WEBVTT 00:01.040 --> 00:04.309 align:start position:0% Iceland<00:00:01.680> is<00:00:02.080> on<00:00:02.560> fire 00:04.309 --> 00:04.319 align:start position:0% Iceland is on fire 00:04.319 --> 00:06.470 align:start position:0% Iceland is on fire with<00:00:04.640> earthquake<00:00:05.279> swarms,<00:00:05.839> volcanic 00:06.470 --> 00:06.480 align:start position:0% with earthquake swarms, volcanic 00:06.480 --> 00:08.790 align:start position:0% with earthquake swarms, volcanic eruptions,<00:00:07.040> and<00:00:07.279> lava<00:00:07.759> fountains<00:00:08.320> spewing 00:08.790 --> 00:08.800 align:start position:0% eruptions, and lava fountains spewing 00:08.800 --> 00:11.350 align:start position:0% eruptions, and lava fountains spewing hundreds<00:00:09.200> of<00:00:09.440> meters<00:00:09.920> into<00:00:10.240> the<00:00:10.480> air.<00:00:11.120> This 00:11.350 --> 00:11.360 align:start position:0% hundreds of meters into the air. This 00:11.360 --> 00:13.589 align:start position:0% hundreds of meters into the air. This tiny<00:00:11.840> country<00:00:12.160> is<00:00:12.480> experiencing<00:00:13.040> volcanic 00:13.589 --> 00:13.599 align:start position:0% tiny country is experiencing volcanic 00:13.599 --> 00:17.830 align:start position:0% tiny country is experiencing volcanic activity<00:00:14.240> on<00:00:14.559> a<00:00:14.799> staggering<00:00:15.440> scale. 00:17.830 --> 00:17.840 align:start position:0% activity on a staggering scale. 00:17.840 --> 00:20.150 align:start position:0% activity on a staggering scale. It<00:00:18.080> isn't<00:00:18.400> the<00:00:18.640> first<00:00:19.039> time,<00:00:19.520> and<00:00:19.840> it 00:20.150 --> 00:20.160 align:start position:0% It isn't the first time, and it 00:20.160 --> 00:23.429 align:start position:0% It isn't the first time, and it certainly<00:00:20.800> won't<00:00:21.119> be<00:00:21.279> the<00:00:21.439> last.<00:00:22.800> This<00:00:23.039> is<00:00:23.199> the 00:23.429 --> 00:23.439 align:start position:0% certainly won't be the last. This is the 00:23.439 --> 00:26.870 align:start position:0% certainly won't be the last. This is the awakening<00:00:24.000> of<00:00:24.240> a<00:00:24.480> thousandear<00:00:25.600> cycle.<00:00:26.640> A 00:26.870 --> 00:26.880 align:start position:0% awakening of a thousandear cycle. A 00:26.880 --> 00:28.470 align:start position:0% awakening of a thousandear cycle. A rhythm<00:00:27.119> that<00:00:27.279> last<00:00:27.680> transformed<00:00:28.240> the 00:28.470 --> 00:28.480 align:start position:0% rhythm that last transformed the 00:28.480 --> 00:30.790 align:start position:0% rhythm that last transformed the landscape<00:00:28.880> when<00:00:29.199> Vikings<00:00:30.000> walked<00:00:30.480> these 00:30.790 --> 00:30.800 align:start position:0% landscape when Vikings walked these 00:30.800 --> 00:33.750 align:start position:0% landscape when Vikings walked these shores.<00:00:31.920> And<00:00:32.079> this<00:00:32.399> is<00:00:32.559> no<00:00:32.880> blip<00:00:33.360> on<00:00:33.600> the 00:33.750 --> 00:33.760 align:start position:0% shores. And this is no blip on the 00:33.760 --> 00:37.670 align:start position:0% shores. And this is no blip on the radar.<00:00:34.800> It's<00:00:35.040> a<00:00:35.200> geological<00:00:36.160> marathon.<00:00:37.440> The 00:37.670 --> 00:37.680 align:start position:0% radar. It's a geological marathon. The 00:37.680 --> 00:39.750 align:start position:0% radar. It's a geological marathon. The activity<00:00:38.079> we're<00:00:38.399> seeing<00:00:38.640> today<00:00:39.120> could<00:00:39.440> last 00:39.750 --> 00:39.760 align:start position:0% activity we're seeing today could last 00:39.760 --> 00:43.430 align:start position:0% activity we're seeing today could last for<00:00:40.160> 2<00:00:40.399> to<00:00:40.800> 400<00:00:41.840> years. 00:43.430 --> 00:43.440 align:start position:0% for 2 to 400 years. 00:43.440 --> 00:45.830 align:start position:0% for 2 to 400 years. But<00:00:43.600> this<00:00:43.840> time<00:00:44.160> will<00:00:44.480> be<00:00:44.640> different.<00:00:45.600> This 00:45.830 --> 00:45.840 align:start position:0% But this time will be different. This 00:45.840 --> 00:49.270 align:start position:0% But this time will be different. This isn't<00:00:46.239> the<00:00:46.480> Viking<00:00:47.120> era.<00:00:48.160> Today,<00:00:48.640> Iceland<00:00:49.120> is 00:49.270 --> 00:49.280 align:start position:0% isn't the Viking era. Today, Iceland is 00:49.280 --> 00:51.350 align:start position:0% isn't the Viking era. Today, Iceland is a<00:00:49.520> modern<00:00:49.840> nation<00:00:50.160> of<00:00:50.399> geologists<00:00:51.039> and 00:51.350 --> 00:51.360 align:start position:0% a modern nation of geologists and 00:51.360 --> 00:53.590 align:start position:0% a modern nation of geologists and engineers<00:00:52.160> who<00:00:52.480> aren't<00:00:52.800> going<00:00:52.960> to<00:00:53.120> take<00:00:53.360> this 00:53.590 --> 00:53.600 align:start position:0% engineers who aren't going to take this 00:53.600 --> 00:57.029 align:start position:0% engineers who aren't going to take this lava<00:00:54.000> invasion<00:00:54.800> lying<00:00:55.199> down.<00:00:56.320> As<00:00:56.559> the<00:00:56.800> ground 00:57.029 --> 00:57.039 align:start position:0% lava invasion lying down. As the ground 00:57.039 --> 00:59.510 align:start position:0% lava invasion lying down. As the ground tears<00:00:57.440> apart<00:00:57.760> beneath<00:00:58.160> their<00:00:58.480> feet,<00:00:59.199> they're 00:59.510 --> 00:59.520 align:start position:0% tears apart beneath their feet, they're 00:59.520 --> 01:02.790 align:start position:0% tears apart beneath their feet, they're attempting<00:01:00.000> the<00:01:00.320> impossible<00:01:01.520> to<00:01:01.760> outenineer 01:02.790 --> 01:02.800 align:start position:0% attempting the impossible to outenineer 01:02.800 --> 01:07.270 align:start position:0% attempting the impossible to outenineer a<00:01:03.199> continent<00:01:04.000> pulling<00:01:04.320> itself<00:01:05.119> in<00:01:05.439> two.<00:01:06.799> So, 01:07.270 --> 01:07.280 align:start position:0% a continent pulling itself in two. So, 01:07.280 --> 01:09.910 align:start position:0% a continent pulling itself in two. So, can<00:01:07.520> a<00:01:07.840> modern<00:01:08.159> society<00:01:08.799> survive<00:01:09.600> four 01:09.910 --> 01:09.920 align:start position:0% can a modern society survive four 01:09.920 --> 01:13.670 align:start position:0% can a modern society survive four centuries<00:01:10.880> of<00:01:11.200> fiery<00:01:11.760> chaos?<00:01:13.200> We're<00:01:13.439> going<00:01:13.520> to 01:13.670 --> 01:13.680 align:start position:0% centuries of fiery chaos? We're going to 01:13.680 --> 01:15.429 align:start position:0% centuries of fiery chaos? We're going to find<00:01:13.920> out. 01:15.429 --> 01:15.439 align:start position:0% find out. 01:15.439 --> 01:17.030 align:start position:0% find out. I'm<00:01:15.680> James<00:01:16.000> Stewart,<00:01:16.320> and<00:01:16.479> you're<00:01:16.640> watching 01:17.030 --> 01:17.040 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart, and you're watching 01:17.040 --> 01:19.510 align:start position:0% I'm James Stewart, and you're watching Astram<00:01:17.520> Earth.<00:01:18.320> Join<00:01:18.560> me<00:01:18.720> as<00:01:18.880> we<00:01:19.040> explore<00:01:19.360> the 01:19.510 --> 01:19.520 align:start position:0% Astram Earth. Join me as we explore the 01:19.520 --> 01:21.910 align:start position:0% Astram Earth. Join me as we explore the youngest<00:01:19.920> land<00:01:20.240> on<00:01:20.479> the<00:01:20.720> planet,<00:01:21.520> delving 01:21.910 --> 01:21.920 align:start position:0% youngest land on the planet, delving 01:21.920 --> 01:24.230 align:start position:0% youngest land on the planet, delving into<00:01:22.240> the<00:01:22.400> ancient<00:01:22.799> cycles<00:01:23.360> responsible<00:01:24.000> for 01:24.230 --> 01:24.240 align:start position:0% into the ancient cycles responsible for 01:24.240 --> 01:26.550 align:start position:0% into the ancient cycles responsible for carving<00:01:24.720> out<00:01:24.960> this<00:01:25.200> mythical<00:01:25.759> anomaly<00:01:26.320> of 01:26.550 --> 01:26.560 align:start position:0% carving out this mythical anomaly of 01:26.560 --> 01:29.190 align:start position:0% carving out this mythical anomaly of fire<00:01:26.880> and<00:01:27.200> ice.<00:01:28.000> Geological<00:01:28.640> patterns<00:01:28.960> that 01:29.190 --> 01:29.200 align:start position:0% fire and ice. Geological patterns that 01:29.200 --> 01:31.429 align:start position:0% fire and ice. Geological patterns that have<00:01:29.360> left<00:01:29.680> Iceland<00:01:30.240> facing<00:01:30.640> the<00:01:30.960> ultimate 01:31.429 --> 01:31.439 align:start position:0% have left Iceland facing the ultimate 01:31.439 --> 01:38.469 align:start position:0% have left Iceland facing the ultimate test,<00:01:32.720> survival. 01:38.469 --> 01:38.479 align:start position:0% 01:38.479 --> 01:41.830 align:start position:0% Iceland<00:01:38.960> is<00:01:39.439> unique.<00:01:40.240> Not<00:01:40.560> only<00:01:40.799> is<00:01:41.119> fermented 01:41.830 --> 01:41.840 align:start position:0% Iceland is unique. Not only is fermented 01:41.840 --> 01:44.550 align:start position:0% Iceland is unique. Not only is fermented shark<00:01:42.400> considered<00:01:42.799> a<00:01:43.119> delicacy,<00:01:44.240> but 01:44.550 --> 01:44.560 align:start position:0% shark considered a delicacy, but 01:44.560 --> 01:47.109 align:start position:0% shark considered a delicacy, but geologically<00:01:45.600> there's<00:01:46.079> nowhere<00:01:46.560> quite<00:01:46.880> like 01:47.109 --> 01:47.119 align:start position:0% geologically there's nowhere quite like 01:47.119 --> 01:48.469 align:start position:0% geologically there's nowhere quite like it. 01:48.469 --> 01:48.479 align:start position:0% it. 01:48.479 --> 01:51.590 align:start position:0% it. It<00:01:48.720> sits<00:01:49.119> a<00:01:49.280> stride<00:01:49.680> the<00:01:49.920> midatlantic<00:01:50.880> ridge, 01:51.590 --> 01:51.600 align:start position:0% It sits a stride the midatlantic ridge, 01:51.600 --> 01:53.749 align:start position:0% It sits a stride the midatlantic ridge, a<00:01:51.920> divergent<00:01:52.640> boundary<00:01:53.040> where<00:01:53.280> the<00:01:53.439> North 01:53.749 --> 01:53.759 align:start position:0% a divergent boundary where the North 01:53.759 --> 01:56.550 align:start position:0% a divergent boundary where the North American<00:01:54.240> and<00:01:54.479> Eurasian<00:01:55.119> plates<00:01:55.520> pull<00:01:55.840> apart 01:56.550 --> 01:56.560 align:start position:0% American and Eurasian plates pull apart 01:56.560 --> 02:00.069 align:start position:0% American and Eurasian plates pull apart at<00:01:56.799> a<00:01:57.040> rate<00:01:57.200> of<00:01:57.360> around<00:01:57.759> 2<00:01:58.079> cm<00:01:58.880> a<00:01:59.119> year.<00:01:59.759> That's 02:00.069 --> 02:00.079 align:start position:0% at a rate of around 2 cm a year. That's 02:00.079 --> 02:02.149 align:start position:0% at a rate of around 2 cm a year. That's roughly,<00:02:00.479> by<00:02:00.640> the<00:02:00.719> way,<00:02:01.119> the<00:02:01.360> same<00:02:01.600> speed<00:02:01.840> your 02:02.149 --> 02:02.159 align:start position:0% roughly, by the way, the same speed your 02:02.159 --> 02:04.789 align:start position:0% roughly, by the way, the same speed your fingernails<00:02:02.880> grow.<00:02:03.920> As<00:02:04.159> the<00:02:04.399> plates 02:04.789 --> 02:04.799 align:start position:0% fingernails grow. As the plates 02:04.799 --> 02:07.830 align:start position:0% fingernails grow. As the plates separate,<00:02:05.600> magma<00:02:06.159> rises<00:02:06.640> to<00:02:06.880> fill<00:02:07.119> the<00:02:07.280> gaps, 02:07.830 --> 02:07.840 align:start position:0% separate, magma rises to fill the gaps, 02:07.840 --> 02:11.350 align:start position:0% separate, magma rises to fill the gaps, cools<00:02:08.319> into<00:02:08.720> bassalt,<00:02:09.360> and<00:02:09.599> forms<00:02:10.080> new<00:02:10.399> crust. 02:11.350 --> 02:11.360 align:start position:0% cools into bassalt, and forms new crust. 02:11.360 --> 02:12.790 align:start position:0% cools into bassalt, and forms new crust. And<00:02:11.599> I<00:02:11.760> know<00:02:11.920> what<00:02:12.080> you're<00:02:12.239> thinking.<00:02:12.560> There's 02:12.790 --> 02:12.800 align:start position:0% And I know what you're thinking. There's 02:12.800 --> 02:15.589 align:start position:0% And I know what you're thinking. There's nothing<00:02:13.040> particularly<00:02:13.440> unusual<00:02:14.160> about<00:02:14.480> that. 02:15.589 --> 02:15.599 align:start position:0% nothing particularly unusual about that. 02:15.599 --> 02:17.830 align:start position:0% nothing particularly unusual about that. But<00:02:15.840> over<00:02:16.080> millions<00:02:16.400> of<00:02:16.560> years,<00:02:17.120> this<00:02:17.440> process 02:17.830 --> 02:17.840 align:start position:0% But over millions of years, this process 02:17.840 --> 02:20.229 align:start position:0% But over millions of years, this process has<00:02:18.080> built<00:02:18.319> the<00:02:18.560> longest<00:02:19.040> mountain<00:02:19.440> range<00:02:19.920> on 02:20.229 --> 02:20.239 align:start position:0% has built the longest mountain range on 02:20.239 --> 02:22.470 align:start position:0% has built the longest mountain range on Earth,<00:02:21.040> running<00:02:21.360> down<00:02:21.599> the<00:02:21.840> center<00:02:22.080> of<00:02:22.319> the 02:22.470 --> 02:22.480 align:start position:0% Earth, running down the center of the 02:22.480 --> 02:26.470 align:start position:0% Earth, running down the center of the Atlantic<00:02:23.040> Ocean.<00:02:24.080> Almost<00:02:24.560> all<00:02:25.040> 16,000<00:02:25.920> km 02:26.470 --> 02:26.480 align:start position:0% Atlantic Ocean. Almost all 16,000 km 02:26.480 --> 02:31.110 align:start position:0% Atlantic Ocean. Almost all 16,000 km lies<00:02:27.120> 2<00:02:27.360> to<00:02:27.599> 3<00:02:27.840> km<00:02:28.720> beneath<00:02:29.200> the<00:02:29.520> waves.<00:02:30.879> That 02:31.110 --> 02:31.120 align:start position:0% lies 2 to 3 km beneath the waves. That 02:31.120 --> 02:34.710 align:start position:0% lies 2 to 3 km beneath the waves. That is<00:02:31.599> until<00:02:32.000> you<00:02:32.239> reach<00:02:32.640> Iceland.<00:02:33.920> Here,<00:02:34.400> land 02:34.710 --> 02:34.720 align:start position:0% is until you reach Iceland. Here, land 02:34.720 --> 02:38.309 align:start position:0% is until you reach Iceland. Here, land pokes<00:02:35.040> its<00:02:35.280> head<00:02:35.599> above<00:02:36.000> the<00:02:36.239> surface.<00:02:37.599> Why? 02:38.309 --> 02:38.319 align:start position:0% pokes its head above the surface. Why? 02:38.319 --> 02:40.790 align:start position:0% pokes its head above the surface. Why? Well,<00:02:38.560> Iceland<00:02:39.040> isn't<00:02:39.440> just<00:02:39.840> on<00:02:40.080> a<00:02:40.239> tectonic 02:40.790 --> 02:40.800 align:start position:0% Well, Iceland isn't just on a tectonic 02:40.800 --> 02:43.670 align:start position:0% Well, Iceland isn't just on a tectonic plate<00:02:41.120> boundary.<00:02:42.480> Here,<00:02:42.879> the<00:02:43.120> Mid-Atlantic 02:43.670 --> 02:43.680 align:start position:0% plate boundary. Here, the Mid-Atlantic 02:43.680 --> 02:45.750 align:start position:0% plate boundary. Here, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge<00:02:44.080> intersects<00:02:44.720> another<00:02:45.120> geological 02:45.750 --> 02:45.760 align:start position:0% Ridge intersects another geological 02:45.760 --> 02:49.430 align:start position:0% Ridge intersects another geological phenomenon,<00:02:46.640> a<00:02:46.879> mantle<00:02:47.360> hot<00:02:47.680> spot.<00:02:48.959> These<00:02:49.280> are 02:49.430 --> 02:49.440 align:start position:0% phenomenon, a mantle hot spot. These are 02:49.440 --> 02:51.430 align:start position:0% phenomenon, a mantle hot spot. These are best<00:02:49.680> known<00:02:49.840> for<00:02:50.160> creating<00:02:50.640> island<00:02:51.040> chains 02:51.430 --> 02:51.440 align:start position:0% best known for creating island chains 02:51.440 --> 02:53.430 align:start position:0% best known for creating island chains such<00:02:51.599> as<00:02:51.840> Hawaii,<00:02:52.319> the<00:02:52.480> Galapagus,<00:02:53.120> and<00:02:53.280> the 02:53.430 --> 02:53.440 align:start position:0% such as Hawaii, the Galapagus, and the 02:53.440 --> 02:55.589 align:start position:0% such as Hawaii, the Galapagus, and the Canary<00:02:53.920> Islands,<00:02:54.640> all<00:02:54.800> of<00:02:54.879> which,<00:02:55.200> I<00:02:55.440> might 02:55.589 --> 02:55.599 align:start position:0% Canary Islands, all of which, I might 02:55.599 --> 02:57.670 align:start position:0% Canary Islands, all of which, I might add,<00:02:55.920> lie<00:02:56.160> in<00:02:56.400> the<00:02:56.560> middle<00:02:56.800> of<00:02:57.040> tectonic 02:57.670 --> 02:57.680 align:start position:0% add, lie in the middle of tectonic 02:57.680 --> 03:01.350 align:start position:0% add, lie in the middle of tectonic plates,<00:02:58.560> not<00:02:58.879> at<00:02:59.200> the<00:02:59.360> edge.<00:03:00.560> The<00:03:00.800> hot<00:03:01.040> spot 03:01.350 --> 03:01.360 align:start position:0% plates, not at the edge. The hot spot 03:01.360 --> 03:03.910 align:start position:0% plates, not at the edge. The hot spot under<00:03:01.680> Iceland<00:03:02.480> instead<00:03:03.360> creates<00:03:03.760> the 03:03.910 --> 03:03.920 align:start position:0% under Iceland instead creates the 03:03.920 --> 03:05.670 align:start position:0% under Iceland instead creates the geological<00:03:04.480> equivalent<00:03:04.959> of<00:03:05.120> a<00:03:05.280> pressure 03:05.670 --> 03:05.680 align:start position:0% geological equivalent of a pressure 03:05.680 --> 03:07.910 align:start position:0% geological equivalent of a pressure cooker<00:03:06.000> left<00:03:06.319> on<00:03:06.560> high<00:03:07.040> for<00:03:07.360> millions<00:03:07.760> of 03:07.910 --> 03:07.920 align:start position:0% cooker left on high for millions of 03:07.920 --> 03:09.589 align:start position:0% cooker left on high for millions of years,<00:03:08.560> turning<00:03:08.800> an<00:03:08.959> already<00:03:09.280> active 03:09.589 --> 03:09.599 align:start position:0% years, turning an already active 03:09.599 --> 03:11.830 align:start position:0% years, turning an already active boundary<00:03:10.000> into<00:03:10.400> something<00:03:10.959> far<00:03:11.440> more 03:11.830 --> 03:11.840 align:start position:0% boundary into something far more 03:11.840 --> 03:14.869 align:start position:0% boundary into something far more volatile,<00:03:13.040> producing<00:03:13.519> a<00:03:13.760> third<00:03:14.159> of<00:03:14.480> all<00:03:14.640> the 03:14.869 --> 03:14.879 align:start position:0% volatile, producing a third of all the 03:14.879 --> 03:17.110 align:start position:0% volatile, producing a third of all the lava<00:03:15.200> that's<00:03:15.519> erupted<00:03:15.840> onto<00:03:16.159> Earth's<00:03:16.560> surface 03:17.110 --> 03:17.120 align:start position:0% lava that's erupted onto Earth's surface 03:17.120 --> 03:21.270 align:start position:0% lava that's erupted onto Earth's surface in<00:03:17.360> the<00:03:17.599> last<00:03:18.239> 500<00:03:19.280> years,<00:03:20.319> which<00:03:20.560> is<00:03:20.800> not<00:03:21.120> bad 03:21.270 --> 03:21.280 align:start position:0% in the last 500 years, which is not bad 03:21.280 --> 03:24.630 align:start position:0% in the last 500 years, which is not bad for<00:03:21.519> a<00:03:21.760> country<00:03:22.239> smaller<00:03:22.640> than<00:03:22.879> England.