WEBVTT

00:00.000 --> 00:03.111 align:start position:0%
genomic sequencing of their DNA revealed
something<00:02:43.040><c> mindblowing.</c>

00:03.111 --> 00:03.121 align:start position:0%
something mindblowing.
 

00:03.121 --> 00:05.111 align:start position:0%
something mindblowing.
As<00:02:45.760><c> soon</c><00:02:45.920><c> as</c><00:02:46.080><c> you</c><00:02:46.239><c> enter</c><00:02:46.480><c> the</c><00:02:46.720><c> ocean</c><00:02:46.959><c> and</c><00:02:47.280><c> go</c>

00:05.111 --> 00:05.121 align:start position:0%
As soon as you enter the ocean and go
 

00:05.121 --> 00:08.951 align:start position:0%
As soon as you enter the ocean and go
down<00:02:47.680><c> past</c><00:02:48.080><c> 200</c><00:02:48.560><c> m,</c><00:02:49.280><c> sunlight</c><00:02:49.920><c> fades.</c><00:02:50.879><c> Past</c>

00:08.951 --> 00:08.961 align:start position:0%
down past 200 m, sunlight fades. Past
 

00:08.961 --> 00:13.031 align:start position:0%
down past 200 m, sunlight fades. Past
1,000<00:02:51.920><c> m,</c><00:02:52.720><c> it's</c><00:02:53.040><c> gone</c><00:02:53.519><c> entirely.</c>

00:13.031 --> 00:13.041 align:start position:0%
1,000 m, it's gone entirely.
 

00:13.041 --> 00:15.431 align:start position:0%
1,000 m, it's gone entirely.
Welcome<00:02:55.760><c> to</c><00:02:55.920><c> the</c><00:02:56.080><c> Midnight</c><00:02:56.640><c> Zone,</c><00:02:57.280><c> the</c><00:02:57.519><c> home</c>

00:15.431 --> 00:15.441 align:start position:0%
Welcome to the Midnight Zone, the home
 

00:15.441 --> 00:16.951 align:start position:0%
Welcome to the Midnight Zone, the home
of<00:02:57.920><c> a</c><00:02:58.080><c> creature</c><00:02:58.400><c> that</c><00:02:58.640><c> looks</c><00:02:58.879><c> like</c><00:02:59.040><c> it's</c>

00:16.951 --> 00:16.961 align:start position:0%
of a creature that looks like it's
 

00:16.961 --> 00:20.311 align:start position:0%
of a creature that looks like it's
crawled<00:02:59.599><c> in</c><00:02:59.760><c> from</c><00:03:00.000><c> a</c><00:03:00.160><c> galaxy</c><00:03:00.800><c> far,</c><00:03:01.200><c> far</c><00:03:01.680><c> away.</c>

00:20.311 --> 00:20.321 align:start position:0%
crawled in from a galaxy far, far away.
 

00:20.321 --> 00:22.951 align:start position:0%
crawled in from a galaxy far, far away.
Its<00:03:02.959><c> species</c><00:03:03.440><c> name</c><00:03:03.760><c> is</c><00:03:04.080><c> Vader,</c><00:03:04.800><c> because</c><00:03:05.040><c> when</c>

00:22.951 --> 00:22.961 align:start position:0%
Its species name is Vader, because when
 

00:22.961 --> 00:25.111 align:start position:0%
Its species name is Vader, because when
the<00:03:05.519><c> scientists</c><00:03:06.000><c> who</c><00:03:06.239><c> first</c><00:03:06.560><c> described</c><00:03:06.959><c> it</c><00:03:07.200><c> in</c>

00:25.111 --> 00:25.121 align:start position:0%
the scientists who first described it in
 

00:25.121 --> 00:28.391 align:start position:0%
the scientists who first described it in
January<00:03:08.000><c> 2025</c><00:03:09.280><c> saw</c><00:03:09.599><c> its</c><00:03:09.920><c> helmet-shaped</c>

00:28.391 --> 00:28.401 align:start position:0%
January 2025 saw its helmet-shaped
 

00:28.401 --> 00:32.071 align:start position:0%
January 2025 saw its helmet-shaped
heads,<00:03:11.599><c> they</c><00:03:11.920><c> thought</c><00:03:12.159><c> of</c><00:03:12.480><c> one</c><00:03:12.800><c> person,</c><00:03:13.840><c> Darth</c>

00:32.071 --> 00:32.081 align:start position:0%
heads, they thought of one person, Darth
 

00:32.081 --> 00:34.071 align:start position:0%
heads, they thought of one person, Darth
Vader.

00:34.071 --> 00:34.081 align:start position:0%
Vader.
 

00:34.081 --> 00:37.270 align:start position:0%
Vader.
This<00:03:16.879><c> Sith</c><00:03:17.200><c> Lord</c><00:03:17.599><c> is</c><00:03:17.920><c> actually</c><00:03:18.239><c> a</c><00:03:18.640><c> super</c><00:03:18.959><c> giant</c>

00:37.270 --> 00:37.280 align:start position:0%
This Sith Lord is actually a super giant
 

00:37.280 --> 00:39.990 align:start position:0%
This Sith Lord is actually a super giant
isopod.<00:03:20.800><c> Or</c><00:03:21.040><c> if</c><00:03:21.200><c> you</c><00:03:21.360><c> prefer</c><00:03:21.599><c> the</c><00:03:21.760><c> nightmare</c>

00:39.990 --> 00:40.000 align:start position:0%
isopod. Or if you prefer the nightmare
 

00:40.000 --> 00:42.711 align:start position:0%
isopod. Or if you prefer the nightmare
version,<00:03:23.040><c> a</c><00:03:23.280><c> woodlouse</c><00:03:24.000><c> the</c><00:03:24.239><c> size</c><00:03:24.480><c> of</c><00:03:24.720><c> a</c>

00:42.711 --> 00:42.721 align:start position:0%
version, a woodlouse the size of a
 

00:42.721 --> 00:45.111 align:start position:0%
version, a woodlouse the size of a
soccer<00:03:25.440><c> ball.</c><00:03:26.159><c> Pick</c><00:03:26.400><c> one</c><00:03:26.640><c> up</c><00:03:26.800><c> and</c><00:03:27.040><c> people</c><00:03:27.280><c> have</c>

00:45.111 --> 00:45.121 align:start position:0%
soccer ball. Pick one up and people have
 

00:45.121 --> 00:46.791 align:start position:0%
soccer ball. Pick one up and people have
when<00:03:27.599><c> they've</c><00:03:27.840><c> caught</c><00:03:28.080><c> them</c><00:03:28.159><c> in</c><00:03:28.319><c> nets</c><00:03:28.879><c> and</c>

00:46.791 --> 00:46.801 align:start position:0%
when they've caught them in nets and
 

00:46.801 --> 00:49.990 align:start position:0%
when they've caught them in nets and
you're<00:03:29.360><c> holding</c><00:03:29.920><c> 33</c><00:03:30.879><c> cm</c><00:03:31.599><c> and</c><00:03:31.840><c> nearly</c><00:03:32.080><c> a</c>

00:49.990 --> 00:50.000 align:start position:0%
you're holding 33 cm and nearly a
 

00:50.000 --> 00:53.910 align:start position:0%
you're holding 33 cm and nearly a
kilogram<00:03:33.120><c> of</c><00:03:33.440><c> armorplated</c><00:03:34.400><c> deep</c><00:03:34.799><c> sea</c><00:03:35.120><c> tank.</c>

00:53.910 --> 00:53.920 align:start position:0%
kilogram of armorplated deep sea tank.
 

00:53.920 --> 00:56.791 align:start position:0%
kilogram of armorplated deep sea tank.
Flip<00:03:36.480><c> it</c><00:03:36.640><c> over</c><00:03:36.879><c> and</c><00:03:37.120><c> there</c><00:03:37.280><c> are</c><00:03:37.519><c> 14</c><00:03:38.000><c> legs.</c><00:03:38.799><c> Two</c>

00:56.791 --> 00:56.801 align:start position:0%
Flip it over and there are 14 legs. Two
 

00:56.801 --> 00:59.511 align:start position:0%
Flip it over and there are 14 legs. Two
compound<00:03:39.760><c> eyes</c><00:03:40.159><c> built</c><00:03:40.400><c> from</c><00:03:40.640><c> roughly</c><00:03:41.040><c> 4,000</c>

00:59.511 --> 00:59.521 align:start position:0%
compound eyes built from roughly 4,000
 

00:59.521 --> 01:02.711 align:start position:0%
compound eyes built from roughly 4,000
lenses<00:03:42.480><c> each</c><00:03:43.200><c> packed</c><00:03:43.599><c> like</c><00:03:43.840><c> honeycomb</c><00:03:44.640><c> and</c><00:03:44.799><c> a</c>

01:02.711 --> 01:02.721 align:start position:0%
lenses each packed like honeycomb and a
 

01:02.721 --> 01:05.190 align:start position:0%
lenses each packed like honeycomb and a
mouth<00:03:45.440><c> made</c><00:03:45.680><c> of</c><00:03:45.920><c> four</c><00:03:46.319><c> jagged</c><00:03:46.879><c> plates</c><00:03:47.200><c> that</c>

01:05.190 --> 01:05.200 align:start position:0%
mouth made of four jagged plates that
 

01:05.200 --> 01:07.671 align:start position:0%
mouth made of four jagged plates that
close<00:03:48.000><c> inward.</c>

01:07.671 --> 01:07.681 align:start position:0%
close inward.
 

01:07.681 --> 01:09.910 align:start position:0%
close inward.
Giant<00:03:50.480><c> isopods</c><00:03:51.120><c> can</c><00:03:51.200><c> live</c><00:03:51.440><c> as</c><00:03:51.599><c> deep</c><00:03:51.840><c> as</c><00:03:52.000><c> the</c>

01:09.910 --> 01:09.920 align:start position:0%
Giant isopods can live as deep as the
 

01:09.920 --> 01:12.151 align:start position:0%
Giant isopods can live as deep as the
bartheal<00:03:52.879><c> zone.</c><00:03:53.280><c> The</c><00:03:53.440><c> deep</c><00:03:53.760><c> continental</c>

01:12.151 --> 01:12.161 align:start position:0%
bartheal zone. The deep continental
 

01:12.161 --> 01:15.591 align:start position:0%
bartheal zone. The deep continental
slope<00:03:55.040><c> somewhere</c><00:03:55.440><c> around</c><00:03:55.920><c> 2,000</c><00:03:56.799><c> m</c><00:03:57.200><c> down,</c>

01:15.591 --> 01:15.601 align:start position:0%
slope somewhere around 2,000 m down,
 

01:15.601 --> 01:18.231 align:start position:0%
slope somewhere around 2,000 m down,
pitch<00:03:58.400><c> black,</c><00:03:58.799><c> near</c><00:03:59.200><c> freezing,</c><00:03:59.840><c> crushing</c>

01:18.231 --> 01:18.241 align:start position:0%
pitch black, near freezing, crushing
 

01:18.241 --> 01:22.151 align:start position:0%
pitch black, near freezing, crushing
pressure,<00:04:00.959><c> and</c><00:04:01.280><c> almost</c><00:04:02.239><c> nothing</c><00:04:02.640><c> to</c><00:04:02.959><c> eat.</c><00:04:03.920><c> So,</c>

01:22.151 --> 01:22.161 align:start position:0%
pressure, and almost nothing to eat. So,
 

01:22.161 --> 01:24.470 align:start position:0%
pressure, and almost nothing to eat. So,
how<00:04:04.720><c> do</c><00:04:04.879><c> they</c><00:04:05.120><c> survive?</c>

01:24.470 --> 01:24.480 align:start position:0%
how do they survive?
 

01:24.480 --> 01:26.871 align:start position:0%
how do they survive?
When<00:04:07.040><c> a</c><00:04:07.200><c> dead</c><00:04:07.439><c> whale</c><00:04:07.760><c> carcass</c><00:04:08.159><c> or</c><00:04:08.400><c> dead</c><00:04:08.720><c> tuna</c>

01:26.871 --> 01:26.881 align:start position:0%
When a dead whale carcass or dead tuna
 

01:26.881 --> 01:29.751 align:start position:0%
When a dead whale carcass or dead tuna
does<00:04:09.439><c> drift</c><00:04:09.840><c> down,</c><00:04:10.480><c> these</c><00:04:10.879><c> isopods</c><00:04:11.680><c> gorge</c>

01:29.751 --> 01:29.761 align:start position:0%
does drift down, these isopods gorge
 

01:29.761 --> 01:32.071 align:start position:0%
does drift down, these isopods gorge
themselves<00:04:12.560><c> so</c><00:04:12.959><c> heavily</c><00:04:13.439><c> that</c><00:04:13.680><c> they</c><00:04:14.080><c> can't</c>

01:32.071 --> 01:32.081 align:start position:0%
themselves so heavily that they can't
 

01:32.081 --> 01:34.711 align:start position:0%
themselves so heavily that they can't
move<00:04:14.879><c> afterwards.</c><00:04:16.000><c> Scientists</c><00:04:16.479><c> politely</c>

01:34.711 --> 01:34.721 align:start position:0%
move afterwards. Scientists politely
 

01:34.721 --> 01:37.351 align:start position:0%
move afterwards. Scientists politely
call<00:04:17.199><c> it</c><00:04:17.440><c> postfeeding</c><00:04:18.320><c> immobility,</c><00:04:19.280><c> although</c>

01:37.351 --> 01:37.361 align:start position:0%
call it postfeeding immobility, although
 

01:37.361 --> 01:38.951 align:start position:0%
call it postfeeding immobility, although
you<00:04:19.840><c> and</c><00:04:20.000><c> I</c><00:04:20.239><c> might</c><00:04:20.400><c> just</c><00:04:20.560><c> call</c><00:04:20.639><c> it</c><00:04:20.799><c> a</c><00:04:21.040><c> food</c>

01:38.951 --> 01:38.961 align:start position:0%
you and I might just call it a food
 

01:38.961 --> 01:42.471 align:start position:0%
you and I might just call it a food
coma.<00:04:22.400><c> This</c><00:04:22.639><c> can</c><00:04:22.800><c> keep</c><00:04:23.040><c> Barthemus</c><00:04:23.840><c> Vader</c><00:04:24.560><c> full</c>

01:42.471 --> 01:42.481 align:start position:0%
coma. This can keep Barthemus Vader full
 

01:42.481 --> 01:45.111 align:start position:0%
coma. This can keep Barthemus Vader full
for<00:04:25.120><c> an</c><00:04:25.280><c> incredibly</c><00:04:25.919><c> long</c><00:04:26.240><c> time.</c><00:04:26.880><c> In</c><00:04:27.120><c> fact,</c>

01:45.111 --> 01:45.121 align:start position:0%
for an incredibly long time. In fact,
 

01:45.121 --> 01:47.111 align:start position:0%
for an incredibly long time. In fact,
one<00:04:27.680><c> individual</c><00:04:28.080><c> in</c><00:04:28.320><c> a</c><00:04:28.479><c> Japanese</c><00:04:28.880><c> aquarium</c>

01:47.111 --> 01:47.121 align:start position:0%
one individual in a Japanese aquarium
 

01:47.121 --> 01:51.911 align:start position:0%
one individual in a Japanese aquarium
went<00:04:29.840><c> 5</c><00:04:30.240><c> years</c><00:04:30.639><c> and</c><00:04:31.120><c> 43</c><00:04:31.840><c> days</c><00:04:32.800><c> without</c><00:04:33.360><c> eating.</c>

01:51.911 --> 01:51.921 align:start position:0%
went 5 years and 43 days without eating.
 

01:51.921 --> 01:54.150 align:start position:0%
went 5 years and 43 days without eating.
Not<00:04:34.479><c> because</c><00:04:34.639><c> it</c><00:04:34.880><c> was</c><00:04:34.960><c> sick,</c><00:04:35.360><c> it</c><00:04:35.600><c> just</c><00:04:35.919><c> wasn't</c>

01:54.150 --> 01:54.160 align:start position:0%
Not because it was sick, it just wasn't
 

01:54.160 --> 01:56.631 align:start position:0%
Not because it was sick, it just wasn't
hungry.<00:04:37.360><c> But</c><00:04:37.520><c> here's</c><00:04:37.759><c> the</c><00:04:38.000><c> paradox.</c><00:04:38.560><c> In</c><00:04:38.800><c> a</c>

01:56.631 --> 01:56.641 align:start position:0%
hungry. But here's the paradox. In a
 

01:56.641 --> 01:59.111 align:start position:0%
hungry. But here's the paradox. In a
world<00:04:39.120><c> with</c><00:04:39.360><c> almost</c><00:04:39.759><c> no</c><00:04:40.160><c> food,</c><00:04:40.479><c> you'd</c><00:04:40.800><c> expect</c>

01:59.111 --> 01:59.121 align:start position:0%
world with almost no food, you'd expect
 

01:59.121 --> 02:01.911 align:start position:0%
world with almost no food, you'd expect
tiny,<00:04:42.080><c> hyperefficient</c><00:04:43.040><c> scavengers,</c><00:04:43.759><c> right?</c>

02:01.911 --> 02:01.921 align:start position:0%
tiny, hyperefficient scavengers, right?
 

02:01.921 --> 02:03.911 align:start position:0%
tiny, hyperefficient scavengers, right?
As<00:04:44.479><c> a</c><00:04:44.720><c> basic</c><00:04:45.040><c> principle</c><00:04:45.440><c> of</c><00:04:45.680><c> evolutionary</c>

02:03.911 --> 02:03.921 align:start position:0%
As a basic principle of evolutionary
 

02:03.921 --> 02:06.551 align:start position:0%
As a basic principle of evolutionary
biology,<00:04:46.800><c> when</c><00:04:47.040><c> food</c><00:04:47.360><c> is</c><00:04:47.680><c> scarce,</c><00:04:48.560><c> being</c>

02:06.551 --> 02:06.561 align:start position:0%
biology, when food is scarce, being
 

02:06.561 --> 02:09.191 align:start position:0%
biology, when food is scarce, being
small<00:04:49.199><c> is</c><00:04:49.440><c> an</c><00:04:49.680><c> advantage.</c><00:04:50.720><c> Smaller</c><00:04:51.199><c> bodies</c>

02:09.191 --> 02:09.201 align:start position:0%
small is an advantage. Smaller bodies
 

02:09.201 --> 02:12.310 align:start position:0%
small is an advantage. Smaller bodies
need<00:04:51.759><c> less</c><00:04:52.080><c> energy</c><00:04:52.400><c> to</c><00:04:52.720><c> survive.</c><00:04:54.160><c> But</c><00:04:54.400><c> in</c><00:04:54.560><c> the</c>

02:12.310 --> 02:12.320 align:start position:0%
need less energy to survive. But in the
 

02:12.320 --> 02:14.391 align:start position:0%
need less energy to survive. But in the
deep<00:04:54.880><c> ocean,</c><00:04:55.280><c> you</c><00:04:55.440><c> get</c><00:04:55.520><c> an</c><00:04:55.759><c> armored</c><00:04:56.320><c> giant</c>

02:14.391 --> 02:14.401 align:start position:0%
deep ocean, you get an armored giant
 

02:14.401 --> 02:16.471 align:start position:0%
deep ocean, you get an armored giant
that<00:04:56.960><c> treats</c><00:04:57.360><c> half</c><00:04:57.520><c> a</c><00:04:57.680><c> decade</c><00:04:58.000><c> without</c><00:04:58.320><c> a</c><00:04:58.479><c> meal</c>

02:16.471 --> 02:16.481 align:start position:0%
that treats half a decade without a meal
 

02:16.481 --> 02:18.951 align:start position:0%
that treats half a decade without a meal
as<00:04:59.040><c> a</c><00:04:59.280><c> minor</c><00:04:59.759><c> inconvenience.</c>

02:18.951 --> 02:18.961 align:start position:0%
as a minor inconvenience.
 

02:18.961 --> 02:22.150 align:start position:0%
as a minor inconvenience.
Down<00:05:01.600><c> here,</c><00:05:02.000><c> being</c><00:05:02.400><c> big</c><00:05:02.639><c> isn't</c><00:05:03.120><c> excess.</c><00:05:04.240><c> It's</c>

02:22.150 --> 02:22.160 align:start position:0%
Down here, being big isn't excess. It's
 

02:22.160 --> 02:23.671 align:start position:0%
Down here, being big isn't excess. It's
strategy.

02:23.671 --> 02:23.681 align:start position:0%
strategy.
 

02:23.681 --> 02:27.351 align:start position:0%
strategy.
The<00:05:06.160><c> deep</c><00:05:06.479><c> ocean</c><00:05:06.800><c> is</c><00:05:07.280><c> cold.</c><00:05:08.240><c> Below</c><00:05:08.560><c> 1,000</c><00:05:09.120><c> m,</c>

02:27.351 --> 02:27.361 align:start position:0%
The deep ocean is cold. Below 1,000 m,
 

02:27.361 --> 02:30.310 align:start position:0%
The deep ocean is cold. Below 1,000 m,
temperatures<00:05:10.080><c> hover</c><00:05:10.479><c> between</c><00:05:10.880><c> 2</c><00:05:11.120><c> and</c><00:05:11.440><c> 4°</c><00:05:12.080><c> C,</c>

02:30.310 --> 02:30.320 align:start position:0%
temperatures hover between 2 and 4° C,
 

02:30.320 --> 02:32.870 align:start position:0%
temperatures hover between 2 and 4° C,
just<00:05:12.960><c> above</c><00:05:13.360><c> freezing.</c><00:05:14.160><c> Now,</c><00:05:14.479><c> Barthenmus</c>

02:32.870 --> 02:32.880 align:start position:0%
just above freezing. Now, Barthenmus
 

02:32.880 --> 02:35.271 align:start position:0%
just above freezing. Now, Barthenmus
Vader<00:05:15.759><c> is</c><00:05:16.000><c> coldblooded,</c><00:05:17.039><c> and</c><00:05:17.280><c> you</c><00:05:17.440><c> would</c>

02:35.271 --> 02:35.281 align:start position:0%
Vader is coldblooded, and you would
 

02:35.281 --> 02:36.870 align:start position:0%
Vader is coldblooded, and you would
therefore<00:05:17.919><c> be</c><00:05:18.080><c> forgiven</c><00:05:18.479><c> for</c><00:05:18.639><c> assuming</c><00:05:19.039><c> that</c>

02:36.870 --> 02:36.880 align:start position:0%
therefore be forgiven for assuming that
 

02:36.880 --> 02:39.751 align:start position:0%
therefore be forgiven for assuming that
it<00:05:19.440><c> doesn't</c><00:05:19.680><c> generate</c><00:05:20.240><c> its</c><00:05:20.560><c> own</c><00:05:20.800><c> heat,</c><00:05:21.440><c> but</c><00:05:21.759><c> it</c>

02:39.751 --> 02:39.761 align:start position:0%
it doesn't generate its own heat, but it
 

02:39.761 --> 02:42.551 align:start position:0%
it doesn't generate its own heat, but it
does.<00:05:22.960><c> Even</c><00:05:23.440><c> coldblooded</c><00:05:24.160><c> animals</c><00:05:24.560><c> lose</c>

02:42.551 --> 02:42.561 align:start position:0%
does. Even coldblooded animals lose
 

02:42.561 --> 02:44.791 align:start position:0%
does. Even coldblooded animals lose
energy<00:05:25.199><c> to</c><00:05:25.440><c> their</c><00:05:25.600><c> environment.</c><00:05:26.639><c> Chemical</c>

02:44.791 --> 02:44.801 align:start position:0%
energy to their environment. Chemical
 

02:44.801 --> 02:46.951 align:start position:0%
energy to their environment. Chemical
reactions<00:05:27.520><c> in</c><00:05:27.840><c> cells</c><00:05:28.240><c> produce</c><00:05:28.639><c> heat</c><00:05:28.880><c> as</c><00:05:29.120><c> a</c>

02:46.951 --> 02:46.961 align:start position:0%
reactions in cells produce heat as a
 

02:46.961 --> 02:50.231 align:start position:0%
reactions in cells produce heat as a
byproduct.<00:05:30.320><c> And</c><00:05:30.479><c> in</c><00:05:30.800><c> cold</c><00:05:31.199><c> water,</c><00:05:31.840><c> a</c><00:05:32.160><c> larger</c>

02:50.231 --> 02:50.241 align:start position:0%
byproduct. And in cold water, a larger
 

02:50.241 --> 02:52.071 align:start position:0%
byproduct. And in cold water, a larger
body<00:05:32.960><c> retains</c><00:05:33.440><c> that</c><00:05:33.759><c> energy</c><00:05:34.160><c> more</c>

02:52.071 --> 02:52.081 align:start position:0%
body retains that energy more
 

02:52.081 --> 02:54.551 align:start position:0%
body retains that energy more
efficiently.<00:05:35.440><c> They</c><00:05:35.759><c> might</c><00:05:36.000><c> not</c><00:05:36.240><c> have</c><00:05:36.560><c> warm</c>

02:54.551 --> 02:54.561 align:start position:0%
efficiently. They might not have warm
 

02:54.561 --> 02:58.150 align:start position:0%
efficiently. They might not have warm
blood,<00:05:37.280><c> but</c><00:05:37.520><c> they</c><00:05:37.759><c> don't</c><00:05:38.000><c> want</c><00:05:38.240><c> to</c><00:05:38.479><c> freeze.</c>

02:58.150 --> 02:58.160 align:start position:0%
blood, but they don't want to freeze.
 

02:58.160 --> 03:00.471 align:start position:0%
blood, but they don't want to freeze.
This<00:05:40.720><c> idea</c><00:05:40.960><c> that</c><00:05:41.199><c> a</c><00:05:41.440><c> larger</c><00:05:41.759><c> body</c><00:05:42.160><c> stores</c><00:05:42.560><c> more</c>

03:00.471 --> 03:00.481 align:start position:0%
This idea that a larger body stores more
 

03:00.481 --> 03:02.631 align:start position:0%
This idea that a larger body stores more
energy<00:05:43.120><c> and</c><00:05:43.360><c> burns</c><00:05:43.680><c> it</c><00:05:43.840><c> more</c><00:05:44.080><c> slowly</c><00:05:44.560><c> is</c>

03:02.631 --> 03:02.641 align:start position:0%
energy and burns it more slowly is
 

03:02.641 --> 03:04.710 align:start position:0%
energy and burns it more slowly is
called<00:05:45.199><c> Bergman's</c><00:05:45.919><c> rule.</c><00:05:46.320><c> And</c><00:05:46.479><c> it</c><00:05:46.560><c> dates</c><00:05:46.880><c> back</c>

03:04.710 --> 03:04.720 align:start position:0%
called Bergman's rule. And it dates back
 

03:04.720 --> 03:07.831 align:start position:0%
called Bergman's rule. And it dates back
to<00:05:47.280><c> 1847</c><00:05:48.639><c> when</c><00:05:48.960><c> German</c><00:05:49.280><c> biologist</c><00:05:49.840><c> Carl</c>

03:07.831 --> 03:07.841 align:start position:0%
to 1847 when German biologist Carl
 

03:07.841 --> 03:10.150 align:start position:0%
to 1847 when German biologist Carl
Bergman<00:05:50.800><c> noticed</c><00:05:51.199><c> something</c><00:05:51.680><c> simple.</c>

03:10.150 --> 03:10.160 align:start position:0%
Bergman noticed something simple.
 

03:10.160 --> 03:12.870 align:start position:0%
Bergman noticed something simple.
Animals<00:05:52.880><c> in</c><00:05:53.199><c> colder</c><00:05:53.600><c> places</c><00:05:54.000><c> are</c><00:05:54.400><c> bigger.</c>

03:12.870 --> 03:12.880 align:start position:0%
Animals in colder places are bigger.
 

03:12.880 --> 03:15.590 align:start position:0%
Animals in colder places are bigger.
It's<00:05:55.440><c> about</c><00:05:55.680><c> the</c><00:05:55.919><c> ratio</c><00:05:56.240><c> of</c><00:05:56.639><c> surface</c><00:05:57.039><c> area</c><00:05:57.520><c> to</c>

03:15.590 --> 03:15.600 align:start position:0%
It's about the ratio of surface area to
 

03:15.600 --> 03:17.751 align:start position:0%
It's about the ratio of surface area to
volume.<00:05:58.800><c> Let's</c><00:05:59.120><c> break</c><00:05:59.280><c> this</c><00:05:59.440><c> down</c><00:05:59.680><c> for</c><00:05:59.919><c> a</c>

03:17.751 --> 03:17.761 align:start position:0%
volume. Let's break this down for a
 

03:17.761 --> 03:21.191 align:start position:0%
volume. Let's break this down for a
second.<00:06:00.560><c> So,</c><00:06:00.800><c> a</c><00:06:01.039><c> cube</c><00:06:01.360><c> with</c><00:06:01.600><c> size</c><00:06:01.919><c> of</c><00:06:02.160><c> 1</c><00:06:02.479><c> cm</c><00:06:03.120><c> has</c>

03:21.191 --> 03:21.201 align:start position:0%
second. So, a cube with size of 1 cm has
 

03:21.201 --> 03:25.111 align:start position:0%
second. So, a cube with size of 1 cm has
6<00:06:03.759><c> cm</c><00:06:04.479><c> squared</c><00:06:04.880><c> of</c><00:06:05.120><c> surface</c><00:06:05.600><c> area.</c><00:06:06.319><c> And</c><00:06:06.560><c> 1</c><00:06:06.880><c> cm</c>

03:25.111 --> 03:25.121 align:start position:0%
6 cm squared of surface area. And 1 cm
 

03:25.121 --> 03:28.791 align:start position:0%
6 cm squared of surface area. And 1 cm
cubed<00:06:08.000><c> of</c><00:06:08.400><c> volume.</c><00:06:09.360><c> Make</c><00:06:09.600><c> it</c><00:06:09.840><c> 2</c><00:06:10.160><c> cm</c><00:06:10.720><c> on</c><00:06:10.880><c> each</c>

03:28.791 --> 03:28.801 align:start position:0%
cubed of volume. Make it 2 cm on each
 

03:28.801 --> 03:31.351 align:start position:0%
cubed of volume. Make it 2 cm on each
side.<00:06:11.680><c> The</c><00:06:11.840><c> volume</c><00:06:12.160><c> goes</c><00:06:12.400><c> up</c><00:06:12.720><c> eight</c><00:06:13.039><c> times.</c>

03:31.351 --> 03:31.361 align:start position:0%
side. The volume goes up eight times.
 

03:31.361 --> 03:34.071 align:start position:0%
side. The volume goes up eight times.
But<00:06:13.840><c> the</c><00:06:14.160><c> surface</c><00:06:14.560><c> area</c><00:06:15.199><c> only</c><00:06:15.520><c> goes</c><00:06:15.759><c> up</c><00:06:16.080><c> four</c>

03:34.071 --> 03:34.081 align:start position:0%
But the surface area only goes up four
 

03:34.081 --> 03:36.951 align:start position:0%
But the surface area only goes up four
times.<00:06:17.120><c> The</c><00:06:17.440><c> bigger</c><00:06:17.759><c> you</c><00:06:18.000><c> get,</c><00:06:18.639><c> the</c><00:06:18.880><c> more</c>

03:36.951 --> 03:36.961 align:start position:0%
times. The bigger you get, the more
 

03:36.961 --> 03:39.511 align:start position:0%
times. The bigger you get, the more
inside<00:06:19.919><c> you</c><00:06:20.240><c> have</c><00:06:20.800><c> relative</c><00:06:21.199><c> to</c><00:06:21.440><c> your</c>

03:39.511 --> 03:39.521 align:start position:0%
inside you have relative to your
 

03:39.521 --> 03:42.951 align:start position:0%
inside you have relative to your
outside.<00:06:23.039><c> Barthonomous's</c><00:06:23.919><c> giant</c><00:06:24.400><c> body</c><00:06:24.880><c> holds</c>

03:42.951 --> 03:42.961 align:start position:0%
outside. Barthonomous's giant body holds
 

03:42.961 --> 03:44.631 align:start position:0%
outside. Barthonomous's giant body holds
more<00:06:25.520><c> energy</c><00:06:25.840><c> than</c><00:06:26.000><c> a</c><00:06:26.240><c> small</c><00:06:26.400><c> one.</c><00:06:26.720><c> But</c>

03:44.631 --> 03:44.641 align:start position:0%
more energy than a small one. But
 

03:44.641 --> 03:47.271 align:start position:0%
more energy than a small one. But
crucially,<00:06:27.919><c> it</c><00:06:28.160><c> burns</c><00:06:28.560><c> through</c><00:06:28.800><c> that</c><00:06:29.039><c> energy</c>

03:47.271 --> 03:47.281 align:start position:0%
crucially, it burns through that energy
 

03:47.281 --> 03:50.791 align:start position:0%
crucially, it burns through that energy
far<00:06:29.919><c> more</c><00:06:30.319><c> slowly.</c><00:06:31.600><c> Less</c><00:06:32.080><c> surface</c><00:06:32.639><c> area</c>

03:50.791 --> 03:50.801 align:start position:0%
far more slowly. Less surface area
 

03:50.801 --> 03:53.031 align:start position:0%
far more slowly. Less surface area
relative<00:06:33.440><c> to</c><00:06:33.600><c> its</c><00:06:33.919><c> mass</c><00:06:34.319><c> means</c><00:06:34.639><c> less</c><00:06:34.960><c> heat</c>

03:53.031 --> 03:53.041 align:start position:0%
relative to its mass means less heat
 

03:53.041 --> 03:55.271 align:start position:0%
relative to its mass means less heat
escapes,<00:06:36.080><c> which</c><00:06:36.319><c> means</c><00:06:36.560><c> its</c><00:06:36.800><c> metabolism</c><00:06:37.360><c> can</c>

03:55.271 --> 03:55.281 align:start position:0%
escapes, which means its metabolism can
 

03:55.281 --> 03:58.231 align:start position:0%
escapes, which means its metabolism can
drop<00:06:37.759><c> to</c><00:06:38.000><c> almost</c><00:06:38.400><c> nothing</c><00:06:38.880><c> and</c><00:06:39.280><c> stay</c><00:06:39.600><c> there.</c>

03:58.231 --> 03:58.241 align:start position:0%
drop to almost nothing and stay there.
 

03:58.241 --> 04:00.870 align:start position:0%
drop to almost nothing and stay there.
It's<00:06:40.880><c> not</c><00:06:41.120><c> waiting</c><00:06:41.520><c> for</c><00:06:41.759><c> food.</c><00:06:42.560><c> It's</c><00:06:42.800><c> barely</c>

04:00.870 --> 04:00.880 align:start position:0%
It's not waiting for food. It's barely
 

04:00.880 --> 04:04.231 align:start position:0%
It's not waiting for food. It's barely
noticing<00:06:43.840><c> food</c><00:06:44.240><c> is</c><00:06:44.479><c> gone.</c><00:06:45.440><c> This</c><00:06:45.680><c> explains</c><00:06:46.160><c> why</c>

04:04.231 --> 04:04.241 align:start position:0%
noticing food is gone. This explains why
 

04:04.241 --> 04:07.111 align:start position:0%
noticing food is gone. This explains why
this<00:06:46.880><c> creature</c><00:06:47.280><c> has</c><00:06:47.600><c> grown</c><00:06:48.080><c> so</c><00:06:48.400><c> large</c><00:06:48.800><c> on</c><00:06:49.120><c> such</c>

04:07.111 --> 04:07.121 align:start position:0%
this creature has grown so large on such
 

04:07.121 --> 04:10.231 align:start position:0%
this creature has grown so large on such
little<00:06:49.840><c> food.</c><00:06:51.280><c> But</c><00:06:51.440><c> a</c><00:06:51.680><c> big</c><00:06:51.919><c> question</c><00:06:52.240><c> still</c>

04:10.231 --> 04:10.241 align:start position:0%
little food. But a big question still
 

04:10.241 --> 04:12.551 align:start position:0%
little food. But a big question still
remains<00:06:52.880><c> about</c><00:06:53.280><c> how</c><00:06:53.680><c> they</c><00:06:54.000><c> evolved</c><00:06:54.400><c> to</c><00:06:54.720><c> be</c>

04:12.551 --> 04:12.561 align:start position:0%
remains about how they evolved to be
 

04:12.561 --> 04:15.111 align:start position:0%
remains about how they evolved to be
like<00:06:55.199><c> this.</c><00:06:56.160><c> And</c><00:06:56.319><c> it</c><00:06:56.560><c> turns</c><00:06:56.800><c> out</c><00:06:56.960><c> the</c><00:06:57.199><c> answer</c>

04:15.111 --> 04:15.121 align:start position:0%
like this. And it turns out the answer
 

04:15.121 --> 04:17.351 align:start position:0%
like this. And it turns out the answer
lies<00:06:57.759><c> even</c><00:06:58.080><c> deeper</c><00:06:58.479><c> into</c><00:06:58.720><c> the</c><00:06:58.960><c> ocean</c><00:06:59.199><c> with</c><00:06:59.440><c> an</c>

04:17.351 --> 04:17.361 align:start position:0%
lies even deeper into the ocean with an
 

04:17.361 --> 04:20.150 align:start position:0%
lies even deeper into the ocean with an
even<00:07:00.000><c> bigger</c><00:07:00.560><c> monster.</c><00:07:01.680><c> So</c><00:07:01.919><c> extreme</c><00:07:02.240><c> that</c>

04:20.150 --> 04:20.160 align:start position:0%
even bigger monster. So extreme that
 

04:20.160 --> 04:22.791 align:start position:0%
even bigger monster. So extreme that
when<00:07:02.720><c> scientists</c><00:07:03.280><c> sequence</c><00:07:03.680><c> its</c><00:07:03.919><c> DNA,</c><00:07:04.880><c> they</c>

04:22.791 --> 04:22.801 align:start position:0%
when scientists sequence its DNA, they
 

04:22.801 --> 04:26.710 align:start position:0%
when scientists sequence its DNA, they
had<00:07:05.280><c> to</c><00:07:05.360><c> check</c><00:07:05.520><c> the</c><00:07:05.759><c> results</c><00:07:06.160><c> twice.</c>

04:26.710 --> 04:26.720 align:start position:0%
had to check the results twice.
 

04:26.720 --> 04:28.310 align:start position:0%
had to check the results twice.
You'll<00:07:09.280><c> know</c><00:07:09.440><c> already</c><00:07:09.759><c> about</c><00:07:09.919><c> the</c><00:07:10.080><c> Mariana</c>

04:28.310 --> 04:28.320 align:start position:0%
You'll know already about the Mariana
 

04:28.320 --> 04:30.391 align:start position:0%
You'll know already about the Mariana
Trench.<00:07:10.960><c> In</c><00:07:11.039><c> fact,</c><00:07:11.120><c> we</c><00:07:11.280><c> made</c><00:07:11.440><c> a</c><00:07:11.599><c> video</c><00:07:11.840><c> on</c><00:07:12.080><c> it.</c>

04:30.391 --> 04:30.401 align:start position:0%
Trench. In fact, we made a video on it.
 

