WEBVTT 00:00.400 --> 00:03.669 align:start position:0% 66<00:00:01.199> million<00:00:01.600> years<00:00:01.760> ago,<00:00:02.240> dinosaurs<00:00:03.040> vanished 00:03.669 --> 00:03.679 align:start position:0% 66 million years ago, dinosaurs vanished 00:03.679 --> 00:05.910 align:start position:0% 66 million years ago, dinosaurs vanished almost<00:00:04.240> overnight, 00:05.910 --> 00:05.920 align:start position:0% almost overnight, 00:05.920 --> 00:08.310 align:start position:0% almost overnight, forests<00:00:06.640> collapsed,<00:00:07.200> food<00:00:07.520> chains<00:00:08.000> broke 00:08.310 --> 00:08.320 align:start position:0% forests collapsed, food chains broke 00:08.320 --> 00:13.270 align:start position:0% forests collapsed, food chains broke apart,<00:00:08.800> and<00:00:09.040> extinction<00:00:10.160> reigned<00:00:10.800> supreme. 00:13.270 --> 00:13.280 align:start position:0% apart, and extinction reigned supreme. 00:13.280 --> 00:15.910 align:start position:0% apart, and extinction reigned supreme. And<00:00:13.519> in<00:00:13.679> the<00:00:13.840> warmer<00:00:14.240> world<00:00:14.639> left<00:00:14.880> behind,<00:00:15.679> a 00:15.910 --> 00:15.920 align:start position:0% And in the warmer world left behind, a 00:15.920 --> 00:18.630 align:start position:0% And in the warmer world left behind, a new<00:00:16.160> predator<00:00:16.720> slithered<00:00:17.199> to<00:00:17.359> the<00:00:17.600> top.<00:00:18.320> What 00:18.630 --> 00:18.640 align:start position:0% new predator slithered to the top. What 00:18.640 --> 00:21.910 align:start position:0% new predator slithered to the top. What could<00:00:18.880> be<00:00:19.039> the<00:00:19.520> largest<00:00:20.080> snake<00:00:20.880> the<00:00:21.279> world<00:00:21.600> has 00:21.910 --> 00:21.920 align:start position:0% could be the largest snake the world has 00:21.920 --> 00:26.070 align:start position:0% could be the largest snake the world has ever<00:00:22.400> seen. 00:26.070 --> 00:26.080 align:start position:0% 00:26.080 --> 00:28.550 align:start position:0% A<00:00:26.320> snake<00:00:26.720> longer<00:00:27.039> than<00:00:27.199> a<00:00:27.439> bus<00:00:27.680> and<00:00:28.000> as<00:00:28.240> heavy 00:28.550 --> 00:28.560 align:start position:0% A snake longer than a bus and as heavy 00:28.560 --> 00:31.429 align:start position:0% A snake longer than a bus and as heavy as<00:00:28.800> a<00:00:29.119> small<00:00:29.439> car.<00:00:30.240> It<00:00:30.400> had<00:00:30.560> a<00:00:30.800> constricting 00:31.429 --> 00:31.439 align:start position:0% as a small car. It had a constricting 00:31.439 --> 00:33.270 align:start position:0% as a small car. It had a constricting pressure<00:00:31.840> comparable<00:00:32.399> to<00:00:32.559> the<00:00:32.719> crushing 00:33.270 --> 00:33.280 align:start position:0% pressure comparable to the crushing 00:33.280 --> 00:36.229 align:start position:0% pressure comparable to the crushing force<00:00:33.760> inside<00:00:34.719> an<00:00:35.040> industrial<00:00:35.840> car 00:36.229 --> 00:36.239 align:start position:0% force inside an industrial car 00:36.239 --> 00:37.750 align:start position:0% force inside an industrial car compactor. 00:37.750 --> 00:37.760 align:start position:0% compactor. 00:37.760 --> 00:39.510 align:start position:0% compactor. This<00:00:37.920> was<00:00:38.079> an<00:00:38.320> animal<00:00:38.480> that<00:00:38.719> could<00:00:38.960> snap<00:00:39.280> a 00:39.510 --> 00:39.520 align:start position:0% This was an animal that could snap a 00:39.520 --> 00:42.310 align:start position:0% This was an animal that could snap a giant<00:00:39.760> turtle<00:00:40.160> shell<00:00:40.480> like<00:00:40.640> a<00:00:40.879> cracker<00:00:41.760> in<00:00:42.000> its 00:42.310 --> 00:42.320 align:start position:0% giant turtle shell like a cracker in its 00:42.320 --> 00:45.830 align:start position:0% giant turtle shell like a cracker in its coils<00:00:43.040> and<00:00:43.280> was<00:00:43.520> capable<00:00:43.840> of<00:00:44.160> devouring<00:00:44.960> 2<00:00:45.360> m 00:45.830 --> 00:45.840 align:start position:0% coils and was capable of devouring 2 m 00:45.840 --> 00:48.869 align:start position:0% coils and was capable of devouring 2 m long<00:00:46.719> crocodiles. 00:48.869 --> 00:48.879 align:start position:0% long crocodiles. 00:48.879 --> 00:52.310 align:start position:0% long crocodiles. Titanob<00:00:49.760> was<00:00:50.000> a<00:00:50.320> master<00:00:50.800> of<00:00:51.200> disguise, 00:52.310 --> 00:52.320 align:start position:0% Titanob was a master of disguise, 00:52.320 --> 00:54.630 align:start position:0% Titanob was a master of disguise, silently<00:00:52.879> lurking<00:00:53.360> deep<00:00:53.680> in<00:00:53.840> the<00:00:54.000> depths<00:00:54.320> of 00:54.630 --> 00:54.640 align:start position:0% silently lurking deep in the depths of 00:54.640 --> 00:57.910 align:start position:0% silently lurking deep in the depths of South<00:00:55.039> American<00:00:55.680> swamps<00:00:56.160> to<00:00:56.399> claim<00:00:57.120> its<00:00:57.520> next 00:57.910 --> 00:57.920 align:start position:0% South American swamps to claim its next 00:57.920 --> 01:01.349 align:start position:0% South American swamps to claim its next victim.<00:00:58.800> Measuring<00:00:59.199> in<00:00:59.359> at<00:00:59.680> 14<00:01:00.320> m<00:01:00.719> long, 01:01.349 --> 01:01.359 align:start position:0% victim. Measuring in at 14 m long, 01:01.359 --> 01:03.750 align:start position:0% victim. Measuring in at 14 m long, Titanob<00:01:02.239> was<00:01:02.480> not<00:01:02.719> only<00:01:02.960> the<00:01:03.359> largest 01:03.750 --> 01:03.760 align:start position:0% Titanob was not only the largest 01:03.760 --> 01:05.509 align:start position:0% Titanob was not only the largest predator<00:01:04.159> on<00:01:04.400> the<00:01:04.559> surface<00:01:04.879> of<00:01:05.040> the<00:01:05.199> planet 01:05.509 --> 01:05.519 align:start position:0% predator on the surface of the planet 01:05.519 --> 01:08.469 align:start position:0% predator on the surface of the planet for<00:01:05.680> at<00:01:05.760> least<00:01:06.320> 10<00:01:06.640> million<00:01:07.119> years,<00:01:08.080> but<00:01:08.240> it 01:08.469 --> 01:08.479 align:start position:0% for at least 10 million years, but it 01:08.479 --> 01:10.950 align:start position:0% for at least 10 million years, but it also<00:01:08.720> carries<00:01:09.040> a<00:01:09.360> fascinating,<00:01:10.240> unique,<00:01:10.720> and 01:10.950 --> 01:10.960 align:start position:0% also carries a fascinating, unique, and 01:10.960 --> 01:15.109 align:start position:0% also carries a fascinating, unique, and truly<00:01:11.439> unbelievable<00:01:12.799> scientific<00:01:13.600> story.<00:01:14.880> I'm 01:15.109 --> 01:15.119 align:start position:0% truly unbelievable scientific story. I'm 01:15.119 --> 01:17.190 align:start position:0% truly unbelievable scientific story. I'm James<00:01:15.439> Shu<00:01:15.760> and<00:01:15.920> you're<00:01:16.159> watching<00:01:16.560> Astramm 01:17.190 --> 01:17.200 align:start position:0% James Shu and you're watching Astramm 01:17.200 --> 01:19.670 align:start position:0% James Shu and you're watching Astramm Earth.<00:01:18.080> In<00:01:18.320> this<00:01:18.479> video,<00:01:18.720> we'll<00:01:19.040> unravel<00:01:19.520> the 01:19.670 --> 01:19.680 align:start position:0% Earth. In this video, we'll unravel the 01:19.680 --> 01:22.950 align:start position:0% Earth. In this video, we'll unravel the mystery<00:01:20.159> of<00:01:20.560> Titanoboa.<00:01:21.920> From<00:01:22.080> its<00:01:22.400> discovery 01:22.950 --> 01:22.960 align:start position:0% mystery of Titanoboa. From its discovery 01:22.960 --> 01:26.149 align:start position:0% mystery of Titanoboa. From its discovery in<00:01:23.360> Colombian<00:01:24.000> coal<00:01:24.400> mines<00:01:24.960> to<00:01:25.200> how<00:01:25.360> it<00:01:25.600> lived, 01:26.149 --> 01:26.159 align:start position:0% in Colombian coal mines to how it lived, 01:26.159 --> 01:28.550 align:start position:0% in Colombian coal mines to how it lived, hunted,<00:01:26.880> and<00:01:27.040> was<00:01:27.280> able<00:01:27.520> to<00:01:27.680> thrive<00:01:28.000> in<00:01:28.159> a<00:01:28.320> way 01:28.550 --> 01:28.560 align:start position:0% hunted, and was able to thrive in a way 01:28.560 --> 01:32.630 align:start position:0% hunted, and was able to thrive in a way never<00:01:28.799> before<00:01:29.520> seen<00:01:29.920> amongst<00:01:30.560> reptiles. 01:32.630 --> 01:32.640 align:start position:0% never before seen amongst reptiles. 01:32.640 --> 01:34.630 align:start position:0% never before seen amongst reptiles. Finally,<00:01:33.040> and<00:01:33.280> perhaps<00:01:33.680> most<00:01:34.079> importantly, 01:34.630 --> 01:34.640 align:start position:0% Finally, and perhaps most importantly, 01:34.640 --> 01:36.310 align:start position:0% Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we'll<00:01:34.880> ask<00:01:35.040> the<00:01:35.200> biggest<00:01:35.520> question<00:01:35.840> of<00:01:36.079> them 01:36.310 --> 01:36.320 align:start position:0% we'll ask the biggest question of them 01:36.320 --> 01:39.910 align:start position:0% we'll ask the biggest question of them all.<00:01:37.200> Where<00:01:38.079> did<00:01:38.320> this<00:01:38.560> monstrosity<00:01:39.360> go?<00:01:39.759> And 01:39.910 --> 01:39.920 align:start position:0% all. Where did this monstrosity go? And 01:39.920 --> 01:50.469 align:start position:0% all. Where did this monstrosity go? And could<00:01:40.880> it<00:01:41.200> one<00:01:41.439> day<00:01:41.759> return? 01:50.469 --> 01:50.479 align:start position:0% 01:50.479 --> 01:52.310 align:start position:0% For<00:01:50.720> most<00:01:50.960> of<00:01:51.119> the<00:01:51.280> 20th<00:01:51.680> century,<00:01:52.079> there<00:01:52.240> was 01:52.310 --> 01:52.320 align:start position:0% For most of the 20th century, there was 01:52.320 --> 01:55.030 align:start position:0% For most of the 20th century, there was a<00:01:52.479> gap<00:01:52.799> in<00:01:52.960> the<00:01:53.119> fossil<00:01:53.600> record.<00:01:54.479> The<00:01:54.799> first 01:55.030 --> 01:55.040 align:start position:0% a gap in the fossil record. The first 01:55.040 --> 01:56.710 align:start position:0% a gap in the fossil record. The first few<00:01:55.360> million<00:01:55.759> years<00:01:56.079> following<00:01:56.479> the 01:56.710 --> 01:56.720 align:start position:0% few million years following the 01:56.720 --> 01:59.270 align:start position:0% few million years following the Cretaceous<00:01:57.680> Paleogene<00:01:58.399> event,<00:01:58.799> one<00:01:58.960> of<00:01:59.119> the 01:59.270 --> 01:59.280 align:start position:0% Cretaceous Paleogene event, one of the 01:59.280 --> 02:01.030 align:start position:0% Cretaceous Paleogene event, one of the greatest<00:01:59.759> mass<00:02:00.159> extinction<00:02:00.640> events<00:02:00.880> in 02:01.030 --> 02:01.040 align:start position:0% greatest mass extinction events in 02:01.040 --> 02:04.069 align:start position:0% greatest mass extinction events in Earth's<00:02:01.360> history,<00:02:02.159> were<00:02:02.479> poorly<00:02:02.960> understood. 02:04.069 --> 02:04.079 align:start position:0% Earth's history, were poorly understood. 02:04.079 --> 02:06.789 align:start position:0% Earth's history, were poorly understood. The<00:02:04.320> fossil<00:02:04.719> records<00:02:05.119> suggested<00:02:05.759> recovery,<00:02:06.560> a 02:06.789 --> 02:06.799 align:start position:0% The fossil records suggested recovery, a 02:06.799 --> 02:08.630 align:start position:0% The fossil records suggested recovery, a sort<00:02:06.960> of<00:02:07.200> bounceback<00:02:08.000> period<00:02:08.319> that<00:02:08.479> would 02:08.630 --> 02:08.640 align:start position:0% sort of bounceback period that would 02:08.640 --> 02:11.029 align:start position:0% sort of bounceback period that would allow<00:02:08.959> previously<00:02:09.520> hunted<00:02:09.920> species<00:02:10.800> to 02:11.029 --> 02:11.039 align:start position:0% allow previously hunted species to 02:11.039 --> 02:13.270 align:start position:0% allow previously hunted species to thrive<00:02:11.520> once<00:02:11.840> again. 02:13.270 --> 02:13.280 align:start position:0% thrive once again. 02:13.280 --> 02:15.510 align:start position:0% thrive once again. What<00:02:13.520> it<00:02:13.680> didn't<00:02:13.920> suggest<00:02:14.319> was<00:02:14.640> dominance<00:02:15.200> and 02:15.510 --> 02:15.520 align:start position:0% What it didn't suggest was dominance and 02:15.520 --> 02:17.990 align:start position:0% What it didn't suggest was dominance and certainly<00:02:15.920> not<00:02:16.160> gigantism<00:02:17.280> and<00:02:17.599> definitely 02:17.990 --> 02:18.000 align:start position:0% certainly not gigantism and definitely 02:18.000 --> 02:21.030 align:start position:0% certainly not gigantism and definitely not<00:02:18.879> from<00:02:19.280> snakes. 02:21.030 --> 02:21.040 align:start position:0% not from snakes. 02:21.040 --> 02:23.270 align:start position:0% not from snakes. The<00:02:21.280> saga<00:02:21.680> of<00:02:21.840> Titanoboa<00:02:22.640> has<00:02:22.800> more<00:02:22.959> twists 02:23.270 --> 02:23.280 align:start position:0% The saga of Titanoboa has more twists 02:23.280 --> 02:25.350 align:start position:0% The saga of Titanoboa has more twists and<00:02:23.520> turns<00:02:23.840> than<00:02:24.000> the<00:02:24.160> coils<00:02:24.640> of<00:02:24.800> the<00:02:25.040> snake 02:25.350 --> 02:25.360 align:start position:0% and turns than the coils of the snake 02:25.360 --> 02:28.070 align:start position:0% and turns than the coils of the snake itself.<00:02:26.319> And<00:02:26.480> it<00:02:26.640> begins<00:02:26.959> in<00:02:27.200> an<00:02:27.360> unlikely 02:28.070 --> 02:28.080 align:start position:0% itself. And it begins in an unlikely 02:28.080 --> 02:31.430 align:start position:0% itself. And it begins in an unlikely place,<00:02:28.959> an<00:02:29.280> open<00:02:29.680> pit<00:02:30.160> coal<00:02:30.480> mine<00:02:31.200> in 02:31.430 --> 02:31.440 align:start position:0% place, an open pit coal mine in 02:31.440 --> 02:34.470 align:start position:0% place, an open pit coal mine in Colombia.<00:02:32.800> On<00:02:33.040> the<00:02:33.200> surface<00:02:33.440> of<00:02:33.599> it,<00:02:33.760> Ted<00:02:34.160> Horn 02:34.470 --> 02:34.480 align:start position:0% Colombia. On the surface of it, Ted Horn 02:34.480 --> 02:36.869 align:start position:0% Colombia. On the surface of it, Ted Horn is<00:02:34.720> pretty<00:02:35.040> unremarkable. 02:36.869 --> 02:36.879 align:start position:0% is pretty unremarkable. 02:36.879 --> 02:38.790 align:start position:0% is pretty unremarkable. Lying<00:02:37.200> in<00:02:37.280> the<00:02:37.440> land<00:02:37.760> tropics<00:02:38.160> north<00:02:38.400> of<00:02:38.560> the 02:38.790 --> 02:38.800 align:start position:0% Lying in the land tropics north of the 02:38.800 --> 02:41.030 align:start position:0% Lying in the land tropics north of the country,<00:02:39.120> some<00:02:39.519> 60<00:02:39.920> mi<00:02:40.160> from<00:02:40.400> the<00:02:40.560> Caribbean 02:41.030 --> 02:41.040 align:start position:0% country, some 60 mi from the Caribbean 02:41.040 --> 02:43.430 align:start position:0% country, some 60 mi from the Caribbean coast,<00:02:41.760> it's<00:02:42.000> a<00:02:42.239> forbidding,<00:02:42.959> seemingly 02:43.430 --> 02:43.440 align:start position:0% coast, it's a forbidding, seemingly 02:43.440 --> 02:45.910 align:start position:0% coast, it's a forbidding, seemingly endless<00:02:43.920> horizon<00:02:44.319> of<00:02:44.560> dusty<00:02:45.040> nothingness 02:45.910 --> 02:45.920 align:start position:0% endless horizon of dusty nothingness 02:45.920 --> 02:48.229 align:start position:0% endless horizon of dusty nothingness largely<00:02:46.480> stripped<00:02:46.800> of<00:02:47.040> vegetation.<00:02:47.760> A<00:02:47.920> rare 02:48.229 --> 02:48.239 align:start position:0% largely stripped of vegetation. A rare 02:48.239 --> 02:52.550 align:start position:0% largely stripped of vegetation. A rare brown<00:02:48.640> blot<00:02:49.280> on<00:02:49.519> the<00:02:49.680> green<00:02:49.920> map<00:02:50.239> of<00:02:50.640> Colombia. 02:52.550 --> 02:52.560 align:start position:0% brown blot on the green map of Colombia. 02:52.560 --> 02:55.190 align:start position:0% brown blot on the green map of Colombia. The<00:02:52.800> area<00:02:53.040> is<00:02:53.280> crisscrossed<00:02:54.000> with<00:02:54.239> dirt<00:02:54.640> roads 02:55.190 --> 02:55.200 align:start position:0% The area is crisscrossed with dirt roads 02:55.200 --> 02:58.070 align:start position:0% The area is crisscrossed with dirt roads leading<00:02:55.599> to<00:02:55.760> enormous<00:02:56.400> coal<00:02:56.720> pits,<00:02:57.519> some<00:02:57.840> up 02:58.070 --> 02:58.080 align:start position:0% leading to enormous coal pits, some up 02:58.080 --> 03:01.270 align:start position:0% leading to enormous coal pits, some up to<00:02:58.319> 24<00:02:58.800> km<00:02:59.440> in<00:02:59.760> circumference. 03:01.270 --> 03:01.280 align:start position:0% to 24 km in circumference. 03:01.280 --> 03:02.710 align:start position:0% to 24 km in circumference. In<00:03:01.519> fact,<00:03:01.680> this<00:03:01.920> place<00:03:02.080> is<00:03:02.319> one<00:03:02.480> of<00:03:02.560> the 03:02.710 --> 03:02.720 align:start position:0% In fact, this place is one of the 03:02.720 --> 03:05.110 align:start position:0% In fact, this place is one of the world's<00:03:03.200> largest<00:03:03.840> coal<00:03:04.319> operations. 03:05.110 --> 03:05.120 align:start position:0% world's largest coal operations. 03:05.120 --> 03:07.430 align:start position:0% world's largest coal operations. Certainly<00:03:05.360> the<00:03:05.599> largest<00:03:05.840> in<00:03:06.080> South<00:03:06.400> America, 03:07.430 --> 03:07.440 align:start position:0% Certainly the largest in South America, 03:07.440 --> 03:11.030 align:start position:0% Certainly the largest in South America, 700<00:03:08.239> km<00:03:08.959> squared,<00:03:09.680> covering<00:03:10.080> an<00:03:10.319> area<00:03:10.640> larger 03:11.030 --> 03:11.040 align:start position:0% 700 km squared, covering an area larger 03:11.040 --> 03:13.350 align:start position:0% 700 km squared, covering an area larger than<00:03:11.200> the<00:03:11.360> city<00:03:11.599> of<00:03:11.840> Chicago<00:03:12.640> and<00:03:12.879> employing 03:13.350 --> 03:13.360 align:start position:0% than the city of Chicago and employing 03:13.360 --> 03:17.190 align:start position:0% than the city of Chicago and employing some<00:03:13.760> 10,000<00:03:14.879> workers.<00:03:16.319> The<00:03:16.480> multinational 03:17.190 --> 03:17.200 align:start position:0% some 10,000 workers. The multinational 03:17.200 --> 03:19.509 align:start position:0% some 10,000 workers. The multinational corporation<00:03:17.680> that<00:03:18.000> runs<00:03:18.239> the<00:03:18.400> mine,<00:03:18.879> Carbon 03:19.509 --> 03:19.519 align:start position:0% corporation that runs the mine, Carbon 03:19.519 --> 03:23.190 align:start position:0% corporation that runs the mine, Carbon Deed<00:03:20.239> Horn<00:03:20.640> Limited,<00:03:21.519> extracted<00:03:22.400> 19<00:03:22.879> million 03:23.190 --> 03:23.200 align:start position:0% Deed Horn Limited, extracted 19 million 03:23.200 --> 03:27.190 align:start position:0% Deed Horn Limited, extracted 19 million tons<00:03:23.519> of<00:03:23.680> coal<00:03:24.080> in<00:03:24.400> 2024<00:03:25.680> alone. 