WEBVTT

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The<00:00:00.520><c> Amazon</c><00:00:01.000><c> was</c><00:00:01.680><c> one</c><00:00:01.880><c> of</c><00:00:02.000><c> the</c><00:00:02.200><c> least</c><00:00:02.640><c> explored</c>

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The Amazon was one of the least explored
 

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The Amazon was one of the least explored
places<00:00:03.680><c> in</c><00:00:03.880><c> modern</c><00:00:04.280><c> history,</c><00:00:05.280><c> but</c><00:00:05.400><c> beneath</c>

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places in modern history, but beneath
 

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places in modern history, but beneath
its<00:00:06.200><c> towering</c><00:00:06.760><c> trees</c><00:00:07.320><c> and</c><00:00:07.600><c> twisting</c><00:00:08.200><c> vines</c>

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its towering trees and twisting vines
 

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its towering trees and twisting vines
lies<00:00:09.440><c> the</c><00:00:09.560><c> memory</c><00:00:09.920><c> of</c><00:00:10.080><c> a</c><00:00:10.160><c> hidden</c><00:00:10.760><c> cityscape,</c><00:00:12.120><c> a</c>

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lies the memory of a hidden cityscape, a
 

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lies the memory of a hidden cityscape, a
web<00:00:12.640><c> of</c><00:00:12.920><c> buildings,</c><00:00:13.680><c> gardens,</c><00:00:14.400><c> roads,</c><00:00:14.840><c> and</c>

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web of buildings, gardens, roads, and
 

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web of buildings, gardens, roads, and
[music]<00:00:15.080><c> canals</c><00:00:16.080><c> centuries</c><00:00:17.000><c> old</c><00:00:17.800><c> swallowed</c>

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[music] canals centuries old swallowed
 

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[music] canals centuries old swallowed
by<00:00:18.640><c> the</c><00:00:18.800><c> wilderness</c><00:00:19.480><c> itself</c><00:00:20.480><c> and</c><00:00:20.760><c> for</c><00:00:20.960><c> a</c><00:00:21.040><c> while</c>

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by the wilderness itself and for a while
 

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by the wilderness itself and for a while
lost<00:00:22.640><c> completely.</c>

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lost completely.
 

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lost completely.
But<00:00:25.040><c> what</c><00:00:25.320><c> was</c><00:00:25.600><c> once</c><00:00:25.920><c> forgotten</c><00:00:26.920><c> is</c><00:00:27.120><c> now</c><00:00:27.440><c> being</c>

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But what was once forgotten is now being
 

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But what was once forgotten is now being
rediscovered.

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rediscovered.
 

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rediscovered.
Satellite<00:00:30.040><c> imagery</c><00:00:30.520><c> and</c><00:00:30.720><c> laser</c><00:00:31.080><c> scanning</c>

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Satellite imagery and laser scanning
 

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Satellite imagery and laser scanning
techniques<00:00:32.000><c> have</c><00:00:32.240><c> combined</c><00:00:33.120><c> to</c><00:00:33.280><c> bring</c><00:00:33.480><c> a</c><00:00:33.560><c> new</c>

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techniques have combined to bring a new
 

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techniques have combined to bring a new
version<00:00:34.400><c> of</c><00:00:34.520><c> the</c><00:00:34.680><c> Amazon</c><00:00:35.200><c> to</c><00:00:35.400><c> life.</c>

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version of the Amazon to life.
 

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version of the Amazon to life.
A<00:00:36.600><c> rainforest</c><00:00:37.200><c> that's</c><00:00:37.400><c> been</c><00:00:37.600><c> shaped</c><00:00:38.000><c> by</c>

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A rainforest that's been shaped by
 

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A rainforest that's been shaped by
humans<00:00:38.720><c> for</c><00:00:38.920><c> thousands</c><00:00:39.680><c> of</c><00:00:39.960><c> years,</c><00:00:40.600><c> not</c><00:00:40.960><c> only</c>

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humans for thousands of years, not only
 

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humans for thousands of years, not only
through<00:00:41.520><c> spectacular</c><00:00:42.400><c> buildings,</c><00:00:43.480><c> but</c><00:00:43.680><c> by</c>

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through spectacular buildings, but by
 

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through spectacular buildings, but by
manipulating<00:00:44.840><c> entire</c><00:00:45.195><c> [music]</c><00:00:45.560><c> ecosystems,</c>

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manipulating entire [music] ecosystems,
 

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manipulating entire [music] ecosystems,
networks<00:00:47.800><c> of</c><00:00:48.000><c> creatures</c><00:00:48.520><c> that</c><00:00:48.720><c> were</c><00:00:48.840><c> only</c>

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networks of creatures that were only
 

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networks of creatures that were only
just<00:00:49.280><c> beginning</c><00:00:49.760><c> to</c><00:00:49.960><c> untangle.</c>

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just beginning to untangle.
 

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just beginning to untangle.
Those<00:00:51.960><c> creatures</c><00:00:52.400><c> make</c><00:00:52.640><c> up</c><00:00:52.800><c> 10%</c><00:00:53.760><c> of</c><00:00:53.960><c> the</c>

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Those creatures make up 10% of the
 

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Those creatures make up 10% of the
world's<00:00:54.600><c> wildlife</c><00:00:55.200><c> species</c><00:00:56.240><c> and</c><00:00:56.480><c> a</c><00:00:56.560><c> new</c><00:00:56.880><c> plant</c>

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world's wildlife species and a new plant
 

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world's wildlife species and a new plant
or<00:00:57.440><c> animal</c><00:00:57.760><c> species</c><00:00:58.720><c> is</c><00:00:58.880><c> discovered</c><00:00:59.440><c> every</c>

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or animal species is discovered every
 

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or animal species is discovered every
other<00:01:00.280><c> day</c><00:01:00.840><c> in</c><00:01:01.160><c> this</c><00:01:01.560><c> great</c><00:01:02.000><c> forest.</c>

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other day in this great forest.
 

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other day in this great forest.
But<00:01:03.880><c> these</c><00:01:04.120><c> aren't</c><00:01:04.280><c> the</c><00:01:04.440><c> only</c><00:01:04.800><c> treasures</c>

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But these aren't the only treasures
 

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But these aren't the only treasures
hidden<00:01:05.840><c> in</c><00:01:06.080><c> the</c><00:01:06.155><c> [music]</c><00:01:06.320><c> Amazon.</c><00:01:07.160><c> Whatever</c>

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hidden in the [music] Amazon. Whatever
 

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hidden in the [music] Amazon. Whatever
came<00:01:07.920><c> of</c><00:01:08.080><c> the</c><00:01:08.280><c> lost</c><00:01:08.800><c> city</c><00:01:09.320><c> of</c><00:01:09.960><c> El</c><00:01:10.200><c> Dorado?</c>

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came of the lost city of El Dorado?
 

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came of the lost city of El Dorado?
I'm<00:01:12.440><c> James</c><00:01:12.720><c> Sherritt</c><00:01:13.000><c> and</c><00:01:13.120><c> you're</c><00:01:13.280><c> watching</c>

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I'm James Sherritt and you're watching
 

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I'm James Sherritt and you're watching
Astrium<00:01:14.360><c> Earth.</c><00:01:15.040><c> Join</c><00:01:15.280><c> me</c><00:01:15.440><c> in</c><00:01:15.600><c> this</c><00:01:15.800><c> video</c><00:01:16.160><c> as</c>

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Astrium Earth. Join me in this video as
 

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Astrium Earth. Join me in this video as
we<00:01:16.480><c> venture</c><00:01:16.960><c> beneath</c><00:01:17.560><c> the</c><00:01:17.680><c> canopy</c><00:01:18.520><c> to</c><00:01:18.680><c> find</c><00:01:18.920><c> a</c>

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we venture beneath the canopy to find a
 

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we venture beneath the canopy to find a
different<00:01:19.560><c> story</c><00:01:20.080><c> of</c><00:01:20.240><c> the</c><00:01:20.400><c> Amazon</c><00:01:21.280><c> from</c><00:01:21.440><c> the</c>

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different story of the Amazon from the
 

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different story of the Amazon from the
early<00:01:21.840><c> explorers</c><00:01:22.480><c> that</c><00:01:22.640><c> left</c><00:01:22.920><c> clues</c>

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early explorers that left clues
 

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early explorers that left clues
centuries<00:01:24.280><c> ago</c><00:01:25.000><c> to</c><00:01:25.120><c> the</c><00:01:25.200><c> modern</c><00:01:25.640><c> science</c>

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centuries ago to the modern science
 

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centuries ago to the modern science
finally<00:01:26.840><c> deciphering</c><00:01:27.520><c> the</c><00:01:27.640><c> code</c><00:01:28.360><c> to</c><00:01:28.520><c> uncover</c>

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finally deciphering the code to uncover
 

01:29.000 --> 01:31.150 align:start position:0%
finally deciphering the code to uncover
the<00:01:29.120><c> true</c><00:01:29.480><c> secrets</c><00:01:30.440><c> hidden</c><00:01:30.880><c> in</c><00:01:31.040><c> the</c>

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the true secrets hidden in the
 

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the true secrets hidden in the
rainforest.<00:01:32.600><c> And</c><00:01:32.760><c> we'll</c><00:01:32.920><c> be</c><00:01:33.040><c> answering</c><00:01:33.440><c> one</c>

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rainforest. And we'll be answering one
 

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rainforest. And we'll be answering one
big<00:01:34.080><c> question.</c><00:01:34.321><c> [music]</c>

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big question. [music]
 

01:35.200 --> 01:43.910 align:start position:0%
big question. [music]
What<00:01:35.480><c> still</c><00:01:35.760><c> might</c><00:01:36.000><c> be</c><00:01:36.200><c> waiting</c><00:01:36.960><c> to</c><00:01:37.080><c> be</c><00:01:37.240><c> found?</c>

01:43.910 --> 01:43.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:43.920 --> 01:45.990 align:start position:0%
 
With<00:01:44.160><c> 6</c><00:01:44.520><c> million</c><00:01:44.880><c> square</c><00:01:45.280><c> kilometers</c><00:01:45.840><c> of</c>

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With 6 million square kilometers of
 

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With 6 million square kilometers of
continuous<00:01:46.880><c> green</c><00:01:47.360><c> canopy,</c><00:01:48.360><c> the</c><00:01:48.520><c> Amazon</c>

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continuous green canopy, the Amazon
 

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continuous green canopy, the Amazon
comprises<00:01:49.680><c> more</c><00:01:49.840><c> than</c><00:01:50.000><c> half</c><00:01:50.680><c> of</c><00:01:50.920><c> Earth's</c>

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comprises more than half of Earth's
 

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comprises more than half of Earth's
total<00:01:52.000><c> remaining</c><00:01:52.680><c> rainforest.</c>

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total remaining rainforest.
 

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total remaining rainforest.
For<00:01:54.600><c> centuries,</c><00:01:55.360><c> European</c><00:01:55.840><c> explorers</c><00:01:56.480><c> spread</c>

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For centuries, European explorers spread
 

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For centuries, European explorers spread
rumors<00:01:57.280><c> amongst</c><00:01:57.760><c> themselves</c><00:01:58.440><c> that</c><00:01:58.520><c> there</c><00:01:58.640><c> was</c>

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rumors amongst themselves that there was
 

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rumors amongst themselves that there was
a<00:01:58.920><c> legendary</c><00:01:59.680><c> wealthy</c><00:02:00.240><c> city</c><00:02:00.840><c> deep</c><00:02:01.280><c> in</c><00:02:01.440><c> the</c>

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a legendary wealthy city deep in the
 

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a legendary wealthy city deep in the
Amazon.<00:02:02.520><c> They</c><00:02:02.680><c> called</c><00:02:03.000><c> it</c><00:02:03.280><c> El</c><00:02:03.560><c> Dorado,</c><00:02:04.479><c> the</c>

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Amazon. They called it El Dorado, the
 

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Amazon. They called it El Dorado, the
city<00:02:05.080><c> of</c><00:02:05.400><c> gold.</c>

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city of gold.
 

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city of gold.
In<00:02:07.080><c> 1542,</c>

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In 1542,
 

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In 1542,
Spanish<00:02:09.119><c> conquistador</c><00:02:10.080><c> Francisco</c><00:02:10.920><c> de</c>

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Spanish conquistador Francisco de
 

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Spanish conquistador Francisco de
Orellana<00:02:12.120><c> reported</c><00:02:12.600><c> traveling</c><00:02:13.080><c> down</c><00:02:13.320><c> the</c>

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Orellana reported traveling down the
 

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Orellana reported traveling down the
Amazon<00:02:14.040><c> and</c><00:02:14.280><c> finding</c><00:02:14.880><c> vast</c><00:02:15.560><c> rich</c><00:02:16.040><c> lands</c><00:02:16.920><c> with</c>

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Amazon and finding vast rich lands with
 

02:17.240 --> 02:20.750 align:start position:0%
Amazon and finding vast rich lands with
farms,<00:02:17.920><c> villages,</c><00:02:18.840><c> and</c><00:02:19.080><c> even</c><00:02:19.600><c> large</c><00:02:20.200><c> walled</c>

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farms, villages, and even large walled
 

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farms, villages, and even large walled
settlements.

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settlements.
 

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settlements.
But<00:02:22.600><c> when</c><00:02:22.880><c> others</c><00:02:23.280><c> later</c><00:02:23.680><c> followed</c><00:02:24.040><c> his</c>

02:24.390 --> 02:24.400 align:start position:0%
But when others later followed his
 

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But when others later followed his
route,<00:02:24.720><c> they</c><00:02:24.959><c> found</c><00:02:25.360><c> only</c><00:02:25.800><c> impenetrable</c>

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route, they found only impenetrable
 

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route, they found only impenetrable
jungle<00:02:27.160><c> and</c><00:02:27.400><c> small</c><00:02:27.880><c> groups</c><00:02:28.240><c> of</c>

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jungle and small groups of
 

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jungle and small groups of
hunter-gatherer<00:02:29.240><c> tribes.</c>

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hunter-gatherer tribes.
 

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hunter-gatherer tribes.
Scientists<00:02:31.200><c> assumed</c><00:02:31.560><c> that</c><00:02:31.720><c> Orellana's</c><00:02:32.200><c> story</c>

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Scientists assumed that Orellana's story
 

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Scientists assumed that Orellana's story
was<00:02:33.120><c> just</c><00:02:33.480><c> that,</c><00:02:33.920><c> a</c><00:02:34.000><c> story,</c><00:02:34.959><c> nothing</c><00:02:35.360><c> but</c><00:02:35.480><c> the</c>

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was just that, a story, nothing but the
 

02:35.640 --> 02:37.830 align:start position:0%
was just that, a story, nothing but the
fanciful<00:02:36.200><c> dreamings</c><00:02:36.760><c> of</c><00:02:36.880><c> a</c><00:02:36.959><c> gold-hungry</c>

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fanciful dreamings of a gold-hungry
 

02:37.840 --> 02:39.990 align:start position:0%
fanciful dreamings of a gold-hungry
conquistador.<00:02:39.240><c> But</c><00:02:39.360><c> the</c><00:02:39.480><c> search</c><00:02:39.760><c> for</c><00:02:39.880><c> El</c>

02:39.990 --> 02:40.000 align:start position:0%
conquistador. But the search for El
 

02:40.000 --> 02:41.870 align:start position:0%
conquistador. But the search for El
Dorado<00:02:40.400><c> did</c><00:02:40.560><c> not</c><00:02:40.800><c> stop</c><00:02:41.160><c> there,</c><00:02:41.440><c> and</c><00:02:41.560><c> actually</c>

02:41.870 --> 02:41.880 align:start position:0%
Dorado did not stop there, and actually
 

02:41.880 --> 02:43.910 align:start position:0%
Dorado did not stop there, and actually
it<00:02:41.959><c> lasted</c><00:02:42.320><c> for</c><00:02:42.400><c> more</c><00:02:42.560><c> than</c><00:02:42.720><c> a</c><00:02:42.800><c> century.</c>

02:43.910 --> 02:43.920 align:start position:0%
it lasted for more than a century.
 

02:43.920 --> 02:46.030 align:start position:0%
it lasted for more than a century.
Established<00:02:44.520><c> explorers</c><00:02:45.160><c> like</c><00:02:45.360><c> Gonzalo</c>

02:46.030 --> 02:46.040 align:start position:0%
Established explorers like Gonzalo
 

02:46.040 --> 02:48.990 align:start position:0%
Established explorers like Gonzalo
Pizarro,<00:02:47.080><c> Philip</c><00:02:47.520><c> von</c><00:02:47.840><c> Hutten,</c><00:02:48.160><c> and</c><00:02:48.320><c> even</c><00:02:48.760><c> Sir</c>

02:48.990 --> 02:49.000 align:start position:0%
Pizarro, Philip von Hutten, and even Sir
 

02:49.000 --> 02:50.949 align:start position:0%
Pizarro, Philip von Hutten, and even Sir
Walter<00:02:49.480><c> Raleigh</c><00:02:49.959><c> all</c><00:02:50.240><c> led</c><00:02:50.520><c> separate</c>

02:50.949 --> 02:50.959 align:start position:0%
Walter Raleigh all led separate
 

02:50.959 --> 02:55.870 align:start position:0%
Walter Raleigh all led separate
expeditions<00:02:52.080><c> from</c><00:02:52.320><c> 1541</c><00:02:53.480><c> to</c><00:02:53.640><c> 1617.</c>

02:55.870 --> 02:55.880 align:start position:0%
expeditions from 1541 to 1617.
 

02:55.880 --> 02:58.470 align:start position:0%
expeditions from 1541 to 1617.
The<00:02:56.040><c> results?</c><00:02:56.880><c> Well,</c><00:02:57.200><c> nothing</c><00:02:57.560><c> but</c><00:02:57.760><c> disaster,</c>

02:58.470 --> 02:58.480 align:start position:0%
The results? Well, nothing but disaster,
 

02:58.480 --> 03:00.630 align:start position:0%
The results? Well, nothing but disaster,
death,<00:02:59.000><c> and</c><00:02:59.080><c> the</c><00:02:59.200><c> further</c><00:02:59.640><c> conquest</c><00:03:00.360><c> of</c><00:03:00.519><c> the</c>

03:00.630 --> 03:00.640 align:start position:0%
death, and the further conquest of the
 

03:00.640 --> 03:02.470 align:start position:0%
death, and the further conquest of the
indigenous<00:03:01.160><c> people.</c><00:03:01.437><c> [music]</c>

03:02.470 --> 03:02.480 align:start position:0%
indigenous people. [music]
 

03:02.480 --> 03:04.710 align:start position:0%
indigenous people. [music]
But<00:03:02.600><c> the</c><00:03:02.720><c> allure</c><00:03:03.080><c> of</c><00:03:03.239><c> finding</c><00:03:03.680><c> the</c><00:03:03.800><c> unfindable</c>

03:04.710 --> 03:04.720 align:start position:0%
But the allure of finding the unfindable
 

03:04.720 --> 03:07.710 align:start position:0%
But the allure of finding the unfindable
endured<00:03:05.440><c> well</c><00:03:05.680><c> into</c><00:03:05.920><c> the</c><00:03:06.000><c> 20th</c><00:03:06.519><c> century,</c><00:03:07.000><c> too,</c>

03:07.710 --> 03:07.720 align:start position:0%
endured well into the 20th century, too,
 

03:07.720 --> 03:09.830 align:start position:0%
endured well into the 20th century, too,
when<00:03:07.920><c> British</c><00:03:08.320><c> explorer</c><00:03:08.840><c> Percy</c><00:03:09.360><c> Fawcett</c>

03:09.830 --> 03:09.840 align:start position:0%
when British explorer Percy Fawcett
 

03:09.840 --> 03:12.310 align:start position:0%
when British explorer Percy Fawcett
became<00:03:10.160><c> obsessed</c><00:03:11.080><c> with</c><00:03:11.320><c> finding</c><00:03:11.720><c> the</c><00:03:11.840><c> riches</c>

03:12.310 --> 03:12.320 align:start position:0%
became obsessed with finding the riches
 

03:12.320 --> 03:14.270 align:start position:0%
became obsessed with finding the riches
Orellana<00:03:12.959><c> had</c><00:03:13.120><c> described</c><00:03:13.640><c> centuries</c>

03:14.270 --> 03:14.280 align:start position:0%
Orellana had described centuries
 

03:14.280 --> 03:17.390 align:start position:0%
Orellana had described centuries
earlier,<00:03:15.080><c> fueled</c><00:03:15.480><c> by</c><00:03:15.640><c> the</c><00:03:15.760><c> fire</c><00:03:16.160><c> of</c><00:03:16.519><c> one</c><00:03:16.959><c> main</c>

03:17.390 --> 03:17.400 align:start position:0%
earlier, fueled by the fire of one main
 

03:17.400 --> 03:19.750 align:start position:0%
earlier, fueled by the fire of one main
objective,<00:03:18.480><c> to</c><00:03:18.600><c> find</c><00:03:18.959><c> what</c><00:03:19.120><c> remained</c><00:03:19.560><c> of</c><00:03:19.680><c> a</c>

03:19.750 --> 03:19.760 align:start position:0%
objective, to find what remained of a
 

03:19.760 --> 03:23.430 align:start position:0%
objective, to find what remained of a
lost<00:03:20.120><c> city</c><00:03:20.560><c> he</c><00:03:20.880><c> called</c><00:03:21.760><c> Z.</c>

03:23.430 --> 03:23.440 align:start position:0%
lost city he called Z.
 

03:23.440 --> 03:25.550 align:start position:0%
lost city he called Z.
He<00:03:23.560><c> focused</c><00:03:23.959><c> on</c><00:03:24.080><c> the</c><00:03:24.280><c> western</c><00:03:24.840><c> Amazon</c><00:03:25.360><c> in</c>

03:25.550 --> 03:25.560 align:start position:0%
He focused on the western Amazon in
 

03:25.560 --> 03:27.630 align:start position:0%
He focused on the western Amazon in
Bolivia<00:03:26.160><c> and</c><00:03:26.320><c> the</c><00:03:26.480><c> southern</c><00:03:26.959><c> Amazon</c><00:03:27.440><c> in</c>

03:27.630 --> 03:27.640 align:start position:0%
Bolivia and the southern Amazon in
 

03:27.640 --> 03:30.310 align:start position:0%
Bolivia and the southern Amazon in
Brazil,<00:03:28.200><c> but</c><00:03:28.600><c> found</c><00:03:29.040><c> nothing.</c><00:03:30.000><c> Along</c><00:03:30.239><c> the</c>

03:30.310 --> 03:30.320 align:start position:0%
Brazil, but found nothing. Along the
 

03:30.320 --> 03:32.310 align:start position:0%
Brazil, but found nothing. Along the
way,<00:03:30.519><c> he</c><00:03:30.720><c> did</c><00:03:30.880><c> encounter</c><00:03:31.440><c> indigenous</c><00:03:31.880><c> people,</c>

03:32.310 --> 03:32.320 align:start position:0%
way, he did encounter indigenous people,
 

03:32.320 --> 03:34.550 align:start position:0%
way, he did encounter indigenous people,
but<00:03:32.600><c> found</c><00:03:32.840><c> them</c><00:03:32.920><c> living</c><00:03:33.160><c> in</c><00:03:33.360><c> small</c><00:03:33.720><c> villages,</c>

03:34.550 --> 03:34.560 align:start position:0%
but found them living in small villages,
 

03:34.560 --> 03:37.110 align:start position:0%
but found them living in small villages,
a<00:03:34.680><c> far</c><00:03:35.080><c> cry</c><00:03:35.519><c> from</c><00:03:35.680><c> the</c><00:03:35.800><c> huge</c><00:03:36.360><c> cities</c><00:03:37.000><c> the</c>

03:37.110 --> 03:37.120 align:start position:0%
a far cry from the huge cities the
 

03:37.120 --> 03:39.270 align:start position:0%
a far cry from the huge cities the
rumors<00:03:37.600><c> had</c><00:03:37.800><c> promised.</c>

03:39.270 --> 03:39.280 align:start position:0%
rumors had promised.
 

03:39.280 --> 03:41.430 align:start position:0%
rumors had promised.
Rather<00:03:39.600><c> than</c><00:03:39.840><c> deter</c><00:03:40.360><c> him,</c><00:03:40.720><c> this</c><00:03:40.959><c> seemed</c><00:03:41.160><c> to</c>

03:41.430 --> 03:41.440 align:start position:0%
Rather than deter him, this seemed to
 

03:41.440 --> 03:44.229 align:start position:0%
Rather than deter him, this seemed to
spur<00:03:41.800><c> him</c><00:03:41.959><c> on</c><00:03:42.280><c> even</c><00:03:42.680><c> more.</c><00:03:43.440><c> He</c><00:03:43.600><c> even</c><00:03:43.880><c> wrote</c><00:03:44.160><c> to</c>

03:44.229 --> 03:44.239 align:start position:0%
spur him on even more. He even wrote to
 

03:44.239 --> 03:46.310 align:start position:0%
spur him on even more. He even wrote to
his<00:03:44.400><c> wife</c><00:03:44.760><c> in</c><00:03:44.880><c> a</c><00:03:44.920><c> letter</c><00:03:45.239><c> that</c><00:03:45.440><c> she</c><00:03:45.640><c> need</c><00:03:46.040><c> have</c>

03:46.310 --> 03:46.320 align:start position:0%
his wife in a letter that she need have
 

03:46.320 --> 03:48.830 align:start position:0%
his wife in a letter that she need have
no<00:03:46.560><c> fear</c><00:03:47.040><c> of</c><00:03:47.320><c> failure.</c>

03:48.830 --> 03:48.840 align:start position:0%
no fear of failure.
 

03:48.840 --> 03:51.870 align:start position:0%
no fear of failure.
Yet<00:03:49.200><c> on</c><00:03:49.320><c> the</c><00:03:49.440><c> 29th</c><00:03:49.959><c> of</c><00:03:50.080><c> May,</c><00:03:50.320><c> 1925,</c><00:03:51.400><c> on</c><00:03:51.519><c> his</c>

03:51.870 --> 03:51.880 align:start position:0%
Yet on the 29th of May, 1925, on his
 

03:51.880 --> 03:54.790 align:start position:0%
Yet on the 29th of May, 1925, on his
eighth<00:03:52.320><c> Amazonian</c><00:03:53.000><c> expedition,</c><00:03:54.280><c> Fawcett</c>

03:54.790 --> 03:54.800 align:start position:0%
eighth Amazonian expedition, Fawcett
 

03:54.800 --> 03:56.470 align:start position:0%
eighth Amazonian expedition, Fawcett
headed<00:03:55.080><c> into</c><00:03:55.280><c> the</c><00:03:55.400><c> jungle</c><00:03:55.760><c> from</c><00:03:55.920><c> a</c><00:03:55.960><c> place</c>

03:56.470 --> 03:56.480 align:start position:0%
headed into the jungle from a place
 

03:56.480 --> 03:58.790 align:start position:0%
headed into the jungle from a place
somewhere<00:03:57.000><c> in</c><00:03:57.160><c> the</c><00:03:57.360><c> Mato</c><00:03:57.880><c> Grosso</c><00:03:58.360><c> region</c><00:03:58.720><c> of</c>

03:58.790 --> 03:58.800 align:start position:0%
somewhere in the Mato Grosso region of
 

03:58.800 --> 04:01.550 align:start position:0%
somewhere in the Mato Grosso region of
Brazil<00:03:59.160><c> known</c><00:03:59.360><c> as</c><00:03:59.560><c> Dead</c><00:03:59.880><c> Horse</c><00:04:00.360><c> Camp,</c>

04:01.550 --> 04:01.560 align:start position:0%
Brazil known as Dead Horse Camp,
 

04:01.560 --> 04:03.950 align:start position:0%
Brazil known as Dead Horse Camp,
never<00:04:01.800><c> to</c><00:04:01.920><c> be</c><00:04:02.080><c> seen</c><00:04:02.600><c> again.</c>

04:03.950 --> 04:03.960 align:start position:0%
never to be seen again.
 

