WEBVTT 00:00.560 --> 00:03.669 align:start position:0% Over<00:00:00.880> the<00:00:01.040> past<00:00:01.360> 25<00:00:02.000> years,<00:00:02.960> scientists<00:00:03.520> have 00:03.669 --> 00:03.679 align:start position:0% Over the past 25 years, scientists have 00:03.679 --> 00:06.390 align:start position:0% Over the past 25 years, scientists have presented<00:00:04.080> us<00:00:04.240> with<00:00:04.400> a<00:00:04.640> captivating,<00:00:05.680> almost 00:06.390 --> 00:06.400 align:start position:0% presented us with a captivating, almost 00:06.400 --> 00:09.509 align:start position:0% presented us with a captivating, almost Disneyesque<00:00:07.600> tale. 00:09.509 --> 00:09.519 align:start position:0% Disneyesque tale. 00:09.519 --> 00:12.709 align:start position:0% Disneyesque tale. Imagine<00:00:10.000> a<00:00:10.320> diverse<00:00:10.800> and<00:00:11.120> vibrant<00:00:11.679> forest 00:12.709 --> 00:12.719 align:start position:0% Imagine a diverse and vibrant forest 00:12.719 --> 00:15.030 align:start position:0% Imagine a diverse and vibrant forest filled<00:00:13.120> with<00:00:13.280> trees<00:00:13.679> of<00:00:13.920> different<00:00:14.160> ages<00:00:14.719> and 00:15.030 --> 00:15.040 align:start position:0% filled with trees of different ages and 00:15.040 --> 00:18.070 align:start position:0% filled with trees of different ages and species,<00:00:16.160> all<00:00:16.480> thriving<00:00:17.039> in<00:00:17.279> the<00:00:17.600> sunlight 00:18.070 --> 00:18.080 align:start position:0% species, all thriving in the sunlight 00:18.080 --> 00:21.269 align:start position:0% species, all thriving in the sunlight that<00:00:18.400> powers<00:00:18.800> their<00:00:19.119> cellular<00:00:19.680> functions. 00:21.269 --> 00:21.279 align:start position:0% that powers their cellular functions. 00:21.279 --> 00:23.269 align:start position:0% that powers their cellular functions. But<00:00:21.520> hidden<00:00:21.840> beneath<00:00:22.160> the<00:00:22.400> surface, 00:23.269 --> 00:23.279 align:start position:0% But hidden beneath the surface, 00:23.279 --> 00:26.550 align:start position:0% But hidden beneath the surface, intertwined<00:00:24.160> within<00:00:24.560> their<00:00:24.800> roots,<00:00:25.680> are<00:00:26.000> thin 00:26.550 --> 00:26.560 align:start position:0% intertwined within their roots, are thin 00:26.560 --> 00:29.189 align:start position:0% intertwined within their roots, are thin hair-like<00:00:27.279> strands<00:00:27.760> of<00:00:28.000> a<00:00:28.320> different<00:00:28.720> kingdom 00:29.189 --> 00:29.199 align:start position:0% hair-like strands of a different kingdom 00:29.199 --> 00:31.029 align:start position:0% hair-like strands of a different kingdom altogether. 00:31.029 --> 00:31.039 align:start position:0% altogether. 00:31.039 --> 00:33.350 align:start position:0% altogether. These<00:00:31.439> branching<00:00:32.160> structures<00:00:32.719> serve<00:00:33.120> not 00:33.350 --> 00:33.360 align:start position:0% These branching structures serve not 00:33.360 --> 00:35.030 align:start position:0% These branching structures serve not only<00:00:33.600> to<00:00:33.840> expand<00:00:34.160> the<00:00:34.320> reach<00:00:34.559> of<00:00:34.800> each 00:35.030 --> 00:35.040 align:start position:0% only to expand the reach of each 00:35.040 --> 00:37.510 align:start position:0% only to expand the reach of each individual<00:00:35.760> tree,<00:00:36.640> but<00:00:36.800> they<00:00:37.040> connect 00:37.510 --> 00:37.520 align:start position:0% individual tree, but they connect 00:37.520 --> 00:40.310 align:start position:0% individual tree, but they connect multiple<00:00:38.079> trees<00:00:38.640> together,<00:00:39.840> allowing 00:40.310 --> 00:40.320 align:start position:0% multiple trees together, allowing 00:40.320 --> 00:43.030 align:start position:0% multiple trees together, allowing messages<00:00:40.719> to<00:00:40.960> be<00:00:41.120> communicated<00:00:41.760> in<00:00:42.000> a<00:00:42.160> buzzing 00:43.030 --> 00:43.040 align:start position:0% messages to be communicated in a buzzing 00:43.040 --> 00:45.750 align:start position:0% messages to be communicated in a buzzing multi-service<00:00:44.079> system,<00:00:44.559> akin<00:00:45.440> to<00:00:45.600> the 00:45.750 --> 00:45.760 align:start position:0% multi-service system, akin to the 00:45.760 --> 00:47.670 align:start position:0% multi-service system, akin to the invention<00:00:46.160> that<00:00:46.480> changed<00:00:46.800> the<00:00:47.039> course<00:00:47.360> of 00:47.670 --> 00:47.680 align:start position:0% invention that changed the course of 00:47.680 --> 00:49.670 align:start position:0% invention that changed the course of human<00:00:48.079> civilization, 00:49.670 --> 00:49.680 align:start position:0% human civilization, 00:49.680 --> 00:51.670 align:start position:0% human civilization, the<00:00:50.079> internet. 00:51.670 --> 00:51.680 align:start position:0% the internet. 00:51.680 --> 00:57.670 align:start position:0% the internet. Welcome<00:00:52.399> to<00:00:52.559> the<00:00:52.879> woodwide<00:00:54.160> web. 00:57.670 --> 00:57.680 align:start position:0% 00:57.680 --> 00:59.349 align:start position:0% I'm<00:00:57.920> James<00:00:58.320> Stewart<00:00:58.640> and<00:00:58.800> you're<00:00:59.039> watching 00:59.349 --> 00:59.359 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart and you're watching 00:59.359 --> 01:01.910 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart and you're watching Astramm<00:01:00.000> Earth.<00:01:00.719> Now,<00:01:01.039> buckle<00:01:01.359> up<00:01:01.600> because 01:01.910 --> 01:01.920 align:start position:0% Astramm Earth. Now, buckle up because 01:01.920 --> 01:04.390 align:start position:0% Astramm Earth. Now, buckle up because we're<00:01:02.239> about<00:01:02.399> to<00:01:02.640> recount<00:01:03.120> a<00:01:03.440> scientific<00:01:04.000> tale 01:04.390 --> 01:04.400 align:start position:0% we're about to recount a scientific tale 01:04.400 --> 01:07.590 align:start position:0% we're about to recount a scientific tale with<00:01:04.640> more<00:01:04.960> twists,<00:01:05.840> turns,<00:01:06.320> and<00:01:06.640> knots<00:01:07.360> than 01:07.590 --> 01:07.600 align:start position:0% with more twists, turns, and knots than 01:07.600 --> 01:10.550 align:start position:0% with more twists, turns, and knots than an<00:01:07.840> old<00:01:08.240> oak<00:01:08.560> tree.<00:01:09.520> The<00:01:09.760> discovery<00:01:10.159> of<00:01:10.320> the 01:10.550 --> 01:10.560 align:start position:0% an old oak tree. The discovery of the 01:10.560 --> 01:13.670 align:start position:0% an old oak tree. The discovery of the woodwide<00:01:11.520> web<00:01:12.159> mesmerized<00:01:12.799> the<00:01:13.040> public<00:01:13.439> as 01:13.670 --> 01:13.680 align:start position:0% woodwide web mesmerized the public as 01:13.680 --> 01:16.950 align:start position:0% woodwide web mesmerized the public as much<00:01:13.920> as<00:01:14.159> the<00:01:14.479> internet<00:01:15.119> itself,<00:01:16.479> resulting 01:16.950 --> 01:16.960 align:start position:0% much as the internet itself, resulting 01:16.960 --> 01:19.350 align:start position:0% much as the internet itself, resulting in<00:01:17.119> the<00:01:17.280> publication<00:01:17.840> of<00:01:18.159> countless<00:01:18.880> popular 01:19.350 --> 01:19.360 align:start position:0% in the publication of countless popular 01:19.360 --> 01:22.469 align:start position:0% in the publication of countless popular science<00:01:19.840> articles,<00:01:20.799> books,<00:01:21.520> documentaries, 01:22.469 --> 01:22.479 align:start position:0% science articles, books, documentaries, 01:22.479 --> 01:25.910 align:start position:0% science articles, books, documentaries, films,<00:01:23.040> podcasts,<00:01:23.840> and<00:01:24.159> more. 01:25.910 --> 01:25.920 align:start position:0% films, podcasts, and more. 01:25.920 --> 01:28.149 align:start position:0% films, podcasts, and more. But<00:01:26.159> is<00:01:26.320> there<00:01:26.560> more<00:01:26.799> to<00:01:26.960> the<00:01:27.200> story?<00:01:28.000> A 01:28.149 --> 01:28.159 align:start position:0% But is there more to the story? A 01:28.159 --> 01:29.830 align:start position:0% But is there more to the story? A growing<00:01:28.479> number<00:01:28.640> of<00:01:28.880> scientists<00:01:29.439> certainly 01:29.830 --> 01:29.840 align:start position:0% growing number of scientists certainly 01:29.840 --> 01:31.830 align:start position:0% growing number of scientists certainly seem<00:01:30.159> to<00:01:30.320> think<00:01:30.479> so,<00:01:30.960> and<00:01:31.200> the<00:01:31.360> result<00:01:31.680> has 01:31.830 --> 01:31.840 align:start position:0% seem to think so, and the result has 01:31.840 --> 01:34.390 align:start position:0% seem to think so, and the result has been<00:01:32.000> a<00:01:32.240> bitter<00:01:32.720> academic<00:01:33.360> war<00:01:33.680> that<00:01:34.079> still 01:34.390 --> 01:34.400 align:start position:0% been a bitter academic war that still 01:34.400 --> 01:38.069 align:start position:0% been a bitter academic war that still continues<00:01:35.119> to<00:01:35.439> this<00:01:35.680> day.<00:01:37.040> In<00:01:37.280> this<00:01:37.520> video, 01:38.069 --> 01:38.079 align:start position:0% continues to this day. In this video, 01:38.079 --> 01:40.789 align:start position:0% continues to this day. In this video, join<00:01:38.400> me<00:01:38.560> as<00:01:38.720> we<00:01:38.880> uncover<00:01:39.360> the<00:01:39.600> whole<00:01:40.240> story 01:40.789 --> 01:40.799 align:start position:0% join me as we uncover the whole story 01:40.799 --> 01:44.630 align:start position:0% join me as we uncover the whole story behind<00:01:41.200> the<00:01:41.600> famed<00:01:42.240> woodwide<00:01:43.360> web,<00:01:44.240> where<00:01:44.479> it 01:44.630 --> 01:44.640 align:start position:0% behind the famed woodwide web, where it 01:44.640 --> 01:47.510 align:start position:0% behind the famed woodwide web, where it all<00:01:44.880> began,<00:01:45.439> its<00:01:45.680> impact<00:01:46.159> on<00:01:46.479> conservation, 01:47.510 --> 01:47.520 align:start position:0% all began, its impact on conservation, 01:47.520 --> 01:50.069 align:start position:0% all began, its impact on conservation, and<00:01:47.759> the<00:01:47.920> wealth<00:01:48.240> of<00:01:48.479> research<00:01:49.040> it<00:01:49.280> inspired 01:50.069 --> 01:50.079 align:start position:0% and the wealth of research it inspired 01:50.079 --> 01:52.550 align:start position:0% and the wealth of research it inspired into<00:01:50.399> the<00:01:50.640> secret<00:01:51.040> lives<00:01:51.520> of<00:01:51.759> our<00:01:52.079> wooden 01:52.550 --> 01:52.560 align:start position:0% into the secret lives of our wooden 01:52.560 --> 01:56.310 align:start position:0% into the secret lives of our wooden friends.<00:01:53.759> Our 01:56.310 --> 01:56.320 align:start position:0% friends. Our 01:56.320 --> 01:58.630 align:start position:0% friends. Our story<00:01:56.640> begins<00:01:57.040> in<00:01:57.280> the<00:01:57.439> temperate<00:01:57.920> forests<00:01:58.399> of 01:58.630 --> 01:58.640 align:start position:0% story begins in the temperate forests of 01:58.640 --> 02:01.429 align:start position:0% story begins in the temperate forests of British<00:01:59.040> Columbia<00:01:59.680> in<00:02:00.000> Canada.<00:02:00.960> Suzanne 02:01.429 --> 02:01.439 align:start position:0% British Columbia in Canada. Suzanne 02:01.439 --> 02:03.590 align:start position:0% British Columbia in Canada. Suzanne Simard<00:02:02.079> is<00:02:02.320> about<00:02:02.479> to<00:02:02.719> make<00:02:02.799> a<00:02:03.040> discovery<00:02:03.439> that 02:03.590 --> 02:03.600 align:start position:0% Simard is about to make a discovery that 02:03.600 --> 02:05.030 align:start position:0% Simard is about to make a discovery that will<00:02:03.840> help<00:02:04.000> her<00:02:04.159> to<00:02:04.320> achieve<00:02:04.640> the<00:02:04.799> near 02:05.030 --> 02:05.040 align:start position:0% will help her to achieve the near 02:05.040 --> 02:07.910 align:start position:0% will help her to achieve the near impossible<00:02:05.600> with<00:02:05.840> her<00:02:06.000> PhD<00:02:06.640> thesis<00:02:07.600> making 02:07.910 --> 02:07.920 align:start position:0% impossible with her PhD thesis making 02:07.920 --> 02:10.469 align:start position:0% impossible with her PhD thesis making the<00:02:08.160> cover<00:02:08.560> of<00:02:08.959> nature. 02:10.469 --> 02:10.479 align:start position:0% the cover of nature. 02:10.479 --> 02:13.510 align:start position:0% the cover of nature. In<00:02:10.800> 1997,<00:02:12.160> her<00:02:12.480> article<00:02:12.800> was<00:02:12.959> published<00:02:13.280> with 02:13.510 --> 02:13.520 align:start position:0% In 1997, her article was published with 02:13.520 --> 02:16.550 align:start position:0% In 1997, her article was published with the<00:02:13.760> title<00:02:14.239> net<00:02:14.640> transfer<00:02:15.120> of<00:02:15.360> carbon<00:02:16.160> between 02:16.550 --> 02:16.560 align:start position:0% the title net transfer of carbon between 02:16.560 --> 02:20.309 align:start position:0% the title net transfer of carbon between ectoicroisal<00:02:17.920> tree<00:02:18.160> species<00:02:18.879> in<00:02:19.120> the<00:02:19.360> field, 02:20.309 --> 02:20.319 align:start position:0% ectoicroisal tree species in the field, 02:20.319 --> 02:22.470 align:start position:0% ectoicroisal tree species in the field, which<00:02:20.640> is<00:02:20.800> fairly<00:02:21.200> unassuming<00:02:22.000> considering 02:22.470 --> 02:22.480 align:start position:0% which is fairly unassuming considering 02:22.480 --> 02:25.430 align:start position:0% which is fairly unassuming considering the<00:02:22.720> content<00:02:23.200> of<00:02:23.440> this<00:02:23.680> paper.<00:02:24.560> In<00:02:24.879> essence, 02:25.430 --> 02:25.440 align:start position:0% the content of this paper. In essence, 02:25.440 --> 02:27.830 align:start position:0% the content of this paper. In essence, Simard<00:02:26.000> was<00:02:26.239> claiming<00:02:26.640> to<00:02:26.800> have<00:02:27.040> observed<00:02:27.520> the 02:27.830 --> 02:27.840 align:start position:0% Simard was claiming to have observed the 02:27.840 --> 02:30.790 align:start position:0% Simard was claiming to have observed the transfer<00:02:28.319> of<00:02:28.640> carbon<00:02:29.360> between<00:02:29.840> seedlings<00:02:30.319> of 02:30.790 --> 02:30.800 align:start position:0% transfer of carbon between seedlings of 02:30.800 --> 02:34.790 align:start position:0% transfer of carbon between seedlings of paper<00:02:31.200> birch<00:02:32.000> and<00:02:32.319> Douglas<00:02:32.879> fur<00:02:33.360> in<00:02:33.599> the<00:02:33.840> field 02:34.790 --> 02:34.800 align:start position:0% paper birch and Douglas fur in the field 02:34.800 --> 02:37.430 align:start position:0% paper birch and Douglas fur in the field through<00:02:35.200> a<00:02:35.599> shared<00:02:36.319> fungal<00:02:36.800> connection 02:37.430 --> 02:37.440 align:start position:0% through a shared fungal connection 02:37.440 --> 02:40.790 align:start position:0% through a shared fungal connection between<00:02:37.920> their<00:02:38.160> root<00:02:38.560> systems. 02:40.790 --> 02:40.800 align:start position:0% between their root systems. 02:40.800 --> 02:43.270 align:start position:0% between their root systems. Not<00:02:41.040> just<00:02:41.280> any<00:02:41.599> old<00:02:41.840> fungus<00:02:42.400> can<00:02:42.640> form<00:02:43.040> a 02:43.270 --> 02:43.280 align:start position:0% Not just any old fungus can form a 02:43.280 --> 02:46.309 align:start position:0% Not just any old fungus can form a connection<00:02:43.680> with<00:02:44.000> trees.<00:02:45.200> This<00:02:45.440> privilege<00:02:46.000> is 02:46.309 --> 02:46.319 align:start position:0% connection with trees. This privilege is 02:46.319 --> 02:49.750 align:start position:0% connection with trees. This privilege is mostly<00:02:46.720> reserved<00:02:47.120> for<00:02:47.519> microisal<00:02:48.400> fungi.<00:02:49.519> The 02:49.750 --> 02:49.760 align:start position:0% mostly reserved for microisal fungi. The 02:49.760 --> 02:52.869 align:start position:0% mostly reserved for microisal fungi. The term<00:02:50.160> microisal<00:02:50.959> fungi<00:02:51.760> refers<00:02:52.160> to<00:02:52.319> a<00:02:52.560> broad 02:52.869 --> 02:52.879 align:start position:0% term microisal fungi refers to a broad 02:52.879 --> 02:54.790 align:start position:0% term microisal fungi refers to a broad group<00:02:53.120> of<00:02:53.280> species<00:02:53.680> that<00:02:53.920> have<00:02:54.160> been<00:02:54.319> forming 02:54.790 --> 02:54.800 align:start position:0% group of species that have been forming 02:54.800 --> 02:57.270 align:start position:0% group of species that have been forming beneficial<00:02:55.440> partnerships<00:02:56.080> with<00:02:56.319> plants<00:02:57.040> for 02:57.270 --> 02:57.280 align:start position:0% beneficial partnerships with plants for 02:57.280 --> 03:01.589 align:start position:0% beneficial partnerships with plants for over<00:02:57.760> 450<00:02:59.120> million<00:02:59.599> years.<00:03:00.800> Their<00:03:01.120> name<00:03:01.360> comes 03:01.589 --> 03:01.599 align:start position:0% over 450 million years. Their name comes 03:01.599 --> 03:04.790 align:start position:0% over 450 million years. Their name comes from<00:03:01.760> the<00:03:02.000> Greek<00:03:02.640> mics<00:03:03.280> meaning<00:03:03.680> fungi<00:03:04.319> and 03:04.790 --> 03:04.800 align:start position:0% from the Greek mics meaning fungi and 03:04.800 --> 03:07.830 align:start position:0% from the Greek mics meaning fungi and riser<00:03:05.519> meaning<00:03:05.920> root<00:03:06.720> which<00:03:06.959> is<00:03:07.200> accurate 03:07.830 --> 03:07.840 align:start position:0% riser meaning root which is accurate 03:07.840 --> 03:09.350 align:start position:0% riser meaning root which is accurate because<00:03:08.159> these<00:03:08.480> fungi<00:03:08.879> form<00:03:09.200> their 03:09.350 --> 03:09.360 align:start position:0% because these fungi form their 03:09.360 --> 03:11.110 align:start position:0% because these fungi form their relationships<00:03:10.000> with<00:03:10.159> the<00:03:10.319> roots<00:03:10.640> of<00:03:10.800> their 03:11.110 --> 03:11.120 align:start position:0% relationships with the roots of their 03:11.120 --> 03:13.670 align:start position:0% relationships with the roots of their plant<00:03:11.519> partners<00:03:12.560> extending<00:03:13.040> the<00:03:13.280> reach<00:03:13.519> of 03:13.670 --> 03:13.680 align:start position:0% plant partners extending the reach of 03:13.680 --> 03:15.830 align:start position:0% plant partners extending the reach of the<00:03:13.920> plant<00:03:14.239> through<00:03:14.480> a<00:03:14.720> fungal<00:03:15.200> network 03:15.830 --> 03:15.840 align:start position:0% the plant through a fungal network 03:15.840 --> 03:17.990 align:start position:0% the plant through a fungal network called<00:03:16.000> the<00:03:16.239> mcelium. 03:17.990 --> 03:18.000 align:start position:0% called the mcelium. 03:18.000 --> 03:20.070 align:start position:0% called the mcelium. These<00:03:18.319> networks<00:03:18.720> are<00:03:18.959> so<00:03:19.280> vast,<00:03:19.840> it's 03:20.070 --> 03:20.080 align:start position:0% These networks are so vast, it's 03:20.080 --> 03:23.430 align:start position:0% These networks are so vast, it's estimated<00:03:20.560> that<00:03:20.879> every<00:03:21.280> 1<00:03:21.599> kg<00:03:22.159> of<00:03:22.400> soil<00:03:23.120> can 03:23.430 --> 03:23.440 align:start position:0% estimated that every 1 kg of soil can 03:23.440 --> 03:27.589 align:start position:0% estimated that every 1 kg of soil can contain<00:03:23.840> up<00:03:24.000> to<00:03:24.319> 200<00:03:24.879> km<00:03:25.680> of<00:03:26.000> fungal<00:03:26.560> strands. 03:27.589 --> 03:27.599 align:start position:0% contain up to 200 km of fungal strands. 03:27.599 --> 03:30.070 align:start position:0% contain up to 200 km of fungal strands. And<00:03:27.840> some<00:03:28.239> individual<00:03:28.879> fungi<00:03:29.519> can<00:03:29.760> extend 03:30.070 --> 03:30.080 align:start position:0% And some individual fungi can extend 03:30.080 --> 03:33.350 align:start position:0% And some individual fungi can extend across<00:03:30.640> 100<00:03:31.200> square<00:03:31.680> m. 03:33.350 --> 03:33.360 align:start position:0% across 100 square m. 03:33.360 --> 03:35.990 align:start position:0% across 100 square m. With<00:03:33.680> this<00:03:34.080> impressive<00:03:34.720> reach,<00:03:35.360> the<00:03:35.599> fungus 03:35.990 --> 03:36.000 align:start position:0% With this impressive reach, the fungus 03:36.000 --> 03:38.070 align:start position:0% With this impressive reach, the fungus can<00:03:36.239> help<00:03:36.400> its<00:03:36.720> plant<00:03:37.040> friends<00:03:37.440> to<00:03:37.680> absorb 03:38.070 --> 03:38.080 align:start position:0% can help its plant friends to absorb 03:38.080 --> 03:40.470 align:start position:0% can help its plant friends to absorb more<00:03:38.400> nutrients<00:03:38.879> from<00:03:39.120> the<00:03:39.280> soil<00:03:39.760> in<00:03:40.000> exchange 03:40.470 --> 03:40.480 align:start position:0% more nutrients from the soil in exchange 03:40.480 --> 03:42.710 align:start position:0% more nutrients from the soil in exchange for<00:03:40.640> some<00:03:40.879> of<00:03:40.959> their<00:03:41.200> sugars. 03:42.710 --> 03:42.720 align:start position:0% for some of their sugars. 03:42.720 --> 03:45.190 align:start position:0% for some of their sugars. This<00:03:42.959> is<00:03:43.040> an<00:03:43.280> example<00:03:43.519> of<00:03:43.760> symbiosis<00:03:44.879> because 03:45.190 --> 03:45.200 align:start position:0% This is an example of symbiosis because 03:45.200 --> 03:47.350 align:start position:0% This is an example of symbiosis because both<00:03:45.599> parties<00:03:46.000> get<00:03:46.239> something<00:03:46.560> good<00:03:46.959> out<00:03:47.200> of 03:47.350 --> 03:47.360 align:start position:0% both parties get something good out of 03:47.360 --> 03:49.830 align:start position:0% both parties get something good out of the<00:03:47.599> relationship.<00:03:48.959> Now,<00:03:49.360> scientists 03:49.830 --> 03:49.840 align:start position:0% the relationship. Now, scientists 03:49.840 --> 03:51.589 align:start position:0% the relationship. Now, scientists already<00:03:50.080> knew<00:03:50.319> about<00:03:50.560> this<00:03:50.799> network<00:03:51.200> at<00:03:51.440> the 03:51.589 --> 03:51.599 align:start position:0% already knew about this network at the 03:51.599 --> 03:54.309 align:start position:0% already knew about this network at the time<00:03:51.840> of<00:03:52.239> Simard's<00:03:52.879> research.