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Language: en

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If<00:00:00.719><c> we're</c><00:00:00.880><c> seeing</c><00:00:01.120><c> this,</c><00:00:01.439><c> it's</c><00:00:01.680><c> already</c><00:00:02.000><c> too</c>

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If we're seeing this, it's already too
 

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If we're seeing this, it's already too
late.<00:00:02.879><c> This</c><00:00:03.040><c> is</c><00:00:03.200><c> the</c><00:00:03.360><c> naked</c><00:00:03.760><c> capsit</c><00:00:04.160><c> of</c><00:00:04.240><c> the</c>

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late. This is the naked capsit of the
 

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late. This is the naked capsit of the
hepatitis<00:00:04.880><c> B</c><00:00:05.200><c> virus</c><00:00:05.680><c> moments</c><00:00:06.080><c> after</c><00:00:06.319><c> it</c><00:00:06.560><c> has</c>

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hepatitis B virus moments after it has
 

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hepatitis B virus moments after it has
infiltrated<00:00:07.200><c> a</c><00:00:07.440><c> normal</c><00:00:07.680><c> liver</c><00:00:08.000><c> cell</c><00:00:08.160><c> by</c>

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infiltrated a normal liver cell by
 

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infiltrated a normal liver cell by
hacking<00:00:08.639><c> a</c><00:00:08.720><c> run-of-the-mill</c><00:00:09.280><c> gate</c><00:00:09.519><c> on</c><00:00:09.599><c> its</c>

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hacking a run-of-the-mill gate on its
 

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hacking a run-of-the-mill gate on its
surface.<00:00:10.400><c> For</c><00:00:10.719><c> hundreds</c><00:00:11.040><c> of</c><00:00:11.200><c> millions</c><00:00:11.519><c> of</c>

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surface. For hundreds of millions of
 

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surface. For hundreds of millions of
people,<00:00:12.080><c> this</c><00:00:12.240><c> represents</c><00:00:12.719><c> the</c><00:00:12.880><c> point</c><00:00:13.040><c> of</c><00:00:13.280><c> no</c>

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people, this represents the point of no
 

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people, this represents the point of no
return.<00:00:14.080><c> Hepes</c><00:00:14.559><c> capsid</c><00:00:14.960><c> is</c><00:00:15.120><c> now</c><00:00:15.280><c> being</c>

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return. Hepes capsid is now being
 

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return. Hepes capsid is now being
rapidly<00:00:16.080><c> transported</c><00:00:16.560><c> to</c><00:00:16.720><c> the</c><00:00:16.880><c> nucleus</c><00:00:17.279><c> of</c>

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rapidly transported to the nucleus of
 

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rapidly transported to the nucleus of
the<00:00:17.680><c> cell,</c><00:00:18.000><c> where</c><00:00:18.240><c> it</c><00:00:18.400><c> will</c><00:00:18.640><c> break</c><00:00:18.800><c> apart</c><00:00:19.039><c> and</c>

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the cell, where it will break apart and
 

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the cell, where it will break apart and
unleash<00:00:19.600><c> one</c><00:00:19.760><c> of</c><00:00:19.840><c> the</c><00:00:20.000><c> most</c><00:00:20.240><c> intense</c><00:00:20.720><c> takeover</c>

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unleash one of the most intense takeover
 

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unleash one of the most intense takeover
programs<00:00:21.680><c> in</c><00:00:21.920><c> nature.</c><00:00:22.640><c> In</c><00:00:22.800><c> a</c><00:00:23.039><c> world</c><00:00:23.119><c> where</c>

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programs in nature. In a world where
 

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programs in nature. In a world where
most<00:00:23.600><c> viruses</c><00:00:24.080><c> try</c><00:00:24.240><c> to</c><00:00:24.400><c> live</c><00:00:24.640><c> fast</c><00:00:24.880><c> and</c>

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most viruses try to live fast and
 

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most viruses try to live fast and
transform<00:00:25.680><c> an</c><00:00:26.000><c> entire</c><00:00:26.320><c> host</c><00:00:26.640><c> cell</c><00:00:26.960><c> into</c><00:00:27.199><c> a</c>

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transform an entire host cell into a
 

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transform an entire host cell into a
rapidly<00:00:27.840><c> dying</c><00:00:28.240><c> capsid</c><00:00:28.720><c> bomb,</c><00:00:29.279><c> hepatitis</c><00:00:29.840><c> B</c>

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rapidly dying capsid bomb, hepatitis B
 

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rapidly dying capsid bomb, hepatitis B
opts<00:00:30.400><c> to</c><00:00:30.560><c> take</c><00:00:30.720><c> a</c><00:00:30.880><c> slower,</c><00:00:31.359><c> clumsier</c>

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opts to take a slower, clumsier
 

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opts to take a slower, clumsier
approach,<00:00:32.640><c> stumbling</c><00:00:33.120><c> its</c><00:00:33.360><c> way</c><00:00:33.520><c> to</c><00:00:33.840><c> gradually</c>

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approach, stumbling its way to gradually
 

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approach, stumbling its way to gradually
converting<00:00:34.800><c> this</c><00:00:34.960><c> liver</c><00:00:35.280><c> cell</c><00:00:35.520><c> into</c><00:00:35.840><c> a</c><00:00:36.000><c> viral</c>

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converting this liver cell into a viral
 

