WEBVTT

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Concealed<00:00:02.000><c> among</c><00:00:02.320><c> the</c><00:00:02.480><c> vibrant</c><00:00:02.960><c> diversity</c><00:00:03.439><c> of</c>

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Concealed among the vibrant diversity of
 

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Concealed among the vibrant diversity of
life<00:00:04.000><c> on</c><00:00:04.319><c> our</c><00:00:04.560><c> planet,</c><00:00:05.359><c> there</c><00:00:05.600><c> are</c><00:00:05.759><c> creatures</c>

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life on our planet, there are creatures
 

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life on our planet, there are creatures
that<00:00:06.480><c> operate</c><00:00:06.960><c> as</c><00:00:07.200><c> part</c><00:00:07.440><c> of</c><00:00:07.600><c> a</c><00:00:07.919><c> larger</c><00:00:08.559><c> unified</c>

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that operate as part of a larger unified
 

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that operate as part of a larger unified
whole.<00:00:10.559><c> They</c><00:00:10.800><c> surrender</c><00:00:11.280><c> their</c><00:00:11.519><c> minds,</c><00:00:12.160><c> their</c>

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whole. They surrender their minds, their
 

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whole. They surrender their minds, their
desires,<00:00:13.040><c> and</c><00:00:13.280><c> their</c><00:00:13.519><c> individuality</c><00:00:14.559><c> to</c><00:00:14.799><c> the</c>

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desires, and their individuality to the
 

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desires, and their individuality to the
collective<00:00:16.240><c> to</c><00:00:16.480><c> the</c><00:00:16.640><c> point</c><00:00:16.880><c> where</c><00:00:17.199><c> seemingly</c>

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collective to the point where seemingly
 

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collective to the point where seemingly
indisputable<00:00:18.560><c> boundaries</c><00:00:19.039><c> of</c><00:00:19.359><c> life</c><00:00:19.920><c> are</c>

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indisputable boundaries of life are
 

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indisputable boundaries of life are
blurred.<00:00:21.439><c> From</c><00:00:21.680><c> a</c><00:00:21.920><c> million</c><00:00:22.240><c> minds</c><00:00:22.720><c> woven</c><00:00:23.279><c> into</c>

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blurred. From a million minds woven into
 

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blurred. From a million minds woven into
a<00:00:23.920><c> single</c><00:00:24.480><c> will,</c><00:00:25.279><c> what</c><00:00:25.600><c> emerges</c><00:00:26.240><c> is</c><00:00:26.480><c> a</c><00:00:26.720><c> higher</c>

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a single will, what emerges is a higher
 

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a single will, what emerges is a higher
order<00:00:27.519><c> of</c><00:00:27.760><c> being,</c><00:00:28.880><c> one</c><00:00:29.119><c> that</c><00:00:29.359><c> serves</c><00:00:29.679><c> a</c>

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order of being, one that serves a
 

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order of being, one that serves a
greater<00:00:30.320><c> purpose</c><00:00:30.720><c> than</c><00:00:30.960><c> any</c><00:00:31.199><c> of</c><00:00:31.359><c> its</c><00:00:31.760><c> parts</c>

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greater purpose than any of its parts
 

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greater purpose than any of its parts
could<00:00:32.559><c> hope</c><00:00:32.800><c> to</c><00:00:32.960><c> achieve</c><00:00:33.520><c> alone.</c>

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could hope to achieve alone.
 

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could hope to achieve alone.
What<00:00:35.600><c> emerges</c><00:00:36.640><c> is</c><00:00:36.960><c> a</c><00:00:37.200><c> super</c><00:00:37.600><c> organism?</c>

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What emerges is a super organism?
 

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What emerges is a super organism?
But<00:00:40.079><c> how</c><00:00:40.399><c> is</c><00:00:40.640><c> that</c><00:00:40.960><c> possible?</c><00:00:42.320><c> We've</c><00:00:42.640><c> always</c>

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But how is that possible? We've always
 

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But how is that possible? We've always
been<00:00:43.120><c> told</c><00:00:43.360><c> that</c><00:00:43.600><c> evolution</c><00:00:44.079><c> relies</c><00:00:44.640><c> on</c>

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been told that evolution relies on
 

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been told that evolution relies on
survival<00:00:45.520><c> of</c><00:00:45.760><c> the</c><00:00:46.000><c> fittest.</c><00:00:47.120><c> So,</c><00:00:47.360><c> how</c><00:00:47.520><c> can</c>

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survival of the fittest. So, how can
 

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survival of the fittest. So, how can
evolution<00:00:48.480><c> maintain</c><00:00:49.039><c> groups</c><00:00:49.360><c> that</c><00:00:49.600><c> are</c><00:00:49.840><c> so</c>

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evolution maintain groups that are so
 

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evolution maintain groups that are so
selfless,<00:00:51.280><c> that</c><00:00:51.440><c> have</c><00:00:51.680><c> given</c><00:00:51.840><c> up</c><00:00:52.000><c> their</c>

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selfless, that have given up their
 

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selfless, that have given up their
ability<00:00:52.559><c> to</c><00:00:52.800><c> reproduce</c><00:00:53.440><c> and</c><00:00:53.760><c> pass</c><00:00:54.000><c> on</c><00:00:54.239><c> their</c>

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ability to reproduce and pass on their
 

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ability to reproduce and pass on their
genes?

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genes?
 

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genes?
What<00:00:56.559><c> kinds</c><00:00:56.879><c> of</c><00:00:57.039><c> systems</c><00:00:57.520><c> start</c><00:00:57.760><c> to</c><00:00:58.000><c> emerge</c>

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What kinds of systems start to emerge
 

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What kinds of systems start to emerge
when<00:00:58.559><c> you</c><00:00:58.719><c> reach</c><00:00:58.879><c> a</c><00:00:59.039><c> state</c><00:00:59.280><c> of</c><00:00:59.600><c> ultimate</c>

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when you reach a state of ultimate
 

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when you reach a state of ultimate
collaboration?

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collaboration?
 

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collaboration?
I'm<00:01:02.399><c> James</c><00:01:02.719><c> Stewart</c><00:01:03.120><c> and</c><00:01:03.280><c> you're</c><00:01:03.520><c> watching</c>

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I'm James Stewart and you're watching
 

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I'm James Stewart and you're watching
Astramm<00:01:04.400><c> Earth.</c><00:01:05.280><c> Join</c><00:01:05.519><c> me</c><00:01:05.680><c> in</c><00:01:05.840><c> this</c><00:01:06.080><c> video</c><00:01:06.240><c> as</c>

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
 

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Astramm Earth. Join me in this video as
we<00:01:06.720><c> delve</c><00:01:06.960><c> into</c><00:01:07.200><c> the</c><00:01:07.360><c> world</c><00:01:07.680><c> of</c><00:01:08.000><c> super</c>

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we delve into the world of super
 

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we delve into the world of super
organisms<00:01:09.439><c> and</c><00:01:09.680><c> why</c><00:01:10.080><c> some</c><00:01:10.400><c> animal</c><00:01:10.799><c> groups</c>

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organisms and why some animal groups
 

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organisms and why some animal groups
seem<00:01:11.360><c> to</c><00:01:11.520><c> fit</c><00:01:11.760><c> this</c><00:01:12.000><c> description.</c><00:01:13.280><c> This</c><00:01:13.520><c> is</c><00:01:13.680><c> an</c>

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seem to fit this description. This is an
 

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seem to fit this description. This is an
idea<00:01:14.080><c> we've</c><00:01:14.400><c> been</c><00:01:14.560><c> talking</c><00:01:14.799><c> about</c><00:01:15.040><c> for</c><00:01:15.360><c> over</c><00:01:15.600><c> a</c>

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idea we've been talking about for over a
 

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idea we've been talking about for over a
hundred<00:01:16.159><c> years.</c><00:01:16.880><c> One</c><00:01:17.040><c> that</c><00:01:17.280><c> appears</c><00:01:17.600><c> to</c><00:01:17.840><c> defy</c>

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hundred years. One that appears to defy
 

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hundred years. One that appears to defy
the<00:01:18.400><c> laws</c><00:01:18.720><c> of</c><00:01:18.960><c> evolution</c><00:01:19.840><c> and</c><00:01:20.159><c> push</c><00:01:20.479><c> the</c>

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the laws of evolution and push the
 

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the laws of evolution and push the
boundaries<00:01:21.119><c> of</c><00:01:21.280><c> the</c><00:01:21.439><c> life</c><00:01:21.680><c> we</c><00:01:22.000><c> thought</c><00:01:22.320><c> we</c>

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boundaries of the life we thought we
 

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boundaries of the life we thought we
knew.<00:01:23.600><c> But</c><00:01:23.840><c> what</c><00:01:24.159><c> actually</c><00:01:24.560><c> is</c><00:01:25.040><c> a</c><00:01:25.360><c> super</c>

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knew. But what actually is a super
 

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knew. But what actually is a super
organism?<00:01:26.400><c> What</c><00:01:26.640><c> are</c><00:01:26.720><c> its</c><00:01:27.040><c> features?</c><00:01:28.240><c> And</c><00:01:28.479><c> how</c>

01:28.710 --> 01:28.720 align:start position:0%
organism? What are its features? And how
 

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organism? What are its features? And how
on<00:01:28.960><c> earth</c><00:01:29.200><c> did</c><00:01:29.439><c> this</c><00:01:29.680><c> evolve?</c>

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on earth did this evolve?
 

01:32.360 --> 01:38.230 align:start position:0%
on earth did this evolve?
[Music]

01:38.230 --> 01:38.240 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:38.240 --> 01:40.069 align:start position:0%
 
Although<00:01:38.640><c> it</c><00:01:38.880><c> sounds</c><00:01:39.119><c> very</c><00:01:39.360><c> new</c><00:01:39.520><c> in</c><00:01:39.759><c> space</c>

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Although it sounds very new in space
 

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Although it sounds very new in space
age,<00:01:40.400><c> the</c><00:01:40.640><c> term</c><00:01:41.040><c> superorganism</c><00:01:42.079><c> has</c><00:01:42.320><c> been</c>

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age, the term superorganism has been
 

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age, the term superorganism has been
around<00:01:42.720><c> for</c><00:01:42.960><c> a</c><00:01:43.119><c> while.</c><00:01:43.840><c> It</c><00:01:44.079><c> was</c><00:01:44.240><c> first</c><00:01:44.560><c> coined</c>

01:45.030 --> 01:45.040 align:start position:0%
around for a while. It was first coined
 

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around for a while. It was first coined
by<00:01:45.360><c> William</c><00:01:45.840><c> Morton</c><00:01:46.320><c> Wheeler</c><00:01:46.799><c> in</c><00:01:47.119><c> 1911,</c><00:01:48.399><c> who</c>

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by William Morton Wheeler in 1911, who
 

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by William Morton Wheeler in 1911, who
used<00:01:48.880><c> it</c><00:01:49.040><c> to</c><00:01:49.280><c> describe</c><00:01:49.680><c> how</c><00:01:49.920><c> ant</c><00:01:50.320><c> colonies</c>

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used it to describe how ant colonies
 

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used it to describe how ant colonies
seem<00:01:51.119><c> to</c><00:01:51.280><c> act</c><00:01:51.600><c> not</c><00:01:51.840><c> as</c><00:01:52.159><c> individuals,</c><00:01:52.960><c> but</c><00:01:53.200><c> as</c><00:01:53.439><c> a</c>

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seem to act not as individuals, but as a
 

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seem to act not as individuals, but as a
single<00:01:54.000><c> unit.</c>

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single unit.
 

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single unit.
If<00:01:55.920><c> you</c><00:01:56.079><c> were</c><00:01:56.159><c> to</c><00:01:56.320><c> organize</c><00:01:56.640><c> the</c><00:01:56.880><c> components</c>

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If you were to organize the components
 

01:57.280 --> 01:59.590 align:start position:0%
If you were to organize the components
of<00:01:57.520><c> life</c><00:01:57.920><c> on</c><00:01:58.159><c> a</c><00:01:58.399><c> staircase,</c><00:01:59.119><c> then</c><00:01:59.360><c> you'd</c>

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of life on a staircase, then you'd
 

01:59.600 --> 02:01.670 align:start position:0%
of life on a staircase, then you'd
probably<00:02:00.000><c> put</c><00:02:00.320><c> simple</c><00:02:00.799><c> building</c><00:02:01.200><c> blocks</c><00:02:01.520><c> like</c>

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probably put simple building blocks like
 

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probably put simple building blocks like
amino<00:02:02.079><c> acids</c><00:02:02.399><c> at</c><00:02:02.640><c> the</c><00:02:02.719><c> bottom,</c><00:02:03.360><c> followed</c><00:02:03.600><c> by</c>

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amino acids at the bottom, followed by
 

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amino acids at the bottom, followed by
complex<00:02:04.479><c> molecules</c><00:02:05.040><c> like</c><00:02:05.280><c> DNA</c><00:02:05.840><c> one</c><00:02:06.159><c> step</c><00:02:06.399><c> up,</c>

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complex molecules like DNA one step up,
 

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complex molecules like DNA one step up,
followed<00:02:07.280><c> by</c><00:02:07.520><c> organels,</c><00:02:08.479><c> cells,</c><00:02:09.280><c> organs,</c>

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followed by organels, cells, organs,
 

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followed by organels, cells, organs,
organ<00:02:10.239><c> systems,</c><00:02:10.720><c> and</c><00:02:11.039><c> finally</c><00:02:11.840><c> complex</c>

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organ systems, and finally complex
 

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organ systems, and finally complex
organisms<00:02:13.120><c> like</c><00:02:13.440><c> us.</c><00:02:14.560><c> At</c><00:02:14.800><c> that</c><00:02:14.959><c> point,</c><00:02:15.120><c> you'd</c>

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organisms like us. At that point, you'd
 

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organisms like us. At that point, you'd
be<00:02:15.440><c> at</c><00:02:15.599><c> the</c><00:02:15.760><c> top</c><00:02:15.920><c> of</c><00:02:16.000><c> the</c><00:02:16.160><c> staircase,</c><00:02:16.879><c> right?</c>

02:17.750 --> 02:17.760 align:start position:0%
be at the top of the staircase, right?
 

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be at the top of the staircase, right?
Well,<00:02:18.080><c> no.</c><00:02:18.879><c> If</c><00:02:19.120><c> we</c><00:02:19.280><c> accept</c><00:02:19.599><c> the</c><00:02:19.840><c> idea</c><00:02:20.080><c> of</c><00:02:20.239><c> the</c>

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Well, no. If we accept the idea of the
 

02:20.640 --> 02:23.030 align:start position:0%
Well, no. If we accept the idea of the
superorganism,<00:02:21.920><c> then</c><00:02:22.160><c> there'd</c><00:02:22.480><c> be</c><00:02:22.560><c> a</c><00:02:22.800><c> whole</c>

02:23.030 --> 02:23.040 align:start position:0%
superorganism, then there'd be a whole
 

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superorganism, then there'd be a whole
step<00:02:23.280><c> above</c><00:02:23.760><c> us</c><00:02:24.239><c> at</c><00:02:24.560><c> a</c><00:02:24.720><c> higher</c><00:02:25.120><c> level</c><00:02:25.440><c> of</c>

02:25.750 --> 02:25.760 align:start position:0%
step above us at a higher level of
 

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step above us at a higher level of
biological<00:02:26.560><c> organization.</c>

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biological organization.
 

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biological organization.
See,<00:02:28.480><c> a</c><00:02:28.800><c> superorganism</c><00:02:29.680><c> is</c><00:02:30.000><c> where</c><00:02:30.239><c> multiple</c>

02:30.790 --> 02:30.800 align:start position:0%
See, a superorganism is where multiple
 

02:30.800 --> 02:33.670 align:start position:0%
See, a superorganism is where multiple
organisms<00:02:31.520><c> come</c><00:02:31.760><c> together</c><00:02:32.480><c> to</c><00:02:32.800><c> act</c><00:02:33.120><c> like</c><00:02:33.360><c> a</c>

02:33.670 --> 02:33.680 align:start position:0%
organisms come together to act like a
 

02:33.680 --> 02:36.710 align:start position:0%
organisms come together to act like a
single<00:02:34.319><c> larger</c><00:02:34.800><c> organism.</c><00:02:36.239><c> So,</c><00:02:36.400><c> you</c><00:02:36.560><c> can</c>

02:36.710 --> 02:36.720 align:start position:0%
single larger organism. So, you can
 

02:36.720 --> 02:39.190 align:start position:0%
single larger organism. So, you can
think<00:02:36.879><c> of</c><00:02:37.040><c> each</c><00:02:37.360><c> individual</c><00:02:37.920><c> as</c><00:02:38.160><c> a</c><00:02:38.480><c> cell</c><00:02:38.959><c> and</c>

02:39.190 --> 02:39.200 align:start position:0%
think of each individual as a cell and
 

02:39.200 --> 02:42.309 align:start position:0%
think of each individual as a cell and
the<00:02:39.519><c> group</c><00:02:39.920><c> as</c><00:02:40.239><c> a</c><00:02:40.480><c> body.</c>

02:42.309 --> 02:42.319 align:start position:0%
the group as a body.
 

02:42.319 --> 02:44.710 align:start position:0%
the group as a body.
An<00:02:42.560><c> organism</c><00:02:43.040><c> made</c><00:02:43.280><c> of</c><00:02:43.440><c> organisms.</c><00:02:44.560><c> It's</c>

02:44.710 --> 02:44.720 align:start position:0%
An organism made of organisms. It's
 

02:44.720 --> 02:47.270 align:start position:0%
An organism made of organisms. It's
quite<00:02:45.040><c> meta.</c><00:02:45.599><c> It's</c><00:02:46.080><c> hard</c><00:02:46.400><c> to</c><00:02:46.640><c> see</c><00:02:46.800><c> how</c><00:02:47.040><c> this</c>

02:47.270 --> 02:47.280 align:start position:0%
quite meta. It's hard to see how this
 

02:47.280 --> 02:49.430 align:start position:0%
quite meta. It's hard to see how this
could<00:02:47.519><c> have</c><00:02:47.680><c> evolved,</c><00:02:48.480><c> but</c><00:02:48.720><c> scientists</c><00:02:49.280><c> have</c>

02:49.430 --> 02:49.440 align:start position:0%
could have evolved, but scientists have
 

02:49.440 --> 02:51.670 align:start position:0%
could have evolved, but scientists have
theorized<00:02:50.000><c> that</c><00:02:50.319><c> superorganisms</c><00:02:51.280><c> are</c><00:02:51.519><c> an</c>

02:51.670 --> 02:51.680 align:start position:0%
theorized that superorganisms are an
 

02:51.680 --> 02:55.190 align:start position:0%
theorized that superorganisms are an
extreme<00:02:52.160><c> form</c><00:02:52.560><c> of</c><00:02:52.800><c> cooperative</c><00:02:53.519><c> group.</c><00:02:54.959><c> We</c>

02:55.190 --> 02:55.200 align:start position:0%
extreme form of cooperative group. We
 

02:55.200 --> 02:57.030 align:start position:0%
extreme form of cooperative group. We
see<00:02:55.360><c> lots</c><00:02:55.599><c> of</c><00:02:55.760><c> examples</c><00:02:56.160><c> of</c><00:02:56.480><c> cooperative</c>

02:57.030 --> 02:57.040 align:start position:0%
see lots of examples of cooperative
 

02:57.040 --> 02:59.589 align:start position:0%
see lots of examples of cooperative
groups<00:02:57.440><c> in</c><00:02:57.760><c> nature.</c><00:02:58.560><c> Animals</c><00:02:58.959><c> like</c><00:02:59.200><c> whales</c>

02:59.589 --> 02:59.599 align:start position:0%
groups in nature. Animals like whales
 

02:59.599 --> 03:01.509 align:start position:0%
groups in nature. Animals like whales
and<00:02:59.840><c> elephants</c><00:03:00.319><c> like</c><00:03:00.480><c> to</c><00:03:00.720><c> stick</c><00:03:00.959><c> together</c><00:03:01.280><c> in</c>

03:01.509 --> 03:01.519 align:start position:0%
and elephants like to stick together in
 

03:01.519 --> 03:04.070 align:start position:0%
and elephants like to stick together in
a<00:03:01.680><c> pod</c><00:03:02.080><c> or</c><00:03:02.239><c> a</c><00:03:02.480><c> herd</c><00:03:03.120><c> where</c><00:03:03.360><c> they</c><00:03:03.599><c> look</c><00:03:03.760><c> after</c>

03:04.070 --> 03:04.080 align:start position:0%
a pod or a herd where they look after
 

03:04.080 --> 03:06.229 align:start position:0%
a pod or a herd where they look after
each<00:03:04.239><c> other's</c><00:03:04.560><c> young</c><00:03:04.959><c> and</c><00:03:05.200><c> defend</c><00:03:05.680><c> each</c><00:03:05.920><c> other</c>

03:06.229 --> 03:06.239 align:start position:0%
each other's young and defend each other
 

03:06.239 --> 03:09.030 align:start position:0%
each other's young and defend each other
against<00:03:06.720><c> outside</c><00:03:07.360><c> threats.</c>

03:09.030 --> 03:09.040 align:start position:0%
against outside threats.
 

03:09.040 --> 03:11.830 align:start position:0%
against outside threats.
Even<00:03:09.440><c> bacteria</c><00:03:10.080><c> can</c><00:03:10.400><c> cooperate.</c><00:03:11.599><c> For</c>

03:11.830 --> 03:11.840 align:start position:0%
Even bacteria can cooperate. For
 

03:11.840 --> 03:13.910 align:start position:0%
Even bacteria can cooperate. For
example,<00:03:12.239><c> some</c><00:03:12.560><c> species</c><00:03:12.959><c> secrete</c><00:03:13.440><c> helpful</c>

03:13.910 --> 03:13.920 align:start position:0%
example, some species secrete helpful
 

03:13.920 --> 03:16.470 align:start position:0%
example, some species secrete helpful
chemical<00:03:14.480><c> compounds</c><00:03:15.120><c> like</c><00:03:15.360><c> ramnolippids</c>

03:16.470 --> 03:16.480 align:start position:0%
chemical compounds like ramnolippids
 

03:16.480 --> 03:18.149 align:start position:0%
chemical compounds like ramnolippids
which<00:03:16.720><c> act</c><00:03:16.879><c> as</c><00:03:17.120><c> a</c><00:03:17.280><c> kind</c><00:03:17.360><c> of</c><00:03:17.519><c> bacterial</c>

03:18.149 --> 03:18.159 align:start position:0%
which act as a kind of bacterial
 

03:18.159 --> 03:20.149 align:start position:0%
which act as a kind of bacterial
lubricant<00:03:18.800><c> to</c><00:03:19.040><c> help</c><00:03:19.280><c> other</c><00:03:19.519><c> individuals</c>

03:20.149 --> 03:20.159 align:start position:0%
lubricant to help other individuals
 

03:20.159 --> 03:23.190 align:start position:0%
lubricant to help other individuals
spread<00:03:20.560><c> further</c><00:03:21.040><c> across</c><00:03:21.440><c> a</c><00:03:21.760><c> surface.</c><00:03:22.959><c> But</c>

03:23.190 --> 03:23.200 align:start position:0%
spread further across a surface. But
 

03:23.200 --> 03:25.750 align:start position:0%
spread further across a surface. But
unlike<00:03:23.599><c> these</c><00:03:24.000><c> groups,</c><00:03:24.879><c> scientists</c><00:03:25.440><c> believe</c>

03:25.750 --> 03:25.760 align:start position:0%
unlike these groups, scientists believe
 

03:25.760 --> 03:27.830 align:start position:0%
unlike these groups, scientists believe
the<00:03:26.000><c> kinds</c><00:03:26.319><c> of</c><00:03:26.560><c> cooperative</c><00:03:27.120><c> group</c><00:03:27.360><c> that</c><00:03:27.680><c> went</c>

03:27.830 --> 03:27.840 align:start position:0%
the kinds of cooperative group that went
 

03:27.840 --> 03:31.110 align:start position:0%
the kinds of cooperative group that went
on<00:03:28.080><c> to</c><00:03:28.319><c> form</c><00:03:28.720><c> super</c><00:03:29.120><c> organisms</c><00:03:30.239><c> underwent</c><00:03:30.799><c> a</c>

03:31.110 --> 03:31.120 align:start position:0%
on to form super organisms underwent a
 

03:31.120 --> 03:33.990 align:start position:0%
on to form super organisms underwent a
major<00:03:31.680><c> evolutionary</c><00:03:32.480><c> transition.</c><00:03:33.519><c> Using</c><00:03:33.840><c> our</c>

03:33.990 --> 03:34.000 align:start position:0%
major evolutionary transition. Using our
 

03:34.000 --> 03:36.229 align:start position:0%
major evolutionary transition. Using our
analogy<00:03:34.480><c> from</c><00:03:34.720><c> earlier,</c><00:03:35.360><c> they</c><00:03:35.599><c> took</c><00:03:35.840><c> a</c><00:03:36.000><c> step</c>

03:36.229 --> 03:36.239 align:start position:0%
analogy from earlier, they took a step
 

03:36.239 --> 03:38.390 align:start position:0%
analogy from earlier, they took a step
up<00:03:36.560><c> on</c><00:03:36.720><c> the</c><00:03:36.959><c> staircase</c><00:03:37.440><c> of</c><00:03:37.760><c> biological</c>

03:38.390 --> 03:38.400 align:start position:0%
up on the staircase of biological
 

03:38.400 --> 03:41.190 align:start position:0%
up on the staircase of biological
organization.<00:03:39.680><c> So,</c><00:03:39.920><c> how</c><00:03:40.080><c> did</c><00:03:40.319><c> this</c><00:03:40.640><c> step</c><00:03:40.879><c> up</c>

03:41.190 --> 03:41.200 align:start position:0%
organization. So, how did this step up
 

03:41.200 --> 03:44.070 align:start position:0%
organization. So, how did this step up
change<00:03:41.599><c> things?</c><00:03:42.959><c> A</c><00:03:43.200><c> trait</c><00:03:43.519><c> that</c><00:03:43.760><c> many</c>

03:44.070 --> 03:44.080 align:start position:0%
change things? A trait that many
 

03:44.080 --> 03:46.789 align:start position:0%
change things? A trait that many
superorganisms<00:03:44.959><c> have</c><00:03:45.280><c> is</c><00:03:45.599><c> something</c><00:03:46.000><c> we</c><00:03:46.319><c> call</c>

03:46.789 --> 03:46.799 align:start position:0%
superorganisms have is something we call
 

03:46.799 --> 03:49.750 align:start position:0%
superorganisms have is something we call
you<00:03:47.040><c> sociality.</c><00:03:48.239><c> This</c><00:03:48.400><c> is</c><00:03:48.560><c> a</c><00:03:48.799><c> complex</c><00:03:49.360><c> social</c>

03:49.750 --> 03:49.760 align:start position:0%
you sociality. This is a complex social
 

03:49.760 --> 03:53.030 align:start position:0%
you sociality. This is a complex social
system<00:03:50.159><c> with</c><00:03:50.480><c> four</c><00:03:50.959><c> characteristics.</c>

03:53.030 --> 03:53.040 align:start position:0%
system with four characteristics.
 

03:53.040 --> 03:55.750 align:start position:0%
system with four characteristics.
The<00:03:53.360><c> first</c><00:03:53.599><c> is</c><00:03:53.840><c> that</c><00:03:54.159><c> adults</c><00:03:54.640><c> live</c><00:03:54.879><c> in</c><00:03:55.200><c> groups.</c>

03:55.750 --> 03:55.760 align:start position:0%
The first is that adults live in groups.
 

03:55.760 --> 03:57.589 align:start position:0%
The first is that adults live in groups.
And<00:03:56.000><c> as</c><00:03:56.159><c> we</c><00:03:56.400><c> mentioned</c><00:03:56.720><c> earlier,</c><00:03:57.280><c> this</c><00:03:57.439><c> is</c>

03:57.589 --> 03:57.599 align:start position:0%
And as we mentioned earlier, this is
 

03:57.599 --> 04:00.229 align:start position:0%
And as we mentioned earlier, this is
true<00:03:57.840><c> for</c><00:03:58.000><c> a</c><00:03:58.159><c> lot</c><00:03:58.400><c> of</c><00:03:58.560><c> other</c><00:03:58.799><c> animals.</c><00:03:59.920><c> The</c>

04:00.229 --> 04:00.239 align:start position:0%
true for a lot of other animals. The
 

04:00.239 --> 04:02.309 align:start position:0%
true for a lot of other animals. The
second<00:04:00.640><c> involves</c><00:04:01.120><c> juveniles</c><00:04:01.760><c> caring</c><00:04:02.080><c> for</c>

04:02.309 --> 04:02.319 align:start position:0%
second involves juveniles caring for
 

04:02.319 --> 04:04.470 align:start position:0%
second involves juveniles caring for
offspring<00:04:02.799><c> that</c><00:04:03.040><c> are</c><00:04:03.280><c> not</c><00:04:03.519><c> their</c><00:04:03.760><c> own.</c><00:04:04.319><c> And</c>

04:04.470 --> 04:04.480 align:start position:0%
offspring that are not their own. And
 

04:04.480 --> 04:07.270 align:start position:0%
offspring that are not their own. And
again,<00:04:04.959><c> several</c><00:04:05.439><c> nonusocial</c><00:04:06.640><c> animals</c><00:04:07.120><c> do</c>

04:07.270 --> 04:07.280 align:start position:0%
again, several nonusocial animals do
 

04:07.280 --> 04:10.149 align:start position:0%
again, several nonusocial animals do
this,<00:04:07.599><c> too.</c><00:04:08.480><c> The</c><00:04:08.799><c> third</c><00:04:09.040><c> is</c><00:04:09.280><c> that</c><00:04:09.519><c> generations</c>

04:10.149 --> 04:10.159 align:start position:0%
this, too. The third is that generations
 

04:10.159 --> 04:12.789 align:start position:0%
this, too. The third is that generations
must<00:04:10.560><c> overlap</c><00:04:11.360><c> so</c><00:04:11.599><c> that</c><00:04:11.760><c> newborns</c><00:04:12.400><c> can</c><00:04:12.560><c> be</c>

04:12.789 --> 04:12.799 align:start position:0%
must overlap so that newborns can be
 

04:12.799 --> 04:14.470 align:start position:0%
must overlap so that newborns can be
raised<00:04:13.200><c> whilst</c><00:04:13.519><c> their</c><00:04:13.760><c> mother</c><00:04:14.080><c> is</c><00:04:14.239><c> still</c>

04:14.470 --> 04:14.480 align:start position:0%
raised whilst their mother is still
 

04:14.480 --> 04:16.069 align:start position:0%
raised whilst their mother is still
alive.

04:16.069 --> 04:16.079 align:start position:0%
alive.
 

04:16.079 --> 04:18.150 align:start position:0%
alive.
The<00:04:16.320><c> fourth</c><00:04:16.639><c> one</c><00:04:16.799><c> is</c><00:04:17.040><c> where</c><00:04:17.280><c> things</c><00:04:17.600><c> get</c><00:04:17.840><c> more</c>

04:18.150 --> 04:18.160 align:start position:0%
The fourth one is where things get more
 

04:18.160 --> 04:20.550 align:start position:0%
The fourth one is where things get more
specific<00:04:19.040><c> and</c><00:04:19.280><c> many</c><00:04:19.600><c> scientists</c><00:04:20.160><c> believe</c>

04:20.550 --> 04:20.560 align:start position:0%
specific and many scientists believe
 

04:20.560 --> 04:23.189 align:start position:0%
specific and many scientists believe
this<00:04:20.880><c> is</c><00:04:21.040><c> the</c><00:04:21.280><c> key</c><00:04:21.519><c> feature</c><00:04:22.000><c> of</c><00:04:22.240><c> a</c><00:04:22.560><c> youocial</c>

04:23.189 --> 04:23.199 align:start position:0%
this is the key feature of a youocial
 

04:23.199 --> 04:26.629 align:start position:0%
this is the key feature of a youocial
society.<00:04:24.639><c> There</c><00:04:24.960><c> must</c><00:04:25.280><c> be</c><00:04:25.520><c> a</c><00:04:25.840><c> reproductive</c>

04:26.629 --> 04:26.639 align:start position:0%
society. There must be a reproductive
 

04:26.639 --> 04:29.430 align:start position:0%
society. There must be a reproductive
division<00:04:27.040><c> of</c><00:04:27.280><c> labor</c><00:04:28.080><c> where</c><00:04:28.320><c> a</c><00:04:28.560><c> chosen</c><00:04:29.040><c> few</c>

04:29.430 --> 04:29.440 align:start position:0%
division of labor where a chosen few
 

04:29.440 --> 04:32.150 align:start position:0%
division of labor where a chosen few
individuals<00:04:30.080><c> are</c><00:04:30.320><c> allowed</c><00:04:30.800><c> to</c><00:04:31.120><c> reproduce</c><00:04:31.840><c> and</c>

04:32.150 --> 04:32.160 align:start position:0%
individuals are allowed to reproduce and
 

04:32.160 --> 04:34.790 align:start position:0%
individuals are allowed to reproduce and
populate<00:04:32.639><c> the</c><00:04:32.880><c> colony</c><00:04:33.680><c> whilst</c><00:04:34.000><c> the</c><00:04:34.240><c> rest</c><00:04:34.560><c> are</c>

04:34.790 --> 04:34.800 align:start position:0%
populate the colony whilst the rest are
 

04:34.800 --> 04:37.189 align:start position:0%
populate the colony whilst the rest are
either<00:04:35.280><c> sterile</c><00:04:35.840><c> and</c><00:04:36.160><c> can't</c><00:04:36.479><c> reproduce</c><00:04:36.960><c> at</c>

04:37.189 --> 04:37.199 align:start position:0%
either sterile and can't reproduce at
 

04:37.199 --> 04:43.030 align:start position:0%
either sterile and can't reproduce at
all<00:04:37.840><c> or</c><00:04:38.560><c> they</c><00:04:38.880><c> get</c><00:04:39.120><c> punished</c><00:04:39.680><c> if</c><00:04:39.919><c> they</c><00:04:40.160><c> do.</c>

04:43.030 --> 04:43.040 align:start position:0%
all or they get punished if they do.
 