<00:03:53.840> All<00:03:54.080> the<00:03:54.239> way 03:54.309 --> 03:54.319 align:start position:0% time of Simard's research. All the way 03:54.319 --> 03:56.309 align:start position:0% time of Simard's research. All the way back<00:03:54.560> in<00:03:54.799> 1885, 03:56.309 --> 03:56.319 align:start position:0% back in 1885, 03:56.319 --> 03:58.710 align:start position:0% back in 1885, the<00:03:56.560> German<00:03:56.959> plant<00:03:57.360> biologist<00:03:58.080> Albert 03:58.710 --> 03:58.720 align:start position:0% the German plant biologist Albert 03:58.720 --> 04:01.429 align:start position:0% the German plant biologist Albert Bernard<00:03:59.360> Frank<00:04:00.080> wrote<00:04:00.319> a<00:04:00.560> paper<00:04:00.879> describing 04:01.429 --> 04:01.439 align:start position:0% Bernard Frank wrote a paper describing 04:01.439 --> 04:03.750 align:start position:0% Bernard Frank wrote a paper describing the<00:04:01.599> symbiosis<00:04:02.400> between<00:04:02.799> plant<00:04:03.200> roots<00:04:03.519> and 04:03.750 --> 04:03.760 align:start position:0% the symbiosis between plant roots and 04:03.760 --> 04:06.390 align:start position:0% the symbiosis between plant roots and microisal<00:04:04.640> fungi<00:04:05.120> in<00:04:05.439> Prussian<00:04:05.920> truffle 04:06.390 --> 04:06.400 align:start position:0% microisal fungi in Prussian truffle 04:06.400 --> 04:08.869 align:start position:0% microisal fungi in Prussian truffle districts.<00:04:07.599> And<00:04:07.840> throughout<00:04:08.159> the<00:04:08.400> 20th 04:08.869 --> 04:08.879 align:start position:0% districts. And throughout the 20th 04:08.879 --> 04:11.190 align:start position:0% districts. And throughout the 20th century,<00:04:09.680> scientists<00:04:10.239> had<00:04:10.480> documented<00:04:11.040> the 04:11.190 --> 04:11.200 align:start position:0% century, scientists had documented the 04:11.200 --> 04:13.589 align:start position:0% century, scientists had documented the transfer<00:04:11.680> of<00:04:11.920> carbon,<00:04:12.720> nitrogen,<00:04:13.360> and 04:13.589 --> 04:13.599 align:start position:0% transfer of carbon, nitrogen, and 04:13.599 --> 04:16.150 align:start position:0% transfer of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus<00:04:14.400> through<00:04:14.879> fungal<00:04:15.360> connections<00:04:15.840> in 04:16.150 --> 04:16.160 align:start position:0% phosphorus through fungal connections in 04:16.160 --> 04:19.030 align:start position:0% phosphorus through fungal connections in lab<00:04:16.479> experiments.<00:04:17.840> But<00:04:18.000> what<00:04:18.239> made<00:04:18.479> Sim's 04:19.030 --> 04:19.040 align:start position:0% lab experiments. But what made Sim's 04:19.040 --> 04:21.430 align:start position:0% lab experiments. But what made Sim's discovery<00:04:19.600> so<00:04:19.919> exciting<00:04:20.639> was<00:04:20.959> that<00:04:21.120> she 04:21.430 --> 04:21.440 align:start position:0% discovery so exciting was that she 04:21.440 --> 04:23.670 align:start position:0% discovery so exciting was that she claimed<00:04:21.840> to<00:04:22.079> have<00:04:22.240> seen<00:04:22.560> trees<00:04:22.960> using<00:04:23.360> this 04:23.670 --> 04:23.680 align:start position:0% claimed to have seen trees using this 04:23.680 --> 04:26.629 align:start position:0% claimed to have seen trees using this network<00:04:24.400> to<00:04:24.720> transfer<00:04:25.199> carbon<00:04:25.759> out<00:04:26.080> in<00:04:26.400> the 04:26.629 --> 04:26.639 align:start position:0% network to transfer carbon out in the 04:26.639 --> 04:29.749 align:start position:0% network to transfer carbon out in the forest,<00:04:27.360> which<00:04:27.680> was<00:04:27.840> a<00:04:28.160> big<00:04:28.479> deal.<00:04:29.360> In<00:04:29.600> the 04:29.749 --> 04:29.759 align:start position:0% forest, which was a big deal. In the 04:29.759 --> 04:32.150 align:start position:0% forest, which was a big deal. In the forest,<00:04:30.320> there<00:04:30.479> are<00:04:30.720> far<00:04:31.040> more<00:04:31.280> variables<00:04:31.919> at 04:32.150 --> 04:32.160 align:start position:0% forest, there are far more variables at 04:32.160 --> 04:34.550 align:start position:0% forest, there are far more variables at play,<00:04:32.960> some<00:04:33.199> of<00:04:33.280> which<00:04:33.520> are<00:04:33.759> near<00:04:34.000> impossible 04:34.550 --> 04:34.560 align:start position:0% play, some of which are near impossible 04:34.560 --> 04:37.749 align:start position:0% play, some of which are near impossible to<00:04:34.800> replicate<00:04:35.280> in<00:04:35.440> a<00:04:35.600> lab<00:04:35.919> study.<00:04:36.720> Anything 04:37.749 --> 04:37.759 align:start position:0% to replicate in a lab study. Anything 04:37.759 --> 04:39.590 align:start position:0% to replicate in a lab study. Anything that<00:04:38.000> you<00:04:38.240> observe<00:04:38.560> in<00:04:38.800> these<00:04:39.120> natural 04:39.590 --> 04:39.600 align:start position:0% that you observe in these natural 04:39.600 --> 04:41.749 align:start position:0% that you observe in these natural environments<00:04:40.080> is<00:04:40.320> a<00:04:40.560> far<00:04:40.880> more<00:04:41.120> realistic 04:41.749 --> 04:41.759 align:start position:0% environments is a far more realistic 04:41.759 --> 04:44.469 align:start position:0% environments is a far more realistic snapshot<00:04:42.320> of<00:04:42.560> what<00:04:42.800> is<00:04:43.040> really<00:04:43.440> going<00:04:43.600> on.<00:04:44.320> So, 04:44.469 --> 04:44.479 align:start position:0% snapshot of what is really going on. So, 04:44.479 --> 04:46.310 align:start position:0% snapshot of what is really going on. So, it's<00:04:44.720> often<00:04:45.040> the<00:04:45.280> final<00:04:45.600> piece<00:04:45.840> of<00:04:46.000> evidence 04:46.310 --> 04:46.320 align:start position:0% it's often the final piece of evidence 04:46.320 --> 04:49.510 align:start position:0% it's often the final piece of evidence needed<00:04:46.720> to<00:04:47.040> prove<00:04:47.440> a<00:04:47.759> theory. 04:49.510 --> 04:49.520 align:start position:0% needed to prove a theory. 04:49.520 --> 04:51.430 align:start position:0% needed to prove a theory. This<00:04:49.759> was<00:04:50.000> no<00:04:50.240> different<00:04:50.479> for<00:04:50.639> the<00:04:50.800> theory<00:04:51.199> of 04:51.430 --> 04:51.440 align:start position:0% This was no different for the theory of 04:51.440 --> 04:54.710 align:start position:0% This was no different for the theory of a<00:04:51.759> woodswide<00:04:52.639> web.<00:04:53.600> Scientists<00:04:54.160> knew<00:04:54.479> it 04:54.710 --> 04:54.720 align:start position:0% a woodswide web. Scientists knew it 04:54.720 --> 04:57.430 align:start position:0% a woodswide web. Scientists knew it existed<00:04:55.360> and<00:04:55.680> had<00:04:56.080> some<00:04:56.400> idea<00:04:56.720> of<00:04:56.960> what<00:04:57.199> it 04:57.430 --> 04:57.440 align:start position:0% existed and had some idea of what it 04:57.440 --> 05:00.310 align:start position:0% existed and had some idea of what it could<00:04:57.680> do,<00:04:58.320> but<00:04:58.479> for<00:04:58.720> many,<00:04:59.199> Sim's<00:04:59.919> research 05:00.310 --> 05:00.320 align:start position:0% could do, but for many, Sim's research 05:00.320 --> 05:02.550 align:start position:0% could do, but for many, Sim's research provided<00:05:00.880> definitive<00:05:01.520> evidence<00:05:01.919> that<00:05:02.240> these 05:02.550 --> 05:02.560 align:start position:0% provided definitive evidence that these 05:02.560 --> 05:06.790 align:start position:0% provided definitive evidence that these ideas<00:05:03.120> hold<00:05:03.520> true<00:05:04.080> for<00:05:04.479> realworld<00:05:05.360> habitats. 05:06.790 --> 05:06.800 align:start position:0% ideas hold true for realworld habitats. 05:06.800 --> 05:09.270 align:start position:0% ideas hold true for realworld habitats. Now,<00:05:07.120> as<00:05:07.360> I'm<00:05:07.600> sure<00:05:07.759> you're<00:05:08.000> wondering,<00:05:08.880> how 05:09.270 --> 05:09.280 align:start position:0% Now, as I'm sure you're wondering, how 05:09.280 --> 05:11.590 align:start position:0% Now, as I'm sure you're wondering, how did<00:05:09.520> she<00:05:09.759> do<00:05:09.919> it? 05:11.590 --> 05:11.600 align:start position:0% did she do it? 05:11.600 --> 05:13.590 align:start position:0% did she do it? Well,<00:05:11.840> the<00:05:12.080> study<00:05:12.400> looked<00:05:12.639> at<00:05:12.880> paper<00:05:13.199> birch 05:13.590 --> 05:13.600 align:start position:0% Well, the study looked at paper birch 05:13.600 --> 05:15.590 align:start position:0% Well, the study looked at paper birch and<00:05:13.840> the<00:05:14.000> Douglas<00:05:14.400> fur<00:05:14.800> trees<00:05:15.120> because<00:05:15.360> they 05:15.590 --> 05:15.600 align:start position:0% and the Douglas fur trees because they 05:15.600 --> 05:17.430 align:start position:0% and the Douglas fur trees because they are<00:05:15.759> known<00:05:16.000> to<00:05:16.240> make<00:05:16.479> the<00:05:16.720> same<00:05:16.960> type<00:05:17.199> of 05:17.430 --> 05:17.440 align:start position:0% are known to make the same type of 05:17.440 --> 05:19.830 align:start position:0% are known to make the same type of fungal<00:05:17.919> connections.<00:05:18.960> Each<00:05:19.280> seedling<00:05:19.680> was 05:19.830 --> 05:19.840 align:start position:0% fungal connections. Each seedling was 05:19.840 --> 05:22.150 align:start position:0% fungal connections. Each seedling was given<00:05:20.080> a<00:05:20.240> dose<00:05:20.479> of<00:05:20.639> carbon<00:05:21.039> dioxide<00:05:21.600> gas, 05:22.150 --> 05:22.160 align:start position:0% given a dose of carbon dioxide gas, 05:22.160 --> 05:23.350 align:start position:0% given a dose of carbon dioxide gas, which<00:05:22.400> was<00:05:22.560> labeled<00:05:22.960> with<00:05:23.120> different 05:23.350 --> 05:23.360 align:start position:0% which was labeled with different 05:23.360 --> 05:25.590 align:start position:0% which was labeled with different isotopes<00:05:24.000> of<00:05:24.240> carbon,<00:05:24.800> so<00:05:24.960> the<00:05:25.199> team<00:05:25.440> could 05:25.590 --> 05:25.600 align:start position:0% isotopes of carbon, so the team could 05:25.600 --> 05:28.310 align:start position:0% isotopes of carbon, so the team could track<00:05:25.919> where<00:05:26.240> this<00:05:26.479> carbon<00:05:26.880> ended<00:05:27.199> up.<00:05:28.000> On<00:05:28.240> top 05:28.310 --> 05:28.320 align:start position:0% track where this carbon ended up. On top 05:28.320 --> 05:30.230 align:start position:0% track where this carbon ended up. On top of<00:05:28.479> this,<00:05:28.720> the<00:05:28.880> Douglas<00:05:29.280> fur<00:05:29.520> was<00:05:29.680> kept<00:05:29.919> in<00:05:30.080> the 05:30.230 --> 05:30.240 align:start position:0% of this, the Douglas fur was kept in the 05:30.240 --> 05:32.390 align:start position:0% of this, the Douglas fur was kept in the shade<00:05:30.800> so<00:05:30.960> that<00:05:31.120> it<00:05:31.360> would<00:05:31.520> make<00:05:31.680> less<00:05:32.000> of<00:05:32.160> its 05:32.390 --> 05:32.400 align:start position:0% shade so that it would make less of its 05:32.400 --> 05:35.670 align:start position:0% shade so that it would make less of its own<00:05:32.639> sugars<00:05:33.039> by<00:05:33.360> photosynthesis. 05:35.670 --> 05:35.680 align:start position:0% own sugars by photosynthesis. 05:35.680 --> 05:37.830 align:start position:0% own sugars by photosynthesis. The<00:05:35.919> experiment<00:05:36.400> ran<00:05:36.720> for<00:05:36.960> two<00:05:37.440> growing 05:37.830 --> 05:37.840 align:start position:0% The experiment ran for two growing 05:37.840 --> 05:41.029 align:start position:0% The experiment ran for two growing seasons<00:05:38.400> and<00:05:38.639> the<00:05:38.880> results<00:05:39.280> were<00:05:39.759> astounding. 05:41.029 --> 05:41.039 align:start position:0% seasons and the results were astounding. 05:41.039 --> 05:43.189 align:start position:0% seasons and the results were astounding. Sim<00:05:41.680> found<00:05:41.919> that<00:05:42.080> the<00:05:42.320> labeled<00:05:42.800> carbon 05:43.189 --> 05:43.199 align:start position:0% Sim found that the labeled carbon 05:43.199 --> 05:45.670 align:start position:0% Sim found that the labeled carbon dioxide<00:05:43.840> had<00:05:44.080> been<00:05:44.240> converted<00:05:44.800> into<00:05:45.199> sugars 05:45.670 --> 05:45.680 align:start position:0% dioxide had been converted into sugars 05:45.680 --> 05:48.710 align:start position:0% dioxide had been converted into sugars by<00:05:46.000> photosynthesis<00:05:47.120> in<00:05:47.360> the<00:05:47.520> paper<00:05:47.840> birch, 05:48.710 --> 05:48.720 align:start position:0% by photosynthesis in the paper birch, 05:48.720 --> 05:50.950 align:start position:0% by photosynthesis in the paper birch, then<00:05:49.039> transferred<00:05:49.520> to<00:05:49.680> the<00:05:49.840> Douglas<00:05:50.320> fur 05:50.950 --> 05:50.960 align:start position:0% then transferred to the Douglas fur 05:50.960 --> 05:54.070 align:start position:0% then transferred to the Douglas fur through<00:05:51.440> their<00:05:51.759> fungal<00:05:52.240> link.<00:05:53.440> Some<00:05:53.680> carbon 05:54.070 --> 05:54.080 align:start position:0% through their fungal link. Some carbon 05:54.080 --> 05:55.749 align:start position:0% through their fungal link. Some carbon had<00:05:54.240> traveled<00:05:54.639> in<00:05:54.800> the<00:05:54.960> other<00:05:55.199> direction, 05:55.749 --> 05:55.759 align:start position:0% had traveled in the other direction, 05:55.759 --> 05:57.749 align:start position:0% had traveled in the other direction, too.<00:05:56.320> But<00:05:56.560> since<00:05:56.800> the<00:05:56.960> Douglas<00:05:57.280> fur<00:05:57.600> was 05:57.749 --> 05:57.759 align:start position:0% too. But since the Douglas fur was 05:57.759 --> 05:59.749 align:start position:0% too. But since the Douglas fur was struggling<00:05:58.000> to<00:05:58.160> make<00:05:58.400> sugars<00:05:58.800> in<00:05:58.960> the<00:05:59.120> shade, 05:59.749 --> 05:59.759 align:start position:0% struggling to make sugars in the shade, 05:59.759 --> 06:01.749 align:start position:0% struggling to make sugars in the shade, the<00:06:00.000> paper<00:06:00.320> birch<00:06:00.720> had<00:06:00.960> transferred<00:06:01.440> more 06:01.749 --> 06:01.759 align:start position:0% the paper birch had transferred more 06:01.759 --> 06:04.790 align:start position:0% the paper birch had transferred more carbon<00:06:02.160> to<00:06:02.400> it<00:06:02.720> overall,<00:06:03.680> resulting<00:06:04.080> in<00:06:04.240> a<00:06:04.400> net 06:04.790 --> 06:04.800 align:start position:0% carbon to it overall, resulting in a net 06:04.800 --> 06:08.390 align:start position:0% carbon to it overall, resulting in a net carbon<00:06:05.280> gain<00:06:05.680> in<00:06:05.919> the<00:06:06.080> Douglas<00:06:06.560> fur.<00:06:07.919> In<00:06:08.160> other 06:08.390 --> 06:08.400 align:start position:0% carbon gain in the Douglas fur. In other 06:08.400 --> 06:10.550 align:start position:0% carbon gain in the Douglas fur. In other words,<00:06:08.800> these<00:06:09.199> trees<00:06:09.600> weren't<00:06:10.000> just<00:06:10.240> going 06:10.550 --> 06:10.560 align:start position:0% words, these trees weren't just going 06:10.560 --> 06:12.230 align:start position:0% words, these trees weren't just going Dutch<00:06:10.960> and<00:06:11.199> splitting<00:06:11.600> their<00:06:11.840> carbon 06:12.230 --> 06:12.240 align:start position:0% Dutch and splitting their carbon 06:12.240 --> 06:14.629 align:start position:0% Dutch and splitting their carbon equally.<00:06:13.039> The<00:06:13.280> paper<00:06:13.680> birch<00:06:14.080> was<00:06:14.240> giving 06:14.629 --> 06:14.639 align:start position:0% equally. The paper birch was giving 06:14.639 --> 06:18.150 align:start position:0% equally. The paper birch was giving extra<00:06:15.120> carbon<00:06:15.520> to<00:06:15.759> the<00:06:15.919> Douglas<00:06:16.319> fur. 06:18.150 --> 06:18.160 align:start position:0% extra carbon to the Douglas fur. 06:18.160 --> 06:20.710 align:start position:0% extra carbon to the Douglas fur. The<00:06:18.400> team<00:06:18.639> were<00:06:18.880> shocked<00:06:19.280> by<00:06:19.600> this<00:06:19.919> result<00:06:20.400> and 06:20.710 --> 06:20.720 align:start position:0% The team were shocked by this result and 06:20.720 --> 06:22.309 align:start position:0% The team were shocked by this result and naturally<00:06:21.280> started<00:06:21.680> coming<00:06:21.840> up<00:06:22.000> with<00:06:22.160> some 06:22.309 --> 06:22.319 align:start position:0% naturally started coming up with some 06:22.319 --> 06:24.629 align:start position:0% naturally started coming up with some ideas<00:06:22.639> as<00:06:22.800> to<00:06:23.120> why<00:06:23.440> the<00:06:23.680> paper<00:06:24.080> birch<00:06:24.400> was 06:24.629 --> 06:24.639 align:start position:0% ideas as to why the paper birch was 06:24.639 --> 06:27.749 align:start position:0% ideas as to why the paper birch was being<00:06:24.880> so<00:06:25.520> generous.<00:06:26.880> This<00:06:27.120> led<00:06:27.360> them<00:06:27.520> to 06:27.749 --> 06:27.759 align:start position:0% being so generous. This led them to 06:27.759 --> 06:30.469 align:start position:0% being so generous. This led them to wonder,<00:06:28.400> could<00:06:28.639> it<00:06:28.960> somehow<00:06:29.680> sense<00:06:30.080> that<00:06:30.319> the 06:30.469 --> 06:30.479 align:start position:0% wonder, could it somehow sense that the 06:30.479 --> 06:33.110 align:start position:0% wonder, could it somehow sense that the Douglas<00:06:30.960> fur<00:06:31.280> wasn't<00:06:31.680> making<00:06:32.080> as<00:06:32.400> much<00:06:32.720> carbon 06:33.110 --> 06:33.120 align:start position:0% Douglas fur wasn't making as much carbon 06:33.120 --> 06:36.710 align:start position:0% Douglas fur wasn't making as much carbon on<00:06:33.360> its<00:06:33.600> own?<00:06:34.560> This<00:06:34.800> theory<00:06:35.199> was<00:06:35.520> outrageous. 06:36.710 --> 06:36.720 align:start position:0% on its own? This theory was outrageous. 06:36.720 --> 06:38.870 align:start position:0% on its own? This theory was outrageous. It<00:06:36.960> seemed<00:06:37.280> to<00:06:37.440> tear<00:06:37.759> apart<00:06:38.080> the<00:06:38.400> widely 06:38.870 --> 06:38.880 align:start position:0% It seemed to tear apart the widely 06:38.880 --> 06:41.189 align:start position:0% It seemed to tear apart the widely accepted<00:06:39.440> concept<00:06:39.840> of<00:06:40.240> survival<00:06:40.800> of<00:06:40.960> the 06:41.189 --> 06:41.199 align:start position:0% accepted concept of survival of the 06:41.199 --> 06:43.510 align:start position:0% accepted concept of survival of the fittest.<00:06:42.240> Instead<00:06:42.560> of<00:06:42.720> everyone<00:06:43.039> looking<00:06:43.280> out 06:43.510 --> 06:43.520 align:start position:0% fittest. Instead of everyone looking out 06:43.520 --> 06:46.390 align:start position:0% fittest. Instead of everyone looking out for<00:06:43.680> themselves,<00:06:44.880> we're<00:06:45.280> talking<00:06:45.600> about<00:06:45.919> two 06:46.390 --> 06:46.400 align:start position:0% for themselves, we're talking about two 06:46.400 --> 06:49.430 align:start position:0% for themselves, we're talking about two different<00:06:46.880> species<00:06:47.680> helping<00:06:48.160> each<00:06:48.400> other<00:06:49.120> via 06:49.430 --> 06:49.440 align:start position:0% different species helping each other via 06:49.440 --> 06:52.150 align:start position:0% different species helping each other via a<00:06:49.680> shared<00:06:50.080> connection<00:06:50.479> with<00:06:50.800> a<00:06:51.039> third,<00:06:51.759> even 06:52.150 --> 06:52.160 align:start position:0% a shared connection with a third, even 06:52.160 --> 06:55.110 align:start position:0% a shared connection with a third, even more<00:06:52.560> distantly<00:06:53.120> related<00:06:53.600> species. 06:55.110 --> 06:55.120 align:start position:0% more distantly related species. 06:55.120 --> 06:56.870 align:start position:0% more distantly related species. Though<00:06:55.360> they<00:06:55.600> are<00:06:55.759> different,<00:06:56.240> these<00:06:56.639> tree 06:56.870 --> 06:56.880 align:start position:0% Though they are different, these tree 06:56.880 --> 06:58.550 align:start position:0% Though they are different, these tree species<00:06:57.280> are<00:06:57.520> competing<00:06:57.919> for<00:06:58.160> the<00:06:58.400> same 06:58.550 --> 06:58.560 align:start position:0% species are competing for the same 06:58.560 --> 07:01.189 align:start position:0% species are competing for the same resources,<00:06:59.440> light,<00:06:59.840> space,<00:07:00.400> water,<00:07:00.880> and 07:01.189 --> 07:01.199 align:start position:0% resources, light, space, water, and 07:01.199 --> 07:03.830 align:start position:0% resources, light, space, water, and nutrients.<00:07:02.240> So<00:07:02.720> why<00:07:02.960> don't<00:07:03.199> they<00:07:03.360> just<00:07:03.599> keep 07:03.830 --> 07:03.840 align:start position:0% nutrients. So why don't they just keep 07:03.840 --> 07:06.070 align:start position:0% nutrients. So why don't they just keep everything<00:07:04.240> for<00:07:04.479> themselves?<00:07:05.520> Could<00:07:05.759> it<00:07:05.919> be 07:06.070 --> 07:06.080 align:start position:0% everything for themselves? Could it be 07:06.080 --> 07:07.909 align:start position:0% everything for themselves? Could it be that<00:07:06.319> they<00:07:06.560> share<00:07:06.880> because<00:07:07.120> their<00:07:07.360> generosity 07:07.909 --> 07:07.919 align:start position:0% that they share because their generosity 07:07.919 --> 07:09.990 align:start position:0% that they share because their generosity will<00:07:08.160> eventually<00:07:08.639> be<00:07:08.880> returned<00:07:09.360> by<00:07:09.599> another 07:09.990 --> 07:10.000 align:start position:0% will eventually be returned by another 07:10.000 --> 07:12.150 align:start position:0% will eventually be returned by another member<00:07:10.240> of<00:07:10.479> the<00:07:10.639> forest? 07:12.150 --> 07:12.160 align:start position:0% member of the forest? 07:12.160 --> 07:14.230 align:start position:0% member of the forest? Simod's<00:07:12.800> findings<00:07:13.199> suggested<00:07:13.599> that<00:07:13.840> trees 07:14.230 --> 07:14.240 align:start position:0% Simod's findings suggested that trees 07:14.240 --> 07:16.790 align:start position:0% Simod's findings suggested that trees formed<00:07:14.720> far<00:07:15.120> closeknit<00:07:15.840> communities<00:07:16.240> than<00:07:16.560> we 07:16.790 --> 07:16.800 align:start position:0% formed far closeknit communities than we 07:16.800 --> 07:18.950 align:start position:0% formed far closeknit communities than we once<00:07:17.120> thought<00:07:17.759> and<00:07:18.000> that<00:07:18.240> resources<00:07:18.720> were 07:18.950 --> 07:18.960 align:start position:0% once thought and that resources were 07:18.960 --> 07:21.430 align:start position:0% once thought and that resources were shared<00:07:19.440> to<00:07:19.680> boost<00:07:20.000> the<00:07:20.240> overall<00:07:20.800> health<00:07:21.199> of 07:21.430 --> 07:21.440 align:start position:0% shared to boost the overall health of 07:21.440 --> 07:23.830 align:start position:0% shared to boost the overall health of the<00:07:21.680> forest,<00:07:22.479> aided<00:07:22.880> by<00:07:23.039> some<00:07:23.360> seriously 07:23.830 --> 07:23.840 align:start position:0% the forest, aided by some seriously 07:23.840 --> 07:26.950 align:start position:0% the forest, aided by some seriously helpful<00:07:24.160> fungy<00:07:24.720> of<00:07:24.880> course. 