04:03.960 --> 04:06.070 align:start position:0%
never to be seen again.
For<00:04:04.040><c> decades</c><00:04:04.560><c> after</c><00:04:04.840><c> this</c><00:04:05.080><c> last</c><00:04:05.600><c> hurrah,</c>

04:06.070 --> 04:06.080 align:start position:0%
For decades after this last hurrah,
 

04:06.080 --> 04:07.949 align:start position:0%
For decades after this last hurrah,
really,<00:04:06.800><c> scientists</c><00:04:07.280><c> concluded</c><00:04:07.680><c> that</c><00:04:07.800><c> this</c>

04:07.949 --> 04:07.959 align:start position:0%
really, scientists concluded that this
 

04:07.959 --> 04:09.830 align:start position:0%
really, scientists concluded that this
place<00:04:08.200><c> was</c><00:04:08.320><c> simply</c><00:04:08.680><c> too</c><00:04:09.000><c> hostile,</c><00:04:09.600><c> too</c>

04:09.830 --> 04:09.840 align:start position:0%
place was simply too hostile, too
 

04:09.840 --> 04:12.870 align:start position:0%
place was simply too hostile, too
inhospitable<00:04:10.800><c> for</c><00:04:11.080><c> humans</c><00:04:11.600><c> to</c><00:04:11.720><c> thrive,</c><00:04:12.640><c> and</c>

04:12.870 --> 04:12.880 align:start position:0%
inhospitable for humans to thrive, and
 

04:12.880 --> 04:15.230 align:start position:0%
inhospitable for humans to thrive, and
was<00:04:13.120><c> largely</c><00:04:13.680><c> just</c><00:04:13.920><c> an</c><00:04:14.000><c> expanse</c><00:04:14.600><c> filled</c><00:04:14.880><c> with</c>

04:15.230 --> 04:15.240 align:start position:0%
was largely just an expanse filled with
 

04:15.240 --> 04:17.949 align:start position:0%
was largely just an expanse filled with
exotic<00:04:15.920><c> flora</c><00:04:16.400><c> and</c><00:04:16.680><c> fauna.</c>

04:17.949 --> 04:17.959 align:start position:0%
exotic flora and fauna.
 

04:17.959 --> 04:19.830 align:start position:0%
exotic flora and fauna.
Feedback<00:04:18.440><c> among</c><00:04:18.760><c> the</c><00:04:18.880><c> scientific</c><00:04:19.400><c> community</c>

04:19.830 --> 04:19.840 align:start position:0%
Feedback among the scientific community
 

04:19.840 --> 04:21.949 align:start position:0%
Feedback among the scientific community
was<00:04:20.000><c> that</c><00:04:20.120><c> the</c><00:04:20.239><c> rainforest</c><00:04:21.000><c> soil</c><00:04:21.359><c> was</c><00:04:21.680><c> so</c>

04:21.949 --> 04:21.959 align:start position:0%
was that the rainforest soil was so
 

04:21.959 --> 04:24.590 align:start position:0%
was that the rainforest soil was so
poor,<00:04:22.680><c> it</c><00:04:22.880><c> simply</c><00:04:23.360><c> could</c><00:04:23.640><c> not</c><00:04:23.919><c> sustain</c>

04:24.590 --> 04:24.600 align:start position:0%
poor, it simply could not sustain
 

04:24.600 --> 04:26.110 align:start position:0%
poor, it simply could not sustain
large-scale<00:04:25.280><c> farming,</c><00:04:25.640><c> and</c><00:04:25.760><c> therefore</c>

04:26.110 --> 04:26.120 align:start position:0%
large-scale farming, and therefore
 

04:26.120 --> 04:29.030 align:start position:0%
large-scale farming, and therefore
cities<00:04:27.280><c> were</c><00:04:27.400><c> impossible.</c><00:04:28.600><c> But</c><00:04:28.720><c> they</c><00:04:28.919><c> were</c>

04:29.030 --> 04:29.040 align:start position:0%
cities were impossible. But they were
 

04:29.040 --> 04:30.510 align:start position:0%
cities were impossible. But they were
all<00:04:29.120><c> missing</c><00:04:29.520><c> something,</c><00:04:30.040><c> something</c><00:04:30.400><c> that</c>

04:30.510 --> 04:30.520 align:start position:0%
all missing something, something that
 

04:30.520 --> 04:33.950 align:start position:0%
all missing something, something that
actually<00:04:30.880><c> Fawcett</c><00:04:32.320><c> had</c><00:04:32.480><c> been</c><00:04:32.680><c> onto.</c>

04:33.950 --> 04:33.960 align:start position:0%
actually Fawcett had been onto.
 

04:33.960 --> 04:35.670 align:start position:0%
actually Fawcett had been onto.
Because<00:04:34.120><c> it</c><00:04:34.240><c> turns</c><00:04:34.640><c> out</c><00:04:34.840><c> he</c><00:04:35.080><c> was</c><00:04:35.280><c> looking</c>

04:35.670 --> 04:35.680 align:start position:0%
Because it turns out he was looking
 

04:35.680 --> 04:38.310 align:start position:0%
Because it turns out he was looking
roughly<00:04:36.120><c> in</c><00:04:36.320><c> the</c><00:04:36.440><c> right</c><00:04:36.720><c> places,</c><00:04:37.160><c> but</c><00:04:37.360><c> maybe</c>

04:38.310 --> 04:38.320 align:start position:0%
roughly in the right places, but maybe
 

04:38.320 --> 04:41.750 align:start position:0%
roughly in the right places, but maybe
he<00:04:38.560><c> was</c><00:04:38.760><c> looking</c><00:04:39.080><c> for</c><00:04:39.240><c> the</c><00:04:39.400><c> wrong</c><00:04:39.720><c> things.</c>

04:41.750 --> 04:41.760 align:start position:0%
he was looking for the wrong things.
 

04:41.760 --> 04:43.470 align:start position:0%
he was looking for the wrong things.
Now,<00:04:41.880><c> up</c><00:04:42.000><c> until</c><00:04:42.280><c> this</c><00:04:42.560><c> point,</c><00:04:42.880><c> the</c><00:04:42.960><c> rainforest</c>

04:43.470 --> 04:43.480 align:start position:0%
Now, up until this point, the rainforest
 

04:43.480 --> 04:45.190 align:start position:0%
Now, up until this point, the rainforest
had<00:04:43.560><c> done</c><00:04:43.720><c> a</c><00:04:43.800><c> pretty</c><00:04:44.160><c> phenomenal</c><00:04:44.680><c> job</c><00:04:45.000><c> of</c>

04:45.190 --> 04:45.200 align:start position:0%
had done a pretty phenomenal job of
 

04:45.200 --> 04:48.030 align:start position:0%
had done a pretty phenomenal job of
camouflaging<00:04:46.080><c> its</c><00:04:46.400><c> secrets,</c><00:04:47.200><c> but</c><00:04:47.360><c> just</c><00:04:47.640><c> 5</c>

04:48.030 --> 04:48.040 align:start position:0%
camouflaging its secrets, but just 5
 

04:48.040 --> 04:50.870 align:start position:0%
camouflaging its secrets, but just 5
years<00:04:48.280><c> ago,</c><00:04:48.760><c> everything</c><00:04:49.280><c> changed.</c>

04:50.870 --> 04:50.880 align:start position:0%
years ago, everything changed.
 

04:50.880 --> 04:53.750 align:start position:0%
years ago, everything changed.
Scientists<00:04:51.720><c> finally</c><00:04:52.320><c> found</c><00:04:52.720><c> the</c><00:04:52.840><c> lost</c><00:04:53.200><c> cities</c>

04:53.750 --> 04:53.760 align:start position:0%
Scientists finally found the lost cities
 

04:53.760 --> 04:56.990 align:start position:0%
Scientists finally found the lost cities
of<00:04:54.000><c> the</c><00:04:54.160><c> Amazon</c><00:04:54.960><c> because</c><00:04:55.360><c> this</c><00:04:55.720><c> time</c><00:04:56.520><c> they</c><00:04:56.760><c> had</c>

04:56.990 --> 04:57.000 align:start position:0%
of the Amazon because this time they had
 

04:57.000 --> 04:59.470 align:start position:0%
of the Amazon because this time they had
something<00:04:57.440><c> these</c><00:04:57.640><c> explorers</c><00:04:58.280><c> didn't.</c><00:04:59.320><c> They</c>

04:59.470 --> 04:59.480 align:start position:0%
something these explorers didn't. They
 

04:59.480 --> 05:01.550 align:start position:0%
something these explorers didn't. They
had<00:05:00.200><c> lasers.</c>

05:01.550 --> 05:01.560 align:start position:0%
had lasers.
 

05:01.560 --> 05:02.950 align:start position:0%
had lasers.
Yeah,<00:05:01.800><c> I</c><00:05:01.880><c> know,</c><00:05:02.040><c> not</c><00:05:02.280><c> what</c><00:05:02.400><c> I</c><00:05:02.440><c> was</c><00:05:02.560><c> expecting</c>

05:02.950 --> 05:02.960 align:start position:0%
Yeah, I know, not what I was expecting
 

05:02.960 --> 05:04.550 align:start position:0%
Yeah, I know, not what I was expecting
to<00:05:03.080><c> say,</c><00:05:03.440><c> either,</c><00:05:03.640><c> but</c><00:05:03.760><c> this</c><00:05:03.919><c> is</c><00:05:04.320><c> This</c><00:05:04.440><c> is</c>

05:04.550 --> 05:04.560 align:start position:0%
to say, either, but this is This is
 

05:04.560 --> 05:06.390 align:start position:0%
to say, either, but this is This is
pretty<00:05:04.800><c> amazing.</c><00:05:05.400><c> In</c><00:05:05.560><c> the</c><00:05:05.760><c> end,</c><00:05:06.000><c> the</c><00:05:06.120><c> tool</c>

05:06.390 --> 05:06.400 align:start position:0%
pretty amazing. In the end, the tool
 

05:06.400 --> 05:09.830 align:start position:0%
pretty amazing. In the end, the tool
that<00:05:06.600><c> cracked</c><00:05:07.040><c> open</c><00:05:07.400><c> this</c><00:05:07.680><c> mystery</c><00:05:08.280><c> is</c><00:05:08.680><c> LiDAR,</c>

05:09.830 --> 05:09.840 align:start position:0%
that cracked open this mystery is LiDAR,
 

05:09.840 --> 05:11.710 align:start position:0%
that cracked open this mystery is LiDAR,
light<00:05:10.200><c> detection</c><00:05:10.760><c> and</c><00:05:11.040><c> ranging.</c><00:05:11.440><c> Oh,</c><00:05:11.560><c> yeah,</c>

05:11.710 --> 05:11.720 align:start position:0%
light detection and ranging. Oh, yeah,
 

05:11.720 --> 05:14.550 align:start position:0%
light detection and ranging. Oh, yeah,
essentially<00:05:12.680><c> lasers.</c><00:05:13.720><c> LiDAR</c><00:05:14.160><c> works</c><00:05:14.440><c> by</c>

05:14.550 --> 05:14.560 align:start position:0%
essentially lasers. LiDAR works by
 

05:14.560 --> 05:16.750 align:start position:0%
essentially lasers. LiDAR works by
sending<00:05:14.919><c> pulses</c><00:05:15.440><c> of</c><00:05:15.680><c> laser</c><00:05:16.080><c> light</c><00:05:16.400><c> out</c>

05:16.750 --> 05:16.760 align:start position:0%
sending pulses of laser light out
 

05:16.760 --> 05:19.110 align:start position:0%
sending pulses of laser light out
towards<00:05:17.480><c> objects</c><00:05:18.040><c> and</c><00:05:18.320><c> measuring</c><00:05:18.760><c> the</c><00:05:18.840><c> time</c>

05:19.110 --> 05:19.120 align:start position:0%
towards objects and measuring the time
 

05:19.120 --> 05:21.310 align:start position:0%
towards objects and measuring the time
it<00:05:19.240><c> takes</c><00:05:19.560><c> for</c><00:05:19.640><c> the</c><00:05:20.000><c> reflected</c><00:05:20.280><c> laser</c><00:05:20.600><c> beams</c>

05:21.310 --> 05:21.320 align:start position:0%
it takes for the reflected laser beams
 

05:21.320 --> 05:23.750 align:start position:0%
it takes for the reflected laser beams
to<00:05:21.480><c> return.</c><00:05:22.440><c> And</c><00:05:22.600><c> with</c><00:05:22.720><c> a</c><00:05:22.760><c> bit</c><00:05:22.960><c> of</c><00:05:23.040><c> maths,</c><00:05:23.520><c> as</c>

05:23.750 --> 05:23.760 align:start position:0%
to return. And with a bit of maths, as
 

05:23.760 --> 05:25.950 align:start position:0%
to return. And with a bit of maths, as
speed<00:05:24.160><c> is</c><00:05:24.360><c> distance</c><00:05:24.800><c> over</c><00:05:24.960><c> time,</c><00:05:25.280><c> and</c><00:05:25.480><c> we</c><00:05:25.680><c> know</c>

05:25.950 --> 05:25.960 align:start position:0%
speed is distance over time, and we know
 

05:25.960 --> 05:28.110 align:start position:0%
speed is distance over time, and we know
the<00:05:26.080><c> speed</c><00:05:26.400><c> of</c><00:05:26.600><c> light,</c><00:05:27.400><c> we</c><00:05:27.480><c> can</c><00:05:27.640><c> then</c><00:05:27.800><c> work</c><00:05:28.000><c> out</c>

05:28.110 --> 05:28.120 align:start position:0%
the speed of light, we can then work out
 

05:28.120 --> 05:31.110 align:start position:0%
the speed of light, we can then work out
the<00:05:28.200><c> exact</c><00:05:28.600><c> distance</c><00:05:29.120><c> to</c><00:05:29.480><c> those</c><00:05:29.960><c> objects.</c>

05:31.110 --> 05:31.120 align:start position:0%
the exact distance to those objects.
 

05:31.120 --> 05:33.670 align:start position:0%
the exact distance to those objects.
Over<00:05:31.520><c> vast</c><00:05:32.240><c> areas,</c><00:05:32.840><c> taking</c><00:05:33.280><c> lots</c><00:05:33.560><c> of</c>

05:33.670 --> 05:33.680 align:start position:0%
Over vast areas, taking lots of
 

05:33.680 --> 05:35.150 align:start position:0%
Over vast areas, taking lots of
measurements,<00:05:34.120><c> that</c><00:05:34.280><c> means</c><00:05:34.440><c> we</c><00:05:34.560><c> can</c><00:05:34.720><c> generate</c>

05:35.150 --> 05:35.160 align:start position:0%
measurements, that means we can generate
 

05:35.160 --> 05:40.270 align:start position:0%
measurements, that means we can generate
precise<00:05:35.880><c> 3D</c><00:05:36.480><c> information</c><00:05:37.200><c> about</c><00:05:38.240><c> uh</c><00:05:38.720><c> surface.</c>

05:40.270 --> 05:40.280 align:start position:0%
precise 3D information about uh surface.
 

05:40.280 --> 05:41.909 align:start position:0%
precise 3D information about uh surface.
And<00:05:40.400><c> in</c><00:05:40.520><c> rainforest</c><00:05:41.160><c> archaeology,</c><00:05:41.760><c> that</c>

05:41.909 --> 05:41.919 align:start position:0%
And in rainforest archaeology, that
 

05:41.919 --> 05:44.470 align:start position:0%
And in rainforest archaeology, that
becomes<00:05:42.280><c> something</c><00:05:42.800><c> almost</c><00:05:43.320><c> magical.</c><00:05:44.320><c> You</c>

05:44.470 --> 05:44.480 align:start position:0%
becomes something almost magical. You
 

05:44.480 --> 05:47.630 align:start position:0%
becomes something almost magical. You
can<00:05:44.720><c> scan</c><00:05:45.200><c> the</c><00:05:45.320><c> canopy</c><00:05:46.120><c> and</c><00:05:46.320><c> then</c><00:05:46.480><c> remove</c><00:05:47.080><c> it</c>

05:47.630 --> 05:47.640 align:start position:0%
can scan the canopy and then remove it
 

05:47.640 --> 05:49.910 align:start position:0%
can scan the canopy and then remove it
digitally<00:05:48.560><c> and</c><00:05:48.720><c> then</c><00:05:48.920><c> see</c><00:05:49.200><c> the</c><00:05:49.360><c> ground</c><00:05:49.760><c> like</c>

05:49.910 --> 05:49.920 align:start position:0%
digitally and then see the ground like
 

05:49.920 --> 05:52.190 align:start position:0%
digitally and then see the ground like
the<00:05:50.000><c> forest</c><00:05:50.520><c> isn't</c><00:05:51.000><c> even</c><00:05:51.360><c> there</c><00:05:51.640><c> and</c><00:05:51.840><c> what</c><00:05:52.080><c> it</c>

05:52.190 --> 05:52.200 align:start position:0%
the forest isn't even there and what it
 

05:52.200 --> 05:55.230 align:start position:0%
the forest isn't even there and what it
revealed<00:05:53.480><c> was</c><00:05:53.680><c> astounding.</c>

05:55.230 --> 05:55.240 align:start position:0%
revealed was astounding.
 

05:55.240 --> 05:56.990 align:start position:0%
revealed was astounding.
Now,<00:05:55.400><c> I</c><00:05:55.480><c> should</c><00:05:55.680><c> quickly</c><00:05:55.920><c> say</c><00:05:56.120><c> lidar</c><00:05:56.560><c> doesn't</c>

05:56.990 --> 05:57.000 align:start position:0%
Now, I should quickly say lidar doesn't
 

05:57.000 --> 05:59.110 align:start position:0%
Now, I should quickly say lidar doesn't
show<00:05:57.280><c> us</c><00:05:57.520><c> ancient</c><00:05:57.920><c> civilizations</c><00:05:58.680><c> on</c><00:05:58.840><c> its</c>

05:59.110 --> 05:59.120 align:start position:0%
show us ancient civilizations on its
 

05:59.120 --> 06:02.470 align:start position:0%
show us ancient civilizations on its
own,<00:05:59.720><c> but</c><00:05:59.800><c> it</c><00:06:00.000><c> does</c><00:06:00.440><c> show</c><00:06:00.760><c> us</c><00:06:01.000><c> shapes,</c><00:06:01.880><c> micro</c>

06:02.470 --> 06:02.480 align:start position:0%
own, but it does show us shapes, micro
 

06:02.480 --> 06:04.830 align:start position:0%
own, but it does show us shapes, micro
topography,<00:06:03.160><c> geometry,</c><00:06:03.800><c> the</c><00:06:03.920><c> fingerprints</c>

06:04.830 --> 06:04.840 align:start position:0%
topography, geometry, the fingerprints
 

06:04.840 --> 06:07.790 align:start position:0%
topography, geometry, the fingerprints
of<00:06:05.120><c> organized</c><00:06:05.920><c> earth</c><00:06:06.360><c> moving.</c><00:06:07.440><c> Then</c><00:06:07.680><c> the</c>

06:07.790 --> 06:07.800 align:start position:0%
of organized earth moving. Then the
 

06:07.800 --> 06:09.630 align:start position:0%
of organized earth moving. Then the
archaeologists<00:06:08.400><c> go</c><00:06:08.560><c> in</c><00:06:08.680><c> and</c><00:06:08.880><c> do</c><00:06:09.160><c> their</c><00:06:09.440><c> bit.</c>

06:09.630 --> 06:09.640 align:start position:0%
archaeologists go in and do their bit.
 

06:09.640 --> 06:11.190 align:start position:0%
archaeologists go in and do their bit.
They<00:06:09.720><c> excavate,</c><00:06:10.280><c> they</c><00:06:10.400><c> date</c><00:06:10.720><c> stuff,</c><00:06:11.000><c> they</c>

06:11.190 --> 06:11.200 align:start position:0%
They excavate, they date stuff, they
 

06:11.200 --> 06:13.630 align:start position:0%
They excavate, they date stuff, they
test<00:06:11.600><c> the</c><00:06:11.680><c> story</c><00:06:12.000><c> the</c><00:06:12.160><c> terrain</c><00:06:12.720><c> is</c><00:06:12.960><c> telling,</c>

06:13.630 --> 06:13.640 align:start position:0%
test the story the terrain is telling,
 

06:13.640 --> 06:15.870 align:start position:0%
test the story the terrain is telling,
but<00:06:13.840><c> as</c><00:06:13.960><c> a</c><00:06:14.040><c> first</c><00:06:14.480><c> step,</c><00:06:15.160><c> lidar</c><00:06:15.600><c> is</c><00:06:15.720><c> like</c>

06:15.870 --> 06:15.880 align:start position:0%
but as a first step, lidar is like
 

06:15.880 --> 06:17.430 align:start position:0%
but as a first step, lidar is like
looking<00:06:16.160><c> into</c><00:06:16.360><c> your</c><00:06:16.520><c> attic</c><00:06:16.840><c> with</c><00:06:17.000><c> x-ray</c>

06:17.430 --> 06:17.440 align:start position:0%
looking into your attic with x-ray
 

06:17.440 --> 06:19.470 align:start position:0%
looking into your attic with x-ray
vision<00:06:17.960><c> and</c><00:06:18.120><c> finding</c><00:06:18.480><c> that</c><00:06:18.680><c> family</c><00:06:19.080><c> heirloom</c>

06:19.470 --> 06:19.480 align:start position:0%
vision and finding that family heirloom
 

06:19.480 --> 06:21.750 align:start position:0%
vision and finding that family heirloom
you<00:06:19.640><c> thought</c><00:06:20.000><c> you'd</c><00:06:20.160><c> lost</c><00:06:20.880><c> without</c><00:06:21.200><c> opening</c><00:06:21.600><c> a</c>

06:21.750 --> 06:21.760 align:start position:0%
you thought you'd lost without opening a
 

06:21.760 --> 06:23.750 align:start position:0%
you thought you'd lost without opening a
single<00:06:22.360><c> box.</c>

06:23.750 --> 06:23.760 align:start position:0%
single box.
 

06:23.760 --> 06:25.390 align:start position:0%
single box.
And<00:06:23.880><c> in</c><00:06:24.000><c> the</c><00:06:24.120><c> Amazon,</c><00:06:24.680><c> it</c><00:06:24.840><c> did</c><00:06:25.040><c> not</c>

06:25.390 --> 06:25.400 align:start position:0%
And in the Amazon, it did not
 

06:25.400 --> 06:28.590 align:start position:0%
And in the Amazon, it did not
disappoint.<00:06:26.600><c> In</c><00:06:26.760><c> 2022,</c><00:06:27.760><c> using</c><00:06:28.080><c> this</c><00:06:28.360><c> new</c>

06:28.590 --> 06:28.600 align:start position:0%
disappoint. In 2022, using this new
 

06:28.600 --> 06:30.710 align:start position:0%
disappoint. In 2022, using this new
airborne<00:06:29.120><c> technology,</c><00:06:30.040><c> archaeologists</c>

06:30.710 --> 06:30.720 align:start position:0%
airborne technology, archaeologists
 

06:30.720 --> 06:33.350 align:start position:0%
airborne technology, archaeologists
Heiko<00:06:31.080><c> Prumers</c><00:06:31.640><c> and</c><00:06:31.880><c> his</c><00:06:32.200><c> colleagues</c><00:06:32.960><c> mapped</c>

06:33.350 --> 06:33.360 align:start position:0%
Heiko Prumers and his colleagues mapped
 

06:33.360 --> 06:35.670 align:start position:0%
Heiko Prumers and his colleagues mapped
settlements<00:06:33.880><c> associated</c><00:06:34.680><c> with</c><00:06:34.800><c> the</c><00:06:34.880><c> Casarabe</c>

06:35.670 --> 06:35.680 align:start position:0%
settlements associated with the Casarabe
 

06:35.680 --> 06:38.710 align:start position:0%
settlements associated with the Casarabe
culture<00:06:36.320><c> which</c><00:06:36.560><c> thrived</c><00:06:37.040><c> around</c><00:06:37.440><c> AD</c><00:06:37.840><c> 500</c><00:06:38.560><c> to</c>

06:38.710 --> 06:38.720 align:start position:0%
culture which thrived around AD 500 to
 

06:38.720 --> 06:41.790 align:start position:0%
culture which thrived around AD 500 to
1400<00:06:39.960><c> in</c><00:06:40.080><c> the</c><00:06:40.200><c> Llanos</c><00:06:40.560><c> de</c><00:06:40.680><c> Mojos</c><00:06:41.160><c> region</c><00:06:41.600><c> of</c>

06:41.790 --> 06:41.800 align:start position:0%
1400 in the Llanos de Mojos region of
 

06:41.800 --> 06:43.350 align:start position:0%
1400 in the Llanos de Mojos region of
Bolivia.<00:06:42.640><c> But</c><00:06:42.760><c> this</c><00:06:42.919><c> wasn't</c><00:06:43.160><c> just</c><00:06:43.320><c> a</c>

06:43.350 --> 06:43.360 align:start position:0%
Bolivia. But this wasn't just a
 

06:43.360 --> 06:45.750 align:start position:0%
Bolivia. But this wasn't just a
splattering<00:06:43.960><c> of</c><00:06:44.120><c> small</c><00:06:44.440><c> villages,</c><00:06:45.360><c> it</c><00:06:45.520><c> was</c><00:06:45.680><c> an</c>

06:45.750 --> 06:45.760 align:start position:0%
splattering of small villages, it was an
 

06:45.760 --> 06:48.750 align:start position:0%
splattering of small villages, it was an
entire<00:06:46.560><c> system.</c><00:06:47.680><c> They</c><00:06:47.880><c> had</c><00:06:48.120><c> found</c><00:06:48.600><c> a</c>

06:48.750 --> 06:48.760 align:start position:0%
entire system. They had found a
 

06:48.760 --> 06:50.430 align:start position:0%
entire system. They had found a
hierarchy,<00:06:49.640><c> a</c><00:06:49.760><c> landscape</c><00:06:50.034><c> [music]</c>

06:50.430 --> 06:50.440 align:start position:0%
hierarchy, a landscape [music]
 

06:50.440 --> 06:52.830 align:start position:0%
hierarchy, a landscape [music]
engineered<00:06:51.160><c> for</c><00:06:51.520><c> humans.</c>

06:52.830 --> 06:52.840 align:start position:0%
engineered for humans.
 

