The expedition used a modern
 

18:30.645 --> 18:33.355 align:start position:0%
ridge. The expedition used a modern
layered<00:20:16.160><c> search</c><00:20:16.720><c> strategy.</c><00:20:17.760><c> Shipboard</c>

18:33.355 --> 18:33.365 align:start position:0%
layered search strategy. Shipboard
 

18:33.365 --> 18:36.635 align:start position:0%
layered search strategy. Shipboard
multi-beam<00:20:19.280><c> mapping,</c><00:20:20.000><c> CTD,</c><00:20:20.960><c> conductivity,</c>

18:36.635 --> 18:36.645 align:start position:0%
multi-beam mapping, CTD, conductivity,
 

18:36.645 --> 18:38.554 align:start position:0%
multi-beam mapping, CTD, conductivity,
temperature,<00:20:22.240><c> depth,</c><00:20:22.799><c> which</c><00:20:23.039><c> involves</c><00:20:23.440><c> using</c>

18:38.554 --> 18:38.564 align:start position:0%
temperature, depth, which involves using
 

18:38.564 --> 18:40.554 align:start position:0%
temperature, depth, which involves using
an<00:20:23.840><c> instrument</c><00:20:24.240><c> package</c><00:20:24.640><c> on</c><00:20:24.799><c> a</c><00:20:24.960><c> wire</c><00:20:25.280><c> to</c><00:20:25.520><c> look</c>

18:40.554 --> 18:40.564 align:start position:0%
an instrument package on a wire to look
 

18:40.564 --> 18:44.075 align:start position:0%
an instrument package on a wire to look
for<00:20:26.000><c> traces</c><00:20:26.480><c> of</c><00:20:26.799><c> hydrothermal</c><00:20:27.520><c> activity.</c><00:20:28.559><c> OP</c>

18:44.075 --> 18:44.085 align:start position:0%
for traces of hydrothermal activity. OP
 

18:44.085 --> 18:46.155 align:start position:0%
for traces of hydrothermal activity. OP
plume<00:20:29.679><c> sensing</c><00:20:30.000><c> or</c><00:20:30.159><c> oxidation</c><00:20:30.720><c> reduction</c>

18:46.155 --> 18:46.165 align:start position:0%
plume sensing or oxidation reduction
 

18:46.165 --> 18:48.315 align:start position:0%
plume sensing or oxidation reduction
potential.<00:20:32.000><c> an</c><00:20:32.240><c> environmental</c><00:20:32.960><c> monitoring</c>

18:48.315 --> 18:48.325 align:start position:0%
potential. an environmental monitoring
 

18:48.325 --> 18:49.674 align:start position:0%
potential. an environmental monitoring
technique<00:20:33.760><c> that</c><00:20:33.919><c> measures</c><00:20:34.240><c> the</c><00:20:34.400><c> ability</c><00:20:34.640><c> of</c>

18:49.674 --> 18:49.684 align:start position:0%
technique that measures the ability of
 

18:49.684 --> 18:52.554 align:start position:0%
technique that measures the ability of
water<00:20:35.039><c> to</c><00:20:35.200><c> oxidize</c><00:20:35.760><c> or</c><00:20:36.000><c> reduce</c><00:20:36.720><c> an</c><00:20:37.039><c> ROV</c>

18:52.554 --> 18:52.564 align:start position:0%
water to oxidize or reduce an ROV
 

18:52.564 --> 18:55.355 align:start position:0%
water to oxidize or reduce an ROV
Sebastian<00:20:38.240><c> with</c><00:20:38.480><c> a</c><00:20:38.640><c> realtime</c><00:20:39.840><c> methane</c>

18:55.355 --> 18:55.365 align:start position:0%
Sebastian with a realtime methane
 

18:55.365 --> 18:57.835 align:start position:0%
Sebastian with a realtime methane
sensor.<00:20:41.039><c> In</c><00:20:41.200><c> other</c><00:20:41.440><c> words,</c><00:20:42.240><c> they</c><00:20:42.480><c> threw</c><00:20:42.799><c> the</c>

18:57.835 --> 18:57.845 align:start position:0%
sensor. In other words, they threw the
 

18:57.845 --> 19:00.315 align:start position:0%
sensor. In other words, they threw the
kitchen<00:20:43.280><c> sink</c><00:20:43.600><c> at</c><00:20:43.760><c> this.</c><00:20:44.799><c> What</c><00:20:45.039><c> they</c><00:20:45.200><c> found</c>

19:00.315 --> 19:00.325 align:start position:0%
kitchen sink at this. What they found
 

19:00.325 --> 19:03.195 align:start position:0%
kitchen sink at this. What they found
was<00:20:45.679><c> both</c><00:20:46.000><c> thrilling</c><00:20:46.559><c> and</c><00:20:47.200><c> humbling.</c><00:20:48.080><c> The</c>

19:03.195 --> 19:03.205 align:start position:0%
was both thrilling and humbling. The
 

19:03.205 --> 19:05.995 align:start position:0%
was both thrilling and humbling. The
team<00:20:48.559><c> discovered</c><00:20:49.200><c> three</c><00:20:49.840><c> new</c><00:20:50.240><c> hydrothermal</c>

19:05.995 --> 19:06.005 align:start position:0%
team discovered three new hydrothermal
 

19:06.005 --> 19:08.395 align:start position:0%
team discovered three new hydrothermal
vent<00:20:51.440><c> fields,</c><00:20:52.000><c> all</c><00:20:52.240><c> black</c><00:20:52.480><c> smoker</c><00:20:52.880><c> style,</c><00:20:53.280><c> and</c>

19:08.395 --> 19:08.405 align:start position:0%
vent fields, all black smoker style, and
 

19:08.405 --> 19:10.875 align:start position:0%
vent fields, all black smoker style, and
generated<00:20:54.080><c> highresolution</c><00:20:54.960><c> maps</c><00:20:55.280><c> over</c><00:20:55.600><c> large</c>

19:10.875 --> 19:10.885 align:start position:0%
generated highresolution maps over large
 

19:10.885 --> 19:13.515 align:start position:0%
generated highresolution maps over large
areas<00:20:56.320><c> of</c><00:20:56.559><c> the</c><00:20:56.720><c> sea</c><00:20:57.039><c> floor.</c><00:20:58.000><c> Whilst</c><00:20:58.320><c> this</c><00:20:58.480><c> was</c>

19:13.515 --> 19:13.525 align:start position:0%
areas of the sea floor. Whilst this was
 

19:13.525 --> 19:15.195 align:start position:0%
areas of the sea floor. Whilst this was
still<00:20:58.880><c> quite</c><00:20:59.039><c> an</c><00:20:59.200><c> impressive</c><00:20:59.679><c> discovery,</c>

19:15.195 --> 19:15.205 align:start position:0%
still quite an impressive discovery,
 

19:15.205 --> 19:17.674 align:start position:0%
still quite an impressive discovery,
what<00:21:00.559><c> they</c><00:21:00.799><c> did</c><00:21:01.039><c> not</c><00:21:01.360><c> find</c><00:21:02.000><c> was</c><00:21:02.240><c> the</c><00:21:02.480><c> lost</c>

19:17.674 --> 19:17.684 align:start position:0%
what they did not find was the lost
 

19:17.684 --> 19:20.395 align:start position:0%
what they did not find was the lost
city's<00:21:03.280><c> long</c><00:21:03.600><c> lost</c><00:21:04.159><c> twin.</c><00:21:04.880><c> But</c><00:21:05.039><c> that</c><00:21:05.280><c> wasn't</c>

19:20.395 --> 19:20.405 align:start position:0%
city's long lost twin. But that wasn't
 

19:20.405 --> 19:23.275 align:start position:0%
city's long lost twin. But that wasn't
necessarily<00:21:06.159><c> the</c><00:21:06.400><c> worst</c><00:21:06.880><c> news.</c><00:21:07.760><c> In</c><00:21:08.000><c> its</c><00:21:08.240><c> own</c>

19:23.275 --> 19:23.285 align:start position:0%
necessarily the worst news. In its own
 

19:23.285 --> 19:25.034 align:start position:0%
necessarily the worst news. In its own
right,<00:21:08.720><c> this</c><00:21:08.960><c> discovery</c><00:21:09.440><c> proved</c><00:21:09.760><c> to</c><00:21:09.919><c> be</c>

19:25.034 --> 19:25.044 align:start position:0%
right, this discovery proved to be
 

19:25.044 --> 19:27.995 align:start position:0%
right, this discovery proved to be
scientifically<00:21:11.120><c> valuable.</c><00:21:12.400><c> It</c><00:21:12.640><c> suggested</c>

19:27.995 --> 19:28.005 align:start position:0%
scientifically valuable. It suggested
 

19:28.005 --> 19:31.275 align:start position:0%
scientifically valuable. It suggested
that<00:21:13.280><c> Lost</c><00:21:13.600><c> City</c><00:21:13.919><c> is</c><00:21:14.320><c> either</c><00:21:14.799><c> genuinely</c><00:21:15.679><c> rare</c>

19:31.275 --> 19:31.285 align:start position:0%
that Lost City is either genuinely rare
 

19:31.285 --> 19:33.195 align:start position:0%
that Lost City is either genuinely rare
or<00:21:16.720><c> that</c><00:21:16.960><c> the</c><00:21:17.120><c> exact</c><00:21:17.520><c> combination</c><00:21:18.000><c> of</c>

19:33.195 --> 19:33.205 align:start position:0%
or that the exact combination of
 

19:33.205 --> 19:35.835 align:start position:0%
or that the exact combination of
tectonics,<00:21:19.200><c> rock</c><00:21:19.520><c> exposure,</c><00:21:20.240><c> fluid</c><00:21:20.640><c> flow,</c>

19:35.835 --> 19:35.845 align:start position:0%
tectonics, rock exposure, fluid flow,
 

19:35.845 --> 19:38.635 align:start position:0%
tectonics, rock exposure, fluid flow,
and<00:21:21.280><c> preservation</c><00:21:22.000><c> needed</c><00:21:22.799><c> to</c><00:21:23.039><c> build</c><00:21:23.360><c> those</c>

19:38.635 --> 19:38.645 align:start position:0%
and preservation needed to build those
 

19:38.645 --> 19:41.674 align:start position:0%
and preservation needed to build those
giant<00:21:24.320><c> carbonet</c><00:21:24.880><c> towers</c><00:21:25.679><c> is</c><00:21:26.000><c> harder</c><00:21:26.320><c> to</c><00:21:26.559><c> find</c>

19:41.674 --> 19:41.684 align:start position:0%
giant carbonet towers is harder to find
 

19:41.684 --> 19:44.955 align:start position:0%
giant carbonet towers is harder to find
than<00:21:27.120><c> they'd</c><00:21:27.440><c> hoped.</c><00:21:28.320><c> So,</c><00:21:28.720><c> they</c><00:21:29.039><c> pressed</c><00:21:29.360><c> on.</c>

19:44.955 --> 19:44.965 align:start position:0%
than they'd hoped. So, they pressed on.
 