07:26.950 --> 07:26.960 align:start position:0% helpful fungy of course. 07:26.960 --> 07:29.589 align:start position:0% helpful fungy of course. Printed<00:07:27.360> on<00:07:27.520> the<00:07:27.680> cover<00:07:28.000> page<00:07:28.400> of<00:07:28.720> nature<00:07:29.360> with 07:29.589 --> 07:29.599 align:start position:0% Printed on the cover page of nature with 07:29.599 --> 07:33.189 align:start position:0% Printed on the cover page of nature with the<00:07:29.759> catchy<00:07:30.319> slogan<00:07:31.039> woodwide<00:07:32.160> web.<00:07:32.880> This 07:33.189 --> 07:33.199 align:start position:0% the catchy slogan woodwide web. This 07:33.199 --> 07:36.150 align:start position:0% the catchy slogan woodwide web. This discovery<00:07:33.840> caused<00:07:34.240> quite<00:07:34.639> the<00:07:34.960> stir<00:07:35.759> and<00:07:36.000> the 07:36.150 --> 07:36.160 align:start position:0% discovery caused quite the stir and the 07:36.160 --> 07:37.830 align:start position:0% discovery caused quite the stir and the idea<00:07:36.319> that<00:07:36.560> trees<00:07:36.880> had<00:07:37.120> beaten<00:07:37.360> us<00:07:37.520> to<00:07:37.680> the 07:37.830 --> 07:37.840 align:start position:0% idea that trees had beaten us to the 07:37.840 --> 07:39.909 align:start position:0% idea that trees had beaten us to the punch<00:07:38.080> with<00:07:38.319> their<00:07:38.560> own<00:07:38.880> internet<00:07:39.599> with 07:39.909 --> 07:39.919 align:start position:0% punch with their own internet with 07:39.919 --> 07:43.110 align:start position:0% punch with their own internet with wooden<00:07:40.400> servers<00:07:40.880> and<00:07:41.199> fungal<00:07:41.680> rooters<00:07:42.800> really 07:43.110 --> 07:43.120 align:start position:0% wooden servers and fungal rooters really 07:43.120 --> 07:45.749 align:start position:0% wooden servers and fungal rooters really caught<00:07:43.440> on.<00:07:44.560> There<00:07:44.720> were<00:07:44.960> articles<00:07:45.360> on<00:07:45.520> the 07:45.749 --> 07:45.759 align:start position:0% caught on. There were articles on the 07:45.759 --> 07:49.110 align:start position:0% caught on. There were articles on the hidden<00:07:46.240> language<00:07:46.720> of<00:07:47.039> trees,<00:07:48.160> manuals<00:07:48.800> on 07:49.110 --> 07:49.120 align:start position:0% hidden language of trees, manuals on 07:49.120 --> 07:51.510 align:start position:0% hidden language of trees, manuals on deciphering<00:07:50.000> tree<00:07:50.560> feelings, 07:51.510 --> 07:51.520 align:start position:0% deciphering tree feelings, 07:51.520 --> 07:54.230 align:start position:0% deciphering tree feelings, documentaries,<00:07:52.400> TED<00:07:52.639> talks,<00:07:53.120> and<00:07:53.360> bizarrely 07:54.230 --> 07:54.240 align:start position:0% documentaries, TED talks, and bizarrely 07:54.240 --> 07:56.550 align:start position:0% documentaries, TED talks, and bizarrely even<00:07:54.479> a<00:07:54.639> name<00:07:54.960> drop<00:07:55.120> for<00:07:55.360> Simard<00:07:55.919> in<00:07:56.080> the<00:07:56.240> hit 07:56.550 --> 07:56.560 align:start position:0% even a name drop for Simard in the hit 07:56.560 --> 07:59.110 align:start position:0% even a name drop for Simard in the hit show<00:07:57.199> Ted<00:07:57.520> Lasso. 07:59.110 --> 07:59.120 align:start position:0% show Ted Lasso. 07:59.120 --> 08:01.029 align:start position:0% show Ted Lasso. If<00:07:59.440> you<00:07:59.599> look<00:07:59.680> at<00:07:59.840> the<00:08:00.000> use<00:08:00.160> of<00:08:00.319> the<00:08:00.479> phrase 08:01.029 --> 08:01.039 align:start position:0% If you look at the use of the phrase 08:01.039 --> 08:03.430 align:start position:0% If you look at the use of the phrase woodwide<00:08:01.840> web<00:08:02.160> in<00:08:02.400> publications<00:08:02.960> between 08:03.430 --> 08:03.440 align:start position:0% woodwide web in publications between 08:03.440 --> 08:06.790 align:start position:0% woodwide web in publications between 1997<00:08:04.400> and<00:08:04.800> 2022,<00:08:06.000> you<00:08:06.160> can<00:08:06.319> see<00:08:06.479> an 08:06.790 --> 08:06.800 align:start position:0% 1997 and 2022, you can see an 08:06.800 --> 08:09.189 align:start position:0% 1997 and 2022, you can see an exponential<00:08:07.680> increase<00:08:08.000> in<00:08:08.319> popularity<00:08:08.960> from 08:09.189 --> 08:09.199 align:start position:0% exponential increase in popularity from 08:09.199 --> 08:12.469 align:start position:0% exponential increase in popularity from the<00:08:09.360> early<00:08:09.759> 2000s.<00:08:11.039> The<00:08:11.360> woodwide<00:08:11.919> web<00:08:12.240> had 08:12.469 --> 08:12.479 align:start position:0% the early 2000s. The woodwide web had 08:12.479 --> 08:15.110 align:start position:0% the early 2000s. The woodwide web had even<00:08:12.800> spun<00:08:13.039> its<00:08:13.280> silk<00:08:13.680> over<00:08:14.000> Hollywood<00:08:14.879> with 08:15.110 --> 08:15.120 align:start position:0% even spun its silk over Hollywood with 08:15.120 --> 08:17.510 align:start position:0% even spun its silk over Hollywood with Amy<00:08:15.520> Adams<00:08:15.840> set<00:08:16.080> to<00:08:16.240> star<00:08:16.479> as<00:08:16.720> Simard<00:08:17.280> in<00:08:17.360> the 08:17.510 --> 08:17.520 align:start position:0% Amy Adams set to star as Simard in the 08:17.520 --> 08:19.589 align:start position:0% Amy Adams set to star as Simard in the feature<00:08:17.919> film<00:08:18.160> adaption<00:08:18.560> of<00:08:18.800> her<00:08:19.120> research 08:19.589 --> 08:19.599 align:start position:0% feature film adaption of her research 08:19.599 --> 08:22.629 align:start position:0% feature film adaption of her research career.<00:08:20.560> The<00:08:20.800> world,<00:08:21.199> it<00:08:21.440> seemed,<00:08:22.000> had<00:08:22.240> gone 08:22.629 --> 08:22.639 align:start position:0% career. The world, it seemed, had gone 08:22.639 --> 08:24.950 align:start position:0% career. The world, it seemed, had gone tree<00:08:23.039> crazy. 08:24.950 --> 08:24.960 align:start position:0% tree crazy. 08:24.960 --> 08:27.589 align:start position:0% tree crazy. But<00:08:25.120> Simar<00:08:25.599> took<00:08:25.840> things<00:08:26.160> one<00:08:26.479> step<00:08:26.720> further, 08:27.589 --> 08:27.599 align:start position:0% But Simar took things one step further, 08:27.599 --> 08:29.909 align:start position:0% But Simar took things one step further, publishing<00:08:28.080> a<00:08:28.319> book<00:08:28.639> titled<00:08:29.280> Finding<00:08:29.759> the 08:29.909 --> 08:29.919 align:start position:0% publishing a book titled Finding the 08:29.919 --> 08:33.029 align:start position:0% publishing a book titled Finding the Mother<00:08:30.240> Tree<00:08:30.639> in<00:08:31.039> 2021.<00:08:32.320> The<00:08:32.479> book<00:08:32.719> is 08:33.029 --> 08:33.039 align:start position:0% Mother Tree in 2021. The book is 08:33.039 --> 08:34.870 align:start position:0% Mother Tree in 2021. The book is essentially<00:08:33.360> a<00:08:33.680> memoir<00:08:34.240> telling<00:08:34.560> the<00:08:34.719> story 08:34.870 --> 08:34.880 align:start position:0% essentially a memoir telling the story 08:34.880 --> 08:36.949 align:start position:0% essentially a memoir telling the story of<00:08:35.120> Simar's<00:08:35.680> professional<00:08:36.159> and<00:08:36.560> personal 08:36.949 --> 08:36.959 align:start position:0% of Simar's professional and personal 08:36.959 --> 08:38.630 align:start position:0% of Simar's professional and personal life<00:08:37.279> against<00:08:37.599> the<00:08:37.760> backdrop<00:08:38.159> of<00:08:38.399> the 08:38.630 --> 08:38.640 align:start position:0% life against the backdrop of the 08:38.640 --> 08:41.750 align:start position:0% life against the backdrop of the Canadian<00:08:39.200> forest.<00:08:40.080> Besides<00:08:40.560> her<00:08:40.800> 1997 08:41.750 --> 08:41.760 align:start position:0% Canadian forest. Besides her 1997 08:41.760 --> 08:44.230 align:start position:0% Canadian forest. Besides her 1997 research,<00:08:42.479> Simar<00:08:42.959> discusses<00:08:43.440> her<00:08:43.760> discovery 08:44.230 --> 08:44.240 align:start position:0% research, Simar discusses her discovery 08:44.240 --> 08:46.150 align:start position:0% research, Simar discusses her discovery that<00:08:44.480> fungal<00:08:44.959> networks<00:08:45.360> can<00:08:45.600> allow<00:08:45.839> for 08:46.150 --> 08:46.160 align:start position:0% that fungal networks can allow for 08:46.160 --> 08:47.829 align:start position:0% that fungal networks can allow for warning<00:08:46.560> signals<00:08:46.880> to<00:08:47.040> be<00:08:47.200> communicated 08:47.829 --> 08:47.839 align:start position:0% warning signals to be communicated 08:47.839 --> 08:50.790 align:start position:0% warning signals to be communicated between<00:08:48.320> trees,<00:08:49.040> kin<00:08:49.600> recognized,<00:08:50.480> and 08:50.790 --> 08:50.800 align:start position:0% between trees, kin recognized, and 08:50.800 --> 08:53.110 align:start position:0% between trees, kin recognized, and preferential<00:08:51.519> treatment<00:08:51.920> applied<00:08:52.320> to<00:08:52.640> closer 08:53.110 --> 08:53.120 align:start position:0% preferential treatment applied to closer 08:53.120 --> 08:55.350 align:start position:0% preferential treatment applied to closer relatives.<00:08:54.160> She<00:08:54.480> even<00:08:54.720> suggests<00:08:55.040> that<00:08:55.200> the 08:55.350 --> 08:55.360 align:start position:0% relatives. She even suggests that the 08:55.360 --> 08:57.910 align:start position:0% relatives. She even suggests that the fungal<00:08:55.839> network<00:08:56.160> in<00:08:56.399> forests<00:08:57.120> works<00:08:57.440> like<00:08:57.680> a 08:57.910 --> 08:57.920 align:start position:0% fungal network in forests works like a 08:57.920 --> 09:00.949 align:start position:0% fungal network in forests works like a human<00:08:58.480> brain<00:08:59.279> with<00:08:59.519> the<00:08:59.680> fungal<00:09:00.160> strands<00:09:00.640> as 09:00.949 --> 09:00.959 align:start position:0% human brain with the fungal strands as 09:00.959 --> 09:03.190 align:start position:0% human brain with the fungal strands as neurons<00:09:01.519> and<00:09:01.760> chemical<00:09:02.240> signals<00:09:02.880> as 09:03.190 --> 09:03.200 align:start position:0% neurons and chemical signals as 09:03.200 --> 09:05.350 align:start position:0% neurons and chemical signals as neurotransmitters. 09:05.350 --> 09:05.360 align:start position:0% neurotransmitters. 09:05.360 --> 09:07.590 align:start position:0% neurotransmitters. This<00:09:05.600> concept<00:09:06.160> transforms<00:09:06.720> the<00:09:06.959> forest<00:09:07.360> into 09:07.590 --> 09:07.600 align:start position:0% This concept transforms the forest into 09:07.600 --> 09:10.790 align:start position:0% This concept transforms the forest into an<00:09:07.760> ecosystem<00:09:08.399> where<00:09:08.800> no<00:09:09.200> tree<00:09:09.600> stands<00:09:10.080> alone 09:10.790 --> 09:10.800 align:start position:0% an ecosystem where no tree stands alone 09:10.800 --> 09:13.190 align:start position:0% an ecosystem where no tree stands alone and<00:09:11.120> familiar<00:09:11.680> bonds<00:09:12.000> can<00:09:12.240> get<00:09:12.399> you<00:09:12.640> through 09:13.190 --> 09:13.200 align:start position:0% and familiar bonds can get you through 09:13.200 --> 09:16.230 align:start position:0% and familiar bonds can get you through hard<00:09:13.600> times.<00:09:14.959> With<00:09:15.200> a<00:09:15.360> picture<00:09:15.680> like<00:09:15.839> that, 09:16.230 --> 09:16.240 align:start position:0% hard times. With a picture like that, 09:16.240 --> 09:18.150 align:start position:0% hard times. With a picture like that, who<00:09:16.560> wouldn't<00:09:16.880> have<00:09:17.040> the<00:09:17.279> urge<00:09:17.440> to<00:09:17.680> run<00:09:17.839> to<00:09:18.000> the 09:18.150 --> 09:18.160 align:start position:0% who wouldn't have the urge to run to the 09:18.160 --> 09:22.870 align:start position:0% who wouldn't have the urge to run to the nearest<00:09:18.480> forest<00:09:18.880> and<00:09:19.200> hug<00:09:19.600> a<00:09:19.839> mother<00:09:20.160> tree? 09:22.870 --> 09:22.880 align:start position:0% nearest forest and hug a mother tree? 09:22.880 --> 09:26.070 align:start position:0% nearest forest and hug a mother tree? It<00:09:23.200> certainly<00:09:23.680> was<00:09:23.920> a<00:09:24.240> beautiful<00:09:24.800> idea<00:09:25.760> that 09:26.070 --> 09:26.080 align:start position:0% It certainly was a beautiful idea that 09:26.080 --> 09:27.750 align:start position:0% It certainly was a beautiful idea that organisms<00:09:26.720> from<00:09:26.959> totally<00:09:27.440> different 09:27.750 --> 09:27.760 align:start position:0% organisms from totally different 09:27.760 --> 09:30.790 align:start position:0% organisms from totally different kingdoms,<00:09:28.480> plante<00:09:29.040> and<00:09:29.360> fungi,<00:09:30.240> could<00:09:30.480> come 09:30.790 --> 09:30.800 align:start position:0% kingdoms, plante and fungi, could come 09:30.800 --> 09:33.110 align:start position:0% kingdoms, plante and fungi, could come together<00:09:31.279> in<00:09:31.600> symbiosis<00:09:32.480> to<00:09:32.720> promote 09:33.110 --> 09:33.120 align:start position:0% together in symbiosis to promote 09:33.120 --> 09:36.389 align:start position:0% together in symbiosis to promote communication<00:09:34.160> across<00:09:34.560> the<00:09:34.880> entire<00:09:35.279> forest. 09:36.389 --> 09:36.399 align:start position:0% communication across the entire forest. 09:36.399 --> 09:38.550 align:start position:0% communication across the entire forest. It<00:09:36.640> had<00:09:36.800> the<00:09:37.040> potential<00:09:37.440> to<00:09:37.760> revolutionize 09:38.550 --> 09:38.560 align:start position:0% It had the potential to revolutionize 09:38.560 --> 09:40.470 align:start position:0% It had the potential to revolutionize the<00:09:38.800> way<00:09:38.959> we<00:09:39.200> thought<00:09:39.440> about<00:09:39.760> conservation 09:40.470 --> 09:40.480 align:start position:0% the way we thought about conservation 09:40.480 --> 09:43.190 align:start position:0% the way we thought about conservation going<00:09:40.800> forward.<00:09:42.080> More<00:09:42.399> emphasis<00:09:42.880> could<00:09:43.040> be 09:43.190 --> 09:43.200 align:start position:0% going forward. More emphasis could be 09:43.200 --> 09:45.350 align:start position:0% going forward. More emphasis could be placed<00:09:43.440> on<00:09:43.680> maintaining<00:09:44.240> mother<00:09:44.640> trees<00:09:45.120> in 09:45.350 --> 09:45.360 align:start position:0% placed on maintaining mother trees in 09:45.360 --> 09:47.430 align:start position:0% placed on maintaining mother trees in the<00:09:45.519> forest. 09:47.430 --> 09:47.440 align:start position:0% the forest. 09:47.440 --> 09:50.230 align:start position:0% the forest. But<00:09:47.760> perhaps<00:09:48.320> even<00:09:48.640> more<00:09:49.040> revolutionary<00:09:49.920> was 09:50.230 --> 09:50.240 align:start position:0% But perhaps even more revolutionary was 09:50.240 --> 09:52.790 align:start position:0% But perhaps even more revolutionary was the<00:09:50.480> idea<00:09:50.720> that<00:09:50.959> trees<00:09:51.360> were<00:09:51.680> more<00:09:51.920> like<00:09:52.320> us 09:52.790 --> 09:52.800 align:start position:0% the idea that trees were more like us 09:52.800 --> 09:56.949 align:start position:0% the idea that trees were more like us than<00:09:53.040> we<00:09:53.360> thought.<00:09:54.720> They<00:09:55.040> too<00:09:55.440> could<00:09:55.920> speak, 09:56.949 --> 09:56.959 align:start position:0% than we thought. They too could speak, 09:56.959 --> 09:59.030 align:start position:0% than we thought. They too could speak, could<00:09:57.279> provide<00:09:57.680> for<00:09:57.839> their<00:09:58.080> kids,<00:09:58.720> give 09:59.030 --> 09:59.040 align:start position:0% could provide for their kids, give 09:59.040 --> 10:01.030 align:start position:0% could provide for their kids, give preferential<00:09:59.760> treatment<00:10:00.160> to<00:10:00.399> their<00:10:00.640> friends, 10:01.030 --> 10:01.040 align:start position:0% preferential treatment to their friends, 10:01.040 --> 10:05.110 align:start position:0% preferential treatment to their friends, and<00:10:01.360> maintain<00:10:02.240> a<00:10:02.560> social<00:10:02.959> life.<00:10:04.399> Amid<00:10:04.800> these 10:05.110 --> 10:05.120 align:start position:0% and maintain a social life. Amid these 10:05.120 --> 10:07.990 align:start position:0% and maintain a social life. Amid these global<00:10:05.440> shifts<00:10:05.920> in<00:10:06.160> perspective,<00:10:07.360> it<00:10:07.600> seems 10:07.990 --> 10:08.000 align:start position:0% global shifts in perspective, it seems 10:08.000 --> 10:09.990 align:start position:0% global shifts in perspective, it seems like<00:10:08.160> the<00:10:08.480> golden<00:10:08.880> opportunity<00:10:09.440> to<00:10:09.680> seek 10:09.990 --> 10:10.000 align:start position:0% like the golden opportunity to seek 10:10.000 --> 10:13.670 align:start position:0% like the golden opportunity to seek similarities<00:10:10.800> between<00:10:11.279> us<00:10:11.839> and<00:10:12.160> the<00:10:12.399> plants. 10:13.670 --> 10:13.680 align:start position:0% similarities between us and the plants. 10:13.680 --> 10:15.590 align:start position:0% similarities between us and the plants. In<00:10:13.920> fact,<00:10:14.160> these<00:10:14.480> scientists<00:10:14.959> were<00:10:15.200> giving<00:10:15.360> us 10:15.590 --> 10:15.600 align:start position:0% In fact, these scientists were giving us 10:15.600 --> 10:19.190 align:start position:0% In fact, these scientists were giving us the<00:10:15.839> green<00:10:16.079> light<00:10:16.480> to<00:10:16.800> do<00:10:16.959> so. 10:19.190 --> 10:19.200 align:start position:0% the green light to do so. 10:19.200 --> 10:21.350 align:start position:0% the green light to do so. The<00:10:19.519> world<00:10:19.680> had<00:10:20.079> certainly<00:10:20.560> fallen<00:10:20.959> in<00:10:21.120> love 10:21.350 --> 10:21.360 align:start position:0% The world had certainly fallen in love 10:21.360 --> 10:24.710 align:start position:0% The world had certainly fallen in love with<00:10:21.519> the<00:10:21.839> woodswide<00:10:22.720> web,<00:10:23.519> but<00:10:23.839> like<00:10:24.079> a<00:10:24.399> tree 10:24.710 --> 10:24.720 align:start position:0% with the woodswide web, but like a tree 10:24.720 --> 10:27.269 align:start position:0% with the woodswide web, but like a tree being<00:10:25.120> failed,<00:10:25.920> it<00:10:26.079> was<00:10:26.240> all<00:10:26.399> about<00:10:26.640> to<00:10:26.800> come 10:27.269 --> 10:27.279 align:start position:0% being failed, it was all about to come 10:27.279 --> 10:33.670 align:start position:0% being failed, it was all about to come crashing<00:10:27.839> down. 10:33.670 --> 10:33.680 align:start position:0% 10:33.680 --> 10:36.550 align:start position:0% Justine<00:10:34.160> cast,<00:10:34.959> Jason<00:10:35.519> Hookimmer,<00:10:36.320> and 10:36.550 --> 10:36.560 align:start position:0% Justine cast, Jason Hookimmer, and 10:36.560 --> 10:39.350 align:start position:0% Justine cast, Jason Hookimmer, and Melanie<00:10:37.120> Jones.<00:10:38.160> These<00:10:38.480> scientists<00:10:38.959> shared 10:39.350 --> 10:39.360 align:start position:0% Melanie Jones. These scientists shared 10:39.360 --> 10:41.750 align:start position:0% Melanie Jones. These scientists shared something<00:10:39.760> vital<00:10:40.160> in<00:10:40.480> common.<00:10:41.200> They<00:10:41.440> had<00:10:41.600> all 10:41.750 --> 10:41.760 align:start position:0% something vital in common. They had all 10:41.760 --> 10:44.150 align:start position:0% something vital in common. They had all worked<00:10:42.000> with<00:10:42.320> Suzanne<00:10:42.800> Simard<00:10:43.440> at<00:10:43.680> some<00:10:43.920> point 10:44.150 --> 10:44.160 align:start position:0% worked with Suzanne Simard at some point 10:44.160 --> 10:46.870 align:start position:0% worked with Suzanne Simard at some point in<00:10:44.399> their<00:10:44.640> careers.<00:10:45.680> Melanie<00:10:46.160> Jones<00:10:46.560> even 10:46.870 --> 10:46.880 align:start position:0% in their careers. Melanie Jones even 10:46.880 --> 10:49.829 align:start position:0% in their careers. Melanie Jones even co-authored<00:10:47.440> the<00:10:47.680> famous<00:10:48.160> 1997<00:10:49.200> paper<00:10:49.519> that 10:49.829 --> 10:49.839 align:start position:0% co-authored the famous 1997 paper that 10:49.839 --> 10:52.790 align:start position:0% co-authored the famous 1997 paper that started<00:10:50.240> our<00:10:50.640> story<00:10:51.040> off.<00:10:51.920> Despite<00:10:52.399> sharing 10:52.790 --> 10:52.800 align:start position:0% started our story off. Despite sharing 10:52.800 --> 10:55.269 align:start position:0% started our story off. Despite sharing Simard's<00:10:53.360> belief<00:10:53.600> in<00:10:53.839> the<00:10:54.160> woodwide<00:10:54.720> web<00:10:55.040> for 10:55.269 --> 10:55.279 align:start position:0% Simard's belief in the woodwide web for 10:55.279 --> 10:57.829 align:start position:0% Simard's belief in the woodwide web for years,<00:10:56.079> these<00:10:56.399> three<00:10:56.800> tree<00:10:57.120> experts<00:10:57.600> had 10:57.829 --> 10:57.839 align:start position:0% years, these three tree experts had 10:57.839 --> 10:59.990 align:start position:0% years, these three tree experts had begun<00:10:58.160> to<00:10:58.399> get<00:10:58.560> an<00:10:58.800> uneasy<00:10:59.360> feeling<00:10:59.760> about 10:59.990 --> 11:00.000 align:start position:0% begun to get an uneasy feeling about 11:00.000 --> 11:01.990 align:start position:0% begun to get an uneasy feeling about where<00:11:00.320> it<00:11:00.480> was<00:11:00.640> all<00:11:00.880> heading,<00:11:01.519> both<00:11:01.760> in 11:01.990 --> 11:02.000 align:start position:0% where it was all heading, both in 11:02.000 --> 11:05.430 align:start position:0% where it was all heading, both in academic<00:11:02.640> circles<00:11:03.120> and<00:11:03.360> the<00:11:03.600> wider<00:11:04.000> media.<00:11:05.120> So 11:05.430 --> 11:05.440 align:start position:0% academic circles and the wider media. So 11:05.440 --> 11:07.269 align:start position:0% academic circles and the wider media. So they<00:11:05.680> did<00:11:05.839> what<00:11:06.000> any<00:11:06.320> good<00:11:06.560> scientist<00:11:07.040> would 11:07.269 --> 11:07.279 align:start position:0% they did what any good scientist would 11:07.279 --> 11:09.670 align:start position:0% they did what any good scientist would do<00:11:07.519> and<00:11:07.839> ask<00:11:08.160> the<00:11:08.399> difficult<00:11:08.880> questions, 11:09.670 --> 11:09.680 align:start position:0% do and ask the difficult questions, 11:09.680 --> 11:11.910 align:start position:0% do and ask the difficult questions, forcing<00:11:10.079> themselves<00:11:10.480> to<00:11:10.720> look<00:11:10.959> objectively, 11:11.910 --> 11:11.920 align:start position:0% forcing themselves to look objectively, 11:11.920 --> 11:14.310 align:start position:0% forcing themselves to look objectively, even<00:11:12.320> if<00:11:12.560> that<00:11:12.800> meant<00:11:13.120> casting<00:11:13.600> doubts<00:11:14.000> on 11:14.310 --> 11:14.320 align:start position:0% even if that meant casting doubts on 11:14.320 --> 11:16.870 align:start position:0% even if that meant casting doubts on their<00:11:14.480> own<00:11:14.720> research.