<00:03:24.319> Now, 03:24.630 --> 03:24.640 align:start position:0% for a country smaller than England. Now, 03:24.640 --> 03:26.550 align:start position:0% for a country smaller than England. Now, mantle<00:03:25.040> hotspots<00:03:25.599> are<00:03:25.840> somewhat<00:03:26.239> of<00:03:26.400> an 03:26.550 --> 03:26.560 align:start position:0% mantle hotspots are somewhat of an 03:26.560 --> 03:28.309 align:start position:0% mantle hotspots are somewhat of an enigma,<00:03:27.120> which<00:03:27.360> is<00:03:27.440> sort<00:03:27.599> of<00:03:27.680> a<00:03:27.840> nice<00:03:28.000> way<00:03:28.159> of 03:28.309 --> 03:28.319 align:start position:0% enigma, which is sort of a nice way of 03:28.319 --> 03:29.990 align:start position:0% enigma, which is sort of a nice way of saying<00:03:28.480> that<00:03:28.720> scientists<00:03:29.280> don't<00:03:29.519> exactly 03:29.990 --> 03:30.000 align:start position:0% saying that scientists don't exactly 03:30.000 --> 03:31.990 align:start position:0% saying that scientists don't exactly know<00:03:30.239> what<00:03:30.480> causes<00:03:30.879> them.<00:03:31.440> Actually,<00:03:31.760> let<00:03:31.840> me 03:31.990 --> 03:32.000 align:start position:0% know what causes them. Actually, let me 03:32.000 --> 03:33.030 align:start position:0% know what causes them. Actually, let me know<00:03:32.080> in<00:03:32.159> the<00:03:32.319> comments<00:03:32.480> below<00:03:32.720> if<00:03:32.799> you'd<00:03:32.959> like 03:33.030 --> 03:33.040 align:start position:0% know in the comments below if you'd like 03:33.040 --> 03:35.430 align:start position:0% know in the comments below if you'd like to<00:03:33.200> see<00:03:33.280> a<00:03:33.519> video<00:03:33.680> on<00:03:33.840> that<00:03:34.080> another<00:03:34.480> time.<00:03:35.280> But 03:35.430 --> 03:35.440 align:start position:0% to see a video on that another time. But 03:35.440 --> 03:36.789 align:start position:0% to see a video on that another time. But for<00:03:35.680> now,<00:03:35.840> what<00:03:36.000> we<00:03:36.159> need<00:03:36.239> to<00:03:36.319> know<00:03:36.480> is<00:03:36.640> that 03:36.789 --> 03:36.799 align:start position:0% for now, what we need to know is that 03:36.799 --> 03:38.869 align:start position:0% for now, what we need to know is that they<00:03:36.959> are<00:03:37.120> driven<00:03:37.360> by<00:03:37.599> columns<00:03:38.000> of<00:03:38.239> unusually 03:38.869 --> 03:38.879 align:start position:0% they are driven by columns of unusually 03:38.879 --> 03:41.350 align:start position:0% they are driven by columns of unusually hot,<00:03:39.280> buoyant<00:03:39.760> rock<00:03:40.400> rising<00:03:40.879> from<00:03:41.120> deep 03:41.350 --> 03:41.360 align:start position:0% hot, buoyant rock rising from deep 03:41.360 --> 03:43.350 align:start position:0% hot, buoyant rock rising from deep within<00:03:41.680> the<00:03:41.840> Earth<00:03:42.080> and<00:03:42.400> pushing<00:03:42.720> up<00:03:43.120> through 03:43.350 --> 03:43.360 align:start position:0% within the Earth and pushing up through 03:43.360 --> 03:45.430 align:start position:0% within the Earth and pushing up through the<00:03:43.599> mantle,<00:03:44.239> and<00:03:44.480> that<00:03:44.640> they<00:03:44.879> can<00:03:44.959> last<00:03:45.200> for 03:45.430 --> 03:45.440 align:start position:0% the mantle, and that they can last for 03:45.440 --> 03:47.670 align:start position:0% the mantle, and that they can last for tens<00:03:45.840> of<00:03:46.000> millions<00:03:46.319> of<00:03:46.560> years.<00:03:47.280> Now,<00:03:47.519> the 03:47.670 --> 03:47.680 align:start position:0% tens of millions of years. Now, the 03:47.680 --> 03:49.110 align:start position:0% tens of millions of years. Now, the important<00:03:48.000> thing<00:03:48.159> to<00:03:48.319> note<00:03:48.560> here<00:03:48.720> is<00:03:48.959> that 03:49.110 --> 03:49.120 align:start position:0% important thing to note here is that 03:49.120 --> 03:51.030 align:start position:0% important thing to note here is that these<00:03:49.360> hot<00:03:49.599> spots<00:03:50.000> can<00:03:50.239> raise<00:03:50.560> mantle 03:51.030 --> 03:51.040 align:start position:0% these hot spots can raise mantle 03:51.040 --> 03:55.190 align:start position:0% these hot spots can raise mantle temperatures<00:03:51.680> by<00:03:51.920> as<00:03:52.159> much<00:03:52.400> as<00:03:52.879> 200°<00:03:54.000> C.<00:03:55.040> And 03:55.190 --> 03:55.200 align:start position:0% temperatures by as much as 200° C. And 03:55.200 --> 03:57.830 align:start position:0% temperatures by as much as 200° C. And in<00:03:55.440> doing<00:03:55.680> so,<00:03:56.080> the<00:03:56.319> drop<00:03:56.560> in<00:03:56.879> pressure<00:03:57.280> causes 03:57.830 --> 03:57.840 align:start position:0% in doing so, the drop in pressure causes 03:57.840 --> 04:01.670 align:start position:0% in doing so, the drop in pressure causes hot<00:03:58.239> solid<00:03:58.640> rock<00:03:59.120> to<00:03:59.360> melt<00:03:59.680> into<00:04:00.080> magma.<00:04:01.360> The 04:01.670 --> 04:01.680 align:start position:0% hot solid rock to melt into magma. The 04:01.680 --> 04:04.550 align:start position:0% hot solid rock to melt into magma. The result<00:04:01.920> is<00:04:02.159> an<00:04:02.319> unusually<00:04:02.879> thick<00:04:03.439> crust<00:04:04.080> up<00:04:04.319> to 04:04.550 --> 04:04.560 align:start position:0% result is an unusually thick crust up to 04:04.560 --> 04:07.910 align:start position:0% result is an unusually thick crust up to 40<00:04:04.959> km<00:04:05.599> compared<00:04:05.920> to<00:04:06.080> typically<00:04:06.640> 7<00:04:06.959> km<00:04:07.680> and 04:07.910 --> 04:07.920 align:start position:0% 40 km compared to typically 7 km and 04:07.920 --> 04:10.229 align:start position:0% 40 km compared to typically 7 km and enough<00:04:08.159> buoyancy<00:04:08.720> to<00:04:08.879> lift<00:04:09.120> the<00:04:09.280> ridge<00:04:09.760> out<00:04:10.000> of 04:10.229 --> 04:10.239 align:start position:0% enough buoyancy to lift the ridge out of 04:10.239 --> 04:13.830 align:start position:0% enough buoyancy to lift the ridge out of the<00:04:10.480> ocean.<00:04:11.840> And<00:04:12.000> voila,<00:04:12.640> an<00:04:12.879> island<00:04:13.360> or<00:04:13.680> in 04:13.830 --> 04:13.840 align:start position:0% the ocean. And voila, an island or in 04:13.840 --> 04:16.949 align:start position:0% the ocean. And voila, an island or in this<00:04:14.000> case<00:04:14.400> an<00:04:14.640> Iceland.<00:04:16.079> This<00:04:16.320> is<00:04:16.479> the<00:04:16.720> only 04:16.949 --> 04:16.959 align:start position:0% this case an Iceland. This is the only 04:16.959 --> 04:20.229 align:start position:0% this case an Iceland. This is the only inhabited<00:04:17.600> mid<00:04:17.919> ocean<00:04:18.320> ridge<00:04:18.720> on<00:04:19.040> Earth.<00:04:20.000> In 04:20.229 --> 04:20.239 align:start position:0% inhabited mid ocean ridge on Earth. In 04:20.239 --> 04:22.710 align:start position:0% inhabited mid ocean ridge on Earth. In fact,<00:04:20.560> visit<00:04:20.959> ThinkF<00:04:21.280> Vit<00:04:21.519> Lea<00:04:21.840> National<00:04:22.320> Park 04:22.710 --> 04:22.720 align:start position:0% fact, visit ThinkF Vit Lea National Park 04:22.720 --> 04:24.469 align:start position:0% fact, visit ThinkF Vit Lea National Park and<00:04:22.880> you<00:04:23.120> can<00:04:23.280> literally<00:04:23.759> stand<00:04:24.000> in<00:04:24.240> the 04:24.469 --> 04:24.479 align:start position:0% and you can literally stand in the 04:24.479 --> 04:27.909 align:start position:0% and you can literally stand in the separation<00:04:25.040> zone<00:04:25.600> between<00:04:26.080> two<00:04:26.479> continents. 04:27.909 --> 04:27.919 align:start position:0% separation zone between two continents. 04:27.919 --> 04:29.990 align:start position:0% separation zone between two continents. But<00:04:28.080> it's<00:04:28.320> what's<00:04:28.639> inside<00:04:29.040> that<00:04:29.360> ridge<00:04:29.680> that's 04:29.990 --> 04:30.000 align:start position:0% But it's what's inside that ridge that's 04:30.000 --> 04:32.070 align:start position:0% But it's what's inside that ridge that's problematic.<00:04:31.120> We<00:04:31.360> often<00:04:31.680> talk<00:04:31.840> about 04:32.070 --> 04:32.080 align:start position:0% problematic. We often talk about 04:32.080 --> 04:34.950 align:start position:0% problematic. We often talk about tectonics<00:04:32.720> in<00:04:32.960> the<00:04:33.120> past<00:04:33.600> tense.<00:04:34.479> But<00:04:34.639> in<00:04:34.800> this 04:34.950 --> 04:34.960 align:start position:0% tectonics in the past tense. But in this 04:34.960 --> 04:37.830 align:start position:0% tectonics in the past tense. But in this case,<00:04:35.280> the<00:04:35.520> problem<00:04:35.840> is<00:04:36.320> present.<00:04:37.520> Very 04:37.830 --> 04:37.840 align:start position:0% case, the problem is present. Very 04:37.840 --> 04:41.030 align:start position:0% case, the problem is present. Very present. 04:41.030 --> 04:41.040 align:start position:0% 04:41.040 --> 04:43.510 align:start position:0% Iceland<00:04:41.520> is<00:04:41.680> a<00:04:41.840> mere<00:04:42.080> teenager<00:04:42.639> in<00:04:42.880> geological 04:43.510 --> 04:43.520 align:start position:0% Iceland is a mere teenager in geological 04:43.520 --> 04:45.990 align:start position:0% Iceland is a mere teenager in geological terms.<00:04:44.240> The<00:04:44.479> oldest<00:04:44.800> rocks<00:04:45.360> found<00:04:45.600> in<00:04:45.840> the 04:45.990 --> 04:46.000 align:start position:0% terms. The oldest rocks found in the 04:46.000 --> 04:48.070 align:start position:0% terms. The oldest rocks found in the west<00:04:46.240> fjords<00:04:46.800> and<00:04:46.960> the<00:04:47.040> eastern<00:04:47.360> fjords<00:04:47.919> are 04:48.070 --> 04:48.080 align:start position:0% west fjords and the eastern fjords are 04:48.080 --> 04:51.189 align:start position:0% west fjords and the eastern fjords are just<00:04:48.479> 16<00:04:48.800> to<00:04:49.280> 18<00:04:49.840> million<00:04:50.160> years<00:04:50.400> old,<00:04:50.960> which 04:51.189 --> 04:51.199 align:start position:0% just 16 to 18 million years old, which 04:51.199 --> 04:52.790 align:start position:0% just 16 to 18 million years old, which is<00:04:51.440> basically<00:04:51.840> yesterday<00:04:52.320> compared<00:04:52.639> to 04:52.790 --> 04:52.800 align:start position:0% is basically yesterday compared to 04:52.800 --> 04:55.189 align:start position:0% is basically yesterday compared to continental<00:04:53.360> Europe's<00:04:53.919> half<00:04:54.320> billiony<00:04:54.800> old 04:55.189 --> 04:55.199 align:start position:0% continental Europe's half billiony old 04:55.199 --> 04:57.189 align:start position:0% continental Europe's half billiony old crusts.<00:04:56.080> And<00:04:56.240> if<00:04:56.400> you<00:04:56.639> thought<00:04:56.800> that<00:04:57.040> was 04:57.189 --> 04:57.199 align:start position:0% crusts. And if you thought that was 04:57.199 --> 04:59.830 align:start position:0% crusts. And if you thought that was impressive,<00:04:58.000> well,<00:04:58.320> wait<00:04:58.560> for<00:04:58.720> this.<00:04:59.680> When 04:59.830 --> 04:59.840 align:start position:0% impressive, well, wait for this. When 04:59.840 --> 05:01.590 align:start position:0% impressive, well, wait for this. When you<00:05:00.080> move<00:05:00.240> south,<00:05:00.560> the<00:05:00.720> land<00:05:01.040> gets<00:05:01.360> even 05:01.590 --> 05:01.600 align:start position:0% you move south, the land gets even 05:01.600 --> 05:04.710 align:start position:0% you move south, the land gets even younger<00:05:02.080> still.<00:05:02.800> It<00:05:03.040> is<00:05:03.199> only<00:05:03.520> 3<00:05:03.759> to<00:05:04.080> 7<00:05:04.400> million 05:04.710 --> 05:04.720 align:start position:0% younger still. It is only 3 to 7 million 05:04.720 --> 05:06.870 align:start position:0% younger still. It is only 3 to 7 million years<00:05:04.880> old<00:05:05.120> in<00:05:05.440> places<00:05:05.680> like<00:05:05.919> the<00:05:06.160> Grecian 05:06.870 --> 05:06.880 align:start position:0% years old in places like the Grecian 05:06.880 --> 05:09.350 align:start position:0% years old in places like the Grecian Peninsula.<00:05:07.840> And<00:05:08.080> remember<00:05:08.479> that<00:05:08.720> name.<00:05:09.199> It's 05:09.350 --> 05:09.360 align:start position:0% Peninsula. And remember that name. It's 05:09.360 --> 05:12.070 align:start position:0% Peninsula. And remember that name. It's somewhere<00:05:09.680> we're<00:05:09.919> going<00:05:10.000> to<00:05:10.160> come<00:05:10.320> back<00:05:10.479> to. 05:12.070 --> 05:12.080 align:start position:0% somewhere we're going to come back to. 05:12.080 --> 05:13.990 align:start position:0% somewhere we're going to come back to. Now,<00:05:12.320> just<00:05:12.560> off<00:05:12.800> the<00:05:12.960> south<00:05:13.280> coast<00:05:13.600> is<00:05:13.840> the 05:13.990 --> 05:14.000 align:start position:0% Now, just off the south coast is the 05:14.000 --> 05:16.790 align:start position:0% Now, just off the south coast is the youngest<00:05:14.479> land<00:05:14.800> on<00:05:15.120> the<00:05:15.360> planet.<00:05:16.400> In<00:05:16.639> the 05:16.790 --> 05:16.800 align:start position:0% youngest land on the planet. In the 05:16.800 --> 05:20.390 align:start position:0% youngest land on the planet. In the 1960s,<00:05:17.840> the<00:05:18.000> island<00:05:18.400> of<00:05:18.639> Certzi<00:05:19.680> erupted<00:05:20.080> into 05:20.390 --> 05:20.400 align:start position:0% 1960s, the island of Certzi erupted into 05:20.400 --> 05:23.270 align:start position:0% 1960s, the island of Certzi erupted into existence<00:05:21.039> from<00:05:21.280> beneath<00:05:21.759> the<00:05:22.000> sea.<00:05:23.120> The 05:23.270 --> 05:23.280 align:start position:0% existence from beneath the sea. The 05:23.280 --> 05:25.830 align:start position:0% existence from beneath the sea. The island<00:05:23.600> is<00:05:23.759> a<00:05:24.000> pristine<00:05:24.639> natural<00:05:25.039> laboratory, 05:25.830 --> 05:25.840 align:start position:0% island is a pristine natural laboratory, 05:25.840 --> 05:27.909 align:start position:0% island is a pristine natural laboratory, allowing<00:05:26.320> scientists<00:05:26.800> a<00:05:27.039> rare<00:05:27.360> chance<00:05:27.680> to 05:27.909 --> 05:27.919 align:start position:0% allowing scientists a rare chance to 05:27.919 --> 05:31.189 align:start position:0% allowing scientists a rare chance to study<00:05:28.240> an<00:05:28.479> island<00:05:29.199> from<00:05:29.680> birth.<00:05:30.320> really 05:31.189 --> 05:31.199 align:start position:0% study an island from birth. really 05:31.199 --> 05:33.510 align:start position:0% study an island from birth. really because<00:05:31.440> it<00:05:31.680> began<00:05:31.919> as<00:05:32.240> sterile<00:05:32.720> lava<00:05:33.120> with<00:05:33.280> a 05:33.510 --> 05:33.520 align:start position:0% because it began as sterile lava with a 05:33.520 --> 05:35.749 align:start position:0% because it began as sterile lava with a known<00:05:34.000> birthday<00:05:34.639> if<00:05:34.800> you<00:05:34.960> like<00:05:35.280> and<00:05:35.520> has 05:35.749 --> 05:35.759 align:start position:0% known birthday if you like and has 05:35.759 --> 05:37.749 align:start position:0% known birthday if you like and has remained<00:05:36.320> free<00:05:36.560> of<00:05:36.880> human<00:05:37.199> interference 05:37.749 --> 05:37.759 align:start position:0% remained free of human interference 05:37.759 --> 05:39.749 align:start position:0% remained free of human interference thanks<00:05:38.000> to<00:05:38.160> strict<00:05:38.560> protections. 05:39.749 --> 05:39.759 align:start position:0% thanks to strict protections. 05:39.759 --> 05:42.550 align:start position:0% thanks to strict protections. Researchers<00:05:40.320> can<00:05:40.479> trace<00:05:40.960> exactly<00:05:41.600> how<00:05:41.919> life 05:42.550 --> 05:42.560 align:start position:0% Researchers can trace exactly how life 05:42.560 --> 05:45.670 align:start position:0% Researchers can trace exactly how life builds<00:05:42.880> an<00:05:43.199> ecosystem<00:05:44.320> step<00:05:44.639> by<00:05:44.880> step,<00:05:45.440> giving 05:45.670 --> 05:45.680 align:start position:0% builds an ecosystem step by step, giving 05:45.680 --> 05:48.150 align:start position:0% builds an ecosystem step by step, giving us<00:05:45.840> an<00:05:46.080> insight<00:05:46.400> into<00:05:46.880> processes<00:05:47.520> analoges<00:05:48.080> to 05:48.150 --> 05:48.160 align:start position:0% us an insight into processes analoges to 05:48.160 --> 05:51.270 align:start position:0% us an insight into processes analoges to the<00:05:48.320> spreading<00:05:48.639> of<00:05:48.800> life<00:05:49.199> on<00:05:49.600> early<00:05:50.000> Earth. 05:51.270 --> 05:51.280 align:start position:0% the spreading of life on early Earth. 05:51.280 --> 05:53.270 align:start position:0% the spreading of life on early Earth. But<00:05:51.520> Iceland's<00:05:52.160> youth<00:05:52.560> isn't<00:05:52.960> only 05:53.270 --> 05:53.280 align:start position:0% But Iceland's youth isn't only 05:53.280 --> 05:54.950 align:start position:0% But Iceland's youth isn't only interesting<00:05:53.680> for<00:05:53.840> the<00:05:54.000> sake<00:05:54.160> of<00:05:54.400> scientific 05:54.950 --> 05:54.960 align:start position:0% interesting for the sake of scientific 05:54.960 --> 05:58.790 align:start position:0% interesting for the sake of scientific research<00:05:55.520> and<00:05:55.919> this<00:05:56.240> video.<00:05:57.280> It's<00:05:57.680> dangerous 05:58.790 --> 05:58.800 align:start position:0% research and this video. It's dangerous 05:58.800 --> 06:02.310 align:start position:0% research and this video. It's dangerous because<00:05:59.280> young<00:05:59.680> land<00:06:00.080> means<00:06:00.560> fresh<00:06:00.960> lava<00:06:01.840> and 06:02.310 --> 06:02.320 align:start position:0% because young land means fresh lava and 06:02.320 --> 06:05.830 align:start position:0% because young land means fresh lava and lots<00:06:02.800> of<00:06:02.960> it.