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converting this liver cell into a viral
factory,<00:00:37.440><c> co-opting</c><00:00:38.000><c> cellular</c><00:00:38.399><c> export</c>

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factory, co-opting cellular export
 

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factory, co-opting cellular export
machinery<00:00:39.200><c> to</c><00:00:39.360><c> infect</c><00:00:39.680><c> other</c><00:00:39.840><c> liver</c><00:00:40.160><c> cells</c>

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machinery to infect other liver cells
 

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machinery to infect other liver cells
and<00:00:40.640><c> to</c><00:00:40.800><c> deploy</c><00:00:41.200><c> chaff</c><00:00:41.600><c> that</c><00:00:41.760><c> confounds</c><00:00:42.239><c> the</c>

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and to deploy chaff that confounds the
 

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and to deploy chaff that confounds the
immune<00:00:42.879><c> system.</c><00:00:43.600><c> Hep</c><00:00:44.000><c> B</c><00:00:44.160><c> is</c><00:00:44.320><c> a</c><00:00:44.559><c> barely</c>

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immune system. Hep B is a barely
 

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immune system. Hep B is a barely
optimized<00:00:45.680><c> infectious</c><00:00:46.239><c> agent,</c><00:00:46.800><c> relying</c>

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optimized infectious agent, relying
 

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optimized infectious agent, relying
almost<00:00:47.520><c> entirely</c><00:00:48.000><c> on</c><00:00:48.160><c> this</c><00:00:48.399><c> liver</c><00:00:48.640><c> cell's</c>

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almost entirely on this liver cell's
 

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almost entirely on this liver cell's
metabolism<00:00:49.520><c> to</c><00:00:49.760><c> assemble</c><00:00:50.160><c> new</c><00:00:50.399><c> viral</c>

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metabolism to assemble new viral
 

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metabolism to assemble new viral
particles.<00:00:51.600><c> And</c><00:00:51.840><c> yet</c><00:00:52.079><c> somehow</c><00:00:52.559><c> this</c><00:00:52.800><c> sloppy</c>

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particles. And yet somehow this sloppy
 

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particles. And yet somehow this sloppy
strategy<00:00:53.760><c> has</c><00:00:54.000><c> resulted</c><00:00:54.320><c> in</c><00:00:54.480><c> hepatitis</c><00:00:55.039><c> B</c>

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strategy has resulted in hepatitis B
 

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strategy has resulted in hepatitis B
being<00:00:55.520><c> one</c><00:00:55.680><c> of</c><00:00:55.760><c> the</c><00:00:55.920><c> deadliest</c><00:00:56.480><c> infections</c><00:00:57.039><c> of</c>

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being one of the deadliest infections of
 

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being one of the deadliest infections of
all<00:00:57.440><c> time,</c><00:00:57.920><c> touching</c><00:00:58.239><c> the</c><00:00:58.399><c> lives</c><00:00:58.559><c> of</c><00:00:58.719><c> nearly</c>

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all time, touching the lives of nearly
 

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all time, touching the lives of nearly
two<00:00:59.199><c> billion</c><00:00:59.440><c> of</c><00:00:59.600><c> the</c><00:00:59.760><c> people</c><00:00:59.920><c> on</c><00:01:00.160><c> Earth</c>

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two billion of the people on Earth
 

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two billion of the people on Earth
today,<00:01:00.800><c> with</c><00:01:00.960><c> up</c><00:01:01.199><c> to</c><00:01:01.359><c> 4%</c><00:01:01.840><c> of</c><00:01:02.000><c> the</c><00:01:02.239><c> entire</c><00:01:02.640><c> human</c>

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today, with up to 4% of the entire human
 

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today, with up to 4% of the entire human
population<00:01:03.600><c> settled</c><00:01:03.920><c> with</c><00:01:04.159><c> a</c><00:01:04.320><c> chronic</c><00:01:04.720><c> near</c>

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population settled with a chronic near
 

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population settled with a chronic near
incurable<00:01:05.600><c> hepatitis</c><00:01:06.159><c> B</c><00:01:06.320><c> infestation.</c>

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incurable hepatitis B infestation.
 

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incurable hepatitis B infestation.
Today,<00:01:07.840><c> let's</c><00:01:08.080><c> explore</c><00:01:08.400><c> the</c><00:01:08.560><c> life</c><00:01:08.799><c> cycle</c><00:01:09.040><c> of</c>

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Today, let's explore the life cycle of
 

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Today, let's explore the life cycle of
one<00:01:09.360><c> of</c><00:01:09.439><c> our</c><00:01:09.600><c> deadliest</c><00:01:10.000><c> opponents</c><00:01:10.479><c> and</c><00:01:10.720><c> see</c>

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one of our deadliest opponents and see
 

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one of our deadliest opponents and see
how<00:01:11.119><c> the</c><00:01:11.280><c> stealth</c><00:01:11.680><c> approach</c><00:01:12.080><c> shatters</c><00:01:12.560><c> our</c>

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how the stealth approach shatters our
 

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how the stealth approach shatters our
defenses.<00:01:13.680><c> Let's</c><00:01:13.920><c> get</c><00:01:14.000><c> into</c><00:01:14.320><c> it.</c>

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And<00:01:19.840><c> hey,</c><00:01:20.080><c> welcome</c><00:01:20.320><c> back</c><00:01:20.400><c> to</c><00:01:20.560><c> Clockwork,</c><00:01:21.200><c> a</c>

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And hey, welcome back to Clockwork, a
 