<00:11:16.160> In<00:11:16.320> a<00:11:16.560> later 11:16.870 --> 11:16.880 align:start position:0% their own research. In a later 11:16.880 --> 11:19.030 align:start position:0% their own research. In a later interview,<00:11:17.680> Cass<00:11:18.160> explained<00:11:18.560> that<00:11:18.800> they 11:19.030 --> 11:19.040 align:start position:0% interview, Cass explained that they 11:19.040 --> 11:21.190 align:start position:0% interview, Cass explained that they didn't<00:11:19.200> initially<00:11:19.600> set<00:11:19.839> out<00:11:20.079> to<00:11:20.399> debunk<00:11:20.959> any 11:21.190 --> 11:21.200 align:start position:0% didn't initially set out to debunk any 11:21.200 --> 11:23.829 align:start position:0% didn't initially set out to debunk any of<00:11:21.440> Simard's<00:11:22.079> claims<00:11:22.480> about<00:11:22.880> the<00:11:23.120> woodw<00:11:23.519> white 11:23.829 --> 11:23.839 align:start position:0% of Simard's claims about the woodw white 11:23.839 --> 11:24.389 align:start position:0% of Simard's claims about the woodw white web. 11:24.389 --> 11:24.399 align:start position:0% web. 11:24.399 --> 11:26.870 align:start position:0% web. >> Yeah,<00:11:24.640> as<00:11:24.880> a<00:11:25.120> scientist,<00:11:25.839> we<00:11:26.160> can't<00:11:26.399> pick<00:11:26.640> and 11:26.870 --> 11:26.880 align:start position:0% >> Yeah, as a scientist, we can't pick and 11:26.880 --> 11:29.269 align:start position:0% >> Yeah, as a scientist, we can't pick and choose<00:11:27.680> what<00:11:27.920> are<00:11:28.079> the<00:11:28.240> good<00:11:28.480> stories<00:11:28.800> and<00:11:29.040> the 11:29.269 --> 11:29.279 align:start position:0% choose what are the good stories and the 11:29.279 --> 11:32.710 align:start position:0% choose what are the good stories and the bad<00:11:29.519> stories.<00:11:30.320> That's<00:11:30.560> sort<00:11:30.800> of<00:11:30.959> not<00:11:31.120> our<00:11:31.440> job. 11:32.710 --> 11:32.720 align:start position:0% bad stories. That's sort of not our job. 11:32.720 --> 11:34.630 align:start position:0% bad stories. That's sort of not our job. Rereading<00:11:33.279> the<00:11:33.519> literature<00:11:33.920> had<00:11:34.240> forced<00:11:34.480> them 11:34.630 --> 11:34.640 align:start position:0% Rereading the literature had forced them 11:34.640 --> 11:36.790 align:start position:0% Rereading the literature had forced them to<00:11:34.800> face<00:11:35.040> an<00:11:35.279> uncomfortable<00:11:35.920> truth<00:11:36.320> about<00:11:36.560> the 11:36.790 --> 11:36.800 align:start position:0% to face an uncomfortable truth about the 11:36.800 --> 11:39.350 align:start position:0% to face an uncomfortable truth about the fungal<00:11:37.279> networks<00:11:37.760> they<00:11:38.000> had<00:11:38.160> once<00:11:38.880> put<00:11:39.120> so 11:39.350 --> 11:39.360 align:start position:0% fungal networks they had once put so 11:39.360 --> 11:41.509 align:start position:0% fungal networks they had once put so much<00:11:39.600> faith<00:11:39.839> in. 11:41.509 --> 11:41.519 align:start position:0% much faith in. 11:41.519 --> 11:44.150 align:start position:0% much faith in. Unnerved<00:11:42.160> by<00:11:42.399> what<00:11:42.640> they<00:11:42.880> found,<00:11:43.519> the<00:11:43.760> authors 11:44.150 --> 11:44.160 align:start position:0% Unnerved by what they found, the authors 11:44.160 --> 11:45.910 align:start position:0% Unnerved by what they found, the authors voiced<00:11:44.480> their<00:11:44.720> concerns<00:11:45.200> in<00:11:45.440> an<00:11:45.600> article 11:45.910 --> 11:45.920 align:start position:0% voiced their concerns in an article 11:45.920 --> 11:49.190 align:start position:0% voiced their concerns in an article published<00:11:46.320> in<00:11:46.720> 2023<00:11:47.920> to<00:11:48.240> greater<00:11:48.640> claim<00:11:48.959> by 11:49.190 --> 11:49.200 align:start position:0% published in 2023 to greater claim by 11:49.200 --> 11:52.230 align:start position:0% published in 2023 to greater claim by the<00:11:49.440> rest<00:11:49.680> of<00:11:49.920> the<00:11:50.079> science<00:11:50.560> community. 11:52.230 --> 11:52.240 align:start position:0% the rest of the science community. 11:52.240 --> 11:54.230 align:start position:0% the rest of the science community. This<00:11:52.560> article<00:11:53.040> garnered<00:11:53.519> almost<00:11:53.839> as<00:11:54.079> much 11:54.230 --> 11:54.240 align:start position:0% This article garnered almost as much 11:54.240 --> 11:56.949 align:start position:0% This article garnered almost as much attention<00:11:54.640> as<00:11:54.880> the<00:11:55.120> 1997<00:11:56.160> study<00:11:56.480> that<00:11:56.720> had 11:56.949 --> 11:56.959 align:start position:0% attention as the 1997 study that had 11:56.959 --> 11:59.670 align:start position:0% attention as the 1997 study that had inspired<00:11:57.440> it<00:11:58.000> and<00:11:58.320> brought<00:11:58.640> the<00:11:58.880> dream<00:11:59.200> of<00:11:59.360> the 11:59.670 --> 11:59.680 align:start position:0% inspired it and brought the dream of the 11:59.680 --> 12:03.190 align:start position:0% inspired it and brought the dream of the woodwide<00:12:00.320> web<00:12:00.720> as<00:12:00.959> we<00:12:01.200> knew<00:12:01.440> it<00:12:02.079> to<00:12:02.320> an<00:12:02.560> abrupt 12:03.190 --> 12:03.200 align:start position:0% woodwide web as we knew it to an abrupt 12:03.200 --> 12:06.069 align:start position:0% woodwide web as we knew it to an abrupt end. 12:06.069 --> 12:06.079 align:start position:0% end. 12:06.079 --> 12:07.990 align:start position:0% end. But<00:12:06.320> what<00:12:06.560> did<00:12:06.720> the<00:12:06.880> authors<00:12:07.279> take<00:12:07.519> so<00:12:07.760> much 12:07.990 --> 12:08.000 align:start position:0% But what did the authors take so much 12:08.000 --> 12:11.509 align:start position:0% But what did the authors take so much issue<00:12:08.320> with?<00:12:09.600> In<00:12:09.839> their<00:12:10.079> paper,<00:12:10.560> Cast<00:12:11.040> and<00:12:11.279> her 12:11.509 --> 12:11.519 align:start position:0% issue with? In their paper, Cast and her 12:11.519 --> 12:13.110 align:start position:0% issue with? In their paper, Cast and her colleagues<00:12:11.920> reviewed<00:12:12.320> all<00:12:12.639> research 12:13.110 --> 12:13.120 align:start position:0% colleagues reviewed all research 12:13.120 --> 12:15.190 align:start position:0% colleagues reviewed all research surrounding<00:12:13.680> what<00:12:13.920> they<00:12:14.240> call<00:12:14.800> common 12:15.190 --> 12:15.200 align:start position:0% surrounding what they call common 12:15.200 --> 12:17.590 align:start position:0% surrounding what they call common mcelial<00:12:16.000> networks,<00:12:16.720> which<00:12:16.880> is<00:12:17.040> just<00:12:17.200> a<00:12:17.440> more 12:17.590 --> 12:17.600 align:start position:0% mcelial networks, which is just a more 12:17.600 --> 12:20.310 align:start position:0% mcelial networks, which is just a more technical<00:12:18.079> term<00:12:18.320> for<00:12:18.639> woodwide<00:12:19.360> web,<00:12:20.079> where 12:20.310 --> 12:20.320 align:start position:0% technical term for woodwide web, where 12:20.320 --> 12:22.710 align:start position:0% technical term for woodwide web, where microisal<00:12:21.120> fungi<00:12:21.519> connect<00:12:21.760> the<00:12:21.920> roots<00:12:22.240> of<00:12:22.480> the 12:22.710 --> 12:22.720 align:start position:0% microisal fungi connect the roots of the 12:22.720 --> 12:24.470 align:start position:0% microisal fungi connect the roots of the same<00:12:22.880> or<00:12:23.279> different<00:12:23.600> plant<00:12:23.920> species 12:24.470 --> 12:24.480 align:start position:0% same or different plant species 12:24.480 --> 12:26.870 align:start position:0% same or different plant species underground.<00:12:25.680> We'll<00:12:26.000> call<00:12:26.079> it<00:12:26.240> the<00:12:26.480> network 12:26.870 --> 12:26.880 align:start position:0% underground. We'll call it the network 12:26.880 --> 12:29.430 align:start position:0% underground. We'll call it the network from<00:12:27.120> now<00:12:27.279> on<00:12:27.440> to<00:12:27.680> make<00:12:27.839> things<00:12:28.079> simpler.<00:12:29.040> They 12:29.430 --> 12:29.440 align:start position:0% from now on to make things simpler. They 12:29.440 --> 12:31.269 align:start position:0% from now on to make things simpler. They identify<00:12:29.920> three<00:12:30.240> common<00:12:30.560> claims<00:12:30.880> that<00:12:31.040> have 12:31.269 --> 12:31.279 align:start position:0% identify three common claims that have 12:31.279 --> 12:33.430 align:start position:0% identify three common claims that have been<00:12:31.440> made<00:12:31.760> about<00:12:32.079> these<00:12:32.480> networks<00:12:33.200> and 12:33.430 --> 12:33.440 align:start position:0% been made about these networks and 12:33.440 --> 12:35.829 align:start position:0% been made about these networks and soughts<00:12:33.839> to<00:12:34.000> review<00:12:34.240> each<00:12:34.560> claim<00:12:34.880> in<00:12:35.120> turn<00:12:35.519> to 12:35.829 --> 12:35.839 align:start position:0% soughts to review each claim in turn to 12:35.839 --> 12:38.470 align:start position:0% soughts to review each claim in turn to see<00:12:36.000> if<00:12:36.240> the<00:12:36.480> evidence<00:12:36.880> agreed.<00:12:38.000> The<00:12:38.240> first 12:38.470 --> 12:38.480 align:start position:0% see if the evidence agreed. The first 12:38.480 --> 12:40.470 align:start position:0% see if the evidence agreed. The first one,<00:12:38.959> namely<00:12:39.360> that<00:12:39.600> the<00:12:39.839> networks<00:12:40.240> are 12:40.470 --> 12:40.480 align:start position:0% one, namely that the networks are 12:40.480 --> 12:43.190 align:start position:0% one, namely that the networks are widespread<00:12:41.120> in<00:12:41.440> forests,<00:12:42.160> was<00:12:42.480> fairly<00:12:42.880> simple 12:43.190 --> 12:43.200 align:start position:0% widespread in forests, was fairly simple 12:43.200 --> 12:46.550 align:start position:0% widespread in forests, was fairly simple to<00:12:43.440> explore.<00:12:44.480> Many<00:12:44.720> microisal<00:12:45.519> fungi<00:12:45.920> can<00:12:46.160> and 12:46.550 --> 12:46.560 align:start position:0% to explore. Many microisal fungi can and 12:46.560 --> 12:48.629 align:start position:0% to explore. Many microisal fungi can and do<00:12:46.800> form<00:12:47.279> associations<00:12:48.000> with<00:12:48.240> lots<00:12:48.480> of 12:48.629 --> 12:48.639 align:start position:0% do form associations with lots of 12:48.639 --> 12:50.629 align:start position:0% do form associations with lots of different<00:12:48.959> host<00:12:49.360> species,<00:12:50.160> which<00:12:50.399> would 12:50.629 --> 12:50.639 align:start position:0% different host species, which would 12:50.639 --> 12:52.470 align:start position:0% different host species, which would suggest<00:12:51.040> that<00:12:51.279> networks<00:12:51.760> are<00:12:52.000> common<00:12:52.240> in 12:52.470 --> 12:52.480 align:start position:0% suggest that networks are common in 12:52.480 --> 12:55.590 align:start position:0% suggest that networks are common in forests.<00:12:53.760> However,<00:12:54.320> there<00:12:54.560> is<00:12:54.720> a<00:12:54.959> problem 12:55.590 --> 12:55.600 align:start position:0% forests. However, there is a problem 12:55.600 --> 12:57.430 align:start position:0% forests. However, there is a problem because<00:12:55.839> we<00:12:56.160> can't<00:12:56.320> really<00:12:56.639> observe<00:12:57.120> these 12:57.430 --> 12:57.440 align:start position:0% because we can't really observe these 12:57.440 --> 13:00.230 align:start position:0% because we can't really observe these networks<00:12:57.920> in<00:12:58.399> situ<00:12:59.200> that<00:12:59.360> is<00:12:59.600> in<00:12:59.760> the<00:12:59.920> forest 13:00.230 --> 13:00.240 align:start position:0% networks in situ that is in the forest 13:00.240 --> 13:02.790 align:start position:0% networks in situ that is in the forest itself,<00:13:01.040> as<00:13:01.279> you<00:13:01.440> would<00:13:01.600> damage<00:13:01.920> and<00:13:02.320> fragment 13:02.790 --> 13:02.800 align:start position:0% itself, as you would damage and fragment 13:02.800 --> 13:04.790 align:start position:0% itself, as you would damage and fragment it<00:13:03.040> before<00:13:03.440> you<00:13:03.600> could<00:13:03.839> tell<00:13:04.000> whether<00:13:04.240> it<00:13:04.480> was 13:04.790 --> 13:04.800 align:start position:0% it before you could tell whether it was 13:04.800 --> 13:07.750 align:start position:0% it before you could tell whether it was one<00:13:05.279> continuous<00:13:05.839> connection<00:13:06.399> or<00:13:06.639> not.<00:13:07.440> Each 13:07.750 --> 13:07.760 align:start position:0% one continuous connection or not. Each 13:07.760 --> 13:09.430 align:start position:0% one continuous connection or not. Each fungal<00:13:08.160> strand<00:13:08.399> is<00:13:08.560> only<00:13:08.800> about<00:13:08.959> the<00:13:09.120> width<00:13:09.360> of 13:09.430 --> 13:09.440 align:start position:0% fungal strand is only about the width of 13:09.440 --> 13:12.230 align:start position:0% fungal strand is only about the width of a<00:13:09.680> human<00:13:09.920> hair<00:13:10.480> after<00:13:10.800> all.<00:13:11.680> There<00:13:11.839> has<00:13:12.079> been 13:12.230 --> 13:12.240 align:start position:0% a human hair after all. There has been 13:12.240 --> 13:13.590 align:start position:0% a human hair after all. There has been research<00:13:12.639> mapping<00:13:13.040> the<00:13:13.200> presence<00:13:13.440> of 13:13.590 --> 13:13.600 align:start position:0% research mapping the presence of 13:13.600 --> 13:15.829 align:start position:0% research mapping the presence of microisal<00:13:14.320> fungi<00:13:14.720> using<00:13:15.040> techniques<00:13:15.519> like 13:15.829 --> 13:15.839 align:start position:0% microisal fungi using techniques like 13:15.839 --> 13:17.910 align:start position:0% microisal fungi using techniques like machine<00:13:16.240> learning.<00:13:17.040> But<00:13:17.200> to<00:13:17.440> actually<00:13:17.680> know 13:17.910 --> 13:17.920 align:start position:0% machine learning. But to actually know 13:17.920 --> 13:20.150 align:start position:0% machine learning. But to actually know whether<00:13:18.240> these<00:13:18.480> fungi<00:13:18.880> link<00:13:19.200> together<00:13:19.519> in<00:13:19.839> one 13:20.150 --> 13:20.160 align:start position:0% whether these fungi link together in one 13:20.160 --> 13:23.190 align:start position:0% whether these fungi link together in one big<00:13:20.720> continuous<00:13:21.440> network<00:13:21.760> across<00:13:22.079> a<00:13:22.320> forest, 13:23.190 --> 13:23.200 align:start position:0% big continuous network across a forest, 13:23.200 --> 13:24.629 align:start position:0% big continuous network across a forest, well,<00:13:23.600> scientists<00:13:24.000> would<00:13:24.160> need<00:13:24.240> to<00:13:24.399> analyze 13:24.629 --> 13:24.639 align:start position:0% well, scientists would need to analyze 13:24.639 --> 13:27.110 align:start position:0% well, scientists would need to analyze the<00:13:24.880> DNA<00:13:25.200> of<00:13:25.360> the<00:13:25.600> fungi<00:13:26.000> and<00:13:26.320> the<00:13:26.560> plant<00:13:26.800> roots 13:27.110 --> 13:27.120 align:start position:0% the DNA of the fungi and the plant roots 13:27.120 --> 13:29.750 align:start position:0% the DNA of the fungi and the plant roots they<00:13:27.360> attach<00:13:27.680> to<00:13:28.240> everywhere<00:13:28.720> in<00:13:28.959> the<00:13:29.200> woods. 13:29.750 --> 13:29.760 align:start position:0% they attach to everywhere in the woods. 13:29.760 --> 13:31.030 align:start position:0% they attach to everywhere in the woods. Well,<00:13:30.000> at<00:13:30.000> least<00:13:30.240> in<00:13:30.480> as<00:13:30.639> many<00:13:30.800> different 13:31.030 --> 13:31.040 align:start position:0% Well, at least in as many different 13:31.040 --> 13:33.670 align:start position:0% Well, at least in as many different locations<00:13:31.600> as<00:13:31.920> possible<00:13:32.399> to<00:13:32.720> see<00:13:33.200> if<00:13:33.440> they 13:33.670 --> 13:33.680 align:start position:0% locations as possible to see if they 13:33.680 --> 13:36.710 align:start position:0% locations as possible to see if they match<00:13:34.160> up.<00:13:34.800> It's<00:13:35.040> a<00:13:35.360> long,<00:13:35.760> expensive,<00:13:36.320> and 13:36.710 --> 13:36.720 align:start position:0% match up. It's a long, expensive, and 13:36.720 --> 13:39.190 align:start position:0% match up. It's a long, expensive, and slow<00:13:37.120> process<00:13:37.680> and<00:13:37.920> had<00:13:38.160> only<00:13:38.399> been<00:13:38.560> done<00:13:38.800> by 13:39.190 --> 13:39.200 align:start position:0% slow process and had only been done by 13:39.200 --> 13:42.069 align:start position:0% slow process and had only been done by five<00:13:39.519> studies<00:13:40.000> for<00:13:40.320> two<00:13:40.639> tree<00:13:40.959> species<00:13:41.680> at<00:13:41.920> the 13:42.069 --> 13:42.079 align:start position:0% five studies for two tree species at the 13:42.079 --> 13:44.870 align:start position:0% five studies for two tree species at the time<00:13:42.320> the<00:13:42.560> authors<00:13:42.959> were<00:13:43.120> writing.<00:13:44.480> The<00:13:44.639> point 13:44.870 --> 13:44.880 align:start position:0% time the authors were writing. The point 13:44.880 --> 13:47.190 align:start position:0% time the authors were writing. The point is<00:13:45.120> that<00:13:45.519> even<00:13:45.839> though<00:13:46.079> these<00:13:46.399> networks<00:13:46.959> do 13:47.190 --> 13:47.200 align:start position:0% is that even though these networks do 13:47.200 --> 13:49.350 align:start position:0% is that even though these networks do form,<00:13:47.920> we<00:13:48.160> can't<00:13:48.399> be<00:13:48.560> sure<00:13:48.720> that<00:13:48.880> the<00:13:49.040> links 13:49.350 --> 13:49.360 align:start position:0% form, we can't be sure that the links 13:49.360 --> 13:51.509 align:start position:0% form, we can't be sure that the links are<00:13:49.519> continuous<00:13:50.000> enough<00:13:50.560> through<00:13:50.880> time<00:13:51.200> and 13:51.509 --> 13:51.519 align:start position:0% are continuous enough through time and 13:51.519 --> 13:54.069 align:start position:0% are continuous enough through time and space<00:13:52.160> to<00:13:52.399> make<00:13:52.560> them<00:13:52.720> a<00:13:52.959> viable<00:13:53.360> tool<00:13:53.760> for 13:54.069 --> 13:54.079 align:start position:0% space to make them a viable tool for 13:54.079 --> 13:56.470 align:start position:0% space to make them a viable tool for communication.<00:13:55.360> For<00:13:55.600> all<00:13:55.839> we<00:13:56.000> know,<00:13:56.320> the 13:56.470 --> 13:56.480 align:start position:0% communication. For all we know, the 13:56.480 --> 13:58.470 align:start position:0% communication. For all we know, the links<00:13:56.800> might<00:13:56.959> only<00:13:57.199> last<00:13:57.440> a<00:13:57.680> few<00:13:57.839> days<00:13:58.160> or 13:58.470 --> 13:58.480 align:start position:0% links might only last a few days or 13:58.480 --> 14:00.550 align:start position:0% links might only last a few days or could<00:13:58.720> be<00:13:58.880> too<00:13:59.199> fragile<00:13:59.680> to<00:13:59.920> connect<00:14:00.240> trees 14:00.550 --> 14:00.560 align:start position:0% could be too fragile to connect trees 14:00.560 --> 14:03.910 align:start position:0% could be too fragile to connect trees from<00:14:00.800> opposite<00:14:01.199> ends<00:14:01.519> of<00:14:01.600> the<00:14:01.839> forest. 14:03.910 --> 14:03.920 align:start position:0% from opposite ends of the forest. 14:03.920 --> 14:06.310 align:start position:0% from opposite ends of the forest. The<00:14:04.240> second<00:14:04.639> claim<00:14:05.040> was<00:14:05.199> that<00:14:05.440> seedlings<00:14:06.079> can 14:06.310 --> 14:06.320 align:start position:0% The second claim was that seedlings can 14:06.320 --> 14:08.470 align:start position:0% The second claim was that seedlings can use<00:14:06.560> the<00:14:06.800> network<00:14:07.120> to<00:14:07.440> share<00:14:07.680> resources<00:14:08.320> like 14:08.470 --> 14:08.480 align:start position:0% use the network to share resources like 14:08.480 --> 14:10.710 align:start position:0% use the network to share resources like the<00:14:08.720> carbon<00:14:09.040> we<00:14:09.199> saw<00:14:09.440> earlier<00:14:09.920> in<00:14:10.160> order<00:14:10.399> to 14:10.710 --> 14:10.720 align:start position:0% the carbon we saw earlier in order to 14:10.720 --> 14:13.910 align:start position:0% the carbon we saw earlier in order to help<00:14:11.040> them<00:14:11.360> grow<00:14:11.760> and<00:14:12.079> not<00:14:12.399> just<00:14:13.279> within<00:14:13.680> the 14:13.910 --> 14:13.920 align:start position:0% help them grow and not just within the 14:13.920 --> 14:16.230 align:start position:0% help them grow and not just within the same<00:14:14.160> species.<00:14:15.199> Now,<00:14:15.519> this<00:14:15.680> one<00:14:15.920> hit 14:16.230 --> 14:16.240 align:start position:0% same species. Now, this one hit 14:16.240 --> 14:18.310 align:start position:0% same species. Now, this one hit especially<00:14:16.880> close<00:14:17.120> to<00:14:17.279> home<00:14:17.519> for<00:14:17.680> the<00:14:17.839> authors 14:18.310 --> 14:18.320 align:start position:0% especially close to home for the authors 14:18.320 --> 14:20.069 align:start position:0% especially close to home for the authors because<00:14:18.560> they<00:14:18.720> had<00:14:18.959> all<00:14:19.120> worked<00:14:19.360> with<00:14:19.600> Suzanne 14:20.069 --> 14:20.079 align:start position:0% because they had all worked with Suzanne 14:20.079 --> 14:23.590 align:start position:0% because they had all worked with Suzanne Simard<00:14:20.560> on<00:14:20.720> this<00:14:21.040> and<00:14:21.279> her<00:14:21.600> 1997<00:14:22.639> study<00:14:23.279> was 14:23.590 --> 14:23.600 align:start position:0% Simard on this and her 1997 study was 14:23.600 --> 14:26.310 align:start position:0% Simard on this and her 1997 study was the<00:14:23.839> first<00:14:24.160> to<00:14:24.480> properly<00:14:24.959> test<00:14:25.279> it<00:14:25.519> out<00:14:25.839> in<00:14:26.079> the 14:26.310 --> 14:26.320 align:start position:0% the first to properly test it out in the 14:26.320 --> 14:29.110 align:start position:0% the first to properly test it out in the field.