04:30.401 --> 04:32.710 align:start position:0%
Trench. In fact, we made a video on it.
In<00:07:12.960><c> this</c><00:07:13.199><c> place,</c><00:07:13.759><c> 7</c><00:07:14.080><c> kilometers</c><00:07:14.639><c> under</c><00:07:14.880><c> the</c>

04:32.710 --> 04:32.720 align:start position:0%
In this place, 7 kilometers under the
 

04:32.720 --> 04:34.951 align:start position:0%
In this place, 7 kilometers under the
ocean's<00:07:15.440><c> surface,</c><00:07:16.160><c> so</c><00:07:16.479><c> dark</c><00:07:16.720><c> and</c><00:07:16.880><c> crushing</c>

04:34.951 --> 04:34.961 align:start position:0%
ocean's surface, so dark and crushing
 

04:34.961 --> 04:37.031 align:start position:0%
ocean's surface, so dark and crushing
we've<00:07:17.599><c> barely</c><00:07:17.919><c> visited</c><00:07:18.319><c> it,</c><00:07:18.800><c> scientists</c>

04:37.031 --> 04:37.041 align:start position:0%
we've barely visited it, scientists
 

04:37.041 --> 04:41.270 align:start position:0%
we've barely visited it, scientists
found<00:07:19.680><c> a</c><00:07:20.160><c> super</c><00:07:20.560><c> giant.</c><00:07:21.840><c> Alichella</c><00:07:22.720><c> Gigante</c>

04:41.270 --> 04:41.280 align:start position:0%
found a super giant. Alichella Gigante
 

04:41.280 --> 04:46.150 align:start position:0%
found a super giant. Alichella Gigante
is<00:07:23.840><c> the</c><00:07:24.080><c> world's</c><00:07:24.560><c> largest</c><00:07:25.199><c> amphipod</c><00:07:26.400><c> at</c><00:07:26.800><c> 34</c><00:07:27.759><c> cm</c>

04:46.150 --> 04:46.160 align:start position:0%
is the world's largest amphipod at 34 cm
 

04:46.160 --> 04:48.631 align:start position:0%
is the world's largest amphipod at 34 cm
long.<00:07:29.120><c> Now,</c><00:07:29.360><c> that</c><00:07:29.599><c> might</c><00:07:29.840><c> not</c><00:07:30.000><c> sound</c><00:07:30.319><c> enormous</c>

04:48.631 --> 04:48.641 align:start position:0%
long. Now, that might not sound enormous
 

04:48.641 --> 04:50.551 align:start position:0%
long. Now, that might not sound enormous
until<00:07:31.360><c> you</c><00:07:31.520><c> realize</c><00:07:31.840><c> it</c><00:07:32.080><c> shallow</c><00:07:32.479><c> water</c>

04:50.551 --> 04:50.561 align:start position:0%
until you realize it shallow water
 

04:50.561 --> 04:53.351 align:start position:0%
until you realize it shallow water
equivalent<00:07:33.840><c> is</c><00:07:34.080><c> the</c><00:07:34.319><c> size</c><00:07:34.560><c> of</c><00:07:34.800><c> a</c><00:07:34.960><c> grain</c><00:07:35.360><c> of</c>

04:53.351 --> 04:53.361 align:start position:0%
equivalent is the size of a grain of
 

04:53.361 --> 04:56.791 align:start position:0%
equivalent is the size of a grain of
rice.<00:07:36.800><c> This</c><00:07:37.039><c> deep</c><00:07:37.360><c> sea</c><00:07:37.680><c> beast</c><00:07:38.000><c> is</c><00:07:38.160><c> actually</c><00:07:38.639><c> 50</c>

04:56.791 --> 04:56.801 align:start position:0%
rice. This deep sea beast is actually 50
 

04:56.801 --> 04:59.751 align:start position:0%
rice. This deep sea beast is actually 50
times<00:07:39.599><c> the</c><00:07:40.000><c> size</c><00:07:40.240><c> of</c><00:07:40.479><c> its</c><00:07:40.880><c> cousins.</c><00:07:41.680><c> It's</c><00:07:41.919><c> the</c>

04:59.751 --> 04:59.761 align:start position:0%
times the size of its cousins. It's the
 

04:59.761 --> 05:01.831 align:start position:0%
times the size of its cousins. It's the
equivalent<00:07:42.400><c> of</c><00:07:42.479><c> a</c><00:07:42.720><c> can</c><00:07:42.960><c> of</c><00:07:43.120><c> beer</c><00:07:43.520><c> scaled</c><00:07:43.919><c> up</c><00:07:44.000><c> to</c>

05:01.831 --> 05:01.841 align:start position:0%
equivalent of a can of beer scaled up to
 

05:01.841 --> 05:04.791 align:start position:0%
equivalent of a can of beer scaled up to
the<00:07:44.319><c> size</c><00:07:44.479><c> of</c><00:07:44.639><c> a</c><00:07:44.880><c> T-Rex.</c><00:07:46.240><c> Allied</c><00:07:46.639><c> cello</c><00:07:46.960><c> is</c>

05:04.791 --> 05:04.801 align:start position:0%
the size of a T-Rex. Allied cello is
 

05:04.801 --> 05:05.911 align:start position:0%
the size of a T-Rex. Allied cello is
built<00:07:47.280><c> to</c><00:07:47.360><c> live</c><00:07:47.520><c> in</c><00:07:47.680><c> what's</c><00:07:47.919><c> called</c><00:07:48.080><c> the</c>

05:05.911 --> 05:05.921 align:start position:0%
built to live in what's called the
 

05:05.921 --> 05:08.791 align:start position:0%
built to live in what's called the
aphotic<00:07:48.960><c> zone</c><00:07:49.520><c> below</c><00:07:50.000><c> a</c><00:07:50.000><c> thousand</c><00:07:50.479><c> m</c><00:07:50.880><c> where</c>

05:08.791 --> 05:08.801 align:start position:0%
aphotic zone below a thousand m where
 

05:08.801 --> 05:11.191 align:start position:0%
aphotic zone below a thousand m where
less<00:07:51.360><c> than</c><00:07:51.520><c> 1%</c><00:07:52.080><c> of</c><00:07:52.400><c> sunlight</c><00:07:52.960><c> makes</c><00:07:53.280><c> it</c>

05:11.191 --> 05:11.201 align:start position:0%
less than 1% of sunlight makes it
 

05:11.201 --> 05:12.791 align:start position:0%
less than 1% of sunlight makes it
through.

05:12.791 --> 05:12.801 align:start position:0%
through.
 

05:12.801 --> 05:15.351 align:start position:0%
through.
Most<00:07:55.520><c> deep</c><00:07:55.759><c> sea</c><00:07:56.000><c> anthropods</c><00:07:56.560><c> here</c><00:07:56.720><c> are</c><00:07:57.039><c> red</c><00:07:57.360><c> or</c>

05:15.351 --> 05:15.361 align:start position:0%
Most deep sea anthropods here are red or
 

05:15.361 --> 05:17.111 align:start position:0%
Most deep sea anthropods here are red or
orange<00:07:58.080><c> and</c><00:07:58.319><c> there's</c><00:07:58.479><c> a</c><00:07:58.639><c> really</c><00:07:58.879><c> good</c><00:07:59.120><c> reason</c>

05:17.111 --> 05:17.121 align:start position:0%
orange and there's a really good reason
 

05:17.121 --> 05:20.310 align:start position:0%
orange and there's a really good reason
for<00:07:59.680><c> that.</c><00:08:00.479><c> Camouflage.</c><00:08:01.680><c> Red</c><00:08:01.919><c> light</c><00:08:02.240><c> has</c><00:08:02.400><c> a</c>

05:20.310 --> 05:20.320 align:start position:0%
for that. Camouflage. Red light has a
 

05:20.320 --> 05:22.071 align:start position:0%
for that. Camouflage. Red light has a
longer<00:08:02.960><c> wavelength</c><00:08:03.599><c> compared</c><00:08:04.000><c> to</c><00:08:04.160><c> other</c>

05:22.071 --> 05:22.081 align:start position:0%
longer wavelength compared to other
 

05:22.081 --> 05:23.990 align:start position:0%
longer wavelength compared to other
colors<00:08:04.960><c> and</c><00:08:05.199><c> is</c><00:08:05.360><c> usually</c><00:08:05.680><c> absorbed</c><00:08:06.080><c> within</c>

05:23.990 --> 05:24.000 align:start position:0%
colors and is usually absorbed within
 

05:24.000 --> 05:26.870 align:start position:0%
colors and is usually absorbed within
the<00:08:06.479><c> first</c><00:08:06.720><c> 100</c><00:08:07.039><c> m</c><00:08:07.360><c> or</c><00:08:07.599><c> so</c><00:08:07.759><c> of</c><00:08:08.000><c> the</c><00:08:08.160><c> ocean.</c><00:08:08.720><c> So</c>

05:26.870 --> 05:26.880 align:start position:0%
the first 100 m or so of the ocean. So
 

05:26.880 --> 05:28.791 align:start position:0%
the first 100 m or so of the ocean. So
essentially,<00:08:09.599><c> no</c><00:08:09.919><c> red</c><00:08:10.240><c> light</c><00:08:10.560><c> makes</c><00:08:10.879><c> it</c><00:08:11.039><c> to</c>

05:28.791 --> 05:28.801 align:start position:0%
essentially, no red light makes it to
 

05:28.801 --> 05:31.430 align:start position:0%
essentially, no red light makes it to
the<00:08:11.280><c> aphotic</c><00:08:11.840><c> zone.</c><00:08:12.639><c> Here,</c><00:08:13.039><c> red</c><00:08:13.360><c> animals</c>

05:31.430 --> 05:31.440 align:start position:0%
the aphotic zone. Here, red animals
 

05:31.440 --> 05:33.751 align:start position:0%
the aphotic zone. Here, red animals
appear<00:08:14.160><c> completely</c><00:08:14.720><c> black.</c><00:08:15.199><c> The</c><00:08:15.520><c> perfect</c>

05:33.751 --> 05:33.761 align:start position:0%
appear completely black. The perfect
 

05:33.761 --> 05:37.430 align:start position:0%
appear completely black. The perfect
disguise.<00:08:17.280><c> But</c><00:08:17.440><c> Alicella</c><00:08:18.240><c> isn't</c><00:08:18.720><c> red.</c><00:08:19.520><c> It's</c>

05:37.430 --> 05:37.440 align:start position:0%
disguise. But Alicella isn't red. It's
 

05:37.440 --> 05:40.870 align:start position:0%
disguise. But Alicella isn't red. It's
almost<00:08:20.080><c> a</c><00:08:20.319><c> translucent</c><00:08:21.360><c> white.</c><00:08:22.479><c> Why?</c><00:08:22.960><c> Well,</c>

05:40.870 --> 05:40.880 align:start position:0%
almost a translucent white. Why? Well,
 

05:40.880 --> 05:42.550 align:start position:0%
almost a translucent white. Why? Well,
down<00:08:23.440><c> here,</c><00:08:23.680><c> it</c><00:08:23.919><c> has</c><00:08:24.080><c> virtually</c><00:08:24.560><c> no</c>

05:42.550 --> 05:42.560 align:start position:0%
down here, it has virtually no
 

05:42.560 --> 05:45.351 align:start position:0%
down here, it has virtually no
predators.<00:08:26.000><c> It's</c><00:08:26.319><c> too</c><00:08:26.560><c> big</c><00:08:26.879><c> and</c><00:08:27.039><c> its</c><00:08:27.280><c> armored</c>

05:45.351 --> 05:45.361 align:start position:0%
predators. It's too big and its armored
 

05:45.361 --> 05:47.511 align:start position:0%
predators. It's too big and its armored
exterior<00:08:28.240><c> too</c><00:08:28.479><c> tough</c><00:08:29.039><c> to</c><00:08:29.280><c> make</c><00:08:29.440><c> it</c><00:08:29.599><c> a</c>

05:47.511 --> 05:47.521 align:start position:0%
exterior too tough to make it a
 

05:47.521 --> 05:49.751 align:start position:0%
exterior too tough to make it a
worthwhile<00:08:30.479><c> meal</c><00:08:30.800><c> for</c><00:08:31.039><c> other</c><00:08:31.280><c> inhabitants</c><00:08:31.919><c> of</c>

05:49.751 --> 05:49.761 align:start position:0%
worthwhile meal for other inhabitants of
 

05:49.761 --> 05:51.510 align:start position:0%
worthwhile meal for other inhabitants of
the<00:08:32.320><c> deep.</c><00:08:33.039><c> The</c><00:08:33.200><c> fact</c><00:08:33.360><c> that</c><00:08:33.519><c> it's</c><00:08:33.680><c> not</c>

05:51.510 --> 05:51.520 align:start position:0%
the deep. The fact that it's not
 

05:51.520 --> 05:53.590 align:start position:0%
the deep. The fact that it's not
camouflage<00:08:34.560><c> also</c><00:08:34.880><c> suggests</c><00:08:35.279><c> that</c><00:08:35.519><c> visual</c>

05:53.590 --> 05:53.600 align:start position:0%
camouflage also suggests that visual
 

05:53.600 --> 05:56.551 align:start position:0%
camouflage also suggests that visual
hunting<00:08:36.399><c> isn't</c><00:08:36.719><c> a</c><00:08:36.880><c> big</c><00:08:37.120><c> thing</c><00:08:37.440><c> at</c><00:08:37.760><c> this</c><00:08:38.080><c> depth.</c>

05:56.551 --> 05:56.561 align:start position:0%
hunting isn't a big thing at this depth.
 

05:56.561 --> 05:59.830 align:start position:0%
hunting isn't a big thing at this depth.
In<00:08:39.200><c> other</c><00:08:39.440><c> words,</c><00:08:40.080><c> it</c><00:08:40.479><c> doesn't</c><00:08:40.800><c> need</c><00:08:41.039><c> to</c><00:08:41.279><c> hide.</c>

05:59.830 --> 05:59.840 align:start position:0%
In other words, it doesn't need to hide.
 

05:59.840 --> 06:01.671 align:start position:0%
In other words, it doesn't need to hide.
Now,<00:08:42.320><c> as</c><00:08:42.560><c> interesting</c><00:08:42.800><c> as</c><00:08:43.200><c> all</c><00:08:43.360><c> of</c><00:08:43.519><c> that</c><00:08:43.680><c> was,</c>

06:01.671 --> 06:01.681 align:start position:0%
Now, as interesting as all of that was,
 

06:01.681 --> 06:03.831 align:start position:0%
Now, as interesting as all of that was,
it<00:08:44.240><c> doesn't</c><00:08:44.399><c> tell</c><00:08:44.560><c> us</c><00:08:44.800><c> how</c><00:08:45.200><c> this</c><00:08:45.519><c> thing</c><00:08:45.839><c> became</c>

06:03.831 --> 06:03.841 align:start position:0%
it doesn't tell us how this thing became
 

06:03.841 --> 06:06.391 align:start position:0%
it doesn't tell us how this thing became
a<00:08:46.399><c> giant.</c><00:08:47.440><c> This</c><00:08:47.760><c> was</c><00:08:47.920><c> something</c><00:08:48.240><c> scientists</c>

06:06.391 --> 06:06.401 align:start position:0%
a giant. This was something scientists
 

06:06.401 --> 06:08.791 align:start position:0%
a giant. This was something scientists
only<00:08:48.959><c> discovered</c><00:08:49.360><c> in</c><00:08:49.680><c> 2019</c><00:08:50.640><c> when</c><00:08:50.880><c> they</c>

06:08.791 --> 06:08.801 align:start position:0%
only discovered in 2019 when they
 

06:08.801 --> 06:11.510 align:start position:0%
only discovered in 2019 when they
sequenced<00:08:51.680><c> its</c><00:08:52.000><c> genome.</c><00:08:52.959><c> Every</c><00:08:53.279><c> living</c><00:08:53.600><c> thing</c>

06:11.510 --> 06:11.520 align:start position:0%
sequenced its genome. Every living thing
 

06:11.520 --> 06:13.591 align:start position:0%
sequenced its genome. Every living thing
runs<00:08:54.160><c> on</c><00:08:54.399><c> a</c><00:08:54.560><c> genome.</c><00:08:55.040><c> It's</c><00:08:55.200><c> like</c><00:08:55.360><c> a</c><00:08:55.519><c> master</c>

06:13.591 --> 06:13.601 align:start position:0%
runs on a genome. It's like a master
 

06:13.601 --> 06:15.751 align:start position:0%
runs on a genome. It's like a master
instruction<00:08:56.480><c> manual.</c><00:08:56.959><c> Humans,</c><00:08:57.440><c> mice,</c><00:08:57.760><c> dogs.</c>

06:15.751 --> 06:15.761 align:start position:0%
instruction manual. Humans, mice, dogs.
 

06:15.761 --> 06:17.591 align:start position:0%
instruction manual. Humans, mice, dogs.
Virtually<00:08:58.480><c> all</c><00:08:58.720><c> creatures</c><00:08:59.120><c> have</c><00:08:59.360><c> roughly</c><00:08:59.680><c> the</c>

06:17.591 --> 06:17.601 align:start position:0%
Virtually all creatures have roughly the
 

06:17.601 --> 06:19.190 align:start position:0%
Virtually all creatures have roughly the
same<00:09:00.080><c> number</c><00:09:00.320><c> of</c><00:09:00.480><c> genes,</c><00:09:00.880><c> somewhere</c><00:09:01.200><c> around</c>

06:19.190 --> 06:19.200 align:start position:0%
same number of genes, somewhere around
 

06:19.200 --> 06:20.871 align:start position:0%
same number of genes, somewhere around
20,000.

06:20.871 --> 06:20.881 align:start position:0%
20,000.
 

06:20.881 --> 06:22.950 align:start position:0%
20,000.
When<00:09:03.519><c> researchers</c><00:09:04.240><c> measure</c><00:09:04.480><c> the</c><00:09:04.720><c> nuclear</c>

06:22.950 --> 06:22.960 align:start position:0%
When researchers measure the nuclear
 

06:22.960 --> 06:26.791 align:start position:0%
When researchers measure the nuclear
genome<00:09:05.680><c> sizes</c><00:09:06.080><c> of</c><00:09:06.480><c> 13</c><00:09:07.200><c> deep</c><00:09:07.440><c> sea</c><00:09:07.760><c> amphipods,</c>

06:26.791 --> 06:26.801 align:start position:0%
genome sizes of 13 deep sea amphipods,
 

06:26.801 --> 06:29.031 align:start position:0%
genome sizes of 13 deep sea amphipods,
Alichellas<00:09:09.920><c> dwarfed</c><00:09:10.480><c> everything</c><00:09:10.800><c> else</c><00:09:11.040><c> in</c>

06:29.031 --> 06:29.041 align:start position:0%
Alichellas dwarfed everything else in
 

06:29.041 --> 06:33.271 align:start position:0%
Alichellas dwarfed everything else in
the<00:09:11.600><c> study</c><00:09:12.080><c> by</c><00:09:12.320><c> a</c><00:09:12.560><c> factor</c><00:09:13.200><c> of</c><00:09:13.519><c> nearly</c><00:09:14.160><c> nine.</c><00:09:15.120><c> At</c>

06:33.271 --> 06:33.281 align:start position:0%
the study by a factor of nearly nine. At
 

06:33.281 --> 06:36.231 align:start position:0%
the study by a factor of nearly nine. At
34<00:09:16.320><c> gigabases,</c><00:09:17.120><c> it</c><00:09:17.360><c> is</c><00:09:17.519><c> one</c><00:09:17.680><c> of</c><00:09:17.760><c> the</c><00:09:18.080><c> largest</c>

06:36.231 --> 06:36.241 align:start position:0%
34 gigabases, it is one of the largest
 

06:36.241 --> 06:39.190 align:start position:0%
34 gigabases, it is one of the largest
crustation<00:09:19.200><c> genomes</c><00:09:19.760><c> ever</c><00:09:20.160><c> recorded.</c><00:09:21.200><c> And</c>

06:39.190 --> 06:39.200 align:start position:0%
crustation genomes ever recorded. And
 

06:39.200 --> 06:41.510 align:start position:0%
crustation genomes ever recorded. And
crucially<00:09:22.080><c> in</c><00:09:22.320><c> this</c><00:09:22.560><c> case,</c><00:09:23.120><c> the</c><00:09:23.360><c> animals</c><00:09:23.680><c> with</c>

06:41.510 --> 06:41.520 align:start position:0%
crucially in this case, the animals with
 

06:41.520 --> 06:43.431 align:start position:0%
crucially in this case, the animals with
the<00:09:24.000><c> biggest</c><00:09:24.320><c> genomes</c><00:09:24.880><c> had</c><00:09:25.120><c> the</c><00:09:25.279><c> biggest</c>

06:43.431 --> 06:43.441 align:start position:0%
the biggest genomes had the biggest
 

06:43.441 --> 06:46.231 align:start position:0%
the biggest genomes had the biggest
bodies.<00:09:26.800><c> Size</c><00:09:27.279><c> is</c><00:09:27.600><c> written</c><00:09:28.000><c> into</c><00:09:28.320><c> the</c>

06:46.231 --> 06:46.241 align:start position:0%
bodies. Size is written into the
 

06:46.241 --> 06:48.630 align:start position:0%
bodies. Size is written into the
blueprint<00:09:29.200><c> before</c><00:09:29.519><c> the</c><00:09:29.839><c> animal</c><00:09:30.240><c> even</c><00:09:30.560><c> begins</c>

06:48.630 --> 06:48.640 align:start position:0%
blueprint before the animal even begins
 

06:48.640 --> 06:53.271 align:start position:0%
blueprint before the animal even begins
to<00:09:31.200><c> grow.</c><00:09:32.240><c> Then</c><00:09:32.560><c> in</c><00:09:32.800><c> 2021,</c><00:09:34.160><c> researcher</c><00:09:34.720><c> Wenhi</c>

06:53.271 --> 06:53.281 align:start position:0%
to grow. Then in 2021, researcher Wenhi
 

06:53.281 --> 06:55.351 align:start position:0%
to grow. Then in 2021, researcher Wenhi
and<00:09:35.839><c> his</c><00:09:36.160><c> team</c><00:09:36.320><c> at</c><00:09:36.640><c> Shanghai</c><00:09:37.279><c> Ocean</c>

06:55.351 --> 06:55.361 align:start position:0%
and his team at Shanghai Ocean
 

06:55.361 --> 06:57.751 align:start position:0%
and his team at Shanghai Ocean
University<00:09:38.399><c> went</c><00:09:38.720><c> deeper.</c><00:09:39.519><c> They</c><00:09:39.839><c> compared</c>

06:57.751 --> 06:57.761 align:start position:0%
University went deeper. They compared
 

06:57.761 --> 07:00.791 align:start position:0%
University went deeper. They compared
the<00:09:40.320><c> transcripttos</c><00:09:41.200><c> of</c><00:09:41.440><c> Aliella</c><00:09:42.320><c> against</c><00:09:42.800><c> a</c>

07:00.791 --> 07:00.801 align:start position:0%
the transcripttos of Aliella against a
 

07:00.801 --> 07:03.911 align:start position:0%
the transcripttos of Aliella against a
much<00:09:43.440><c> smaller</c><00:09:44.160><c> Hel</c><00:09:44.800><c> relative</c><00:09:45.519><c> and</c><00:09:45.839><c> found</c>

07:03.911 --> 07:03.921 align:start position:0%
much smaller Hel relative and found
 

07:03.921 --> 07:06.311 align:start position:0%
much smaller Hel relative and found
something<00:09:46.720><c> striking.</c><00:09:47.920><c> If</c><00:09:48.080><c> you</c><00:09:48.240><c> needed</c><00:09:48.480><c> a</c>

07:06.311 --> 07:06.321 align:start position:0%
something striking. If you needed a
 

07:06.321 --> 07:08.471 align:start position:0%
something striking. If you needed a
quick<00:09:48.800><c> refresh</c><00:09:49.200><c> on</c><00:09:49.519><c> transcripttos,</c><00:09:50.480><c> by</c><00:09:50.640><c> the</c>

07:08.471 --> 07:08.481 align:start position:0%
quick refresh on transcripttos, by the
 

07:08.481 --> 07:10.311 align:start position:0%
quick refresh on transcripttos, by the
way,<00:09:50.959><c> here's</c><00:09:51.279><c> how</c><00:09:51.440><c> I</c><00:09:51.600><c> think</c><00:09:51.760><c> of</c><00:09:51.920><c> them.</c><00:09:52.160><c> So,</c><00:09:52.399><c> the</c>

07:10.311 --> 07:10.321 align:start position:0%
way, here's how I think of them. So, the
 

07:10.321 --> 07:13.111 align:start position:0%
way, here's how I think of them. So, the
genome<00:09:53.120><c> in</c><00:09:53.360><c> my</c><00:09:53.519><c> head</c><00:09:53.760><c> is</c><00:09:53.920><c> sort</c><00:09:54.160><c> of</c><00:09:54.240><c> a</c><00:09:54.560><c> library</c>

07:13.111 --> 07:13.121 align:start position:0%
genome in my head is sort of a library
 

07:13.121 --> 07:15.510 align:start position:0%
genome in my head is sort of a library
of<00:09:55.760><c> every</c><00:09:56.160><c> book</c><00:09:56.560><c> ever</c><00:09:56.880><c> written.</c><00:09:57.440><c> And</c><00:09:57.600><c> the</c>

07:15.510 --> 07:15.520 align:start position:0%
of every book ever written. And the
 

07:15.520 --> 07:17.911 align:start position:0%
of every book ever written. And the
transcripttos<00:09:58.800><c> are</c><00:09:58.959><c> the</c><00:09:59.120><c> sort</c><00:09:59.279><c> of</c><00:09:59.440><c> list</c><00:09:59.839><c> of</c>

07:17.911 --> 07:17.921 align:start position:0%
transcripttos are the sort of list of
 

07:17.921 --> 07:20.231 align:start position:0%
transcripttos are the sort of list of
books<00:10:00.720><c> currently</c><00:10:01.200><c> open</c><00:10:01.760><c> on</c><00:10:02.080><c> the</c><00:10:02.240><c> reading</c>

07:20.231 --> 07:20.241 align:start position:0%
books currently open on the reading
 

07:20.241 --> 07:22.630 align:start position:0%
books currently open on the reading
desk.<00:10:03.360><c> Essentially,</c><00:10:03.760><c> the</c><00:10:04.000><c> transcriptto</c>

07:22.630 --> 07:22.640 align:start position:0%
desk. Essentially, the transcriptto
 

07:22.640 --> 07:25.031 align:start position:0%
desk. Essentially, the transcriptto
tells<00:10:05.279><c> us</c><00:10:05.519><c> which</c><00:10:06.000><c> instructions</c><00:10:06.640><c> the</c><00:10:06.880><c> body</c><00:10:07.120><c> is</c>

07:25.031 --> 07:25.041 align:start position:0%
tells us which instructions the body is
 

07:25.041 --> 07:28.551 align:start position:0%
tells us which instructions the body is
actually<00:10:07.760><c> using</c><00:10:08.480><c> at</c><00:10:08.720><c> that</c><00:10:09.040><c> exact</c><00:10:09.680><c> moment.</c>

07:28.551 --> 07:28.561 align:start position:0%
actually using at that exact moment.
 

07:28.561 --> 07:30.871 align:start position:0%
actually using at that exact moment.
Now,<00:10:11.279><c> Alichella</c><00:10:12.080><c> carries</c><00:10:12.560><c> genes</c><00:10:12.880><c> that</c>

07:30.871 --> 07:30.881 align:start position:0%
Now, Alichella carries genes that
 

07:30.881 --> 07:33.671 align:start position:0%
Now, Alichella carries genes that
regulate<00:10:13.839><c> how</c><00:10:14.320><c> cells</c><00:10:14.880><c> multiply</c><00:10:15.360><c> and</c><00:10:15.680><c> how</c>

07:33.671 --> 07:33.681 align:start position:0%
regulate how cells multiply and how
 

07:33.681 --> 07:36.871 align:start position:0%
regulate how cells multiply and how
bodies<00:10:16.880><c> accumulate</c><00:10:17.600><c> mass</c><00:10:18.320><c> that</c><00:10:18.560><c> show</c><00:10:18.880><c> clear</c>

07:36.871 --> 07:36.881 align:start position:0%
bodies accumulate mass that show clear
 

07:36.881 --> 07:39.671 align:start position:0%
bodies accumulate mass that show clear
signs<00:10:19.600><c> of</c><00:10:19.839><c> positive</c><00:10:20.480><c> selection.</c><00:10:21.440><c> Genes</c><00:10:21.760><c> that</c>

07:39.671 --> 07:39.681 align:start position:0%
signs of positive selection. Genes that
 

07:39.681 --> 07:42.391 align:start position:0%
signs of positive selection. Genes that
are<00:10:22.160><c> not</c><00:10:22.480><c> just</c><00:10:22.800><c> present,</c><00:10:23.440><c> but</c><00:10:23.839><c> actively</c><00:10:24.399><c> being</c>

07:42.391 --> 07:42.401 align:start position:0%
are not just present, but actively being
 

07:42.401 --> 07:45.510 align:start position:0%
are not just present, but actively being
pushed<00:10:25.279><c> by</c><00:10:25.600><c> evolution.</c><00:10:26.800><c> The</c><00:10:27.120><c> signal,</c><00:10:27.600><c> it</c>

07:45.510 --> 07:45.520 align:start position:0%
pushed by evolution. The signal, it
 

07:45.520 --> 07:49.351 align:start position:0%
pushed by evolution. The signal, it
seems,<00:10:28.959><c> never</c><00:10:29.360><c> fully</c><00:10:29.839><c> stops.</c><00:10:30.880><c> Most</c><00:10:31.200><c> animals</c>

07:49.351 --> 07:49.361 align:start position:0%
seems, never fully stops. Most animals
 

07:49.361 --> 07:51.671 align:start position:0%
seems, never fully stops. Most animals
reach<00:10:32.000><c> adult</c><00:10:32.399><c> size</c><00:10:32.800><c> and</c><00:10:33.040><c> the</c><00:10:33.200><c> instruction</c><00:10:33.680><c> to</c>

07:51.671 --> 07:51.681 align:start position:0%
reach adult size and the instruction to
 

07:51.681 --> 07:55.911 align:start position:0%
reach adult size and the instruction to
grow<00:10:34.480><c> goes</c><00:10:35.040><c> quiet.</c><00:10:36.240><c> In</c><00:10:36.640><c> Alicella,</c><00:10:37.839><c> something</c>

07:55.911 --> 07:55.921 align:start position:0%
grow goes quiet. In Alicella, something
 

07:55.921 --> 07:59.031 align:start position:0%
grow goes quiet. In Alicella, something
keeps<00:10:38.560><c> the</c><00:10:38.800><c> dial</c><00:10:39.200><c> turned</c><00:10:39.680><c> up</c><00:10:40.480><c> year</c><00:10:40.880><c> after</c>

07:59.031 --> 07:59.041 align:start position:0%
keeps the dial turned up year after
 

07:59.041 --> 08:02.231 align:start position:0%
keeps the dial turned up year after
year,<00:10:41.760><c> decade</c><00:10:42.320><c> after</c><00:10:42.800><c> decade,</c><00:10:43.360><c> with</c><00:10:43.600><c> no</c><00:10:44.079><c> hard</c>

08:02.231 --> 08:02.241 align:start position:0%
year, decade after decade, with no hard
 

08:02.241 --> 08:04.711 align:start position:0%
year, decade after decade, with no hard
ceiling.<00:10:46.000><c> Scientists</c><00:10:46.560><c> call</c><00:10:46.720><c> this</c>

08:04.711 --> 08:04.721 align:start position:0%
ceiling. Scientists call this
 

08:04.721 --> 08:07.431 align:start position:0%
ceiling. Scientists call this
indeterminate<00:10:48.000><c> growth.</c><00:10:48.640><c> And</c><00:10:48.880><c> Aliella's</c>

08:07.431 --> 08:07.441 align:start position:0%
indeterminate growth. And Aliella's
 

08:07.441 --> 08:11.031 align:start position:0%
indeterminate growth. And Aliella's
genome<00:10:50.160><c> appears</c><00:10:50.640><c> built</c><00:10:50.880><c> for</c><00:10:51.200><c> exactly</c><00:10:51.760><c> that.</c>

08:11.031 --> 08:11.041 align:start position:0%
genome appears built for exactly that.
 

08:11.041 --> 08:13.111 align:start position:0%
genome appears built for exactly that.
This<00:10:53.680><c> is</c><00:10:53.839><c> the</c><00:10:54.079><c> molecular</c><00:10:54.640><c> machinery</c><00:10:55.200><c> that</c>

08:13.111 --> 08:13.121 align:start position:0%
This is the molecular machinery that
 

08:13.121 --> 08:16.231 align:start position:0%
This is the molecular machinery that
allows<00:10:56.079><c> gigantism</c><00:10:56.880><c> to</c><00:10:57.120><c> happen.</c><00:10:58.079><c> At</c><00:10:58.320><c> the</c>

08:16.231 --> 08:16.241 align:start position:0%
allows gigantism to happen. At the
 

08:16.241 --> 08:18.791 align:start position:0%
allows gigantism to happen. At the
surface,<00:10:59.360><c> a</c><00:10:59.680><c> giant</c><00:11:00.079><c> genome</c><00:11:00.480><c> would</c><00:11:00.720><c> be</c><00:11:00.800><c> a</c>

08:18.791 --> 08:18.801 align:start position:0%
surface, a giant genome would be a
 

08:18.801 --> 08:21.831 align:start position:0%
surface, a giant genome would be a
liability.<00:11:02.320><c> It's</c><00:11:02.720><c> slow</c><00:11:03.040><c> and</c><00:11:03.279><c> inefficient</c><00:11:03.920><c> to</c>

08:21.831 --> 08:21.841 align:start position:0%
liability. It's slow and inefficient to
 

08:21.841 --> 08:24.950 align:start position:0%
liability. It's slow and inefficient to
copy<00:11:04.560><c> and</c><00:11:04.880><c> uses</c><00:11:05.200><c> up</c><00:11:05.440><c> lots</c><00:11:05.760><c> of</c><00:11:05.920><c> energy.</c><00:11:06.880><c> You'd</c>

08:24.950 --> 08:24.960 align:start position:0%
copy and uses up lots of energy. You'd
 

08:24.960 --> 08:28.311 align:start position:0%
copy and uses up lots of energy. You'd
lose<00:11:07.600><c> to</c><00:11:07.920><c> faster,</c><00:11:08.480><c> leaner</c><00:11:08.959><c> competitors.</c><00:11:10.320><c> But</c>

08:28.311 --> 08:28.321 align:start position:0%
lose to faster, leaner competitors. But
 

08:28.321 --> 08:31.431 align:start position:0%
lose to faster, leaner competitors. But
7,000<00:11:11.440><c> m</c><00:11:11.920><c> down,</c><00:11:12.480><c> where</c><00:11:12.720><c> life</c><00:11:13.120><c> moves</c><00:11:13.440><c> slowly</c>

08:31.431 --> 08:31.441 align:start position:0%
7,000 m down, where life moves slowly
 

08:31.441 --> 08:34.391 align:start position:0%
7,000 m down, where life moves slowly
and<00:11:14.000><c> predators</c><00:11:14.399><c> are</c><00:11:14.800><c> scarce,</c><00:11:15.920><c> that</c><00:11:16.240><c> massive</c>

08:34.391 --> 08:34.401 align:start position:0%
and predators are scarce, that massive
 

08:34.401 --> 08:37.031 align:start position:0%
and predators are scarce, that massive
genome<00:11:17.200><c> is</c><00:11:17.360><c> now</c><00:11:17.600><c> an</c><00:11:17.839><c> advantage.</c>

08:37.031 --> 08:37.041 align:start position:0%
genome is now an advantage.
 

08:37.041 --> 08:39.271 align:start position:0%
genome is now an advantage.
So<00:11:19.680><c> food</c><00:11:20.079><c> scarcity</c><00:11:20.560><c> and</c><00:11:20.880><c> subzero</c>

08:39.271 --> 08:39.281 align:start position:0%
So food scarcity and subzero
 

08:39.281 --> 08:41.591 align:start position:0%
So food scarcity and subzero
temperatures<00:11:22.079><c> make</c><00:11:22.320><c> it</c><00:11:22.640><c> pay</c><00:11:23.040><c> for</c><00:11:23.360><c> creatures</c>

08:41.591 --> 08:41.601 align:start position:0%
temperatures make it pay for creatures
 

08:41.601 --> 08:44.791 align:start position:0%
temperatures make it pay for creatures
to<00:11:24.160><c> be</c><00:11:24.399><c> big.</c><00:11:25.279><c> And</c><00:11:25.519><c> a</c><00:11:25.760><c> huge</c><00:11:26.160><c> genome</c><00:11:26.640><c> that</c><00:11:26.880><c> never</c>

08:44.791 --> 08:44.801 align:start position:0%
to be big. And a huge genome that never
 

08:44.801 --> 08:47.911 align:start position:0%
to be big. And a huge genome that never
gets<00:11:27.360><c> the</c><00:11:27.600><c> signal</c><00:11:27.920><c> to</c><00:11:28.160><c> stop</c><00:11:28.560><c> growing</c><00:11:29.040><c> is</c><00:11:29.360><c> how</c>

08:47.911 --> 08:47.921 align:start position:0%
gets the signal to stop growing is how
 

08:47.921 --> 08:51.431 align:start position:0%
gets the signal to stop growing is how
deep<00:11:30.560><c> sea</c><00:11:30.880><c> giants</c><00:11:31.360><c> grow.</c><00:11:31.920><c> So</c><00:11:32.160><c> huge.</c><00:11:33.200><c> So</c><00:11:33.519><c> that's</c>

08:51.431 --> 08:51.441 align:start position:0%
deep sea giants grow. So huge. So that's
 

08:51.441 --> 08:53.190 align:start position:0%
deep sea giants grow. So huge. So that's
it,<00:11:33.920><c> I</c><00:11:34.079><c> guess.</c><00:11:34.320><c> End</c><00:11:34.560><c> of</c><00:11:34.720><c> video.</c><00:11:35.120><c> Thanks</c><00:11:35.279><c> for</c>

08:53.190 --> 08:53.200 align:start position:0%
it, I guess. End of video. Thanks for
 

08:53.200 --> 08:54.551 align:start position:0%
it, I guess. End of video. Thanks for
watching<00:11:35.760><c> and</c><00:11:36.000><c> we'll</c><00:11:36.240><c> see</c><00:11:36.320><c> you</c><00:11:36.480><c> in</c><00:11:36.640><c> the</c><00:11:36.720><c> next</c>

08:54.551 --> 08:54.561 align:start position:0%
watching and we'll see you in the next
 

08:54.561 --> 08:57.111 align:start position:0%
watching and we'll see you in the next
one.<00:11:37.680><c> If</c><00:11:37.920><c> only</c><00:11:38.079><c> things</c><00:11:38.320><c> were</c><00:11:38.560><c> that</c><00:11:38.800><c> simple.</c>

08:57.111 --> 08:57.121 align:start position:0%
one. If only things were that simple.
 

08:57.121 --> 08:59.431 align:start position:0%
one. If only things were that simple.
Because<00:11:39.600><c> our</c><00:11:39.920><c> next</c><00:11:40.240><c> giant</c><00:11:40.720><c> takes</c><00:11:41.040><c> things</c><00:11:41.360><c> even</c>

08:59.431 --> 08:59.441 align:start position:0%
Because our next giant takes things even
 

08:59.441 --> 09:02.791 align:start position:0%
Because our next giant takes things even
further.<00:11:42.800><c> And</c><00:11:43.040><c> to</c><00:11:43.279><c> find</c><00:11:43.600><c> it,</c><00:11:44.320><c> we</c><00:11:44.560><c> have</c><00:11:44.640><c> to</c><00:11:44.800><c> go</c>

09:02.791 --> 09:02.801 align:start position:0%
further. And to find it, we have to go
 

09:02.801 --> 09:04.950 align:start position:0%
further. And to find it, we have to go
somewhere<00:11:45.519><c> that</c><00:11:45.760><c> shouldn't</c><00:11:46.079><c> support</c><00:11:46.480><c> life</c><00:11:47.040><c> at</c>

09:04.950 --> 09:04.960 align:start position:0%
somewhere that shouldn't support life at
 

09:04.960 --> 09:08.471 align:start position:0%
somewhere that shouldn't support life at
all.<00:11:48.000><c> To</c><00:11:48.160><c> meet</c><00:11:48.399><c> an</c><00:11:48.560><c> animal</c><00:11:49.040><c> so</c><00:11:49.519><c> strange,</c><00:11:50.560><c> it</c>

09:08.471 --> 09:08.481 align:start position:0%
all. To meet an animal so strange, it
 

09:08.481 --> 09:10.871 align:start position:0%
all. To meet an animal so strange, it
forced<00:11:51.200><c> scientists</c><00:11:51.760><c> to</c><00:11:52.000><c> rethink</c><00:11:52.560><c> what</c><00:11:52.880><c> an</c>

09:10.871 --> 09:10.881 align:start position:0%
forced scientists to rethink what an
 

09:10.881 --> 09:14.471 align:start position:0%
forced scientists to rethink what an
animal<00:11:54.079><c> even</c><00:11:54.560><c> is.</c>

09:14.471 --> 09:14.481 align:start position:0%
animal even is.
 

09:14.481 --> 09:17.271 align:start position:0%
animal even is.
Most<00:11:57.120><c> starfish</c><00:11:57.760><c> have</c><00:11:58.079><c> five</c><00:11:58.480><c> arms.</c><00:11:59.040><c> But</c><00:11:59.200><c> as</c><00:11:59.440><c> you</c>

09:17.271 --> 09:17.281 align:start position:0%
Most starfish have five arms. But as you
 

09:17.281 --> 09:20.471 align:start position:0%
Most starfish have five arms. But as you
descend<00:12:00.160><c> 500</c><00:12:00.640><c> m</c><00:12:01.040><c> down,</c><00:12:01.760><c> something</c><00:12:02.240><c> strange</c>

09:20.471 --> 09:20.481 align:start position:0%
descend 500 m down, something strange
 

09:20.481 --> 09:24.231 align:start position:0%
descend 500 m down, something strange
happens.<00:12:03.760><c> They</c><00:12:04.079><c> suddenly</c><00:12:04.480><c> get</c><00:12:05.040><c> 50.</c>

09:24.231 --> 09:24.241 align:start position:0%
happens. They suddenly get 50.
 