04:43.040 --> 04:45.350 align:start position:0%
all or they get punished if they do.
The<00:04:43.280><c> term</c><00:04:43.600><c> fitness</c><00:04:44.240><c> describes</c><00:04:44.800><c> your</c><00:04:45.040><c> ability</c>

04:45.350 --> 04:45.360 align:start position:0%
The term fitness describes your ability
 

04:45.360 --> 04:47.990 align:start position:0%
The term fitness describes your ability
to<00:04:45.600><c> survive</c><00:04:46.080><c> and</c><00:04:46.479><c> reproduce</c><00:04:47.440><c> and</c><00:04:47.680><c> this</c><00:04:47.840><c> is</c>

04:47.990 --> 04:48.000 align:start position:0%
to survive and reproduce and this is
 

04:48.000 --> 04:50.390 align:start position:0%
to survive and reproduce and this is
what<00:04:48.320><c> every</c><00:04:48.720><c> living</c><00:04:49.120><c> thing</c><00:04:49.360><c> on</c><00:04:49.680><c> Earth</c><00:04:50.000><c> is</c>

04:50.390 --> 04:50.400 align:start position:0%
what every living thing on Earth is
 

04:50.400 --> 04:53.189 align:start position:0%
what every living thing on Earth is
trying<00:04:50.639><c> to</c><00:04:50.880><c> maximize.</c><00:04:52.320><c> So</c><00:04:52.560><c> scientists</c><00:04:53.040><c> were</c>

04:53.189 --> 04:53.199 align:start position:0%
trying to maximize. So scientists were
 

04:53.199 --> 04:55.270 align:start position:0%
trying to maximize. So scientists were
especially<00:04:53.759><c> shocked</c><00:04:54.160><c> by</c><00:04:54.400><c> the</c><00:04:54.639><c> idea</c><00:04:54.960><c> of</c>

04:55.270 --> 04:55.280 align:start position:0%
especially shocked by the idea of
 

04:55.280 --> 04:57.430 align:start position:0%
especially shocked by the idea of
selective<00:04:55.759><c> reproduction</c><00:04:56.479><c> at</c><00:04:56.720><c> first,</c>

04:57.430 --> 04:57.440 align:start position:0%
selective reproduction at first,
 

04:57.440 --> 04:59.270 align:start position:0%
selective reproduction at first,
considering<00:04:57.840><c> that</c><00:04:58.080><c> the</c><00:04:58.320><c> famous</c><00:04:58.720><c> motto</c>

04:59.270 --> 04:59.280 align:start position:0%
considering that the famous motto
 

04:59.280 --> 05:01.670 align:start position:0%
considering that the famous motto
survival<00:04:59.759><c> of</c><00:05:00.000><c> the</c><00:05:00.240><c> fittest</c><00:05:00.880><c> had</c><00:05:01.199><c> always</c><00:05:01.520><c> been</c>

05:01.670 --> 05:01.680 align:start position:0%
survival of the fittest had always been
 

05:01.680 --> 05:03.350 align:start position:0%
survival of the fittest had always been
used<00:05:01.919><c> to</c><00:05:02.160><c> describe</c><00:05:02.560><c> the</c><00:05:02.800><c> fittest</c>

05:03.350 --> 05:03.360 align:start position:0%
used to describe the fittest
 

05:03.360 --> 05:07.909 align:start position:0%
used to describe the fittest
individuals,<00:05:04.479><c> not</c><00:05:05.040><c> the</c><00:05:05.280><c> fittest</c><00:05:05.919><c> groups.</c>

05:07.909 --> 05:07.919 align:start position:0%
individuals, not the fittest groups.
 

05:07.919 --> 05:09.830 align:start position:0%
individuals, not the fittest groups.
How<00:05:08.160><c> do</c><00:05:08.240><c> we</c><00:05:08.479><c> explain</c><00:05:08.800><c> the</c><00:05:09.120><c> species</c>

05:09.830 --> 05:09.840 align:start position:0%
How do we explain the species
 

05:09.840 --> 05:12.070 align:start position:0%
How do we explain the species
willingness<00:05:10.320><c> to</c><00:05:10.639><c> throw</c><00:05:10.880><c> away</c><00:05:11.199><c> their</c><00:05:11.440><c> hopes</c><00:05:11.840><c> of</c>

05:12.070 --> 05:12.080 align:start position:0%
willingness to throw away their hopes of
 

05:12.080 --> 05:14.070 align:start position:0%
willingness to throw away their hopes of
having<00:05:12.320><c> their</c><00:05:12.560><c> own</c><00:05:12.800><c> kids</c><00:05:13.039><c> and</c><00:05:13.520><c> help</c><00:05:13.840><c> their</c>

05:14.070 --> 05:14.080 align:start position:0%
having their own kids and help their
 

05:14.080 --> 05:17.350 align:start position:0%
having their own kids and help their
parents<00:05:14.479><c> to</c><00:05:14.720><c> reproduce</c><00:05:15.440><c> instead?</c><00:05:16.800><c> Well,</c><00:05:17.120><c> the</c>

05:17.350 --> 05:17.360 align:start position:0%
parents to reproduce instead? Well, the
 

05:17.360 --> 05:19.749 align:start position:0%
parents to reproduce instead? Well, the
key<00:05:17.520><c> point</c><00:05:17.759><c> is</c><00:05:17.919><c> that</c><00:05:18.240><c> fitness</c><00:05:18.960><c> can</c><00:05:19.199><c> come</c><00:05:19.360><c> in</c><00:05:19.600><c> a</c>

05:19.749 --> 05:19.759 align:start position:0%
key point is that fitness can come in a
 

05:19.759 --> 05:23.670 align:start position:0%
key point is that fitness can come in a
direct<00:05:20.240><c> or</c><00:05:20.560><c> an</c><00:05:20.800><c> indirect</c><00:05:21.600><c> form.</c><00:05:22.960><c> It</c><00:05:23.199><c> turns</c><00:05:23.440><c> out</c>

05:23.670 --> 05:23.680 align:start position:0%
direct or an indirect form. It turns out
 

05:23.680 --> 05:26.150 align:start position:0%
direct or an indirect form. It turns out
for<00:05:23.919><c> many</c><00:05:24.160><c> of</c><00:05:24.320><c> these</c><00:05:24.639><c> youocial</c><00:05:25.360><c> groups,</c><00:05:25.919><c> the</c>

05:26.150 --> 05:26.160 align:start position:0%
for many of these youocial groups, the
 

05:26.160 --> 05:28.150 align:start position:0%
for many of these youocial groups, the
indirect<00:05:26.720><c> fitness</c><00:05:27.120><c> they</c><00:05:27.440><c> get</c><00:05:27.600><c> from</c><00:05:27.840><c> helping</c>

05:28.150 --> 05:28.160 align:start position:0%
indirect fitness they get from helping
 

05:28.160 --> 05:30.550 align:start position:0%
indirect fitness they get from helping
their<00:05:28.400><c> siblings</c><00:05:28.880><c> is</c><00:05:29.280><c> greater</c><00:05:29.919><c> than</c><00:05:30.240><c> any</c>

05:30.550 --> 05:30.560 align:start position:0%
their siblings is greater than any
 

05:30.560 --> 05:32.310 align:start position:0%
their siblings is greater than any
direct<00:05:31.039><c> fitness</c><00:05:31.440><c> they</c><00:05:31.680><c> would</c><00:05:31.840><c> get</c><00:05:32.080><c> from</c>

05:32.310 --> 05:32.320 align:start position:0%
direct fitness they would get from
 

05:32.320 --> 05:35.350 align:start position:0%
direct fitness they would get from
having<00:05:32.639><c> their</c><00:05:32.880><c> own</c><00:05:33.199><c> kids.</c><00:05:34.479><c> William</c><00:05:34.880><c> Hamilton</c>

05:35.350 --> 05:35.360 align:start position:0%
having their own kids. William Hamilton
 

05:35.360 --> 05:39.110 align:start position:0%
having their own kids. William Hamilton
was<00:05:35.520><c> the</c><00:05:35.680><c> biologist</c><00:05:36.240><c> to</c><00:05:36.479><c> champion</c><00:05:36.960><c> this</c><00:05:37.280><c> idea.</c>

05:39.110 --> 05:39.120 align:start position:0%
was the biologist to champion this idea.
 

05:39.120 --> 05:41.830 align:start position:0%
was the biologist to champion this idea.
expanding<00:05:39.600><c> on</c><00:05:39.759><c> Darwin's</c><00:05:40.400><c> natural</c><00:05:40.880><c> selection</c>

05:41.830 --> 05:41.840 align:start position:0%
expanding on Darwin's natural selection
 

05:41.840 --> 05:45.590 align:start position:0%
expanding on Darwin's natural selection
into<00:05:42.240><c> the</c><00:05:42.400><c> theory</c><00:05:42.880><c> of</c><00:05:43.280><c> kin</c><00:05:43.919><c> selection.</c>

05:45.590 --> 05:45.600 align:start position:0%
into the theory of kin selection.
 

05:45.600 --> 05:47.430 align:start position:0%
into the theory of kin selection.
There<00:05:45.759><c> are</c><00:05:45.919><c> many</c><00:05:46.240><c> ways</c><00:05:46.479><c> that</c><00:05:46.639><c> this</c><00:05:46.880><c> theory</c><00:05:47.199><c> is</c>

05:47.430 --> 05:47.440 align:start position:0%
There are many ways that this theory is
 

05:47.440 --> 05:50.150 align:start position:0%
There are many ways that this theory is
interpreted<00:05:48.000><c> across</c><00:05:48.400><c> the</c><00:05:48.639><c> animal</c><00:05:49.039><c> kingdom.</c>

05:50.150 --> 05:50.160 align:start position:0%
interpreted across the animal kingdom.
 

05:50.160 --> 05:52.710 align:start position:0%
interpreted across the animal kingdom.
For<00:05:50.320><c> example,</c><00:05:50.800><c> many</c><00:05:51.120><c> of</c><00:05:51.199><c> the</c><00:05:51.520><c> usocial</c><00:05:52.160><c> insects</c>

05:52.710 --> 05:52.720 align:start position:0%
For example, many of the usocial insects
 

05:52.720 --> 05:55.350 align:start position:0%
For example, many of the usocial insects
are<00:05:52.880><c> what</c><00:05:53.120><c> we</c><00:05:53.360><c> call</c><00:05:53.680><c> haplo</c><00:05:54.240><c> diploid</c><00:05:55.039><c> where</c>

05:55.350 --> 05:55.360 align:start position:0%
are what we call haplo diploid where
 

05:55.360 --> 05:58.070 align:start position:0%
are what we call haplo diploid where
males<00:05:55.840><c> are</c><00:05:56.080><c> born</c><00:05:56.400><c> from</c><00:05:56.720><c> unfertilized</c><00:05:57.680><c> eggs.</c>

05:58.070 --> 05:58.080 align:start position:0%
males are born from unfertilized eggs.
 

05:58.080 --> 06:00.870 align:start position:0%
males are born from unfertilized eggs.
That's<00:05:58.320><c> the</c><00:05:58.560><c> haplo</c><00:05:59.199><c> part</c><00:05:59.840><c> and</c><00:06:00.080><c> have</c><00:06:00.320><c> half</c><00:06:00.639><c> the</c>

06:00.870 --> 06:00.880 align:start position:0%
That's the haplo part and have half the
 

06:00.880 --> 06:03.270 align:start position:0%
That's the haplo part and have half the
genetic<00:06:01.360><c> material</c><00:06:01.759><c> of</c><00:06:02.000><c> females</c><00:06:02.639><c> who</c><00:06:02.880><c> are</c><00:06:03.039><c> born</c>

06:03.270 --> 06:03.280 align:start position:0%
genetic material of females who are born
 

06:03.280 --> 06:06.629 align:start position:0%
genetic material of females who are born
from<00:06:03.759><c> fertilized</c><00:06:04.560><c> eggs</c><00:06:05.280><c> diploid.</c><00:06:06.160><c> Applying</c>

06:06.629 --> 06:06.639 align:start position:0%
from fertilized eggs diploid. Applying
 

06:06.639 --> 06:08.710 align:start position:0%
from fertilized eggs diploid. Applying
some<00:06:06.800><c> maths,</c><00:06:07.360><c> we</c><00:06:07.680><c> see</c><00:06:07.759><c> that</c><00:06:08.080><c> this</c><00:06:08.319><c> system</c>

06:08.710 --> 06:08.720 align:start position:0%
some maths, we see that this system
 

06:08.720 --> 06:11.189 align:start position:0%
some maths, we see that this system
results<00:06:09.199><c> in</c><00:06:09.520><c> female</c><00:06:10.000><c> workers</c><00:06:10.479><c> being</c><00:06:10.800><c> related</c>

06:11.189 --> 06:11.199 align:start position:0%
results in female workers being related
 

06:11.199 --> 06:14.070 align:start position:0%
results in female workers being related
to<00:06:11.440><c> each</c><00:06:11.680><c> other</c><00:06:12.080><c> by</c><00:06:12.479><c> 75%</c>

06:14.070 --> 06:14.080 align:start position:0%
to each other by 75%
 

06:14.080 --> 06:17.670 align:start position:0%
to each other by 75%
instead<00:06:15.120><c> of</c><00:06:15.280><c> the</c><00:06:15.600><c> usual</c><00:06:16.000><c> 50%.</c>

06:17.670 --> 06:17.680 align:start position:0%
instead of the usual 50%.
 

06:17.680 --> 06:19.510 align:start position:0%
instead of the usual 50%.
That's<00:06:18.000><c> a</c><00:06:18.160><c> higher</c><00:06:18.479><c> relatedness</c><00:06:19.120><c> than</c><00:06:19.360><c> they</c>

06:19.510 --> 06:19.520 align:start position:0%
That's a higher relatedness than they
 

06:19.520 --> 06:21.430 align:start position:0%
That's a higher relatedness than they
would<00:06:19.680><c> share</c><00:06:19.919><c> with</c><00:06:20.080><c> any</c><00:06:20.400><c> offspring</c><00:06:20.880><c> they</c><00:06:21.199><c> may</c>

06:21.430 --> 06:21.440 align:start position:0%
would share with any offspring they may
 

06:21.440 --> 06:24.150 align:start position:0%
would share with any offspring they may
produce.<00:06:22.400><c> So,</c><00:06:22.639><c> you</c><00:06:22.880><c> can</c><00:06:23.039><c> see</c><00:06:23.360><c> why</c><00:06:23.680><c> it</c><00:06:23.919><c> makes</c>

06:24.150 --> 06:24.160 align:start position:0%
produce. So, you can see why it makes
 

06:24.160 --> 06:26.230 align:start position:0%
produce. So, you can see why it makes
more<00:06:24.479><c> sense</c><00:06:24.720><c> to</c><00:06:24.960><c> help</c><00:06:25.280><c> your</c><00:06:25.520><c> mother</c><00:06:25.919><c> queen</c>

06:26.230 --> 06:26.240 align:start position:0%
more sense to help your mother queen
 

06:26.240 --> 06:29.350 align:start position:0%
more sense to help your mother queen
produce<00:06:26.720><c> more</c><00:06:27.039><c> of</c><00:06:27.360><c> your</c><00:06:27.840><c> super</c><00:06:28.319><c> sisters</c><00:06:29.039><c> than</c>

06:29.350 --> 06:29.360 align:start position:0%
produce more of your super sisters than
 

06:29.360 --> 06:31.350 align:start position:0%
produce more of your super sisters than
betray<00:06:29.759><c> the</c><00:06:30.000><c> colony</c><00:06:30.400><c> and</c><00:06:30.720><c> have</c><00:06:30.960><c> your</c><00:06:31.199><c> own</c>

06:31.350 --> 06:31.360 align:start position:0%
betray the colony and have your own
 

06:31.360 --> 06:32.790 align:start position:0%
betray the colony and have your own
kids.

06:32.790 --> 06:32.800 align:start position:0%
kids.
 

06:32.800 --> 06:35.350 align:start position:0%
kids.
Not<00:06:33.120><c> all</c><00:06:33.520><c> you</c><00:06:33.840><c> social</c><00:06:34.160><c> animals</c><00:06:34.560><c> are</c><00:06:34.800><c> haplo</c>

06:35.350 --> 06:35.360 align:start position:0%
Not all you social animals are haplo
 

06:35.360 --> 06:38.150 align:start position:0%
Not all you social animals are haplo
deployed<00:06:35.919><c> though.</c><00:06:36.800><c> For</c><00:06:37.120><c> some,</c><00:06:37.520><c> it</c><00:06:37.759><c> might</c><00:06:37.919><c> just</c>

06:38.150 --> 06:38.160 align:start position:0%
deployed though. For some, it might just
 

06:38.160 --> 06:40.150 align:start position:0%
deployed though. For some, it might just
be<00:06:38.319><c> that</c><00:06:38.560><c> the</c><00:06:38.720><c> environment</c><00:06:39.199><c> is</c><00:06:39.520><c> really</c><00:06:39.919><c> tough</c>

06:40.150 --> 06:40.160 align:start position:0%
be that the environment is really tough
 

06:40.160 --> 06:42.070 align:start position:0%
be that the environment is really tough
to<00:06:40.400><c> survive</c><00:06:40.720><c> in.</c><00:06:41.199><c> So,</c><00:06:41.360><c> you're</c><00:06:41.600><c> better</c><00:06:41.840><c> off</c>

06:42.070 --> 06:42.080 align:start position:0%
to survive in. So, you're better off
 

06:42.080 --> 06:43.909 align:start position:0%
to survive in. So, you're better off
sticking<00:06:42.400><c> together</c><00:06:42.720><c> as</c><00:06:42.960><c> a</c><00:06:43.120><c> group</c><00:06:43.360><c> and</c><00:06:43.600><c> helping</c>

06:43.909 --> 06:43.919 align:start position:0%
sticking together as a group and helping
 

06:43.919 --> 06:46.309 align:start position:0%
sticking together as a group and helping
to<00:06:44.160><c> raise</c><00:06:44.479><c> your</c><00:06:44.720><c> siblings</c><00:06:45.759><c> rather</c><00:06:46.080><c> than</c>

06:46.309 --> 06:46.319 align:start position:0%
to raise your siblings rather than
 

06:46.319 --> 06:49.029 align:start position:0%
to raise your siblings rather than
trying<00:06:46.479><c> to</c><00:06:46.639><c> have</c><00:06:46.800><c> offspring</c><00:06:47.280><c> of</c><00:06:47.520><c> your</c><00:06:47.759><c> own.</c>

06:49.029 --> 06:49.039 align:start position:0%
trying to have offspring of your own.
 

06:49.039 --> 06:51.510 align:start position:0%
trying to have offspring of your own.
This<00:06:49.280><c> arrangement</c><00:06:49.759><c> of</c><00:06:50.080><c> dividing</c><00:06:50.639><c> labor</c><00:06:51.120><c> often</c>

06:51.510 --> 06:51.520 align:start position:0%
This arrangement of dividing labor often
 

06:51.520 --> 06:54.469 align:start position:0%
This arrangement of dividing labor often
takes<00:06:51.759><c> the</c><00:06:52.000><c> form</c><00:06:52.240><c> of</c><00:06:52.400><c> the</c><00:06:52.720><c> cast</c><00:06:53.280><c> system,</c><00:06:54.160><c> which</c>

06:54.469 --> 06:54.479 align:start position:0%
takes the form of the cast system, which
 

06:54.479 --> 06:57.189 align:start position:0%
takes the form of the cast system, which
spans<00:06:54.880><c> beyond</c><00:06:55.280><c> just</c><00:06:55.680><c> reproduction</c><00:06:56.400><c> and</c><00:06:56.800><c> sorts</c>

06:57.189 --> 06:57.199 align:start position:0%
spans beyond just reproduction and sorts
 

06:57.199 --> 06:59.670 align:start position:0%
spans beyond just reproduction and sorts
individuals<00:06:58.000><c> into</c><00:06:58.479><c> different</c><00:06:59.039><c> specialized</c>

06:59.670 --> 06:59.680 align:start position:0%
individuals into different specialized
 

06:59.680 --> 07:02.710 align:start position:0%
individuals into different specialized
jobs<00:07:00.160><c> within</c><00:07:00.479><c> the</c><00:07:00.720><c> colony.</c><00:07:01.840><c> The</c><00:07:02.080><c> job</c><00:07:02.240><c> you</c><00:07:02.560><c> go</c>

07:02.710 --> 07:02.720 align:start position:0%
jobs within the colony. The job you go
 

07:02.720 --> 07:04.950 align:start position:0%
jobs within the colony. The job you go
into<00:07:03.039><c> is</c><00:07:03.360><c> determined</c><00:07:03.759><c> by</c><00:07:03.919><c> a</c><00:07:04.080><c> mix</c><00:07:04.319><c> of</c><00:07:04.560><c> nature</c>

07:04.950 --> 07:04.960 align:start position:0%
into is determined by a mix of nature
 

07:04.960 --> 07:07.510 align:start position:0%
into is determined by a mix of nature
and<00:07:05.440><c> nurture.</c><00:07:06.400><c> As</c><00:07:06.560><c> I</c><00:07:06.800><c> mentioned,</c><00:07:07.120><c> if</c><00:07:07.360><c> you're</c>

07:07.510 --> 07:07.520 align:start position:0%
and nurture. As I mentioned, if you're
 

07:07.520 --> 07:09.909 align:start position:0%
and nurture. As I mentioned, if you're
born<00:07:07.759><c> a</c><00:07:08.080><c> sterile</c><00:07:08.560><c> worker,</c><00:07:09.039><c> then</c><00:07:09.280><c> there's</c><00:07:09.599><c> no</c>

07:09.909 --> 07:09.919 align:start position:0%
born a sterile worker, then there's no
 

07:09.919 --> 07:11.909 align:start position:0%
born a sterile worker, then there's no
chance<00:07:10.160><c> that</c><00:07:10.319><c> you'll</c><00:07:10.560><c> become</c><00:07:10.880><c> queen.</c><00:07:11.759><c> But</c>

07:11.909 --> 07:11.919 align:start position:0%
chance that you'll become queen. But
 

07:11.919 --> 07:13.909 align:start position:0%
chance that you'll become queen. But
other<00:07:12.160><c> roles</c><00:07:12.479><c> are</c><00:07:12.639><c> more</c><00:07:12.880><c> flexible</c><00:07:13.280><c> and</c><00:07:13.520><c> depend</c>

07:13.909 --> 07:13.919 align:start position:0%
other roles are more flexible and depend
 

07:13.919 --> 07:16.390 align:start position:0%
other roles are more flexible and depend
on<00:07:14.160><c> environmental</c><00:07:14.800><c> factors</c><00:07:15.280><c> like</c><00:07:15.520><c> your</c><00:07:15.840><c> diet,</c>

07:16.390 --> 07:16.400 align:start position:0%
on environmental factors like your diet,
 

07:16.400 --> 07:18.790 align:start position:0%
on environmental factors like your diet,
hormones,<00:07:17.039><c> and</c><00:07:17.280><c> pherommones.</c>

07:18.790 --> 07:18.800 align:start position:0%
hormones, and pherommones.
 

07:18.800 --> 07:21.270 align:start position:0%
hormones, and pherommones.
The<00:07:19.039><c> cast</c><00:07:19.520><c> system</c><00:07:19.919><c> ties</c><00:07:20.240><c> in</c><00:07:20.479><c> really</c><00:07:20.880><c> well</c><00:07:21.039><c> with</c>

07:21.270 --> 07:21.280 align:start position:0%
The cast system ties in really well with
 

07:21.280 --> 07:24.469 align:start position:0%
The cast system ties in really well with
the<00:07:21.520><c> superorganism</c><00:07:22.400><c> concept.</c><00:07:23.680><c> In</c><00:07:23.919><c> your</c><00:07:24.160><c> body,</c>

07:24.469 --> 07:24.479 align:start position:0%
the superorganism concept. In your body,
 

07:24.479 --> 07:26.309 align:start position:0%
the superorganism concept. In your body,
you<00:07:24.720><c> have</c><00:07:24.880><c> cells</c><00:07:25.199><c> that</c><00:07:25.440><c> are</c><00:07:25.599><c> reserved</c><00:07:26.000><c> for</c>

07:26.309 --> 07:26.319 align:start position:0%
you have cells that are reserved for
 

07:26.319 --> 07:28.629 align:start position:0%
you have cells that are reserved for
reproduction<00:07:27.039><c> only,</c><00:07:27.680><c> just</c><00:07:27.840><c> like</c><00:07:28.000><c> the</c><00:07:28.240><c> queens</c>

07:28.629 --> 07:28.639 align:start position:0%
reproduction only, just like the queens
 

07:28.639 --> 07:31.430 align:start position:0%
reproduction only, just like the queens
for<00:07:28.800><c> many</c><00:07:29.039><c> of</c><00:07:29.120><c> these</c><00:07:29.520><c> usocial</c><00:07:30.240><c> species.</c>

07:31.430 --> 07:31.440 align:start position:0%
for many of these usocial species.
 

07:31.440 --> 07:33.749 align:start position:0%
for many of these usocial species.
You<00:07:31.759><c> also</c><00:07:32.080><c> have</c><00:07:32.319><c> cells</c><00:07:32.639><c> that</c><00:07:32.880><c> are</c><00:07:33.199><c> specialized</c>

07:33.749 --> 07:33.759 align:start position:0%
You also have cells that are specialized
 

07:33.759 --> 07:36.309 align:start position:0%
You also have cells that are specialized
for<00:07:34.080><c> other</c><00:07:34.319><c> jobs</c><00:07:34.960><c> like</c><00:07:35.280><c> nerve</c><00:07:35.680><c> cells</c><00:07:36.080><c> to</c>

07:36.309 --> 07:36.319 align:start position:0%
for other jobs like nerve cells to
 

07:36.319 --> 07:39.029 align:start position:0%
for other jobs like nerve cells to
conduct<00:07:36.800><c> electrical</c><00:07:37.360><c> signals,</c><00:07:38.240><c> fat</c><00:07:38.639><c> cells</c>

07:39.029 --> 07:39.039 align:start position:0%
conduct electrical signals, fat cells
 

07:39.039 --> 07:41.430 align:start position:0%
conduct electrical signals, fat cells
for<00:07:39.280><c> energy</c><00:07:39.599><c> stores,</c><00:07:40.319><c> and</c><00:07:40.560><c> red</c><00:07:40.880><c> blood</c><00:07:41.120><c> cells</c>

07:41.430 --> 07:41.440 align:start position:0%
for energy stores, and red blood cells
 

07:41.440 --> 07:44.790 align:start position:0%
for energy stores, and red blood cells
to<00:07:41.680><c> carry</c><00:07:41.919><c> oxygen</c><00:07:42.400><c> and</c><00:07:42.639><c> carbon</c><00:07:43.039><c> dioxide.</c>

07:44.790 --> 07:44.800 align:start position:0%
to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
 

07:44.800 --> 07:46.870 align:start position:0%
to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Well,<00:07:44.960><c> the</c><00:07:45.199><c> amazing</c><00:07:45.520><c> thing</c><00:07:45.759><c> about</c><00:07:46.160><c> youocial</c>

07:46.870 --> 07:46.880 align:start position:0%
Well, the amazing thing about youocial
 

07:46.880 --> 07:48.550 align:start position:0%
Well, the amazing thing about youocial
groups<00:07:47.280><c> is</c><00:07:47.520><c> that</c><00:07:47.680><c> lots</c><00:07:47.919><c> of</c><00:07:48.080><c> them</c><00:07:48.319><c> are</c>

07:48.550 --> 07:48.560 align:start position:0%
groups is that lots of them are
 

07:48.560 --> 07:50.950 align:start position:0%
groups is that lots of them are
specialized<00:07:49.120><c> for</c><00:07:49.360><c> other</c><00:07:49.599><c> jobs,</c><00:07:50.080><c> too.</c><00:07:50.800><c> But</c>

07:50.950 --> 07:50.960 align:start position:0%
specialized for other jobs, too. But
 

07:50.960 --> 07:53.589 align:start position:0%
specialized for other jobs, too. But
instead<00:07:51.280><c> of</c><00:07:51.520><c> specialized</c><00:07:52.240><c> cells,</c><00:07:53.039><c> you</c><00:07:53.280><c> have</c>

07:53.589 --> 07:53.599 align:start position:0%
instead of specialized cells, you have
 

07:53.599 --> 07:56.309 align:start position:0%
instead of specialized cells, you have
specialized<00:07:54.400><c> individuals.</c>

07:56.309 --> 07:56.319 align:start position:0%
specialized individuals.
 

07:56.319 --> 07:58.150 align:start position:0%
specialized individuals.
With<00:07:56.560><c> that,</c><00:07:57.039><c> let's</c><00:07:57.360><c> take</c><00:07:57.520><c> a</c><00:07:57.599><c> look</c><00:07:57.759><c> at</c><00:07:57.919><c> some</c><00:07:58.080><c> of</c>

07:58.150 --> 07:58.160 align:start position:0%
With that, let's take a look at some of
 

07:58.160 --> 08:00.629 align:start position:0%
With that, let's take a look at some of
the<00:07:58.400><c> most</c><00:07:58.639><c> extreme</c><00:07:59.199><c> jobs</c><00:07:59.520><c> on</c><00:07:59.840><c> offer</c><00:08:00.240><c> in</c>

08:00.629 --> 08:00.639 align:start position:0%
the most extreme jobs on offer in
 

08:00.639 --> 08:03.909 align:start position:0%
the most extreme jobs on offer in
usocial<00:08:01.280><c> colonies.</c>

08:03.909 --> 08:03.919 align:start position:0%
usocial colonies.
 

08:03.919 --> 08:06.070 align:start position:0%
usocial colonies.
It's<00:08:04.240><c> thought</c><00:08:04.479><c> that</c><00:08:04.800><c> all</c><00:08:05.039><c> ants</c><00:08:05.520><c> exhibit</c><00:08:06.000><c> at</c>

08:06.070 --> 08:06.080 align:start position:0%
It's thought that all ants exhibit at
 

08:06.080 --> 08:08.550 align:start position:0%
It's thought that all ants exhibit at
least<00:08:06.400><c> some</c><00:08:06.720><c> level</c><00:08:07.039><c> of</c><00:08:07.440><c> you</c><00:08:07.680><c> sociality,</c>

08:08.550 --> 08:08.560 align:start position:0%
least some level of you sociality,
 

08:08.560 --> 08:11.909 align:start position:0%
least some level of you sociality,
mounting<00:08:08.960><c> to</c><00:08:09.120><c> nearly</c><00:08:09.680><c> 14,000</c><00:08:10.720><c> species.</c><00:08:11.759><c> So,</c>

08:11.909 --> 08:11.919 align:start position:0%
mounting to nearly 14,000 species. So,
 

08:11.919 --> 08:13.430 align:start position:0%
mounting to nearly 14,000 species. So,
it's<00:08:12.160><c> no</c><00:08:12.400><c> surprise</c><00:08:12.720><c> that</c><00:08:12.960><c> many</c><00:08:13.120><c> of</c><00:08:13.280><c> the</c>

08:13.430 --> 08:13.440 align:start position:0%
it's no surprise that many of the
 

08:13.440 --> 08:16.070 align:start position:0%
it's no surprise that many of the
weirdest<00:08:13.919><c> and</c><00:08:14.240><c> most</c><00:08:14.479><c> wonderful</c><00:08:15.039><c> casts</c><00:08:15.680><c> can</c><00:08:15.919><c> be</c>

08:16.070 --> 08:16.080 align:start position:0%
weirdest and most wonderful casts can be
 

08:16.080 --> 08:18.950 align:start position:0%
weirdest and most wonderful casts can be
found<00:08:16.319><c> in</c><00:08:16.639><c> ant</c><00:08:16.960><c> colonies.</c><00:08:18.240><c> In</c><00:08:18.479><c> the</c><00:08:18.560><c> baron</c>

08:18.950 --> 08:18.960 align:start position:0%
found in ant colonies. In the baron
 

08:18.960 --> 08:21.589 align:start position:0%
found in ant colonies. In the baron
deserts<00:08:19.360><c> of</c><00:08:19.599><c> Australia,</c><00:08:20.560><c> the</c><00:08:20.800><c> flowers</c><00:08:21.199><c> of</c><00:08:21.440><c> the</c>

08:21.589 --> 08:21.599 align:start position:0%
deserts of Australia, the flowers of the
 

08:21.599 --> 08:24.309 align:start position:0%
deserts of Australia, the flowers of the
mulga<00:08:22.080><c> tree</c><00:08:22.400><c> only</c><00:08:22.800><c> bloom</c><00:08:23.280><c> after</c><00:08:23.680><c> periods</c><00:08:24.080><c> of</c>

08:24.309 --> 08:24.319 align:start position:0%
mulga tree only bloom after periods of
 

08:24.319 --> 08:27.350 align:start position:0%
mulga tree only bloom after periods of
rainfall<00:08:24.960><c> which</c><00:08:25.199><c> are</c><00:08:25.440><c> few</c><00:08:25.680><c> and</c><00:08:25.919><c> far</c><00:08:26.160><c> between.</c>

08:27.350 --> 08:27.360 align:start position:0%
rainfall which are few and far between.
 

08:27.360 --> 08:30.230 align:start position:0%
rainfall which are few and far between.
However,<00:08:28.160><c> Camponitus</c><00:08:29.039><c> inflatus</c><00:08:29.759><c> or</c><00:08:30.000><c> the</c>

08:30.230 --> 08:30.240 align:start position:0%
However, Camponitus inflatus or the
 

08:30.240 --> 08:33.190 align:start position:0%
However, Camponitus inflatus or the
honeypot<00:08:30.879><c> ant</c><00:08:31.680><c> has</c><00:08:32.000><c> created</c><00:08:32.399><c> a</c><00:08:32.640><c> nifty</c>

08:33.190 --> 08:33.200 align:start position:0%
honeypot ant has created a nifty
 

08:33.200 --> 08:35.509 align:start position:0%
honeypot ant has created a nifty
solution<00:08:33.599><c> to</c><00:08:33.839><c> this</c><00:08:34.080><c> problem</c><00:08:34.719><c> in</c><00:08:34.959><c> the</c><00:08:35.120><c> form</c><00:08:35.360><c> of</c>

08:35.509 --> 08:35.519 align:start position:0%
solution to this problem in the form of
 

08:35.519 --> 08:38.630 align:start position:0%
solution to this problem in the form of
a<00:08:35.760><c> living</c><00:08:36.479><c> lauard</c><00:08:37.120><c> within</c><00:08:37.680><c> their</c><00:08:38.000><c> underground</c>

08:38.630 --> 08:38.640 align:start position:0%
a living lauard within their underground
 

08:38.640 --> 08:41.509 align:start position:0%
a living lauard within their underground
colonies.<00:08:40.000><c> They</c><00:08:40.320><c> look</c><00:08:40.479><c> like</c><00:08:40.719><c> little</c><00:08:41.039><c> golden</c>

08:41.509 --> 08:41.519 align:start position:0%
colonies. They look like little golden
 

08:41.519 --> 08:44.949 align:start position:0%
colonies. They look like little golden
beads,<00:08:42.320><c> but</c><00:08:42.560><c> these</c><00:08:42.959><c> specialized</c><00:08:43.680><c> rotons</c><00:08:44.560><c> are</c>

08:44.949 --> 08:44.959 align:start position:0%
beads, but these specialized rotons are
 

08:44.959 --> 08:47.509 align:start position:0%
beads, but these specialized rotons are
designed<00:08:45.600><c> so</c><00:08:45.839><c> that</c><00:08:46.080><c> in</c><00:08:46.320><c> the</c><00:08:46.480><c> event</c><00:08:46.720><c> of</c><00:08:46.880><c> a</c><00:08:47.200><c> food</c>

08:47.509 --> 08:47.519 align:start position:0%
designed so that in the event of a food
 

08:47.519 --> 08:49.829 align:start position:0%
designed so that in the event of a food
shortage,<00:08:48.399><c> the</c><00:08:48.640><c> other</c><00:08:48.959><c> workers</c><00:08:49.440><c> can</c><00:08:49.600><c> just</c>

08:49.829 --> 08:49.839 align:start position:0%
shortage, the other workers can just
 

08:49.839 --> 08:52.310 align:start position:0%
shortage, the other workers can just
stroke<00:08:50.240><c> their</c><00:08:50.480><c> antenna</c><00:08:51.279><c> and</c><00:08:51.600><c> be</c><00:08:51.839><c> rewarded</c>

08:52.310 --> 08:52.320 align:start position:0%
stroke their antenna and be rewarded
 

08:52.320 --> 08:55.190 align:start position:0%
stroke their antenna and be rewarded
with<00:08:52.560><c> a</c><00:08:52.800><c> regurgitated</c><00:08:53.760><c> meal</c><00:08:54.320><c> of</c><00:08:54.720><c> stored</c>

08:55.190 --> 08:55.200 align:start position:0%
with a regurgitated meal of stored
 

08:55.200 --> 08:57.910 align:start position:0%
with a regurgitated meal of stored
honey.<00:08:56.399><c> Yum.</c>

08:57.910 --> 08:57.920 align:start position:0%
honey. Yum.
 