<00:06:04.080> There<00:06:04.319> are<00:06:04.479> around<00:06:04.880> 30<00:06:05.280> volcanic 06:05.830 --> 06:05.840 align:start position:0% lots of it. There are around 30 volcanic 06:05.840 --> 06:08.070 align:start position:0% lots of it. There are around 30 volcanic systems<00:06:06.319> active<00:06:06.720> across<00:06:07.039> the<00:06:07.280> island<00:06:07.840> and 06:08.070 --> 06:08.080 align:start position:0% systems active across the island and 06:08.080 --> 06:10.230 align:start position:0% systems active across the island and over<00:06:08.319> a<00:06:08.479> 100<00:06:08.800> volcanoes<00:06:09.280> have<00:06:09.600> erupted<00:06:09.840> in<00:06:10.080> the 06:10.230 --> 06:10.240 align:start position:0% over a 100 volcanoes have erupted in the 06:10.240 --> 06:14.070 align:start position:0% over a 100 volcanoes have erupted in the last<00:06:10.479> 10,000<00:06:11.360> years.<00:06:12.400> I<00:06:12.720> say<00:06:12.960> around<00:06:13.759> 30 06:14.070 --> 06:14.080 align:start position:0% last 10,000 years. I say around 30 06:14.080 --> 06:15.830 align:start position:0% last 10,000 years. I say around 30 because<00:06:14.400> nature<00:06:14.800> doesn't<00:06:15.120> draw<00:06:15.520> neat 06:15.830 --> 06:15.840 align:start position:0% because nature doesn't draw neat 06:15.840 --> 06:17.350 align:start position:0% because nature doesn't draw neat boundaries.<00:06:16.400> It<00:06:16.560> would<00:06:16.639> be<00:06:16.800> very<00:06:16.960> helpful<00:06:17.199> if 06:17.350 --> 06:17.360 align:start position:0% boundaries. It would be very helpful if 06:17.360 --> 06:20.070 align:start position:0% boundaries. It would be very helpful if it<00:06:17.520> did.<00:06:18.240> Some<00:06:18.479> systems<00:06:18.960> here<00:06:19.199> have<00:06:19.440> obvious 06:20.070 --> 06:20.080 align:start position:0% it did. Some systems here have obvious 06:20.080 --> 06:22.390 align:start position:0% it did. Some systems here have obvious central<00:06:20.479> volcanoes.<00:06:21.360> Others<00:06:21.759> are<00:06:22.000> long 06:22.390 --> 06:22.400 align:start position:0% central volcanoes. Others are long 06:22.400 --> 06:25.029 align:start position:0% central volcanoes. Others are long networks<00:06:22.800> of<00:06:23.039> underground<00:06:23.759> fishes.<00:06:24.560> and<00:06:24.800> many 06:25.029 --> 06:25.039 align:start position:0% networks of underground fishes. and many 06:25.039 --> 06:27.670 align:start position:0% networks of underground fishes. and many are<00:06:25.280> a<00:06:25.440> combination<00:06:26.000> of<00:06:26.319> both<00:06:27.039> slipping<00:06:27.440> in 06:27.670 --> 06:27.680 align:start position:0% are a combination of both slipping in 06:27.680 --> 06:30.790 align:start position:0% are a combination of both slipping in and<00:06:27.840> out<00:06:28.000> of<00:06:28.240> activity<00:06:28.800> over<00:06:29.120> centuries.<00:06:30.560> So 06:30.790 --> 06:30.800 align:start position:0% and out of activity over centuries. So 06:30.800 --> 06:32.629 align:start position:0% and out of activity over centuries. So depending<00:06:31.120> on<00:06:31.280> the<00:06:31.520> geological<00:06:32.080> criteria 06:32.629 --> 06:32.639 align:start position:0% depending on the geological criteria 06:32.639 --> 06:35.350 align:start position:0% depending on the geological criteria used<00:06:32.880> to<00:06:33.120> define<00:06:33.680> active,<00:06:34.560> the<00:06:34.800> number<00:06:35.039> sits 06:35.350 --> 06:35.360 align:start position:0% used to define active, the number sits 06:35.360 --> 06:39.270 align:start position:0% used to define active, the number sits somewhere<00:06:35.759> between<00:06:36.319> 28<00:06:36.960> and<00:06:37.440> 33.<00:06:38.800> And<00:06:39.039> thanks 06:39.270 --> 06:39.280 align:start position:0% somewhere between 28 and 33. And thanks 06:39.280 --> 06:41.909 align:start position:0% somewhere between 28 and 33. And thanks to<00:06:39.520> lying<00:06:39.840> on<00:06:40.000> such<00:06:40.240> a<00:06:40.479> rare<00:06:40.800> tectonic<00:06:41.520> sweet 06:41.909 --> 06:41.919 align:start position:0% to lying on such a rare tectonic sweet 06:41.919 --> 06:44.550 align:start position:0% to lying on such a rare tectonic sweet spot,<00:06:42.720> Iceland<00:06:43.280> produces<00:06:43.680> almost<00:06:44.160> every 06:44.550 --> 06:44.560 align:start position:0% spot, Iceland produces almost every 06:44.560 --> 06:47.189 align:start position:0% spot, Iceland produces almost every major<00:06:45.039> style<00:06:45.360> of<00:06:45.520> volcanic<00:06:46.160> behavior<00:06:46.639> on<00:06:46.960> the 06:47.189 --> 06:47.199 align:start position:0% major style of volcanic behavior on the 06:47.199 --> 06:50.070 align:start position:0% major style of volcanic behavior on the planet.<00:06:48.160> From<00:06:48.479> flood<00:06:48.960> bassults<00:06:49.520> that<00:06:49.759> spread 06:50.070 --> 06:50.080 align:start position:0% planet. From flood bassults that spread 06:50.080 --> 06:53.749 align:start position:0% planet. From flood bassults that spread lava<00:06:50.560> in<00:06:50.800> vast<00:06:51.360> sheets,<00:06:52.319> gently<00:06:52.880> built<00:06:53.280> shield 06:53.749 --> 06:53.759 align:start position:0% lava in vast sheets, gently built shield 06:53.759 --> 06:56.629 align:start position:0% lava in vast sheets, gently built shield volcanoes,<00:06:54.960> groundsplitting<00:06:56.080> fisher 06:56.629 --> 06:56.639 align:start position:0% volcanoes, groundsplitting fisher 06:56.639 --> 06:59.029 align:start position:0% volcanoes, groundsplitting fisher eruptions,<00:06:57.680> explosive<00:06:58.479> composite 06:59.029 --> 06:59.039 align:start position:0% eruptions, explosive composite 06:59.039 --> 07:02.629 align:start position:0% eruptions, explosive composite volcanoes,<00:07:00.240> sticky<00:07:00.800> rioly<00:07:01.360> domes,<00:07:01.759> and<00:07:02.000> even 07:02.629 --> 07:02.639 align:start position:0% volcanoes, sticky rioly domes, and even 07:02.639 --> 07:05.990 align:start position:0% volcanoes, sticky rioly domes, and even huge<00:07:03.199> ashflow<00:07:03.919> calderas.<00:07:05.120> Nowhere<00:07:05.520> else<00:07:05.759> puts 07:05.990 --> 07:06.000 align:start position:0% huge ashflow calderas. Nowhere else puts 07:06.000 --> 07:09.029 align:start position:0% huge ashflow calderas. Nowhere else puts this<00:07:06.240> entire<00:07:06.720> volcanic<00:07:07.280> toolkit<00:07:07.759> on<00:07:08.000> display 07:09.029 --> 07:09.039 align:start position:0% this entire volcanic toolkit on display 07:09.039 --> 07:11.830 align:start position:0% this entire volcanic toolkit on display quite<00:07:09.360> like<00:07:09.680> Iceland. 07:11.830 --> 07:11.840 align:start position:0% quite like Iceland. 07:11.840 --> 07:13.909 align:start position:0% quite like Iceland. In<00:07:12.080> fact,<00:07:12.319> the<00:07:12.560> country's<00:07:12.880> image<00:07:13.199> as<00:07:13.440> a<00:07:13.599> land 07:13.909 --> 07:13.919 align:start position:0% In fact, the country's image as a land 07:13.919 --> 07:16.309 align:start position:0% In fact, the country's image as a land of<00:07:14.240> fire<00:07:14.720> has<00:07:14.960> become<00:07:15.360> central<00:07:15.759> to<00:07:16.000> its 07:16.309 --> 07:16.319 align:start position:0% of fire has become central to its 07:16.319 --> 07:18.950 align:start position:0% of fire has become central to its identity<00:07:16.800> and<00:07:17.120> its<00:07:17.360> economy.<00:07:18.240> But<00:07:18.400> it<00:07:18.639> also 07:18.950 --> 07:18.960 align:start position:0% identity and its economy. But it also 07:18.960 --> 07:22.550 align:start position:0% identity and its economy. But it also hides<00:07:19.440> a<00:07:19.759> hard<00:07:20.160> geographic<00:07:20.960> reality. 07:22.550 --> 07:22.560 align:start position:0% hides a hard geographic reality. 07:22.560 --> 07:24.870 align:start position:0% hides a hard geographic reality. For<00:07:22.880> all<00:07:23.120> its<00:07:23.360> beauty,<00:07:23.840> the<00:07:24.080> interior<00:07:24.479> of<00:07:24.639> the 07:24.870 --> 07:24.880 align:start position:0% For all its beauty, the interior of the 07:24.880 --> 07:28.710 align:start position:0% For all its beauty, the interior of the country<00:07:25.120> is<00:07:25.360> a<00:07:25.599> vast,<00:07:26.240> high<00:07:26.880> freezing<00:07:27.520> desert. 07:28.710 --> 07:28.720 align:start position:0% country is a vast, high freezing desert. 07:28.720 --> 07:30.550 align:start position:0% country is a vast, high freezing desert. Often<00:07:29.120> compared<00:07:29.440> to<00:07:29.599> the<00:07:29.840> surface<00:07:30.160> of<00:07:30.319> the 07:30.550 --> 07:30.560 align:start position:0% Often compared to the surface of the 07:30.560 --> 07:32.790 align:start position:0% Often compared to the surface of the moon,<00:07:31.199> its<00:07:31.440> harsh<00:07:31.840> conditions<00:07:32.319> leave<00:07:32.560> it 07:32.790 --> 07:32.800 align:start position:0% moon, its harsh conditions leave it 07:32.800 --> 07:35.029 align:start position:0% moon, its harsh conditions leave it largely<00:07:33.360> uninhabited. 07:35.029 --> 07:35.039 align:start position:0% largely uninhabited. 07:35.039 --> 07:36.710 align:start position:0% largely uninhabited. Instead,<00:07:35.599> nearly<00:07:35.919> everyone<00:07:36.160> lives<00:07:36.479> around 07:36.710 --> 07:36.720 align:start position:0% Instead, nearly everyone lives around 07:36.720 --> 07:39.270 align:start position:0% Instead, nearly everyone lives around the<00:07:36.960> coast,<00:07:37.680> especially<00:07:38.240> the<00:07:38.479> southwest 07:39.270 --> 07:39.280 align:start position:0% the coast, especially the southwest 07:39.280 --> 07:41.670 align:start position:0% the coast, especially the southwest corner.<00:07:40.080> The<00:07:40.319> Gulf<00:07:40.639> Stream<00:07:40.880> keeps<00:07:41.199> this<00:07:41.440> part 07:41.670 --> 07:41.680 align:start position:0% corner. The Gulf Stream keeps this part 07:41.680 --> 07:44.230 align:start position:0% corner. The Gulf Stream keeps this part of<00:07:41.840> the<00:07:42.000> country<00:07:42.319> relatively<00:07:42.960> barmy.<00:07:43.840> Winter 07:44.230 --> 07:44.240 align:start position:0% of the country relatively barmy. Winter 07:44.240 --> 07:47.110 align:start position:0% of the country relatively barmy. Winter temperatures<00:07:44.639> rarely<00:07:44.960> drop<00:07:45.199> below<00:07:45.520> -5°<00:07:46.560> C, 07:47.110 --> 07:47.120 align:start position:0% temperatures rarely drop below -5° C, 07:47.120 --> 07:50.629 align:start position:0% temperatures rarely drop below -5° C, leaving<00:07:47.520> harbors<00:07:48.080> ice<00:07:48.479> free<00:07:49.120> year<00:07:49.440> round. 07:50.629 --> 07:50.639 align:start position:0% leaving harbors ice free year round. 07:50.639 --> 07:53.670 align:start position:0% leaving harbors ice free year round. Combine<00:07:51.120> that<00:07:51.440> with<00:07:51.759> rich<00:07:52.240> codtock<00:07:53.039> seas,<00:07:53.440> and 07:53.670 --> 07:53.680 align:start position:0% Combine that with rich codtock seas, and 07:53.680 --> 07:56.710 align:start position:0% Combine that with rich codtock seas, and why<00:07:54.000> wouldn't<00:07:54.319> you<00:07:54.479> want<00:07:54.639> to<00:07:54.800> stay<00:07:55.120> here?<00:07:56.319> Over 07:56.710 --> 07:56.720 align:start position:0% why wouldn't you want to stay here? Over 07:56.720 --> 07:59.029 align:start position:0% why wouldn't you want to stay here? Over time,<00:07:57.120> small<00:07:57.440> settlements<00:07:58.000> grew<00:07:58.240> into<00:07:58.639> towns 07:59.029 --> 07:59.039 align:start position:0% time, small settlements grew into towns 07:59.039 --> 08:02.150 align:start position:0% time, small settlements grew into towns and<00:07:59.360> cities,<00:07:59.919> pulling<00:08:00.240> in<00:08:00.560> even<00:08:00.879> more<00:08:01.199> people. 08:02.150 --> 08:02.160 align:start position:0% and cities, pulling in even more people. 08:02.160 --> 08:04.150 align:start position:0% and cities, pulling in even more people. I<00:08:02.400> really<00:08:02.720> can't<00:08:03.039> state<00:08:03.360> enough<00:08:03.680> that<00:08:03.919> this 08:04.150 --> 08:04.160 align:start position:0% I really can't state enough that this 08:04.160 --> 08:07.029 align:start position:0% I really can't state enough that this area<00:08:04.479> is<00:08:04.720> the<00:08:04.960> nerve<00:08:05.360> center<00:08:05.680> of<00:08:05.919> the<00:08:06.160> nation. 08:07.029 --> 08:07.039 align:start position:0% area is the nerve center of the nation. 08:07.039 --> 08:09.270 align:start position:0% area is the nerve center of the nation. 80%<00:08:07.599> of<00:08:07.840> the<00:08:08.000> population<00:08:08.479> lives<00:08:08.800> within<00:08:09.120> an 08:09.270 --> 08:09.280 align:start position:0% 80% of the population lives within an 08:09.280 --> 08:12.390 align:start position:0% 80% of the population lives within an hour's<00:08:09.759> drive<00:08:10.160> of<00:08:10.400> Recuik. 08:12.390 --> 08:12.400 align:start position:0% hour's drive of Recuik. 08:12.400 --> 08:14.309 align:start position:0% hour's drive of Recuik. Icelanders<00:08:13.039> have<00:08:13.199> cleverly<00:08:13.680> leveraged<00:08:14.080> the 08:14.309 --> 08:14.319 align:start position:0% Icelanders have cleverly leveraged the 08:14.319 --> 08:15.990 align:start position:0% Icelanders have cleverly leveraged the country's<00:08:14.639> geological<00:08:15.199> activity<00:08:15.599> here<00:08:15.759> to 08:15.990 --> 08:16.000 align:start position:0% country's geological activity here to 08:16.000 --> 08:19.189 align:start position:0% country's geological activity here to their<00:08:16.160> advantage,<00:08:16.720> too.<00:08:17.520> Over<00:08:17.919> 85%<00:08:18.639> of<00:08:18.879> homes 08:19.189 --> 08:19.199 align:start position:0% their advantage, too. Over 85% of homes 08:19.199 --> 08:21.589 align:start position:0% their advantage, too. Over 85% of homes are<00:08:19.360> heated<00:08:19.759> by<00:08:20.000> geothermal<00:08:20.800> water, 08:21.589 --> 08:21.599 align:start position:0% are heated by geothermal water, 08:21.599 --> 08:23.510 align:start position:0% are heated by geothermal water, underpinning<00:08:22.240> Iceland's<00:08:22.720> position<00:08:23.120> as<00:08:23.360> a 08:23.510 --> 08:23.520 align:start position:0% underpinning Iceland's position as a 08:23.520 --> 08:25.990 align:start position:0% underpinning Iceland's position as a green<00:08:23.840> energy<00:08:24.319> leader.<00:08:25.199> High<00:08:25.599> temperature 08:25.990 --> 08:26.000 align:start position:0% green energy leader. High temperature 08:26.000 --> 08:28.550 align:start position:0% green energy leader. High temperature geothermal<00:08:26.800> fields<00:08:27.280> where<00:08:27.599> hot<00:08:27.919> water<00:08:28.240> and 08:28.550 --> 08:28.560 align:start position:0% geothermal fields where hot water and 08:28.560 --> 08:31.029 align:start position:0% geothermal fields where hot water and steam<00:08:29.039> circulate<00:08:29.680> above<00:08:30.160> shallow<00:08:30.639> magma 08:31.029 --> 08:31.039 align:start position:0% steam circulate above shallow magma 08:31.039 --> 08:33.990 align:start position:0% steam circulate above shallow magma bodies<00:08:31.680> are<00:08:31.919> tapped<00:08:32.320> by<00:08:32.560> bore<00:08:32.880> holes. 08:33.990 --> 08:34.000 align:start position:0% bodies are tapped by bore holes. 08:34.000 --> 08:36.230 align:start position:0% bodies are tapped by bore holes. Housing,<00:08:34.719> swimming<00:08:35.039> pools,<00:08:35.440> and<00:08:35.760> even 08:36.230 --> 08:36.240 align:start position:0% Housing, swimming pools, and even 08:36.240 --> 08:38.790 align:start position:0% Housing, swimming pools, and even pavements<00:08:37.120> are<00:08:37.440> warmed<00:08:37.919> by<00:08:38.080> the<00:08:38.320> earth 08:38.790 --> 08:38.800 align:start position:0% pavements are warmed by the earth 08:38.800 --> 08:40.310 align:start position:0% pavements are warmed by the earth itself. 08:40.310 --> 08:40.320 align:start position:0% itself. 08:40.320 --> 08:42.149 align:start position:0% itself. Imagine<00:08:40.560> that.<00:08:40.959> Underfloor<00:08:41.599> heating<00:08:41.919> while 08:42.149 --> 08:42.159 align:start position:0% Imagine that. Underfloor heating while 08:42.159 --> 08:44.389 align:start position:0% Imagine that. Underfloor heating while you<00:08:42.320> walk<00:08:42.560> to<00:08:42.719> the<00:08:42.880> shops.<00:08:43.680> That's<00:08:43.919> my<00:08:44.159> kind<00:08:44.320> of 08:44.389 --> 08:44.399 align:start position:0% you walk to the shops. That's my kind of 08:44.399 --> 08:46.470 align:start position:0% you walk to the shops. That's my kind of luxury. 08:46.470 --> 08:46.480 align:start position:0% luxury. 08:46.480 --> 08:48.310 align:start position:0% luxury. But<00:08:46.640> with<00:08:46.880> this<00:08:47.200> growth<00:08:47.600> comes<00:08:48.000> new 08:48.310 --> 08:48.320 align:start position:0% But with this growth comes new 08:48.320 --> 08:50.870 align:start position:0% But with this growth comes new vulnerabilities.<00:08:49.519> More<00:08:49.839> people<00:08:50.240> means<00:08:50.560> more 08:50.870 --> 08:50.880 align:start position:0% vulnerabilities. More people means more 08:50.880 --> 08:53.110 align:start position:0% vulnerabilities. More people means more infrastructure<00:08:51.600> now<00:08:51.839> sits<00:08:52.160> in<00:08:52.480> places<00:08:52.800> that 08:53.110 --> 08:53.120 align:start position:0% infrastructure now sits in places that 08:53.120 --> 08:56.070 align:start position:0% infrastructure now sits in places that will<00:08:53.440> be<00:08:53.600> affected<00:08:54.080> by<00:08:54.480> future<00:08:55.040> eruptions. 08:56.070 --> 08:56.080 align:start position:0% will be affected by future eruptions. 08:56.080 --> 08:58.150 align:start position:0% will be affected by future eruptions. And<00:08:56.320> by<00:08:56.560> future,<00:08:57.040> I<00:08:57.200> don't<00:08:57.360> mean<00:08:57.440> in<00:08:57.760> hundreds 08:58.150 --> 08:58.160 align:start position:0% And by future, I don't mean in hundreds 08:58.160 --> 09:01.430 align:start position:0% And by future, I don't mean in hundreds of<00:08:58.320> years.<00:08:59.200> I<00:08:59.440> mean<00:08:59.600> as<00:08:59.839> soon<00:09:00.000> as<00:09:00.399> tomorrow. 09:01.430 --> 09:01.440 align:start position:0% of years. I mean as soon as tomorrow. 09:01.440 --> 09:03.670 align:start position:0% of years. I mean as soon as tomorrow. because<00:09:01.760> something<00:09:02.160> even<00:09:02.560> more<00:09:02.880> sinister<00:09:03.440> is 09:03.670 --> 09:03.680 align:start position:0% because something even more sinister is 09:03.680 --> 09:08.070 align:start position:0% because something even more sinister is brewing<00:09:04.080> below<00:09:04.399> the<00:09:04.640> surface. 