06:52.840 --> 06:54.710 align:start position:0%
engineered for humans.
Two<00:06:53.000><c> main</c><00:06:53.320><c> sites</c><00:06:53.680><c> stood</c><00:06:53.919><c> out</c><00:06:54.080><c> from</c><00:06:54.200><c> the</c><00:06:54.320><c> lidar</c>

06:54.710 --> 06:54.720 align:start position:0%
Two main sites stood out from the lidar
 

06:54.720 --> 06:58.550 align:start position:0%
Two main sites stood out from the lidar
imaging<00:06:55.120><c> data,</c><00:06:55.600><c> enormous</c><00:06:56.360><c> in</c><00:06:56.600><c> area,</c><00:06:57.360><c> 147</c>

06:58.550 --> 06:58.560 align:start position:0%
imaging data, enormous in area, 147
 

06:58.560 --> 07:02.070 align:start position:0%
imaging data, enormous in area, 147
hectares<00:06:59.120><c> and</c><00:06:59.280><c> 315</c><00:07:00.440><c> hectares</c><00:07:01.040><c> respectively,</c>

07:02.070 --> 07:02.080 align:start position:0%
hectares and 315 hectares respectively,
 

07:02.080 --> 07:04.390 align:start position:0%
hectares and 315 hectares respectively,
the<00:07:02.200><c> size</c><00:07:02.480><c> of</c><00:07:02.560><c> nearly</c><00:07:02.840><c> 400</c>

07:04.390 --> 07:04.400 align:start position:0%
the size of nearly 400
 

07:04.400 --> 07:06.230 align:start position:0%
the size of nearly 400
soccer<00:07:04.840><c> fields.</c>

07:06.230 --> 07:06.240 align:start position:0%
soccer fields.
 

07:06.240 --> 07:08.390 align:start position:0%
soccer fields.
The<00:07:06.320><c> sites</c><00:07:06.680><c> were</c><00:07:06.800><c> embedded</c><00:07:07.360><c> in</c><00:07:07.480><c> a</c><00:07:07.600><c> four-tier</c>

07:08.390 --> 07:08.400 align:start position:0%
The sites were embedded in a four-tier
 

07:08.400 --> 07:10.390 align:start position:0%
The sites were embedded in a four-tier
settlement<00:07:09.040><c> system</c><00:07:09.480><c> with</c><00:07:09.640><c> incredibly</c>

07:10.390 --> 07:10.400 align:start position:0%
settlement system with incredibly
 

07:10.400 --> 07:12.510 align:start position:0%
settlement system with incredibly
advanced<00:07:11.080><c> architecture,</c><00:07:12.120><c> including</c>

07:12.510 --> 07:12.520 align:start position:0%
advanced architecture, including
 

07:12.520 --> 07:14.990 align:start position:0%
advanced architecture, including
platform<00:07:13.160><c> mounds</c><00:07:13.600><c> and</c><00:07:13.760><c> conical</c><00:07:14.280><c> pyramid-like</c>

07:14.990 --> 07:15.000 align:start position:0%
platform mounds and conical pyramid-like
 

07:15.000 --> 07:16.230 align:start position:0%
platform mounds and conical pyramid-like
structures.

07:16.230 --> 07:16.240 align:start position:0%
structures.
 

07:16.240 --> 07:18.790 align:start position:0%
structures.
Straight<00:07:16.640><c> causeways</c><00:07:17.360><c> ran</c><00:07:17.640><c> for</c><00:07:17.800><c> kilometers</c>

07:18.790 --> 07:18.800 align:start position:0%
Straight causeways ran for kilometers
 

07:18.800 --> 07:21.350 align:start position:0%
Straight causeways ran for kilometers
and<00:07:19.000><c> canals</c><00:07:19.600><c> and</c><00:07:19.840><c> reservoirs</c><00:07:20.480><c> formed</c><00:07:20.840><c> a</c><00:07:20.960><c> water</c>

07:21.350 --> 07:21.360 align:start position:0%
and canals and reservoirs formed a water
 

07:21.360 --> 07:24.470 align:start position:0%
and canals and reservoirs formed a water
management<00:07:21.840><c> network</c><00:07:22.240><c> across</c><00:07:22.760><c> the</c><00:07:22.919><c> landscape.</c>

07:24.470 --> 07:24.480 align:start position:0%
management network across the landscape.
 

07:24.480 --> 07:26.830 align:start position:0%
management network across the landscape.
What<00:07:24.640><c> this</c><00:07:24.919><c> was</c><00:07:25.240><c> was</c><00:07:25.400><c> a</c><00:07:25.440><c> tropical</c><00:07:26.120><c> form</c><00:07:26.520><c> of</c>

07:26.830 --> 07:26.840 align:start position:0%
What this was was a tropical form of
 

07:26.840 --> 07:29.550 align:start position:0%
What this was was a tropical form of
urbanism,<00:07:27.800><c> a</c><00:07:27.880><c> way</c><00:07:28.120><c> of</c><00:07:28.320><c> living</c><00:07:28.919><c> and</c><00:07:29.040><c> a</c><00:07:29.080><c> city</c>

07:29.550 --> 07:29.560 align:start position:0%
urbanism, a way of living and a city
 

07:29.560 --> 07:33.110 align:start position:0%
urbanism, a way of living and a city
built<00:07:30.080><c> from</c><00:07:30.280><c> the</c><00:07:30.440><c> rainforest</c><00:07:31.360><c> itself.</c><00:07:32.680><c> And</c><00:07:32.919><c> if</c>

07:33.110 --> 07:33.120 align:start position:0%
built from the rainforest itself. And if
 

07:33.120 --> 07:35.190 align:start position:0%
built from the rainforest itself. And if
one<00:07:33.440><c> hidden</c><00:07:33.720><c> city</c><00:07:34.080><c> had</c><00:07:34.400><c> finally</c><00:07:34.960><c> been</c>

07:35.190 --> 07:35.200 align:start position:0%
one hidden city had finally been
 

07:35.200 --> 07:37.030 align:start position:0%
one hidden city had finally been
uncovered,<00:07:35.880><c> then</c><00:07:36.440><c> the</c><00:07:36.520><c> question</c><00:07:36.919><c> was</c>

07:37.030 --> 07:37.040 align:start position:0%
uncovered, then the question was
 

07:37.040 --> 07:38.390 align:start position:0%
uncovered, then the question was
unavoidable.

07:38.390 --> 07:38.400 align:start position:0%
unavoidable.
 

07:38.400 --> 07:41.070 align:start position:0%
unavoidable.
What<00:07:38.520><c> else</c><00:07:38.760><c> was</c><00:07:38.919><c> hiding?</c>

07:41.070 --> 07:41.080 align:start position:0%
What else was hiding?
 

07:41.080 --> 07:43.590 align:start position:0%
What else was hiding?
The<00:07:41.240><c> answer</c><00:07:41.640><c> lay</c><00:07:41.960><c> in</c><00:07:42.240><c> Ecuador.</c>

07:43.590 --> 07:43.600 align:start position:0%
The answer lay in Ecuador.
 

07:43.600 --> 07:46.870 align:start position:0%
The answer lay in Ecuador.
In<00:07:43.800><c> early</c><00:07:44.040><c> 2024,</c><00:07:45.280><c> a</c><00:07:45.400><c> science</c><00:07:46.040><c> study</c><00:07:46.440><c> using</c><00:07:46.760><c> the</c>

07:46.870 --> 07:46.880 align:start position:0%
In early 2024, a science study using the
 

07:46.880 --> 07:49.510 align:start position:0%
In early 2024, a science study using the
same<00:07:47.320><c> lidar</c><00:07:47.760><c> techniques</c><00:07:48.560><c> revealed</c><00:07:48.920><c> a</c><00:07:49.000><c> dense</c>

07:49.510 --> 07:49.520 align:start position:0%
same lidar techniques revealed a dense
 

07:49.520 --> 07:51.790 align:start position:0%
same lidar techniques revealed a dense
settlement<00:07:50.040><c> network</c><00:07:50.520><c> in</c><00:07:50.600><c> the</c><00:07:50.800><c> Upano</c><00:07:51.400><c> Valley</c>

07:51.790 --> 07:51.800 align:start position:0%
settlement network in the Upano Valley
 

07:51.800 --> 07:54.350 align:start position:0%
settlement network in the Upano Valley
of<00:07:52.040><c> Ecuador</c><00:07:52.720><c> along</c><00:07:53.040><c> the</c><00:07:53.240><c> eastern</c><00:07:53.640><c> foothills</c>

07:54.350 --> 07:54.360 align:start position:0%
of Ecuador along the eastern foothills
 

07:54.360 --> 07:57.150 align:start position:0%
of Ecuador along the eastern foothills
of<00:07:54.480><c> the</c><00:07:54.680><c> Andes</c><00:07:55.160><c> Mountains.</c><00:07:56.280><c> The</c><00:07:56.400><c> work</c><00:07:56.800><c> led</c><00:07:57.000><c> by</c>

07:57.150 --> 07:57.160 align:start position:0%
of the Andes Mountains. The work led by
 

07:57.160 --> 07:59.270 align:start position:0%
of the Andes Mountains. The work led by
archaeologist<00:07:57.920><c> Stephen</c><00:07:58.440><c> Rostain</c><00:07:58.920><c> and</c><00:07:59.040><c> his</c>

07:59.270 --> 07:59.280 align:start position:0%
archaeologist Stephen Rostain and his
 

07:59.280 --> 08:01.990 align:start position:0%
archaeologist Stephen Rostain and his
colleagues<00:08:00.080><c> integrated</c><00:08:00.800><c> decades</c><00:08:01.400><c> of</c><00:08:01.640><c> field</c>

08:01.990 --> 08:02.000 align:start position:0%
colleagues integrated decades of field
 

08:02.000 --> 08:05.110 align:start position:0%
colleagues integrated decades of field
research<00:08:02.560><c> with</c><00:08:03.320><c> lidar</c><00:08:03.960><c> mapping.</c><00:08:04.800><c> And</c><00:08:04.920><c> with</c>

08:05.110 --> 08:05.120 align:start position:0%
research with lidar mapping. And with
 

08:05.120 --> 08:07.230 align:start position:0%
research with lidar mapping. And with
this<00:08:05.360><c> combined</c><00:08:05.960><c> knowledge,</c><00:08:06.400><c> they</c><00:08:06.680><c> uncovered</c>

08:07.230 --> 08:07.240 align:start position:0%
this combined knowledge, they uncovered
 

08:07.240 --> 08:10.110 align:start position:0%
this combined knowledge, they uncovered
the<00:08:07.360><c> unthinkable.</c><00:08:08.760><c> Within</c><00:08:09.040><c> a</c><00:08:09.120><c> 300</c><00:08:09.840><c> square</c>

08:10.110 --> 08:10.120 align:start position:0%
the unthinkable. Within a 300 square
 

08:10.120 --> 08:12.230 align:start position:0%
the unthinkable. Within a 300 square
kilometer<00:08:10.600><c> survey</c><00:08:11.080><c> area,</c><00:08:11.600><c> they</c><00:08:11.800><c> found</c><00:08:12.080><c> more</c>

08:12.230 --> 08:12.240 align:start position:0%
kilometer survey area, they found more
 

08:12.240 --> 08:15.790 align:start position:0%
kilometer survey area, they found more
than<00:08:12.400><c> 6,000</c><00:08:13.840><c> anthropogenic</c><00:08:14.840><c> rectangular</c>

08:15.790 --> 08:15.800 align:start position:0%
than 6,000 anthropogenic rectangular
 

08:15.800 --> 08:18.510 align:start position:0%
than 6,000 anthropogenic rectangular
earthen<00:08:16.200><c> platforms</c><00:08:16.880><c> and</c><00:08:17.120><c> plaza</c><00:08:17.600><c> structures</c>

08:18.510 --> 08:18.520 align:start position:0%
earthen platforms and plaza structures
 

08:18.520 --> 08:22.230 align:start position:0%
earthen platforms and plaza structures
connected<00:08:18.880><c> by</c><00:08:19.080><c> footpaths</c><00:08:19.960><c> and</c><00:08:20.200><c> roads</c><00:08:20.640><c> some</c><00:08:21.360><c> 13</c>

08:22.230 --> 08:22.240 align:start position:0%
connected by footpaths and roads some 13
 

08:22.240 --> 08:25.470 align:start position:0%
connected by footpaths and roads some 13
m<00:08:22.880><c> wide</c><00:08:23.560><c> and</c><00:08:23.760><c> surrounded</c><00:08:24.480><c> by</c><00:08:24.600><c> expansive</c>

08:25.470 --> 08:25.480 align:start position:0%
m wide and surrounded by expansive
 

08:25.480 --> 08:27.950 align:start position:0%
m wide and surrounded by expansive
agricultural<00:08:26.240><c> landscapes</c><00:08:26.880><c> and</c><00:08:27.120><c> even</c>

08:27.950 --> 08:27.960 align:start position:0%
agricultural landscapes and even
 

08:27.960 --> 08:30.630 align:start position:0%
agricultural landscapes and even
drainage<00:08:28.680><c> features.</c><00:08:29.760><c> In</c><00:08:29.919><c> other</c><00:08:30.080><c> words,</c><00:08:30.440><c> what</c>

08:30.630 --> 08:30.640 align:start position:0%
drainage features. In other words, what
 

08:30.640 --> 08:32.029 align:start position:0%
drainage features. In other words, what
they<00:08:30.800><c> were</c><00:08:30.919><c> looking</c><00:08:31.240><c> at</c><00:08:31.360><c> was</c><00:08:31.520><c> not</c><00:08:31.720><c> just</c><00:08:31.919><c> a</c>

08:32.029 --> 08:32.039 align:start position:0%
they were looking at was not just a
 

08:32.039 --> 08:35.510 align:start position:0%
they were looking at was not just a
single<00:08:32.760><c> lost</c><00:08:33.120><c> city.</c><00:08:34.000><c> This</c><00:08:34.440><c> was</c><00:08:34.640><c> a</c><00:08:34.760><c> patterned</c>

08:35.510 --> 08:35.520 align:start position:0%
single lost city. This was a patterned
 

08:35.520 --> 08:38.190 align:start position:0%
single lost city. This was a patterned
regional<00:08:36.039><c> network.</c><00:08:37.080><c> They</c><00:08:37.280><c> were</c><00:08:37.440><c> looking</c><00:08:37.760><c> at</c><00:08:38.080><c> a</c>

08:38.190 --> 08:38.200 align:start position:0%
regional network. They were looking at a
 

08:38.200 --> 08:40.750 align:start position:0%
regional network. They were looking at a
hidden<00:08:38.560><c> metropolis.</c>

08:40.750 --> 08:40.760 align:start position:0%
hidden metropolis.
 

08:40.760 --> 08:42.950 align:start position:0%
hidden metropolis.
The<00:08:40.880><c> sheer</c><00:08:41.159><c> scale</c><00:08:41.760><c> of</c><00:08:41.919><c> this</c><00:08:42.120><c> discovery</c><00:08:42.640><c> meant</c>

08:42.950 --> 08:42.960 align:start position:0%
The sheer scale of this discovery meant
 

08:42.960 --> 08:45.150 align:start position:0%
The sheer scale of this discovery meant
it<00:08:43.039><c> was</c><00:08:43.200><c> likely</c><00:08:43.479><c> home</c><00:08:43.800><c> to</c><00:08:43.919><c> at</c><00:08:44.000><c> least</c><00:08:44.320><c> 10,000,</c>

08:45.150 --> 08:45.160 align:start position:0%
it was likely home to at least 10,000,
 

08:45.160 --> 08:47.790 align:start position:0%
it was likely home to at least 10,000,
possibly<00:08:45.600><c> 30,000</c><00:08:46.760><c> inhabitants</c><00:08:47.281><c> [music]</c><00:08:47.680><c> in</c>

08:47.790 --> 08:47.800 align:start position:0%
possibly 30,000 inhabitants [music] in
 

08:47.800 --> 08:50.950 align:start position:0%
possibly 30,000 inhabitants [music] in
around<00:08:48.160><c> 500</c><00:08:48.880><c> BCE</c><00:08:49.960><c> with</c><00:08:50.080><c> a</c><00:08:50.160><c> settlement</c><00:08:50.560><c> lasting</c>

08:50.950 --> 08:50.960 align:start position:0%
around 500 BCE with a settlement lasting
 

08:50.960 --> 08:53.470 align:start position:0%
around 500 BCE with a settlement lasting
roughly<00:08:51.280><c> a</c><00:08:51.360><c> thousand</c><00:08:51.866><c> [music]</c><00:08:52.240><c> years.</c><00:08:53.240><c> And</c><00:08:53.360><c> if</c>

08:53.470 --> 08:53.480 align:start position:0%
roughly a thousand [music] years. And if
 

08:53.480 --> 08:54.310 align:start position:0%
roughly a thousand [music] years. And if
you're<00:08:53.560><c> wondering,</c><00:08:53.800><c> by</c><00:08:53.880><c> the</c><00:08:53.960><c> way,</c><00:08:54.080><c> how</c><00:08:54.200><c> on</c>

08:54.310 --> 08:54.320 align:start position:0%
you're wondering, by the way, how on
 

08:54.320 --> 08:55.910 align:start position:0%
you're wondering, by the way, how on
Earth<00:08:54.520><c> we</c><00:08:54.640><c> know</c><00:08:55.120><c> that</c><00:08:55.280><c> this</c><00:08:55.440><c> was</c><00:08:55.560><c> happening</c>

08:55.910 --> 08:55.920 align:start position:0%
Earth we know that this was happening
 

08:55.920 --> 08:58.590 align:start position:0%
Earth we know that this was happening
that<00:08:56.160><c> far</c><00:08:56.440><c> back,</c><00:08:57.160><c> well,</c><00:08:57.560><c> science</c><00:08:58.040><c> has</c><00:08:58.160><c> another</c>

08:58.590 --> 08:58.600 align:start position:0%
that far back, well, science has another
 

08:58.600 --> 09:00.030 align:start position:0%
that far back, well, science has another
trick<00:08:58.920><c> up</c><00:08:59.080><c> its</c><00:08:59.280><c> sleeve</c><00:08:59.520><c> to</c><00:08:59.640><c> answer</c><00:08:59.880><c> that</c>

09:00.030 --> 09:00.040 align:start position:0%
trick up its sleeve to answer that
 

09:00.040 --> 09:02.030 align:start position:0%
trick up its sleeve to answer that
question,<00:09:00.560><c> too.</c>

09:02.030 --> 09:02.040 align:start position:0%
question, too.
 

09:02.040 --> 09:04.950 align:start position:0%
question, too.
Enter<00:09:02.520><c> Oxford's</c><00:09:03.160><c> radiocarbon</c><00:09:04.080><c> accelerator</c>

09:04.950 --> 09:04.960 align:start position:0%
Enter Oxford's radiocarbon accelerator
 

09:04.960 --> 09:07.470 align:start position:0%
Enter Oxford's radiocarbon accelerator
unit.<00:09:05.839><c> This</c><00:09:06.000><c> team</c><00:09:06.200><c> applied</c><00:09:06.680><c> radiocarbon</c>

09:07.470 --> 09:07.480 align:start position:0%
unit. This team applied radiocarbon
 

09:07.480 --> 09:09.550 align:start position:0%
unit. This team applied radiocarbon
dating<00:09:07.839><c> to</c><00:09:08.040><c> organic</c><00:09:08.480><c> material</c><00:09:08.960><c> to</c><00:09:09.080><c> find</c><00:09:09.360><c> out</c>

09:09.550 --> 09:09.560 align:start position:0%
dating to organic material to find out
 

09:09.560 --> 09:12.950 align:start position:0%
dating to organic material to find out
just<00:09:09.920><c> how</c><00:09:10.200><c> old</c><00:09:10.800><c> this</c><00:09:11.000><c> civilization</c><00:09:11.800><c> was.</c>

09:12.950 --> 09:12.960 align:start position:0%
just how old this civilization was.
 

09:12.960 --> 09:14.390 align:start position:0%
just how old this civilization was.
To<00:09:13.120><c> quickly</c><00:09:13.360><c> explain</c><00:09:13.640><c> how</c><00:09:13.760><c> this</c><00:09:13.920><c> works,</c><00:09:14.160><c> every</c>

09:14.390 --> 09:14.400 align:start position:0%
To quickly explain how this works, every
 

09:14.400 --> 09:16.390 align:start position:0%
To quickly explain how this works, every
living<00:09:14.720><c> thing</c><00:09:15.120><c> absorbs</c><00:09:15.720><c> carbon</c><00:09:16.120><c> from</c><00:09:16.280><c> the</c>

09:16.390 --> 09:16.400 align:start position:0%
living thing absorbs carbon from the
 

09:16.400 --> 09:17.710 align:start position:0%
living thing absorbs carbon from the
atmosphere,<00:09:17.120><c> whether</c><00:09:17.320><c> that's</c><00:09:17.520><c> through</c>

09:17.710 --> 09:17.720 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, whether that's through
 

09:17.720 --> 09:19.710 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, whether that's through
photosynthesis<00:09:18.520><c> or</c><00:09:18.800><c> eating</c><00:09:19.160><c> stuff</c><00:09:19.480><c> that</c>

09:19.710 --> 09:19.720 align:start position:0%
photosynthesis or eating stuff that
 

09:19.720 --> 09:21.430 align:start position:0%
photosynthesis or eating stuff that
photosynthesizes.

09:21.430 --> 09:21.440 align:start position:0%
photosynthesizes.
 

09:21.440 --> 09:22.910 align:start position:0%
photosynthesizes.
Now,<00:09:21.560><c> most</c><00:09:21.839><c> of</c><00:09:21.920><c> that</c><00:09:22.120><c> is</c><00:09:22.280><c> your</c><00:09:22.480><c> regular</c>

09:22.910 --> 09:22.920 align:start position:0%
Now, most of that is your regular
 

09:22.920 --> 09:25.310 align:start position:0%
Now, most of that is your regular
carbon-12,<00:09:23.720><c> which</c><00:09:23.880><c> has</c><00:09:24.040><c> six</c><00:09:24.240><c> protons</c><00:09:24.680><c> and</c><00:09:24.960><c> six</c>

09:25.310 --> 09:25.320 align:start position:0%
carbon-12, which has six protons and six
 

09:25.320 --> 09:27.670 align:start position:0%
carbon-12, which has six protons and six
neutrons.<00:09:26.120><c> But</c><00:09:26.240><c> a</c><00:09:26.360><c> tiny</c><00:09:26.960><c> percentage,</c><00:09:27.440><c> about</c>

09:27.670 --> 09:27.680 align:start position:0%
neutrons. But a tiny percentage, about
 

09:27.680 --> 09:29.950 align:start position:0%
neutrons. But a tiny percentage, about
one<00:09:27.839><c> in</c><00:09:27.960><c> a</c><00:09:28.000><c> trillion</c><00:09:28.680><c> particles</c><00:09:29.120><c> of</c><00:09:29.240><c> carbon,</c>

09:29.950 --> 09:29.960 align:start position:0%
one in a trillion particles of carbon,
 

09:29.960 --> 09:32.670 align:start position:0%
one in a trillion particles of carbon,
is<00:09:30.160><c> carbon-14,</c><00:09:31.600><c> which</c><00:09:31.880><c> still</c><00:09:32.120><c> has</c><00:09:32.400><c> six</c>

09:32.670 --> 09:32.680 align:start position:0%
is carbon-14, which still has six
 

09:32.680 --> 09:35.110 align:start position:0%
is carbon-14, which still has six
protons<00:09:33.560><c> but</c><00:09:33.786><c> [music]</c><00:09:33.800><c> has</c><00:09:34.120><c> eight</c><00:09:34.480><c> neutrons,</c>

09:35.110 --> 09:35.120 align:start position:0%
protons but [music] has eight neutrons,
 

09:35.120 --> 09:37.110 align:start position:0%
protons but [music] has eight neutrons,
so<00:09:35.280><c> it's</c><00:09:35.440><c> slightly</c><00:09:35.800><c> heavier.</c>

09:37.110 --> 09:37.120 align:start position:0%
so it's slightly heavier.
 

09:37.120 --> 09:38.710 align:start position:0%
so it's slightly heavier.
Now,<00:09:37.320><c> living</c><00:09:37.640><c> things</c><00:09:38.000><c> aren't</c><00:09:38.160><c> very</c><00:09:38.400><c> picky</c>

09:38.710 --> 09:38.720 align:start position:0%
Now, living things aren't very picky
 

09:38.720 --> 09:40.390 align:start position:0%
Now, living things aren't very picky
about<00:09:38.960><c> this</c><00:09:39.280><c> and</c><00:09:39.400><c> will</c><00:09:39.520><c> take</c><00:09:39.760><c> in</c><00:09:40.000><c> either</c><00:09:40.200><c> type</c>

09:40.390 --> 09:40.400 align:start position:0%
about this and will take in either type
 

09:40.400 --> 09:42.510 align:start position:0%
about this and will take in either type
of<00:09:40.480><c> carbon</c><00:09:40.800><c> really,</c><00:09:41.080><c> but</c><00:09:41.360><c> crucially,</c>

09:42.510 --> 09:42.520 align:start position:0%
of carbon really, but crucially,
 

09:42.520 --> 09:45.550 align:start position:0%
of carbon really, but crucially,
carbon-14<00:09:43.480><c> is</c><00:09:43.880><c> radioactive</c><00:09:44.720><c> and</c><00:09:44.960><c> so</c><00:09:45.200><c> breaks</c>

09:45.550 --> 09:45.560 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 is radioactive and so breaks
 

09:45.560 --> 09:48.390 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 is radioactive and so breaks
down<00:09:46.000><c> naturally</c><00:09:46.680><c> over</c><00:09:47.000><c> time.</c>

09:48.390 --> 09:48.400 align:start position:0%
down naturally over time.
 

09:48.400 --> 09:50.110 align:start position:0%
down naturally over time.
And<00:09:48.480><c> what</c><00:09:48.680><c> this</c><00:09:48.920><c> means</c><00:09:49.200><c> is</c><00:09:49.320><c> the</c><00:09:49.480><c> moment</c><00:09:50.040><c> a</c>

09:50.110 --> 09:50.120 align:start position:0%
And what this means is the moment a
 

09:50.120 --> 09:52.550 align:start position:0%
And what this means is the moment a
plant<00:09:50.560><c> or</c><00:09:50.680><c> animal</c><00:09:51.000><c> dies,</c><00:09:51.520><c> the</c><00:09:51.680><c> clock</c><00:09:52.120><c> starts</c>

09:52.550 --> 09:52.560 align:start position:0%
plant or animal dies, the clock starts
 

09:52.560 --> 09:54.150 align:start position:0%
plant or animal dies, the clock starts
effectively.<00:09:53.080><c> It</c><00:09:53.240><c> stops</c><00:09:53.680><c> taking</c><00:09:54.040><c> in</c>

09:54.150 --> 09:54.160 align:start position:0%
effectively. It stops taking in
 

09:54.160 --> 09:56.870 align:start position:0%
effectively. It stops taking in
carbon-14<00:09:55.160><c> and</c><00:09:55.360><c> as</c><00:09:55.520><c> it</c><00:09:55.640><c> decays,</c><00:09:56.480><c> the</c><00:09:56.600><c> amount</c>

09:56.870 --> 09:56.880 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 and as it decays, the amount
 

09:56.880 --> 10:00.270 align:start position:0%
carbon-14 and as it decays, the amount
of<00:09:57.000><c> carbon-14</c><00:09:57.920><c> in</c><00:09:58.200><c> the</c><00:09:58.360><c> organism</c><00:09:58.920><c> decreases.</c>

10:00.270 --> 10:00.280 align:start position:0%
of carbon-14 in the organism decreases.
 