09:24.241 --> 09:27.750 align:start position:0%
happens. They suddenly get 50.
This<00:12:06.880><c> is</c><00:12:07.040><c> the</c><00:12:07.279><c> Antarctic</c><00:12:08.079><c> sun</c><00:12:08.480><c> starfish,</c><00:12:09.600><c> 60</c>

09:27.750 --> 09:27.760 align:start position:0%
This is the Antarctic sun starfish, 60
 

09:27.760 --> 09:31.031 align:start position:0%
This is the Antarctic sun starfish, 60
cm<00:12:10.720><c> across,</c><00:12:11.519><c> living</c><00:12:11.839><c> in</c><00:12:12.000><c> water</c><00:12:12.399><c> so</c><00:12:12.880><c> cold</c><00:12:13.120><c> that</c>

09:31.031 --> 09:31.041 align:start position:0%
cm across, living in water so cold that
 

09:31.041 --> 09:33.271 align:start position:0%
cm across, living in water so cold that
it<00:12:13.519><c> sits</c><00:12:13.839><c> a</c><00:12:14.079><c> fraction</c><00:12:14.399><c> of</c><00:12:14.560><c> a</c><00:12:14.800><c> degree</c><00:12:15.120><c> above</c>

09:33.271 --> 09:33.281 align:start position:0%
it sits a fraction of a degree above
 

09:33.281 --> 09:36.070 align:start position:0%
it sits a fraction of a degree above
freezing.<00:12:16.880><c> It</c><00:12:17.120><c> uses</c><00:12:17.440><c> those</c><00:12:17.680><c> arms</c><00:12:18.079><c> like</c>

09:36.070 --> 09:36.080 align:start position:0%
freezing. It uses those arms like
 

09:36.080 --> 09:38.471 align:start position:0%
freezing. It uses those arms like
fishing<00:12:18.800><c> rods,</c><00:12:19.600><c> writhing</c><00:12:20.240><c> through</c><00:12:20.560><c> the</c>

09:38.471 --> 09:38.481 align:start position:0%
fishing rods, writhing through the
 

09:38.481 --> 09:40.310 align:start position:0%
fishing rods, writhing through the
water,<00:12:21.279><c> snatching</c><00:12:21.760><c> anything</c><00:12:22.000><c> that</c><00:12:22.240><c> drifts</c>

09:40.310 --> 09:40.320 align:start position:0%
water, snatching anything that drifts
 

09:40.320 --> 09:42.471 align:start position:0%
water, snatching anything that drifts
past,<00:12:23.360><c> which</c><00:12:23.519><c> is</c><00:12:23.680><c> why</c><00:12:23.920><c> it's</c><00:12:24.160><c> often</c><00:12:24.480><c> referred</c>

09:42.471 --> 09:42.481 align:start position:0%
past, which is why it's often referred
 

09:42.481 --> 09:45.671 align:start position:0%
past, which is why it's often referred
to<00:12:25.040><c> as</c><00:12:25.279><c> the</c><00:12:25.519><c> wolf</c><00:12:25.920><c> trap</c><00:12:26.480><c> starfish.</c><00:12:27.519><c> But</c><00:12:27.680><c> before</c>

09:45.671 --> 09:45.681 align:start position:0%
to as the wolf trap starfish. But before
 

09:45.681 --> 09:48.231 align:start position:0%
to as the wolf trap starfish. But before
we<00:12:28.160><c> get</c><00:12:28.320><c> into</c><00:12:28.639><c> why</c><00:12:28.959><c> this</c><00:12:29.279><c> starfish</c><00:12:29.920><c> is</c><00:12:30.160><c> so</c>

09:48.231 --> 09:48.241 align:start position:0%
we get into why this starfish is so
 

09:48.241 --> 09:51.031 align:start position:0%
we get into why this starfish is so
supersized,<00:12:31.600><c> a</c><00:12:31.839><c> quick</c><00:12:32.079><c> word</c><00:12:32.240><c> on</c><00:12:32.480><c> how</c><00:12:32.880><c> deeply</c>

09:51.031 --> 09:51.041 align:start position:0%
supersized, a quick word on how deeply
 

09:51.041 --> 09:54.791 align:start position:0%
supersized, a quick word on how deeply
strange<00:12:34.000><c> starfish</c><00:12:34.720><c> already</c><00:12:35.200><c> are.</c><00:12:36.480><c> They</c><00:12:36.800><c> have</c>

09:54.791 --> 09:54.801 align:start position:0%
strange starfish already are. They have
 

09:54.801 --> 09:58.871 align:start position:0%
strange starfish already are. They have
no<00:12:37.519><c> brain</c><00:12:38.000><c> and</c><00:12:38.399><c> no</c><00:12:38.800><c> bloods.</c><00:12:39.760><c> And</c><00:12:40.000><c> to</c><00:12:40.320><c> eat,</c><00:12:40.959><c> they</c>

09:58.871 --> 09:58.881 align:start position:0%
no brain and no bloods. And to eat, they
 

09:58.881 --> 10:01.351 align:start position:0%
no brain and no bloods. And to eat, they
eject<00:12:41.680><c> their</c><00:12:41.920><c> stomachs</c><00:12:42.480><c> out</c><00:12:42.720><c> of</c><00:12:42.959><c> their</c><00:12:43.279><c> mouths</c>

10:01.351 --> 10:01.361 align:start position:0%
eject their stomachs out of their mouths
 

10:01.361 --> 10:05.031 align:start position:0%
eject their stomachs out of their mouths
to<00:12:43.920><c> engulf</c><00:12:44.399><c> the</c><00:12:44.720><c> food,</c><00:12:45.680><c> digest</c><00:12:46.240><c> it,</c><00:12:46.800><c> and</c><00:12:46.959><c> then</c>

10:05.031 --> 10:05.041 align:start position:0%
to engulf the food, digest it, and then
 

10:05.041 --> 10:08.070 align:start position:0%
to engulf the food, digest it, and then
slide<00:12:47.760><c> it</c><00:12:48.079><c> back</c><00:12:48.560><c> inside.</c>

10:08.070 --> 10:08.080 align:start position:0%
slide it back inside.
 

10:08.080 --> 10:10.310 align:start position:0%
slide it back inside.
It's<00:12:50.720><c> both</c><00:12:51.040><c> awesome</c><00:12:51.519><c> and</c><00:12:51.839><c> disgusting</c><00:12:52.320><c> in</c>

10:10.310 --> 10:10.320 align:start position:0%
It's both awesome and disgusting in
 

10:10.320 --> 10:13.431 align:start position:0%
It's both awesome and disgusting in
equal<00:12:53.040><c> measure.</c><00:12:53.760><c> But</c><00:12:53.920><c> anyway,</c><00:12:54.399><c> in</c><00:12:54.720><c> 2023,</c>

10:13.431 --> 10:13.441 align:start position:0%
equal measure. But anyway, in 2023,
 

10:13.441 --> 10:15.351 align:start position:0%
equal measure. But anyway, in 2023,
Stanford<00:12:56.320><c> researchers</c><00:12:56.880><c> were</c><00:12:57.120><c> mapping</c><00:12:57.440><c> the</c>

10:15.351 --> 10:15.361 align:start position:0%
Stanford researchers were mapping the
 

10:15.361 --> 10:18.310 align:start position:0%
Stanford researchers were mapping the
master<00:12:58.160><c> genes</c><00:12:58.480><c> that</c><00:12:58.800><c> tell</c><00:12:59.120><c> every</c><00:12:59.519><c> animal</c><00:13:00.000><c> cell</c>

10:18.310 --> 10:18.320 align:start position:0%
master genes that tell every animal cell
 

10:18.320 --> 10:20.791 align:start position:0%
master genes that tell every animal cell
what<00:13:00.959><c> part</c><00:13:01.200><c> of</c><00:13:01.360><c> the</c><00:13:01.519><c> body</c><00:13:01.839><c> it</c><00:13:02.160><c> belongs</c><00:13:02.560><c> to,</c>

10:20.791 --> 10:20.801 align:start position:0%
what part of the body it belongs to,
 

10:20.801 --> 10:23.671 align:start position:0%
what part of the body it belongs to,
whether<00:13:03.440><c> that's</c><00:13:03.680><c> a</c><00:13:04.000><c> tail,</c><00:13:04.480><c> a</c><00:13:04.720><c> lung,</c><00:13:05.120><c> a</c><00:13:05.279><c> fin,</c><00:13:05.600><c> or</c>

10:23.671 --> 10:23.681 align:start position:0%
whether that's a tail, a lung, a fin, or
 

10:23.681 --> 10:25.750 align:start position:0%
whether that's a tail, a lung, a fin, or
something<00:13:06.399><c> else.</c><00:13:07.120><c> But</c><00:13:07.360><c> when</c><00:13:07.519><c> they</c><00:13:07.760><c> got</c><00:13:07.839><c> round</c>

10:25.750 --> 10:25.760 align:start position:0%
something else. But when they got round
 

10:25.760 --> 10:28.471 align:start position:0%
something else. But when they got round
to<00:13:08.320><c> the</c><00:13:08.560><c> starfish,</c><00:13:09.600><c> their</c><00:13:09.920><c> results</c><00:13:10.320><c> were</c>

10:28.471 --> 10:28.481 align:start position:0%
to the starfish, their results were
 

10:28.481 --> 10:31.831 align:start position:0%
to the starfish, their results were
astonishing.<00:13:12.079><c> Because</c><00:13:12.320><c> the</c><00:13:12.639><c> starfish</c><00:13:13.760><c> is</c>

10:31.831 --> 10:31.841 align:start position:0%
astonishing. Because the starfish is
 

10:31.841 --> 10:35.431 align:start position:0%
astonishing. Because the starfish is
just<00:13:14.720><c> a</c><00:13:15.040><c> head.</c><00:13:16.000><c> A</c><00:13:16.240><c> head</c><00:13:16.480><c> that</c><00:13:16.720><c> at</c><00:13:16.959><c> some</c><00:13:17.279><c> point</c>

10:35.431 --> 10:35.441 align:start position:0%
just a head. A head that at some point
 

10:35.441 --> 10:38.070 align:start position:0%
just a head. A head that at some point
evolved<00:13:18.240><c> the</c><00:13:18.480><c> ability</c><00:13:18.800><c> to</c><00:13:19.120><c> walk</c><00:13:19.440><c> around</c><00:13:20.079><c> on</c>

10:38.070 --> 10:38.080 align:start position:0%
evolved the ability to walk around on
 

10:38.080 --> 10:41.671 align:start position:0%
evolved the ability to walk around on
the<00:13:20.639><c> sea</c><00:13:21.040><c> floor,</c><00:13:21.760><c> eating</c><00:13:22.240><c> things</c><00:13:22.560><c> by</c><00:13:22.880><c> ejecting</c>

10:41.671 --> 10:41.681 align:start position:0%
the sea floor, eating things by ejecting
 

10:41.681 --> 10:44.950 align:start position:0%
the sea floor, eating things by ejecting
its<00:13:24.399><c> own</c><00:13:25.120><c> stomach.</c><00:13:26.160><c> And</c><00:13:26.320><c> if</c><00:13:26.560><c> you</c><00:13:26.800><c> thought</c><00:13:27.040><c> that</c>

10:44.950 --> 10:44.960 align:start position:0%
its own stomach. And if you thought that
 

10:44.960 --> 10:47.190 align:start position:0%
its own stomach. And if you thought that
was<00:13:27.440><c> cool,</c><00:13:27.760><c> by</c><00:13:27.920><c> the</c><00:13:28.079><c> way,</c><00:13:28.560><c> it's</c><00:13:28.800><c> not</c><00:13:28.959><c> until</c><00:13:29.279><c> you</c>

10:47.190 --> 10:47.200 align:start position:0%
was cool, by the way, it's not until you
 

10:47.200 --> 10:49.431 align:start position:0%
was cool, by the way, it's not until you
zoom<00:13:29.760><c> into</c><00:13:30.079><c> the</c><00:13:30.320><c> cellular</c><00:13:30.800><c> level</c><00:13:31.279><c> that</c><00:13:31.519><c> the</c>

10:49.431 --> 10:49.441 align:start position:0%
zoom into the cellular level that the
 

10:49.441 --> 10:51.991 align:start position:0%
zoom into the cellular level that the
magic<00:13:32.399><c> really</c><00:13:32.720><c> begins.</c><00:13:33.600><c> You</c><00:13:33.760><c> see,</c><00:13:34.000><c> there</c><00:13:34.160><c> are</c>

10:51.991 --> 10:52.001 align:start position:0%
magic really begins. You see, there are
 

10:52.001 --> 10:54.231 align:start position:0%
magic really begins. You see, there are
two<00:13:34.560><c> ways</c><00:13:34.800><c> to</c><00:13:35.040><c> build</c><00:13:35.279><c> a</c><00:13:35.440><c> bigger</c><00:13:35.760><c> animal.</c><00:13:36.320><c> One</c>

10:54.231 --> 10:54.241 align:start position:0%
two ways to build a bigger animal. One
 

10:54.241 --> 10:56.630 align:start position:0%
two ways to build a bigger animal. One
is<00:13:36.800><c> to</c><00:13:37.040><c> pack</c><00:13:37.360><c> in</c><00:13:37.600><c> more</c><00:13:38.000><c> cells,</c><00:13:38.399><c> which</c><00:13:38.639><c> is</c><00:13:38.720><c> what</c>

10:56.630 --> 10:56.640 align:start position:0%
is to pack in more cells, which is what
 

10:56.640 --> 10:58.551 align:start position:0%
is to pack in more cells, which is what
elephants<00:13:39.440><c> do.</c><00:13:39.839><c> An</c><00:13:40.079><c> elephant</c><00:13:40.480><c> cell</c><00:13:40.639><c> is</c>

10:58.551 --> 10:58.561 align:start position:0%
elephants do. An elephant cell is
 

10:58.561 --> 11:01.510 align:start position:0%
elephants do. An elephant cell is
roughly<00:13:41.200><c> the</c><00:13:41.440><c> same</c><00:13:41.680><c> size</c><00:13:42.079><c> as</c><00:13:42.320><c> a</c><00:13:42.639><c> mouse</c><00:13:43.200><c> cell.</c>

11:01.510 --> 11:01.520 align:start position:0%
roughly the same size as a mouse cell.
 

11:01.520 --> 11:03.991 align:start position:0%
roughly the same size as a mouse cell.
There<00:13:44.000><c> are</c><00:13:44.240><c> just</c><00:13:44.399><c> trillions</c><00:13:44.959><c> more</c><00:13:45.279><c> of</c><00:13:45.519><c> them.</c>

11:03.991 --> 11:04.001 align:start position:0%
There are just trillions more of them.
 

11:04.001 --> 11:05.991 align:start position:0%
There are just trillions more of them.
Or<00:13:46.639><c> another</c><00:13:47.040><c> option</c><00:13:47.279><c> would</c><00:13:47.519><c> be</c><00:13:47.600><c> to</c><00:13:47.839><c> make</c><00:13:48.000><c> each</c>

11:05.991 --> 11:06.001 align:start position:0%
Or another option would be to make each
 

11:06.001 --> 11:08.950 align:start position:0%
Or another option would be to make each
individual<00:13:48.880><c> cell</c><00:13:49.440><c> bigger.</c><00:13:50.560><c> Inside</c><00:13:50.959><c> every</c>

11:08.950 --> 11:08.960 align:start position:0%
individual cell bigger. Inside every
 

11:08.960 --> 11:10.791 align:start position:0%
individual cell bigger. Inside every
living<00:13:51.600><c> cell,</c><00:13:52.000><c> two</c><00:13:52.240><c> processes</c><00:13:52.800><c> are</c>

11:10.791 --> 11:10.801 align:start position:0%
living cell, two processes are
 

11:10.801 --> 11:13.031 align:start position:0%
living cell, two processes are
constantly<00:13:53.760><c> racing.</c><00:13:54.480><c> The</c><00:13:54.720><c> cell</c><00:13:55.040><c> building</c>

11:13.031 --> 11:13.041 align:start position:0%
constantly racing. The cell building
 

11:13.041 --> 11:15.111 align:start position:0%
constantly racing. The cell building
itself<00:13:55.760><c> up,</c><00:13:56.160><c> making</c><00:13:56.480><c> proteins,</c><00:13:56.959><c> accumulating</c>

11:15.111 --> 11:15.121 align:start position:0%
itself up, making proteins, accumulating
 

11:15.121 --> 11:18.151 align:start position:0%
itself up, making proteins, accumulating
mass,<00:13:58.000><c> and</c><00:13:58.240><c> the</c><00:13:58.399><c> cell</c><00:13:58.720><c> copying</c><00:13:59.279><c> its</c><00:13:59.680><c> DNA,</c><00:14:00.240><c> then</c>

11:18.151 --> 11:18.161 align:start position:0%
mass, and the cell copying its DNA, then
 

11:18.161 --> 11:20.070 align:start position:0%
mass, and the cell copying its DNA, then
dividing<00:14:00.800><c> it</c><00:14:00.959><c> into</c><00:14:01.279><c> two,</c><00:14:01.680><c> which</c><00:14:02.000><c> keeps</c><00:14:02.240><c> it</c>

11:20.070 --> 11:20.080 align:start position:0%
dividing it into two, which keeps it
 

11:20.080 --> 11:23.031 align:start position:0%
dividing it into two, which keeps it
nice<00:14:02.639><c> and</c><00:14:02.880><c> small.</c><00:14:03.839><c> In</c><00:14:04.160><c> warm</c><00:14:04.560><c> water,</c><00:14:04.880><c> these</c><00:14:05.199><c> two</c>

11:23.031 --> 11:23.041 align:start position:0%
nice and small. In warm water, these two
 

11:23.041 --> 11:25.111 align:start position:0%
nice and small. In warm water, these two
processes<00:14:05.760><c> run</c><00:14:06.000><c> at</c><00:14:06.160><c> roughly</c><00:14:06.480><c> the</c><00:14:06.800><c> same</c><00:14:06.959><c> speed.</c>

11:25.111 --> 11:25.121 align:start position:0%
processes run at roughly the same speed.
 

11:25.121 --> 11:27.911 align:start position:0%
processes run at roughly the same speed.
Copy,<00:14:07.920><c> divide,</c><00:14:08.399><c> copy,</c><00:14:08.800><c> divide.</c><00:14:09.760><c> But</c><00:14:09.920><c> here's</c>

11:27.911 --> 11:27.921 align:start position:0%
Copy, divide, copy, divide. But here's
 

11:27.921 --> 11:30.630 align:start position:0%
Copy, divide, copy, divide. But here's
the<00:14:10.399><c> thing.</c><00:14:10.880><c> In</c><00:14:11.120><c> near</c><00:14:11.600><c> freezing</c><00:14:12.079><c> water,</c><00:14:12.720><c> the</c>

11:30.630 --> 11:30.640 align:start position:0%
the thing. In near freezing water, the
 

11:30.640 --> 11:33.190 align:start position:0%
the thing. In near freezing water, the
chemistry<00:14:13.440><c> of</c><00:14:13.760><c> cell</c><00:14:14.079><c> growth</c><00:14:14.639><c> changes.</c>

11:33.190 --> 11:33.200 align:start position:0%
chemistry of cell growth changes.
 

11:33.200 --> 11:35.190 align:start position:0%
chemistry of cell growth changes.
Protein<00:14:16.079><c> synthesis,</c><00:14:16.639><c> the</c><00:14:16.880><c> building</c><00:14:17.199><c> part</c>

11:35.190 --> 11:35.200 align:start position:0%
Protein synthesis, the building part
 

11:35.200 --> 11:37.671 align:start position:0%
Protein synthesis, the building part
keeps<00:14:17.920><c> going,</c><00:14:18.240><c> but</c><00:14:18.480><c> the</c><00:14:18.720><c> signal</c><00:14:19.040><c> to</c><00:14:19.279><c> divide</c>

11:37.671 --> 11:37.681 align:start position:0%
keeps going, but the signal to divide
 

11:37.681 --> 11:40.630 align:start position:0%
keeps going, but the signal to divide
slows<00:14:20.560><c> down.</c><00:14:21.440><c> The</c><00:14:21.680><c> cell</c><00:14:21.920><c> keeps</c><00:14:22.240><c> accumulating</c>

11:40.630 --> 11:40.640 align:start position:0%
slows down. The cell keeps accumulating
 

11:40.640 --> 11:43.111 align:start position:0%
slows down. The cell keeps accumulating
mass,<00:14:23.600><c> but</c><00:14:23.839><c> the</c><00:14:24.000><c> trigger</c><00:14:24.320><c> to</c><00:14:24.639><c> split</c><00:14:25.040><c> is</c>

11:43.111 --> 11:43.121 align:start position:0%
mass, but the trigger to split is
 

11:43.121 --> 11:45.591 align:start position:0%
mass, but the trigger to split is
delayed.<00:14:26.399><c> By</c><00:14:26.639><c> the</c><00:14:26.800><c> time</c><00:14:26.959><c> division</c><00:14:27.519><c> finally</c>

11:45.591 --> 11:45.601 align:start position:0%
delayed. By the time division finally
 

11:45.601 --> 11:47.671 align:start position:0%
delayed. By the time division finally
happens,<00:14:28.320><c> the</c><00:14:28.480><c> cell</c><00:14:28.720><c> is</c><00:14:28.880><c> already</c><00:14:29.199><c> far</c><00:14:29.600><c> larger</c>

11:47.671 --> 11:47.681 align:start position:0%
happens, the cell is already far larger
 

11:47.681 --> 11:50.231 align:start position:0%
happens, the cell is already far larger
than<00:14:30.160><c> it</c><00:14:30.320><c> would</c><00:14:30.480><c> be</c><00:14:30.560><c> in</c><00:14:30.800><c> warm</c><00:14:31.120><c> water.</c><00:14:32.079><c> And</c><00:14:32.320><c> if</c>

11:50.231 --> 11:50.241 align:start position:0%
than it would be in warm water. And if
 

11:50.241 --> 11:52.711 align:start position:0%
than it would be in warm water. And if
every<00:14:32.880><c> brick</c><00:14:33.199><c> in</c><00:14:33.360><c> the</c><00:14:33.519><c> wall</c><00:14:33.760><c> is</c><00:14:34.000><c> oversized,</c>

11:52.711 --> 11:52.721 align:start position:0%
every brick in the wall is oversized,
 

11:52.721 --> 11:55.911 align:start position:0%
every brick in the wall is oversized,
the<00:14:35.360><c> wall</c><00:14:35.760><c> is</c><00:14:36.079><c> oversized,</c><00:14:36.959><c> too.</c><00:14:38.000><c> The</c>

11:55.911 --> 11:55.921 align:start position:0%
the wall is oversized, too. The
 

11:55.921 --> 11:57.911 align:start position:0%
the wall is oversized, too. The
Antarctic<00:14:38.800><c> sun</c><00:14:39.040><c> starfish</c><00:14:39.600><c> lives</c><00:14:39.760><c> in</c><00:14:40.000><c> water</c>

11:57.911 --> 11:57.921 align:start position:0%
Antarctic sun starfish lives in water
 

11:57.921 --> 11:59.750 align:start position:0%
Antarctic sun starfish lives in water
that<00:14:40.399><c> sits</c><00:14:40.639><c> a</c><00:14:40.880><c> fraction</c><00:14:41.199><c> of</c><00:14:41.279><c> a</c><00:14:41.519><c> degree</c><00:14:41.760><c> above</c>

11:59.750 --> 11:59.760 align:start position:0%
that sits a fraction of a degree above
 

11:59.760 --> 12:02.231 align:start position:0%
that sits a fraction of a degree above
freezing<00:14:42.560><c> all</c><00:14:42.720><c> year</c><00:14:42.959><c> round.</c><00:14:43.760><c> Exactly</c><00:14:44.240><c> the</c>

12:02.231 --> 12:02.241 align:start position:0%
freezing all year round. Exactly the
 

12:02.241 --> 12:04.630 align:start position:0%
freezing all year round. Exactly the
conditions<00:14:45.040><c> where</c><00:14:45.360><c> this</c><00:14:45.680><c> mechanism</c><00:14:46.240><c> runs</c><00:14:46.560><c> at</c>

12:04.630 --> 12:04.640 align:start position:0%
conditions where this mechanism runs at
 

12:04.640 --> 12:09.671 align:start position:0%
conditions where this mechanism runs at
full<00:14:47.360><c> power,</c><00:14:48.720><c> 50</c><00:14:49.199><c> arms,</c><00:14:50.000><c> 60</c><00:14:50.480><c> cm</c><00:14:51.120><c> across.</c><00:14:51.839><c> The</c>

12:09.671 --> 12:09.681 align:start position:0%
full power, 50 arms, 60 cm across. The
 

12:09.681 --> 12:11.671 align:start position:0%
full power, 50 arms, 60 cm across. The
cold<00:14:52.320><c> didn't</c><00:14:52.560><c> just</c><00:14:52.800><c> allow</c><00:14:53.199><c> this</c><00:14:53.440><c> animal</c><00:14:53.760><c> to</c>

12:11.671 --> 12:11.681 align:start position:0%
cold didn't just allow this animal to
 

12:11.681 --> 12:15.591 align:start position:0%
cold didn't just allow this animal to
grow.<00:14:54.720><c> It</c><00:14:54.880><c> built</c><00:14:55.199><c> it</c><00:14:55.360><c> from</c><00:14:55.600><c> the</c><00:14:55.839><c> inside</c><00:14:56.480><c> out.</c>

12:15.591 --> 12:15.601 align:start position:0%
grow. It built it from the inside out.
 

12:15.601 --> 12:16.870 align:start position:0%
grow. It built it from the inside out.
Now,<00:14:58.160><c> don't</c><00:14:58.320><c> get</c><00:14:58.399><c> me</c><00:14:58.480><c> wrong,</c><00:14:58.720><c> these</c><00:14:58.880><c> animals</c>

12:16.870 --> 12:16.880 align:start position:0%
Now, don't get me wrong, these animals
 

12:16.880 --> 12:18.310 align:start position:0%
Now, don't get me wrong, these animals
are<00:14:59.360><c> pretty</c><00:14:59.600><c> cool.</c><00:14:59.839><c> quite</c><00:15:00.079><c> literally</c><00:15:00.399><c> in</c><00:15:00.560><c> the</c>

12:18.310 --> 12:18.320 align:start position:0%
are pretty cool. quite literally in the
 

12:18.320 --> 12:19.591 align:start position:0%
are pretty cool. quite literally in the
case<00:15:00.720><c> of</c><00:15:00.800><c> the</c><00:15:00.880><c> starfish.</c><00:15:01.440><c> But</c><00:15:01.519><c> we</c><00:15:01.680><c> promised</c>

12:19.591 --> 12:19.601 align:start position:0%
case of the starfish. But we promised
 

12:19.601 --> 12:21.831 align:start position:0%
case of the starfish. But we promised
you<00:15:02.160><c> deep</c><00:15:02.399><c> sea</c><00:15:02.639><c> giants,</c><00:15:03.040><c> the</c><00:15:03.360><c> really</c><00:15:03.839><c> big</c>

12:21.831 --> 12:21.841 align:start position:0%
you deep sea giants, the really big
 

12:21.841 --> 12:24.711 align:start position:0%
you deep sea giants, the really big
stuff,<00:15:04.800><c> and</c><00:15:05.040><c> I</c><00:15:05.279><c> am</c><00:15:05.519><c> ready</c><00:15:05.680><c> to</c><00:15:05.920><c> deliver.</c><00:15:06.720><c> From</c>

12:24.711 --> 12:24.721 align:start position:0%
stuff, and I am ready to deliver. From
 

12:24.721 --> 12:26.471 align:start position:0%
stuff, and I am ready to deliver. From
here<00:15:07.279><c> on</c><00:15:07.519><c> out,</c><00:15:07.839><c> these</c><00:15:08.079><c> things</c><00:15:08.320><c> are</c><00:15:08.560><c> going</c><00:15:08.639><c> to</c>

12:26.471 --> 12:26.481 align:start position:0%
here on out, these things are going to
 

12:26.481 --> 12:29.911 align:start position:0%
here on out, these things are going to
get<00:15:08.959><c> bigger</c><00:15:09.279><c> and</c><00:15:09.519><c> bigger</c><00:15:09.839><c> and</c><00:15:10.320><c> bigger.</c>

12:29.911 --> 12:29.921 align:start position:0%
get bigger and bigger and bigger.
 

12:29.921 --> 12:31.431 align:start position:0%
get bigger and bigger and bigger.
Let's<00:15:12.480><c> start</c><00:15:12.639><c> with</c><00:15:12.800><c> a</c><00:15:12.959><c> creature</c><00:15:13.279><c> with</c><00:15:13.440><c> legs</c>

12:31.431 --> 12:31.441 align:start position:0%
Let's start with a creature with legs
 

12:31.441 --> 12:34.310 align:start position:0%
Let's start with a creature with legs
nearly<00:15:14.240><c> 4</c><00:15:14.480><c> m</c><00:15:14.959><c> long.</c><00:15:15.600><c> With</c><00:15:15.839><c> the</c><00:15:16.000><c> same</c><00:15:16.240><c> basic</c>

12:34.310 --> 12:34.320 align:start position:0%
nearly 4 m long. With the same basic
 

12:34.320 --> 12:37.031 align:start position:0%
nearly 4 m long. With the same basic
body<00:15:16.880><c> plan</c><00:15:17.199><c> as</c><00:15:17.600><c> every</c><00:15:18.079><c> insect</c><00:15:18.639><c> that</c><00:15:19.040><c> ever</c>

12:37.031 --> 12:37.041 align:start position:0%
body plan as every insect that ever
 

12:37.041 --> 12:40.630 align:start position:0%
body plan as every insect that ever
lived,<00:15:20.240><c> made</c><00:15:20.639><c> absolutely</c><00:15:21.680><c> massive</c><00:15:22.560><c> by</c><00:15:22.800><c> an</c>

12:40.630 --> 12:40.640 align:start position:0%
lived, made absolutely massive by an
 

12:40.640 --> 12:43.111 align:start position:0%
lived, made absolutely massive by an
invisible<00:15:23.680><c> ingredient,</c><00:15:24.399><c> almost</c><00:15:24.880><c> everything</c>

12:43.111 --> 12:43.121 align:start position:0%
invisible ingredient, almost everything
 

12:43.121 --> 12:46.391 align:start position:0%
invisible ingredient, almost everything
on<00:15:25.680><c> Earth</c><00:15:26.639><c> needs</c><00:15:26.959><c> to</c><00:15:27.120><c> survive.</c><00:15:28.399><c> Every</c>

12:46.391 --> 12:46.401 align:start position:0%
on Earth needs to survive. Every
 

12:46.401 --> 12:48.391 align:start position:0%
on Earth needs to survive. Every
arropod,<00:15:29.440><c> that's</c><00:15:29.680><c> every</c><00:15:29.920><c> insect,</c><00:15:30.399><c> spider,</c>

12:48.391 --> 12:48.401 align:start position:0%
arropod, that's every insect, spider,
 

12:48.401 --> 12:51.831 align:start position:0%
arropod, that's every insect, spider,
and<00:15:31.040><c> crab,</c><00:15:31.680><c> shares</c><00:15:32.000><c> the</c><00:15:32.320><c> same</c><00:15:32.639><c> design</c><00:15:33.120><c> flaw.</c>

12:51.831 --> 12:51.841 align:start position:0%
and crab, shares the same design flaw.
 

12:51.841 --> 12:54.310 align:start position:0%
and crab, shares the same design flaw.
No<00:15:34.560><c> veins.</c><00:15:35.600><c> Their</c><00:15:35.839><c> blood</c><00:15:36.079><c> doesn't</c><00:15:36.399><c> travel</c>

12:54.310 --> 12:54.320 align:start position:0%
No veins. Their blood doesn't travel
 

12:54.320 --> 12:56.711 align:start position:0%
No veins. Their blood doesn't travel
through<00:15:36.880><c> a</c><00:15:37.120><c> closed</c><00:15:37.519><c> system,</c><00:15:37.839><c> but</c><00:15:38.160><c> instead</c>

12:56.711 --> 12:56.721 align:start position:0%
through a closed system, but instead
 

12:56.721 --> 12:59.031 align:start position:0%
through a closed system, but instead
sloshes<00:15:39.600><c> around</c><00:15:39.920><c> loose</c><00:15:40.399><c> inside</c><00:15:40.800><c> the</c><00:15:41.040><c> body</c>

12:59.031 --> 12:59.041 align:start position:0%
sloshes around loose inside the body
 

12:59.041 --> 13:02.870 align:start position:0%
sloshes around loose inside the body
cavity,<00:15:42.160><c> bathing</c><00:15:42.639><c> the</c><00:15:42.800><c> organs</c><00:15:43.440><c> directly.</c>

13:02.870 --> 13:02.880 align:start position:0%
cavity, bathing the organs directly.
 

13:02.880 --> 13:04.870 align:start position:0%
cavity, bathing the organs directly.
Scientists,<00:15:45.760><c> perhaps</c><00:15:46.160><c> rather</c><00:15:46.480><c> kindly,</c><00:15:46.959><c> call</c>

13:04.870 --> 13:04.880 align:start position:0%
Scientists, perhaps rather kindly, call
 

13:04.880 --> 13:07.510 align:start position:0%
Scientists, perhaps rather kindly, call
it<00:15:47.360><c> an</c><00:15:47.600><c> open</c><00:15:48.079><c> circulatory</c><00:15:48.800><c> system.</c><00:15:49.680><c> But</c>

13:07.510 --> 13:07.520 align:start position:0%
it an open circulatory system. But
 

13:07.520 --> 13:09.271 align:start position:0%
it an open circulatory system. But
really,<00:15:50.079><c> it's</c><00:15:50.320><c> a</c><00:15:50.480><c> terrible</c><00:15:50.880><c> way</c><00:15:51.040><c> to</c><00:15:51.279><c> deliver</c>

13:09.271 --> 13:09.281 align:start position:0%
really, it's a terrible way to deliver
 

13:09.281 --> 13:12.630 align:start position:0%
really, it's a terrible way to deliver
oxygen<00:15:52.079><c> at</c><00:15:52.399><c> scale.</c><00:15:53.440><c> On</c><00:15:53.759><c> land,</c><00:15:54.160><c> this</c><00:15:54.399><c> puts</c><00:15:54.720><c> a</c>

13:12.630 --> 13:12.640 align:start position:0%
oxygen at scale. On land, this puts a
 

13:12.640 --> 13:15.750 align:start position:0%
oxygen at scale. On land, this puts a
hard<00:15:55.279><c> limit</c><00:15:55.680><c> on</c><00:15:56.160><c> size.</c><00:15:57.040><c> The</c><00:15:57.279><c> largest</c><00:15:57.600><c> insect</c>

13:15.750 --> 13:15.760 align:start position:0%
hard limit on size. The largest insect
 

13:15.760 --> 13:18.310 align:start position:0%
hard limit on size. The largest insect
alive<00:15:58.480><c> today,</c><00:15:58.959><c> New</c><00:15:59.199><c> Zealand's</c><00:15:59.600><c> giant</c><00:16:00.079><c> wetter</c>

13:18.310 --> 13:18.320 align:start position:0%
alive today, New Zealand's giant wetter
 

13:18.320 --> 13:20.551 align:start position:0%
alive today, New Zealand's giant wetter
cricket,<00:16:01.360><c> weighs</c><00:16:01.680><c> barely</c><00:16:02.000><c> more</c><00:16:02.240><c> than</c><00:16:02.320><c> a</c><00:16:02.560><c> golf</c>

13:20.551 --> 13:20.561 align:start position:0%
cricket, weighs barely more than a golf
 

13:20.561 --> 13:23.271 align:start position:0%
cricket, weighs barely more than a golf
ball.<00:16:03.519><c> But</c><00:16:03.839><c> 300</c><00:16:04.320><c> million</c><00:16:04.720><c> years</c><00:16:04.959><c> ago,</c>

13:23.271 --> 13:23.281 align:start position:0%
ball. But 300 million years ago,
 

13:23.281 --> 13:25.190 align:start position:0%
ball. But 300 million years ago,
atmospheric<00:16:06.240><c> oxygen</c><00:16:06.639><c> was</c><00:16:06.800><c> nearly</c><00:16:07.120><c> double</c>

13:25.190 --> 13:25.200 align:start position:0%
atmospheric oxygen was nearly double
 

13:25.200 --> 13:27.430 align:start position:0%
atmospheric oxygen was nearly double
what<00:16:07.759><c> it</c><00:16:07.920><c> is</c><00:16:08.160><c> today,</c><00:16:08.800><c> allowing</c><00:16:09.199><c> creatures</c><00:16:09.519><c> to</c>

13:27.430 --> 13:27.440 align:start position:0%
what it is today, allowing creatures to
 

13:27.440 --> 13:30.070 align:start position:0%
what it is today, allowing creatures to
grow<00:16:10.079><c> much</c><00:16:10.480><c> larger.</c><00:16:11.519><c> Dragon</c><00:16:11.920><c> flies</c><00:16:12.240><c> had</c>

13:30.070 --> 13:30.080 align:start position:0%
grow much larger. Dragon flies had
 

13:30.080 --> 13:33.510 align:start position:0%
grow much larger. Dragon flies had
wingspans<00:16:13.040><c> of</c><00:16:13.440><c> 70</c><00:16:13.920><c> cm</c><00:16:14.880><c> with</c><00:16:15.120><c> the</c><00:16:15.279><c> same</c><00:16:15.519><c> body</c>

13:33.510 --> 13:33.520 align:start position:0%
wingspans of 70 cm with the same body
 

13:33.520 --> 13:35.750 align:start position:0%
wingspans of 70 cm with the same body
plan<00:16:16.079><c> as</c><00:16:16.320><c> a</c><00:16:16.560><c> regular</c><00:16:17.040><c> dragonfly,</c><00:16:17.759><c> just</c>

13:35.750 --> 13:35.760 align:start position:0%
plan as a regular dragonfly, just
 

13:35.760 --> 13:39.271 align:start position:0%
plan as a regular dragonfly, just
supercharged<00:16:19.040><c> by</c><00:16:19.360><c> oxygen.</c><00:16:20.720><c> Back</c><00:16:20.959><c> to</c><00:16:21.199><c> today,</c>

13:39.271 --> 13:39.281 align:start position:0%
supercharged by oxygen. Back to today,
 

13:39.281 --> 13:41.911 align:start position:0%
supercharged by oxygen. Back to today,
off<00:16:21.839><c> the</c><00:16:22.000><c> coast</c><00:16:22.240><c> of</c><00:16:22.480><c> Japan,</c><00:16:23.440><c> cold</c><00:16:23.839><c> water</c>

13:41.911 --> 13:41.921 align:start position:0%
off the coast of Japan, cold water
 

13:41.921 --> 13:44.070 align:start position:0%
off the coast of Japan, cold water
sweeps<00:16:24.639><c> down</c><00:16:24.880><c> from</c><00:16:25.040><c> the</c><00:16:25.279><c> north</c><00:16:25.519><c> in</c><00:16:25.839><c> powerful</c>

13:44.070 --> 13:44.080 align:start position:0%
sweeps down from the north in powerful
 

13:44.080 --> 13:48.391 align:start position:0%
sweeps down from the north in powerful
deep<00:16:26.880><c> currents.</c><00:16:27.839><c> At</c><00:16:28.160><c> 10°</c><00:16:28.880><c> C,</c><00:16:29.839><c> this</c><00:16:30.160><c> seawater</c>

13:48.391 --> 13:48.401 align:start position:0%
deep currents. At 10° C, this seawater
 

13:48.401 --> 13:51.190 align:start position:0%
deep currents. At 10° C, this seawater
dissolves<00:16:31.199><c> roughly</c><00:16:31.680><c> 40%</c><00:16:32.320><c> more</c><00:16:32.639><c> oxygen</c><00:16:33.199><c> than</c>

13:51.190 --> 13:51.200 align:start position:0%
dissolves roughly 40% more oxygen than
 

13:51.200 --> 13:54.551 align:start position:0%
dissolves roughly 40% more oxygen than
warm<00:16:34.079><c> surface</c><00:16:34.639><c> water.</c><00:16:35.440><c> And</c><00:16:35.600><c> that</c><00:16:36.000><c> oxygenrich</c>

13:54.551 --> 13:54.561 align:start position:0%
warm surface water. And that oxygenrich
 

13:54.561 --> 13:56.471 align:start position:0%
warm surface water. And that oxygenrich
current<00:16:37.279><c> has</c><00:16:37.600><c> been</c><00:16:37.759><c> flowing</c><00:16:38.079><c> over</c><00:16:38.320><c> the</c><00:16:38.560><c> same</c>

13:56.471 --> 13:56.481 align:start position:0%
current has been flowing over the same
 

13:56.481 --> 13:58.870 align:start position:0%
current has been flowing over the same
stretch<00:16:39.120><c> of</c><00:16:39.279><c> seafloor</c><00:16:40.160><c> for</c><00:16:40.480><c> millions</c><00:16:40.959><c> of</c>

13:58.870 --> 13:58.880 align:start position:0%
stretch of seafloor for millions of
 