<00:14:27.279> But<00:14:27.519> what<00:14:27.760> Cast<00:14:28.160> and<00:14:28.399> her<00:14:28.720> colleagues 14:29.110 --> 14:29.120 align:start position:0% field. But what Cast and her colleagues 14:29.120 --> 14:31.670 align:start position:0% field. But what Cast and her colleagues started<00:14:29.440> to<00:14:29.600> question<00:14:30.160> years<00:14:30.480> later<00:14:31.199> was<00:14:31.440> that 14:31.670 --> 14:31.680 align:start position:0% started to question years later was that 14:31.680 --> 14:33.750 align:start position:0% started to question years later was that this<00:14:32.000> behavior<00:14:32.560> doesn't<00:14:32.880> seem<00:14:33.040> to<00:14:33.199> lie<00:14:33.440> within 14:33.750 --> 14:33.760 align:start position:0% this behavior doesn't seem to lie within 14:33.760 --> 14:36.790 align:start position:0% this behavior doesn't seem to lie within the<00:14:33.920> fungi<00:14:34.399> self-interest<00:14:35.279> at<00:14:35.600> all.<00:14:36.560> Think 14:36.790 --> 14:36.800 align:start position:0% the fungi self-interest at all. Think 14:36.800 --> 14:38.550 align:start position:0% the fungi self-interest at all. Think about<00:14:36.959> it.<00:14:37.279> If<00:14:37.519> you<00:14:37.680> were<00:14:37.839> a<00:14:38.079> fungus 14:38.550 --> 14:38.560 align:start position:0% about it. If you were a fungus 14:38.560 --> 14:40.310 align:start position:0% about it. If you were a fungus connecting<00:14:38.959> the<00:14:39.199> roots<00:14:39.440> of<00:14:39.680> two<00:14:39.920> tree 14:40.310 --> 14:40.320 align:start position:0% connecting the roots of two tree 14:40.320 --> 14:43.430 align:start position:0% connecting the roots of two tree species,<00:14:41.519> why<00:14:41.760> would<00:14:42.000> you<00:14:42.320> only<00:14:42.720> ever<00:14:43.120> funnel 14:43.430 --> 14:43.440 align:start position:0% species, why would you only ever funnel 14:43.440 --> 14:45.590 align:start position:0% species, why would you only ever funnel resources<00:14:43.920> between<00:14:44.160> the<00:14:44.399> two<00:14:44.639> trees<00:14:45.279> rather 14:45.590 --> 14:45.600 align:start position:0% resources between the two trees rather 14:45.600 --> 14:48.389 align:start position:0% resources between the two trees rather than<00:14:45.839> taking<00:14:46.240> some<00:14:46.560> for<00:14:46.800> yourself?<00:14:47.920> And<00:14:48.160> how 14:48.389 --> 14:48.399 align:start position:0% than taking some for yourself? And how 14:48.399 --> 14:50.550 align:start position:0% than taking some for yourself? And how is<00:14:48.560> the<00:14:48.720> fungus<00:14:49.120> supposed<00:14:49.360> to<00:14:49.600> know<00:14:50.320> the 14:50.550 --> 14:50.560 align:start position:0% is the fungus supposed to know the 14:50.560 --> 14:52.310 align:start position:0% is the fungus supposed to know the difference<00:14:50.880> between<00:14:51.199> carbon<00:14:51.600> it<00:14:51.839> can<00:14:51.920> use<00:14:52.160> for 14:52.310 --> 14:52.320 align:start position:0% difference between carbon it can use for 14:52.320 --> 14:55.430 align:start position:0% difference between carbon it can use for itself<00:14:53.279> and<00:14:53.680> carbon<00:14:54.079> to<00:14:54.240> be<00:14:54.399> sent<00:14:54.639> for<00:14:55.040> paper 14:55.430 --> 14:55.440 align:start position:0% itself and carbon to be sent for paper 14:55.440 --> 14:58.790 align:start position:0% itself and carbon to be sent for paper birch's<00:14:55.920> friend<00:14:56.480> the<00:14:56.720> Douglas<00:14:57.120> fur?<00:14:58.560> The 14:58.790 --> 14:58.800 align:start position:0% birch's friend the Douglas fur? The 14:58.800 --> 15:01.269 align:start position:0% birch's friend the Douglas fur? The authors<00:14:59.120> reviewed<00:14:59.680> 26<00:15:00.320> studies<00:15:00.720> that<00:15:00.959> claim 15:01.269 --> 15:01.279 align:start position:0% authors reviewed 26 studies that claim 15:01.279 --> 15:03.189 align:start position:0% authors reviewed 26 studies that claim to<00:15:01.519> prove<00:15:01.839> resource<00:15:02.320> transfer<00:15:02.720> through<00:15:02.959> the 15:03.189 --> 15:03.199 align:start position:0% to prove resource transfer through the 15:03.199 --> 15:05.670 align:start position:0% to prove resource transfer through the network<00:15:03.760> and<00:15:04.000> found<00:15:04.240> that<00:15:04.480> for<00:15:04.800> all<00:15:04.959> of<00:15:05.199> them 15:05.670 --> 15:05.680 align:start position:0% network and found that for all of them 15:05.680 --> 15:07.670 align:start position:0% network and found that for all of them the<00:15:05.920> results<00:15:06.320> could<00:15:06.560> be<00:15:06.720> explained<00:15:07.199> without 15:07.670 --> 15:07.680 align:start position:0% the results could be explained without 15:07.680 --> 15:10.790 align:start position:0% the results could be explained without involving<00:15:08.160> the<00:15:08.399> network<00:15:08.959> at<00:15:09.279> all.<00:15:10.240> For<00:15:10.480> many, 15:10.790 --> 15:10.800 align:start position:0% involving the network at all. For many, 15:10.800 --> 15:12.310 align:start position:0% involving the network at all. For many, the<00:15:11.040> resources<00:15:11.519> could<00:15:11.680> just<00:15:11.920> have<00:15:12.079> easily 15:12.310 --> 15:12.320 align:start position:0% the resources could just have easily 15:12.320 --> 15:13.990 align:start position:0% the resources could just have easily have<00:15:12.480> been<00:15:12.720> transferred<00:15:13.199> through<00:15:13.440> the<00:15:13.680> soil 15:13.990 --> 15:14.000 align:start position:0% have been transferred through the soil 15:14.000 --> 15:16.550 align:start position:0% have been transferred through the soil with<00:15:14.320> no<00:15:14.639> need<00:15:14.800> for<00:15:15.040> fungal<00:15:15.519> connections.<00:15:16.399> And 15:16.550 --> 15:16.560 align:start position:0% with no need for fungal connections. And 15:16.560 --> 15:20.550 align:start position:0% with no need for fungal connections. And that<00:15:16.800> includes<00:15:17.360> the<00:15:17.680> 1997<00:15:18.800> study. 15:20.550 --> 15:20.560 align:start position:0% that includes the 1997 study. 15:20.560 --> 15:22.470 align:start position:0% that includes the 1997 study. Similarly,<00:15:21.120> the<00:15:21.360> authors<00:15:21.680> note<00:15:21.920> that<00:15:22.160> no 15:22.470 --> 15:22.480 align:start position:0% Similarly, the authors note that no 15:22.480 --> 15:24.230 align:start position:0% Similarly, the authors note that no study<00:15:22.800> has<00:15:23.040> actually<00:15:23.279> provided<00:15:23.760> proof<00:15:24.000> that 15:24.230 --> 15:24.240 align:start position:0% study has actually provided proof that 15:24.240 --> 15:27.110 align:start position:0% study has actually provided proof that this<00:15:24.560> transferred<00:15:25.199> carbon,<00:15:25.839> if<00:15:26.079> it<00:15:26.320> exists, 15:27.110 --> 15:27.120 align:start position:0% this transferred carbon, if it exists, 15:27.120 --> 15:28.949 align:start position:0% this transferred carbon, if it exists, actually<00:15:27.440> benefits<00:15:27.920> the<00:15:28.160> performance<00:15:28.560> of<00:15:28.800> the 15:28.949 --> 15:28.959 align:start position:0% actually benefits the performance of the 15:28.959 --> 15:32.230 align:start position:0% actually benefits the performance of the tree<00:15:29.279> receiving<00:15:29.680> it.<00:15:30.639> How<00:15:30.800> could<00:15:31.040> it?<00:15:31.839> If<00:15:32.079> you 15:32.230 --> 15:32.240 align:start position:0% tree receiving it. How could it? If you 15:32.240 --> 15:33.910 align:start position:0% tree receiving it. How could it? If you were<00:15:32.399> a<00:15:32.560> tree<00:15:32.720> with<00:15:32.880> a<00:15:33.040> system<00:15:33.279> to<00:15:33.519> generate 15:33.910 --> 15:33.920 align:start position:0% were a tree with a system to generate 15:33.920 --> 15:36.470 align:start position:0% were a tree with a system to generate food<00:15:34.240> and<00:15:34.560> find<00:15:34.800> resources<00:15:35.279> on<00:15:35.519> your<00:15:35.680> own,<00:15:36.240> why 15:36.470 --> 15:36.480 align:start position:0% food and find resources on your own, why 15:36.480 --> 15:37.990 align:start position:0% food and find resources on your own, why would<00:15:36.639> you<00:15:36.800> depend<00:15:37.120> on<00:15:37.360> help<00:15:37.600> from<00:15:37.760> an 15:37.990 --> 15:38.000 align:start position:0% would you depend on help from an 15:38.000 --> 15:40.389 align:start position:0% would you depend on help from an unrelated<00:15:38.639> neighbor<00:15:39.040> tree?<00:15:39.760> one<00:15:39.920> that<00:15:40.160> could 15:40.389 --> 15:40.399 align:start position:0% unrelated neighbor tree? one that could 15:40.399 --> 15:42.389 align:start position:0% unrelated neighbor tree? one that could easily<00:15:40.800> die,<00:15:41.199> become<00:15:41.440> disconnected,<00:15:42.079> or 15:42.389 --> 15:42.399 align:start position:0% easily die, become disconnected, or 15:42.399 --> 15:44.710 align:start position:0% easily die, become disconnected, or simply<00:15:42.800> stop<00:15:43.120> cooperating. 15:44.710 --> 15:44.720 align:start position:0% simply stop cooperating. 15:44.720 --> 15:45.990 align:start position:0% simply stop cooperating. It<00:15:44.959> doesn't<00:15:45.120> seem<00:15:45.279> like<00:15:45.440> a<00:15:45.600> very<00:15:45.839> good 15:45.990 --> 15:46.000 align:start position:0% It doesn't seem like a very good 15:46.000 --> 15:49.430 align:start position:0% It doesn't seem like a very good strategy<00:15:46.560> evolution-wise. 15:49.430 --> 15:49.440 align:start position:0% strategy evolution-wise. 15:49.440 --> 15:51.189 align:start position:0% strategy evolution-wise. Well,<00:15:49.759> the<00:15:49.920> authors<00:15:50.399> weren't<00:15:50.880> finished 15:51.189 --> 15:51.199 align:start position:0% Well, the authors weren't finished 15:51.199 --> 15:53.590 align:start position:0% Well, the authors weren't finished there.<00:15:51.759> The<00:15:52.000> final<00:15:52.399> claim<00:15:52.639> was<00:15:52.880> that<00:15:53.120> mature 15:53.590 --> 15:53.600 align:start position:0% there. The final claim was that mature 15:53.600 --> 15:55.829 align:start position:0% there. The final claim was that mature trees<00:15:54.000> were<00:15:54.320> more<00:15:54.560> likely<00:15:54.959> to<00:15:55.279> communicate 15:55.829 --> 15:55.839 align:start position:0% trees were more likely to communicate 15:55.839 --> 15:58.310 align:start position:0% trees were more likely to communicate and<00:15:56.240> share<00:15:56.880> with<00:15:57.199> their<00:15:57.440> own<00:15:57.759> offspring 15:58.310 --> 15:58.320 align:start position:0% and share with their own offspring 15:58.320 --> 16:00.230 align:start position:0% and share with their own offspring through<00:15:58.639> the<00:15:58.880> network,<00:15:59.360> which<00:15:59.759> largely 16:00.230 --> 16:00.240 align:start position:0% through the network, which largely 16:00.240 --> 16:03.749 align:start position:0% through the network, which largely covers<00:16:00.560> the<00:16:00.880> whole<00:16:01.279> mother<00:16:01.680> tree<00:16:02.160> idea.<00:16:03.519> And 16:03.749 --> 16:03.759 align:start position:0% covers the whole mother tree idea. And 16:03.759 --> 16:05.829 align:start position:0% covers the whole mother tree idea. And this<00:16:04.000> one<00:16:04.240> may<00:16:04.480> be<00:16:04.639> shocking<00:16:05.360> because<00:16:05.600> the 16:05.829 --> 16:05.839 align:start position:0% this one may be shocking because the 16:05.839 --> 16:08.389 align:start position:0% this one may be shocking because the authors<00:16:06.240> actually<00:16:06.560> found<00:16:07.040> no<00:16:07.680> published 16:08.389 --> 16:08.399 align:start position:0% authors actually found no published 16:08.399 --> 16:10.870 align:start position:0% authors actually found no published peer-reviewed<00:16:09.040> evidence<00:16:09.440> from<00:16:09.759> forests<00:16:10.560> at 16:10.870 --> 16:10.880 align:start position:0% peer-reviewed evidence from forests at 16:10.880 --> 16:14.069 align:start position:0% peer-reviewed evidence from forests at all<00:16:11.440> to<00:16:11.680> support<00:16:12.000> this<00:16:12.320> claim.<00:16:13.199> In<00:16:13.440> fact,<00:16:13.759> a 16:14.069 --> 16:14.079 align:start position:0% all to support this claim. In fact, a 16:14.079 --> 16:16.710 align:start position:0% all to support this claim. In fact, a master's<00:16:14.639> thesis<00:16:14.959> from<00:16:15.199> Simard's<00:16:15.920> own<00:16:16.079> lab 16:16.710 --> 16:16.720 align:start position:0% master's thesis from Simard's own lab 16:16.720 --> 16:19.269 align:start position:0% master's thesis from Simard's own lab actually<00:16:17.120> found<00:16:17.360> the<00:16:17.600> opposite<00:16:18.560> as<00:16:18.880> Douglas 16:19.269 --> 16:19.279 align:start position:0% actually found the opposite as Douglas 16:19.279 --> 16:21.670 align:start position:0% actually found the opposite as Douglas furs<00:16:19.680> placed<00:16:19.920> in<00:16:20.160> a<00:16:20.320> shared<00:16:20.720> fungal<00:16:21.120> network 16:21.670 --> 16:21.680 align:start position:0% furs placed in a shared fungal network 16:21.680 --> 16:24.310 align:start position:0% furs placed in a shared fungal network were<00:16:22.000> less<00:16:22.480> likely<00:16:22.800> to<00:16:23.040> survive<00:16:23.519> if<00:16:23.839> they<00:16:24.079> were 16:24.310 --> 16:24.320 align:start position:0% were less likely to survive if they were 16:24.320 --> 16:26.389 align:start position:0% were less likely to survive if they were close<00:16:24.480> to<00:16:24.720> their<00:16:24.959> older<00:16:25.360> genetic<00:16:25.839> relatives 16:26.389 --> 16:26.399 align:start position:0% close to their older genetic relatives 16:26.399 --> 16:29.269 align:start position:0% close to their older genetic relatives in<00:16:26.639> the<00:16:26.880> field.<00:16:27.920> Even<00:16:28.240> more<00:16:28.480> uncomfortable<00:16:29.040> is 16:29.269 --> 16:29.279 align:start position:0% in the field. Even more uncomfortable is 16:29.279 --> 16:32.389 align:start position:0% in the field. Even more uncomfortable is that<00:16:29.519> Simard<00:16:30.079> made<00:16:30.320> a<00:16:30.639> narrative<00:16:31.360> choice<00:16:32.160> to 16:32.389 --> 16:32.399 align:start position:0% that Simard made a narrative choice to 16:32.399 --> 16:34.710 align:start position:0% that Simard made a narrative choice to write<00:16:32.639> in<00:16:32.880> her<00:16:33.120> book<00:16:33.360> that<00:16:33.600> the<00:16:33.839> grad<00:16:34.240> student 16:34.710 --> 16:34.720 align:start position:0% write in her book that the grad student 16:34.720 --> 16:37.269 align:start position:0% write in her book that the grad student had<00:16:35.120> found<00:16:35.440> support<00:16:35.759> for<00:16:36.000> her<00:16:36.240> theory,<00:16:37.040> even 16:37.269 --> 16:37.279 align:start position:0% had found support for her theory, even 16:37.279 --> 16:38.949 align:start position:0% had found support for her theory, even though<00:16:37.440> she<00:16:37.680> has<00:16:37.839> since<00:16:38.079> denied<00:16:38.480> that<00:16:38.639> she<00:16:38.800> was 16:38.949 --> 16:38.959 align:start position:0% though she has since denied that she was 16:38.959 --> 16:41.990 align:start position:0% though she has since denied that she was deliberately<00:16:39.440> misleading<00:16:40.079> her<00:16:40.240> readers. 16:41.990 --> 16:42.000 align:start position:0% deliberately misleading her readers. 16:42.000 --> 16:44.470 align:start position:0% deliberately misleading her readers. To<00:16:42.240> top<00:16:42.480> off<00:16:42.800> their<00:16:43.040> review,<00:16:43.600> Cast<00:16:44.000> and<00:16:44.240> her 16:44.470 --> 16:44.480 align:start position:0% To top off their review, Cast and her 16:44.480 --> 16:45.990 align:start position:0% To top off their review, Cast and her colleagues<00:16:44.959> looked<00:16:45.199> to<00:16:45.360> see<00:16:45.519> whether<00:16:45.839> there 16:45.990 --> 16:46.000 align:start position:0% colleagues looked to see whether there 16:46.000 --> 16:47.990 align:start position:0% colleagues looked to see whether there had<00:16:46.240> been<00:16:46.480> any<00:16:46.880> bias<00:16:47.279> in<00:16:47.440> the<00:16:47.600> literature 16:47.990 --> 16:48.000 align:start position:0% had been any bias in the literature 16:48.000 --> 16:50.790 align:start position:0% had been any bias in the literature surrounding<00:16:48.480> the<00:16:48.720> network.<00:16:49.759> They<00:16:50.160> identified 16:50.790 --> 16:50.800 align:start position:0% surrounding the network. They identified 16:50.800 --> 16:53.350 align:start position:0% surrounding the network. They identified 18<00:16:51.279> studies<00:16:51.600> that<00:16:51.839> had<00:16:52.079> been<00:16:52.320> influential<00:16:53.040> in 16:53.350 --> 16:53.360 align:start position:0% 18 studies that had been influential in 16:53.360 --> 16:55.590 align:start position:0% 18 studies that had been influential in this<00:16:53.600> field<00:16:54.160> and<00:16:54.399> looked<00:16:54.639> at<00:16:54.800> how<00:16:55.120> they<00:16:55.360> were 16:55.590 --> 16:55.600 align:start position:0% this field and looked at how they were 16:55.600 --> 16:58.710 align:start position:0% this field and looked at how they were used<00:16:55.920> in<00:16:56.240> subsequent<00:16:56.880> research.<00:16:58.240> There<00:16:58.480> can 16:58.710 --> 16:58.720 align:start position:0% used in subsequent research. There can 16:58.720 --> 17:01.430 align:start position:0% used in subsequent research. There can be<00:16:58.880> a<00:16:59.040> tendency<00:16:59.600> for<00:16:59.920> more<00:17:00.240> positive<00:17:00.720> or<00:17:01.040> more 17:01.430 --> 17:01.440 align:start position:0% be a tendency for more positive or more 17:01.440 --> 17:03.670 align:start position:0% be a tendency for more positive or more interesting<00:17:02.079> results<00:17:02.399> to<00:17:02.560> be<00:17:02.720> sized<00:17:03.199> more 17:03.670 --> 17:03.680 align:start position:0% interesting results to be sized more 17:03.680 --> 17:05.990 align:start position:0% interesting results to be sized more than<00:17:03.920> those<00:17:04.160> that<00:17:04.319> are<00:17:04.559> neutral<00:17:04.959> or<00:17:05.280> disagree 17:05.990 --> 17:06.000 align:start position:0% than those that are neutral or disagree 17:06.000 --> 17:08.710 align:start position:0% than those that are neutral or disagree with<00:17:06.319> the<00:17:06.480> hypothesis<00:17:07.600> even<00:17:07.839> if<00:17:08.079> methodically 17:08.710 --> 17:08.720 align:start position:0% with the hypothesis even if methodically 17:08.720 --> 17:11.189 align:start position:0% with the hypothesis even if methodically the<00:17:08.959> research<00:17:09.360> was<00:17:09.760> correct.<00:17:10.720> It's<00:17:10.959> called 17:11.189 --> 17:11.199 align:start position:0% the research was correct. It's called 17:11.199 --> 17:13.909 align:start position:0% the research was correct. It's called positive<00:17:11.839> citation<00:17:12.559> bias<00:17:13.039> and<00:17:13.360> can<00:17:13.520> lead<00:17:13.679> to 17:13.909 --> 17:13.919 align:start position:0% positive citation bias and can lead to 17:13.919 --> 17:16.870 align:start position:0% positive citation bias and can lead to misconceptions<00:17:14.640> being<00:17:15.039> spread.<00:17:16.000> And<00:17:16.240> sadly, 17:16.870 --> 17:16.880 align:start position:0% misconceptions being spread. And sadly, 17:16.880 --> 17:18.949 align:start position:0% misconceptions being spread. And sadly, that<00:17:17.120> is<00:17:17.360> exactly<00:17:17.839> what<00:17:18.079> the<00:17:18.240> authors<00:17:18.720> found 17:18.949 --> 17:18.959 align:start position:0% that is exactly what the authors found 17:18.959 --> 17:21.350 align:start position:0% that is exactly what the authors found in<00:17:19.280> this<00:17:19.520> case. 17:21.350 --> 17:21.360 align:start position:0% in this case. 17:21.360 --> 17:25.510 align:start position:0% in this case. Across<00:17:21.839> nearly<00:17:22.240> 1,700<00:17:23.360> papers<00:17:24.160> citing<00:17:24.559> the<00:17:24.959> 18 17:25.510 --> 17:25.520 align:start position:0% Across nearly 1,700 papers citing the 18 17:25.520 --> 17:29.270 align:start position:0% Across nearly 1,700 papers citing the 18 original<00:17:26.000> studies,<00:17:27.039> around<00:17:27.600> 25%<00:17:28.640> of<00:17:28.880> them 17:29.270 --> 17:29.280 align:start position:0% original studies, around 25% of them 17:29.280 --> 17:31.669 align:start position:0% original studies, around 25% of them were<00:17:29.600> misinterpreting<00:17:30.480> these<00:17:30.799> studies<00:17:31.440> as 17:31.669 --> 17:31.679 align:start position:0% were misinterpreting these studies as 17:31.679 --> 17:33.350 align:start position:0% were misinterpreting these studies as support<00:17:32.000> for<00:17:32.240> claims<00:17:32.559> about<00:17:32.880> network 17:33.350 --> 17:33.360 align:start position:0% support for claims about network 17:33.360 --> 17:36.470 align:start position:0% support for claims about network structure<00:17:34.240> and<00:17:34.640> 50%<00:17:35.280> of<00:17:35.520> them<00:17:35.919> for<00:17:36.160> claims 17:36.470 --> 17:36.480 align:start position:0% structure and 50% of them for claims 17:36.480 --> 17:39.029 align:start position:0% structure and 50% of them for claims about<00:17:36.799> network<00:17:37.360> function. 17:39.029 --> 17:39.039 align:start position:0% about network function. 17:39.039 --> 17:41.350 align:start position:0% about network function. To<00:17:39.280> give<00:17:39.440> just<00:17:39.679> one<00:17:39.919> example<00:17:40.240> of<00:17:40.400> this<00:17:40.640> bias, 17:41.350 --> 17:41.360 align:start position:0% To give just one example of this bias, 17:41.360 --> 17:43.669 align:start position:0% To give just one example of this bias, several<00:17:41.760> of<00:17:41.919> the<00:17:42.160> 18<00:17:42.559> papers<00:17:42.960> had<00:17:43.200> reported 17:43.669 --> 17:43.679 align:start position:0% several of the 18 papers had reported 17:43.679 --> 17:46.230 align:start position:0% several of the 18 papers had reported evidence<00:17:43.919> that<00:17:44.240> networks<00:17:44.799> could<00:17:45.120> form.<00:17:46.000> But 17:46.230 --> 17:46.240 align:start position:0% evidence that networks could form. But 17:46.240 --> 17:48.470 align:start position:0% evidence that networks could form. But many<00:17:46.559> papers<00:17:47.039> published<00:17:47.440> later<00:17:47.840> had<00:17:48.080> cited 17:48.470 --> 17:48.480 align:start position:0% many papers published later had cited 17:48.480 --> 17:50.789 align:start position:0% many papers published later had cited these<00:17:48.880> studies<00:17:49.360> as<00:17:49.760> evidence<00:17:50.080> the<00:17:50.400> networks 17:50.789 --> 17:50.799 align:start position:0% these studies as evidence the networks 17:50.799 --> 17:53.909 align:start position:0% these studies as evidence the networks were<00:17:51.200> present<00:17:52.000> in<00:17:52.400> forests. 