08:57.920 --> 09:00.470 align:start position:0%
honey. Yum.
These<00:08:58.240><c> ants</c><00:08:58.640><c> are</c><00:08:58.959><c> so</c><00:08:59.200><c> jam-packed</c><00:08:59.920><c> with</c><00:09:00.160><c> honey</c>

09:00.470 --> 09:00.480 align:start position:0%
These ants are so jam-packed with honey
 

09:00.480 --> 09:02.470 align:start position:0%
These ants are so jam-packed with honey
that<00:09:00.720><c> their</c><00:09:00.880><c> abdomens</c><00:09:01.440><c> are</c><00:09:01.600><c> the</c><00:09:01.839><c> size</c><00:09:02.080><c> of</c><00:09:02.320><c> a</c>

09:02.470 --> 09:02.480 align:start position:0%
that their abdomens are the size of a
 

09:02.480 --> 09:04.470 align:start position:0%
that their abdomens are the size of a
small<00:09:02.800><c> grape.</c><00:09:03.600><c> And</c><00:09:03.760><c> even</c><00:09:04.000><c> the</c><00:09:04.160><c> local</c>

09:04.470 --> 09:04.480 align:start position:0%
small grape. And even the local
 

09:04.480 --> 09:06.630 align:start position:0%
small grape. And even the local
indigenous<00:09:05.040><c> Australians</c><00:09:05.680><c> value</c><00:09:06.000><c> them</c><00:09:06.240><c> as</c><00:09:06.480><c> a</c>

09:06.630 --> 09:06.640 align:start position:0%
indigenous Australians value them as a
 

09:06.640 --> 09:08.470 align:start position:0%
indigenous Australians value them as a
sweet<00:09:06.959><c> delicacy.</c>

09:08.470 --> 09:08.480 align:start position:0%
sweet delicacy.
 

09:08.480 --> 09:10.790 align:start position:0%
sweet delicacy.
Another

09:10.790 --> 09:10.800 align:start position:0%
Another
 

09:10.800 --> 09:13.590 align:start position:0%
Another
species<00:09:11.120><c> of</c><00:09:11.360><c> this</c><00:09:11.519><c> ant</c><00:09:11.839><c> found</c><00:09:12.080><c> in</c><00:09:12.320><c> Mexico</c><00:09:13.200><c> even</c>

09:13.590 --> 09:13.600 align:start position:0%
species of this ant found in Mexico even
 

09:13.600 --> 09:16.070 align:start position:0%
species of this ant found in Mexico even
seems<00:09:13.839><c> to</c><00:09:14.000><c> organize</c><00:09:14.480><c> its</c><00:09:14.800><c> lard</c><00:09:15.360><c> by</c><00:09:15.600><c> honey</c>

09:16.070 --> 09:16.080 align:start position:0%
seems to organize its lard by honey
 

09:16.080 --> 09:19.350 align:start position:0%
seems to organize its lard by honey
type.<00:09:16.880><c> Much</c><00:09:17.120><c> like</c><00:09:17.279><c> an</c><00:09:17.440><c> insect</c><00:09:18.000><c> wine</c><00:09:18.480><c> seller,</c>

09:19.350 --> 09:19.360 align:start position:0%
type. Much like an insect wine seller,
 

09:19.360 --> 09:21.750 align:start position:0%
type. Much like an insect wine seller,
ants<00:09:19.760><c> swollen</c><00:09:20.240><c> with</c><00:09:20.480><c> darker</c><00:09:20.959><c> amber</c><00:09:21.440><c> colored</c>

09:21.750 --> 09:21.760 align:start position:0%
ants swollen with darker amber colored
 

09:21.760 --> 09:23.509 align:start position:0%
ants swollen with darker amber colored
honey<00:09:22.000><c> are</c><00:09:22.240><c> grouped</c><00:09:22.560><c> together</c><00:09:22.880><c> and</c><00:09:23.200><c> kept</c>

09:23.509 --> 09:23.519 align:start position:0%
honey are grouped together and kept
 

09:23.519 --> 09:26.070 align:start position:0%
honey are grouped together and kept
further<00:09:23.920><c> underground</c><00:09:24.560><c> in</c><00:09:24.800><c> the</c><00:09:24.959><c> colony</c><00:09:25.680><c> whilst</c>

09:26.070 --> 09:26.080 align:start position:0%
further underground in the colony whilst
 

09:26.080 --> 09:28.630 align:start position:0%
further underground in the colony whilst
lighter<00:09:26.560><c> and</c><00:09:26.800><c> more</c><00:09:27.120><c> cleared</c><00:09:27.760><c> honey</c><00:09:28.080><c> pots</c><00:09:28.399><c> are</c>

09:28.630 --> 09:28.640 align:start position:0%
lighter and more cleared honey pots are
 

09:28.640 --> 09:31.350 align:start position:0%
lighter and more cleared honey pots are
kept<00:09:29.040><c> separate.</c><00:09:30.320><c> Scientists</c><00:09:30.800><c> found</c><00:09:31.040><c> that</c><00:09:31.200><c> the</c>

09:31.350 --> 09:31.360 align:start position:0%
kept separate. Scientists found that the
 

09:31.360 --> 09:34.230 align:start position:0%
kept separate. Scientists found that the
darker<00:09:31.760><c> honey</c><00:09:32.160><c> stores</c><00:09:32.640><c> contained</c><00:09:33.120><c> more</c><00:09:33.440><c> sugar</c>

09:34.230 --> 09:34.240 align:start position:0%
darker honey stores contained more sugar
 

09:34.240 --> 09:36.949 align:start position:0%
darker honey stores contained more sugar
whilst<00:09:34.640><c> lighter</c><00:09:35.040><c> ants</c><00:09:35.440><c> store</c><00:09:35.760><c> more</c><00:09:36.080><c> water,</c>

09:36.949 --> 09:36.959 align:start position:0%
whilst lighter ants store more water,
 

09:36.959 --> 09:38.630 align:start position:0%
whilst lighter ants store more water,
suggesting<00:09:37.440><c> that</c><00:09:37.600><c> this</c><00:09:37.839><c> species</c><00:09:38.320><c> likes</c><00:09:38.560><c> to</c>

09:38.630 --> 09:38.640 align:start position:0%
suggesting that this species likes to
 

09:38.640 --> 09:40.790 align:start position:0%
suggesting that this species likes to
keep<00:09:38.800><c> a</c><00:09:38.959><c> mix</c><00:09:39.120><c> of</c><00:09:39.360><c> both</c><00:09:39.839><c> depending</c><00:09:40.240><c> on</c><00:09:40.480><c> which</c>

09:40.790 --> 09:40.800 align:start position:0%
keep a mix of both depending on which
 

09:40.800 --> 09:43.430 align:start position:0%
keep a mix of both depending on which
resources<00:09:41.519><c> run</c><00:09:41.839><c> low.</c><00:09:42.399><c> A</c><00:09:42.640><c> good</c><00:09:42.880><c> strategy</c><00:09:43.200><c> when</c>

09:43.430 --> 09:43.440 align:start position:0%
resources run low. A good strategy when
 

09:43.440 --> 09:45.190 align:start position:0%
resources run low. A good strategy when
you<00:09:43.600><c> live</c><00:09:43.760><c> in</c><00:09:44.000><c> dry,</c><00:09:44.399><c> unpredictable</c>

09:45.190 --> 09:45.200 align:start position:0%
you live in dry, unpredictable
 

09:45.200 --> 09:48.470 align:start position:0%
you live in dry, unpredictable
environments<00:09:45.920><c> like</c><00:09:46.240><c> this</c><00:09:46.480><c> one.</c>

09:48.470 --> 09:48.480 align:start position:0%
environments like this one.
 

09:48.480 --> 09:49.910 align:start position:0%
environments like this one.
Sounds<00:09:48.800><c> like</c><00:09:48.959><c> a</c><00:09:49.120><c> pretty</c><00:09:49.279><c> good</c><00:09:49.440><c> job,</c><00:09:49.680><c> right?</c>

09:49.910 --> 09:49.920 align:start position:0%
Sounds like a pretty good job, right?
 

09:49.920 --> 09:51.509 align:start position:0%
Sounds like a pretty good job, right?
Just<00:09:50.160><c> stuff</c><00:09:50.399><c> yourself</c><00:09:50.720><c> full</c><00:09:50.959><c> of</c><00:09:51.040><c> honey</c><00:09:51.279><c> and</c>

09:51.509 --> 09:51.519 align:start position:0%
Just stuff yourself full of honey and
 

09:51.519 --> 09:53.910 align:start position:0%
Just stuff yourself full of honey and
hang<00:09:51.839><c> upside</c><00:09:52.160><c> down</c><00:09:52.560><c> the</c><00:09:52.800><c> living</c><00:09:53.120><c> lauder</c><00:09:53.600><c> until</c>

09:53.910 --> 09:53.920 align:start position:0%
hang upside down the living lauder until
 

09:53.920 --> 09:56.470 align:start position:0%
hang upside down the living lauder until
there's<00:09:54.160><c> a</c><00:09:54.320><c> food</c><00:09:54.560><c> shortage.</c><00:09:55.360><c> How</c><00:09:55.600><c> do</c><00:09:55.680><c> I</c><00:09:55.839><c> apply?</c>

09:56.470 --> 09:56.480 align:start position:0%
there's a food shortage. How do I apply?
 

09:56.480 --> 09:58.870 align:start position:0%
there's a food shortage. How do I apply?
But<00:09:56.640><c> this</c><00:09:56.880><c> is</c><00:09:56.959><c> a</c><00:09:57.120><c> key</c><00:09:57.360><c> example</c><00:09:57.760><c> of</c><00:09:58.080><c> just</c><00:09:58.399><c> how</c>

09:58.870 --> 09:58.880 align:start position:0%
But this is a key example of just how
 

09:58.880 --> 10:01.269 align:start position:0%
But this is a key example of just how
specialized<00:09:59.519><c> these</c><00:09:59.920><c> usocial</c><00:10:00.480><c> colonies</c><00:10:01.040><c> can</c>

10:01.269 --> 10:01.279 align:start position:0%
specialized these usocial colonies can
 

10:01.279 --> 10:03.430 align:start position:0%
specialized these usocial colonies can
become.<00:10:02.160><c> If</c><00:10:02.320><c> you</c><00:10:02.480><c> weren't</c><00:10:02.880><c> living</c><00:10:03.040><c> in</c><00:10:03.279><c> a</c>

10:03.430 --> 10:03.440 align:start position:0%
become. If you weren't living in a
 

10:03.440 --> 10:05.430 align:start position:0%
become. If you weren't living in a
group,<00:10:03.760><c> this</c><00:10:04.000><c> would</c><00:10:04.160><c> be</c><00:10:04.240><c> a</c><00:10:04.480><c> terrible</c><00:10:04.959><c> strategy</c>

10:05.430 --> 10:05.440 align:start position:0%
group, this would be a terrible strategy
 

10:05.440 --> 10:07.829 align:start position:0%
group, this would be a terrible strategy
for<00:10:05.680><c> survival.</c><00:10:06.640><c> You'd</c><00:10:06.880><c> be</c><00:10:07.040><c> a</c><00:10:07.200><c> major</c><00:10:07.600><c> target</c>

10:07.829 --> 10:07.839 align:start position:0%
for survival. You'd be a major target
 

10:07.839 --> 10:09.910 align:start position:0%
for survival. You'd be a major target
for<00:10:08.080><c> predators</c><00:10:08.560><c> with</c><00:10:08.800><c> no</c><00:10:09.120><c> real</c><00:10:09.519><c> chance</c><00:10:09.760><c> of</c>

10:09.910 --> 10:09.920 align:start position:0%
for predators with no real chance of
 

10:09.920 --> 10:12.389 align:start position:0%
for predators with no real chance of
defending<00:10:10.399><c> yourself</c><00:10:10.720><c> or</c><00:10:11.040><c> running</c><00:10:11.360><c> away.</c><00:10:12.160><c> But</c>

10:12.389 --> 10:12.399 align:start position:0%
defending yourself or running away. But
 

10:12.399 --> 10:14.710 align:start position:0%
defending yourself or running away. But
with<00:10:12.560><c> the</c><00:10:12.800><c> protection</c><00:10:13.200><c> of</c><00:10:13.519><c> hundreds,</c><00:10:14.160><c> if</c><00:10:14.399><c> not</c>

10:14.710 --> 10:14.720 align:start position:0%
with the protection of hundreds, if not
 

10:14.720 --> 10:17.030 align:start position:0%
with the protection of hundreds, if not
thousands<00:10:15.279><c> of</c><00:10:15.440><c> your</c><00:10:15.760><c> sisters</c><00:10:16.240><c> against</c><00:10:16.720><c> any</c>

10:17.030 --> 10:17.040 align:start position:0%
thousands of your sisters against any
 

10:17.040 --> 10:19.590 align:start position:0%
thousands of your sisters against any
threats,<00:10:17.920><c> you</c><00:10:18.160><c> can</c><00:10:18.320><c> happily</c><00:10:18.800><c> succumb</c><00:10:19.200><c> to</c><00:10:19.440><c> your</c>

10:19.590 --> 10:19.600 align:start position:0%
threats, you can happily succumb to your
 

10:19.600 --> 10:21.990 align:start position:0%
threats, you can happily succumb to your
role<00:10:19.920><c> of</c><00:10:20.240><c> honeypot</c><00:10:21.200><c> with</c><00:10:21.360><c> the</c><00:10:21.600><c> knowledge</c><00:10:21.839><c> that</c>

10:21.990 --> 10:22.000 align:start position:0%
role of honeypot with the knowledge that
 

10:22.000 --> 10:24.150 align:start position:0%
role of honeypot with the knowledge that
the<00:10:22.240><c> other</c><00:10:22.560><c> important</c><00:10:22.880><c> jobs</c><00:10:23.440><c> are</c><00:10:23.680><c> being</c><00:10:23.920><c> taken</c>

10:24.150 --> 10:24.160 align:start position:0%
the other important jobs are being taken
 

10:24.160 --> 10:27.750 align:start position:0%
the other important jobs are being taken
care<00:10:24.399><c> of.</c>

10:27.750 --> 10:27.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

10:27.760 --> 10:29.910 align:start position:0%
 
Moving<00:10:28.079><c> on</c><00:10:28.320><c> from</c><00:10:28.480><c> the</c><00:10:28.640><c> ants</c><00:10:28.959><c> storing</c><00:10:29.360><c> food</c><00:10:29.680><c> to</c>

10:29.910 --> 10:29.920 align:start position:0%
Moving on from the ants storing food to
 

10:29.920 --> 10:32.389 align:start position:0%
Moving on from the ants storing food to
the<00:10:30.079><c> ants</c><00:10:30.320><c> that</c><00:10:30.560><c> are</c><00:10:30.800><c> producing</c><00:10:31.200><c> it.</c><00:10:32.000><c> It</c><00:10:32.240><c> might</c>

10:32.389 --> 10:32.399 align:start position:0%
the ants that are producing it. It might
 

10:32.399 --> 10:34.630 align:start position:0%
the ants that are producing it. It might
be<00:10:32.560><c> hard</c><00:10:32.800><c> to</c><00:10:33.040><c> believe,</c><00:10:33.440><c> but</c><00:10:33.760><c> we're</c><00:10:34.160><c> not</c><00:10:34.399><c> the</c>

10:34.630 --> 10:34.640 align:start position:0%
be hard to believe, but we're not the
 

10:34.640 --> 10:37.190 align:start position:0%
be hard to believe, but we're not the
only<00:10:34.959><c> species</c><00:10:35.519><c> interested</c><00:10:35.920><c> in</c><00:10:36.160><c> agriculture.</c>

10:37.190 --> 10:37.200 align:start position:0%
only species interested in agriculture.
 

10:37.200 --> 10:39.829 align:start position:0%
only species interested in agriculture.
And<00:10:37.360><c> we</c><00:10:37.519><c> weren't</c><00:10:37.839><c> even</c><00:10:38.079><c> the</c><00:10:38.320><c> first</c><00:10:38.480><c> to</c><00:10:38.720><c> do</c><00:10:38.880><c> it.</c>

10:39.829 --> 10:39.839 align:start position:0%
And we weren't even the first to do it.
 

10:39.839 --> 10:41.990 align:start position:0%
And we weren't even the first to do it.
The<00:10:40.079><c> Aini</c><00:10:40.560><c> ants</c><00:10:40.880><c> are</c><00:10:41.040><c> a</c><00:10:41.200><c> group</c><00:10:41.440><c> found</c><00:10:41.680><c> in</c><00:10:41.839><c> the</c>

10:41.990 --> 10:42.000 align:start position:0%
The Aini ants are a group found in the
 

10:42.000 --> 10:44.310 align:start position:0%
The Aini ants are a group found in the
South<00:10:42.240><c> American</c><00:10:42.720><c> rainforest</c><00:10:43.600><c> and</c><00:10:43.839><c> have</c><00:10:44.160><c> been</c>

10:44.310 --> 10:44.320 align:start position:0%
South American rainforest and have been
 

10:44.320 --> 10:46.790 align:start position:0%
South American rainforest and have been
farming<00:10:44.800><c> fungus</c><00:10:45.200><c> on</c><00:10:45.440><c> an</c><00:10:45.680><c> industrial</c><00:10:46.320><c> scale</c>

10:46.790 --> 10:46.800 align:start position:0%
farming fungus on an industrial scale
 

10:46.800 --> 10:50.230 align:start position:0%
farming fungus on an industrial scale
for<00:10:47.040><c> up</c><00:10:47.200><c> to</c><00:10:47.519><c> 60</c><00:10:48.000><c> million</c><00:10:48.560><c> years.</c>

10:50.230 --> 10:50.240 align:start position:0%
for up to 60 million years.
 

10:50.240 --> 10:52.389 align:start position:0%
for up to 60 million years.
It<00:10:50.560><c> probably</c><00:10:50.959><c> began</c><00:10:51.279><c> when</c><00:10:51.440><c> the</c><00:10:51.680><c> ancestors</c><00:10:52.160><c> of</c>

10:52.389 --> 10:52.399 align:start position:0%
It probably began when the ancestors of
 

10:52.399 --> 10:54.710 align:start position:0%
It probably began when the ancestors of
this<00:10:52.640><c> group</c><00:10:52.959><c> started</c><00:10:53.279><c> eating</c><00:10:53.680><c> fungus,</c>

10:54.710 --> 10:54.720 align:start position:0%
this group started eating fungus,
 

10:54.720 --> 10:57.110 align:start position:0%
this group started eating fungus,
setting<00:10:55.120><c> an</c><00:10:55.279><c> irreversible</c><00:10:56.240><c> evolutionary</c>

10:57.110 --> 10:57.120 align:start position:0%
setting an irreversible evolutionary
 

10:57.120 --> 10:59.269 align:start position:0%
setting an irreversible evolutionary
change<00:10:57.519><c> in</c><00:10:57.760><c> motion</c><00:10:58.240><c> to</c><00:10:58.480><c> the</c><00:10:58.720><c> point</c><00:10:58.880><c> where</c>

10:59.269 --> 10:59.279 align:start position:0%
change in motion to the point where
 

10:59.279 --> 11:01.670 align:start position:0%
change in motion to the point where
nowadays<00:11:00.160><c> the</c><00:11:00.399><c> ants</c><00:11:00.800><c> are</c><00:11:01.040><c> completely</c>

11:01.670 --> 11:01.680 align:start position:0%
nowadays the ants are completely
 

11:01.680 --> 11:04.790 align:start position:0%
nowadays the ants are completely
dependent<00:11:02.160><c> on</c><00:11:02.320><c> the</c><00:11:02.560><c> fungus</c><00:11:02.959><c> for</c><00:11:03.279><c> protein.</c><00:11:04.640><c> And</c>

11:04.790 --> 11:04.800 align:start position:0%
dependent on the fungus for protein. And
 

11:04.800 --> 11:07.269 align:start position:0%
dependent on the fungus for protein. And
the<00:11:05.040><c> fungi</c><00:11:05.600><c> can</c><00:11:05.839><c> only</c><00:11:06.160><c> survive</c><00:11:06.640><c> with</c><00:11:06.880><c> the</c><00:11:07.120><c> help</c>

11:07.269 --> 11:07.279 align:start position:0%
the fungi can only survive with the help
 

11:07.279 --> 11:11.269 align:start position:0%
the fungi can only survive with the help
of<00:11:07.440><c> the</c><00:11:07.680><c> ants.</c><00:11:08.800><c> But</c><00:11:09.279><c> how</c><00:11:09.519><c> does</c><00:11:09.680><c> it</c><00:11:09.920><c> work?</c><00:11:11.040><c> Well,</c>

11:11.269 --> 11:11.279 align:start position:0%
of the ants. But how does it work? Well,
 

11:11.279 --> 11:13.590 align:start position:0%
of the ants. But how does it work? Well,
it's<00:11:11.519><c> the</c><00:11:11.680><c> job</c><00:11:11.839><c> of</c><00:11:12.000><c> the</c><00:11:12.160><c> atini</c><00:11:12.720><c> ant</c><00:11:12.959><c> farmers</c><00:11:13.360><c> to</c>

11:13.590 --> 11:13.600 align:start position:0%
it's the job of the atini ant farmers to
 

11:13.600 --> 11:16.150 align:start position:0%
it's the job of the atini ant farmers to
cultivate<00:11:14.079><c> their</c><00:11:14.399><c> fungi</c><00:11:14.880><c> in</c><00:11:15.200><c> subterranean</c>

11:16.150 --> 11:16.160 align:start position:0%
cultivate their fungi in subterranean
 

11:16.160 --> 11:19.110 align:start position:0%
cultivate their fungi in subterranean
gardens.<00:11:17.040><c> But</c><00:11:17.200><c> instead</c><00:11:17.519><c> of</c><00:11:17.760><c> photosynthesis,</c>

11:19.110 --> 11:19.120 align:start position:0%
gardens. But instead of photosynthesis,
 

11:19.120 --> 11:21.910 align:start position:0%
gardens. But instead of photosynthesis,
it's<00:11:19.519><c> decomposition</c><00:11:20.720><c> that</c><00:11:21.040><c> produces</c><00:11:21.519><c> all</c><00:11:21.680><c> the</c>

11:21.910 --> 11:21.920 align:start position:0%
it's decomposition that produces all the
 

11:21.920 --> 11:24.949 align:start position:0%
it's decomposition that produces all the
carbohydrates,<00:11:23.120><c> proteins,</c><00:11:23.760><c> and</c><00:11:24.000><c> lipids</c><00:11:24.640><c> they</c>

11:24.949 --> 11:24.959 align:start position:0%
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids they
 

11:24.959 --> 11:27.269 align:start position:0%
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids they
need<00:11:25.279><c> for</c><00:11:25.519><c> food.</c>

11:27.269 --> 11:27.279 align:start position:0%
need for food.
 

11:27.279 --> 11:29.829 align:start position:0%
need for food.
When<00:11:27.600><c> a</c><00:11:27.760><c> new</c><00:11:28.000><c> queen</c><00:11:28.399><c> leaves</c><00:11:28.720><c> her</c><00:11:28.959><c> natal</c><00:11:29.440><c> colony</c>

11:29.829 --> 11:29.839 align:start position:0%
When a new queen leaves her natal colony
 

11:29.839 --> 11:32.550 align:start position:0%
When a new queen leaves her natal colony
to<00:11:30.000><c> go</c><00:11:30.160><c> and</c><00:11:30.320><c> start</c><00:11:30.560><c> a</c><00:11:30.800><c> new</c><00:11:30.959><c> colony</c><00:11:31.360><c> of</c><00:11:31.600><c> her</c><00:11:31.760><c> own,</c>

11:32.550 --> 11:32.560 align:start position:0%
to go and start a new colony of her own,
 

11:32.560 --> 11:35.350 align:start position:0%
to go and start a new colony of her own,
she<00:11:32.880><c> takes</c><00:11:33.200><c> a</c><00:11:33.519><c> small</c><00:11:33.839><c> pellet</c><00:11:34.399><c> from</c><00:11:34.720><c> the</c><00:11:34.880><c> fungal</c>

11:35.350 --> 11:35.360 align:start position:0%
she takes a small pellet from the fungal
 

11:35.360 --> 11:38.069 align:start position:0%
she takes a small pellet from the fungal
garden<00:11:35.760><c> and</c><00:11:36.160><c> stores</c><00:11:36.480><c> it</c><00:11:36.640><c> in</c><00:11:36.880><c> a</c><00:11:37.120><c> special</c><00:11:37.519><c> pocket</c>

11:38.069 --> 11:38.079 align:start position:0%
garden and stores it in a special pocket
 

11:38.079 --> 11:40.069 align:start position:0%
garden and stores it in a special pocket
in<00:11:38.320><c> her</c><00:11:38.560><c> mouth.</c>

11:40.069 --> 11:40.079 align:start position:0%
in her mouth.
 

11:40.079 --> 11:42.069 align:start position:0%
in her mouth.
This<00:11:40.320><c> pellet</c><00:11:40.800><c> is</c><00:11:41.040><c> the</c><00:11:41.279><c> beginning</c><00:11:41.600><c> of</c><00:11:41.839><c> the</c>

11:42.069 --> 11:42.079 align:start position:0%
This pellet is the beginning of the
 

11:42.079 --> 11:44.949 align:start position:0%
This pellet is the beginning of the
fungal<00:11:42.560><c> garden</c><00:11:42.880><c> in</c><00:11:43.200><c> her</c><00:11:43.440><c> new</c><00:11:43.760><c> colony.</c><00:11:44.720><c> And</c>

11:44.949 --> 11:44.959 align:start position:0%
fungal garden in her new colony. And
 

11:44.959 --> 11:46.790 align:start position:0%
fungal garden in her new colony. And
many<00:11:45.200><c> scientists</c><00:11:45.760><c> believe</c><00:11:45.920><c> that</c><00:11:46.240><c> this</c><00:11:46.480><c> method</c>

11:46.790 --> 11:46.800 align:start position:0%
many scientists believe that this method
 

11:46.800 --> 11:49.750 align:start position:0%
many scientists believe that this method
of<00:11:47.120><c> fungal</c><00:11:47.680><c> subsampling</c><00:11:48.959><c> is</c><00:11:49.200><c> the</c><00:11:49.440><c> ante</c>

11:49.750 --> 11:49.760 align:start position:0%
of fungal subsampling is the ante
 

11:49.760 --> 11:52.870 align:start position:0%
of fungal subsampling is the ante
equivalent<00:11:50.320><c> of</c><00:11:50.720><c> artificial</c><00:11:51.440><c> selection</c><00:11:52.640><c> in</c>

11:52.870 --> 11:52.880 align:start position:0%
equivalent of artificial selection in
 

11:52.880 --> 11:54.790 align:start position:0%
equivalent of artificial selection in
the<00:11:53.120><c> same</c><00:11:53.279><c> way</c><00:11:53.440><c> that</c><00:11:53.760><c> humans</c><00:11:54.160><c> have</c><00:11:54.399><c> selected</c>

11:54.790 --> 11:54.800 align:start position:0%
the same way that humans have selected
 

11:54.800 --> 11:57.509 align:start position:0%
the same way that humans have selected
crops<00:11:55.279><c> over</c><00:11:55.600><c> hundreds</c><00:11:56.079><c> of</c><00:11:56.240><c> years</c><00:11:56.480><c> to</c><00:11:56.880><c> maximize</c>

11:57.509 --> 11:57.519 align:start position:0%
crops over hundreds of years to maximize
 

11:57.519 --> 12:01.110 align:start position:0%
crops over hundreds of years to maximize
yield<00:11:58.320><c> and</c><00:11:58.720><c> efficiency.</c>

12:01.110 --> 12:01.120 align:start position:0%
yield and efficiency.
 

12:01.120 --> 12:02.710 align:start position:0%
yield and efficiency.
We<00:12:01.279><c> can't</c><00:12:01.519><c> forget</c><00:12:01.760><c> about</c><00:12:01.920><c> the</c><00:12:02.079><c> queens,</c><00:12:02.560><c> of</c>

12:02.710 --> 12:02.720 align:start position:0%
We can't forget about the queens, of
 

12:02.720 --> 12:04.949 align:start position:0%
We can't forget about the queens, of
course.<00:12:03.519><c> Like</c><00:12:03.760><c> their</c><00:12:04.000><c> workers,</c><00:12:04.560><c> they've</c>

12:04.949 --> 12:04.959 align:start position:0%
course. Like their workers, they've
 

12:04.959 --> 12:07.269 align:start position:0%
course. Like their workers, they've
undergone<00:12:05.519><c> some</c><00:12:05.839><c> pretty</c><00:12:06.160><c> crazy</c><00:12:06.560><c> adaptations</c>

12:07.269 --> 12:07.279 align:start position:0%
undergone some pretty crazy adaptations
 

12:07.279 --> 12:08.949 align:start position:0%
undergone some pretty crazy adaptations
in<00:12:07.519><c> order</c><00:12:07.680><c> to</c><00:12:07.920><c> rule.</c><00:12:08.399><c> And</c><00:12:08.560><c> this</c><00:12:08.800><c> is</c>

12:08.949 --> 12:08.959 align:start position:0%
in order to rule. And this is
 

12:08.959 --> 12:11.829 align:start position:0%
in order to rule. And this is
particularly<00:12:09.440><c> true</c><00:12:09.680><c> of</c><00:12:10.000><c> the</c><00:12:10.240><c> termites.</c>

12:11.829 --> 12:11.839 align:start position:0%
particularly true of the termites.
 

12:11.839 --> 12:14.069 align:start position:0%
particularly true of the termites.
Once<00:12:12.160><c> a</c><00:12:12.320><c> colony</c><00:12:12.720><c> is</c><00:12:12.959><c> up</c><00:12:13.120><c> and</c><00:12:13.360><c> running,</c><00:12:13.839><c> a</c>

12:14.069 --> 12:14.079 align:start position:0%
Once a colony is up and running, a
 

12:14.079 --> 12:16.710 align:start position:0%
Once a colony is up and running, a
termite<00:12:14.560><c> queen's</c><00:12:15.040><c> abdomen</c><00:12:15.600><c> can</c><00:12:15.839><c> swell</c><00:12:16.160><c> up</c><00:12:16.399><c> to</c>

12:16.710 --> 12:16.720 align:start position:0%
termite queen's abdomen can swell up to
 

12:16.720 --> 12:19.990 align:start position:0%
termite queen's abdomen can swell up to
4<00:12:17.120><c> in</c><00:12:17.680><c> long,</c><00:12:18.320><c> while</c><00:12:18.639><c> her</c><00:12:18.880><c> head</c><00:12:19.200><c> remains</c><00:12:19.680><c> the</c>

12:19.990 --> 12:20.000 align:start position:0%
4 in long, while her head remains the
 

12:20.000 --> 12:23.190 align:start position:0%
4 in long, while her head remains the
same<00:12:20.320><c> size.</c><00:12:21.519><c> She's</c><00:12:21.839><c> so</c><00:12:22.160><c> large</c><00:12:22.560><c> she</c><00:12:22.800><c> relies</c>

12:23.190 --> 12:23.200 align:start position:0%
same size. She's so large she relies
 

12:23.200 --> 12:25.670 align:start position:0%
same size. She's so large she relies
completely<00:12:23.680><c> on</c><00:12:23.920><c> her</c><00:12:24.160><c> workers</c><00:12:24.639><c> to</c><00:12:24.959><c> feed</c><00:12:25.279><c> her,</c>

12:25.670 --> 12:25.680 align:start position:0%
completely on her workers to feed her,
 

12:25.680 --> 12:28.230 align:start position:0%
completely on her workers to feed her,
groom<00:12:26.079><c> her,</c><00:12:26.320><c> and</c><00:12:26.639><c> even</c><00:12:27.040><c> carry</c><00:12:27.360><c> her</c><00:12:27.600><c> eggs</c><00:12:27.920><c> away</c>

12:28.230 --> 12:28.240 align:start position:0%
groom her, and even carry her eggs away
 

12:28.240 --> 12:30.470 align:start position:0%
groom her, and even carry her eggs away
to<00:12:28.560><c> be</c><00:12:28.720><c> hatched.</c>

12:30.470 --> 12:30.480 align:start position:0%
to be hatched.
 

12:30.480 --> 12:33.430 align:start position:0%
to be hatched.
And<00:12:30.720><c> there's</c><00:12:30.959><c> a</c><00:12:31.120><c> lot</c><00:12:31.200><c> of</c><00:12:31.360><c> eggs</c><00:12:31.600><c> to</c><00:12:31.920><c> carry</c><00:12:32.240><c> away.</c>

12:33.430 --> 12:33.440 align:start position:0%
And there's a lot of eggs to carry away.
 

12:33.440 --> 12:35.750 align:start position:0%
And there's a lot of eggs to carry away.
Some<00:12:33.839><c> estimate</c><00:12:34.240><c> that</c><00:12:34.399><c> a</c><00:12:34.639><c> termite</c><00:12:35.120><c> queen</c><00:12:35.600><c> lays</c>

12:35.750 --> 12:35.760 align:start position:0%
Some estimate that a termite queen lays
 

12:35.760 --> 12:39.750 align:start position:0%
Some estimate that a termite queen lays
around<00:12:36.240><c> 30,000</c><00:12:37.120><c> eggs</c><00:12:37.680><c> per</c><00:12:38.160><c> day.</c>

12:39.750 --> 12:39.760 align:start position:0%
around 30,000 eggs per day.
 