13:58.880 --> 14:02.391 align:start position:0%
stretch of seafloor for millions of
years,<00:16:42.160><c> long</c><00:16:42.399><c> enough</c><00:16:43.040><c> for</c><00:16:43.360><c> evolution</c><00:16:44.079><c> to</c><00:16:44.320><c> take</c>

14:02.391 --> 14:02.401 align:start position:0%
years, long enough for evolution to take
 

14:02.401 --> 14:05.671 align:start position:0%
years, long enough for evolution to take
advantage.<00:16:46.000><c> A</c><00:16:46.320><c> few</c><00:16:46.399><c> hundred</c><00:16:46.720><c> meters</c><00:16:47.120><c> down,</c><00:16:47.680><c> we</c>

14:05.671 --> 14:05.681 align:start position:0%
advantage. A few hundred meters down, we
 

14:05.681 --> 14:08.791 align:start position:0%
advantage. A few hundred meters down, we
find<00:16:48.240><c> the</c><00:16:48.560><c> Japanese</c><00:16:49.360><c> spider</c><00:16:49.920><c> crab.</c><00:16:50.720><c> Locally</c>

14:08.791 --> 14:08.801 align:start position:0%
find the Japanese spider crab. Locally
 

14:08.801 --> 14:12.471 align:start position:0%
find the Japanese spider crab. Locally
known<00:16:51.360><c> as</c><00:16:51.680><c> Taka</c><00:16:52.160><c> Ashi,</c><00:16:53.360><c> meaning</c><00:16:53.839><c> tallle</c><00:16:54.320><c> legs</c>

14:12.471 --> 14:12.481 align:start position:0%
known as Taka Ashi, meaning tallle legs
 

14:12.481 --> 14:15.750 align:start position:0%
known as Taka Ashi, meaning tallle legs
crab.<00:16:55.759><c> With</c><00:16:56.000><c> legs</c><00:16:56.320><c> stretching</c><00:16:56.720><c> to</c><00:16:56.880><c> almost</c><00:16:57.279><c> 4</c><00:16:57.519><c> m</c>

14:15.750 --> 14:15.760 align:start position:0%
crab. With legs stretching to almost 4 m
 

14:15.760 --> 14:19.831 align:start position:0%
crab. With legs stretching to almost 4 m
tip<00:16:58.480><c> to</c><00:16:58.720><c> tip,</c><00:16:59.199><c> wider</c><00:17:00.000><c> than</c><00:17:00.240><c> a</c><00:17:00.480><c> VW</c><00:17:01.120><c> beetle,</c>

14:19.831 --> 14:19.841 align:start position:0%
tip to tip, wider than a VW beetle,
 

14:19.841 --> 14:22.630 align:start position:0%
tip to tip, wider than a VW beetle,
weighing<00:17:02.480><c> up</c><00:17:02.639><c> to</c><00:17:02.959><c> 19</c><00:17:03.360><c> kg,</c><00:17:04.160><c> this</c><00:17:04.480><c> is</c><00:17:04.640><c> the</c>

14:22.630 --> 14:22.640 align:start position:0%
weighing up to 19 kg, this is the
 

14:22.640 --> 14:25.990 align:start position:0%
weighing up to 19 kg, this is the
largest<00:17:05.360><c> living</c><00:17:05.679><c> arropod</c><00:17:06.559><c> on</c><00:17:06.959><c> Earth.</c><00:17:08.000><c> That</c>

14:25.990 --> 14:26.000 align:start position:0%
largest living arropod on Earth. That
 

14:26.000 --> 14:28.311 align:start position:0%
largest living arropod on Earth. That
same<00:17:08.640><c> open</c><00:17:09.039><c> circulatory</c><00:17:09.679><c> system</c><00:17:10.000><c> that</c><00:17:10.240><c> stops</c>

14:28.311 --> 14:28.321 align:start position:0%
same open circulatory system that stops
 

14:28.321 --> 14:31.110 align:start position:0%
same open circulatory system that stops
insects<00:17:11.199><c> growing</c><00:17:11.520><c> large</c><00:17:11.760><c> on</c><00:17:12.079><c> land</c><00:17:12.480><c> is</c><00:17:12.799><c> now</c><00:17:13.039><c> a</c>

14:31.110 --> 14:31.120 align:start position:0%
insects growing large on land is now a
 

14:31.120 --> 14:33.990 align:start position:0%
insects growing large on land is now a
crucial<00:17:14.000><c> advantage.</c><00:17:15.360><c> Cold</c><00:17:15.760><c> water</c><00:17:16.079><c> doesn't</c>

14:33.990 --> 14:34.000 align:start position:0%
crucial advantage. Cold water doesn't
 

14:34.000 --> 14:36.551 align:start position:0%
crucial advantage. Cold water doesn't
just<00:17:16.640><c> carry</c><00:17:16.959><c> more</c><00:17:17.199><c> dissolved</c><00:17:17.760><c> oxygen.</c><00:17:18.640><c> It</c>

14:36.551 --> 14:36.561 align:start position:0%
just carry more dissolved oxygen. It
 

14:36.561 --> 14:38.951 align:start position:0%
just carry more dissolved oxygen. It
dramatically<00:17:19.600><c> slows</c><00:17:19.919><c> the</c><00:17:20.160><c> metabolic</c><00:17:20.720><c> rate</c><00:17:20.959><c> of</c>

14:38.951 --> 14:38.961 align:start position:0%
dramatically slows the metabolic rate of
 

14:38.961 --> 14:41.750 align:start position:0%
dramatically slows the metabolic rate of
every<00:17:21.760><c> cell</c><00:17:22.480><c> in</c><00:17:22.720><c> the</c><00:17:22.959><c> animal's</c><00:17:23.439><c> body,</c>

14:41.750 --> 14:41.760 align:start position:0%
every cell in the animal's body,
 

14:41.760 --> 14:44.071 align:start position:0%
every cell in the animal's body,
reducing<00:17:24.559><c> how</c><00:17:24.959><c> much</c><00:17:25.199><c> oxygen</c><00:17:25.679><c> it</c><00:17:26.000><c> actually</c>

14:44.071 --> 14:44.081 align:start position:0%
reducing how much oxygen it actually
 

14:44.081 --> 14:47.031 align:start position:0%
reducing how much oxygen it actually
needs.<00:17:27.280><c> The</c><00:17:27.520><c> demand</c><00:17:28.000><c> drops</c><00:17:28.640><c> and</c><00:17:28.960><c> larger</c>

14:47.031 --> 14:47.041 align:start position:0%
needs. The demand drops and larger
 

14:47.041 --> 14:49.191 align:start position:0%
needs. The demand drops and larger
bodies<00:17:29.679><c> in</c><00:17:30.000><c> cold</c><00:17:30.320><c> water</c><00:17:30.720><c> are</c><00:17:30.960><c> better</c><00:17:31.280><c> at</c>

14:49.191 --> 14:49.201 align:start position:0%
bodies in cold water are better at
 

14:49.201 --> 14:51.511 align:start position:0%
bodies in cold water are better at
regulating<00:17:32.080><c> oxygen</c><00:17:32.559><c> uptake</c><00:17:33.120><c> than</c><00:17:33.440><c> smaller</c>

14:51.511 --> 14:51.521 align:start position:0%
regulating oxygen uptake than smaller
 

14:51.521 --> 14:54.710 align:start position:0%
regulating oxygen uptake than smaller
ones.<00:17:34.559><c> As</c><00:17:34.799><c> a</c><00:17:34.960><c> crab</c><00:17:35.360><c> grows,</c><00:17:36.000><c> its</c><00:17:36.320><c> body</c><00:17:36.640><c> volume</c>

14:54.710 --> 14:54.720 align:start position:0%
ones. As a crab grows, its body volume
 

14:54.720 --> 14:57.511 align:start position:0%
ones. As a crab grows, its body volume
increases<00:17:37.760><c> faster</c><00:17:38.480><c> than</c><00:17:38.720><c> the</c><00:17:38.960><c> surface</c><00:17:39.440><c> area</c>

14:57.511 --> 14:57.521 align:start position:0%
increases faster than the surface area
 

14:57.521 --> 15:00.151 align:start position:0%
increases faster than the surface area
of<00:17:40.000><c> its</c><00:17:40.320><c> gills.</c><00:17:41.360><c> In</c><00:17:41.600><c> warm</c><00:17:41.919><c> water,</c><00:17:42.320><c> that</c>

15:00.151 --> 15:00.161 align:start position:0%
of its gills. In warm water, that
 

15:00.161 --> 15:01.590 align:start position:0%
of its gills. In warm water, that
creates<00:17:42.720><c> a</c><00:17:42.960><c> problem.</c><00:17:43.280><c> There's</c><00:17:43.520><c> not</c><00:17:43.679><c> enough</c>

15:01.590 --> 15:01.600 align:start position:0%
creates a problem. There's not enough
 

15:01.600 --> 15:03.671 align:start position:0%
creates a problem. There's not enough
gill<00:17:44.320><c> surface</c><00:17:44.720><c> to</c><00:17:44.880><c> supply</c><00:17:45.120><c> enough</c><00:17:45.440><c> oxygen</c><00:17:45.840><c> to</c>

15:03.671 --> 15:03.681 align:start position:0%
gill surface to supply enough oxygen to
 

15:03.681 --> 15:06.151 align:start position:0%
gill surface to supply enough oxygen to
all<00:17:46.160><c> of</c><00:17:46.320><c> that</c><00:17:46.559><c> tissue.</c><00:17:47.360><c> But</c><00:17:47.679><c> cold</c><00:17:48.080><c> water</c>

15:06.151 --> 15:06.161 align:start position:0%
all of that tissue. But cold water
 

15:06.161 --> 15:08.710 align:start position:0%
all of that tissue. But cold water
changes<00:17:48.799><c> the</c><00:17:49.039><c> equation</c><00:17:49.440><c> in</c><00:17:49.760><c> two</c><00:17:50.160><c> ways.</c>

15:08.710 --> 15:08.720 align:start position:0%
changes the equation in two ways.
 

15:08.720 --> 15:10.791 align:start position:0%
changes the equation in two ways.
Firstly,<00:17:51.520><c> it</c><00:17:51.760><c> slows</c><00:17:52.080><c> down</c><00:17:52.160><c> the</c><00:17:52.400><c> metabolism</c><00:17:52.880><c> of</c>

15:10.791 --> 15:10.801 align:start position:0%
Firstly, it slows down the metabolism of
 

15:10.801 --> 15:13.111 align:start position:0%
Firstly, it slows down the metabolism of
every<00:17:53.520><c> cell,</c><00:17:54.240><c> meaning</c><00:17:54.400><c> the</c><00:17:54.640><c> body</c><00:17:54.880><c> needs</c><00:17:55.120><c> less</c>

15:13.111 --> 15:13.121 align:start position:0%
every cell, meaning the body needs less
 

15:13.121 --> 15:15.831 align:start position:0%
every cell, meaning the body needs less
oxygen<00:17:55.919><c> to</c><00:17:56.240><c> keep</c><00:17:56.559><c> running.</c><00:17:57.520><c> Secondly,</c><00:17:58.000><c> it</c>

15:15.831 --> 15:15.841 align:start position:0%
oxygen to keep running. Secondly, it
 

15:15.841 --> 15:18.551 align:start position:0%
oxygen to keep running. Secondly, it
holds<00:17:58.480><c> more</c><00:17:58.799><c> dissolved</c><00:17:59.280><c> oxygen</c><00:17:59.840><c> per</c><00:18:00.160><c> liter,</c>

15:18.551 --> 15:18.561 align:start position:0%
holds more dissolved oxygen per liter,
 

15:18.561 --> 15:21.350 align:start position:0%
holds more dissolved oxygen per liter,
so<00:18:01.120><c> the</c><00:18:01.280><c> demand</c><00:18:01.679><c> drops</c><00:18:02.000><c> and</c><00:18:02.240><c> the</c><00:18:02.480><c> supply</c><00:18:02.960><c> rises</c>

15:21.350 --> 15:21.360 align:start position:0%
so the demand drops and the supply rises
 

15:21.360 --> 15:23.911 align:start position:0%
so the demand drops and the supply rises
simultaneously.<00:18:05.039><c> A</c><00:18:05.280><c> body</c><00:18:05.520><c> size</c><00:18:05.760><c> that</c><00:18:06.000><c> would</c>

15:23.911 --> 15:23.921 align:start position:0%
simultaneously. A body size that would
 

15:23.921 --> 15:26.391 align:start position:0%
simultaneously. A body size that would
slowly<00:18:06.559><c> suffocate</c><00:18:07.200><c> in</c><00:18:07.360><c> the</c><00:18:07.520><c> tropics</c><00:18:08.160><c> breathes</c>

15:26.391 --> 15:26.401 align:start position:0%
slowly suffocate in the tropics breathes
 

15:26.401 --> 15:29.511 align:start position:0%
slowly suffocate in the tropics breathes
comfortably<00:18:09.280><c> in</c><00:18:09.679><c> cold</c><00:18:10.160><c> water.</c>

15:29.511 --> 15:29.521 align:start position:0%
comfortably in cold water.
 

15:29.521 --> 15:32.071 align:start position:0%
comfortably in cold water.
Like<00:18:12.080><c> most</c><00:18:12.400><c> long</c><00:18:12.640><c> live</c><00:18:12.880><c> decapod</c><00:18:13.440><c> crustations,</c>

15:32.071 --> 15:32.081 align:start position:0%
Like most long live decapod crustations,
 

15:32.081 --> 15:34.551 align:start position:0%
Like most long live decapod crustations,
there<00:18:14.559><c> is</c><00:18:14.799><c> no</c><00:18:15.200><c> final</c><00:18:15.600><c> instruction</c><00:18:16.160><c> to</c><00:18:16.480><c> stop</c>

15:34.551 --> 15:34.561 align:start position:0%
there is no final instruction to stop
 

15:34.561 --> 15:37.031 align:start position:0%
there is no final instruction to stop
growing.<00:18:17.520><c> The</c><00:18:17.760><c> legs</c><00:18:18.160><c> keep</c><00:18:18.480><c> lengthening</c><00:18:19.120><c> year</c>

15:37.031 --> 15:37.041 align:start position:0%
growing. The legs keep lengthening year
 

15:37.041 --> 15:39.031 align:start position:0%
growing. The legs keep lengthening year
after<00:18:19.679><c> year</c><00:18:19.919><c> for</c><00:18:20.160><c> as</c><00:18:20.320><c> long</c><00:18:20.559><c> as</c><00:18:20.720><c> the</c><00:18:20.960><c> animal</c>

15:39.031 --> 15:39.041 align:start position:0%
after year for as long as the animal
 

15:39.041 --> 15:41.111 align:start position:0%
after year for as long as the animal
survives.<00:18:22.160><c> With</c><00:18:22.320><c> a</c><00:18:22.480><c> lifespan</c><00:18:22.960><c> that</c><00:18:23.120><c> can</c><00:18:23.200><c> reach</c>

15:41.111 --> 15:41.121 align:start position:0%
survives. With a lifespan that can reach
 

15:41.121 --> 15:43.831 align:start position:0%
survives. With a lifespan that can reach
a<00:18:23.520><c> 100red</c><00:18:23.840><c> years,</c><00:18:24.400><c> that's</c><00:18:24.640><c> a</c><00:18:24.960><c> lot</c><00:18:25.120><c> of</c><00:18:25.280><c> leg.</c><00:18:26.000><c> So,</c>

15:43.831 --> 15:43.841 align:start position:0%
a 100red years, that's a lot of leg. So,
 

15:43.841 --> 15:45.590 align:start position:0%
a 100red years, that's a lot of leg. So,
if<00:18:26.400><c> their</c><00:18:26.559><c> legs</c><00:18:26.880><c> never</c><00:18:27.120><c> stop</c><00:18:27.360><c> growing,</c><00:18:27.760><c> why</c>

15:45.590 --> 15:45.600 align:start position:0%
if their legs never stop growing, why
 

15:45.600 --> 15:47.991 align:start position:0%
if their legs never stop growing, why
don't<00:18:28.080><c> we</c><00:18:28.160><c> find</c><00:18:28.400><c> crabs</c><00:18:28.799><c> with</c><00:18:29.039><c> 10,</c><00:18:29.440><c> 20,</c><00:18:29.840><c> 100</c>

15:47.991 --> 15:48.001 align:start position:0%
don't we find crabs with 10, 20, 100
 

15:48.001 --> 15:50.470 align:start position:0%
don't we find crabs with 10, 20, 100
meter<00:18:30.799><c> long</c><00:18:31.200><c> legs?</c><00:18:31.919><c> Well,</c><00:18:32.240><c> there's</c><00:18:32.480><c> still</c><00:18:32.559><c> a</c>

15:50.470 --> 15:50.480 align:start position:0%
meter long legs? Well, there's still a
 

15:50.480 --> 15:52.311 align:start position:0%
meter long legs? Well, there's still a
hard<00:18:33.039><c> limit</c><00:18:33.280><c> on</c><00:18:33.520><c> the</c><00:18:33.679><c> total</c><00:18:34.160><c> energy</c>

15:52.311 --> 15:52.321 align:start position:0%
hard limit on the total energy
 

15:52.321 --> 15:53.911 align:start position:0%
hard limit on the total energy
available.<00:18:35.280><c> And</c><00:18:35.440><c> although</c><00:18:35.760><c> they</c><00:18:36.000><c> keep</c>

15:53.911 --> 15:53.921 align:start position:0%
available. And although they keep
 

15:53.921 --> 15:56.710 align:start position:0%
available. And although they keep
growing,<00:18:36.720><c> it</c><00:18:36.880><c> happens</c><00:18:37.280><c> very</c><00:18:37.679><c> slowly.</c><00:18:38.559><c> In</c><00:18:38.799><c> most</c>

15:56.710 --> 15:56.720 align:start position:0%
growing, it happens very slowly. In most
 

15:56.720 --> 15:59.751 align:start position:0%
growing, it happens very slowly. In most
cases,<00:18:39.440><c> they</c><00:18:39.760><c> die</c><00:18:40.080><c> before</c><00:18:40.400><c> the</c><00:18:40.720><c> growth</c><00:18:41.120><c> stops.</c>

15:59.751 --> 15:59.761 align:start position:0%
cases, they die before the growth stops.
 

15:59.761 --> 16:01.590 align:start position:0%
cases, they die before the growth stops.
Every<00:18:42.320><c> year,</c><00:18:42.559><c> the</c><00:18:42.799><c> Japanese</c><00:18:43.200><c> spider</c><00:18:43.600><c> crab</c>

16:01.590 --> 16:01.600 align:start position:0%
Every year, the Japanese spider crab
 

16:01.600 --> 16:04.151 align:start position:0%
Every year, the Japanese spider crab
molts<00:18:44.320><c> its</c><00:18:44.640><c> shell</c><00:18:44.960><c> and</c><00:18:45.280><c> grows</c><00:18:45.520><c> a</c><00:18:45.760><c> new</c><00:18:45.919><c> one,</c>

16:04.151 --> 16:04.161 align:start position:0%
molts its shell and grows a new one,
 

16:04.161 --> 16:06.151 align:start position:0%
molts its shell and grows a new one,
spending<00:18:46.960><c> days</c><00:18:47.280><c> as</c><00:18:47.520><c> a</c><00:18:47.840><c> completely</c>

16:06.151 --> 16:06.161 align:start position:0%
spending days as a completely
 

16:06.161 --> 16:10.071 align:start position:0%
spending days as a completely
defenseless,<00:18:49.360><c> softbodied</c><00:18:50.400><c> 4</c><00:18:50.720><c> m</c><00:18:51.520><c> target.</c><00:18:52.240><c> And</c>

16:10.071 --> 16:10.081 align:start position:0%
defenseless, softbodied 4 m target. And
 

16:10.081 --> 16:12.071 align:start position:0%
defenseless, softbodied 4 m target. And
often<00:18:52.799><c> that</c><00:18:52.960><c> spells</c><00:18:53.280><c> the</c><00:18:53.440><c> end</c><00:18:53.520><c> of</c><00:18:53.600><c> the</c><00:18:53.760><c> road</c>

16:12.071 --> 16:12.081 align:start position:0%
often that spells the end of the road
 

16:12.081 --> 16:15.431 align:start position:0%
often that spells the end of the road
for<00:18:54.720><c> this</c><00:18:54.960><c> crap.</c><00:18:56.000><c> But</c><00:18:56.240><c> some</c><00:18:56.559><c> other</c><00:18:56.799><c> giants</c><00:18:57.440><c> do</c>

16:15.431 --> 16:15.441 align:start position:0%
for this crap. But some other giants do
 

16:15.441 --> 16:17.991 align:start position:0%
for this crap. But some other giants do
far<00:18:58.160><c> better.</c>

16:15.441 --> 16:18.311 align:start position:0%
private as we head back to the giants of
the<00:20:26.480><c> deep.</c>

16:17.521 --> 16:17.531 align:start position:0%
the deep.
 

16:17.531 --> 16:20.801 align:start position:0%
the deep.
Dropping<00:20:29.520><c> down</c><00:20:29.760><c> to</c><00:20:30.080><c> 1,000</c><00:20:30.799><c> m</c><00:20:31.440><c> deep</c><00:20:31.840><c> into</c><00:20:32.159><c> the</c>

16:20.801 --> 16:20.811 align:start position:0%
Dropping down to 1,000 m deep into the
 

16:20.811 --> 16:23.521 align:start position:0%
Dropping down to 1,000 m deep into the
twilight<00:20:32.799><c> zone</c><00:20:33.120><c> of</c><00:20:33.280><c> the</c><00:20:33.440><c> Pacific</c><00:20:33.919><c> Ocean</c><00:20:34.799><c> lives</c>

16:23.521 --> 16:23.531 align:start position:0%
twilight zone of the Pacific Ocean lives
 

16:23.531 --> 16:25.281 align:start position:0%
twilight zone of the Pacific Ocean lives
a<00:20:35.280><c> giant</c><00:20:35.520><c> that</c><00:20:35.760><c> has</c><00:20:35.919><c> remained</c><00:20:36.400><c> essentially</c>

16:25.281 --> 16:25.291 align:start position:0%
a giant that has remained essentially
 

16:25.291 --> 16:28.641 align:start position:0%
a giant that has remained essentially
unchanged<00:20:37.679><c> for</c><00:20:38.080><c> millions</c><00:20:38.559><c> of</c><00:20:38.799><c> years.</c><00:20:39.679><c> Yet,</c><00:20:40.000><c> we</c>

16:28.641 --> 16:28.651 align:start position:0%
unchanged for millions of years. Yet, we
 

16:28.651 --> 16:30.960 align:start position:0%
unchanged for millions of years. Yet, we
only<00:20:40.720><c> identified</c><00:20:41.200><c> one</c><00:20:41.520><c> out</c><00:20:41.679><c> in</c><00:20:41.919><c> the</c><00:20:42.080><c> wild</c><00:20:42.400><c> for</c>

16:30.960 --> 16:30.970 align:start position:0%
only identified one out in the wild for
 

16:30.970 --> 16:34.161 align:start position:0%
only identified one out in the wild for
the<00:20:42.799><c> first</c><00:20:43.120><c> time</c><00:20:43.600><c> in</c><00:20:44.000><c> 2026.</c>

16:34.161 --> 16:34.171 align:start position:0%
the first time in 2026.
 

16:34.171 --> 16:37.601 align:start position:0%
the first time in 2026.
The<00:20:46.000><c> goblin</c><00:20:46.480><c> shark.</c><00:20:47.600><c> It</c><00:20:47.840><c> has</c><00:20:48.000><c> a</c><00:20:48.240><c> flabby</c><00:20:48.799><c> body,</c>

16:37.601 --> 16:37.611 align:start position:0%
The goblin shark. It has a flabby body,
 

16:37.611 --> 16:40.401 align:start position:0%
The goblin shark. It has a flabby body,
a<00:20:49.520><c> soft</c><00:20:49.919><c> and</c><00:20:50.159><c> barely</c><00:20:50.720><c> calcified</c><00:20:51.520><c> skeleton,</c>

16:40.401 --> 16:40.411 align:start position:0%
a soft and barely calcified skeleton,
 

16:40.411 --> 16:43.200 align:start position:0%
a soft and barely calcified skeleton,
weak<00:20:52.320><c> muscles,</c><00:20:52.880><c> and</c><00:20:53.200><c> poor</c><00:20:53.440><c> eyesight.</c><00:20:54.320><c> in</c><00:20:54.559><c> any</c>

16:43.200 --> 16:43.210 align:start position:0%
weak muscles, and poor eyesight. in any
 

16:43.210 --> 16:45.440 align:start position:0%
weak muscles, and poor eyesight. in any
Reef<00:20:55.200><c> documentary.</c><00:20:56.320><c> This</c><00:20:56.559><c> thing</c><00:20:56.720><c> would</c><00:20:56.880><c> be</c>

16:45.440 --> 16:45.450 align:start position:0%
Reef documentary. This thing would be
 

16:45.450 --> 16:47.121 align:start position:0%
Reef documentary. This thing would be
lunch<00:20:57.360><c> before</c><00:20:57.600><c> the</c><00:20:57.760><c> opening</c><00:20:58.080><c> credits</c><00:20:58.480><c> are</c>

16:47.121 --> 16:47.131 align:start position:0%
lunch before the opening credits are
 

16:47.131 --> 16:50.801 align:start position:0%
lunch before the opening credits are
even<00:20:59.039><c> finished.</c><00:20:59.919><c> And</c><00:21:00.159><c> yet,</c><00:21:00.480><c> here</c><00:21:00.720><c> it</c><00:21:00.960><c> is,</c><00:21:01.600><c> 6</c><00:21:01.919><c> m</c>

16:50.801 --> 16:50.811 align:start position:0%
even finished. And yet, here it is, 6 m
 

16:50.811 --> 16:54.080 align:start position:0%
even finished. And yet, here it is, 6 m
long,<00:21:02.960><c> 200</c><00:21:03.679><c> kg,</c><00:21:04.640><c> with</c><00:21:04.799><c> a</c><00:21:04.960><c> lineage</c><00:21:05.280><c> stretching</c>

16:54.080 --> 16:54.090 align:start position:0%
long, 200 kg, with a lineage stretching
 

16:54.090 --> 16:57.121 align:start position:0%
long, 200 kg, with a lineage stretching
back<00:21:06.400><c> 125</c><00:21:07.120><c> million</c><00:21:07.600><c> years</c><00:21:08.240><c> into</c><00:21:08.480><c> the</c>

16:57.121 --> 16:57.131 align:start position:0%
back 125 million years into the
 

16:57.131 --> 16:59.521 align:start position:0%
back 125 million years into the
Cretaceous<00:21:09.440><c> period.</c><00:21:10.320><c> This</c><00:21:10.559><c> species</c><00:21:10.960><c> has</c>

16:59.521 --> 16:59.531 align:start position:0%
Cretaceous period. This species has
 

16:59.531 --> 17:01.761 align:start position:0%
Cretaceous period. This species has
survived<00:21:11.520><c> mass</c><00:21:11.840><c> extinctions,</c><00:21:12.559><c> ice</c><00:21:12.880><c> ages,</c><00:21:13.200><c> and</c>

17:01.761 --> 17:01.771 align:start position:0%
survived mass extinctions, ice ages, and
 

17:01.771 --> 17:05.121 align:start position:0%
survived mass extinctions, ice ages, and
the<00:21:13.600><c> collapse</c><00:21:13.919><c> of</c><00:21:14.159><c> entire</c><00:21:14.720><c> ecosystems.</c>

17:05.121 --> 17:05.131 align:start position:0%
the collapse of entire ecosystems.
 

17:05.131 --> 17:06.481 align:start position:0%
the collapse of entire ecosystems.
So,<00:21:17.039><c> either</c><00:21:17.280><c> the</c><00:21:17.520><c> deep</c><00:21:17.679><c> sea</c><00:21:17.919><c> is</c>

17:06.481 --> 17:06.491 align:start position:0%
So, either the deep sea is
 

17:06.491 --> 17:08.960 align:start position:0%
So, either the deep sea is
extraordinarily<00:21:18.720><c> forgiving,</c><00:21:19.600><c> or</c><00:21:19.840><c> this</c><00:21:20.159><c> shark</c>

17:08.960 --> 17:08.970 align:start position:0%
extraordinarily forgiving, or this shark
 

17:08.970 --> 17:11.601 align:start position:0%
extraordinarily forgiving, or this shark
plays<00:21:20.880><c> a</c><00:21:21.120><c> completely</c><00:21:21.760><c> different</c><00:21:22.159><c> game.</c><00:21:22.880><c> It</c>

17:11.601 --> 17:11.611 align:start position:0%
plays a completely different game. It
 

17:11.611 --> 17:13.921 align:start position:0%
plays a completely different game. It
doesn't<00:21:23.360><c> chase.</c><00:21:23.919><c> It</c><00:21:24.159><c> doesn't</c><00:21:24.480><c> cruise.</c>

17:13.921 --> 17:13.931 align:start position:0%
doesn't chase. It doesn't cruise.
 

17:13.931 --> 17:16.560 align:start position:0%
doesn't chase. It doesn't cruise.
Instead,<00:21:26.240><c> it</c><00:21:26.480><c> hangs</c><00:21:26.960><c> suspended</c><00:21:27.679><c> in</c><00:21:27.919><c> the</c>

17:16.560 --> 17:16.570 align:start position:0%
Instead, it hangs suspended in the
 

17:16.570 --> 17:19.521 align:start position:0%
Instead, it hangs suspended in the
darkness,<00:21:29.039><c> virtually</c><00:21:29.600><c> motionless,</c><00:21:30.720><c> waiting</c>

17:19.521 --> 17:19.531 align:start position:0%
darkness, virtually motionless, waiting
 

17:19.531 --> 17:22.080 align:start position:0%
darkness, virtually motionless, waiting
for<00:21:31.360><c> a</c><00:21:31.679><c> signal.</c><00:21:32.640><c> Every</c><00:21:32.960><c> living</c><00:21:33.280><c> animal</c>

17:22.080 --> 17:22.090 align:start position:0%
for a signal. Every living animal
 

17:22.090 --> 17:24.560 align:start position:0%
for a signal. Every living animal
produces<00:21:34.240><c> a</c><00:21:34.480><c> faint</c><00:21:34.960><c> electrical</c><00:21:35.520><c> field</c><00:21:35.840><c> when</c>

17:24.560 --> 17:24.570 align:start position:0%
produces a faint electrical field when
 

17:24.570 --> 17:27.440 align:start position:0%
produces a faint electrical field when
its<00:21:36.400><c> muscles</c><00:21:36.960><c> fire.</c><00:21:37.600><c> A</c><00:21:37.760><c> heartbeat,</c><00:21:38.240><c> a</c><00:21:38.480><c> twitch,</c>

17:27.440 --> 17:27.450 align:start position:0%
its muscles fire. A heartbeat, a twitch,
 

17:27.450 --> 17:29.761 align:start position:0%
its muscles fire. A heartbeat, a twitch,
anything.<00:21:39.760><c> And</c><00:21:39.919><c> the</c><00:21:40.080><c> goblin</c><00:21:40.559><c> shark</c><00:21:41.039><c> reads</c>

17:29.761 --> 17:29.771 align:start position:0%
anything. And the goblin shark reads
 

17:29.771 --> 17:32.080 align:start position:0%
anything. And the goblin shark reads
those<00:21:41.679><c> signals</c><00:21:42.159><c> through</c><00:21:42.320><c> a</c><00:21:42.559><c> snout</c><00:21:43.280><c> packed</c>

17:32.080 --> 17:32.090 align:start position:0%
those signals through a snout packed
 

17:32.090 --> 17:34.801 align:start position:0%
those signals through a snout packed
with<00:21:43.840><c> hundreds</c><00:21:44.320><c> of</c><00:21:44.559><c> electro</c><00:21:45.039><c> receptors.</c><00:21:46.159><c> It</c>

17:34.801 --> 17:34.811 align:start position:0%
with hundreds of electro receptors. It
 

17:34.811 --> 17:38.001 align:start position:0%
with hundreds of electro receptors. It
doesn't<00:21:46.640><c> need</c><00:21:46.960><c> eyes</c><00:21:47.360><c> down</c><00:21:47.679><c> here.</c><00:21:48.080><c> It</c><00:21:48.320><c> sees</c><00:21:49.200><c> in</c>

17:38.001 --> 17:38.011 align:start position:0%
doesn't need eyes down here. It sees in
 

17:38.011 --> 17:40.641 align:start position:0%
doesn't need eyes down here. It sees in
electricity.<00:21:50.640><c> When</c><00:21:50.880><c> a</c><00:21:51.039><c> signal</c><00:21:51.360><c> is</c><00:21:51.600><c> detected,</c>

17:40.641 --> 17:40.651 align:start position:0%
electricity. When a signal is detected,
 

17:40.651 --> 17:44.080 align:start position:0%
electricity. When a signal is detected,
it<00:21:52.480><c> deploys</c><00:21:52.960><c> its</c><00:21:53.360><c> one</c><00:21:53.840><c> extraordinary</c><00:21:54.720><c> trick.</c>

17:44.080 --> 17:44.090 align:start position:0%
it deploys its one extraordinary trick.
 

17:44.090 --> 17:46.401 align:start position:0%
it deploys its one extraordinary trick.
Two<00:21:56.000><c> pairs</c><00:21:56.320><c> of</c><00:21:56.480><c> elastic</c><00:21:57.039><c> ligaments</c><00:21:57.600><c> hold</c><00:21:57.840><c> the</c>

17:46.401 --> 17:46.411 align:start position:0%
Two pairs of elastic ligaments hold the
 

17:46.411 --> 17:48.881 align:start position:0%
Two pairs of elastic ligaments hold the
jaw<00:21:58.400><c> assembly</c><00:21:58.960><c> locked</c><00:21:59.360><c> under</c><00:21:59.679><c> the</c><00:21:59.919><c> skull,</c>

17:48.881 --> 17:48.891 align:start position:0%
jaw assembly locked under the skull,
 

17:48.891 --> 17:51.440 align:start position:0%
jaw assembly locked under the skull,
preloaded<00:22:01.120><c> like</c><00:22:01.280><c> a</c><00:22:01.600><c> crossbow.</c><00:22:02.559><c> And</c><00:22:02.799><c> when</c>

17:51.440 --> 17:51.450 align:start position:0%
preloaded like a crossbow. And when
 

17:51.450 --> 17:54.881 align:start position:0%
preloaded like a crossbow. And when
triggered,<00:22:03.919><c> the</c><00:22:04.240><c> entire</c><00:22:04.720><c> jaw</c><00:22:05.200><c> fires</c><00:22:05.760><c> forwards</c>

17:54.881 --> 17:54.891 align:start position:0%
triggered, the entire jaw fires forwards
 

17:54.891 --> 17:58.641 align:start position:0%
triggered, the entire jaw fires forwards
at<00:22:06.799><c> more</c><00:22:07.039><c> than</c><00:22:07.280><c> 3</c><00:22:07.600><c> m</c><00:22:08.159><c> per</c><00:22:08.559><c> second.</c><00:22:09.679><c> This</c><00:22:09.919><c> strike</c>

17:58.641 --> 17:58.651 align:start position:0%
at more than 3 m per second. This strike
 

17:58.651 --> 18:01.041 align:start position:0%
at more than 3 m per second. This strike
was<00:22:10.400><c> first</c><00:22:10.640><c> filmed</c><00:22:10.960><c> in</c><00:22:11.280><c> 2016</c><00:22:11.919><c> by</c><00:22:12.159><c> Professor</c>

18:01.041 --> 18:01.051 align:start position:0%
was first filmed in 2016 by Professor
 

18:01.051 --> 18:03.361 align:start position:0%
was first filmed in 2016 by Professor
Nikica,<00:22:13.360><c> and</c><00:22:13.600><c> it</c><00:22:13.760><c> was</c><00:22:13.919><c> over</c><00:22:14.159><c> in</c><00:22:14.400><c> less</c><00:22:14.559><c> than</c><00:22:14.720><c> a</c>

18:03.361 --> 18:03.371 align:start position:0%
Nikica, and it was over in less than a
 

18:03.371 --> 18:05.681 align:start position:0%
Nikica, and it was over in less than a
quarter<00:22:15.280><c> of</c><00:22:15.520><c> a</c><00:22:15.760><c> second.</c><00:22:16.559><c> Quite</c><00:22:16.799><c> literally,</c>

18:05.681 --> 18:05.691 align:start position:0%
quarter of a second. Quite literally,
 

18:05.691 --> 18:08.481 align:start position:0%
quarter of a second. Quite literally,
blink<00:22:18.000><c> and</c><00:22:18.240><c> you'd</c><00:22:18.559><c> miss</c><00:22:18.720><c> it.</c><00:22:19.520><c> And</c><00:22:19.760><c> that</c>

18:08.481 --> 18:08.491 align:start position:0%
blink and you'd miss it. And that
 

18:08.491 --> 18:11.601 align:start position:0%
blink and you'd miss it. And that
matters<00:22:20.559><c> at</c><00:22:20.880><c> 1,000</c><00:22:21.520><c> meters.</c><00:22:22.240><c> Food</c><00:22:22.559><c> is</c><00:22:22.799><c> so</c>

18:11.601 --> 18:11.611 align:start position:0%
matters at 1,000 meters. Food is so
 

18:11.611 --> 18:14.320 align:start position:0%
matters at 1,000 meters. Food is so
scarce<00:22:23.919><c> that</c><00:22:24.320><c> every</c><00:22:24.799><c> calorie</c><00:22:25.280><c> has</c><00:22:25.520><c> to</c><00:22:25.679><c> be</c>

18:14.320 --> 18:14.330 align:start position:0%
scarce that every calorie has to be
 

18:14.330 --> 18:16.641 align:start position:0%
scarce that every calorie has to be
accounted<00:22:26.400><c> for.</c><00:22:27.120><c> Every</c><00:22:27.440><c> predator</c><00:22:27.840><c> runs</c><00:22:28.080><c> a</c>

18:16.641 --> 18:16.651 align:start position:0%
accounted for. Every predator runs a
 

18:16.651 --> 18:18.801 align:start position:0%
accounted for. Every predator runs a
sort<00:22:28.400><c> of</c><00:22:28.559><c> energy</c><00:22:28.960><c> budget.</c><00:22:29.760><c> You</c><00:22:30.000><c> spend</c>

18:18.801 --> 18:18.811 align:start position:0%
sort of energy budget. You spend
 

18:18.811 --> 18:20.881 align:start position:0%
sort of energy budget. You spend
calories<00:22:30.880><c> hunting</c><00:22:31.360><c> and</c><00:22:31.600><c> you</c><00:22:31.840><c> need</c><00:22:31.919><c> to</c><00:22:32.080><c> recover</c>

18:20.881 --> 18:20.891 align:start position:0%
calories hunting and you need to recover
 

18:20.891 --> 18:22.721 align:start position:0%
calories hunting and you need to recover
more<00:22:32.720><c> than</c><00:22:32.880><c> you</c><00:22:33.120><c> spent</c><00:22:33.440><c> from</c><00:22:33.679><c> whatever</c><00:22:34.080><c> you</c>

18:22.721 --> 18:22.731 align:start position:0%
more than you spent from whatever you
 

18:22.731 --> 18:25.521 align:start position:0%
more than you spent from whatever you
catch.<00:22:35.280><c> In</c><00:22:35.600><c> shallow</c><00:22:36.000><c> water,</c><00:22:36.320><c> where</c><00:22:36.559><c> prey</c><00:22:36.880><c> is</c>

18:25.521 --> 18:25.531 align:start position:0%
catch. In shallow water, where prey is
 

18:25.531 --> 18:27.921 align:start position:0%
catch. In shallow water, where prey is
abundant,<00:22:37.919><c> an</c><00:22:38.240><c> active</c><00:22:38.640><c> hunting</c><00:22:39.039><c> strategy</c>

18:27.921 --> 18:27.931 align:start position:0%
abundant, an active hunting strategy
 

18:27.931 --> 18:30.721 align:start position:0%
abundant, an active hunting strategy
pays<00:22:39.919><c> off.</c><00:22:40.640><c> But</c><00:22:40.799><c> down</c><00:22:41.120><c> here,</c><00:22:41.440><c> the</c><00:22:41.600><c> sums</c><00:22:42.080><c> don't</c>

18:30.721 --> 18:30.731 align:start position:0%
pays off. But down here, the sums don't
 

18:30.731 --> 18:33.601 align:start position:0%
pays off. But down here, the sums don't
work<00:22:42.559><c> that</c><00:22:42.799><c> way.</c><00:22:43.520><c> A</c><00:22:43.840><c> sustained</c><00:22:44.320><c> chase</c><00:22:44.720><c> at</c><00:22:44.960><c> this</c>

18:33.601 --> 18:33.611 align:start position:0%
work that way. A sustained chase at this
 

18:33.611 --> 18:35.521 align:start position:0%
work that way. A sustained chase at this
depth<00:22:45.600><c> would</c><00:22:45.840><c> burn</c><00:22:46.159><c> far</c><00:22:46.400><c> more</c><00:22:46.640><c> energy</c><00:22:46.960><c> than</c>

18:35.521 --> 18:35.531 align:start position:0%
depth would burn far more energy than
 

18:35.531 --> 18:37.841 align:start position:0%
depth would burn far more energy than
the<00:22:47.280><c> meal</c><00:22:47.520><c> at</c><00:22:47.679><c> the</c><00:22:47.840><c> end</c><00:22:48.080><c> could</c><00:22:48.400><c> ever</c><00:22:48.720><c> replace.</c>

18:37.841 --> 18:37.851 align:start position:0%
the meal at the end could ever replace.
 