03:27.190 --> 03:27.200 align:start position:0% tons of coal in 2024 alone. 03:27.200 --> 03:29.589 align:start position:0% tons of coal in 2024 alone. But<00:03:27.519> 60<00:03:27.840> million<00:03:28.239> years<00:03:28.400> ago,<00:03:28.879> this<00:03:29.200> area 03:29.589 --> 03:29.599 align:start position:0% But 60 million years ago, this area 03:29.599 --> 03:31.990 align:start position:0% But 60 million years ago, this area looked<00:03:30.080> quite<00:03:30.480> different.<00:03:31.440> It<00:03:31.599> was<00:03:31.760> a 03:31.990 --> 03:32.000 align:start position:0% looked quite different. It was a 03:32.000 --> 03:35.110 align:start position:0% looked quite different. It was a sweltering<00:03:32.799> swampy<00:03:33.440> jungle,<00:03:34.239> hotter<00:03:34.720> and 03:35.110 --> 03:35.120 align:start position:0% sweltering swampy jungle, hotter and 03:35.120 --> 03:37.589 align:start position:0% sweltering swampy jungle, hotter and wetter<00:03:35.519> than<00:03:35.680> modern<00:03:36.080> rainforests,<00:03:37.200> dense 03:37.589 --> 03:37.599 align:start position:0% wetter than modern rainforests, dense 03:37.599 --> 03:40.229 align:start position:0% wetter than modern rainforests, dense with<00:03:37.840> towering<00:03:38.480> trees<00:03:38.799> and<00:03:39.040> teeming<00:03:39.840> with 03:40.229 --> 03:40.239 align:start position:0% with towering trees and teeming with 03:40.239 --> 03:43.110 align:start position:0% with towering trees and teeming with colossal<00:03:40.879> animals. 03:43.110 --> 03:43.120 align:start position:0% colossal animals. 03:43.120 --> 03:44.789 align:start position:0% colossal animals. There<00:03:43.360> is<00:03:43.519> some<00:03:43.760> irony<00:03:44.080> in<00:03:44.239> that<00:03:44.400> all<00:03:44.560> of<00:03:44.640> that 03:44.789 --> 03:44.799 align:start position:0% There is some irony in that all of that 03:44.799 --> 03:46.070 align:start position:0% There is some irony in that all of that organic<00:03:45.200> matter<00:03:45.519> formed<00:03:45.760> during<00:03:45.920> the 03:46.070 --> 03:46.080 align:start position:0% organic matter formed during the 03:46.080 --> 03:48.869 align:start position:0% organic matter formed during the Paleocin<00:03:46.720> epoch<00:03:47.120> actually<00:03:47.519> turned<00:03:47.920> in<00:03:48.480> to<00:03:48.720> the 03:48.869 --> 03:48.879 align:start position:0% Paleocin epoch actually turned in to the 03:48.879 --> 03:51.670 align:start position:0% Paleocin epoch actually turned in to the coal<00:03:49.200> that's<00:03:49.519> now<00:03:49.680> being<00:03:50.000> mined.<00:03:51.200> Carlos 03:51.670 --> 03:51.680 align:start position:0% coal that's now being mined. Carlos 03:51.680 --> 03:53.830 align:start position:0% coal that's now being mined. Carlos Haram,<00:03:52.480> a<00:03:52.720> paleontologist<00:03:53.519> at<00:03:53.760> the 03:53.830 --> 03:53.840 align:start position:0% Haram, a paleontologist at the 03:53.840 --> 03:56.550 align:start position:0% Haram, a paleontologist at the Smithsonian<00:03:54.480> Tropical<00:03:54.959> Research<00:03:55.519> Institute, 03:56.550 --> 03:56.560 align:start position:0% Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 03:56.560 --> 03:58.710 align:start position:0% Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, said<00:03:56.720> that<00:03:56.959> Sedihon<00:03:57.680> is<00:03:57.840> the<00:03:58.080> best<00:03:58.400> and 03:58.710 --> 03:58.720 align:start position:0% said that Sedihon is the best and 03:58.720 --> 04:01.589 align:start position:0% said that Sedihon is the best and probably<00:03:59.120> the<00:03:59.439> only<00:04:00.080> window<00:04:00.480> on<00:04:00.720> a<00:04:01.040> complete 04:01.589 --> 04:01.599 align:start position:0% probably the only window on a complete 04:01.599 --> 04:04.550 align:start position:0% probably the only window on a complete ancient<00:04:02.000> tropical<00:04:02.560> ecosystem<00:04:03.680> anywhere<00:04:04.159> in 04:04.550 --> 04:04.560 align:start position:0% ancient tropical ecosystem anywhere in 04:04.560 --> 04:07.350 align:start position:0% ancient tropical ecosystem anywhere in the<00:04:04.799> world.<00:04:05.920> So,<00:04:06.159> if<00:04:06.400> you<00:04:06.560> knew<00:04:06.720> roughly<00:04:07.120> where 04:07.350 --> 04:07.360 align:start position:0% the world. So, if you knew roughly where 04:07.360 --> 04:08.949 align:start position:0% the world. So, if you knew roughly where to<00:04:07.439> look,<00:04:07.760> there's<00:04:07.920> a<00:04:08.000> very<00:04:08.159> slim<00:04:08.480> chance<00:04:08.720> you 04:08.949 --> 04:08.959 align:start position:0% to look, there's a very slim chance you 04:08.959 --> 04:10.550 align:start position:0% to look, there's a very slim chance you might<00:04:09.120> find<00:04:09.360> something<00:04:09.680> more<00:04:09.920> valuable<00:04:10.239> than 04:10.550 --> 04:10.560 align:start position:0% might find something more valuable than 04:10.560 --> 04:14.229 align:start position:0% might find something more valuable than coal<00:04:11.439> hiding<00:04:11.920> in<00:04:12.159> these<00:04:12.480> mines. 04:14.229 --> 04:14.239 align:start position:0% coal hiding in these mines. 04:14.239 --> 04:15.910 align:start position:0% coal hiding in these mines. The<00:04:14.480> search<00:04:14.799> for<00:04:14.959> the<00:04:15.120> monsters<00:04:15.519> of<00:04:15.760> the 04:15.910 --> 04:15.920 align:start position:0% The search for the monsters of the 04:15.920 --> 04:19.349 align:start position:0% The search for the monsters of the Paleocene<00:04:16.720> epoch<00:04:17.120> began<00:04:17.519> in<00:04:17.759> the<00:04:18.000> 1990s<00:04:18.959> when 04:19.349 --> 04:19.359 align:start position:0% Paleocene epoch began in the 1990s when 04:19.359 --> 04:22.469 align:start position:0% Paleocene epoch began in the 1990s when Colombian<00:04:19.919> geologist<00:04:20.560> Henry<00:04:20.959> Garia<00:04:21.919> found<00:04:22.240> an 04:22.469 --> 04:22.479 align:start position:0% Colombian geologist Henry Garia found an 04:22.479 --> 04:25.430 align:start position:0% Colombian geologist Henry Garia found an unfamiliar<00:04:23.199> fossil.<00:04:24.639> He<00:04:24.800> wasn't<00:04:25.040> quite<00:04:25.280> sure 04:25.430 --> 04:25.440 align:start position:0% unfamiliar fossil. He wasn't quite sure 04:25.440 --> 04:27.030 align:start position:0% unfamiliar fossil. He wasn't quite sure what<00:04:25.600> he<00:04:25.759> was<00:04:25.919> looking<00:04:26.080> at,<00:04:26.320> so<00:04:26.479> he<00:04:26.639> placed<00:04:26.880> the 04:27.030 --> 04:27.040 align:start position:0% what he was looking at, so he placed the 04:27.040 --> 04:29.350 align:start position:0% what he was looking at, so he placed the specimen<00:04:27.440> in<00:04:27.600> a<00:04:27.840> glass<00:04:28.240> display<00:04:28.639> case<00:04:28.960> in<00:04:29.199> the 04:29.350 --> 04:29.360 align:start position:0% specimen in a glass display case in the 04:29.360 --> 04:31.430 align:start position:0% specimen in a glass display case in the Cole<00:04:29.759> Company<00:04:30.160> reception<00:04:30.880> where<00:04:31.120> it<00:04:31.280> was 04:31.430 --> 04:31.440 align:start position:0% Cole Company reception where it was 04:31.440 --> 04:34.950 align:start position:0% Cole Company reception where it was labeled<00:04:32.320> petrified<00:04:33.040> branch<00:04:34.000> and<00:04:34.479> forgotten 04:34.950 --> 04:34.960 align:start position:0% labeled petrified branch and forgotten 04:34.960 --> 04:37.670 align:start position:0% labeled petrified branch and forgotten about.<00:04:35.840> Now,<00:04:36.080> flash<00:04:36.320> forward<00:04:36.800> 9<00:04:37.040> years<00:04:37.280> and<00:04:37.520> a 04:37.670 --> 04:37.680 align:start position:0% about. Now, flash forward 9 years and a 04:37.680 --> 04:40.390 align:start position:0% about. Now, flash forward 9 years and a geology<00:04:38.160> student<00:04:38.479> named<00:04:38.880> Fabony<00:04:39.440> Herrera<00:04:40.160> was 04:40.390 --> 04:40.400 align:start position:0% geology student named Fabony Herrera was 04:40.400 --> 04:42.629 align:start position:0% geology student named Fabony Herrera was hunting<00:04:40.720> around<00:04:40.960> in<00:04:41.280> roughly<00:04:41.600> the<00:04:41.840> same<00:04:42.080> spot 04:42.629 --> 04:42.639 align:start position:0% hunting around in roughly the same spot 04:42.639 --> 04:44.870 align:start position:0% hunting around in roughly the same spot when<00:04:42.960> he<00:04:43.199> noticed<00:04:43.600> something<00:04:43.919> unusual<00:04:44.560> about 04:44.870 --> 04:44.880 align:start position:0% when he noticed something unusual about 04:44.880 --> 04:48.070 align:start position:0% when he noticed something unusual about the<00:04:45.120> stones<00:04:45.520> beneath<00:04:46.000> his<00:04:46.240> feet.<00:04:47.600> He<00:04:47.759> reached 04:48.070 --> 04:48.080 align:start position:0% the stones beneath his feet. He reached 04:48.080 --> 04:50.469 align:start position:0% the stones beneath his feet. He reached down<00:04:48.240> and<00:04:48.400> picked<00:04:48.639> up<00:04:48.800> a<00:04:48.960> piece<00:04:49.120> of<00:04:49.440> sandstone. 04:50.469 --> 04:50.479 align:start position:0% down and picked up a piece of sandstone. 04:50.479 --> 04:52.790 align:start position:0% down and picked up a piece of sandstone. Turning<00:04:50.720> it<00:04:50.960> over<00:04:51.120> in<00:04:51.360> his<00:04:51.520> hands.<00:04:52.400> On<00:04:52.639> the 04:52.790 --> 04:52.800 align:start position:0% Turning it over in his hands. On the 04:52.800 --> 04:54.230 align:start position:0% Turning it over in his hands. On the other<00:04:52.960> side<00:04:53.120> of<00:04:53.280> the<00:04:53.520> stone,<00:04:53.840> there<00:04:53.919> was<00:04:54.080> an 04:54.230 --> 04:54.240 align:start position:0% other side of the stone, there was an 04:54.240 --> 04:56.629 align:start position:0% other side of the stone, there was an impression<00:04:54.639> of<00:04:54.800> a<00:04:55.040> fossil<00:04:55.440> leaf<00:04:55.919> etched<00:04:56.320> into 04:56.629 --> 04:56.639 align:start position:0% impression of a fossil leaf etched into 04:56.639 --> 04:59.270 align:start position:0% impression of a fossil leaf etched into it.<00:04:57.840> He<00:04:58.000> picked<00:04:58.240> up<00:04:58.320> another<00:04:58.639> rock<00:04:58.880> and<00:04:59.040> the 04:59.270 --> 04:59.280 align:start position:0% it. He picked up another rock and the 04:59.280 --> 05:00.870 align:start position:0% it. He picked up another rock and the same<00:04:59.440> thing<00:04:59.600> happened<00:04:59.919> again<00:05:00.160> and<00:05:00.400> then<00:05:00.560> again 05:00.870 --> 05:00.880 align:start position:0% same thing happened again and then again 05:00.880 --> 05:03.270 align:start position:0% same thing happened again and then again and<00:05:01.120> again<00:05:01.360> and<00:05:01.680> again.<00:05:02.400> He<00:05:02.639> had<00:05:02.880> stumbled 05:03.270 --> 05:03.280 align:start position:0% and again and again. He had stumbled 05:03.280 --> 05:05.350 align:start position:0% and again and again. He had stumbled upon<00:05:03.520> a<00:05:03.680> set<00:05:03.919> of<00:05:04.160> beautifully<00:05:04.720> preserved 05:05.350 --> 05:05.360 align:start position:0% upon a set of beautifully preserved 05:05.360 --> 05:07.430 align:start position:0% upon a set of beautifully preserved fossil<00:05:05.840> leaves<00:05:06.479> which<00:05:06.720> he<00:05:06.960> brought<00:05:07.120> to<00:05:07.280> the 05:07.430 --> 05:07.440 align:start position:0% fossil leaves which he brought to the 05:07.440 --> 05:09.749 align:start position:0% fossil leaves which he brought to the attention<00:05:07.759> of<00:05:08.000> Carlos<00:05:08.479> Haram,<00:05:09.360> who<00:05:09.600> we 05:09.749 --> 05:09.759 align:start position:0% attention of Carlos Haram, who we 05:09.759 --> 05:11.909 align:start position:0% attention of Carlos Haram, who we mentioned<00:05:10.160> before.<00:05:11.280> Now,<00:05:11.440> if<00:05:11.680> like<00:05:11.840> me, 05:11.909 --> 05:11.919 align:start position:0% mentioned before. Now, if like me, 05:11.919 --> 05:12.870 align:start position:0% mentioned before. Now, if like me, you're<00:05:12.160> thinking,<00:05:12.240> "What's<00:05:12.560> so<00:05:12.720> special 05:12.870 --> 05:12.880 align:start position:0% you're thinking, "What's so special 05:12.880 --> 05:14.790 align:start position:0% you're thinking, "What's so special about<00:05:13.039> fossilized<00:05:13.680> leaves?"<00:05:14.240> Well,<00:05:14.479> yeah, 05:14.790 --> 05:14.800 align:start position:0% about fossilized leaves?" Well, yeah, 05:14.800 --> 05:16.070 align:start position:0% about fossilized leaves?" Well, yeah, fair<00:05:15.039> enough.<00:05:15.440> But<00:05:15.520> they<00:05:15.680> were<00:05:15.840> about<00:05:16.000> to 05:16.070 --> 05:16.080 align:start position:0% fair enough. But they were about to 05:16.080 --> 05:18.870 align:start position:0% fair enough. But they were about to reveal<00:05:16.479> something<00:05:16.880> far<00:05:17.280> more<00:05:17.919> intimidating, 05:18.870 --> 05:18.880 align:start position:0% reveal something far more intimidating, 05:18.880 --> 05:22.390 align:start position:0% reveal something far more intimidating, almost<00:05:19.280> entirely<00:05:20.320> by<00:05:20.639> accident.<00:05:21.919> Delighted 05:22.390 --> 05:22.400 align:start position:0% almost entirely by accident. Delighted 05:22.400 --> 05:24.870 align:start position:0% almost entirely by accident. Delighted with<00:05:22.560> his<00:05:22.800> leafy<00:05:23.360> findings,<00:05:24.080> Haramo 05:24.870 --> 05:24.880 align:start position:0% with his leafy findings, Haramo 05:24.880 --> 05:27.110 align:start position:0% with his leafy findings, Haramo immediately<00:05:25.440> reached<00:05:25.680> out<00:05:25.840> to<00:05:26.160> Scott<00:05:26.560> Wing<00:05:26.880> of 05:27.110 --> 05:27.120 align:start position:0% immediately reached out to Scott Wing of 05:27.120 --> 05:30.070 align:start position:0% immediately reached out to Scott Wing of the<00:05:27.280> Smithsonian,<00:05:28.160> an<00:05:28.400> expert<00:05:28.880> on<00:05:29.199> Paleocene 05:30.070 --> 05:30.080 align:start position:0% the Smithsonian, an expert on Paleocene 05:30.080 --> 05:33.590 align:start position:0% the Smithsonian, an expert on Paleocene plants,<00:05:30.720> and<00:05:30.960> momentum<00:05:31.520> began<00:05:31.919> to<00:05:32.080> gather. 05:33.590 --> 05:33.600 align:start position:0% plants, and momentum began to gather. 05:33.600 --> 05:35.189 align:start position:0% plants, and momentum began to gather. Now,<00:05:33.759> what<00:05:33.919> made<00:05:34.080> this<00:05:34.320> era<00:05:34.639> particularly 05:35.189 --> 05:35.199 align:start position:0% Now, what made this era particularly 05:35.199 --> 05:36.950 align:start position:0% Now, what made this era particularly unique<00:05:35.520> was<00:05:35.759> that<00:05:36.000> most<00:05:36.240> fossils<00:05:36.639> near<00:05:36.800> the 05:36.950 --> 05:36.960 align:start position:0% unique was that most fossils near the 05:36.960 --> 05:38.950 align:start position:0% unique was that most fossils near the equator<00:05:37.440> tend<00:05:37.680> to<00:05:37.840> end<00:05:38.000> up<00:05:38.240> buried<00:05:38.560> beneath 05:38.950 --> 05:38.960 align:start position:0% equator tend to end up buried beneath 05:38.960 --> 05:41.189 align:start position:0% equator tend to end up buried beneath millions<00:05:39.360> of<00:05:39.520> tons<00:05:39.759> of<00:05:40.000> soil<00:05:40.320> and<00:05:40.560> vegetation 05:41.189 --> 05:41.199 align:start position:0% millions of tons of soil and vegetation 05:41.199 --> 05:43.830 align:start position:0% millions of tons of soil and vegetation and<00:05:41.360> are<00:05:41.840> largely<00:05:42.400> inaccessible.<00:05:43.440> But<00:05:43.680> at 05:43.830 --> 05:43.840 align:start position:0% and are largely inaccessible. But at 05:43.840 --> 05:45.990 align:start position:0% and are largely inaccessible. But at Serhon,<00:05:44.639> where<00:05:44.880> humans<00:05:45.280> have<00:05:45.440> been<00:05:45.600> whittling 05:45.990 --> 05:46.000 align:start position:0% Serhon, where humans have been whittling 05:46.000 --> 05:47.990 align:start position:0% Serhon, where humans have been whittling away<00:05:46.240> at<00:05:46.400> the<00:05:46.560> ground<00:05:46.880> for<00:05:47.199> years<00:05:47.520> in<00:05:47.840> the 05:47.990 --> 05:48.000 align:start position:0% away at the ground for years in the 05:48.000 --> 05:50.550 align:start position:0% away at the ground for years in the quest<00:05:48.240> for<00:05:48.560> coal,<00:05:49.520> well,<00:05:49.840> there<00:05:50.080> was<00:05:50.320> now 05:50.550 --> 05:50.560 align:start position:0% quest for coal, well, there was now 05:50.560 --> 05:53.749 align:start position:0% quest for coal, well, there was now nothing<00:05:50.880> in<00:05:51.120> the<00:05:51.280> way.<00:05:52.400> Wing,<00:05:52.880> fascinated<00:05:53.520> by 05:53.749 --> 05:53.759 align:start position:0% nothing in the way. Wing, fascinated by 05:53.759 --> 05:55.990 align:start position:0% nothing in the way. Wing, fascinated by this<00:05:54.080> discovery,<00:05:54.720> wanted<00:05:54.960> to<00:05:55.199> see<00:05:55.360> the<00:05:55.600> mine 05:55.990 --> 05:56.000 align:start position:0% this discovery, wanted to see the mine 05:56.000 --> 05:58.950 align:start position:0% this discovery, wanted to see the mine for<00:05:56.400> himself.<00:05:57.680> When<00:05:57.919> he<00:05:58.160> arrived,<00:05:58.639> however, 05:58.950 --> 05:58.960 align:start position:0% for himself. When he arrived, however, 05:58.960 --> 06:00.790 align:start position:0% for himself. When he arrived, however, it<00:05:59.199> wasn't<00:05:59.360> the<00:05:59.520> fossilized<00:06:00.240> leaves<00:06:00.560> that 06:00.790 --> 06:00.800 align:start position:0% it wasn't the fossilized leaves that 06:00.800 --> 06:02.950 align:start position:0% it wasn't the fossilized leaves that caught<00:06:01.120> his<00:06:01.360> attention,<00:06:02.080> but<00:06:02.400> rather<00:06:02.720> the 06:02.950 --> 06:02.960 align:start position:0% caught his attention, but rather the 06:02.960 --> 06:05.909 align:start position:0% caught his attention, but rather the long-forgotten<00:06:04.080> petrified<00:06:04.880> branch<00:06:05.600> that<00:06:05.759> had 06:05.909 --> 06:05.919 align:start position:0% long-forgotten petrified branch that had 06:05.919 --> 06:07.670 align:start position:0% long-forgotten petrified branch that had been<00:06:06.160> gathering<00:06:06.560> dust<00:06:06.880> in<00:06:07.039> the<00:06:07.120> display<00:06:07.440> case 06:07.670 --> 06:07.680 align:start position:0% been gathering dust in the display case 06:07.680 --> 06:10.390 align:start position:0% been gathering dust in the display case at<00:06:07.840> the<00:06:08.000> reception<00:06:08.400> for<00:06:08.720> nearly<00:06:09.120> a<00:06:09.280> decade. 06:10.390 --> 06:10.400 align:start position:0% at the reception for nearly a decade. 