10:00.280 --> 10:02.190 align:start position:0%
of carbon-14 in the organism decreases.
Its<00:10:00.520><c> half-life</c><00:10:01.200><c> therefore,</c><00:10:01.680><c> that's</c><00:10:01.880><c> the</c><00:10:01.960><c> time</c>

10:02.190 --> 10:02.200 align:start position:0%
Its half-life therefore, that's the time
 

10:02.200 --> 10:04.270 align:start position:0%
Its half-life therefore, that's the time
taken<00:10:02.480><c> for</c><00:10:02.720><c> half</c><00:10:03.120><c> of</c><00:10:03.240><c> the</c><00:10:03.320><c> carbon-14</c><00:10:04.080><c> in</c><00:10:04.200><c> a</c>

10:04.270 --> 10:04.280 align:start position:0%
taken for half of the carbon-14 in a
 

10:04.280 --> 10:08.110 align:start position:0%
taken for half of the carbon-14 in a
sample<00:10:04.680><c> to</c><00:10:04.800><c> decay,</c><00:10:05.640><c> is</c><00:10:05.800><c> around</c><00:10:06.120><c> 5,700</c><00:10:07.280><c> years.</c>

10:08.110 --> 10:08.120 align:start position:0%
sample to decay, is around 5,700 years.
 

10:08.120 --> 10:09.830 align:start position:0%
sample to decay, is around 5,700 years.
As<00:10:08.360><c> such,</c><00:10:08.720><c> scientists</c><00:10:09.160><c> can</c><00:10:09.320><c> measure</c><00:10:09.600><c> what</c>

10:09.830 --> 10:09.840 align:start position:0%
As such, scientists can measure what
 

10:09.840 --> 10:11.990 align:start position:0%
As such, scientists can measure what
percentage<00:10:10.440><c> of</c><00:10:10.560><c> the</c><00:10:10.680><c> carbon</c><00:10:11.080><c> in</c><00:10:11.200><c> a</c><00:10:11.320><c> sample</c><00:10:11.760><c> is</c>

10:11.990 --> 10:12.000 align:start position:0%
percentage of the carbon in a sample is
 

10:12.000 --> 10:15.470 align:start position:0%
percentage of the carbon in a sample is
still<00:10:12.840><c> carbon-14</c><00:10:14.040><c> and</c><00:10:14.320><c> from</c><00:10:14.640><c> that</c><00:10:15.280><c> can</c>

10:15.470 --> 10:15.480 align:start position:0%
still carbon-14 and from that can
 

10:15.480 --> 10:17.510 align:start position:0%
still carbon-14 and from that can
calculate<00:10:16.080><c> how</c><00:10:16.320><c> many</c><00:10:16.560><c> years</c><00:10:16.800><c> have</c><00:10:16.920><c> passed</c>

10:17.510 --> 10:17.520 align:start position:0%
calculate how many years have passed
 

10:17.520 --> 10:20.030 align:start position:0%
calculate how many years have passed
since<00:10:18.200><c> that</c><00:10:18.440><c> organism</c><00:10:18.920><c> died,</c><00:10:19.360><c> which</c><00:10:19.560><c> is</c>

10:20.030 --> 10:20.040 align:start position:0%
since that organism died, which is
 

10:20.040 --> 10:21.070 align:start position:0%
since that organism died, which is
pretty<00:10:20.200><c> clever.</c>

10:21.070 --> 10:21.080 align:start position:0%
pretty clever.
 

10:21.080 --> 10:22.510 align:start position:0%
pretty clever.
When<00:10:21.240><c> used</c><00:10:21.520><c> in</c><00:10:21.600><c> tandem,</c><00:10:22.040><c> these</c><00:10:22.320><c> two</c>

10:22.510 --> 10:22.520 align:start position:0%
When used in tandem, these two
 

10:22.520 --> 10:24.910 align:start position:0%
When used in tandem, these two
techniques<00:10:23.040><c> reveal</c><00:10:23.440><c> incredible</c><00:10:24.160><c> things.</c>

10:24.910 --> 10:24.920 align:start position:0%
techniques reveal incredible things.
 

10:24.920 --> 10:27.150 align:start position:0%
techniques reveal incredible things.
Think<00:10:25.120><c> of</c><00:10:25.240><c> lidar</c><00:10:25.560><c> as</c><00:10:25.800><c> finding</c><00:10:26.240><c> the</c><00:10:26.440><c> where</c><00:10:27.040><c> and</c>

10:27.150 --> 10:27.160 align:start position:0%
Think of lidar as finding the where and
 

10:27.160 --> 10:29.270 align:start position:0%
Think of lidar as finding the where and
the<00:10:27.280><c> radiocarbon</c><00:10:28.080><c> dating</c><00:10:28.400><c> determining</c><00:10:29.120><c> the</c>

10:29.270 --> 10:29.280 align:start position:0%
the radiocarbon dating determining the
 

10:29.280 --> 10:30.310 align:start position:0%
the radiocarbon dating determining the
when.

10:30.310 --> 10:30.320 align:start position:0%
when.
 

10:30.320 --> 10:32.070 align:start position:0%
when.
As<00:10:30.440><c> amazing</c><00:10:30.920><c> as</c><00:10:31.080><c> all</c><00:10:31.240><c> these</c><00:10:31.480><c> discoveries</c>

10:32.070 --> 10:32.080 align:start position:0%
As amazing as all these discoveries
 

10:32.080 --> 10:35.190 align:start position:0%
As amazing as all these discoveries
undoubtedly<00:10:33.000><c> are,</c><00:10:33.760><c> they</c><00:10:33.920><c> are</c><00:10:34.080><c> just</c><00:10:34.400><c> zoomed</c><00:10:34.880><c> in</c>

10:35.190 --> 10:35.200 align:start position:0%
undoubtedly are, they are just zoomed in
 

10:35.200 --> 10:37.670 align:start position:0%
undoubtedly are, they are just zoomed in
examples<00:10:36.040><c> of</c><00:10:36.160><c> the</c><00:10:36.280><c> mysteries</c><00:10:36.880><c> the</c><00:10:37.000><c> canopies</c>

10:37.670 --> 10:37.680 align:start position:0%
examples of the mysteries the canopies
 

10:37.680 --> 10:41.350 align:start position:0%
examples of the mysteries the canopies
hid<00:10:38.240><c> and</c><00:10:39.160><c> they're</c><00:10:39.360><c> hints</c><00:10:40.200><c> of</c><00:10:40.400><c> something</c><00:10:40.960><c> far</c>

10:41.350 --> 10:41.360 align:start position:0%
hid and they're hints of something far
 

10:41.360 --> 10:43.829 align:start position:0%
hid and they're hints of something far
larger.<00:10:42.360><c> Really,</c><00:10:42.720><c> Bolivia</c><00:10:43.160><c> and</c><00:10:43.320><c> Ecuador</c><00:10:43.720><c> were</c>

10:43.829 --> 10:43.839 align:start position:0%
larger. Really, Bolivia and Ecuador were
 

10:43.839 --> 10:46.590 align:start position:0%
larger. Really, Bolivia and Ecuador were
just<00:10:44.160><c> the</c><00:10:44.320><c> close-ups.</c><00:10:45.120><c> The</c><00:10:45.280><c> next</c><00:10:45.800><c> step</c><00:10:46.160><c> is</c><00:10:46.400><c> the</c>

10:46.590 --> 10:46.600 align:start position:0%
just the close-ups. The next step is the
 

10:46.600 --> 10:49.470 align:start position:0%
just the close-ups. The next step is the
wide<00:10:47.080><c> shot</c><00:10:47.560><c> and</c><00:10:47.760><c> here</c><00:10:48.800><c> here's</c><00:10:49.040><c> where</c><00:10:49.200><c> things</c>

10:49.470 --> 10:49.480 align:start position:0%
wide shot and here here's where things
 

10:49.480 --> 10:51.590 align:start position:0%
wide shot and here here's where things
get<00:10:49.760><c> wild.</c>

10:51.590 --> 10:51.600 align:start position:0%
get wild.
 

10:51.600 --> 10:53.829 align:start position:0%
get wild.
In<00:10:51.680><c> 2023,</c><00:10:52.520><c> Brazilian</c><00:10:52.920><c> geographer</c><00:10:53.360><c> and</c><00:10:53.520><c> remote</c>

10:53.829 --> 10:53.839 align:start position:0%
In 2023, Brazilian geographer and remote
 

10:53.839 --> 10:56.710 align:start position:0%
In 2023, Brazilian geographer and remote
sensing<00:10:54.360><c> specialist</c><00:10:55.000><c> Vinicius</c><00:10:55.600><c> Peripato</c><00:10:56.400><c> did</c>

10:56.710 --> 10:56.720 align:start position:0%
sensing specialist Vinicius Peripato did
 

10:56.720 --> 10:59.230 align:start position:0%
sensing specialist Vinicius Peripato did
something<00:10:57.360><c> pretty</c><00:10:57.680><c> bonkers.</c>

10:59.230 --> 10:59.240 align:start position:0%
something pretty bonkers.
 

10:59.240 --> 11:01.870 align:start position:0%
something pretty bonkers.
He<00:10:59.320><c> applied</c><00:10:59.720><c> this</c><00:10:59.960><c> same</c><00:11:00.360><c> concept</c><00:11:00.920><c> on</c><00:11:01.120><c> a</c><00:11:01.200><c> far</c>

11:01.870 --> 11:01.880 align:start position:0%
He applied this same concept on a far
 

11:01.880 --> 11:05.070 align:start position:0%
He applied this same concept on a far
larger<00:11:02.600><c> scale,</c><00:11:03.360><c> taking</c><00:11:03.760><c> an</c><00:11:03.960><c> Amazon</c><00:11:04.600><c> wide</c>

11:05.070 --> 11:05.080 align:start position:0%
larger scale, taking an Amazon wide
 

11:05.080 --> 11:07.990 align:start position:0%
larger scale, taking an Amazon wide
approach<00:11:05.560><c> to</c><00:11:05.760><c> hidden</c><00:11:06.160><c> archaeology.</c>

11:07.990 --> 11:08.000 align:start position:0%
approach to hidden archaeology.
 

11:08.000 --> 11:09.870 align:start position:0%
approach to hidden archaeology.
He<00:11:08.080><c> and</c><00:11:08.200><c> his</c><00:11:08.360><c> team</c><00:11:08.680><c> used</c><00:11:08.960><c> lidar</c><00:11:09.440><c> data</c>

11:09.870 --> 11:09.880 align:start position:0%
He and his team used lidar data
 

11:09.880 --> 11:12.110 align:start position:0%
He and his team used lidar data
originally<00:11:10.320><c> collected</c><00:11:10.760><c> for</c><00:11:11.000><c> forest</c><00:11:11.480><c> biomass</c>

11:12.110 --> 11:12.120 align:start position:0%
originally collected for forest biomass
 

11:12.120 --> 11:15.590 align:start position:0%
originally collected for forest biomass
work<00:11:12.680><c> and</c><00:11:12.920><c> scanned</c><00:11:13.400><c> 5,315</c>

11:15.590 --> 11:15.600 align:start position:0%
work and scanned 5,315
 

11:15.600 --> 11:18.150 align:start position:0%
work and scanned 5,315
square<00:11:15.960><c> kilometers</c><00:11:16.960><c> across</c><00:11:17.480><c> the</c><00:11:17.640><c> basin,</c>

11:18.150 --> 11:18.160 align:start position:0%
square kilometers across the basin,
 

11:18.160 --> 11:19.910 align:start position:0%
square kilometers across the basin,
which<00:11:18.680><c> yes,</c><00:11:19.000><c> might</c><00:11:19.280><c> sound</c><00:11:19.480><c> impressive,</c><00:11:19.839><c> but</c>

11:19.910 --> 11:19.920 align:start position:0%
which yes, might sound impressive, but
 

11:19.920 --> 11:21.750 align:start position:0%
which yes, might sound impressive, but
remember<00:11:20.200><c> this</c><00:11:20.360><c> is</c><00:11:20.480><c> the</c><00:11:20.640><c> Amazon.</c><00:11:21.480><c> That's</c>

11:21.750 --> 11:21.760 align:start position:0%
remember this is the Amazon. That's
 

11:21.760 --> 11:24.430 align:start position:0%
remember this is the Amazon. That's
roughly<00:11:22.120><c> 0.08%</c>

11:24.430 --> 11:24.440 align:start position:0%
roughly 0.08%
 

11:24.440 --> 11:26.190 align:start position:0%
roughly 0.08%
of<00:11:24.560><c> the</c><00:11:24.600><c> whole</c><00:11:24.800><c> thing.</c><00:11:25.520><c> But</c><00:11:25.640><c> here's</c><00:11:25.920><c> where</c><00:11:26.080><c> it</c>

11:26.190 --> 11:26.200 align:start position:0%
of the whole thing. But here's where it
 

11:26.200 --> 11:27.790 align:start position:0%
of the whole thing. But here's where it
gets<00:11:26.480><c> interesting</c><00:11:26.880><c> because</c><00:11:27.160><c> even</c><00:11:27.400><c> in</c><00:11:27.520><c> that</c>

11:27.790 --> 11:27.800 align:start position:0%
gets interesting because even in that
 

11:27.800 --> 11:30.670 align:start position:0%
gets interesting because even in that
tiny<00:11:28.240><c> slice</c><00:11:28.600><c> of</c><00:11:28.680><c> this</c><00:11:28.839><c> monstrous</c><00:11:29.440><c> green</c><00:11:29.800><c> pie,</c>

11:30.670 --> 11:30.680 align:start position:0%
tiny slice of this monstrous green pie,
 

11:30.680 --> 11:33.150 align:start position:0%
tiny slice of this monstrous green pie,
they<00:11:30.880><c> identified</c><00:11:31.600><c> 24</c>

11:33.150 --> 11:33.160 align:start position:0%
they identified 24
 

11:33.160 --> 11:36.190 align:start position:0%
they identified 24
previously<00:11:33.840><c> undetected</c><00:11:34.680><c> earthworks</c><00:11:35.240><c> beneath</c>

11:36.190 --> 11:36.200 align:start position:0%
previously undetected earthworks beneath
 

11:36.200 --> 11:38.590 align:start position:0%
previously undetected earthworks beneath
the<00:11:36.360><c> closed</c><00:11:37.040><c> canopy.</c><00:11:37.920><c> Now,</c><00:11:38.200><c> if</c><00:11:38.320><c> you</c><00:11:38.400><c> were</c><00:11:38.480><c> to</c>

11:38.590 --> 11:38.600 align:start position:0%
the closed canopy. Now, if you were to
 

11:38.600 --> 11:40.070 align:start position:0%
the closed canopy. Now, if you were to
apply<00:11:38.880><c> those</c><00:11:39.160><c> same</c><00:11:39.440><c> numbers</c><00:11:39.720><c> to</c><00:11:39.840><c> the</c>

11:40.070 --> 11:40.080 align:start position:0%
apply those same numbers to the
 

11:40.080 --> 11:43.070 align:start position:0%
apply those same numbers to the
unscanned<00:11:40.880><c> parts</c><00:11:41.360><c> of</c><00:11:41.560><c> the</c><00:11:41.680><c> rainforest,</c><00:11:42.840><c> they</c>

11:43.070 --> 11:43.080 align:start position:0%
unscanned parts of the rainforest, they
 

11:43.080 --> 11:46.990 align:start position:0%
unscanned parts of the rainforest, they
estimated<00:11:43.640><c> there</c><00:11:43.800><c> are</c><00:11:43.880><c> between</c><00:11:44.320><c> 10,272</c>

11:46.990 --> 11:47.000 align:start position:0%
estimated there are between 10,272
 

11:47.000 --> 11:50.830 align:start position:0%
estimated there are between 10,272
and<00:11:47.240><c> 23,648</c>

11:50.830 --> 11:50.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

11:50.840 --> 11:54.550 align:start position:0%
 
large-scale<00:11:51.920><c> earthworks</c><00:11:52.600><c> still</c><00:11:53.840><c> waiting</c><00:11:54.400><c> to</c>

11:54.550 --> 11:54.560 align:start position:0%
large-scale earthworks still waiting to
 

11:54.560 --> 11:56.710 align:start position:0%
large-scale earthworks still waiting to
be<00:11:55.000><c> discovered</c><00:11:56.000><c> with</c><00:11:56.200><c> many</c><00:11:56.440><c> likely</c>

11:56.710 --> 11:56.720 align:start position:0%
be discovered with many likely
 

11:56.720 --> 11:59.550 align:start position:0%
be discovered with many likely
concentrated<00:11:57.320><c> in</c><00:11:57.480><c> southwestern</c><00:11:58.440><c> Amazonia.</c>

11:59.550 --> 11:59.560 align:start position:0%
concentrated in southwestern Amazonia.
 

11:59.560 --> 12:02.030 align:start position:0%
concentrated in southwestern Amazonia.
What?<00:12:00.480><c> Peripato's</c><00:12:01.120><c> team</c><00:12:01.360><c> also</c><00:12:01.720><c> found</c>

12:02.030 --> 12:02.040 align:start position:0%
What? Peripato's team also found
 

12:02.040 --> 12:03.830 align:start position:0%
What? Peripato's team also found
statistical<00:12:02.680><c> links</c><00:12:02.960><c> between</c><00:12:03.360><c> earthwork</c>

12:03.830 --> 12:03.840 align:start position:0%
statistical links between earthwork
 

12:03.840 --> 12:06.230 align:start position:0%
statistical links between earthwork
probability<00:12:04.480><c> and</c><00:12:04.760><c> dozens</c><00:12:05.280><c> of</c><00:12:05.440><c> domesticated</c>

12:06.230 --> 12:06.240 align:start position:0%
probability and dozens of domesticated
 

12:06.240 --> 12:09.190 align:start position:0%
probability and dozens of domesticated
tree<00:12:06.480><c> species,</c><00:12:07.000><c> 53</c><00:12:07.840><c> to</c><00:12:07.960><c> be</c><00:12:08.120><c> precise.</c><00:12:09.080><c> Now,</c>

12:09.190 --> 12:09.200 align:start position:0%
tree species, 53 to be precise. Now,
 

12:09.200 --> 12:11.110 align:start position:0%
tree species, 53 to be precise. Now,
what<00:12:09.280><c> this</c><00:12:09.440><c> means</c><00:12:09.720><c> in</c><00:12:10.040><c> real</c><00:12:10.360><c> terms</c><00:12:10.760><c> is</c><00:12:10.880><c> that</c>

12:11.110 --> 12:11.120 align:start position:0%
what this means in real terms is that
 

12:11.120 --> 12:14.030 align:start position:0%
what this means in real terms is that
ancient<00:12:11.600><c> people</c><00:12:12.200><c> shaped</c><00:12:12.800><c> the</c><00:12:12.920><c> forest.</c><00:12:13.920><c> The</c>

12:14.030 --> 12:14.040 align:start position:0%
ancient people shaped the forest. The
 

12:14.040 --> 12:16.510 align:start position:0%
ancient people shaped the forest. The
species<00:12:14.480><c> that</c><00:12:14.680><c> increased</c><00:12:15.560><c> near</c><00:12:15.880><c> earthworks</c>

12:16.510 --> 12:16.520 align:start position:0%
species that increased near earthworks
 

12:16.520 --> 12:19.070 align:start position:0%
species that increased near earthworks
were<00:12:16.680><c> very</c><00:12:16.960><c> likely</c><00:12:17.400><c> planted,</c><00:12:18.320><c> protected,</c><00:12:18.840><c> and</c>

12:19.070 --> 12:19.080 align:start position:0%
were very likely planted, protected, and
 

12:19.080 --> 12:22.110 align:start position:0%
were very likely planted, protected, and
even<00:12:19.480><c> encouraged.</c><00:12:20.640><c> This</c><00:12:21.000><c> part</c><00:12:21.400><c> of</c><00:12:21.520><c> the</c><00:12:21.680><c> Amazon</c>

12:22.110 --> 12:22.120 align:start position:0%
even encouraged. This part of the Amazon
 

12:22.120 --> 12:26.870 align:start position:0%
even encouraged. This part of the Amazon
shows<00:12:22.480><c> huge</c><00:12:23.560><c> long-term</c><00:12:24.400><c> human</c><00:12:24.960><c> influence.</c>

12:26.870 --> 12:26.880 align:start position:0%
shows huge long-term human influence.
 

12:26.880 --> 12:29.270 align:start position:0%
shows huge long-term human influence.
If<00:12:27.240><c> if</c><00:12:27.680><c> these</c><00:12:27.880><c> predictions</c><00:12:28.560><c> hold</c><00:12:28.960><c> true,</c><00:12:29.160><c> it</c>

12:29.270 --> 12:29.280 align:start position:0%
If if these predictions hold true, it
 

12:29.280 --> 12:31.590 align:start position:0%
If if these predictions hold true, it
just<00:12:29.520><c> goes</c><00:12:29.760><c> to</c><00:12:29.880><c> show</c><00:12:30.080><c> that</c><00:12:30.320><c> hidden</c><00:12:31.320><c> doesn't</c>

12:31.590 --> 12:31.600 align:start position:0%
just goes to show that hidden doesn't
 

12:31.600 --> 12:34.430 align:start position:0%
just goes to show that hidden doesn't
necessarily<00:12:32.120><c> mean</c><00:12:32.560><c> mythical.</c><00:12:33.440><c> It</c><00:12:33.600><c> means</c><00:12:34.000><c> not</c>

12:34.430 --> 12:34.440 align:start position:0%
necessarily mean mythical. It means not
 

12:34.440 --> 12:36.630 align:start position:0%
necessarily mean mythical. It means not
yet<00:12:34.720><c> measured</c><00:12:35.200><c> at</c><00:12:35.400><c> the</c><00:12:35.520><c> right</c><00:12:35.800><c> resolution,</c><00:12:36.440><c> in</c>

12:36.630 --> 12:36.640 align:start position:0%
yet measured at the right resolution, in
 

12:36.640 --> 12:39.070 align:start position:0%
yet measured at the right resolution, in
the<00:12:36.720><c> right</c><00:12:36.920><c> dimension,</c><00:12:37.960><c> and</c><00:12:38.200><c> by</c><00:12:38.480><c> the</c><00:12:38.680><c> right</c>

12:39.070 --> 12:39.080 align:start position:0%
the right dimension, and by the right
 

12:39.080 --> 12:41.110 align:start position:0%
the right dimension, and by the right
methods.<00:12:39.808><c> [music]</c><00:12:40.160><c> And</c><00:12:40.400><c> speaking</c><00:12:40.839><c> of,</c><00:12:40.960><c> there</c>

12:41.110 --> 12:41.120 align:start position:0%
methods. [music] And speaking of, there
 

12:41.120 --> 12:44.430 align:start position:0%
methods. [music] And speaking of, there
is<00:12:41.360><c> still</c><00:12:41.839><c> one</c><00:12:42.200><c> place</c><00:12:42.600><c> that's</c><00:12:42.839><c> so</c><00:12:43.080><c> far</c><00:12:43.400><c> eluded</c>

12:44.430 --> 12:44.440 align:start position:0%
is still one place that's so far eluded
 

12:44.440 --> 12:46.790 align:start position:0%
is still one place that's so far eluded
all<00:12:44.680><c> of</c><00:12:44.800><c> these</c><00:12:45.120><c> scientists.</c>

12:46.790 --> 12:46.800 align:start position:0%
all of these scientists.
 

12:46.800 --> 12:48.230 align:start position:0%
all of these scientists.
Eldorado.

12:46.800 --> 12:52.590 align:start position:0%
you want your digital life a bit more
private<00:14:09.360><c> as</c><00:14:09.560><c> we</c><00:14:09.720><c> head</c><00:14:09.880><c> back</c><00:14:10.560><c> to</c><00:14:10.680><c> Eldorado.</c>

12:48.388 --> 12:48.398 align:start position:0%
 
 

12:48.398 --> 12:49.788 align:start position:0%
 
Yeah,<00:14:14.200><c> we</c><00:14:14.320><c> touched</c><00:14:14.600><c> on</c><00:14:14.680><c> this</c><00:14:14.800><c> place</c><00:14:15.120><c> right</c><00:14:15.440><c> at</c>

12:49.788 --> 12:49.798 align:start position:0%
Yeah, we touched on this place right at
 

12:49.798 --> 12:51.228 align:start position:0%
Yeah, we touched on this place right at
the<00:14:15.600><c> start</c><00:14:15.880><c> of</c><00:14:15.920><c> the</c><00:14:16.000><c> video,</c><00:14:16.320><c> and</c><00:14:16.440><c> it</c><00:14:16.560><c> turns</c><00:14:16.840><c> out</c>

12:51.228 --> 12:51.238 align:start position:0%
the start of the video, and it turns out
 

12:51.238 --> 12:54.268 align:start position:0%
the start of the video, and it turns out
the<00:14:17.120><c> reason</c><00:14:17.640><c> we</c><00:14:17.840><c> cannot</c><00:14:18.360><c> see</c><00:14:18.640><c> it</c><00:14:19.600><c> is</c><00:14:19.680><c> because</c>

12:54.268 --> 12:54.278 align:start position:0%
the reason we cannot see it is because
 

12:54.278 --> 12:56.428 align:start position:0%
the reason we cannot see it is because
it<00:14:20.320><c> never</c><00:14:20.680><c> existed.</c>

12:56.428 --> 12:56.438 align:start position:0%
it never existed.
 

12:56.438 --> 12:57.948 align:start position:0%
it never existed.
Yeah,<00:14:22.440><c> sadly</c><00:14:22.800><c> for</c><00:14:22.920><c> all</c><00:14:23.040><c> of</c><00:14:23.120><c> those</c><00:14:23.360><c> would-be</c>

12:57.948 --> 12:57.958 align:start position:0%
Yeah, sadly for all of those would-be
 

12:57.958 --> 13:00.268 align:start position:0%
Yeah, sadly for all of those would-be
treasure<00:14:24.000><c> hunters,</c><00:14:24.320><c> the</c><00:14:24.680><c> gold</c><00:14:25.280><c> one</c><00:14:25.640><c> was</c>

13:00.268 --> 13:00.278 align:start position:0%
treasure hunters, the gold one was
 

13:00.278 --> 13:02.548 align:start position:0%
treasure hunters, the gold one was
actually<00:14:26.440><c> not</c><00:14:26.760><c> a</c><00:14:26.840><c> place</c>

13:02.548 --> 13:02.558 align:start position:0%
actually not a place
 

13:02.558 --> 13:03.828 align:start position:0%
actually not a place
but<00:14:28.360><c> a</c><00:14:28.400><c> person.</c>

13:03.828 --> 13:03.838 align:start position:0%
but a person.
 