19:44.965 --> 19:48.235 align:start position:0%
than they'd hoped. So, they pressed on.
Around<00:21:30.480><c> the</c><00:21:30.720><c> same</c><00:21:30.960><c> time</c><00:21:31.440><c> in</c><00:21:31.760><c> 2023,</c><00:21:33.120><c> the</c>

19:48.235 --> 19:48.245 align:start position:0%
Around the same time in 2023, the
 

19:48.245 --> 19:50.554 align:start position:0%
Around the same time in 2023, the
International<00:21:34.080><c> Ocean</c><00:21:34.480><c> Discovery</c><00:21:35.200><c> Program</c>

19:50.554 --> 19:50.564 align:start position:0%
International Ocean Discovery Program
 

19:50.564 --> 19:53.355 align:start position:0%
International Ocean Discovery Program
tackled<00:21:36.080><c> the</c><00:21:36.320><c> problem</c><00:21:36.720><c> headon,</c><00:21:37.919><c> taking</c><00:21:38.240><c> a</c>

19:53.355 --> 19:53.365 align:start position:0%
tackled the problem headon, taking a
 

19:53.365 --> 19:56.155 align:start position:0%
tackled the problem headon, taking a
more<00:21:38.880><c> direct</c><00:21:39.360><c> approach</c><00:21:40.080><c> and</c><00:21:40.320><c> drilling</c><00:21:40.720><c> a</c><00:21:40.960><c> ball</c>

19:56.155 --> 19:56.165 align:start position:0%
more direct approach and drilling a ball
 

19:56.165 --> 19:58.794 align:start position:0%
more direct approach and drilling a ball
hole<00:21:41.679><c> on</c><00:21:41.919><c> the</c><00:21:42.159><c> southern</c><00:21:42.640><c> wall</c><00:21:43.280><c> more</c><00:21:43.600><c> than</c><00:21:43.760><c> a</c>

19:58.794 --> 19:58.804 align:start position:0%
hole on the southern wall more than a
 

19:58.804 --> 20:02.235 align:start position:0%
hole on the southern wall more than a
kilometer<00:21:44.640><c> below</c><00:21:45.039><c> the</c><00:21:45.280><c> sea</c><00:21:45.679><c> floor.</c><00:21:46.880><c> This</c><00:21:47.120><c> is</c>

20:02.235 --> 20:02.245 align:start position:0%
kilometer below the sea floor. This is
 

20:02.245 --> 20:05.355 align:start position:0%
kilometer below the sea floor. This is
far<00:21:47.840><c> far</c><00:21:48.240><c> beyond</c><00:21:48.960><c> any</c><00:21:49.520><c> previous</c><00:21:50.000><c> drilling</c>

20:05.355 --> 20:05.365 align:start position:0%
far far beyond any previous drilling
 

20:05.365 --> 20:08.315 align:start position:0%
far far beyond any previous drilling
success<00:21:51.120><c> ever</c><00:21:51.520><c> recorded</c><00:21:52.159><c> in</c><00:21:52.400><c> a</c><00:21:52.559><c> peridotite</c>

20:08.315 --> 20:08.325 align:start position:0%
success ever recorded in a peridotite
 

20:08.325 --> 20:11.195 align:start position:0%
success ever recorded in a peridotite
dominated<00:21:54.080><c> system</c><00:21:54.559><c> like</c><00:21:54.960><c> this.</c><00:21:55.600><c> This</c><00:21:55.840><c> was</c>

20:11.195 --> 20:11.205 align:start position:0%
dominated system like this. This was
 

20:11.205 --> 20:13.595 align:start position:0%
dominated system like this. This was
significant.<00:21:57.600><c> What</c><00:21:57.840><c> they</c><00:21:58.080><c> did</c><00:21:58.400><c> essentially</c>

20:13.595 --> 20:13.605 align:start position:0%
significant. What they did essentially
 

20:13.605 --> 20:16.635 align:start position:0%
significant. What they did essentially
was<00:21:59.039><c> pull</c><00:21:59.280><c> up</c><00:21:59.440><c> a</c><00:21:59.679><c> long</c><00:22:00.159><c> coherent</c><00:22:00.799><c> piece</c><00:22:01.280><c> of</c><00:22:01.520><c> the</c>

20:16.635 --> 20:16.645 align:start position:0%
was pull up a long coherent piece of the
 

20:16.645 --> 20:19.355 align:start position:0%
was pull up a long coherent piece of the
altered<00:22:02.240><c> upper</c><00:22:02.640><c> mantle</c><00:22:03.120><c> from</c><00:22:03.440><c> the</c><00:22:03.679><c> lost</c><00:22:04.080><c> city</c>

20:19.355 --> 20:19.365 align:start position:0%
altered upper mantle from the lost city
 

20:19.365 --> 20:21.195 align:start position:0%
altered upper mantle from the lost city
neighborhood,<00:22:05.360><c> something</c><00:22:05.600><c> that</c><00:22:05.760><c> had</c><00:22:06.080><c> never</c>

20:21.195 --> 20:21.205 align:start position:0%
neighborhood, something that had never
 

20:21.205 --> 20:23.914 align:start position:0%
neighborhood, something that had never
been<00:22:06.559><c> done</c><00:22:06.880><c> before.</c><00:22:07.840><c> It</c><00:22:08.080><c> gave</c><00:22:08.400><c> researchers</c>

20:23.914 --> 20:23.924 align:start position:0%
been done before. It gave researchers
 

20:23.924 --> 20:26.475 align:start position:0%
been done before. It gave researchers
one<00:22:09.200><c> of</c><00:22:09.360><c> the</c><00:22:09.520><c> best</c><00:22:09.919><c> direct</c><00:22:10.400><c> samples</c><00:22:10.960><c> yet</c><00:22:11.360><c> of</c>

20:26.475 --> 20:26.485 align:start position:0%
one of the best direct samples yet of
 

20:26.485 --> 20:29.115 align:start position:0%
one of the best direct samples yet of
the<00:22:11.840><c> rock</c><00:22:12.240><c> column</c><00:22:12.720><c> feeding</c><00:22:13.360><c> this</c><00:22:13.679><c> kind</c><00:22:13.919><c> of</c>

20:29.115 --> 20:29.125 align:start position:0%
the rock column feeding this kind of
 

20:29.125 --> 20:31.914 align:start position:0%
the rock column feeding this kind of
system<00:22:14.960><c> and</c><00:22:15.280><c> established</c><00:22:15.840><c> a</c><00:22:16.159><c> new</c><00:22:16.400><c> benchmark</c>

20:31.914 --> 20:31.924 align:start position:0%
system and established a new benchmark
 

20:31.924 --> 20:34.395 align:start position:0%
system and established a new benchmark
for<00:22:17.360><c> studying</c><00:22:17.840><c> mantle</c><00:22:18.240><c> hydration</c><00:22:19.200><c> and</c>

20:34.395 --> 20:34.405 align:start position:0%
for studying mantle hydration and
 

20:34.405 --> 20:38.475 align:start position:0%
for studying mantle hydration and
serpentonization<00:22:20.880><c> near</c><00:22:21.520><c> Lost</c><00:22:22.080><c> City.</c>

20:38.475 --> 20:38.485 align:start position:0%
serpentonization near Lost City.
 

20:38.485 --> 20:40.554 align:start position:0%
serpentonization near Lost City.
Now,<00:22:24.000><c> after</c><00:22:24.240><c> that</c><00:22:24.480><c> potted</c><00:22:24.880><c> chemical</c><00:22:25.280><c> history,</c>

20:40.554 --> 20:40.564 align:start position:0%
Now, after that potted chemical history,
 

20:40.564 --> 20:41.914 align:start position:0%
Now, after that potted chemical history,
you're<00:22:25.840><c> welcome,</c><00:22:26.159><c> by</c><00:22:26.320><c> the</c><00:22:26.400><c> way,</c><00:22:26.640><c> you</c><00:22:26.880><c> may</c><00:22:26.960><c> have</c>

20:41.914 --> 20:41.924 align:start position:0%
you're welcome, by the way, you may have
 

20:41.924 --> 20:44.475 align:start position:0%
you're welcome, by the way, you may have
noticed<00:22:27.520><c> one</c><00:22:27.840><c> thing</c><00:22:28.320><c> standing</c><00:22:28.799><c> out,</c><00:22:29.360><c> or</c>

20:44.475 --> 20:44.485 align:start position:0%
noticed one thing standing out, or
 

20:44.485 --> 20:47.755 align:start position:0%
noticed one thing standing out, or
rather<00:22:30.000><c> only</c><00:22:30.400><c> one</c><00:22:30.720><c> thing</c><00:22:31.039><c> standing</c><00:22:31.440><c> out.</c><00:22:32.640><c> Over</c>

20:47.755 --> 20:47.765 align:start position:0%
rather only one thing standing out. Over
 

20:47.765 --> 20:50.235 align:start position:0%
rather only one thing standing out. Over
a<00:22:33.200><c> 17-year</c><00:22:33.840><c> period</c><00:22:34.080><c> of</c><00:22:34.320><c> grueling</c><00:22:34.799><c> academic</c>

20:50.235 --> 20:50.245 align:start position:0%
a 17-year period of grueling academic
 

20:50.245 --> 20:53.034 align:start position:0%
a 17-year period of grueling academic
work,<00:22:35.760><c> scientists</c><00:22:36.400><c> still</c><00:22:37.280><c> hadn't</c><00:22:37.760><c> found</c>