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And hey, welcome back to Clockwork, a
show<00:01:21.439><c> about</c><00:01:21.600><c> the</c><00:01:21.759><c> molecular</c><00:01:22.240><c> foundations</c><00:01:22.720><c> of</c>

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show about the molecular foundations of
 

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show about the molecular foundations of
life.<00:01:23.360><c> Subscribe</c><00:01:23.680><c> so</c><00:01:23.920><c> you</c><00:01:24.000><c> don't</c><00:01:24.159><c> miss</c><00:01:24.320><c> new</c>

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life. Subscribe so you don't miss new
 

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life. Subscribe so you don't miss new
episodes<00:01:24.960><c> as</c><00:01:25.200><c> we</c><00:01:25.360><c> explore</c><00:01:25.600><c> the</c><00:01:25.840><c> base</c>

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episodes as we explore the base
 

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episodes as we explore the base
mechanics<00:01:26.479><c> that</c><00:01:26.640><c> root</c><00:01:26.960><c> you</c><00:01:27.119><c> to</c><00:01:27.280><c> the</c><00:01:27.439><c> world.</c>

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mechanics that root you to the world.
 

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mechanics that root you to the world.
And<00:01:27.920><c> make</c><00:01:28.000><c> sure</c><00:01:28.080><c> you</c><00:01:28.320><c> check</c><00:01:28.400><c> us</c><00:01:28.560><c> out</c><00:01:28.720><c> over</c><00:01:28.880><c> at</c>

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And make sure you check us out over at
 

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And make sure you check us out over at
patreon.com/clockwork

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patreon.com/clockwork
 

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patreon.com/clockwork
show<00:01:30.960><c> to</c><00:01:31.119><c> see</c><00:01:31.200><c> our</c><00:01:31.360><c> perks</c><00:01:31.680><c> like</c><00:01:31.920><c> monthly</c>

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show to see our perks like monthly
 

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show to see our perks like monthly
sticker<00:01:32.560><c> packs</c><00:01:32.880><c> and</c><00:01:33.040><c> our</c><00:01:33.280><c> great</c><00:01:33.520><c> molecular</c>

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sticker packs and our great molecular
 

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sticker packs and our great molecular
papercraft<00:01:34.640><c> series.</c><00:01:35.360><c> But</c><00:01:35.439><c> we've</c><00:01:35.600><c> got</c><00:01:35.680><c> a</c><00:01:35.840><c> lot</c>

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papercraft series. But we've got a lot
 

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papercraft series. But we've got a lot
to<00:01:36.079><c> cover</c><00:01:36.240><c> here,</c><00:01:36.479><c> so</c><00:01:36.560><c> let's</c><00:01:36.799><c> not</c><00:01:36.880><c> waste</c><00:01:37.119><c> any</c>

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to cover here, so let's not waste any
 

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to cover here, so let's not waste any
time.<00:01:37.920><c> In</c><00:01:38.079><c> this</c><00:01:38.320><c> video,</c><00:01:38.560><c> we're</c><00:01:38.880><c> going</c><00:01:38.960><c> to</c>

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time. In this video, we're going to
 

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time. In this video, we're going to
loosely<00:01:39.680><c> follow</c><00:01:40.000><c> the</c><00:01:40.240><c> life</c><00:01:40.479><c> cycle</c><00:01:40.720><c> of</c><00:01:40.880><c> the</c>

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loosely follow the life cycle of the
 

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loosely follow the life cycle of the
hepatitis<00:01:41.600><c> B</c><00:01:41.840><c> virus.</c><00:01:42.400><c> from</c><00:01:42.720><c> entry</c><00:01:43.040><c> to</c><00:01:43.200><c> HEP</c><00:01:43.520><c> B's</c>

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hepatitis B virus. from entry to HEP B's
 

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hepatitis B virus. from entry to HEP B's
incorporation<00:01:44.400><c> into</c><00:01:44.640><c> the</c><00:01:44.880><c> nucleus</c><00:01:45.280><c> to</c><00:01:45.439><c> the</c>

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incorporation into the nucleus to the
 

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incorporation into the nucleus to the
wild<00:01:46.079><c> and</c><00:01:46.320><c> complex</c><00:01:46.720><c> assembly</c><00:01:47.119><c> and</c><00:01:47.360><c> export</c>

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wild and complex assembly and export
 

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wild and complex assembly and export
process<00:01:48.159><c> for</c><00:01:48.320><c> new</c><00:01:48.560><c> virus</c><00:01:48.960><c> particles.</c><00:01:49.840><c> Doing</c>

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process for new virus particles. Doing
 

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process for new virus particles. Doing
this<00:01:50.320><c> is</c><00:01:50.479><c> going</c><00:01:50.640><c> to</c><00:01:50.799><c> show</c><00:01:50.960><c> us</c><00:01:51.119><c> the</c><00:01:51.360><c> strange</c>

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this is going to show us the strange
 

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this is going to show us the strange
stumbling<00:01:52.399><c> path</c><00:01:52.720><c> hep</c><00:01:53.200><c> has</c><00:01:53.360><c> taken</c><00:01:53.600><c> to</c><00:01:53.759><c> world</c>

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stumbling path hep has taken to world
 

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stumbling path hep has taken to world
domination.<00:01:54.799><c> But</c><00:01:54.960><c> let's</c><00:01:55.200><c> cover</c><00:01:55.360><c> the</c><00:01:55.600><c> ultra</c>