12:39.760 --> 12:42.069 align:start position:0%
around 30,000 eggs per day.
Despite<00:12:40.240><c> this</c><00:12:40.560><c> extraordinary</c><00:12:41.360><c> reproductive</c>

12:42.069 --> 12:42.079 align:start position:0%
Despite this extraordinary reproductive
 

12:42.079 --> 12:44.389 align:start position:0%
Despite this extraordinary reproductive
output,<00:12:42.800><c> termite</c><00:12:43.279><c> queens</c><00:12:43.680><c> can</c><00:12:43.920><c> live</c><00:12:44.160><c> for</c>

12:44.389 --> 12:44.399 align:start position:0%
output, termite queens can live for
 

12:44.399 --> 12:47.990 align:start position:0%
output, termite queens can live for
around<00:12:44.959><c> 15</c><00:12:45.600><c> years,</c><00:12:46.240><c> a</c><00:12:46.399><c> hundred</c><00:12:46.800><c> times</c><00:12:47.279><c> longer</c>

12:47.990 --> 12:48.000 align:start position:0%
around 15 years, a hundred times longer
 

12:48.000 --> 12:50.949 align:start position:0%
around 15 years, a hundred times longer
than<00:12:48.320><c> any</c><00:12:48.560><c> of</c><00:12:48.800><c> her</c><00:12:49.040><c> workers.</c><00:12:50.240><c> This</c><00:12:50.480><c> is</c><00:12:50.720><c> pretty</c>

12:50.949 --> 12:50.959 align:start position:0%
than any of her workers. This is pretty
 

12:50.959 --> 12:52.710 align:start position:0%
than any of her workers. This is pretty
amazing<00:12:51.440><c> considering</c><00:12:51.760><c> that</c><00:12:52.079><c> reproduction</c>

12:52.710 --> 12:52.720 align:start position:0%
amazing considering that reproduction
 

12:52.720 --> 12:55.829 align:start position:0%
amazing considering that reproduction
usually<00:12:53.279><c> shortens</c><00:12:54.000><c> your</c><00:12:54.320><c> lifespan.</c><00:12:55.600><c> But</c>

12:55.829 --> 12:55.839 align:start position:0%
usually shortens your lifespan. But
 

12:55.839 --> 12:57.670 align:start position:0%
usually shortens your lifespan. But
scientists<00:12:56.320><c> think</c><00:12:56.560><c> this</c><00:12:56.720><c> is</c><00:12:56.880><c> possible</c><00:12:57.360><c> due</c><00:12:57.519><c> to</c>

12:57.670 --> 12:57.680 align:start position:0%
scientists think this is possible due to
 

12:57.680 --> 13:00.389 align:start position:0%
scientists think this is possible due to
the<00:12:57.920><c> low</c><00:12:58.240><c> extrinsic</c><00:12:58.959><c> mortality</c><00:12:59.839><c> experienced</c>

13:00.389 --> 13:00.399 align:start position:0%
the low extrinsic mortality experienced
 

13:00.399 --> 13:03.110 align:start position:0%
the low extrinsic mortality experienced
by<00:13:00.720><c> queens.</c><00:13:01.519><c> They're</c><00:13:01.839><c> kept</c><00:13:02.079><c> deep</c><00:13:02.480><c> underground</c>

13:03.110 --> 13:03.120 align:start position:0%
by queens. They're kept deep underground
 

13:03.120 --> 13:05.910 align:start position:0%
by queens. They're kept deep underground
in<00:13:03.360><c> the</c><00:13:03.519><c> royal</c><00:13:03.920><c> chamber</c><00:13:04.560><c> away</c><00:13:05.040><c> from</c><00:13:05.360><c> predators</c>

13:05.910 --> 13:05.920 align:start position:0%
in the royal chamber away from predators
 

13:05.920 --> 13:08.870 align:start position:0%
in the royal chamber away from predators
and<00:13:06.160><c> disease.</c>

13:08.870 --> 13:08.880 align:start position:0%
and disease.
 

13:08.880 --> 13:10.790 align:start position:0%
and disease.
So,<00:13:09.279><c> after</c><00:13:09.600><c> highlighting</c><00:13:10.160><c> some</c><00:13:10.320><c> of</c><00:13:10.399><c> the</c><00:13:10.560><c> jobs</c>

13:10.790 --> 13:10.800 align:start position:0%
So, after highlighting some of the jobs
 

13:10.800 --> 13:13.190 align:start position:0%
So, after highlighting some of the jobs
you<00:13:11.040><c> can</c><00:13:11.120><c> do</c><00:13:11.200><c> in</c><00:13:11.360><c> a</c><00:13:11.600><c> USocial</c><00:13:12.160><c> insect</c><00:13:12.639><c> colony,</c>

13:13.190 --> 13:13.200 align:start position:0%
you can do in a USocial insect colony,
 

13:13.200 --> 13:15.110 align:start position:0%
you can do in a USocial insect colony,
we're<00:13:13.519><c> beginning</c><00:13:13.760><c> to</c><00:13:13.920><c> get</c><00:13:14.079><c> our</c><00:13:14.399><c> first</c><00:13:14.720><c> hints</c>

13:15.110 --> 13:15.120 align:start position:0%
we're beginning to get our first hints
 

13:15.120 --> 13:17.509 align:start position:0%
we're beginning to get our first hints
of<00:13:15.360><c> why</c><00:13:15.680><c> these</c><00:13:16.000><c> colonies</c><00:13:16.480><c> are</c><00:13:16.720><c> described</c><00:13:17.120><c> as</c>

13:17.509 --> 13:17.519 align:start position:0%
of why these colonies are described as
 

13:17.519 --> 13:19.509 align:start position:0%
of why these colonies are described as
super<00:13:17.920><c> organisms.</c>

13:19.509 --> 13:19.519 align:start position:0%
super organisms.
 

13:19.519 --> 13:22.150 align:start position:0%
super organisms.
We've<00:13:19.760><c> seen</c><00:13:20.160><c> ants</c><00:13:20.639><c> acting</c><00:13:21.040><c> as</c><00:13:21.279><c> energy</c><00:13:21.760><c> stores</c>

13:22.150 --> 13:22.160 align:start position:0%
We've seen ants acting as energy stores
 

13:22.160 --> 13:24.870 align:start position:0%
We've seen ants acting as energy stores
like<00:13:22.480><c> fat</c><00:13:22.880><c> cells</c><00:13:23.200><c> in</c><00:13:23.519><c> our</c><00:13:23.680><c> bodies,</c><00:13:24.480><c> food</c>

13:24.870 --> 13:24.880 align:start position:0%
like fat cells in our bodies, food
 

13:24.880 --> 13:27.269 align:start position:0%
like fat cells in our bodies, food
producers<00:13:25.600><c> like</c><00:13:26.000><c> those</c><00:13:26.320><c> cells</c><00:13:26.560><c> and</c><00:13:26.800><c> enzymes</c>

13:27.269 --> 13:27.279 align:start position:0%
producers like those cells and enzymes
 

13:27.279 --> 13:30.470 align:start position:0%
producers like those cells and enzymes
that<00:13:27.519><c> generate</c><00:13:27.920><c> nutrients</c><00:13:28.320><c> for</c><00:13:28.560><c> us,</c><00:13:29.760><c> and</c><00:13:30.000><c> huge</c>

13:30.470 --> 13:30.480 align:start position:0%
that generate nutrients for us, and huge
 

13:30.480 --> 13:33.190 align:start position:0%
that generate nutrients for us, and huge
queens<00:13:31.120><c> reserved</c><00:13:31.600><c> for</c><00:13:32.000><c> reproduction</c><00:13:32.880><c> like</c>

13:33.190 --> 13:33.200 align:start position:0%
queens reserved for reproduction like
 

13:33.200 --> 13:35.670 align:start position:0%
queens reserved for reproduction like
our<00:13:33.600><c> sperm</c><00:13:34.000><c> and</c><00:13:34.240><c> eggs.</c>

13:35.670 --> 13:35.680 align:start position:0%
our sperm and eggs.
 

13:35.680 --> 13:37.350 align:start position:0%
our sperm and eggs.
But<00:13:35.920><c> what</c><00:13:36.079><c> if</c><00:13:36.240><c> I</c><00:13:36.399><c> told</c><00:13:36.480><c> you</c><00:13:36.720><c> it's</c><00:13:36.959><c> not</c><00:13:37.120><c> just</c>

13:37.350 --> 13:37.360 align:start position:0%
But what if I told you it's not just
 

13:37.360 --> 13:40.069 align:start position:0%
But what if I told you it's not just
specialized<00:13:38.079><c> cells</c><00:13:38.560><c> we</c><00:13:38.880><c> see</c><00:13:39.120><c> replicated</c><00:13:39.680><c> at</c><00:13:39.839><c> a</c>

13:40.069 --> 13:40.079 align:start position:0%
specialized cells we see replicated at a
 

13:40.079 --> 13:44.240 align:start position:0%
specialized cells we see replicated at a
superorganism<00:13:40.959><c> level</c><00:13:41.680><c> but</c><00:13:41.920><c> entire</c><00:13:42.720><c> systems.</c>

13:44.240 --> 13:44.250 align:start position:0%
superorganism level but entire systems.
 

13:44.250 --> 13:45.590 align:start position:0%
superorganism level but entire systems.
[Music]

13:45.590 --> 13:45.600 align:start position:0%
[Music]
 

13:45.600 --> 13:48.069 align:start position:0%
[Music]
Professor<00:13:46.160><c> Thomas</c><00:13:46.560><c> Pradu</c><00:13:47.279><c> argued</c><00:13:47.600><c> that</c><00:13:47.839><c> the</c>

13:48.069 --> 13:48.079 align:start position:0%
Professor Thomas Pradu argued that the
 

13:48.079 --> 13:50.710 align:start position:0%
Professor Thomas Pradu argued that the
immune<00:13:48.480><c> system</c><00:13:48.880><c> is</c><00:13:49.040><c> the</c><00:13:49.360><c> defining</c><00:13:50.000><c> feature</c><00:13:50.480><c> of</c>

13:50.710 --> 13:50.720 align:start position:0%
immune system is the defining feature of
 

13:50.720 --> 13:53.829 align:start position:0%
immune system is the defining feature of
an<00:13:51.040><c> organism.</c><00:13:52.079><c> By</c><00:13:52.480><c> this</c><00:13:52.720><c> logic,</c><00:13:53.200><c> if</c><00:13:53.440><c> we</c><00:13:53.680><c> see</c>

13:53.829 --> 13:53.839 align:start position:0%
an organism. By this logic, if we see
 

13:53.839 --> 13:55.910 align:start position:0%
an organism. By this logic, if we see
evidence<00:13:54.160><c> of</c><00:13:54.320><c> an</c><00:13:54.560><c> immune</c><00:13:54.880><c> system</c><00:13:55.200><c> that</c><00:13:55.519><c> spans</c>

13:55.910 --> 13:55.920 align:start position:0%
evidence of an immune system that spans
 

13:55.920 --> 13:57.750 align:start position:0%
evidence of an immune system that spans
beyond<00:13:56.320><c> the</c><00:13:56.560><c> boundaries</c><00:13:57.040><c> of</c><00:13:57.360><c> single</c>

13:57.750 --> 13:57.760 align:start position:0%
beyond the boundaries of single
 

13:57.760 --> 14:00.230 align:start position:0%
beyond the boundaries of single
individuals<00:13:58.320><c> in</c><00:13:58.560><c> a</c><00:13:58.800><c> colony,</c><00:13:59.600><c> then</c><00:13:59.839><c> this</c><00:14:00.079><c> would</c>

14:00.230 --> 14:00.240 align:start position:0%
individuals in a colony, then this would
 

14:00.240 --> 14:02.310 align:start position:0%
individuals in a colony, then this would
provide<00:14:00.639><c> strong</c><00:14:01.040><c> support</c><00:14:01.440><c> for</c><00:14:01.600><c> the</c><00:14:01.760><c> idea</c><00:14:02.079><c> of</c>

14:02.310 --> 14:02.320 align:start position:0%
provide strong support for the idea of
 

14:02.320 --> 14:05.670 align:start position:0%
provide strong support for the idea of
that<00:14:02.639><c> colony</c><00:14:03.120><c> as</c><00:14:03.360><c> a</c><00:14:03.680><c> super</c><00:14:04.079><c> organism.</c><00:14:05.279><c> And</c><00:14:05.519><c> in</c>

14:05.670 --> 14:05.680 align:start position:0%
that colony as a super organism. And in
 

14:05.680 --> 14:08.230 align:start position:0%
that colony as a super organism. And in
fact,<00:14:05.920><c> we</c><00:14:06.079><c> do</c><00:14:06.320><c> see</c><00:14:06.480><c> this</c><00:14:06.720><c> in</c><00:14:07.040><c> several</c><00:14:07.600><c> usocial</c>

14:08.230 --> 14:08.240 align:start position:0%
fact, we do see this in several usocial
 

14:08.240 --> 14:11.030 align:start position:0%
fact, we do see this in several usocial
insect<00:14:08.639><c> groups,</c><00:14:09.360><c> including</c><00:14:09.760><c> ants,</c><00:14:10.399><c> termites,</c>

14:11.030 --> 14:11.040 align:start position:0%
insect groups, including ants, termites,
 

14:11.040 --> 14:13.269 align:start position:0%
insect groups, including ants, termites,
beetles,<00:14:11.920><c> and</c><00:14:12.079><c> the</c><00:14:12.320><c> group</c><00:14:12.560><c> we'll</c><00:14:12.800><c> be</c><00:14:12.959><c> focusing</c>

14:13.269 --> 14:13.279 align:start position:0%
beetles, and the group we'll be focusing
 

14:13.279 --> 14:16.790 align:start position:0%
beetles, and the group we'll be focusing
on<00:14:13.600><c> here,</c><00:14:14.639><c> honeybees.</c>

14:16.790 --> 14:16.800 align:start position:0%
on here, honeybees.
 

14:16.800 --> 14:19.750 align:start position:0%
on here, honeybees.
Social<00:14:17.360><c> immunity</c><00:14:18.000><c> describes</c><00:14:18.560><c> any</c><00:14:19.040><c> collective</c>

14:19.750 --> 14:19.760 align:start position:0%
Social immunity describes any collective
 

14:19.760 --> 14:22.629 align:start position:0%
Social immunity describes any collective
immune<00:14:20.240><c> defense</c><00:14:20.800><c> against</c><00:14:21.360><c> parasites</c><00:14:22.399><c> and</c>

14:22.629 --> 14:22.639 align:start position:0%
immune defense against parasites and
 

14:22.639 --> 14:24.550 align:start position:0%
immune defense against parasites and
it's<00:14:22.880><c> been</c><00:14:23.040><c> studied</c><00:14:23.440><c> extensively</c><00:14:24.079><c> in</c>

14:24.550 --> 14:24.560 align:start position:0%
it's been studied extensively in
 

14:24.560 --> 14:26.150 align:start position:0%
it's been studied extensively in
honeybees.

14:26.150 --> 14:26.160 align:start position:0%
honeybees.
 

14:26.160 --> 14:28.870 align:start position:0%
honeybees.
These<00:14:26.560><c> defenses</c><00:14:27.199><c> may</c><00:14:27.440><c> be</c><00:14:27.680><c> proylactic,</c>

14:28.870 --> 14:28.880 align:start position:0%
These defenses may be proylactic,
 

14:28.880 --> 14:30.389 align:start position:0%
These defenses may be proylactic,
meaning<00:14:29.040><c> that</c><00:14:29.199><c> they've</c><00:14:29.440><c> been</c><00:14:29.600><c> put</c><00:14:29.760><c> in</c><00:14:30.000><c> place</c>

14:30.389 --> 14:30.399 align:start position:0%
meaning that they've been put in place
 

14:30.399 --> 14:33.189 align:start position:0%
meaning that they've been put in place
before<00:14:31.040><c> exposure</c><00:14:31.519><c> to</c><00:14:31.760><c> disease</c><00:14:32.240><c> or</c><00:14:32.560><c> activated</c>

14:33.189 --> 14:33.199 align:start position:0%
before exposure to disease or activated
 

14:33.199 --> 14:35.430 align:start position:0%
before exposure to disease or activated
in<00:14:33.440><c> the</c><00:14:33.600><c> event</c><00:14:33.839><c> of</c><00:14:34.000><c> infection,</c><00:14:35.040><c> but</c><00:14:35.199><c> they've</c>

14:35.430 --> 14:35.440 align:start position:0%
in the event of infection, but they've
 

14:35.440 --> 14:37.670 align:start position:0%
in the event of infection, but they've
all<00:14:35.680><c> evolved</c><00:14:36.079><c> for</c><00:14:36.320><c> the</c><00:14:36.560><c> purpose</c><00:14:36.880><c> of</c><00:14:37.120><c> disease</c>

14:37.670 --> 14:37.680 align:start position:0%
all evolved for the purpose of disease
 

14:37.680 --> 14:41.110 align:start position:0%
all evolved for the purpose of disease
avoidance,<00:14:38.720><c> resistance,</c><00:14:39.519><c> and</c><00:14:39.920><c> tolerance.</c>

14:41.110 --> 14:41.120 align:start position:0%
avoidance, resistance, and tolerance.
 

14:41.120 --> 14:44.949 align:start position:0%
avoidance, resistance, and tolerance.
Just<00:14:41.360><c> like</c><00:14:41.600><c> our</c><00:14:41.920><c> human</c><00:14:42.320><c> immune</c><00:14:42.720><c> systems,</c>

14:44.949 --> 14:44.959 align:start position:0%
Just like our human immune systems,
 

14:44.959 --> 14:46.629 align:start position:0%
Just like our human immune systems,
there<00:14:45.120><c> are</c><00:14:45.279><c> plenty</c><00:14:45.600><c> of</c><00:14:45.760><c> reasons</c><00:14:46.160><c> why</c><00:14:46.399><c> you'd</c>

14:46.629 --> 14:46.639 align:start position:0%
there are plenty of reasons why you'd
 

14:46.639 --> 14:48.870 align:start position:0%
there are plenty of reasons why you'd
want<00:14:46.800><c> an</c><00:14:47.040><c> extra</c><00:14:47.440><c> level</c><00:14:47.680><c> of</c><00:14:47.920><c> defense</c><00:14:48.320><c> for</c><00:14:48.639><c> your</c>

14:48.870 --> 14:48.880 align:start position:0%
want an extra level of defense for your
 

14:48.880 --> 14:50.790 align:start position:0%
want an extra level of defense for your
colony.<00:14:49.519><c> And</c><00:14:49.680><c> it's</c><00:14:49.920><c> no</c><00:14:50.079><c> surprise</c><00:14:50.320><c> that</c><00:14:50.560><c> living</c>

14:50.790 --> 14:50.800 align:start position:0%
colony. And it's no surprise that living
 

14:50.800 --> 14:52.629 align:start position:0%
colony. And it's no surprise that living
in<00:14:50.959><c> a</c><00:14:51.040><c> group</c><00:14:51.279><c> means</c><00:14:51.519><c> that</c><00:14:51.680><c> it's</c><00:14:51.920><c> easier</c><00:14:52.320><c> for</c>

14:52.629 --> 14:52.639 align:start position:0%
in a group means that it's easier for
 

14:52.639 --> 14:55.030 align:start position:0%
in a group means that it's easier for
diseases<00:14:53.199><c> to</c><00:14:53.440><c> spread.</c><00:14:54.160><c> Just</c><00:14:54.399><c> think</c><00:14:54.639><c> back</c><00:14:54.800><c> to</c>

14:55.030 --> 14:55.040 align:start position:0%
diseases to spread. Just think back to
 

14:55.040 --> 14:56.790 align:start position:0%
diseases to spread. Just think back to
CO.

14:56.790 --> 14:56.800 align:start position:0%
CO.
 

14:56.800 --> 14:59.430 align:start position:0%
CO.
It's<00:14:57.199><c> thought</c><00:14:57.519><c> that</c><00:14:58.000><c> individual</c><00:14:58.639><c> honeybees</c>

14:59.430 --> 14:59.440 align:start position:0%
It's thought that individual honeybees
 

14:59.440 --> 15:01.910 align:start position:0%
It's thought that individual honeybees
have<00:14:59.760><c> just</c><00:15:00.079><c> a</c><00:15:00.399><c> third</c><00:15:00.880><c> of</c><00:15:01.120><c> the</c><00:15:01.360><c> number</c><00:15:01.600><c> of</c>

15:01.910 --> 15:01.920 align:start position:0%
have just a third of the number of
 

15:01.920 --> 15:05.430 align:start position:0%
have just a third of the number of
immune<00:15:02.320><c> genes</c><00:15:02.880><c> as</c><00:15:03.360><c> fruit</c><00:15:03.760><c> flies</c><00:15:04.639><c> despite</c>

15:05.430 --> 15:05.440 align:start position:0%
immune genes as fruit flies despite
 

15:05.440 --> 15:08.310 align:start position:0%
immune genes as fruit flies despite
having<00:15:05.839><c> similar</c><00:15:06.399><c> immune</c><00:15:06.800><c> systems.</c>

15:08.310 --> 15:08.320 align:start position:0%
having similar immune systems.
 

15:08.320 --> 15:10.230 align:start position:0%
having similar immune systems.
Now,<00:15:08.480><c> that's</c><00:15:08.800><c> because</c><00:15:09.040><c> the</c><00:15:09.360><c> social</c><00:15:09.839><c> immune</c>

15:10.230 --> 15:10.240 align:start position:0%
Now, that's because the social immune
 

15:10.240 --> 15:13.509 align:start position:0%
Now, that's because the social immune
responses<00:15:10.959><c> employed</c><00:15:11.360><c> by</c><00:15:11.680><c> honeybees</c><00:15:12.720><c> are</c><00:15:13.040><c> so</c>

15:13.509 --> 15:13.519 align:start position:0%
responses employed by honeybees are so
 

15:13.519 --> 15:16.150 align:start position:0%
responses employed by honeybees are so
successful,<00:15:14.800><c> they</c><00:15:15.120><c> can</c><00:15:15.360><c> subsidize</c><00:15:16.000><c> the</c>

15:16.150 --> 15:16.160 align:start position:0%
successful, they can subsidize the
 

15:16.160 --> 15:19.829 align:start position:0%
successful, they can subsidize the
immunity<00:15:16.639><c> of</c><00:15:16.959><c> each</c><00:15:17.360><c> individual</c><00:15:18.320><c> honeybee.</c>

15:19.829 --> 15:19.839 align:start position:0%
immunity of each individual honeybee.
 

15:19.839 --> 15:22.310 align:start position:0%
immunity of each individual honeybee.
With<00:15:20.079><c> this</c><00:15:20.240><c> in</c><00:15:20.480><c> mind,</c><00:15:20.800><c> let's</c><00:15:21.199><c> explore</c><00:15:21.760><c> how</c><00:15:22.079><c> the</c>

15:22.310 --> 15:22.320 align:start position:0%
With this in mind, let's explore how the
 

15:22.320 --> 15:24.870 align:start position:0%
With this in mind, let's explore how the
honeybees<00:15:22.959><c> have</c><00:15:23.199><c> outsourced</c><00:15:23.920><c> their</c><00:15:24.160><c> immunity</c>

15:24.870 --> 15:24.880 align:start position:0%
honeybees have outsourced their immunity
 

15:24.880 --> 15:27.670 align:start position:0%
honeybees have outsourced their immunity
to<00:15:25.120><c> the</c><00:15:25.360><c> colony</c><00:15:25.760><c> level.</c>

15:27.670 --> 15:27.680 align:start position:0%
to the colony level.
 

15:27.680 --> 15:29.590 align:start position:0%
to the colony level.
We<00:15:28.000><c> mentioned</c><00:15:28.240><c> those</c><00:15:28.560><c> defenses</c><00:15:29.040><c> that</c><00:15:29.199><c> are</c><00:15:29.360><c> in</c>

15:29.590 --> 15:29.600 align:start position:0%
We mentioned those defenses that are in
 

15:29.600 --> 15:31.670 align:start position:0%
We mentioned those defenses that are in
place<00:15:29.839><c> before</c><00:15:30.240><c> the</c><00:15:30.480><c> colony</c><00:15:30.800><c> is</c><00:15:31.040><c> exposed</c><00:15:31.440><c> to</c>

15:31.670 --> 15:31.680 align:start position:0%
place before the colony is exposed to
 

15:31.680 --> 15:33.750 align:start position:0%
place before the colony is exposed to
disease,<00:15:32.399><c> and</c><00:15:32.720><c> most</c><00:15:32.880><c> of</c><00:15:32.959><c> these</c><00:15:33.279><c> come</c><00:15:33.440><c> under</c>

15:33.750 --> 15:33.760 align:start position:0%
disease, and most of these come under
 

15:33.760 --> 15:35.750 align:start position:0%
disease, and most of these come under
disease<00:15:34.240><c> avoidance.</c>

15:35.750 --> 15:35.760 align:start position:0%
disease avoidance.
 

15:35.760 --> 15:37.670 align:start position:0%
disease avoidance.
As<00:15:36.000><c> it</c><00:15:36.160><c> turns</c><00:15:36.320><c> out,</c><00:15:36.639><c> honeybees</c><00:15:37.199><c> have</c><00:15:37.440><c> come</c><00:15:37.519><c> up</c>

15:37.670 --> 15:37.680 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, honeybees have come up
 

15:37.680 --> 15:39.590 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, honeybees have come up
with<00:15:37.839><c> some</c><00:15:38.079><c> ingenious</c><00:15:38.639><c> solutions</c><00:15:39.120><c> to</c><00:15:39.440><c> keep</c>

15:39.590 --> 15:39.600 align:start position:0%
with some ingenious solutions to keep
 

15:39.600 --> 15:42.150 align:start position:0%
with some ingenious solutions to keep
their<00:15:39.839><c> hives</c><00:15:40.480><c> diseasefree,</c>

15:42.150 --> 15:42.160 align:start position:0%
their hives diseasefree,
 

15:42.160 --> 15:44.230 align:start position:0%
their hives diseasefree,
many<00:15:42.399><c> of</c><00:15:42.560><c> which</c><00:15:42.720><c> are</c><00:15:42.959><c> on</c><00:15:43.199><c> par</c><00:15:43.519><c> with</c><00:15:43.680><c> our</c><00:15:43.920><c> own</c>

15:44.230 --> 15:44.240 align:start position:0%
many of which are on par with our own
 

15:44.240 --> 15:46.949 align:start position:0%
many of which are on par with our own
defenses<00:15:44.800><c> as</c><00:15:45.120><c> humans.</c><00:15:46.240><c> You</c><00:15:46.480><c> might</c><00:15:46.639><c> have</c><00:15:46.800><c> heard</c>

15:46.949 --> 15:46.959 align:start position:0%
defenses as humans. You might have heard
 

15:46.959 --> 15:48.710 align:start position:0%
defenses as humans. You might have heard
of<00:15:47.120><c> this</c><00:15:47.360><c> component</c><00:15:47.760><c> in</c><00:15:48.000><c> your</c><00:15:48.240><c> dietary</c>

15:48.710 --> 15:48.720 align:start position:0%
of this component in your dietary
 

15:48.720 --> 15:52.069 align:start position:0%
of this component in your dietary
supplements<00:15:49.279><c> or</c><00:15:49.680><c> skin</c><00:15:50.000><c> care.</c><00:15:50.880><c> But</c><00:15:51.199><c> propolis</c>

15:52.069 --> 15:52.079 align:start position:0%
supplements or skin care. But propolis
 

15:52.079 --> 15:54.550 align:start position:0%
supplements or skin care. But propolis
is<00:15:52.320><c> a</c><00:15:52.639><c> major</c><00:15:53.040><c> component</c><00:15:53.519><c> of</c><00:15:53.759><c> the</c><00:15:54.000><c> honeybee</c>

15:54.550 --> 15:54.560 align:start position:0%
is a major component of the honeybee
 

15:54.560 --> 15:57.670 align:start position:0%
is a major component of the honeybee
defense<00:15:54.959><c> system</c><00:15:55.440><c> against</c><00:15:55.920><c> disease.</c><00:15:57.199><c> It's</c><00:15:57.440><c> an</c>

15:57.670 --> 15:57.680 align:start position:0%
defense system against disease. It's an
 

15:57.680 --> 16:00.389 align:start position:0%
defense system against disease. It's an
antimicrobial<00:15:58.800><c> substance</c><00:15:59.360><c> made</c><00:15:59.680><c> from</c><00:16:00.000><c> plant</c>

16:00.389 --> 16:00.399 align:start position:0%
antimicrobial substance made from plant
 

16:00.399 --> 16:03.110 align:start position:0%
antimicrobial substance made from plant
resins,<00:16:01.360><c> which</c><00:16:01.600><c> is</c><00:16:01.759><c> then</c><00:16:02.000><c> combined</c><00:16:02.480><c> with</c><00:16:02.800><c> bee</c>

16:03.110 --> 16:03.120 align:start position:0%
resins, which is then combined with bee
 

16:03.120 --> 16:05.430 align:start position:0%
resins, which is then combined with bee
saliva<00:16:03.680><c> and</c><00:16:04.000><c> coated</c><00:16:04.480><c> over</c><00:16:04.720><c> the</c><00:16:04.880><c> interior</c>

16:05.430 --> 16:05.440 align:start position:0%
saliva and coated over the interior
 

16:05.440 --> 16:08.790 align:start position:0%
saliva and coated over the interior
walls<00:16:06.000><c> and</c><00:16:06.240><c> nest</c><00:16:06.800><c> entrance</c><00:16:07.360><c> in</c><00:16:07.600><c> a</c><00:16:07.920><c> layer</c><00:16:08.399><c> just</c>

16:08.790 --> 16:08.800 align:start position:0%
walls and nest entrance in a layer just
 

16:08.800 --> 16:11.670 align:start position:0%
walls and nest entrance in a layer just
half<00:16:09.040><c> a</c><00:16:09.279><c> millimeter</c><00:16:09.839><c> thick.</c><00:16:11.120><c> Once</c><00:16:11.440><c> it's</c>

16:11.670 --> 16:11.680 align:start position:0%
half a millimeter thick. Once it's
 

16:11.680 --> 16:13.670 align:start position:0%
half a millimeter thick. Once it's
enveloped<00:16:12.320><c> around</c><00:16:12.560><c> the</c><00:16:12.800><c> colony,</c><00:16:13.440><c> the</c>

16:13.670 --> 16:13.680 align:start position:0%
enveloped around the colony, the
 

16:13.680 --> 16:16.230 align:start position:0%
enveloped around the colony, the
propulolis<00:16:14.480><c> layers</c><00:16:14.800><c> help</c><00:16:15.040><c> maintain</c><00:16:15.680><c> stable</c>

16:16.230 --> 16:16.240 align:start position:0%
propulolis layers help maintain stable
 

16:16.240 --> 16:19.110 align:start position:0%
propulolis layers help maintain stable
colony<00:16:16.800><c> conditions</c><00:16:17.519><c> by</c><00:16:18.000><c> waterproofing,</c>

16:19.110 --> 16:19.120 align:start position:0%
colony conditions by waterproofing,
 

16:19.120 --> 16:21.110 align:start position:0%
colony conditions by waterproofing,
maintaining<00:16:19.600><c> a</c><00:16:19.920><c> consistent</c><00:16:20.480><c> temperature,</c>

16:21.110 --> 16:21.120 align:start position:0%
maintaining a consistent temperature,
 

16:21.120 --> 16:23.749 align:start position:0%
maintaining a consistent temperature,
preventing<00:16:21.839><c> fungal</c><00:16:22.320><c> decay,</c><00:16:23.040><c> and</c><00:16:23.279><c> reducing</c>

16:23.749 --> 16:23.759 align:start position:0%
preventing fungal decay, and reducing
 

16:23.759 --> 16:27.110 align:start position:0%
preventing fungal decay, and reducing
the<00:16:24.079><c> microbial</c><00:16:24.800><c> load</c><00:16:25.199><c> of</c><00:16:25.440><c> the</c><00:16:25.600><c> hive.</c><00:16:26.639><c> In</c><00:16:26.880><c> more</c>

16:27.110 --> 16:27.120 align:start position:0%
the microbial load of the hive. In more
 

16:27.120 --> 16:29.509 align:start position:0%
the microbial load of the hive. In more
extreme<00:16:27.519><c> cases,</c><00:16:28.160><c> propulolis</c><00:16:28.800><c> can</c><00:16:29.040><c> even</c><00:16:29.360><c> be</c>

16:29.509 --> 16:29.519 align:start position:0%
extreme cases, propulolis can even be
 

16:29.519 --> 16:31.910 align:start position:0%
extreme cases, propulolis can even be
used<00:16:29.680><c> to</c><00:16:29.839><c> engulf</c><00:16:30.639><c> bodies</c><00:16:31.120><c> that</c><00:16:31.440><c> enter</c><00:16:31.759><c> the</c>

16:31.910 --> 16:31.920 align:start position:0%
used to engulf bodies that enter the
 

16:31.920 --> 16:34.310 align:start position:0%
used to engulf bodies that enter the
hive.<00:16:32.560><c> Just</c><00:16:32.800><c> look</c><00:16:32.959><c> at</c><00:16:33.120><c> this</c><00:16:33.360><c> poor</c><00:16:33.600><c> unfortunate</c>

16:34.310 --> 16:34.320 align:start position:0%
hive. Just look at this poor unfortunate
 

16:34.320 --> 16:37.590 align:start position:0%
hive. Just look at this poor unfortunate
mouse.<00:16:35.519><c> This</c><00:16:35.839><c> mouse</c><00:16:36.240><c> skull</c><00:16:36.639><c> was</c><00:16:36.880><c> found</c><00:16:37.199><c> in</c><00:16:37.440><c> an</c>

16:37.590 --> 16:37.600 align:start position:0%
mouse. This mouse skull was found in an
 

16:37.600 --> 16:40.150 align:start position:0%
mouse. This mouse skull was found in an
apri<00:16:38.160><c> at</c><00:16:38.320><c> the</c><00:16:38.480><c> University</c><00:16:39.040><c> of</c><00:16:39.360><c> Minnesota,</c>

16:40.150 --> 16:40.160 align:start position:0%
apri at the University of Minnesota,
 

16:40.160 --> 16:43.430 align:start position:0%
apri at the University of Minnesota,
completely<00:16:40.800><c> encased</c><00:16:41.440><c> in</c><00:16:41.759><c> propulolis.</c><00:16:43.199><c> It's</c>

16:43.430 --> 16:43.440 align:start position:0%
completely encased in propulolis. It's
 