20:53.034 --> 20:53.044 align:start position:0%
work, scientists still hadn't found
 

20:53.044 --> 20:56.475 align:start position:0%
work, scientists still hadn't found
another<00:22:38.559><c> lost</c><00:22:38.960><c> city.</c><00:22:39.760><c> Well,</c><00:22:40.240><c> sort</c><00:22:40.559><c> of.</c><00:22:41.280><c> Things</c>

20:56.475 --> 20:56.485 align:start position:0%
another lost city. Well, sort of. Things
 

20:56.485 --> 20:58.075 align:start position:0%
another lost city. Well, sort of. Things
get<00:22:41.760><c> a</c><00:22:41.919><c> bit</c><00:22:42.080><c> complicated</c><00:22:42.559><c> here,</c><00:22:42.720><c> and</c><00:22:42.960><c> in</c><00:22:43.039><c> the</c>

20:58.075 --> 20:58.085 align:start position:0%
get a bit complicated here, and in the
 

20:58.085 --> 20:59.755 align:start position:0%
get a bit complicated here, and in the
interest<00:22:43.360><c> of</c><00:22:43.600><c> not</c><00:22:43.760><c> sparring</c><00:22:44.240><c> myself</c><00:22:44.480><c> into</c><00:22:44.720><c> a</c>

20:59.755 --> 20:59.765 align:start position:0%
interest of not sparring myself into a
 

20:59.765 --> 21:01.115 align:start position:0%
interest of not sparring myself into a
chemistry<00:22:45.280><c> vortex,</c><00:22:45.679><c> my</c><00:22:45.840><c> head</c><00:22:45.919><c> is</c><00:22:46.080><c> already</c>

21:01.115 --> 21:01.125 align:start position:0%
chemistry vortex, my head is already
 

21:01.125 --> 21:02.875 align:start position:0%
chemistry vortex, my head is already
fried.<00:22:46.799><c> I'll</c><00:22:47.039><c> keep</c><00:22:47.200><c> things</c><00:22:47.360><c> brief,</c><00:22:47.679><c> but</c><00:22:47.919><c> of</c>

21:02.875 --> 21:02.885 align:start position:0%
fried. I'll keep things brief, but of
 

21:02.885 --> 21:03.914 align:start position:0%
fried. I'll keep things brief, but of
course,<00:22:48.159><c> if</c><00:22:48.240><c> you</c><00:22:48.400><c> do</c><00:22:48.480><c> want</c><00:22:48.559><c> to</c><00:22:48.640><c> know</c><00:22:48.799><c> more,</c>

21:03.914 --> 21:03.924 align:start position:0%
course, if you do want to know more,
 

21:03.924 --> 21:05.195 align:start position:0%
course, if you do want to know more,
shout<00:22:49.280><c> in</c><00:22:49.440><c> the</c><00:22:49.520><c> comments,</c><00:22:49.679><c> and</c><00:22:49.840><c> we</c><00:22:50.000><c> can</c><00:22:50.080><c> do</c><00:22:50.159><c> a</c>

21:05.195 --> 21:05.205 align:start position:0%
shout in the comments, and we can do a
 

21:05.205 --> 21:07.275 align:start position:0%
shout in the comments, and we can do a
follow-up.<00:22:50.960><c> The</c><00:22:51.200><c> search</c><00:22:51.360><c> for</c><00:22:51.520><c> a</c><00:22:51.679><c> twin</c><00:22:52.080><c> lost</c>

21:07.275 --> 21:07.285 align:start position:0%
follow-up. The search for a twin lost
 

21:07.285 --> 21:09.674 align:start position:0%
follow-up. The search for a twin lost
city<00:22:52.799><c> reached</c><00:22:53.120><c> a</c><00:22:53.360><c> fever</c><00:22:53.760><c> pitch,</c><00:22:54.320><c> and</c><00:22:54.559><c> teams</c>

21:09.674 --> 21:09.684 align:start position:0%
city reached a fever pitch, and teams
 

21:09.684 --> 21:10.715 align:start position:0%
city reached a fever pitch, and teams
were<00:22:54.960><c> out</c><00:22:55.039><c> there</c><00:22:55.280><c> doing</c><00:22:55.440><c> everything</c><00:22:55.600><c> they</c>

21:10.715 --> 21:10.725 align:start position:0%
were out there doing everything they
 

21:10.725 --> 21:12.315 align:start position:0%
were out there doing everything they
could<00:22:56.000><c> to</c><00:22:56.240><c> find</c><00:22:56.480><c> something</c><00:22:56.799><c> they</c><00:22:57.120><c> thought</c>

21:12.315 --> 21:12.325 align:start position:0%
could to find something they thought
 

21:12.325 --> 21:16.554 align:start position:0%
could to find something they thought
couldn't<00:22:58.000><c> exist</c><00:22:58.720><c> until</c><00:23:00.080><c> 2017</c><00:23:01.120><c> when</c><00:23:01.440><c> they</c>

21:16.554 --> 21:16.564 align:start position:0%
couldn't exist until 2017 when they
 

21:16.564 --> 21:19.595 align:start position:0%
couldn't exist until 2017 when they
thought<00:23:02.000><c> they'd</c><00:23:02.400><c> found</c><00:23:02.640><c> it.</c><00:23:03.600><c> Far</c><00:23:03.919><c> deeper</c><00:23:04.400><c> at</c><00:23:04.559><c> a</c>

21:19.595 --> 21:19.605 align:start position:0%
thought they'd found it. Far deeper at a
 

21:19.605 --> 21:22.554 align:start position:0%
thought they'd found it. Far deeper at a
depth<00:23:04.880><c> of</c><00:23:05.039><c> around</c><00:23:05.360><c> 3,100</c><00:23:06.559><c> m</c><00:23:06.880><c> in</c><00:23:07.120><c> a</c><00:23:07.280><c> region</c><00:23:07.520><c> of</c>

21:22.554 --> 21:22.564 align:start position:0%
depth of around 3,100 m in a region of
 

21:22.564 --> 21:24.715 align:start position:0%
depth of around 3,100 m in a region of
the<00:23:07.919><c> southwest</c><00:23:08.640><c> Indian</c><00:23:09.039><c> ridge,</c><00:23:09.520><c> something</c>

21:24.715 --> 21:24.725 align:start position:0%
the southwest Indian ridge, something
 

21:24.725 --> 21:26.794 align:start position:0%
the southwest Indian ridge, something
was<00:23:10.080><c> discovered</c><00:23:10.400><c> that</c><00:23:10.720><c> behaved</c><00:23:11.120><c> very</c><00:23:11.520><c> much</c>

21:26.794 --> 21:26.804 align:start position:0%
was discovered that behaved very much
 

21:26.804 --> 21:29.195 align:start position:0%
was discovered that behaved very much
like<00:23:12.320><c> Lost</c><00:23:12.960><c> City.</c><00:23:13.840><c> Slightly</c>

21:29.195 --> 21:29.205 align:start position:0%
like Lost City. Slightly
 

21:29.205 --> 21:31.115 align:start position:0%
like Lost City. Slightly
underwhelmingly,<00:23:15.120><c> the</c><00:23:15.360><c> scientists</c><00:23:15.760><c> named</c><00:23:16.000><c> it</c>

21:31.115 --> 21:31.125 align:start position:0%
underwhelmingly, the scientists named it
 

21:31.125 --> 21:34.715 align:start position:0%
underwhelmingly, the scientists named it
the<00:23:16.480><c> old</c><00:23:17.039><c> city.</c><00:23:18.000><c> It</c><00:23:18.240><c> was</c><00:23:18.400><c> an</c><00:23:18.559><c> alkaline</c><00:23:19.280><c> field</c>

21:34.715 --> 21:34.725 align:start position:0%
the old city. It was an alkaline field
 

21:34.725 --> 21:37.515 align:start position:0%
the old city. It was an alkaline field
driven<00:23:20.240><c> by</c><00:23:20.640><c> serpentonization,</c><00:23:21.919><c> those</c><00:23:22.159><c> rock</c>

21:37.515 --> 21:37.525 align:start position:0%
driven by serpentonization, those rock
 

21:37.525 --> 21:40.315 align:start position:0%
driven by serpentonization, those rock
water<00:23:23.039><c> reactions</c><00:23:23.760><c> rather</c><00:23:24.400><c> than</c><00:23:24.720><c> volcanic</c>

21:40.315 --> 21:40.325 align:start position:0%
water reactions rather than volcanic
 

21:40.325 --> 21:43.835 align:start position:0%
water reactions rather than volcanic
magma.<00:23:26.559><c> Bingo.</c><00:23:27.120><c> This</c><00:23:27.280><c> is</c><00:23:27.440><c> it.</c><00:23:28.000><c> Except</c><00:23:28.720><c> there</c>

21:43.835 --> 21:43.845 align:start position:0%
magma. Bingo. This is it. Except there
 

21:43.845 --> 21:47.195 align:start position:0%
magma. Bingo. This is it. Except there
was<00:23:29.200><c> one</c><00:23:29.600><c> crucial</c><00:23:30.240><c> difference.</c><00:23:31.600><c> The</c><00:23:31.840><c> old</c><00:23:32.080><c> city</c>

21:47.195 --> 21:47.205 align:start position:0%
was one crucial difference. The old city
 

21:47.205 --> 21:49.434 align:start position:0%
was one crucial difference. The old city
is<00:23:32.480><c> more</c><00:23:32.720><c> like</c><00:23:32.880><c> a</c><00:23:33.120><c> chemical</c><00:23:33.600><c> twin</c><00:23:34.080><c> rather</c><00:23:34.400><c> than</c>

21:49.434 --> 21:49.444 align:start position:0%
is more like a chemical twin rather than
 

21:49.444 --> 21:51.914 align:start position:0%
is more like a chemical twin rather than
a<00:23:34.880><c> physical</c><00:23:35.360><c> one.</c><00:23:36.000><c> At</c><00:23:36.240><c> the</c><00:23:36.400><c> depth</c><00:23:36.640><c> the</c><00:23:36.799><c> old</c>

21:51.914 --> 21:51.924 align:start position:0%
a physical one. At the depth the old
 