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domination. But let's cover the ultra
 

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domination. But let's cover the ultra
basics.<00:01:56.320><c> Hepatitis</c><00:01:56.960><c> B</c><00:01:57.200><c> is</c><00:01:57.360><c> a</c><00:01:57.520><c> virus,</c><00:01:57.920><c> a</c><00:01:58.079><c> kind</c>

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basics. Hepatitis B is a virus, a kind
 

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basics. Hepatitis B is a virus, a kind
of<00:01:58.320><c> genetic</c><00:01:58.640><c> aberration</c><00:01:59.200><c> that</c><00:01:59.439><c> exists</c><00:01:59.759><c> to</c>

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of genetic aberration that exists to
 

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of genetic aberration that exists to
repurpose<00:02:00.640><c> your</c><00:02:00.960><c> cellular</c><00:02:01.439><c> machinery</c><00:02:01.920><c> to</c>

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repurpose your cellular machinery to
 

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repurpose your cellular machinery to
build<00:02:02.320><c> more</c><00:02:02.560><c> copies</c><00:02:02.880><c> of</c><00:02:03.040><c> itself.</c><00:02:03.759><c> Hep's</c><00:02:04.399><c> quote</c>

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build more copies of itself. Hep's quote
 

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build more copies of itself. Hep's quote
unquote<00:02:05.040><c> goal</c><00:02:05.360><c> is</c><00:02:05.520><c> to</c><00:02:05.759><c> smuggle</c><00:02:06.079><c> its</c><00:02:06.320><c> own</c><00:02:06.640><c> very</c>

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unquote goal is to smuggle its own very
 

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unquote goal is to smuggle its own very
weird<00:02:07.439><c> DNA</c><00:02:07.920><c> code</c><00:02:08.239><c> into</c><00:02:08.640><c> cells</c><00:02:08.959><c> in</c><00:02:09.119><c> your</c><00:02:09.360><c> liver.</c>

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weird DNA code into cells in your liver.
 

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weird DNA code into cells in your liver.
Despite<00:02:10.239><c> the</c><00:02:10.399><c> fact</c><00:02:10.479><c> that</c><00:02:10.640><c> hepatitis</c><00:02:11.120><c> B</c><00:02:11.360><c> only</c>

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Despite the fact that hepatitis B only
 

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Despite the fact that hepatitis B only
spreads<00:02:11.920><c> through</c><00:02:12.080><c> direct</c><00:02:12.480><c> contact</c><00:02:12.800><c> with</c>

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spreads through direct contact with
 

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spreads through direct contact with
bodily<00:02:13.440><c> fluids,</c><00:02:14.000><c> it</c><00:02:14.160><c> is</c><00:02:14.319><c> remarkably</c>

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bodily fluids, it is remarkably
 

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bodily fluids, it is remarkably
resilient<00:02:15.360><c> and</c><00:02:15.680><c> infectious.</c><00:02:16.480><c> And</c><00:02:16.640><c> here's</c><00:02:16.879><c> the</c>

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resilient and infectious. And here's the
 

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resilient and infectious. And here's the
headline.<00:02:17.520><c> According</c><00:02:17.840><c> to</c><00:02:18.000><c> the</c><00:02:18.160><c> World</c><00:02:18.400><c> Health</c>

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headline. According to the World Health
 

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headline. According to the World Health
Organization,<00:02:19.360><c> there</c><00:02:19.520><c> are</c><00:02:19.680><c> over</c><00:02:20.000><c> 200</c><00:02:20.560><c> million</c>

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Organization, there are over 200 million
 

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Organization, there are over 200 million
folks<00:02:21.360><c> suffering</c><00:02:21.760><c> from</c><00:02:22.080><c> some</c><00:02:22.319><c> form</c><00:02:22.640><c> of</c>

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folks suffering from some form of
 

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folks suffering from some form of
chronic<00:02:23.200><c> hepatitis</c><00:02:23.760><c> B</c><00:02:24.000><c> infection</c><00:02:24.480><c> with</c>

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chronic hepatitis B infection with
 

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chronic hepatitis B infection with
estimates<00:02:25.120><c> that</c><00:02:25.360><c> 2</c><00:02:25.599><c> billion</c><00:02:26.000><c> people,</c><00:02:26.480><c> you</c>

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estimates that 2 billion people, you
 

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estimates that 2 billion people, you
know,<00:02:26.879><c> over</c><00:02:27.040><c> a</c><00:02:27.200><c> full</c><00:02:27.440><c> quarter</c><00:02:27.760><c> of</c><00:02:27.920><c> the</c><00:02:28.080><c> world's</c>

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know, over a full quarter of the world's
 

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know, over a full quarter of the world's
population<00:02:29.040><c> have</c><00:02:29.200><c> been</c><00:02:29.360><c> exposed</c><00:02:29.680><c> to</c><00:02:29.840><c> the</c>

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population have been exposed to the
 

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population have been exposed to the
virus.<00:02:30.640><c> And</c><00:02:30.800><c> those</c><00:02:31.040><c> same</c><00:02:31.280><c> WHO</c><00:02:31.920><c> estimates</c><00:02:32.239><c> pin</c>

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virus. And those same WHO estimates pin
 

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virus. And those same WHO estimates pin
over<00:02:32.879><c> 1</c><00:02:33.120><c> million</c><00:02:33.440><c> deaths</c><00:02:33.840><c> per</c><00:02:34.080><c> year</c><00:02:34.319><c> on</c>