13:03.838 --> 13:05.828 align:start position:0%
but a person.
The<00:14:29.640><c> name</c><00:14:29.920><c> comes</c><00:14:30.200><c> from</c><00:14:30.320><c> the</c><00:14:30.440><c> Muisca</c><00:14:31.080><c> people</c>

13:05.828 --> 13:05.838 align:start position:0%
The name comes from the Muisca people
 

13:05.838 --> 13:07.548 align:start position:0%
The name comes from the Muisca people
who<00:14:31.720><c> lived</c><00:14:31.960><c> high</c><00:14:32.320><c> in</c><00:14:32.440><c> the</c><00:14:32.600><c> Andes</c><00:14:33.120><c> of</c>

13:07.548 --> 13:07.558 align:start position:0%
who lived high in the Andes of
 

13:07.558 --> 13:10.107 align:start position:0%
who lived high in the Andes of
modern-day<00:14:33.800><c> Colombia</c><00:14:34.280><c> from</c><00:14:34.560><c> AD</c><00:14:34.920><c> 500</c><00:14:35.560><c> and</c>

13:10.107 --> 13:10.117 align:start position:0%
modern-day Colombia from AD 500 and
 

13:10.117 --> 13:12.308 align:start position:0%
modern-day Colombia from AD 500 and
still<00:14:36.160><c> do</c><00:14:36.320><c> to</c><00:14:36.440><c> this</c><00:14:36.640><c> day,</c><00:14:36.839><c> actually.</c><00:14:37.880><c> To</c><00:14:37.920><c> the</c>

13:12.308 --> 13:12.318 align:start position:0%
still do to this day, actually. To the
 

13:12.318 --> 13:14.708 align:start position:0%
still do to this day, actually. To the
Muisca,<00:14:38.640><c> gold</c><00:14:39.080><c> wasn't</c><00:14:39.320><c> a</c><00:14:39.400><c> symbol</c><00:14:39.760><c> of</c><00:14:39.960><c> wealth</c>

13:14.708 --> 13:14.718 align:start position:0%
Muisca, gold wasn't a symbol of wealth
 

13:14.718 --> 13:17.468 align:start position:0%
Muisca, gold wasn't a symbol of wealth
or<00:14:40.640><c> private</c><00:14:41.240><c> treasure.</c><00:14:42.240><c> It</c><00:14:42.360><c> had</c><00:14:42.520><c> a</c><00:14:42.600><c> deeper</c>

13:17.468 --> 13:17.478 align:start position:0%
or private treasure. It had a deeper
 

13:17.478 --> 13:20.028 align:start position:0%
or private treasure. It had a deeper
meaning.<00:14:43.520><c> It</c><00:14:43.600><c> was</c><00:14:43.800><c> It</c><00:14:43.920><c> was</c><00:14:44.160><c> sacred.</c>

13:20.028 --> 13:20.038 align:start position:0%
meaning. It was It was sacred.
 

13:20.038 --> 13:22.508 align:start position:0%
meaning. It was It was sacred.
During<00:14:46.160><c> rite</c><00:14:46.440><c> of</c><00:14:46.560><c> passage</c><00:14:47.080><c> ceremonies,</c><00:14:47.839><c> a</c><00:14:47.920><c> new</c>

13:22.508 --> 13:22.518 align:start position:0%
During rite of passage ceremonies, a new
 

13:22.518 --> 13:24.988 align:start position:0%
During rite of passage ceremonies, a new
ruler,<00:14:48.720><c> known</c><00:14:48.920><c> by</c><00:14:49.040><c> the</c><00:14:49.160><c> Spanish</c><00:14:49.560><c> as</c><00:14:49.880><c> Eldorado</c>

13:24.988 --> 13:24.998 align:start position:0%
ruler, known by the Spanish as Eldorado
 

13:24.998 --> 13:27.468 align:start position:0%
ruler, known by the Spanish as Eldorado
or<00:14:51.000><c> the</c><00:14:51.200><c> golden</c><00:14:51.800><c> one,</c><00:14:52.440><c> would</c><00:14:52.600><c> undergo</c><00:14:53.120><c> a</c>

13:27.468 --> 13:27.478 align:start position:0%
or the golden one, would undergo a
 

13:27.478 --> 13:30.107 align:start position:0%
or the golden one, would undergo a
dramatic<00:14:54.080><c> ritual.</c><00:14:55.080><c> His</c><00:14:55.280><c> body</c><00:14:55.600><c> would</c><00:14:55.720><c> be</c>

13:30.107 --> 13:30.117 align:start position:0%
dramatic ritual. His body would be
 

13:30.117 --> 13:33.028 align:start position:0%
dramatic ritual. His body would be
covered<00:14:56.560><c> to</c><00:14:56.720><c> toe</c><00:14:57.040><c> in</c><00:14:57.320><c> gold</c><00:14:57.839><c> dust,</c><00:14:58.560><c> and</c><00:14:58.680><c> he</c>

13:33.028 --> 13:33.038 align:start position:0%
covered to toe in gold dust, and he
 

13:33.038 --> 13:35.428 align:start position:0%
covered to toe in gold dust, and he
would<00:14:58.960><c> set</c><00:14:59.320><c> out</c><00:14:59.560><c> on</c><00:14:59.680><c> a</c><00:14:59.800><c> raft</c><00:15:00.400><c> into</c><00:15:00.560><c> the</c><00:15:00.680><c> center</c>

13:35.428 --> 13:35.438 align:start position:0%
would set out on a raft into the center
 

13:35.438 --> 13:38.148 align:start position:0%
would set out on a raft into the center
of<00:15:01.280><c> a</c><00:15:01.400><c> sacred</c><00:15:02.080><c> lake,</c><00:15:02.800><c> most</c><00:15:03.080><c> famously</c><00:15:03.600><c> Lake</c>

13:38.148 --> 13:38.158 align:start position:0%
of a sacred lake, most famously Lake
 

13:38.158 --> 13:41.107 align:start position:0%
of a sacred lake, most famously Lake
Guatavita,<00:15:04.760><c> 75</c><00:15:05.320><c> km</c><00:15:05.760><c> northeast</c><00:15:06.400><c> of</c><00:15:06.520><c> what</c><00:15:06.680><c> is</c>

13:41.107 --> 13:41.117 align:start position:0%
Guatavita, 75 km northeast of what is
 

13:41.117 --> 13:43.828 align:start position:0%
Guatavita, 75 km northeast of what is
now<00:15:07.040><c> the</c><00:15:07.160><c> capital,</c><00:15:08.000><c> Bogotá.</c>

13:43.828 --> 13:43.838 align:start position:0%
now the capital, Bogotá.
 

13:43.838 --> 13:45.268 align:start position:0%
now the capital, Bogotá.
Once<00:15:09.800><c> in</c><00:15:09.920><c> the</c><00:15:10.000><c> center,</c><00:15:10.440><c> priests</c><00:15:10.880><c> and</c>

13:45.268 --> 13:45.278 align:start position:0%
Once in the center, priests and
 

13:45.278 --> 13:47.428 align:start position:0%
Once in the center, priests and
attendants<00:15:11.480><c> would</c><00:15:11.640><c> cast</c><00:15:12.080><c> gold</c><00:15:12.560><c> and</c><00:15:12.760><c> precious</c>

13:47.428 --> 13:47.438 align:start position:0%
attendants would cast gold and precious
 

13:47.438 --> 13:50.268 align:start position:0%
attendants would cast gold and precious
other<00:15:13.360><c> things</c><00:15:13.760><c> into</c><00:15:14.160><c> the</c><00:15:14.240><c> lake</c><00:15:14.560><c> as</c><00:15:14.920><c> offerings.</c>

13:50.268 --> 13:50.278 align:start position:0%
other things into the lake as offerings.
 

13:50.278 --> 13:51.908 align:start position:0%
other things into the lake as offerings.
Then,<00:15:16.320><c> covered</c><00:15:16.600><c> in</c><00:15:16.720><c> gold,</c><00:15:17.040><c> the</c><00:15:17.120><c> ruler</c><00:15:17.400><c> might</c>

13:51.908 --> 13:51.918 align:start position:0%
Then, covered in gold, the ruler might
 

13:51.918 --> 13:53.508 align:start position:0%
Then, covered in gold, the ruler might
submerge<00:15:18.040><c> himself</c><00:15:18.360><c> into</c><00:15:18.600><c> the</c><00:15:18.720><c> water</c><00:15:19.080><c> and</c>

13:53.508 --> 13:53.518 align:start position:0%
submerge himself into the water and
 

13:53.518 --> 13:55.668 align:start position:0%
submerge himself into the water and
return<00:15:19.600><c> to</c><00:15:19.800><c> shore</c><00:15:20.480><c> with</c><00:15:20.640><c> the</c><00:15:20.720><c> remaining</c><00:15:21.080><c> dust</c>

13:55.668 --> 13:55.678 align:start position:0%
return to shore with the remaining dust
 

13:55.678 --> 13:57.948 align:start position:0%
return to shore with the remaining dust
washed<00:15:21.680><c> off</c><00:15:21.880><c> his</c><00:15:22.080><c> skin</c><00:15:22.560><c> and</c><00:15:23.000><c> remaining</c><00:15:23.400><c> in</c><00:15:23.560><c> the</c>

13:57.948 --> 13:57.958 align:start position:0%
washed off his skin and remaining in the
 

13:57.958 --> 13:59.228 align:start position:0%
washed off his skin and remaining in the
water.

13:59.228 --> 13:59.238 align:start position:0%
water.
 

13:59.238 --> 14:01.028 align:start position:0%
water.
When<00:15:25.200><c> Spanish</c><00:15:25.600><c> chroniclers</c><00:15:26.240><c> like</c><00:15:26.480><c> Juan</c>

14:01.028 --> 14:01.038 align:start position:0%
When Spanish chroniclers like Juan
 

14:01.038 --> 14:03.508 align:start position:0%
When Spanish chroniclers like Juan
Rodriguez<00:15:27.440><c> Freyle</c><00:15:27.960><c> in</c><00:15:28.080><c> the</c><00:15:28.240><c> 16th</c><00:15:28.840><c> century</c>

14:03.508 --> 14:03.518 align:start position:0%
Rodriguez Freyle in the 16th century
 

14:03.518 --> 14:06.628 align:start position:0%
Rodriguez Freyle in the 16th century
shared<00:15:29.960><c> these</c><00:15:30.200><c> second-hand</c><00:15:30.960><c> stories,</c><00:15:32.000><c> over</c>

14:06.628 --> 14:06.638 align:start position:0%
shared these second-hand stories, over
 

14:06.638 --> 14:08.988 align:start position:0%
shared these second-hand stories, over
many<00:15:32.640><c> centuries</c><00:15:33.360><c> stories</c><00:15:33.800><c> of</c><00:15:33.880><c> immense</c><00:15:34.360><c> gold</c>

14:08.988 --> 14:08.998 align:start position:0%
many centuries stories of immense gold
 

14:08.998 --> 14:11.988 align:start position:0%
many centuries stories of immense gold
offerings<00:15:35.280><c> and</c><00:15:35.520><c> dazzling</c><00:15:36.080><c> ceremonies</c><00:15:37.280><c> became</c>

14:11.988 --> 14:11.998 align:start position:0%
offerings and dazzling ceremonies became
 

14:11.998 --> 14:14.468 align:start position:0%
offerings and dazzling ceremonies became
more<00:15:38.000><c> than</c><00:15:38.200><c> just</c><00:15:38.720><c> decorated</c><00:15:39.360><c> leaders.</c><00:15:40.040><c> They</c>

14:14.468 --> 14:14.478 align:start position:0%
more than just decorated leaders. They
 

14:14.478 --> 14:16.588 align:start position:0%
more than just decorated leaders. They
turned<00:15:40.520><c> into</c><00:15:40.760><c> a</c><00:15:40.880><c> whole</c><00:15:41.320><c> city</c><00:15:42.000><c> full</c><00:15:42.240><c> of</c>

14:16.588 --> 14:16.598 align:start position:0%
turned into a whole city full of
 

14:16.598 --> 14:18.988 align:start position:0%
turned into a whole city full of
treasure<00:15:42.720><c> that</c><00:15:42.960><c> Europeans</c><00:15:44.080><c> just</c><00:15:44.240><c> sort</c><00:15:44.400><c> of</c>

14:18.988 --> 14:18.998 align:start position:0%
treasure that Europeans just sort of
 

14:18.998 --> 14:20.468 align:start position:0%
treasure that Europeans just sort of
reimagined.

14:20.468 --> 14:20.478 align:start position:0%
reimagined.
 

14:20.478 --> 14:22.868 align:start position:0%
reimagined.
Soon<00:15:46.560><c> the</c><00:15:46.680><c> idea</c><00:15:46.920><c> had</c><00:15:47.040><c> taken</c><00:15:47.320><c> on</c><00:15:47.440><c> a</c><00:15:47.520><c> life</c><00:15:48.040><c> of</c><00:15:48.240><c> its</c>

14:22.868 --> 14:22.878 align:start position:0%
Soon the idea had taken on a life of its
 

14:22.878 --> 14:25.268 align:start position:0%
Soon the idea had taken on a life of its
own.<00:15:49.240><c> And</c><00:15:49.400><c> just</c><00:15:49.640><c> as</c><00:15:49.760><c> cartographers</c><00:15:50.520><c> redrew</c>

14:25.268 --> 14:25.278 align:start position:0%
own. And just as cartographers redrew
 

14:25.278 --> 14:26.948 align:start position:0%
own. And just as cartographers redrew
maps<00:15:51.320><c> to</c><00:15:51.400><c> include</c><00:15:51.800><c> lost</c><00:15:52.040><c> cities</c><00:15:52.400><c> like</c>

14:26.948 --> 14:26.958 align:start position:0%
maps to include lost cities like
 

14:26.958 --> 14:30.028 align:start position:0%
maps to include lost cities like
Atlantis,<00:15:53.960><c> the</c><00:15:54.080><c> name</c><00:15:54.400><c> El</c><00:15:54.560><c> Dorado</c><00:15:55.280><c> also</c>

14:30.028 --> 14:30.038 align:start position:0%
Atlantis, the name El Dorado also
 

14:30.038 --> 14:32.068 align:start position:0%
Atlantis, the name El Dorado also
started<00:15:56.240><c> to</c><00:15:56.360><c> appear.</c>

14:32.068 --> 14:32.078 align:start position:0%
started to appear.
 

14:32.078 --> 14:33.948 align:start position:0%
started to appear.
Fortunately,<00:15:58.320><c> though,</c><00:15:58.680><c> science</c><00:15:59.200><c> eventually</c>

14:33.948 --> 14:33.958 align:start position:0%
Fortunately, though, science eventually
 

14:33.958 --> 14:36.668 align:start position:0%
Fortunately, though, science eventually
intervened.<00:16:00.400><c> And</c><00:16:00.560><c> remarkably,</c><00:16:01.320><c> a</c><00:16:01.520><c> gold</c><00:16:02.080><c> raft</c>

14:36.668 --> 14:36.678 align:start position:0%
intervened. And remarkably, a gold raft
 

14:36.678 --> 14:38.388 align:start position:0%
intervened. And remarkably, a gold raft
depicting<00:16:02.880><c> the</c><00:16:02.960><c> exact</c><00:16:03.440><c> scene</c><00:16:03.680><c> we've</c><00:16:03.880><c> just</c>

14:38.388 --> 14:38.398 align:start position:0%
depicting the exact scene we've just
 

14:38.398 --> 14:42.268 align:start position:0%
depicting the exact scene we've just
described<00:16:05.160><c> was</c><00:16:05.520><c> found</c><00:16:05.880><c> in</c><00:16:06.080><c> 1969</c><00:16:07.240><c> by</c><00:16:07.440><c> three</c>

14:42.268 --> 14:42.278 align:start position:0%
described was found in 1969 by three
 

14:42.278 --> 14:44.748 align:start position:0%
described was found in 1969 by three
villagers.<00:16:09.000><c> It</c><00:16:09.120><c> was</c><00:16:09.240><c> hidden</c><00:16:09.520><c> away</c><00:16:09.800><c> in</c><00:16:09.920><c> a</c><00:16:10.040><c> small</c>

14:44.748 --> 14:44.758 align:start position:0%
villagers. It was hidden away in a small
 

14:44.758 --> 14:46.828 align:start position:0%
villagers. It was hidden away in a small
cave<00:16:10.880><c> in</c><00:16:11.040><c> the</c><00:16:11.160><c> hills,</c><00:16:11.800><c> showing</c><00:16:12.120><c> the</c><00:16:12.240><c> man</c>

14:46.828 --> 14:46.838 align:start position:0%
cave in the hills, showing the man
 

14:46.838 --> 14:48.948 align:start position:0%
cave in the hills, showing the man
covered<00:16:12.840><c> in</c><00:16:12.920><c> gold</c><00:16:13.240><c> going</c><00:16:13.560><c> out</c><00:16:13.800><c> into</c><00:16:14.040><c> a</c><00:16:14.120><c> sacred</c>

14:48.948 --> 14:48.958 align:start position:0%
covered in gold going out into a sacred
 

14:48.958 --> 14:52.948 align:start position:0%
covered in gold going out into a sacred
lake.<00:16:15.000><c> The</c><00:16:15.200><c> real</c><00:16:15.680><c> story</c><00:16:16.600><c> of</c><00:16:16.880><c> El</c><00:16:17.120><c> Dorado.</c>

14:52.948 --> 14:52.958 align:start position:0%
lake. The real story of El Dorado.
 

14:52.958 --> 14:55.028 align:start position:0%
lake. The real story of El Dorado.
So,<00:16:19.040><c> yeah,</c><00:16:19.280><c> in</c><00:16:19.400><c> the</c><00:16:19.520><c> end</c><00:16:19.720><c> scientists</c><00:16:20.400><c> weren't</c>

14:55.028 --> 14:55.038 align:start position:0%
So, yeah, in the end scientists weren't
 

14:55.038 --> 14:57.708 align:start position:0%
So, yeah, in the end scientists weren't
able<00:16:21.040><c> to</c><00:16:21.160><c> uncover</c><00:16:21.560><c> a</c><00:16:21.680><c> city</c><00:16:22.120><c> of</c><00:16:22.400><c> gold,</c><00:16:23.120><c> but</c><00:16:23.320><c> they</c>

14:57.708 --> 14:57.718 align:start position:0%
able to uncover a city of gold, but they
 

14:57.718 --> 15:00.348 align:start position:0%
able to uncover a city of gold, but they
did<00:16:23.760><c> find</c><00:16:24.040><c> something</c><00:16:24.560><c> arguably</c><00:16:25.520><c> way</c><00:16:25.839><c> more</c>

15:00.348 --> 15:00.358 align:start position:0%
did find something arguably way more
 

15:00.358 --> 15:03.268 align:start position:0%
did find something arguably way more
valuable.

15:03.268 --> 15:03.278 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:03.278 --> 15:06.388 align:start position:0%
 
Now<00:16:29.280><c> we</c><00:16:29.520><c> go</c><00:16:29.800><c> deeper,</c><00:16:30.880><c> literally.</c><00:16:31.760><c> Because</c><00:16:32.000><c> one</c>

15:06.388 --> 15:06.398 align:start position:0%
Now we go deeper, literally. Because one
 

15:06.398 --> 15:08.428 align:start position:0%
Now we go deeper, literally. Because one
of<00:16:32.200><c> the</c><00:16:32.320><c> Amazon's</c><00:16:32.680><c> strangest</c><00:16:33.320><c> secrets</c><00:16:33.839><c> isn't</c>

15:08.428 --> 15:08.438 align:start position:0%
of the Amazon's strangest secrets isn't
 

15:08.438 --> 15:12.428 align:start position:0%
of the Amazon's strangest secrets isn't
in<00:16:34.280><c> a</c><00:16:34.440><c> wall</c><00:16:35.000><c> or</c><00:16:35.280><c> a</c><00:16:35.440><c> road,</c><00:16:36.040><c> but</c><00:16:36.200><c> instead</c><00:16:37.560><c> is</c><00:16:37.760><c> its</c>

15:12.428 --> 15:12.438 align:start position:0%
in a wall or a road, but instead is its
 

15:12.438 --> 15:13.948 align:start position:0%
in a wall or a road, but instead is its
soil.

15:13.948 --> 15:13.958 align:start position:0%
soil.
 

15:13.958 --> 15:14.988 align:start position:0%
soil.
Bear<00:16:39.800><c> with</c><00:16:39.960><c> me</c><00:16:40.040><c> here.</c><00:16:40.240><c> I</c><00:16:40.280><c> know</c><00:16:40.400><c> that</c><00:16:40.480><c> doesn't</c>

15:14.988 --> 15:14.998 align:start position:0%
Bear with me here. I know that doesn't
 

15:14.998 --> 15:17.028 align:start position:0%
Bear with me here. I know that doesn't
sound<00:16:41.080><c> as</c><00:16:41.200><c> exciting,</c><00:16:41.600><c> but</c><00:16:41.720><c> trust</c><00:16:42.120><c> me,</c><00:16:42.280><c> it</c><00:16:42.560><c> is.</c>

15:17.028 --> 15:17.038 align:start position:0%
sound as exciting, but trust me, it is.
 

15:17.038 --> 15:18.988 align:start position:0%
sound as exciting, but trust me, it is.
Because<00:16:43.160><c> if</c><00:16:43.680><c> humans</c><00:16:44.080><c> lived</c><00:16:44.280><c> in</c><00:16:44.400><c> all</c><00:16:44.520><c> those</c>

15:18.988 --> 15:18.998 align:start position:0%
Because if humans lived in all those
 

15:18.998 --> 15:20.348 align:start position:0%
Because if humans lived in all those
amazing<00:16:45.040><c> sites</c><00:16:45.280><c> we've</c><00:16:45.400><c> showcased</c><00:16:45.800><c> in</c><00:16:45.920><c> this</c>

15:20.348 --> 15:20.358 align:start position:0%
amazing sites we've showcased in this
 

15:20.358 --> 15:22.828 align:start position:0%
amazing sites we've showcased in this
video,<00:16:46.280><c> which</c><00:16:46.520><c> does</c><00:16:46.760><c> seem</c><00:16:47.000><c> very</c><00:16:47.200><c> likely,</c><00:16:48.240><c> how</c>

15:22.828 --> 15:22.838 align:start position:0%
video, which does seem very likely, how
 

15:22.838 --> 15:24.748 align:start position:0%
video, which does seem very likely, how
did<00:16:48.800><c> they</c><00:16:48.960><c> exist</c><00:16:49.800><c> in</c><00:16:49.960><c> spite</c><00:16:50.320><c> of</c><00:16:50.400><c> the</c>

15:24.748 --> 15:24.758 align:start position:0%
did they exist in spite of the
 

15:24.758 --> 15:26.788 align:start position:0%
did they exist in spite of the
rainforest's<00:16:51.120><c> naturally</c><00:16:51.680><c> poor</c><00:16:52.320><c> and</c>

15:26.788 --> 15:26.798 align:start position:0%
rainforest's naturally poor and
 

15:26.798 --> 15:28.788 align:start position:0%
rainforest's naturally poor and
nutrient-depleted<00:16:53.440><c> soil?</c><00:16:54.200><c> How</c><00:16:54.320><c> did</c><00:16:54.400><c> they</c>

15:28.788 --> 15:28.798 align:start position:0%
nutrient-depleted soil? How did they
 

15:28.798 --> 15:31.268 align:start position:0%
nutrient-depleted soil? How did they
grow<00:16:54.680><c> stuff?</c><00:16:55.000><c> It's</c><00:16:55.400><c> impossible,</c><00:16:55.880><c> right?</c>

15:31.268 --> 15:31.278 align:start position:0%
grow stuff? It's impossible, right?
 

15:31.278 --> 15:32.948 align:start position:0%
grow stuff? It's impossible, right?
Remember<00:16:57.440><c> at</c><00:16:57.480><c> the</c><00:16:57.600><c> start</c><00:16:58.000><c> of</c><00:16:58.080><c> the</c><00:16:58.160><c> video</c><00:16:58.480><c> when</c>

15:32.948 --> 15:32.958 align:start position:0%
Remember at the start of the video when
 

15:32.958 --> 15:34.948 align:start position:0%
Remember at the start of the video when
we<00:16:58.880><c> said</c><00:16:59.200><c> all</c><00:16:59.400><c> of</c><00:16:59.480><c> those</c><00:16:59.720><c> expeditions,</c><00:17:00.440><c> right</c>

15:34.948 --> 15:34.958 align:start position:0%
we said all of those expeditions, right
 

15:34.958 --> 15:37.788 align:start position:0%
we said all of those expeditions, right
from<00:17:00.880><c> the</c><00:17:01.000><c> 1500s</c><00:17:01.880><c> to</c><00:17:02.040><c> poor</c><00:17:02.360><c> old</c><00:17:02.560><c> Percy</c><00:17:03.000><c> Fawcett</c>

15:37.788 --> 15:37.798 align:start position:0%
from the 1500s to poor old Percy Fawcett
 

15:37.798 --> 15:40.948 align:start position:0%
from the 1500s to poor old Percy Fawcett
in<00:17:03.680><c> 1925,</c><00:17:04.880><c> all</c><00:17:04.959><c> of</c><00:17:05.040><c> those</c><00:17:05.800><c> had</c><00:17:06.040><c> scientists</c>

15:40.948 --> 15:40.958 align:start position:0%
in 1925, all of those had scientists
 

15:40.958 --> 15:42.628 align:start position:0%
in 1925, all of those had scientists
saying<00:17:06.959><c> part</c><00:17:07.400><c> of</c><00:17:07.480><c> the</c><00:17:07.600><c> reason</c><00:17:07.920><c> the</c><00:17:08.000><c> cities</c>

15:42.628 --> 15:42.638 align:start position:0%
saying part of the reason the cities
 

15:42.638 --> 15:44.908 align:start position:0%
saying part of the reason the cities
couldn't<00:17:08.640><c> be</c><00:17:08.800><c> found</c><00:17:09.560><c> was</c><00:17:09.720><c> because</c><00:17:10.079><c> the</c><00:17:10.199><c> soil</c>

15:44.908 --> 15:44.918 align:start position:0%
couldn't be found was because the soil
 

15:44.918 --> 15:47.347 align:start position:0%
couldn't be found was because the soil
was<00:17:10.880><c> too</c><00:17:11.199><c> infertile</c><00:17:11.920><c> to</c><00:17:12.040><c> support</c><00:17:12.520><c> human</c><00:17:12.880><c> life.</c>

15:47.347 --> 15:47.357 align:start position:0%
was too infertile to support human life.
 

15:47.357 --> 15:49.628 align:start position:0%
was too infertile to support human life.
Remember<00:17:13.319><c> that?</c><00:17:14.160><c> Well,</c><00:17:14.720><c> modern-day</c><00:17:14.911><c> [music]</c>

15:49.628 --> 15:49.638 align:start position:0%
Remember that? Well, modern-day [music]
 

15:49.638 --> 15:51.828 align:start position:0%
Remember that? Well, modern-day [music]
science<00:17:15.839><c> has</c><00:17:16.120><c> since</c><00:17:16.480><c> shown</c><00:17:16.959><c> that</c><00:17:17.319><c> to</c><00:17:17.439><c> be</c>

15:51.828 --> 15:51.838 align:start position:0%
science has since shown that to be
 

15:51.838 --> 15:54.188 align:start position:0%
science has since shown that to be
wrong,<00:17:18.079><c> too,</c><00:17:18.360><c> actually,</c><00:17:19.079><c> but</c><00:17:19.199><c> in</c><00:17:19.280><c> the</c><00:17:19.360><c> most</c>

15:54.188 --> 15:54.198 align:start position:0%
wrong, too, actually, but in the most
 

15:54.198 --> 15:57.868 align:start position:0%
wrong, too, actually, but in the most
shockingly<00:17:20.920><c> brilliant</c><00:17:21.439><c> way.</c>

15:57.868 --> 15:57.878 align:start position:0%
shockingly brilliant way.
 

15:57.878 --> 16:00.668 align:start position:0%
shockingly brilliant way.
New<00:17:23.800><c> research</c><00:17:24.280><c> shows</c><00:17:24.600><c> something</c><00:17:25.160><c> surprising.</c>

16:00.668 --> 16:00.678 align:start position:0%
New research shows something surprising.
 