21:51.924 --> 21:53.355 align:start position:0%
a physical one. At the depth the old
city<00:23:37.280><c> operates</c><00:23:37.679><c> at,</c><00:23:37.840><c> and</c><00:23:38.000><c> you</c><00:23:38.159><c> can</c><00:23:38.240><c> see</c><00:23:38.320><c> what</c>

21:53.355 --> 21:53.365 align:start position:0%
city operates at, and you can see what
 

21:53.365 --> 21:55.275 align:start position:0%
city operates at, and you can see what
it<00:23:38.640><c> looks</c><00:23:38.799><c> like</c><00:23:38.960><c> here</c><00:23:39.120><c> on</c><00:23:39.440><c> screen,</c><00:23:40.159><c> the</c>

21:55.275 --> 21:55.285 align:start position:0%
it looks like here on screen, the
 

21:55.285 --> 21:57.195 align:start position:0%
it looks like here on screen, the
crushing<00:23:40.960><c> pressure</c><00:23:41.280><c> and</c><00:23:41.600><c> different</c><00:23:41.919><c> fluid</c>

21:57.195 --> 21:57.205 align:start position:0%
crushing pressure and different fluid
 

21:57.205 --> 21:59.674 align:start position:0%
crushing pressure and different fluid
dynamics<00:23:42.960><c> likely</c><00:23:43.280><c> make</c><00:23:43.440><c> it</c><00:23:43.679><c> far</c><00:23:44.000><c> harder</c><00:23:44.320><c> for</c>

21:59.674 --> 21:59.684 align:start position:0%
dynamics likely make it far harder for
 

21:59.684 --> 22:02.235 align:start position:0%
dynamics likely make it far harder for
60<00:23:45.200><c> me</c><00:23:45.520><c> tall</c><00:23:45.840><c> carbonate</c><00:23:46.320><c> towers</c><00:23:46.640><c> to</c><00:23:46.799><c> form</c><00:23:47.120><c> and</c>

22:02.235 --> 22:02.245 align:start position:0%
60 me tall carbonate towers to form and
 

22:02.245 --> 22:04.955 align:start position:0%
60 me tall carbonate towers to form and
survive.<00:23:48.080><c> So,</c><00:23:48.320><c> it</c><00:23:48.559><c> looks</c><00:23:48.960><c> pretty</c><00:23:49.360><c> different.</c>

22:04.955 --> 22:04.965 align:start position:0%
survive. So, it looks pretty different.
 

22:04.965 --> 22:06.554 align:start position:0%
survive. So, it looks pretty different.
Instead,<00:23:50.559><c> this</c><00:23:50.720><c> place</c><00:23:50.880><c> is</c><00:23:51.039><c> more</c><00:23:51.280><c> like</c><00:23:51.440><c> a</c>

22:06.554 --> 22:06.564 align:start position:0%
Instead, this place is more like a
 

22:06.564 --> 22:08.715 align:start position:0%
Instead, this place is more like a
village,<00:23:52.320><c> if</c><00:23:52.480><c> I'm</c><00:23:52.720><c> being</c><00:23:53.039><c> kind,</c><00:23:53.360><c> than</c><00:23:53.600><c> a</c>

22:08.715 --> 22:08.725 align:start position:0%
village, if I'm being kind, than a
 

22:08.725 --> 22:10.955 align:start position:0%
village, if I'm being kind, than a
metropolis.<00:23:54.960><c> Don't</c><00:23:55.200><c> lose</c><00:23:55.440><c> heart</c><00:23:55.679><c> just</c><00:23:55.840><c> yet,</c>

22:10.955 --> 22:10.965 align:start position:0%
metropolis. Don't lose heart just yet,
 

22:10.965 --> 22:12.075 align:start position:0%
metropolis. Don't lose heart just yet,
though,<00:23:56.159><c> if</c><00:23:56.400><c> you're</c><00:23:56.559><c> still</c><00:23:56.640><c> rooting</c><00:23:56.960><c> for</c><00:23:57.039><c> this</c>

22:12.075 --> 22:12.085 align:start position:0%
though, if you're still rooting for this
 

22:12.085 --> 22:14.155 align:start position:0%
though, if you're still rooting for this
bizarre<00:23:57.679><c> family</c><00:23:58.080><c> tree</c><00:23:58.320><c> to</c><00:23:58.559><c> be</c><00:23:58.720><c> completed,</c>

22:14.155 --> 22:14.165 align:start position:0%
bizarre family tree to be completed,
 

22:14.165 --> 22:17.275 align:start position:0%
bizarre family tree to be completed,
because<00:23:59.520><c> things</c><00:23:59.919><c> aren't</c><00:24:00.320><c> over</c><00:24:00.640><c> yet.</c><00:24:02.000><c> Noah</c>

22:17.275 --> 22:17.285 align:start position:0%
because things aren't over yet. Noah
 

22:17.285 --> 22:19.595 align:start position:0%
because things aren't over yet. Noah
chief<00:24:02.720><c> scientist</c><00:24:03.280><c> Dr.</c><00:24:03.679><c> David</c><00:24:04.159><c> Butterfield</c>

22:19.595 --> 22:19.605 align:start position:0%
chief scientist Dr. David Butterfield
 

22:19.605 --> 22:21.115 align:start position:0%
chief scientist Dr. David Butterfield
led<00:24:04.880><c> the</c><00:24:05.039><c> mission</c><00:24:05.200><c> as</c><00:24:05.440><c> part</c><00:24:05.600><c> of</c><00:24:05.679><c> the</c><00:24:05.919><c> search</c>

22:21.115 --> 22:21.125 align:start position:0%
led the mission as part of the search
 

22:21.125 --> 22:23.275 align:start position:0%
led the mission as part of the search
for<00:24:06.480><c> hydrothermal</c><00:24:07.280><c> loss</c><00:24:07.600><c> cities.</c><00:24:08.159><c> The</c>

22:23.275 --> 22:23.285 align:start position:0%
for hydrothermal loss cities. The
 

22:23.285 --> 22:25.034 align:start position:0%
for hydrothermal loss cities. The
expedition<00:24:08.799><c> was</c><00:24:09.039><c> conducted</c><00:24:09.360><c> on</c><00:24:09.520><c> the</c><00:24:09.679><c> Schmidt</c>

22:25.034 --> 22:25.044 align:start position:0%
expedition was conducted on the Schmidt
 

22:25.044 --> 22:27.515 align:start position:0%
expedition was conducted on the Schmidt
Ocean<00:24:10.480><c> Institute's</c><00:24:11.120><c> new</c><00:24:11.520><c> research</c><00:24:12.000><c> vessel,</c>

22:27.515 --> 22:27.525 align:start position:0%
Ocean Institute's new research vessel,
 

22:27.525 --> 22:29.755 align:start position:0%
Ocean Institute's new research vessel,
Valkor,<00:24:13.440><c> and</c><00:24:13.679><c> it</c><00:24:13.919><c> too</c><00:24:14.320><c> brought</c><00:24:14.559><c> something</c>

22:29.755 --> 22:29.765 align:start position:0%
Valkor, and it too brought something
 

22:29.765 --> 22:32.235 align:start position:0%
Valkor, and it too brought something
astonishing<00:24:15.600><c> to</c><00:24:15.919><c> the</c><00:24:16.080><c> surface.</c><00:24:16.960><c> Equipped</c>

22:32.235 --> 22:32.245 align:start position:0%
astonishing to the surface. Equipped
 

22:32.245 --> 22:34.554 align:start position:0%
astonishing to the surface. Equipped
with<00:24:17.600><c> one</c><00:24:17.760><c> of</c><00:24:17.840><c> the</c><00:24:18.080><c> most</c><00:24:18.320><c> advanced</c><00:24:18.960><c> methane</c>

22:34.554 --> 22:34.564 align:start position:0%
with one of the most advanced methane
 

22:34.564 --> 22:37.674 align:start position:0%
with one of the most advanced methane
sniffers<00:24:20.320><c> ever</c><00:24:20.720><c> built.</c><00:24:21.520><c> The</c><00:24:21.840><c> research</c><00:24:22.320><c> vessel</c>

22:37.674 --> 22:37.684 align:start position:0%
sniffers ever built. The research vessel
 

22:37.684 --> 22:40.475 align:start position:0%
sniffers ever built. The research vessel
arrived<00:24:23.200><c> at</c><00:24:23.440><c> a</c><00:24:23.679><c> massive</c><00:24:24.159><c> underwater</c><00:24:24.880><c> feature</c>

22:40.475 --> 22:40.485 align:start position:0%
arrived at a massive underwater feature
 

22:40.485 --> 22:43.835 align:start position:0%
arrived at a massive underwater feature
called<00:24:25.919><c> the</c><00:24:26.080><c> Pu</c><00:24:26.559><c> Def</c><00:24:27.360><c> Volcano.</c><00:24:28.320><c> This</c><00:24:28.559><c> was</c>

22:43.835 --> 22:43.845 align:start position:0%
called the Pu Def Volcano. This was
 

22:43.845 --> 22:46.075 align:start position:0%
called the Pu Def Volcano. This was
another<00:24:29.440><c> volcanic</c><00:24:30.000><c> vent</c><00:24:30.320><c> field</c><00:24:30.640><c> discovered</c>

22:46.075 --> 22:46.085 align:start position:0%
another volcanic vent field discovered
 

22:46.085 --> 22:49.115 align:start position:0%
another volcanic vent field discovered
on<00:24:31.360><c> the</c><00:24:31.600><c> midatlantic</c><00:24:32.480><c> ridge</c><00:24:32.880><c> at</c><00:24:33.039><c> a</c><00:24:33.200><c> depth</c><00:24:33.760><c> of</c>

22:49.115 --> 22:49.125 align:start position:0%
on the midatlantic ridge at a depth of
 

22:49.125 --> 22:52.235 align:start position:0%
on the midatlantic ridge at a depth of
2,000<00:24:34.960><c> m.</c><00:24:36.000><c> All</c><00:24:36.159><c> of</c><00:24:36.240><c> a</c><00:24:36.400><c> sudden,</c><00:24:36.799><c> sensors</c>

22:52.235 --> 22:52.245 align:start position:0%
2,000 m. All of a sudden, sensors
 

22:52.245 --> 22:54.475 align:start position:0%
2,000 m. All of a sudden, sensors
started<00:24:37.919><c> screaming.</c><00:24:38.799><c> Huge</c><00:24:39.120><c> plumes</c><00:24:39.440><c> of</c>

22:54.475 --> 22:54.485 align:start position:0%
started screaming. Huge plumes of
 

22:54.485 --> 22:56.395 align:start position:0%
started screaming. Huge plumes of
methane<00:24:40.000><c> and</c><00:24:40.320><c> hydrogen</c><00:24:40.720><c> were</c><00:24:40.960><c> rising</c><00:24:41.279><c> from</c>

22:56.395 --> 22:56.405 align:start position:0%
methane and hydrogen were rising from
 

22:56.405 --> 22:58.075 align:start position:0%
methane and hydrogen were rising from
the<00:24:41.679><c> depth.</c><00:24:42.000><c> The</c><00:24:42.240><c> exact</c><00:24:42.640><c> chemical</c>

22:58.075 --> 22:58.085 align:start position:0%
the depth. The exact chemical
 

22:58.085 --> 23:01.275 align:start position:0%
the depth. The exact chemical
fingerprint<00:24:44.080><c> of</c><00:24:44.320><c> the</c><00:24:44.559><c> lost</c><00:24:44.960><c> city</c><00:24:45.840><c> on</c><00:24:46.080><c> board.</c>

23:01.275 --> 23:01.285 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of the lost city on board.
 