16:43.440 --> 16:45.110 align:start position:0%
completely encased in propulolis. It's
thought<00:16:43.680><c> that</c><00:16:43.839><c> since</c><00:16:44.160><c> the</c><00:16:44.320><c> mouse</c><00:16:44.639><c> was</c><00:16:44.880><c> too</c>

16:45.110 --> 16:45.120 align:start position:0%
thought that since the mouse was too
 

16:45.120 --> 16:46.790 align:start position:0%
thought that since the mouse was too
large<00:16:45.360><c> for</c><00:16:45.519><c> the</c><00:16:45.680><c> bees</c><00:16:46.000><c> to</c><00:16:46.160><c> remove</c><00:16:46.399><c> from</c><00:16:46.639><c> the</c>

16:46.790 --> 16:46.800 align:start position:0%
large for the bees to remove from the
 

16:46.800 --> 16:49.829 align:start position:0%
large for the bees to remove from the
hive,<00:16:47.519><c> instead</c><00:16:48.480><c> they</c><00:16:48.720><c> embarmed</c><00:16:49.279><c> it</c><00:16:49.440><c> in</c><00:16:49.680><c> a</c>

16:49.829 --> 16:49.839 align:start position:0%
hive, instead they embarmed it in a
 

16:49.839 --> 16:52.069 align:start position:0%
hive, instead they embarmed it in a
thick<00:16:50.320><c> layer</c><00:16:50.480><c> of</c><00:16:50.800><c> propulolis</c><00:16:51.440><c> to</c><00:16:51.600><c> prevent</c><00:16:51.839><c> the</c>

16:52.069 --> 16:52.079 align:start position:0%
thick layer of propulolis to prevent the
 

16:52.079 --> 16:53.990 align:start position:0%
thick layer of propulolis to prevent the
body<00:16:52.320><c> from</c><00:16:52.560><c> decaying</c><00:16:53.120><c> and</c><00:16:53.440><c> spreading</c>

16:53.990 --> 16:54.000 align:start position:0%
body from decaying and spreading
 

16:54.000 --> 16:56.870 align:start position:0%
body from decaying and spreading
disease.<00:16:55.440><c> Scientists</c><00:16:56.079><c> have</c><00:16:56.320><c> compared</c><00:16:56.639><c> this</c>

16:56.870 --> 16:56.880 align:start position:0%
disease. Scientists have compared this
 

16:56.880 --> 17:00.310 align:start position:0%
disease. Scientists have compared this
behavior<00:16:57.360><c> to</c><00:16:57.680><c> fagoscytosis</c><00:16:59.040><c> in</c><00:16:59.360><c> organisms</c>

17:00.310 --> 17:00.320 align:start position:0%
behavior to fagoscytosis in organisms
 

17:00.320 --> 17:02.230 align:start position:0%
behavior to fagoscytosis in organisms
since<00:17:00.560><c> it</c><00:17:00.800><c> shares</c><00:17:01.120><c> the</c><00:17:01.360><c> same</c><00:17:01.600><c> principle</c><00:17:02.000><c> of</c>

17:02.230 --> 17:02.240 align:start position:0%
since it shares the same principle of
 

17:02.240 --> 17:04.470 align:start position:0%
since it shares the same principle of
engulfing<00:17:02.800><c> a</c><00:17:03.040><c> foreign</c><00:17:03.360><c> body</c><00:17:03.600><c> to</c><00:17:03.839><c> reduce</c><00:17:04.160><c> the</c>

17:04.470 --> 17:04.480 align:start position:0%
engulfing a foreign body to reduce the
 

17:04.480 --> 17:06.870 align:start position:0%
engulfing a foreign body to reduce the
spread<00:17:04.720><c> of</c><00:17:04.959><c> disease</c><00:17:05.760><c> and</c><00:17:06.079><c> have</c><00:17:06.240><c> used</c><00:17:06.480><c> it</c><00:17:06.640><c> in</c>

17:06.870 --> 17:06.880 align:start position:0%
spread of disease and have used it in
 

17:06.880 --> 17:10.390 align:start position:0%
spread of disease and have used it in
support<00:17:07.360><c> of</c><00:17:07.520><c> the</c><00:17:07.760><c> superorganism</c><00:17:08.640><c> theory.</c><00:17:10.079><c> Say</c>

17:10.390 --> 17:10.400 align:start position:0%
support of the superorganism theory. Say
 

17:10.400 --> 17:12.549 align:start position:0%
support of the superorganism theory. Say
a<00:17:10.640><c> honeybee</c><00:17:11.199><c> colony</c><00:17:11.520><c> is</c><00:17:11.760><c> exposed</c><00:17:12.160><c> to</c><00:17:12.400><c> a</c>

17:12.549 --> 17:12.559 align:start position:0%
a honeybee colony is exposed to a
 

17:12.559 --> 17:15.750 align:start position:0%
a honeybee colony is exposed to a
parasite.<00:17:13.439><c> How</c><00:17:13.679><c> do</c><00:17:13.760><c> they</c><00:17:13.919><c> cope</c><00:17:14.319><c> then?</c><00:17:15.360><c> This</c><00:17:15.600><c> is</c>

17:15.750 --> 17:15.760 align:start position:0%
parasite. How do they cope then? This is
 

17:15.760 --> 17:17.909 align:start position:0%
parasite. How do they cope then? This is
where<00:17:16.079><c> disease</c><00:17:16.559><c> resistance</c><00:17:17.199><c> comes</c><00:17:17.520><c> into</c>

17:17.909 --> 17:17.919 align:start position:0%
where disease resistance comes into
 

17:17.919 --> 17:19.990 align:start position:0%
where disease resistance comes into
play.<00:17:18.559><c> And</c><00:17:18.720><c> honeybees</c><00:17:19.360><c> have</c><00:17:19.600><c> lots</c><00:17:19.839><c> of</c>

17:19.990 --> 17:20.000 align:start position:0%
play. And honeybees have lots of
 

17:20.000 --> 17:22.230 align:start position:0%
play. And honeybees have lots of
behaviors<00:17:20.480><c> up</c><00:17:20.799><c> their</c><00:17:21.039><c> sleeves</c><00:17:21.600><c> to</c><00:17:21.839><c> deal</c><00:17:22.000><c> with</c>

17:22.230 --> 17:22.240 align:start position:0%
behaviors up their sleeves to deal with
 

17:22.240 --> 17:24.710 align:start position:0%
behaviors up their sleeves to deal with
this<00:17:22.480><c> threat.</c><00:17:23.600><c> It</c><00:17:23.839><c> usually</c><00:17:24.240><c> starts</c><00:17:24.559><c> with</c>

17:24.710 --> 17:24.720 align:start position:0%
this threat. It usually starts with
 

17:24.720 --> 17:27.590 align:start position:0%
this threat. It usually starts with
something<00:17:25.120><c> called</c><00:17:25.520><c> aloe</c><00:17:26.000><c> grooming.</c><00:17:27.120><c> If</c><00:17:27.360><c> a</c>

17:27.590 --> 17:27.600 align:start position:0%
something called aloe grooming. If a
 

17:27.600 --> 17:29.830 align:start position:0%
something called aloe grooming. If a
foraging<00:17:28.160><c> bee</c><00:17:28.480><c> has</c><00:17:28.720><c> picked</c><00:17:28.960><c> up</c><00:17:29.200><c> some</c><00:17:29.440><c> kind</c><00:17:29.600><c> of</c>

17:29.830 --> 17:29.840 align:start position:0%
foraging bee has picked up some kind of
 

17:29.840 --> 17:32.310 align:start position:0%
foraging bee has picked up some kind of
parasite<00:17:30.320><c> from</c><00:17:30.559><c> the</c><00:17:30.799><c> surroundings,</c><00:17:31.919><c> then</c><00:17:32.080><c> it</c>

17:32.310 --> 17:32.320 align:start position:0%
parasite from the surroundings, then it
 

17:32.320 --> 17:35.190 align:start position:0%
parasite from the surroundings, then it
will<00:17:32.480><c> begin</c><00:17:32.799><c> a</c><00:17:33.120><c> special</c><00:17:33.760><c> grooming</c><00:17:34.480><c> dance,</c>

17:35.190 --> 17:35.200 align:start position:0%
will begin a special grooming dance,
 

17:35.200 --> 17:37.430 align:start position:0%
will begin a special grooming dance,
which<00:17:35.600><c> encourages</c><00:17:36.240><c> its</c><00:17:36.559><c> hivemates</c><00:17:37.200><c> to</c>

17:37.430 --> 17:37.440 align:start position:0%
which encourages its hivemates to
 

17:37.440 --> 17:40.390 align:start position:0%
which encourages its hivemates to
approach.<00:17:38.400><c> The</c><00:17:38.640><c> other</c><00:17:38.799><c> bees</c><00:17:39.360><c> set</c><00:17:39.600><c> to</c><00:17:39.840><c> work</c>

17:40.390 --> 17:40.400 align:start position:0%
approach. The other bees set to work
 

17:40.400 --> 17:42.710 align:start position:0%
approach. The other bees set to work
using<00:17:40.720><c> their</c><00:17:40.880><c> mandibles</c><00:17:41.520><c> to</c><00:17:41.679><c> comb</c><00:17:42.000><c> the</c><00:17:42.240><c> hairy</c>

17:42.710 --> 17:42.720 align:start position:0%
using their mandibles to comb the hairy
 

17:42.720 --> 17:45.190 align:start position:0%
using their mandibles to comb the hairy
parts<00:17:43.039><c> around</c><00:17:43.280><c> the</c><00:17:43.520><c> base</c><00:17:43.840><c> of</c><00:17:44.000><c> the</c><00:17:44.240><c> bee's</c><00:17:44.559><c> wings</c>

17:45.190 --> 17:45.200 align:start position:0%
parts around the base of the bee's wings
 

17:45.200 --> 17:47.830 align:start position:0%
parts around the base of the bee's wings
where<00:17:45.360><c> their</c><00:17:45.600><c> spiracles</c><00:17:46.240><c> are.</c><00:17:47.280><c> This</c><00:17:47.520><c> happens</c>

17:47.830 --> 17:47.840 align:start position:0%
where their spiracles are. This happens
 

17:47.840 --> 17:50.230 align:start position:0%
where their spiracles are. This happens
to<00:17:48.000><c> be</c><00:17:48.160><c> where</c><00:17:48.480><c> tracheal</c><00:17:49.039><c> mites</c><00:17:49.520><c> are</c><00:17:49.760><c> usually</c>

17:50.230 --> 17:50.240 align:start position:0%
to be where tracheal mites are usually
 

17:50.240 --> 17:52.789 align:start position:0%
to be where tracheal mites are usually
found,<00:17:51.039><c> confirming</c><00:17:51.520><c> that</c><00:17:51.840><c> this</c><00:17:52.080><c> behavior</c>

17:52.789 --> 17:52.799 align:start position:0%
found, confirming that this behavior
 

17:52.799 --> 17:56.310 align:start position:0%
found, confirming that this behavior
serves<00:17:53.280><c> a</c><00:17:53.600><c> disease</c><00:17:54.320><c> fighting</c><00:17:54.880><c> purpose.</c>

17:56.310 --> 17:56.320 align:start position:0%
serves a disease fighting purpose.
 

17:56.320 --> 17:58.230 align:start position:0%
serves a disease fighting purpose.
Scientists<00:17:56.799><c> have</c><00:17:57.039><c> found</c><00:17:57.280><c> this</c><00:17:57.520><c> behavior</c><00:17:57.919><c> is</c>

17:58.230 --> 17:58.240 align:start position:0%
Scientists have found this behavior is
 

17:58.240 --> 18:00.710 align:start position:0%
Scientists have found this behavior is
really<00:17:58.640><c> effective,</c><00:17:59.280><c> too.</c><00:17:59.679><c> In</c><00:17:59.919><c> a</c><00:18:00.080><c> study</c><00:18:00.320><c> on</c><00:18:00.480><c> the</c>

18:00.710 --> 18:00.720 align:start position:0%
really effective, too. In a study on the
 

18:00.720 --> 18:03.190 align:start position:0%
really effective, too. In a study on the
western<00:18:01.200><c> honeybee,</c><00:18:02.160><c> scientists</c><00:18:02.720><c> found</c><00:18:02.960><c> that</c>

18:03.190 --> 18:03.200 align:start position:0%
western honeybee, scientists found that
 

18:03.200 --> 18:05.190 align:start position:0%
western honeybee, scientists found that
inhibiting<00:18:03.760><c> the</c><00:18:04.000><c> bee's</c><00:18:04.320><c> ability</c><00:18:04.640><c> to</c><00:18:04.880><c> perform</c>

18:05.190 --> 18:05.200 align:start position:0%
inhibiting the bee's ability to perform
 

18:05.200 --> 18:07.029 align:start position:0%
inhibiting the bee's ability to perform
their<00:18:05.440><c> grooming</c><00:18:05.840><c> behaviors</c><00:18:06.400><c> resulted</c><00:18:06.799><c> in</c>

18:07.029 --> 18:07.039 align:start position:0%
their grooming behaviors resulted in
 

18:07.039 --> 18:09.590 align:start position:0%
their grooming behaviors resulted in
significantly<00:18:07.760><c> higher</c><00:18:08.080><c> levels</c><00:18:08.720><c> of</c><00:18:08.960><c> tracheal</c>

18:09.590 --> 18:09.600 align:start position:0%
significantly higher levels of tracheal
 

18:09.600 --> 18:12.310 align:start position:0%
significantly higher levels of tracheal
might<00:18:10.000><c> infestation,</c><00:18:11.200><c> proving</c><00:18:11.600><c> that</c><00:18:11.840><c> genetic</c>

18:12.310 --> 18:12.320 align:start position:0%
might infestation, proving that genetic
 

18:12.320 --> 18:15.029 align:start position:0%
might infestation, proving that genetic
resistance<00:18:12.960><c> alone</c><00:18:13.760><c> is</c><00:18:14.080><c> not</c><00:18:14.320><c> enough</c><00:18:14.640><c> to</c><00:18:14.880><c> keep</c>

18:15.029 --> 18:15.039 align:start position:0%
resistance alone is not enough to keep
 

18:15.039 --> 18:17.830 align:start position:0%
resistance alone is not enough to keep
them<00:18:15.280><c> healthy.</c>

18:17.830 --> 18:17.840 align:start position:0%
them healthy.
 

18:17.840 --> 18:20.070 align:start position:0%
them healthy.
But<00:18:18.080><c> if</c><00:18:18.240><c> the</c><00:18:18.400><c> bee</c><00:18:18.640><c> is</c><00:18:18.799><c> unlucky</c><00:18:19.280><c> and</c><00:18:19.679><c> can't</c><00:18:19.919><c> be</c>

18:20.070 --> 18:20.080 align:start position:0%
But if the bee is unlucky and can't be
 

18:20.080 --> 18:22.310 align:start position:0%
But if the bee is unlucky and can't be
cured<00:18:20.400><c> with</c><00:18:20.640><c> aloe</c><00:18:21.120><c> grooming,</c><00:18:21.919><c> there</c><00:18:22.160><c> are</c>

18:22.310 --> 18:22.320 align:start position:0%
cured with aloe grooming, there are
 

18:22.320 --> 18:24.549 align:start position:0%
cured with aloe grooming, there are
other<00:18:22.640><c> ways</c><00:18:22.880><c> to</c><00:18:23.120><c> reduce</c><00:18:23.440><c> the</c><00:18:23.679><c> disease</c><00:18:24.080><c> risk</c><00:18:24.320><c> to</c>

18:24.549 --> 18:24.559 align:start position:0%
other ways to reduce the disease risk to
 

18:24.559 --> 18:26.870 align:start position:0%
other ways to reduce the disease risk to
the<00:18:24.720><c> colony.</c><00:18:25.600><c> I'm</c><00:18:25.840><c> sure</c><00:18:26.000><c> you</c><00:18:26.240><c> remember</c><00:18:26.559><c> social</c>

18:26.870 --> 18:26.880 align:start position:0%
the colony. I'm sure you remember social
 

18:26.880 --> 18:28.630 align:start position:0%
the colony. I'm sure you remember social
distancing<00:18:27.280><c> from</c><00:18:27.520><c> the</c><00:18:27.600><c> days</c><00:18:27.760><c> of</c><00:18:27.919><c> CO</c><00:18:28.240><c> with</c><00:18:28.480><c> a</c>

18:28.630 --> 18:28.640 align:start position:0%
distancing from the days of CO with a
 

18:28.640 --> 18:30.950 align:start position:0%
distancing from the days of CO with a
shudder.<00:18:29.520><c> But</c><00:18:29.600><c> it</c><00:18:29.840><c> turns</c><00:18:30.000><c> out</c><00:18:30.240><c> we</c><00:18:30.480><c> weren't</c><00:18:30.720><c> the</c>

18:30.950 --> 18:30.960 align:start position:0%
shudder. But it turns out we weren't the
 

18:30.960 --> 18:33.750 align:start position:0%
shudder. But it turns out we weren't the
only<00:18:31.120><c> ones</c><00:18:31.440><c> doing</c><00:18:31.760><c> it.</c><00:18:32.240><c> Honeybees</c><00:18:33.039><c> also</c><00:18:33.520><c> carry</c>

18:33.750 --> 18:33.760 align:start position:0%
only ones doing it. Honeybees also carry
 

18:33.760 --> 18:36.230 align:start position:0%
only ones doing it. Honeybees also carry
out<00:18:34.080><c> social</c><00:18:34.480><c> distancing</c><00:18:35.120><c> from</c><00:18:35.360><c> any</c><00:18:35.679><c> bees</c><00:18:36.000><c> that</c>

18:36.230 --> 18:36.240 align:start position:0%
out social distancing from any bees that
 

18:36.240 --> 18:38.310 align:start position:0%
out social distancing from any bees that
have<00:18:36.400><c> been</c><00:18:36.559><c> infected</c><00:18:37.039><c> with</c><00:18:37.360><c> disease,</c>

18:38.310 --> 18:38.320 align:start position:0%
have been infected with disease,
 

18:38.320 --> 18:40.630 align:start position:0%
have been infected with disease,
shunning<00:18:38.799><c> them</c><00:18:39.039><c> from</c><00:18:39.360><c> social</c><00:18:39.840><c> interaction</c>

18:40.630 --> 18:40.640 align:start position:0%
shunning them from social interaction
 

18:40.640 --> 18:43.830 align:start position:0%
shunning them from social interaction
until<00:18:41.039><c> they</c><00:18:41.280><c> become</c><00:18:41.679><c> a</c><00:18:42.000><c> bit</c><00:18:42.160><c> of</c><00:18:42.240><c> an</c><00:18:42.400><c> outcast.</c>

18:43.830 --> 18:43.840 align:start position:0%
until they become a bit of an outcast.
 

18:43.840 --> 18:46.390 align:start position:0%
until they become a bit of an outcast.
They<00:18:44.080><c> do</c><00:18:44.240><c> this</c><00:18:44.480><c> by</c><00:18:44.799><c> detecting</c><00:18:45.520><c> changes</c><00:18:45.919><c> to</c><00:18:46.160><c> the</c>

18:46.390 --> 18:46.400 align:start position:0%
They do this by detecting changes to the
 

18:46.400 --> 18:49.029 align:start position:0%
They do this by detecting changes to the
chemical<00:18:46.880><c> composition</c><00:18:47.440><c> of</c><00:18:47.679><c> the</c><00:18:47.919><c> cuticle,</c><00:18:48.799><c> the</c>

18:49.029 --> 18:49.039 align:start position:0%
chemical composition of the cuticle, the
 

18:49.039 --> 18:51.590 align:start position:0%
chemical composition of the cuticle, the
outermost<00:18:49.840><c> layer</c><00:18:50.000><c> of</c><00:18:50.160><c> the</c><00:18:50.400><c> exoskeleton,</c>

18:51.590 --> 18:51.600 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the exoskeleton,
 

18:51.600 --> 18:54.549 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the exoskeleton,
which<00:18:51.840><c> happens</c><00:18:52.320><c> as</c><00:18:52.559><c> a</c><00:18:52.720><c> result</c><00:18:52.960><c> of</c><00:18:53.200><c> infection.</c>

18:54.549 --> 18:54.559 align:start position:0%
which happens as a result of infection.
 

18:54.559 --> 18:56.549 align:start position:0%
which happens as a result of infection.
The<00:18:54.799><c> silent</c><00:18:55.280><c> treatment</c><00:18:55.679><c> isn't</c><00:18:56.000><c> just</c><00:18:56.240><c> reserved</c>

18:56.549 --> 18:56.559 align:start position:0%
The silent treatment isn't just reserved
 

18:56.559 --> 18:59.830 align:start position:0%
The silent treatment isn't just reserved
for<00:18:56.720><c> the</c><00:18:56.880><c> adults,</c><00:18:57.360><c> either.</c><00:18:58.799><c> The</c><00:18:59.039><c> brood,</c><00:18:59.520><c> which</c>

18:59.830 --> 18:59.840 align:start position:0%
for the adults, either. The brood, which
 

18:59.840 --> 19:02.070 align:start position:0%
for the adults, either. The brood, which
constitutes<00:19:00.400><c> the</c><00:19:00.640><c> lava</c><00:19:01.039><c> of</c><00:19:01.200><c> future</c><00:19:01.600><c> workers</c>

19:02.070 --> 19:02.080 align:start position:0%
constitutes the lava of future workers
 

19:02.080 --> 19:04.470 align:start position:0%
constitutes the lava of future workers
and<00:19:02.400><c> queens,</c><00:19:03.280><c> can</c><00:19:03.520><c> be</c><00:19:03.679><c> removed</c><00:19:04.080><c> from</c><00:19:04.320><c> the</c>

19:04.470 --> 19:04.480 align:start position:0%
and queens, can be removed from the
 

19:04.480 --> 19:07.110 align:start position:0%
and queens, can be removed from the
colony<00:19:05.039><c> entirely</c><00:19:05.919><c> if</c><00:19:06.240><c> they're</c><00:19:06.480><c> found</c><00:19:06.720><c> to</c><00:19:06.960><c> be</c>

19:07.110 --> 19:07.120 align:start position:0%
colony entirely if they're found to be
 

19:07.120 --> 19:09.510 align:start position:0%
colony entirely if they're found to be
infected.<00:19:08.240><c> Scientists</c><00:19:08.880><c> can</c><00:19:09.039><c> test</c><00:19:09.280><c> how</c>

19:09.510 --> 19:09.520 align:start position:0%
infected. Scientists can test how
 

19:09.520 --> 19:11.590 align:start position:0%
infected. Scientists can test how
effective<00:19:09.919><c> this</c><00:19:10.240><c> undertaking</c><00:19:10.880><c> behavior</c><00:19:11.360><c> is</c>

19:11.590 --> 19:11.600 align:start position:0%
effective this undertaking behavior is
 

19:11.600 --> 19:14.950 align:start position:0%
effective this undertaking behavior is
with<00:19:11.840><c> a</c><00:19:12.080><c> freeze</c><00:19:12.640><c> killed</c><00:19:13.120><c> brood</c><00:19:13.520><c> assay.</c><00:19:14.640><c> They</c>

19:14.950 --> 19:14.960 align:start position:0%
with a freeze killed brood assay. They
 

19:14.960 --> 19:17.029 align:start position:0%
with a freeze killed brood assay. They
freeze<00:19:15.440><c> some</c><00:19:15.679><c> of</c><00:19:15.760><c> the</c><00:19:15.919><c> brood</c><00:19:16.240><c> with</c><00:19:16.480><c> liquid</c>

19:17.029 --> 19:17.039 align:start position:0%
freeze some of the brood with liquid
 

19:17.039 --> 19:19.510 align:start position:0%
freeze some of the brood with liquid
nitrogen,<00:19:18.080><c> then</c><00:19:18.320><c> record</c><00:19:18.720><c> how</c><00:19:18.960><c> long</c><00:19:19.120><c> it</c><00:19:19.280><c> takes</c>

19:19.510 --> 19:19.520 align:start position:0%
nitrogen, then record how long it takes
 

19:19.520 --> 19:22.470 align:start position:0%
nitrogen, then record how long it takes
the<00:19:19.679><c> bees</c><00:19:20.000><c> to</c><00:19:20.160><c> remove</c><00:19:20.559><c> all</c><00:19:20.799><c> the</c><00:19:21.039><c> dead</c><00:19:21.440><c> larae.</c>

19:22.470 --> 19:22.480 align:start position:0%
the bees to remove all the dead larae.
 

19:22.480 --> 19:24.789 align:start position:0%
the bees to remove all the dead larae.
In<00:19:22.720><c> some</c><00:19:22.960><c> of</c><00:19:23.039><c> the</c><00:19:23.200><c> most</c><00:19:23.360><c> hygienic</c><00:19:24.000><c> colonies,</c>

19:24.789 --> 19:24.799 align:start position:0%
In some of the most hygienic colonies,
 

19:24.799 --> 19:27.909 align:start position:0%
In some of the most hygienic colonies,
100%<00:19:25.679><c> of</c><00:19:25.919><c> the</c><00:19:26.080><c> dead</c><00:19:26.400><c> brood</c><00:19:26.799><c> are</c><00:19:27.120><c> consistently</c>

19:27.909 --> 19:27.919 align:start position:0%
100% of the dead brood are consistently
 

19:27.919 --> 19:32.150 align:start position:0%
100% of the dead brood are consistently
removed<00:19:28.480><c> within</c><00:19:29.520><c> 48</c><00:19:30.320><c> hours.</c><00:19:31.360><c> You</c><00:19:31.600><c> can</c><00:19:31.679><c> see</c><00:19:31.840><c> why</c>

19:32.150 --> 19:32.160 align:start position:0%
removed within 48 hours. You can see why
 

19:32.160 --> 19:34.070 align:start position:0%
removed within 48 hours. You can see why
this<00:19:32.400><c> is</c><00:19:32.640><c> useful.</c><00:19:33.280><c> In</c><00:19:33.440><c> the</c><00:19:33.600><c> event</c><00:19:33.760><c> of</c><00:19:33.919><c> an</c>

19:34.070 --> 19:34.080 align:start position:0%
this is useful. In the event of an
 

19:34.080 --> 19:36.870 align:start position:0%
this is useful. In the event of an
infection,<00:19:34.880><c> time</c><00:19:35.200><c> is</c><00:19:35.440><c> of</c><00:19:35.679><c> the</c><00:19:35.919><c> essence.</c><00:19:36.640><c> And</c>

19:36.870 --> 19:36.880 align:start position:0%
infection, time is of the essence. And
 

19:36.880 --> 19:39.270 align:start position:0%
infection, time is of the essence. And
the<00:19:37.039><c> faster</c><00:19:37.440><c> the</c><00:19:37.600><c> bees</c><00:19:37.919><c> can</c><00:19:38.160><c> remove</c><00:19:38.640><c> infected</c>

19:39.270 --> 19:39.280 align:start position:0%
the faster the bees can remove infected
 

19:39.280 --> 19:41.590 align:start position:0%
the faster the bees can remove infected
individuals,<00:19:40.480><c> the</c><00:19:40.720><c> less</c><00:19:40.960><c> chance</c><00:19:41.200><c> there</c><00:19:41.440><c> is</c>

19:41.590 --> 19:41.600 align:start position:0%
individuals, the less chance there is
 

19:41.600 --> 19:43.750 align:start position:0%
individuals, the less chance there is
for<00:19:41.840><c> disease</c><00:19:42.240><c> to</c><00:19:42.400><c> spread</c><00:19:42.720><c> to</c><00:19:42.960><c> the</c><00:19:43.120><c> rest</c><00:19:43.360><c> of</c><00:19:43.520><c> the</c>

19:43.750 --> 19:43.760 align:start position:0%
for disease to spread to the rest of the
 

19:43.760 --> 19:47.350 align:start position:0%
for disease to spread to the rest of the
colony.<00:19:45.200><c> If</c><00:19:45.440><c> a</c><00:19:45.600><c> bee</c><00:19:45.919><c> is</c><00:19:46.160><c> really</c><00:19:46.559><c> sick,</c><00:19:46.960><c> then</c><00:19:47.120><c> it</c>

19:47.350 --> 19:47.360 align:start position:0%
colony. If a bee is really sick, then it
 

19:47.360 --> 19:48.870 align:start position:0%
colony. If a bee is really sick, then it
can<00:19:47.440><c> choose</c><00:19:47.760><c> to</c><00:19:47.919><c> make</c><00:19:48.080><c> the</c><00:19:48.400><c> ultimate</c>

19:48.870 --> 19:48.880 align:start position:0%
can choose to make the ultimate
 

19:48.880 --> 19:51.830 align:start position:0%
can choose to make the ultimate
sacrifice<00:19:49.520><c> for</c><00:19:49.760><c> the</c><00:19:49.919><c> good</c><00:19:50.240><c> of</c><00:19:50.400><c> its</c><00:19:50.720><c> colony.</c>

19:51.830 --> 19:51.840 align:start position:0%
sacrifice for the good of its colony.
 

19:51.840 --> 19:53.750 align:start position:0%
sacrifice for the good of its colony.
Scientists<00:19:52.400><c> have</c><00:19:52.559><c> observed</c><00:19:53.039><c> sick</c><00:19:53.360><c> bees</c>

19:53.750 --> 19:53.760 align:start position:0%
Scientists have observed sick bees
 

19:53.760 --> 19:56.549 align:start position:0%
Scientists have observed sick bees
committing<00:19:54.240><c> altruistic</c><00:19:55.039><c> suicide</c><00:19:56.000><c> where</c><00:19:56.240><c> they</c>

19:56.549 --> 19:56.559 align:start position:0%
committing altruistic suicide where they
 

19:56.559 --> 19:58.789 align:start position:0%
committing altruistic suicide where they
permanently<00:19:57.120><c> leave</c><00:19:57.360><c> the</c><00:19:57.600><c> colony</c><00:19:58.240><c> even</c><00:19:58.559><c> though</c>

19:58.789 --> 19:58.799 align:start position:0%
permanently leave the colony even though
 

19:58.799 --> 20:01.909 align:start position:0%
permanently leave the colony even though
this<00:19:59.120><c> means</c><00:19:59.840><c> certain</c><00:20:00.320><c> death.</c><00:20:01.360><c> This</c><00:20:01.600><c> seems</c>

20:01.909 --> 20:01.919 align:start position:0%
this means certain death. This seems
 

20:01.919 --> 20:03.750 align:start position:0%
this means certain death. This seems
like<00:20:02.160><c> the</c><00:20:02.400><c> ultimate</c><00:20:02.799><c> betrayal</c><00:20:03.360><c> of</c>

20:03.750 --> 20:03.760 align:start position:0%
like the ultimate betrayal of
 

20:03.760 --> 20:06.230 align:start position:0%
like the ultimate betrayal of
self-interest,<00:20:04.880><c> but</c><00:20:05.039><c> it's</c><00:20:05.360><c> often</c><00:20:05.679><c> a</c><00:20:05.919><c> last</c>

20:06.230 --> 20:06.240 align:start position:0%
self-interest, but it's often a last
 

20:06.240 --> 20:08.710 align:start position:0%
self-interest, but it's often a last
resort<00:20:07.120><c> reserved</c><00:20:07.520><c> for</c><00:20:07.760><c> those</c><00:20:08.000><c> bees</c><00:20:08.320><c> that</c><00:20:08.559><c> have</c>

20:08.710 --> 20:08.720 align:start position:0%
resort reserved for those bees that have
 

20:08.720 --> 20:10.789 align:start position:0%
resort reserved for those bees that have
no<00:20:09.039><c> hope</c><00:20:09.280><c> of</c><00:20:09.600><c> recovering</c><00:20:10.160><c> from</c><00:20:10.400><c> their</c>

20:10.789 --> 20:10.799 align:start position:0%
no hope of recovering from their
 

20:10.799 --> 20:13.270 align:start position:0%
no hope of recovering from their
illness.<00:20:11.919><c> At</c><00:20:12.160><c> the</c><00:20:12.320><c> very</c><00:20:12.480><c> least,</c><00:20:12.880><c> they</c><00:20:13.120><c> know</c>

20:13.270 --> 20:13.280 align:start position:0%
illness. At the very least, they know
 

20:13.280 --> 20:14.950 align:start position:0%
illness. At the very least, they know
that<00:20:13.440><c> they're</c><00:20:13.760><c> doing</c><00:20:14.000><c> their</c><00:20:14.240><c> bit</c><00:20:14.559><c> for</c><00:20:14.799><c> the</c>

20:14.950 --> 20:14.960 align:start position:0%
that they're doing their bit for the
 

20:14.960 --> 20:18.070 align:start position:0%
that they're doing their bit for the
colony<00:20:15.520><c> as</c><00:20:15.760><c> they</c><00:20:16.080><c> fly</c><00:20:16.320><c> away</c><00:20:16.640><c> from</c><00:20:16.960><c> home</c><00:20:17.679><c> one</c>

20:18.070 --> 20:18.080 align:start position:0%
colony as they fly away from home one
 

20:18.080 --> 20:21.830 align:start position:0%
colony as they fly away from home one
final<00:20:18.640><c> time.</c>

20:21.830 --> 20:21.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

20:21.840 --> 20:23.909 align:start position:0%
 
On<00:20:22.080><c> a</c><00:20:22.320><c> less</c><00:20:22.559><c> depressing</c><00:20:22.960><c> note,</c><00:20:23.360><c> bees</c><00:20:23.679><c> have</c>

20:23.909 --> 20:23.919 align:start position:0%
On a less depressing note, bees have
 

20:23.919 --> 20:25.590 align:start position:0%
On a less depressing note, bees have
also<00:20:24.240><c> developed</c><00:20:24.559><c> ways</c><00:20:24.799><c> to</c><00:20:25.039><c> cope</c><00:20:25.200><c> with</c><00:20:25.360><c> the</c>

20:25.590 --> 20:25.600 align:start position:0%
also developed ways to cope with the
 

20:25.600 --> 20:28.230 align:start position:0%
also developed ways to cope with the
consequences<00:20:26.320><c> of</c><00:20:26.559><c> infection</c><00:20:27.520><c> with</c><00:20:27.760><c> a</c><00:20:27.919><c> range</c>

20:28.230 --> 20:28.240 align:start position:0%
consequences of infection with a range
 

20:28.240 --> 20:30.310 align:start position:0%
consequences of infection with a range
of<00:20:28.480><c> systems</c><00:20:28.960><c> in</c><00:20:29.200><c> place</c><00:20:29.520><c> for</c><00:20:29.840><c> disease</c>

20:30.310 --> 20:30.320 align:start position:0%
of systems in place for disease
 

20:30.320 --> 20:31.830 align:start position:0%
of systems in place for disease
tolerance.

20:31.830 --> 20:31.840 align:start position:0%
tolerance.
 