09:08.070 --> 09:08.080 align:start position:0% 09:08.080 --> 09:11.829 align:start position:0% In<00:09:08.320> late<00:09:08.720> 2019,<00:09:09.920> something<00:09:10.640> changed. 09:11.829 --> 09:11.839 align:start position:0% In late 2019, something changed. 09:11.839 --> 09:13.430 align:start position:0% In late 2019, something changed. Earthquakes<00:09:12.399> shook<00:09:12.720> the<00:09:12.880> ground<00:09:13.040> beneath 09:13.430 --> 09:13.440 align:start position:0% Earthquakes shook the ground beneath 09:13.440 --> 09:14.949 align:start position:0% Earthquakes shook the ground beneath Farraha, 09:14.949 --> 09:14.959 align:start position:0% Farraha, 09:14.959 --> 09:17.190 align:start position:0% Farraha, an<00:09:15.200> area<00:09:15.440> less<00:09:15.680> than<00:09:15.839> an<00:09:16.080> hour's<00:09:16.560> drive<00:09:16.880> from 09:17.190 --> 09:17.200 align:start position:0% an area less than an hour's drive from 09:17.200 --> 09:19.030 align:start position:0% an area less than an hour's drive from Recuik.<00:09:18.240> And<00:09:18.399> I'm<00:09:18.560> sorry<00:09:18.720> for<00:09:18.880> my 09:19.030 --> 09:19.040 align:start position:0% Recuik. And I'm sorry for my 09:19.040 --> 09:20.630 align:start position:0% Recuik. And I'm sorry for my pronunciation<00:09:19.600> here,<00:09:19.839> Icelanders.<00:09:20.399> Let<00:09:20.560> me 09:20.630 --> 09:20.640 align:start position:0% pronunciation here, Icelanders. Let me 09:20.640 --> 09:23.269 align:start position:0% pronunciation here, Icelanders. Let me know<00:09:20.720> how<00:09:20.880> I<00:09:21.040> get<00:09:21.120> on.<00:09:22.000> They<00:09:22.320> started<00:09:22.800> small, 09:23.269 --> 09:23.279 align:start position:0% know how I get on. They started small, 09:23.279 --> 09:26.550 align:start position:0% know how I get on. They started small, but<00:09:23.600> soon<00:09:23.920> multiplied<00:09:24.640> and<00:09:25.040> strengthened.<00:09:26.240> By 09:26.550 --> 09:26.560 align:start position:0% but soon multiplied and strengthened. By 09:26.560 --> 09:30.470 align:start position:0% but soon multiplied and strengthened. By early<00:09:26.880> 2021,<00:09:28.080> more<00:09:28.320> than<00:09:28.720> 40,000<00:09:29.839> earthquakes 09:30.470 --> 09:30.480 align:start position:0% early 2021, more than 40,000 earthquakes 09:30.480 --> 09:33.269 align:start position:0% early 2021, more than 40,000 earthquakes shook<00:09:30.800> the<00:09:30.959> region<00:09:31.279> in<00:09:31.519> a<00:09:31.680> matter<00:09:32.000> of<00:09:32.240> weeks<00:09:32.959> in 09:33.269 --> 09:33.279 align:start position:0% shook the region in a matter of weeks in 09:33.279 --> 09:36.870 align:start position:0% shook the region in a matter of weeks in what's<00:09:33.519> known<00:09:33.839> as<00:09:34.160> seismic<00:09:34.880> swarms. 09:36.870 --> 09:36.880 align:start position:0% what's known as seismic swarms. 09:36.880 --> 09:39.430 align:start position:0% what's known as seismic swarms. Terrifying,<00:09:37.760> absolutely,<00:09:38.640> but<00:09:38.880> also<00:09:39.200> a 09:39.430 --> 09:39.440 align:start position:0% Terrifying, absolutely, but also a 09:39.440 --> 09:41.910 align:start position:0% Terrifying, absolutely, but also a geological<00:09:40.160> warning.<00:09:41.120> Something<00:09:41.440> was<00:09:41.760> going 09:41.910 --> 09:41.920 align:start position:0% geological warning. Something was going 09:41.920 --> 09:44.310 align:start position:0% geological warning. Something was going on<00:09:42.240> just<00:09:42.480> a<00:09:42.800> few<00:09:43.040> kilometers<00:09:43.680> below<00:09:44.080> the 09:44.310 --> 09:44.320 align:start position:0% on just a few kilometers below the 09:44.320 --> 09:46.230 align:start position:0% on just a few kilometers below the surface. 09:46.230 --> 09:46.240 align:start position:0% surface. 09:46.240 --> 09:48.630 align:start position:0% surface. Seismic<00:09:46.800> swarms<00:09:47.279> can<00:09:47.519> be<00:09:47.600> caused<00:09:47.920> by<00:09:48.160> magma 09:48.630 --> 09:48.640 align:start position:0% Seismic swarms can be caused by magma 09:48.640 --> 09:50.870 align:start position:0% Seismic swarms can be caused by magma forcing<00:09:49.040> its<00:09:49.360> way<00:09:49.519> up<00:09:49.760> through<00:09:50.160> cracks<00:09:50.640> in 09:50.870 --> 09:50.880 align:start position:0% forcing its way up through cracks in 09:50.880 --> 09:53.110 align:start position:0% forcing its way up through cracks in Earth's<00:09:51.360> crust<00:09:51.920> in<00:09:52.240> what's<00:09:52.480> known<00:09:52.720> as<00:09:52.880> an 09:53.110 --> 09:53.120 align:start position:0% Earth's crust in what's known as an 09:53.120 --> 09:56.070 align:start position:0% Earth's crust in what's known as an intrusion.<00:09:54.320> Rock<00:09:54.640> fractures,<00:09:55.279> magma<00:09:55.680> floods 09:56.070 --> 09:56.080 align:start position:0% intrusion. Rock fractures, magma floods 09:56.080 --> 09:58.470 align:start position:0% intrusion. Rock fractures, magma floods in,<00:09:56.640> pressure<00:09:57.040> builds,<00:09:57.440> and<00:09:57.680> it's<00:09:57.920> often<00:09:58.240> only 09:58.470 --> 09:58.480 align:start position:0% in, pressure builds, and it's often only 09:58.480 --> 10:00.470 align:start position:0% in, pressure builds, and it's often only a<00:09:58.640> matter<00:09:58.880> of<00:09:59.040> time<00:09:59.360> until<00:09:59.680> it<00:09:59.920> reaches<00:10:00.240> the 10:00.470 --> 10:00.480 align:start position:0% a matter of time until it reaches the 10:00.480 --> 10:01.990 align:start position:0% a matter of time until it reaches the surface. 10:01.990 --> 10:02.000 align:start position:0% surface. 10:02.000 --> 10:05.190 align:start position:0% surface. In<00:10:02.240> March<00:10:02.640> 2021,<00:10:03.680> the<00:10:03.920> ground<00:10:04.320> finally<00:10:04.800> gave 10:05.190 --> 10:05.200 align:start position:0% In March 2021, the ground finally gave 10:05.200 --> 10:07.590 align:start position:0% In March 2021, the ground finally gave way,<00:10:05.760> and<00:10:06.000> a<00:10:06.240> fisher<00:10:06.640> ripped<00:10:07.040> open<00:10:07.360> in 10:07.590 --> 10:07.600 align:start position:0% way, and a fisher ripped open in 10:07.600 --> 10:09.910 align:start position:0% way, and a fisher ripped open in Floroshi. 10:09.910 --> 10:09.920 align:start position:0% Floroshi. 10:09.920 --> 10:13.670 align:start position:0% Floroshi. A<00:10:10.160> surreal<00:10:10.720> glowing<00:10:11.279> curtain<00:10:11.760> of<00:10:12.080> lava, 10:13.670 --> 10:13.680 align:start position:0% A surreal glowing curtain of lava, 10:13.680 --> 10:16.710 align:start position:0% A surreal glowing curtain of lava, 180<00:10:14.160> m<00:10:14.640> long,<00:10:15.360> fountained<00:10:15.920> into<00:10:16.240> the<00:10:16.399> air 10:16.710 --> 10:16.720 align:start position:0% 180 m long, fountained into the air 10:16.720 --> 10:19.990 align:start position:0% 180 m long, fountained into the air before<00:10:17.120> flowing<00:10:17.920> into<00:10:18.240> a<00:10:18.399> sheltered<00:10:18.959> valley. 10:19.990 --> 10:20.000 align:start position:0% before flowing into a sheltered valley. 10:20.000 --> 10:21.670 align:start position:0% before flowing into a sheltered valley. It<00:10:20.320> was<00:10:20.399> the<00:10:20.640> first<00:10:21.040> eruption<00:10:21.360> on<00:10:21.519> the 10:21.670 --> 10:21.680 align:start position:0% It was the first eruption on the 10:21.680 --> 10:25.030 align:start position:0% It was the first eruption on the Rekiness<00:10:22.320> Peninsula<00:10:22.800> in<00:10:23.120> 8<00:10:23.760> centuries.<00:10:24.800> I 10:25.030 --> 10:25.040 align:start position:0% Rekiness Peninsula in 8 centuries. I 10:25.040 --> 10:27.030 align:start position:0% Rekiness Peninsula in 8 centuries. I said<00:10:25.279> I'd<00:10:25.519> come<00:10:25.680> back<00:10:25.760> to<00:10:26.000> this<00:10:26.160> place<00:10:26.560> and<00:10:26.800> it 10:27.030 --> 10:27.040 align:start position:0% said I'd come back to this place and it 10:27.040 --> 10:29.750 align:start position:0% said I'd come back to this place and it went<00:10:27.200> on<00:10:27.440> for<00:10:27.680> nearly<00:10:28.160> six<00:10:28.800> months<00:10:29.279> before 10:29.750 --> 10:29.760 align:start position:0% went on for nearly six months before 10:29.760 --> 10:32.870 align:start position:0% went on for nearly six months before suddenly<00:10:30.880> stopping.<00:10:31.920> But<00:10:32.079> that<00:10:32.320> was<00:10:32.480> not<00:10:32.640> a 10:32.870 --> 10:32.880 align:start position:0% suddenly stopping. But that was not a 10:32.880 --> 10:36.150 align:start position:0% suddenly stopping. But that was not a return<00:10:33.120> to<00:10:33.440> dormcancy.<00:10:34.720> That<00:10:35.279> was<00:10:35.519> just<00:10:35.839> the 10:36.150 --> 10:36.160 align:start position:0% return to dormcancy. That was just the 10:36.160 --> 10:38.710 align:start position:0% return to dormcancy. That was just the start.<00:10:37.200> Further<00:10:37.680> eruptions<00:10:38.079> followed<00:10:38.399> in 10:38.710 --> 10:38.720 align:start position:0% start. Further eruptions followed in 10:38.720 --> 10:42.470 align:start position:0% start. Further eruptions followed in 2022<00:10:39.680> and<00:10:40.000> again<00:10:40.399> in<00:10:40.880> 2023. 10:42.470 --> 10:42.480 align:start position:0% 2022 and again in 2023. 10:42.480 --> 10:45.030 align:start position:0% 2022 and again in 2023. Then<00:10:42.720> the<00:10:42.959> activity<00:10:43.440> began<00:10:43.760> to<00:10:44.000> migrate, 10:45.030 --> 10:45.040 align:start position:0% Then the activity began to migrate, 10:45.040 --> 10:47.430 align:start position:0% Then the activity began to migrate, shifting<00:10:45.519> a<00:10:45.839> few<00:10:46.000> kilometers<00:10:46.560> southwest<00:10:47.120> to 10:47.430 --> 10:47.440 align:start position:0% shifting a few kilometers southwest to 10:47.440 --> 10:51.509 align:start position:0% shifting a few kilometers southwest to Sparteni<00:10:48.720> along<00:10:48.959> the<00:10:49.200> Suns<00:10:49.680> Nuke<00:10:50.399> crater<00:10:50.959> row. 10:51.509 --> 10:51.519 align:start position:0% Sparteni along the Suns Nuke crater row. 10:51.519 --> 10:55.030 align:start position:0% Sparteni along the Suns Nuke crater row. It<00:10:51.760> was<00:10:51.920> closing<00:10:52.240> in<00:10:52.800> fast. 10:55.030 --> 10:55.040 align:start position:0% It was closing in fast. 10:55.040 --> 10:57.750 align:start position:0% It was closing in fast. On<00:10:55.200> the<00:10:55.360> 10th<00:10:55.600> of<00:10:55.760> November<00:10:56.240> 2023,<00:10:57.440> the 10:57.750 --> 10:57.760 align:start position:0% On the 10th of November 2023, the 10:57.760 --> 10:59.829 align:start position:0% On the 10th of November 2023, the decision<00:10:58.079> was<00:10:58.240> taken<00:10:58.560> to<00:10:58.800> evacuate<00:10:59.279> the<00:10:59.519> town 10:59.829 --> 10:59.839 align:start position:0% decision was taken to evacuate the town 10:59.839 --> 11:03.269 align:start position:0% decision was taken to evacuate the town of<00:11:00.079> Grintovvic,<00:11:01.120> home<00:11:01.360> to<00:11:01.600> 3,700 11:03.269 --> 11:03.279 align:start position:0% of Grintovvic, home to 3,700 11:03.279 --> 11:06.230 align:start position:0% of Grintovvic, home to 3,700 people.<00:11:04.480> The<00:11:04.720> telltale<00:11:05.360> seismic<00:11:05.839> swarm 11:06.230 --> 11:06.240 align:start position:0% people. The telltale seismic swarm 11:06.240 --> 11:08.870 align:start position:0% people. The telltale seismic swarm showed<00:11:06.480> that<00:11:06.720> a<00:11:06.959> major<00:11:07.279> magma<00:11:07.760> intrusion<00:11:08.480> was 11:08.870 --> 11:08.880 align:start position:0% showed that a major magma intrusion was 11:08.880 --> 11:11.670 align:start position:0% showed that a major magma intrusion was propagating<00:11:09.519> beneath<00:11:09.920> the<00:11:10.160> town. 11:11.670 --> 11:11.680 align:start position:0% propagating beneath the town. 11:11.680 --> 11:13.910 align:start position:0% propagating beneath the town. Days<00:11:12.000> after<00:11:12.240> the<00:11:12.480> evacuation,<00:11:13.360> fissures 11:13.910 --> 11:13.920 align:start position:0% Days after the evacuation, fissures 11:13.920 --> 11:16.389 align:start position:0% Days after the evacuation, fissures opened,<00:11:14.640> destroying<00:11:15.200> homes<00:11:15.600> and<00:11:15.920> damaging 11:16.389 --> 11:16.399 align:start position:0% opened, destroying homes and damaging 11:16.399 --> 11:18.150 align:start position:0% opened, destroying homes and damaging infrastructure. 11:18.150 --> 11:18.160 align:start position:0% infrastructure. 11:18.160 --> 11:20.310 align:start position:0% infrastructure. It<00:11:18.480> was<00:11:18.640> described<00:11:19.120> as<00:11:19.440> Iceland's<00:11:20.079> most 11:20.310 --> 11:20.320 align:start position:0% It was described as Iceland's most 11:20.320 --> 11:24.310 align:start position:0% It was described as Iceland's most severe<00:11:20.880> natural<00:11:21.360> disaster<00:11:22.000> in<00:11:22.399> 51<00:11:23.200> years,<00:11:24.000> and 11:24.310 --> 11:24.320 align:start position:0% severe natural disaster in 51 years, and 11:24.320 --> 11:26.949 align:start position:0% severe natural disaster in 51 years, and Grintovvic<00:11:25.040> remains<00:11:25.600> largely<00:11:26.079> uninhabited 11:26.949 --> 11:26.959 align:start position:0% Grintovvic remains largely uninhabited 11:26.959 --> 11:30.310 align:start position:0% Grintovvic remains largely uninhabited today.<00:11:28.399> For<00:11:28.720> geologists,<00:11:29.600> this<00:11:29.839> was<00:11:30.000> the 11:30.310 --> 11:30.320 align:start position:0% today. For geologists, this was the 11:30.320 --> 11:32.949 align:start position:0% today. For geologists, this was the final<00:11:30.800> confirmation<00:11:31.440> needed<00:11:32.079> that<00:11:32.320> a<00:11:32.640> long, 11:32.949 --> 11:32.959 align:start position:0% final confirmation needed that a long, 11:32.959 --> 11:36.790 align:start position:0% final confirmation needed that a long, quiet<00:11:33.440> volcanic<00:11:34.079> system<00:11:34.800> had<00:11:35.040> awoken,<00:11:36.480> the 11:36.790 --> 11:36.800 align:start position:0% quiet volcanic system had awoken, the 11:36.800 --> 11:39.430 align:start position:0% quiet volcanic system had awoken, the starting<00:11:37.200> pistol<00:11:37.600> for<00:11:37.839> a<00:11:38.000> centuries<00:11:38.640> long 11:39.430 --> 11:39.440 align:start position:0% starting pistol for a centuries long 11:39.440 --> 11:41.990 align:start position:0% starting pistol for a centuries long eruptive<00:11:40.000> cycle.<00:11:40.959> But<00:11:41.200> how<00:11:41.440> do<00:11:41.519> they<00:11:41.760> know 11:41.990 --> 11:42.000 align:start position:0% eruptive cycle. But how do they know 11:42.000 --> 11:44.550 align:start position:0% eruptive cycle. But how do they know this<00:11:42.160> is<00:11:42.399> only<00:11:42.640> the<00:11:42.880> beginning?<00:11:43.839> By<00:11:44.160> bringing 11:44.550 --> 11:44.560 align:start position:0% this is only the beginning? By bringing 11:44.560 --> 11:48.310 align:start position:0% this is only the beginning? By bringing Viking<00:11:45.200> sagas<00:11:46.000> into<00:11:46.320> the<00:11:46.560> satellite<00:11:47.279> age. 11:48.310 --> 11:48.320 align:start position:0% Viking sagas into the satellite age. 11:48.320 --> 11:53.670 align:start position:0% Viking sagas into the satellite age. This,<00:11:48.800> my<00:11:49.040> friends,<00:11:49.680> has<00:11:50.000> happened<00:11:50.399> before. 11:49.102 --> 11:53.573 align:start position:0% you want your digital life a bit more private.<00:13:16.560> As<00:13:16.720> we<00:13:16.880> head<00:13:17.120> back<00:13:17.360> to<00:13:17.519> the<00:13:17.680> video, 11:53.573 --> 11:53.583 align:start position:0% private. As we head back to the video, 11:53.583 --> 11:55.413 align:start position:0% private. As we head back to the video, the<00:13:20.480> Norse<00:13:20.880> Vikings<00:13:21.360> first<00:13:21.680> settled<00:13:22.000> in 11:55.413 --> 11:55.423 align:start position:0% the Norse Vikings first settled in 11:55.423 --> 11:59.413 align:start position:0% the Norse Vikings first settled in Iceland<00:13:22.560> in<00:13:22.880> 874<00:13:24.160> AD<00:13:24.959> and<00:13:25.200> lucky<00:13:25.519> for<00:13:25.760> us<00:13:25.920> in 11:59.413 --> 11:59.423 align:start position:0% Iceland in 874 AD and lucky for us in 11:59.423 --> 12:01.813 align:start position:0% Iceland in 874 AD and lucky for us in this<00:13:26.399> instance<00:13:27.120> were<00:13:27.360> impeccable<00:13:28.160> record 12:01.813 --> 12:01.823 align:start position:0% this instance were impeccable record 12:01.823 --> 12:05.173 align:start position:0% this instance were impeccable record keepers.<00:13:29.440> Their<00:13:30.240> annals<00:13:30.639> and<00:13:30.880> sagas<00:13:31.360> describe 12:05.173 --> 12:05.183 align:start position:0% keepers. Their annals and sagas describe 12:05.183 --> 12:08.133 align:start position:0% keepers. Their annals and sagas describe fire<00:13:32.320> coming<00:13:32.639> out<00:13:32.800> of<00:13:32.959> the<00:13:33.200> sea<00:13:33.839> and<00:13:34.240> darkness 12:08.133 --> 12:08.143 align:start position:0% fire coming out of the sea and darkness 12:08.143 --> 12:11.092 align:start position:0% fire coming out of the sea and darkness during<00:13:35.279> daytime<00:13:36.000> in<00:13:36.240> Urekunez<00:13:37.120> area<00:13:37.440> between 12:11.092 --> 12:11.102 align:start position:0% during daytime in Urekunez area between 12:11.102 --> 12:13.973 align:start position:0% during daytime in Urekunez area between 1210<00:13:38.560> and<00:13:38.959> 1240. 12:13.973 --> 12:13.983 align:start position:0% 1210 and 1240. 12:13.983 --> 12:15.573 align:start position:0% 1210 and 1240. During<00:13:41.120> this<00:13:41.279> period,<00:13:41.600> now<00:13:41.839> often<00:13:42.160> referred 12:15.573 --> 12:15.583 align:start position:0% During this period, now often referred 12:15.583 --> 12:18.133 align:start position:0% During this period, now often referred to<00:13:42.480> as<00:13:42.639> the<00:13:42.880> Rekines<00:13:43.519> fires,<00:13:44.160> the<00:13:44.399> peninsula 12:18.133 --> 12:18.143 align:start position:0% to as the Rekines fires, the peninsula 12:18.143 --> 12:20.133 align:start position:0% to as the Rekines fires, the peninsula was<00:13:45.040> gripped<00:13:45.440> by<00:13:45.680> repeated<00:13:46.320> fisher 12:20.133 --> 12:20.143 align:start position:0% was gripped by repeated fisher 12:20.143 --> 12:22.613 align:start position:0% was gripped by repeated fisher eruptions.