23:01.285 --> 23:03.195 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of the lost city on board.
The<00:24:46.559><c> excitement</c><00:24:46.960><c> was</c><00:24:47.360><c> electric.</c><00:24:47.919><c> Was</c><00:24:48.080><c> this</c>

23:03.195 --> 23:03.205 align:start position:0%
The excitement was electric. Was this
 

23:03.205 --> 23:06.154 align:start position:0%
The excitement was electric. Was this
it?<00:24:48.640><c> Had</c><00:24:48.880><c> they</c><00:24:49.120><c> finally</c><00:24:49.679><c> found</c><00:24:50.080><c> a</c><00:24:50.480><c> second</c>

23:06.154 --> 23:06.164 align:start position:0%
it? Had they finally found a second
 

23:06.164 --> 23:09.674 align:start position:0%
it? Had they finally found a second
white<00:24:51.760><c> metropolis?</c><00:24:52.880><c> As</c><00:24:53.120><c> the</c><00:24:53.279><c> ROV</c><00:24:53.919><c> Subastion,</c>

23:09.674 --> 23:09.684 align:start position:0%
white metropolis? As the ROV Subastion,
 

23:09.684 --> 23:11.355 align:start position:0%
white metropolis? As the ROV Subastion,
which<00:24:54.960><c> gets</c><00:24:55.200><c> me</c><00:24:55.360><c> every</c><00:24:55.600><c> time,</c><00:24:56.000><c> reached</c><00:24:56.320><c> the</c>

23:11.355 --> 23:11.365 align:start position:0%
which gets me every time, reached the
 

23:11.365 --> 23:13.755 align:start position:0%
which gets me every time, reached the
seafloor,<00:24:57.120><c> the</c><00:24:57.279><c> mystery</c><00:24:57.679><c> deepened.</c><00:24:58.640><c> This</c>

23:13.755 --> 23:13.765 align:start position:0%
seafloor, the mystery deepened. This
 

23:13.765 --> 23:15.995 align:start position:0%
seafloor, the mystery deepened. This
wasn't<00:24:59.279><c> another</c><00:24:59.679><c> lost</c><00:25:00.000><c> city,</c><00:25:00.320><c> but</c><00:25:00.640><c> instead</c>

23:15.995 --> 23:16.005 align:start position:0%
wasn't another lost city, but instead
 

23:16.005 --> 23:18.875 align:start position:0%
wasn't another lost city, but instead
another<00:25:01.760><c> massive</c><00:25:02.720><c> high</c><00:25:03.120><c> temperature</c><00:25:03.679><c> black</c>

23:18.875 --> 23:18.885 align:start position:0%
another massive high temperature black
 

23:18.885 --> 23:21.355 align:start position:0%
another massive high temperature black
smoker<00:25:04.559><c> field.</c><00:25:05.360><c> These</c><00:25:05.600><c> vents</c><00:25:05.919><c> were</c><00:25:06.080><c> screaming</c>

23:21.355 --> 23:21.365 align:start position:0%
smoker field. These vents were screaming
 

23:21.365 --> 23:26.235 align:start position:0%
smoker field. These vents were screaming
at<00:25:06.799><c> 340°</c><00:25:08.240><c> C,</c><00:25:08.960><c> hot</c><00:25:09.279><c> enough</c><00:25:09.520><c> to</c><00:25:09.760><c> melt</c><00:25:10.159><c> lead.</c>

23:26.235 --> 23:26.245 align:start position:0%
at 340° C, hot enough to melt lead.
 

23:26.245 --> 23:28.475 align:start position:0%
at 340° C, hot enough to melt lead.
Instead<00:25:11.679><c> of</c><00:25:11.840><c> the</c><00:25:12.080><c> cooler,</c><00:25:12.480><c> alkaline</c><00:25:13.200><c> slow</c>

23:28.475 --> 23:28.485 align:start position:0%
Instead of the cooler, alkaline slow
 

23:28.485 --> 23:30.875 align:start position:0%
Instead of the cooler, alkaline slow
cooker<00:25:14.000><c> chemistry</c><00:25:14.320><c> of</c><00:25:14.480><c> the</c><00:25:14.640><c> lost</c><00:25:14.960><c> city,</c><00:25:15.840><c> this</c>

23:30.875 --> 23:30.885 align:start position:0%
cooker chemistry of the lost city, this
 

23:30.885 --> 23:33.355 align:start position:0%
cooker chemistry of the lost city, this
area<00:25:16.320><c> was</c><00:25:16.480><c> a</c><00:25:16.720><c> volcanic</c><00:25:17.600><c> furnace</c><00:25:18.000><c> and</c><00:25:18.240><c> a</c>

23:33.355 --> 23:33.365 align:start position:0%
area was a volcanic furnace and a
 

23:33.365 --> 23:36.554 align:start position:0%
area was a volcanic furnace and a
spectacular<00:25:19.520><c> find.</c><00:25:20.559><c> the</c><00:25:20.880><c> first</c><00:25:21.200><c> vents</c>

23:36.554 --> 23:36.564 align:start position:0%
spectacular find. the first vents
 

23:36.564 --> 23:39.674 align:start position:0%
spectacular find. the first vents
discovered<00:25:22.159><c> in</c><00:25:22.480><c> this</c><00:25:22.799><c> 640</c><00:25:23.679><c> km</c><00:25:24.159><c> stretch</c><00:25:24.480><c> of</c><00:25:24.640><c> the</c>

23:39.674 --> 23:39.684 align:start position:0%
discovered in this 640 km stretch of the
 

23:39.684 --> 23:43.674 align:start position:0%
discovered in this 640 km stretch of the
ridge<00:25:25.440><c> in</c><00:25:25.760><c> over</c><00:25:26.240><c> 40</c><00:25:26.799><c> years.</c><00:25:27.679><c> But</c><00:25:27.840><c> even</c><00:25:28.159><c> so,</c><00:25:28.559><c> it</c>

23:43.674 --> 23:43.684 align:start position:0%
ridge in over 40 years. But even so, it
 

23:43.684 --> 23:46.554 align:start position:0%
ridge in over 40 years. But even so, it
wasn't<00:25:29.120><c> the</c><00:25:29.520><c> twin</c><00:25:30.159><c> they</c><00:25:30.480><c> were</c><00:25:30.640><c> looking</c><00:25:30.799><c> for.</c>

23:46.554 --> 23:46.564 align:start position:0%
wasn't the twin they were looking for.
 

23:46.564 --> 23:48.794 align:start position:0%
wasn't the twin they were looking for.
To<00:25:31.919><c> me,</c><00:25:32.240><c> reliving</c><00:25:32.720><c> these</c><00:25:33.039><c> discoveries</c><00:25:33.520><c> with</c>

23:48.794 --> 23:48.804 align:start position:0%
To me, reliving these discoveries with
 

23:48.804 --> 23:51.115 align:start position:0%
To me, reliving these discoveries with
you<00:25:34.159><c> now</c><00:25:34.559><c> makes</c><00:25:34.799><c> the</c><00:25:35.039><c> original</c><00:25:35.520><c> Lost</c><00:25:35.840><c> City</c>

23:51.115 --> 23:51.125 align:start position:0%
you now makes the original Lost City
 

23:51.125 --> 23:53.674 align:start position:0%
you now makes the original Lost City
even<00:25:36.559><c> more</c><00:25:36.799><c> of</c><00:25:36.960><c> a</c><00:25:37.120><c> miracle.</c><00:25:37.919><c> To</c><00:25:38.159><c> get</c><00:25:38.400><c> those</c>

23:53.674 --> 23:53.684 align:start position:0%
even more of a miracle. To get those
 

23:53.684 --> 23:56.554 align:start position:0%
even more of a miracle. To get those
white<00:25:39.440><c> 15story</c><00:25:40.480><c> carbonate</c><00:25:40.960><c> towers,</c><00:25:41.360><c> you</c><00:25:41.520><c> need</c>

23:56.554 --> 23:56.564 align:start position:0%
white 15story carbonate towers, you need
 

23:56.564 --> 23:59.595 align:start position:0%
white 15story carbonate towers, you need
a<00:25:42.000><c> perfect</c><00:25:42.720><c> Goldilocks</c><00:25:43.600><c> kind</c><00:25:43.760><c> of</c><00:25:43.919><c> balance.</c>

23:59.595 --> 23:59.605 align:start position:0%
a perfect Goldilocks kind of balance.
 