20:31.840 --> 20:34.549 align:start position:0%
tolerance.
Going<00:20:32.080><c> back</c><00:20:32.320><c> to</c><00:20:32.480><c> the</c><00:20:32.640><c> cast</c><00:20:33.200><c> system,</c><00:20:34.080><c> it</c><00:20:34.320><c> seems</c>

20:34.549 --> 20:34.559 align:start position:0%
Going back to the cast system, it seems
 

20:34.559 --> 20:37.029 align:start position:0%
Going back to the cast system, it seems
one<00:20:34.799><c> of</c><00:20:34.880><c> these</c><00:20:35.200><c> systems</c><00:20:35.679><c> is</c><00:20:35.919><c> to</c><00:20:36.080><c> give</c><00:20:36.400><c> certain</c>

20:37.029 --> 20:37.039 align:start position:0%
one of these systems is to give certain
 

20:37.039 --> 20:39.830 align:start position:0%
one of these systems is to give certain
casts<00:20:37.760><c> immune</c><00:20:38.320><c> privilege.</c>

20:39.830 --> 20:39.840 align:start position:0%
casts immune privilege.
 

20:39.840 --> 20:41.909 align:start position:0%
casts immune privilege.
Though<00:20:40.159><c> she</c><00:20:40.400><c> may</c><00:20:40.559><c> not</c><00:20:40.799><c> collect</c><00:20:41.120><c> nectar</c><00:20:41.600><c> or</c>

20:41.909 --> 20:41.919 align:start position:0%
Though she may not collect nectar or
 

20:41.919 --> 20:44.390 align:start position:0%
Though she may not collect nectar or
raise<00:20:42.240><c> the</c><00:20:42.480><c> brood,</c><00:20:43.280><c> the</c><00:20:43.520><c> queen</c><00:20:43.840><c> is</c><00:20:44.080><c> the</c>

20:44.390 --> 20:44.400 align:start position:0%
raise the brood, the queen is the
 

20:44.400 --> 20:46.549 align:start position:0%
raise the brood, the queen is the
essence<00:20:44.880><c> of</c><00:20:45.120><c> the</c><00:20:45.360><c> colony</c><00:20:46.080><c> with</c><00:20:46.320><c> the</c>

20:46.549 --> 20:46.559 align:start position:0%
essence of the colony with the
 

20:46.559 --> 20:49.110 align:start position:0%
essence of the colony with the
responsibility<00:20:47.200><c> of</c><00:20:47.600><c> populating</c><00:20:48.159><c> the</c><00:20:48.480><c> entire</c>

20:49.110 --> 20:49.120 align:start position:0%
responsibility of populating the entire
 

20:49.120 --> 20:50.310 align:start position:0%
responsibility of populating the entire
hive.

20:50.310 --> 20:50.320 align:start position:0%
hive.
 

20:50.320 --> 20:52.070 align:start position:0%
hive.
So,<00:20:50.559><c> it</c><00:20:50.720><c> makes</c><00:20:50.960><c> sense</c><00:20:51.200><c> that</c><00:20:51.440><c> she</c><00:20:51.760><c> would</c><00:20:51.919><c> need</c>

20:52.070 --> 20:52.080 align:start position:0%
So, it makes sense that she would need
 

20:52.080 --> 20:54.549 align:start position:0%
So, it makes sense that she would need
to<00:20:52.240><c> be</c><00:20:52.400><c> protected</c><00:20:52.880><c> from</c><00:20:53.120><c> disease</c><00:20:53.840><c> as</c><00:20:54.159><c> much</c><00:20:54.320><c> as</c>

20:54.549 --> 20:54.559 align:start position:0%
to be protected from disease as much as
 

20:54.559 --> 20:57.430 align:start position:0%
to be protected from disease as much as
possible.<00:20:55.679><c> To</c><00:20:55.919><c> do</c><00:20:56.080><c> this,</c><00:20:56.400><c> the</c><00:20:56.559><c> hive</c><00:20:57.039><c> has</c><00:20:57.200><c> a</c>

20:57.430 --> 20:57.440 align:start position:0%
possible. To do this, the hive has a
 

20:57.440 --> 21:00.070 align:start position:0%
possible. To do this, the hive has a
special<00:20:57.840><c> and</c><00:20:58.240><c> complex</c><00:20:58.880><c> structure</c><00:20:59.760><c> where</c>

21:00.070 --> 21:00.080 align:start position:0%
special and complex structure where
 

21:00.080 --> 21:02.070 align:start position:0%
special and complex structure where
those<00:21:00.400><c> bees</c><00:21:00.720><c> that</c><00:21:00.880><c> have</c><00:21:01.120><c> the</c><00:21:01.280><c> most</c><00:21:01.600><c> contact</c>

21:02.070 --> 21:02.080 align:start position:0%
those bees that have the most contact
 

21:02.080 --> 21:05.270 align:start position:0%
those bees that have the most contact
with<00:21:02.240><c> the</c><00:21:02.480><c> outside</c><00:21:03.039><c> world</c><00:21:03.679><c> and</c><00:21:03.919><c> its</c><00:21:04.240><c> parasites</c>

21:05.270 --> 21:05.280 align:start position:0%
with the outside world and its parasites
 

21:05.280 --> 21:07.750 align:start position:0%
with the outside world and its parasites
are<00:21:05.600><c> kept</c><00:21:06.000><c> furthest</c><00:21:06.559><c> away</c><00:21:06.880><c> from</c><00:21:07.120><c> the</c><00:21:07.280><c> queens</c>

21:07.750 --> 21:07.760 align:start position:0%
are kept furthest away from the queens
 

21:07.760 --> 21:10.870 align:start position:0%
are kept furthest away from the queens
and<00:21:08.080><c> nurses</c><00:21:08.799><c> for</c><00:21:08.960><c> the</c><00:21:09.120><c> brood.</c><00:21:10.480><c> David</c>

21:10.870 --> 21:10.880 align:start position:0%
and nurses for the brood. David
 

21:10.880 --> 21:13.190 align:start position:0%
and nurses for the brood. David
Barachchi<00:21:11.440><c> and</c><00:21:11.600><c> Aleandro</c><00:21:12.240><c> Chini</c><00:21:12.799><c> explored</c>

21:13.190 --> 21:13.200 align:start position:0%
Barachchi and Aleandro Chini explored
 

21:13.200 --> 21:15.510 align:start position:0%
Barachchi and Aleandro Chini explored
this<00:21:13.440><c> further</c><00:21:14.080><c> by</c><00:21:14.400><c> taking</c><00:21:14.799><c> photos</c><00:21:15.120><c> of</c><00:21:15.280><c> a</c>

21:15.510 --> 21:15.520 align:start position:0%
this further by taking photos of a
 

21:15.520 --> 21:18.549 align:start position:0%
this further by taking photos of a
honeybee<00:21:16.080><c> colony</c><00:21:16.640><c> every</c><00:21:17.120><c> minute</c><00:21:17.679><c> for</c><00:21:18.000><c> 10</c>

21:18.549 --> 21:18.559 align:start position:0%
honeybee colony every minute for 10
 

21:18.559 --> 21:21.669 align:start position:0%
honeybee colony every minute for 10
hours<00:21:19.360><c> to</c><00:21:19.679><c> see</c><00:21:19.919><c> how</c><00:21:20.159><c> the</c><00:21:20.400><c> bees</c><00:21:20.880><c> moved</c><00:21:21.280><c> around</c>

21:21.669 --> 21:21.679 align:start position:0%
hours to see how the bees moved around
 

21:21.679 --> 21:23.510 align:start position:0%
hours to see how the bees moved around
the<00:21:22.000><c> comb.</c>

21:23.510 --> 21:23.520 align:start position:0%
the comb.
 

21:23.520 --> 21:25.669 align:start position:0%
the comb.
They<00:21:23.760><c> then</c><00:21:24.080><c> created</c><00:21:24.480><c> estimates</c><00:21:24.960><c> for</c><00:21:25.200><c> the</c><00:21:25.360><c> home</c>

21:25.669 --> 21:25.679 align:start position:0%
They then created estimates for the home
 

21:25.679 --> 21:28.230 align:start position:0%
They then created estimates for the home
range<00:21:26.080><c> of</c><00:21:26.320><c> each</c><00:21:26.720><c> bee</c><00:21:26.960><c> group</c><00:21:27.200><c> within</c><00:21:27.520><c> the</c><00:21:27.679><c> hive</c>

21:28.230 --> 21:28.240 align:start position:0%
range of each bee group within the hive
 

21:28.240 --> 21:31.430 align:start position:0%
range of each bee group within the hive
to<00:21:28.480><c> investigate</c><00:21:29.039><c> the</c><00:21:29.280><c> patterns</c><00:21:29.679><c> of</c><00:21:30.000><c> overlap.</c>

21:31.430 --> 21:31.440 align:start position:0%
to investigate the patterns of overlap.
 

21:31.440 --> 21:33.830 align:start position:0%
to investigate the patterns of overlap.
Not<00:21:31.760><c> only</c><00:21:32.000><c> were</c><00:21:32.159><c> the</c><00:21:32.320><c> forager</c><00:21:32.799><c> bees</c><00:21:33.120><c> kept</c><00:21:33.520><c> away</c>

21:33.830 --> 21:33.840 align:start position:0%
Not only were the forager bees kept away
 

21:33.840 --> 21:37.029 align:start position:0%
Not only were the forager bees kept away
from<00:21:34.080><c> the</c><00:21:34.240><c> nurses</c><00:21:34.799><c> and</c><00:21:35.120><c> queen,</c><00:21:36.320><c> but</c><00:21:36.480><c> the</c><00:21:36.720><c> bees</c>

21:37.029 --> 21:37.039 align:start position:0%
from the nurses and queen, but the bees
 

21:37.039 --> 21:39.900 align:start position:0%
from the nurses and queen, but the bees
were<00:21:37.280><c> also</c><00:21:37.760><c> separated</c><00:21:38.480><c> by</c><00:21:38.880><c> age.</c>

21:39.900 --> 21:39.910 align:start position:0%
were also separated by age.
 

21:39.910 --> 21:41.350 align:start position:0%
were also separated by age.
[Music]

21:41.350 --> 21:41.360 align:start position:0%
[Music]
 

21:41.360 --> 21:43.430 align:start position:0%
[Music]
This<00:21:41.600><c> is</c><00:21:41.840><c> because</c><00:21:42.159><c> older</c><00:21:42.559><c> bees</c><00:21:42.960><c> are</c><00:21:43.200><c> more</c>

21:43.430 --> 21:43.440 align:start position:0%
This is because older bees are more
 

21:43.440 --> 21:46.470 align:start position:0%
This is because older bees are more
expendable<00:21:44.320><c> with</c><00:21:44.559><c> weaker</c><00:21:45.200><c> individual</c><00:21:46.000><c> immune</c>

21:46.470 --> 21:46.480 align:start position:0%
expendable with weaker individual immune
 

21:46.480 --> 21:49.270 align:start position:0%
expendable with weaker individual immune
systems.<00:21:47.600><c> For</c><00:21:47.919><c> those</c><00:21:48.159><c> reasons,</c><00:21:48.640><c> the</c><00:21:48.880><c> older</c>

21:49.270 --> 21:49.280 align:start position:0%
systems. For those reasons, the older
 

21:49.280 --> 21:51.750 align:start position:0%
systems. For those reasons, the older
bees<00:21:49.600><c> are</c><00:21:49.840><c> given</c><00:21:50.159><c> the</c><00:21:50.400><c> riskier</c><00:21:50.960><c> jobs</c><00:21:51.440><c> like</c>

21:51.750 --> 21:51.760 align:start position:0%
bees are given the riskier jobs like
 

21:51.760 --> 21:53.990 align:start position:0%
bees are given the riskier jobs like
forager,<00:21:52.400><c> which</c><00:21:52.640><c> in</c><00:21:52.880><c> turn</c><00:21:53.120><c> keeps</c><00:21:53.360><c> them</c><00:21:53.600><c> away</c>

21:53.990 --> 21:54.000 align:start position:0%
forager, which in turn keeps them away
 

21:54.000 --> 21:56.950 align:start position:0%
forager, which in turn keeps them away
from<00:21:54.240><c> the</c><00:21:54.480><c> queen.</c><00:21:55.600><c> This</c><00:21:55.840><c> phenomenon</c><00:21:56.400><c> is</c><00:21:56.720><c> known</c>

21:56.950 --> 21:56.960 align:start position:0%
from the queen. This phenomenon is known
 

21:56.960 --> 21:59.990 align:start position:0%
from the queen. This phenomenon is known
as<00:21:57.280><c> temporal</c><00:21:58.000><c> polyethism.</c><00:21:59.280><c> And</c><00:21:59.440><c> though</c><00:21:59.679><c> it's</c>

21:59.990 --> 22:00.000 align:start position:0%
as temporal polyethism. And though it's
 

22:00.000 --> 22:02.630 align:start position:0%
as temporal polyethism. And though it's
pretty<00:22:00.320><c> unfair</c><00:22:00.799><c> on</c><00:22:01.120><c> the</c><00:22:01.280><c> senior</c><00:22:01.679><c> bees,</c><00:22:02.400><c> it</c>

22:02.630 --> 22:02.640 align:start position:0%
pretty unfair on the senior bees, it
 

22:02.640 --> 22:04.630 align:start position:0%
pretty unfair on the senior bees, it
helps<00:22:02.880><c> to</c><00:22:03.120><c> protect</c><00:22:03.360><c> the</c><00:22:03.600><c> key</c><00:22:03.840><c> elements</c><00:22:04.240><c> of</c><00:22:04.400><c> the</c>

22:04.630 --> 22:04.640 align:start position:0%
helps to protect the key elements of the
 

22:04.640 --> 22:07.350 align:start position:0%
helps to protect the key elements of the
colony<00:22:05.120><c> from</c><00:22:05.440><c> infection.</c>

22:07.350 --> 22:07.360 align:start position:0%
colony from infection.
 

22:07.360 --> 22:09.990 align:start position:0%
colony from infection.
So<00:22:07.679><c> it</c><00:22:07.919><c> turns</c><00:22:08.080><c> out</c><00:22:08.320><c> honeybees</c><00:22:09.039><c> and</c><00:22:09.360><c> many</c><00:22:09.600><c> other</c>

22:09.990 --> 22:10.000 align:start position:0%
So it turns out honeybees and many other
 

22:10.000 --> 22:12.710 align:start position:0%
So it turns out honeybees and many other
youocial<00:22:10.640><c> insects</c><00:22:11.360><c> have</c><00:22:11.760><c> whole</c><00:22:12.240><c> immune</c>

22:12.710 --> 22:12.720 align:start position:0%
youocial insects have whole immune
 

22:12.720 --> 22:15.270 align:start position:0%
youocial insects have whole immune
systems<00:22:13.200><c> operating</c><00:22:13.760><c> at</c><00:22:14.000><c> the</c><00:22:14.240><c> colony</c><00:22:14.640><c> level</c>

22:15.270 --> 22:15.280 align:start position:0%
systems operating at the colony level
 

22:15.280 --> 22:18.070 align:start position:0%
systems operating at the colony level
providing<00:22:16.000><c> socialized</c><00:22:16.880><c> medicine</c><00:22:17.679><c> so</c><00:22:17.919><c> that</c>

22:18.070 --> 22:18.080 align:start position:0%
providing socialized medicine so that
 

22:18.080 --> 22:20.789 align:start position:0%
providing socialized medicine so that
the<00:22:18.240><c> group</c><00:22:18.480><c> can</c><00:22:18.640><c> avoid</c><00:22:19.360><c> resist</c><00:22:19.919><c> and</c><00:22:20.159><c> tolerate</c>

22:20.789 --> 22:20.799 align:start position:0%
the group can avoid resist and tolerate
 

22:20.799 --> 22:24.230 align:start position:0%
the group can avoid resist and tolerate
exposure<00:22:21.440><c> to</c><00:22:21.760><c> disease.</c><00:22:22.960><c> For</c><00:22:23.280><c> Thomas</c><00:22:23.600><c> Praau</c><00:22:24.159><c> at</c>

22:24.230 --> 22:24.240 align:start position:0%
exposure to disease. For Thomas Praau at
 

22:24.240 --> 22:26.549 align:start position:0%
exposure to disease. For Thomas Praau at
least<00:22:24.799><c> this</c><00:22:24.960><c> is</c><00:22:25.200><c> sufficient</c><00:22:25.760><c> evidence</c><00:22:26.080><c> to</c><00:22:26.320><c> say</c>

22:26.549 --> 22:26.559 align:start position:0%
least this is sufficient evidence to say
 

22:26.559 --> 22:29.270 align:start position:0%
least this is sufficient evidence to say
that<00:22:26.799><c> these</c><00:22:27.200><c> groups</c><00:22:27.600><c> are</c><00:22:27.919><c> organisms</c><00:22:28.720><c> in</c><00:22:29.039><c> their</c>

22:29.270 --> 22:29.280 align:start position:0%
that these groups are organisms in their
 

22:29.280 --> 22:31.430 align:start position:0%
that these groups are organisms in their
own<00:22:29.520><c> right.</c><00:22:30.320><c> But</c><00:22:30.480><c> in</c><00:22:30.720><c> case</c><00:22:31.039><c> you're</c><00:22:31.280><c> not</c>

22:31.430 --> 22:31.440 align:start position:0%
own right. But in case you're not
 

22:31.440 --> 22:33.830 align:start position:0%
own right. But in case you're not
convinced,<00:22:32.320><c> let's</c><00:22:32.640><c> look</c><00:22:32.720><c> at</c><00:22:32.880><c> how</c><00:22:33.200><c> all</c><00:22:33.520><c> these</c>

22:33.830 --> 22:33.840 align:start position:0%
convinced, let's look at how all these
 

22:33.840 --> 22:36.310 align:start position:0%
convinced, let's look at how all these
amazing<00:22:34.400><c> behaviors</c><00:22:34.960><c> are</c><00:22:35.280><c> communicated</c>

22:36.310 --> 22:36.320 align:start position:0%
amazing behaviors are communicated
 

22:36.320 --> 22:40.310 align:start position:0%
amazing behaviors are communicated
between<00:22:37.120><c> individuals.</c>

22:40.310 --> 22:40.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:40.320 --> 22:42.310 align:start position:0%
 
Another<00:22:40.640><c> major</c><00:22:40.960><c> system</c><00:22:41.200><c> that</c><00:22:41.440><c> is</c><00:22:41.600><c> key</c><00:22:41.840><c> to</c><00:22:42.000><c> many</c>

22:42.310 --> 22:42.320 align:start position:0%
Another major system that is key to many
 

22:42.320 --> 22:45.510 align:start position:0%
Another major system that is key to many
organisms<00:22:42.880><c> is</c><00:22:43.280><c> cell</c><00:22:43.760><c> signaling.</c><00:22:44.880><c> This</c><00:22:45.120><c> is</c><00:22:45.280><c> the</c>

22:45.510 --> 22:45.520 align:start position:0%
organisms is cell signaling. This is the
 

22:45.520 --> 22:47.909 align:start position:0%
organisms is cell signaling. This is the
process<00:22:45.840><c> by</c><00:22:46.159><c> which</c><00:22:46.480><c> complex</c><00:22:47.039><c> messages</c><00:22:47.600><c> about</c>

22:47.909 --> 22:47.919 align:start position:0%
process by which complex messages about
 

22:47.919 --> 22:50.149 align:start position:0%
process by which complex messages about
your<00:22:48.159><c> body's</c><00:22:48.559><c> health,</c><00:22:49.360><c> nutrition,</c><00:22:49.919><c> and</c>

22:50.149 --> 22:50.159 align:start position:0%
your body's health, nutrition, and
 

22:50.159 --> 22:52.390 align:start position:0%
your body's health, nutrition, and
activities<00:22:50.880><c> are</c><00:22:51.200><c> communicated</c><00:22:51.919><c> between</c>

22:52.390 --> 22:52.400 align:start position:0%
activities are communicated between
 

22:52.400 --> 22:54.870 align:start position:0%
activities are communicated between
cells,<00:22:53.200><c> which</c><00:22:53.440><c> is</c><00:22:53.679><c> vital</c><00:22:54.000><c> for</c><00:22:54.320><c> coordinating</c>

22:54.870 --> 22:54.880 align:start position:0%
cells, which is vital for coordinating
 

22:54.880 --> 22:58.230 align:start position:0%
cells, which is vital for coordinating
our<00:22:55.120><c> responses</c><00:22:55.679><c> to</c><00:22:55.840><c> the</c><00:22:56.080><c> world</c><00:22:56.320><c> around</c><00:22:56.720><c> us.</c>

22:58.230 --> 22:58.240 align:start position:0%
our responses to the world around us.
 

22:58.240 --> 22:59.990 align:start position:0%
our responses to the world around us.
Well,<00:22:58.480><c> if</c><00:22:58.720><c> there</c><00:22:58.960><c> really</c><00:22:59.280><c> are</c><00:22:59.679><c> super</c>

22:59.990 --> 23:00.000 align:start position:0%
Well, if there really are super
 

23:00.000 --> 23:01.990 align:start position:0%
Well, if there really are super
organisms,<00:23:00.880><c> then</c><00:23:01.120><c> they</c><00:23:01.280><c> would</c><00:23:01.520><c> need</c><00:23:01.679><c> to</c><00:23:01.840><c> do</c>

23:01.990 --> 23:02.000 align:start position:0%
organisms, then they would need to do
 

23:02.000 --> 23:04.549 align:start position:0%
organisms, then they would need to do
this,<00:23:02.240><c> too.</c><00:23:03.039><c> But</c><00:23:03.200><c> instead</c><00:23:03.520><c> of</c><00:23:03.919><c> cells</c>

23:04.549 --> 23:04.559 align:start position:0%
this, too. But instead of cells
 

23:04.559 --> 23:07.750 align:start position:0%
this, too. But instead of cells
communicating,<00:23:05.520><c> it's</c><00:23:05.919><c> individuals.</c>

23:07.750 --> 23:07.760 align:start position:0%
communicating, it's individuals.
 

23:07.760 --> 23:09.990 align:start position:0%
communicating, it's individuals.
We<00:23:08.000><c> know</c><00:23:08.159><c> that</c><00:23:08.480><c> youocial</c><00:23:08.960><c> insects</c><00:23:09.520><c> can't</c>

23:09.990 --> 23:10.000 align:start position:0%
We know that youocial insects can't
 

23:10.000 --> 23:12.149 align:start position:0%
We know that youocial insects can't
talk.<00:23:10.880><c> So,</c><00:23:11.120><c> how</c><00:23:11.280><c> are</c><00:23:11.360><c> they</c><00:23:11.600><c> getting</c><00:23:11.840><c> these</c>

23:12.149 --> 23:12.159 align:start position:0%
talk. So, how are they getting these
 

23:12.159 --> 23:14.149 align:start position:0%
talk. So, how are they getting these
messages<00:23:12.640><c> across?</c>

23:14.149 --> 23:14.159 align:start position:0%
messages across?
 

23:14.159 --> 23:16.070 align:start position:0%
messages across?
Before<00:23:14.400><c> we</c><00:23:14.559><c> leave</c><00:23:14.799><c> the</c><00:23:14.960><c> bees</c><00:23:15.200><c> behind,</c><00:23:15.760><c> we</c><00:23:15.919><c> have</c>

23:16.070 --> 23:16.080 align:start position:0%
Before we leave the bees behind, we have
 

23:16.080 --> 23:18.310 align:start position:0%
Before we leave the bees behind, we have
to<00:23:16.240><c> mention</c><00:23:16.559><c> one</c><00:23:16.799><c> of</c><00:23:16.880><c> their</c><00:23:17.120><c> most</c><00:23:17.679><c> impressive</c>

23:18.310 --> 23:18.320 align:start position:0%
to mention one of their most impressive
 

23:18.320 --> 23:22.870 align:start position:0%
to mention one of their most impressive
displays,<00:23:19.600><c> the</c><00:23:19.840><c> honeybee</c><00:23:20.559><c> waggle</c><00:23:21.120><c> dance.</c><00:23:22.559><c> I'm</c>

23:22.870 --> 23:22.880 align:start position:0%
displays, the honeybee waggle dance. I'm
 

23:22.880 --> 23:24.549 align:start position:0%
displays, the honeybee waggle dance. I'm
sure<00:23:23.039><c> you</c><00:23:23.200><c> want</c><00:23:23.280><c> to</c><00:23:23.440><c> learn</c><00:23:23.600><c> the</c><00:23:23.760><c> steps,</c><00:23:24.240><c> so</c>

23:24.549 --> 23:24.559 align:start position:0%
sure you want to learn the steps, so
 

23:24.559 --> 23:27.350 align:start position:0%
sure you want to learn the steps, so
here's<00:23:24.880><c> how</c><00:23:25.039><c> it</c><00:23:25.200><c> goes.</c><00:23:26.240><c> When</c><00:23:26.480><c> a</c><00:23:26.640><c> forager</c><00:23:27.120><c> bee</c>

23:27.350 --> 23:27.360 align:start position:0%
here's how it goes. When a forager bee
 

23:27.360 --> 23:29.270 align:start position:0%
here's how it goes. When a forager bee
finds<00:23:27.600><c> an</c><00:23:27.760><c> especially</c><00:23:28.320><c> good</c><00:23:28.720><c> flower</c><00:23:29.039><c> for</c>

23:29.270 --> 23:29.280 align:start position:0%
finds an especially good flower for
 

23:29.280 --> 23:31.830 align:start position:0%
finds an especially good flower for
nectar,<00:23:30.080><c> it</c><00:23:30.320><c> rushes</c><00:23:30.799><c> back</c><00:23:30.960><c> to</c><00:23:31.120><c> the</c><00:23:31.280><c> hive</c><00:23:31.600><c> to</c>

23:31.830 --> 23:31.840 align:start position:0%
nectar, it rushes back to the hive to
 

23:31.840 --> 23:33.909 align:start position:0%
nectar, it rushes back to the hive to
tell<00:23:32.000><c> its</c><00:23:32.240><c> friends.</c><00:23:33.039><c> It</c><00:23:33.280><c> proceeds</c><00:23:33.600><c> to</c><00:23:33.760><c> move</c>

23:33.909 --> 23:33.919 align:start position:0%
tell its friends. It proceeds to move
 

23:33.919 --> 23:36.149 align:start position:0%
tell its friends. It proceeds to move
its<00:23:34.159><c> body</c><00:23:34.400><c> in</c><00:23:34.640><c> a</c><00:23:34.799><c> figure</c><00:23:35.039><c> of</c><00:23:35.200><c> eight</c><00:23:35.679><c> on</c><00:23:35.919><c> the</c>

23:36.149 --> 23:36.159 align:start position:0%
its body in a figure of eight on the
 

23:36.159 --> 23:39.430 align:start position:0%
its body in a figure of eight on the
vertical<00:23:36.720><c> combs</c><00:23:37.200><c> in</c><00:23:37.440><c> the</c><00:23:37.600><c> hive,</c><00:23:38.720><c> punctuated</c>

23:39.430 --> 23:39.440 align:start position:0%
vertical combs in the hive, punctuated
 

23:39.440 --> 23:41.990 align:start position:0%
vertical combs in the hive, punctuated
by<00:23:39.679><c> a</c><00:23:40.080><c> waggle</c><00:23:40.559><c> run</c><00:23:40.880><c> in</c><00:23:41.120><c> the</c><00:23:41.280><c> middle,</c><00:23:41.600><c> where,</c>

23:41.990 --> 23:42.000 align:start position:0%
by a waggle run in the middle, where,
 

23:42.000 --> 23:44.149 align:start position:0%
by a waggle run in the middle, where,
like<00:23:42.159><c> the</c><00:23:42.400><c> name</c><00:23:42.640><c> suggests,</c><00:23:43.280><c> it</c><00:23:43.520><c> waggles</c><00:23:44.000><c> from</c>

23:44.149 --> 23:44.159 align:start position:0%
like the name suggests, it waggles from
 

23:44.159 --> 23:47.830 align:start position:0%
like the name suggests, it waggles from
side<00:23:44.400><c> to</c><00:23:44.640><c> side.</c><00:23:46.080><c> This</c><00:23:46.480><c> dance</c><00:23:47.039><c> language</c><00:23:47.600><c> was</c>

23:47.830 --> 23:47.840 align:start position:0%
side to side. This dance language was
 

23:47.840 --> 23:51.110 align:start position:0%
side to side. This dance language was
first<00:23:48.240><c> decoded</c><00:23:48.799><c> by</c><00:23:49.120><c> Carl</c><00:23:49.440><c> vonfr</c><00:23:50.320><c> nearly</c><00:23:50.720><c> 80</c>

23:51.110 --> 23:51.120 align:start position:0%
first decoded by Carl vonfr nearly 80
 

23:51.120 --> 23:53.510 align:start position:0%
first decoded by Carl vonfr nearly 80
years<00:23:51.360><c> ago.</c><00:23:52.159><c> And</c><00:23:52.320><c> you'd</c><00:23:52.640><c> be</c><00:23:52.720><c> amazed</c><00:23:53.039><c> at</c><00:23:53.280><c> how</c>

23:53.510 --> 23:53.520 align:start position:0%
years ago. And you'd be amazed at how
 

23:53.520 --> 23:55.590 align:start position:0%
years ago. And you'd be amazed at how
much<00:23:53.840><c> information</c><00:23:54.400><c> is</c><00:23:54.640><c> crammed</c><00:23:55.039><c> into</c><00:23:55.360><c> one</c>

23:55.590 --> 23:55.600 align:start position:0%
much information is crammed into one
 

23:55.600 --> 23:58.149 align:start position:0%
much information is crammed into one
performance.

23:58.149 --> 23:58.159 align:start position:0%
performance.
 

23:58.159 --> 23:59.990 align:start position:0%
performance.
Firstly,<00:23:58.720><c> the</c><00:23:58.960><c> direction</c><00:23:59.360><c> of</c><00:23:59.520><c> the</c><00:23:59.760><c> food</c>

23:59.990 --> 24:00.000 align:start position:0%
Firstly, the direction of the food
 

24:00.000 --> 24:01.990 align:start position:0%
Firstly, the direction of the food
source<00:24:00.400><c> can</c><00:24:00.640><c> be</c><00:24:00.799><c> worked</c><00:24:01.120><c> out</c><00:24:01.280><c> from</c><00:24:01.520><c> the</c><00:24:01.760><c> angle</c>

24:01.990 --> 24:02.000 align:start position:0%
source can be worked out from the angle
 

24:02.000 --> 24:05.110 align:start position:0%
source can be worked out from the angle
the<00:24:02.240><c> beam</c><00:24:02.559><c> moves</c><00:24:03.120><c> during</c><00:24:03.600><c> the</c><00:24:03.840><c> waggle</c><00:24:04.320><c> run.</c><00:24:04.880><c> As</c>

24:05.110 --> 24:05.120 align:start position:0%
the beam moves during the waggle run. As
 

24:05.120 --> 24:06.710 align:start position:0%
the beam moves during the waggle run. As
I<00:24:05.280><c> mentioned,</c><00:24:05.600><c> the</c><00:24:05.760><c> dance</c><00:24:06.000><c> floor</c><00:24:06.320><c> is</c><00:24:06.559><c> a</c>

24:06.710 --> 24:06.720 align:start position:0%
I mentioned, the dance floor is a
 

24:06.720 --> 24:08.789 align:start position:0%
I mentioned, the dance floor is a
vertical<00:24:07.200><c> piece</c><00:24:07.360><c> of</c><00:24:07.600><c> comb.</c><00:24:08.240><c> So,</c><00:24:08.400><c> if</c><00:24:08.559><c> you</c><00:24:08.720><c> think</c>

24:08.789 --> 24:08.799 align:start position:0%
vertical piece of comb. So, if you think
 

24:08.799 --> 24:11.510 align:start position:0%
vertical piece of comb. So, if you think
of<00:24:08.960><c> this</c><00:24:09.120><c> like</c><00:24:09.280><c> a</c><00:24:09.520><c> clock,</c><00:24:10.080><c> 12:00</c><00:24:10.799><c> is</c><00:24:11.120><c> in</c><00:24:11.279><c> the</c>

24:11.510 --> 24:11.520 align:start position:0%
of this like a clock, 12:00 is in the
 

24:11.520 --> 24:14.870 align:start position:0%
of this like a clock, 12:00 is in the
same<00:24:11.679><c> direction</c><00:24:12.000><c> as</c><00:24:12.240><c> the</c><00:24:12.480><c> sun.</c><00:24:13.120><c> 3:00</c><00:24:13.840><c> is</c><00:24:14.159><c> 90°</c>

24:14.870 --> 24:14.880 align:start position:0%
same direction as the sun. 3:00 is 90°
 

24:14.880 --> 24:18.710 align:start position:0%
same direction as the sun. 3:00 is 90°
to<00:24:15.039><c> the</c><00:24:15.279><c> sun's</c><00:24:15.760><c> right</c><00:24:16.400><c> and</c><00:24:16.720><c> 9:00</c><00:24:17.440><c> is</c><00:24:17.760><c> 90°</c><00:24:18.480><c> to</c>

24:18.710 --> 24:18.720 align:start position:0%
to the sun's right and 9:00 is 90° to
 

24:18.720 --> 24:22.070 align:start position:0%
to the sun's right and 9:00 is 90° to
its<00:24:18.960><c> left.</c><00:24:20.240><c> Secondly,</c><00:24:20.960><c> the</c><00:24:21.279><c> follower</c><00:24:21.679><c> bees</c>

24:22.070 --> 24:22.080 align:start position:0%
its left. Secondly, the follower bees
 

24:22.080 --> 24:23.990 align:start position:0%
its left. Secondly, the follower bees
can<00:24:22.320><c> learn</c><00:24:22.559><c> the</c><00:24:22.880><c> distance</c><00:24:23.200><c> to</c><00:24:23.440><c> the</c><00:24:23.679><c> food</c>

24:23.990 --> 24:24.000 align:start position:0%
can learn the distance to the food
 

24:24.000 --> 24:26.710 align:start position:0%
can learn the distance to the food
source<00:24:24.480><c> from</c><00:24:24.799><c> the</c><00:24:25.039><c> duration</c><00:24:25.840><c> of</c><00:24:26.080><c> the</c><00:24:26.240><c> waggle</c>

24:26.710 --> 24:26.720 align:start position:0%
source from the duration of the waggle
 

24:26.720 --> 24:29.750 align:start position:0%
source from the duration of the waggle
phase.<00:24:27.840><c> In</c><00:24:28.240><c> bee</c><00:24:28.559><c> dance</c><00:24:28.880><c> language,</c><00:24:29.440><c> it's</c>

24:29.750 --> 24:29.760 align:start position:0%
phase. In bee dance language, it's
 

24:29.760 --> 24:32.149 align:start position:0%
phase. In bee dance language, it's
broadly<00:24:30.240><c> accepted</c><00:24:30.720><c> that</c><00:24:31.039><c> 1</c><00:24:31.440><c> second</c><00:24:31.760><c> of</c>

24:32.149 --> 24:32.159 align:start position:0%
broadly accepted that 1 second of
 

24:32.159 --> 24:35.990 align:start position:0%
broadly accepted that 1 second of
waggling<00:24:33.120><c> corresponds</c><00:24:33.840><c> to</c><00:24:34.080><c> around</c><00:24:34.640><c> 750</c><00:24:35.679><c> to</c>

24:35.990 --> 24:36.000 align:start position:0%
waggling corresponds to around 750 to
 

24:36.000 --> 24:38.950 align:start position:0%
waggling corresponds to around 750 to
a,000<00:24:36.559><c> m</c><00:24:37.039><c> in</c><00:24:37.360><c> distance.</c><00:24:38.240><c> Therefore,</c><00:24:38.720><c> the</c>

24:38.950 --> 24:38.960 align:start position:0%
a,000 m in distance. Therefore, the
 

24:38.960 --> 24:41.510 align:start position:0%
a,000 m in distance. Therefore, the
longer<00:24:39.279><c> the</c><00:24:39.440><c> bee</c><00:24:39.679><c> waggles,</c><00:24:40.400><c> the</c><00:24:40.559><c> further</c><00:24:40.960><c> away</c>

24:41.510 --> 24:41.520 align:start position:0%
longer the bee waggles, the further away
 

24:41.520 --> 24:44.310 align:start position:0%
longer the bee waggles, the further away
the<00:24:41.840><c> food</c><00:24:42.159><c> source</c><00:24:42.640><c> is.</c>

24:44.310 --> 24:44.320 align:start position:0%
the food source is.
 