17:53.909 --> 17:53.919 align:start position:0% were present in forests. 17:53.919 --> 17:56.310 align:start position:0% were present in forests. In<00:17:54.240> research,<00:17:54.720> wording<00:17:55.120> is<00:17:55.440> everything.<00:17:56.080> And 17:56.310 --> 17:56.320 align:start position:0% In research, wording is everything. And 17:56.320 --> 17:58.390 align:start position:0% In research, wording is everything. And evidence<00:17:56.799> suggesting<00:17:57.200> that<00:17:57.440> networks<00:17:58.000> can 17:58.390 --> 17:58.400 align:start position:0% evidence suggesting that networks can 17:58.400 --> 18:00.789 align:start position:0% evidence suggesting that networks can form<00:17:59.120> is<00:17:59.440> not<00:17:59.600> the<00:17:59.840> same<00:17:59.919> as<00:18:00.240> evidence<00:18:00.559> that 18:00.789 --> 18:00.799 align:start position:0% form is not the same as evidence that 18:00.799 --> 18:03.830 align:start position:0% form is not the same as evidence that they<00:18:01.120> do<00:18:01.600> form<00:18:02.240> in<00:18:02.640> complex<00:18:03.280> real<00:18:03.600> world 18:03.830 --> 18:03.840 align:start position:0% they do form in complex real world 18:03.840 --> 18:05.590 align:start position:0% they do form in complex real world habitats. 18:05.590 --> 18:05.600 align:start position:0% habitats. 18:05.600 --> 18:07.029 align:start position:0% habitats. But<00:18:05.840> you<00:18:06.000> can<00:18:06.160> see<00:18:06.240> how<00:18:06.480> that<00:18:06.720> kind<00:18:06.880> of 18:07.029 --> 18:07.039 align:start position:0% But you can see how that kind of 18:07.039 --> 18:09.270 align:start position:0% But you can see how that kind of positive<00:18:07.600> bias<00:18:08.000> is<00:18:08.160> a<00:18:08.400> bit<00:18:08.559> of<00:18:08.640> a<00:18:08.799> runaway 18:09.270 --> 18:09.280 align:start position:0% positive bias is a bit of a runaway 18:09.280 --> 18:11.909 align:start position:0% positive bias is a bit of a runaway train.<00:18:09.840> And<00:18:10.000> if<00:18:10.320> even<00:18:10.799> published<00:18:11.360> researchers 18:11.909 --> 18:11.919 align:start position:0% train. And if even published researchers 18:11.919 --> 18:13.669 align:start position:0% train. And if even published researchers are<00:18:12.160> doing<00:18:12.320> it,<00:18:12.720> then<00:18:12.960> it's<00:18:13.120> bound<00:18:13.360> to<00:18:13.440> happen 18:13.669 --> 18:13.679 align:start position:0% are doing it, then it's bound to happen 18:13.679 --> 18:17.110 align:start position:0% are doing it, then it's bound to happen in<00:18:13.840> the<00:18:14.000> mainstream<00:18:14.400> media,<00:18:14.799> too. 18:17.110 --> 18:17.120 align:start position:0% in the mainstream media, too. 18:17.120 --> 18:19.350 align:start position:0% in the mainstream media, too. As<00:18:17.360> you<00:18:17.520> may<00:18:17.679> expect,<00:18:18.240> Simage<00:18:18.799> wasn't<00:18:19.120> too 18:19.350 --> 18:19.360 align:start position:0% As you may expect, Simage wasn't too 18:19.360 --> 18:21.510 align:start position:0% As you may expect, Simage wasn't too pleased<00:18:19.679> when<00:18:19.919> the<00:18:20.160> Woodwide<00:18:20.799> Web<00:18:21.120> began<00:18:21.360> to 18:21.510 --> 18:21.520 align:start position:0% pleased when the Woodwide Web began to 18:21.520 --> 18:24.070 align:start position:0% pleased when the Woodwide Web began to unravel<00:18:22.000> at<00:18:22.240> her<00:18:22.480> feet,<00:18:23.120> calling<00:18:23.600> Cast's 18:24.070 --> 18:24.080 align:start position:0% unravel at her feet, calling Cast's 18:24.080 --> 18:26.789 align:start position:0% unravel at her feet, calling Cast's review<00:18:24.480> paper<00:18:24.799> an<00:18:25.120> injustice<00:18:25.760> to<00:18:26.000> the<00:18:26.320> whole 18:26.789 --> 18:26.799 align:start position:0% review paper an injustice to the whole 18:26.799 --> 18:29.190 align:start position:0% review paper an injustice to the whole world,<00:18:27.360> no<00:18:27.600> less.<00:18:28.320> She<00:18:28.559> labeled<00:18:28.880> all<00:18:29.039> the 18:29.190 --> 18:29.200 align:start position:0% world, no less. She labeled all the 18:29.200 --> 18:32.230 align:start position:0% world, no less. She labeled all the critics<00:18:29.600> as<00:18:30.000> reductionist<00:18:30.960> scientists<00:18:32.000> and 18:32.230 --> 18:32.240 align:start position:0% critics as reductionist scientists and 18:32.240 --> 18:34.070 align:start position:0% critics as reductionist scientists and has<00:18:32.480> since<00:18:32.720> published<00:18:33.120> response<00:18:33.600> articles 18:34.070 --> 18:34.080 align:start position:0% has since published response articles 18:34.080 --> 18:36.549 align:start position:0% has since published response articles pushing<00:18:34.480> back<00:18:34.720> on<00:18:34.960> some<00:18:35.120> of<00:18:35.280> their<00:18:35.520> arguments. 18:36.549 --> 18:36.559 align:start position:0% pushing back on some of their arguments. 18:36.559 --> 18:38.150 align:start position:0% pushing back on some of their arguments. Now,<00:18:36.799> although<00:18:37.120> we're<00:18:37.280> often<00:18:37.600> quick<00:18:37.760> to<00:18:37.919> take 18:38.150 --> 18:38.160 align:start position:0% Now, although we're often quick to take 18:38.160 --> 18:40.549 align:start position:0% Now, although we're often quick to take sides<00:18:38.640> during<00:18:38.880> a<00:18:39.200> drama,<00:18:39.760> it's<00:18:40.080> important<00:18:40.400> to 18:40.549 --> 18:40.559 align:start position:0% sides during a drama, it's important to 18:40.559 --> 18:42.150 align:start position:0% sides during a drama, it's important to note<00:18:40.799> that<00:18:40.960> there<00:18:41.200> are<00:18:41.280> no<00:18:41.520> heroes<00:18:41.919> and 18:42.150 --> 18:42.160 align:start position:0% note that there are no heroes and 18:42.160 --> 18:44.470 align:start position:0% note that there are no heroes and villains<00:18:42.559> in<00:18:42.799> this<00:18:43.039> story.<00:18:43.840> Some<00:18:44.080> scientists 18:44.470 --> 18:44.480 align:start position:0% villains in this story. Some scientists 18:44.480 --> 18:46.630 align:start position:0% villains in this story. Some scientists may<00:18:44.720> disagree<00:18:45.120> with<00:18:45.360> Sim's<00:18:45.919> stance,<00:18:46.400> but 18:46.630 --> 18:46.640 align:start position:0% may disagree with Sim's stance, but 18:46.640 --> 18:49.430 align:start position:0% may disagree with Sim's stance, but others<00:18:46.960> don't.<00:18:47.760> And<00:18:48.000> if<00:18:48.240> nothing<00:18:48.480> else,<00:18:48.880> Sim 18:49.430 --> 18:49.440 align:start position:0% others don't. And if nothing else, Sim 18:49.440 --> 18:51.669 align:start position:0% others don't. And if nothing else, Sim has<00:18:49.679> done<00:18:49.919> good<00:18:50.240> work<00:18:50.400> for<00:18:50.559> the<00:18:50.720> forest,<00:18:51.200> too. 18:51.669 --> 18:51.679 align:start position:0% has done good work for the forest, too. 18:51.679 --> 18:54.630 align:start position:0% has done good work for the forest, too. Her<00:18:52.160> 2015<00:18:52.880> Mother<00:18:53.280> Tree<00:18:53.679> Project<00:18:54.160> is<00:18:54.320> a 18:54.630 --> 18:54.640 align:start position:0% Her 2015 Mother Tree Project is a 18:54.640 --> 18:56.789 align:start position:0% Her 2015 Mother Tree Project is a research<00:18:55.039> initiative<00:18:55.600> aimed<00:18:56.000> to<00:18:56.240> protect<00:18:56.559> the 18:56.789 --> 18:56.799 align:start position:0% research initiative aimed to protect the 18:56.799 --> 18:58.549 align:start position:0% research initiative aimed to protect the biodiversity<00:18:57.440> of<00:18:57.679> British<00:18:58.080> Columbia 18:58.549 --> 18:58.559 align:start position:0% biodiversity of British Columbia 18:58.559 --> 19:00.390 align:start position:0% biodiversity of British Columbia woodlands,<00:18:59.280> drawing<00:18:59.600> on<00:18:59.840> indigenous 19:00.390 --> 19:00.400 align:start position:0% woodlands, drawing on indigenous 19:00.400 --> 19:02.150 align:start position:0% woodlands, drawing on indigenous knowledge<00:19:00.880> and<00:19:01.120> changing<00:19:01.600> forestry 19:02.150 --> 19:02.160 align:start position:0% knowledge and changing forestry 19:02.160 --> 19:04.230 align:start position:0% knowledge and changing forestry practices<00:19:02.640> in<00:19:02.880> North<00:19:03.200> America<00:19:03.600> to<00:19:03.840> be<00:19:04.000> more 19:04.230 --> 19:04.240 align:start position:0% practices in North America to be more 19:04.240 --> 19:06.870 align:start position:0% practices in North America to be more sustainable.<00:19:05.360> These<00:19:05.679> are<00:19:05.840> admirable<00:19:06.400> goals, 19:06.870 --> 19:06.880 align:start position:0% sustainable. These are admirable goals, 19:06.880 --> 19:08.470 align:start position:0% sustainable. These are admirable goals, goals<00:19:07.200> which<00:19:07.360> we<00:19:07.600> can<00:19:07.679> agree<00:19:08.000> are<00:19:08.240> probably 19:08.470 --> 19:08.480 align:start position:0% goals which we can agree are probably 19:08.480 --> 19:10.470 align:start position:0% goals which we can agree are probably good<00:19:08.720> for<00:19:08.960> conservation<00:19:09.679> regardless<00:19:10.320> of 19:10.470 --> 19:10.480 align:start position:0% good for conservation regardless of 19:10.480 --> 19:12.230 align:start position:0% good for conservation regardless of whether<00:19:10.799> the<00:19:10.960> person<00:19:11.280> advocating<00:19:11.760> for<00:19:12.000> them 19:12.230 --> 19:12.240 align:start position:0% whether the person advocating for them 19:12.240 --> 19:16.070 align:start position:0% whether the person advocating for them believes<00:19:12.960> in<00:19:13.200> the<00:19:13.360> woodwide<00:19:13.919> web<00:19:14.320> or<00:19:14.640> not. 19:16.070 --> 19:16.080 align:start position:0% believes in the woodwide web or not. 19:16.080 --> 19:18.070 align:start position:0% believes in the woodwide web or not. Like<00:19:16.400> many<00:19:16.799> scientific<00:19:17.280> arguments,<00:19:17.840> the 19:18.070 --> 19:18.080 align:start position:0% Like many scientific arguments, the 19:18.080 --> 19:20.390 align:start position:0% Like many scientific arguments, the situation<00:19:18.480> has<00:19:18.799> become<00:19:19.440> messy<00:19:20.160> with 19:20.390 --> 19:20.400 align:start position:0% situation has become messy with 19:20.400 --> 19:22.470 align:start position:0% situation has become messy with researchers<00:19:20.960> picking<00:19:21.280> at<00:19:21.520> details<00:19:22.080> and 19:22.470 --> 19:22.480 align:start position:0% researchers picking at details and 19:22.480 --> 19:24.549 align:start position:0% researchers picking at details and scrabbling<00:19:23.120> to<00:19:23.360> express<00:19:23.760> where<00:19:24.000> they<00:19:24.320> stand 19:24.549 --> 19:24.559 align:start position:0% scrabbling to express where they stand 19:24.559 --> 19:27.270 align:start position:0% scrabbling to express where they stand on<00:19:24.799> the<00:19:24.960> matter.<00:19:26.160> Unfortunately,<00:19:26.880> by<00:19:27.120> the 19:27.270 --> 19:27.280 align:start position:0% on the matter. Unfortunately, by the 19:27.280 --> 19:29.110 align:start position:0% on the matter. Unfortunately, by the time<00:19:27.360> the<00:19:27.600> smoke<00:19:27.840> clears<00:19:28.160> on<00:19:28.400> this<00:19:28.559> debate, 19:29.110 --> 19:29.120 align:start position:0% time the smoke clears on this debate, 19:29.120 --> 19:31.110 align:start position:0% time the smoke clears on this debate, the<00:19:29.360> public<00:19:29.600> may<00:19:29.840> have<00:19:30.000> lost<00:19:30.320> interest<00:19:30.640> in<00:19:30.880> the 19:31.110 --> 19:31.120 align:start position:0% the public may have lost interest in the 19:31.120 --> 19:33.350 align:start position:0% the public may have lost interest in the result,<00:19:31.840> and<00:19:32.160> scientists<00:19:32.720> will<00:19:32.960> definitely 19:33.350 --> 19:33.360 align:start position:0% result, and scientists will definitely 19:33.360 --> 19:35.029 align:start position:0% result, and scientists will definitely struggle<00:19:33.679> to<00:19:33.840> garner<00:19:34.240> the<00:19:34.400> same<00:19:34.559> kind<00:19:34.799> of 19:35.029 --> 19:35.039 align:start position:0% struggle to garner the same kind of 19:35.039 --> 19:37.830 align:start position:0% struggle to garner the same kind of enthusiasm<00:19:35.760> that<00:19:36.000> once<00:19:36.400> buzzed<00:19:37.200> around<00:19:37.520> the 19:37.830 --> 19:37.840 align:start position:0% enthusiasm that once buzzed around the 19:37.840 --> 19:42.789 align:start position:0% enthusiasm that once buzzed around the woodwide<00:19:38.799> web.<00:19:40.080> But<00:19:40.400> as<00:19:40.720> K<00:19:41.200> says,<00:19:42.080> our<00:19:42.320> job<00:19:42.559> as 19:42.789 --> 19:42.799 align:start position:0% woodwide web. But as K says, our job as 19:42.799 --> 19:45.350 align:start position:0% woodwide web. But as K says, our job as scientists<00:19:43.360> is<00:19:43.600> to<00:19:43.840> present<00:19:44.160> the<00:19:44.400> truth<00:19:45.039> as 19:45.350 --> 19:45.360 align:start position:0% scientists is to present the truth as 19:45.360 --> 19:48.549 align:start position:0% scientists is to present the truth as close<00:19:45.679> as<00:19:45.919> we<00:19:46.160> can<00:19:46.320> get<00:19:46.480> to<00:19:46.640> it.<00:19:47.840> Errors, 19:48.549 --> 19:48.559 align:start position:0% close as we can get to it. Errors, 19:48.559 --> 19:50.710 align:start position:0% close as we can get to it. Errors, misinterpretation,<00:19:49.679> and<00:19:49.919> even<00:19:50.320> over 19:50.710 --> 19:50.720 align:start position:0% misinterpretation, and even over 19:50.720 --> 19:53.110 align:start position:0% misinterpretation, and even over excitement<00:19:51.440> are<00:19:51.679> all<00:19:52.000> traps<00:19:52.320> that<00:19:52.640> scientists 19:53.110 --> 19:53.120 align:start position:0% excitement are all traps that scientists 19:53.120 --> 19:54.789 align:start position:0% excitement are all traps that scientists and<00:19:53.280> the<00:19:53.440> media<00:19:53.760> reporting<00:19:54.160> their<00:19:54.400> findings 19:54.789 --> 19:54.799 align:start position:0% and the media reporting their findings 19:54.799 --> 19:57.430 align:start position:0% and the media reporting their findings can<00:19:55.039> fall<00:19:55.280> into.<00:19:56.000> We<00:19:56.240> are<00:19:56.400> all<00:19:56.640> human<00:19:57.120> after 19:57.430 --> 19:57.440 align:start position:0% can fall into. We are all human after 19:57.440 --> 19:59.750 align:start position:0% can fall into. We are all human after all.<00:19:58.080> So,<00:19:58.320> we<00:19:58.559> need<00:19:58.640> to<00:19:58.799> always<00:19:59.039> be<00:19:59.200> open<00:19:59.440> to 19:59.750 --> 19:59.760 align:start position:0% all. So, we need to always be open to 19:59.760 --> 20:01.909 align:start position:0% all. So, we need to always be open to reflect<00:20:00.160> objectively<00:20:00.880> and<00:20:01.200> update<00:20:01.679> our 20:01.909 --> 20:01.919 align:start position:0% reflect objectively and update our 20:01.919 --> 20:04.630 align:start position:0% reflect objectively and update our presentation<00:20:02.480> of<00:20:02.880> truth<00:20:03.679> as<00:20:03.919> we<00:20:04.080> gain<00:20:04.400> new 20:04.630 --> 20:04.640 align:start position:0% presentation of truth as we gain new 20:04.640 --> 20:06.310 align:start position:0% presentation of truth as we gain new insights. 20:06.310 --> 20:06.320 align:start position:0% insights. 20:06.320 --> 20:08.310 align:start position:0% insights. And<00:20:06.640> one<00:20:06.880> thing<00:20:07.039> scientists<00:20:07.600> can<00:20:07.840> all<00:20:08.080> agree 20:08.310 --> 20:08.320 align:start position:0% And one thing scientists can all agree 20:08.320 --> 20:11.350 align:start position:0% And one thing scientists can all agree on,<00:20:08.960> these<00:20:09.280> revelations<00:20:09.919> about<00:20:10.240> the<00:20:10.559> woodwide 20:11.350 --> 20:11.360 align:start position:0% on, these revelations about the woodwide 20:11.360 --> 20:13.669 align:start position:0% on, these revelations about the woodwide web<00:20:12.000> should<00:20:12.320> never<00:20:12.480> be<00:20:12.720> used<00:20:12.880> to<00:20:13.120> discount 20:13.669 --> 20:13.679 align:start position:0% web should never be used to discount 20:13.679 --> 20:15.830 align:start position:0% web should never be used to discount trees<00:20:14.080> altogether<00:20:14.799> or<00:20:15.120> neglect<00:20:15.600> their 20:15.830 --> 20:15.840 align:start position:0% trees altogether or neglect their 20:15.840 --> 20:17.750 align:start position:0% trees altogether or neglect their conservation. 20:17.750 --> 20:17.760 align:start position:0% conservation. 20:17.760 --> 20:19.270 align:start position:0% conservation. Now,<00:20:18.000> with<00:20:18.160> all<00:20:18.320> that<00:20:18.480> disillusionment 20:19.270 --> 20:19.280 align:start position:0% Now, with all that disillusionment 20:19.280 --> 20:21.110 align:start position:0% Now, with all that disillusionment behind<00:20:19.679> us,<00:20:20.080> it's<00:20:20.320> time<00:20:20.480> to<00:20:20.640> move<00:20:20.799> on<00:20:20.960> to 20:21.110 --> 20:21.120 align:start position:0% behind us, it's time to move on to 20:21.120 --> 20:23.510 align:start position:0% behind us, it's time to move on to something<00:20:21.360> more<00:20:21.840> concrete<00:20:22.799> because<00:20:23.120> we<00:20:23.360> may 20:23.510 --> 20:23.520 align:start position:0% something more concrete because we may 20:23.520 --> 20:25.830 align:start position:0% something more concrete because we may be<00:20:23.679> unsure<00:20:24.080> about<00:20:24.320> the<00:20:24.559> extent<00:20:25.120> of<00:20:25.440> plant 20:25.830 --> 20:25.840 align:start position:0% be unsure about the extent of plant 20:25.840 --> 20:27.830 align:start position:0% be unsure about the extent of plant communication,<00:20:26.799> but<00:20:27.039> there<00:20:27.200> is<00:20:27.440> no<00:20:27.600> doubt 20:27.830 --> 20:27.840 align:start position:0% communication, but there is no doubt 20:27.840 --> 20:29.990 align:start position:0% communication, but there is no doubt among<00:20:28.240> scientists<00:20:28.720> that<00:20:29.039> plants<00:20:29.520> do 20:29.990 --> 20:30.000 align:start position:0% among scientists that plants do 20:30.000 --> 20:31.750 align:start position:0% among scientists that plants do communicate. 20:31.750 --> 20:31.760 align:start position:0% communicate. 20:31.760 --> 20:34.710 align:start position:0% communicate. Moving<00:20:32.240> from<00:20:32.640> sync<00:20:32.960> to<00:20:33.200> source,<00:20:34.000> plant<00:20:34.320> leaves 20:34.710 --> 20:34.720 align:start position:0% Moving from sync to source, plant leaves 20:34.720 --> 20:37.590 align:start position:0% Moving from sync to source, plant leaves can<00:20:34.880> be<00:20:35.039> the<00:20:35.280> trigger<00:20:35.600> for<00:20:35.919> vital<00:20:36.400> messages. 20:37.590 --> 20:37.600 align:start position:0% can be the trigger for vital messages. 20:37.600 --> 20:40.789 align:start position:0% can be the trigger for vital messages. Volatile<00:20:38.159> organic<00:20:38.720> compounds<00:20:39.280> or<00:20:39.600> VOCC's 20:40.789 --> 20:40.799 align:start position:0% Volatile organic compounds or VOCC's 20:40.799 --> 20:42.789 align:start position:0% Volatile organic compounds or VOCC's encompass<00:20:41.360> a<00:20:41.600> large<00:20:41.919> group<00:20:42.080> of<00:20:42.320> molecules 20:42.789 --> 20:42.799 align:start position:0% encompass a large group of molecules 20:42.799 --> 20:45.669 align:start position:0% encompass a large group of molecules that<00:20:43.039> tend<00:20:43.360> to<00:20:43.520> have<00:20:43.760> a<00:20:44.080> low<00:20:44.480> molecular<00:20:45.039> mass, 20:45.669 --> 20:45.679 align:start position:0% that tend to have a low molecular mass, 20:45.679 --> 20:48.070 align:start position:0% that tend to have a low molecular mass, so<00:20:45.919> they<00:20:46.080> can<00:20:46.240> evaporate<00:20:46.880> easily<00:20:47.360> and<00:20:47.679> travel 20:48.070 --> 20:48.080 align:start position:0% so they can evaporate easily and travel 20:48.080 --> 20:50.789 align:start position:0% so they can evaporate easily and travel through<00:20:48.320> the<00:20:48.559> soil<00:20:48.880> or<00:20:49.200> air.<00:20:50.159> For<00:20:50.400> several 20:50.789 --> 20:50.799 align:start position:0% through the soil or air. For several 20:50.799 --> 20:53.110 align:start position:0% through the soil or air. For several decades<00:20:51.200> now,<00:20:51.679> scientists<00:20:52.320> have<00:20:52.559> suspected 20:53.110 --> 20:53.120 align:start position:0% decades now, scientists have suspected 20:53.120 --> 20:54.870 align:start position:0% decades now, scientists have suspected that<00:20:53.280> they<00:20:53.520> play<00:20:53.760> a<00:20:54.000> role<00:20:54.240> in<00:20:54.559> tree 20:54.870 --> 20:54.880 align:start position:0% that they play a role in tree 20:54.880 --> 20:57.350 align:start position:0% that they play a role in tree communication,<00:20:56.080> particularly<00:20:56.640> when<00:20:57.039> trees 20:57.350 --> 20:57.360 align:start position:0% communication, particularly when trees 20:57.360 --> 21:00.230 align:start position:0% communication, particularly when trees are<00:20:57.600> exposed<00:20:58.000> to<00:20:58.240> stress. 21:00.230 --> 21:00.240 align:start position:0% are exposed to stress. 21:00.240 --> 21:02.149 align:start position:0% are exposed to stress. Because<00:21:00.559> trees<00:21:00.960> can't<00:21:01.200> just<00:21:01.440> run<00:21:01.600> away<00:21:01.840> from 21:02.149 --> 21:02.159 align:start position:0% Because trees can't just run away from 21:02.159 --> 21:04.149 align:start position:0% Because trees can't just run away from predators,<00:21:02.799> they<00:21:02.960> may<00:21:03.200> have<00:21:03.360> adapted<00:21:03.760> to<00:21:04.000> make 21:04.149 --> 21:04.159 align:start position:0% predators, they may have adapted to make 21:04.159 --> 21:07.190 align:start position:0% predators, they may have adapted to make use<00:21:04.480> of<00:21:04.720> VOCC's<00:21:05.440> as<00:21:05.679> a<00:21:05.919> warning<00:21:06.320> signal<00:21:06.880> in<00:21:07.039> the 21:07.190 --> 21:07.200 align:start position:0% use of VOCC's as a warning signal in the 21:07.200 --> 21:09.029 align:start position:0% use of VOCC's as a warning signal in the event<00:21:07.360> of<00:21:07.520> an<00:21:07.760> attack,<00:21:08.320> giving<00:21:08.559> them<00:21:08.799> more 21:09.029 --> 21:09.039 align:start position:0% event of an attack, giving them more 21:09.039 --> 21:12.710 align:start position:0% event of an attack, giving them more time<00:21:09.200> to<00:21:09.520> prepare.