06:10.400 --> 06:12.629 align:start position:0% at the reception for nearly a decade. Wing's<00:06:10.880> instincts<00:06:11.440> kicked<00:06:11.680> in<00:06:11.919> here<00:06:12.160> and<00:06:12.400> he 06:12.629 --> 06:12.639 align:start position:0% Wing's instincts kicked in here and he 06:12.639 --> 06:13.990 align:start position:0% Wing's instincts kicked in here and he started<00:06:12.960> taking<00:06:13.280> pictures<00:06:13.600> through<00:06:13.840> the 06:13.990 --> 06:14.000 align:start position:0% started taking pictures through the 06:14.000 --> 06:16.710 align:start position:0% started taking pictures through the glass<00:06:14.639> with<00:06:14.880> his<00:06:15.199> camera.<00:06:16.000> He<00:06:16.160> then<00:06:16.400> emailed 06:16.710 --> 06:16.720 align:start position:0% glass with his camera. He then emailed 06:16.720 --> 06:18.150 align:start position:0% glass with his camera. He then emailed the<00:06:16.880> images<00:06:17.120> of<00:06:17.280> the<00:06:17.440> branch<00:06:17.759> over<00:06:17.919> to 06:18.150 --> 06:18.160 align:start position:0% the images of the branch over to 06:18.160 --> 06:20.629 align:start position:0% the images of the branch over to paleontologist<00:06:19.120> Jonathan<00:06:19.680> Block<00:06:20.240> of<00:06:20.479> the 06:20.629 --> 06:20.639 align:start position:0% paleontologist Jonathan Block of the 06:20.639 --> 06:23.029 align:start position:0% paleontologist Jonathan Block of the University<00:06:21.120> of<00:06:21.360> Florida<00:06:21.840> Museum<00:06:22.319> of<00:06:22.560> Natural 06:23.029 --> 06:23.039 align:start position:0% University of Florida Museum of Natural 06:23.039 --> 06:25.749 align:start position:0% University of Florida Museum of Natural History<00:06:23.440> in<00:06:23.759> Gainesville.<00:06:25.039> Unbeknown<00:06:25.600> to 06:25.749 --> 06:25.759 align:start position:0% History in Gainesville. Unbeknown to 06:25.759 --> 06:28.150 align:start position:0% History in Gainesville. Unbeknown to Wing<00:06:26.160> at<00:06:26.319> the<00:06:26.479> time,<00:06:26.880> the<00:06:27.199> email<00:06:27.520> he<00:06:27.759> had<00:06:28.000> just 06:28.150 --> 06:28.160 align:start position:0% Wing at the time, the email he had just 06:28.160 --> 06:30.870 align:start position:0% Wing at the time, the email he had just sent<00:06:28.479> was<00:06:28.720> about<00:06:28.880> to<00:06:29.199> profoundly<00:06:30.000> sharpen<00:06:30.560> our 06:30.870 --> 06:30.880 align:start position:0% sent was about to profoundly sharpen our 06:30.880 --> 06:34.469 align:start position:0% sent was about to profoundly sharpen our entire<00:06:31.440> understanding<00:06:32.720> of<00:06:33.120> evolution.<00:06:34.240> In 06:34.469 --> 06:34.479 align:start position:0% entire understanding of evolution. In 06:34.479 --> 06:37.670 align:start position:0% entire understanding of evolution. In Block's<00:06:34.960> own<00:06:35.120> words,<00:06:35.680> he<00:06:36.080> flipped<00:06:36.800> out<00:06:37.360> when 06:37.670 --> 06:37.680 align:start position:0% Block's own words, he flipped out when 06:37.680 --> 06:40.309 align:start position:0% Block's own words, he flipped out when his<00:06:37.840> inbox<00:06:38.400> pingked<00:06:39.120> and<00:06:39.440> then<00:06:40.080> the 06:40.309 --> 06:40.319 align:start position:0% his inbox pingked and then the 06:40.319 --> 06:43.350 align:start position:0% his inbox pingked and then the floodgates<00:06:41.120> opened.<00:06:42.479> What<00:06:42.800> Block<00:06:43.120> was 06:43.350 --> 06:43.360 align:start position:0% floodgates opened. What Block was 06:43.360 --> 06:45.590 align:start position:0% floodgates opened. What Block was looking<00:06:43.520> at<00:06:43.759> was<00:06:44.000> not<00:06:44.240> some<00:06:44.560> petrified<00:06:45.280> stick, 06:45.590 --> 06:45.600 align:start position:0% looking at was not some petrified stick, 06:45.600 --> 06:49.350 align:start position:0% looking at was not some petrified stick, but<00:06:45.840> the<00:06:46.080> jawbone<00:06:46.960> of<00:06:47.199> a<00:06:47.440> land<00:06:47.840> animal.<00:06:49.199> There 06:49.350 --> 06:49.360 align:start position:0% but the jawbone of a land animal. There 06:49.360 --> 06:51.350 align:start position:0% but the jawbone of a land animal. There was<00:06:49.520> a<00:06:49.680> terrestrial<00:06:50.319> vertebrate<00:06:50.880> of<00:06:50.960> an<00:06:51.120> age 06:51.350 --> 06:51.360 align:start position:0% was a terrestrial vertebrate of an age 06:51.360 --> 06:54.629 align:start position:0% was a terrestrial vertebrate of an age never<00:06:51.600> before<00:06:51.919> seen<00:06:52.479> in<00:06:52.720> these<00:06:53.120> parts.<00:06:54.080> Block 06:54.629 --> 06:54.639 align:start position:0% never before seen in these parts. Block 06:54.639 --> 06:56.469 align:start position:0% never before seen in these parts. Block identified<00:06:55.039> the<00:06:55.199> jawbone<00:06:55.680> as<00:06:55.840> belonging<00:06:56.160> to<00:06:56.319> a 06:56.469 --> 06:56.479 align:start position:0% identified the jawbone as belonging to a 06:56.479 --> 06:58.230 align:start position:0% identified the jawbone as belonging to a group<00:06:56.639> of<00:06:56.720> extinct<00:06:57.120> crocodiles<00:06:57.840> called 06:58.230 --> 06:58.240 align:start position:0% group of extinct crocodiles called 06:58.240 --> 07:00.950 align:start position:0% group of extinct crocodiles called dyrosaurs,<00:06:59.599> one<00:06:59.759> of<00:06:59.919> the<00:07:00.160> largest<00:07:00.639> marine 07:00.950 --> 07:00.960 align:start position:0% dyrosaurs, one of the largest marine 07:00.960 --> 07:02.950 align:start position:0% dyrosaurs, one of the largest marine vertebrates<00:07:01.599> to<00:07:01.840> survive<00:07:02.400> the<00:07:02.639> great 07:02.950 --> 07:02.960 align:start position:0% vertebrates to survive the great 07:02.960 --> 07:05.670 align:start position:0% vertebrates to survive the great extinction<00:07:03.599> event.<00:07:04.400> And<00:07:04.560> where<00:07:04.880> one<00:07:05.199> fossil 07:05.670 --> 07:05.680 align:start position:0% extinction event. And where one fossil 07:05.680 --> 07:09.189 align:start position:0% extinction event. And where one fossil was,<00:07:06.479> there<00:07:06.639> were<00:07:06.880> usually<00:07:07.759> many<00:07:08.240> more. 07:09.189 --> 07:09.199 align:start position:0% was, there were usually many more. 07:09.199 --> 07:11.670 align:start position:0% was, there were usually many more. Fueled<00:07:09.599> by<00:07:09.759> a<00:07:10.000> newfound<00:07:10.479> sense<00:07:10.800> of<00:07:11.039> urgency, 07:11.670 --> 07:11.680 align:start position:0% Fueled by a newfound sense of urgency, 07:11.680 --> 07:14.870 align:start position:0% Fueled by a newfound sense of urgency, in<00:07:12.000> 2004,<00:07:13.199> Block<00:07:13.599> and<00:07:13.840> Wing<00:07:14.240> planned<00:07:14.479> a<00:07:14.720> trip 07:14.870 --> 07:14.880 align:start position:0% in 2004, Block and Wing planned a trip 07:14.880 --> 07:17.670 align:start position:0% in 2004, Block and Wing planned a trip back<00:07:15.120> to<00:07:15.360> the<00:07:15.520> Sihorn<00:07:16.240> mine.<00:07:17.199> They<00:07:17.440> called 07:17.670 --> 07:17.680 align:start position:0% back to the Sihorn mine. They called 07:17.680 --> 07:19.830 align:start position:0% back to the Sihorn mine. They called Garcia,<00:07:18.319> the<00:07:18.479> finder<00:07:18.880> of<00:07:19.039> the<00:07:19.199> petrified 07:19.830 --> 07:19.840 align:start position:0% Garcia, the finder of the petrified 07:19.840 --> 07:21.990 align:start position:0% Garcia, the finder of the petrified branch<00:07:20.319> turned<00:07:20.639> extinct<00:07:21.120> crop<00:07:21.440> drawer,<00:07:21.840> to 07:21.990 --> 07:22.000 align:start position:0% branch turned extinct crop drawer, to 07:22.000 --> 07:25.189 align:start position:0% branch turned extinct crop drawer, to ask<00:07:22.319> where<00:07:22.720> exactly<00:07:23.199> to<00:07:23.520> focus<00:07:23.919> their<00:07:24.240> search. 07:25.189 --> 07:25.199 align:start position:0% ask where exactly to focus their search. 07:25.199 --> 07:27.110 align:start position:0% ask where exactly to focus their search. The<00:07:25.440> answer<00:07:25.759> was<00:07:25.919> an<00:07:26.160> area<00:07:26.319> in<00:07:26.560> the<00:07:26.720> north<00:07:26.960> of 07:27.110 --> 07:27.120 align:start position:0% The answer was an area in the north of 07:27.120 --> 07:29.589 align:start position:0% The answer was an area in the north of the<00:07:27.280> mine,<00:07:27.759> particularly<00:07:28.400> exposed<00:07:29.039> and<00:07:29.280> left 07:29.589 --> 07:29.599 align:start position:0% the mine, particularly exposed and left 07:29.599 --> 07:31.909 align:start position:0% the mine, particularly exposed and left baking<00:07:30.000> in<00:07:30.240> the<00:07:30.400> extreme<00:07:30.800> heat.<00:07:31.440> An<00:07:31.680> area 07:31.909 --> 07:31.919 align:start position:0% baking in the extreme heat. An area 07:31.919 --> 07:35.589 align:start position:0% baking in the extreme heat. An area called<00:07:32.160> Laente<00:07:33.039> Cut,<00:07:33.759> covering<00:07:34.160> some<00:07:34.560> 6,000 07:35.589 --> 07:35.599 align:start position:0% called Laente Cut, covering some 6,000 07:35.599 --> 07:38.309 align:start position:0% called Laente Cut, covering some 6,000 acres.<00:07:36.479> The<00:07:36.800> conditions<00:07:37.120> were<00:07:37.520> brutal. 07:38.309 --> 07:38.319 align:start position:0% acres. The conditions were brutal. 07:38.319 --> 07:40.790 align:start position:0% acres. The conditions were brutal. Temperatures<00:07:38.720> reached<00:07:39.039> well<00:07:39.280> over<00:07:39.599> 30°<00:07:40.319> C 07:40.790 --> 07:40.800 align:start position:0% Temperatures reached well over 30° C 07:40.800 --> 07:43.510 align:start position:0% Temperatures reached well over 30° C with<00:07:40.960> zero<00:07:41.280> vegetation<00:07:42.000> for<00:07:42.319> shade.<00:07:43.120> It<00:07:43.360> was 07:43.510 --> 07:43.520 align:start position:0% with zero vegetation for shade. It was 07:43.520 --> 07:46.230 align:start position:0% with zero vegetation for shade. It was lashed<00:07:43.919> by<00:07:44.160> 40<00:07:44.479> km<00:07:44.960> per<00:07:45.120> hour<00:07:45.360> gusts<00:07:45.680> of<00:07:45.840> wind, 07:46.230 --> 07:46.240 align:start position:0% lashed by 40 km per hour gusts of wind, 07:46.240 --> 07:48.550 align:start position:0% lashed by 40 km per hour gusts of wind, methane<00:07:46.720> fires,<00:07:47.120> and<00:07:47.360> rain<00:07:47.599> that<00:07:48.080> each<00:07:48.319> day 07:48.550 --> 07:48.560 align:start position:0% methane fires, and rain that each day 07:48.560 --> 07:50.790 align:start position:0% methane fires, and rain that each day would<00:07:48.800> erase<00:07:49.280> all<00:07:49.440> of<00:07:49.599> their<00:07:49.919> hard<00:07:50.160> work<00:07:50.479> from 07:50.790 --> 07:50.800 align:start position:0% would erase all of their hard work from 07:50.800 --> 07:53.110 align:start position:0% would erase all of their hard work from the<00:07:51.039> day<00:07:51.199> before.<00:07:52.000> Nevertheless,<00:07:52.800> they 07:53.110 --> 07:53.120 align:start position:0% the day before. Nevertheless, they 07:53.120 --> 07:55.749 align:start position:0% the day before. Nevertheless, they persisted.<00:07:54.240> Their<00:07:54.479> patience<00:07:54.960> was<00:07:55.280> finally 07:55.749 --> 07:55.759 align:start position:0% persisted. Their patience was finally 07:55.759 --> 07:58.550 align:start position:0% persisted. Their patience was finally rewarded,<00:07:56.240> and<00:07:56.400> the<00:07:56.639> spoils<00:07:57.520> were<00:07:57.759> plenty. 07:58.550 --> 07:58.560 align:start position:0% rewarded, and the spoils were plenty. 07:58.560 --> 08:00.390 align:start position:0% rewarded, and the spoils were plenty. They<00:07:58.800> grabbed<00:07:59.199> everything<00:07:59.599> they<00:07:59.840> saw.<00:08:00.240> You 08:00.390 --> 08:00.400 align:start position:0% They grabbed everything they saw. You 08:00.400 --> 08:02.309 align:start position:0% They grabbed everything they saw. You name<00:08:00.560> it.<00:08:00.800> Ribs,<00:08:01.360> vertebrae,<00:08:01.919> bits<00:08:02.160> of 08:02.309 --> 08:02.319 align:start position:0% name it. Ribs, vertebrae, bits of 08:02.319 --> 08:04.390 align:start position:0% name it. Ribs, vertebrae, bits of pelvis,<00:08:02.800> shoulder<00:08:03.120> blades,<00:08:03.520> and<00:08:03.680> even 08:04.390 --> 08:04.400 align:start position:0% pelvis, shoulder blades, and even 08:04.400 --> 08:06.710 align:start position:0% pelvis, shoulder blades, and even gigantic<00:08:05.120> turtle<00:08:05.599> shells,<00:08:06.000> some<00:08:06.080> of<00:08:06.240> which 08:06.710 --> 08:06.720 align:start position:0% gigantic turtle shells, some of which 08:06.720 --> 08:11.110 align:start position:0% gigantic turtle shells, some of which were<00:08:07.039> 1.5<00:08:08.000> m<00:08:08.639> in<00:08:09.039> diameter.<00:08:10.240> Three<00:08:10.720> new 08:11.110 --> 08:11.120 align:start position:0% were 1.5 m in diameter. Three new 08:11.120 --> 08:12.710 align:start position:0% were 1.5 m in diameter. Three new crocodilian<00:08:11.840> species<00:08:12.160> were<00:08:12.400> discovered 08:12.710 --> 08:12.720 align:start position:0% crocodilian species were discovered 08:12.720 --> 08:14.629 align:start position:0% crocodilian species were discovered during<00:08:13.039> this<00:08:13.199> process.<00:08:13.599> One<00:08:13.759> of<00:08:13.919> which<00:08:14.400> was 08:14.629 --> 08:14.639 align:start position:0% during this process. One of which was 08:14.639 --> 08:19.189 align:start position:0% during this process. One of which was between<00:08:15.120> 4.5<00:08:15.919> and<00:08:16.319> 7<00:08:16.879> m<00:08:17.520> long.<00:08:18.560> Another<00:08:18.879> beast 08:19.189 --> 08:19.199 align:start position:0% between 4.5 and 7 m long. Another beast 08:19.199 --> 08:21.670 align:start position:0% between 4.5 and 7 m long. Another beast they<00:08:19.440> found<00:08:19.599> had<00:08:19.840> a<00:08:20.160> death<00:08:20.560> bite<00:08:21.120> capable<00:08:21.520> of 08:21.670 --> 08:21.680 align:start position:0% they found had a death bite capable of 08:21.680 --> 08:23.990 align:start position:0% they found had a death bite capable of piercing<00:08:22.080> a<00:08:22.319> shell<00:08:22.639> half<00:08:23.039> a<00:08:23.280> meter<00:08:23.599> thick. 08:23.990 --> 08:24.000 align:start position:0% piercing a shell half a meter thick. 08:24.000 --> 08:26.869 align:start position:0% piercing a shell half a meter thick. This<00:08:24.160> truly<00:08:24.560> was<00:08:25.360> shaping<00:08:25.759> up<00:08:26.000> to<00:08:26.160> be<00:08:26.319> the<00:08:26.560> land 08:26.869 --> 08:26.879 align:start position:0% This truly was shaping up to be the land 08:26.879 --> 08:29.830 align:start position:0% This truly was shaping up to be the land of<00:08:27.120> the<00:08:27.360> giants.<00:08:28.639> So<00:08:28.800> they<00:08:29.120> bagged<00:08:29.440> up<00:08:29.680> all 08:29.830 --> 08:29.840 align:start position:0% of the giants. So they bagged up all 08:29.840 --> 08:31.189 align:start position:0% of the giants. So they bagged up all these<00:08:30.080> different<00:08:30.240> bits<00:08:30.479> and<00:08:30.639> pieces<00:08:30.960> they 08:31.189 --> 08:31.199 align:start position:0% these different bits and pieces they 08:31.199 --> 08:33.110 align:start position:0% these different bits and pieces they could<00:08:31.280> find<00:08:31.520> in<00:08:31.759> plaster<00:08:32.240> cast<00:08:32.560> and<00:08:32.719> sent<00:08:32.880> them 08:33.110 --> 08:33.120 align:start position:0% could find in plaster cast and sent them 08:33.120 --> 08:35.509 align:start position:0% could find in plaster cast and sent them back<00:08:33.200> to<00:08:33.360> Gainesville<00:08:33.919> in<00:08:34.159> Florida<00:08:34.800> for<00:08:35.120> Block 08:35.509 --> 08:35.519 align:start position:0% back to Gainesville in Florida for Block 08:35.519 --> 08:37.990 align:start position:0% back to Gainesville in Florida for Block and<00:08:35.680> his<00:08:36.000> team<00:08:36.240> to<00:08:36.479> analyze.<00:08:37.360> And<00:08:37.599> they<00:08:37.760> kept 08:37.990 --> 08:38.000 align:start position:0% and his team to analyze. And they kept 08:38.000 --> 08:42.149 align:start position:0% and his team to analyze. And they kept this<00:08:38.159> up<00:08:38.479> for<00:08:39.039> five<00:08:39.839> years. 08:39.760 --> 08:42.550 align:start position:0% to our search for the world's largest snake. 08:42.550 --> 08:42.560 align:start position:0% snake. 08:42.560 --> 08:45.990 align:start position:0% snake. It<00:10:14.800> was<00:10:14.959> now<00:10:15.360> 2007<00:10:16.640> and<00:10:16.880> Alex<00:10:17.200> Hastings,<00:10:17.760> a 08:45.990 --> 08:46.000 align:start position:0% It was now 2007 and Alex Hastings, a 08:46.000 --> 08:47.910 align:start position:0% It was now 2007 and Alex Hastings, a then<00:10:18.240> grad<00:10:18.560> student<00:10:18.800> at<00:10:19.200> the<00:10:19.360> University<00:10:19.680> of 08:47.910 --> 08:47.920 align:start position:0% then grad student at the University of 08:47.920 --> 08:50.150 align:start position:0% then grad student at the University of Florida,<00:10:20.560> was<00:10:20.720> going<00:10:20.959> about<00:10:21.200> his<00:10:21.440> now<00:10:21.760> daily 08:50.150 --> 08:50.160 align:start position:0% Florida, was going about his now daily 08:50.160 --> 08:52.310 align:start position:0% Florida, was going about his now daily task<00:10:22.399> of<00:10:22.640> unwrapping<00:10:23.200> the<00:10:23.519> vast<00:10:23.839> array<00:10:24.160> of 08:52.310 --> 08:52.320 align:start position:0% task of unwrapping the vast array of 08:52.320 --> 08:54.870 align:start position:0% task of unwrapping the vast array of packages<00:10:24.720> that<00:10:24.959> landed<00:10:25.279> on<00:10:25.519> his<00:10:25.680> door<00:10:26.399> from 08:54.870 --> 08:54.880 align:start position:0% packages that landed on his door from 08:54.880 --> 08:56.389 align:start position:0% packages that landed on his door from Colombia. 08:56.389 --> 08:56.399 align:start position:0% Colombia. 08:56.399 --> 08:58.389 align:start position:0% Colombia. In<00:10:28.640> amongst<00:10:28.959> these,<00:10:29.279> he<00:10:29.519> came<00:10:29.680> across<00:10:30.000> a 08:58.389 --> 08:58.399 align:start position:0% In amongst these, he came across a 08:58.399 --> 09:01.750 align:start position:0% In amongst these, he came across a single<00:10:30.959> vertebra,<00:10:32.079> strange<00:10:32.720> looking<00:10:33.200> and 09:01.750 --> 09:01.760 align:start position:0% single vertebra, strange looking and 09:01.760 --> 09:04.710 align:start position:0% single vertebra, strange looking and enormous.<00:10:35.040> Based<00:10:35.360> on<00:10:35.519> its<00:10:35.839> size<00:10:36.160> alone,<00:10:36.560> it 09:04.710 --> 09:04.720 align:start position:0% enormous. Based on its size alone, it 09:04.720 --> 09:08.069 align:start position:0% enormous. Based on its size alone, it was<00:10:36.880> labeled<00:10:37.440> as<00:10:37.839> a<00:10:38.160> croc.