16:00.678 --> 16:03.708 align:start position:0%
New research shows something surprising.
Ancient<00:17:26.959><c> Amazonians</c><00:17:27.720><c> intentionally</c><00:17:28.720><c> created</c>

16:03.708 --> 16:03.718 align:start position:0%
Ancient Amazonians intentionally created
 

16:03.718 --> 16:06.788 align:start position:0%
Ancient Amazonians intentionally created
patches<00:17:29.800><c> of</c><00:17:30.000><c> rich,</c><00:17:30.560><c> dark</c><00:17:31.080><c> soil,</c><00:17:31.840><c> known</c><00:17:32.200><c> as</c>

16:06.788 --> 16:06.798 align:start position:0%
patches of rich, dark soil, known as
 

16:06.798 --> 16:09.908 align:start position:0%
patches of rich, dark soil, known as
terra<00:17:32.920><c> preta</c><00:17:33.400><c> or</c><00:17:33.640><c> Amazonian</c><00:17:34.440><c> dark</c><00:17:34.920><c> earth,</c><00:17:35.440><c> to</c>

16:09.908 --> 16:09.918 align:start position:0%
terra preta or Amazonian dark earth, to
 

16:09.918 --> 16:12.628 align:start position:0%
terra preta or Amazonian dark earth, to
make<00:17:36.160><c> farming</c><00:17:36.760><c> possible.</c><00:17:37.320><c> And</c><00:17:37.720><c> this</c><00:17:37.960><c> was</c><00:17:38.160><c> no</c>

16:12.628 --> 16:12.638 align:start position:0%
make farming possible. And this was no
 

16:12.638 --> 16:14.868 align:start position:0%
make farming possible. And this was no
accident.<00:17:38.880><c> In</c><00:17:39.040><c> fact,</c><00:17:39.880><c> they're</c><00:17:40.080><c> still</c><00:17:40.320><c> doing</c>

16:14.868 --> 16:14.878 align:start position:0%
accident. In fact, they're still doing
 

16:14.878 --> 16:16.508 align:start position:0%
accident. In fact, they're still doing
it<00:17:40.880><c> today.</c>

16:16.508 --> 16:16.518 align:start position:0%
it today.
 

16:16.518 --> 16:18.468 align:start position:0%
it today.
Modern<00:17:42.600><c> indigenous</c><00:17:43.080><c> communities</c><00:17:43.720><c> like</c><00:17:44.040><c> the</c>

16:18.468 --> 16:18.478 align:start position:0%
Modern indigenous communities like the
 

16:18.478 --> 16:22.468 align:start position:0%
Modern indigenous communities like the
Kuikuro<00:17:45.320><c> still</c><00:17:45.840><c> make</c><00:17:46.200><c> dark,</c><00:17:46.680><c> fertile</c><00:17:47.400><c> soil</c><00:17:47.960><c> by</c>

16:22.468 --> 16:22.478 align:start position:0%
Kuikuro still make dark, fertile soil by
 

16:22.478 --> 16:24.388 align:start position:0%
Kuikuro still make dark, fertile soil by
firstly<00:17:48.720><c> piling</c><00:17:49.160><c> up</c><00:17:49.320><c> food</c><00:17:49.640><c> scraps</c><00:17:50.000><c> and</c>

16:24.388 --> 16:24.398 align:start position:0%
firstly piling up food scraps and
 

16:24.398 --> 16:26.188 align:start position:0%
firstly piling up food scraps and
organic<00:17:50.600><c> waste,</c><00:17:51.200><c> then</c><00:17:51.440><c> spreading</c><00:17:51.592><c> [music]</c>

16:26.188 --> 16:26.198 align:start position:0%
organic waste, then spreading [music]
 

16:26.198 --> 16:29.268 align:start position:0%
organic waste, then spreading [music]
charcoal<00:17:52.560><c> and</c><00:17:52.800><c> ash</c><00:17:53.160><c> around</c><00:17:53.640><c> fields</c><00:17:54.560><c> before</c>

16:29.268 --> 16:29.278 align:start position:0%
charcoal and ash around fields before
 

16:29.278 --> 16:33.268 align:start position:0%
charcoal and ash around fields before
finally<00:17:55.520><c> creating</c><00:17:56.120><c> these</c><00:17:56.360><c> compost</c><00:17:57.040><c> middens.</c>

16:33.268 --> 16:33.278 align:start position:0%
finally creating these compost middens.
 

16:33.278 --> 16:35.068 align:start position:0%
finally creating these compost middens.
Over<00:17:59.240><c> time,</c><00:17:59.600><c> these</c><00:17:59.840><c> practices</c><00:18:00.400><c> produce</c>

16:35.068 --> 16:35.078 align:start position:0%
Over time, these practices produce
 

16:35.078 --> 16:37.668 align:start position:0%
Over time, these practices produce
carbon-rich<00:18:01.880><c> soil</c><00:18:02.280><c> that</c><00:18:02.520><c> thrives</c><00:18:03.200><c> with</c>

16:37.668 --> 16:37.678 align:start position:0%
carbon-rich soil that thrives with
 

16:37.678 --> 16:39.588 align:start position:0%
carbon-rich soil that thrives with
nutrients,<00:18:04.037><c> [music]</c><00:18:04.400><c> even</c><00:18:04.720><c> in</c><00:18:04.840><c> a</c><00:18:04.920><c> region</c>

16:39.588 --> 16:39.598 align:start position:0%
nutrients, [music] even in a region
 

16:39.598 --> 16:41.468 align:start position:0%
nutrients, [music] even in a region
where<00:18:05.520><c> untouched</c><00:18:06.080><c> soils</c><00:18:06.480><c> are</c><00:18:06.680><c> typically</c>

16:41.468 --> 16:41.478 align:start position:0%
where untouched soils are typically
 

16:41.478 --> 16:43.348 align:start position:0%
where untouched soils are typically
infertile.<00:18:08.280><c> Try</c><00:18:08.440><c> and</c><00:18:08.520><c> get</c><00:18:08.640><c> your</c><00:18:08.720><c> head</c><00:18:08.840><c> around</c>

16:43.348 --> 16:43.358 align:start position:0%
infertile. Try and get your head around
 

16:43.358 --> 16:44.788 align:start position:0%
infertile. Try and get your head around
this.<00:18:09.280><c> Ancient</c><00:18:09.600><c> Amazonians</c><00:18:10.160><c> weren't</c><00:18:10.360><c> just</c>

16:44.788 --> 16:44.798 align:start position:0%
this. Ancient Amazonians weren't just
 

16:44.798 --> 16:46.788 align:start position:0%
this. Ancient Amazonians weren't just
passive<00:18:11.000><c> forest</c><00:18:11.400><c> dwellers.</c><00:18:11.800><c> They</c><00:18:11.920><c> actively</c>

16:46.788 --> 16:46.798 align:start position:0%
passive forest dwellers. They actively
 

16:46.798 --> 16:49.708 align:start position:0%
passive forest dwellers. They actively
managed<00:18:13.200><c> landscapes.</c><00:18:14.120><c> They</c><00:18:14.280><c> created</c><00:18:14.920><c> fertile</c>

16:49.708 --> 16:49.718 align:start position:0%
managed landscapes. They created fertile
 

16:49.718 --> 16:51.868 align:start position:0%
managed landscapes. They created fertile
ground<00:18:16.200><c> to</c><00:18:16.280><c> grow</c><00:18:16.360><c> crops</c><00:18:16.680><c> and</c><00:18:16.800><c> support</c><00:18:17.280><c> large</c>

16:51.868 --> 16:51.878 align:start position:0%
ground to grow crops and support large
 

16:51.878 --> 16:53.788 align:start position:0%
ground to grow crops and support large
populations.<00:18:18.480><c> And</c><00:18:18.600><c> there's</c><00:18:18.760><c> another</c><00:18:19.120><c> bonus,</c>

16:53.788 --> 16:53.798 align:start position:0%
populations. And there's another bonus,
 

16:53.798 --> 16:56.468 align:start position:0%
populations. And there's another bonus,
too.<00:18:20.320><c> Because</c><00:18:20.720><c> dark</c><00:18:21.080><c> earth</c><00:18:21.360><c> holds</c><00:18:21.880><c> huge</c>

16:56.468 --> 16:56.478 align:start position:0%
too. Because dark earth holds huge
 

16:56.478 --> 16:58.628 align:start position:0%
too. Because dark earth holds huge
amounts<00:18:22.600><c> of</c><00:18:22.760><c> carbon,</c><00:18:23.520><c> these</c><00:18:23.760><c> practices</c>

16:58.628 --> 16:58.638 align:start position:0%
amounts of carbon, these practices
 

16:58.638 --> 17:00.228 align:start position:0%
amounts of carbon, these practices
incidentally<00:18:24.920><c> locked</c><00:18:25.240><c> carbon</c><00:18:25.600><c> into</c><00:18:25.840><c> the</c>

17:00.228 --> 17:00.238 align:start position:0%
incidentally locked carbon into the
 

17:00.238 --> 17:03.628 align:start position:0%
incidentally locked carbon into the
ground<00:18:26.440><c> for</c><00:18:26.720><c> centuries</c><00:18:27.280><c> or</c><00:18:27.480><c> even</c><00:18:28.320><c> millennia.</c>

17:03.628 --> 17:03.638 align:start position:0%
ground for centuries or even millennia.
 

17:03.638 --> 17:06.308 align:start position:0%
ground for centuries or even millennia.
That<00:18:29.560><c> makes</c><00:18:29.800><c> terra</c><00:18:30.120><c> preta</c><00:18:30.600><c> not</c><00:18:30.920><c> just</c><00:18:31.360><c> fertile</c>

17:06.308 --> 17:06.318 align:start position:0%
That makes terra preta not just fertile
 

17:06.318 --> 17:08.908 align:start position:0%
That makes terra preta not just fertile
soil,<00:18:32.640><c> but</c><00:18:32.760><c> a</c><00:18:32.800><c> potentially</c><00:18:33.560><c> powerful</c><00:18:34.000><c> example</c>

17:08.908 --> 17:08.918 align:start position:0%
soil, but a potentially powerful example
 

17:08.918 --> 17:12.228 align:start position:0%
soil, but a potentially powerful example
of<00:18:34.880><c> long-term</c><00:18:36.000><c> carbon</c><00:18:36.480><c> sequestration.</c><00:18:37.840><c> And</c>

17:12.228 --> 17:12.238 align:start position:0%
of long-term carbon sequestration. And
 

17:12.238 --> 17:14.188 align:start position:0%
of long-term carbon sequestration. And
that<00:18:38.160><c> soil</c><00:18:38.480><c> does</c><00:18:38.760><c> way</c><00:18:39.040><c> more</c><00:18:39.320><c> than</c><00:18:39.440><c> just</c><00:18:39.680><c> help</c>

17:14.188 --> 17:14.198 align:start position:0%
that soil does way more than just help
 

17:14.198 --> 17:17.148 align:start position:0%
that soil does way more than just help
provide<00:18:40.440><c> food.</c><00:18:41.280><c> Woven</c><00:18:41.800><c> into</c><00:18:42.240><c> all</c><00:18:42.360><c> of</c><00:18:42.440><c> this</c><00:18:42.720><c> is</c>

17:17.148 --> 17:17.158 align:start position:0%
provide food. Woven into all of this is
 

17:17.158 --> 17:18.908 align:start position:0%
provide food. Woven into all of this is
the<00:18:43.000><c> fact</c><00:18:43.240><c> that</c><00:18:43.360><c> in</c><00:18:43.480><c> almost</c><00:18:43.880><c> every</c><00:18:44.200><c> example</c>

17:18.908 --> 17:18.918 align:start position:0%
the fact that in almost every example
 

17:18.918 --> 17:21.108 align:start position:0%
the fact that in almost every example
we've<00:18:44.880><c> talked</c><00:18:45.160><c> about</c><00:18:45.440><c> in</c><00:18:45.680><c> this</c><00:18:45.960><c> video,</c><00:18:46.680><c> the</c>

17:21.108 --> 17:21.118 align:start position:0%
we've talked about in this video, the
 

17:21.118 --> 17:23.948 align:start position:0%
we've talked about in this video, the
forest<00:18:47.400><c> itself</c><00:18:48.600><c> is</c><00:18:48.880><c> part</c><00:18:49.400><c> of</c><00:18:49.560><c> the</c>

17:23.948 --> 17:23.958 align:start position:0%
forest itself is part of the
 

17:23.958 --> 17:26.148 align:start position:0%
forest itself is part of the
construction.

17:26.148 --> 17:26.158 align:start position:0%
construction.
 

17:26.158 --> 17:28.068 align:start position:0%
construction.
In<00:18:51.960><c> an</c><00:18:52.120><c> article</c><00:18:52.440><c> published</c><00:18:52.880><c> in</c><00:18:53.080><c> Science</c><00:18:53.680><c> in</c>

17:28.068 --> 17:28.078 align:start position:0%
In an article published in Science in
 

17:28.078 --> 17:31.028 align:start position:0%
In an article published in Science in
2017,<00:18:55.200><c> Levis</c><00:18:55.680><c> and</c><00:18:55.920><c> colleagues</c><00:18:56.360><c> compared</c>

17:31.028 --> 17:31.038 align:start position:0%
2017, Levis and colleagues compared
 

17:31.038 --> 17:33.108 align:start position:0%
2017, Levis and colleagues compared
distributions<00:18:57.520><c> of</c><00:18:57.680><c> domesticated</c><00:18:58.600><c> woody</c>

17:33.108 --> 17:33.118 align:start position:0%
distributions of domesticated woody
 

17:33.118 --> 17:35.668 align:start position:0%
distributions of domesticated woody
species<00:18:59.760><c> with</c><00:19:00.000><c> archaeological</c><00:19:00.800><c> sites</c><00:19:01.240><c> and</c>

17:35.668 --> 17:35.678 align:start position:0%
species with archaeological sites and
 

17:35.678 --> 17:37.988 align:start position:0%
species with archaeological sites and
environmental<00:19:02.120><c> data.</c><00:19:02.920><c> And</c><00:19:03.160><c> the</c><00:19:03.280><c> link</c><00:19:03.600><c> they</c>

17:37.988 --> 17:37.998 align:start position:0%
environmental data. And the link they
 

17:37.998 --> 17:39.348 align:start position:0%
environmental data. And the link they
established<00:19:04.120><c> between</c><00:19:04.520><c> them</c><00:19:04.720><c> was</c>

17:39.348 --> 17:39.358 align:start position:0%
established between them was
 

17:39.358 --> 17:41.068 align:start position:0%
established between them was
mind-blowing.

17:41.068 --> 17:41.078 align:start position:0%
mind-blowing.
 

17:41.078 --> 17:42.868 align:start position:0%
mind-blowing.
They<00:19:06.920><c> reported</c><00:19:07.360><c> that</c><00:19:07.480><c> domesticated</c><00:19:08.320><c> tree</c>

17:42.868 --> 17:42.878 align:start position:0%
They reported that domesticated tree
 

17:42.878 --> 17:44.748 align:start position:0%
They reported that domesticated tree
species<00:19:09.080><c> are</c><00:19:09.280><c> far</c><00:19:09.640><c> more</c><00:19:09.880><c> likely</c><00:19:10.200><c> to</c><00:19:10.320><c> be</c>

17:44.748 --> 17:44.758 align:start position:0%
species are far more likely to be
 

17:44.758 --> 17:47.188 align:start position:0%
species are far more likely to be
hyper-dominant,<00:19:11.600><c> where</c><00:19:11.760><c> a</c><00:19:11.880><c> small</c><00:19:12.280><c> subset</c><00:19:12.760><c> of</c>

17:47.188 --> 17:47.198 align:start position:0%
hyper-dominant, where a small subset of
 

17:47.198 --> 17:49.308 align:start position:0%
hyper-dominant, where a small subset of
species<00:19:13.840><c> makes</c><00:19:14.080><c> up</c><00:19:14.200><c> a</c><00:19:14.240><c> disproportionately</c>

17:49.308 --> 17:49.318 align:start position:0%
species makes up a disproportionately
 

17:49.318 --> 17:50.668 align:start position:0%
species makes up a disproportionately
large<00:19:15.280><c> percentage</c><00:19:15.720><c> of</c><00:19:15.800><c> the</c><00:19:15.960><c> total</c>

17:50.668 --> 17:50.678 align:start position:0%
large percentage of the total
 

17:50.678 --> 17:53.628 align:start position:0%
large percentage of the total
individuals<00:19:17.000><c> or</c><00:19:17.200><c> biomass</c><00:19:17.800><c> in</c><00:19:17.960><c> an</c><00:19:18.120><c> ecosystem.</c>

17:53.628 --> 17:53.638 align:start position:0%
individuals or biomass in an ecosystem.
 

17:53.638 --> 17:55.708 align:start position:0%
individuals or biomass in an ecosystem.
And<00:19:19.600><c> that</c><00:19:19.720><c> the</c><00:19:19.840><c> richness</c><00:19:20.440><c> and</c><00:19:20.600><c> abundance</c><00:19:21.240><c> of</c>

17:55.708 --> 17:55.718 align:start position:0%
And that the richness and abundance of
 

17:55.718 --> 17:58.668 align:start position:0%
And that the richness and abundance of
domesticated<00:19:22.240><c> species</c><00:19:22.800><c> increases</c><00:19:24.120><c> near</c>

17:58.668 --> 17:58.678 align:start position:0%
domesticated species increases near
 

17:58.678 --> 18:00.908 align:start position:0%
domesticated species increases near
archaeological<00:19:25.240><c> sites.</c><00:19:26.040><c> Now,</c><00:19:26.200><c> this</c><00:19:26.360><c> doesn't</c>

18:00.908 --> 18:00.918 align:start position:0%
archaeological sites. Now, this doesn't
 

18:00.918 --> 18:02.508 align:start position:0%
archaeological sites. Now, this doesn't
mean<00:19:26.760><c> every</c><00:19:26.960><c> single</c><00:19:27.240><c> hectare</c><00:19:27.640><c> of</c><00:19:27.760><c> the</c><00:19:27.880><c> Amazon</c>

18:02.508 --> 18:02.518 align:start position:0%
mean every single hectare of the Amazon
 

18:02.518 --> 18:05.308 align:start position:0%
mean every single hectare of the Amazon
forest<00:19:28.560><c> was</c><00:19:29.040><c> designed,</c><00:19:30.320><c> but</c><00:19:30.440><c> it</c><00:19:30.600><c> does</c><00:19:30.840><c> mean</c>

18:05.308 --> 18:05.318 align:start position:0%
forest was designed, but it does mean
 

18:05.318 --> 18:08.028 align:start position:0%
forest was designed, but it does mean
the<00:19:31.240><c> old</c><00:19:31.560><c> binary</c><00:19:32.080><c> of</c><00:19:32.360><c> pristine</c><00:19:32.960><c> versus</c><00:19:33.400><c> human</c>

18:08.028 --> 18:08.038 align:start position:0%
the old binary of pristine versus human
 

18:08.038 --> 18:10.428 align:start position:0%
the old binary of pristine versus human
is<00:19:34.480><c> too</c><00:19:34.680><c> simple.</c>

18:10.428 --> 18:10.438 align:start position:0%
is too simple.
 

18:10.438 --> 18:12.708 align:start position:0%
is too simple.
The<00:19:36.240><c> Amazon</c><00:19:36.560><c> can</c><00:19:36.720><c> be</c><00:19:36.840><c> wild</c><00:19:37.280><c> and</c><00:19:37.480><c> historical</c><00:19:38.160><c> at</c>

18:12.708 --> 18:12.718 align:start position:0%
The Amazon can be wild and historical at
 

18:12.718 --> 18:15.228 align:start position:0%
The Amazon can be wild and historical at
the<00:19:38.560><c> same</c><00:19:39.040><c> time.</c><00:19:39.960><c> And</c><00:19:40.080><c> in</c><00:19:40.160><c> a</c><00:19:40.240><c> cruel</c><00:19:40.560><c> twist</c><00:19:40.840><c> of</c>

18:15.228 --> 18:15.238 align:start position:0%
the same time. And in a cruel twist of
 

18:15.238 --> 18:16.868 align:start position:0%
the same time. And in a cruel twist of
irony,<00:19:41.240><c> all</c><00:19:41.320><c> of</c><00:19:41.400><c> that</c><00:19:41.560><c> carbon</c><00:19:42.000><c> that</c><00:19:42.120><c> the</c><00:19:42.200><c> soil</c>

18:16.868 --> 18:16.878 align:start position:0%
irony, all of that carbon that the soil
 

18:16.878 --> 18:19.348 align:start position:0%
irony, all of that carbon that the soil
locks<00:19:42.920><c> in</c><00:19:43.560><c> is</c><00:19:43.680><c> the</c><00:19:43.800><c> very</c><00:19:44.120><c> thing</c><00:19:44.320><c> that's</c><00:19:44.560><c> most</c>

18:19.348 --> 18:19.358 align:start position:0%
locks in is the very thing that's most
 

18:19.358 --> 18:21.628 align:start position:0%
locks in is the very thing that's most
under<00:19:45.320><c> threat.</c>

18:21.628 --> 18:21.638 align:start position:0%
under threat.
 

18:21.638 --> 18:24.468 align:start position:0%
under threat.
The<00:19:47.440><c> Amazon</c><00:19:47.800><c> holds</c><00:19:48.240><c> roughly</c><00:19:48.520><c> 150</c><00:19:49.240><c> to</c><00:19:49.400><c> 200</c>

18:24.468 --> 18:24.478 align:start position:0%
The Amazon holds roughly 150 to 200
 

18:24.478 --> 18:26.708 align:start position:0%
The Amazon holds roughly 150 to 200
billion<00:19:50.640><c> metric</c><00:19:51.040><c> tons</c><00:19:51.480><c> of</c><00:19:51.720><c> carbon</c><00:19:52.160><c> in</c><00:19:52.280><c> its</c>

18:26.708 --> 18:26.718 align:start position:0%
billion metric tons of carbon in its
 

18:26.718 --> 18:28.708 align:start position:0%
billion metric tons of carbon in its
forest<00:19:52.880><c> and</c><00:19:53.040><c> in</c><00:19:53.120><c> its</c><00:19:53.320><c> soils,</c><00:19:54.120><c> an</c><00:19:54.200><c> amount</c>

18:28.708 --> 18:28.718 align:start position:0%
forest and in its soils, an amount
 

18:28.718 --> 18:31.388 align:start position:0%
forest and in its soils, an amount
comparable<00:19:54.960><c> to</c><00:19:55.040><c> the</c><00:19:55.160><c> last</c><00:19:55.520><c> 4</c><00:19:55.720><c> to</c><00:19:55.880><c> 5</c><00:19:56.360><c> years'</c>

18:31.388 --> 18:31.398 align:start position:0%
comparable to the last 4 to 5 years'
 

18:31.398 --> 18:34.348 align:start position:0%
comparable to the last 4 to 5 years'
worth<00:19:57.360><c> of</c><00:19:57.440><c> global</c><00:19:57.800><c> CO2</c><00:19:58.400><c> emissions.</c>

18:34.348 --> 18:34.358 align:start position:0%
worth of global CO2 emissions.
 

18:34.358 --> 18:36.908 align:start position:0%
worth of global CO2 emissions.
Intact<00:20:00.720><c> Amazon</c><00:20:01.120><c> forests</c><00:20:01.560><c> work</c><00:20:01.880><c> as</c><00:20:02.120><c> carbon</c>

18:36.908 --> 18:36.918 align:start position:0%
Intact Amazon forests work as carbon
 

18:36.918 --> 18:38.988 align:start position:0%
Intact Amazon forests work as carbon
sinks,<00:20:03.440><c> helping</c><00:20:03.760><c> reduce</c><00:20:04.120><c> the</c><00:20:04.240><c> impact</c><00:20:04.600><c> of</c>

18:38.988 --> 18:38.998 align:start position:0%
sinks, helping reduce the impact of
 

18:38.998 --> 18:41.268 align:start position:0%
sinks, helping reduce the impact of
emissions<00:20:05.200><c> on</c><00:20:05.360><c> our</c><00:20:05.480><c> atmosphere.</c><00:20:06.440><c> But</c><00:20:06.680><c> that</c>

18:41.268 --> 18:41.278 align:start position:0%
emissions on our atmosphere. But that
 

18:41.278 --> 18:43.388 align:start position:0%
emissions on our atmosphere. But that
sink<00:20:07.440><c> has</c><00:20:07.840><c> weakened.</c>

18:43.388 --> 18:43.398 align:start position:0%
sink has weakened.
 

18:43.398 --> 18:45.948 align:start position:0%
sink has weakened.
And<00:20:09.240><c> in</c><00:20:09.360><c> 2019,</c><00:20:10.800><c> parts</c><00:20:11.160><c> of</c><00:20:11.240><c> the</c><00:20:11.360><c> Amazon</c>

18:45.948 --> 18:45.958 align:start position:0%
And in 2019, parts of the Amazon
 

18:45.958 --> 18:47.868 align:start position:0%
And in 2019, parts of the Amazon
actually<00:20:12.000><c> released</c><00:20:12.360><c> more</c><00:20:12.720><c> carbon</c><00:20:13.280><c> than</c><00:20:13.480><c> they</c>

18:47.868 --> 18:47.878 align:start position:0%
actually released more carbon than they
 

18:47.878 --> 18:49.988 align:start position:0%
actually released more carbon than they
absorbed.

18:49.988 --> 18:49.998 align:start position:0%
absorbed.
 

18:49.998 --> 18:51.868 align:start position:0%
absorbed.
This<00:20:15.920><c> means</c><00:20:16.240><c> that</c><00:20:16.440><c> if</c><00:20:16.600><c> the</c><00:20:16.720><c> Amazon</c><00:20:17.040><c> continues</c>

18:51.868 --> 18:51.878 align:start position:0%
This means that if the Amazon continues
 

18:51.878 --> 18:54.548 align:start position:0%
This means that if the Amazon continues
to<00:20:17.720><c> shrink</c><00:20:18.120><c> or</c><00:20:18.320><c> indeed</c><00:20:18.640><c> was</c><00:20:18.960><c> lost</c><00:20:19.360><c> entirely,</c>

18:54.548 --> 18:54.558 align:start position:0%
to shrink or indeed was lost entirely,
 

18:54.558 --> 18:56.988 align:start position:0%
to shrink or indeed was lost entirely,
the<00:20:20.480><c> impact</c><00:20:20.920><c> would</c><00:20:21.080><c> be</c><00:20:21.480><c> catastrophic,</c>

18:56.988 --> 18:56.998 align:start position:0%
the impact would be catastrophic,
 

18:56.998 --> 18:58.308 align:start position:0%
the impact would be catastrophic,
essentially<00:20:23.160><c> releasing</c><00:20:23.560><c> in</c><00:20:23.600><c> the</c><00:20:23.720><c> order</c><00:20:23.880><c> of</c>

18:58.308 --> 18:58.318 align:start position:0%
essentially releasing in the order of
 

18:58.318 --> 19:00.348 align:start position:0%
essentially releasing in the order of
hundreds<00:20:24.600><c> of</c><00:20:24.760><c> billions</c><00:20:25.200><c> of</c><00:20:25.320><c> tons</c><00:20:25.560><c> of</c><00:20:25.680><c> carbon</c>

19:00.348 --> 19:00.358 align:start position:0%
hundreds of billions of tons of carbon
 

19:00.358 --> 19:02.388 align:start position:0%
hundreds of billions of tons of carbon
into<00:20:26.280><c> the</c><00:20:26.400><c> atmosphere</c><00:20:27.200><c> and</c><00:20:27.400><c> dramatically</c>

19:02.388 --> 19:02.398 align:start position:0%
into the atmosphere and dramatically
 

19:02.398 --> 19:04.428 align:start position:0%
into the atmosphere and dramatically
altering<00:20:28.600><c> regional</c><00:20:29.040><c> and</c><00:20:29.280><c> international</c>

19:04.428 --> 19:04.438 align:start position:0%
altering regional and international
 

19:04.438 --> 19:05.948 align:start position:0%
altering regional and international
climates.