<00:21:10.559> A<00:21:10.880> 2013<00:21:11.679> study<00:21:12.320> cut<00:21:12.559> the 21:12.710 --> 21:12.720 align:start position:0% time to prepare. A 2013 study cut the 21:12.720 --> 21:14.470 align:start position:0% time to prepare. A 2013 study cut the leaves<00:21:12.960> of<00:21:13.200> willow<00:21:13.600> trees<00:21:13.840> to<00:21:14.080> mimic<00:21:14.320> the 21:14.470 --> 21:14.480 align:start position:0% leaves of willow trees to mimic the 21:14.480 --> 21:17.190 align:start position:0% leaves of willow trees to mimic the damage<00:21:14.799> caused<00:21:15.120> by<00:21:15.360> nibbling<00:21:15.919> creatures. 21:17.190 --> 21:17.200 align:start position:0% damage caused by nibbling creatures. 21:17.200 --> 21:19.669 align:start position:0% damage caused by nibbling creatures. This<00:21:17.440> caused<00:21:17.760> them<00:21:17.919> to<00:21:18.080> release<00:21:18.480> VOCC's,<00:21:19.440> and 21:19.669 --> 21:19.679 align:start position:0% This caused them to release VOCC's, and 21:19.679 --> 21:22.310 align:start position:0% This caused them to release VOCC's, and as<00:21:19.919> a<00:21:20.159> result,<00:21:20.960> neighboring<00:21:21.520> trees<00:21:21.840> were<00:21:22.159> then 21:22.310 --> 21:22.320 align:start position:0% as a result, neighboring trees were then 21:22.320 --> 21:25.110 align:start position:0% as a result, neighboring trees were then more<00:21:22.640> likely<00:21:22.960> to<00:21:23.200> be<00:21:23.360> munched<00:21:23.679> on<00:21:24.000> instead. 21:25.110 --> 21:25.120 align:start position:0% more likely to be munched on instead. 21:25.120 --> 21:27.590 align:start position:0% more likely to be munched on instead. The<00:21:25.360> same<00:21:25.520> was<00:21:25.760> found<00:21:25.919> in<00:21:26.159> another<00:21:26.559> study, 21:27.590 --> 21:27.600 align:start position:0% The same was found in another study, 21:27.600 --> 21:30.310 align:start position:0% The same was found in another study, this<00:21:27.840> time<00:21:28.080> on<00:21:28.480> older<00:21:28.880> trees. 21:30.310 --> 21:30.320 align:start position:0% this time on older trees. 21:30.320 --> 21:32.789 align:start position:0% this time on older trees. They<00:21:30.640> saw<00:21:30.880> the<00:21:31.120> same<00:21:31.280> effect.<00:21:32.000> But<00:21:32.400> funnily 21:32.789 --> 21:32.799 align:start position:0% They saw the same effect. But funnily 21:32.799 --> 21:36.070 align:start position:0% They saw the same effect. But funnily enough,<00:21:33.919> trees<00:21:34.559> further<00:21:35.120> from<00:21:35.440> the<00:21:35.600> damaged 21:36.070 --> 21:36.080 align:start position:0% enough, trees further from the damaged 21:36.080 --> 21:38.470 align:start position:0% enough, trees further from the damaged ones<00:21:36.640> showed<00:21:37.039> weaker<00:21:37.600> resistance<00:21:38.159> to 21:38.470 --> 21:38.480 align:start position:0% ones showed weaker resistance to 21:38.480 --> 21:41.190 align:start position:0% ones showed weaker resistance to herbivores,<00:21:39.600> suggesting<00:21:40.080> that<00:21:40.320> if<00:21:40.559> a<00:21:40.880> signal 21:41.190 --> 21:41.200 align:start position:0% herbivores, suggesting that if a signal 21:41.200 --> 21:43.750 align:start position:0% herbivores, suggesting that if a signal was<00:21:41.440> involved,<00:21:42.400> there<00:21:42.640> was<00:21:42.720> a<00:21:42.960> limit<00:21:43.200> to<00:21:43.520> how 21:43.750 --> 21:43.760 align:start position:0% was involved, there was a limit to how 21:43.760 --> 21:48.310 align:start position:0% was involved, there was a limit to how far<00:21:44.000> it<00:21:44.320> could<00:21:44.480> travel<00:21:45.039> through<00:21:45.360> the<00:21:45.520> forest. 21:48.310 --> 21:48.320 align:start position:0% far it could travel through the forest. 21:48.320 --> 21:50.070 align:start position:0% far it could travel through the forest. So,<00:21:48.640> we've<00:21:48.960> discussed<00:21:49.360> some<00:21:49.520> of<00:21:49.679> the<00:21:49.840> evidence 21:50.070 --> 21:50.080 align:start position:0% So, we've discussed some of the evidence 21:50.080 --> 21:53.590 align:start position:0% So, we've discussed some of the evidence for<00:21:50.400> VOCC's<00:21:51.039> being<00:21:51.360> used<00:21:51.520> in<00:21:51.840> communication, 21:53.590 --> 21:53.600 align:start position:0% for VOCC's being used in communication, 21:53.600 --> 21:55.510 align:start position:0% for VOCC's being used in communication, but<00:21:53.840> how<00:21:54.080> did<00:21:54.320> scientists<00:21:54.880> piece<00:21:55.200> this 21:55.510 --> 21:55.520 align:start position:0% but how did scientists piece this 21:55.520 --> 21:57.590 align:start position:0% but how did scientists piece this together<00:21:55.840> into<00:21:56.240> a<00:21:56.480> theory<00:21:56.880> of<00:21:57.120> what<00:21:57.360> was 21:57.590 --> 21:57.600 align:start position:0% together into a theory of what was 21:57.600 --> 21:59.350 align:start position:0% together into a theory of what was really<00:21:57.919> going<00:21:58.159> on? 21:59.350 --> 21:59.360 align:start position:0% really going on? 21:59.360 --> 22:00.950 align:start position:0% really going on? These<00:21:59.679> studies<00:22:00.000> were<00:22:00.240> suggesting<00:22:00.640> that<00:22:00.799> when 22:00.950 --> 22:00.960 align:start position:0% These studies were suggesting that when 22:00.960 --> 22:03.190 align:start position:0% These studies were suggesting that when a<00:22:01.200> tree<00:22:01.280> is<00:22:01.520> attacked<00:22:01.919> by<00:22:02.080> a<00:22:02.320> herbivore<00:22:02.880> and 22:03.190 --> 22:03.200 align:start position:0% a tree is attacked by a herbivore and 22:03.200 --> 22:05.990 align:start position:0% a tree is attacked by a herbivore and damaged<00:22:03.679> in<00:22:04.000> some<00:22:04.320> way,<00:22:04.960> its<00:22:05.280> neighbors<00:22:05.760> could 22:05.990 --> 22:06.000 align:start position:0% damaged in some way, its neighbors could 22:06.000 --> 22:08.070 align:start position:0% damaged in some way, its neighbors could pick<00:22:06.240> up<00:22:06.400> on<00:22:06.559> this<00:22:06.720> and<00:22:07.039> prepare<00:22:07.520> themselves 22:08.070 --> 22:08.080 align:start position:0% pick up on this and prepare themselves 22:08.080 --> 22:11.190 align:start position:0% pick up on this and prepare themselves for<00:22:08.400> an<00:22:08.640> attack.<00:22:09.520> This<00:22:09.760> is<00:22:10.000> possible<00:22:10.559> as<00:22:10.880> trees 22:11.190 --> 22:11.200 align:start position:0% for an attack. This is possible as trees 22:11.200 --> 22:13.590 align:start position:0% for an attack. This is possible as trees have<00:22:11.360> a<00:22:11.520> host<00:22:11.840> of<00:22:12.080> chemicals<00:22:12.559> they<00:22:12.880> can<00:22:13.039> use<00:22:13.280> in 22:13.590 --> 22:13.600 align:start position:0% have a host of chemicals they can use in 22:13.600 --> 22:16.230 align:start position:0% have a host of chemicals they can use in herbivore<00:22:14.159> defense<00:22:14.960> like<00:22:15.200> bitter<00:22:15.679> tasting 22:16.230 --> 22:16.240 align:start position:0% herbivore defense like bitter tasting 22:16.240 --> 22:19.430 align:start position:0% herbivore defense like bitter tasting tannins<00:22:17.039> or<00:22:17.280> toxic<00:22:17.919> alkaloids<00:22:18.960> which<00:22:19.200> have 22:19.430 --> 22:19.440 align:start position:0% tannins or toxic alkaloids which have 22:19.440 --> 22:21.350 align:start position:0% tannins or toxic alkaloids which have been<00:22:19.600> shown<00:22:19.840> to<00:22:20.000> be<00:22:20.159> effective<00:22:20.640> tools<00:22:21.039> in 22:21.350 --> 22:21.360 align:start position:0% been shown to be effective tools in 22:21.360 --> 22:24.390 align:start position:0% been shown to be effective tools in fending<00:22:21.760> off<00:22:22.000> pests.<00:22:23.360> And<00:22:23.679> scientists<00:22:24.159> could 22:24.390 --> 22:24.400 align:start position:0% fending off pests. And scientists could 22:24.400 --> 22:26.710 align:start position:0% fending off pests. And scientists could be<00:22:24.559> pretty<00:22:24.880> sure<00:22:25.039> that<00:22:25.280> it<00:22:25.520> was<00:22:25.840> VOCC's<00:22:26.480> that 22:26.710 --> 22:26.720 align:start position:0% be pretty sure that it was VOCC's that 22:26.720 --> 22:29.590 align:start position:0% be pretty sure that it was VOCC's that were<00:22:26.880> inducing<00:22:27.520> these<00:22:27.919> responses<00:22:28.960> since<00:22:29.360> any 22:29.590 --> 22:29.600 align:start position:0% were inducing these responses since any 22:29.600 --> 22:31.990 align:start position:0% were inducing these responses since any efforts<00:22:30.000> to<00:22:30.159> block<00:22:30.480> airborne<00:22:31.200> signals<00:22:31.760> by 22:31.990 --> 22:32.000 align:start position:0% efforts to block airborne signals by 22:32.000 --> 22:33.990 align:start position:0% efforts to block airborne signals by putting<00:22:32.240> the<00:22:32.480> tree<00:22:32.720> branches<00:22:33.200> in<00:22:33.440> airtight 22:33.990 --> 22:34.000 align:start position:0% putting the tree branches in airtight 22:34.000 --> 22:36.310 align:start position:0% putting the tree branches in airtight bags<00:22:34.480> meant<00:22:34.799> that<00:22:35.039> neighboring<00:22:35.600> trees<00:22:36.000> took 22:36.310 --> 22:36.320 align:start position:0% bags meant that neighboring trees took 22:36.320 --> 22:39.350 align:start position:0% bags meant that neighboring trees took more<00:22:36.640> damage<00:22:37.120> from<00:22:37.360> the<00:22:37.600> herbivores. 22:39.350 --> 22:39.360 align:start position:0% more damage from the herbivores. 22:39.360 --> 22:41.430 align:start position:0% more damage from the herbivores. But<00:22:39.600> hang<00:22:39.840> on<00:22:40.480> because<00:22:40.720> there's<00:22:40.960> a<00:22:41.120> danger 22:41.430 --> 22:41.440 align:start position:0% But hang on because there's a danger 22:41.440 --> 22:43.590 align:start position:0% But hang on because there's a danger here<00:22:41.679> of<00:22:41.919> entering<00:22:42.240> into<00:22:42.480> the<00:22:42.720> same<00:22:42.960> minefield 22:43.590 --> 22:43.600 align:start position:0% here of entering into the same minefield 22:43.600 --> 22:47.190 align:start position:0% here of entering into the same minefield as<00:22:43.840> the<00:22:44.080> woodwide<00:22:44.720> web<00:22:45.120> drama.<00:22:46.240> This<00:22:46.559> behavior 22:47.190 --> 22:47.200 align:start position:0% as the woodwide web drama. This behavior 22:47.200 --> 22:49.350 align:start position:0% as the woodwide web drama. This behavior seems<00:22:47.600> too<00:22:47.919> selfless<00:22:48.480> to<00:22:48.720> work<00:22:48.960> with<00:22:49.120> the 22:49.350 --> 22:49.360 align:start position:0% seems too selfless to work with the 22:49.360 --> 22:51.909 align:start position:0% seems too selfless to work with the principle<00:22:49.760> of<00:22:50.000> survival<00:22:50.480> of<00:22:50.640> the<00:22:50.880> fittest. 22:51.909 --> 22:51.919 align:start position:0% principle of survival of the fittest. 22:51.919 --> 22:53.590 align:start position:0% principle of survival of the fittest. Why<00:22:52.159> would<00:22:52.320> a<00:22:52.480> tree<00:22:52.720> bother<00:22:53.039> to<00:22:53.280> send<00:22:53.440> a 22:53.590 --> 22:53.600 align:start position:0% Why would a tree bother to send a 22:53.600 --> 22:55.430 align:start position:0% Why would a tree bother to send a warning<00:22:53.919> signal<00:22:54.240> to<00:22:54.400> its<00:22:54.640> neighbors<00:22:55.120> whilst 22:55.430 --> 22:55.440 align:start position:0% warning signal to its neighbors whilst 22:55.440 --> 22:57.990 align:start position:0% warning signal to its neighbors whilst it<00:22:55.679> was<00:22:55.760> being<00:22:56.000> attacked<00:22:56.320> by<00:22:56.559> herbivores? 22:57.990 --> 22:58.000 align:start position:0% it was being attacked by herbivores? 22:58.000 --> 23:00.070 align:start position:0% it was being attacked by herbivores? Wouldn't<00:22:58.320> it<00:22:58.480> be<00:22:58.720> better<00:22:59.120> for<00:22:59.440> that<00:22:59.679> tree<00:22:59.840> if 23:00.070 --> 23:00.080 align:start position:0% Wouldn't it be better for that tree if 23:00.080 --> 23:02.390 align:start position:0% Wouldn't it be better for that tree if its<00:23:00.240> neighbors<00:23:00.640> did<00:23:00.880> get<00:23:01.039> damaged<00:23:01.840> since<00:23:02.159> that 23:02.390 --> 23:02.400 align:start position:0% its neighbors did get damaged since that 23:02.400 --> 23:03.990 align:start position:0% its neighbors did get damaged since that might<00:23:02.559> leave<00:23:02.880> more<00:23:03.120> light<00:23:03.440> and<00:23:03.760> other 23:03.990 --> 23:04.000 align:start position:0% might leave more light and other 23:04.000 --> 23:08.149 align:start position:0% might leave more light and other resources<00:23:04.720> for<00:23:05.039> itself?<00:23:06.240> But<00:23:06.559> consider<00:23:06.960> this. 23:08.149 --> 23:08.159 align:start position:0% resources for itself? But consider this. 23:08.159 --> 23:10.230 align:start position:0% resources for itself? But consider this. What<00:23:08.320> if<00:23:08.559> the<00:23:08.799> damaged<00:23:09.200> tree<00:23:09.679> wasn't 23:10.230 --> 23:10.240 align:start position:0% What if the damaged tree wasn't 23:10.240 --> 23:12.549 align:start position:0% What if the damaged tree wasn't intentionally<00:23:11.360> sending<00:23:11.679> out<00:23:11.919> a<00:23:12.159> warning<00:23:12.400> to 23:12.549 --> 23:12.559 align:start position:0% intentionally sending out a warning to 23:12.559 --> 23:15.029 align:start position:0% intentionally sending out a warning to help<00:23:12.799> its<00:23:13.120> neighbors,<00:23:14.080> but<00:23:14.320> the<00:23:14.559> neighbors 23:15.029 --> 23:15.039 align:start position:0% help its neighbors, but the neighbors 23:15.039 --> 23:17.190 align:start position:0% help its neighbors, but the neighbors had<00:23:15.280> evolved<00:23:15.679> to<00:23:15.919> make<00:23:16.080> use<00:23:16.400> of<00:23:16.559> a<00:23:16.799> warning 23:17.190 --> 23:17.200 align:start position:0% had evolved to make use of a warning 23:17.200 --> 23:19.430 align:start position:0% had evolved to make use of a warning that<00:23:17.440> the<00:23:17.600> damaged<00:23:18.000> tree<00:23:18.400> was<00:23:18.720> releasing 23:19.430 --> 23:19.440 align:start position:0% that the damaged tree was releasing 23:19.440 --> 23:21.029 align:start position:0% that the damaged tree was releasing anyway? 23:21.029 --> 23:21.039 align:start position:0% anyway? 23:21.039 --> 23:23.430 align:start position:0% anyway? Scientists<00:23:21.600> call<00:23:21.840> this<00:23:22.159> eavesdropping<00:23:23.200> and 23:23.430 --> 23:23.440 align:start position:0% Scientists call this eavesdropping and 23:23.440 --> 23:25.590 align:start position:0% Scientists call this eavesdropping and it<00:23:23.679> explains<00:23:24.080> these<00:23:24.480> results<00:23:24.799> in<00:23:25.039> a<00:23:25.200> way<00:23:25.280> that 23:25.590 --> 23:25.600 align:start position:0% it explains these results in a way that 23:25.600 --> 23:27.909 align:start position:0% it explains these results in a way that agrees<00:23:26.080> with<00:23:26.480> widely<00:23:26.960> accepted<00:23:27.440> principles 23:27.909 --> 23:27.919 align:start position:0% agrees with widely accepted principles 23:27.919 --> 23:30.789 align:start position:0% agrees with widely accepted principles of<00:23:28.240> natural<00:23:28.720> selection.<00:23:29.840> Any<00:23:30.159> individual 23:30.789 --> 23:30.799 align:start position:0% of natural selection. Any individual 23:30.799 --> 23:33.430 align:start position:0% of natural selection. Any individual plant<00:23:31.280> produces<00:23:31.840> many<00:23:32.320> VOCC's<00:23:33.039> when<00:23:33.200> it's 23:33.430 --> 23:33.440 align:start position:0% plant produces many VOCC's when it's 23:33.440 --> 23:35.909 align:start position:0% plant produces many VOCC's when it's attacked<00:23:33.760> by<00:23:34.000> herbivores<00:23:34.880> to<00:23:35.200> signal<00:23:35.679> to 23:35.909 --> 23:35.919 align:start position:0% attacked by herbivores to signal to 23:35.919 --> 23:38.870 align:start position:0% attacked by herbivores to signal to itself,<00:23:37.039> coordinating<00:23:37.679> a<00:23:38.000> response<00:23:38.480> between 23:38.870 --> 23:38.880 align:start position:0% itself, coordinating a response between 23:38.880 --> 23:42.470 align:start position:0% itself, coordinating a response between distant<00:23:39.440> branches<00:23:39.919> or<00:23:40.240> leaves.<00:23:41.520> It<00:23:41.840> is<00:23:42.000> this 23:42.470 --> 23:42.480 align:start position:0% distant branches or leaves. It is this 23:42.480 --> 23:45.029 align:start position:0% distant branches or leaves. It is this signal<00:23:43.440> meant<00:23:43.760> for<00:23:44.000> communication<00:23:44.640> within 23:45.029 --> 23:45.039 align:start position:0% signal meant for communication within 23:45.039 --> 23:47.750 align:start position:0% signal meant for communication within each<00:23:45.360> individual<00:23:46.159> plant<00:23:46.799> that<00:23:47.120> other<00:23:47.360> plants 23:47.750 --> 23:47.760 align:start position:0% each individual plant that other plants 23:47.760 --> 23:50.470 align:start position:0% each individual plant that other plants can<00:23:48.000> pick<00:23:48.159> up<00:23:48.320> on<00:23:48.640> and<00:23:48.960> use<00:23:49.200> to<00:23:49.520> prime<00:23:50.159> their 23:50.470 --> 23:50.480 align:start position:0% can pick up on and use to prime their 23:50.480 --> 23:53.350 align:start position:0% can pick up on and use to prime their own<00:23:50.720> responses. 23:53.350 --> 23:53.360 align:start position:0% own responses. 23:53.360 --> 23:55.990 align:start position:0% own responses. So<00:23:53.679> trees<00:23:54.080> have<00:23:54.240> adapted<00:23:54.720> to<00:23:55.039> eavesdrop<00:23:55.679> on 23:55.990 --> 23:56.000 align:start position:0% So trees have adapted to eavesdrop on 23:56.000 --> 23:58.710 align:start position:0% So trees have adapted to eavesdrop on their<00:23:56.320> fellow<00:23:56.720> trees<00:23:57.120> in<00:23:57.440> the<00:23:57.600> forest.<00:23:58.480> But 23:58.710 --> 23:58.720 align:start position:0% their fellow trees in the forest. But 23:58.720 --> 24:00.950 align:start position:0% their fellow trees in the forest. But perhaps<00:23:59.280> more<00:23:59.520> impressive<00:24:00.080> is<00:24:00.400> their<00:24:00.640> ability 24:00.950 --> 24:00.960 align:start position:0% perhaps more impressive is their ability 24:00.960 --> 24:04.310 align:start position:0% perhaps more impressive is their ability to<00:24:01.280> call<00:24:01.600> for<00:24:01.840> help<00:24:02.320> during<00:24:02.720> an<00:24:02.960> attack<00:24:04.000> from 24:04.310 --> 24:04.320 align:start position:0% to call for help during an attack from 24:04.320 --> 24:07.350 align:start position:0% to call for help during an attack from the<00:24:04.480> most<00:24:04.799> unlikely<00:24:05.600> allies. 24:07.350 --> 24:07.360 align:start position:0% the most unlikely allies. 24:07.360 --> 24:10.149 align:start position:0% the most unlikely allies. Tarpen<00:24:08.080> are<00:24:08.320> a<00:24:08.480> specific<00:24:09.039> group<00:24:09.440> within<00:24:09.919> the 24:10.149 --> 24:10.159 align:start position:0% Tarpen are a specific group within the 24:10.159 --> 24:12.789 align:start position:0% Tarpen are a specific group within the VOCC's<00:24:11.120> and<00:24:11.360> are<00:24:11.600> responsible<00:24:12.080> for<00:24:12.240> that<00:24:12.480> nice 24:12.789 --> 24:12.799 align:start position:0% VOCC's and are responsible for that nice 24:12.799 --> 24:14.870 align:start position:0% VOCC's and are responsible for that nice tree<00:24:13.200> smell<00:24:13.520> you<00:24:13.760> get<00:24:13.919> when<00:24:14.080> you<00:24:14.240> walk<00:24:14.480> into<00:24:14.720> a 24:14.870 --> 24:14.880 align:start position:0% tree smell you get when you walk into a 24:14.880 --> 24:17.510 align:start position:0% tree smell you get when you walk into a forest.<00:24:15.760> These<00:24:16.080> molecules<00:24:16.640> are<00:24:16.799> also<00:24:17.120> used<00:24:17.279> in 24:17.510 --> 24:17.520 align:start position:0% forest. These molecules are also used in 24:17.520 --> 24:19.350 align:start position:0% forest. These molecules are also used in tree<00:24:17.840> communication<00:24:18.559> in<00:24:18.880> response<00:24:19.120> to 24:19.350 --> 24:19.360 align:start position:0% tree communication in response to 24:19.360 --> 24:21.909 align:start position:0% tree communication in response to herbivores,<00:24:20.159> environmental<00:24:20.880> stress,<00:24:21.600> and 24:21.909 --> 24:21.919 align:start position:0% herbivores, environmental stress, and 24:21.919 --> 24:25.029 align:start position:0% herbivores, environmental stress, and changes<00:24:22.320> to<00:24:22.559> the<00:24:22.720> soil<00:24:23.120> microbiome. 24:25.029 --> 24:25.039 align:start position:0% changes to the soil microbiome. 24:25.039 --> 24:27.669 align:start position:0% changes to the soil microbiome. In<00:24:25.360> 2011,<00:24:26.159> an<00:24:26.400> experiment<00:24:26.880> looked<00:24:27.120> into<00:24:27.440> how 24:27.669 --> 24:27.679 align:start position:0% In 2011, an experiment looked into how 24:27.679 --> 24:29.990 align:start position:0% In 2011, an experiment looked into how the<00:24:27.919> European<00:24:28.640> field<00:24:28.960> elm<00:24:29.440> responds<00:24:29.760> to 24:29.990 --> 24:30.000 align:start position:0% the European field elm responds to 24:30.000 --> 24:32.470 align:start position:0% the European field elm responds to attacks<00:24:30.480> from<00:24:30.640> the<00:24:30.799> elmleaf<00:24:31.440> beetle<00:24:32.080> with<00:24:32.320> the 24:32.470 --> 24:32.480 align:start position:0% attacks from the elmleaf beetle with the 24:32.480 --> 24:35.990 align:start position:0% attacks from the elmleaf beetle with the help<00:24:32.720> of<00:24:32.960> tarpen.<00:24:34.400> See,<00:24:34.720> the<00:24:34.880> elmleaf<00:24:35.440> beetle 24:35.990 --> 24:36.000 align:start position:0% help of tarpen. See, the elmleaf beetle 24:36.000 --> 24:37.990 align:start position:0% help of tarpen. See, the elmleaf beetle likes<00:24:36.240> to<00:24:36.480> lay<00:24:36.559> its<00:24:36.799> eggs<00:24:37.120> on<00:24:37.279> the<00:24:37.440> leaves<00:24:37.760> of 24:37.990 --> 24:38.000 align:start position:0% likes to lay its eggs on the leaves of 24:38.000 --> 24:40.310 align:start position:0% likes to lay its eggs on the leaves of the<00:24:38.159> tree,<00:24:38.720> ready<00:24:38.960> for<00:24:39.120> the<00:24:39.360> larae<00:24:39.840> to<00:24:40.000> feast 24:40.310 --> 24:40.320 align:start position:0% the tree, ready for the larae to feast 24:40.320 --> 24:43.350 align:start position:0% the tree, ready for the larae to feast on<00:24:40.480> them<00:24:40.720> when<00:24:40.960> they<00:24:41.200> hatch.