<00:10:39.040> But<00:10:39.200> Hastings<00:10:39.760> knew 09:08.069 --> 09:08.079 align:start position:0% was labeled as a croc. But Hastings knew 09:08.079 --> 09:10.069 align:start position:0% was labeled as a croc. But Hastings knew instantly<00:10:40.560> that<00:10:40.880> something<00:10:41.279> was<00:10:41.600> different 09:10.069 --> 09:10.079 align:start position:0% instantly that something was different 09:10.079 --> 09:13.430 align:start position:0% instantly that something was different about<00:10:42.480> this<00:10:42.720> one.<00:10:43.680> This<00:10:44.079> was<00:10:44.320> not<00:10:44.560> a<00:10:44.800> crocodile 09:13.430 --> 09:13.440 align:start position:0% about this one. This was not a crocodile 09:13.440 --> 09:15.829 align:start position:0% about this one. This was not a crocodile at<00:10:45.680> all.<00:10:46.560> So<00:10:46.720> he<00:10:46.959> showed<00:10:47.120> it<00:10:47.279> to<00:10:47.440> his<00:10:47.600> lab 09:15.829 --> 09:15.839 align:start position:0% at all. So he showed it to his lab 09:15.839 --> 09:18.790 align:start position:0% at all. So he showed it to his lab partner,<00:10:48.240> Jason<00:10:48.720> Bour,<00:10:49.120> who<00:10:49.279> agreed.<00:10:50.320> "That's 09:18.790 --> 09:18.800 align:start position:0% partner, Jason Bour, who agreed. "That's 09:18.800 --> 09:21.430 align:start position:0% partner, Jason Bour, who agreed. "That's a<00:10:51.040> snake,"<00:10:51.760> he<00:10:52.000> said.<00:10:52.320> "But<00:10:52.800> this<00:10:53.040> was<00:10:53.200> not 09:21.430 --> 09:21.440 align:start position:0% a snake," he said. "But this was not 09:21.440 --> 09:24.949 align:start position:0% a snake," he said. "But this was not like<00:10:53.760> any<00:10:54.079> snake<00:10:54.480> the<00:10:54.800> world<00:10:55.120> had<00:10:55.440> ever<00:10:55.760> seen." 09:24.949 --> 09:24.959 align:start position:0% like any snake the world had ever seen." 09:24.959 --> 09:27.110 align:start position:0% like any snake the world had ever seen." Bour<00:10:57.519> raided<00:10:57.920> the<00:10:58.160> university's<00:10:58.720> fossil 09:27.110 --> 09:27.120 align:start position:0% Bour raided the university's fossil 09:27.120 --> 09:28.550 align:start position:0% Bour raided the university's fossil collection,<00:10:59.600> pulling<00:10:59.839> out<00:11:00.000> the<00:11:00.240> closest 09:28.550 --> 09:28.560 align:start position:0% collection, pulling out the closest 09:28.560 --> 09:31.030 align:start position:0% collection, pulling out the closest looking<00:11:00.880> vertebrae<00:11:01.440> he<00:11:01.680> could<00:11:01.920> find,<00:11:02.560> that<00:11:02.800> of 09:31.030 --> 09:31.040 align:start position:0% looking vertebrae he could find, that of 09:31.040 --> 09:34.069 align:start position:0% looking vertebrae he could find, that of an<00:11:03.200> anaconda.<00:11:04.480> It<00:11:04.720> wasn't<00:11:05.040> a<00:11:05.279> perfect<00:11:05.680> match, 09:34.069 --> 09:34.079 align:start position:0% an anaconda. It wasn't a perfect match, 09:34.079 --> 09:36.310 align:start position:0% an anaconda. It wasn't a perfect match, although<00:11:06.320> it<00:11:06.560> looked<00:11:06.959> quite<00:11:07.279> similar.<00:11:08.079> The 09:36.310 --> 09:36.320 align:start position:0% although it looked quite similar. The 09:36.320 --> 09:38.310 align:start position:0% although it looked quite similar. The only<00:11:08.560> problem<00:11:08.800> was<00:11:09.040> the<00:11:09.200> anaconda<00:11:09.839> vertebrae 09:38.310 --> 09:38.320 align:start position:0% only problem was the anaconda vertebrae 09:38.320 --> 09:40.870 align:start position:0% only problem was the anaconda vertebrae was<00:11:10.560> three<00:11:10.800> times<00:11:11.360> smaller<00:11:12.160> than<00:11:12.399> the<00:11:12.640> new 09:40.870 --> 09:40.880 align:start position:0% was three times smaller than the new 09:40.880 --> 09:43.829 align:start position:0% was three times smaller than the new fossil<00:11:13.279> they<00:11:13.519> had<00:11:13.760> just<00:11:14.079> received.<00:11:15.360> How<00:11:15.680> could 09:43.829 --> 09:43.839 align:start position:0% fossil they had just received. How could 09:43.839 --> 09:46.949 align:start position:0% fossil they had just received. How could a<00:11:16.079> snake<00:11:16.480> be<00:11:16.800> this<00:11:17.120> big?<00:11:17.440> Surely,<00:11:18.480> it<00:11:18.720> just 09:46.949 --> 09:46.959 align:start position:0% a snake be this big? Surely, it just 09:46.959 --> 09:49.110 align:start position:0% a snake be this big? Surely, it just wasn't<00:11:19.360> possible.<00:11:20.320> They<00:11:20.560> needed<00:11:20.880> more 09:49.110 --> 09:49.120 align:start position:0% wasn't possible. They needed more 09:49.120 --> 09:51.030 align:start position:0% wasn't possible. They needed more evidence.<00:11:21.839> They<00:11:22.079> sent<00:11:22.320> word<00:11:22.560> back<00:11:22.720> to<00:11:22.880> the 09:51.030 --> 09:51.040 align:start position:0% evidence. They sent word back to the 09:51.040 --> 09:53.110 align:start position:0% evidence. They sent word back to the team<00:11:23.279> on<00:11:23.440> the<00:11:23.680> ground<00:11:23.920> in<00:11:24.240> Colombia<00:11:24.640> that<00:11:24.880> more 09:53.110 --> 09:53.120 align:start position:0% team on the ground in Colombia that more 09:53.120 --> 09:55.750 align:start position:0% team on the ground in Colombia that more specimens<00:11:25.680> were<00:11:25.920> needed,<00:11:26.399> specifically<00:11:27.440> of 09:55.750 --> 09:55.760 align:start position:0% specimens were needed, specifically of 09:55.760 --> 09:58.550 align:start position:0% specimens were needed, specifically of fossilized<00:11:28.560> snakes.<00:11:29.760> Eventually,<00:11:30.160> the<00:11:30.320> team 09:58.550 --> 09:58.560 align:start position:0% fossilized snakes. Eventually, the team 09:58.560 --> 10:00.870 align:start position:0% fossilized snakes. Eventually, the team collected<00:11:31.200> 100<00:11:31.680> snake<00:11:32.160> vertebrae<00:11:32.720> from 10:00.870 --> 10:00.880 align:start position:0% collected 100 snake vertebrae from 10:00.880 --> 10:05.030 align:start position:0% collected 100 snake vertebrae from nearly<00:11:33.279> 30<00:11:33.839> individual<00:11:34.959> gigantic<00:11:35.920> snakes. 10:05.030 --> 10:05.040 align:start position:0% nearly 30 individual gigantic snakes. 10:05.040 --> 10:06.470 align:start position:0% nearly 30 individual gigantic snakes. Now,<00:11:37.279> the<00:11:37.440> most<00:11:37.600> amazing<00:11:37.920> part<00:11:38.079> about<00:11:38.320> all 10:06.470 --> 10:06.480 align:start position:0% Now, the most amazing part about all 10:06.480 --> 10:08.389 align:start position:0% Now, the most amazing part about all this<00:11:38.640> is<00:11:38.800> that<00:11:38.959> Jonathan<00:11:39.360> Block<00:11:39.680> himself<00:11:40.160> had 10:08.389 --> 10:08.399 align:start position:0% this is that Jonathan Block himself had 10:08.399 --> 10:10.069 align:start position:0% this is that Jonathan Block himself had also<00:11:40.640> been<00:11:40.800> sifting<00:11:41.120> through<00:11:41.360> specimens<00:11:41.839> over 10:10.069 --> 10:10.079 align:start position:0% also been sifting through specimens over 10:10.079 --> 10:11.829 align:start position:0% also been sifting through specimens over the<00:11:42.240> last<00:11:42.399> couple<00:11:42.560> of<00:11:42.800> years.<00:11:43.200> And<00:11:43.360> he<00:11:43.600> had 10:11.829 --> 10:11.839 align:start position:0% the last couple of years. And he had 10:11.839 --> 10:13.990 align:start position:0% the last couple of years. And he had also<00:11:44.240> received<00:11:44.640> giant<00:11:44.959> vertebrae<00:11:45.600> just<00:11:45.839> like 10:13.990 --> 10:14.000 align:start position:0% also received giant vertebrae just like 10:14.000 --> 10:16.310 align:start position:0% also received giant vertebrae just like this<00:11:46.240> one.<00:11:46.959> But<00:11:47.120> even<00:11:47.440> someone<00:11:47.760> with<00:11:48.000> his 10:16.310 --> 10:16.320 align:start position:0% this one. But even someone with his 10:16.320 --> 10:19.910 align:start position:0% this one. But even someone with his expertise<00:11:49.519> had<00:11:49.920> totally<00:11:50.399> dismissed<00:11:50.959> them.<00:11:51.600> He 10:19.910 --> 10:19.920 align:start position:0% expertise had totally dismissed them. He 10:19.920 --> 10:21.670 align:start position:0% expertise had totally dismissed them. He said,<00:11:52.000> "It's<00:11:52.320> like<00:11:52.560> someone<00:11:52.880> handed<00:11:53.279> me<00:11:53.519> a 10:21.670 --> 10:21.680 align:start position:0% said, "It's like someone handed me a 10:21.680 --> 10:24.069 align:start position:0% said, "It's like someone handed me a mouse<00:11:54.079> skull<00:11:54.320> the<00:11:54.560> size<00:11:54.800> of<00:11:54.880> a<00:11:55.040> rhinoceros<00:11:55.760> and 10:24.069 --> 10:24.079 align:start position:0% mouse skull the size of a rhinoceros and 10:24.079 --> 10:26.949 align:start position:0% mouse skull the size of a rhinoceros and told<00:11:56.320> me<00:11:56.959> that's<00:11:57.279> a<00:11:57.440> mouse.<00:11:58.079> It's<00:11:58.399> just<00:11:58.640> not 10:26.949 --> 10:26.959 align:start position:0% told me that's a mouse. It's just not 10:26.959 --> 10:29.829 align:start position:0% told me that's a mouse. It's just not possible."<00:11:59.680> Except<00:12:00.079> now<00:12:00.399> he<00:12:00.640> realized<00:12:01.519> that 10:29.829 --> 10:29.839 align:start position:0% possible." Except now he realized that 10:29.839 --> 10:32.790 align:start position:0% possible." Except now he realized that it<00:12:02.000> was.<00:12:03.120> The<00:12:03.360> only<00:12:03.600> problem<00:12:03.839> was<00:12:04.160> they<00:12:04.399> had<00:12:04.560> no 10:32.790 --> 10:32.800 align:start position:0% it was. The only problem was they had no 10:32.800 --> 10:35.030 align:start position:0% it was. The only problem was they had no idea<00:12:05.200> what<00:12:05.600> kind<00:12:05.920> of<00:12:06.160> snake<00:12:06.560> they<00:12:06.880> were 10:35.030 --> 10:35.040 align:start position:0% idea what kind of snake they were 10:35.040 --> 10:37.750 align:start position:0% idea what kind of snake they were dealing<00:12:07.279> with.<00:12:08.720> Realizing<00:12:09.200> what<00:12:09.440> was<00:12:09.600> at 10:37.750 --> 10:37.760 align:start position:0% dealing with. Realizing what was at 10:37.760 --> 10:40.710 align:start position:0% dealing with. Realizing what was at stake,<00:12:10.160> Block<00:12:10.560> called<00:12:10.959> Jason<00:12:11.519> Head,<00:12:12.240> then<00:12:12.480> at 10:40.710 --> 10:40.720 align:start position:0% stake, Block called Jason Head, then at 10:40.720 --> 10:42.949 align:start position:0% stake, Block called Jason Head, then at the<00:12:12.880> University<00:12:13.360> of<00:12:13.600> Toronto,<00:12:14.320> the<00:12:14.639> world's 10:42.949 --> 10:42.959 align:start position:0% the University of Toronto, the world's 10:42.959 --> 10:45.430 align:start position:0% the University of Toronto, the world's leading<00:12:15.279> snake<00:12:15.680> expert<00:12:16.079> at<00:12:16.320> the<00:12:16.480> time.<00:12:17.120> After 10:45.430 --> 10:45.440 align:start position:0% leading snake expert at the time. After 10:45.440 --> 10:47.750 align:start position:0% leading snake expert at the time. After exchanging<00:12:17.920> a<00:12:18.160> few<00:12:18.399> images,<00:12:19.040> Jason<00:12:19.440> Head 10:47.750 --> 10:47.760 align:start position:0% exchanging a few images, Jason Head 10:47.760 --> 10:50.870 align:start position:0% exchanging a few images, Jason Head booked<00:12:20.000> his<00:12:20.160> ticket<00:12:20.399> to<00:12:20.639> Florida<00:12:21.200> that<00:12:21.920> night. 10:50.870 --> 10:50.880 align:start position:0% booked his ticket to Florida that night. 10:50.880 --> 10:53.190 align:start position:0% booked his ticket to Florida that night. The<00:12:23.040> pair<00:12:23.360> got<00:12:23.519> to<00:12:23.680> work<00:12:24.000> immediately<00:12:24.800> honing 10:53.190 --> 10:53.200 align:start position:0% The pair got to work immediately honing 10:53.200 --> 10:55.670 align:start position:0% The pair got to work immediately honing in<00:12:25.360> on<00:12:25.519> the<00:12:25.680> vertebrae<00:12:26.320> from<00:12:26.560> two<00:12:27.200> different 10:55.670 --> 10:55.680 align:start position:0% in on the vertebrae from two different 10:55.680 --> 10:58.710 align:start position:0% in on the vertebrae from two different individual<00:12:28.240> snakes.<00:12:29.200> And<00:12:29.440> that's<00:12:29.920> when<00:12:30.240> Head 10:58.710 --> 10:58.720 align:start position:0% individual snakes. And that's when Head 10:58.720 --> 11:01.269 align:start position:0% individual snakes. And that's when Head spotted<00:12:31.120> it.<00:12:32.000> The<00:12:32.240> creature<00:12:32.560> had<00:12:32.720> a<00:12:32.959> very 11:01.269 --> 11:01.279 align:start position:0% spotted it. The creature had a very 11:01.279 --> 11:04.389 align:start position:0% spotted it. The creature had a very clear<00:12:33.680> T-shaped<00:12:34.639> spine<00:12:35.279> with<00:12:35.600> bones<00:12:36.079> unique 11:04.389 --> 11:04.399 align:start position:0% clear T-shaped spine with bones unique 11:04.399 --> 11:08.150 align:start position:0% clear T-shaped spine with bones unique to<00:12:36.639> only<00:12:37.040> one<00:12:37.360> type<00:12:37.600> of<00:12:37.839> animal.<00:12:38.880> Boyd<00:12:39.360> snakes, 11:08.150 --> 11:08.160 align:start position:0% to only one type of animal. Boyd snakes, 11:08.160 --> 11:09.670 align:start position:0% to only one type of animal. Boyd snakes, the<00:12:40.320> lineage<00:12:40.720> that<00:12:40.959> includes<00:12:41.360> boa 11:09.670 --> 11:09.680 align:start position:0% the lineage that includes boa 11:09.680 --> 11:12.470 align:start position:0% the lineage that includes boa constrictors<00:12:42.320> and<00:12:42.639> anacondas.<00:12:43.920> Now,<00:12:44.160> both<00:12:44.399> of 11:12.470 --> 11:12.480 align:start position:0% constrictors and anacondas. Now, both of 11:12.480 --> 11:14.710 align:start position:0% constrictors and anacondas. Now, both of these<00:12:44.720> snakes<00:12:45.040> are<00:12:45.360> common<00:12:45.680> in<00:12:45.920> these<00:12:46.240> parts. 11:14.710 --> 11:14.720 align:start position:0% these snakes are common in these parts. 11:14.720 --> 11:17.430 align:start position:0% these snakes are common in these parts. Boas<00:12:47.040> can<00:12:47.200> reach<00:12:47.360> up<00:12:47.519> to<00:12:47.680> 4.2<00:12:48.320> m<00:12:48.639> in<00:12:48.800> length<00:12:49.040> and 11:17.430 --> 11:17.440 align:start position:0% Boas can reach up to 4.2 m in length and 11:17.440 --> 11:20.949 align:start position:0% Boas can reach up to 4.2 m in length and anacondas<00:12:50.240> can<00:12:50.399> exceed<00:12:51.040> 6<00:12:51.279> m.<00:12:52.240> So,<00:12:52.560> that<00:12:52.800> was 11:20.949 --> 11:20.959 align:start position:0% anacondas can exceed 6 m. So, that was 11:20.959 --> 11:22.870 align:start position:0% anacondas can exceed 6 m. So, that was nothing<00:12:53.279> crazy,<00:12:53.680> but<00:12:53.920> but<00:12:54.240> something<00:12:54.639> was 11:22.870 --> 11:22.880 align:start position:0% nothing crazy, but but something was 11:22.880 --> 11:24.949 align:start position:0% nothing crazy, but but something was wrong.<00:12:55.680> The<00:12:55.920> bones<00:12:56.160> they<00:12:56.399> were<00:12:56.480> looking<00:12:56.639> at 11:24.949 --> 11:24.959 align:start position:0% wrong. The bones they were looking at 11:24.959 --> 11:26.870 align:start position:0% wrong. The bones they were looking at seemed<00:12:57.279> to<00:12:57.440> suggest<00:12:57.760> this<00:12:58.000> unknown<00:12:58.480> creature 11:26.870 --> 11:26.880 align:start position:0% seemed to suggest this unknown creature 11:26.880 --> 11:29.350 align:start position:0% seemed to suggest this unknown creature was<00:12:59.120> more<00:12:59.360> closely<00:12:59.760> related<00:13:00.079> to<00:13:00.320> boas.<00:13:01.200> But 11:29.350 --> 11:29.360 align:start position:0% was more closely related to boas. But 11:29.360 --> 11:31.910 align:start position:0% was more closely related to boas. But where<00:13:01.600> it<00:13:01.760> had<00:13:01.920> been<00:13:02.160> found<00:13:02.560> in<00:13:02.800> Selhon<00:13:03.680> was 11:31.910 --> 11:31.920 align:start position:0% where it had been found in Selhon was 11:31.920 --> 11:33.670 align:start position:0% where it had been found in Selhon was more<00:13:04.079> akin<00:13:04.399> to<00:13:04.480> the<00:13:04.639> habitat<00:13:05.040> of<00:13:05.200> a<00:13:05.360> modern 11:33.670 --> 11:33.680 align:start position:0% more akin to the habitat of a modern 11:33.680 --> 11:36.550 align:start position:0% more akin to the habitat of a modern South<00:13:06.000> American<00:13:06.480> anaconda,<00:13:07.600> a<00:13:07.920> river<00:13:08.240> and 11:36.550 --> 11:36.560 align:start position:0% South American anaconda, a river and 11:36.560 --> 11:38.710 align:start position:0% South American anaconda, a river and swamp<00:13:08.959> dwelling<00:13:09.360> snake<00:13:09.760> comfortable<00:13:10.240> in<00:13:10.480> the 11:38.710 --> 11:38.720 align:start position:0% swamp dwelling snake comfortable in the 11:38.720 --> 11:40.870 align:start position:0% swamp dwelling snake comfortable in the water.<00:13:11.519> And<00:13:11.760> there<00:13:11.920> was<00:13:12.079> another<00:13:12.480> problem, 11:40.870 --> 11:40.880 align:start position:0% water. And there was another problem, 11:40.880 --> 11:43.269 align:start position:0% water. And there was another problem, too.<00:13:13.519> You<00:13:13.680> see,<00:13:13.920> they<00:13:14.160> still<00:13:14.399> could<00:13:14.720> not<00:13:14.959> grasp 11:43.269 --> 11:43.279 align:start position:0% too. You see, they still could not grasp 11:43.279 --> 11:45.590 align:start position:0% too. You see, they still could not grasp the<00:13:15.600> true<00:13:16.000> size<00:13:16.399> of<00:13:16.639> just<00:13:16.959> what<00:13:17.200> they<00:13:17.360> were 11:45.590 --> 11:45.600 align:start position:0% the true size of just what they were 11:45.600 --> 11:47.829 align:start position:0% the true size of just what they were dealing<00:13:17.839> with.<00:13:18.639> Snakes<00:13:19.040> are<00:13:19.200> tricky.<00:13:19.600> They 11:47.829 --> 11:47.839 align:start position:0% dealing with. Snakes are tricky. They 11:47.839 --> 11:49.910 align:start position:0% dealing with. Snakes are tricky. They rarely<00:13:20.160> end<00:13:20.399> up<00:13:20.639> being<00:13:20.880> fossilized<00:13:21.519> as<00:13:21.680> their 11:49.910 --> 11:49.920 align:start position:0% rarely end up being fossilized as their 11:49.920 --> 11:52.470 align:start position:0% rarely end up being fossilized as their bones<00:13:22.240> are<00:13:22.480> very<00:13:22.800> delicate<00:13:23.279> and<00:13:23.600> break,<00:13:24.000> which 11:52.470 --> 11:52.480 align:start position:0% bones are very delicate and break, which 11:52.480 --> 11:54.470 align:start position:0% bones are very delicate and break, which means<00:13:24.720> it's<00:13:25.040> very<00:13:25.279> hard<00:13:25.360> to<00:13:25.519> find<00:13:25.760> an<00:13:26.000> intact 11:54.470 --> 11:54.480 align:start position:0% means it's very hard to find an intact 11:54.480 --> 11:57.190 align:start position:0% means it's very hard to find an intact and<00:13:26.800> complete<00:13:27.360> skeleton.