<00:13:48.160> Widespread<00:13:48.800> environmental 12:22.613 --> 12:22.623 align:start position:0% eruptions. Widespread environmental 12:22.623 --> 12:24.453 align:start position:0% eruptions. Widespread environmental destruction<00:13:49.839> led<00:13:50.079> to<00:13:50.240> devastating<00:13:50.800> effects 12:24.453 --> 12:24.463 align:start position:0% destruction led to devastating effects 12:24.463 --> 12:26.772 align:start position:0% destruction led to devastating effects on<00:13:51.519> livestock<00:13:52.000> and<00:13:52.240> farming,<00:13:52.959> pushing<00:13:53.279> the 12:26.772 --> 12:26.782 align:start position:0% on livestock and farming, pushing the 12:26.782 --> 12:28.613 align:start position:0% on livestock and farming, pushing the medieval<00:13:54.000> communities<00:13:54.399> here<00:13:54.639> to<00:13:54.800> the<00:13:55.040> very 12:28.613 --> 12:28.623 align:start position:0% medieval communities here to the very 12:28.623 --> 12:31.173 align:start position:0% medieval communities here to the very edge<00:13:55.839> of<00:13:56.160> survival. 12:31.173 --> 12:31.183 align:start position:0% edge of survival. 12:31.183 --> 12:33.253 align:start position:0% edge of survival. Eight<00:13:58.240> centuries<00:13:58.720> later,<00:13:59.279> what<00:13:59.519> was<00:13:59.680> once 12:33.253 --> 12:33.263 align:start position:0% Eight centuries later, what was once 12:33.263 --> 12:35.413 align:start position:0% Eight centuries later, what was once recorded<00:14:00.320> as<00:14:00.639> folklore<00:14:01.440> have<00:14:01.680> become<00:14:01.920> a 12:35.413 --> 12:35.423 align:start position:0% recorded as folklore have become a 12:35.423 --> 12:37.973 align:start position:0% recorded as folklore have become a critical<00:14:02.720> guide<00:14:03.120> for<00:14:03.360> modern<00:14:03.760> science<00:14:04.320> and 12:37.973 --> 12:37.983 align:start position:0% critical guide for modern science and 12:37.983 --> 12:41.493 align:start position:0% critical guide for modern science and potentially<00:14:05.920> survival. 12:41.493 --> 12:41.503 align:start position:0% potentially survival. 12:41.503 --> 12:43.332 align:start position:0% potentially survival. Beneath<00:14:08.720> soil<00:14:09.040> and<00:14:09.279> lake<00:14:09.519> sediment<00:14:09.920> in 12:43.332 --> 12:43.342 align:start position:0% Beneath soil and lake sediment in 12:43.342 --> 12:45.733 align:start position:0% Beneath soil and lake sediment in volcanic<00:14:10.639> regions<00:14:11.040> are<00:14:11.519> layers<00:14:11.680> of<00:14:11.920> volcanic 12:45.733 --> 12:45.743 align:start position:0% volcanic regions are layers of volcanic 12:45.743 --> 12:48.693 align:start position:0% volcanic regions are layers of volcanic ash.<00:14:13.360> When<00:14:13.600> analyzed,<00:14:14.160> these<00:14:14.399> tiny<00:14:14.800> shards<00:14:15.199> of 12:48.693 --> 12:48.703 align:start position:0% ash. When analyzed, these tiny shards of 12:48.703 --> 12:51.173 align:start position:0% ash. When analyzed, these tiny shards of essentially<00:14:16.000> glass<00:14:16.800> carry<00:14:17.199> a<00:14:17.440> chemical 12:51.173 --> 12:51.183 align:start position:0% essentially glass carry a chemical 12:51.183 --> 12:53.332 align:start position:0% essentially glass carry a chemical fingerprint<00:14:18.720> with<00:14:18.880> a<00:14:19.040> precise<00:14:19.519> mix<00:14:19.760> of 12:53.332 --> 12:53.342 align:start position:0% fingerprint with a precise mix of 12:53.342 --> 12:56.053 align:start position:0% fingerprint with a precise mix of silica,<00:14:20.639> iron,<00:14:21.120> magnesium,<00:14:21.920> calcium,<00:14:22.480> and 12:56.053 --> 12:56.063 align:start position:0% silica, iron, magnesium, calcium, and 12:56.063 --> 12:57.973 align:start position:0% silica, iron, magnesium, calcium, and sodium.<00:14:23.519> Now,<00:14:23.839> crucially,<00:14:24.320> these 12:57.973 --> 12:57.983 align:start position:0% sodium. Now, crucially, these 12:57.983 --> 13:00.532 align:start position:0% sodium. Now, crucially, these fingerprints<00:14:25.839> vary<00:14:26.160> from<00:14:26.480> one<00:14:26.720> volcanic 13:00.532 --> 13:00.542 align:start position:0% fingerprints vary from one volcanic 13:00.542 --> 13:03.253 align:start position:0% fingerprints vary from one volcanic system<00:14:27.600> to<00:14:27.839> the<00:14:28.000> next.<00:14:29.279> When<00:14:29.519> paired<00:14:29.839> with 13:03.253 --> 13:03.263 align:start position:0% system to the next. When paired with 13:03.263 --> 13:05.092 align:start position:0% system to the next. When paired with radiocarbon<00:14:30.800> dating<00:14:31.120> of<00:14:31.279> the<00:14:31.440> sediments 13:05.092 --> 13:05.102 align:start position:0% radiocarbon dating of the sediments 13:05.102 --> 13:07.493 align:start position:0% radiocarbon dating of the sediments above<00:14:32.160> and<00:14:32.480> below<00:14:32.800> the<00:14:33.040> ash<00:14:33.440> layers,<00:14:33.920> as<00:14:34.160> well 13:07.493 --> 13:07.503 align:start position:0% above and below the ash layers, as well 13:07.503 --> 13:10.293 align:start position:0% above and below the ash layers, as well as<00:14:34.480> observations<00:14:35.040> from<00:14:35.279> old<00:14:35.600> lava<00:14:36.000> flows,<00:14:36.800> the 13:10.293 --> 13:10.303 align:start position:0% as observations from old lava flows, the 13:10.303 --> 13:12.212 align:start position:0% as observations from old lava flows, the timing<00:14:37.440> and<00:14:37.760> sequence<00:14:38.079> of<00:14:38.320> historical 13:12.212 --> 13:12.222 align:start position:0% timing and sequence of historical 13:12.222 --> 13:16.212 align:start position:0% timing and sequence of historical eruptions<00:14:39.600> can<00:14:39.839> be<00:14:40.000> pieced<00:14:40.560> back<00:14:40.800> together. 13:16.212 --> 13:16.222 align:start position:0% eruptions can be pieced back together. 13:16.222 --> 13:19.092 align:start position:0% eruptions can be pieced back together. In<00:14:43.279> March<00:14:43.600> 2020,<00:14:44.399> Christian<00:14:44.959> Simutson<00:14:45.680> from 13:19.092 --> 13:19.102 align:start position:0% In March 2020, Christian Simutson from 13:19.102 --> 13:21.173 align:start position:0% In March 2020, Christian Simutson from the<00:14:46.000> Icelandic<00:14:46.639> Geo<00:14:47.040> Survey<00:14:47.440> and<00:14:47.680> his 13:21.173 --> 13:21.183 align:start position:0% the Icelandic Geo Survey and his 13:21.183 --> 13:23.013 align:start position:0% the Icelandic Geo Survey and his colleagues<00:14:48.720> published<00:14:49.199> evidence<00:14:49.519> of<00:14:49.680> at 13:23.013 --> 13:23.023 align:start position:0% colleagues published evidence of at 13:23.023 --> 13:25.573 align:start position:0% colleagues published evidence of at least<00:14:50.240> three<00:14:50.720> major<00:14:51.120> rifting<00:14:51.600> and<00:14:51.920> eruptive 13:25.573 --> 13:25.583 align:start position:0% least three major rifting and eruptive 13:25.583 --> 13:29.092 align:start position:0% least three major rifting and eruptive episodes<00:14:52.959> over<00:14:53.199> the<00:14:53.440> last<00:14:53.760> 4,000<00:14:54.720> years,<00:14:55.519> each 13:29.092 --> 13:29.102 align:start position:0% episodes over the last 4,000 years, each 13:29.102 --> 13:31.332 align:start position:0% episodes over the last 4,000 years, each lasting<00:14:56.240> a<00:14:56.560> few<00:14:56.720> hundred<00:14:57.040> years<00:14:57.360> and<00:14:57.680> spaced 13:31.332 --> 13:31.342 align:start position:0% lasting a few hundred years and spaced 13:31.342 --> 13:34.933 align:start position:0% lasting a few hundred years and spaced roughly<00:14:58.959> 800<00:14:59.519> to<00:14:59.760> a,000<00:15:00.240> years<00:15:00.480> apart.<00:15:01.440> Now, 13:34.933 --> 13:34.943 align:start position:0% roughly 800 to a,000 years apart. Now, 13:34.943 --> 13:36.053 align:start position:0% roughly 800 to a,000 years apart. Now, to<00:15:01.839> be<00:15:01.920> honest,<00:15:02.160> this<00:15:02.240> would<00:15:02.399> have<00:15:02.480> been<00:15:02.639> quite 13:36.053 --> 13:36.063 align:start position:0% to be honest, this would have been quite 13:36.063 --> 13:37.973 align:start position:0% to be honest, this would have been quite good<00:15:02.880> to<00:15:03.040> know<00:15:03.199> before<00:15:03.760> Iceland<00:15:04.240> set<00:15:04.399> up<00:15:04.560> the 13:37.973 --> 13:37.983 align:start position:0% good to know before Iceland set up the 13:37.983 --> 13:39.573 align:start position:0% good to know before Iceland set up the majority<00:15:04.959> of<00:15:05.120> its<00:15:05.360> economy,<00:15:05.760> infrastructure, 13:39.573 --> 13:39.583 align:start position:0% majority of its economy, infrastructure, 13:39.583 --> 13:43.013 align:start position:0% majority of its economy, infrastructure, and<00:15:06.560> housing<00:15:06.959> in<00:15:07.279> this<00:15:07.519> area.<00:15:08.560> But<00:15:08.959> even<00:15:09.199> so, 13:43.013 --> 13:43.023 align:start position:0% and housing in this area. But even so, 13:43.023 --> 13:45.493 align:start position:0% and housing in this area. But even so, what<00:15:10.000> on<00:15:10.240> earth<00:15:10.560> was<00:15:10.800> causing<00:15:11.199> them?<00:15:12.000> The 13:45.493 --> 13:45.503 align:start position:0% what on earth was causing them? The 13:45.503 --> 13:47.652 align:start position:0% what on earth was causing them? The timing<00:15:12.560> of<00:15:12.720> all<00:15:12.880> these<00:15:13.120> cycles<00:15:13.680> comes<00:15:14.000> back<00:15:14.160> to 13:47.652 --> 13:47.662 align:start position:0% timing of all these cycles comes back to 13:47.662 --> 13:49.733 align:start position:0% timing of all these cycles comes back to that<00:15:14.639> uniquely<00:15:15.199> Icelandic<00:15:15.920> geological 13:49.733 --> 13:49.743 align:start position:0% that uniquely Icelandic geological 13:49.743 --> 13:51.733 align:start position:0% that uniquely Icelandic geological boiling<00:15:16.880> pot<00:15:17.120> that<00:15:17.279> we<00:15:17.519> talked<00:15:17.760> about<00:15:18.000> at<00:15:18.240> the 13:51.733 --> 13:51.743 align:start position:0% boiling pot that we talked about at the 13:51.743 --> 13:54.772 align:start position:0% boiling pot that we talked about at the start.<00:15:19.360> Yes,<00:15:19.839> Iceland<00:15:20.320> as<00:15:20.560> a<00:15:20.800> nation<00:15:21.120> sits<00:15:21.360> on 13:54.772 --> 13:54.782 align:start position:0% start. Yes, Iceland as a nation sits on 13:54.782 --> 13:56.293 align:start position:0% start. Yes, Iceland as a nation sits on the<00:15:21.600> mid-Atlantic<00:15:22.240> ridge,<00:15:22.639> but<00:15:22.880> the 13:56.293 --> 13:56.303 align:start position:0% the mid-Atlantic ridge, but the 13:56.303 --> 13:58.933 align:start position:0% the mid-Atlantic ridge, but the Rekineses<00:15:23.680> Peninsula<00:15:24.240> in<00:15:24.560> particular<00:15:25.360> sits 13:58.933 --> 13:58.943 align:start position:0% Rekineses Peninsula in particular sits 13:58.943 --> 14:02.293 align:start position:0% Rekineses Peninsula in particular sits directly<00:15:26.320> astride.<00:15:27.680> There<00:15:27.920> is<00:15:28.160> no<00:15:28.560> single 14:02.293 --> 14:02.303 align:start position:0% directly astride. There is no single 14:02.303 --> 14:04.693 align:start position:0% directly astride. There is no single centralized<00:15:29.680> volcano<00:15:30.240> here.<00:15:30.800> The<00:15:31.040> plate 14:04.693 --> 14:04.703 align:start position:0% centralized volcano here. The plate 14:04.703 --> 14:08.373 align:start position:0% centralized volcano here. The plate boundary<00:15:31.839> itself<00:15:32.560> is<00:15:32.959> the<00:15:33.279> volcano.<00:15:34.720> As<00:15:34.959> the 14:08.373 --> 14:08.383 align:start position:0% boundary itself is the volcano. As the 14:08.383 --> 14:10.532 align:start position:0% boundary itself is the volcano. As the North<00:15:35.360> American<00:15:35.760> Anurasian<00:15:36.399> plates<00:15:36.880> slowly 14:10.532 --> 14:10.542 align:start position:0% North American Anurasian plates slowly 14:10.542 --> 14:13.573 align:start position:0% North American Anurasian plates slowly pull<00:15:37.600> apart,<00:15:38.399> lateral<00:15:38.959> strain<00:15:39.600> builds<00:15:40.000> within 14:13.573 --> 14:13.583 align:start position:0% pull apart, lateral strain builds within 14:13.583 --> 14:16.532 align:start position:0% pull apart, lateral strain builds within the<00:15:40.560> crust,<00:15:41.360> it<00:15:41.600> stretches<00:15:42.079> and<00:15:42.399> over<00:15:42.720> time 14:16.532 --> 14:16.542 align:start position:0% the crust, it stretches and over time 14:16.542 --> 14:19.013 align:start position:0% the crust, it stretches and over time fractures.<00:15:44.560> This<00:15:44.800> creates<00:15:45.199> underground 14:19.013 --> 14:19.023 align:start position:0% fractures. This creates underground 14:19.023 --> 14:21.253 align:start position:0% fractures. This creates underground networks<00:15:46.240> of<00:15:46.480> fishes<00:15:46.880> that<00:15:47.040> are<00:15:47.199> invisible<00:15:47.760> to 14:21.253 --> 14:21.263 align:start position:0% networks of fishes that are invisible to 14:21.263 --> 14:24.373 align:start position:0% networks of fishes that are invisible to us<00:15:48.320> at<00:15:48.560> the<00:15:48.720> surface.<00:15:49.600> As<00:15:49.920> magma<00:15:50.399> rises<00:15:50.880> from 14:24.373 --> 14:24.383 align:start position:0% us at the surface. As magma rises from 14:24.383 --> 14:26.933 align:start position:0% us at the surface. As magma rises from below,<00:15:51.600> it<00:15:51.839> intrudes<00:15:52.399> into<00:15:52.800> any<00:15:53.040> nook<00:15:53.360> and 14:26.933 --> 14:26.943 align:start position:0% below, it intrudes into any nook and 14:26.943 --> 14:30.373 align:start position:0% below, it intrudes into any nook and cranny<00:15:54.079> it<00:15:54.480> can<00:15:54.720> find.<00:15:55.759> At<00:15:56.000> first,<00:15:56.399> it<00:15:56.639> stalls 14:30.373 --> 14:30.383 align:start position:0% cranny it can find. At first, it stalls 14:30.383 --> 14:33.173 align:start position:0% cranny it can find. At first, it stalls at<00:15:57.440> depth,<00:15:57.920> not<00:15:58.320> erupting,<00:15:59.040> but<00:15:59.360> building 14:33.173 --> 14:33.183 align:start position:0% at depth, not erupting, but building 14:33.183 --> 14:35.652 align:start position:0% at depth, not erupting, but building pressure.<00:16:00.800> For<00:16:01.120> centuries,<00:16:01.680> this<00:16:01.920> process 14:35.652 --> 14:35.662 align:start position:0% pressure. For centuries, this process 14:35.662 --> 14:40.373 align:start position:0% pressure. For centuries, this process unfolds<00:16:03.360> quietly,<00:16:04.399> steadily,<00:16:05.519> relentlessly. 14:40.373 --> 14:40.383 align:start position:0% unfolds quietly, steadily, relentlessly. 14:40.383 --> 14:42.452 align:start position:0% unfolds quietly, steadily, relentlessly. The<00:16:07.360> apparent<00:16:07.759> calm<00:16:08.160> above<00:16:08.560> ground<00:16:08.880> is 14:42.452 --> 14:42.462 align:start position:0% The apparent calm above ground is 14:42.462 --> 14:44.053 align:start position:0% The apparent calm above ground is deceptive. 14:44.053 --> 14:44.063 align:start position:0% deceptive. 14:44.063 --> 14:46.053 align:start position:0% deceptive. Eventually,<00:16:11.279> the<00:16:11.519> combined<00:16:12.000> force<00:16:12.240> of<00:16:12.480> plate 14:46.053 --> 14:46.063 align:start position:0% Eventually, the combined force of plate 14:46.063 --> 14:48.212 align:start position:0% Eventually, the combined force of plate motion<00:16:13.120> and<00:16:13.360> magma<00:16:13.839> pressure<00:16:14.240> just<00:16:14.480> becomes 14:48.212 --> 14:48.222 align:start position:0% motion and magma pressure just becomes 14:48.222 --> 14:51.012 align:start position:0% motion and magma pressure just becomes too<00:16:15.279> much,<00:16:15.519> and<00:16:15.759> the<00:16:15.920> crust<00:16:16.480> gives<00:16:16.800> way. 14:51.012 --> 14:51.022 align:start position:0% too much, and the crust gives way. 14:51.022 --> 14:53.413 align:start position:0% too much, and the crust gives way. Existing<00:16:18.320> fractures<00:16:18.800> are<00:16:19.040> forced<00:16:19.440> open.<00:16:19.920> New 14:53.413 --> 14:53.423 align:start position:0% Existing fractures are forced open. New 14:53.423 --> 14:56.532 align:start position:0% Existing fractures are forced open. New ones<00:16:20.480> tear<00:16:20.880> through<00:16:21.199> rock<00:16:21.839> and<00:16:22.079> magma<00:16:22.639> surges 14:56.532 --> 14:56.542 align:start position:0% ones tear through rock and magma surges 14:56.542 --> 14:58.933 align:start position:0% ones tear through rock and magma surges sideways<00:16:23.920> for<00:16:24.240> kilometers<00:16:24.720> at<00:16:24.959> a<00:16:25.120> time 14:58.933 --> 14:58.943 align:start position:0% sideways for kilometers at a time 14:58.943 --> 15:01.012 align:start position:0% sideways for kilometers at a time through<00:16:25.920> networks<00:16:26.399> of<00:16:26.639> thin<00:16:27.120> underground 15:01.012 --> 15:01.022 align:start position:0% through networks of thin underground 15:01.022 --> 15:03.652 align:start position:0% through networks of thin underground dikes,<00:16:28.639> triggering<00:16:29.120> these<00:16:29.360> seismic<00:16:29.920> swarms 15:03.652 --> 15:03.662 align:start position:0% dikes, triggering these seismic swarms 15:03.662 --> 15:06.693 align:start position:0% dikes, triggering these seismic swarms that<00:16:30.639> signal<00:16:31.040> what<00:16:31.360> comes<00:16:31.680> next.<00:16:32.959> When<00:16:33.199> those 15:06.693 --> 15:06.703 align:start position:0% that signal what comes next. When those 15:06.703 --> 15:09.173 align:start position:0% that signal what comes next. When those intrusions<00:16:34.160> finally<00:16:34.560> break<00:16:34.880> the<00:16:35.120> surface, 15:09.173 --> 15:09.183 align:start position:0% intrusions finally break the surface, 15:09.183 --> 15:11.973 align:start position:0% intrusions finally break the surface, long<00:16:36.320> fishes<00:16:36.800> open<00:16:37.199> and<00:16:37.600> eruptions<00:16:38.240> ignite 15:11.973 --> 15:11.983 align:start position:0% long fishes open and eruptions ignite 15:11.983 --> 15:15.493 align:start position:0% long fishes open and eruptions ignite along<00:16:39.120> the<00:16:39.279> rift.<00:16:40.720> Each<00:16:41.199> eruption<00:16:41.680> releases 15:15.493 --> 15:15.503 align:start position:0% along the rift. Each eruption releases 15:15.503 --> 15:18.373 align:start position:0% along the rift. Each eruption releases some<00:16:42.639> of<00:16:42.800> the<00:16:43.040> accumulated<00:16:43.920> stress,<00:16:44.720> and<00:16:44.959> the 15:18.373 --> 15:18.383 align:start position:0% some of the accumulated stress, and the 15:18.383 --> 15:21.892 align:start position:0% some of the accumulated stress, and the rift<00:16:45.600> switches<00:16:46.079> on<00:16:46.399> and<00:16:46.800> off<00:16:47.279> over<00:16:47.680> decades 15:21.892 --> 15:21.902 align:start position:0% rift switches on and off over decades 15:21.902 --> 15:25.332 align:start position:0% rift switches on and off over decades until<00:16:49.199> centuries<00:16:49.759> of<00:16:49.920> tension<00:16:50.880> are<00:16:51.120> relieved. 