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over 1 million deaths per year on
 

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over 1 million deaths per year on
hepatitis<00:02:35.120><c> B.</c><00:02:35.440><c> But</c><00:02:35.599><c> the</c><00:02:35.760><c> numbers</c><00:02:36.000><c> are</c><00:02:36.160><c> fuzzy</c>

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hepatitis B. But the numbers are fuzzy
 

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hepatitis B. But the numbers are fuzzy
because<00:02:36.720><c> those</c><00:02:36.959><c> deaths</c><00:02:37.280><c> come</c><00:02:37.440><c> from</c><00:02:37.680><c> liver</c>

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because those deaths come from liver
 

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because those deaths come from liver
failure<00:02:38.319><c> and</c><00:02:38.560><c> the</c><00:02:38.720><c> staggering</c><00:02:39.200><c> amount</c><00:02:39.360><c> of</c>

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failure and the staggering amount of
 

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failure and the staggering amount of
liver<00:02:39.760><c> cancer</c><00:02:40.080><c> that</c><00:02:40.239><c> hepatitis</c><00:02:40.800><c> B</c><00:02:41.040><c> can</c><00:02:41.200><c> cause.</c>

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liver cancer that hepatitis B can cause.
 

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liver cancer that hepatitis B can cause.
Only<00:02:42.000><c> our</c><00:02:42.239><c> old</c><00:02:42.480><c> nemesis</c><00:02:42.959><c> tuberculosis</c><00:02:43.840><c> can</c>

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Only our old nemesis tuberculosis can
 

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Only our old nemesis tuberculosis can
really<00:02:44.160><c> edge</c><00:02:44.480><c> out</c><00:02:44.640><c> those</c><00:02:44.879><c> numbers</c><00:02:45.200><c> and</c><00:02:45.440><c> just</c>

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really edge out those numbers and just
 

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really edge out those numbers and just
barely<00:02:46.160><c> at</c><00:02:46.400><c> that.</c><00:02:46.959><c> The</c><00:02:47.120><c> molecular</c><00:02:47.599><c> biology</c>

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barely at that. The molecular biology
 

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barely at that. The molecular biology
we're<00:02:48.319><c> about</c><00:02:48.480><c> to</c><00:02:48.560><c> explore</c><00:02:48.879><c> will</c><00:02:49.120><c> help</c><00:02:49.360><c> explain</c>

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we're about to explore will help explain
 

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we're about to explore will help explain
why<00:02:50.080><c> the</c><00:02:50.319><c> burden</c><00:02:50.560><c> from</c><00:02:50.720><c> hep</c><00:02:51.200><c> is</c><00:02:51.360><c> so</c><00:02:51.519><c> high.</c><00:02:52.000><c> So</c>

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why the burden from hep is so high. So
 

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why the burden from hep is so high. So
let's<00:02:52.400><c> just</c><00:02:52.560><c> jump</c><00:02:52.720><c> right</c><00:02:52.879><c> in.</c><00:02:53.280><c> If</c><00:02:53.440><c> you're</c>

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let's just jump right in. If you're
 

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let's just jump right in. If you're
going<00:02:53.680><c> to</c><00:02:53.920><c> actually</c><00:02:54.239><c> wrap</c><00:02:54.560><c> your</c><00:02:54.720><c> head</c><00:02:54.879><c> around</c>

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going to actually wrap your head around
 

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going to actually wrap your head around
how<00:02:55.360><c> hepatitis</c><00:02:55.920><c> B</c><00:02:56.160><c> works,</c><00:02:56.480><c> you</c><00:02:56.640><c> first</c><00:02:56.800><c> need</c><00:02:56.959><c> a</c>

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how hepatitis B works, you first need a
 

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how hepatitis B works, you first need a
quick<00:02:57.280><c> primer</c><00:02:57.680><c> on</c><00:02:57.840><c> its</c><00:02:58.000><c> point</c><00:02:58.160><c> of</c><00:02:58.400><c> entry.</c><00:02:58.879><c> The</c>

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quick primer on its point of entry. The
 

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quick primer on its point of entry. The
hpatocy<00:02:59.840><c> or</c><00:03:00.080><c> liver</c><00:03:00.400><c> cell.</c><00:03:00.800><c> Hep</c><00:03:01.200><c> B</c><00:03:01.440><c> enters</c><00:03:01.760><c> via</c>

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hpatocy or liver cell. Hep B enters via
 

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hpatocy or liver cell. Hep B enters via
the<00:03:02.159><c> bloodstream</c><00:03:02.640><c> and</c><00:03:02.800><c> is</c><00:03:03.040><c> perfectly</c>

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the bloodstream and is perfectly
 

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the bloodstream and is perfectly
structured<00:03:03.760><c> for</c><00:03:04.000><c> infecting</c><00:03:04.400><c> your</c><00:03:04.640><c> liver</c>

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structured for infecting your liver
 

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structured for infecting your liver
cells<00:03:05.280><c> specifically.</c><00:03:06.400><c> Since</c><00:03:06.640><c> all</c><00:03:06.879><c> roads</c><00:03:07.280><c> lead</c>

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cells specifically. Since all roads lead
 

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cells specifically. Since all roads lead
to<00:03:07.599><c> the</c><00:03:07.760><c> liver</c><00:03:08.000><c> eventually</c><00:03:08.480><c> in</c><00:03:08.640><c> our</c>