19:05.948 --> 19:05.958 align:start position:0%
climates.
 

19:05.958 --> 19:08.148 align:start position:0%
climates.
Recent<00:20:32.000><c> data</c><00:20:32.280><c> shows</c><00:20:32.640><c> Amazon</c><00:20:33.000><c> deforestation</c>

19:08.148 --> 19:08.158 align:start position:0%
Recent data shows Amazon deforestation
 

19:08.158 --> 19:11.868 align:start position:0%
Recent data shows Amazon deforestation
soared<00:20:34.160><c> to</c><00:20:34.280><c> more</c><00:20:34.440><c> than</c><00:20:34.640><c> 10,000</c><00:20:35.600><c> km²</c><00:20:36.400><c> per</c><00:20:36.720><c> year</c>

19:11.868 --> 19:11.878 align:start position:0%
soared to more than 10,000 km² per year
 

19:11.878 --> 19:15.428 align:start position:0%
soared to more than 10,000 km² per year
between<00:20:37.920><c> 2019</c><00:20:38.760><c> and</c><00:20:38.920><c> 2021</c><00:20:40.280><c> before</c><00:20:40.640><c> enforced</c>

19:15.428 --> 19:15.438 align:start position:0%
between 2019 and 2021 before enforced
 

19:15.438 --> 19:18.228 align:start position:0%
between 2019 and 2021 before enforced
efforts<00:20:41.520><c> to</c><00:20:41.640><c> drive</c><00:20:41.920><c> it</c><00:20:42.080><c> down</c><00:20:42.400><c> again</c><00:20:42.960><c> in</c><00:20:43.080><c> 2023</c>

19:18.228 --> 19:18.238 align:start position:0%
efforts to drive it down again in 2023
 

19:18.238 --> 19:20.268 align:start position:0%
efforts to drive it down again in 2023
to<00:20:44.080><c> 2025.</c>

19:20.268 --> 19:20.278 align:start position:0%
to 2025.
 

19:20.278 --> 19:22.388 align:start position:0%
to 2025.
Severe<00:20:46.440><c> wildfires</c><00:20:47.160><c> in</c><00:20:47.280><c> drought</c><00:20:47.680><c> years</c><00:20:47.880><c> have</c>

19:22.388 --> 19:22.398 align:start position:0%
Severe wildfires in drought years have
 

19:22.398 --> 19:25.108 align:start position:0%
Severe wildfires in drought years have
also<00:20:48.480><c> released</c><00:20:48.960><c> large</c><00:20:49.320><c> amounts</c><00:20:49.760><c> of</c><00:20:50.000><c> carbon.</c>

19:25.108 --> 19:25.118 align:start position:0%
also released large amounts of carbon.
 

19:25.118 --> 19:26.668 align:start position:0%
also released large amounts of carbon.
For<00:20:50.960><c> example,</c><00:20:51.600><c> satellite-based</c>

19:26.668 --> 19:26.678 align:start position:0%
For example, satellite-based
 

19:26.678 --> 19:28.468 align:start position:0%
For example, satellite-based
measurements<00:20:52.880><c> found</c><00:20:53.200><c> Amazonia</c><00:20:53.840><c> emitted</c>

19:28.468 --> 19:28.478 align:start position:0%
measurements found Amazonia emitted
 

19:28.478 --> 19:32.228 align:start position:0%
measurements found Amazonia emitted
between<00:20:54.680><c> 28</c><00:20:55.600><c> and</c><00:20:55.800><c> 62</c><00:20:56.600><c> billion</c><00:20:57.080><c> kilograms</c><00:20:57.720><c> of</c>

19:32.228 --> 19:32.238 align:start position:0%
between 28 and 62 billion kilograms of
 

19:32.238 --> 19:35.828 align:start position:0%
between 28 and 62 billion kilograms of
carbon<00:20:58.320><c> monoxide</c><00:20:59.240><c> in</c><00:20:59.400><c> 2024</c><00:21:00.480><c> from</c><00:21:00.840><c> wildfires</c>

19:35.828 --> 19:35.838 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide in 2024 from wildfires
 

19:35.838 --> 19:38.428 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide in 2024 from wildfires
alone,<00:21:02.320><c> approximately</c><00:21:02.920><c> four</c><00:21:03.320><c> times</c><00:21:03.960><c> the</c>

19:38.428 --> 19:38.438 align:start position:0%
alone, approximately four times the
 

19:38.438 --> 19:39.708 align:start position:0%
alone, approximately four times the
average.

19:39.708 --> 19:39.718 align:start position:0%
average.
 

19:39.718 --> 19:41.468 align:start position:0%
average.
These<00:21:05.640><c> trends</c><00:21:05.960><c> underline</c><00:21:06.440><c> that</c><00:21:06.560><c> the</c><00:21:06.680><c> Amazon's</c>

19:41.468 --> 19:41.478 align:start position:0%
These trends underline that the Amazon's
 

19:41.478 --> 19:43.228 align:start position:0%
These trends underline that the Amazon's
carbon<00:21:07.720><c> bank</c><00:21:08.040><c> account</c><00:21:08.480><c> is</c><00:21:08.680><c> being</c><00:21:08.749><c> [music]</c>

19:43.228 --> 19:43.238 align:start position:0%
carbon bank account is being [music]
 

19:43.238 --> 19:45.908 align:start position:0%
carbon bank account is being [music]
depleted,<00:21:09.880><c> increasing</c><00:21:10.520><c> risks</c><00:21:10.800><c> of</c><00:21:10.960><c> future</c>

19:45.908 --> 19:45.918 align:start position:0%
depleted, increasing risks of future
 

19:45.918 --> 19:48.108 align:start position:0%
depleted, increasing risks of future
climate<00:21:12.120><c> impacts</c><00:21:12.640><c> if</c><00:21:12.840><c> not</c><00:21:13.280><c> urgently</c>

19:48.108 --> 19:48.118 align:start position:0%
climate impacts if not urgently
 

19:48.118 --> 19:50.268 align:start position:0%
climate impacts if not urgently
addressed.<00:21:15.000><c> Which</c><00:21:15.240><c> raises</c><00:21:15.600><c> one</c><00:21:15.800><c> big</c>

19:50.268 --> 19:50.278 align:start position:0%
addressed. Which raises one big
 

19:50.278 --> 19:51.748 align:start position:0%
addressed. Which raises one big
question,<00:21:16.360><c> doesn't</c><00:21:16.640><c> it?</c>

19:51.748 --> 19:51.758 align:start position:0%
question, doesn't it?
 

19:51.758 --> 19:55.108 align:start position:0%
question, doesn't it?
What<00:21:17.640><c> does</c><00:21:17.840><c> the</c><00:21:17.920><c> future</c><00:21:18.240><c> look</c><00:21:18.440><c> like?</c>

19:55.108 --> 19:55.118 align:start position:0%
What does the future look like?
 

19:55.118 --> 19:56.548 align:start position:0%
What does the future look like?
So<00:21:21.080><c> far,</c><00:21:21.320><c> we've</c><00:21:21.480><c> only</c><00:21:21.680><c> really</c><00:21:21.880><c> covered</c><00:21:22.160><c> the</c>

19:56.548 --> 19:56.558 align:start position:0%
So far, we've only really covered the
 

19:56.558 --> 19:58.668 align:start position:0%
So far, we've only really covered the
ancient<00:21:22.640><c> hidden</c><00:21:22.920><c> human</c><00:21:23.600><c> elements</c><00:21:24.080><c> in</c><00:21:24.200><c> this</c>

19:58.668 --> 19:58.678 align:start position:0%
ancient hidden human elements in this
 

19:58.678 --> 20:00.828 align:start position:0%
ancient hidden human elements in this
gargantuan<00:21:25.240><c> rainforest,</c><00:21:26.000><c> but</c><00:21:26.200><c> what</c><00:21:26.320><c> about</c>

20:00.828 --> 20:00.838 align:start position:0%
gargantuan rainforest, but what about
 

20:00.838 --> 20:03.468 align:start position:0%
gargantuan rainforest, but what about
what<00:21:26.760><c> else</c><00:21:27.360><c> might</c><00:21:27.680><c> live</c><00:21:27.920><c> there?</c>

20:03.468 --> 20:03.478 align:start position:0%
what else might live there?
 

20:03.478 --> 20:05.868 align:start position:0%
what else might live there?
The<00:21:29.320><c> Amazon's</c><00:21:29.760><c> biodiversity</c><00:21:30.600><c> is</c><00:21:30.880><c> so</c><00:21:31.200><c> rich</c><00:21:31.480><c> it</c>

20:05.868 --> 20:05.878 align:start position:0%
The Amazon's biodiversity is so rich it
 

20:05.878 --> 20:08.428 align:start position:0%
The Amazon's biodiversity is so rich it
feels<00:21:31.880><c> almost</c><00:21:32.280><c> endless.</c><00:21:33.200><c> One</c><00:21:33.400><c> in</c><00:21:33.520><c> 10</c><00:21:33.840><c> known</c>

20:08.428 --> 20:08.438 align:start position:0%
feels almost endless. One in 10 known
 

20:08.438 --> 20:11.428 align:start position:0%
feels almost endless. One in 10 known
species<00:21:34.680><c> on</c><00:21:35.040><c> Earth</c><00:21:35.520><c> lives</c><00:21:35.920><c> here,</c><00:21:36.720><c> but</c><00:21:37.040><c> how</c>

20:11.428 --> 20:11.438 align:start position:0%
species on Earth lives here, but how
 

20:11.438 --> 20:13.708 align:start position:0%
species on Earth lives here, but how
many<00:21:37.400><c> more</c><00:21:37.760><c> species</c><00:21:38.200><c> are</c><00:21:38.360><c> out</c><00:21:38.640><c> there</c><00:21:38.920><c> that</c><00:21:39.240><c> no</c>

20:13.708 --> 20:13.718 align:start position:0%
many more species are out there that no
 

20:13.718 --> 20:16.148 align:start position:0%
many more species are out there that no
one's<00:21:39.800><c> cataloged</c><00:21:40.400><c> yet?</c><00:21:41.280><c> I</c><00:21:41.360><c> wish</c><00:21:41.560><c> I</c><00:21:41.600><c> could</c><00:21:41.760><c> give</c>

20:16.148 --> 20:16.158 align:start position:0%
one's cataloged yet? I wish I could give
 

20:16.158 --> 20:17.588 align:start position:0%
one's cataloged yet? I wish I could give
you<00:21:41.920><c> a</c><00:21:41.960><c> nice</c><00:21:42.280><c> round</c><00:21:42.560><c> number</c><00:21:42.840><c> to</c><00:21:43.000><c> go</c><00:21:43.080><c> off</c><00:21:43.200><c> and</c>

20:17.588 --> 20:17.598 align:start position:0%
you a nice round number to go off and
 

20:17.598 --> 20:19.428 align:start position:0%
you a nice round number to go off and
continue<00:21:43.640><c> your</c><00:21:43.800><c> day</c><00:21:43.960><c> with,</c><00:21:44.120><c> but</c><00:21:44.240><c> the</c><00:21:44.400><c> answer</c>

20:19.428 --> 20:19.438 align:start position:0%
continue your day with, but the answer
 

20:19.438 --> 20:21.788 align:start position:0%
continue your day with, but the answer
is<00:21:45.360><c> actually</c><00:21:45.760><c> way</c><00:21:46.120><c> more</c><00:21:46.400><c> exciting.</c><00:21:47.200><c> Well,</c><00:21:47.440><c> at</c>

20:21.788 --> 20:21.798 align:start position:0%
is actually way more exciting. Well, at
 

20:21.798 --> 20:23.188 align:start position:0%
is actually way more exciting. Well, at
least<00:21:47.720><c> to</c><00:21:47.800><c> me,</c><00:21:47.920><c> anyway.</c>

20:23.188 --> 20:23.198 align:start position:0%
least to me, anyway.
 

20:23.198 --> 20:25.268 align:start position:0%
least to me, anyway.
Even<00:21:49.240><c> the</c><00:21:49.400><c> best</c><00:21:49.960><c> estimates</c><00:21:50.520><c> suggest</c><00:21:50.880><c> that</c>

20:25.268 --> 20:25.278 align:start position:0%
Even the best estimates suggest that
 

20:25.278 --> 20:27.788 align:start position:0%
Even the best estimates suggest that
only<00:21:51.160><c> 20%</c><00:21:52.120><c> of</c><00:21:52.360><c> Earth's</c><00:21:52.640><c> species</c><00:21:53.080><c> have</c><00:21:53.280><c> been</c>

20:27.788 --> 20:27.798 align:start position:0%
only 20% of Earth's species have been
 

20:27.798 --> 20:30.108 align:start position:0%
only 20% of Earth's species have been
documented<00:21:54.120><c> by</c><00:21:54.320><c> Western</c><00:21:54.880><c> science,</c><00:21:55.720><c> with</c>

20:30.108 --> 20:30.118 align:start position:0%
documented by Western science, with
 

20:30.118 --> 20:33.028 align:start position:0%
documented by Western science, with
potentially<00:21:56.400><c> millions</c><00:21:57.120><c> more</c><00:21:57.680><c> unknown</c><00:21:58.480><c> and</c>

20:33.028 --> 20:33.038 align:start position:0%
potentially millions more unknown and
 

20:33.038 --> 20:35.868 align:start position:0%
potentially millions more unknown and
unnamed.<00:22:00.040><c> Even</c><00:22:00.280><c> in</c><00:22:00.360><c> the</c><00:22:00.440><c> last</c><00:22:00.720><c> few</c><00:22:01.000><c> years,</c><00:22:01.400><c> new</c>

20:35.868 --> 20:35.878 align:start position:0%
unnamed. Even in the last few years, new
 

20:35.878 --> 20:37.668 align:start position:0%
unnamed. Even in the last few years, new
species<00:22:01.960><c> are</c><00:22:02.080><c> being</c><00:22:02.320><c> uncovered</c><00:22:02.720><c> every</c><00:22:03.000><c> single</c>

20:37.668 --> 20:37.678 align:start position:0%
species are being uncovered every single
 

20:37.678 --> 20:38.908 align:start position:0%
species are being uncovered every single
day.

20:38.908 --> 20:38.918 align:start position:0%
day.
 

20:38.918 --> 20:40.508 align:start position:0%
day.
The<00:22:04.720><c> Royal</c><00:22:04.960><c> Botanic</c><00:22:05.280><c> Gardens</c><00:22:05.640><c> in</c><00:22:05.800><c> Kew</c>

20:40.508 --> 20:40.518 align:start position:0%
The Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew
 

20:40.518 --> 20:43.788 align:start position:0%
The Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew
reported<00:22:06.640><c> that</c><00:22:06.720><c> 172</c><00:22:08.040><c> new</c><00:22:08.400><c> plant</c><00:22:08.840><c> and</c><00:22:09.080><c> fungus</c>

20:43.788 --> 20:43.798 align:start position:0%
reported that 172 new plant and fungus
 

20:43.798 --> 20:47.108 align:start position:0%
reported that 172 new plant and fungus
species<00:22:10.440><c> were</c><00:22:10.520><c> described</c><00:22:11.080><c> globally</c><00:22:11.680><c> in</c><00:22:11.840><c> 2024</c>

20:47.108 --> 20:47.118 align:start position:0%
species were described globally in 2024
 

20:47.118 --> 20:50.388 align:start position:0%
species were described globally in 2024
alone,<00:22:13.480><c> many</c><00:22:13.720><c> of</c><00:22:13.840><c> them</c><00:22:14.400><c> in</c><00:22:14.520><c> tropical</c><00:22:15.080><c> regions.</c>

20:50.388 --> 20:50.398 align:start position:0%
alone, many of them in tropical regions.
 

20:50.398 --> 20:53.308 align:start position:0%
alone, many of them in tropical regions.
The<00:22:16.240><c> same</c><00:22:16.480><c> applies</c><00:22:16.800><c> to</c><00:22:16.880><c> animals,</c><00:22:17.360><c> too.</c><00:22:18.040><c> A</c><00:22:18.160><c> WWF</c>

20:53.308 --> 20:53.318 align:start position:0%
The same applies to animals, too. A WWF
 

20:53.318 --> 20:56.668 align:start position:0%
The same applies to animals, too. A WWF
survey<00:22:19.480><c> found</c><00:22:19.880><c> 441</c><00:22:21.200><c> new</c><00:22:21.440><c> species</c><00:22:22.000><c> within</c><00:22:22.240><c> the</c>

20:56.668 --> 20:56.678 align:start position:0%
survey found 441 new species within the
 

20:56.678 --> 20:59.228 align:start position:0%
survey found 441 new species within the
Amazon<00:22:22.880><c> rainforest</c><00:22:23.840><c> over</c><00:22:24.080><c> the</c><00:22:24.200><c> span</c><00:22:24.520><c> of</c><00:22:24.600><c> just</c>

20:59.228 --> 20:59.238 align:start position:0%
Amazon rainforest over the span of just
 

20:59.238 --> 21:02.028 align:start position:0%
Amazon rainforest over the span of just
four<00:22:25.600><c> years.</c><00:22:26.680><c> That's</c><00:22:26.920><c> roughly</c><00:22:27.240><c> one</c><00:22:27.560><c> new</c>

21:02.028 --> 21:02.038 align:start position:0%
four years. That's roughly one new
 

21:02.038 --> 21:04.468 align:start position:0%
four years. That's roughly one new
species<00:22:28.280><c> every</c><00:22:28.720><c> three</c><00:22:29.200><c> days.</c><00:22:29.680><c> It's</c><00:22:30.000><c> It's</c>

21:04.468 --> 21:04.478 align:start position:0%
species every three days. It's It's
 

21:04.478 --> 21:05.748 align:start position:0%
species every three days. It's It's
staggering.

21:05.748 --> 21:05.758 align:start position:0%
staggering.
 

21:05.758 --> 21:07.428 align:start position:0%
staggering.
In<00:22:31.560><c> 2024</c><00:22:32.200><c> alone,</c><00:22:32.480><c> scientists</c><00:22:32.840><c> found</c><00:22:33.080><c> a</c>

21:07.428 --> 21:07.438 align:start position:0%
In 2024 alone, scientists found a
 

21:07.438 --> 21:10.028 align:start position:0%
In 2024 alone, scientists found a
blob-headed<00:22:33.880><c> catfish,</c><00:22:34.400><c> a</c><00:22:34.480><c> new</c><00:22:34.720><c> marsupial</c><00:22:35.520><c> in</c>

21:10.028 --> 21:10.038 align:start position:0%
blob-headed catfish, a new marsupial in
 

21:10.038 --> 21:13.588 align:start position:0%
blob-headed catfish, a new marsupial in
Peru,<00:22:36.560><c> three</c><00:22:36.960><c> new</c><00:22:37.240><c> amphibians,</c><00:22:37.960><c> and</c><00:22:38.320><c> even</c><00:22:39.160><c> a</c>

21:13.588 --> 21:13.598 align:start position:0%
Peru, three new amphibians, and even a
 

21:13.598 --> 21:15.668 align:start position:0%
Peru, three new amphibians, and even a
new<00:22:39.640><c> species</c><00:22:40.080><c> of</c><00:22:40.160><c> anaconda,</c><00:22:40.720><c> the</c><00:22:40.880><c> northern</c>

21:15.668 --> 21:15.678 align:start position:0%
new species of anaconda, the northern
 

21:15.678 --> 21:18.628 align:start position:0%
new species of anaconda, the northern
green<00:22:41.960><c> anaconda,</c><00:22:42.720><c> casually</c><00:22:43.280><c> the</c><00:22:43.760><c> largest</c><00:22:44.200><c> and</c>

21:18.628 --> 21:18.638 align:start position:0%
green anaconda, casually the largest and
 

21:18.638 --> 21:21.388 align:start position:0%
green anaconda, casually the largest and
heaviest<00:22:44.680><c> snake</c><00:22:44.960><c> in</c><00:22:45.200><c> the</c><00:22:45.400><c> world,</c><00:22:46.160><c> all</c><00:22:46.960><c> in</c>

21:21.388 --> 21:21.398 align:start position:0%
heaviest snake in the world, all in
 

21:21.398 --> 21:24.388 align:start position:0%
heaviest snake in the world, all in
parts<00:22:47.560><c> of</c><00:22:47.680><c> the</c><00:22:47.800><c> Amazon</c><00:22:48.240><c> rainforest.</c><00:22:49.080><c> And,</c><00:22:49.840><c> not</c>

21:24.388 --> 21:24.398 align:start position:0%
parts of the Amazon rainforest. And, not
 

21:24.398 --> 21:26.748 align:start position:0%
parts of the Amazon rainforest. And, not
for<00:22:50.200><c> the</c><00:22:50.320><c> first</c><00:22:50.760><c> time,</c><00:22:51.440><c> science</c><00:22:52.240><c> is</c>

21:26.748 --> 21:26.758 align:start position:0%
for the first time, science is
 

21:26.758 --> 21:29.148 align:start position:0%
for the first time, science is
supercharging<00:22:53.240><c> this</c><00:22:53.440><c> process.</c><00:22:54.520><c> Because</c><00:22:54.760><c> we</c>

21:29.148 --> 21:29.158 align:start position:0%
supercharging this process. Because we
 

21:29.158 --> 21:31.148 align:start position:0%
supercharging this process. Because we
now<00:22:55.200><c> have</c><00:22:55.400><c> ways</c><00:22:55.640><c> to</c><00:22:55.760><c> sample</c><00:22:56.160><c> the</c><00:22:56.320><c> jungle</c>

21:31.148 --> 21:31.158 align:start position:0%
now have ways to sample the jungle
 

21:31.158 --> 21:34.348 align:start position:0%
now have ways to sample the jungle
without<00:22:57.160><c> ever</c><00:22:57.320><c> having</c><00:22:57.520><c> to</c><00:22:57.880><c> see</c><00:22:58.440><c> the</c><00:22:58.600><c> animal.</c>

21:34.348 --> 21:34.358 align:start position:0%
without ever having to see the animal.
 

21:34.358 --> 21:36.148 align:start position:0%
without ever having to see the animal.
A<00:23:00.200><c> cutting-edge</c><00:23:01.080><c> advancement</c><00:23:01.760><c> in</c>

21:36.148 --> 21:36.158 align:start position:0%
A cutting-edge advancement in
 

21:36.158 --> 21:39.708 align:start position:0%
A cutting-edge advancement in
environmental<00:23:02.560><c> DNA</c><00:23:03.200><c> called</c><00:23:03.640><c> eDNA</c><00:23:04.920><c> means</c><00:23:05.280><c> all</c>

21:39.708 --> 21:39.718 align:start position:0%
environmental DNA called eDNA means all
 

21:39.718 --> 21:42.108 align:start position:0%
environmental DNA called eDNA means all
we<00:23:05.560><c> have</c><00:23:05.680><c> to</c><00:23:05.760><c> do</c><00:23:05.880><c> is</c><00:23:06.040><c> simply</c><00:23:06.400><c> filter</c><00:23:06.920><c> water</c>

21:42.108 --> 21:42.118 align:start position:0%
we have to do is simply filter water
 

21:42.118 --> 21:45.108 align:start position:0%
we have to do is simply filter water
when<00:23:08.080><c> looking</c><00:23:08.400><c> for</c><00:23:08.560><c> genetic</c><00:23:09.200><c> animal</c><00:23:09.600><c> traces.</c>

21:45.108 --> 21:45.118 align:start position:0%
when looking for genetic animal traces.
 

21:45.118 --> 21:48.028 align:start position:0%
when looking for genetic animal traces.
A<00:23:10.960><c> landmark</c><00:23:11.440><c> 2016</c><00:23:12.200><c> study</c><00:23:12.880><c> found</c><00:23:13.080><c> that</c><00:23:13.280><c> rivers</c>

21:48.028 --> 21:48.038 align:start position:0%
A landmark 2016 study found that rivers
 

21:48.038 --> 21:50.428 align:start position:0%
A landmark 2016 study found that rivers
act<00:23:13.920><c> like</c><00:23:14.120><c> conveyor</c><00:23:14.720><c> belts</c><00:23:15.080><c> of</c><00:23:15.280><c> biodiversity</c>

21:50.428 --> 21:50.438 align:start position:0%
act like conveyor belts of biodiversity
 

21:50.438 --> 21:53.188 align:start position:0%
act like conveyor belts of biodiversity
information.<00:23:17.320><c> In</c><00:23:17.560><c> real</c><00:23:17.880><c> terms,</c><00:23:18.600><c> water</c>

21:53.188 --> 21:53.198 align:start position:0%
information. In real terms, water
 

21:53.198 --> 21:54.948 align:start position:0%
information. In real terms, water
samples<00:23:19.320><c> essentially</c><00:23:19.880><c> contain</c><00:23:20.320><c> trace</c>

21:54.948 --> 21:54.958 align:start position:0%
samples essentially contain trace
 

21:54.958 --> 21:57.548 align:start position:0%
samples essentially contain trace
amounts<00:23:21.080><c> of</c><00:23:21.320><c> DNA</c><00:23:21.800><c> from</c><00:23:22.080><c> fish,</c><00:23:22.440><c> frogs,</c><00:23:22.880><c> even</c>

21:57.548 --> 21:57.558 align:start position:0%
amounts of DNA from fish, frogs, even
 

21:57.558 --> 22:00.108 align:start position:0%
amounts of DNA from fish, frogs, even
land<00:23:23.560><c> mammals</c><00:23:24.240><c> from</c><00:23:24.560><c> upstream.</c><00:23:25.600><c> So,</c>

22:00.108 --> 22:00.118 align:start position:0%
land mammals from upstream. So,
 

22:00.118 --> 22:02.108 align:start position:0%
land mammals from upstream. So,
scientists<00:23:26.360><c> can</c><00:23:26.600><c> vacuum</c><00:23:27.280><c> river</c><00:23:27.560><c> water</c>

22:02.108 --> 22:02.118 align:start position:0%
scientists can vacuum river water
 

22:02.118 --> 22:04.668 align:start position:0%
scientists can vacuum river water
through<00:23:28.040><c> a</c><00:23:28.120><c> filter</c><00:23:28.840><c> and</c><00:23:29.240><c> then</c><00:23:29.600><c> do</c><00:23:29.960><c> DNA</c>

22:04.668 --> 22:04.678 align:start position:0%
through a filter and then do DNA
 

22:04.678 --> 22:07.108 align:start position:0%
through a filter and then do DNA
sequencing<00:23:31.040><c> or</c><00:23:31.240><c> PCR.</c><00:23:32.320><c> This</c><00:23:32.520><c> is</c><00:23:32.600><c> called</c>

22:07.108 --> 22:07.118 align:start position:0%
sequencing or PCR. This is called
 

22:07.118 --> 22:10.108 align:start position:0%
sequencing or PCR. This is called
environmental<00:23:33.360><c> DNA</c><00:23:33.720><c> or</c><00:23:34.080><c> eDNA.</c><00:23:35.320><c> It's</c><00:23:35.520><c> like</c>

22:10.108 --> 22:10.118 align:start position:0%
environmental DNA or eDNA. It's like
 

22:10.118 --> 22:12.108 align:start position:0%
environmental DNA or eDNA. It's like
fishing<00:23:36.360><c> for</c><00:23:36.520><c> genes.</c><00:23:37.360><c> You</c><00:23:37.480><c> pull</c><00:23:37.640><c> up</c><00:23:37.760><c> the</c>

22:12.108 --> 22:12.118 align:start position:0%
fishing for genes. You pull up the
 

22:12.118 --> 22:15.188 align:start position:0%
fishing for genes. You pull up the
filter<00:23:38.200><c> and</c><00:23:38.440><c> see</c><00:23:38.800><c> whose</c><00:23:39.160><c> DNA</c><00:23:39.680><c> is</c><00:23:40.040><c> there.</c><00:23:40.800><c> And</c>

22:15.188 --> 22:15.198 align:start position:0%
filter and see whose DNA is there. And
 

22:15.198 --> 22:17.668 align:start position:0%
filter and see whose DNA is there. And
in<00:23:41.000><c> 2026,</c><00:23:41.800><c> they</c><00:23:41.960><c> put</c><00:23:42.280><c> this</c><00:23:42.520><c> theory</c><00:23:42.880><c> to</c><00:23:43.200><c> the</c>

22:17.668 --> 22:17.678 align:start position:0%
in 2026, they put this theory to the
 

22:17.678 --> 22:19.268 align:start position:0%
in 2026, they put this theory to the
test.