<00:13:28.320> But<00:13:28.480> the<00:13:28.639> team<00:13:28.880> had 11:57.190 --> 11:57.200 align:start position:0% and complete skeleton. But the team had 11:57.200 --> 11:59.910 align:start position:0% and complete skeleton. But the team had one<00:13:29.519> final<00:13:29.920> trick<00:13:30.240> up<00:13:30.560> their<00:13:30.800> sleeve. 11:59.910 --> 11:59.920 align:start position:0% one final trick up their sleeve. 11:59.920 --> 12:01.829 align:start position:0% one final trick up their sleeve. Mathematics. 12:01.829 --> 12:01.839 align:start position:0% Mathematics. 12:01.839 --> 12:03.590 align:start position:0% Mathematics. Up<00:13:34.079> in<00:13:34.320> Indiana,<00:13:34.880> whilst<00:13:35.120> the<00:13:35.279> team<00:13:35.440> in 12:03.590 --> 12:03.600 align:start position:0% Up in Indiana, whilst the team in 12:03.600 --> 12:05.509 align:start position:0% Up in Indiana, whilst the team in Florida<00:13:35.920> had<00:13:36.160> been<00:13:36.320> analyzing<00:13:36.800> samples, 12:05.509 --> 12:05.519 align:start position:0% Florida had been analyzing samples, 12:05.519 --> 12:08.230 align:start position:0% Florida had been analyzing samples, another<00:13:37.839> paleontologist,<00:13:38.800> David<00:13:39.360> Polly,<00:13:40.000> had 12:08.230 --> 12:08.240 align:start position:0% another paleontologist, David Polly, had 12:08.240 --> 12:09.829 align:start position:0% another paleontologist, David Polly, had spent<00:13:40.399> the<00:13:40.639> last<00:13:40.800> two<00:13:41.040> years<00:13:41.279> building<00:13:41.600> what 12:09.829 --> 12:09.839 align:start position:0% spent the last two years building what 12:09.839 --> 12:11.910 align:start position:0% spent the last two years building what was<00:13:42.000> essentially<00:13:42.320> a<00:13:42.639> mathematical<00:13:43.279> model<00:13:43.600> of 12:11.910 --> 12:11.920 align:start position:0% was essentially a mathematical model of 12:11.920 --> 12:15.110 align:start position:0% was essentially a mathematical model of how<00:13:44.560> a<00:13:44.880> snake's<00:13:45.360> spinal<00:13:45.760> column<00:13:46.160> looks<00:13:46.720> based, 12:15.110 --> 12:15.120 align:start position:0% how a snake's spinal column looks based, 12:15.120 --> 12:17.829 align:start position:0% how a snake's spinal column looks based, of<00:13:47.279> course,<00:13:47.440> on<00:13:47.760> living<00:13:48.079> species. 12:17.829 --> 12:17.839 align:start position:0% of course, on living species. 12:17.839 --> 12:19.750 align:start position:0% of course, on living species. Each<00:13:50.079> bone<00:13:50.399> corresponds<00:13:50.959> to<00:13:51.120> a<00:13:51.360> specific 12:19.750 --> 12:19.760 align:start position:0% Each bone corresponds to a specific 12:19.760 --> 12:22.310 align:start position:0% Each bone corresponds to a specific region<00:13:52.079> on<00:13:52.320> the<00:13:52.560> snake's<00:13:53.040> back.<00:13:53.839> But<00:13:54.000> no<00:13:54.160> one 12:22.310 --> 12:22.320 align:start position:0% region on the snake's back. But no one 12:22.320 --> 12:24.550 align:start position:0% region on the snake's back. But no one had<00:13:54.560> really<00:13:54.720> pieced<00:13:55.120> that<00:13:55.360> together<00:13:55.760> before. 12:24.550 --> 12:24.560 align:start position:0% had really pieced that together before. 12:24.560 --> 12:26.389 align:start position:0% had really pieced that together before. So<00:13:56.880> Polly<00:13:57.199> and<00:13:57.360> Head<00:13:57.600> put<00:13:57.839> their<00:13:58.079> heads 12:26.389 --> 12:26.399 align:start position:0% So Polly and Head put their heads 12:26.399 --> 12:28.310 align:start position:0% So Polly and Head put their heads together<00:13:58.880> and<00:13:59.199> using<00:13:59.440> this<00:13:59.680> mathematical 12:28.310 --> 12:28.320 align:start position:0% together and using this mathematical 12:28.320 --> 12:31.269 align:start position:0% together and using this mathematical modeling<00:14:01.040> plotted<00:14:01.519> each<00:14:01.920> joint,<00:14:02.560> ridge,<00:14:02.959> and 12:31.269 --> 12:31.279 align:start position:0% modeling plotted each joint, ridge, and 12:31.279 --> 12:33.269 align:start position:0% modeling plotted each joint, ridge, and individual<00:14:03.839> vertebrae<00:14:04.399> as<00:14:04.639> a<00:14:04.880> set<00:14:05.040> of 12:33.269 --> 12:33.279 align:start position:0% individual vertebrae as a set of 12:33.279 --> 12:35.990 align:start position:0% individual vertebrae as a set of coordinates<00:14:06.160> on<00:14:06.399> a<00:14:06.639> graph.<00:14:07.360> And<00:14:07.600> they<00:14:07.760> were 12:35.990 --> 12:36.000 align:start position:0% coordinates on a graph. And they were 12:36.000 --> 12:38.150 align:start position:0% coordinates on a graph. And they were finally<00:14:08.399> able<00:14:08.639> to<00:14:08.800> get<00:14:08.959> an<00:14:09.199> accurate<00:14:09.600> picture 12:38.150 --> 12:38.160 align:start position:0% finally able to get an accurate picture 12:38.160 --> 12:41.030 align:start position:0% finally able to get an accurate picture of<00:14:10.399> the<00:14:10.720> snake's<00:14:11.360> length.<00:14:12.639> What<00:14:12.880> they 12:41.030 --> 12:41.040 align:start position:0% of the snake's length. What they 12:41.040 --> 12:45.590 align:start position:0% of the snake's length. What they unraveled<00:14:13.680> was<00:14:13.920> a<00:14:14.320> 13<00:14:14.959> to<00:14:15.440> 15<00:14:15.920> m<00:14:16.480> behemoth 12:45.590 --> 12:45.600 align:start position:0% unraveled was a 13 to 15 m behemoth 12:45.600 --> 12:49.269 align:start position:0% unraveled was a 13 to 15 m behemoth weighing<00:14:18.000> in<00:14:18.160> with<00:14:18.240> a<00:14:18.480> mean<00:14:18.720> of<00:14:19.040> 1,135 12:49.269 --> 12:49.279 align:start position:0% weighing in with a mean of 1,135 12:49.279 --> 12:53.509 align:start position:0% weighing in with a mean of 1,135 kg,<00:14:22.160> as<00:14:22.480> much<00:14:22.720> as<00:14:23.040> some<00:14:23.440> fully<00:14:23.920> grown<00:14:24.480> rhinos. 12:53.509 --> 12:53.519 align:start position:0% kg, as much as some fully grown rhinos. 12:53.519 --> 12:56.790 align:start position:0% kg, as much as some fully grown rhinos. and<00:14:25.760> the<00:14:26.000> length<00:14:26.639> of<00:14:26.880> a<00:14:27.120> school<00:14:27.600> bus. 12:56.790 --> 12:56.800 align:start position:0% and the length of a school bus. 12:56.800 --> 13:00.470 align:start position:0% and the length of a school bus. Titanoboa<00:14:29.760> selhonosis<00:14:30.880> or<00:14:31.279> titanic<00:14:32.079> boa 13:00.470 --> 13:00.480 align:start position:0% Titanoboa selhonosis or titanic boa 13:00.480 --> 13:03.590 align:start position:0% Titanoboa selhonosis or titanic boa constrictor<00:14:33.600> was<00:14:33.839> formally<00:14:34.240> named<00:14:34.560> in<00:14:34.880> 2009 13:03.590 --> 13:03.600 align:start position:0% constrictor was formally named in 2009 13:03.600 --> 13:05.990 align:start position:0% constrictor was formally named in 2009 in<00:14:35.839> a<00:14:36.000> Nature<00:14:36.399> article<00:14:37.040> and<00:14:37.279> it<00:14:37.519> flipped 13:05.990 --> 13:06.000 align:start position:0% in a Nature article and it flipped 13:06.000 --> 13:08.870 align:start position:0% in a Nature article and it flipped evolutionary<00:14:38.720> science<00:14:39.279> on<00:14:39.519> its<00:14:39.839> head.<00:14:40.639> For 13:08.870 --> 13:08.880 align:start position:0% evolutionary science on its head. For 13:08.880 --> 13:10.710 align:start position:0% evolutionary science on its head. For context,<00:14:41.279> the<00:14:41.519> largest<00:14:41.839> anaconda<00:14:42.560> ever 13:10.710 --> 13:10.720 align:start position:0% context, the largest anaconda ever 13:10.720 --> 13:14.870 align:start position:0% context, the largest anaconda ever accurately<00:14:43.199> measured<00:14:43.519> was<00:14:43.680> a<00:14:43.920> mere<00:14:44.160> 8.5<00:14:45.600> m. 13:14.870 --> 13:14.880 align:start position:0% accurately measured was a mere 8.5 m. 13:14.880 --> 13:16.629 align:start position:0% accurately measured was a mere 8.5 m. For<00:14:47.120> some,<00:14:47.440> this<00:14:47.680> was<00:14:47.760> the<00:14:48.000> stuff<00:14:48.240> of 13:16.629 --> 13:16.639 align:start position:0% For some, this was the stuff of 13:16.639 --> 13:18.310 align:start position:0% For some, this was the stuff of nightmares.<00:14:49.279> But<00:14:49.440> for<00:14:49.600> the<00:14:49.760> scientists<00:14:50.160> who 13:18.310 --> 13:18.320 align:start position:0% nightmares. But for the scientists who 13:18.320 --> 13:21.110 align:start position:0% nightmares. But for the scientists who had<00:14:50.480> dedicated<00:14:51.040> decades<00:14:51.519> to<00:14:51.839> this<00:14:52.079> search,<00:14:52.880> it 13:21.110 --> 13:21.120 align:start position:0% had dedicated decades to this search, it 13:21.120 --> 13:23.509 align:start position:0% had dedicated decades to this search, it was<00:14:53.199> the<00:14:53.360> stuff<00:14:53.600> of<00:14:53.839> dreams.<00:14:54.720> They<00:14:54.959> had<00:14:55.199> found 13:23.509 --> 13:23.519 align:start position:0% was the stuff of dreams. They had found 13:23.519 --> 13:26.710 align:start position:0% was the stuff of dreams. They had found the<00:14:55.839> largest<00:14:56.320> stake<00:14:56.800> ever<00:14:57.600> to<00:14:57.920> have<00:14:58.160> been 13:26.710 --> 13:26.720 align:start position:0% the largest stake ever to have been 13:26.720 --> 13:29.670 align:start position:0% the largest stake ever to have been discovered.<00:15:00.079> While<00:15:00.399> Titanoboa's<00:15:01.279> size<00:15:01.519> was 13:29.670 --> 13:29.680 align:start position:0% discovered. While Titanoboa's size was 13:29.680 --> 13:31.430 align:start position:0% discovered. While Titanoboa's size was enough<00:15:01.920> to<00:15:02.079> make<00:15:02.240> headlines<00:15:02.880> around<00:15:03.199> the 13:31.430 --> 13:31.440 align:start position:0% enough to make headlines around the 13:31.440 --> 13:33.590 align:start position:0% enough to make headlines around the world,<00:15:04.000> what<00:15:04.320> scientists<00:15:04.880> still<00:15:05.120> didn't<00:15:05.440> know 13:33.590 --> 13:33.600 align:start position:0% world, what scientists still didn't know 13:33.600 --> 13:35.829 align:start position:0% world, what scientists still didn't know was<00:15:05.920> how<00:15:06.160> it<00:15:06.399> lived?<00:15:07.360> It<00:15:07.600> was 13:35.829 --> 13:35.839 align:start position:0% was how it lived? It was 13:35.839 --> 13:38.230 align:start position:0% was how it lived? It was incomprehensible.<00:15:08.959> What<00:15:09.279> type<00:15:09.519> of<00:15:09.839> world 13:38.230 --> 13:38.240 align:start position:0% incomprehensible. What type of world 13:38.240 --> 13:40.550 align:start position:0% incomprehensible. What type of world could<00:15:10.480> produce<00:15:10.880> such<00:15:11.199> a<00:15:11.360> monster?<00:15:12.240> And 13:40.550 --> 13:40.560 align:start position:0% could produce such a monster? And 13:40.560 --> 13:44.310 align:start position:0% could produce such a monster? And crucially,<00:15:13.680> what<00:15:13.839> did<00:15:14.000> it<00:15:14.160> do<00:15:14.320> to<00:15:14.560> survive? 13:44.310 --> 13:44.320 align:start position:0% crucially, what did it do to survive? 13:44.320 --> 13:45.829 align:start position:0% crucially, what did it do to survive? There<00:15:16.560> was<00:15:16.720> still<00:15:16.880> one<00:15:17.120> part<00:15:17.360> of<00:15:17.519> this 13:45.829 --> 13:45.839 align:start position:0% There was still one part of this 13:45.839 --> 13:49.189 align:start position:0% There was still one part of this monstrous<00:15:18.560> jigsaw<00:15:19.120> puzzle<00:15:19.519> missing.<00:15:20.959> A 13:49.189 --> 13:49.199 align:start position:0% monstrous jigsaw puzzle missing. A 13:49.199 --> 13:51.269 align:start position:0% monstrous jigsaw puzzle missing. A skull.<00:15:22.079> As<00:15:22.320> incredible<00:15:22.639> as<00:15:22.880> all<00:15:23.040> those 13:51.269 --> 13:51.279 align:start position:0% skull. As incredible as all those 13:51.279 --> 13:52.629 align:start position:0% skull. As incredible as all those discoveries<00:15:23.760> we've<00:15:24.000> just<00:15:24.160> talked<00:15:24.320> about 13:52.629 --> 13:52.639 align:start position:0% discoveries we've just talked about 13:52.639 --> 13:54.949 align:start position:0% discoveries we've just talked about were,<00:15:25.360> the<00:15:25.519> modeling<00:15:26.000> only<00:15:26.240> really<00:15:26.560> revealed 13:54.949 --> 13:54.959 align:start position:0% were, the modeling only really revealed 13:54.959 --> 13:56.629 align:start position:0% were, the modeling only really revealed the<00:15:27.199> size<00:15:27.440> of<00:15:27.680> the<00:15:27.920> snake,<00:15:28.240> which<00:15:28.480> is 13:56.629 --> 13:56.639 align:start position:0% the size of the snake, which is 13:56.639 --> 13:58.870 align:start position:0% the size of the snake, which is impressive<00:15:29.199> enough,<00:15:29.839> but<00:15:30.000> to<00:15:30.240> get<00:15:30.399> a<00:15:30.560> full 13:58.870 --> 13:58.880 align:start position:0% impressive enough, but to get a full 13:58.880 --> 14:00.790 align:start position:0% impressive enough, but to get a full grasp<00:15:31.120> on<00:15:31.360> this<00:15:31.519> almost<00:15:31.839> mythical<00:15:32.399> creature. 14:00.790 --> 14:00.800 align:start position:0% grasp on this almost mythical creature. 14:00.800 --> 14:03.350 align:start position:0% grasp on this almost mythical creature. And<00:15:33.040> to<00:15:33.279> further<00:15:33.680> advance<00:15:34.079> their<00:15:34.399> research, 14:03.350 --> 14:03.360 align:start position:0% And to further advance their research, 14:03.360 --> 14:05.990 align:start position:0% And to further advance their research, they<00:15:35.680> needed<00:15:36.000> its<00:15:36.399> head. 14:05.990 --> 14:06.000 align:start position:0% they needed its head. 14:06.000 --> 14:08.150 align:start position:0% they needed its head. So,<00:15:38.240> they<00:15:38.480> once<00:15:38.800> again<00:15:39.120> headed<00:15:39.519> back<00:15:39.760> to<00:15:39.920> the 14:08.150 --> 14:08.160 align:start position:0% So, they once again headed back to the 14:08.160 --> 14:10.230 align:start position:0% So, they once again headed back to the coal<00:15:40.480> mine,<00:15:40.800> which<00:15:41.120> by<00:15:41.360> now<00:15:41.519> to<00:15:41.760> them<00:15:42.000> surely 14:10.230 --> 14:10.240 align:start position:0% coal mine, which by now to them surely 14:10.240 --> 14:12.069 align:start position:0% coal mine, which by now to them surely must<00:15:42.399> have<00:15:42.480> felt<00:15:42.720> more<00:15:42.880> like<00:15:43.040> a<00:15:43.360> gold<00:15:43.680> mine. 14:12.069 --> 14:12.079 align:start position:0% must have felt more like a gold mine. 14:12.079 --> 14:13.509 align:start position:0% must have felt more like a gold mine. When<00:15:44.240> they<00:15:44.399> touched<00:15:44.639> back<00:15:44.800> down<00:15:44.959> in<00:15:45.120> Colombia 14:13.509 --> 14:13.519 align:start position:0% When they touched back down in Colombia 14:13.519 --> 14:16.470 align:start position:0% When they touched back down in Colombia in<00:15:45.680> 2011,<00:15:46.560> expectations<00:15:47.279> were<00:15:47.600> very<00:15:47.920> low. 14:16.470 --> 14:16.480 align:start position:0% in 2011, expectations were very low. 14:16.480 --> 14:18.310 align:start position:0% in 2011, expectations were very low. They'd<00:15:48.880> already<00:15:49.120> hit<00:15:49.440> the<00:15:49.600> motherload. 14:18.310 --> 14:18.320 align:start position:0% They'd already hit the motherload. 14:18.320 --> 14:21.269 align:start position:0% They'd already hit the motherload. Surely,<00:15:51.279> surely<00:15:52.160> lightning<00:15:52.639> couldn't<00:15:52.880> strike 14:21.269 --> 14:21.279 align:start position:0% Surely, surely lightning couldn't strike 14:21.279 --> 14:23.829 align:start position:0% Surely, surely lightning couldn't strike twice.<00:15:54.160> Finding<00:15:54.480> a<00:15:54.720> snake<00:15:55.040> vertebrae<00:15:55.519> was 14:23.829 --> 14:23.839 align:start position:0% twice. Finding a snake vertebrae was 14:23.839 --> 14:25.509 align:start position:0% twice. Finding a snake vertebrae was hard<00:15:56.079> enough,<00:15:56.320> but<00:15:56.560> finding<00:15:56.800> a<00:15:57.040> snake's 14:25.509 --> 14:25.519 align:start position:0% hard enough, but finding a snake's 14:25.519 --> 14:28.310 align:start position:0% hard enough, but finding a snake's skull,<00:15:58.480> well,<00:15:58.720> that<00:15:58.880> was<00:15:59.040> a<00:15:59.199> different<00:15:59.519> world. 14:28.310 --> 14:28.320 align:start position:0% skull, well, that was a different world. 14:28.320 --> 14:30.389 align:start position:0% skull, well, that was a different world. Unlike<00:16:00.639> our<00:16:00.959> skulls,<00:16:01.360> snake<00:16:01.680> skulls<00:16:02.079> aren't 14:30.389 --> 14:30.399 align:start position:0% Unlike our skulls, snake skulls aren't 14:30.399 --> 14:32.230 align:start position:0% Unlike our skulls, snake skulls aren't fused<00:16:02.800> together.<00:16:03.600> Instead,<00:16:03.920> they're 14:32.230 --> 14:32.240 align:start position:0% fused together. Instead, they're 14:32.240 --> 14:33.910 align:start position:0% fused together. Instead, they're connected<00:16:04.560> with<00:16:04.800> tissue,<00:16:05.440> tendons, 14:33.910 --> 14:33.920 align:start position:0% connected with tissue, tendons, 14:33.920 --> 14:36.310 align:start position:0% connected with tissue, tendons, ligaments,<00:16:06.399> and<00:16:06.639> muscles.<00:16:07.680> What<00:16:07.839> that<00:16:08.079> means 14:36.310 --> 14:36.320 align:start position:0% ligaments, and muscles. What that means 14:36.320 --> 14:37.829 align:start position:0% ligaments, and muscles. What that means essentially<00:16:08.560> is<00:16:08.720> that<00:16:08.880> when<00:16:09.040> the<00:16:09.199> great<00:16:09.440> beast 14:37.829 --> 14:37.839 align:start position:0% essentially is that when the great beast 14:37.839 --> 14:39.990 align:start position:0% essentially is that when the great beast dies,<00:16:10.639> that<00:16:10.959> connective<00:16:11.440> tissue<00:16:11.759> would 14:39.990 --> 14:40.000 align:start position:0% dies, that connective tissue would 14:40.000 --> 14:42.389 align:start position:0% dies, that connective tissue would simply<00:16:12.480> decompose,<00:16:13.360> and<00:16:13.600> all<00:16:13.759> those<00:16:14.079> tiny 14:42.389 --> 14:42.399 align:start position:0% simply decompose, and all those tiny 14:42.399 --> 14:45.509 align:start position:0% simply decompose, and all those tiny little<00:16:14.720> bones<00:16:15.199> would<00:16:15.519> just<00:16:15.920> disperse.<00:16:17.199> This 14:45.509 --> 14:45.519 align:start position:0% little bones would just disperse. This 14:45.519 --> 14:47.509 align:start position:0% little bones would just disperse. This wasn't<00:16:17.839> even<00:16:18.000> a<00:16:18.160> needle<00:16:18.399> in<00:16:18.560> a<00:16:18.720> haystack<00:16:19.360> kind 14:47.509 --> 14:47.519 align:start position:0% wasn't even a needle in a haystack kind 14:47.519 --> 14:49.269 align:start position:0% wasn't even a needle in a haystack kind of<00:16:19.680> situation.