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to the liver eventually in our
 

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to the liver eventually in our
circulatory<00:03:09.440><c> system,</c><00:03:10.000><c> it's</c><00:03:10.239><c> a</c><00:03:10.400><c> great</c><00:03:10.640><c> vector</c>

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circulatory system, it's a great vector
 

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circulatory system, it's a great vector
for<00:03:11.280><c> infection.</c><00:03:12.239><c> More</c><00:03:12.480><c> importantly,</c><00:03:12.879><c> these</c>

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for infection. More importantly, these
 

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for infection. More importantly, these
surface<00:03:13.519><c> apatocytes</c><00:03:14.159><c> are</c><00:03:14.319><c> just</c><00:03:14.640><c> primed</c><00:03:15.120><c> to</c><00:03:15.360><c> be</c>

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surface apatocytes are just primed to be
 

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surface apatocytes are just primed to be
the<00:03:15.680><c> perfect</c><00:03:16.000><c> partner</c><00:03:16.319><c> for</c><00:03:16.560><c> hepatitis.</c><00:03:17.360><c> Your</c>

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the perfect partner for hepatitis. Your
 

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the perfect partner for hepatitis. Your
liver<00:03:17.840><c> cells</c><00:03:18.159><c> are</c><00:03:18.400><c> very</c><00:03:18.800><c> active,</c><00:03:19.360><c> constantly</c>

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liver cells are very active, constantly
 

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liver cells are very active, constantly
pulling<00:03:20.239><c> metabolites</c><00:03:20.879><c> or</c><00:03:21.040><c> harmful</c><00:03:21.440><c> chemicals</c>

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pulling metabolites or harmful chemicals
 

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pulling metabolites or harmful chemicals
out<00:03:22.000><c> of</c><00:03:22.080><c> your</c><00:03:22.239><c> bloodstream</c><00:03:22.720><c> and</c><00:03:22.959><c> then</c>

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out of your bloodstream and then
 

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out of your bloodstream and then
processing<00:03:23.599><c> those</c><00:03:23.760><c> chemicals</c><00:03:24.159><c> for</c><00:03:24.400><c> whatever</c>

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processing those chemicals for whatever
 

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processing those chemicals for whatever
their<00:03:24.959><c> next</c><00:03:25.120><c> step</c><00:03:25.440><c> is.</c><00:03:26.000><c> Your</c><00:03:26.239><c> liver</c><00:03:26.480><c> is</c><00:03:26.640><c> a</c>

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their next step is. Your liver is a
 

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their next step is. Your liver is a
dizzying<00:03:27.440><c> factory</c><00:03:27.920><c> floor</c><00:03:28.239><c> and</c><00:03:28.480><c> water</c>

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dizzying factory floor and water
 

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dizzying factory floor and water
treatment<00:03:29.120><c> facility</c><00:03:29.680><c> all</c><00:03:29.920><c> bundled</c><00:03:30.319><c> into</c><00:03:30.640><c> one</c>

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treatment facility all bundled into one
 

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treatment facility all bundled into one
organ.<00:03:31.280><c> Hepatitis</c><00:03:31.840><c> B</c><00:03:32.080><c> is</c><00:03:32.319><c> going</c><00:03:32.400><c> to</c><00:03:32.480><c> exploit</c><00:03:32.879><c> a</c>

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organ. Hepatitis B is going to exploit a
 

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organ. Hepatitis B is going to exploit a
lot<00:03:33.120><c> of</c><00:03:33.200><c> these</c><00:03:33.519><c> processing</c><00:03:33.920><c> pipelines</c><00:03:34.480><c> to</c>

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lot of these processing pipelines to
 

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lot of these processing pipelines to
quietly<00:03:35.120><c> turn</c><00:03:35.360><c> this</c><00:03:35.519><c> apatic</c><00:03:36.159><c> into</c><00:03:36.400><c> a</c>

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quietly turn this apatic into a
 

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quietly turn this apatic into a
long-term<00:03:37.360><c> virus</c><00:03:37.840><c> factory.</c><00:03:38.720><c> And</c><00:03:38.879><c> here's</c><00:03:39.120><c> how</c>

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long-term virus factory. And here's how
 

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long-term virus factory. And here's how
it<00:03:39.519><c> starts.</c><00:03:40.239><c> This</c><00:03:40.400><c> is</c><00:03:40.480><c> the</c><00:03:40.640><c> full</c><00:03:40.879><c> hepatitis</c><00:03:41.519><c> B</c>

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it starts. This is the full hepatitis B
 

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it starts. This is the full hepatitis B
virion.<00:03:42.400><c> You're</c><00:03:42.560><c> looking</c><00:03:42.720><c> at</c><00:03:42.879><c> the</c><00:03:43.040><c> outer</c>

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virion. You're looking at the outer
 

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virion. You're looking at the outer
membrane<00:03:43.680><c> of</c><00:03:43.840><c> the</c><00:03:44.000><c> virus.</c><00:03:44.480><c> This</c><00:03:44.640><c> outer</c>

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membrane of the virus. This outer
 

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membrane of the virus. This outer
membrane<00:03:45.280><c> protects</c><00:03:45.599><c> a</c><00:03:45.840><c> little</c><00:03:46.000><c> protein</c>

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membrane protects a little protein
 