<00:24:42.480> But<00:24:42.640> the<00:24:42.799> elm<00:24:43.200> has 24:43.350 --> 24:43.360 align:start position:0% on them when they hatch. But the elm has 24:43.360 --> 24:45.510 align:start position:0% on them when they hatch. But the elm has some<00:24:43.600> tricks<00:24:43.919> up<00:24:44.080> its<00:24:44.320> sleeve<00:24:44.880> to<00:24:45.120> combat 24:45.510 --> 24:45.520 align:start position:0% some tricks up its sleeve to combat 24:45.520 --> 24:48.549 align:start position:0% some tricks up its sleeve to combat this.<00:24:46.240> They<00:24:46.559> release<00:24:47.120> turppines,<00:24:48.000> which<00:24:48.240> seem 24:48.549 --> 24:48.559 align:start position:0% this. They release turppines, which seem 24:48.559 --> 24:51.430 align:start position:0% this. They release turppines, which seem to<00:24:48.720> attract<00:24:49.200> another<00:24:49.600> insect,<00:24:50.559> the<00:24:50.799> euphilid 24:51.430 --> 24:51.440 align:start position:0% to attract another insect, the euphilid 24:51.440 --> 24:54.549 align:start position:0% to attract another insect, the euphilid wasp,<00:24:51.919> to<00:24:52.159> eat<00:24:52.400> the<00:24:52.720> eggs.<00:24:53.760> Like<00:24:54.080> insect 24:54.549 --> 24:54.559 align:start position:0% wasp, to eat the eggs. Like insect 24:54.559 --> 24:56.630 align:start position:0% wasp, to eat the eggs. Like insect bodyguards,<00:24:55.360> they<00:24:55.600> can<00:24:55.760> protect<00:24:56.080> the<00:24:56.240> elm 24:56.630 --> 24:56.640 align:start position:0% bodyguards, they can protect the elm 24:56.640 --> 24:59.669 align:start position:0% bodyguards, they can protect the elm from<00:24:56.880> damage<00:24:57.600> and<00:24:58.000> get<00:24:58.159> a<00:24:58.400> nice<00:24:58.640> egg<00:24:58.960> feast<00:24:59.360> as 24:59.669 --> 24:59.679 align:start position:0% from damage and get a nice egg feast as 24:59.679 --> 25:03.350 align:start position:0% from damage and get a nice egg feast as a<00:24:59.840> reward.<00:25:01.120> The<00:25:01.440> 2011<00:25:02.159> study<00:25:02.480> was<00:25:02.799> designed<00:25:03.200> to 25:03.350 --> 25:03.360 align:start position:0% a reward. The 2011 study was designed to 25:03.360 --> 25:05.269 align:start position:0% a reward. The 2011 study was designed to prove<00:25:03.600> whether<00:25:03.919> it<00:25:04.080> was<00:25:04.159> the<00:25:04.400> turppen<00:25:05.120> that 25:05.269 --> 25:05.279 align:start position:0% prove whether it was the turppen that 25:05.279 --> 25:07.909 align:start position:0% prove whether it was the turppen that were<00:25:05.440> signaling<00:25:05.919> for<00:25:06.159> wasp<00:25:06.559> backup.<00:25:07.600> So<00:25:07.760> the 25:07.909 --> 25:07.919 align:start position:0% were signaling for wasp backup. So the 25:07.919 --> 25:09.669 align:start position:0% were signaling for wasp backup. So the authors<00:25:08.320> allowed<00:25:08.559> the<00:25:08.720> beetles<00:25:09.200> to<00:25:09.360> do<00:25:09.440> their 25:09.669 --> 25:09.679 align:start position:0% authors allowed the beetles to do their 25:09.679 --> 25:12.070 align:start position:0% authors allowed the beetles to do their thing<00:25:09.919> and<00:25:10.320> lay<00:25:10.480> eggs<00:25:10.720> on<00:25:10.960> the<00:25:11.120> elm<00:25:11.679> whilst 25:12.070 --> 25:12.080 align:start position:0% thing and lay eggs on the elm whilst 25:12.080 --> 25:13.510 align:start position:0% thing and lay eggs on the elm whilst treating<00:25:12.480> half<00:25:12.720> of<00:25:12.880> the<00:25:13.039> trees<00:25:13.360> with 25:13.510 --> 25:13.520 align:start position:0% treating half of the trees with 25:13.520 --> 25:15.669 align:start position:0% treating half of the trees with chemicals<00:25:14.320> that<00:25:14.640> stop<00:25:14.960> them<00:25:15.120> from<00:25:15.360> being<00:25:15.520> able 25:15.669 --> 25:15.679 align:start position:0% chemicals that stop them from being able 25:15.679 --> 25:17.830 align:start position:0% chemicals that stop them from being able to<00:25:15.919> make<00:25:16.159> tarpen. 25:17.830 --> 25:17.840 align:start position:0% to make tarpen. 25:17.840 --> 25:20.230 align:start position:0% to make tarpen. They<00:25:18.080> then<00:25:18.480> collected<00:25:19.279> all<00:25:19.520> the<00:25:19.760> odor 25:20.230 --> 25:20.240 align:start position:0% They then collected all the odor 25:20.240 --> 25:22.549 align:start position:0% They then collected all the odor produced<00:25:20.640> by<00:25:20.880> the<00:25:21.039> trees<00:25:21.360> during<00:25:21.679> this<00:25:21.919> ordeal 25:22.549 --> 25:22.559 align:start position:0% produced by the trees during this ordeal 25:22.559 --> 25:24.710 align:start position:0% produced by the trees during this ordeal and<00:25:22.880> presented<00:25:23.279> them<00:25:23.440> to<00:25:23.600> the<00:25:23.760> wasps<00:25:24.320> to<00:25:24.559> see 25:24.710 --> 25:24.720 align:start position:0% and presented them to the wasps to see 25:24.720 --> 25:28.149 align:start position:0% and presented them to the wasps to see what<00:25:24.880> they<00:25:25.200> do.<00:25:26.159> As<00:25:26.480> the<00:25:26.640> team<00:25:26.880> suspected,<00:25:27.919> the 25:28.149 --> 25:28.159 align:start position:0% what they do. As the team suspected, the 25:28.159 --> 25:30.710 align:start position:0% what they do. As the team suspected, the wasps<00:25:28.799> spent<00:25:29.200> significantly<00:25:29.919> more<00:25:30.240> time<00:25:30.480> in 25:30.710 --> 25:30.720 align:start position:0% wasps spent significantly more time in 25:30.720 --> 25:32.950 align:start position:0% wasps spent significantly more time in the<00:25:30.880> test<00:25:31.200> field<00:25:31.520> when<00:25:31.840> the<00:25:32.000> tree<00:25:32.320> odors 25:32.950 --> 25:32.960 align:start position:0% the test field when the tree odors 25:32.960 --> 25:35.990 align:start position:0% the test field when the tree odors included<00:25:33.919> turppins<00:25:34.880> than<00:25:35.120> when<00:25:35.440> tarpin 25:35.990 --> 25:36.000 align:start position:0% included turppins than when tarpin 25:36.000 --> 25:38.950 align:start position:0% included turppins than when tarpin production<00:25:36.480> had<00:25:36.799> been<00:25:37.039> cut<00:25:37.360> off. 25:38.950 --> 25:38.960 align:start position:0% production had been cut off. 25:38.960 --> 25:40.470 align:start position:0% production had been cut off. With<00:25:39.279> these<00:25:39.520> results,<00:25:39.919> the<00:25:40.159> authors 25:40.470 --> 25:40.480 align:start position:0% With these results, the authors 25:40.480 --> 25:42.630 align:start position:0% With these results, the authors concluded<00:25:40.960> that<00:25:41.120> it<00:25:41.440> is<00:25:41.679> the<00:25:41.919> turppins<00:25:42.480> that 25:42.630 --> 25:42.640 align:start position:0% concluded that it is the turppins that 25:42.640 --> 25:45.110 align:start position:0% concluded that it is the turppins that attract<00:25:43.039> the<00:25:43.200> wasps<00:25:43.840> and<00:25:44.080> that<00:25:44.240> the<00:25:44.400> trees<00:25:44.799> are 25:45.110 --> 25:45.120 align:start position:0% attract the wasps and that the trees are 25:45.120 --> 25:47.510 align:start position:0% attract the wasps and that the trees are far<00:25:45.440> more<00:25:45.840> skilled<00:25:46.159> at<00:25:46.480> fending<00:25:46.880> off<00:25:47.120> beetle 25:47.510 --> 25:47.520 align:start position:0% far more skilled at fending off beetle 25:47.520 --> 25:49.590 align:start position:0% far more skilled at fending off beetle attacks<00:25:48.320> than<00:25:48.559> we<00:25:48.799> may<00:25:48.960> give<00:25:49.120> them<00:25:49.360> credit 25:49.590 --> 25:49.600 align:start position:0% attacks than we may give them credit 25:49.600 --> 25:54.710 align:start position:0% attacks than we may give them credit for. 25:54.710 --> 25:54.720 align:start position:0% 25:54.720 --> 25:57.269 align:start position:0% So,<00:25:55.039> as<00:25:55.279> it<00:25:55.520> turns<00:25:55.760> out,<00:25:56.240> trees<00:25:56.720> have<00:25:56.960> some 25:57.269 --> 25:57.279 align:start position:0% So, as it turns out, trees have some 25:57.279 --> 25:59.269 align:start position:0% So, as it turns out, trees have some amazing<00:25:57.760> ways<00:25:58.080> of<00:25:58.320> interacting<00:25:58.799> with<00:25:59.039> the 25:59.269 --> 25:59.279 align:start position:0% amazing ways of interacting with the 25:59.279 --> 26:01.430 align:start position:0% amazing ways of interacting with the world<00:25:59.520> around<00:25:59.760> them. 26:01.430 --> 26:01.440 align:start position:0% world around them. 26:01.440 --> 26:04.070 align:start position:0% world around them. Like<00:26:01.679> any<00:26:02.000> living<00:26:02.320> thing<00:26:02.559> on<00:26:02.799> Earth,<00:26:03.600> trees 26:04.070 --> 26:04.080 align:start position:0% Like any living thing on Earth, trees 26:04.080 --> 26:06.549 align:start position:0% Like any living thing on Earth, trees can<00:26:04.240> sense<00:26:04.720> changes<00:26:05.120> to<00:26:05.360> their<00:26:05.600> surroundings 26:06.549 --> 26:06.559 align:start position:0% can sense changes to their surroundings 26:06.559 --> 26:08.710 align:start position:0% can sense changes to their surroundings and<00:26:06.799> have<00:26:07.039> employed<00:26:07.600> suites<00:26:08.080> of<00:26:08.240> molecules 26:08.710 --> 26:08.720 align:start position:0% and have employed suites of molecules 26:08.720 --> 26:11.110 align:start position:0% and have employed suites of molecules that<00:26:08.960> help<00:26:09.200> them<00:26:09.360> to<00:26:09.600> respond,<00:26:10.640> whether<00:26:10.880> it's 26:11.110 --> 26:11.120 align:start position:0% that help them to respond, whether it's 26:11.120 --> 26:13.990 align:start position:0% that help them to respond, whether it's seeking<00:26:11.520> out<00:26:11.760> food,<00:26:12.400> preventing<00:26:12.960> attacks,<00:26:13.600> or 26:13.990 --> 26:14.000 align:start position:0% seeking out food, preventing attacks, or 26:14.000 --> 26:17.110 align:start position:0% seeking out food, preventing attacks, or calling<00:26:14.320> out<00:26:14.559> for<00:26:14.799> help.<00:26:15.919> So,<00:26:16.320> yeah,<00:26:16.720> trees 26:17.110 --> 26:17.120 align:start position:0% calling out for help. So, yeah, trees 26:17.120 --> 26:19.430 align:start position:0% calling out for help. So, yeah, trees are<00:26:17.360> amazing,<00:26:17.919> but<00:26:18.240> just<00:26:18.480> maybe<00:26:18.720> not<00:26:19.039> in<00:26:19.279> the 26:19.430 --> 26:19.440 align:start position:0% are amazing, but just maybe not in the 26:19.440 --> 26:22.149 align:start position:0% are amazing, but just maybe not in the way<00:26:19.600> we<00:26:19.840> thought.<00:26:20.799> And<00:26:21.039> if<00:26:21.279> nothing<00:26:21.600> else,<00:26:21.919> the 26:22.149 --> 26:22.159 align:start position:0% way we thought. And if nothing else, the 26:22.159 --> 26:25.029 align:start position:0% way we thought. And if nothing else, the push<00:26:22.400> back<00:26:22.640> on<00:26:22.880> the<00:26:23.120> woodwide<00:26:23.919> web<00:26:24.720> should 26:25.029 --> 26:25.039 align:start position:0% push back on the woodwide web should 26:25.039 --> 26:27.590 align:start position:0% push back on the woodwide web should motivate<00:26:25.520> us<00:26:25.679> to<00:26:25.919> understand<00:26:26.400> trees<00:26:26.960> better, 26:27.590 --> 26:27.600 align:start position:0% motivate us to understand trees better, 26:27.600 --> 26:29.909 align:start position:0% motivate us to understand trees better, as<00:26:27.840> there<00:26:28.080> are<00:26:28.320> still<00:26:28.720> so<00:26:29.039> many<00:26:29.360> fascinating 26:29.909 --> 26:29.919 align:start position:0% as there are still so many fascinating 26:29.919 --> 26:32.230 align:start position:0% as there are still so many fascinating answers<00:26:30.320> to<00:26:30.559> be<00:26:30.720> found. 26:32.230 --> 26:32.240 align:start position:0% answers to be found. 26:32.240 --> 26:34.789 align:start position:0% answers to be found. I'll<00:26:32.559> be<00:26:32.640> honest,<00:26:33.279> I<00:26:33.679> originally<00:26:34.240> expected<00:26:34.640> to 26:34.789 --> 26:34.799 align:start position:0% I'll be honest, I originally expected to 26:34.799 --> 26:36.549 align:start position:0% I'll be honest, I originally expected to tell<00:26:34.960> a<00:26:35.120> more<00:26:35.279> traditional<00:26:35.840> story<00:26:36.080> of<00:26:36.320> the 26:36.549 --> 26:36.559 align:start position:0% tell a more traditional story of the 26:36.559 --> 26:38.950 align:start position:0% tell a more traditional story of the woodwide<00:26:37.039> web,<00:26:37.600> exploring<00:26:38.080> a<00:26:38.400> forest<00:26:38.720> of 26:38.950 --> 26:38.960 align:start position:0% woodwide web, exploring a forest of 26:38.960 --> 26:40.789 align:start position:0% woodwide web, exploring a forest of trees<00:26:39.200> that<00:26:39.360> are<00:26:39.520> all<00:26:39.679> for<00:26:39.919> one<00:26:40.159> and<00:26:40.320> one<00:26:40.559> for 26:40.789 --> 26:40.799 align:start position:0% trees that are all for one and one for 26:40.799 --> 26:42.950 align:start position:0% trees that are all for one and one for all,<00:26:41.520> assisting<00:26:42.000> each<00:26:42.240> other<00:26:42.400> with<00:26:42.640> their 26:42.950 --> 26:42.960 align:start position:0% all, assisting each other with their 26:42.960 --> 26:46.230 align:start position:0% all, assisting each other with their intricate<00:26:43.600> network<00:26:44.000> of<00:26:44.240> fungal<00:26:44.799> friends.<00:26:46.000> But 26:46.230 --> 26:46.240 align:start position:0% intricate network of fungal friends. But 26:46.240 --> 26:47.990 align:start position:0% intricate network of fungal friends. But thanks<00:26:46.480> to<00:26:46.640> this<00:26:46.880> new<00:26:47.039> research,<00:26:47.600> that<00:26:47.840> is 26:47.990 --> 26:48.000 align:start position:0% thanks to this new research, that is 26:48.000 --> 26:51.110 align:start position:0% thanks to this new research, that is definitely<00:26:48.400> not<00:26:49.039> how<00:26:49.279> the<00:26:49.600> story<00:26:49.919> unfolded. 26:51.110 --> 26:51.120 align:start position:0% definitely not how the story unfolded. 26:51.120 --> 26:52.789 align:start position:0% definitely not how the story unfolded. But<00:26:51.279> I<00:26:51.520> hope<00:26:51.679> you'll<00:26:51.919> agree<00:26:52.159> that<00:26:52.400> this<00:26:52.640> is 26:52.789 --> 26:52.799 align:start position:0% But I hope you'll agree that this is 26:52.799 --> 26:55.590 align:start position:0% But I hope you'll agree that this is still<00:26:53.039> a<00:26:53.279> tale<00:26:53.679> worth<00:26:54.080> telling.<00:26:55.120> Though<00:26:55.360> they 26:55.590 --> 26:55.600 align:start position:0% still a tale worth telling. Though they 26:55.600 --> 26:58.230 align:start position:0% still a tale worth telling. Though they strive<00:26:55.840> to<00:26:56.000> be,<00:26:56.400> scientists<00:26:57.039> are<00:26:57.360> not<00:26:57.600> always 26:58.230 --> 26:58.240 align:start position:0% strive to be, scientists are not always 26:58.240 --> 27:01.269 align:start position:0% strive to be, scientists are not always right.<00:26:59.360> Ideas<00:26:59.840> can<00:27:00.159> and<00:27:00.559> should<00:27:01.039> be 27:01.269 --> 27:01.279 align:start position:0% right. Ideas can and should be 27:01.279 --> 27:03.590 align:start position:0% right. Ideas can and should be questioned,<00:27:02.240> details<00:27:02.799> revised,<00:27:03.360> and 27:03.590 --> 27:03.600 align:start position:0% questioned, details revised, and 27:03.600 --> 27:05.669 align:start position:0% questioned, details revised, and corrections<00:27:04.240> made<00:27:04.559> as<00:27:04.880> their<00:27:05.120> research 27:05.669 --> 27:05.679 align:start position:0% corrections made as their research 27:05.679 --> 27:07.669 align:start position:0% corrections made as their research unfolds. 27:07.669 --> 27:07.679 align:start position:0% unfolds. 27:07.679 --> 27:09.830 align:start position:0% unfolds. Science<00:27:08.080> is<00:27:08.320> built<00:27:08.559> on<00:27:08.799> debate<00:27:09.440> and 27:09.830 --> 27:09.840 align:start position:0% Science is built on debate and 27:09.840 --> 27:12.070 align:start position:0% Science is built on debate and continuous<00:27:10.559> pursuit<00:27:11.120> of<00:27:11.440> knowledge<00:27:11.760> and 27:12.070 --> 27:12.080 align:start position:0% continuous pursuit of knowledge and 27:12.080 --> 27:14.470 align:start position:0% continuous pursuit of knowledge and truth.<00:27:12.880> no<00:27:12.960> matter<00:27:13.279> how<00:27:13.520> long<00:27:13.760> it<00:27:13.919> takes<00:27:14.240> to 27:14.470 --> 27:14.480 align:start position:0% truth. no matter how long it takes to 27:14.480 --> 27:17.750 align:start position:0% truth. no matter how long it takes to find<00:27:14.960> what<00:27:15.200> that<00:27:15.600> truth<00:27:16.080> is. 27:17.750 --> 27:17.760 align:start position:0% find what that truth is. 27:17.760 --> 27:19.990 align:start position:0% find what that truth is. Sadly,<00:27:18.240> the<00:27:18.559> woodwide<00:27:19.039> web<00:27:19.360> may<00:27:19.600> be<00:27:19.760> one<00:27:19.919> of 27:19.990 --> 27:20.000 align:start position:0% Sadly, the woodwide web may be one of 27:20.000 --> 27:21.830 align:start position:0% Sadly, the woodwide web may be one of those<00:27:20.240> cases<00:27:20.559> where<00:27:20.799> our<00:27:20.960> heads<00:27:21.279> would<00:27:21.520> turn 27:21.830 --> 27:21.840 align:start position:0% those cases where our heads would turn 27:21.840 --> 27:25.029 align:start position:0% those cases where our heads would turn before<00:27:22.159> the<00:27:22.400> real<00:27:22.720> truth<00:27:23.120> came<00:27:23.440> out.<00:27:24.640> I<00:27:24.880> hope 27:25.029 --> 27:25.039 align:start position:0% before the real truth came out. I hope 27:25.039 --> 27:26.789 align:start position:0% before the real truth came out. I hope this<00:27:25.360> video<00:27:25.600> can<00:27:25.840> go<00:27:26.080> some<00:27:26.320> of<00:27:26.480> the<00:27:26.640> way 27:26.789 --> 27:26.799 align:start position:0% this video can go some of the way 27:26.799 --> 27:28.950 align:start position:0% this video can go some of the way towards<00:27:27.200> setting<00:27:27.520> the<00:27:27.679> record<00:27:28.000> straight<00:27:28.640> and 27:28.950 --> 27:28.960 align:start position:0% towards setting the record straight and 27:28.960 --> 27:30.870 align:start position:0% towards setting the record straight and show<00:27:29.120> that<00:27:29.279> the<00:27:29.520> world<00:27:29.679> of<00:27:29.919> popular<00:27:30.400> science 27:30.870 --> 27:30.880 align:start position:0% show that the world of popular science 27:30.880 --> 27:33.269 align:start position:0% show that the world of popular science isn't<00:27:31.360> always<00:27:31.840> as<00:27:32.080> infallible<00:27:32.720> as<00:27:32.880> it<00:27:33.120> may 27:33.269 --> 27:33.279 align:start position:0% isn't always as infallible as it may 27:33.279 --> 27:36.149 align:start position:0% isn't always as infallible as it may seem.<00:27:34.159> And<00:27:34.400> who<00:27:34.640> knows,<00:27:35.120> maybe<00:27:35.440> next<00:27:35.679> week<00:27:35.919> the 27:36.149 --> 27:36.159 align:start position:0% seem. And who knows, maybe next week the 27:36.159 --> 27:37.590 align:start position:0% seem. And who knows, maybe next week the world<00:27:36.240> will<00:27:36.480> be<00:27:36.559> captivated<00:27:37.039> by<00:27:37.200> a<00:27:37.440> new 27:37.590 --> 27:37.600 align:start position:0% world will be captivated by a new 27:37.600 --> 27:40.390 align:start position:0% world will be captivated by a new narrative<00:27:38.000> with<00:27:38.240> an<00:27:38.400> equally<00:27:38.880> catchy<00:27:39.360> name. 27:40.390 --> 27:40.400 align:start position:0% narrative with an equally catchy name. 27:40.400 --> 27:42.549 align:start position:0% narrative with an equally catchy name. But<00:27:40.640> by<00:27:40.880> then<00:27:41.440> hopefully<00:27:41.919> we'll<00:27:42.159> have<00:27:42.320> learned 27:42.549 --> 27:42.559 align:start position:0% But by then hopefully we'll have learned 27:42.559 --> 27:45.110 align:start position:0% But by then hopefully we'll have learned from<00:27:42.799> the<00:27:42.960> woodwide<00:27:43.679> web<00:27:44.320> and<00:27:44.559> we<00:27:44.720> can<00:27:44.880> start 27:45.110 --> 27:45.120 align:start position:0% from the woodwide web and we can start 27:45.120 --> 27:47.510 align:start position:0% from the woodwide web and we can start looking<00:27:45.360> more<00:27:45.679> closely<00:27:46.159> at<00:27:46.400> the<00:27:46.640> results<00:27:47.120> and 27:47.510 --> 27:47.520 align:start position:0% looking more closely at the results and 27:47.520 --> 27:49.909 align:start position:0% looking more closely at the results and where<00:27:47.840> they<00:27:48.159> come<00:27:48.400> from<00:27:49.120> before<00:27:49.440> we<00:27:49.679> start 27:49.909 --> 27:49.919 align:start position:0% where they come from before we start 27:49.919 --> 27:52.230 align:start position:0% where they come from before we start signing<00:27:50.240> book<00:27:50.480> deals<00:27:51.120> and<00:27:51.440> making<00:27:51.760> calls<00:27:52.080> to 27:52.230 --> 27:52.240 align:start position:0% signing book deals and making calls to 27:52.240 --> 27:56.070 align:start position:0% signing book deals and making calls to Hollywood.<00:27:53.679> So<00:27:54.159> let's<00:27:54.480> stay<00:27:54.720> curious,<00:27:55.440> look<00:27:55.760> a 27:56.070 --> 27:56.080 align:start position:0% Hollywood. So let's stay curious, look a 27:56.080 --> 27:58.310 align:start position:0% Hollywood. So let's stay curious, look a little<00:27:56.320> closer,<00:27:56.960> and<00:27:57.200> keep<00:27:57.440> giving<00:27:57.679> the<00:27:57.919> trees 27:58.310 --> 27:58.320 align:start position:0% little closer, and keep giving the trees 27:58.320 --> 28:00.710 align:start position:0% little closer, and keep giving the trees the<00:27:58.559> attention<00:27:58.960> they've<00:27:59.279> always<00:27:59.600> deserved. 28:00.710 --> 28:00.720 align:start position:0% the attention they've always deserved. 28:00.720 --> 28:02.870 align:start position:0% the attention they've always deserved. There<00:28:00.880> is<00:28:01.120> so<00:28:01.360> much<00:28:01.600> they<00:28:01.919> can<00:28:02.080> do,<00:28:02.480> and<00:28:02.640> they 28:02.870 --> 28:02.880 align:start position:0% There is so much they can do, and they 28:02.880 --> 28:05.430 align:start position:0% There is so much they can do, and they are<00:28:03.039> a<00:28:03.279> huge<00:28:03.600> part<00:28:03.919> of<00:28:04.080> what<00:28:04.320> makes<00:28:04.640> our<00:28:05.039> planet 28:05.430 --> 28:05.440 align:start position:0% are a huge part of what makes our planet 28:05.440 --> 28:08.710 align:start position:0% are a huge part of what makes our planet such<00:28:05.840> a<00:28:06.159> wonderful,<00:28:06.880> thriving<00:28:07.520> place<00:28:08.159> to<00:28:08.480> call 28:08.710 --> 28:08.720 align:start position:0% such a wonderful, thriving place to call 28:08.720 --> 28:11.750 align:start position:0% such a wonderful, thriving place to call home.