<00:16:20.320> They<00:16:20.560> were<00:16:20.720> looking<00:16:20.880> for 14:49.269 --> 14:49.279 align:start position:0% of situation. They were looking for 14:49.279 --> 14:53.590 align:start position:0% of situation. They were looking for fragments<00:16:22.399> at<00:16:22.720> best.<00:16:23.680> And<00:16:24.079> miraculously, 14:53.590 --> 14:53.600 align:start position:0% fragments at best. And miraculously, 14:53.600 --> 14:57.590 align:start position:0% fragments at best. And miraculously, that<00:16:26.079> is<00:16:26.320> exactly<00:16:27.040> what<00:16:27.519> they<00:16:27.920> found.<00:16:29.120> Call<00:16:29.360> it 14:57.590 --> 14:57.600 align:start position:0% that is exactly what they found. Call it 14:57.600 --> 14:59.670 align:start position:0% that is exactly what they found. Call it divine<00:16:29.920> intervention,<00:16:30.639> luck,<00:16:31.040> or<00:16:31.360> just 14:59.670 --> 14:59.680 align:start position:0% divine intervention, luck, or just 14:59.680 --> 15:01.189 align:start position:0% divine intervention, luck, or just knowing<00:16:32.000> what<00:16:32.160> they<00:16:32.320> were<00:16:32.480> looking<00:16:32.639> for<00:16:32.880> this 15:01.189 --> 15:01.199 align:start position:0% knowing what they were looking for this 15:01.199 --> 15:04.230 align:start position:0% knowing what they were looking for this time.<00:16:33.759> Block<00:16:34.160> and<00:16:34.399> head<00:16:34.720> were<00:16:34.959> able<00:16:35.199> to<00:16:35.440> find 15:04.230 --> 15:04.240 align:start position:0% time. Block and head were able to find 15:04.240 --> 15:08.069 align:start position:0% time. Block and head were able to find three<00:16:37.199> individual<00:16:38.160> skull<00:16:38.560> bones.<00:16:39.440> They<00:16:39.759> spent 15:08.069 --> 15:08.079 align:start position:0% three individual skull bones. They spent 15:08.079 --> 15:09.990 align:start position:0% three individual skull bones. They spent weeks<00:16:40.560> meticulously<00:16:41.360> comparing<00:16:41.759> the 15:09.990 --> 15:10.000 align:start position:0% weeks meticulously comparing the 15:10.000 --> 15:11.829 align:start position:0% weeks meticulously comparing the contours<00:16:42.560> of<00:16:42.720> those<00:16:43.040> individual<00:16:43.519> bones 15:11.829 --> 15:11.839 align:start position:0% contours of those individual bones 15:11.839 --> 15:14.629 align:start position:0% contours of those individual bones against<00:16:44.320> modern<00:16:44.800> boa,<00:16:45.199> anaconda,<00:16:46.000> and<00:16:46.160> python 15:14.629 --> 15:14.639 align:start position:0% against modern boa, anaconda, and python 15:14.639 --> 15:17.030 align:start position:0% against modern boa, anaconda, and python skulls.<00:16:47.680> This<00:16:47.839> was<00:16:48.000> not<00:16:48.240> glamorous<00:16:48.720> work. 15:17.030 --> 15:17.040 align:start position:0% skulls. This was not glamorous work. 15:17.040 --> 15:18.629 align:start position:0% skulls. This was not glamorous work. These<00:16:49.199> weren't<00:16:49.440> the<00:16:49.600> big<00:16:49.759> headlines<00:16:50.160> that<00:16:50.399> I'm 15:18.629 --> 15:18.639 align:start position:0% These weren't the big headlines that I'm 15:18.639 --> 15:20.389 align:start position:0% These weren't the big headlines that I'm now<00:16:50.880> talking<00:16:51.040> to<00:16:51.199> you<00:16:51.279> about<00:16:51.519> in<00:16:51.759> this<00:16:51.920> video. 15:20.389 --> 15:20.399 align:start position:0% now talking to you about in this video. 15:20.399 --> 15:22.870 align:start position:0% now talking to you about in this video. This<00:16:52.560> was<00:16:52.880> painstaking,<00:16:53.680> laborious<00:16:54.399> hours<00:16:54.720> of 15:22.870 --> 15:22.880 align:start position:0% This was painstaking, laborious hours of 15:22.880 --> 15:24.550 align:start position:0% This was painstaking, laborious hours of looking<00:16:55.120> under<00:16:55.440> microscopes<00:16:56.079> for<00:16:56.240> the 15:24.550 --> 15:24.560 align:start position:0% looking under microscopes for the 15:24.560 --> 15:27.910 align:start position:0% looking under microscopes for the tiniest<00:16:57.360> of<00:16:57.759> differences.<00:16:59.040> And<00:16:59.279> not<00:16:59.519> for<00:16:59.759> the 15:27.910 --> 15:27.920 align:start position:0% tiniest of differences. And not for the 15:27.920 --> 15:31.269 align:start position:0% tiniest of differences. And not for the first<00:17:00.160> time,<00:17:00.880> that<00:17:01.120> patience<00:17:01.680> was<00:17:02.160> rewarded. 15:31.269 --> 15:31.279 align:start position:0% first time, that patience was rewarded. 15:31.279 --> 15:33.510 align:start position:0% first time, that patience was rewarded. The<00:17:03.519> fragment<00:17:03.920> suggested<00:17:04.400> Titanoboa's<00:17:05.280> whole 15:33.510 --> 15:33.520 align:start position:0% The fragment suggested Titanoboa's whole 15:33.520 --> 15:36.150 align:start position:0% The fragment suggested Titanoboa's whole head<00:17:05.839> could<00:17:06.079> have<00:17:06.240> been<00:17:06.319> nearly<00:17:06.640> a<00:17:06.880> meter<00:17:07.839> in 15:36.150 --> 15:36.160 align:start position:0% head could have been nearly a meter in 15:36.160 --> 15:38.710 align:start position:0% head could have been nearly a meter in length.<00:17:08.959> It<00:17:09.199> had<00:17:09.360> a<00:17:09.600> special<00:17:10.000> hinge<00:17:10.400> bone, 15:38.710 --> 15:38.720 align:start position:0% length. It had a special hinge bone, 15:38.720 --> 15:41.029 align:start position:0% length. It had a special hinge bone, too,<00:17:11.039> a<00:17:11.199> quadrate<00:17:11.919> that<00:17:12.160> connected<00:17:12.559> its<00:17:12.799> lower 15:41.029 --> 15:41.039 align:start position:0% too, a quadrate that connected its lower 15:41.039 --> 15:43.510 align:start position:0% too, a quadrate that connected its lower jaw<00:17:13.360> to<00:17:13.600> its<00:17:13.839> skull.<00:17:14.559> Now,<00:17:14.799> that<00:17:15.039> allowed<00:17:15.280> the 15:43.510 --> 15:43.520 align:start position:0% jaw to its skull. Now, that allowed the 15:43.520 --> 15:45.990 align:start position:0% jaw to its skull. Now, that allowed the back<00:17:15.600> of<00:17:15.760> the<00:17:15.919> lower<00:17:16.160> jaw<00:17:16.400> to<00:17:16.640> extend<00:17:17.120> behind 15:45.990 --> 15:46.000 align:start position:0% back of the lower jaw to extend behind 15:46.000 --> 15:48.949 align:start position:0% back of the lower jaw to extend behind its<00:17:18.400> brain.<00:17:19.360> This<00:17:19.600> thing<00:17:19.919> opened<00:17:20.240> its<00:17:20.480> mouth 15:48.949 --> 15:48.959 align:start position:0% its brain. This thing opened its mouth 15:48.959 --> 15:53.029 align:start position:0% its brain. This thing opened its mouth big<00:17:21.439> and<00:17:22.079> wide,<00:17:22.880> and<00:17:23.039> it<00:17:23.280> was<00:17:23.439> full<00:17:24.160> of<00:17:24.480> closely 15:53.029 --> 15:53.039 align:start position:0% big and wide, and it was full of closely 15:53.039 --> 15:55.510 align:start position:0% big and wide, and it was full of closely packed<00:17:25.439> teeth,<00:17:26.000> too.<00:17:26.720> Now,<00:17:27.039> interestingly, 15:55.510 --> 15:55.520 align:start position:0% packed teeth, too. Now, interestingly, 15:55.520 --> 15:57.510 align:start position:0% packed teeth, too. Now, interestingly, those<00:17:27.839> closely<00:17:28.240> compacted<00:17:28.799> teeth<00:17:29.120> are<00:17:29.360> a 15:57.510 --> 15:57.520 align:start position:0% those closely compacted teeth are a 15:57.520 --> 15:59.430 align:start position:0% those closely compacted teeth are a trait<00:17:29.840> found<00:17:30.080> in<00:17:30.240> modern<00:17:30.559> snakes<00:17:30.880> today<00:17:31.120> that 15:59.430 --> 15:59.440 align:start position:0% trait found in modern snakes today that 15:59.440 --> 16:02.870 align:start position:0% trait found in modern snakes today that specialize<00:17:32.000> in<00:17:32.320> eating<00:17:32.799> fish,<00:17:33.679> but<00:17:34.080> no<00:17:34.480> known 16:02.870 --> 16:02.880 align:start position:0% specialize in eating fish, but no known 16:02.880 --> 16:05.990 align:start position:0% specialize in eating fish, but no known boa<00:17:35.280> alive<00:17:35.760> today<00:17:36.240> actively<00:17:36.799> specializes<00:17:37.520> in 16:05.990 --> 16:06.000 align:start position:0% boa alive today actively specializes in 16:06.000 --> 16:08.710 align:start position:0% boa alive today actively specializes in hunting<00:17:38.640> fish.<00:17:39.840> All<00:17:40.000> of<00:17:40.160> that<00:17:40.320> evidence 16:08.710 --> 16:08.720 align:start position:0% hunting fish. All of that evidence 16:08.720 --> 16:11.190 align:start position:0% hunting fish. All of that evidence points<00:17:41.039> to<00:17:41.200> a<00:17:41.360> semi-aquatic<00:17:42.320> lifestyle<00:17:42.880> for 16:11.190 --> 16:11.200 align:start position:0% points to a semi-aquatic lifestyle for 16:11.200 --> 16:13.510 align:start position:0% points to a semi-aquatic lifestyle for Titanoboa,<00:17:44.320> with<00:17:44.559> behavior<00:17:45.039> more<00:17:45.280> like 16:13.510 --> 16:13.520 align:start position:0% Titanoboa, with behavior more like 16:13.520 --> 16:15.669 align:start position:0% Titanoboa, with behavior more like today's<00:17:46.000> water<00:17:46.320> dwelling<00:17:46.720> anaconda<00:17:47.360> than<00:17:47.520> a 16:15.669 --> 16:15.679 align:start position:0% today's water dwelling anaconda than a 16:15.679 --> 16:17.830 align:start position:0% today's water dwelling anaconda than a boa<00:17:48.000> constrictor.<00:17:49.039> But<00:17:49.120> they<00:17:49.360> still<00:17:49.600> couldn't 16:17.830 --> 16:17.840 align:start position:0% boa constrictor. But they still couldn't 16:17.840 --> 16:20.390 align:start position:0% boa constrictor. But they still couldn't say<00:17:50.080> for<00:17:50.400> sure<00:17:50.640> if<00:17:50.880> it<00:17:51.120> was<00:17:51.280> more<00:17:51.520> boa<00:17:52.080> than 16:20.390 --> 16:20.400 align:start position:0% say for sure if it was more boa than 16:20.400 --> 16:22.789 align:start position:0% say for sure if it was more boa than anaconda.<00:17:53.600> With<00:17:53.840> a<00:17:54.000> skull<00:17:54.240> that<00:17:54.400> showed<00:17:54.640> a 16:22.789 --> 16:22.799 align:start position:0% anaconda. With a skull that showed a 16:22.799 --> 16:24.549 align:start position:0% anaconda. With a skull that showed a shallow<00:17:55.200> quadrate<00:17:55.679> angle<00:17:56.080> and<00:17:56.320> its 16:24.549 --> 16:24.559 align:start position:0% shallow quadrate angle and its 16:24.559 --> 16:26.549 align:start position:0% shallow quadrate angle and its preference<00:17:56.880> for<00:17:56.960> a<00:17:57.120> swampy<00:17:57.600> habitat<00:17:58.240> filled 16:26.549 --> 16:26.559 align:start position:0% preference for a swampy habitat filled 16:26.559 --> 16:29.669 align:start position:0% preference for a swampy habitat filled with<00:17:58.799> giant<00:17:59.200> fish<00:17:59.440> nearby,<00:18:00.640> a<00:18:00.880> new<00:18:01.120> picture 16:29.669 --> 16:29.679 align:start position:0% with giant fish nearby, a new picture 16:29.679 --> 16:33.029 align:start position:0% with giant fish nearby, a new picture emerged.<00:18:02.799> Titanobo<00:18:03.679> may<00:18:03.919> have<00:18:04.080> been<00:18:04.240> the<00:18:04.559> only 16:33.029 --> 16:33.039 align:start position:0% emerged. Titanobo may have been the only 16:33.039 --> 16:36.870 align:start position:0% emerged. Titanobo may have been the only boy<00:18:05.600> of<00:18:05.840> its<00:18:06.160> kind.<00:18:07.039> A<00:18:07.360> superized<00:18:08.400> fish 16:36.870 --> 16:36.880 align:start position:0% boy of its kind. A superized fish 16:36.880 --> 16:39.510 align:start position:0% boy of its kind. A superized fish hunting<00:18:09.520> serpent<00:18:10.320> unlike<00:18:10.799> anything<00:18:11.280> else 16:39.510 --> 16:39.520 align:start position:0% hunting serpent unlike anything else 16:39.520 --> 16:42.710 align:start position:0% hunting serpent unlike anything else we've<00:18:12.000> ever<00:18:12.240> seen.<00:18:13.200> This<00:18:13.440> wasn't<00:18:13.840> a<00:18:14.160> fast, 16:42.710 --> 16:42.720 align:start position:0% we've ever seen. This wasn't a fast, 16:42.720 --> 16:45.669 align:start position:0% we've ever seen. This wasn't a fast, dynamic<00:18:15.360> land<00:18:15.760> dwelling<00:18:16.160> predator.<00:18:17.120> Moving<00:18:17.440> a 16:45.669 --> 16:45.679 align:start position:0% dynamic land dwelling predator. Moving a 16:45.679 --> 16:48.710 align:start position:0% dynamic land dwelling predator. Moving a ton<00:18:17.840> of<00:18:18.000> muscle<00:18:18.559> wasn't<00:18:18.960> easy.<00:18:19.919> Instead,<00:18:20.480> it 16:48.710 --> 16:48.720 align:start position:0% ton of muscle wasn't easy. Instead, it 16:48.720 --> 16:51.110 align:start position:0% ton of muscle wasn't easy. Instead, it likely<00:18:21.200> lurked<00:18:21.600> in<00:18:21.919> swamps,<00:18:22.799> taking 16:51.110 --> 16:51.120 align:start position:0% likely lurked in swamps, taking 16:51.120 --> 16:53.830 align:start position:0% likely lurked in swamps, taking advantage<00:18:23.600> of<00:18:23.840> buoyancy<00:18:24.400> and<00:18:24.720> using<00:18:25.120> water<00:18:25.600> to 16:53.830 --> 16:53.840 align:start position:0% advantage of buoyancy and using water to 16:53.840 --> 16:56.230 align:start position:0% advantage of buoyancy and using water to regulate<00:18:26.400> its<00:18:26.720> temperature.<00:18:27.760> This<00:18:28.000> was<00:18:28.080> a 16:56.230 --> 16:56.240 align:start position:0% regulate its temperature. This was a 16:56.240 --> 16:58.150 align:start position:0% regulate its temperature. This was a predator<00:18:28.559> that<00:18:28.799> waited<00:18:29.039> for<00:18:29.200> prey<00:18:29.520> to<00:18:29.760> come<00:18:29.919> to 16:58.150 --> 16:58.160 align:start position:0% predator that waited for prey to come to 16:58.160 --> 17:00.950 align:start position:0% predator that waited for prey to come to it,<00:18:30.799> lying<00:18:31.200> camouflaged<00:18:32.000> against<00:18:32.320> the<00:18:32.640> dark, 17:00.950 --> 17:00.960 align:start position:0% it, lying camouflaged against the dark, 17:00.960 --> 17:04.549 align:start position:0% it, lying camouflaged against the dark, tannin<00:18:33.520> stained<00:18:34.000> waters.<00:18:35.360> Titanoboa's<00:18:36.240> size 17:04.549 --> 17:04.559 align:start position:0% tannin stained waters. Titanoboa's size 17:04.559 --> 17:06.070 align:start position:0% tannin stained waters. Titanoboa's size also<00:18:36.880> raised<00:18:37.200> bigger<00:18:37.520> questions<00:18:37.840> that 17:06.070 --> 17:06.080 align:start position:0% also raised bigger questions that 17:06.080 --> 17:09.830 align:start position:0% also raised bigger questions that stretch<00:18:38.400> far<00:18:38.720> beyond<00:18:39.200> its<00:18:39.520> anatomy.<00:18:40.880> Why<00:18:41.520> was 17:09.830 --> 17:09.840 align:start position:0% stretch far beyond its anatomy. Why was 17:09.840 --> 17:13.110 align:start position:0% stretch far beyond its anatomy. Why was Titanoboa<00:18:42.799> so<00:18:43.120> much<00:18:43.520> larger<00:18:44.000> than<00:18:44.240> any<00:18:44.640> snake 17:13.110 --> 17:13.120 align:start position:0% Titanoboa so much larger than any snake 17:13.120 --> 17:15.909 align:start position:0% Titanoboa so much larger than any snake alive?<00:18:46.080> Something<00:18:46.480> had<00:18:46.799> to<00:18:46.960> allow<00:18:47.280> for<00:18:47.600> this 17:15.909 --> 17:15.919 align:start position:0% alive? Something had to allow for this 17:15.919 --> 17:18.230 align:start position:0% alive? Something had to allow for this gigantism.<00:18:49.120> And<00:18:49.280> as<00:18:49.520> it<00:18:49.679> turns<00:18:49.840> out,<00:18:50.000> the 17:18.230 --> 17:18.240 align:start position:0% gigantism. And as it turns out, the 17:18.240 --> 17:20.070 align:start position:0% gigantism. And as it turns out, the answer<00:18:50.480> to<00:18:50.799> that<00:18:51.039> question<00:18:51.520> also<00:18:51.840> has 17:20.070 --> 17:20.080 align:start position:0% answer to that question also has 17:20.080 --> 17:22.950 align:start position:0% answer to that question also has implications<00:18:52.720> for<00:18:52.960> the<00:18:53.200> entire<00:18:53.760> planet<00:18:54.720> and 17:22.950 --> 17:22.960 align:start position:0% implications for the entire planet and 17:22.960 --> 17:27.029 align:start position:0% implications for the entire planet and that<00:18:55.280> includes<00:18:55.760> us.<00:18:57.120> Snakes<00:18:57.520> are<00:18:57.840> ectotherms. 17:27.029 --> 17:27.039 align:start position:0% that includes us. Snakes are ectotherms. 17:27.039 --> 17:29.190 align:start position:0% that includes us. Snakes are ectotherms. They<00:18:59.280> depend<00:18:59.679> entirely<00:19:00.320> on<00:19:00.480> the<00:19:00.720> warmth<00:19:01.039> of 17:29.190 --> 17:29.200 align:start position:0% They depend entirely on the warmth of 17:29.200 --> 17:30.950 align:start position:0% They depend entirely on the warmth of their<00:19:01.360> surroundings<00:19:01.919> to<00:19:02.160> regulate<00:19:02.640> their 17:30.950 --> 17:30.960 align:start position:0% their surroundings to regulate their 17:30.960 --> 17:33.029 align:start position:0% their surroundings to regulate their body<00:19:03.280> temperature.<00:19:04.080> And<00:19:04.320> this<00:19:04.559> dictates 17:33.029 --> 17:33.039 align:start position:0% body temperature. And this dictates 17:33.039 --> 17:34.710 align:start position:0% body temperature. And this dictates pretty<00:19:05.280> much<00:19:05.440> everything<00:19:05.760> else<00:19:06.080> about<00:19:06.400> them. 17:34.710 --> 17:34.720 align:start position:0% pretty much everything else about them. 17:34.720 --> 17:36.390 align:start position:0% pretty much everything else about them. Their<00:19:06.880> metabolism,<00:19:07.600> what<00:19:07.760> they<00:19:07.919> eat,<00:19:08.240> where 17:36.390 --> 17:36.400 align:start position:0% Their metabolism, what they eat, where 17:36.400 --> 17:39.350 align:start position:0% Their metabolism, what they eat, where they<00:19:08.559> live,<00:19:08.799> and<00:19:08.960> of<00:19:09.200> course,<00:19:10.000> their<00:19:10.320> size.<00:19:11.120> As 17:39.350 --> 17:39.360 align:start position:0% they live, and of course, their size. As 17:39.360 --> 17:41.510 align:start position:0% they live, and of course, their size. As such,<00:19:11.600> we<00:19:11.840> know<00:19:11.919> that<00:19:12.080> the<00:19:12.320> Boyd<00:19:12.720> snake<00:19:13.120> family 17:41.510 --> 17:41.520 align:start position:0% such, we know that the Boyd snake family 17:41.520 --> 17:43.350 align:start position:0% such, we know that the Boyd snake family tends<00:19:13.760> to<00:19:13.919> live<00:19:14.080> in<00:19:14.320> tropical<00:19:14.799> environments, 17:43.350 --> 17:43.360 align:start position:0% tends to live in tropical environments, 17:43.360 --> 17:45.110 align:start position:0% tends to live in tropical environments, especially<00:19:15.760> in<00:19:16.080> South<00:19:16.320> America<00:19:16.720> and 17:45.110 --> 17:45.120 align:start position:0% especially in South America and 17:45.120 --> 17:48.070 align:start position:0% especially in South America and Southeast<00:19:17.760> Asia.