24:44.320 --> 24:46.630 align:start position:0%
the food source is.
Finally,<00:24:44.720><c> and</c><00:24:44.960><c> perhaps</c><00:24:45.440><c> most</c><00:24:45.840><c> importantly,</c>

24:46.630 --> 24:46.640 align:start position:0%
Finally, and perhaps most importantly,
 

24:46.640 --> 24:49.430 align:start position:0%
Finally, and perhaps most importantly,
the<00:24:46.880><c> bee's</c><00:24:47.360><c> enthusiasm</c><00:24:48.400><c> whilst</c><00:24:48.799><c> it</c><00:24:49.039><c> performs</c>

24:49.430 --> 24:49.440 align:start position:0%
the bee's enthusiasm whilst it performs
 

24:49.440 --> 24:52.149 align:start position:0%
the bee's enthusiasm whilst it performs
the<00:24:49.760><c> dance</c><00:24:50.559><c> tells</c><00:24:50.880><c> you</c><00:24:51.120><c> about</c><00:24:51.279><c> the</c><00:24:51.600><c> quality</c><00:24:51.919><c> of</c>

24:52.149 --> 24:52.159 align:start position:0%
the dance tells you about the quality of
 

24:52.159 --> 24:54.630 align:start position:0%
the dance tells you about the quality of
the<00:24:52.400><c> communicated</c><00:24:53.120><c> food</c><00:24:53.440><c> source.</c><00:24:54.240><c> The</c><00:24:54.480><c> more</c>

24:54.630 --> 24:54.640 align:start position:0%
the communicated food source. The more
 

24:54.640 --> 24:56.390 align:start position:0%
the communicated food source. The more
intense<00:24:54.960><c> the</c><00:24:55.120><c> waggling,</c><00:24:55.760><c> the</c><00:24:55.919><c> better</c><00:24:56.159><c> the</c>

24:56.390 --> 24:56.400 align:start position:0%
intense the waggling, the better the
 

24:56.400 --> 24:58.149 align:start position:0%
intense the waggling, the better the
flower<00:24:56.640><c> will</c><00:24:56.880><c> be.</c>

24:58.149 --> 24:58.159 align:start position:0%
flower will be.
 

24:58.159 --> 25:00.549 align:start position:0%
flower will be.
This<00:24:58.480><c> dance</c><00:24:58.799><c> language</c><00:24:59.200><c> is</c><00:24:59.520><c> incredible</c><00:25:00.240><c> and</c>

25:00.549 --> 25:00.559 align:start position:0%
This dance language is incredible and
 

25:00.559 --> 25:03.110 align:start position:0%
This dance language is incredible and
can<00:25:00.799><c> serve</c><00:25:01.039><c> as</c><00:25:01.200><c> a</c><00:25:01.440><c> backup</c><00:25:01.919><c> of</c><00:25:02.240><c> information</c><00:25:02.799><c> for</c>

25:03.110 --> 25:03.120 align:start position:0%
can serve as a backup of information for
 

25:03.120 --> 25:04.950 align:start position:0%
can serve as a backup of information for
times<00:25:03.440><c> when</c><00:25:03.679><c> it's</c><00:25:03.919><c> harder</c><00:25:04.240><c> to</c><00:25:04.480><c> source</c>

25:04.950 --> 25:04.960 align:start position:0%
times when it's harder to source
 

25:04.960 --> 25:06.549 align:start position:0%
times when it's harder to source
information<00:25:05.440><c> about</c><00:25:05.760><c> the</c><00:25:05.919><c> environment</c><00:25:06.320><c> on</c>

25:06.549 --> 25:06.559 align:start position:0%
information about the environment on
 

25:06.559 --> 25:08.789 align:start position:0%
information about the environment on
your<00:25:06.799><c> own</c><00:25:07.120><c> or</c><00:25:07.440><c> if</c><00:25:07.600><c> your</c><00:25:07.840><c> own</c><00:25:08.000><c> information</c><00:25:08.480><c> is</c>

25:08.789 --> 25:08.799 align:start position:0%
your own or if your own information is
 

25:08.799 --> 25:13.190 align:start position:0%
your own or if your own information is
of<00:25:09.120><c> poor</c><00:25:09.440><c> quality.</c>

25:13.190 --> 25:13.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

25:13.200 --> 25:15.190 align:start position:0%
 
Leaving<00:25:13.440><c> the</c><00:25:13.600><c> bees</c><00:25:13.919><c> behind,</c><00:25:14.480><c> sadly,</c><00:25:14.960><c> we're</c>

25:15.190 --> 25:15.200 align:start position:0%
Leaving the bees behind, sadly, we're
 

25:15.200 --> 25:17.669 align:start position:0%
Leaving the bees behind, sadly, we're
visiting<00:25:15.520><c> a</c><00:25:15.919><c> very</c><00:25:16.240><c> different</c><00:25:16.960><c> newocial</c>

25:17.669 --> 25:17.679 align:start position:0%
visiting a very different newocial
 

25:17.679 --> 25:21.510 align:start position:0%
visiting a very different newocial
group,<00:25:18.640><c> a</c><00:25:18.960><c> mammal.</c><00:25:19.520><c> In</c><00:25:19.679><c> fact,</c><00:25:20.559><c> the</c><00:25:20.799><c> naked</c><00:25:21.200><c> mole</c>

25:21.510 --> 25:21.520 align:start position:0%
group, a mammal. In fact, the naked mole
 

25:21.520 --> 25:23.909 align:start position:0%
group, a mammal. In fact, the naked mole
rat<00:25:21.919><c> has</c><00:25:22.080><c> evolved</c><00:25:22.480><c> to</c><00:25:22.720><c> live</c><00:25:22.960><c> in</c><00:25:23.279><c> underground</c>

25:23.909 --> 25:23.919 align:start position:0%
rat has evolved to live in underground
 

25:23.919 --> 25:26.789 align:start position:0%
rat has evolved to live in underground
colonies<00:25:24.720><c> where</c><00:25:24.960><c> a</c><00:25:25.200><c> queen</c><00:25:25.840><c> reproduces</c><00:25:26.559><c> with</c>

25:26.789 --> 25:26.799 align:start position:0%
colonies where a queen reproduces with
 

25:26.799 --> 25:30.390 align:start position:0%
colonies where a queen reproduces with
one<00:25:27.039><c> of</c><00:25:27.120><c> her</c><00:25:27.600><c> passes.</c><00:25:28.799><c> Whilst</c><00:25:29.200><c> around</c><00:25:29.679><c> 300</c>

25:30.390 --> 25:30.400 align:start position:0%
one of her passes. Whilst around 300
 

25:30.400 --> 25:33.029 align:start position:0%
one of her passes. Whilst around 300
male<00:25:30.720><c> and</c><00:25:31.039><c> female</c><00:25:31.520><c> workers</c><00:25:32.080><c> attend</c><00:25:32.559><c> to</c><00:25:32.799><c> her</c>

25:33.029 --> 25:33.039 align:start position:0%
male and female workers attend to her
 

25:33.039 --> 25:35.830 align:start position:0%
male and female workers attend to her
every<00:25:33.360><c> need.</c><00:25:34.400><c> Just</c><00:25:34.640><c> like</c><00:25:34.799><c> the</c><00:25:35.120><c> youocial</c>

25:35.830 --> 25:35.840 align:start position:0%
every need. Just like the youocial
 

25:35.840 --> 25:38.390 align:start position:0%
every need. Just like the youocial
insects,<00:25:36.640><c> naked</c><00:25:37.039><c> mole</c><00:25:37.440><c> rat</c><00:25:37.679><c> colonies</c><00:25:38.159><c> have</c>

25:38.390 --> 25:38.400 align:start position:0%
insects, naked mole rat colonies have
 

25:38.400 --> 25:41.110 align:start position:0%
insects, naked mole rat colonies have
been<00:25:38.559><c> described</c><00:25:38.960><c> as</c><00:25:39.360><c> super</c><00:25:39.760><c> organisms</c><00:25:40.880><c> and</c>

25:41.110 --> 25:41.120 align:start position:0%
been described as super organisms and
 

25:41.120 --> 25:43.350 align:start position:0%
been described as super organisms and
their<00:25:41.360><c> complex</c><00:25:41.919><c> communication</c><00:25:42.640><c> systems</c><00:25:43.120><c> are</c>

25:43.350 --> 25:43.360 align:start position:0%
their complex communication systems are
 

25:43.360 --> 25:46.390 align:start position:0%
their complex communication systems are
an<00:25:43.520><c> example</c><00:25:44.000><c> that</c><00:25:44.320><c> proves</c><00:25:44.720><c> why.</c><00:25:45.600><c> Early</c><00:25:46.080><c> field</c>

25:46.390 --> 25:46.400 align:start position:0%
an example that proves why. Early field
 

25:46.400 --> 25:48.149 align:start position:0%
an example that proves why. Early field
studies<00:25:46.640><c> of</c><00:25:46.799><c> these</c><00:25:47.039><c> animals</c><00:25:47.520><c> noted</c><00:25:47.919><c> their</c>

25:48.149 --> 25:48.159 align:start position:0%
studies of these animals noted their
 

25:48.159 --> 25:50.630 align:start position:0%
studies of these animals noted their
extensive<00:25:48.880><c> vocalizations</c><00:25:49.919><c> in</c><00:25:50.080><c> the</c><00:25:50.240><c> form</c><00:25:50.480><c> of</c>

25:50.630 --> 25:50.640 align:start position:0%
extensive vocalizations in the form of
 

25:50.640 --> 25:54.310 align:start position:0%
extensive vocalizations in the form of
peeping,<00:25:51.440><c> chirping,</c><00:25:52.000><c> and</c><00:25:52.400><c> grunting</c><00:25:52.960><c> sounds.</c>

25:54.310 --> 25:54.320 align:start position:0%
peeping, chirping, and grunting sounds.
 

25:54.320 --> 25:55.750 align:start position:0%
peeping, chirping, and grunting sounds.
It<00:25:54.559><c> makes</c><00:25:54.799><c> sense</c><00:25:54.960><c> for</c><00:25:55.120><c> them</c><00:25:55.279><c> to</c><00:25:55.440><c> be</c><00:25:55.600><c> this</c>

25:55.750 --> 25:55.760 align:start position:0%
It makes sense for them to be this
 

25:55.760 --> 25:57.909 align:start position:0%
It makes sense for them to be this
chatty<00:25:56.240><c> since</c><00:25:56.480><c> the</c><00:25:56.720><c> underground</c><00:25:57.279><c> burrows</c><00:25:57.679><c> of</c>

25:57.909 --> 25:57.919 align:start position:0%
chatty since the underground burrows of
 

25:57.919 --> 26:00.070 align:start position:0%
chatty since the underground burrows of
Somalia<00:25:58.480><c> and</c><00:25:58.720><c> Kenya</c><00:25:59.200><c> would</c><00:25:59.440><c> be</c><00:25:59.600><c> dark</c><00:25:59.840><c> and</c>

26:00.070 --> 26:00.080 align:start position:0%
Somalia and Kenya would be dark and
 

26:00.080 --> 26:02.630 align:start position:0%
Somalia and Kenya would be dark and
narrow,<00:26:00.640><c> extending</c><00:26:01.279><c> over</c><00:26:01.600><c> several</c><00:26:02.159><c> thousands</c>

26:02.630 --> 26:02.640 align:start position:0%
narrow, extending over several thousands
 

26:02.640 --> 26:05.430 align:start position:0%
narrow, extending over several thousands
of<00:26:02.880><c> meters.</c><00:26:04.000><c> Also,</c><00:26:04.400><c> it's</c><00:26:04.640><c> not</c><00:26:04.799><c> like</c><00:26:04.960><c> the</c><00:26:05.120><c> naked</c>

26:05.430 --> 26:05.440 align:start position:0%
of meters. Also, it's not like the naked
 

26:05.440 --> 26:07.590 align:start position:0%
of meters. Also, it's not like the naked
mole<00:26:05.679><c> rats</c><00:26:06.000><c> have</c><00:26:06.159><c> the</c><00:26:06.400><c> best</c><00:26:06.640><c> eyesight,</c><00:26:07.360><c> so</c>

26:07.590 --> 26:07.600 align:start position:0%
mole rats have the best eyesight, so
 

26:07.600 --> 26:09.269 align:start position:0%
mole rats have the best eyesight, so
they<00:26:07.760><c> need</c><00:26:07.840><c> to</c><00:26:08.000><c> rely</c><00:26:08.240><c> more</c><00:26:08.480><c> heavily</c><00:26:08.799><c> on</c><00:26:09.039><c> their</c>

26:09.269 --> 26:09.279 align:start position:0%
they need to rely more heavily on their
 

26:09.279 --> 26:11.510 align:start position:0%
they need to rely more heavily on their
other<00:26:09.520><c> senses</c><00:26:09.919><c> to</c><00:26:10.159><c> communicate</c><00:26:10.640><c> and</c><00:26:10.880><c> ensure</c>

26:11.510 --> 26:11.520 align:start position:0%
other senses to communicate and ensure
 

26:11.520 --> 26:13.909 align:start position:0%
other senses to communicate and ensure
that<00:26:11.760><c> the</c><00:26:11.919><c> colony</c><00:26:12.320><c> can</c><00:26:12.559><c> function</c><00:26:13.039><c> properly.</c>

26:13.909 --> 26:13.919 align:start position:0%
that the colony can function properly.
 

26:13.919 --> 26:16.870 align:start position:0%
that the colony can function properly.
Scientists<00:26:14.480><c> have</c><00:26:14.880><c> identified</c><00:26:15.440><c> 25</c><00:26:16.320><c> different</c>

26:16.870 --> 26:16.880 align:start position:0%
Scientists have identified 25 different
 

26:16.880 --> 26:19.830 align:start position:0%
Scientists have identified 25 different
vocalizations<00:26:17.840><c> in</c><00:26:18.080><c> naked</c><00:26:18.480><c> mole</c><00:26:18.799><c> rats,</c><00:26:19.520><c> all</c>

26:19.830 --> 26:19.840 align:start position:0%
vocalizations in naked mole rats, all
 

26:19.840 --> 26:21.269 align:start position:0%
vocalizations in naked mole rats, all
designed<00:26:20.240><c> to</c><00:26:20.480><c> communicate</c><00:26:20.960><c> different</c>

26:21.269 --> 26:21.279 align:start position:0%
designed to communicate different
 

26:21.279 --> 26:23.590 align:start position:0%
designed to communicate different
messages<00:26:21.679><c> and</c><00:26:22.000><c> elicit</c><00:26:22.559><c> different</c><00:26:23.200><c> social</c>

26:23.590 --> 26:23.600 align:start position:0%
messages and elicit different social
 

26:23.600 --> 26:26.549 align:start position:0%
messages and elicit different social
behaviors.<00:26:24.799><c> So,</c><00:26:25.120><c> let's</c><00:26:25.440><c> decipher</c><00:26:26.000><c> the</c><00:26:26.159><c> code</c>

26:26.549 --> 26:26.559 align:start position:0%
behaviors. So, let's decipher the code
 

26:26.559 --> 26:29.830 align:start position:0%
behaviors. So, let's decipher the code
and<00:26:26.880><c> see</c><00:26:27.120><c> what</c><00:26:27.360><c> some</c><00:26:27.520><c> of</c><00:26:27.679><c> them</c><00:26:27.919><c> mean.</c><00:26:29.360><c> The</c><00:26:29.679><c> most</c>

26:29.830 --> 26:29.840 align:start position:0%
and see what some of them mean. The most
 

26:29.840 --> 26:32.070 align:start position:0%
and see what some of them mean. The most
common<00:26:30.159><c> sound</c><00:26:30.400><c> a</c><00:26:30.720><c> naked</c><00:26:31.039><c> mole</c><00:26:31.279><c> rat</c><00:26:31.600><c> makes</c><00:26:31.840><c> is</c>

26:32.070 --> 26:32.080 align:start position:0%
common sound a naked mole rat makes is
 

26:32.080 --> 26:34.950 align:start position:0%
common sound a naked mole rat makes is
the<00:26:32.320><c> soft</c><00:26:32.880><c> chirp.</c><00:26:33.760><c> This</c><00:26:34.080><c> sounds</c><00:26:34.240><c> like</c><00:26:34.400><c> a</c><00:26:34.559><c> chick</c>

26:34.950 --> 26:34.960 align:start position:0%
the soft chirp. This sounds like a chick
 

26:34.960 --> 26:37.190 align:start position:0%
the soft chirp. This sounds like a chick
peeping.<00:26:35.840><c> And</c><00:26:36.080><c> scientists</c><00:26:36.640><c> think</c><00:26:36.799><c> that</c><00:26:36.960><c> it's</c>

26:37.190 --> 26:37.200 align:start position:0%
peeping. And scientists think that it's
 

26:37.200 --> 26:39.430 align:start position:0%
peeping. And scientists think that it's
used<00:26:37.440><c> by</c><00:26:37.679><c> naked</c><00:26:38.080><c> mole</c><00:26:38.400><c> rats</c><00:26:38.720><c> to</c><00:26:38.960><c> identify</c>

26:39.430 --> 26:39.440 align:start position:0%
used by naked mole rats to identify
 

26:39.440 --> 26:41.350 align:start position:0%
used by naked mole rats to identify
themselves<00:26:40.000><c> as</c><00:26:40.240><c> they</c><00:26:40.400><c> bump</c><00:26:40.720><c> into</c><00:26:41.039><c> other</c>

26:41.350 --> 26:41.360 align:start position:0%
themselves as they bump into other
 

26:41.360 --> 26:45.029 align:start position:0%
themselves as they bump into other
colony<00:26:41.840><c> members</c><00:26:42.159><c> in</c><00:26:42.480><c> busy</c><00:26:42.880><c> tunnels.</c>

26:45.029 --> 26:45.039 align:start position:0%
colony members in busy tunnels.
 

26:45.039 --> 26:47.909 align:start position:0%
colony members in busy tunnels.
The<00:26:45.360><c> toilet</c><00:26:46.000><c> call</c><00:26:46.720><c> consists</c><00:26:47.200><c> of</c><00:26:47.360><c> a</c><00:26:47.600><c> sequence</c>

26:47.909 --> 26:47.919 align:start position:0%
The toilet call consists of a sequence
 

26:47.919 --> 26:50.710 align:start position:0%
The toilet call consists of a sequence
of<00:26:48.320><c> four</c><00:26:48.559><c> to</c><00:26:48.799><c> eight</c><00:26:49.200><c> chirps</c><00:26:49.760><c> and</c><00:26:50.000><c> has</c><00:26:50.159><c> a</c><00:26:50.400><c> very</c>

26:50.710 --> 26:50.720 align:start position:0%
of four to eight chirps and has a very
 

26:50.720 --> 26:54.230 align:start position:0%
of four to eight chirps and has a very
specific<00:26:51.520><c> function.</c>

26:54.230 --> 26:54.240 align:start position:0%
specific function.
 

26:54.240 --> 26:56.390 align:start position:0%
specific function.
It's<00:26:54.480><c> used</c><00:26:54.720><c> by</c><00:26:54.880><c> a</c><00:26:55.120><c> breeding</c><00:26:55.520><c> individual</c><00:26:56.080><c> when</c>

26:56.390 --> 26:56.400 align:start position:0%
It's used by a breeding individual when
 

26:56.400 --> 26:58.789 align:start position:0%
It's used by a breeding individual when
they're<00:26:56.720><c> going</c><00:26:56.960><c> to</c><00:26:57.120><c> the</c><00:26:57.279><c> toilet.</c><00:26:58.320><c> We're</c><00:26:58.559><c> still</c>

26:58.789 --> 26:58.799 align:start position:0%
they're going to the toilet. We're still
 

26:58.799 --> 27:01.029 align:start position:0%
they're going to the toilet. We're still
not<00:26:59.039><c> sure</c><00:26:59.279><c> why</c><00:26:59.520><c> you</c><00:26:59.760><c> need</c><00:26:59.840><c> a</c><00:27:00.080><c> specific</c><00:27:00.400><c> call</c><00:27:00.720><c> to</c>

27:01.029 --> 27:01.039 align:start position:0%
not sure why you need a specific call to
 

27:01.039 --> 27:02.950 align:start position:0%
not sure why you need a specific call to
tell<00:27:01.200><c> everyone</c><00:27:01.600><c> this,</c><00:27:01.919><c> but</c><00:27:02.240><c> scientists</c><00:27:02.720><c> think</c>

27:02.950 --> 27:02.960 align:start position:0%
tell everyone this, but scientists think
 

27:02.960 --> 27:05.669 align:start position:0%
tell everyone this, but scientists think
it<00:27:03.200><c> could</c><00:27:03.360><c> be</c><00:27:03.520><c> a</c><00:27:03.679><c> way</c><00:27:03.840><c> to</c><00:27:04.080><c> signal</c><00:27:04.480><c> your</c><00:27:04.799><c> status</c>

27:05.669 --> 27:05.679 align:start position:0%
it could be a way to signal your status
 

27:05.679 --> 27:08.310 align:start position:0%
it could be a way to signal your status
since<00:27:06.000><c> odicues</c><00:27:06.720><c> are</c><00:27:06.960><c> also</c><00:27:07.279><c> an</c><00:27:07.520><c> important</c><00:27:08.000><c> part</c>

27:08.310 --> 27:08.320 align:start position:0%
since odicues are also an important part
 

27:08.320 --> 27:11.110 align:start position:0%
since odicues are also an important part
of<00:27:08.640><c> naked</c><00:27:09.039><c> mole</c><00:27:09.279><c> rat</c><00:27:09.600><c> society.</c>

27:11.110 --> 27:11.120 align:start position:0%
of naked mole rat society.
 

27:11.120 --> 27:13.990 align:start position:0%
of naked mole rat society.
Finally,<00:27:11.679><c> the</c><00:27:12.159><c> V</c><00:27:12.559><c> trill</c><00:27:13.200><c> is</c><00:27:13.520><c> thought</c><00:27:13.679><c> to</c><00:27:13.840><c> be</c>

27:13.990 --> 27:14.000 align:start position:0%
Finally, the V trill is thought to be
 

27:14.000 --> 27:16.310 align:start position:0%
Finally, the V trill is thought to be
used<00:27:14.320><c> mainly</c><00:27:14.799><c> between</c><00:27:15.279><c> queens</c><00:27:15.840><c> and</c><00:27:16.080><c> their</c>

27:16.310 --> 27:16.320 align:start position:0%
used mainly between queens and their
 

27:16.320 --> 27:18.549 align:start position:0%
used mainly between queens and their
breeding<00:27:16.720><c> males</c><00:27:17.440><c> and</c><00:27:17.679><c> can</c><00:27:17.919><c> be</c><00:27:18.000><c> used</c><00:27:18.159><c> to</c><00:27:18.400><c> create</c>

27:18.549 --> 27:18.559 align:start position:0%
breeding males and can be used to create
 

27:18.559 --> 27:25.029 align:start position:0%
breeding males and can be used to create
a<00:27:18.799><c> kind</c><00:27:18.960><c> of</c><00:27:19.120><c> duet</c><00:27:19.760><c> between</c><00:27:20.080><c> the</c><00:27:20.240><c> mating</c><00:27:20.720><c> pair.</c>

27:25.029 --> 27:25.039 align:start position:0%
 
 

27:25.039 --> 27:26.549 align:start position:0%
 
There<00:27:25.279><c> are</c><00:27:25.520><c> lots</c><00:27:25.760><c> more</c><00:27:26.000><c> sounds</c><00:27:26.240><c> that</c><00:27:26.400><c> we</c>

27:26.549 --> 27:26.559 align:start position:0%
There are lots more sounds that we
 

27:26.559 --> 27:28.230 align:start position:0%
There are lots more sounds that we
haven't<00:27:26.720><c> been</c><00:27:26.880><c> able</c><00:27:27.039><c> to</c><00:27:27.120><c> cover.</c><00:27:27.520><c> sadly.</c><00:27:28.080><c> And</c>

27:28.230 --> 27:28.240 align:start position:0%
haven't been able to cover. sadly. And
 

27:28.240 --> 27:30.390 align:start position:0%
haven't been able to cover. sadly. And
many<00:27:28.480><c> of</c><00:27:28.559><c> these</c><00:27:28.960><c> serve</c><00:27:29.360><c> unknown</c><00:27:30.000><c> functions</c>

27:30.390 --> 27:30.400 align:start position:0%
many of these serve unknown functions
 

27:30.400 --> 27:31.830 align:start position:0%
many of these serve unknown functions
that<00:27:30.640><c> we're</c><00:27:30.880><c> only</c><00:27:31.039><c> just</c><00:27:31.279><c> beginning</c><00:27:31.600><c> to</c>

27:31.830 --> 27:31.840 align:start position:0%
that we're only just beginning to
 

27:31.840 --> 27:33.430 align:start position:0%
that we're only just beginning to
understand.<00:27:32.640><c> But</c><00:27:32.799><c> hopefully</c><00:27:33.200><c> this</c>

27:33.430 --> 27:33.440 align:start position:0%
understand. But hopefully this
 

27:33.440 --> 27:36.310 align:start position:0%
understand. But hopefully this
demonstrates<00:27:34.080><c> how</c><00:27:34.559><c> complicated</c><00:27:35.279><c> naked</c><00:27:35.760><c> molat</c>

27:36.310 --> 27:36.320 align:start position:0%
demonstrates how complicated naked molat
 

27:36.320 --> 27:39.350 align:start position:0%
demonstrates how complicated naked molat
society<00:27:36.960><c> is</c><00:27:37.919><c> and</c><00:27:38.240><c> why</c><00:27:38.480><c> we</c><00:27:38.640><c> consider</c><00:27:38.960><c> them</c><00:27:39.120><c> to</c>

27:39.350 --> 27:39.360 align:start position:0%
society is and why we consider them to
 

27:39.360 --> 27:42.470 align:start position:0%
society is and why we consider them to
be<00:27:39.600><c> super</c><00:27:40.080><c> organisms.</c><00:27:41.360><c> Just</c><00:27:41.600><c> like</c><00:27:41.760><c> the</c><00:27:42.080><c> cells</c>

27:42.470 --> 27:42.480 align:start position:0%
be super organisms. Just like the cells
 

27:42.480 --> 27:44.870 align:start position:0%
be super organisms. Just like the cells
in<00:27:42.720><c> our</c><00:27:42.960><c> bodies,</c><00:27:43.440><c> they</c><00:27:43.760><c> can</c><00:27:44.000><c> recognize</c>

27:44.870 --> 27:44.880 align:start position:0%
in our bodies, they can recognize
 

27:44.880 --> 27:47.830 align:start position:0%
in our bodies, they can recognize
outsiders,<00:27:45.760><c> their</c><00:27:46.080><c> leaders,</c><00:27:46.559><c> and</c><00:27:46.880><c> each</c><00:27:47.200><c> other</c>

27:47.830 --> 27:47.840 align:start position:0%
outsiders, their leaders, and each other
 

27:47.840 --> 27:50.230 align:start position:0%
outsiders, their leaders, and each other
using<00:27:48.240><c> calls</c><00:27:48.559><c> that</c><00:27:48.880><c> communicate</c><00:27:49.360><c> a</c><00:27:49.679><c> huge</c>

27:50.230 --> 27:50.240 align:start position:0%
using calls that communicate a huge
 

27:50.240 --> 27:53.510 align:start position:0%
using calls that communicate a huge
range<00:27:50.640><c> of</c><00:27:50.960><c> complex</c><00:27:51.600><c> messages.</c><00:27:52.880><c> even</c><00:27:53.200><c> going</c><00:27:53.360><c> to</c>

27:53.510 --> 27:53.520 align:start position:0%
range of complex messages. even going to
 

27:53.520 --> 27:56.710 align:start position:0%
range of complex messages. even going to
the<00:27:53.600><c> L.</c>

27:56.710 --> 27:56.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

27:56.720 --> 27:58.950 align:start position:0%
 
From<00:27:56.960><c> a</c><00:27:57.120><c> superorganism</c><00:27:58.000><c> perspective,</c><00:27:58.640><c> we've</c>

27:58.950 --> 27:58.960 align:start position:0%
From a superorganism perspective, we've
 

27:58.960 --> 28:00.870 align:start position:0%
From a superorganism perspective, we've
covered<00:27:59.279><c> their</c><00:27:59.600><c> cells,</c><00:28:00.159><c> their</c><00:28:00.399><c> immune</c>

28:00.870 --> 28:00.880 align:start position:0%
covered their cells, their immune
 

28:00.880 --> 28:03.269 align:start position:0%
covered their cells, their immune
systems,<00:28:01.360><c> and</c><00:28:01.600><c> their</c><00:28:01.919><c> communication.</c><00:28:03.120><c> But</c>

28:03.269 --> 28:03.279 align:start position:0%
systems, and their communication. But
 

28:03.279 --> 28:05.510 align:start position:0%
systems, and their communication. But
what<00:28:03.520><c> about</c><00:28:03.760><c> their</c><00:28:04.000><c> minds?</c>

28:05.510 --> 28:05.520 align:start position:0%
what about their minds?
 

28:05.520 --> 28:07.190 align:start position:0%
what about their minds?
Could<00:28:05.760><c> there</c><00:28:06.000><c> be</c><00:28:06.159><c> a</c><00:28:06.399><c> higher</c><00:28:06.720><c> level</c><00:28:06.960><c> of</c>

28:07.190 --> 28:07.200 align:start position:0%
Could there be a higher level of
 

28:07.200 --> 28:09.350 align:start position:0%
Could there be a higher level of
consciousness<00:28:07.840><c> that</c><00:28:08.080><c> you</c><00:28:08.240><c> can</c><00:28:08.480><c> only</c><00:28:08.799><c> unlock</c>

28:09.350 --> 28:09.360 align:start position:0%
consciousness that you can only unlock
 

28:09.360 --> 28:11.830 align:start position:0%
consciousness that you can only unlock
by<00:28:09.679><c> renouncing</c><00:28:10.320><c> your</c><00:28:10.640><c> ego</c><00:28:11.039><c> and</c><00:28:11.360><c> losing</c>

28:11.830 --> 28:11.840 align:start position:0%
by renouncing your ego and losing
 

28:11.840 --> 28:16.149 align:start position:0%
by renouncing your ego and losing
yourself<00:28:12.399><c> in</c><00:28:12.640><c> the</c><00:28:12.880><c> group?</c><00:28:14.320><c> Well,</c><00:28:14.960><c> maybe,</c><00:28:15.919><c> but</c>

28:16.149 --> 28:16.159 align:start position:0%
yourself in the group? Well, maybe, but
 

28:16.159 --> 28:19.669 align:start position:0%
yourself in the group? Well, maybe, but
it's<00:28:16.480><c> much</c><00:28:16.880><c> harder</c><00:28:17.279><c> for</c><00:28:17.440><c> us</c><00:28:17.679><c> to</c><00:28:17.840><c> prove.</c>

28:19.669 --> 28:19.679 align:start position:0%
it's much harder for us to prove.
 