23:59.605 --> 24:02.315 align:start position:0%
a perfect Goldilocks kind of balance.
Mantel<00:25:45.200><c> rock,</c><00:25:45.679><c> low</c><00:25:46.000><c> heat,</c><00:25:46.559><c> and</c><00:25:46.799><c> loads</c><00:25:47.200><c> of</c>

24:02.315 --> 24:02.325 align:start position:0%
Mantel rock, low heat, and loads of
 

24:02.325 --> 24:04.554 align:start position:0%
Mantel rock, low heat, and loads of
time.<00:25:48.000><c> And</c><00:25:48.159><c> that,</c><00:25:48.480><c> as</c><00:25:48.720><c> it</c><00:25:48.880><c> turns</c><00:25:49.120><c> out,</c><00:25:49.279><c> is</c><00:25:49.520><c> not</c>

24:04.554 --> 24:04.564 align:start position:0%
time. And that, as it turns out, is not
 

24:04.564 --> 24:07.835 align:start position:0%
time. And that, as it turns out, is not
just<00:25:49.919><c> rare,</c><00:25:50.720><c> it's</c><00:25:50.960><c> unique.</c><00:25:52.240><c> While</c><00:25:52.559><c> the</c><00:25:52.720><c> old</c>

24:07.835 --> 24:07.845 align:start position:0%
just rare, it's unique. While the old
 

24:07.845 --> 24:09.595 align:start position:0%
just rare, it's unique. While the old
city<00:25:53.200><c> in</c><00:25:53.360><c> the</c><00:25:53.520><c> Indian</c><00:25:53.840><c> Ocean</c><00:25:54.159><c> proved</c><00:25:54.480><c> the</c>

24:09.595 --> 24:09.605 align:start position:0%
city in the Indian Ocean proved the
 

24:09.605 --> 24:12.154 align:start position:0%
city in the Indian Ocean proved the
chemistry<00:25:55.120><c> exists</c><00:25:55.600><c> elsewhere,</c><00:25:56.640><c> the</c><00:25:56.880><c> original</c>

24:12.154 --> 24:12.164 align:start position:0%
chemistry exists elsewhere, the original
 

24:12.164 --> 24:14.315 align:start position:0%
chemistry exists elsewhere, the original
lost<00:25:57.600><c> city</c><00:25:57.919><c> remains</c><00:25:58.320><c> the</c><00:25:58.559><c> only</c><00:25:58.880><c> place</c><00:25:59.200><c> where</c>

24:14.315 --> 24:14.325 align:start position:0%
lost city remains the only place where
 

24:14.325 --> 24:17.355 align:start position:0%
lost city remains the only place where
nature<00:25:59.840><c> has</c><00:26:00.080><c> built</c><00:26:00.320><c> a</c><00:26:00.640><c> literal</c><00:26:01.120><c> cathedral</c><00:26:02.159><c> out</c>

24:17.355 --> 24:17.365 align:start position:0%
nature has built a literal cathedral out
 

24:17.365 --> 24:19.995 align:start position:0%
nature has built a literal cathedral out
of<00:26:02.799><c> Earth's</c><00:26:03.279><c> own</c><00:26:03.600><c> breath.</c><00:26:04.480><c> But</c><00:26:04.640><c> there's</c><00:26:04.880><c> a</c>

24:19.995 --> 24:20.005 align:start position:0%
of Earth's own breath. But there's a
 

24:20.005 --> 24:22.554 align:start position:0%
of Earth's own breath. But there's a
problem.<00:26:05.919><c> You</c><00:26:06.159><c> see,</c><00:26:06.400><c> this</c><00:26:06.640><c> city</c><00:26:06.960><c> is</c><00:26:07.360><c> under</c>

24:22.554 --> 24:22.564 align:start position:0%
problem. You see, this city is under
 

24:22.564 --> 24:24.635 align:start position:0%
problem. You see, this city is under
threat.<00:26:08.640><c> All</c><00:26:08.799><c> of</c><00:26:08.960><c> these</c><00:26:09.200><c> incredible</c>

24:24.635 --> 24:24.645 align:start position:0%
threat. All of these incredible
 

24:24.645 --> 24:26.554 align:start position:0%
threat. All of these incredible
scientific<00:26:10.159><c> efforts</c><00:26:10.480><c> are</c><00:26:10.640><c> a</c><00:26:10.799><c> blessing</c><00:26:11.120><c> in</c><00:26:11.360><c> so</c>

24:26.554 --> 24:26.564 align:start position:0%
scientific efforts are a blessing in so
 

24:26.564 --> 24:28.554 align:start position:0%
scientific efforts are a blessing in so
so<00:26:11.840><c> many</c><00:26:12.000><c> ways,</c><00:26:12.240><c> but</c><00:26:12.400><c> they're</c><00:26:12.640><c> also</c><00:26:13.120><c> kind</c><00:26:13.360><c> of</c><00:26:13.440><c> a</c>

24:28.554 --> 24:28.564 align:start position:0%
so many ways, but they're also kind of a
 

24:28.564 --> 24:30.875 align:start position:0%
so many ways, but they're also kind of a
curse.<00:26:14.559><c> The</c><00:26:14.720><c> fact</c><00:26:14.880><c> I'm</c><00:26:15.120><c> sat</c><00:26:15.360><c> here</c><00:26:15.520><c> making</c><00:26:15.760><c> a</c>

24:30.875 --> 24:30.885 align:start position:0%
curse. The fact I'm sat here making a
 

24:30.885 --> 24:32.554 align:start position:0%
curse. The fact I'm sat here making a
video<00:26:16.159><c> about</c><00:26:16.480><c> this</c><00:26:16.799><c> unique</c><00:26:17.120><c> place,</c><00:26:17.440><c> telling</c>

24:32.554 --> 24:32.564 align:start position:0%
video about this unique place, telling
 

24:32.564 --> 24:34.075 align:start position:0%
video about this unique place, telling
everyone<00:26:17.919><c> where</c><00:26:18.080><c> it</c><00:26:18.159><c> is,</c><00:26:18.400><c> advertising</c><00:26:18.960><c> it.</c>

24:34.075 --> 24:34.085 align:start position:0%
everyone where it is, advertising it.
 

24:34.085 --> 24:36.154 align:start position:0%
everyone where it is, advertising it.
Well,<00:26:19.440><c> that</c><00:26:19.679><c> could</c><00:26:19.919><c> also</c><00:26:20.159><c> be</c><00:26:20.320><c> viewed</c><00:26:20.640><c> as</c><00:26:20.960><c> a</c>

24:36.154 --> 24:36.164 align:start position:0%
Well, that could also be viewed as a
 

24:36.164 --> 24:38.715 align:start position:0%
Well, that could also be viewed as a
problem.<00:26:21.840><c> It's</c><00:26:22.080><c> not</c><00:26:22.320><c> just</c><00:26:22.640><c> NASA</c><00:26:23.120><c> and</c><00:26:23.360><c> Noah</c>

24:38.715 --> 24:38.725 align:start position:0%
problem. It's not just NASA and Noah
 

24:38.725 --> 24:40.875 align:start position:0%
problem. It's not just NASA and Noah
keeping<00:26:24.159><c> an</c><00:26:24.320><c> eye</c><00:26:24.480><c> on</c><00:26:24.640><c> what's</c><00:26:24.960><c> going</c><00:26:25.120><c> on</c><00:26:25.279><c> here.</c>

24:40.875 --> 24:40.885 align:start position:0%
keeping an eye on what's going on here.
 

24:40.885 --> 24:43.275 align:start position:0%
keeping an eye on what's going on here.
Deep<00:26:26.320><c> sea</c><00:26:26.640><c> miners</c><00:26:27.120><c> are</c><00:26:27.360><c> also</c><00:26:27.679><c> targeting</c><00:26:28.159><c> the</c>

24:43.275 --> 24:43.285 align:start position:0%
Deep sea miners are also targeting the
 

24:43.285 --> 24:45.995 align:start position:0%
Deep sea miners are also targeting the
Mid-Atlantic<00:26:29.360><c> ridge.</c><00:26:30.240><c> Commercial</c><00:26:30.720><c> interests</c>

24:45.995 --> 24:46.005 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic ridge. Commercial interests
 

24:46.005 --> 24:48.315 align:start position:0%
Mid-Atlantic ridge. Commercial interests
are<00:26:31.440><c> sizing</c><00:26:31.840><c> up</c><00:26:32.000><c> the</c><00:26:32.240><c> mineralrich</c><00:26:32.960><c> crust</c>

24:48.315 --> 24:48.325 align:start position:0%
are sizing up the mineralrich crust
 

24:48.325 --> 24:51.195 align:start position:0%
are sizing up the mineralrich crust
surrounding<00:26:34.080><c> these</c><00:26:34.480><c> vents</c><00:26:35.279><c> as</c><00:26:35.600><c> companies</c><00:26:36.000><c> and</c>

24:51.195 --> 24:51.205 align:start position:0%
surrounding these vents as companies and
 

24:51.205 --> 24:53.115 align:start position:0%
surrounding these vents as companies and
governments<00:26:36.799><c> seek</c><00:26:37.039><c> to</c><00:26:37.200><c> dominate</c><00:26:37.760><c> mineral</c>

24:53.115 --> 24:53.125 align:start position:0%
governments seek to dominate mineral
 

24:53.125 --> 24:55.755 align:start position:0%
governments seek to dominate mineral
trade<00:26:38.480><c> and</c><00:26:38.720><c> gain</c><00:26:39.120><c> rare</c><00:26:39.520><c> earth</c><00:26:39.840><c> autonomy</c>

24:55.755 --> 24:55.765 align:start position:0%
trade and gain rare earth autonomy
 

24:55.765 --> 24:57.434 align:start position:0%
trade and gain rare earth autonomy
without<00:26:41.279><c> much</c><00:26:41.600><c> thought</c><00:26:41.840><c> for</c><00:26:42.080><c> what</c><00:26:42.320><c> might</c>

24:57.434 --> 24:57.444 align:start position:0%
without much thought for what might
 

24:57.444 --> 24:59.835 align:start position:0%
without much thought for what might
stand<00:26:42.799><c> in</c><00:26:43.039><c> the</c><00:26:43.200><c> way.</c><00:26:44.080><c> Scientists</c><00:26:44.559><c> warn</c><00:26:44.799><c> that</c>

24:59.835 --> 24:59.845 align:start position:0%
stand in the way. Scientists warn that
 

24:59.845 --> 25:02.154 align:start position:0%
stand in the way. Scientists warn that
destroying<00:26:45.360><c> these</c><00:26:45.679><c> sites</c><00:26:46.320><c> could</c><00:26:46.640><c> mean</c><00:26:46.880><c> losing</c>