15:25.332 --> 15:25.342 align:start position:0% until centuries of tension are relieved. 15:25.342 --> 15:27.892 align:start position:0% until centuries of tension are relieved. Then<00:16:52.320> the<00:16:52.560> system<00:16:52.959> quietens,<00:16:53.600> and<00:16:53.839> the<00:16:54.079> cycle 15:27.892 --> 15:27.902 align:start position:0% Then the system quietens, and the cycle 15:27.902 --> 15:30.693 align:start position:0% Then the system quietens, and the cycle simply<00:16:55.120> resets.<00:16:56.320> And<00:16:56.560> terrifyingly,<00:16:57.199> the 15:30.693 --> 15:30.703 align:start position:0% simply resets. And terrifyingly, the 15:30.703 --> 15:33.173 align:start position:0% simply resets. And terrifyingly, the most<00:16:57.759> recent<00:16:58.160> seismic<00:16:58.720> swarms<00:16:59.120> and<00:16:59.360> eruptions 15:33.173 --> 15:33.183 align:start position:0% most recent seismic swarms and eruptions 15:33.183 --> 15:36.853 align:start position:0% most recent seismic swarms and eruptions fit<00:17:00.240> the<00:17:00.560> expected<00:17:01.120> cycles<00:17:02.000> uncannily<00:17:02.880> well. 15:36.853 --> 15:36.863 align:start position:0% fit the expected cycles uncannily well. 15:36.863 --> 15:40.613 align:start position:0% fit the expected cycles uncannily well. This<00:17:03.839> activity<00:17:04.480> is<00:17:04.799> right<00:17:05.199> on<00:17:05.839> schedule.<00:17:07.199> But 15:40.613 --> 15:40.623 align:start position:0% This activity is right on schedule. But 15:40.623 --> 15:42.773 align:start position:0% This activity is right on schedule. But when<00:17:07.600> this<00:17:07.839> cycle<00:17:08.240> last<00:17:08.559> played<00:17:08.880> out,<00:17:09.120> it<00:17:09.360> was 15:42.773 --> 15:42.783 align:start position:0% when this cycle last played out, it was 15:42.783 --> 15:45.092 align:start position:0% when this cycle last played out, it was medieval<00:17:10.319> communities<00:17:10.799> who<00:17:11.039> were<00:17:11.280> pushed<00:17:11.600> to 15:45.092 --> 15:45.102 align:start position:0% medieval communities who were pushed to 15:45.102 --> 15:47.973 align:start position:0% medieval communities who were pushed to the<00:17:12.000> brink.<00:17:13.039> What<00:17:13.280> can<00:17:13.520> modern<00:17:13.919> Icelanders 15:47.973 --> 15:47.983 align:start position:0% the brink. What can modern Icelanders 15:47.983 --> 15:50.373 align:start position:0% the brink. What can modern Icelanders really<00:17:15.120> do<00:17:15.439> in<00:17:15.679> the<00:17:15.839> face<00:17:16.000> of<00:17:16.160> a<00:17:16.400> cycle<00:17:16.720> that 15:50.373 --> 15:50.383 align:start position:0% really do in the face of a cycle that 15:50.383 --> 15:53.013 align:start position:0% really do in the face of a cycle that cannot<00:17:17.600> be<00:17:17.839> stopped?<00:17:19.039> Well,<00:17:19.280> they're<00:17:19.600> going 15:53.013 --> 15:53.023 align:start position:0% cannot be stopped? Well, they're going 15:53.023 --> 15:56.452 align:start position:0% cannot be stopped? Well, they're going head-to-head<00:17:20.640> with<00:17:21.039> the<00:17:21.280> lava.<00:17:22.000> Obviously, 15:56.452 --> 15:56.462 align:start position:0% head-to-head with the lava. Obviously, 15:56.462 --> 15:59.413 align:start position:0% head-to-head with the lava. Obviously, modern<00:17:23.600> GPS<00:17:24.160> and<00:17:24.400> intererometric<00:17:25.600> synthetic 15:59.413 --> 15:59.423 align:start position:0% modern GPS and intererometric synthetic 15:59.423 --> 16:02.853 align:start position:0% modern GPS and intererometric synthetic aperture<00:17:26.720> radar<00:17:27.280> or<00:17:27.520> INSAR<00:17:28.319> from<00:17:28.640> satellites 16:02.853 --> 16:02.863 align:start position:0% aperture radar or INSAR from satellites 16:02.863 --> 16:05.413 align:start position:0% aperture radar or INSAR from satellites show<00:17:29.840> that<00:17:30.080> before<00:17:30.720> eruptions,<00:17:31.520> the<00:17:31.840> land 16:05.413 --> 16:05.423 align:start position:0% show that before eruptions, the land 16:05.423 --> 16:09.893 align:start position:0% show that before eruptions, the land inflates<00:17:32.880> as<00:17:33.200> magma<00:17:33.760> accumulates.<00:17:35.039> In<00:17:35.360> 2021, 16:09.893 --> 16:09.903 align:start position:0% inflates as magma accumulates. In 2021, 16:09.903 --> 16:12.853 align:start position:0% inflates as magma accumulates. In 2021, some<00:17:36.960> areas<00:17:37.360> rose<00:17:37.679> by<00:17:38.000> tens<00:17:38.320> of<00:17:38.720> centimeters 16:12.853 --> 16:12.863 align:start position:0% some areas rose by tens of centimeters 16:12.863 --> 16:16.052 align:start position:0% some areas rose by tens of centimeters before<00:17:40.080> subsiding<00:17:40.799> again. 16:16.052 --> 16:16.062 align:start position:0% before subsiding again. 16:16.062 --> 16:17.812 align:start position:0% before subsiding again. Taken<00:17:43.200> together<00:17:43.440> with<00:17:43.679> thousands<00:17:44.160> of<00:17:44.320> small 16:17.812 --> 16:17.822 align:start position:0% Taken together with thousands of small 16:17.822 --> 16:20.453 align:start position:0% Taken together with thousands of small earthquakes,<00:17:45.520> magma<00:17:46.080> pathways<00:17:46.720> can<00:17:46.960> be 16:20.453 --> 16:20.463 align:start position:0% earthquakes, magma pathways can be 16:20.463 --> 16:23.333 align:start position:0% earthquakes, magma pathways can be mapped<00:17:47.760> in<00:17:48.080> real<00:17:48.400> time.<00:17:49.440> This<00:17:49.679> allows 16:23.333 --> 16:23.343 align:start position:0% mapped in real time. This allows 16:23.343 --> 16:25.413 align:start position:0% mapped in real time. This allows geoysicists<00:17:50.880> to<00:17:51.039> estimate<00:17:51.520> the<00:17:51.760> volume<00:17:51.919> of 16:25.413 --> 16:25.423 align:start position:0% geoysicists to estimate the volume of 16:25.423 --> 16:28.213 align:start position:0% geoysicists to estimate the volume of magma<00:17:52.559> involved<00:17:53.200> as<00:17:53.440> well<00:17:53.840> as<00:17:54.160> the<00:17:54.400> depth<00:17:54.720> and 16:28.213 --> 16:28.223 align:start position:0% magma involved as well as the depth and 16:28.223 --> 16:30.693 align:start position:0% magma involved as well as the depth and shape<00:17:55.280> of<00:17:55.440> the<00:17:55.679> reservoirs.<00:17:56.720> And<00:17:56.880> all<00:17:57.039> of<00:17:57.120> this 16:30.693 --> 16:30.703 align:start position:0% shape of the reservoirs. And all of this 16:30.703 --> 16:33.413 align:start position:0% shape of the reservoirs. And all of this gave<00:17:57.679> Iceland<00:17:58.320> time<00:17:58.720> to<00:17:59.039> plan.<00:17:59.600> Well,<00:17:59.840> as<00:18:00.000> much 16:33.413 --> 16:33.423 align:start position:0% gave Iceland time to plan. Well, as much 16:33.423 --> 16:34.853 align:start position:0% gave Iceland time to plan. Well, as much planning<00:18:00.400> as<00:18:00.559> you<00:18:00.720> can<00:18:00.799> do<00:18:01.039> when<00:18:01.200> it<00:18:01.280> comes<00:18:01.440> to 16:34.853 --> 16:34.863 align:start position:0% planning as you can do when it comes to 16:34.863 --> 16:37.812 align:start position:0% planning as you can do when it comes to huge<00:18:02.000> impending<00:18:02.559> lava<00:18:02.960> flows. 16:37.812 --> 16:37.822 align:start position:0% huge impending lava flows. 16:37.822 --> 16:39.733 align:start position:0% huge impending lava flows. When<00:18:04.799> seismic<00:18:05.360> activity<00:18:05.760> first<00:18:06.080> returned<00:18:06.400> to 16:39.733 --> 16:39.743 align:start position:0% When seismic activity first returned to 16:39.743 --> 16:41.893 align:start position:0% When seismic activity first returned to the<00:18:06.720> Rekineses<00:18:07.280> Peninsula,<00:18:08.160> Iceland's 16:41.893 --> 16:41.903 align:start position:0% the Rekineses Peninsula, Iceland's 16:41.903 --> 16:43.733 align:start position:0% the Rekineses Peninsula, Iceland's Department<00:18:09.120> of<00:18:09.280> Civil<00:18:09.679> Protection<00:18:10.160> and 16:43.733 --> 16:43.743 align:start position:0% Department of Civil Protection and 16:43.743 --> 16:45.893 align:start position:0% Department of Civil Protection and Emergency<00:18:11.039> Management<00:18:11.679> recognized<00:18:12.240> its 16:45.893 --> 16:45.903 align:start position:0% Emergency Management recognized its 16:45.903 --> 16:48.373 align:start position:0% Emergency Management recognized its significance.<00:18:13.840> To<00:18:14.160> prepare<00:18:14.400> for<00:18:14.559> the<00:18:14.720> looming 16:48.373 --> 16:48.383 align:start position:0% significance. To prepare for the looming 16:48.383 --> 16:50.373 align:start position:0% significance. To prepare for the looming period<00:18:15.440> of<00:18:15.600> increased<00:18:16.080> vulcanism,<00:18:16.799> they 16:50.373 --> 16:50.383 align:start position:0% period of increased vulcanism, they 16:50.383 --> 16:51.812 align:start position:0% period of increased vulcanism, they established<00:18:17.520> the<00:18:17.840> Infrastructure 16:51.812 --> 16:51.822 align:start position:0% established the Infrastructure 16:51.822 --> 16:53.733 align:start position:0% established the Infrastructure Protection<00:18:19.120> Group,<00:18:19.760> which<00:18:20.000> feels<00:18:20.240> like<00:18:20.320> it 16:53.733 --> 16:53.743 align:start position:0% Protection Group, which feels like it 16:53.743 --> 16:55.413 align:start position:0% Protection Group, which feels like it sort<00:18:20.559> of<00:18:20.640> needs<00:18:20.880> its<00:18:21.039> own<00:18:21.120> Avengers<00:18:21.840> style 16:55.413 --> 16:55.423 align:start position:0% sort of needs its own Avengers style 16:55.423 --> 16:57.973 align:start position:0% sort of needs its own Avengers style superhero<00:18:22.720> fanfare,<00:18:23.280> doesn't<00:18:23.440> it?<00:18:23.840> The<00:18:24.000> IPG 16:57.973 --> 16:57.983 align:start position:0% superhero fanfare, doesn't it? The IPG 16:57.983 --> 16:59.493 align:start position:0% superhero fanfare, doesn't it? The IPG does<00:18:24.960> pretty<00:18:25.200> much<00:18:25.360> what<00:18:25.520> it<00:18:25.679> says<00:18:25.919> on<00:18:26.080> the 16:59.493 --> 16:59.503 align:start position:0% does pretty much what it says on the 16:59.503 --> 17:02.052 align:start position:0% does pretty much what it says on the tin.<00:18:26.880> This<00:18:27.200> crack<00:18:27.520> team<00:18:27.760> of<00:18:28.000> engineers, 17:02.052 --> 17:02.062 align:start position:0% tin. This crack team of engineers, 17:02.062 --> 17:04.533 align:start position:0% tin. This crack team of engineers, scientists,<00:18:29.520> and<00:18:29.840> emergency<00:18:30.480> planners 17:04.533 --> 17:04.543 align:start position:0% scientists, and emergency planners 17:04.543 --> 17:06.693 align:start position:0% scientists, and emergency planners worked<00:18:31.600> to<00:18:31.760> protect<00:18:32.160> people<00:18:32.559> and<00:18:32.960> critical 17:06.693 --> 17:06.703 align:start position:0% worked to protect people and critical 17:06.703 --> 17:10.533 align:start position:0% worked to protect people and critical infrastructure<00:18:34.160> from<00:18:34.559> lava.<00:18:36.000> As<00:18:36.320> the<00:18:36.480> 2021 17:10.533 --> 17:10.543 align:start position:0% infrastructure from lava. As the 2021 17:10.543 --> 17:13.812 align:start position:0% infrastructure from lava. As the 2021 eruptions<00:18:37.600> near<00:18:37.840> Farraha<00:18:39.039> unfolded,<00:18:40.080> lava 17:13.812 --> 17:13.822 align:start position:0% eruptions near Farraha unfolded, lava 17:13.822 --> 17:15.973 align:start position:0% eruptions near Farraha unfolded, lava eventually<00:18:41.120> spilled<00:18:41.600> beyond<00:18:42.240> shelter 17:15.973 --> 17:15.983 align:start position:0% eventually spilled beyond shelter 17:15.983 --> 17:18.133 align:start position:0% eventually spilled beyond shelter valleys<00:18:43.120> and<00:18:43.360> began<00:18:43.760> creeping<00:18:44.240> towards 17:18.133 --> 17:18.143 align:start position:0% valleys and began creeping towards 17:18.143 --> 17:20.133 align:start position:0% valleys and began creeping towards roads.<00:18:45.679> The<00:18:45.919> Department<00:18:46.320> of<00:18:46.559> Civil 17:20.133 --> 17:20.143 align:start position:0% roads. The Department of Civil 17:20.143 --> 17:22.853 align:start position:0% roads. The Department of Civil Protection<00:18:47.360> made<00:18:47.600> a<00:18:47.760> pivotal<00:18:48.320> decision.<00:18:49.360> They 17:22.853 --> 17:22.863 align:start position:0% Protection made a pivotal decision. They 17:22.863 --> 17:26.133 align:start position:0% Protection made a pivotal decision. They would<00:18:49.919> try<00:18:50.400> and<00:18:50.720> hold<00:18:50.960> it<00:18:51.280> back.<00:18:52.400> With<00:18:52.640> no 17:26.133 --> 17:26.143 align:start position:0% would try and hold it back. With no 17:26.143 --> 17:28.213 align:start position:0% would try and hold it back. With no recent<00:18:53.280> president<00:18:53.679> to<00:18:54.000> draw<00:18:54.240> from,<00:18:54.640> this 17:28.213 --> 17:28.223 align:start position:0% recent president to draw from, this 17:28.223 --> 17:30.292 align:start position:0% recent president to draw from, this response<00:18:55.360> became<00:18:55.679> a<00:18:55.919> realtime<00:18:56.640> field 17:30.292 --> 17:30.302 align:start position:0% response became a realtime field 17:30.302 --> 17:33.093 align:start position:0% response became a realtime field experiment<00:18:57.520> in<00:18:57.760> lava<00:18:58.160> flow<00:18:58.559> engineering.<00:18:59.679> And 17:33.093 --> 17:33.103 align:start position:0% experiment in lava flow engineering. And 17:33.103 --> 17:34.853 align:start position:0% experiment in lava flow engineering. And the<00:19:00.080> first<00:19:00.240> challenge<00:19:00.640> was<00:19:00.880> deceptively 17:34.853 --> 17:34.863 align:start position:0% the first challenge was deceptively 17:34.863 --> 17:38.533 align:start position:0% the first challenge was deceptively simple.<00:19:02.480> Where<00:19:02.960> to<00:19:03.200> put<00:19:03.520> a<00:19:03.760> barrier?<00:19:05.120> And 17:38.533 --> 17:38.543 align:start position:0% simple. Where to put a barrier? And 17:38.543 --> 17:40.613 align:start position:0% simple. Where to put a barrier? And that's<00:19:05.520> where<00:19:05.840> engineers<00:19:06.320> like<00:19:06.559> Horn<00:19:07.200> come 17:40.613 --> 17:40.623 align:start position:0% that's where engineers like Horn come 17:40.623 --> 17:42.292 align:start position:0% that's where engineers like Horn come in.<00:19:07.760> And<00:19:07.919> thank<00:19:08.080> you<00:19:08.240> so<00:19:08.400> much<00:19:08.480> to<00:19:08.640> her.<00:19:08.880> She 17:42.292 --> 17:42.302 align:start position:0% in. And thank you so much to her. She 17:42.302 --> 17:44.052 align:start position:0% in. And thank you so much to her. She helped<00:19:09.200> us<00:19:09.440> massively<00:19:09.919> in<00:19:10.160> researching<00:19:10.640> this 17:44.052 --> 17:44.062 align:start position:0% helped us massively in researching this 17:44.062 --> 17:46.373 align:start position:0% helped us massively in researching this video.<00:19:11.360> With<00:19:11.520> a<00:19:11.760> background<00:19:12.160> in<00:19:12.480> hydrarology 17:46.373 --> 17:46.383 align:start position:0% video. With a background in hydrarology 17:46.383 --> 17:49.493 align:start position:0% video. With a background in hydrarology and<00:19:13.440> hydrodnamics,<00:19:14.880> Horn's<00:19:15.440> expertise<00:19:16.000> was 17:49.493 --> 17:49.503 align:start position:0% and hydrodnamics, Horn's expertise was 17:49.503 --> 17:52.292 align:start position:0% and hydrodnamics, Horn's expertise was in<00:19:16.480> modeling<00:19:16.880> floods<00:19:17.280> and<00:19:17.600> river<00:19:17.919> ice,<00:19:18.640> both 17:52.292 --> 17:52.302 align:start position:0% in modeling floods and river ice, both 17:52.302 --> 17:55.253 align:start position:0% in modeling floods and river ice, both slow<00:19:19.360> and<00:19:19.760> fastm<00:19:20.240> moving<00:19:20.559> destructive<00:19:21.200> flows 17:55.253 --> 17:55.263 align:start position:0% slow and fastm moving destructive flows 17:55.263 --> 17:58.213 align:start position:0% slow and fastm moving destructive flows shaped<00:19:22.400> by<00:19:22.720> gravity<00:19:23.200> and<00:19:23.600> terrain.<00:19:24.640> Yeah, 17:58.213 --> 17:58.223 align:start position:0% shaped by gravity and terrain. Yeah, 17:58.223 --> 18:00.292 align:start position:0% shaped by gravity and terrain. Yeah, those<00:19:25.280> fundamental<00:19:25.919> principles,<00:19:26.480> it<00:19:26.799> turned 18:00.292 --> 18:00.302 align:start position:0% those fundamental principles, it turned 18:00.302 --> 18:03.893 align:start position:0% those fundamental principles, it turned out<00:19:27.760> could<00:19:27.919> be<00:19:28.080> applied<00:19:28.640> to<00:19:28.960> lava.<00:19:30.080> By<00:19:30.400> using 18:03.893 --> 18:03.903 align:start position:0% out could be applied to lava. By using 18:03.903 --> 18:05.653 align:start position:0% out could be applied to lava. By using flood<00:19:30.960> simulation<00:19:31.520> software<00:19:32.000> originally 18:05.653 --> 18:05.663 align:start position:0% flood simulation software originally 18:05.663 --> 18:08.292 align:start position:0% flood simulation software originally designed<00:19:32.720> by<00:19:32.880> the<00:19:33.039> US<00:19:33.360> Navy,<00:19:34.240> she<00:19:34.480> was<00:19:34.640> able<00:19:34.880> to 18:08.292 --> 18:08.302 align:start position:0% designed by the US Navy, she was able to 18:08.302 --> 18:11.413 align:start position:0% designed by the US Navy, she was able to quickly<00:19:35.440> predict<00:19:36.080> with<00:19:36.480> remarkable<00:19:37.120> accuracy 18:11.413 --> 18:11.423 align:start position:0% quickly predict with remarkable accuracy 18:11.423 --> 18:14.453 align:start position:0% quickly predict with remarkable accuracy where<00:19:38.559> molten<00:19:39.039> rock<00:19:39.520> was<00:19:39.760> most<00:19:40.080> likely<00:19:40.640> to<00:19:40.880> go 18:14.453 --> 18:14.463 align:start position:0% where molten rock was most likely to go 18:14.463 --> 18:16.052 align:start position:0% where molten rock was most likely to go next. 18:16.052 --> 18:16.062 align:start position:0% next. 18:16.062 --> 18:18.213 align:start position:0% next. Teams<00:19:43.200> rushed<00:19:43.679> to<00:19:43.919> build<00:19:44.160> the<00:19:44.480> first 18:18.213 --> 18:18.223 align:start position:0% Teams rushed to build the first 18:18.223 --> 18:19.973 align:start position:0% Teams rushed to build the first experimental<00:19:45.600> barriers<00:19:46.080> using<00:19:46.400> whatever 18:19.973 --> 18:19.983 align:start position:0% experimental barriers using whatever 18:19.983 --> 18:22.133 align:start position:0% experimental barriers using whatever they<00:19:46.960> could<00:19:47.120> find<00:19:47.520> in<00:19:47.919> situ.