28:19.679 --> 28:21.909 align:start position:0%
it's much harder for us to prove.
Superorganisms<00:28:20.640><c> aside,</c><00:28:21.279><c> it's</c><00:28:21.520><c> still</c><00:28:21.679><c> an</c>

28:21.909 --> 28:21.919 align:start position:0%
Superorganisms aside, it's still an
 

28:21.919 --> 28:24.070 align:start position:0%
Superorganisms aside, it's still an
ongoing<00:28:22.480><c> process</c><00:28:22.960><c> finding</c><00:28:23.440><c> proof</c><00:28:23.760><c> that</c>

28:24.070 --> 28:24.080 align:start position:0%
ongoing process finding proof that
 

28:24.080 --> 28:27.110 align:start position:0%
ongoing process finding proof that
individual<00:28:24.799><c> animals</c><00:28:25.360><c> are</c><00:28:25.679><c> conscious.</c><00:28:26.880><c> You</c>

28:27.110 --> 28:27.120 align:start position:0%
individual animals are conscious. You
 

28:27.120 --> 28:29.510 align:start position:0%
individual animals are conscious. You
can't<00:28:27.360><c> just</c><00:28:27.600><c> ask</c><00:28:27.840><c> a</c><00:28:28.000><c> naked</c><00:28:28.320><c> mole</c><00:28:28.640><c> rat</c><00:28:28.880><c> or</c><00:28:29.039><c> a</c><00:28:29.200><c> bee</c>

28:29.510 --> 28:29.520 align:start position:0%
can't just ask a naked mole rat or a bee
 

28:29.520 --> 28:32.470 align:start position:0%
can't just ask a naked mole rat or a bee
if<00:28:29.760><c> it</c><00:28:30.000><c> knows</c><00:28:30.399><c> that</c><00:28:30.640><c> it's</c><00:28:30.960><c> alive.</c><00:28:31.919><c> So,</c><00:28:32.080><c> we</c><00:28:32.320><c> have</c>

28:32.470 --> 28:32.480 align:start position:0%
if it knows that it's alive. So, we have
 

28:32.480 --> 28:34.789 align:start position:0%
if it knows that it's alive. So, we have
to<00:28:32.559><c> use</c><00:28:32.799><c> their</c><00:28:33.039><c> behavior</c><00:28:33.600><c> as</c><00:28:33.840><c> an</c><00:28:34.080><c> indicator</c><00:28:34.640><c> of</c>

28:34.789 --> 28:34.799 align:start position:0%
to use their behavior as an indicator of
 

28:34.799 --> 28:37.190 align:start position:0%
to use their behavior as an indicator of
their<00:28:35.120><c> mental</c><00:28:35.440><c> state.</c><00:28:36.640><c> Though</c><00:28:36.880><c> we</c><00:28:37.039><c> have</c>

28:37.190 --> 28:37.200 align:start position:0%
their mental state. Though we have
 

28:37.200 --> 28:39.510 align:start position:0%
their mental state. Though we have
evidence<00:28:37.520><c> that</c><00:28:37.760><c> some</c><00:28:38.000><c> animals</c><00:28:38.559><c> can</c><00:28:39.039><c> recognize</c>

28:39.510 --> 28:39.520 align:start position:0%
evidence that some animals can recognize
 

28:39.520 --> 28:41.830 align:start position:0%
evidence that some animals can recognize
themselves<00:28:40.000><c> in</c><00:28:40.240><c> the</c><00:28:40.399><c> mirror,</c><00:28:40.960><c> sadly,</c><00:28:41.520><c> none</c><00:28:41.760><c> of</c>

28:41.830 --> 28:41.840 align:start position:0%
themselves in the mirror, sadly, none of
 

28:41.840 --> 28:43.990 align:start position:0%
themselves in the mirror, sadly, none of
these<00:28:42.080><c> animals</c><00:28:42.559><c> are</c><00:28:42.799><c> that</c><00:28:43.039><c> from</c><00:28:43.360><c> youocial</c>

28:43.990 --> 28:44.000 align:start position:0%
these animals are that from youocial
 

28:44.000 --> 28:47.190 align:start position:0%
these animals are that from youocial
groups.<00:28:45.279><c> Beyond</c><00:28:45.760><c> self-awareness,</c><00:28:46.720><c> it</c><00:28:46.960><c> would</c>

28:47.190 --> 28:47.200 align:start position:0%
groups. Beyond self-awareness, it would
 

28:47.200 --> 28:49.669 align:start position:0%
groups. Beyond self-awareness, it would
make<00:28:47.360><c> sense</c><00:28:47.679><c> for</c><00:28:48.000><c> you</c><00:28:48.240><c> social</c><00:28:48.559><c> groups</c><00:28:48.880><c> to</c><00:28:49.120><c> show</c>

28:49.669 --> 28:49.679 align:start position:0%
make sense for you social groups to show
 

28:49.679 --> 28:52.070 align:start position:0%
make sense for you social groups to show
theory<00:28:50.000><c> of</c><00:28:50.240><c> mind,</c><00:28:50.960><c> which</c><00:28:51.279><c> is</c><00:28:51.440><c> an</c><00:28:51.679><c> awareness</c>

28:52.070 --> 28:52.080 align:start position:0%
theory of mind, which is an awareness
 

28:52.080 --> 28:53.830 align:start position:0%
theory of mind, which is an awareness
that<00:28:52.320><c> other</c><00:28:52.640><c> individuals</c><00:28:53.200><c> have</c><00:28:53.440><c> different</c>

28:53.830 --> 28:53.840 align:start position:0%
that other individuals have different
 

28:53.840 --> 28:56.549 align:start position:0%
that other individuals have different
thoughts,<00:28:54.559><c> feelings,</c><00:28:55.200><c> beliefs,</c><00:28:55.760><c> and</c><00:28:56.000><c> desires</c>

28:56.549 --> 28:56.559 align:start position:0%
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires
 

28:56.559 --> 28:59.190 align:start position:0%
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires
to<00:28:56.799><c> you.</c><00:28:58.000><c> This</c><00:28:58.240><c> would</c><00:28:58.480><c> help</c><00:28:58.640><c> you</c><00:28:58.880><c> to</c>

28:59.190 --> 28:59.200 align:start position:0%
to you. This would help you to
 

28:59.200 --> 29:01.029 align:start position:0%
to you. This would help you to
understand<00:28:59.679><c> others,</c><00:29:00.320><c> connect</c><00:29:00.640><c> with</c><00:29:00.799><c> them,</c>

29:01.029 --> 29:01.039 align:start position:0%
understand others, connect with them,
 

29:01.039 --> 29:03.190 align:start position:0%
understand others, connect with them,
and<00:29:01.279><c> develop</c><00:29:01.760><c> complex</c><00:29:02.240><c> emotions</c><00:29:02.799><c> like</c>

29:03.190 --> 29:03.200 align:start position:0%
and develop complex emotions like
 

29:03.200 --> 29:06.149 align:start position:0%
and develop complex emotions like
empathy.<00:29:04.320><c> All</c><00:29:04.720><c> important</c><00:29:05.279><c> skills</c><00:29:05.600><c> for</c><00:29:05.840><c> living</c>

29:06.149 --> 29:06.159 align:start position:0%
empathy. All important skills for living
 

29:06.159 --> 29:09.590 align:start position:0%
empathy. All important skills for living
as<00:29:06.480><c> part</c><00:29:06.799><c> of</c><00:29:06.960><c> a</c><00:29:07.200><c> group.</c><00:29:08.559><c> This</c><00:29:08.880><c> research</c><00:29:09.279><c> area</c>

29:09.590 --> 29:09.600 align:start position:0%
as part of a group. This research area
 

29:09.600 --> 29:11.269 align:start position:0%
as part of a group. This research area
is<00:29:09.919><c> fascinating,</c><00:29:10.399><c> and</c><00:29:10.559><c> we</c><00:29:10.720><c> could</c><00:29:10.880><c> easily</c><00:29:11.120><c> make</c>

29:11.269 --> 29:11.279 align:start position:0%
is fascinating, and we could easily make
 

29:11.279 --> 29:12.710 align:start position:0%
is fascinating, and we could easily make
another<00:29:11.600><c> video.</c><00:29:11.919><c> Do</c><00:29:12.080><c> let</c><00:29:12.240><c> us</c><00:29:12.399><c> know</c><00:29:12.480><c> in</c><00:29:12.640><c> the</c>

29:12.710 --> 29:12.720 align:start position:0%
another video. Do let us know in the
 

29:12.720 --> 29:14.870 align:start position:0%
another video. Do let us know in the
comments<00:29:13.039><c> if</c><00:29:13.279><c> you'd</c><00:29:13.520><c> like</c><00:29:13.600><c> to</c><00:29:13.760><c> see</c><00:29:13.919><c> that.</c><00:29:14.640><c> But</c>

29:14.870 --> 29:14.880 align:start position:0%
comments if you'd like to see that. But
 

29:14.880 --> 29:17.269 align:start position:0%
comments if you'd like to see that. But
the<00:29:15.120><c> point</c><00:29:15.360><c> here</c><00:29:15.679><c> is</c><00:29:15.919><c> that</c><00:29:16.320><c> we</c><00:29:16.640><c> haven't</c><00:29:16.960><c> yet</c>

29:17.269 --> 29:17.279 align:start position:0%
the point here is that we haven't yet
 

29:17.279 --> 29:19.909 align:start position:0%
the point here is that we haven't yet
proven<00:29:18.080><c> theory</c><00:29:18.480><c> of</c><00:29:18.720><c> mind</c><00:29:19.039><c> in</c><00:29:19.279><c> an</c><00:29:19.440><c> experiment</c>

29:19.909 --> 29:19.919 align:start position:0%
proven theory of mind in an experiment
 

29:19.919 --> 29:21.669 align:start position:0%
proven theory of mind in an experiment
for<00:29:20.159><c> any</c><00:29:20.399><c> of</c><00:29:20.559><c> the</c><00:29:20.720><c> animals</c><00:29:21.120><c> we're</c><00:29:21.360><c> talking</c>

29:21.669 --> 29:21.679 align:start position:0%
for any of the animals we're talking
 

29:21.679 --> 29:25.590 align:start position:0%
for any of the animals we're talking
about<00:29:22.320><c> yet,</c><00:29:23.200><c> particularly</c><00:29:23.679><c> insects.</c>

29:25.590 --> 29:25.600 align:start position:0%
about yet, particularly insects.
 

29:25.600 --> 29:27.750 align:start position:0%
about yet, particularly insects.
So<00:29:25.919><c> until</c><00:29:26.240><c> we</c><00:29:26.480><c> can</c><00:29:26.720><c> fully</c><00:29:27.200><c> prove</c>

29:27.750 --> 29:27.760 align:start position:0%
So until we can fully prove
 

29:27.760 --> 29:30.389 align:start position:0%
So until we can fully prove
self-awareness<00:29:28.640><c> or</c><00:29:29.039><c> theory</c><00:29:29.360><c> of</c><00:29:29.600><c> mind</c><00:29:29.919><c> at</c><00:29:30.159><c> the</c>

29:30.389 --> 29:30.399 align:start position:0%
self-awareness or theory of mind at the
 

29:30.399 --> 29:32.950 align:start position:0%
self-awareness or theory of mind at the
individual<00:29:30.880><c> level,</c><00:29:31.600><c> it</c><00:29:31.919><c> seems</c><00:29:32.159><c> unlikely</c><00:29:32.720><c> that</c>

29:32.950 --> 29:32.960 align:start position:0%
individual level, it seems unlikely that
 

29:32.960 --> 29:35.990 align:start position:0%
individual level, it seems unlikely that
we<00:29:33.200><c> can</c><00:29:33.279><c> prove</c><00:29:33.520><c> it</c><00:29:33.679><c> in</c><00:29:34.000><c> super</c><00:29:34.399><c> organisms.</c>

29:35.990 --> 29:36.000 align:start position:0%
we can prove it in super organisms.
 

29:36.000 --> 29:37.430 align:start position:0%
we can prove it in super organisms.
It's<00:29:36.320><c> definitely</c><00:29:36.720><c> interesting</c><00:29:37.039><c> to</c><00:29:37.360><c> think</c>

29:37.430 --> 29:37.440 align:start position:0%
It's definitely interesting to think
 

29:37.440 --> 29:39.669 align:start position:0%
It's definitely interesting to think
about<00:29:37.760><c> though</c><00:29:37.919><c> and</c><00:29:38.159><c> raises</c><00:29:38.640><c> some</c><00:29:38.880><c> fascinating</c>

29:39.669 --> 29:39.679 align:start position:0%
about though and raises some fascinating
 

29:39.679 --> 29:42.470 align:start position:0%
about though and raises some fascinating
questions.<00:29:40.720><c> Are</c><00:29:40.880><c> the</c><00:29:41.120><c> thoughts,</c><00:29:41.840><c> feelings,</c>

29:42.470 --> 29:42.480 align:start position:0%
questions. Are the thoughts, feelings,
 

29:42.480 --> 29:44.789 align:start position:0%
questions. Are the thoughts, feelings,
beliefs,<00:29:42.960><c> and</c><00:29:43.200><c> desires</c><00:29:43.600><c> of</c><00:29:43.840><c> individuals</c><00:29:44.480><c> in</c>

29:44.789 --> 29:44.799 align:start position:0%
beliefs, and desires of individuals in
 

29:44.799 --> 29:48.789 align:start position:0%
beliefs, and desires of individuals in
these<00:29:45.120><c> groups</c><00:29:45.679><c> so</c><00:29:46.000><c> aligned</c><00:29:47.120><c> they</c><00:29:47.520><c> possess</c><00:29:48.240><c> one</c>

29:48.789 --> 29:48.799 align:start position:0%
these groups so aligned they possess one
 

29:48.799 --> 29:51.909 align:start position:0%
these groups so aligned they possess one
unified<00:29:49.600><c> theory</c><00:29:50.000><c> of</c><00:29:50.240><c> mind?</c><00:29:51.120><c> Would</c><00:29:51.360><c> they</c><00:29:51.600><c> lose</c>

29:51.909 --> 29:51.919 align:start position:0%
unified theory of mind? Would they lose
 

29:51.919 --> 29:54.310 align:start position:0%
unified theory of mind? Would they lose
their<00:29:52.240><c> individual</c><00:29:52.960><c> self-awareness</c><00:29:53.840><c> as</c><00:29:54.080><c> a</c>

29:54.310 --> 29:54.320 align:start position:0%
their individual self-awareness as a
 

29:54.320 --> 29:57.029 align:start position:0%
their individual self-awareness as a
result?<00:29:55.120><c> Are</c><00:29:55.360><c> they</c><00:29:55.600><c> collectively</c><00:29:56.240><c> aware</c><00:29:56.640><c> that</c>

29:57.029 --> 29:57.039 align:start position:0%
result? Are they collectively aware that
 

29:57.039 --> 29:58.870 align:start position:0%
result? Are they collectively aware that
other<00:29:57.360><c> groups</c><00:29:57.760><c> will</c><00:29:58.080><c> have</c><00:29:58.399><c> different</c>

29:58.870 --> 29:58.880 align:start position:0%
other groups will have different
 

29:58.880 --> 30:01.510 align:start position:0%
other groups will have different
thoughts,<00:29:59.520><c> feelings,</c><00:30:00.240><c> beliefs,</c><00:30:00.799><c> and</c><00:30:01.039><c> desires</c>

30:01.510 --> 30:01.520 align:start position:0%
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires
 

30:01.520 --> 30:04.389 align:start position:0%
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires
to<00:30:01.760><c> them?</c><00:30:03.200><c> How</c><00:30:03.440><c> would</c><00:30:03.600><c> this</c><00:30:03.760><c> affect</c><00:30:04.159><c> their</c>

30:04.389 --> 30:04.399 align:start position:0%
to them? How would this affect their
 

30:04.399 --> 30:07.669 align:start position:0%
to them? How would this affect their
collective<00:30:04.880><c> behavior?</c><00:30:06.159><c> It's</c><00:30:06.720><c> mindbending</c>

30:07.669 --> 30:07.679 align:start position:0%
collective behavior? It's mindbending
 

30:07.679 --> 30:09.590 align:start position:0%
collective behavior? It's mindbending
stuff.

30:09.590 --> 30:09.600 align:start position:0%
stuff.
 

30:09.600 --> 30:11.590 align:start position:0%
stuff.
We've<00:30:09.919><c> come</c><00:30:10.080><c> to</c><00:30:10.240><c> the</c><00:30:10.399><c> end</c><00:30:10.480><c> of</c><00:30:10.640><c> our</c><00:30:10.880><c> tour</c><00:30:11.200><c> of</c><00:30:11.360><c> the</c>

30:11.590 --> 30:11.600 align:start position:0%
We've come to the end of our tour of the
 

30:11.600 --> 30:13.990 align:start position:0%
We've come to the end of our tour of the
super<00:30:11.919><c> oranisms,</c><00:30:12.640><c> and</c><00:30:12.799><c> what</c><00:30:13.200><c> a</c><00:30:13.440><c> journey</c><00:30:13.760><c> it's</c>

30:13.990 --> 30:14.000 align:start position:0%
super oranisms, and what a journey it's
 

30:14.000 --> 30:16.149 align:start position:0%
super oranisms, and what a journey it's
been.<00:30:14.880><c> Discovering</c><00:30:15.360><c> these</c><00:30:15.600><c> creatures</c><00:30:15.919><c> that</c>

30:16.149 --> 30:16.159 align:start position:0%
been. Discovering these creatures that
 

30:16.159 --> 30:18.389 align:start position:0%
been. Discovering these creatures that
seem<00:30:16.399><c> to</c><00:30:16.640><c> sacrifice</c><00:30:17.200><c> their</c><00:30:17.520><c> individuality</c>

30:18.389 --> 30:18.399 align:start position:0%
seem to sacrifice their individuality
 

30:18.399 --> 30:20.070 align:start position:0%
seem to sacrifice their individuality
and<00:30:18.720><c> surrender</c><00:30:19.200><c> themselves</c><00:30:19.679><c> to</c><00:30:19.919><c> the</c>

30:20.070 --> 30:20.080 align:start position:0%
and surrender themselves to the
 

30:20.080 --> 30:22.549 align:start position:0%
and surrender themselves to the
collective<00:30:20.799><c> has</c><00:30:21.120><c> required</c><00:30:21.520><c> us</c><00:30:21.760><c> to</c><00:30:21.919><c> reimagine</c>

30:22.549 --> 30:22.559 align:start position:0%
collective has required us to reimagine
 

30:22.559 --> 30:25.909 align:start position:0%
collective has required us to reimagine
the<00:30:22.880><c> definition</c><00:30:23.440><c> of</c><00:30:23.919><c> organism.</c><00:30:25.279><c> Beyond</c><00:30:25.679><c> the</c>

30:25.909 --> 30:25.919 align:start position:0%
the definition of organism. Beyond the
 

30:25.919 --> 30:28.310 align:start position:0%
the definition of organism. Beyond the
level<00:30:26.159><c> of</c><00:30:26.399><c> the</c><00:30:26.640><c> individual,</c><00:30:27.520><c> there</c><00:30:27.760><c> is</c><00:30:27.919><c> now</c><00:30:28.159><c> a</c>

30:28.310 --> 30:28.320 align:start position:0%
level of the individual, there is now a
 

30:28.320 --> 30:30.950 align:start position:0%
level of the individual, there is now a
higher<00:30:28.720><c> level</c><00:30:29.039><c> of</c><00:30:29.279><c> being,</c><00:30:30.320><c> one</c><00:30:30.559><c> where</c>

30:30.950 --> 30:30.960 align:start position:0%
higher level of being, one where
 

30:30.960 --> 30:33.350 align:start position:0%
higher level of being, one where
supercieties<00:30:32.240><c> work</c><00:30:32.559><c> with</c><00:30:32.799><c> seamless</c>

30:33.350 --> 30:33.360 align:start position:0%
supercieties work with seamless
 

30:33.360 --> 30:36.149 align:start position:0%
supercieties work with seamless
efficiency<00:30:34.000><c> for</c><00:30:34.320><c> the</c><00:30:34.480><c> goods</c><00:30:34.799><c> of</c><00:30:35.039><c> the</c><00:30:35.200><c> colony.</c>

30:36.149 --> 30:36.159 align:start position:0%
efficiency for the goods of the colony.
 

30:36.159 --> 30:38.870 align:start position:0%
efficiency for the goods of the colony.
their<00:30:36.399><c> instincts</c><00:30:37.120><c> so</c><00:30:37.440><c> aligned</c><00:30:38.000><c> you</c><00:30:38.320><c> may</c><00:30:38.559><c> even</c>

30:38.870 --> 30:38.880 align:start position:0%
their instincts so aligned you may even
 

30:38.880 --> 30:40.549 align:start position:0%
their instincts so aligned you may even
start<00:30:39.120><c> to</c><00:30:39.279><c> question</c><00:30:39.600><c> whether</c><00:30:39.919><c> they</c><00:30:40.159><c> present</c>

30:40.549 --> 30:40.559 align:start position:0%
start to question whether they present
 

30:40.559 --> 30:43.750 align:start position:0%
start to question whether they present
an<00:30:40.880><c> emergent</c><00:30:41.679><c> group</c><00:30:42.240><c> consciousness.</c>

30:43.750 --> 30:43.760 align:start position:0%
an emergent group consciousness.
 

30:43.760 --> 30:45.750 align:start position:0%
an emergent group consciousness.
Thinking<00:30:44.159><c> closer</c><00:30:44.480><c> to</c><00:30:44.640><c> home,</c><00:30:44.960><c> there</c><00:30:45.200><c> are</c><00:30:45.440><c> some</c>

30:45.750 --> 30:45.760 align:start position:0%
Thinking closer to home, there are some
 

30:45.760 --> 30:47.750 align:start position:0%
Thinking closer to home, there are some
features<00:30:46.080><c> of</c><00:30:46.399><c> human</c><00:30:46.720><c> societies</c><00:30:47.360><c> that</c><00:30:47.600><c> have</c>

30:47.750 --> 30:47.760 align:start position:0%
features of human societies that have
 

30:47.760 --> 30:50.470 align:start position:0%
features of human societies that have
led<00:30:48.080><c> some</c><00:30:48.320><c> to</c><00:30:48.559><c> question,</c><00:30:49.200><c> have</c><00:30:49.520><c> we</c><00:30:49.840><c> become</c><00:30:50.240><c> a</c>

30:50.470 --> 30:50.480 align:start position:0%
led some to question, have we become a
 

30:50.480 --> 30:52.789 align:start position:0%
led some to question, have we become a
super<00:30:50.799><c> oranism?</c><00:30:52.000><c> Think</c><00:30:52.159><c> about</c><00:30:52.320><c> it.</c><00:30:52.559><c> Our</c>

30:52.789 --> 30:52.799 align:start position:0%
super oranism? Think about it. Our
 

30:52.799 --> 30:54.870 align:start position:0%
super oranism? Think about it. Our
incredibly<00:30:53.279><c> advanced</c><00:30:53.760><c> language,</c><00:30:54.480><c> culture,</c>

30:54.870 --> 30:54.880 align:start position:0%
incredibly advanced language, culture,
 

30:54.880 --> 30:57.190 align:start position:0%
incredibly advanced language, culture,
and<00:30:55.200><c> technology</c><00:30:56.159><c> has</c><00:30:56.480><c> allowed</c><00:30:56.799><c> us</c><00:30:56.960><c> to</c>

30:57.190 --> 30:57.200 align:start position:0%
and technology has allowed us to
 

30:57.200 --> 30:59.590 align:start position:0%
and technology has allowed us to
communicate<00:30:57.840><c> complex</c><00:30:58.399><c> messages</c><00:30:58.960><c> across</c><00:30:59.360><c> the</c>

30:59.590 --> 30:59.600 align:start position:0%
communicate complex messages across the
 

30:59.600 --> 31:03.350 align:start position:0%
communicate complex messages across the
globe<00:31:00.080><c> and</c><00:31:00.320><c> establish</c><00:31:01.200><c> social</c><00:31:01.600><c> norms.</c><00:31:02.880><c> We</c><00:31:03.200><c> can</c>

31:03.350 --> 31:03.360 align:start position:0%
globe and establish social norms. We can
 

31:03.360 --> 31:05.350 align:start position:0%
globe and establish social norms. We can
find<00:31:03.760><c> common</c><00:31:04.080><c> ground</c><00:31:04.399><c> with</c><00:31:04.559><c> others</c><00:31:04.880><c> and</c><00:31:05.120><c> use</c>

31:05.350 --> 31:05.360 align:start position:0%
find common ground with others and use
 

31:05.360 --> 31:08.630 align:start position:0%
find common ground with others and use
this<00:31:05.600><c> to</c><00:31:05.840><c> collaborate</c><00:31:06.399><c> on</c><00:31:06.799><c> complex</c><00:31:07.440><c> tasks.</c><00:31:08.399><c> We</c>

31:08.630 --> 31:08.640 align:start position:0%
this to collaborate on complex tasks. We
 

31:08.640 --> 31:11.029 align:start position:0%
this to collaborate on complex tasks. We
can<00:31:08.880><c> self-organize</c><00:31:09.919><c> into</c><00:31:10.320><c> groups</c><00:31:10.720><c> with</c>

31:11.029 --> 31:11.039 align:start position:0%
can self-organize into groups with
 

31:11.039 --> 31:13.669 align:start position:0%
can self-organize into groups with
allocated<00:31:11.679><c> leaders.</c><00:31:12.559><c> And</c><00:31:12.720><c> we</c><00:31:12.880><c> can</c><00:31:13.039><c> form</c><00:31:13.360><c> a</c>

31:13.669 --> 31:13.679 align:start position:0%
allocated leaders. And we can form a
 

31:13.679 --> 31:16.149 align:start position:0%
allocated leaders. And we can form a
social<00:31:14.320><c> identity</c><00:31:14.880><c> based</c><00:31:15.200><c> on</c><00:31:15.360><c> the</c><00:31:15.600><c> groups</c><00:31:15.919><c> we</c>

31:16.149 --> 31:16.159 align:start position:0%
social identity based on the groups we
 

31:16.159 --> 31:18.389 align:start position:0%
social identity based on the groups we
interact<00:31:16.559><c> with</c><00:31:16.799><c> the</c><00:31:17.039><c> most.</c><00:31:17.840><c> Many</c><00:31:18.080><c> of</c><00:31:18.159><c> these</c>

31:18.389 --> 31:18.399 align:start position:0%
interact with the most. Many of these
 

31:18.399 --> 31:20.870 align:start position:0%
interact with the most. Many of these
skills<00:31:18.720><c> are</c><00:31:18.960><c> advanced,</c><00:31:19.760><c> unique</c><00:31:20.159><c> to</c><00:31:20.399><c> humans</c>

31:20.870 --> 31:20.880 align:start position:0%
skills are advanced, unique to humans
 

31:20.880 --> 31:22.870 align:start position:0%
skills are advanced, unique to humans
and<00:31:21.120><c> would</c><00:31:21.360><c> be</c><00:31:21.520><c> highly</c><00:31:22.000><c> conducive</c><00:31:22.559><c> to</c>

31:22.870 --> 31:22.880 align:start position:0%
and would be highly conducive to
 

31:22.880 --> 31:25.669 align:start position:0%
and would be highly conducive to
functioning<00:31:23.360><c> as</c><00:31:23.600><c> a</c><00:31:23.840><c> super</c><00:31:24.159><c> oranism.</c>

31:25.669 --> 31:25.679 align:start position:0%
functioning as a super oranism.
 

31:25.679 --> 31:27.430 align:start position:0%
functioning as a super oranism.
As<00:31:26.000><c> I</c><00:31:26.159><c> mentioned,</c><00:31:26.480><c> the</c><00:31:26.720><c> hierarchy</c><00:31:27.200><c> of</c>

31:27.430 --> 31:27.440 align:start position:0%
As I mentioned, the hierarchy of
 

31:27.440 --> 31:29.669 align:start position:0%
As I mentioned, the hierarchy of
biological<00:31:28.080><c> organization</c><00:31:28.799><c> is</c><00:31:29.039><c> built</c><00:31:29.279><c> on</c><00:31:29.520><c> the</c>

31:29.669 --> 31:29.679 align:start position:0%
biological organization is built on the
 

31:29.679 --> 31:32.230 align:start position:0%
biological organization is built on the
grouping<00:31:30.080><c> of</c><00:31:30.399><c> several</c><00:31:30.960><c> units</c><00:31:31.360><c> to</c><00:31:31.600><c> create</c><00:31:31.919><c> a</c>

31:32.230 --> 31:32.240 align:start position:0%
grouping of several units to create a
 

31:32.240 --> 31:34.789 align:start position:0%
grouping of several units to create a
higher<00:31:32.720><c> level</c><00:31:33.039><c> unit.</c><00:31:33.760><c> And</c><00:31:33.919><c> in</c><00:31:34.080><c> the</c><00:31:34.240><c> context</c><00:31:34.559><c> of</c>

31:34.789 --> 31:34.799 align:start position:0%
higher level unit. And in the context of
 

31:34.799 --> 31:37.350 align:start position:0%
higher level unit. And in the context of
superorganisms,<00:31:36.159><c> scientists</c><00:31:36.799><c> often</c><00:31:37.120><c> refer</c>

31:37.350 --> 31:37.360 align:start position:0%
superorganisms, scientists often refer
 

31:37.360 --> 31:39.909 align:start position:0%
superorganisms, scientists often refer
to<00:31:37.600><c> these</c><00:31:37.840><c> events</c><00:31:38.159><c> as</c><00:31:38.559><c> major</c><00:31:39.120><c> evolutionary</c>

31:39.909 --> 31:39.919 align:start position:0%
to these events as major evolutionary
 

31:39.919 --> 31:41.909 align:start position:0%
to these events as major evolutionary
transitions.

31:41.909 --> 31:41.919 align:start position:0%
transitions.
 

31:41.919 --> 31:44.310 align:start position:0%
transitions.
So,<00:31:42.159><c> what</c><00:31:42.320><c> do</c><00:31:42.480><c> you</c><00:31:42.640><c> think?</c><00:31:43.519><c> Have</c><00:31:43.760><c> we</c><00:31:44.000><c> already</c>

31:44.310 --> 31:44.320 align:start position:0%
So, what do you think? Have we already
 

31:44.320 --> 31:46.630 align:start position:0%
So, what do you think? Have we already
made<00:31:44.640><c> that</c><00:31:44.960><c> major</c><00:31:45.360><c> transition</c><00:31:45.840><c> as</c><00:31:46.080><c> a</c><00:31:46.240><c> human</c>

31:46.630 --> 31:46.640 align:start position:0%
made that major transition as a human
 

31:46.640 --> 31:48.710 align:start position:0%
made that major transition as a human
society,<00:31:47.600><c> or</c><00:31:47.840><c> could</c><00:31:48.080><c> it</c><00:31:48.240><c> be</c><00:31:48.399><c> something</c>

31:48.710 --> 31:48.720 align:start position:0%
society, or could it be something
 

31:48.720 --> 31:51.590 align:start position:0%
society, or could it be something
awaiting<00:31:49.279><c> us</c><00:31:49.600><c> in</c><00:31:49.840><c> the</c><00:31:50.080><c> future?</c><00:31:51.039><c> Let</c><00:31:51.279><c> me</c><00:31:51.360><c> know</c>

31:51.590 --> 31:51.600 align:start position:0%
awaiting us in the future? Let me know
 

31:51.600 --> 31:54.470 align:start position:0%
awaiting us in the future? Let me know
down<00:31:51.840><c> below</c><00:31:52.080><c> in</c><00:31:52.320><c> the</c><00:31:52.480><c> comments.</c>

31:54.470 --> 31:54.480 align:start position:0%
down below in the comments.
 

31:54.480 --> 31:56.630 align:start position:0%
down below in the comments.
There's<00:31:54.799><c> no</c><00:31:55.039><c> doubt</c><00:31:55.279><c> that</c><00:31:55.600><c> you</c><00:31:55.840><c> social</c><00:31:56.240><c> animals</c>

31:56.630 --> 31:56.640 align:start position:0%
There's no doubt that you social animals
 

31:56.640 --> 31:58.789 align:start position:0%
There's no doubt that you social animals
have<00:31:56.799><c> unlocked</c><00:31:57.360><c> new</c><00:31:57.600><c> levels</c><00:31:58.000><c> of</c><00:31:58.240><c> efficiency</c>

31:58.789 --> 31:58.799 align:start position:0%
have unlocked new levels of efficiency
 

31:58.799 --> 32:01.029 align:start position:0%
have unlocked new levels of efficiency
in<00:31:59.039><c> their</c><00:31:59.279><c> societies.</c><00:32:00.320><c> So</c><00:32:00.480><c> there</c><00:32:00.720><c> may</c><00:32:00.880><c> be</c>

32:01.029 --> 32:01.039 align:start position:0%
in their societies. So there may be
 

32:01.039 --> 32:03.830 align:start position:0%
in their societies. So there may be
things<00:32:01.200><c> we</c><00:32:01.519><c> can</c><00:32:01.679><c> learn</c><00:32:02.000><c> from</c><00:32:02.240><c> these</c><00:32:02.559><c> groups</c><00:32:03.519><c> as</c>

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things we can learn from these groups as
 

32:03.840 --> 32:06.389 align:start position:0%
things we can learn from these groups as
we<00:32:04.000><c> expect</c><00:32:04.240><c> to</c><00:32:04.480><c> face</c><00:32:04.799><c> new</c><00:32:05.039><c> pandemics,</c><00:32:05.919><c> climate</c>

32:06.389 --> 32:06.399 align:start position:0%
we expect to face new pandemics, climate
 

32:06.399 --> 32:09.350 align:start position:0%
we expect to face new pandemics, climate
crisis,<00:32:07.039><c> and</c><00:32:07.360><c> biodiversity</c><00:32:08.320><c> losses</c><00:32:08.799><c> into</c><00:32:09.200><c> the</c>

32:09.350 --> 32:09.360 align:start position:0%
crisis, and biodiversity losses into the
 

32:09.360 --> 32:11.750 align:start position:0%
crisis, and biodiversity losses into the
future.<00:32:10.480><c> Perhaps</c><00:32:10.880><c> we</c><00:32:11.200><c> need</c><00:32:11.360><c> to</c><00:32:11.519><c> start</c>

32:11.750 --> 32:11.760 align:start position:0%
future. Perhaps we need to start
 

32:11.760 --> 32:13.750 align:start position:0%
future. Perhaps we need to start
thinking<00:32:12.080><c> and</c><00:32:12.399><c> behaving</c><00:32:12.880><c> more</c><00:32:13.200><c> like</c><00:32:13.519><c> a</c>

32:13.750 --> 32:13.760 align:start position:0%
thinking and behaving more like a
 

32:13.760 --> 32:16.710 align:start position:0%
thinking and behaving more like a
superorganism,<00:32:15.200><c> relying</c><00:32:15.600><c> on</c><00:32:15.760><c> each</c><00:32:16.000><c> other,</c>

32:16.710 --> 32:16.720 align:start position:0%
superorganism, relying on each other,
 

32:16.720 --> 32:19.590 align:start position:0%
superorganism, relying on each other,
having<00:32:17.279><c> species</c><00:32:17.840><c> level</c><00:32:18.240><c> conversations,</c>

32:19.590 --> 32:19.600 align:start position:0%
having species level conversations,
 

32:19.600 --> 32:22.630 align:start position:0%
having species level conversations,
playing<00:32:19.919><c> to</c><00:32:20.240><c> our</c><00:32:20.480><c> strengths,</c><00:32:21.600><c> and</c><00:32:22.159><c> ultimately</c>

32:22.630 --> 32:22.640 align:start position:0%
playing to our strengths, and ultimately
 

32:22.640 --> 32:25.110 align:start position:0%
playing to our strengths, and ultimately
coming<00:32:22.960><c> together</c><00:32:23.360><c> to</c><00:32:23.679><c> take</c><00:32:24.080><c> coordinated</c>

32:25.110 --> 32:25.120 align:start position:0%
coming together to take coordinated
 

32:25.120 --> 32:27.750 align:start position:0%
coming together to take coordinated
unified<00:32:26.000><c> action.</c>

32:27.750 --> 32:27.760 align:start position:0%
unified action.
 

32:27.760 --> 32:29.509 align:start position:0%
unified action.
The<00:32:28.000><c> potential</c><00:32:28.320><c> for</c><00:32:28.559><c> learning</c><00:32:28.960><c> isn't</c><00:32:29.279><c> just</c>

32:29.509 --> 32:29.519 align:start position:0%
The potential for learning isn't just
 

32:29.519 --> 32:32.389 align:start position:0%
The potential for learning isn't just
limited<00:32:29.840><c> to</c><00:32:30.080><c> these</c><00:32:30.640><c> organisms.</c><00:32:31.440><c> However,</c>

32:30.047 --> 32:30.057 align:start position:0%
premium subscription. So, what are you
 

32:30.057 --> 32:33.218 align:start position:0%
premium subscription. So, what are you
waiting<00:33:56.080><c> for?</c>