25:02.154 --> 25:02.164 align:start position:0%
destroying these sites could mean losing
 

25:02.164 --> 25:04.235 align:start position:0%
destroying these sites could mean losing
the<00:26:47.600><c> answers</c><00:26:47.919><c> to</c><00:26:48.159><c> the</c><00:26:48.320><c> origin</c><00:26:48.640><c> of</c><00:26:48.799><c> life</c><00:26:49.120><c> before</c>

25:04.235 --> 25:04.245 align:start position:0%
the answers to the origin of life before
 

25:04.245 --> 25:06.715 align:start position:0%
the answers to the origin of life before
we've<00:26:49.679><c> even</c><00:26:49.919><c> finished</c><00:26:50.400><c> reading</c><00:26:50.799><c> them.</c><00:26:51.360><c> It's</c><00:26:51.600><c> a</c>

25:06.715 --> 25:06.725 align:start position:0%
we've even finished reading them. It's a
 

25:06.725 --> 25:08.715 align:start position:0%
we've even finished reading them. It's a
timely<00:26:52.320><c> reminder</c><00:26:52.559><c> that</c><00:26:52.720><c> Lost</c><00:26:53.039><c> City</c><00:26:53.360><c> is</c><00:26:53.600><c> still</c>

25:08.715 --> 25:08.725 align:start position:0%
timely reminder that Lost City is still
 

25:08.725 --> 25:11.034 align:start position:0%
timely reminder that Lost City is still
a<00:26:54.159><c> frontier.</c><00:26:55.200><c> At</c><00:26:55.440><c> the</c><00:26:55.600><c> bottom</c><00:26:55.840><c> of</c><00:26:56.000><c> the</c>

25:11.034 --> 25:11.044 align:start position:0%
a frontier. At the bottom of the
 

25:11.044 --> 25:13.595 align:start position:0%
a frontier. At the bottom of the
Atlantic,<00:26:56.640><c> in</c><00:26:56.799><c> the</c><00:26:57.039><c> crushing</c><00:26:57.679><c> darkness,</c><00:26:58.559><c> the</c>

25:13.595 --> 25:13.605 align:start position:0%
Atlantic, in the crushing darkness, the
 

25:13.605 --> 25:15.755 align:start position:0%
Atlantic, in the crushing darkness, the
rocks<00:26:59.120><c> are</c><00:26:59.440><c> breathing.</c><00:27:00.000><c> The</c><00:27:00.240><c> water</c><00:27:00.559><c> is</c>

25:15.755 --> 25:15.765 align:start position:0%
rocks are breathing. The water is
 

25:15.765 --> 25:18.875 align:start position:0%
rocks are breathing. The water is
turning<00:27:01.200><c> to</c><00:27:01.440><c> stone.</c><00:27:01.919><c> Life</c><00:27:02.559><c> is</c><00:27:02.960><c> finding</c><00:27:03.279><c> a</c><00:27:03.520><c> way</c>

25:18.875 --> 25:18.885 align:start position:0%
turning to stone. Life is finding a way
 

25:18.885 --> 25:21.515 align:start position:0%
turning to stone. Life is finding a way
against<00:27:04.559><c> all</c><00:27:04.799><c> odds,</c><00:27:05.200><c> and</c><00:27:05.760><c> we</c><00:27:06.000><c> need</c><00:27:06.159><c> to</c><00:27:06.320><c> protect</c>

25:21.515 --> 25:21.525 align:start position:0%
against all odds, and we need to protect
 

25:21.525 --> 25:24.395 align:start position:0%
against all odds, and we need to protect
it.<00:27:07.760><c> I</c><00:27:08.000><c> know</c><00:27:08.159><c> there's</c><00:27:08.400><c> a</c><00:27:08.480><c> lot</c><00:27:08.640><c> to</c><00:27:08.799><c> digest</c><00:27:09.200><c> in</c>

25:24.395 --> 25:24.405 align:start position:0%
it. I know there's a lot to digest in
 

25:24.405 --> 25:25.995 align:start position:0%
it. I know there's a lot to digest in
this<00:27:09.679><c> video.</c><00:27:09.919><c> The</c><00:27:10.159><c> chemistry</c><00:27:10.640><c> took</c><00:27:10.880><c> me</c><00:27:10.960><c> a</c>

25:25.995 --> 25:26.005 align:start position:0%
this video. The chemistry took me a
 

25:26.005 --> 25:27.674 align:start position:0%
this video. The chemistry took me a
while<00:27:11.279><c> to</c><00:27:11.440><c> get</c><00:27:11.520><c> my</c><00:27:11.679><c> head</c><00:27:11.840><c> around,</c><00:27:12.080><c> too,</c><00:27:12.400><c> I</c><00:27:12.559><c> must</c>

25:27.674 --> 25:27.684 align:start position:0%
while to get my head around, too, I must
 

25:27.684 --> 25:29.995 align:start position:0%
while to get my head around, too, I must
admit.<00:27:13.360><c> But</c><00:27:13.760><c> when</c><00:27:14.000><c> I</c><00:27:14.240><c> did,</c><00:27:14.559><c> when</c><00:27:14.720><c> I</c><00:27:14.960><c> was</c>

25:29.995 --> 25:30.005 align:start position:0%
admit. But when I did, when I was
 

25:30.005 --> 25:32.475 align:start position:0%
admit. But when I did, when I was
finally<00:27:15.600><c> able</c><00:27:15.919><c> to</c><00:27:16.080><c> process</c><00:27:16.480><c> and</c><00:27:16.799><c> compute</c><00:27:17.279><c> just</c>

25:32.475 --> 25:32.485 align:start position:0%
finally able to process and compute just
 

25:32.485 --> 25:35.595 align:start position:0%
finally able to process and compute just
how<00:27:17.840><c> special</c><00:27:18.240><c> this</c><00:27:18.480><c> place</c><00:27:18.799><c> was,</c><00:27:19.200><c> is</c><00:27:20.320><c> it</c><00:27:20.559><c> all</c>

25:35.595 --> 25:35.605 align:start position:0%
how special this place was, is it all
 

25:35.605 --> 25:38.395 align:start position:0%
how special this place was, is it all
became<00:27:21.039><c> worth</c><00:27:21.360><c> it.</c><00:27:22.400><c> The</c><00:27:22.640><c> deepest</c><00:27:23.039><c> truth</c><00:27:23.279><c> in</c>

25:38.395 --> 25:38.405 align:start position:0%
became worth it. The deepest truth in
 

25:38.405 --> 25:40.715 align:start position:0%
became worth it. The deepest truth in
the<00:27:23.679><c> story</c><00:27:23.840><c> is</c><00:27:24.159><c> the</c><00:27:24.400><c> 2000</c><00:27:24.960><c> discovery</c><00:27:25.520><c> didn't</c>

25:40.715 --> 25:40.725 align:start position:0%
the story is the 2000 discovery didn't
 

25:40.725 --> 25:43.595 align:start position:0%
the story is the 2000 discovery didn't
actually<00:27:26.400><c> solve</c><00:27:26.799><c> a</c><00:27:27.039><c> mystery</c><00:27:27.520><c> at</c><00:27:27.760><c> all.</c><00:27:28.320><c> No,</c>

25:43.595 --> 25:43.605 align:start position:0%
actually solve a mystery at all. No,
 

25:43.605 --> 25:46.315 align:start position:0%
actually solve a mystery at all. No,
instead<00:27:29.200><c> it</c><00:27:29.520><c> created</c><00:27:30.000><c> one.</c><00:27:30.640><c> The</c><00:27:30.880><c> lost</c><00:27:31.120><c> city</c>

25:46.315 --> 25:46.325 align:start position:0%
instead it created one. The lost city
 

25:46.325 --> 25:48.395 align:start position:0%
instead it created one. The lost city
began<00:27:31.760><c> as</c><00:27:32.000><c> an</c><00:27:32.240><c> accidental</c><00:27:32.880><c> find</c><00:27:33.120><c> on</c><00:27:33.360><c> a</c>

25:48.395 --> 25:48.405 align:start position:0%
began as an accidental find on a
 

25:48.405 --> 25:51.034 align:start position:0%
began as an accidental find on a
geological<00:27:34.240><c> survey</c><00:27:34.720><c> and</c><00:27:35.200><c> every</c><00:27:35.600><c> major</c>

25:51.034 --> 25:51.044 align:start position:0%
geological survey and every major
 

25:51.044 --> 25:53.595 align:start position:0%
geological survey and every major
revisit<00:27:36.720><c> since</c><00:27:37.520><c> has</c><00:27:37.760><c> revealed</c><00:27:38.080><c> a</c><00:27:38.320><c> system</c><00:27:38.559><c> that</c>

25:53.595 --> 25:53.605 align:start position:0%
revisit since has revealed a system that
 

25:53.605 --> 25:55.835 align:start position:0%
revisit since has revealed a system that
is<00:27:38.960><c> older,</c><00:27:39.520><c> stranger,</c><00:27:40.080><c> more</c><00:27:40.320><c> chemically</c>

25:55.835 --> 25:55.845 align:start position:0%
is older, stranger, more chemically
 

25:55.845 --> 25:58.235 align:start position:0%
is older, stranger, more chemically
subtle<00:27:41.360><c> and</c><00:27:41.840><c> more</c><00:27:42.240><c> consequential</c><00:27:42.880><c> than</c><00:27:43.120><c> the</c>

25:58.235 --> 25:58.245 align:start position:0%
subtle and more consequential than the
 

25:58.245 --> 26:01.034 align:start position:0%
subtle and more consequential than the
first<00:27:43.760><c> stun</c><00:27:44.240><c> dive</c><00:27:44.640><c> team</c><00:27:45.360><c> could</c><00:27:45.600><c> have</c><00:27:45.840><c> ever</c>

26:01.034 --> 26:01.044 align:start position:0%
first stun dive team could have ever
 

26:01.044 --> 26:03.595 align:start position:0%
first stun dive team could have ever
known.<00:27:47.039><c> Whilst</c><00:27:47.360><c> I</c><00:27:47.600><c> go</c><00:27:47.760><c> about</c><00:27:48.000><c> my</c><00:27:48.159><c> day</c><00:27:48.400><c> and</c><00:27:48.559><c> my</c>