<00:19:48.559> Literally 18:22.133 --> 18:22.143 align:start position:0% they could find in situ. Literally 18:22.143 --> 18:24.773 align:start position:0% they could find in situ. Literally anything,<00:19:49.200> mud,<00:19:49.600> gravel,<00:19:50.080> soil<00:19:50.640> from<00:19:50.960> past 18:24.773 --> 18:24.783 align:start position:0% anything, mud, gravel, soil from past 18:24.783 --> 18:27.333 align:start position:0% anything, mud, gravel, soil from past eruptions.<00:19:52.559> Crews<00:19:52.960> worked<00:19:53.280> around<00:19:53.600> the<00:19:53.840> clock 18:27.333 --> 18:27.343 align:start position:0% eruptions. Crews worked around the clock 18:27.343 --> 18:29.093 align:start position:0% eruptions. Crews worked around the clock and<00:19:54.240> they<00:19:54.480> were<00:19:54.640> close<00:19:54.880> enough<00:19:55.120> to<00:19:55.360> feel<00:19:55.600> the 18:29.093 --> 18:29.103 align:start position:0% and they were close enough to feel the 18:29.103 --> 18:31.893 align:start position:0% and they were close enough to feel the burn<00:19:56.400> from<00:19:56.720> the<00:19:56.880> encroaching<00:19:57.520> lava.<00:19:57.919> This<00:19:58.160> is 18:31.893 --> 18:31.903 align:start position:0% burn from the encroaching lava. This is 18:31.903 --> 18:34.613 align:start position:0% burn from the encroaching lava. This is serious<00:19:59.120> stuff.<00:20:00.080> Now,<00:20:00.320> the<00:20:00.480> aim<00:20:00.640> here<00:20:00.880> was<00:20:01.120> not 18:34.613 --> 18:34.623 align:start position:0% serious stuff. Now, the aim here was not 18:34.623 --> 18:37.493 align:start position:0% serious stuff. Now, the aim here was not to<00:20:01.600> stop<00:20:01.919> the<00:20:02.240> lava<00:20:02.640> outright,<00:20:03.280> but<00:20:03.600> to<00:20:03.919> delay 18:37.493 --> 18:37.503 align:start position:0% to stop the lava outright, but to delay 18:37.503 --> 18:40.052 align:start position:0% to stop the lava outright, but to delay it,<00:20:04.720> restrict<00:20:05.120> it,<00:20:05.520> and<00:20:05.840> essentially<00:20:06.320> buy 18:40.052 --> 18:40.062 align:start position:0% it, restrict it, and essentially buy 18:40.062 --> 18:42.773 align:start position:0% it, restrict it, and essentially buy time.<00:20:07.919> These<00:20:08.320> early<00:20:08.559> tests<00:20:08.880> show<00:20:09.120> that<00:20:09.360> this 18:42.773 --> 18:42.783 align:start position:0% time. These early tests show that this 18:42.783 --> 18:45.253 align:start position:0% time. These early tests show that this approach<00:20:09.919> could<00:20:10.320> actually<00:20:10.880> work.<00:20:11.679> But<00:20:11.760> they 18:45.253 --> 18:45.263 align:start position:0% approach could actually work. But they 18:45.263 --> 18:48.773 align:start position:0% approach could actually work. But they also<00:20:12.400> revealed<00:20:12.799> some<00:20:13.120> critical<00:20:13.600> lessons. 18:48.773 --> 18:48.783 align:start position:0% also revealed some critical lessons. 18:48.783 --> 18:51.253 align:start position:0% also revealed some critical lessons. Firstly,<00:20:16.080> lava<00:20:16.480> type<00:20:16.799> matters,<00:20:17.600> and<00:20:17.840> it 18:51.253 --> 18:51.263 align:start position:0% Firstly, lava type matters, and it 18:51.263 --> 18:55.493 align:start position:0% Firstly, lava type matters, and it matters<00:20:18.400> a<00:20:18.799> lot.<00:20:20.160> R<00:20:20.720> lava<00:20:21.120> is<00:20:21.360> chunky<00:20:21.840> and 18:55.493 --> 18:55.503 align:start position:0% matters a lot. R lava is chunky and 18:55.503 --> 18:57.653 align:start position:0% matters a lot. R lava is chunky and rough.<00:20:22.960> When<00:20:23.200> this<00:20:23.440> hit<00:20:23.679> a<00:20:23.840> barrier,<00:20:24.160> it 18:57.653 --> 18:57.663 align:start position:0% rough. When this hit a barrier, it 18:57.663 --> 18:59.493 align:start position:0% rough. When this hit a barrier, it thickened<00:20:24.880> and<00:20:25.200> piled<00:20:25.520> up<00:20:25.679> like<00:20:25.840> a<00:20:26.000> sort<00:20:26.160> of 18:59.493 --> 18:59.503 align:start position:0% thickened and piled up like a sort of 18:59.503 --> 19:01.973 align:start position:0% thickened and piled up like a sort of geological<00:20:26.880> porridge.<00:20:27.919> So,<00:20:28.080> if<00:20:28.240> you<00:20:28.400> want<00:20:28.559> to 19:01.973 --> 19:01.983 align:start position:0% geological porridge. So, if you want to 19:01.983 --> 19:04.052 align:start position:0% geological porridge. So, if you want to stop<00:20:29.039> it,<00:20:29.360> your<00:20:29.600> walls<00:20:30.000> need<00:20:30.159> to<00:20:30.320> be<00:20:30.480> built 19:04.052 --> 19:04.062 align:start position:0% stop it, your walls need to be built 19:04.062 --> 19:06.693 align:start position:0% stop it, your walls need to be built like<00:20:30.960> a<00:20:31.200> medieval<00:20:31.760> fortress. 19:06.693 --> 19:06.703 align:start position:0% like a medieval fortress. 19:06.703 --> 19:08.773 align:start position:0% like a medieval fortress. PHO<00:20:34.000> hoy<00:20:34.240> lava,<00:20:34.640> on<00:20:34.720> the<00:20:34.880> other<00:20:34.960> hand,<00:20:35.200> is 19:08.773 --> 19:08.783 align:start position:0% PHO hoy lava, on the other hand, is 19:08.783 --> 19:11.013 align:start position:0% PHO hoy lava, on the other hand, is smooth<00:20:35.919> and<00:20:36.240> much<00:20:36.480> runnier,<00:20:37.120> behaving<00:20:37.520> more 19:11.013 --> 19:11.023 align:start position:0% smooth and much runnier, behaving more 19:11.023 --> 19:12.773 align:start position:0% smooth and much runnier, behaving more like<00:20:38.000> honey,<00:20:38.320> if<00:20:38.559> we're<00:20:38.799> doing<00:20:38.880> the<00:20:39.120> breakfast 19:12.773 --> 19:12.783 align:start position:0% like honey, if we're doing the breakfast 19:12.783 --> 19:15.493 align:start position:0% like honey, if we're doing the breakfast metaphor<00:20:40.000> thing.<00:20:41.120> Interestingly,<00:20:41.840> drone 19:15.493 --> 19:15.503 align:start position:0% metaphor thing. Interestingly, drone 19:15.503 --> 19:17.733 align:start position:0% metaphor thing. Interestingly, drone surveys<00:20:42.640> showed<00:20:42.799> that<00:20:43.039> it<00:20:43.200> flowed<00:20:43.600> over<00:20:43.919> dams, 19:17.733 --> 19:17.743 align:start position:0% surveys showed that it flowed over dams, 19:17.743 --> 19:20.292 align:start position:0% surveys showed that it flowed over dams, but<00:20:44.799> could<00:20:45.200> be<00:20:45.520> redirected<00:20:46.240> using<00:20:46.559> angled 19:20.292 --> 19:20.302 align:start position:0% but could be redirected using angled 19:20.302 --> 19:22.453 align:start position:0% but could be redirected using angled BMS.<00:20:48.000> And<00:20:48.159> it<00:20:48.320> was<00:20:48.480> this<00:20:48.720> piece<00:20:48.960> of 19:22.453 --> 19:22.463 align:start position:0% BMS. And it was this piece of 19:22.463 --> 19:23.893 align:start position:0% BMS. And it was this piece of information<00:20:49.520> that<00:20:49.760> immediately<00:20:50.320> suggested 19:23.893 --> 19:23.903 align:start position:0% information that immediately suggested 19:23.903 --> 19:26.292 align:start position:0% information that immediately suggested that<00:20:50.799> a<00:20:50.960> barrier<00:20:51.360> doesn't<00:20:51.600> have<00:20:51.840> to<00:20:52.080> stop<00:20:52.640> lava 19:26.292 --> 19:26.302 align:start position:0% that a barrier doesn't have to stop lava 19:26.302 --> 19:29.893 align:start position:0% that a barrier doesn't have to stop lava flow.<00:20:53.840> It<00:20:54.080> just<00:20:54.240> needs<00:20:54.559> to<00:20:54.799> guide<00:20:55.039> it.<00:20:56.320> These 19:29.893 --> 19:29.903 align:start position:0% flow. It just needs to guide it. These 19:29.903 --> 19:31.733 align:start position:0% flow. It just needs to guide it. These initial<00:20:57.120> field<00:20:57.360> trials<00:20:57.760> made<00:20:58.000> up<00:20:58.159> as<00:20:58.320> they 19:31.733 --> 19:31.743 align:start position:0% initial field trials made up as they 19:31.743 --> 19:33.573 align:start position:0% initial field trials made up as they were<00:20:58.640> going<00:20:58.799> along<00:20:59.200> led<00:20:59.440> to<00:20:59.600> the<00:20:59.919> most 19:33.573 --> 19:33.583 align:start position:0% were going along led to the most 19:33.583 --> 19:35.973 align:start position:0% were going along led to the most ambitious<00:21:01.120> lava<00:21:01.520> defense<00:21:01.919> project<00:21:02.400> ever 19:35.973 --> 19:35.983 align:start position:0% ambitious lava defense project ever 19:35.983 --> 19:38.453 align:start position:0% ambitious lava defense project ever attempted.<00:21:03.760> And<00:21:04.000> as<00:21:04.240> volcanic<00:21:04.799> activity 19:38.453 --> 19:38.463 align:start position:0% attempted. And as volcanic activity 19:38.463 --> 19:41.333 align:start position:0% attempted. And as volcanic activity shifted<00:21:05.600> further<00:21:06.000> west,<00:21:06.640> closer<00:21:07.039> to<00:21:07.200> towns, 19:41.333 --> 19:41.343 align:start position:0% shifted further west, closer to towns, 19:41.343 --> 19:43.733 align:start position:0% shifted further west, closer to towns, the<00:21:08.240> lessons<00:21:08.720> became<00:21:09.039> more<00:21:09.360> critical. 19:43.733 --> 19:43.743 align:start position:0% the lessons became more critical. 19:43.743 --> 19:47.812 align:start position:0% the lessons became more critical. Multicometer<00:21:11.520> barriers<00:21:12.000> up<00:21:12.240> to<00:21:12.559> 24<00:21:13.520> m<00:21:13.919> high 19:47.812 --> 19:47.822 align:start position:0% Multicometer barriers up to 24 m high 19:47.822 --> 19:50.052 align:start position:0% Multicometer barriers up to 24 m high have<00:21:14.799> now<00:21:15.039> been<00:21:15.280> built<00:21:15.600> across<00:21:15.919> the<00:21:16.159> Rekineses 19:50.052 --> 19:50.062 align:start position:0% have now been built across the Rekineses 19:50.062 --> 19:52.373 align:start position:0% have now been built across the Rekineses Peninsula.<00:21:17.919> Such<00:21:18.159> is<00:21:18.320> the<00:21:18.559> scale<00:21:18.799> of<00:21:18.960> them 19:52.373 --> 19:52.383 align:start position:0% Peninsula. Such is the scale of them 19:52.383 --> 19:54.693 align:start position:0% Peninsula. Such is the scale of them that<00:21:19.360> two<00:21:19.679> new<00:21:20.000> quaries<00:21:20.559> have<00:21:20.720> been<00:21:20.880> opened<00:21:21.200> to 19:54.693 --> 19:54.703 align:start position:0% that two new quaries have been opened to 19:54.703 --> 19:57.172 align:start position:0% that two new quaries have been opened to provide<00:21:21.840> enough<00:21:22.159> material.<00:21:23.520> The<00:21:23.679> new 19:57.172 --> 19:57.182 align:start position:0% provide enough material. The new 19:57.182 --> 19:58.773 align:start position:0% provide enough material. The new barriers<00:21:24.320> are<00:21:24.480> built<00:21:24.720> with<00:21:24.960> compacted 19:58.773 --> 19:58.783 align:start position:0% barriers are built with compacted 19:58.783 --> 20:01.013 align:start position:0% barriers are built with compacted bassalt<00:21:26.080> gravel<00:21:26.480> to<00:21:26.720> resist<00:21:27.120> heat<00:21:27.440> and 20:01.013 --> 20:01.023 align:start position:0% bassalt gravel to resist heat and 20:01.023 --> 20:02.533 align:start position:0% bassalt gravel to resist heat and pressure.<00:21:28.400> And<00:21:28.559> they're<00:21:28.720> armored<00:21:29.120> with 20:02.533 --> 20:02.543 align:start position:0% pressure. And they're armored with 20:02.543 --> 20:04.693 align:start position:0% pressure. And they're armored with boulders<00:21:29.760> and<00:21:30.159> stabilized<00:21:30.720> to<00:21:30.960> prevent 20:04.693 --> 20:04.703 align:start position:0% boulders and stabilized to prevent 20:04.703 --> 20:07.573 align:start position:0% boulders and stabilized to prevent erosion<00:21:31.760> and<00:21:32.159> collapse.<00:21:33.520> They're<00:21:33.840> carefully 20:07.573 --> 20:07.583 align:start position:0% erosion and collapse. They're carefully 20:07.583 --> 20:10.052 align:start position:0% erosion and collapse. They're carefully shaped,<00:21:34.799> too,<00:21:35.200> based<00:21:35.520> on<00:21:35.760> lava<00:21:36.080> modeling<00:21:36.480> to 20:10.052 --> 20:10.062 align:start position:0% shaped, too, based on lava modeling to 20:10.062 --> 20:12.693 align:start position:0% shaped, too, based on lava modeling to steer<00:21:37.120> lava<00:21:37.520> away<00:21:37.760> from<00:21:38.159> towns,<00:21:38.720> key<00:21:39.039> roads, 20:12.693 --> 20:12.703 align:start position:0% steer lava away from towns, key roads, 20:12.703 --> 20:15.653 align:start position:0% steer lava away from towns, key roads, and<00:21:39.679> crucially,<00:21:40.480> the<00:21:40.720> Sparteni<00:21:41.679> geothermal 20:15.653 --> 20:15.663 align:start position:0% and crucially, the Sparteni geothermal 20:15.663 --> 20:17.573 align:start position:0% and crucially, the Sparteni geothermal power<00:21:42.720> station. 20:17.573 --> 20:17.583 align:start position:0% power station. 20:17.583 --> 20:19.093 align:start position:0% power station. Of<00:21:44.480> course,<00:21:44.720> there<00:21:44.960> are<00:21:45.120> gaps<00:21:45.440> in<00:21:45.679> these 20:19.093 --> 20:19.103 align:start position:0% Of course, there are gaps in these 20:19.103 --> 20:21.493 align:start position:0% Of course, there are gaps in these barriers,<00:21:46.320> too.<00:21:46.960> Strategic<00:21:47.600> openings<00:21:48.000> for 20:21.493 --> 20:21.503 align:start position:0% barriers, too. Strategic openings for 20:21.503 --> 20:24.052 align:start position:0% barriers, too. Strategic openings for roads,<00:21:48.799> pre-cast<00:21:49.679> concrete<00:21:50.159> bridges<00:21:50.559> for 20:24.052 --> 20:24.062 align:start position:0% roads, pre-cast concrete bridges for 20:24.062 --> 20:27.013 align:start position:0% roads, pre-cast concrete bridges for pipelines,<00:21:51.520> and<00:21:51.840> emergency<00:21:52.480> access.<00:21:53.520> But 20:27.013 --> 20:27.023 align:start position:0% pipelines, and emergency access. But 20:27.023 --> 20:29.412 align:start position:0% pipelines, and emergency access. But each<00:21:54.000> one<00:21:54.320> also<00:21:54.720> comes<00:21:55.039> with<00:21:55.360> pre-positioned 20:29.412 --> 20:29.422 align:start position:0% each one also comes with pre-positioned 20:29.422 --> 20:31.733 align:start position:0% each one also comes with pre-positioned earthworks<00:21:56.880> in<00:21:57.120> place<00:21:57.760> so<00:21:57.919> they<00:21:58.159> can<00:21:58.320> be 20:31.733 --> 20:31.743 align:start position:0% earthworks in place so they can be 20:31.743 --> 20:34.853 align:start position:0% earthworks in place so they can be sealed<00:21:58.880> within<00:21:59.280> hours<00:21:59.760> if<00:22:00.159> necessary.<00:22:01.200> And 20:34.853 --> 20:34.863 align:start position:0% sealed within hours if necessary. And 20:34.863 --> 20:38.213 align:start position:0% sealed within hours if necessary. And trust<00:22:01.840> me,<00:22:02.559> it's<00:22:02.880> been<00:22:03.200> necessary.<00:22:04.640> Behind 20:38.213 --> 20:38.223 align:start position:0% trust me, it's been necessary. Behind 20:38.223 --> 20:40.453 align:start position:0% trust me, it's been necessary. Behind the<00:22:05.120> scenes,<00:22:05.440> the<00:22:05.679> IPG<00:22:06.320> works<00:22:06.559> in<00:22:06.799> constant 20:40.453 --> 20:40.463 align:start position:0% the scenes, the IPG works in constant 20:40.463 --> 20:41.893 align:start position:0% the scenes, the IPG works in constant coordination<00:22:07.679> with<00:22:07.919> the<00:22:08.080> Department<00:22:08.400> of 20:41.893 --> 20:41.903 align:start position:0% coordination with the Department of 20:41.903 --> 20:43.893 align:start position:0% coordination with the Department of Civil<00:22:08.960> Protection<00:22:09.440> and<00:22:10.080> Emergency 20:43.893 --> 20:43.903 align:start position:0% Civil Protection and Emergency 20:43.903 --> 20:45.973 align:start position:0% Civil Protection and Emergency Management<00:22:11.120> and<00:22:11.440> Universities.<00:22:12.480> For 20:45.973 --> 20:45.983 align:start position:0% Management and Universities. For 20:45.983 --> 20:48.453 align:start position:0% Management and Universities. For engineers<00:22:13.200> like<00:22:13.440> Horn,<00:22:13.919> being<00:22:14.159> on<00:22:14.559> call<00:22:14.960> is 20:48.453 --> 20:48.463 align:start position:0% engineers like Horn, being on call is 20:48.463 --> 20:51.253 align:start position:0% engineers like Horn, being on call is the<00:22:15.440> new<00:22:15.679> normal.<00:22:16.640> As<00:22:16.880> seismic<00:22:17.440> swarms 20:51.253 --> 20:51.263 align:start position:0% the new normal. As seismic swarms 20:51.263 --> 20:53.653 align:start position:0% the new normal. As seismic swarms propagate,<00:22:18.559> she<00:22:18.799> can<00:22:18.880> have<00:22:19.039> as<00:22:19.280> little<00:22:19.440> as<00:22:19.840> 15 20:53.653 --> 20:53.663 align:start position:0% propagate, she can have as little as 15 20:53.663 --> 20:55.973 align:start position:0% propagate, she can have as little as 15 minutes<00:22:20.880> warning<00:22:21.360> before<00:22:21.760> lava<00:22:22.159> reaches<00:22:22.480> the 20:55.973 --> 20:55.983 align:start position:0% minutes warning before lava reaches the 20:55.983 --> 20:57.893 align:start position:0% minutes warning before lava reaches the surface.