18:37.851 --> 18:39.921 align:start position:0%
the meal at the end could ever replace.
The<00:22:49.679><c> goblin</c><00:22:50.080><c> shark</c><00:22:50.480><c> solved</c><00:22:50.799><c> this</c><00:22:51.039><c> problem</c><00:22:51.280><c> by</c>

18:39.921 --> 18:39.931 align:start position:0%
The goblin shark solved this problem by
 

18:39.931 --> 18:42.481 align:start position:0%
The goblin shark solved this problem by
eliminating<00:22:51.919><c> the</c><00:22:52.159><c> hunts</c><00:22:52.640><c> almost</c><00:22:53.120><c> entirely.</c>

18:42.481 --> 18:42.491 align:start position:0%
eliminating the hunts almost entirely.
 

18:42.491 --> 18:44.960 align:start position:0%
eliminating the hunts almost entirely.
It<00:22:54.320><c> burns</c><00:22:54.640><c> almost</c><00:22:55.039><c> nothing</c><00:22:55.679><c> waiting.</c><00:22:56.400><c> It</c>

18:44.960 --> 18:44.970 align:start position:0%
It burns almost nothing waiting. It
 

18:44.970 --> 18:47.601 align:start position:0%
It burns almost nothing waiting. It
burns<00:22:56.880><c> almost</c><00:22:57.200><c> nothing</c><00:22:57.760><c> striking.</c><00:22:58.640><c> The</c><00:22:58.880><c> jaw</c>

18:47.601 --> 18:47.611 align:start position:0%
burns almost nothing striking. The jaw
 

18:47.611 --> 18:49.361 align:start position:0%
burns almost nothing striking. The jaw
does<00:22:59.360><c> the</c><00:22:59.520><c> work</c><00:22:59.679><c> in</c><00:22:59.919><c> a</c><00:23:00.080><c> third</c><00:23:00.240><c> of</c><00:23:00.400><c> a</c><00:23:00.559><c> second</c><00:23:00.799><c> and</c>

18:49.361 --> 18:49.371 align:start position:0%
does the work in a third of a second and
 

18:49.371 --> 18:51.041 align:start position:0%
does the work in a third of a second and
then<00:23:01.120><c> the</c><00:23:01.280><c> shark</c><00:23:01.520><c> goes</c><00:23:01.760><c> back</c><00:23:01.919><c> to</c><00:23:02.320><c> doing</c>

18:51.041 --> 18:51.051 align:start position:0%
then the shark goes back to doing
 

18:51.051 --> 18:53.041 align:start position:0%
then the shark goes back to doing
nothing.<00:23:03.440><c> An</c><00:23:03.679><c> approach</c><00:23:03.919><c> that's</c><00:23:04.240><c> proved</c><00:23:04.480><c> more</c>

18:53.041 --> 18:53.051 align:start position:0%
nothing. An approach that's proved more
 

18:53.051 --> 18:54.721 align:start position:0%
nothing. An approach that's proved more
reliable<00:23:05.039><c> than</c><00:23:05.360><c> speed,</c><00:23:05.760><c> strength,</c><00:23:06.080><c> or</c>

18:54.721 --> 18:54.731 align:start position:0%
reliable than speed, strength, or
 

18:54.731 --> 18:57.841 align:start position:0%
reliable than speed, strength, or
stamina<00:23:07.200><c> ever</c><00:23:07.520><c> could.</c><00:23:08.640><c> But</c><00:23:08.799><c> how</c><00:23:09.039><c> does</c><00:23:09.120><c> it</c><00:23:09.280><c> get</c>

18:57.841 --> 18:57.851 align:start position:0%
stamina ever could. But how does it get
 

18:57.851 --> 18:59.921 align:start position:0%
stamina ever could. But how does it get
away<00:23:09.600><c> with</c><00:23:09.840><c> being</c><00:23:10.080><c> well</c><00:23:10.640><c> so</c><00:23:10.960><c> bad</c><00:23:11.200><c> at</c>

18:59.921 --> 18:59.931 align:start position:0%
away with being well so bad at
 

18:59.931 --> 19:02.401 align:start position:0%
away with being well so bad at
everything<00:23:11.840><c> else?</c><00:23:12.720><c> On</c><00:23:12.960><c> a</c><00:23:13.120><c> coral</c><00:23:13.440><c> reef,</c><00:23:13.760><c> being</c>

19:02.401 --> 19:02.411 align:start position:0%
everything else? On a coral reef, being
 

19:02.411 --> 19:04.641 align:start position:0%
everything else? On a coral reef, being
big<00:23:14.159><c> and</c><00:23:14.400><c> slow</c><00:23:14.640><c> is</c><00:23:14.799><c> a</c><00:23:15.039><c> death</c><00:23:15.280><c> sentence.</c>

19:04.641 --> 19:04.651 align:start position:0%
big and slow is a death sentence.
 

19:04.651 --> 19:07.200 align:start position:0%
big and slow is a death sentence.
Predators<00:23:16.880><c> keep</c><00:23:17.120><c> animals</c><00:23:17.679><c> fast,</c><00:23:18.159><c> sharp,</c><00:23:18.559><c> and</c>

19:07.200 --> 19:07.210 align:start position:0%
Predators keep animals fast, sharp, and
 

19:07.210 --> 19:09.041 align:start position:0%
Predators keep animals fast, sharp, and
small.<00:23:19.120><c> And</c><00:23:19.280><c> that</c><00:23:19.520><c> evolutionary</c><00:23:20.240><c> pressure</c>

19:09.041 --> 19:09.051 align:start position:0%
small. And that evolutionary pressure
 

19:09.051 --> 19:11.601 align:start position:0%
small. And that evolutionary pressure
shapes<00:23:21.120><c> everything</c><00:23:21.440><c> about</c><00:23:21.760><c> how</c><00:23:22.080><c> life</c><00:23:22.480><c> looks</c>

19:11.601 --> 19:11.611 align:start position:0%
shapes everything about how life looks
 

19:11.611 --> 19:14.960 align:start position:0%
shapes everything about how life looks
in<00:23:23.520><c> shallow</c><00:23:23.919><c> water.</c><00:23:24.960><c> At</c><00:23:25.200><c> 1,000</c><00:23:25.760><c> m,</c><00:23:26.320><c> that</c>

19:14.960 --> 19:14.970 align:start position:0%
in shallow water. At 1,000 m, that
 

19:14.970 --> 19:17.681 align:start position:0%
in shallow water. At 1,000 m, that
pressure<00:23:26.960><c> almost</c><00:23:27.440><c> disappears.</c><00:23:28.480><c> It's</c><00:23:28.880><c> cold,</c>

19:17.681 --> 19:17.691 align:start position:0%
pressure almost disappears. It's cold,
 

19:17.691 --> 19:20.560 align:start position:0%
pressure almost disappears. It's cold,
it's<00:23:29.520><c> dark,</c><00:23:29.840><c> and</c><00:23:30.080><c> food</c><00:23:30.320><c> is</c><00:23:30.640><c> genuinely</c><00:23:31.280><c> scarce.</c>

19:20.560 --> 19:20.570 align:start position:0%
it's dark, and food is genuinely scarce.
 

19:20.570 --> 19:23.440 align:start position:0%
it's dark, and food is genuinely scarce.
But<00:23:32.400><c> danger</c><00:23:33.039><c> is</c><00:23:33.280><c> rarer</c><00:23:33.840><c> still.</c><00:23:34.559><c> That's</c><00:23:34.799><c> the</c>

19:23.440 --> 19:23.450 align:start position:0%
But danger is rarer still. That's the
 

19:23.450 --> 19:26.001 align:start position:0%
But danger is rarer still. That's the
goblin<00:23:35.440><c> shark's</c><00:23:36.080><c> secret.</c><00:23:36.880><c> It</c><00:23:37.120><c> didn't</c><00:23:37.280><c> survive</c>

19:26.001 --> 19:26.011 align:start position:0%
goblin shark's secret. It didn't survive
 

19:26.011 --> 19:28.481 align:start position:0%
goblin shark's secret. It didn't survive
by<00:23:37.840><c> being</c><00:23:38.000><c> the</c><00:23:38.240><c> best</c><00:23:38.480><c> predator</c><00:23:38.960><c> in</c><00:23:39.200><c> the</c><00:23:39.360><c> ocean.</c>

19:28.481 --> 19:28.491 align:start position:0%
by being the best predator in the ocean.
 

19:28.491 --> 19:30.881 align:start position:0%
by being the best predator in the ocean.
It<00:23:40.320><c> survived</c><00:23:40.799><c> by</c><00:23:41.039><c> finding</c><00:23:41.280><c> the</c><00:23:41.520><c> one</c><00:23:41.840><c> place</c><00:23:42.159><c> on</c>

19:30.881 --> 19:30.891 align:start position:0%
It survived by finding the one place on
 

19:30.891 --> 19:33.521 align:start position:0%
It survived by finding the one place on
Earth<00:23:42.880><c> where</c><00:23:43.280><c> being</c><00:23:43.760><c> slow,</c><00:23:44.240><c> soft,</c><00:23:44.559><c> and</c><00:23:44.799><c> half</c>

19:33.521 --> 19:33.531 align:start position:0%
Earth where being slow, soft, and half
 

19:33.531 --> 19:37.601 align:start position:0%
Earth where being slow, soft, and half
blind<00:23:46.000><c> is</c><00:23:46.480><c> absolutely</c><00:23:47.280><c> fine,</c><00:23:47.840><c> provided</c><00:23:48.880><c> you</c>

19:37.601 --> 19:37.611 align:start position:0%
blind is absolutely fine, provided you
 

19:37.611 --> 19:40.401 align:start position:0%
blind is absolutely fine, provided you
can<00:23:49.360><c> do</c><00:23:49.600><c> one</c><00:23:49.919><c> thing</c><00:23:50.320><c> faster</c><00:23:51.280><c> than</c><00:23:51.600><c> anything</c>

19:40.401 --> 19:40.411 align:start position:0%
can do one thing faster than anything
 

19:40.411 --> 19:42.801 align:start position:0%
can do one thing faster than anything
else<00:23:52.480><c> alive.</c>

19:42.801 --> 19:42.811 align:start position:0%
else alive.
 

19:42.811 --> 19:44.881 align:start position:0%
else alive.
But<00:23:54.640><c> yet</c><00:23:54.880><c> again,</c><00:23:55.200><c> there</c><00:23:55.360><c> is</c><00:23:55.600><c> so</c><00:23:55.840><c> much</c><00:23:56.080><c> more</c><00:23:56.240><c> to</c>

19:44.881 --> 19:44.891 align:start position:0%
But yet again, there is so much more to
 

19:44.891 --> 19:47.601 align:start position:0%
But yet again, there is so much more to
this<00:23:56.640><c> tale</c><00:23:56.960><c> of</c><00:23:57.120><c> deep</c><00:23:57.440><c> sea</c><00:23:57.679><c> giants.</c><00:23:58.400><c> Go</c><00:23:58.640><c> deeper,</c>

19:47.601 --> 19:47.611 align:start position:0%
this tale of deep sea giants. Go deeper,
 

19:47.611 --> 19:50.801 align:start position:0%
this tale of deep sea giants. Go deeper,
3,000<00:24:00.000><c> m</c><00:24:00.480><c> deeper,</c><00:24:01.200><c> and</c><00:24:01.440><c> the</c><00:24:01.600><c> monsters</c><00:24:02.159><c> get</c>

19:50.801 --> 19:50.811 align:start position:0%
3,000 m deeper, and the monsters get
 

19:50.811 --> 19:53.440 align:start position:0%
3,000 m deeper, and the monsters get
even<00:24:02.720><c> bigger,</c><00:24:03.200><c> even</c><00:24:03.760><c> weirder.</c><00:24:04.640><c> We</c><00:24:04.880><c> are</c>

19:53.440 --> 19:53.450 align:start position:0%
even bigger, even weirder. We are
 

19:53.450 --> 19:57.041 align:start position:0%
even bigger, even weirder. We are
talking<00:24:05.360><c> about</c><00:24:05.520><c> a</c><00:24:05.840><c> giant</c><00:24:06.480><c> trailing</c><00:24:06.960><c> arms</c><00:24:07.520><c> 10</c><00:24:08.080><c> m</c>

19:57.041 --> 19:57.051 align:start position:0%
talking about a giant trailing arms 10 m
 

19:57.051 --> 20:00.161 align:start position:0%
talking about a giant trailing arms 10 m
long<00:24:09.679><c> through</c><00:24:10.000><c> the</c><00:24:10.240><c> darkness.</c>

20:00.161 --> 20:00.171 align:start position:0%
long through the darkness.
 

20:00.171 --> 20:03.921 align:start position:0%
long through the darkness.
Meet<00:24:12.159><c> Stigio</c><00:24:12.880><c> Medusa</c><00:24:13.600><c> Gigantia,</c><00:24:14.799><c> the</c><00:24:15.039><c> giant</c>

20:03.921 --> 20:03.931 align:start position:0%
Meet Stigio Medusa Gigantia, the giant
 

20:03.931 --> 20:06.481 align:start position:0%
Meet Stigio Medusa Gigantia, the giant
phantom<00:24:16.080><c> jelly</c><00:24:16.400><c> that</c><00:24:16.640><c> lurks</c><00:24:17.120><c> in</c><00:24:17.360><c> the</c><00:24:17.520><c> midnight</c>

20:06.481 --> 20:06.491 align:start position:0%
phantom jelly that lurks in the midnight
 

20:06.491 --> 20:09.521 align:start position:0%
phantom jelly that lurks in the midnight
zone.<00:24:19.279><c> It's</c><00:24:19.600><c> named</c><00:24:20.000><c> after</c><00:24:20.240><c> the</c><00:24:20.400><c> river</c><00:24:20.720><c> sticks</c>

20:09.521 --> 20:09.531 align:start position:0%
zone. It's named after the river sticks
 

20:09.531 --> 20:12.320 align:start position:0%
zone. It's named after the river sticks
in<00:24:21.360><c> Greek</c><00:24:21.679><c> mythology.</c><00:24:22.720><c> The</c><00:24:22.960><c> cold</c><00:24:23.360><c> dark</c><00:24:23.679><c> river</c>

20:12.320 --> 20:12.330 align:start position:0%
in Greek mythology. The cold dark river
 

20:12.330 --> 20:14.001 align:start position:0%
in Greek mythology. The cold dark river
that<00:24:24.159><c> connected</c><00:24:24.480><c> the</c><00:24:24.640><c> living</c><00:24:24.880><c> world</c><00:24:25.200><c> to</c>

20:14.001 --> 20:14.011 align:start position:0%
that connected the living world to
 

20:14.011 --> 20:17.200 align:start position:0%
that connected the living world to
Hades,<00:24:26.559><c> the</c><00:24:26.799><c> realm</c><00:24:27.120><c> of</c><00:24:27.279><c> the</c><00:24:27.440><c> dead.</c><00:24:28.159><c> Its</c><00:24:28.400><c> bell,</c>

20:17.200 --> 20:17.210 align:start position:0%
Hades, the realm of the dead. Its bell,
 

20:17.210 --> 20:18.960 align:start position:0%
Hades, the realm of the dead. Its bell,
the<00:24:29.039><c> umbrella-shaped</c><00:24:29.600><c> body</c><00:24:29.840><c> we</c><00:24:30.000><c> might</c><00:24:30.159><c> call</c><00:24:30.320><c> a</c>

20:18.960 --> 20:18.970 align:start position:0%
the umbrella-shaped body we might call a
 

20:18.970 --> 20:21.761 align:start position:0%
the umbrella-shaped body we might call a
head,<00:24:30.960><c> is</c><00:24:31.120><c> about</c><00:24:31.279><c> a</c><00:24:31.520><c> meter</c><00:24:31.840><c> across.</c><00:24:32.799><c> From</c><00:24:33.039><c> it</c>

20:21.761 --> 20:21.771 align:start position:0%
head, is about a meter across. From it
 

20:21.771 --> 20:25.361 align:start position:0%
head, is about a meter across. From it
trail<00:24:33.760><c> four</c><00:24:34.320><c> vast</c><00:24:34.880><c> ribbon-like</c><00:24:35.679><c> arms,</c><00:24:36.320><c> each</c>

20:25.361 --> 20:25.371 align:start position:0%
trail four vast ribbon-like arms, each
 

20:25.371 --> 20:27.281 align:start position:0%
trail four vast ribbon-like arms, each
roughly<00:24:37.360><c> the</c><00:24:37.600><c> length</c><00:24:37.760><c> of</c><00:24:37.919><c> a</c><00:24:38.080><c> double-decker</c>

20:27.281 --> 20:27.291 align:start position:0%
roughly the length of a double-decker
 

20:27.291 --> 20:30.481 align:start position:0%
roughly the length of a double-decker
bus.<00:24:39.520><c> These</c><00:24:39.840><c> are</c><00:24:40.080><c> not</c><00:24:40.400><c> tentacles,</c><00:24:41.200><c> not</c><00:24:41.679><c> fine</c>

20:30.481 --> 20:30.491 align:start position:0%
bus. These are not tentacles, not fine
 

20:30.491 --> 20:32.641 align:start position:0%
bus. These are not tentacles, not fine
stinging<00:24:42.559><c> threads.</c><00:24:43.360><c> They</c><00:24:43.520><c> are</c><00:24:43.760><c> thick,</c>

20:32.641 --> 20:32.651 align:start position:0%
stinging threads. They are thick,
 

20:32.651 --> 20:35.440 align:start position:0%
stinging threads. They are thick,
muscular<00:24:44.880><c> curtains</c><00:24:45.360><c> of</c><00:24:45.600><c> flesh</c><00:24:46.080><c> drifting</c>

20:35.440 --> 20:35.450 align:start position:0%
muscular curtains of flesh drifting
 

20:35.450 --> 20:38.161 align:start position:0%
muscular curtains of flesh drifting
through<00:24:47.360><c> total</c><00:24:47.840><c> darkness,</c><00:24:48.799><c> covered</c><00:24:49.120><c> in</c><00:24:49.360><c> mucus</c>

20:38.161 --> 20:38.171 align:start position:0%
through total darkness, covered in mucus
 

20:38.171 --> 20:40.080 align:start position:0%
through total darkness, covered in mucus
that<00:24:49.919><c> traps</c><00:24:50.400><c> anything</c><00:24:50.720><c> that</c><00:24:51.039><c> drifts</c><00:24:51.360><c> into</c>

20:40.080 --> 20:40.090 align:start position:0%
that traps anything that drifts into
 

20:40.090 --> 20:42.960 align:start position:0%
that traps anything that drifts into
them.<00:24:52.480><c> When</c><00:24:52.720><c> prey</c><00:24:53.120><c> makes</c><00:24:53.440><c> contact,</c><00:24:54.240><c> those</c>

20:42.960 --> 20:42.970 align:start position:0%
them. When prey makes contact, those
 

20:42.970 --> 20:46.401 align:start position:0%
them. When prey makes contact, those
ribbons<00:24:54.960><c> curl</c><00:24:55.360><c> inward</c><00:24:56.080><c> and</c><00:24:56.320><c> the</c><00:24:56.559><c> bell</c><00:24:56.960><c> itself</c>

20:46.401 --> 20:46.411 align:start position:0%
ribbons curl inward and the bell itself
 

20:46.411 --> 20:48.801 align:start position:0%
ribbons curl inward and the bell itself
stretches<00:24:58.400><c> to</c><00:24:58.640><c> nearly</c><00:24:59.120><c> five</c><00:24:59.440><c> times</c><00:25:00.000><c> its</c>

20:48.801 --> 20:48.811 align:start position:0%
stretches to nearly five times its
 

20:48.811 --> 20:52.320 align:start position:0%
stretches to nearly five times its
resting<00:25:00.880><c> size</c><00:25:01.679><c> to</c><00:25:01.919><c> engulf</c><00:25:02.400><c> it.</c>

20:52.320 --> 20:52.330 align:start position:0%
resting size to engulf it.
 

20:52.330 --> 20:53.921 align:start position:0%
resting size to engulf it.
This<00:25:04.159><c> footage</c><00:25:04.480><c> comes</c><00:25:04.720><c> from</c><00:25:04.880><c> an</c><00:25:05.039><c> expedition</c><00:25:05.440><c> to</c>

20:53.921 --> 20:53.931 align:start position:0%
This footage comes from an expedition to
 

20:53.931 --> 20:55.761 align:start position:0%
This footage comes from an expedition to
the<00:25:05.679><c> Gulf</c><00:25:05.919><c> of</c><00:25:06.159><c> California,</c><00:25:06.960><c> where</c><00:25:07.120><c> the</c>

20:55.761 --> 20:55.771 align:start position:0%
the Gulf of California, where the
 

20:55.771 --> 20:58.560 align:start position:0%
the Gulf of California, where the
Mterrey<00:25:07.840><c> Bay</c><00:25:08.080><c> Aquarium</c><00:25:08.720><c> Research</c><00:25:09.279><c> Institute</c>

20:58.560 --> 20:58.570 align:start position:0%
Mterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
 

20:58.570 --> 21:02.241 align:start position:0%
Mterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
and<00:25:10.400><c> Bari's</c><00:25:11.120><c> ROV</c><00:25:12.080><c> saw</c><00:25:12.400><c> its</c><00:25:12.640><c> predatory</c><00:25:13.120><c> tactics</c>

21:02.241 --> 21:02.251 align:start position:0%
and Bari's ROV saw its predatory tactics
 

21:02.251 --> 21:04.001 align:start position:0%
and Bari's ROV saw its predatory tactics
firsthand.

21:04.001 --> 21:04.011 align:start position:0%
firsthand.
 

21:04.011 --> 21:05.841 align:start position:0%
firsthand.
This<00:25:15.919><c> animal</c><00:25:16.240><c> competes</c><00:25:16.559><c> with</c><00:25:16.799><c> squids,</c><00:25:17.279><c> deep</c>

21:05.841 --> 21:05.851 align:start position:0%
This animal competes with squids, deep
 

21:05.851 --> 21:09.041 align:start position:0%
This animal competes with squids, deep
sea<00:25:17.760><c> fish,</c><00:25:18.080><c> and</c><00:25:18.320><c> with</c><00:25:18.559><c> whales</c><00:25:19.120><c> for</c><00:25:19.520><c> food.</c><00:25:20.400><c> And</c>

21:09.041 --> 21:09.051 align:start position:0%
sea fish, and with whales for food. And
 

21:09.051 --> 21:11.281 align:start position:0%
sea fish, and with whales for food. And
it<00:25:20.799><c> does</c><00:25:21.039><c> so</c><00:25:21.279><c> without</c><00:25:21.600><c> a</c><00:25:21.840><c> brain,</c><00:25:22.320><c> without</c><00:25:22.640><c> a</c>

21:11.281 --> 21:11.291 align:start position:0%
it does so without a brain, without a
 

21:11.291 --> 21:13.440 align:start position:0%
it does so without a brain, without a
central<00:25:23.360><c> nervous</c><00:25:23.760><c> system,</c><00:25:24.400><c> and</c><00:25:24.640><c> without</c>

21:13.440 --> 21:13.450 align:start position:0%
central nervous system, and without
 

21:13.450 --> 21:15.841 align:start position:0%
central nervous system, and without
anything<00:25:25.520><c> we</c><00:25:25.840><c> would</c><00:25:26.000><c> recognize</c><00:25:26.480><c> as</c><00:25:26.799><c> a</c><00:25:27.039><c> control</c>

21:15.841 --> 21:15.851 align:start position:0%
anything we would recognize as a control
 

21:15.851 --> 21:19.121 align:start position:0%
anything we would recognize as a control
system<00:25:28.080><c> at</c><00:25:28.400><c> all.</c><00:25:29.360><c> But</c><00:25:29.679><c> leave</c><00:25:29.919><c> one</c><00:25:30.159><c> on</c><00:25:30.320><c> a</c><00:25:30.480><c> beach,</c>

21:19.121 --> 21:19.131 align:start position:0%
system at all. But leave one on a beach,
 

21:19.131 --> 21:21.361 align:start position:0%
system at all. But leave one on a beach,
and<00:25:30.880><c> it</c><00:25:31.039><c> would</c><00:25:31.200><c> almost</c><00:25:31.600><c> evaporate.</c><00:25:32.559><c> Try</c><00:25:32.799><c> to</c>

21:21.361 --> 21:21.371 align:start position:0%
and it would almost evaporate. Try to
 

21:21.371 --> 21:23.440 align:start position:0%
and it would almost evaporate. Try to
haul<00:25:33.200><c> one</c><00:25:33.360><c> up</c><00:25:33.520><c> in</c><00:25:33.679><c> a</c><00:25:33.840><c> troll</c><00:25:34.240><c> net,</c><00:25:34.400><c> and</c><00:25:34.559><c> it</c><00:25:34.799><c> turns</c>

21:23.440 --> 21:23.450 align:start position:0%
haul one up in a troll net, and it turns
 

21:23.450 --> 21:26.401 align:start position:0%
haul one up in a troll net, and it turns
to<00:25:35.279><c> goo,</c><00:25:36.159><c> which</c><00:25:36.400><c> is</c><00:25:36.559><c> actually</c><00:25:36.799><c> a</c><00:25:37.039><c> clue</c><00:25:37.679><c> into</c>

21:26.401 --> 21:26.411 align:start position:0%
to goo, which is actually a clue into
 

21:26.411 --> 21:29.200 align:start position:0%
to goo, which is actually a clue into
its<00:25:38.320><c> giant</c><00:25:38.799><c> existence.</c><00:25:40.159><c> Here's</c><00:25:40.400><c> where</c><00:25:40.559><c> this</c>

21:29.200 --> 21:29.210 align:start position:0%
its giant existence. Here's where this
 

21:29.210 --> 21:32.001 align:start position:0%
its giant existence. Here's where this
stops<00:25:41.120><c> being</c><00:25:41.440><c> spectacle</c><00:25:42.480><c> and</c><00:25:42.799><c> starts</c><00:25:43.200><c> being</c>

21:32.001 --> 21:32.011 align:start position:0%
stops being spectacle and starts being
 

21:32.011 --> 21:35.121 align:start position:0%
stops being spectacle and starts being
physics.<00:25:44.720><c> At</c><00:25:45.039><c> sea</c><00:25:45.279><c> level,</c><00:25:45.600><c> roughly</c><00:25:45.919><c> 1</c><00:25:46.080><c> kg</c><00:25:46.559><c> of</c>

21:35.121 --> 21:35.131 align:start position:0%
physics. At sea level, roughly 1 kg of
 

21:35.131 --> 21:37.041 align:start position:0%
physics. At sea level, roughly 1 kg of
pressure<00:25:47.120><c> pushes</c><00:25:47.520><c> down</c><00:25:47.679><c> on</c><00:25:47.919><c> every</c><00:25:48.240><c> square</c>

21:37.041 --> 21:37.051 align:start position:0%
pressure pushes down on every square
 

21:37.051 --> 21:40.080 align:start position:0%
pressure pushes down on every square
cime<00:25:49.279><c> of</c><00:25:49.520><c> your</c><00:25:49.760><c> skin.</c><00:25:50.640><c> Go</c><00:25:50.799><c> underwater</c><00:25:51.360><c> and</c><00:25:51.600><c> you</c>

21:40.080 --> 21:40.090 align:start position:0%
cime of your skin. Go underwater and you
 

21:40.090 --> 21:42.560 align:start position:0%
cime of your skin. Go underwater and you
add<00:25:51.919><c> another</c><00:25:52.080><c> kilogram</c><00:25:52.559><c> for</c><00:25:52.799><c> every</c><00:25:53.120><c> 10</c><00:25:53.440><c> m</c><00:25:53.840><c> of</c>

21:42.560 --> 21:42.570 align:start position:0%
add another kilogram for every 10 m of
 

21:42.570 --> 21:46.161 align:start position:0%
add another kilogram for every 10 m of
depth.<00:25:54.880><c> At</c><00:25:55.120><c> 1,000</c><00:25:55.679><c> m,</c><00:25:56.080><c> that's</c><00:25:56.480><c> 100</c><00:25:56.799><c> kg</c><00:25:57.440><c> per</c>

21:46.161 --> 21:46.171 align:start position:0%
depth. At 1,000 m, that's 100 kg per
 

21:46.171 --> 21:49.601 align:start position:0%
depth. At 1,000 m, that's 100 kg per
square<00:25:58.240><c> cm,</c><00:25:58.880><c> bearing</c><00:25:59.360><c> down</c><00:25:59.520><c> on</c><00:25:59.919><c> everything.</c>

21:49.601 --> 21:49.611 align:start position:0%
square cm, bearing down on everything.
 

21:49.611 --> 21:52.001 align:start position:0%
square cm, bearing down on everything.
At<00:26:01.520><c> the</c><00:26:01.679><c> deepest</c><00:26:02.159><c> confirmed</c><00:26:02.799><c> sightings</c><00:26:03.279><c> of</c>

21:52.001 --> 21:52.011 align:start position:0%
At the deepest confirmed sightings of
 

21:52.011 --> 21:55.121 align:start position:0%
At the deepest confirmed sightings of
this<00:26:03.760><c> animal,</c><00:26:04.240><c> somewhere</c><00:26:04.640><c> beyond</c><00:26:05.279><c> 6,000</c><00:26:05.919><c> m,</c>

21:55.121 --> 21:55.131 align:start position:0%
this animal, somewhere beyond 6,000 m,
 

21:55.131 --> 21:58.801 align:start position:0%
this animal, somewhere beyond 6,000 m,
the<00:26:06.880><c> pressure</c><00:26:07.279><c> is</c><00:26:07.440><c> equivalent</c><00:26:07.919><c> to</c><00:26:08.400><c> 620</c><00:26:09.520><c> kg.</c>

21:58.801 --> 21:58.811 align:start position:0%
the pressure is equivalent to 620 kg.
 

21:58.811 --> 22:00.960 align:start position:0%
the pressure is equivalent to 620 kg.
focus<00:26:10.720><c> on</c><00:26:10.880><c> an</c><00:26:11.120><c> area</c><00:26:11.360><c> the</c><00:26:11.679><c> size</c><00:26:12.000><c> of</c><00:26:12.240><c> your</c>

22:00.960 --> 22:00.970 align:start position:0%
focus on an area the size of your
 

22:00.970 --> 22:03.601 align:start position:0%
focus on an area the size of your
thumbnail.<00:26:13.679><c> At</c><00:26:14.000><c> similar</c><00:26:14.400><c> depths,</c>

22:03.601 --> 22:03.611 align:start position:0%
thumbnail. At similar depths,
 

22:03.611 --> 22:05.761 align:start position:0%
thumbnail. At similar depths,
submersibles<00:26:16.000><c> have</c><00:26:16.159><c> imploded</c><00:26:16.799><c> faster</c><00:26:17.120><c> than</c>

22:05.761 --> 22:05.771 align:start position:0%
submersibles have imploded faster than
 

22:05.771 --> 22:08.560 align:start position:0%
submersibles have imploded faster than
the<00:26:17.520><c> human</c><00:26:17.760><c> brain</c><00:26:18.159><c> can</c><00:26:18.400><c> even</c><00:26:18.640><c> process</c><00:26:19.200><c> sound.</c>

22:08.560 --> 22:08.570 align:start position:0%
the human brain can even process sound.
 

22:08.570 --> 22:11.121 align:start position:0%
the human brain can even process sound.
So,<00:26:20.400><c> how</c><00:26:20.559><c> does</c><00:26:20.720><c> a</c><00:26:20.880><c> 10</c><00:26:21.200><c> m</c><00:26:21.679><c> brainless</c><00:26:22.159><c> curtain</c><00:26:22.559><c> of</c>

22:11.121 --> 22:11.131 align:start position:0%
So, how does a 10 m brainless curtain of
 

22:11.131 --> 22:14.881 align:start position:0%
So, how does a 10 m brainless curtain of
jelly<00:26:23.120><c> survive</c><00:26:24.320><c> where</c><00:26:24.640><c> engineering</c><00:26:25.360><c> doesn't?</c>

22:14.881 --> 22:14.891 align:start position:0%
jelly survive where engineering doesn't?
 

22:14.891 --> 22:18.001 align:start position:0%
jelly survive where engineering doesn't?
Well,<00:26:26.880><c> by</c><00:26:27.200><c> having</c><00:26:27.679><c> nothing</c><00:26:28.080><c> to</c><00:26:28.480><c> crush.</c>

22:18.001 --> 22:18.011 align:start position:0%
Well, by having nothing to crush.
 

22:18.011 --> 22:20.241 align:start position:0%
Well, by having nothing to crush.
Pressure<00:26:30.000><c> destroys</c><00:26:30.640><c> air</c><00:26:30.960><c> pockets,</c><00:26:31.440><c> rigid</c>

22:20.241 --> 22:20.251 align:start position:0%
Pressure destroys air pockets, rigid
 

22:20.251 --> 22:23.041 align:start position:0%
Pressure destroys air pockets, rigid
skeletons,<00:26:32.400><c> and</c><00:26:32.720><c> sealed</c><00:26:33.279><c> chambers.</c><00:26:34.159><c> It</c><00:26:34.400><c> finds</c>

22:23.041 --> 22:23.051 align:start position:0%
skeletons, and sealed chambers. It finds
 

22:23.051 --> 22:25.921 align:start position:0%
skeletons, and sealed chambers. It finds
the<00:26:34.880><c> gaps</c><00:26:35.120><c> and</c><00:26:35.360><c> it</c><00:26:35.679><c> squeezes.</c><00:26:36.720><c> But</c><00:26:36.960><c> Sigio</c>

22:25.921 --> 22:25.931 align:start position:0%
the gaps and it squeezes. But Sigio
 

22:25.931 --> 22:28.881 align:start position:0%
the gaps and it squeezes. But Sigio
Medusa<00:26:38.159><c> has</c><00:26:38.480><c> none</c><00:26:38.720><c> of</c><00:26:38.960><c> those.</c><00:26:39.679><c> Its</c><00:26:40.000><c> body</c><00:26:40.240><c> is</c>

22:28.881 --> 22:28.891 align:start position:0%
Medusa has none of those. Its body is
 

22:28.891 --> 22:32.481 align:start position:0%
Medusa has none of those. Its body is
roughly<00:26:40.880><c> 95%</c><00:26:42.080><c> water</c><00:26:42.480><c> and</c><00:26:42.799><c> water</c><00:26:43.360><c> is</c><00:26:43.600><c> virtually</c>

22:32.481 --> 22:32.491 align:start position:0%
roughly 95% water and water is virtually
 

22:32.491 --> 22:34.080 align:start position:0%
roughly 95% water and water is virtually
incompressible.

22:34.080 --> 22:34.090 align:start position:0%
incompressible.
 

22:34.090 --> 22:35.761 align:start position:0%
incompressible.
The<00:26:45.919><c> pressure</c><00:26:46.240><c> inside</c><00:26:46.559><c> its</c><00:26:46.880><c> tissues</c>

22:35.761 --> 22:35.771 align:start position:0%
The pressure inside its tissues
 

22:35.771 --> 22:37.521 align:start position:0%
The pressure inside its tissues
equalizes<00:26:47.919><c> instantly</c><00:26:48.320><c> with</c><00:26:48.480><c> the</c><00:26:48.720><c> pressure</c>

22:37.521 --> 22:37.531 align:start position:0%
equalizes instantly with the pressure
 

22:37.531 --> 22:40.161 align:start position:0%
equalizes instantly with the pressure
outside.<00:26:50.159><c> There</c><00:26:50.320><c> is</c><00:26:50.559><c> no</c><00:26:50.880><c> air</c><00:26:51.120><c> pocket</c><00:26:51.440><c> to</c>

22:40.161 --> 22:40.171 align:start position:0%
outside. There is no air pocket to
 

22:40.171 --> 22:42.560 align:start position:0%
outside. There is no air pocket to
collapse,<00:26:52.240><c> no</c><00:26:52.480><c> rigid</c><00:26:52.880><c> structure</c><00:26:53.200><c> to</c><00:26:53.440><c> buckle,</c>

22:42.560 --> 22:42.570 align:start position:0%
collapse, no rigid structure to buckle,
 

22:42.570 --> 22:45.680 align:start position:0%
collapse, no rigid structure to buckle,
no<00:26:54.559><c> sealed</c><00:26:54.960><c> chamber</c><00:26:55.360><c> to</c><00:26:55.600><c> implode.</c><00:26:56.559><c> There</c><00:26:56.799><c> is</c>

22:45.680 --> 22:45.690 align:start position:0%
no sealed chamber to implode. There is
 

22:45.690 --> 22:48.481 align:start position:0%
no sealed chamber to implode. There is
nothing<00:26:57.679><c> to</c><00:26:58.080><c> crush.</c><00:26:59.360><c> Other</c><00:26:59.600><c> deep</c><00:26:59.840><c> sea</c>

22:48.481 --> 22:48.491 align:start position:0%
nothing to crush. Other deep sea
 

22:48.491 --> 22:50.080 align:start position:0%
nothing to crush. Other deep sea
creatures<00:27:00.400><c> have</c><00:27:00.559><c> the</c><00:27:00.799><c> same</c><00:27:00.960><c> problem.</c><00:27:01.360><c> They</c>

22:50.080 --> 22:50.090 align:start position:0%
creatures have the same problem. They
 

22:50.090 --> 22:52.320 align:start position:0%
creatures have the same problem. They
can't<00:27:01.919><c> rely</c><00:27:02.240><c> on</c><00:27:02.559><c> gas</c><00:27:02.880><c> filled</c><00:27:03.200><c> spaces</c><00:27:03.600><c> for</c>

22:52.320 --> 22:52.330 align:start position:0%
can't rely on gas filled spaces for
 

22:52.330 --> 22:54.721 align:start position:0%
can't rely on gas filled spaces for
buoyancy,<00:27:04.559><c> structure,</c><00:27:04.960><c> or</c><00:27:05.279><c> breathing.</c>

22:54.721 --> 22:54.731 align:start position:0%
buoyancy, structure, or breathing.
 

22:54.731 --> 22:56.641 align:start position:0%
buoyancy, structure, or breathing.
Instead,<00:27:06.960><c> everything</c><00:27:07.200><c> that</c><00:27:07.440><c> lives</c><00:27:07.679><c> here</c><00:27:08.000><c> is</c>

22:56.641 --> 22:56.651 align:start position:0%
Instead, everything that lives here is
 

22:56.651 --> 22:59.041 align:start position:0%
Instead, everything that lives here is
either<00:27:08.640><c> mostly</c><00:27:09.120><c> water</c><00:27:09.520><c> or</c><00:27:09.840><c> other</c><00:27:10.159><c> chemical</c>

22:59.041 --> 22:59.051 align:start position:0%
either mostly water or other chemical
 

22:59.051 --> 23:00.721 align:start position:0%
either mostly water or other chemical
alternatives.

23:00.721 --> 23:00.731 align:start position:0%
alternatives.
 

23:00.731 --> 23:03.440 align:start position:0%
alternatives.
Cold<00:27:12.720><c> water</c><00:27:13.120><c> pushes</c><00:27:13.600><c> growth.</c><00:27:14.080><c> Low</c><00:27:14.400><c> predation</c>

23:03.440 --> 23:03.450 align:start position:0%
Cold water pushes growth. Low predation
 

23:03.450 --> 23:06.001 align:start position:0%
Cold water pushes growth. Low predation
allows<00:27:15.440><c> it.</c><00:27:16.159><c> Extreme</c><00:27:16.720><c> pressure</c><00:27:17.039><c> eliminates</c>

23:06.001 --> 23:06.011 align:start position:0%
allows it. Extreme pressure eliminates
 

23:06.011 --> 23:08.641 align:start position:0%
allows it. Extreme pressure eliminates
anything<00:27:17.919><c> rigid</c><00:27:18.320><c> enough</c><00:27:18.559><c> to</c><00:27:18.960><c> snap.</c><00:27:20.000><c> And</c>

23:08.641 --> 23:08.651 align:start position:0%
anything rigid enough to snap. And
 

23:08.651 --> 23:10.641 align:start position:0%
anything rigid enough to snap. And
what's<00:27:20.640><c> left,</c><00:27:21.039><c> what</c><00:27:21.279><c> survives</c><00:27:21.760><c> all</c><00:27:22.000><c> three</c>

23:10.641 --> 23:10.651 align:start position:0%
what's left, what survives all three
 

23:10.651 --> 23:13.200 align:start position:0%
what's left, what survives all three
forces<00:27:22.640><c> simultaneously</c><00:27:24.080><c> is</c><00:27:24.320><c> something</c><00:27:24.559><c> the</c>

23:13.200 --> 23:13.210 align:start position:0%
forces simultaneously is something the
 

23:13.210 --> 23:16.161 align:start position:0%
forces simultaneously is something the
shallow<00:27:25.200><c> worlds</c><00:27:25.600><c> simply</c><00:27:26.080><c> cannot</c><00:27:26.559><c> produce.</c>

23:16.161 --> 23:16.171 align:start position:0%
shallow worlds simply cannot produce.
 