26:03.595 --> 26:03.605 align:start position:0%
known. Whilst I go about my day and my
 

26:03.605 --> 26:05.115 align:start position:0%
known. Whilst I go about my day and my
quest<00:27:48.880><c> to</c><00:27:49.120><c> do</c><00:27:49.279><c> everything</c><00:27:49.440><c> as</c><00:27:49.600><c> quickly</c><00:27:49.840><c> as</c><00:27:50.000><c> I</c>

26:05.115 --> 26:05.125 align:start position:0%
quest to do everything as quickly as I
 

26:05.125 --> 26:07.355 align:start position:0%
quest to do everything as quickly as I
can,<00:27:50.640><c> rushing</c><00:27:51.120><c> through</c><00:27:51.440><c> life,</c><00:27:51.840><c> ticking</c><00:27:52.240><c> stuff</c>

26:07.355 --> 26:07.365 align:start position:0%
can, rushing through life, ticking stuff
 

26:07.365 --> 26:09.674 align:start position:0%
can, rushing through life, ticking stuff
off<00:27:52.640><c> my</c><00:27:52.880><c> to-do</c><00:27:53.200><c> list,</c><00:27:53.520><c> you</c><00:27:53.760><c> name</c><00:27:53.919><c> it,</c><00:27:54.559><c> I'm</c>

26:09.674 --> 26:09.684 align:start position:0%
off my to-do list, you name it, I'm
 

26:09.684 --> 26:10.955 align:start position:0%
off my to-do list, you name it, I'm
going<00:27:54.880><c> to</c><00:27:54.960><c> stop</c><00:27:55.200><c> and</c><00:27:55.440><c> think</c><00:27:55.600><c> about</c><00:27:55.840><c> this</c>

26:10.955 --> 26:10.965 align:start position:0%
going to stop and think about this
 

26:10.965 --> 26:14.315 align:start position:0%
going to stop and think about this
place.<00:27:57.279><c> For</c><00:27:57.520><c> over</c><00:27:57.760><c> a</c><00:27:58.000><c> 100,000</c><00:27:58.799><c> years,</c><00:27:59.200><c> this</c>

26:14.315 --> 26:14.325 align:start position:0%
place. For over a 100,000 years, this
 

26:14.325 --> 26:17.914 align:start position:0%
place. For over a 100,000 years, this
hidden<00:27:59.919><c> system</c><00:28:00.399><c> has</c><00:28:00.880><c> endured</c><00:28:02.159><c> not</c><00:28:02.559><c> as</c><00:28:02.799><c> a</c>

26:17.914 --> 26:17.924 align:start position:0%
hidden system has endured not as a
 

26:17.924 --> 26:20.955 align:start position:0%
hidden system has endured not as a
violent<00:28:03.760><c> eruption,</c><00:28:04.080><c> but</c><00:28:04.320><c> as</c><00:28:04.559><c> a</c><00:28:04.799><c> slow,</c><00:28:05.360><c> patient</c>

26:20.955 --> 26:20.965 align:start position:0%
violent eruption, but as a slow, patient
 

26:20.965 --> 26:23.914 align:start position:0%
violent eruption, but as a slow, patient
engine,<00:28:07.120><c> reshaping</c><00:28:07.679><c> our</c><00:28:08.000><c> understanding</c><00:28:08.480><c> of</c>

26:23.914 --> 26:23.924 align:start position:0%
engine, reshaping our understanding of
 

26:23.924 --> 26:26.395 align:start position:0%
engine, reshaping our understanding of
what<00:28:09.200><c> a</c><00:28:09.440><c> living</c><00:28:09.679><c> world</c><00:28:10.320><c> can</c><00:28:10.559><c> be.</c><00:28:11.039><c> A</c><00:28:11.279><c> world</c>

26:26.395 --> 26:26.405 align:start position:0%
what a living world can be. A world
 

26:26.405 --> 26:29.034 align:start position:0%
what a living world can be. A world
where<00:28:11.760><c> slow</c><00:28:12.080><c> and</c><00:28:12.399><c> steady</c><00:28:12.880><c> wins</c><00:28:13.279><c> the</c><00:28:13.520><c> race.</c>

26:29.034 --> 26:29.044 align:start position:0%
where slow and steady wins the race.
 

26:29.044 --> 26:30.635 align:start position:0%
where slow and steady wins the race.
Don't<00:28:14.320><c> forget</c><00:28:14.559><c> to</c><00:28:14.799><c> subscribe</c><00:28:15.120><c> to</c><00:28:15.360><c> Astronaut</c>

26:30.635 --> 26:30.645 align:start position:0%
Don't forget to subscribe to Astronaut
 

26:30.645 --> 26:32.315 align:start position:0%
Don't forget to subscribe to Astronaut
Earth<00:28:16.000><c> if</c><00:28:16.159><c> you</c><00:28:16.320><c> like</c><00:28:16.480><c> this</c><00:28:16.640><c> video</c><00:28:16.880><c> or</c><00:28:17.120><c> learn</c>

26:32.315 --> 26:32.325 align:start position:0%
Earth if you like this video or learn
 

26:32.325 --> 26:33.914 align:start position:0%
Earth if you like this video or learn
something<00:28:17.840><c> new.</c><00:28:18.320><c> And</c><00:28:18.480><c> let</c><00:28:18.559><c> me</c><00:28:18.640><c> know</c><00:28:18.720><c> in</c><00:28:18.880><c> the</c>

26:33.914 --> 26:33.924 align:start position:0%
something new. And let me know in the
 

26:33.924 --> 26:35.355 align:start position:0%
something new. And let me know in the
comments<00:28:19.279><c> what</c><00:28:19.520><c> you</c><00:28:19.760><c> think</c><00:28:19.919><c> of</c><00:28:20.159><c> this</c>

26:35.355 --> 26:35.365 align:start position:0%
comments what you think of this
 

26:35.365 --> 26:37.195 align:start position:0%
comments what you think of this
discovery.<00:28:21.039><c> Had</c><00:28:21.279><c> you</c><00:28:21.360><c> heard</c><00:28:21.520><c> of</c><00:28:21.679><c> it</c><00:28:21.840><c> before?</c>

26:37.195 --> 26:37.205 align:start position:0%
discovery. Had you heard of it before?
 

26:37.205 --> 26:39.355 align:start position:0%
discovery. Had you heard of it before?
Did<00:28:22.559><c> it</c><00:28:22.720><c> surprise</c><00:28:23.120><c> you?</c><00:28:23.679><c> And</c><00:28:23.919><c> do</c><00:28:24.080><c> you</c><00:28:24.240><c> think</c>

26:39.355 --> 26:39.365 align:start position:0%
Did it surprise you? And do you think
 

26:39.365 --> 26:41.195 align:start position:0%
Did it surprise you? And do you think
one<00:28:24.720><c> day</c><00:28:24.880><c> in</c><00:28:25.039><c> the</c><00:28:25.200><c> future,</c><00:28:25.600><c> we</c><00:28:25.840><c> might</c><00:28:26.080><c> find</c>

26:41.195 --> 26:41.205 align:start position:0%
one day in the future, we might find
 

26:41.205 --> 26:43.755 align:start position:0%
one day in the future, we might find
another<00:28:27.120><c> just</c><00:28:27.360><c> like</c><00:28:27.600><c> it?</c><00:28:28.159><c> Let</c><00:28:28.320><c> me</c><00:28:28.480><c> know</c><00:28:28.559><c> down</c>

26:43.755 --> 26:43.765 align:start position:0%
another just like it? Let me know down
 

26:43.765 --> 26:45.595 align:start position:0%
another just like it? Let me know down
below.<00:28:29.600><c> Don't</c><00:28:29.760><c> forget</c><00:28:30.080><c> before</c><00:28:30.320><c> you</c><00:28:30.399><c> go,</c><00:28:30.640><c> we</c>

26:45.595 --> 26:45.605 align:start position:0%
below. Don't forget before you go, we
 

26:45.605 --> 26:46.715 align:start position:0%
below. Don't forget before you go, we
have<00:28:30.880><c> that</c><00:28:31.039><c> great</c><00:28:31.200><c> offer</c><00:28:31.440><c> for</c><00:28:31.520><c> you</c><00:28:31.600><c> with</c>

26:46.715 --> 26:46.725 align:start position:0%
have that great offer for you with
 

26:46.725 --> 26:48.715 align:start position:0%
have that great offer for you with
Planet<00:28:32.159><c> Wild.</c><00:28:32.559><c> First</c><00:28:32.880><c> hundred</c><00:28:33.360><c> people</c><00:28:33.600><c> to</c>

26:48.715 --> 26:48.725 align:start position:0%
Planet Wild. First hundred people to
 

26:48.725 --> 26:50.475 align:start position:0%
Planet Wild. First hundred people to
sign<00:28:34.000><c> up</c><00:28:34.240><c> get</c><00:28:34.399><c> their</c><00:28:34.640><c> first</c><00:28:34.799><c> month</c><00:28:35.039><c> paid</c><00:28:35.360><c> for</c>

26:50.475 --> 26:50.485 align:start position:0%
sign up get their first month paid for
 

26:50.485 --> 26:52.955 align:start position:0%
sign up get their first month paid for
by<00:28:36.240><c> me.</c><00:28:36.960><c> If</c><00:28:37.120><c> you</c><00:28:37.279><c> want</c><00:28:37.360><c> to</c><00:28:37.440><c> do</c><00:28:37.600><c> something</c><00:28:37.840><c> right</c>

26:52.955 --> 26:52.965 align:start position:0%
by me. If you want to do something right
 

26:52.965 --> 26:54.554 align:start position:0%
by me. If you want to do something right
now<00:28:38.320><c> for</c><00:28:38.559><c> the</c><00:28:38.720><c> planet,</c><00:28:38.960><c> if</c><00:28:39.120><c> this</c><00:28:39.200><c> video</c><00:28:39.360><c> has</c>

26:54.554 --> 26:54.564 align:start position:0%
now for the planet, if this video has
 

26:54.564 --> 26:59.325 align:start position:0%
now for the planet, if this video has
inspired<00:28:40.159><c> you,</c><00:28:40.880><c> please</c><00:28:41.039><c> do</c><00:28:41.279><c> get</c><00:28:41.440><c> involved.</c>