<00:22:23.360> In<00:22:23.600> that<00:22:23.760> time,<00:22:24.000> she<00:22:24.159> has<00:22:24.320> to<00:22:24.480> rush 20:57.893 --> 20:57.903 align:start position:0% surface. In that time, she has to rush 20:57.903 --> 20:59.893 align:start position:0% surface. In that time, she has to rush to<00:22:24.880> her<00:22:25.039> office,<00:22:25.440> be<00:22:25.679> there<00:22:25.840> to<00:22:26.080> receive<00:22:26.400> the 20:59.893 --> 20:59.903 align:start position:0% to her office, be there to receive the 20:59.903 --> 21:01.973 align:start position:0% to her office, be there to receive the first<00:22:26.880> data,<00:22:27.280> which<00:22:27.600> she<00:22:27.760> uses<00:22:28.080> to<00:22:28.240> model<00:22:28.559> the 21:01.973 --> 21:01.983 align:start position:0% first data, which she uses to model the 21:01.983 --> 21:03.653 align:start position:0% first data, which she uses to model the flow,<00:22:29.039> and<00:22:29.200> then<00:22:29.360> she<00:22:29.520> has<00:22:29.679> to<00:22:29.840> tell<00:22:30.000> the<00:22:30.159> team 21:03.653 --> 21:03.663 align:start position:0% flow, and then she has to tell the team 21:03.663 --> 21:06.853 align:start position:0% flow, and then she has to tell the team on<00:22:30.640> the<00:22:30.880> ground<00:22:31.520> which<00:22:31.840> gaps<00:22:32.240> to<00:22:32.400> close<00:22:32.720> off. 21:06.853 --> 21:06.863 align:start position:0% on the ground which gaps to close off. 21:06.863 --> 21:09.093 align:start position:0% on the ground which gaps to close off. After<00:22:33.919> the<00:22:34.159> immediate<00:22:34.640> threat<00:22:34.960> is<00:22:35.120> over,<00:22:35.520> so 21:09.093 --> 21:09.103 align:start position:0% After the immediate threat is over, so 21:09.103 --> 21:11.412 align:start position:0% After the immediate threat is over, so follows<00:22:36.240> more<00:22:36.559> modeling,<00:22:37.039> more<00:22:37.280> barriers, 21:11.412 --> 21:11.422 align:start position:0% follows more modeling, more barriers, 21:11.422 --> 21:13.893 align:start position:0% follows more modeling, more barriers, and<00:22:38.400> more<00:22:38.640> refinement,<00:22:39.360> and<00:22:39.679> so<00:22:39.919> on<00:22:40.159> and<00:22:40.400> so 21:13.893 --> 21:13.903 align:start position:0% and more refinement, and so on and so 21:13.903 --> 21:16.853 align:start position:0% and more refinement, and so on and so on,<00:22:41.200> again,<00:22:41.520> and<00:22:41.840> again,<00:22:42.400> again.<00:22:43.280> But<00:22:43.440> the 21:16.853 --> 21:16.863 align:start position:0% on, again, and again, again. But the 21:16.863 --> 21:19.733 align:start position:0% on, again, and again, again. But the good<00:22:43.760> news<00:22:43.919> is,<00:22:44.400> so<00:22:44.720> far,<00:22:45.440> these<00:22:45.840> models<00:22:46.240> have 21:19.733 --> 21:19.743 align:start position:0% good news is, so far, these models have 21:19.743 --> 21:23.013 align:start position:0% good news is, so far, these models have been<00:22:46.799> incredibly<00:22:47.679> accurate.<00:22:48.799> Each<00:22:49.039> time<00:22:49.360> Horn 21:23.013 --> 21:23.023 align:start position:0% been incredibly accurate. Each time Horn 21:23.023 --> 21:25.093 align:start position:0% been incredibly accurate. Each time Horn and<00:22:49.919> her<00:22:50.159> team<00:22:50.320> have<00:22:50.559> built<00:22:50.880> new<00:22:51.120> barriers<00:22:51.520> or 21:25.093 --> 21:25.103 align:start position:0% and her team have built new barriers or 21:25.103 --> 21:27.172 align:start position:0% and her team have built new barriers or increased<00:22:52.320> the<00:22:52.480> height<00:22:52.799> of<00:22:53.039> current<00:22:53.280> ones, 21:27.172 --> 21:27.182 align:start position:0% increased the height of current ones, 21:27.182 --> 21:30.292 align:start position:0% increased the height of current ones, they<00:22:54.240> very<00:22:54.559> quickly<00:22:55.039> be<00:22:55.280> needed.<00:22:56.559> But<00:22:56.799> that 21:30.292 --> 21:30.302 align:start position:0% they very quickly be needed. But that 21:30.302 --> 21:32.853 align:start position:0% they very quickly be needed. But that job<00:22:57.280> does<00:22:57.600> come<00:22:57.840> with<00:22:58.159> tough<00:22:58.480> decisions.<00:22:59.200> They 21:32.853 --> 21:32.863 align:start position:0% job does come with tough decisions. They 21:32.863 --> 21:35.812 align:start position:0% job does come with tough decisions. They can't<00:22:59.919> save<00:23:00.320> everything.<00:23:00.960> In<00:23:01.280> late<00:23:01.520> 2024, 21:35.812 --> 21:35.822 align:start position:0% can't save everything. In late 2024, 21:35.822 --> 21:38.373 align:start position:0% can't save everything. In late 2024, lava<00:23:03.039> overran<00:23:03.520> the<00:23:03.679> car<00:23:03.919> park<00:23:04.240> of<00:23:04.480> the<00:23:04.640> famous 21:38.373 --> 21:38.383 align:start position:0% lava overran the car park of the famous 21:38.383 --> 21:41.093 align:start position:0% lava overran the car park of the famous Blue<00:23:05.360> Lagoon<00:23:05.919> Spa.<00:23:06.799> This<00:23:07.039> wasn't<00:23:07.360> a<00:23:07.520> failure 21:41.093 --> 21:41.103 align:start position:0% Blue Lagoon Spa. This wasn't a failure 21:41.103 --> 21:43.253 align:start position:0% Blue Lagoon Spa. This wasn't a failure of<00:23:08.080> defenses,<00:23:08.559> but<00:23:08.880> a<00:23:09.120> reminder<00:23:09.600> of 21:43.253 --> 21:43.263 align:start position:0% of defenses, but a reminder of 21:43.263 --> 21:45.493 align:start position:0% of defenses, but a reminder of priorities.<00:23:11.120> Newly<00:23:11.520> installed<00:23:11.919> barriers 21:45.493 --> 21:45.503 align:start position:0% priorities. Newly installed barriers 21:45.503 --> 21:46.773 align:start position:0% priorities. Newly installed barriers were<00:23:12.400> designed<00:23:12.640> to<00:23:12.799> protect<00:23:13.039> the<00:23:13.280> power 21:46.773 --> 21:46.783 align:start position:0% were designed to protect the power 21:46.783 --> 21:49.333 align:start position:0% were designed to protect the power station<00:23:13.840> and<00:23:14.159> the<00:23:14.320> spa<00:23:14.799> buildings.<00:23:15.600> And<00:23:15.840> the 21:49.333 --> 21:49.343 align:start position:0% station and the spa buildings. And the 21:49.343 --> 21:52.292 align:start position:0% station and the spa buildings. And the car<00:23:16.320> parks,<00:23:16.960> well,<00:23:17.360> those<00:23:17.679> were<00:23:17.840> sacrificed. 21:52.292 --> 21:52.302 align:start position:0% car parks, well, those were sacrificed. 21:52.302 --> 21:56.052 align:start position:0% car parks, well, those were sacrificed. RIP<00:23:19.600> cars<00:23:20.960> for<00:23:21.280> Grintovvic.<00:23:22.080> However,<00:23:22.559> the 21:56.052 --> 21:56.062 align:start position:0% RIP cars for Grintovvic. However, the 21:56.062 --> 21:58.932 align:start position:0% RIP cars for Grintovvic. However, the limits<00:23:23.200> are<00:23:23.360> laid<00:23:23.760> bare.<00:23:24.799> No<00:23:25.039> barrier<00:23:25.440> on 21:58.932 --> 21:58.942 align:start position:0% limits are laid bare. No barrier on 21:58.942 --> 22:00.853 align:start position:0% limits are laid bare. No barrier on Earth<00:23:26.000> can<00:23:26.240> protect<00:23:26.480> a<00:23:26.640> town<00:23:26.880> from<00:23:27.200> fishes 22:00.853 --> 22:00.863 align:start position:0% Earth can protect a town from fishes 22:00.863 --> 22:04.292 align:start position:0% Earth can protect a town from fishes that<00:23:27.760> open<00:23:28.159> directly<00:23:28.720> beneath<00:23:29.280> the<00:23:29.520> streets. 22:04.292 --> 22:04.302 align:start position:0% that open directly beneath the streets. 22:04.302 --> 22:06.932 align:start position:0% that open directly beneath the streets. Beyond<00:23:31.440> this<00:23:31.679> system<00:23:32.000> of<00:23:32.240> physical<00:23:32.720> defenses, 22:06.932 --> 22:06.942 align:start position:0% Beyond this system of physical defenses, 22:06.942 --> 22:08.613 align:start position:0% Beyond this system of physical defenses, scientists<00:23:34.240> and<00:23:34.480> authorities<00:23:34.960> are<00:23:35.200> looking 22:08.613 --> 22:08.623 align:start position:0% scientists and authorities are looking 22:08.623 --> 22:11.172 align:start position:0% scientists and authorities are looking at<00:23:35.520> how<00:23:35.840> else<00:23:36.080> they<00:23:36.400> can<00:23:36.559> prepare<00:23:36.799> for<00:23:36.960> a<00:23:37.280> circa 22:11.172 --> 22:11.182 align:start position:0% at how else they can prepare for a circa 22:11.182 --> 22:14.213 align:start position:0% at how else they can prepare for a circa 200-year<00:23:38.880> eruptive<00:23:39.360> period.<00:23:40.240> Plans<00:23:40.559> include 22:14.213 --> 22:14.223 align:start position:0% 200-year eruptive period. Plans include 22:14.223 --> 22:16.052 align:start position:0% 200-year eruptive period. Plans include everything<00:23:41.200> from<00:23:41.520> relocating<00:23:42.240> electricity 22:16.052 --> 22:16.062 align:start position:0% everything from relocating electricity 22:16.062 --> 22:18.773 align:start position:0% everything from relocating electricity mass<00:23:43.280> and<00:23:43.520> burying<00:23:44.080> pipelines<00:23:44.720> deeper<00:23:45.120> within 22:18.773 --> 22:18.783 align:start position:0% mass and burying pipelines deeper within 22:18.783 --> 22:21.653 align:start position:0% mass and burying pipelines deeper within bedrock.<00:23:46.799> Major<00:23:47.200> road<00:23:47.520> networks<00:23:47.919> are<00:23:48.159> being 22:21.653 --> 22:21.663 align:start position:0% bedrock. Major road networks are being 22:21.663 --> 22:24.613 align:start position:0% bedrock. Major road networks are being redesigned<00:23:48.960> to<00:23:49.200> allow<00:23:49.520> for<00:23:49.919> rapid<00:23:50.480> rrooting 22:24.613 --> 22:24.623 align:start position:0% redesigned to allow for rapid rrooting 22:24.623 --> 22:27.093 align:start position:0% redesigned to allow for rapid rrooting and<00:23:51.679> AI<00:23:52.080> is<00:23:52.320> being<00:23:52.480> drafted<00:23:52.880> in<00:23:53.039> to<00:23:53.360> further 22:27.093 --> 22:27.103 align:start position:0% and AI is being drafted in to further 22:27.103 --> 22:29.253 align:start position:0% and AI is being drafted in to further improve<00:23:54.480> forecasting. 22:29.253 --> 22:29.263 align:start position:0% improve forecasting. 22:29.263 --> 22:31.013 align:start position:0% improve forecasting. Civil<00:23:56.400> protection<00:23:56.799> agencies<00:23:57.280> around<00:23:57.520> the 22:31.013 --> 22:31.023 align:start position:0% Civil protection agencies around the 22:31.023 --> 22:32.932 align:start position:0% Civil protection agencies around the world<00:23:57.919> are<00:23:58.240> closely<00:23:58.720> watching<00:23:59.039> this<00:23:59.440> all 22:32.932 --> 22:32.942 align:start position:0% world are closely watching this all 22:32.942 --> 22:35.812 align:start position:0% world are closely watching this all unfold.<00:24:00.799> This<00:24:01.039> is<00:24:01.200> the<00:24:01.440> first<00:24:01.679> time<00:24:01.919> a<00:24:02.240> modern 22:35.812 --> 22:35.822 align:start position:0% unfold. This is the first time a modern 22:35.822 --> 22:37.973 align:start position:0% unfold. This is the first time a modern nation<00:24:02.880> has<00:24:03.120> tried<00:24:03.440> to<00:24:03.679> engineer<00:24:04.159> its<00:24:04.480> way 22:37.973 --> 22:37.983 align:start position:0% nation has tried to engineer its way 22:37.983 --> 22:40.773 align:start position:0% nation has tried to engineer its way through<00:24:04.880> an<00:24:05.120> ongoing<00:24:05.600> volcanic<00:24:06.320> crisis.<00:24:07.280> If 22:40.773 --> 22:40.783 align:start position:0% through an ongoing volcanic crisis. If 22:40.783 --> 22:43.013 align:start position:0% through an ongoing volcanic crisis. If it<00:24:07.760> works,<00:24:08.159> this<00:24:08.400> will<00:24:08.640> become<00:24:08.880> the<00:24:09.200> blueprint 22:43.013 --> 22:43.023 align:start position:0% it works, this will become the blueprint 22:43.023 --> 22:45.333 align:start position:0% it works, this will become the blueprint for<00:24:09.919> a<00:24:10.159> new<00:24:10.320> form<00:24:10.640> of<00:24:10.880> geological<00:24:11.760> urban 22:45.333 --> 22:45.343 align:start position:0% for a new form of geological urban 22:45.343 --> 22:47.573 align:start position:0% for a new form of geological urban defense.<00:24:12.960> One<00:24:13.120> that<00:24:13.360> fights<00:24:13.679> against<00:24:14.000> the 22:47.573 --> 22:47.583 align:start position:0% defense. One that fights against the 22:47.583 --> 22:55.172 align:start position:0% defense. One that fights against the slow,<00:24:14.640> relentless<00:24:15.279> forces<00:24:15.919> of<00:24:16.240> Earth<00:24:16.720> itself. 22:55.172 --> 22:55.182 align:start position:0% 22:55.182 --> 22:57.973 align:start position:0% Iceland<00:24:22.480> truly<00:24:22.880> is<00:24:23.120> the<00:24:23.440> ultimate<00:24:24.000> land<00:24:24.320> of 22:57.973 --> 22:57.983 align:start position:0% Iceland truly is the ultimate land of 22:57.983 --> 23:00.532 align:start position:0% Iceland truly is the ultimate land of fire,<00:24:25.200> and<00:24:25.440> it's<00:24:25.679> as<00:24:25.919> captivating<00:24:26.559> as<00:24:26.799> it<00:24:26.960> is 23:00.532 --> 23:00.542 align:start position:0% fire, and it's as captivating as it is 23:00.542 --> 23:02.773 align:start position:0% fire, and it's as captivating as it is deadly.<00:24:28.159> And<00:24:28.320> that<00:24:28.640> really<00:24:28.799> isn't<00:24:29.120> likely<00:24:29.360> to 23:02.773 --> 23:02.783 align:start position:0% deadly. And that really isn't likely to 23:02.783 --> 23:06.052 align:start position:0% deadly. And that really isn't likely to change<00:24:29.919> anytime<00:24:30.640> soon.<00:24:31.760> As<00:24:32.000> the<00:24:32.240> latest<00:24:32.480> cycle 23:06.052 --> 23:06.062 align:start position:0% change anytime soon. As the latest cycle 23:06.062 --> 23:09.253 align:start position:0% change anytime soon. As the latest cycle of<00:24:32.960> the<00:24:33.120> Rekin<00:24:33.760> fires<00:24:34.159> takes<00:24:34.400> hold,<00:24:35.520> Iceland 23:09.253 --> 23:09.263 align:start position:0% of the Rekin fires takes hold, Iceland 23:09.263 --> 23:11.893 align:start position:0% of the Rekin fires takes hold, Iceland will<00:24:36.240> once<00:24:36.480> again<00:24:36.880> brace<00:24:37.200> itself<00:24:38.240> and<00:24:38.480> the 23:11.893 --> 23:11.903 align:start position:0% will once again brace itself and the 23:11.903 --> 23:13.812 align:start position:0% will once again brace itself and the world<00:24:38.880> will<00:24:39.039> watch<00:24:39.360> the<00:24:39.600> latest<00:24:39.919> round<00:24:40.240> of 23:13.812 --> 23:13.822 align:start position:0% world will watch the latest round of 23:13.822 --> 23:16.613 align:start position:0% world will watch the latest round of humans<00:24:41.200> versus<00:24:41.600> nature.<00:24:42.799> Whatever<00:24:43.200> the 23:16.613 --> 23:16.623 align:start position:0% humans versus nature. Whatever the 23:16.623 --> 23:18.532 align:start position:0% humans versus nature. Whatever the outcome<00:24:43.760> this<00:24:44.000> time<00:24:44.159> around,<00:24:44.559> the<00:24:44.880> feeling<00:24:45.120> is 23:18.532 --> 23:18.542 align:start position:0% outcome this time around, the feeling is 23:18.542 --> 23:20.932 align:start position:0% outcome this time around, the feeling is that<00:24:45.440> at<00:24:45.679> some<00:24:46.000> point<00:24:46.640> something<00:24:47.120> will<00:24:47.440> have 23:20.932 --> 23:20.942 align:start position:0% that at some point something will have 23:20.942 --> 23:23.093 align:start position:0% that at some point something will have to<00:24:47.919> give.<00:24:48.720> And<00:24:48.880> for<00:24:49.039> the<00:24:49.200> sake<00:24:49.360> of<00:24:49.520> the<00:24:49.679> people 23:23.093 --> 23:23.103 align:start position:0% to give. And for the sake of the people 23:23.103 --> 23:26.532 align:start position:0% to give. And for the sake of the people of<00:24:50.000> Iceland<00:24:50.640> and<00:24:50.960> beyond,<00:24:51.919> all<00:24:52.080> we<00:24:52.320> can<00:24:52.480> do<00:24:52.960> is 23:26.532 --> 23:26.542 align:start position:0% of Iceland and beyond, all we can do is 23:26.542 --> 23:28.932 align:start position:0% of Iceland and beyond, all we can do is hope<00:24:53.520> it's<00:24:53.760> not<00:24:54.000> them. 23:28.932 --> 23:28.942 align:start position:0% hope it's not them. 23:28.942 --> 23:30.773 align:start position:0% hope it's not them. Just<00:24:56.000> before<00:24:56.320> I<00:24:56.480> leave<00:24:56.640> you,<00:24:56.960> I'd<00:24:57.120> love<00:24:57.279> your 23:30.773 --> 23:30.783 align:start position:0% Just before I leave you, I'd love your 23:30.783 --> 23:32.453 align:start position:0% Just before I leave you, I'd love your feedback<00:24:57.840> on<00:24:58.000> the<00:24:58.159> pronunciation<00:24:58.720> of<00:24:58.880> some<00:24:59.039> of 23:32.453 --> 23:32.463 align:start position:0% feedback on the pronunciation of some of 23:32.463 --> 23:34.773 align:start position:0% feedback on the pronunciation of some of these<00:24:59.440> words<00:24:59.760> because<00:25:00.080> oh<00:25:00.400> wow,<00:25:01.039> were<00:25:01.279> these 23:34.773 --> 23:34.783 align:start position:0% these words because oh wow, were these 23:34.783 --> 23:37.172 align:start position:0% these words because oh wow, were these ones<00:25:01.840> tricky.<00:25:02.240> I<00:25:02.559> committed.<00:25:03.120> I<00:25:03.360> tried<00:25:03.679> really 23:37.172 --> 23:37.182 align:start position:0% ones tricky. I committed. I tried really 23:37.182 --> 23:39.093 align:start position:0% ones tricky. I committed. I tried really hard.<00:25:04.159> I<00:25:04.320> think<00:25:04.400> it<00:25:04.640> went<00:25:04.799> okay.<00:25:05.440> If<00:25:05.600> you<00:25:05.679> got 23:39.093 --> 23:39.103 align:start position:0% hard. I think it went okay. If you got 23:39.103 --> 23:40.773 align:start position:0% hard. I think it went okay. If you got this<00:25:06.000> far<00:25:06.159> in<00:25:06.320> the<00:25:06.400> video<00:25:06.640> and<00:25:06.880> we<00:25:07.120> did<00:25:07.200> a<00:25:07.360> good 23:40.773 --> 23:40.783 align:start position:0% this far in the video and we did a good 23:40.783 --> 23:43.172 align:start position:0% this far in the video and we did a good job,<00:25:08.000> leave<00:25:08.240> us<00:25:08.400> an<00:25:08.640> Iceland<00:25:09.120> flag<00:25:09.520> in<00:25:09.760> the 23:43.172 --> 23:43.182 align:start position:0% job, leave us an Iceland flag in the 23:43.182 --> 23:44.693 align:start position:0% job, leave us an Iceland flag in the comment<00:25:10.240> to<00:25:10.400> let<00:25:10.559> us<00:25:10.720> know.<00:25:10.880> And<00:25:11.039> if<00:25:11.200> you're 23:44.693 --> 23:44.703 align:start position:0% comment to let us know. And if you're 23:44.703 --> 23:47.093 align:start position:0% comment to let us know. And if you're from<00:25:11.760> Iceland,<00:25:12.640> wouldn't<00:25:12.960> that<00:25:13.120> be<00:25:13.279> amazing? 23:47.093 --> 23:47.103 align:start position:0% from Iceland, wouldn't that be amazing? 23:47.103 --> 23:49.253 align:start position:0% from Iceland, wouldn't that be amazing? I'd<00:25:14.080> love<00:25:14.240> to<00:25:14.400> know<00:25:14.559> your<00:25:14.799> feedback.<00:25:15.679> Thanks, 23:49.253 --> 23:49.263 align:start position:0% I'd love to know your feedback. Thanks, 23:49.263 --> 23:53.223 align:start position:0% I'd love to know your feedback. Thanks, and<00:25:16.159> I'll<00:25:16.400> see<00:25:16.480> you<00:25:16.559> in<00:25:16.720> the<00:25:16.799> next<00:25:16.960> one.