23:16.171 --> 23:18.161 align:start position:0%
shallow worlds simply cannot produce.
Now,<00:27:28.000><c> so</c><00:27:28.240><c> far</c><00:27:28.400><c> up</c><00:27:28.559><c> to</c><00:27:28.720><c> this</c><00:27:28.880><c> point,</c><00:27:29.200><c> each</c><00:27:29.440><c> giant</c>

23:18.161 --> 23:18.171 align:start position:0%
Now, so far up to this point, each giant
 

23:18.171 --> 23:20.320 align:start position:0%
Now, so far up to this point, each giant
we've<00:27:30.080><c> encountered</c><00:27:30.640><c> has</c><00:27:30.799><c> been</c><00:27:30.960><c> shaped</c><00:27:31.360><c> by</c><00:27:31.679><c> one</c>

23:20.320 --> 23:20.330 align:start position:0%
we've encountered has been shaped by one
 

23:20.330 --> 23:23.440 align:start position:0%
we've encountered has been shaped by one
force<00:27:32.400><c> or</c><00:27:32.720><c> two.</c><00:27:33.520><c> But</c><00:27:33.760><c> what</c><00:27:34.080><c> comes</c><00:27:34.400><c> next</c><00:27:34.720><c> is</c>

23:23.440 --> 23:23.450 align:start position:0%
force or two. But what comes next is
 

23:23.450 --> 23:26.320 align:start position:0%
force or two. But what comes next is
shaped<00:27:35.440><c> by</c><00:27:35.760><c> all</c><00:27:35.919><c> of</c><00:27:36.080><c> them</c><00:27:36.400><c> at</c><00:27:36.640><c> once</c><00:27:37.279><c> and</c><00:27:37.600><c> turned</c>

23:26.320 --> 23:26.330 align:start position:0%
shaped by all of them at once and turned
 

23:26.330 --> 23:29.200 align:start position:0%
shaped by all of them at once and turned
up<00:27:38.080><c> to</c><00:27:38.400><c> full</c><00:27:38.960><c> power.</c><00:27:39.600><c> A</c><00:27:39.840><c> creature</c><00:27:40.159><c> that</c><00:27:40.400><c> also</c>

23:29.200 --> 23:29.210 align:start position:0%
up to full power. A creature that also
 

23:29.210 --> 23:33.680 align:start position:0%
up to full power. A creature that also
looms<00:27:41.279><c> large</c><00:27:42.080><c> in</c><00:27:42.320><c> mythology.</c>

23:33.680 --> 23:33.690 align:start position:0%
looms large in mythology.
 

23:33.690 --> 23:36.560 align:start position:0%
looms large in mythology.
In<00:27:45.600><c> Japanese</c><00:27:46.159><c> folklore,</c><00:27:46.720><c> the</c><00:27:46.880><c> orfish</c><00:27:47.520><c> has</c><00:27:47.840><c> a</c>

23:36.560 --> 23:36.570 align:start position:0%
In Japanese folklore, the orfish has a
 

23:36.570 --> 23:39.841 align:start position:0%
In Japanese folklore, the orfish has a
name,<00:27:48.880><c> Ryu</c><00:27:49.919><c> Nokai,</c>

23:39.841 --> 23:39.851 align:start position:0%
name, Ryu Nokai,
 

23:39.851 --> 23:42.721 align:start position:0%
name, Ryu Nokai,
the<00:27:51.760><c> messenger</c><00:27:52.159><c> from</c><00:27:52.400><c> the</c><00:27:52.640><c> sea</c><00:27:52.960><c> god's</c><00:27:53.440><c> palace.</c>

23:42.721 --> 23:42.731 align:start position:0%
the messenger from the sea god's palace.
 

23:42.731 --> 23:44.401 align:start position:0%
the messenger from the sea god's palace.
In<00:27:54.480><c> the</c><00:27:54.640><c> west,</c><00:27:54.880><c> we</c><00:27:55.120><c> call</c><00:27:55.200><c> it</c><00:27:55.440><c> something</c><00:27:55.679><c> less</c>

23:44.401 --> 23:44.411 align:start position:0%
In the west, we call it something less
 

23:44.411 --> 23:47.521 align:start position:0%
In the west, we call it something less
poetic,<00:27:57.039><c> the</c><00:27:57.279><c> doomsday</c><00:27:57.919><c> fish.</c><00:27:58.559><c> The</c><00:27:58.799><c> legend</c>

23:47.521 --> 23:47.531 align:start position:0%
poetic, the doomsday fish. The legend
 

23:47.531 --> 23:49.680 align:start position:0%
poetic, the doomsday fish. The legend
tells<00:27:59.440><c> that</c><00:27:59.600><c> when</c><00:27:59.919><c> these</c><00:28:00.159><c> animals</c><00:28:00.640><c> surface,</c>

23:49.680 --> 23:49.690 align:start position:0%
tells that when these animals surface,
 

23:49.690 --> 23:52.241 align:start position:0%
tells that when these animals surface,
it's<00:28:01.440><c> a</c><00:28:01.679><c> sign</c><00:28:01.840><c> of</c><00:28:02.080><c> danger</c><00:28:02.559><c> from</c><00:28:02.799><c> the</c><00:28:03.039><c> deep,</c><00:28:03.600><c> a</c>

23:52.241 --> 23:52.251 align:start position:0%
it's a sign of danger from the deep, a
 

23:52.251 --> 23:54.721 align:start position:0%
it's a sign of danger from the deep, a
foroding<00:28:04.640><c> alarm</c><00:28:05.120><c> signal</c><00:28:05.440><c> for</c><00:28:05.679><c> an</c><00:28:05.840><c> earthquake,</c>

23:54.721 --> 23:54.731 align:start position:0%
foroding alarm signal for an earthquake,
 

23:54.731 --> 23:57.440 align:start position:0%
foroding alarm signal for an earthquake,
a<00:28:06.480><c> tsunami,</c><00:28:07.440><c> something</c><00:28:07.919><c> catastrophic</c><00:28:08.720><c> from</c>

23:57.440 --> 23:57.450 align:start position:0%
a tsunami, something catastrophic from
 

23:57.450 --> 24:00.641 align:start position:0%
a tsunami, something catastrophic from
below.<00:28:09.919><c> And</c><00:28:10.159><c> this</c><00:28:10.480><c> isn't</c><00:28:10.799><c> a</c><00:28:11.039><c> fringe</c><00:28:11.520><c> belief.</c>

24:00.641 --> 24:00.651 align:start position:0%
below. And this isn't a fringe belief.
 

24:00.651 --> 24:02.800 align:start position:0%
below. And this isn't a fringe belief.
It's<00:28:12.480><c> a</c><00:28:12.640><c> centuries</c><00:28:13.120><c> old</c><00:28:13.440><c> superstition</c><00:28:14.080><c> in</c><00:28:14.240><c> a</c>

24:02.800 --> 24:02.810 align:start position:0%
It's a centuries old superstition in a
 

24:02.810 --> 24:04.800 align:start position:0%
It's a centuries old superstition in a
country<00:28:14.559><c> that</c><00:28:14.799><c> sits</c><00:28:15.120><c> on</c><00:28:15.279><c> the</c><00:28:15.440><c> Pacific</c><00:28:15.919><c> Ring</c><00:28:16.159><c> of</c>

24:04.800 --> 24:04.810 align:start position:0%
country that sits on the Pacific Ring of
 

24:04.810 --> 24:07.440 align:start position:0%
country that sits on the Pacific Ring of
Fire<00:28:16.960><c> and</c><00:28:17.200><c> has</c><00:28:17.520><c> learned</c><00:28:17.760><c> the</c><00:28:18.000><c> hard</c><00:28:18.240><c> way</c><00:28:18.720><c> to</c>

24:07.440 --> 24:07.450 align:start position:0%
Fire and has learned the hard way to
 

24:07.450 --> 24:10.320 align:start position:0%
Fire and has learned the hard way to
look<00:28:19.200><c> out</c><00:28:19.360><c> for</c><00:28:19.600><c> patterns</c><00:28:20.000><c> in</c><00:28:20.240><c> nature.</c><00:28:21.520><c> And</c><00:28:21.679><c> the</c>

24:10.320 --> 24:10.330 align:start position:0%
look out for patterns in nature. And the
 

24:10.330 --> 24:13.361 align:start position:0%
look out for patterns in nature. And the
data,<00:28:22.480><c> if</c><00:28:22.720><c> you</c><00:28:22.880><c> squint,</c><00:28:23.440><c> is</c><00:28:23.840><c> uncomfortable.</c>

24:13.361 --> 24:13.371 align:start position:0%
data, if you squint, is uncomfortable.
 

24:13.371 --> 24:17.601 align:start position:0%
data, if you squint, is uncomfortable.
In<00:28:25.279><c> 2009</c><00:28:25.919><c> and</c><00:28:26.480><c> 2010,</c><00:28:27.679><c> around</c><00:28:28.159><c> 20</c><00:28:28.640><c> orfish</c>

24:17.601 --> 24:17.611 align:start position:0%
In 2009 and 2010, around 20 orfish
 

24:17.611 --> 24:20.161 align:start position:0%
In 2009 and 2010, around 20 orfish
washed<00:28:29.520><c> ashore</c><00:28:30.000><c> on</c><00:28:30.240><c> Japanese</c><00:28:30.720><c> beaches.</c><00:28:31.520><c> In</c>

24:20.161 --> 24:20.171 align:start position:0%
washed ashore on Japanese beaches. In
 

24:20.171 --> 24:22.881 align:start position:0%
washed ashore on Japanese beaches. In
March<00:28:32.080><c> 2011,</c><00:28:32.640><c> the</c><00:28:32.880><c> Tohoku</c><00:28:33.760><c> earthquake</c><00:28:34.159><c> and</c>

24:22.881 --> 24:22.891 align:start position:0%
March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and
 

24:22.891 --> 24:26.401 align:start position:0%
March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and
tsunami<00:28:35.039><c> killed</c><00:28:35.279><c> nearly</c><00:28:35.760><c> 18,000</c><00:28:36.720><c> people.</c><00:28:37.679><c> A</c>

24:26.401 --> 24:26.411 align:start position:0%
tsunami killed nearly 18,000 people. A
 

24:26.411 --> 24:28.800 align:start position:0%
tsunami killed nearly 18,000 people. A
2019<00:28:38.799><c> scientific</c><00:28:39.440><c> study</c><00:28:39.760><c> examined</c><00:28:40.240><c> the</c>

24:28.800 --> 24:28.810 align:start position:0%
2019 scientific study examined the
 

24:28.810 --> 24:30.960 align:start position:0%
2019 scientific study examined the
correlation<00:28:41.120><c> and</c><00:28:41.440><c> concluded</c><00:28:41.919><c> it</c><00:28:42.080><c> was</c><00:28:42.240><c> almost</c>

24:30.960 --> 24:30.970 align:start position:0%
correlation and concluded it was almost
 

24:30.970 --> 24:33.841 align:start position:0%
correlation and concluded it was almost
certainly<00:28:43.200><c> coincidental.</c><00:28:44.480><c> The</c><00:28:44.720><c> sample</c><00:28:45.039><c> sizes</c>

24:33.841 --> 24:33.851 align:start position:0%
certainly coincidental. The sample sizes
 

24:33.851 --> 24:35.680 align:start position:0%
certainly coincidental. The sample sizes
were<00:28:45.679><c> just</c><00:28:45.919><c> too</c><00:28:46.159><c> small.</c><00:28:46.480><c> The</c><00:28:46.720><c> time</c><00:28:46.880><c> frames</c>

24:35.680 --> 24:35.690 align:start position:0%
were just too small. The time frames
 

24:35.690 --> 24:38.161 align:start position:0%
were just too small. The time frames
were<00:28:47.440><c> too</c><00:28:47.679><c> loose.</c><00:28:48.159><c> But</c><00:28:48.960><c> it's</c><00:28:49.279><c> not</c><00:28:49.520><c> been</c>

24:38.161 --> 24:38.171 align:start position:0%
were too loose. But it's not been
 

24:38.171 --> 24:41.281 align:start position:0%
were too loose. But it's not been
completely<00:28:50.320><c> ruled</c><00:28:50.720><c> out.</c><00:28:51.840><c> The</c><00:28:52.080><c> orfish</c><00:28:52.640><c> lives</c>

24:41.281 --> 24:41.291 align:start position:0%
completely ruled out. The orfish lives
 

24:41.291 --> 24:44.641 align:start position:0%
completely ruled out. The orfish lives
at<00:28:53.039><c> depths</c><00:28:53.360><c> of</c><00:28:53.600><c> 200</c><00:28:54.080><c> to</c><00:28:54.320><c> a,000</c><00:28:54.880><c> m,</c><00:28:55.840><c> right</c><00:28:56.080><c> at</c>

24:44.641 --> 24:44.651 align:start position:0%
at depths of 200 to a,000 m, right at
 

24:44.651 --> 24:46.401 align:start position:0%
at depths of 200 to a,000 m, right at
the<00:28:56.480><c> level</c><00:28:56.640><c> where</c><00:28:56.880><c> seismic</c><00:28:57.360><c> activity</c>

24:46.401 --> 24:46.411 align:start position:0%
the level where seismic activity
 

24:46.411 --> 24:49.601 align:start position:0%
the level where seismic activity
disturbs<00:28:58.480><c> the</c><00:28:58.640><c> water</c><00:28:58.960><c> column</c><00:28:59.360><c> most</c><00:28:59.840><c> severely.</c>

24:49.601 --> 24:49.611 align:start position:0%
disturbs the water column most severely.
 

24:49.611 --> 24:51.200 align:start position:0%
disturbs the water column most severely.
Some<00:29:01.440><c> researchers</c><00:29:02.000><c> have</c><00:29:02.159><c> suggested</c><00:29:02.559><c> that</c>

24:51.200 --> 24:51.210 align:start position:0%
Some researchers have suggested that
 

24:51.210 --> 24:53.521 align:start position:0%
Some researchers have suggested that
pre-earquake<00:29:03.600><c> geological</c><00:29:04.240><c> stress</c><00:29:04.640><c> releases</c>

24:53.521 --> 24:53.531 align:start position:0%
pre-earquake geological stress releases
 

24:53.531 --> 24:55.921 align:start position:0%
pre-earquake geological stress releases
gases<00:29:05.600><c> and</c><00:29:05.919><c> changes</c><00:29:06.399><c> pressure</c><00:29:06.799><c> gradients</c><00:29:07.200><c> at</c>

24:55.921 --> 24:55.931 align:start position:0%
gases and changes pressure gradients at
 

24:55.931 --> 24:58.721 align:start position:0%
gases and changes pressure gradients at
depth,<00:29:08.399><c> potentially</c><00:29:09.039><c> disorientating</c><00:29:10.000><c> deep</c>

24:58.721 --> 24:58.731 align:start position:0%
depth, potentially disorientating deep
 

24:58.731 --> 25:02.241 align:start position:0%
depth, potentially disorientating deep
sea<00:29:10.559><c> animals</c><00:29:11.039><c> and</c><00:29:11.360><c> driving</c><00:29:11.760><c> them</c><00:29:11.919><c> upwards.</c>

25:02.241 --> 25:02.251 align:start position:0%
sea animals and driving them upwards.
 

25:02.251 --> 25:05.281 align:start position:0%
sea animals and driving them upwards.
They<00:29:14.080><c> are</c><00:29:14.320><c> blade</c><00:29:14.960><c> thin</c><00:29:15.360><c> and</c><00:29:15.760><c> silver</c><00:29:16.240><c> from</c><00:29:16.559><c> head</c>

25:05.281 --> 25:05.291 align:start position:0%
They are blade thin and silver from head
 

25:05.291 --> 25:08.161 align:start position:0%
They are blade thin and silver from head
to<00:29:17.200><c> tail</c><00:29:17.840><c> with</c><00:29:18.000><c> a</c><00:29:18.240><c> crimson</c><00:29:18.799><c> fin</c><00:29:19.200><c> running</c><00:29:19.440><c> their</c>

25:08.161 --> 25:08.171 align:start position:0%
to tail with a crimson fin running their
 

25:08.171 --> 25:10.800 align:start position:0%
to tail with a crimson fin running their
entire<00:29:20.159><c> length.</c><00:29:21.200><c> This</c><00:29:21.440><c> creature</c><00:29:21.760><c> has</c><00:29:22.000><c> no</c>

25:10.800 --> 25:10.810 align:start position:0%
entire length. This creature has no
 

25:10.810 --> 25:13.281 align:start position:0%
entire length. This creature has no
scales,<00:29:22.960><c> no</c><00:29:23.279><c> teeth,</c><00:29:23.760><c> and</c><00:29:24.000><c> is</c><00:29:24.159><c> the</c><00:29:24.399><c> longest</c>

25:13.281 --> 25:13.291 align:start position:0%
scales, no teeth, and is the longest
 

25:13.291 --> 25:16.320 align:start position:0%
scales, no teeth, and is the longest
bony<00:29:25.440><c> fish</c><00:29:25.919><c> alive.</c><00:29:26.720><c> The</c><00:29:27.039><c> largest</c><00:29:27.440><c> specimen</c>

25:16.320 --> 25:16.330 align:start position:0%
bony fish alive. The largest specimen
 

25:16.330 --> 25:18.960 align:start position:0%
bony fish alive. The largest specimen
ever<00:29:28.240><c> properly</c><00:29:28.559><c> measured</c><00:29:28.960><c> came</c><00:29:29.120><c> in</c><00:29:29.279><c> at</c><00:29:29.520><c> 8</c><00:29:29.919><c> m,</c>

25:18.960 --> 25:18.970 align:start position:0%
ever properly measured came in at 8 m,
 

25:18.970 --> 25:21.281 align:start position:0%
ever properly measured came in at 8 m,
but<00:29:30.799><c> we</c><00:29:31.039><c> don't</c><00:29:31.279><c> actually</c><00:29:31.600><c> know</c><00:29:31.919><c> how</c><00:29:32.240><c> big</c><00:29:32.559><c> it</c>

25:21.281 --> 25:21.291 align:start position:0%
but we don't actually know how big it
 

25:21.291 --> 25:23.680 align:start position:0%
but we don't actually know how big it
can<00:29:33.120><c> get.</c><00:29:34.000><c> There</c><00:29:34.159><c> are</c><00:29:34.399><c> credible</c><00:29:34.799><c> reports</c><00:29:35.120><c> of</c>

25:23.680 --> 25:23.690 align:start position:0%
can get. There are credible reports of
 

25:23.690 --> 25:28.320 align:start position:0%
can get. There are credible reports of
11,<00:29:35.840><c> even</c><00:29:36.159><c> some</c><00:29:36.480><c> accounts</c><00:29:37.200><c> of</c><00:29:37.679><c> 17</c><00:29:38.320><c> m.</c><00:29:39.440><c> So,</c><00:29:39.679><c> why</c>

25:28.320 --> 25:28.330 align:start position:0%
11, even some accounts of 17 m. So, why
 

25:28.330 --> 25:30.481 align:start position:0%
11, even some accounts of 17 m. So, why
can't<00:29:40.080><c> we</c><00:29:40.240><c> be</c><00:29:40.399><c> more</c><00:29:40.640><c> precise?</c><00:29:41.360><c> Well,</c><00:29:41.679><c> almost</c>

25:30.481 --> 25:30.491 align:start position:0%
can't we be more precise? Well, almost
 

25:30.491 --> 25:32.881 align:start position:0%
can't we be more precise? Well, almost
every<00:29:42.559><c> orish</c><00:29:43.039><c> we've</c><00:29:43.279><c> ever</c><00:29:43.520><c> found</c><00:29:43.760><c> was</c><00:29:44.080><c> already</c>

25:32.881 --> 25:32.891 align:start position:0%
every orish we've ever found was already
 

25:32.891 --> 25:35.200 align:start position:0%
every orish we've ever found was already
dead<00:29:44.799><c> or</c><00:29:45.120><c> dying</c><00:29:45.520><c> when</c><00:29:45.760><c> we</c><00:29:45.919><c> reached</c><00:29:46.240><c> it.</c>

25:35.200 --> 25:35.210 align:start position:0%
dead or dying when we reached it.
 

25:35.210 --> 25:37.200 align:start position:0%
dead or dying when we reached it.
They're<00:29:47.039><c> so</c><00:29:47.360><c> fragile</c><00:29:47.840><c> on</c><00:29:48.080><c> the</c><00:29:48.240><c> surface</c><00:29:48.559><c> that</c>

25:37.200 --> 25:37.210 align:start position:0%
They're so fragile on the surface that
 

25:37.210 --> 25:39.440 align:start position:0%
They're so fragile on the surface that
their<00:29:48.960><c> bodies</c><00:29:49.360><c> deteriorate</c><00:29:50.000><c> within</c><00:29:50.399><c> hours</c><00:29:50.720><c> of</c>

25:39.440 --> 25:39.450 align:start position:0%
their bodies deteriorate within hours of
 

25:39.450 --> 25:42.080 align:start position:0%
their bodies deteriorate within hours of
surfacing.<00:29:52.000><c> And</c><00:29:52.159><c> their</c><00:29:52.399><c> skin</c><00:29:52.640><c> is</c><00:29:52.799><c> so</c><00:29:53.120><c> soft</c><00:29:53.440><c> it</c>

25:42.080 --> 25:42.090 align:start position:0%
surfacing. And their skin is so soft it
 

25:42.090 --> 25:45.281 align:start position:0%
surfacing. And their skin is so soft it
falls<00:29:54.000><c> apart</c><00:29:54.480><c> on</c><00:29:54.880><c> contact.</c><00:29:56.159><c> And</c><00:29:56.399><c> crucially,</c>

25:45.281 --> 25:45.291 align:start position:0%
falls apart on contact. And crucially,
 

25:45.291 --> 25:47.601 align:start position:0%
falls apart on contact. And crucially,
as<00:29:57.039><c> we'll</c><00:29:57.279><c> see</c><00:29:57.360><c> in</c><00:29:57.520><c> a</c><00:29:57.679><c> moment,</c><00:29:58.320><c> most</c><00:29:58.640><c> specimens</c>

25:47.601 --> 25:47.611 align:start position:0%
as we'll see in a moment, most specimens
 

25:47.611 --> 25:50.560 align:start position:0%
as we'll see in a moment, most specimens
arrive<00:29:59.679><c> already</c><00:30:00.000><c> missing</c><00:30:00.320><c> their</c><00:30:00.720><c> tails.</c><00:30:01.840><c> So,</c>

25:50.560 --> 25:50.570 align:start position:0%
arrive already missing their tails. So,
 

25:50.570 --> 25:52.080 align:start position:0%
arrive already missing their tails. So,
up<00:30:02.320><c> to</c><00:30:02.559><c> this</c><00:30:02.720><c> point,</c><00:30:03.039><c> we've</c><00:30:03.360><c> only</c><00:30:03.520><c> been</c>

25:52.080 --> 25:52.090 align:start position:0%
up to this point, we've only been
 

25:52.090 --> 25:54.641 align:start position:0%
up to this point, we've only been
measuring<00:30:04.240><c> stumps.</c><00:30:05.520><c> Some</c><00:30:05.840><c> scientists</c>

25:54.641 --> 25:54.651 align:start position:0%
measuring stumps. Some scientists
 

25:54.651 --> 25:56.560 align:start position:0%
measuring stumps. Some scientists
actually<00:30:06.399><c> managed</c><00:30:06.720><c> to</c><00:30:06.880><c> film</c><00:30:07.120><c> a</c><00:30:07.360><c> living</c><00:30:07.679><c> orfish</c>

25:56.560 --> 25:56.570 align:start position:0%
actually managed to film a living orfish
 

25:56.570 --> 25:59.361 align:start position:0%
actually managed to film a living orfish
in<00:30:08.399><c> its</c><00:30:08.720><c> natural</c><00:30:09.120><c> habitat</c><00:30:09.600><c> in</c><00:30:10.000><c> 2010</c><00:30:10.640><c> just</c><00:30:10.799><c> off</c>

25:59.361 --> 25:59.371 align:start position:0%
in its natural habitat in 2010 just off
 

25:59.371 --> 26:02.161 align:start position:0%
in its natural habitat in 2010 just off
the<00:30:11.120><c> Gulf</c><00:30:11.440><c> of</c><00:30:11.679><c> Mexico</c><00:30:12.880><c> by</c><00:30:13.120><c> a</c><00:30:13.360><c> remotely</c>

26:02.161 --> 26:02.171 align:start position:0%
the Gulf of Mexico by a remotely
 

26:02.171 --> 26:03.841 align:start position:0%
the Gulf of Mexico by a remotely
operated<00:30:14.240><c> vehicle</c><00:30:14.559><c> that</c><00:30:14.799><c> happened</c><00:30:15.039><c> to</c><00:30:15.200><c> just</c>

26:03.841 --> 26:03.851 align:start position:0%
operated vehicle that happened to just
 

26:03.851 --> 26:06.080 align:start position:0%
operated vehicle that happened to just
be<00:30:15.600><c> in</c><00:30:15.760><c> the</c><00:30:15.919><c> right</c><00:30:16.080><c> place</c><00:30:16.320><c> at</c><00:30:16.559><c> the</c><00:30:16.720><c> right</c><00:30:16.880><c> time.</c>

26:06.080 --> 26:06.090 align:start position:0%
be in the right place at the right time.
 

26:06.090 --> 26:07.680 align:start position:0%
be in the right place at the right time.
Scientists<00:30:18.159><c> estimated</c><00:30:18.559><c> the</c><00:30:18.720><c> individual</c><00:30:19.120><c> was</c>

26:07.680 --> 26:07.690 align:start position:0%
Scientists estimated the individual was
 

26:07.690 --> 26:10.641 align:start position:0%
Scientists estimated the individual was
around<00:30:19.679><c> 10</c><00:30:20.240><c> m,</c><00:30:20.960><c> but</c><00:30:21.360><c> it</c><00:30:21.600><c> could</c><00:30:21.840><c> grow</c>

26:10.641 --> 26:10.651 align:start position:0%
around 10 m, but it could grow
 

26:10.651 --> 26:13.440 align:start position:0%
around 10 m, but it could grow
considerably<00:30:22.880><c> longer</c><00:30:23.760><c> and</c><00:30:24.000><c> we</c><00:30:24.240><c> would</c><00:30:24.480><c> have</c><00:30:24.799><c> no</c>

26:13.440 --> 26:13.450 align:start position:0%
considerably longer and we would have no
 

26:13.450 --> 26:16.481 align:start position:0%
considerably longer and we would have no
way<00:30:25.279><c> of</c><00:30:25.520><c> knowing.</c><00:30:26.720><c> All</c><00:30:27.039><c> fish</c><00:30:27.279><c> hang</c><00:30:27.600><c> vertically</c>

26:16.481 --> 26:16.491 align:start position:0%
way of knowing. All fish hang vertically
 

26:16.491 --> 26:18.721 align:start position:0%
way of knowing. All fish hang vertically
in<00:30:28.399><c> the</c><00:30:28.559><c> water</c><00:30:28.799><c> column,</c><00:30:29.440><c> tail</c><00:30:29.840><c> pointing</c>

26:18.721 --> 26:18.731 align:start position:0%
in the water column, tail pointing
 

26:18.731 --> 26:21.200 align:start position:0%
in the water column, tail pointing
straight<00:30:30.720><c> down,</c><00:30:31.039><c> perfectly</c><00:30:31.679><c> still,</c><00:30:32.399><c> like</c><00:30:32.559><c> a</c>

26:21.200 --> 26:21.210 align:start position:0%
straight down, perfectly still, like a
 

26:21.210 --> 26:23.281 align:start position:0%
straight down, perfectly still, like a
silver<00:30:33.200><c> exclamation</c><00:30:33.840><c> point</c><00:30:34.159><c> in</c><00:30:34.399><c> total</c>

26:23.281 --> 26:23.291 align:start position:0%
silver exclamation point in total
 

26:23.291 --> 26:26.161 align:start position:0%
silver exclamation point in total
darkness.<00:30:35.679><c> They</c><00:30:35.919><c> filter</c><00:30:36.320><c> feed</c><00:30:36.640><c> on</c><00:30:36.960><c> krill.</c><00:30:37.600><c> In</c>

26:26.161 --> 26:26.171 align:start position:0%
darkness. They filter feed on krill. In
 

26:26.171 --> 26:27.761 align:start position:0%
darkness. They filter feed on krill. In
fact,<00:30:38.000><c> one</c><00:30:38.240><c> specimen</c><00:30:38.640><c> found</c><00:30:38.880><c> off</c><00:30:39.039><c> the</c><00:30:39.200><c> coast</c>

26:27.761 --> 26:27.771 align:start position:0%
fact, one specimen found off the coast
 

26:27.771 --> 26:30.800 align:start position:0%
fact, one specimen found off the coast
of<00:30:39.600><c> California</c><00:30:40.240><c> had</c><00:30:40.559><c> 10,000</c><00:30:41.520><c> krills</c><00:30:42.000><c> in</c><00:30:42.159><c> its</c>

26:30.800 --> 26:30.810 align:start position:0%
of California had 10,000 krills in its
 

26:30.810 --> 26:33.680 align:start position:0%
of California had 10,000 krills in its
stomach.<00:30:43.200><c> That's</c><00:30:43.600><c> two</c><00:30:43.919><c> small</c><00:30:44.320><c> cereal</c><00:30:44.799><c> bowls</c>

26:33.680 --> 26:33.690 align:start position:0%
stomach. That's two small cereal bowls
 

26:33.690 --> 26:36.881 align:start position:0%
stomach. That's two small cereal bowls
full<00:30:45.679><c> of</c><00:30:45.919><c> tiny</c><00:30:46.399><c> shrimp</c><00:30:47.200><c> for</c><00:30:47.440><c> a</c><00:30:47.679><c> creature</c><00:30:48.080><c> twice</c>

26:36.881 --> 26:36.891 align:start position:0%
full of tiny shrimp for a creature twice
 

26:36.891 --> 26:40.481 align:start position:0%
full of tiny shrimp for a creature twice
as<00:30:48.720><c> tall</c><00:30:49.200><c> as</c><00:30:49.440><c> a</c><00:30:49.679><c> giraffe.</c><00:30:50.799><c> 3/4</c><00:30:51.360><c> of</c><00:30:51.520><c> your</c><00:30:51.840><c> fish</c>

26:40.481 --> 26:40.491 align:start position:0%
as tall as a giraffe. 3/4 of your fish
 

26:40.491 --> 26:42.881 align:start position:0%
as tall as a giraffe. 3/4 of your fish
is<00:30:52.399><c> tail.</c><00:30:53.200><c> Everything</c><00:30:53.520><c> vital</c><00:30:53.919><c> to</c><00:30:54.159><c> life,</c>

26:42.881 --> 26:42.891 align:start position:0%
is tail. Everything vital to life,
 

26:42.891 --> 26:44.721 align:start position:0%
is tail. Everything vital to life,
heart,<00:30:54.799><c> organs,</c><00:30:55.279><c> reproductive</c><00:30:55.760><c> system</c><00:30:56.080><c> is</c>

26:44.721 --> 26:44.731 align:start position:0%
heart, organs, reproductive system is
 

26:44.731 --> 26:46.800 align:start position:0%
heart, organs, reproductive system is
crammed<00:30:56.799><c> into</c><00:30:57.039><c> the</c><00:30:57.200><c> front</c><00:30:57.600><c> quarter</c><00:30:58.000><c> and</c><00:30:58.159><c> the</c>

26:46.800 --> 26:46.810 align:start position:0%
crammed into the front quarter and the
 

26:46.810 --> 26:49.121 align:start position:0%
crammed into the front quarter and the
rest<00:30:58.559><c> is</c><00:30:58.799><c> in</c><00:30:58.960><c> a</c><00:30:59.120><c> very</c><00:30:59.279><c> real</c><00:30:59.520><c> biological</c><00:31:00.080><c> sense</c>

26:49.121 --> 26:49.131 align:start position:0%
rest is in a very real biological sense
 

26:49.131 --> 26:52.001 align:start position:0%
rest is in a very real biological sense
expendable.<00:31:02.080><c> All</c><00:31:02.399><c> fish</c><00:31:02.720><c> regularly</c><00:31:03.279><c> and</c>

26:52.001 --> 26:52.011 align:start position:0%
expendable. All fish regularly and
 

26:52.011 --> 26:54.960 align:start position:0%
expendable. All fish regularly and
deliberately<00:31:04.240><c> amputate</c><00:31:04.960><c> their</c><00:31:05.200><c> own</c><00:31:05.520><c> tails.</c>

26:54.960 --> 26:54.970 align:start position:0%
deliberately amputate their own tails.
 

26:54.970 --> 26:57.361 align:start position:0%
deliberately amputate their own tails.
Sometimes<00:31:07.039><c> just</c><00:31:07.200><c> the</c><00:31:07.440><c> tip</c><00:31:07.679><c> goes,</c><00:31:08.320><c> sometimes</c>

26:57.361 --> 26:57.371 align:start position:0%
Sometimes just the tip goes, sometimes
 

26:57.371 --> 27:00.560 align:start position:0%
Sometimes just the tip goes, sometimes
more<00:31:09.200><c> than</c><00:31:09.520><c> half.</c><00:31:10.720><c> Scientists</c><00:31:11.279><c> call</c><00:31:11.360><c> it</c><00:31:11.679><c> auto</c>

27:00.560 --> 27:00.570 align:start position:0%
more than half. Scientists call it auto
 

27:00.570 --> 27:03.200 align:start position:0%
more than half. Scientists call it auto
tummy<00:31:12.640><c> or</c><00:31:13.039><c> self-cutting,</c><00:31:14.159><c> and</c><00:31:14.320><c> they</c><00:31:14.559><c> don't</c>

27:03.200 --> 27:03.210 align:start position:0%
tummy or self-cutting, and they don't
 

27:03.210 --> 27:06.080 align:start position:0%
tummy or self-cutting, and they don't
fully<00:31:15.200><c> understand</c><00:31:15.679><c> why</c><00:31:16.000><c> this</c><00:31:16.320><c> happens.</c><00:31:17.440><c> With</c>

27:06.080 --> 27:06.090 align:start position:0%
fully understand why this happens. With
 

27:06.090 --> 27:08.161 align:start position:0%
fully understand why this happens. With
no<00:31:17.919><c> confirmed</c><00:31:18.399><c> predators,</c><00:31:19.039><c> it's</c><00:31:19.279><c> unlikely</c>

27:08.161 --> 27:08.171 align:start position:0%
no confirmed predators, it's unlikely
 

27:08.171 --> 27:09.680 align:start position:0%
no confirmed predators, it's unlikely
the<00:31:19.919><c> orfish</c><00:31:20.320><c> is</c><00:31:20.480><c> borrowing</c><00:31:20.720><c> the</c><00:31:20.880><c> same</c><00:31:21.039><c> trick</c>

27:09.680 --> 27:09.690 align:start position:0%
the orfish is borrowing the same trick
 

27:09.690 --> 27:11.841 align:start position:0%
the orfish is borrowing the same trick
lizards<00:31:21.679><c> use</c><00:31:21.840><c> to</c><00:31:22.000><c> escape</c><00:31:22.240><c> a</c><00:31:22.480><c> predator's</c><00:31:22.960><c> grip,</c>

27:11.841 --> 27:11.851 align:start position:0%
lizards use to escape a predator's grip,
 

27:11.851 --> 27:14.560 align:start position:0%
lizards use to escape a predator's grip,
for<00:31:23.520><c> example.</c><00:31:24.720><c> But</c><00:31:24.960><c> unlike</c><00:31:25.440><c> lizards,</c><00:31:25.919><c> the</c>

27:14.560 --> 27:14.570 align:start position:0%
for example. But unlike lizards, the
 

27:14.570 --> 27:17.121 align:start position:0%
for example. But unlike lizards, the
tail<00:31:26.559><c> doesn't</c><00:31:26.880><c> regenerate.</c><00:31:27.919><c> Whatever</c><00:31:28.399><c> is</c>

27:17.121 --> 27:17.131 align:start position:0%
tail doesn't regenerate. Whatever is
 

27:17.131 --> 27:20.001 align:start position:0%
tail doesn't regenerate. Whatever is
lost<00:31:29.120><c> is</c><00:31:29.440><c> gone</c><00:31:30.080><c> permanently.</c>

27:20.001 --> 27:20.011 align:start position:0%
lost is gone permanently.
 

27:20.011 --> 27:23.121 align:start position:0%
lost is gone permanently.
And<00:31:31.919><c> yet,</c><00:31:32.320><c> the</c><00:31:32.559><c> orfish</c><00:31:33.200><c> keeps</c><00:31:33.520><c> gaining</c><00:31:33.919><c> mass</c>

27:23.121 --> 27:23.131 align:start position:0%
And yet, the orfish keeps gaining mass
 

27:23.131 --> 27:26.481 align:start position:0%
And yet, the orfish keeps gaining mass
regardless.<00:31:35.919><c> As</c><00:31:36.159><c> a</c><00:31:36.399><c> teost</c><00:31:37.120><c> fish,</c><00:31:37.519><c> it</c><00:31:37.760><c> carries</c>

27:26.481 --> 27:26.491 align:start position:0%
regardless. As a teost fish, it carries
 

27:26.491 --> 27:28.641 align:start position:0%
regardless. As a teost fish, it carries
the<00:31:38.320><c> same</c><00:31:38.640><c> open-ended</c><00:31:39.360><c> growth</c><00:31:39.679><c> biology</c>

27:28.641 --> 27:28.651 align:start position:0%
the same open-ended growth biology
 

27:28.651 --> 27:30.641 align:start position:0%
the same open-ended growth biology
shared<00:31:40.559><c> by</c><00:31:40.720><c> most</c><00:31:40.960><c> of</c><00:31:41.039><c> its</c><00:31:41.279><c> relatives.</c><00:31:41.919><c> No</c>

27:30.641 --> 27:30.651 align:start position:0%
shared by most of its relatives. No
 

27:30.651 --> 27:32.881 align:start position:0%
shared by most of its relatives. No
programmed<00:31:42.799><c> ceiling,</c><00:31:43.279><c> no</c><00:31:43.519><c> instruction</c><00:31:44.080><c> to</c>

27:32.881 --> 27:32.891 align:start position:0%
programmed ceiling, no instruction to
 

27:32.891 --> 27:36.080 align:start position:0%
programmed ceiling, no instruction to
stop.<00:31:45.440><c> Nobody</c><00:31:46.000><c> has</c><00:31:46.320><c> ever</c><00:31:46.640><c> found</c><00:31:46.960><c> the</c><00:31:47.279><c> upper</c>

27:36.080 --> 27:36.090 align:start position:0%
stop. Nobody has ever found the upper
 

27:36.090 --> 27:39.041 align:start position:0%
stop. Nobody has ever found the upper
limit.<00:31:48.559><c> The</c><00:31:48.720><c> Orfish</c><00:31:49.279><c> is</c><00:31:49.440><c> a</c><00:31:49.600><c> textbook</c><00:31:50.080><c> case</c><00:31:50.399><c> of</c>

27:39.041 --> 27:39.051 align:start position:0%
limit. The Orfish is a textbook case of
 

27:39.051 --> 27:40.721 align:start position:0%
limit. The Orfish is a textbook case of
everything<00:31:51.039><c> we've</c><00:31:51.440><c> learned</c><00:31:51.679><c> so</c><00:31:51.919><c> far</c><00:31:52.080><c> about</c>

27:40.721 --> 27:40.731 align:start position:0%
everything we've learned so far about
 

27:40.731 --> 27:43.680 align:start position:0%
everything we've learned so far about
deep<00:31:52.640><c> sea</c><00:31:52.960><c> gigantism.</c><00:31:54.080><c> Cold</c><00:31:54.480><c> water</c><00:31:54.880><c> slows</c>

27:43.680 --> 27:43.690 align:start position:0%
deep sea gigantism. Cold water slows
 

27:43.690 --> 27:45.680 align:start position:0%
deep sea gigantism. Cold water slows
cell<00:31:55.600><c> division.</c><00:31:56.320><c> Pressure</c><00:31:56.720><c> eliminates</c>

27:45.680 --> 27:45.690 align:start position:0%
cell division. Pressure eliminates
 

27:45.690 --> 27:48.641 align:start position:0%
cell division. Pressure eliminates
anything<00:31:57.679><c> rigid.</c><00:31:58.480><c> Scarcity</c><00:31:59.120><c> demands</c><00:31:59.679><c> maximum</c>

27:48.641 --> 27:48.651 align:start position:0%
anything rigid. Scarcity demands maximum
 

27:48.651 --> 27:50.401 align:start position:0%
anything rigid. Scarcity demands maximum
energy<00:32:00.559><c> efficiency.</c><00:32:01.120><c> And</c><00:32:01.279><c> the</c><00:32:01.440><c> near</c><00:32:01.679><c> total</c>

27:50.401 --> 27:50.411 align:start position:0%
energy efficiency. And the near total
 

27:50.411 --> 27:52.560 align:start position:0%
energy efficiency. And the near total
absence<00:32:02.320><c> of</c><00:32:02.480><c> predators</c><00:32:03.279><c> removes</c><00:32:03.679><c> the</c><00:32:03.919><c> one</c>

27:52.560 --> 27:52.570 align:start position:0%
absence of predators removes the one
 

27:52.570 --> 27:55.200 align:start position:0%
absence of predators removes the one
force<00:32:04.480><c> that</c><00:32:04.640><c> keeps</c><00:32:04.960><c> everything</c><00:32:05.279><c> else</c><00:32:05.760><c> small.</c>

27:55.200 --> 27:55.210 align:start position:0%
force that keeps everything else small.
 