22:19.268 --> 22:19.278 align:start position:0%
test.
 

22:19.278 --> 22:21.788 align:start position:0%
test.
Caitlin<00:23:45.360><c> Ramosa,</c><00:23:46.040><c> an</c><00:23:46.120><c> aquatic</c><00:23:46.800><c> ecology</c><00:23:47.320><c> and</c>

22:21.788 --> 22:21.798 align:start position:0%
Caitlin Ramosa, an aquatic ecology and
 

22:21.798 --> 22:24.108 align:start position:0%
Caitlin Ramosa, an aquatic ecology and
conservation<00:23:48.200><c> scientist</c><00:23:48.720><c> at</c><00:23:48.920><c> Texas</c><00:23:49.400><c> A&amp;M</c>

22:24.108 --> 22:24.118 align:start position:0%
conservation scientist at Texas A&amp;M
 

22:24.118 --> 22:26.428 align:start position:0%
conservation scientist at Texas A&amp;M
University<00:23:50.440><c> and</c><00:23:50.600><c> her</c><00:23:50.840><c> colleagues</c><00:23:51.800><c> developed</c>

22:26.428 --> 22:26.438 align:start position:0%
University and her colleagues developed
 

22:26.438 --> 22:29.628 align:start position:0%
University and her colleagues developed
a<00:23:52.320><c> portable</c><00:23:53.080><c> eDNA</c><00:23:53.880><c> protocol</c><00:23:54.760><c> to</c><00:23:54.960><c> map</c>

22:29.628 --> 22:29.638 align:start position:0%
a portable eDNA protocol to map
 

22:29.638 --> 22:32.308 align:start position:0%
a portable eDNA protocol to map
Amazonian<00:23:56.080><c> manatees.</c><00:23:57.360><c> Now,</c><00:23:57.480><c> these</c><00:23:57.680><c> creatures</c>

22:32.308 --> 22:32.318 align:start position:0%
Amazonian manatees. Now, these creatures
 

22:32.318 --> 22:34.348 align:start position:0%
Amazonian manatees. Now, these creatures
were<00:23:58.200><c> known</c><00:23:58.720><c> to</c><00:23:58.840><c> inhabit</c><00:23:59.320><c> the</c><00:23:59.440><c> region,</c><00:23:59.960><c> but</c>

22:34.348 --> 22:34.358 align:start position:0%
were known to inhabit the region, but
 

22:34.358 --> 22:36.268 align:start position:0%
were known to inhabit the region, but
were<00:24:00.160><c> very</c><00:24:00.440><c> hard</c><00:24:00.760><c> to</c><00:24:00.880><c> observe</c><00:24:01.280><c> directly</c><00:24:01.880><c> due</c>

22:36.268 --> 22:36.278 align:start position:0%
were very hard to observe directly due
 

22:36.278 --> 22:38.588 align:start position:0%
were very hard to observe directly due
to<00:24:02.120><c> the</c><00:24:02.280><c> murky</c><00:24:02.720><c> water</c><00:24:03.560><c> and</c><00:24:03.680><c> their</c><00:24:03.840><c> elusive</c>

22:38.588 --> 22:38.598 align:start position:0%
to the murky water and their elusive
 

22:38.598 --> 22:40.948 align:start position:0%
to the murky water and their elusive
behavior,<00:24:04.920><c> making</c><00:24:05.120><c> them</c><00:24:05.320><c> perfect</c><00:24:06.200><c> for</c><00:24:06.440><c> this</c>

22:40.948 --> 22:40.958 align:start position:0%
behavior, making them perfect for this
 

22:40.958 --> 22:43.268 align:start position:0%
behavior, making them perfect for this
study.<00:24:07.320><c> So,</c><00:24:07.560><c> what</c><00:24:07.800><c> she</c><00:24:08.040><c> and</c><00:24:08.200><c> her</c><00:24:08.400><c> team</c><00:24:08.640><c> did</c><00:24:08.840><c> was</c>

22:43.268 --> 22:43.278 align:start position:0%
study. So, what she and her team did was
 

22:43.278 --> 22:45.668 align:start position:0%
study. So, what she and her team did was
filter<00:24:09.400><c> water</c><00:24:09.760><c> along</c><00:24:10.000><c> the</c><00:24:10.120><c> Amazon</c><00:24:10.480><c> for</c><00:24:10.680><c> 13</c>

22:45.668 --> 22:45.678 align:start position:0%
filter water along the Amazon for 13
 

22:45.678 --> 22:47.628 align:start position:0%
filter water along the Amazon for 13
days<00:24:11.760><c> taking</c><00:24:12.200><c> samples</c><00:24:12.680><c> without</c><00:24:12.920><c> even</c><00:24:13.080><c> using</c><00:24:13.320><c> a</c>

22:47.628 --> 22:47.638 align:start position:0%
days taking samples without even using a
 

22:47.638 --> 22:49.668 align:start position:0%
days taking samples without even using a
freezer,<00:24:13.840><c> by</c><00:24:14.000><c> the</c><00:24:14.120><c> way.</c><00:24:14.640><c> These</c><00:24:14.840><c> are</c><00:24:14.920><c> a</c><00:24:14.960><c> special</c>

22:49.668 --> 22:49.678 align:start position:0%
freezer, by the way. These are a special
 

22:49.678 --> 22:52.188 align:start position:0%
freezer, by the way. These are a special
preservative.<00:24:16.400><c> And</c><00:24:16.600><c> amazingly,</c><00:24:17.280><c> they</c><00:24:17.480><c> still</c>

22:52.188 --> 22:52.198 align:start position:0%
preservative. And amazingly, they still
 

22:52.198 --> 22:54.748 align:start position:0%
preservative. And amazingly, they still
recovered<00:24:18.440><c> manatee</c><00:24:18.960><c> DNA.</c><00:24:20.040><c> They</c><00:24:20.240><c> found</c>

22:54.748 --> 22:54.758 align:start position:0%
recovered manatee DNA. They found
 

22:54.758 --> 22:56.988 align:start position:0%
recovered manatee DNA. They found
manatee<00:24:20.920><c> genetic</c><00:24:21.360><c> material</c><00:24:21.800><c> at</c><00:24:22.000><c> multiple</c>

22:56.988 --> 22:56.998 align:start position:0%
manatee genetic material at multiple
 

22:56.998 --> 22:59.948 align:start position:0%
manatee genetic material at multiple
sites<00:24:23.440><c> in</c><00:24:23.640><c> the</c><00:24:23.800><c> central</c><00:24:24.520><c> Amazon.</c>

22:59.948 --> 22:59.958 align:start position:0%
sites in the central Amazon.
 

22:59.958 --> 23:01.468 align:start position:0%
sites in the central Amazon.
What<00:24:25.840><c> this</c><00:24:26.000><c> means</c><00:24:26.240><c> in</c><00:24:26.360><c> short</c><00:24:26.720><c> is</c><00:24:26.880><c> you</c><00:24:27.040><c> could</c>

23:01.468 --> 23:01.478 align:start position:0%
What this means in short is you could
 

23:01.478 --> 23:03.908 align:start position:0%
What this means in short is you could
essentially<00:24:27.920><c> sit</c><00:24:28.360><c> there</c><00:24:28.600><c> on</c><00:24:28.720><c> a</c><00:24:28.800><c> river</c><00:24:29.080><c> bank,</c>

23:03.908 --> 23:03.918 align:start position:0%
essentially sit there on a river bank,
 

23:03.918 --> 23:05.828 align:start position:0%
essentially sit there on a river bank,
collect<00:24:29.960><c> a</c><00:24:30.000><c> couple</c><00:24:30.320><c> of</c><00:24:30.440><c> water</c><00:24:30.760><c> samples,</c><00:24:31.360><c> and</c>

23:05.828 --> 23:05.838 align:start position:0%
collect a couple of water samples, and
 

23:05.838 --> 23:08.948 align:start position:0%
collect a couple of water samples, and
later<00:24:31.920><c> find</c><00:24:32.320><c> out</c><00:24:32.560><c> what</c><00:24:32.800><c> elusive</c><00:24:33.280><c> animals</c><00:24:34.160><c> live</c>

23:08.948 --> 23:08.958 align:start position:0%
later find out what elusive animals live
 

23:08.958 --> 23:12.668 align:start position:0%
later find out what elusive animals live
upstream.<00:24:35.480><c> It's</c><00:24:35.640><c> a</c><00:24:35.720><c> game-changer.</c>

23:12.668 --> 23:12.678 align:start position:0%
upstream. It's a game-changer.
 

23:12.678 --> 23:14.228 align:start position:0%
upstream. It's a game-changer.
As<00:24:38.600><c> we</c><00:24:38.680><c> reflect</c><00:24:39.080><c> on</c><00:24:39.160><c> all</c><00:24:39.240><c> the</c><00:24:39.320><c> amazing</c><00:24:39.720><c> things</c>

23:14.228 --> 23:14.238 align:start position:0%
As we reflect on all the amazing things
 

23:14.238 --> 23:15.588 align:start position:0%
As we reflect on all the amazing things
we've<00:24:40.080><c> just</c><00:24:40.280><c> talked</c><00:24:40.560><c> about,</c><00:24:40.840><c> the</c><00:24:40.960><c> word</c><00:24:41.200><c> of</c>

23:15.588 --> 23:15.598 align:start position:0%
we've just talked about, the word of
 

23:15.598 --> 23:17.068 align:start position:0%
we've just talked about, the word of
caution<00:24:41.920><c> as</c><00:24:42.040><c> we</c><00:24:42.160><c> come</c><00:24:42.400><c> to</c><00:24:42.480><c> the</c><00:24:42.560><c> end</c><00:24:42.680><c> of</c><00:24:42.760><c> the</c>

23:17.068 --> 23:17.078 align:start position:0%
caution as we come to the end of the
 

23:17.078 --> 23:18.988 align:start position:0%
caution as we come to the end of the
story<00:24:43.160><c> here,</c><00:24:43.680><c> as</c><00:24:43.800><c> the</c><00:24:43.920><c> picture</c><00:24:44.280><c> of</c><00:24:44.440><c> what's</c>

23:18.988 --> 23:18.998 align:start position:0%
story here, as the picture of what's
 

23:18.998 --> 23:21.548 align:start position:0%
story here, as the picture of what's
hiding<00:24:45.240><c> becomes</c><00:24:45.800><c> more</c><00:24:46.000><c> and</c><00:24:46.080><c> more</c><00:24:46.280><c> clear,</c><00:24:47.080><c> we</c>

23:21.548 --> 23:21.558 align:start position:0%
hiding becomes more and more clear, we
 

23:21.558 --> 23:23.748 align:start position:0%
hiding becomes more and more clear, we
must<00:24:47.600><c> still</c><00:24:47.840><c> protect</c><00:24:48.320><c> what</c><00:24:48.480><c> is</c><00:24:48.640><c> vulnerable.</c>

23:23.748 --> 23:23.758 align:start position:0%
must still protect what is vulnerable.
 

23:23.758 --> 23:24.988 align:start position:0%
must still protect what is vulnerable.
The<00:24:49.560><c> Amazon</c><00:24:49.880><c> includes</c><00:24:50.240><c> territories</c><00:24:50.640><c> of</c>

23:24.988 --> 23:24.998 align:start position:0%
The Amazon includes territories of
 

23:24.998 --> 23:26.588 align:start position:0%
The Amazon includes territories of
indigenous<00:24:51.120><c> peoples</c><00:24:51.560><c> in</c><00:24:51.720><c> voluntary</c>

23:26.588 --> 23:26.598 align:start position:0%
indigenous peoples in voluntary
 

23:26.598 --> 23:28.788 align:start position:0%
indigenous peoples in voluntary
isolation,<00:24:53.240><c> some</c><00:24:53.440><c> of</c><00:24:53.520><c> which</c><00:24:53.720><c> have</c><00:24:53.960><c> never</c><00:24:54.320><c> come</c>

23:28.788 --> 23:28.798 align:start position:0%
isolation, some of which have never come
 

23:28.798 --> 23:31.268 align:start position:0%
isolation, some of which have never come
into<00:24:54.720><c> contact</c><00:24:55.120><c> with</c><00:24:55.240><c> the</c><00:24:55.360><c> outside</c><00:24:55.920><c> world.</c><00:24:56.720><c> As</c>

23:31.268 --> 23:31.278 align:start position:0%
into contact with the outside world. As
 

23:31.278 --> 23:32.668 align:start position:0%
into contact with the outside world. As
such,<00:24:57.360><c> you</c><00:24:57.520><c> might</c><00:24:57.680><c> have</c><00:24:57.800><c> noticed</c><00:24:58.160><c> when</c><00:24:58.280><c> we</c>

23:32.668 --> 23:32.678 align:start position:0%
such, you might have noticed when we
 

23:32.678 --> 23:35.188 align:start position:0%
such, you might have noticed when we
reference<00:24:58.920><c> the</c><00:24:59.160><c> lidar</c><00:24:59.720><c> articles,</c><00:25:00.320><c> we</c><00:25:00.400><c> do</c><00:25:00.560><c> not</c>

23:35.188 --> 23:35.198 align:start position:0%
reference the lidar articles, we do not
 

23:35.198 --> 23:37.668 align:start position:0%
reference the lidar articles, we do not
name<00:25:01.240><c> precise</c><00:25:01.800><c> coordinates</c><00:25:02.680><c> of</c><00:25:02.880><c> sensitive</c>

23:37.668 --> 23:37.678 align:start position:0%
name precise coordinates of sensitive
 

23:37.678 --> 23:39.508 align:start position:0%
name precise coordinates of sensitive
sites.<00:25:04.120><c> We</c><00:25:04.280><c> must</c><00:25:04.520><c> treat</c><00:25:04.840><c> indigenous</c>

23:39.508 --> 23:39.518 align:start position:0%
sites. We must treat indigenous
 

23:39.518 --> 23:41.428 align:start position:0%
sites. We must treat indigenous
communities<00:25:05.800><c> as</c><00:25:06.040><c> living</c><00:25:06.440><c> homelands,</c><00:25:07.040><c> not</c>

23:41.428 --> 23:41.438 align:start position:0%
communities as living homelands, not
 

23:41.438 --> 23:43.628 align:start position:0%
communities as living homelands, not
just<00:25:07.400><c> adventure</c><00:25:08.040><c> backdrops</c><00:25:08.640><c> for</c><00:25:08.760><c> us</c><00:25:08.920><c> to</c><00:25:09.080><c> sit</c>

23:43.628 --> 23:43.638 align:start position:0%
just adventure backdrops for us to sit
 

23:43.638 --> 23:45.788 align:start position:0%
just adventure backdrops for us to sit
here<00:25:09.520><c> and</c><00:25:09.720><c> make</c><00:25:09.960><c> videos</c><00:25:10.320><c> about.</c>

23:45.788 --> 23:45.798 align:start position:0%
here and make videos about.
 

23:45.798 --> 23:47.788 align:start position:0%
here and make videos about.
So,<00:25:11.680><c> to</c><00:25:11.800><c> wrap</c><00:25:12.040><c> things</c><00:25:12.320><c> up,</c><00:25:12.520><c> what's</c><00:25:12.840><c> hiding</c><00:25:13.320><c> in</c>

23:47.788 --> 23:47.798 align:start position:0%
So, to wrap things up, what's hiding in
 

23:47.798 --> 23:49.348 align:start position:0%
So, to wrap things up, what's hiding in
the<00:25:13.640><c> Amazon,</c><00:25:14.000><c> the</c><00:25:14.080><c> question</c><00:25:14.440><c> I</c><00:25:14.520><c> posed</c><00:25:14.880><c> at</c><00:25:14.960><c> the</c>

23:49.348 --> 23:49.358 align:start position:0%
the Amazon, the question I posed at the
 

23:49.358 --> 23:51.788 align:start position:0%
the Amazon, the question I posed at the
start?<00:25:15.720><c> Not</c><00:25:15.920><c> a</c><00:25:15.960><c> single</c><00:25:16.480><c> lost</c><00:25:16.720><c> metropolis,</c><00:25:17.360><c> not</c>

23:51.788 --> 23:51.798 align:start position:0%
start? Not a single lost metropolis, not
 

23:51.798 --> 23:54.988 align:start position:0%
start? Not a single lost metropolis, not
a<00:25:17.560><c> single</c><00:25:18.080><c> myth,</c><00:25:18.800><c> but</c><00:25:19.000><c> a</c><00:25:19.120><c> layered</c><00:25:19.680><c> reality.</c>

23:54.988 --> 23:54.998 align:start position:0%
a single myth, but a layered reality.
 

23:54.998 --> 23:57.028 align:start position:0%
a single myth, but a layered reality.
Evidence<00:25:21.160><c> of</c><00:25:21.440><c> ancient</c><00:25:21.880><c> cities</c><00:25:22.160><c> that</c><00:25:22.400><c> only</c>

23:57.028 --> 23:57.038 align:start position:0%
Evidence of ancient cities that only
 

23:57.038 --> 24:00.108 align:start position:0%
Evidence of ancient cities that only
lasers<00:25:23.360><c> can</c><00:25:23.600><c> see,</c><00:25:24.480><c> soils</c><00:25:24.960><c> that</c><00:25:25.120><c> store</c><00:25:25.440><c> human</c>

24:00.108 --> 24:00.118 align:start position:0%
lasers can see, soils that store human
 

24:00.118 --> 24:02.828 align:start position:0%
lasers can see, soils that store human
history<00:25:26.240><c> for</c><00:25:26.480><c> hundreds</c><00:25:27.080><c> of</c><00:25:27.280><c> years,</c><00:25:28.040><c> forests</c>

24:02.828 --> 24:02.838 align:start position:0%
history for hundreds of years, forests
 

24:02.838 --> 24:05.668 align:start position:0%
history for hundreds of years, forests
shaped<00:25:29.000><c> by</c><00:25:29.160><c> past</c><00:25:29.600><c> cultivation,</c><00:25:30.280><c> and</c><00:25:30.440><c> species</c>

24:05.668 --> 24:05.678 align:start position:0%
shaped by past cultivation, and species
 

24:05.678 --> 24:08.148 align:start position:0%
shaped by past cultivation, and species
that<00:25:31.480><c> remain</c><00:25:31.800><c> invisible</c><00:25:32.520><c> until</c><00:25:32.920><c> we</c><00:25:33.080><c> sample</c><00:25:33.760><c> a</c>

24:08.148 --> 24:08.158 align:start position:0%
that remain invisible until we sample a
 

24:08.158 --> 24:09.308 align:start position:0%
that remain invisible until we sample a
river.

24:09.308 --> 24:09.318 align:start position:0%
river.
 

24:09.318 --> 24:10.228 align:start position:0%
river.
To<00:25:35.120><c> be</c><00:25:35.200><c> honest,</c><00:25:35.440><c> part</c><00:25:35.640><c> of</c><00:25:35.720><c> the</c><00:25:35.760><c> reason</c><00:25:35.920><c> I</c>

24:10.228 --> 24:10.238 align:start position:0%
To be honest, part of the reason I
 

24:10.238 --> 24:11.588 align:start position:0%
To be honest, part of the reason I
wanted<00:25:36.160><c> to</c><00:25:36.240><c> make</c><00:25:36.520><c> this</c><00:25:36.720><c> video</c><00:25:37.000><c> was</c><00:25:37.160><c> to</c>

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wanted to make this video was to
 

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wanted to make this video was to
challenge<00:25:37.960><c> misconceptions.</c><00:25:39.320><c> I've</c><00:25:39.520><c> seen</c><00:25:39.720><c> all</c>

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challenge misconceptions. I've seen all
 

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challenge misconceptions. I've seen all
over<00:25:40.000><c> social</c><00:25:40.320><c> media</c><00:25:40.520><c> that</c><00:25:40.720><c> 60%</c><00:25:41.360><c> of</c><00:25:41.440><c> the</c><00:25:41.520><c> Amazon</c>

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over social media that 60% of the Amazon
 

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over social media that 60% of the Amazon
remains<00:25:42.480><c> unexplored</c><00:25:43.200><c> and</c><00:25:43.320><c> loads</c><00:25:43.560><c> of</c><00:25:43.720><c> stuff</c><00:25:44.120><c> as</c>

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remains unexplored and loads of stuff as
 

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remains unexplored and loads of stuff as
to<00:25:44.440><c> why</c><00:25:44.680><c> that</c><00:25:44.920><c> might</c><00:25:45.160><c> be.</c>

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to why that might be.
 

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to why that might be.
But<00:25:46.360><c> ultimately,</c><00:25:46.800><c> and</c><00:25:46.920><c> hopefully</c><00:25:47.240><c> as</c><00:25:47.360><c> we've</c>

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But ultimately, and hopefully as we've
 

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But ultimately, and hopefully as we've
shown,<00:25:48.320><c> these</c><00:25:48.560><c> landscapes</c><00:25:49.080><c> weren't</c><00:25:49.400><c> lost</c><00:25:49.760><c> to</c>

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shown, these landscapes weren't lost to
 

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shown, these landscapes weren't lost to
everybody.<00:25:50.800><c> Local</c><00:25:51.160><c> communities</c><00:25:51.800><c> and</c>

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everybody. Local communities and
 

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everybody. Local communities and
indigenous<00:25:52.560><c> oral</c><00:25:52.920><c> histories</c><00:25:53.560><c> often</c><00:25:53.880><c> remember</c>

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indigenous oral histories often remember
 

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indigenous oral histories often remember
them<00:25:54.680><c> in</c><00:25:54.840><c> the</c><00:25:54.920><c> stories</c><00:25:55.440><c> of</c><00:25:55.560><c> their</c><00:25:55.760><c> ancestors</c>

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them in the stories of their ancestors
 

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them in the stories of their ancestors
or<00:25:56.400><c> practices</c><00:25:57.480><c> handed</c><00:25:57.920><c> down</c><00:25:58.280><c> over</c>

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or practices handed down over
 

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or practices handed down over
generations.<00:25:59.960><c> Our</c><00:26:00.200><c> modern</c><00:26:00.600><c> scientific</c>

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generations. Our modern scientific
 

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generations. Our modern scientific
methods<00:26:01.640><c> are</c><00:26:01.840><c> just</c><00:26:02.120><c> a</c><00:26:02.200><c> flashlight,</c><00:26:02.960><c> really.</c>

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methods are just a flashlight, really.
 

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methods are just a flashlight, really.
To<00:26:03.840><c> shine</c><00:26:04.080><c> a</c><00:26:04.120><c> light</c><00:26:04.400><c> on</c><00:26:04.520><c> the</c><00:26:04.680><c> whole</c><00:26:05.120><c> picture,</c>

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To shine a light on the whole picture,
 

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To shine a light on the whole picture,
we<00:26:06.120><c> must</c><00:26:06.440><c> look</c><00:26:06.600><c> at</c><00:26:06.800><c> all</c><00:26:07.080><c> the</c><00:26:07.200><c> evidence</c><00:26:07.640><c> around</c>

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we must look at all the evidence around
 

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we must look at all the evidence around
us,<00:26:08.400><c> and</c><00:26:08.720><c> then,</c><00:26:09.720><c> well,</c><00:26:09.920><c> we</c><00:26:10.080><c> might</c><00:26:10.280><c> find</c>

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us, and then, well, we might find
 

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us, and then, well, we might find
something<00:26:10.880><c> truly</c><00:26:11.240><c> incredible,</c><00:26:12.240><c> like</c><00:26:12.520><c> the</c>

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something truly incredible, like the
 

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something truly incredible, like the
city<00:26:12.880><c> of</c><00:26:13.160><c> El</c><00:26:13.320><c> Dorado.</c>

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city of El Dorado.
 

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city of El Dorado.
Or<00:26:14.520><c> not.</c>

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Or not.
 

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Or not.
Let<00:26:16.000><c> me</c><00:26:16.080><c> know</c><00:26:16.160><c> in</c><00:26:16.240><c> the</c><00:26:16.280><c> comments</c><00:26:16.520><c> below</c><00:26:16.720><c> what</c>

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Let me know in the comments below what
 

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Let me know in the comments below what
you<00:26:17.120><c> think</c><00:26:17.480><c> or</c><00:26:17.600><c> even</c><00:26:17.840><c> hope</c><00:26:18.280><c> might</c><00:26:18.640><c> still</c><00:26:18.960><c> be</c>

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you think or even hope might still be
 

24:53.358 --> 24:54.948 align:start position:0%
you think or even hope might still be
waiting<00:26:19.440><c> to</c><00:26:19.520><c> be</c><00:26:19.600><c> discovered</c><00:26:20.120><c> in</c><00:26:20.240><c> the</c><00:26:20.360><c> Amazon,</c>

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waiting to be discovered in the Amazon,
 

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waiting to be discovered in the Amazon,
or<00:26:20.960><c> maybe</c><00:26:21.240><c> you</c><00:26:21.320><c> don't</c><00:26:21.640><c> like</c><00:26:22.000><c> the</c><00:26:22.120><c> idea</c><00:26:22.320><c> of</c>

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or maybe you don't like the idea of
 

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or maybe you don't like the idea of
finding<00:26:22.760><c> stuff,</c><00:26:22.960><c> and</c><00:26:23.120><c> sometimes</c><00:26:23.720><c> the</c>

24:58.148 --> 24:58.158 align:start position:0%
finding stuff, and sometimes the
 

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finding stuff, and sometimes the
unknown,<00:26:24.360><c> the</c><00:26:24.480><c> hidden,</c><00:26:25.440><c> remains</c><00:26:25.800><c> the</c><00:26:25.840><c> most</c>

25:00.308 --> 25:00.318 align:start position:0%
unknown, the hidden, remains the most
 

25:00.318 --> 25:03.198 align:start position:0%
unknown, the hidden, remains the most
exciting<00:26:26.520><c> thing.</c>