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membrane protects a little protein
shell.<00:03:46.799><c> More</c><00:03:47.040><c> on</c><00:03:47.120><c> that</c><00:03:47.360><c> later.</c><00:03:47.760><c> But</c><00:03:47.920><c> there</c><00:03:48.080><c> are</c>

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shell. More on that later. But there are
 

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shell. More on that later. But there are
also<00:03:48.319><c> these</c><00:03:48.640><c> little</c><00:03:48.799><c> protein</c><00:03:49.120><c> nubs</c><00:03:49.519><c> embedded</c>

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also these little protein nubs embedded
 

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also these little protein nubs embedded
in<00:03:50.080><c> the</c><00:03:50.239><c> membrane,</c><00:03:50.640><c> the</c><00:03:50.799><c> hepatitis</c><00:03:51.440><c> B</c><00:03:51.760><c> surface</c>

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in the membrane, the hepatitis B surface
 

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in the membrane, the hepatitis B surface
antigens.<00:03:52.959><c> Unlike</c><00:03:53.280><c> a</c><00:03:53.519><c> lot</c><00:03:53.680><c> of</c><00:03:53.840><c> other</c><00:03:54.080><c> viruses,</c>

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antigens. Unlike a lot of other viruses,
 

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antigens. Unlike a lot of other viruses,
only<00:03:55.040><c> a</c><00:03:55.280><c> very</c><00:03:55.599><c> small</c><00:03:55.840><c> part</c><00:03:56.080><c> of</c><00:03:56.159><c> the</c><00:03:56.400><c> surface</c>

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only a very small part of the surface
 

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only a very small part of the surface
protein<00:03:57.120><c> actually</c><00:03:57.439><c> pokes</c><00:03:57.760><c> out</c><00:03:57.840><c> of</c><00:03:57.920><c> the</c>

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protein actually pokes out of the
 

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protein actually pokes out of the
membrane.<00:03:58.720><c> This</c><00:03:58.879><c> little</c><00:03:59.040><c> nub</c><00:03:59.280><c> is</c><00:03:59.439><c> like</c><00:03:59.599><c> a</c>

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membrane. This little nub is like a
 

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membrane. This little nub is like a
lockpick<00:04:00.239><c> and</c><00:04:00.400><c> it</c><00:04:00.560><c> fits</c><00:04:00.799><c> perfectly</c><00:04:01.120><c> into</c>

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lockpick and it fits perfectly into
 

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lockpick and it fits perfectly into
receptors<00:04:01.840><c> on</c><00:04:02.080><c> the</c><00:04:02.159><c> surface</c><00:04:02.400><c> of</c><00:04:02.480><c> our</c><00:04:02.640><c> hpatocy</c>

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receptors on the surface of our hpatocy
 

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receptors on the surface of our hpatocy
here.<00:04:03.840><c> These</c><00:04:04.080><c> receptors</c><00:04:04.480><c> are</c><00:04:04.560><c> meant</c><00:04:04.720><c> for</c>

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here. These receptors are meant for
 

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here. These receptors are meant for
pulling<00:04:05.280><c> bile</c><00:04:05.680><c> salts</c><00:04:06.000><c> out</c><00:04:06.159><c> of</c><00:04:06.239><c> your</c>

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pulling bile salts out of your
 

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pulling bile salts out of your
bloodstream.<00:04:07.040><c> But</c><00:04:07.120><c> HPV</c><00:04:07.680><c> can</c><00:04:07.840><c> activate</c><00:04:08.159><c> and</c>

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bloodstream. But HPV can activate and
 

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bloodstream. But HPV can activate and
hitch<00:04:08.480><c> a</c><00:04:08.640><c> ride</c><00:04:08.799><c> on</c><00:04:08.959><c> this</c><00:04:09.120><c> exact</c><00:04:09.439><c> conveyor</c>

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hitch a ride on this exact conveyor
 

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hitch a ride on this exact conveyor
belt.<00:04:10.400><c> A</c><00:04:10.640><c> bunch</c><00:04:10.720><c> of</c><00:04:10.879><c> proteins</c><00:04:11.280><c> work</c><00:04:11.439><c> together</c>

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belt. A bunch of proteins work together
 

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belt. A bunch of proteins work together
to<00:04:11.920><c> bring</c><00:04:12.080><c> the</c><00:04:12.239><c> hepatitis</c><00:04:12.720><c> B</c><00:04:12.879><c> viron</c><00:04:13.200><c> into</c><00:04:13.360><c> this</c>

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to bring the hepatitis B viron into this
 

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to bring the hepatitis B viron into this
liver<00:04:13.760><c> cell</c><00:04:14.000><c> once</c><00:04:14.239><c> this</c><00:04:14.400><c> receptor</c><00:04:14.799><c> gets</c>

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liver cell once this receptor gets
 

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liver cell once this receptor gets
activated.<00:04:16.079><c> And</c><00:04:16.320><c> I</c><00:04:16.479><c> really</c><00:04:16.639><c> need</c><00:04:16.720><c> to</c>

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activated. And I really need to
 

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activated. And I really need to
emphasize<00:04:17.199><c> how</c><00:04:17.359><c> this</c><00:04:17.519><c> liver</c><00:04:17.840><c> cell</c><00:04:18.079><c> is</c><00:04:18.239><c> going</c>

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emphasize how this liver cell is going
 