<00:19:18.640> Here,<00:19:19.120> the<00:19:19.360> hot<00:19:19.760> human 17:48.070 --> 17:48.080 align:start position:0% Southeast Asia. Here, the hot human 17:48.080 --> 17:49.990 align:start position:0% Southeast Asia. Here, the hot human environments<00:19:20.720> allow<00:19:21.039> these<00:19:21.360> cold-blooded 17:49.990 --> 17:50.000 align:start position:0% environments allow these cold-blooded 17:50.000 --> 17:52.789 align:start position:0% environments allow these cold-blooded creatures<00:19:22.400> to<00:19:22.720> grow<00:19:22.960> and<00:19:23.280> to<00:19:23.520> thrive.<00:19:24.640> The 17:52.789 --> 17:52.799 align:start position:0% creatures to grow and to thrive. The 17:52.799 --> 17:54.230 align:start position:0% creatures to grow and to thrive. The warmer<00:19:25.120> the<00:19:25.280> environment,<00:19:25.679> the<00:19:25.840> more<00:19:26.000> energy 17:54.230 --> 17:54.240 align:start position:0% warmer the environment, the more energy 17:54.240 --> 17:55.750 align:start position:0% warmer the environment, the more energy they<00:19:26.480> can<00:19:26.559> absorb,<00:19:27.039> the<00:19:27.200> faster<00:19:27.520> their 17:55.750 --> 17:55.760 align:start position:0% they can absorb, the faster their 17:55.760 --> 17:57.830 align:start position:0% they can absorb, the faster their metabolism,<00:19:28.400> the<00:19:28.640> more<00:19:28.720> they<00:19:28.960> eat,<00:19:29.360> and<00:19:29.600> thus 17:57.830 --> 17:57.840 align:start position:0% metabolism, the more they eat, and thus 17:57.840 --> 17:59.830 align:start position:0% metabolism, the more they eat, and thus the<00:19:30.080> bigger<00:19:30.320> they<00:19:30.559> grow.<00:19:31.120> When<00:19:31.360> the<00:19:31.520> team 17:59.830 --> 17:59.840 align:start position:0% the bigger they grow. When the team 17:59.840 --> 18:02.070 align:start position:0% the bigger they grow. When the team spent<00:19:32.160> all<00:19:32.400> of<00:19:32.559> those<00:19:32.880> hours<00:19:33.360> analyzing 18:02.070 --> 18:02.080 align:start position:0% spent all of those hours analyzing 18:02.080 --> 18:03.909 align:start position:0% spent all of those hours analyzing fossils<00:19:34.480> and<00:19:34.720> building<00:19:35.039> mathematical 18:03.909 --> 18:03.919 align:start position:0% fossils and building mathematical 18:03.919 --> 18:06.549 align:start position:0% fossils and building mathematical models,<00:19:36.720> they<00:19:37.039> weren't<00:19:37.360> just<00:19:37.760> looking<00:19:38.000> at<00:19:38.240> a 18:06.549 --> 18:06.559 align:start position:0% models, they weren't just looking at a 18:06.559 --> 18:09.029 align:start position:0% models, they weren't just looking at a fossil<00:19:39.120> record.<00:19:40.000> They<00:19:40.160> were<00:19:40.320> looking<00:19:40.559> at<00:19:40.720> a 18:09.029 --> 18:09.039 align:start position:0% fossil record. They were looking at a 18:09.039 --> 18:12.070 align:start position:0% fossil record. They were looking at a climate<00:19:41.520> record.<00:19:42.240> Titanobo<00:19:43.120> was<00:19:43.360> not<00:19:43.760> an 18:12.070 --> 18:12.080 align:start position:0% climate record. Titanobo was not an 18:12.080 --> 18:13.990 align:start position:0% climate record. Titanobo was not an accident.<00:19:44.799> It<00:19:45.039> was<00:19:45.120> the<00:19:45.280> outcome<00:19:45.600> of<00:19:45.760> an 18:13.990 --> 18:14.000 align:start position:0% accident. It was the outcome of an 18:14.000 --> 18:17.350 align:start position:0% accident. It was the outcome of an extreme<00:19:46.880> world.<00:19:47.760> For<00:19:48.000> a<00:19:48.160> snake<00:19:48.400> to<00:19:48.559> grow<00:19:48.960> this 18:17.350 --> 18:17.360 align:start position:0% extreme world. For a snake to grow this 18:17.360 --> 18:19.750 align:start position:0% extreme world. For a snake to grow this big,<00:19:49.840> those<00:19:50.160> hot,<00:19:50.640> humid<00:19:51.120> temperatures<00:19:51.520> would 18:19.750 --> 18:19.760 align:start position:0% big, those hot, humid temperatures would 18:19.760 --> 18:21.510 align:start position:0% big, those hot, humid temperatures would need<00:19:51.840> to<00:19:52.000> be<00:19:52.160> superersized<00:19:52.799> almost<00:19:53.120> as<00:19:53.360> much 18:21.510 --> 18:21.520 align:start position:0% need to be superersized almost as much 18:21.520 --> 18:24.310 align:start position:0% need to be superersized almost as much as<00:19:53.679> the<00:19:53.919> snake<00:19:54.240> itself.<00:19:55.440> The<00:19:55.600> team<00:19:55.919> estimated 18:24.310 --> 18:24.320 align:start position:0% as the snake itself. The team estimated 18:24.320 --> 18:27.190 align:start position:0% as the snake itself. The team estimated that<00:19:56.559> to<00:19:56.799> grow<00:19:56.960> to<00:19:57.280> this<00:19:57.520> size,<00:19:58.240> Titanoboa 18:27.190 --> 18:27.200 align:start position:0% that to grow to this size, Titanoboa 18:27.200 --> 18:29.590 align:start position:0% that to grow to this size, Titanoboa must<00:19:59.440> have<00:19:59.600> lived<00:19:59.840> in<00:20:00.000> an<00:20:00.320> extremely<00:20:01.120> warm 18:29.590 --> 18:29.600 align:start position:0% must have lived in an extremely warm 18:29.600 --> 18:32.470 align:start position:0% must have lived in an extremely warm climate,<00:20:02.480> a<00:20:02.799> far<00:20:03.120> warmer<00:20:03.600> ambient<00:20:04.080> average 18:32.470 --> 18:32.480 align:start position:0% climate, a far warmer ambient average 18:32.480 --> 18:34.630 align:start position:0% climate, a far warmer ambient average than<00:20:04.720> we<00:20:04.960> see<00:20:05.200> today,<00:20:05.840> with<00:20:06.080> year<00:20:06.320> round 18:34.630 --> 18:34.640 align:start position:0% than we see today, with year round 18:34.640 --> 18:38.470 align:start position:0% than we see today, with year round temperatures<00:20:07.120> between<00:20:07.679> 30<00:20:07.919> and<00:20:08.320> 34°<00:20:09.600> C<00:20:10.160> with 18:38.470 --> 18:38.480 align:start position:0% temperatures between 30 and 34° C with 18:38.480 --> 18:41.430 align:start position:0% temperatures between 30 and 34° C with no<00:20:10.880> letup.<00:20:11.760> The<00:20:12.000> Paleocene<00:20:12.720> tropics<00:20:13.120> were<00:20:13.280> a 18:41.430 --> 18:41.440 align:start position:0% no letup. The Paleocene tropics were a 18:41.440 --> 18:44.070 align:start position:0% no letup. The Paleocene tropics were a scorching,<00:20:14.160> sweaty<00:20:14.960> sauna.<00:20:15.679> The<00:20:15.919> same 18:44.070 --> 18:44.080 align:start position:0% scorching, sweaty sauna. The same 18:44.080 --> 18:46.310 align:start position:0% scorching, sweaty sauna. The same concept<00:20:16.400> applies<00:20:16.720> to<00:20:16.960> other<00:20:17.200> reptiles,<00:20:17.760> too. 18:46.310 --> 18:46.320 align:start position:0% concept applies to other reptiles, too. 18:46.320 --> 18:48.230 align:start position:0% concept applies to other reptiles, too. Explaining<00:20:18.720> the<00:20:18.960> turtle<00:20:19.360> shells<00:20:19.600> the<00:20:19.840> size<00:20:20.080> of 18:48.230 --> 18:48.240 align:start position:0% Explaining the turtle shells the size of 18:48.240 --> 18:51.029 align:start position:0% Explaining the turtle shells the size of snooker<00:20:20.720> tables<00:20:21.280> and<00:20:21.600> humongous<00:20:22.400> crocs,<00:20:22.799> the 18:51.029 --> 18:51.039 align:start position:0% snooker tables and humongous crocs, the 18:51.039 --> 18:53.029 align:start position:0% snooker tables and humongous crocs, the very<00:20:23.280> things<00:20:23.600> Titanobo<00:20:24.480> would<00:20:24.559> eat<00:20:24.799> for 18:53.029 --> 18:53.039 align:start position:0% very things Titanobo would eat for 18:53.039 --> 18:55.350 align:start position:0% very things Titanobo would eat for breakfast.<00:20:26.160> Remember<00:20:26.480> those<00:20:26.720> fossilized 18:55.350 --> 18:55.360 align:start position:0% breakfast. Remember those fossilized 18:55.360 --> 18:57.190 align:start position:0% breakfast. Remember those fossilized leaves<00:20:27.679> we<00:20:27.919> talked<00:20:28.159> about<00:20:28.320> earlier<00:20:28.559> on?<00:20:28.960> Well, 18:57.190 --> 18:57.200 align:start position:0% leaves we talked about earlier on? Well, 18:57.200 --> 18:59.590 align:start position:0% leaves we talked about earlier on? Well, they<00:20:29.360> backed<00:20:29.679> this<00:20:29.840> theory<00:20:30.240> up,<00:20:30.480> too.<00:20:31.200> Studies 18:59.590 --> 18:59.600 align:start position:0% they backed this theory up, too. Studies 18:59.600 --> 19:02.149 align:start position:0% they backed this theory up, too. Studies of<00:20:31.840> carbon<00:20:32.240> isotopes<00:20:32.960> and<00:20:33.120> leaf<00:20:33.440> pores<00:20:33.840> from 19:02.149 --> 19:02.159 align:start position:0% of carbon isotopes and leaf pores from 19:02.159 --> 19:04.390 align:start position:0% of carbon isotopes and leaf pores from those<00:20:34.480> samples<00:20:35.120> indicated<00:20:35.760> atmospheric 19:04.390 --> 19:04.400 align:start position:0% those samples indicated atmospheric 19:04.400 --> 19:07.270 align:start position:0% those samples indicated atmospheric carbon<00:20:36.720> dioxide<00:20:37.200> levels<00:20:37.840> were<00:20:38.080> about<00:20:38.480> 50% 19:07.270 --> 19:07.280 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide levels were about 50% 19:07.280 --> 19:09.830 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide levels were about 50% higher<00:20:40.000> than<00:20:40.240> they<00:20:40.480> are<00:20:40.720> today,<00:20:41.360> likely 19:09.830 --> 19:09.840 align:start position:0% higher than they are today, likely 19:09.840 --> 19:12.149 align:start position:0% higher than they are today, likely driving<00:20:42.320> those<00:20:42.640> high<00:20:42.960> land<00:20:43.360> temperatures. 19:12.149 --> 19:12.159 align:start position:0% driving those high land temperatures. 19:12.159 --> 19:13.990 align:start position:0% driving those high land temperatures. So,<00:20:44.320> what<00:20:44.480> if<00:20:44.640> I<00:20:44.799> told<00:20:44.960> you<00:20:45.120> that<00:20:45.280> a<00:20:45.520> 60 19:13.990 --> 19:14.000 align:start position:0% So, what if I told you that a 60 19:14.000 --> 19:16.149 align:start position:0% So, what if I told you that a 60 million-year-old<00:20:46.720> snake<00:20:47.120> the<00:20:47.360> size<00:20:47.520> of<00:20:47.679> a<00:20:47.840> bus 19:16.149 --> 19:16.159 align:start position:0% million-year-old snake the size of a bus 19:16.159 --> 19:18.710 align:start position:0% million-year-old snake the size of a bus lurking<00:20:48.480> in<00:20:48.640> a<00:20:48.799> relentless<00:20:49.360> swampy<00:20:49.840> jungle 19:18.710 --> 19:18.720 align:start position:0% lurking in a relentless swampy jungle 19:18.720 --> 19:21.430 align:start position:0% lurking in a relentless swampy jungle could<00:20:51.039> actually<00:20:51.520> impact<00:20:52.080> us<00:20:52.480> here<00:20:52.720> on<00:20:52.960> Earth 19:21.430 --> 19:21.440 align:start position:0% could actually impact us here on Earth 19:21.440 --> 19:23.669 align:start position:0% could actually impact us here on Earth today?<00:20:54.240> You<00:20:54.400> see,<00:20:54.640> these<00:20:54.880> findings<00:20:55.280> help 19:23.669 --> 19:23.679 align:start position:0% today? You see, these findings help 19:23.679 --> 19:25.990 align:start position:0% today? You see, these findings help scientists<00:20:56.240> understand<00:20:56.799> how<00:20:57.120> ecosystems 19:25.990 --> 19:26.000 align:start position:0% scientists understand how ecosystems 19:26.000 --> 19:28.789 align:start position:0% scientists understand how ecosystems respond<00:20:58.799> to<00:20:59.120> warming.<00:20:59.919> Rising<00:21:00.400> greenhouse 19:28.789 --> 19:28.799 align:start position:0% respond to warming. Rising greenhouse 19:28.799 --> 19:30.710 align:start position:0% respond to warming. Rising greenhouse gases<00:21:01.200> are<00:21:01.440> currently<00:21:01.840> heating<00:21:02.159> the<00:21:02.400> planet, 19:30.710 --> 19:30.720 align:start position:0% gases are currently heating the planet, 19:30.720 --> 19:32.870 align:start position:0% gases are currently heating the planet, and<00:21:02.960> extreme<00:21:03.440> temperatures<00:21:03.919> can<00:21:04.159> cause<00:21:04.559> plant 19:32.870 --> 19:32.880 align:start position:0% and extreme temperatures can cause plant 19:32.880 --> 19:34.950 align:start position:0% and extreme temperatures can cause plant and<00:21:05.120> animal<00:21:05.600> die-offs.<00:21:06.240> We've<00:21:06.559> seen<00:21:06.720> that 19:34.950 --> 19:34.960 align:start position:0% and animal die-offs. We've seen that 19:34.960 --> 19:36.310 align:start position:0% and animal die-offs. We've seen that already,<00:21:07.280> sadly,<00:21:07.600> in<00:21:07.760> some<00:21:07.919> parts<00:21:08.080> of<00:21:08.159> the 19:36.310 --> 19:36.320 align:start position:0% already, sadly, in some parts of the 19:36.320 --> 19:37.990 align:start position:0% already, sadly, in some parts of the world.<00:21:08.960> Plants,<00:21:09.360> for<00:21:09.440> example,<00:21:09.840> may 19:37.990 --> 19:38.000 align:start position:0% world. Plants, for example, may 19:38.000 --> 19:39.510 align:start position:0% world. Plants, for example, may eventually<00:21:10.400> reach<00:21:10.640> a<00:21:10.799> point<00:21:10.960> where<00:21:11.120> they<00:21:11.360> can 19:39.510 --> 19:39.520 align:start position:0% eventually reach a point where they can 19:39.520 --> 19:41.750 align:start position:0% eventually reach a point where they can no<00:21:11.760> longer<00:21:12.240> photosynthesize<00:21:13.200> effectively 19:41.750 --> 19:41.760 align:start position:0% no longer photosynthesize effectively 19:41.760 --> 19:44.070 align:start position:0% no longer photosynthesize effectively and<00:21:14.159> they<00:21:14.480> begin<00:21:14.720> to<00:21:14.960> die.<00:21:15.520> Yet,<00:21:15.840> during 19:44.070 --> 19:44.080 align:start position:0% and they begin to die. Yet, during 19:44.080 --> 19:46.470 align:start position:0% and they begin to die. Yet, during Titanoboa's<00:21:17.120> time,<00:21:17.280> the<00:21:17.520> region<00:21:17.840> supported<00:21:18.240> a 19:46.470 --> 19:46.480 align:start position:0% Titanoboa's time, the region supported a 19:46.480 --> 19:49.350 align:start position:0% Titanoboa's time, the region supported a lush,<00:21:18.960> highly<00:21:19.360> productive<00:21:20.000> forest.<00:21:20.799> So,<00:21:21.120> how 19:49.350 --> 19:49.360 align:start position:0% lush, highly productive forest. So, how 19:49.360 --> 19:51.669 align:start position:0% lush, highly productive forest. So, how can<00:21:21.600> both<00:21:22.000> things<00:21:22.400> be<00:21:22.640> true?<00:21:23.200> What<00:21:23.440> this 19:51.669 --> 19:51.679 align:start position:0% can both things be true? What this 19:51.679 --> 19:53.270 align:start position:0% can both things be true? What this suggests<00:21:24.159> is<00:21:24.320> that<00:21:24.480> there<00:21:24.720> are<00:21:24.960> some 19:53.270 --> 19:53.280 align:start position:0% suggests is that there are some 19:53.280 --> 19:56.630 align:start position:0% suggests is that there are some ecosystems<00:21:26.080> that<00:21:26.320> can<00:21:26.559> thrive<00:21:27.440> in<00:21:27.760> very<00:21:28.159> warm 19:56.630 --> 19:56.640 align:start position:0% ecosystems that can thrive in very warm 19:56.640 --> 19:59.590 align:start position:0% ecosystems that can thrive in very warm conditions<00:21:29.200> if<00:21:30.080> they<00:21:30.400> have<00:21:30.559> enough<00:21:30.960> time<00:21:31.280> to 19:59.590 --> 19:59.600 align:start position:0% conditions if they have enough time to 19:59.600 --> 20:02.549 align:start position:0% conditions if they have enough time to adapt.<00:21:32.799> Because<00:21:33.120> the<00:21:33.360> plants<00:21:33.600> and<00:21:33.840> ecosystems 20:02.549 --> 20:02.559 align:start position:0% adapt. Because the plants and ecosystems 20:02.559 --> 20:04.789 align:start position:0% adapt. Because the plants and ecosystems in<00:21:34.880> this<00:21:35.039> region<00:21:35.440> have<00:21:35.760> already<00:21:36.159> coped<00:21:36.559> with 20:04.789 --> 20:04.799 align:start position:0% in this region have already coped with 20:04.799 --> 20:07.750 align:start position:0% in this region have already coped with those<00:21:37.039> really<00:21:37.360> high<00:21:37.679> levels<00:21:38.000> of<00:21:38.240> CO2,<00:21:39.440> it 20:07.750 --> 20:07.760 align:start position:0% those really high levels of CO2, it 20:07.760 --> 20:10.149 align:start position:0% those really high levels of CO2, it might<00:21:40.159> mean<00:21:40.559> that<00:21:40.880> those<00:21:41.120> plants<00:21:41.440> and<00:21:41.679> animals 20:10.149 --> 20:10.159 align:start position:0% might mean that those plants and animals 20:10.159 --> 20:13.029 align:start position:0% might mean that those plants and animals already<00:21:42.640> have<00:21:42.799> the<00:21:43.039> genetic<00:21:43.520> ability<00:21:43.919> to<00:21:44.240> cope 20:13.029 --> 20:13.039 align:start position:0% already have the genetic ability to cope 20:13.039 --> 20:15.990 align:start position:0% already have the genetic ability to cope with<00:21:45.360> global<00:21:46.000> warming.<00:21:46.799> And<00:21:46.960> that<00:21:47.280> raises<00:21:47.679> a 20:15.990 --> 20:16.000 align:start position:0% with global warming. And that raises a 20:16.000 --> 20:19.430 align:start position:0% with global warming. And that raises a big<00:21:48.400> question.<00:21:49.200> Could<00:21:49.760> therefore<00:21:50.480> Titanoba 20:19.430 --> 20:19.440 align:start position:0% big question. Could therefore Titanoba 20:19.440 --> 20:25.190 align:start position:0% big question. Could therefore Titanoba return<00:21:52.480> as<00:21:52.799> our<00:21:53.200> planet<00:21:53.840> continues<00:21:54.400> to<00:21:54.720> warm? 20:25.190 --> 20:25.200 align:start position:0% return as our planet continues to warm? 20:25.200 --> 20:27.270 align:start position:0% return as our planet continues to warm? The<00:21:57.440> news<00:21:57.679> is<00:21:57.919> either<00:21:58.320> terrifying<00:21:58.960> or 20:27.270 --> 20:27.280 align:start position:0% The news is either terrifying or 20:27.280 --> 20:28.950 align:start position:0% The news is either terrifying or exciting<00:21:59.679> depending<00:22:00.000> on<00:22:00.159> your<00:22:00.400> view<00:22:00.640> because 20:28.950 --> 20:28.960 align:start position:0% exciting depending on your view because 20:28.960 --> 20:31.270 align:start position:0% exciting depending on your view because Dr.<00:22:01.360> Haram,<00:22:02.159> the<00:22:02.320> guy<00:22:02.480> that<00:22:02.720> started<00:22:03.039> this 20:31.270 --> 20:31.280 align:start position:0% Dr. Haram, the guy that started this 20:31.280 --> 20:33.750 align:start position:0% Dr. Haram, the guy that started this whole<00:22:03.440> thing<00:22:03.600> off,<00:22:04.320> says<00:22:04.640> there's<00:22:04.880> a<00:22:05.120> chance. 20:33.750 --> 20:33.760 align:start position:0% whole thing off, says there's a chance. 