27:55.210 --> 27:57.041 align:start position:0%
force that keeps everything else small.
Every<00:32:07.200><c> condition</c><00:32:07.519><c> that</c><00:32:07.760><c> makes</c><00:32:07.919><c> the</c><00:32:08.080><c> deep</c><00:32:08.320><c> sea</c>

27:57.041 --> 27:57.051 align:start position:0%
Every condition that makes the deep sea
 

27:57.051 --> 27:59.680 align:start position:0%
Every condition that makes the deep sea
hostile<00:32:09.039><c> to</c><00:32:09.200><c> life</c><00:32:09.519><c> has</c><00:32:09.760><c> in</c><00:32:10.000><c> this</c><00:32:10.240><c> animal</c><00:32:10.960><c> been</c>

27:59.680 --> 27:59.690 align:start position:0%
hostile to life has in this animal been
 

27:59.690 --> 28:02.800 align:start position:0%
hostile to life has in this animal been
flipped<00:32:11.679><c> into</c><00:32:11.919><c> a</c><00:32:12.159><c> growth</c><00:32:12.640><c> advantage.</c><00:32:13.919><c> It</c><00:32:14.159><c> gave</c>

28:02.800 --> 28:02.810 align:start position:0%
flipped into a growth advantage. It gave
 

28:02.810 --> 28:05.121 align:start position:0%
flipped into a growth advantage. It gave
up<00:32:14.720><c> warmth,</c><00:32:15.279><c> food,</c><00:32:15.600><c> and</c><00:32:15.919><c> light</c><00:32:16.159><c> for</c><00:32:16.480><c> something</c>

28:05.121 --> 28:05.131 align:start position:0%
up warmth, food, and light for something
 

28:05.131 --> 28:07.440 align:start position:0%
up warmth, food, and light for something
the<00:32:17.039><c> surface</c><00:32:17.519><c> could</c><00:32:17.760><c> never</c><00:32:18.080><c> offer.</c><00:32:18.799><c> The</c>

28:07.440 --> 28:07.450 align:start position:0%
the surface could never offer. The
 

28:07.450 --> 28:10.560 align:start position:0%
the surface could never offer. The
freedom<00:32:19.360><c> to</c><00:32:19.600><c> just</c><00:32:20.000><c> keep</c><00:32:20.399><c> going.</c>

28:10.560 --> 28:10.570 align:start position:0%
freedom to just keep going.
 

28:10.570 --> 28:13.121 align:start position:0%
freedom to just keep going.
And<00:32:22.399><c> there</c><00:32:22.640><c> is</c><00:32:22.880><c> one</c><00:32:23.200><c> last</c><00:32:23.760><c> mega</c><00:32:24.240><c> giant</c><00:32:24.559><c> that</c>

28:13.121 --> 28:13.131 align:start position:0%
And there is one last mega giant that
 

28:13.131 --> 28:15.761 align:start position:0%
And there is one last mega giant that
evaded<00:32:25.279><c> science</c><00:32:25.679><c> for</c><00:32:25.919><c> more</c><00:32:26.159><c> than</c><00:32:26.320><c> a</c><00:32:26.559><c> century.</c>

28:15.761 --> 28:15.771 align:start position:0%
evaded science for more than a century.
 

28:15.771 --> 28:17.761 align:start position:0%
evaded science for more than a century.
An<00:32:27.600><c> animal</c><00:32:28.000><c> so</c><00:32:28.240><c> elusive</c><00:32:28.720><c> that</c><00:32:28.960><c> everything</c><00:32:29.200><c> we</c>

28:17.761 --> 28:17.771 align:start position:0%
An animal so elusive that everything we
 

28:17.771 --> 28:20.320 align:start position:0%
An animal so elusive that everything we
know<00:32:29.600><c> about</c><00:32:29.840><c> it</c><00:32:30.159><c> came</c><00:32:30.399><c> from</c><00:32:30.720><c> fragments</c><00:32:31.279><c> pulled</c>

28:20.320 --> 28:20.330 align:start position:0%
know about it came from fragments pulled
 

28:20.330 --> 28:23.281 align:start position:0%
know about it came from fragments pulled
from<00:32:32.159><c> the</c><00:32:32.399><c> stomachs</c><00:32:32.880><c> of</c><00:32:33.200><c> whales.</c><00:32:34.320><c> It</c><00:32:34.559><c> was</c><00:32:34.720><c> only</c>

28:23.281 --> 28:23.291 align:start position:0%
from the stomachs of whales. It was only
 

28:23.291 --> 28:26.001 align:start position:0%
from the stomachs of whales. It was only
in<00:32:35.120><c> 2025</c><00:32:36.240><c> that</c><00:32:36.480><c> a</c><00:32:36.720><c> team</c><00:32:36.880><c> of</c><00:32:37.039><c> scientists</c>

28:26.001 --> 28:26.011 align:start position:0%
in 2025 that a team of scientists
 

28:26.011 --> 28:28.721 align:start position:0%
in 2025 that a team of scientists
finally<00:32:38.000><c> saw</c><00:32:38.320><c> one</c><00:32:38.559><c> alive</c><00:32:39.279><c> for</c><00:32:39.600><c> the</c><00:32:39.840><c> first</c>

28:28.721 --> 28:28.731 align:start position:0%
finally saw one alive for the first
 

28:28.731 --> 28:31.521 align:start position:0%
finally saw one alive for the first
time.<00:32:41.120><c> And</c><00:32:41.279><c> what</c><00:32:41.519><c> that</c><00:32:41.760><c> footage</c><00:32:42.240><c> showed</c>

28:31.521 --> 28:31.531 align:start position:0%
time. And what that footage showed
 

28:31.531 --> 28:34.560 align:start position:0%
time. And what that footage showed
stopped<00:32:43.519><c> them</c><00:32:43.679><c> in</c><00:32:44.000><c> their</c><00:32:44.240><c> tracks.</c><00:32:45.200><c> March</c><00:32:45.600><c> 9th,</c>

28:34.560 --> 28:34.570 align:start position:0%
stopped them in their tracks. March 9th,
 

28:34.570 --> 28:38.080 align:start position:0%
stopped them in their tracks. March 9th,
2025,<00:32:47.440><c> a</c><00:32:47.760><c> remotely</c><00:32:48.240><c> operated</c><00:32:48.720><c> vehicle</c><00:32:49.279><c> called</c>

28:38.080 --> 28:38.090 align:start position:0%
2025, a remotely operated vehicle called
 

28:38.090 --> 28:41.121 align:start position:0%
2025, a remotely operated vehicle called
Sebastian<00:32:50.799><c> is</c><00:32:51.120><c> 600</c><00:32:51.600><c> m</c><00:32:51.919><c> down</c><00:32:52.159><c> in</c><00:32:52.320><c> the</c><00:32:52.559><c> South</c>

28:41.121 --> 28:41.131 align:start position:0%
Sebastian is 600 m down in the South
 

28:41.131 --> 28:43.521 align:start position:0%
Sebastian is 600 m down in the South
Atlantic<00:32:53.279><c> near</c><00:32:53.840><c> the</c><00:32:54.080><c> South</c><00:32:54.559><c> Sandwich</c>

28:43.521 --> 28:43.531 align:start position:0%
Atlantic near the South Sandwich
 

28:43.531 --> 28:46.001 align:start position:0%
Atlantic near the South Sandwich
Islands.<00:32:56.320><c> The</c><00:32:56.559><c> cameras</c><00:32:56.960><c> pick</c><00:32:57.120><c> up</c><00:32:57.360><c> something</c>

28:46.001 --> 28:46.011 align:start position:0%
Islands. The cameras pick up something
 

28:46.011 --> 28:49.200 align:start position:0%
Islands. The cameras pick up something
nobody<00:32:58.000><c> on</c><00:32:58.159><c> board</c><00:32:58.480><c> had</c><00:32:58.799><c> dared</c><00:32:59.279><c> to</c><00:32:59.519><c> hope</c><00:32:59.840><c> for.</c><00:33:00.559><c> A</c>

28:49.200 --> 28:49.210 align:start position:0%
nobody on board had dared to hope for. A
 

28:49.210 --> 28:52.481 align:start position:0%
nobody on board had dared to hope for. A
living<00:33:01.679><c> colossal</c><00:33:02.559><c> squid.</c><00:33:03.519><c> We</c><00:33:03.760><c> first</c>

28:52.481 --> 28:52.491 align:start position:0%
living colossal squid. We first
 

28:52.491 --> 28:54.161 align:start position:0%
living colossal squid. We first
encountered<00:33:04.559><c> this</c><00:33:04.720><c> animal,</c><00:33:05.120><c> the</c><00:33:05.279><c> heaviest</c>

28:54.161 --> 28:54.171 align:start position:0%
encountered this animal, the heaviest
 

28:54.171 --> 28:57.761 align:start position:0%
encountered this animal, the heaviest
invertebrate<00:33:06.480><c> on</c><00:33:06.640><c> the</c><00:33:06.880><c> planet,</c><00:33:07.279><c> in</c><00:33:07.600><c> 1925.</c>

28:57.761 --> 28:57.771 align:start position:0%
invertebrate on the planet, in 1925.
 

28:57.771 --> 28:59.761 align:start position:0%
invertebrate on the planet, in 1925.
Well,<00:33:09.679><c> a</c><00:33:09.840><c> piece</c><00:33:10.000><c> of</c><00:33:10.159><c> it</c><00:33:10.320><c> anyway.</c><00:33:10.880><c> A</c><00:33:11.039><c> pair</c><00:33:11.200><c> of</c>

28:59.761 --> 28:59.771 align:start position:0%
Well, a piece of it anyway. A pair of
 

28:59.771 --> 29:01.680 align:start position:0%
Well, a piece of it anyway. A pair of
arms<00:33:11.760><c> were</c><00:33:11.919><c> found</c><00:33:12.159><c> inside</c><00:33:12.480><c> a</c><00:33:12.720><c> commercially</c>

29:01.680 --> 29:01.690 align:start position:0%
arms were found inside a commercially
 

29:01.690 --> 29:03.680 align:start position:0%
arms were found inside a commercially
hunted<00:33:13.679><c> sperm</c><00:33:14.080><c> whale.</c><00:33:14.559><c> Over</c><00:33:14.799><c> the</c><00:33:14.960><c> following</c>

29:03.680 --> 29:03.690 align:start position:0%
hunted sperm whale. Over the following
 

29:03.690 --> 29:06.481 align:start position:0%
hunted sperm whale. Over the following
century,<00:33:15.919><c> only</c><00:33:16.320><c> eight</c><00:33:16.799><c> adult</c><00:33:17.200><c> specimens</c><00:33:17.760><c> were</c>

29:06.481 --> 29:06.491 align:start position:0%
century, only eight adult specimens were
 

29:06.491 --> 29:08.960 align:start position:0%
century, only eight adult specimens were
identified,<00:33:19.039><c> almost</c><00:33:19.600><c> all</c><00:33:19.919><c> within</c><00:33:20.320><c> other</c>

29:08.960 --> 29:08.970 align:start position:0%
identified, almost all within other
 

29:08.970 --> 29:11.281 align:start position:0%
identified, almost all within other
animals<00:33:21.039><c> caught</c><00:33:21.440><c> accidentally</c><00:33:22.159><c> in</c><00:33:22.559><c> fishing</c>

29:11.281 --> 29:11.291 align:start position:0%
animals caught accidentally in fishing
 

29:11.291 --> 29:15.121 align:start position:0%
animals caught accidentally in fishing
nets.<00:33:23.760><c> Yet,</c><00:33:24.159><c> despite</c><00:33:24.640><c> that,</c><00:33:25.360><c> we</c><00:33:25.679><c> still</c><00:33:26.000><c> know</c><00:33:26.320><c> a</c>

29:15.121 --> 29:15.131 align:start position:0%
nets. Yet, despite that, we still know a
 

29:15.131 --> 29:17.680 align:start position:0%
nets. Yet, despite that, we still know a
remarkable<00:33:27.440><c> amount.</c><00:33:28.240><c> The</c><00:33:28.399><c> colossal</c><00:33:28.960><c> squid</c>

29:17.680 --> 29:17.690 align:start position:0%
remarkable amount. The colossal squid
 

29:17.690 --> 29:19.920 align:start position:0%
remarkable amount. The colossal squid
has<00:33:29.519><c> the</c><00:33:29.679><c> largest</c><00:33:30.159><c> eyes</c><00:33:30.559><c> of</c><00:33:30.799><c> any</c><00:33:31.120><c> living</c>

29:19.920 --> 29:19.930 align:start position:0%
has the largest eyes of any living
 

29:19.930 --> 29:23.761 align:start position:0%
has the largest eyes of any living
creature,<00:33:32.399><c> up</c><00:33:32.640><c> to</c><00:33:32.880><c> 27</c><00:33:33.519><c> cm</c><00:33:34.080><c> across</c><00:33:34.720><c> and</c><00:33:34.960><c> roughly</c>

29:23.761 --> 29:23.771 align:start position:0%
creature, up to 27 cm across and roughly
 

29:23.771 --> 29:26.320 align:start position:0%
creature, up to 27 cm across and roughly
the<00:33:35.600><c> size</c><00:33:35.760><c> of</c><00:33:35.919><c> a</c><00:33:36.159><c> soccer</c><00:33:36.559><c> ball.</c><00:33:37.279><c> evolved</c><00:33:37.760><c> to</c>

29:26.320 --> 29:26.330 align:start position:0%
the size of a soccer ball. evolved to
 

29:26.330 --> 29:28.481 align:start position:0%
the size of a soccer ball. evolved to
detect<00:33:38.240><c> the</c><00:33:38.480><c> faintest</c><00:33:38.960><c> traces</c><00:33:39.360><c> of</c><00:33:39.519><c> light</c><00:33:39.840><c> in</c>

29:28.481 --> 29:28.491 align:start position:0%
detect the faintest traces of light in
 

29:28.491 --> 29:31.200 align:start position:0%
detect the faintest traces of light in
the<00:33:40.240><c> permanent</c><00:33:40.720><c> darkness</c><00:33:41.200><c> of</c><00:33:41.440><c> the</c><00:33:41.679><c> deep.</c><00:33:42.480><c> Its</c>

29:31.200 --> 29:31.210 align:start position:0%
the permanent darkness of the deep. Its
 

29:31.210 --> 29:33.841 align:start position:0%
the permanent darkness of the deep. Its
blood<00:33:43.120><c> runs</c><00:33:43.600><c> blue</c><00:33:44.320><c> because</c><00:33:44.640><c> where</c><00:33:44.880><c> our</c><00:33:45.200><c> blood</c>

29:33.841 --> 29:33.851 align:start position:0%
blood runs blue because where our blood
 

29:33.851 --> 29:36.080 align:start position:0%
blood runs blue because where our blood
uses<00:33:45.760><c> iron</c><00:33:46.000><c> to</c><00:33:46.240><c> carry</c><00:33:46.480><c> oxygen,</c><00:33:47.039><c> the</c><00:33:47.200><c> colossal</c>

29:36.080 --> 29:36.090 align:start position:0%
uses iron to carry oxygen, the colossal
 

29:36.090 --> 29:38.641 align:start position:0%
uses iron to carry oxygen, the colossal
squid<00:33:48.159><c> uses</c><00:33:48.640><c> copper,</c><00:33:49.360><c> a</c><00:33:49.519><c> molecule</c><00:33:50.000><c> called</c>

29:38.641 --> 29:38.651 align:start position:0%
squid uses copper, a molecule called
 

29:38.651 --> 29:40.960 align:start position:0%
squid uses copper, a molecule called
hemocyanin<00:33:51.279><c> that</c><00:33:51.519><c> works</c><00:33:51.840><c> more</c><00:33:52.080><c> effectively</c>

29:40.960 --> 29:40.970 align:start position:0%
hemocyanin that works more effectively
 

29:40.970 --> 29:43.920 align:start position:0%
hemocyanin that works more effectively
in<00:33:52.960><c> cold,</c><00:33:53.440><c> low</c><00:33:53.679><c> oxygen</c><00:33:54.320><c> water.</c><00:33:55.039><c> But</c><00:33:55.200><c> perhaps</c>

29:43.920 --> 29:43.930 align:start position:0%
in cold, low oxygen water. But perhaps
 

29:43.930 --> 29:45.601 align:start position:0%
in cold, low oxygen water. But perhaps
the<00:33:55.679><c> most</c><00:33:55.840><c> surprising</c><00:33:56.320><c> feature</c><00:33:56.640><c> is</c><00:33:56.880><c> its</c>

29:45.601 --> 29:45.611 align:start position:0%
the most surprising feature is its
 

29:45.611 --> 29:48.960 align:start position:0%
the most surprising feature is its
brain.<00:33:58.080><c> It's</c><00:33:58.320><c> shaped</c><00:33:58.720><c> like</c><00:33:58.960><c> a</c><00:33:59.200><c> donut,</c><00:34:00.080><c> a</c><00:34:00.240><c> ring</c>

29:48.960 --> 29:48.970 align:start position:0%
brain. It's shaped like a donut, a ring
 

29:48.970 --> 29:51.680 align:start position:0%
brain. It's shaped like a donut, a ring
of<00:34:00.799><c> neural</c><00:34:01.200><c> tissue</c><00:34:01.679><c> with</c><00:34:01.919><c> a</c><00:34:02.080><c> 10</c><00:34:02.399><c> mm</c><00:34:02.880><c> hole</c>

29:51.680 --> 29:51.690 align:start position:0%
of neural tissue with a 10 mm hole
 

29:51.690 --> 29:53.440 align:start position:0%
of neural tissue with a 10 mm hole
punched<00:34:03.760><c> through</c><00:34:04.000><c> the</c><00:34:04.240><c> center.</c><00:34:04.720><c> But</c><00:34:04.880><c> that</c>

29:53.440 --> 29:53.450 align:start position:0%
punched through the center. But that
 

29:53.450 --> 29:55.200 align:start position:0%
punched through the center. But that
hole<00:34:05.360><c> is</c><00:34:05.519><c> not</c><00:34:05.679><c> a</c><00:34:05.919><c> design</c><00:34:06.240><c> flaw.</c><00:34:06.640><c> The</c>

29:55.200 --> 29:55.210 align:start position:0%
hole is not a design flaw. The
 

29:55.210 --> 29:57.681 align:start position:0%
hole is not a design flaw. The
esophagus,<00:34:07.440><c> the</c><00:34:07.679><c> food</c><00:34:07.919><c> pipe,</c><00:34:08.800><c> passes</c>

29:57.681 --> 29:57.691 align:start position:0%
esophagus, the food pipe, passes
 

29:57.691 --> 29:59.520 align:start position:0%
esophagus, the food pipe, passes
directly<00:34:09.760><c> through</c><00:34:10.000><c> the</c><00:34:10.159><c> middle</c><00:34:10.399><c> of</c><00:34:10.560><c> the</c><00:34:10.720><c> brain</c>

29:59.520 --> 29:59.530 align:start position:0%
directly through the middle of the brain
 

29:59.530 --> 30:01.921 align:start position:0%
directly through the middle of the brain
on<00:34:11.280><c> its</c><00:34:11.520><c> way</c><00:34:11.679><c> to</c><00:34:11.919><c> the</c><00:34:12.159><c> stomach.</c><00:34:12.960><c> Which</c><00:34:13.200><c> means</c>

30:01.921 --> 30:01.931 align:start position:0%
on its way to the stomach. Which means
 

30:01.931 --> 30:03.760 align:start position:0%
on its way to the stomach. Which means
every<00:34:13.919><c> mouthful</c><00:34:14.399><c> of</c><00:34:14.560><c> food</c><00:34:14.720><c> the</c><00:34:14.960><c> squid</c>

30:03.760 --> 30:03.770 align:start position:0%
every mouthful of food the squid
 

30:03.770 --> 30:06.961 align:start position:0%
every mouthful of food the squid
swallows<00:34:16.159><c> has</c><00:34:16.480><c> to</c><00:34:16.639><c> fit</c><00:34:16.960><c> through</c><00:34:17.119><c> that</c><00:34:17.440><c> 10</c><00:34:17.919><c> mm</c>

30:06.961 --> 30:06.971 align:start position:0%
swallows has to fit through that 10 mm
 

30:06.971 --> 30:10.641 align:start position:0%
swallows has to fit through that 10 mm
gap.<00:34:19.359><c> When</c><00:34:19.599><c> a</c><00:34:19.839><c> fully</c><00:34:20.159><c> grown</c><00:34:20.639><c> 500</c><00:34:21.200><c> kg</c><00:34:21.760><c> colossal</c>

30:10.641 --> 30:10.651 align:start position:0%
gap. When a fully grown 500 kg colossal
 

30:10.651 --> 30:12.961 align:start position:0%
gap. When a fully grown 500 kg colossal
squid<00:34:22.560><c> gets</c><00:34:22.800><c> its</c><00:34:23.040><c> prey</c><00:34:23.440><c> wrong</c><00:34:23.919><c> and</c><00:34:24.159><c> swallows</c>

30:12.961 --> 30:12.971 align:start position:0%
squid gets its prey wrong and swallows
 

30:12.971 --> 30:15.280 align:start position:0%
squid gets its prey wrong and swallows
something<00:34:24.879><c> too</c><00:34:25.119><c> large,</c><00:34:25.919><c> the</c><00:34:26.159><c> food</c><00:34:26.399><c> physically</c>

30:15.280 --> 30:15.290 align:start position:0%
something too large, the food physically
 

30:15.290 --> 30:18.401 align:start position:0%
something too large, the food physically
compresses<00:34:27.440><c> the</c><00:34:27.760><c> brain</c><00:34:28.240><c> on</c><00:34:28.480><c> its</c><00:34:28.800><c> way</c><00:34:29.040><c> through.</c>

30:18.401 --> 30:18.411 align:start position:0%
compresses the brain on its way through.
 

30:18.411 --> 30:20.080 align:start position:0%
compresses the brain on its way through.
Too<00:34:30.240><c> big</c><00:34:30.399><c> a</c><00:34:30.560><c> mouthful</c><00:34:31.040><c> isn't</c><00:34:31.359><c> just</c>

30:20.080 --> 30:20.090 align:start position:0%
Too big a mouthful isn't just
 

30:20.090 --> 30:23.760 align:start position:0%
Too big a mouthful isn't just
indigestion,<00:34:32.879><c> it's</c><00:34:33.119><c> neurological</c><00:34:34.000><c> damage.</c>

30:23.760 --> 30:23.770 align:start position:0%
indigestion, it's neurological damage.
 

30:23.770 --> 30:26.320 align:start position:0%
indigestion, it's neurological damage.
Dr.<00:34:35.760><c> Cat</c><00:34:36.000><c> Bolshad</c><00:34:36.560><c> of</c><00:34:36.720><c> Oakland</c><00:34:37.280><c> University</c><00:34:37.760><c> of</c>

30:26.320 --> 30:26.330 align:start position:0%
Dr. Cat Bolshad of Oakland University of
 

30:26.330 --> 30:28.721 align:start position:0%
Dr. Cat Bolshad of Oakland University of
Technology<00:34:38.560><c> had</c><00:34:38.800><c> spent</c><00:34:39.119><c> over</c><00:34:39.440><c> two</c><00:34:39.839><c> decades</c>

30:28.721 --> 30:28.731 align:start position:0%
Technology had spent over two decades
 

30:28.731 --> 30:31.040 align:start position:0%
Technology had spent over two decades
studying<00:34:40.720><c> the</c><00:34:40.879><c> colossal</c><00:34:41.440><c> squid,</c><00:34:42.079><c> but</c><00:34:42.320><c> had</c>

30:31.040 --> 30:31.050 align:start position:0%
studying the colossal squid, but had
 

30:31.050 --> 30:33.841 align:start position:0%
studying the colossal squid, but had
never<00:34:42.879><c> seen</c><00:34:43.040><c> it</c><00:34:43.280><c> in</c><00:34:43.440><c> its</c><00:34:43.679><c> natural</c><00:34:44.159><c> habitat</c>

30:33.841 --> 30:33.851 align:start position:0%
never seen it in its natural habitat
 

30:33.851 --> 30:37.121 align:start position:0%
never seen it in its natural habitat
until<00:34:46.240><c> March</c><00:34:46.639><c> 9th,</c><00:34:47.200><c> 2025,</c>

30:37.121 --> 30:37.131 align:start position:0%
until March 9th, 2025,
 

30:37.131 --> 30:39.121 align:start position:0%
until March 9th, 2025,
when<00:34:48.960><c> her</c><00:34:49.280><c> team's</c><00:34:49.679><c> remotely</c><00:34:50.159><c> operated</c>

30:39.121 --> 30:39.131 align:start position:0%
when her team's remotely operated
 

30:39.131 --> 30:41.841 align:start position:0%
when her team's remotely operated
vehicle,<00:34:51.280><c> Sebastian,</c><00:34:52.399><c> caught</c><00:34:52.720><c> the</c><00:34:53.040><c> first</c>

30:41.841 --> 30:41.851 align:start position:0%
vehicle, Sebastian, caught the first
 

30:41.851 --> 30:45.441 align:start position:0%
vehicle, Sebastian, caught the first
living<00:34:53.919><c> sighting</c><00:34:54.399><c> of</c><00:34:54.639><c> the</c><00:34:54.879><c> squid</c><00:34:55.839><c> in</c><00:34:56.240><c> the</c><00:34:56.560><c> deep</c>

30:45.441 --> 30:45.451 align:start position:0%
living sighting of the squid in the deep
 

30:45.451 --> 30:48.321 align:start position:0%
living sighting of the squid in the deep
ocean.<00:34:58.000><c> And</c><00:34:58.240><c> one</c><00:34:58.560><c> thing</c><00:34:58.720><c> in</c><00:34:59.040><c> particular</c><00:34:59.599><c> stood</c>

30:48.321 --> 30:48.331 align:start position:0%
ocean. And one thing in particular stood
 

30:48.331 --> 30:50.881 align:start position:0%
ocean. And one thing in particular stood
out.<00:35:00.800><c> Cromataphors.</c>

30:50.881 --> 30:50.891 align:start position:0%
out. Cromataphors.
 

30:50.891 --> 30:53.441 align:start position:0%
out. Cromataphors.
Now,<00:35:02.960><c> certain</c><00:35:03.440><c> sephopods,</c><00:35:04.240><c> like</c><00:35:04.480><c> this</c><00:35:04.720><c> short</c>

30:53.441 --> 30:53.451 align:start position:0%
Now, certain sephopods, like this short
 

30:53.451 --> 30:56.561 align:start position:0%
Now, certain sephopods, like this short
fin<00:35:05.359><c> squid,</c><00:35:05.760><c> for</c><00:35:05.760><c> example,</c><00:35:06.640><c> have</c><00:35:06.960><c> large</c><00:35:07.599><c> rusty</c>

30:56.561 --> 30:56.571 align:start position:0%
fin squid, for example, have large rusty
 

30:56.571 --> 30:58.801 align:start position:0%
fin squid, for example, have large rusty
red<00:35:08.560><c> brown</c><00:35:08.960><c> structures</c><00:35:09.520><c> scattered</c><00:35:10.079><c> across</c>

30:58.801 --> 30:58.811 align:start position:0%
red brown structures scattered across
 

30:58.811 --> 31:01.760 align:start position:0%
red brown structures scattered across
their<00:35:10.720><c> mantle.</c><00:35:11.440><c> These</c><00:35:11.760><c> are</c><00:35:12.079><c> chromataphors</c><00:35:13.040><c> or</c>

31:01.760 --> 31:01.770 align:start position:0%
their mantle. These are chromataphors or
 

31:01.770 --> 31:04.561 align:start position:0%
their mantle. These are chromataphors or
color<00:35:13.839><c> changing</c><00:35:14.480><c> cells.</c><00:35:15.359><c> These</c><00:35:15.760><c> animal,</c>

31:04.561 --> 31:04.571 align:start position:0%
color changing cells. These animal,
 

31:04.571 --> 31:06.161 align:start position:0%
color changing cells. These animal,
which<00:35:16.400><c> for</c><00:35:16.560><c> a</c><00:35:16.720><c> long</c><00:35:16.880><c> time</c><00:35:17.040><c> we</c><00:35:17.280><c> thought</c><00:35:17.440><c> were</c>

31:06.161 --> 31:06.171 align:start position:0%
which for a long time we thought were
 

31:06.171 --> 31:09.361 align:start position:0%
which for a long time we thought were
simply<00:35:18.240><c> transparent,</c><00:35:19.440><c> can</c><00:35:19.680><c> switch</c><00:35:20.160><c> at</c><00:35:20.480><c> will</c>

31:09.361 --> 31:09.371 align:start position:0%
simply transparent, can switch at will
 

31:09.371 --> 31:11.681 align:start position:0%
simply transparent, can switch at will
from<00:35:21.280><c> being</c><00:35:21.520><c> a</c><00:35:21.920><c> perfect</c><00:35:22.320><c> ghost</c><00:35:22.640><c> in</c><00:35:22.880><c> the</c><00:35:23.040><c> water</c>

31:11.681 --> 31:11.691 align:start position:0%
from being a perfect ghost in the water
 

31:11.691 --> 31:14.881 align:start position:0%
from being a perfect ghost in the water
column<00:35:23.920><c> to</c><00:35:24.160><c> being</c><00:35:24.560><c> completely</c><00:35:25.359><c> opaque.</c><00:35:26.240><c> In</c>

31:14.881 --> 31:14.891 align:start position:0%
column to being completely opaque. In
 

31:14.891 --> 31:17.121 align:start position:0%
column to being completely opaque. In
the<00:35:26.640><c> total</c><00:35:26.960><c> darkness</c><00:35:27.440><c> of</c><00:35:27.680><c> the</c><00:35:27.839><c> deep</c><00:35:28.160><c> ocean,</c>

31:17.121 --> 31:17.131 align:start position:0%
the total darkness of the deep ocean,
 

31:17.131 --> 31:19.281 align:start position:0%
the total darkness of the deep ocean,
where<00:35:28.960><c> bioluminescent</c><00:35:30.000><c> flashes</c><00:35:30.480><c> are</c><00:35:30.640><c> the</c>

31:19.281 --> 31:19.291 align:start position:0%
where bioluminescent flashes are the
 

31:19.291 --> 31:22.081 align:start position:0%
where bioluminescent flashes are the
only<00:35:31.200><c> light</c><00:35:31.520><c> source,</c><00:35:32.400><c> the</c><00:35:32.640><c> ability</c><00:35:32.960><c> to</c><00:35:33.280><c> appear</c>

31:22.081 --> 31:22.091 align:start position:0%
only light source, the ability to appear
 

31:22.091 --> 31:25.201 align:start position:0%
only light source, the ability to appear
and<00:35:34.000><c> disappear</c><00:35:34.560><c> on</c><00:35:34.960><c> command</c><00:35:36.079><c> may</c><00:35:36.320><c> be</c><00:35:36.480><c> how</c>

31:25.201 --> 31:25.211 align:start position:0%
and disappear on command may be how
 

31:25.211 --> 31:28.641 align:start position:0%
and disappear on command may be how
these<00:35:37.280><c> animals</c><00:35:37.839><c> hunt</c><00:35:38.240><c> and</c><00:35:38.640><c> survive.</c><00:35:39.760><c> So</c><00:35:40.000><c> far,</c>

31:28.641 --> 31:28.651 align:start position:0%
these animals hunt and survive. So far,
 

31:28.651 --> 31:30.480 align:start position:0%
these animals hunt and survive. So far,
the<00:35:40.400><c> colossal</c><00:35:40.960><c> squid</c><00:35:41.280><c> fits</c><00:35:41.520><c> in</c><00:35:41.680><c> quite</c><00:35:41.920><c> well</c>

31:30.480 --> 31:30.490 align:start position:0%
the colossal squid fits in quite well
 

31:30.490 --> 31:32.641 align:start position:0%
the colossal squid fits in quite well
amongst<00:35:42.480><c> its</c><00:35:42.640><c> fellow</c><00:35:42.960><c> deep</c><00:35:43.119><c> sea</c><00:35:43.359><c> giants.</c><00:35:44.079><c> But</c>

31:32.641 --> 31:32.651 align:start position:0%
amongst its fellow deep sea giants. But
 

31:32.651 --> 31:34.641 align:start position:0%
amongst its fellow deep sea giants. But
there's<00:35:44.560><c> one</c><00:35:44.880><c> factor</c><00:35:45.200><c> that</c><00:35:45.359><c> throws</c><00:35:45.599><c> a</c><00:35:45.839><c> major</c>

31:34.641 --> 31:34.651 align:start position:0%
there's one factor that throws a major
 

31:34.651 --> 31:37.041 align:start position:0%
there's one factor that throws a major
spanner<00:35:46.720><c> in</c><00:35:47.040><c> the</c><00:35:47.200><c> works,</c><00:35:47.839><c> and</c><00:35:48.000><c> it's</c><00:35:48.240><c> its</c>

31:37.041 --> 31:37.051 align:start position:0%
spanner in the works, and it's its
 

31:37.051 --> 31:39.281 align:start position:0%
spanner in the works, and it's its
lifespan.

31:39.281 --> 31:39.291 align:start position:0%
lifespan.
 

31:39.291 --> 31:41.121 align:start position:0%
lifespan.
Many<00:35:51.200><c> deep</c><00:35:51.440><c> sea</c><00:35:51.680><c> giants</c><00:35:52.000><c> live</c><00:35:52.240><c> for</c><00:35:52.400><c> a</c><00:35:52.560><c> long</c>

31:41.121 --> 31:41.131 align:start position:0%
Many deep sea giants live for a long
 

31:41.131 --> 31:43.681 align:start position:0%
Many deep sea giants live for a long
time,<00:35:53.040><c> tens</c><00:35:53.440><c> or</c><00:35:53.680><c> even</c><00:35:54.000><c> hundreds</c><00:35:54.400><c> of</c><00:35:54.560><c> years.</c>

31:43.681 --> 31:43.691 align:start position:0%
time, tens or even hundreds of years.
 

31:43.691 --> 31:46.641 align:start position:0%
time, tens or even hundreds of years.
But<00:35:55.520><c> the</c><00:35:55.599><c> colossal</c><00:35:56.160><c> squid</c><00:35:56.480><c> is</c><00:35:56.960><c> different.</c>

31:46.641 --> 31:46.651 align:start position:0%
But the colossal squid is different.
 

31:46.651 --> 31:48.321 align:start position:0%
But the colossal squid is different.
Scientists<00:35:58.720><c> calculate</c><00:35:59.119><c> the</c><00:35:59.280><c> age</c><00:35:59.440><c> of</c><00:35:59.520><c> a</c><00:35:59.680><c> squid</c>

31:48.321 --> 31:48.331 align:start position:0%
Scientists calculate the age of a squid
 

31:48.331 --> 31:50.161 align:start position:0%
Scientists calculate the age of a squid
by<00:36:00.079><c> reading</c><00:36:00.400><c> growth</c><00:36:00.720><c> rings</c><00:36:01.040><c> inside</c><00:36:01.440><c> its</c>

31:50.161 --> 31:50.171 align:start position:0%
by reading growth rings inside its
 

31:50.171 --> 31:53.041 align:start position:0%
by reading growth rings inside its
stataliths,<00:36:02.880><c> tiny</c><00:36:03.280><c> balance</c><00:36:03.760><c> organs</c><00:36:04.240><c> inside</c>

31:53.041 --> 31:53.051 align:start position:0%
stataliths, tiny balance organs inside
 

31:53.051 --> 31:55.041 align:start position:0%
stataliths, tiny balance organs inside
the<00:36:04.880><c> squid's</c><00:36:05.359><c> head,</c><00:36:05.760><c> roughly</c><00:36:06.079><c> the</c><00:36:06.240><c> size</c><00:36:06.400><c> of</c><00:36:06.480><c> a</c>

31:55.041 --> 31:55.051 align:start position:0%
the squid's head, roughly the size of a
 

31:55.051 --> 31:56.721 align:start position:0%
the squid's head, roughly the size of a
grain<00:36:06.880><c> of</c><00:36:07.040><c> sand,</c><00:36:07.280><c> that</c><00:36:07.680><c> lay</c><00:36:07.760><c> down</c><00:36:08.000><c> one</c>

31:56.721 --> 31:56.731 align:start position:0%
grain of sand, that lay down one
 

31:56.731 --> 31:59.361 align:start position:0%
grain of sand, that lay down one
microscopic<00:36:09.200><c> layer</c><00:36:09.520><c> every</c><00:36:09.839><c> single</c><00:36:10.240><c> day,</c><00:36:10.800><c> a</c>

31:59.361 --> 31:59.371 align:start position:0%
microscopic layer every single day, a
 

31:59.371 --> 32:01.441 align:start position:0%
microscopic layer every single day, a
bit<00:36:11.119><c> like</c><00:36:11.280><c> tree</c><00:36:11.599><c> rings.</c><00:36:12.240><c> Based</c><00:36:12.560><c> on</c><00:36:12.800><c> this</c>

32:01.441 --> 32:01.451 align:start position:0%
bit like tree rings. Based on this
 

32:01.451 --> 32:03.601 align:start position:0%
bit like tree rings. Based on this
method<00:36:13.359><c> and</c><00:36:13.520><c> the</c><00:36:13.760><c> phenomenal</c><00:36:14.400><c> growth</c><00:36:14.640><c> rate</c><00:36:14.960><c> it</c>

32:03.601 --> 32:03.611 align:start position:0%
method and the phenomenal growth rate it
 

32:03.611 --> 32:06.161 align:start position:0%
method and the phenomenal growth rate it
implies,<00:36:16.240><c> scientists</c><00:36:16.800><c> believe</c><00:36:16.960><c> the</c><00:36:17.200><c> colossal</c>

32:06.161 --> 32:06.171 align:start position:0%
implies, scientists believe the colossal
 

32:06.171 --> 32:09.921 align:start position:0%
implies, scientists believe the colossal
squid<00:36:18.160><c> lives</c><00:36:18.400><c> for</c><00:36:18.720><c> only</c><00:36:19.119><c> around</c><00:36:20.160><c> 1</c><00:36:20.560><c> to</c><00:36:20.880><c> 2</c>

32:09.921 --> 32:09.931 align:start position:0%
squid lives for only around 1 to 2
 

32:09.931 --> 32:13.281 align:start position:0%
squid lives for only around 1 to 2
years.<00:36:22.400><c> Yes,</c><00:36:22.960><c> that</c><00:36:23.200><c> means</c><00:36:23.440><c> it</c><00:36:23.680><c> grows</c><00:36:24.000><c> from</c><00:36:24.400><c> 30</c>

32:13.281 --> 32:13.291 align:start position:0%
years. Yes, that means it grows from 30
 

32:13.291 --> 32:16.801 align:start position:0%
years. Yes, that means it grows from 30
cm<00:36:25.920><c> to</c><00:36:26.160><c> more</c><00:36:26.400><c> than</c><00:36:26.640><c> half</c><00:36:26.880><c> a</c><00:36:27.119><c> ton</c><00:36:27.760><c> in</c><00:36:28.000><c> roughly</c>

32:16.801 --> 32:16.811 align:start position:0%
cm to more than half a ton in roughly
 

32:16.811 --> 32:19.520 align:start position:0%
cm to more than half a ton in roughly
the<00:36:28.560><c> same</c><00:36:28.800><c> time</c><00:36:28.960><c> it</c><00:36:29.200><c> takes</c><00:36:29.359><c> a</c><00:36:29.599><c> human</c><00:36:30.000><c> child</c><00:36:30.800><c> to</c>

32:19.520 --> 32:19.530 align:start position:0%
the same time it takes a human child to
 

32:19.530 --> 32:22.161 align:start position:0%
the same time it takes a human child to
learn<00:36:31.440><c> how</c><00:36:31.680><c> to</c><00:36:31.920><c> walk.</c><00:36:32.800><c> So,</c><00:36:33.040><c> what's</c><00:36:33.359><c> driving</c>

32:22.161 --> 32:22.171 align:start position:0%
learn how to walk. So, what's driving
 

32:22.171 --> 32:24.561 align:start position:0%
learn how to walk. So, what's driving
this<00:36:34.079><c> explosive</c><00:36:34.800><c> growth?</c><00:36:35.599><c> Well,</c><00:36:35.839><c> to</c><00:36:36.000><c> find</c>

32:24.561 --> 32:24.571 align:start position:0%
this explosive growth? Well, to find
 

32:24.571 --> 32:27.041 align:start position:0%
this explosive growth? Well, to find
out,<00:36:36.480><c> scientists</c><00:36:36.880><c> had</c><00:36:37.119><c> to</c><00:36:37.280><c> go</c><00:36:37.760><c> sideways</c>

32:27.041 --> 32:27.051 align:start position:0%
out, scientists had to go sideways
 

32:27.051 --> 32:29.121 align:start position:0%
out, scientists had to go sideways
because<00:36:38.960><c> the</c><00:36:39.119><c> colossal</c><00:36:39.599><c> squid's</c><00:36:40.000><c> own</c><00:36:40.160><c> genome</c>

32:29.121 --> 32:29.131 align:start position:0%
because the colossal squid's own genome
 

32:29.131 --> 32:31.760 align:start position:0%
because the colossal squid's own genome
has<00:36:41.040><c> never</c><00:36:41.359><c> been</c><00:36:41.760><c> sequenced.</c><00:36:42.640><c> What</c><00:36:42.960><c> we</c><00:36:43.200><c> do</c>

32:31.760 --> 32:31.770 align:start position:0%
has never been sequenced. What we do
 

32:31.770 --> 32:33.921 align:start position:0%
has never been sequenced. What we do
know<00:36:43.680><c> comes</c><00:36:43.920><c> from</c><00:36:44.079><c> its</c><00:36:44.400><c> relatives,</c><00:36:45.200><c> the</c>

32:33.921 --> 32:33.931 align:start position:0%
know comes from its relatives, the
 

32:33.931 --> 32:36.961 align:start position:0%
know comes from its relatives, the
sephopods.<00:36:46.880><c> Think</c><00:36:47.040><c> of</c><00:36:47.200><c> DNA</c><00:36:47.680><c> as</c><00:36:47.920><c> a</c><00:36:48.079><c> master</c>

32:36.961 --> 32:36.971 align:start position:0%
sephopods. Think of DNA as a master
 

32:36.971 --> 32:39.201 align:start position:0%
sephopods. Think of DNA as a master
recipe<00:36:48.960><c> book</c><00:36:49.280><c> locked</c><00:36:49.599><c> in</c><00:36:49.760><c> a</c><00:36:49.920><c> vault,</c><00:36:50.400><c> never</c>

32:39.201 --> 32:39.211 align:start position:0%
recipe book locked in a vault, never
 

32:39.211 --> 32:41.601 align:start position:0%
recipe book locked in a vault, never
changed.<00:36:51.599><c> Now</c><00:36:51.920><c> before</c><00:36:52.160><c> any</c><00:36:52.480><c> recipe</c><00:36:52.880><c> gets</c>

32:41.601 --> 32:41.611 align:start position:0%
changed. Now before any recipe gets
 

32:41.611 --> 32:44.321 align:start position:0%
changed. Now before any recipe gets
used,<00:36:53.599><c> the</c><00:36:53.839><c> cell</c><00:36:54.160><c> makes</c><00:36:54.480><c> a</c><00:36:54.720><c> working</c><00:36:55.200><c> copy.</c>

32:44.321 --> 32:44.331 align:start position:0%
used, the cell makes a working copy.
 

32:44.331 --> 32:46.561 align:start position:0%
used, the cell makes a working copy.
That<00:36:56.160><c> copy</c><00:36:56.480><c> is</c><00:36:56.640><c> called</c><00:36:56.880><c> messenger</c><00:36:57.440><c> RNA.</c><00:36:58.000><c> And</c>

32:46.561 --> 32:46.571 align:start position:0%
That copy is called messenger RNA. And
 

32:46.571 --> 32:49.041 align:start position:0%
That copy is called messenger RNA. And
in<00:36:58.320><c> almost</c><00:36:58.640><c> every</c><00:36:58.960><c> animal</c><00:36:59.359><c> on</c><00:36:59.680><c> Earth,</c><00:37:00.400><c> that</c>

32:49.041 --> 32:49.051 align:start position:0%
in almost every animal on Earth, that
 

32:49.051 --> 32:52.641 align:start position:0%
in almost every animal on Earth, that
copy<00:37:01.040><c> is</c><00:37:01.520><c> exact.</c><00:37:02.640><c> What</c><00:37:02.880><c> the</c><00:37:03.040><c> DNA</c><00:37:03.599><c> says,</c><00:37:04.000><c> the</c>

32:52.641 --> 32:52.651 align:start position:0%
copy is exact. What the DNA says, the
 

32:52.651 --> 32:55.921 align:start position:0%
copy is exact. What the DNA says, the
RNA<00:37:04.880><c> delivers.</c><00:37:06.320><c> Sephopods,</c><00:37:07.040><c> though,</c><00:37:07.280><c> do</c>

32:55.921 --> 32:55.931 align:start position:0%
RNA delivers. Sephopods, though, do
 

32:55.931 --> 32:59.201 align:start position:0%
RNA delivers. Sephopods, though, do
something<00:37:07.920><c> different.</c><00:37:08.960><c> They</c><00:37:09.280><c> edit</c><00:37:09.760><c> the</c><00:37:10.079><c> copy.</c>

32:59.201 --> 32:59.211 align:start position:0%
something different. They edit the copy.
 

32:59.211 --> 33:01.441 align:start position:0%
something different. They edit the copy.
Not<00:37:11.040><c> randomly,</c><00:37:11.680><c> not</c><00:37:11.920><c> accidentally,</c><00:37:12.560><c> but</c><00:37:12.800><c> in</c>

33:01.441 --> 33:01.451 align:start position:0%
Not randomly, not accidentally, but in
 

33:01.451 --> 33:03.121 align:start position:0%
Not randomly, not accidentally, but in
response<00:37:13.359><c> to</c><00:37:13.520><c> whatever</c><00:37:14.000><c> conditions</c><00:37:14.400><c> they're</c>

33:03.121 --> 33:03.131 align:start position:0%
response to whatever conditions they're
 

33:03.131 --> 33:04.881 align:start position:0%
response to whatever conditions they're
currently<00:37:15.200><c> facing.</c><00:37:15.920><c> Whether</c><00:37:16.160><c> that's</c>

33:04.881 --> 33:04.891 align:start position:0%
currently facing. Whether that's
 

33:04.891 --> 33:06.240 align:start position:0%
currently facing. Whether that's
freezing<00:37:16.880><c> temperatures,</c><00:37:17.359><c> crushing</c>

33:06.240 --> 33:06.250 align:start position:0%
freezing temperatures, crushing
 

33:06.250 --> 33:08.881 align:start position:0%
freezing temperatures, crushing
pressure,<00:37:18.160><c> or</c><00:37:18.480><c> total</c><00:37:18.960><c> darkness.</c><00:37:20.000><c> No</c><00:37:20.079><c> matter</c>

33:08.881 --> 33:08.891 align:start position:0%
pressure, or total darkness. No matter
 

33:08.891 --> 33:11.520 align:start position:0%
pressure, or total darkness. No matter
what<00:37:20.640><c> it</c><00:37:20.880><c> is,</c><00:37:21.440><c> the</c><00:37:21.599><c> RNA</c><00:37:22.160><c> gets</c><00:37:22.400><c> adjusted</c><00:37:22.880><c> and</c>

33:11.520 --> 33:11.530 align:start position:0%
what it is, the RNA gets adjusted and
 

33:11.530 --> 33:14.240 align:start position:0%
what it is, the RNA gets adjusted and
the<00:37:23.280><c> protein</c><00:37:23.599><c> it</c><00:37:23.839><c> builds</c><00:37:24.480><c> changes</c><00:37:25.040><c> with</c><00:37:25.359><c> it.</c>

33:14.240 --> 33:14.250 align:start position:0%
the protein it builds changes with it.
 

33:14.250 --> 33:16.480 align:start position:0%
the protein it builds changes with it.
In<00:37:26.079><c> humans,</c><00:37:26.560><c> less</c><00:37:26.800><c> than</c><00:37:26.960><c> 1%</c><00:37:27.440><c> of</c><00:37:27.599><c> the</c><00:37:27.760><c> brain's</c>

33:16.480 --> 33:16.490 align:start position:0%
In humans, less than 1% of the brain's
 

33:16.490 --> 33:18.401 align:start position:0%
In humans, less than 1% of the brain's
genetic<00:37:28.560><c> instructions</c><00:37:29.119><c> are</c><00:37:29.440><c> rewritten</c>

33:18.401 --> 33:18.411 align:start position:0%
genetic instructions are rewritten
 

33:18.411 --> 33:20.641 align:start position:0%
genetic instructions are rewritten
before<00:37:30.400><c> the</c><00:37:30.640><c> cell</c><00:37:30.880><c> acts</c><00:37:31.200><c> on</c><00:37:31.359><c> them.</c><00:37:31.920><c> In</c>

33:20.641 --> 33:20.651 align:start position:0%
before the cell acts on them. In
 

33:20.651 --> 33:24.161 align:start position:0%
before the cell acts on them. In
sephopods,<00:37:33.200><c> over</c><00:37:33.599><c> 60%</c><00:37:34.480><c> are.</c><00:37:35.280><c> Whether</c><00:37:35.599><c> the</c>

33:24.161 --> 33:24.171 align:start position:0%
sephopods, over 60% are. Whether the
 

33:24.171 --> 33:26.240 align:start position:0%
sephopods, over 60% are. Whether the
colossal<00:37:36.320><c> squid</c><00:37:36.640><c> uses</c><00:37:36.960><c> this</c><00:37:37.200><c> same</c><00:37:37.440><c> trick</c><00:37:37.680><c> to</c>

33:26.240 --> 33:26.250 align:start position:0%
colossal squid uses this same trick to
 

33:26.250 --> 33:28.801 align:start position:0%
colossal squid uses this same trick to
drive<00:37:38.079><c> its</c><00:37:38.400><c> explosive</c><00:37:39.040><c> growth</c><00:37:39.359><c> rate</c><00:37:39.920><c> is</c><00:37:40.240><c> one</c>

33:28.801 --> 33:28.811 align:start position:0%
drive its explosive growth rate is one
 

33:28.811 --> 33:30.961 align:start position:0%
drive its explosive growth rate is one
of<00:37:40.560><c> the</c><00:37:40.800><c> big</c><00:37:41.119><c> questions</c><00:37:41.599><c> scientists</c><00:37:42.240><c> still</c>

33:30.961 --> 33:30.971 align:start position:0%
of the big questions scientists still
 

33:30.971 --> 33:33.281 align:start position:0%
of the big questions scientists still
don't<00:37:42.800><c> have</c><00:37:43.040><c> the</c><00:37:43.280><c> answer</c><00:37:43.520><c> to.</c><00:37:44.240><c> But</c><00:37:44.400><c> one</c><00:37:44.640><c> day,</c>

33:33.281 --> 33:33.291 align:start position:0%
don't have the answer to. But one day,
 

33:33.291 --> 33:35.121 align:start position:0%
don't have the answer to. But one day,
I'm<00:37:45.119><c> sure</c><00:37:45.280><c> they</c><00:37:45.520><c> will,</c><00:37:45.760><c> and</c><00:37:46.000><c> I,</c><00:37:46.240><c> for</c><00:37:46.400><c> one,</c>

33:35.121 --> 33:35.131 align:start position:0%
I'm sure they will, and I, for one,
 

33:35.131 --> 33:37.520 align:start position:0%
I'm sure they will, and I, for one,
can't<00:37:47.040><c> wait</c><00:37:47.200><c> to</c><00:37:47.440><c> find</c><00:37:47.599><c> out.</c>

33:37.520 --> 33:37.530 align:start position:0%
can't wait to find out.
 

33:37.530 --> 33:39.281 align:start position:0%
can't wait to find out.
So,<00:37:49.440><c> why</c><00:37:49.680><c> does</c><00:37:49.839><c> this</c><00:37:50.079><c> all</c><00:37:50.320><c> matter?</c><00:37:50.640><c> Well,</c>

33:39.281 --> 33:39.291 align:start position:0%
So, why does this all matter? Well,
 

33:39.291 --> 33:40.721 align:start position:0%
So, why does this all matter? Well,
firstly,<00:37:51.280><c> it's</c><00:37:51.440><c> cool</c><00:37:51.599><c> to</c><00:37:51.760><c> look</c><00:37:51.839><c> at</c><00:37:51.920><c> weird</c><00:37:52.160><c> and</c>

33:40.721 --> 33:40.731 align:start position:0%
firstly, it's cool to look at weird and
 

33:40.731 --> 33:43.201 align:start position:0%
firstly, it's cool to look at weird and
wonderful<00:37:52.640><c> creatures.</c><00:37:53.200><c> Yeah.</c><00:37:53.520><c> But</c><00:37:53.760><c> secondly,</c>

33:43.201 --> 33:43.211 align:start position:0%
wonderful creatures. Yeah. But secondly,
 

33:43.211 --> 33:45.760 align:start position:0%
wonderful creatures. Yeah. But secondly,
because<00:37:55.200><c> every</c><00:37:55.680><c> single</c><00:37:56.079><c> one</c><00:37:56.240><c> of</c><00:37:56.400><c> us</c><00:37:56.720><c> is</c><00:37:56.960><c> in</c><00:37:57.119><c> a</c>

33:45.760 --> 33:45.770 align:start position:0%
because every single one of us is in a
 

33:45.770 --> 33:48.801 align:start position:0%
because every single one of us is in a
race<00:37:57.599><c> against</c><00:37:57.920><c> time.</c><00:37:58.800><c> Our</c><00:37:59.200><c> cells</c><00:37:59.680><c> divide.</c><00:38:00.160><c> Our</c>

33:48.801 --> 33:48.811 align:start position:0%
race against time. Our cells divide. Our
 

33:48.811 --> 33:50.961 align:start position:0%
race against time. Our cells divide. Our
telomeres,<00:38:01.040><c> the</c><00:38:01.200><c> tiny</c><00:38:01.520><c> protective</c><00:38:01.920><c> caps</c><00:38:02.320><c> on</c>

33:50.961 --> 33:50.971 align:start position:0%
telomeres, the tiny protective caps on
 

33:50.971 --> 33:52.641 align:start position:0%
telomeres, the tiny protective caps on
our<00:38:02.720><c> DNA,</c><00:38:03.119><c> like</c><00:38:03.280><c> the</c><00:38:03.440><c> sort</c><00:38:03.599><c> of</c><00:38:03.680><c> plastic</c><00:38:04.000><c> tips</c>

33:52.641 --> 33:52.651 align:start position:0%
our DNA, like the sort of plastic tips
 

33:52.651 --> 33:55.361 align:start position:0%
our DNA, like the sort of plastic tips
on<00:38:04.400><c> your</c><00:38:04.560><c> shoelaces,</c><00:38:05.680><c> are</c><00:38:06.079><c> slowly</c><00:38:06.480><c> wearing</c>

33:55.361 --> 33:55.371 align:start position:0%
on your shoelaces, are slowly wearing
 

33:55.371 --> 33:58.321 align:start position:0%
on your shoelaces, are slowly wearing
down.<00:38:07.839><c> Damage</c><00:38:08.400><c> builds</c><00:38:08.880><c> as</c><00:38:09.119><c> we</c><00:38:09.359><c> age,</c><00:38:09.680><c> and</c>

33:58.321 --> 33:58.331 align:start position:0%
down. Damage builds as we age, and
 

33:58.331 --> 34:00.561 align:start position:0%
down. Damage builds as we age, and
eventually<00:38:10.720><c> systems</c><00:38:11.200><c> fail,</c><00:38:11.599><c> whether</c><00:38:11.839><c> through</c>

34:00.561 --> 34:00.571 align:start position:0%
eventually systems fail, whether through
 

34:00.571 --> 34:03.681 align:start position:0%
eventually systems fail, whether through
cancer<00:38:12.640><c> or</c><00:38:13.280><c> other</c><00:38:13.599><c> diseases.</c><00:38:14.800><c> And</c><00:38:14.960><c> for</c><00:38:15.119><c> all</c>

34:03.681 --> 34:03.691 align:start position:0%
cancer or other diseases. And for all
 

34:03.691 --> 34:05.281 align:start position:0%
cancer or other diseases. And for all
the<00:38:15.440><c> brilliance</c><00:38:15.760><c> of</c><00:38:15.920><c> modern</c><00:38:16.240><c> medicine,</c><00:38:16.720><c> we</c>

34:05.281 --> 34:05.291 align:start position:0%
the brilliance of modern medicine, we
 

34:05.291 --> 34:07.201 align:start position:0%
the brilliance of modern medicine, we
are<00:38:17.119><c> still</c><00:38:17.359><c> largely</c><00:38:17.839><c> fighting</c><00:38:18.160><c> these</c><00:38:18.480><c> battles</c>

34:07.201 --> 34:07.211 align:start position:0%
are still largely fighting these battles
 

34:07.211 --> 34:08.961 align:start position:0%
are still largely fighting these battles
with<00:38:19.040><c> tools</c><00:38:19.359><c> developed</c><00:38:19.680><c> from</c><00:38:19.839><c> organisms</c><00:38:20.320><c> that</c>

34:08.961 --> 34:08.971 align:start position:0%
with tools developed from organisms that
 

34:08.971 --> 34:12.480 align:start position:0%
with tools developed from organisms that
live<00:38:21.119><c> as</c><00:38:21.359><c> we</c><00:38:21.680><c> do</c><00:38:22.320><c> at</c><00:38:22.640><c> the</c><00:38:22.880><c> surface.</c><00:38:23.760><c> But</c><00:38:23.920><c> down</c>

34:12.480 --> 34:12.490 align:start position:0%
live as we do at the surface. But down
 

34:12.490 --> 34:14.480 align:start position:0%
live as we do at the surface. But down
in<00:38:24.320><c> the</c><00:38:24.400><c> deep,</c><00:38:24.800><c> evolution</c><00:38:25.359><c> has</c><00:38:25.520><c> been</c><00:38:25.760><c> running</c>

34:14.480 --> 34:14.490 align:start position:0%
in the deep, evolution has been running
 

34:14.490 --> 34:16.401 align:start position:0%
in the deep, evolution has been running
different<00:38:26.640><c> experiments</c><00:38:27.200><c> for</c><00:38:27.520><c> hundreds</c><00:38:27.839><c> of</c>

34:16.401 --> 34:16.411 align:start position:0%
different experiments for hundreds of
 

34:16.411 --> 34:18.161 align:start position:0%
different experiments for hundreds of
millions<00:38:28.320><c> of</c><00:38:28.560><c> years,</c><00:38:28.800><c> and</c><00:38:29.040><c> we're</c><00:38:29.280><c> only</c><00:38:29.520><c> just</c>

34:18.161 --> 34:18.171 align:start position:0%
millions of years, and we're only just
 

34:18.171 --> 34:20.480 align:start position:0%
millions of years, and we're only just
starting<00:38:30.079><c> to</c><00:38:30.240><c> read</c><00:38:30.480><c> the</c><00:38:30.720><c> results.</c><00:38:31.599><c> Take</c><00:38:31.839><c> the</c>

34:20.480 --> 34:20.490 align:start position:0%
starting to read the results. Take the
 

34:20.490 --> 34:23.520 align:start position:0%
starting to read the results. Take the
squid's<00:38:32.480><c> RNA</c><00:38:32.960><c> editing.</c><00:38:33.839><c> Cancer</c><00:38:34.320><c> is</c><00:38:34.560><c> at</c><00:38:34.800><c> its</c>

34:23.520 --> 34:23.530 align:start position:0%
squid's RNA editing. Cancer is at its
 

34:23.530 --> 34:26.000 align:start position:0%
squid's RNA editing. Cancer is at its
core<00:38:35.440><c> a</c><00:38:35.760><c> disease</c><00:38:36.160><c> of</c><00:38:36.480><c> uncontrolled</c><00:38:37.359><c> cell</c>

34:26.000 --> 34:26.010 align:start position:0%
core a disease of uncontrolled cell
 

34:26.010 --> 34:28.161 align:start position:0%
core a disease of uncontrolled cell
division.<00:38:38.320><c> Cells</c><00:38:38.720><c> receiving</c><00:38:39.200><c> corrupted</c>

34:28.161 --> 34:28.171 align:start position:0%
division. Cells receiving corrupted
 

34:28.171 --> 34:30.801 align:start position:0%
division. Cells receiving corrupted
instructions<00:38:40.240><c> and</c><00:38:40.480><c> then</c><00:38:40.720><c> acting</c><00:38:41.119><c> on</c><00:38:41.359><c> them.</c>

34:30.801 --> 34:30.811 align:start position:0%
instructions and then acting on them.
 

34:30.811 --> 34:32.240 align:start position:0%
instructions and then acting on them.
So,<00:38:42.640><c> an</c><00:38:42.880><c> animal</c><00:38:43.040><c> that</c><00:38:43.280><c> can</c><00:38:43.359><c> edit</c><00:38:43.680><c> those</c>

34:32.240 --> 34:32.250 align:start position:0%
So, an animal that can edit those
 

34:32.250 --> 34:34.641 align:start position:0%
So, an animal that can edit those
instructions<00:38:44.400><c> in</c><00:38:44.720><c> real</c><00:38:45.119><c> time,</c><00:38:45.760><c> switching</c>

34:34.641 --> 34:34.651 align:start position:0%
instructions in real time, switching
 

34:34.651 --> 34:36.240 align:start position:0%
instructions in real time, switching
protein<00:38:46.720><c> structures</c><00:38:47.040><c> on</c><00:38:47.200><c> and</c><00:38:47.440><c> off</c><00:38:47.599><c> in</c>

34:36.240 --> 34:36.250 align:start position:0%
protein structures on and off in
 

34:36.250 --> 34:38.961 align:start position:0%
protein structures on and off in
response<00:38:48.079><c> to</c><00:38:48.240><c> its</c><00:38:48.640><c> environment</c><00:38:49.839><c> points</c><00:38:50.160><c> to</c><00:38:50.320><c> a</c>

34:38.961 --> 34:38.971 align:start position:0%
response to its environment points to a
 

34:38.971 --> 34:41.121 align:start position:0%
response to its environment points to a
completely<00:38:51.119><c> new</c><00:38:51.359><c> way</c><00:38:51.520><c> of</c><00:38:51.760><c> thinking</c><00:38:52.240><c> about</c>

34:41.121 --> 34:41.131 align:start position:0%
completely new way of thinking about
 

34:41.131 --> 34:43.921 align:start position:0%
completely new way of thinking about
cellular<00:38:53.280><c> control.</c><00:38:54.560><c> Scientists</c><00:38:55.119><c> right</c><00:38:55.359><c> now</c>

34:43.921 --> 34:43.931 align:start position:0%
cellular control. Scientists right now
 

34:43.931 --> 34:45.760 align:start position:0%
cellular control. Scientists right now
are<00:38:55.760><c> actively</c><00:38:56.240><c> investigating</c><00:38:56.880><c> whether</c>

34:45.760 --> 34:45.770 align:start position:0%
are actively investigating whether
 

34:45.770 --> 34:48.401 align:start position:0%
are actively investigating whether
similar<00:38:57.760><c> RNA</c><00:38:58.320><c> editing</c><00:38:58.720><c> mechanisms</c><00:38:59.599><c> could</c><00:38:59.839><c> be</c>

34:48.401 --> 34:48.411 align:start position:0%
similar RNA editing mechanisms could be
 

34:48.411 --> 34:50.240 align:start position:0%
similar RNA editing mechanisms could be
harnessed<00:39:00.480><c> to</c><00:39:00.720><c> correct</c><00:39:01.040><c> the</c><00:39:01.280><c> corrupted</c>

34:50.240 --> 34:50.250 align:start position:0%
harnessed to correct the corrupted
 

34:50.250 --> 34:53.441 align:start position:0%
harnessed to correct the corrupted
molecular<00:39:02.320><c> signs</c><00:39:02.720><c> that</c><00:39:03.040><c> drive</c><00:39:03.760><c> tumor</c><00:39:04.320><c> growth.</c>

34:53.441 --> 34:53.451 align:start position:0%
molecular signs that drive tumor growth.
 

34:53.451 --> 34:55.121 align:start position:0%
molecular signs that drive tumor growth.
Or<00:39:05.280><c> think</c><00:39:05.440><c> about</c><00:39:05.599><c> what</c><00:39:05.760><c> the</c><00:39:05.920><c> deep</c><00:39:06.160><c> sea</c><00:39:06.480><c> has</c>

34:55.121 --> 34:55.131 align:start position:0%
Or think about what the deep sea has
 

34:55.131 --> 34:58.561 align:start position:0%
Or think about what the deep sea has
already<00:39:07.200><c> delivered.</c><00:39:08.240><c> In</c><00:39:08.560><c> 1990,</c><00:39:09.599><c> researchers</c>

34:58.561 --> 34:58.571 align:start position:0%
already delivered. In 1990, researchers
 

34:58.571 --> 35:00.480 align:start position:0%
already delivered. In 1990, researchers
at<00:39:10.400><c> the</c><00:39:10.720><c> Scripps</c><00:39:11.280><c> Institution</c><00:39:11.839><c> of</c>

35:00.480 --> 35:00.490 align:start position:0%
at the Scripps Institution of
 

35:00.490 --> 35:02.801 align:start position:0%
at the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography<00:39:13.200><c> scooped</c><00:39:13.680><c> sediment</c><00:39:14.079><c> from</c><00:39:14.240><c> the</c>

35:02.801 --> 35:02.811 align:start position:0%
Oceanography scooped sediment from the
 

35:02.811 --> 35:05.361 align:start position:0%
Oceanography scooped sediment from the
ocean<00:39:14.800><c> floor</c><00:39:15.119><c> of</c><00:39:15.359><c> the</c><00:39:15.520><c> Bahamas</c><00:39:16.240><c> and</c><00:39:16.480><c> found</c><00:39:16.720><c> a</c>

35:05.361 --> 35:05.371 align:start position:0%
ocean floor of the Bahamas and found a
 

35:05.371 --> 35:07.921 align:start position:0%
ocean floor of the Bahamas and found a
previously<00:39:17.520><c> unknown</c><00:39:18.079><c> deep</c><00:39:18.320><c> sea</c><00:39:18.640><c> bacterium</c>

35:07.921 --> 35:07.931 align:start position:0%
previously unknown deep sea bacterium
 

35:07.931 --> 35:10.240 align:start position:0%
previously unknown deep sea bacterium
called<00:39:19.920><c> Selenospora.</c><00:39:21.040><c> From</c><00:39:21.280><c> it,</c><00:39:21.520><c> they</c>

35:10.240 --> 35:10.250 align:start position:0%
called Selenospora. From it, they
 

35:10.250 --> 35:13.041 align:start position:0%
called Selenospora. From it, they
isolated<00:39:22.320><c> a</c><00:39:22.640><c> compound</c><00:39:23.280><c> now</c><00:39:23.520><c> called</c><00:39:23.839><c> Marisanib</c>

35:13.041 --> 35:13.051 align:start position:0%
isolated a compound now called Marisanib
 

35:13.051 --> 35:14.881 align:start position:0%
isolated a compound now called Marisanib
that<00:39:24.880><c> can</c><00:39:24.960><c> do</c><00:39:25.200><c> something</c><00:39:25.440><c> no</c><00:39:25.760><c> existing</c><00:39:26.240><c> brain</c>

35:14.881 --> 35:14.891 align:start position:0%
that can do something no existing brain
 

35:14.891 --> 35:17.760 align:start position:0%
that can do something no existing brain
cancer<00:39:26.880><c> drug</c><00:39:27.280><c> can.</c><00:39:28.000><c> It</c><00:39:28.240><c> crosses</c><00:39:28.640><c> the</c><00:39:28.880><c> blood</c>

35:17.760 --> 35:17.770 align:start position:0%
cancer drug can. It crosses the blood
 

35:17.770 --> 35:20.081 align:start position:0%
cancer drug can. It crosses the blood
brain<00:39:29.839><c> barrier.</c><00:39:30.640><c> It's</c><00:39:30.960><c> currently</c><00:39:31.280><c> in</c><00:39:31.520><c> the</c>

35:20.081 --> 35:20.091 align:start position:0%
brain barrier. It's currently in the
 

35:20.091 --> 35:22.000 align:start position:0%
brain barrier. It's currently in the
final<00:39:32.000><c> stages</c><00:39:32.320><c> of</c><00:39:32.480><c> clinical</c><00:39:32.880><c> trials</c><00:39:33.280><c> for</c>

35:22.000 --> 35:22.010 align:start position:0%
final stages of clinical trials for
 

35:22.010 --> 35:25.041 align:start position:0%
final stages of clinical trials for
glyobblasto,<00:39:35.040><c> one</c><00:39:35.200><c> of</c><00:39:35.359><c> the</c><00:39:35.599><c> most</c><00:39:35.920><c> untreatable</c>

35:25.041 --> 35:25.051 align:start position:0%
glyobblasto, one of the most untreatable
 

35:25.051 --> 35:27.601 align:start position:0%
glyobblasto, one of the most untreatable
cancers<00:39:37.119><c> known</c><00:39:37.520><c> to</c><00:39:37.760><c> medicine.</c><00:39:38.560><c> And</c><00:39:38.720><c> it's</c><00:39:38.960><c> not</c>

35:27.601 --> 35:27.611 align:start position:0%
cancers known to medicine. And it's not
 

35:27.611 --> 35:30.801 align:start position:0%
cancers known to medicine. And it's not
alone.<00:39:40.079><c> 12</c><00:39:40.640><c> marine</c><00:39:41.200><c> derived</c><00:39:41.599><c> compounds,</c><00:39:42.240><c> have</c>

35:30.801 --> 35:30.811 align:start position:0%
alone. 12 marine derived compounds, have
 

35:30.811 --> 35:33.281 align:start position:0%
alone. 12 marine derived compounds, have
already<00:39:42.720><c> received</c><00:39:43.280><c> FDA</c><00:39:43.760><c> approval</c><00:39:44.160><c> as</c><00:39:44.480><c> cancer</c>

35:33.281 --> 35:33.291 align:start position:0%
already received FDA approval as cancer
 

35:33.291 --> 35:36.561 align:start position:0%
already received FDA approval as cancer
treatments,<00:39:45.599><c> with</c><00:39:45.920><c> 34</c><00:39:46.640><c> more</c><00:39:47.359><c> in</c><00:39:47.680><c> clinical</c>

35:36.561 --> 35:36.571 align:start position:0%
treatments, with 34 more in clinical
 

35:36.571 --> 35:38.721 align:start position:0%
treatments, with 34 more in clinical
trials.<00:39:48.960><c> Giant</c><00:39:49.280><c> isoples,</c><00:39:49.839><c> the</c><00:39:50.000><c> animals</c><00:39:50.240><c> that</c>

35:38.721 --> 35:38.731 align:start position:0%
trials. Giant isoples, the animals that
 

35:38.731 --> 35:40.561 align:start position:0%
trials. Giant isoples, the animals that
can<00:39:50.480><c> survive</c><00:39:50.880><c> 5</c><00:39:51.200><c> years</c><00:39:51.359><c> without</c><00:39:51.680><c> food</c><00:39:51.920><c> by</c>

35:40.561 --> 35:40.571 align:start position:0%
can survive 5 years without food by
 

35:40.571 --> 35:42.161 align:start position:0%
can survive 5 years without food by
dropping<00:39:52.400><c> their</c><00:39:52.640><c> metabolism</c><00:39:53.119><c> to</c><00:39:53.359><c> almost</c>

35:42.161 --> 35:42.171 align:start position:0%
dropping their metabolism to almost
 

35:42.171 --> 35:44.321 align:start position:0%
dropping their metabolism to almost
nothing,<00:39:54.560><c> have</c><00:39:54.800><c> the</c><00:39:54.960><c> potential</c><00:39:55.280><c> to</c><00:39:55.440><c> inform</c>

35:44.321 --> 35:44.331 align:start position:0%
nothing, have the potential to inform
 

35:44.331 --> 35:46.881 align:start position:0%
nothing, have the potential to inform
research<00:39:56.320><c> into</c><00:39:56.640><c> metabolic</c><00:39:57.280><c> disorders,</c><00:39:58.079><c> organ</c>

35:46.881 --> 35:46.891 align:start position:0%
research into metabolic disorders, organ
 

35:46.891 --> 35:48.961 align:start position:0%
research into metabolic disorders, organ
preservation,<00:39:59.200><c> and</c><00:39:59.359><c> potentially</c><00:40:00.240><c> the</c>

35:48.961 --> 35:48.971 align:start position:0%
preservation, and potentially the
 

35:48.971 --> 35:50.881 align:start position:0%
preservation, and potentially the
psychological<00:40:01.200><c> challenges</c><00:40:01.680><c> of</c><00:40:02.079><c> long</c>

35:50.881 --> 35:50.891 align:start position:0%
psychological challenges of long
 

35:50.891 --> 35:52.961 align:start position:0%
psychological challenges of long
duration<00:40:03.119><c> space</c><00:40:03.520><c> travel</c><00:40:03.920><c> where</c><00:40:04.079><c> the</c><00:40:04.320><c> human</c>

35:52.961 --> 35:52.971 align:start position:0%
duration space travel where the human
 

35:52.971 --> 35:54.641 align:start position:0%
duration space travel where the human
body<00:40:04.720><c> must</c><00:40:05.040><c> be</c><00:40:05.119><c> sustained</c><00:40:05.599><c> with</c><00:40:05.839><c> minimal</c>

35:54.641 --> 35:54.651 align:start position:0%
body must be sustained with minimal
 

35:54.651 --> 35:58.161 align:start position:0%
body must be sustained with minimal
resources<00:40:06.800><c> for</c><00:40:07.200><c> extended</c><00:40:08.000><c> periods.</c><00:40:09.119><c> We</c><00:40:09.440><c> came</c>

35:58.161 --> 35:58.171 align:start position:0%
resources for extended periods. We came
 

35:58.171 --> 36:00.721 align:start position:0%
resources for extended periods. We came
looking<00:40:10.079><c> for</c><00:40:10.400><c> monsters</c><00:40:10.960><c> in</c><00:40:11.280><c> the</c><00:40:11.520><c> dark.</c><00:40:12.079><c> But</c>

36:00.721 --> 36:00.731 align:start position:0%
looking for monsters in the dark. But
 

36:00.731 --> 36:02.561 align:start position:0%
looking for monsters in the dark. But
what<00:40:12.560><c> we</c><00:40:12.800><c> found</c><00:40:13.040><c> were</c><00:40:13.359><c> biological</c>

36:02.561 --> 36:02.571 align:start position:0%
what we found were biological
 

36:02.571 --> 36:04.961 align:start position:0%
what we found were biological
breakthroughs.<00:40:15.280><c> Animals</c><00:40:15.680><c> that</c><00:40:15.920><c> push</c><00:40:16.240><c> back</c>

36:04.961 --> 36:04.971 align:start position:0%
breakthroughs. Animals that push back
 

36:04.971 --> 36:07.841 align:start position:0%
breakthroughs. Animals that push back
against<00:40:17.119><c> aging,</c><00:40:17.920><c> resist</c><00:40:18.480><c> disease,</c><00:40:18.960><c> and</c><00:40:19.200><c> grow</c>

36:07.841 --> 36:07.851 align:start position:0%
against aging, resist disease, and grow
 

36:07.851 --> 36:10.081 align:start position:0%
against aging, resist disease, and grow
to<00:40:19.599><c> impossible</c><00:40:20.320><c> sizes</c><00:40:20.800><c> using</c><00:40:21.119><c> molecular</c>

36:10.081 --> 36:10.091 align:start position:0%
to impossible sizes using molecular
 

36:10.091 --> 36:12.240 align:start position:0%
to impossible sizes using molecular
tricks.<00:40:22.320><c> We</c><00:40:22.560><c> are</c><00:40:22.720><c> only</c><00:40:22.880><c> just</c><00:40:23.119><c> beginning</c><00:40:23.440><c> to</c>

36:12.240 --> 36:12.250 align:start position:0%
tricks. We are only just beginning to
 

36:12.250 --> 36:14.161 align:start position:0%
tricks. We are only just beginning to
understand.<00:40:24.640><c> The</c><00:40:24.800><c> deep</c><00:40:25.040><c> ocean</c><00:40:25.280><c> isn't</c><00:40:25.599><c> just</c>

36:14.161 --> 36:14.171 align:start position:0%
understand. The deep ocean isn't just
 

36:14.171 --> 36:16.881 align:start position:0%
understand. The deep ocean isn't just
the<00:40:26.000><c> last</c><00:40:26.240><c> frontier</c><00:40:26.800><c> for</c><00:40:27.119><c> exploration.</c><00:40:28.240><c> It</c>

36:16.881 --> 36:16.891 align:start position:0%
the last frontier for exploration. It
 

36:16.891 --> 36:18.561 align:start position:0%
the last frontier for exploration. It
may<00:40:28.640><c> well</c><00:40:28.880><c> be</c><00:40:29.040><c> the</c><00:40:29.200><c> last</c><00:40:29.440><c> frontier</c><00:40:29.920><c> for</c>

36:18.561 --> 36:18.571 align:start position:0%
may well be the last frontier for
 

36:18.571 --> 36:21.121 align:start position:0%
may well be the last frontier for
biology,<00:40:30.960><c> too.</c><00:40:31.599><c> And</c><00:40:31.839><c> I</c><00:40:32.160><c> personally</c><00:40:32.480><c> can't</c>

36:21.121 --> 36:21.131 align:start position:0%
biology, too. And I personally can't
 

36:21.131 --> 36:23.281 align:start position:0%
biology, too. And I personally can't
wait<00:40:32.880><c> to</c><00:40:33.040><c> keep</c><00:40:33.280><c> exploring.</c><00:40:34.320><c> Let</c><00:40:34.480><c> me</c><00:40:34.560><c> know</c><00:40:34.720><c> in</c>

36:23.281 --> 36:23.291 align:start position:0%
wait to keep exploring. Let me know in
 

36:23.291 --> 36:24.561 align:start position:0%
wait to keep exploring. Let me know in
the<00:40:35.040><c> comments</c><00:40:35.280><c> down</c><00:40:35.440><c> below,</c><00:40:35.680><c> which</c><00:40:35.839><c> of</c><00:40:35.920><c> these</c>

36:24.561 --> 36:24.571 align:start position:0%
the comments down below, which of these
 

36:24.571 --> 36:26.801 align:start position:0%
the comments down below, which of these
creatures<00:40:36.560><c> do</c><00:40:36.800><c> you</c><00:40:37.040><c> love</c><00:40:37.359><c> the</c><00:40:37.680><c> most?</c><00:40:38.000><c> Did</c><00:40:38.240><c> we</c>

36:26.801 --> 36:26.811 align:start position:0%
creatures do you love the most? Did we
 

36:26.811 --> 36:29.201 align:start position:0%
creatures do you love the most? Did we
miss<00:40:38.720><c> any</c><00:40:39.119><c> from</c><00:40:39.520><c> this</c><00:40:39.760><c> list?</c><00:40:40.240><c> And</c><00:40:40.480><c> perhaps</c>

36:29.201 --> 36:29.211 align:start position:0%
miss any from this list? And perhaps
 

36:29.211 --> 36:32.000 align:start position:0%
miss any from this list? And perhaps
most<00:40:41.040><c> importantly,</c><00:40:42.000><c> which</c><00:40:42.320><c> ones</c><00:40:42.720><c> you</c><00:40:43.040><c> think</c>

36:32.000 --> 36:32.010 align:start position:0%
most importantly, which ones you think
 

36:32.010 --> 36:34.480 align:start position:0%
most importantly, which ones you think
might<00:40:44.000><c> still</c><00:40:44.320><c> be</c><00:40:44.480><c> out</c><00:40:44.640><c> there</c><00:40:45.359><c> waiting</c><00:40:45.680><c> to</c><00:40:45.920><c> be</c>

36:34.480 --> 36:34.490 align:start position:0%
might still be out there waiting to be
 

36:34.490 --> 36:37.490 align:start position:0%
might still be out there waiting to be
found?