20:33.760 --> 20:35.350 align:start position:0% whole thing off, says there's a chance. Before<00:22:05.919> I<00:22:06.080> get<00:22:06.240> your<00:22:06.320> hopes<00:22:06.559> up<00:22:06.720> too<00:22:06.960> much,<00:22:07.120> the 20:35.350 --> 20:35.360 align:start position:0% Before I get your hopes up too much, the 20:35.360 --> 20:37.830 align:start position:0% Before I get your hopes up too much, the key<00:22:07.600> difference<00:22:07.840> here<00:22:08.080> is<00:22:08.559> time<00:22:08.960> scale. 20:37.830 --> 20:37.840 align:start position:0% key difference here is time scale. 20:37.840 --> 20:39.510 align:start position:0% key difference here is time scale. Ancient<00:22:10.320> warming<00:22:10.720> happened<00:22:10.960> over<00:22:11.200> millions 20:39.510 --> 20:39.520 align:start position:0% Ancient warming happened over millions 20:39.520 --> 20:41.510 align:start position:0% Ancient warming happened over millions of<00:22:11.600> years,<00:22:11.840> and<00:22:12.000> this<00:22:12.240> gave<00:22:12.480> the<00:22:12.720> species<00:22:13.200> time 20:41.510 --> 20:41.520 align:start position:0% of years, and this gave the species time 20:41.520 --> 20:43.830 align:start position:0% of years, and this gave the species time to<00:22:13.840> evolve.<00:22:14.640> Today's<00:22:15.120> climate<00:22:15.520> change<00:22:15.679> is 20:43.830 --> 20:43.840 align:start position:0% to evolve. Today's climate change is 20:43.840 --> 20:45.669 align:start position:0% to evolve. Today's climate change is occurring<00:22:16.159> over<00:22:16.480> just<00:22:16.720> centuries<00:22:17.200> and<00:22:17.440> in 20:45.669 --> 20:45.679 align:start position:0% occurring over just centuries and in 20:45.679 --> 20:47.669 align:start position:0% occurring over just centuries and in some<00:22:17.840> cases<00:22:18.159> even<00:22:18.400> quicker<00:22:18.720> than<00:22:18.880> that,<00:22:19.360> which 20:47.669 --> 20:47.679 align:start position:0% some cases even quicker than that, which 20:47.679 --> 20:49.590 align:start position:0% some cases even quicker than that, which may<00:22:19.919> not<00:22:20.159> allow<00:22:20.480> enough<00:22:20.880> time<00:22:21.039> for<00:22:21.360> many 20:49.590 --> 20:49.600 align:start position:0% may not allow enough time for many 20:49.600 --> 20:51.909 align:start position:0% may not allow enough time for many species<00:22:21.919> to<00:22:22.159> adjust<00:22:22.480> in<00:22:22.720> the<00:22:22.880> same<00:22:23.120> way.<00:22:23.679> In 20:51.909 --> 20:51.919 align:start position:0% species to adjust in the same way. In 20:51.919 --> 20:53.669 align:start position:0% species to adjust in the same way. In other<00:22:24.159> words,<00:22:24.320> if<00:22:24.559> Titanoboa<00:22:25.360> is<00:22:25.520> coming 20:53.669 --> 20:53.679 align:start position:0% other words, if Titanoboa is coming 20:53.679 --> 20:55.830 align:start position:0% other words, if Titanoboa is coming back,<00:22:26.159> we<00:22:26.640> certainly<00:22:26.960> wouldn't<00:22:27.200> be<00:22:27.360> around<00:22:27.600> to 20:55.830 --> 20:55.840 align:start position:0% back, we certainly wouldn't be around to 20:55.840 --> 20:57.270 align:start position:0% back, we certainly wouldn't be around to worry<00:22:28.080> about<00:22:28.159> it.<00:22:28.480> But<00:22:28.640> what<00:22:28.880> if<00:22:28.960> we<00:22:29.120> didn't 20:57.270 --> 20:57.280 align:start position:0% worry about it. But what if we didn't 20:57.280 --> 20:59.430 align:start position:0% worry about it. But what if we didn't have<00:22:29.440> to<00:22:29.600> wait<00:22:30.000> at<00:22:30.240> all?<00:22:30.559> What<00:22:30.799> if<00:22:30.960> it<00:22:31.200> was 20:59.430 --> 20:59.440 align:start position:0% have to wait at all? What if it was 20:59.440 --> 21:01.590 align:start position:0% have to wait at all? What if it was already<00:22:32.159> out<00:22:32.400> there<00:22:32.559> and<00:22:32.799> we<00:22:32.960> just<00:22:33.280> haven't 21:01.590 --> 21:01.600 align:start position:0% already out there and we just haven't 21:01.600 --> 21:03.430 align:start position:0% already out there and we just haven't seen<00:22:33.760> it<00:22:33.919> yet?<00:22:34.320> I<00:22:34.480> know<00:22:34.640> that<00:22:34.880> sounds<00:22:35.200> pretty 21:03.430 --> 21:03.440 align:start position:0% seen it yet? I know that sounds pretty 21:03.440 --> 21:05.430 align:start position:0% seen it yet? I know that sounds pretty wild,<00:22:35.760> but<00:22:36.000> rather<00:22:36.320> like<00:22:36.559> Megalodon,<00:22:37.280> the 21:05.430 --> 21:05.440 align:start position:0% wild, but rather like Megalodon, the 21:05.440 --> 21:07.590 align:start position:0% wild, but rather like Megalodon, the internet<00:22:37.760> is<00:22:38.000> alive<00:22:38.480> with<00:22:38.720> those<00:22:38.960> convinced<00:22:39.360> a 21:07.590 --> 21:07.600 align:start position:0% internet is alive with those convinced a 21:07.600 --> 21:09.669 align:start position:0% internet is alive with those convinced a bus-sized<00:22:40.159> snake<00:22:40.559> is<00:22:40.799> still<00:22:40.960> lying<00:22:41.200> in<00:22:41.440> weight 21:09.669 --> 21:09.679 align:start position:0% bus-sized snake is still lying in weight 21:09.679 --> 21:11.990 align:start position:0% bus-sized snake is still lying in weight somewhere<00:22:42.000> out<00:22:42.240> there<00:22:42.799> right<00:22:43.120> now.<00:22:43.679> After 21:11.990 --> 21:12.000 align:start position:0% somewhere out there right now. After 21:12.000 --> 21:14.310 align:start position:0% somewhere out there right now. After all,<00:22:44.240> large<00:22:44.559> sways<00:22:44.960> of<00:22:45.120> the<00:22:45.280> Amazon<00:22:45.679> are<00:22:46.000> still 21:14.310 --> 21:14.320 align:start position:0% all, large sways of the Amazon are still 21:14.320 --> 21:16.230 align:start position:0% all, large sways of the Amazon are still largely<00:22:46.720> unexplored.<00:22:47.360> So,<00:22:47.520> it<00:22:47.760> could<00:22:48.000> be 21:16.230 --> 21:16.240 align:start position:0% largely unexplored. So, it could be 21:16.240 --> 21:19.590 align:start position:0% largely unexplored. So, it could be hiding,<00:22:49.039> right?<00:22:50.080> Wrong.<00:22:50.640> Titanoboa,<00:22:51.520> as 21:19.590 --> 21:19.600 align:start position:0% hiding, right? Wrong. Titanoboa, as 21:19.600 --> 21:20.950 align:start position:0% hiding, right? Wrong. Titanoboa, as we've<00:22:51.840> discussed,<00:22:52.159> lived<00:22:52.320> in<00:22:52.480> a<00:22:52.720> very 21:20.950 --> 21:20.960 align:start position:0% we've discussed, lived in a very 21:20.960 --> 21:23.510 align:start position:0% we've discussed, lived in a very specific<00:22:53.600> climate<00:22:54.080> that<00:22:54.400> no<00:22:54.640> longer<00:22:54.960> exists, 21:23.510 --> 21:23.520 align:start position:0% specific climate that no longer exists, 21:23.520 --> 21:25.350 align:start position:0% specific climate that no longer exists, even<00:22:55.760> at<00:22:56.080> our<00:22:56.320> current<00:22:56.559> rate<00:22:56.799> of<00:22:57.039> global 21:25.350 --> 21:25.360 align:start position:0% even at our current rate of global 21:25.360 --> 21:27.350 align:start position:0% even at our current rate of global warming.<00:22:58.240> Moreover,<00:22:58.720> not<00:22:58.960> only<00:22:59.039> have<00:22:59.200> there 21:27.350 --> 21:27.360 align:start position:0% warming. Moreover, not only have there 21:27.360 --> 21:29.510 align:start position:0% warming. Moreover, not only have there been<00:22:59.520> no<00:22:59.760> credible<00:23:00.159> sightings<00:23:00.640> or<00:23:00.880> remains<00:23:01.360> of 21:29.510 --> 21:29.520 align:start position:0% been no credible sightings or remains of 21:29.520 --> 21:32.950 align:start position:0% been no credible sightings or remains of any<00:23:01.840> 12<00:23:02.159> m<00:23:02.400> snakes<00:23:02.799> found,<00:23:03.600> we<00:23:04.080> sort<00:23:04.320> of<00:23:04.559> don't 21:32.950 --> 21:32.960 align:start position:0% any 12 m snakes found, we sort of don't 21:32.960 --> 21:35.990 align:start position:0% any 12 m snakes found, we sort of don't need<00:23:05.200> there<00:23:05.440> to<00:23:05.679> be.<00:23:06.320> Titanoboa<00:23:07.120> was<00:23:07.280> the<00:23:07.520> apex 21:35.990 --> 21:36.000 align:start position:0% need there to be. Titanoboa was the apex 21:36.000 --> 21:37.990 align:start position:0% need there to be. Titanoboa was the apex predator<00:23:08.480> during<00:23:08.720> its<00:23:09.039> time.<00:23:09.360> If<00:23:09.679> it<00:23:09.840> were 21:37.990 --> 21:38.000 align:start position:0% predator during its time. If it were 21:38.000 --> 21:40.149 align:start position:0% predator during its time. If it were still<00:23:10.159> alive<00:23:10.480> today,<00:23:10.799> hidden<00:23:11.200> or<00:23:11.440> not,<00:23:11.919> the 21:40.149 --> 21:40.159 align:start position:0% still alive today, hidden or not, the 21:40.159 --> 21:41.990 align:start position:0% still alive today, hidden or not, the food<00:23:12.320> chain<00:23:12.640> would<00:23:12.799> look<00:23:13.120> very<00:23:13.520> different. 21:41.990 --> 21:42.000 align:start position:0% food chain would look very different. 21:42.000 --> 21:44.310 align:start position:0% food chain would look very different. And<00:23:14.240> so<00:23:14.480> would<00:23:14.799> pretty<00:23:15.039> much<00:23:15.280> every<00:23:15.679> animal<00:23:16.080> it 21:44.310 --> 21:44.320 align:start position:0% And so would pretty much every animal it 21:44.320 --> 21:47.110 align:start position:0% And so would pretty much every animal it once<00:23:16.559> ate,<00:23:17.600> all<00:23:17.760> that<00:23:18.000> remains<00:23:18.320> of<00:23:18.480> this<00:23:18.720> once 21:47.110 --> 21:47.120 align:start position:0% once ate, all that remains of this once 21:47.120 --> 21:50.549 align:start position:0% once ate, all that remains of this once great<00:23:19.440> monster<00:23:19.919> now<00:23:20.240> is<00:23:20.559> found<00:23:20.799> in<00:23:21.200> fossils, 21:50.549 --> 21:50.559 align:start position:0% great monster now is found in fossils, 21:50.559 --> 21:53.669 align:start position:0% great monster now is found in fossils, not<00:23:22.799> forests.<00:23:24.159> The<00:23:24.400> story<00:23:24.640> of<00:23:24.799> Titanoboa 21:53.669 --> 21:53.679 align:start position:0% not forests. The story of Titanoboa 21:53.679 --> 21:56.310 align:start position:0% not forests. The story of Titanoboa strikes<00:23:26.000> a<00:23:26.240> special<00:23:26.559> balance<00:23:26.960> of<00:23:27.360> mystery<00:23:27.840> and 21:56.310 --> 21:56.320 align:start position:0% strikes a special balance of mystery and 21:56.320 --> 21:59.029 align:start position:0% strikes a special balance of mystery and science.<00:23:29.200> It<00:23:29.360> was<00:23:29.440> an<00:23:29.600> animal<00:23:29.919> almost<00:23:30.320> beyond 21:59.029 --> 21:59.039 align:start position:0% science. It was an animal almost beyond 21:59.039 --> 22:01.750 align:start position:0% science. It was an animal almost beyond comprehension.<00:23:32.080> a<00:23:32.400> snake<00:23:32.640> that<00:23:32.880> outsizes 22:01.750 --> 22:01.760 align:start position:0% comprehension. a snake that outsizes 22:01.760 --> 22:05.029 align:start position:0% comprehension. a snake that outsizes anything<00:23:34.400> we<00:23:34.799> know.<00:23:35.520> And<00:23:35.760> for<00:23:36.080> years,<00:23:36.720> its 22:05.029 --> 22:05.039 align:start position:0% anything we know. And for years, its 22:05.039 --> 22:07.830 align:start position:0% anything we know. And for years, its very<00:23:37.360> existence<00:23:38.000> was<00:23:38.400> unknown<00:23:38.880> to<00:23:39.039> us.<00:23:39.440> Buried 22:07.830 --> 22:07.840 align:start position:0% very existence was unknown to us. Buried 22:07.840 --> 22:10.470 align:start position:0% very existence was unknown to us. Buried in<00:23:40.159> rock.<00:23:40.880> Through<00:23:41.200> scientific<00:23:41.840> curiosity 22:10.470 --> 22:10.480 align:start position:0% in rock. Through scientific curiosity 22:10.480 --> 22:12.230 align:start position:0% in rock. Through scientific curiosity and<00:23:42.720> the<00:23:42.880> sheer<00:23:43.200> perseverance<00:23:43.919> and 22:12.230 --> 22:12.240 align:start position:0% and the sheer perseverance and 22:12.240 --> 22:14.470 align:start position:0% and the sheer perseverance and collaboration<00:23:44.799> of<00:23:45.039> so<00:23:45.280> many<00:23:45.520> individuals 22:14.470 --> 22:14.480 align:start position:0% collaboration of so many individuals 22:14.480 --> 22:17.190 align:start position:0% collaboration of so many individuals over<00:23:46.880> so<00:23:47.200> many<00:23:47.600> years,<00:23:48.400> they<00:23:48.640> were<00:23:48.799> able<00:23:49.039> to 22:17.190 --> 22:17.200 align:start position:0% over so many years, they were able to 22:17.200 --> 22:19.270 align:start position:0% over so many years, they were able to come<00:23:49.360> together<00:23:49.679> to<00:23:50.000> make<00:23:50.320> something<00:23:50.720> great, 22:19.270 --> 22:19.280 align:start position:0% come together to make something great, 22:19.280 --> 22:23.270 align:start position:0% come together to make something great, to<00:23:51.520> decode<00:23:52.240> its<00:23:52.559> life<00:23:53.039> piece<00:23:53.679> by<00:23:54.000> piece.<00:23:55.039> What 22:23.270 --> 22:23.280 align:start position:0% to decode its life piece by piece. What 22:23.280 --> 22:25.430 align:start position:0% to decode its life piece by piece. What emerged<00:23:55.760> is<00:23:56.000> not<00:23:56.159> a<00:23:56.320> myth<00:23:56.640> or<00:23:56.799> a<00:23:57.039> movie 22:25.430 --> 22:25.440 align:start position:0% emerged is not a myth or a movie 22:25.440 --> 22:27.590 align:start position:0% emerged is not a myth or a movie monster,<00:23:57.919> but<00:23:58.400> something<00:23:58.799> far<00:23:59.200> more 22:27.590 --> 22:27.600 align:start position:0% monster, but something far more 22:27.600 --> 22:30.310 align:start position:0% monster, but something far more intriguing.<00:24:00.559> A<00:24:00.880> real<00:24:01.280> creature<00:24:01.679> that<00:24:01.919> tells 22:30.310 --> 22:30.320 align:start position:0% intriguing. A real creature that tells 22:30.320 --> 22:33.430 align:start position:0% intriguing. A real creature that tells us<00:24:02.720> about<00:24:02.960> the<00:24:03.200> extremes<00:24:03.760> of<00:24:04.080> nature.<00:24:05.200> And 22:33.430 --> 22:33.440 align:start position:0% us about the extremes of nature. And 22:33.440 --> 22:35.669 align:start position:0% us about the extremes of nature. And there<00:24:05.679> might<00:24:05.919> still<00:24:06.159> be<00:24:06.320> more<00:24:06.480> to<00:24:06.720> come.<00:24:07.440> In 22:35.669 --> 22:35.679 align:start position:0% there might still be more to come. In 22:35.679 --> 22:37.909 align:start position:0% there might still be more to come. In the<00:24:07.840> last<00:24:08.080> two<00:24:08.320> years,<00:24:08.799> scientists<00:24:09.360> in<00:24:09.600> India 22:37.909 --> 22:37.919 align:start position:0% the last two years, scientists in India 22:37.919 --> 22:41.110 align:start position:0% the last two years, scientists in India have<00:24:10.159> uncovered<00:24:10.799> another<00:24:11.520> snake<00:24:12.000> vertebrae. 22:41.110 --> 22:41.120 align:start position:0% have uncovered another snake vertebrae. 22:41.120 --> 22:43.590 align:start position:0% have uncovered another snake vertebrae. Vertebrae<00:24:13.679> in<00:24:13.919> the<00:24:14.159> same<00:24:14.480> league<00:24:15.279> as 22:43.590 --> 22:43.600 align:start position:0% Vertebrae in the same league as 22:43.600 --> 22:47.269 align:start position:0% Vertebrae in the same league as Titanoboa<00:24:17.039> dubbed<00:24:17.520> Vuki<00:24:18.320> indicus.<00:24:19.120> The 22:47.269 --> 22:47.279 align:start position:0% Titanoboa dubbed Vuki indicus. The 22:47.279 --> 22:50.470 align:start position:0% Titanoboa dubbed Vuki indicus. The vertebrae<00:24:19.840> found<00:24:20.240> are<00:24:20.559> 11<00:24:21.039> cm<00:24:21.679> in<00:24:22.000> diameter, 22:50.470 --> 22:50.480 align:start position:0% vertebrae found are 11 cm in diameter, 22:50.480 --> 22:53.830 align:start position:0% vertebrae found are 11 cm in diameter, which<00:24:22.720> is<00:24:22.960> not<00:24:23.279> far<00:24:23.600> off<00:24:24.080> Titanoboa.<00:24:25.520> We'll 22:53.830 --> 22:53.840 align:start position:0% which is not far off Titanoboa. We'll 22:53.840 --> 22:56.070 align:start position:0% which is not far off Titanoboa. We'll watch<00:24:26.080> to<00:24:26.320> see<00:24:26.480> what<00:24:26.799> new<00:24:27.039> clues<00:24:27.440> are<00:24:27.679> found<00:24:27.919> in 22:56.070 --> 22:56.080 align:start position:0% watch to see what new clues are found in 22:56.080 --> 22:58.390 align:start position:0% watch to see what new clues are found in the<00:24:28.240> months<00:24:28.480> to<00:24:28.640> come.<00:24:28.880> And<00:24:29.360> who<00:24:29.520> knows,<00:24:30.000> maybe 22:58.390 --> 22:58.400 align:start position:0% the months to come. And who knows, maybe 22:58.400 --> 23:01.909 align:start position:0% the months to come. And who knows, maybe Titanoboa's<00:24:31.360> title<00:24:32.159> is<00:24:32.400> under<00:24:32.720> threat.<00:24:33.520> Until 23:01.909 --> 23:01.919 align:start position:0% Titanoboa's title is under threat. Until 23:01.919 --> 23:03.990 align:start position:0% Titanoboa's title is under threat. Until then,<00:24:34.400> this<00:24:34.640> great<00:24:34.880> creature<00:24:35.360> continues<00:24:35.760> to 23:03.990 --> 23:04.000 align:start position:0% then, this great creature continues to 23:04.000 --> 23:05.750 align:start position:0% then, this great creature continues to spark<00:24:36.320> the<00:24:36.480> sense<00:24:36.640> of<00:24:36.799> awe<00:24:37.039> that<00:24:37.279> comes<00:24:37.520> with 23:05.750 --> 23:05.760 align:start position:0% spark the sense of awe that comes with 23:05.760 --> 23:08.630 align:start position:0% spark the sense of awe that comes with realizing<00:24:38.240> that<00:24:38.559> such<00:24:38.880> a<00:24:39.120> world<00:24:40.080> truly 23:08.630 --> 23:08.640 align:start position:0% realizing that such a world truly 23:08.640 --> 23:10.549 align:start position:0% realizing that such a world truly existed.<00:24:41.360> If<00:24:41.600> you<00:24:41.679> got<00:24:41.840> this<00:24:42.000> far<00:24:42.240> in<00:24:42.400> the 23:10.549 --> 23:10.559 align:start position:0% existed. If you got this far in the 23:10.559 --> 23:12.149 align:start position:0% existed. If you got this far in the video,<00:24:42.880> thank<00:24:43.039> you.<00:24:43.279> Uh,<00:24:43.520> please<00:24:43.760> let<00:24:43.919> me<00:24:44.000> know 23:12.149 --> 23:12.159 align:start position:0% video, thank you. Uh, please let me know 23:12.159 --> 23:13.990 align:start position:0% video, thank you. Uh, please let me know by<00:24:44.480> dropping<00:24:44.720> a<00:24:44.880> snake<00:24:45.200> emoji<00:24:45.600> in<00:24:45.840> the 23:13.990 --> 23:14.000 align:start position:0% by dropping a snake emoji in the 23:14.000 --> 23:16.710 align:start position:0% by dropping a snake emoji in the comments<00:24:46.240> as<00:24:46.480> a<00:24:46.720> tribute<00:24:47.440> to<00:24:47.760> this<00:24:48.080> wondrous 23:16.710 --> 23:16.720 align:start position:0% comments as a tribute to this wondrous 23:16.720 --> 23:20.440 align:start position:0% comments as a tribute to this wondrous freak<00:24:49.120> of<00:24:49.440> nature.