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emphasize how this liver cell is going
to<00:04:18.720><c> automatically</c><00:04:19.519><c> do</c><00:04:19.759><c> most</c><00:04:20.079><c> of</c><00:04:20.239><c> the</c><00:04:20.400><c> work</c>

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to automatically do most of the work
 

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to automatically do most of the work
here<00:04:20.880><c> in</c><00:04:21.120><c> terms</c><00:04:21.280><c> of</c><00:04:21.440><c> establishing</c><00:04:22.000><c> and</c>

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here in terms of establishing and
 

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here in terms of establishing and
maintaining<00:04:22.720><c> a</c><00:04:22.960><c> long-term</c><00:04:23.440><c> hepatitis</c><00:04:24.000><c> B</c>

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maintaining a long-term hepatitis B
 

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maintaining a long-term hepatitis B
infection.<00:04:25.199><c> For</c><00:04:25.360><c> real,</c><00:04:25.680><c> hepatitis</c><00:04:26.160><c> B</c><00:04:26.320><c> is</c><00:04:26.479><c> one</c>

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infection. For real, hepatitis B is one
 

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infection. For real, hepatitis B is one
of<00:04:26.639><c> the</c><00:04:26.720><c> most</c><00:04:26.960><c> stop</c><00:04:27.199><c> hating</c><00:04:27.600><c> yourself</c>

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of the most stop hating yourself
 

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of the most stop hating yourself
infections<00:04:28.400><c> I've</c><00:04:28.720><c> ever</c><00:04:28.880><c> studied.</c><00:04:29.440><c> Once</c>

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infections I've ever studied. Once
 

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infections I've ever studied. Once
inside,<00:04:30.160><c> hepatitis</c><00:04:30.639><c> B</c><00:04:30.880><c> will</c><00:04:31.040><c> lose</c><00:04:31.199><c> its</c><00:04:31.360><c> outer</c>

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inside, hepatitis B will lose its outer
 

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inside, hepatitis B will lose its outer
membrane,<00:04:32.080><c> exposing</c><00:04:32.479><c> the</c><00:04:32.639><c> core</c><00:04:32.960><c> protein</c>

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membrane, exposing the core protein
 

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membrane, exposing the core protein
capsit<00:04:33.840><c> of</c><00:04:33.919><c> the</c><00:04:34.080><c> virus.</c><00:04:34.560><c> The</c><00:04:34.720><c> HEP</c><00:04:35.120><c> B</c><00:04:35.280><c> capsid</c><00:04:35.759><c> is</c>

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capsit of the virus. The HEP B capsid is
 

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capsit of the virus. The HEP B capsid is
just<00:04:36.080><c> along</c><00:04:36.400><c> for</c><00:04:36.560><c> the</c><00:04:36.720><c> ride</c><00:04:36.880><c> at</c><00:04:37.040><c> this</c><00:04:37.199><c> stage.</c>

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just along for the ride at this stage.
 

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just along for the ride at this stage.
This<00:04:37.919><c> is</c><00:04:38.080><c> just</c><00:04:38.400><c> around</c><00:04:39.280><c> 150</c><00:04:39.520><c> to</c><00:04:39.759><c> 200</c><00:04:40.080><c> copies</c><00:04:40.479><c> of</c>

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This is just around 150 to 200 copies of
 

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This is just around 150 to 200 copies of
a<00:04:40.880><c> single</c><00:04:41.199><c> protein</c><00:04:41.680><c> assembled</c><00:04:42.160><c> into</c><00:04:42.320><c> the</c>

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a single protein assembled into the
 

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a single protein assembled into the
spiky<00:04:43.040><c> sphere.</c><00:04:43.440><c> The</c><00:04:43.600><c> capsid</c><00:04:44.080><c> protein</c><00:04:44.320><c> is</c><00:04:44.560><c> just</c>

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spiky sphere. The capsid protein is just
 

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spiky sphere. The capsid protein is just
the<00:04:44.960><c> right</c><00:04:45.199><c> shape</c><00:04:45.440><c> needed</c><00:04:45.759><c> to</c><00:04:46.000><c> establish</c><00:04:46.479><c> this</c>

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the right shape needed to establish this
 

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the right shape needed to establish this
infection.<00:04:47.520><c> Each</c><00:04:47.759><c> copy</c><00:04:48.000><c> of</c><00:04:48.080><c> the</c><00:04:48.240><c> protein</c><00:04:48.560><c> has</c>

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infection. Each copy of the protein has
 

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infection. Each copy of the protein has
a<00:04:48.880><c> little</c><00:04:48.960><c> tag</c><00:04:49.280><c> on</c><00:04:49.440><c> the</c><00:04:49.600><c> end</c><00:04:49.680><c> of</c><00:04:49.759><c> it.</c><00:04:50.160><c> A</c><00:04:50.320><c> small</c>

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a little tag on the end of it. A small
 

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a little tag on the end of it. A small
string<00:04:50.800><c> of</c><00:04:51.040><c> protein</c><00:04:51.440><c> called</c><00:04:51.600><c> a</c><00:04:51.840><c> nuclear</c>

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string of protein called a nuclear
 

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string of protein called a nuclear
localization<00:04:53.199><c> signal.</c><00:04:53.840><c> Again,</c><00:04:54.320><c> essentially</c>

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localization signal. Again, essentially
 

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localization signal. Again, essentially
hepatitis<00:04:55.280><c> B</c><00:04:55.520><c> doesn't</c><00:04:55.759><c> need</c><00:04:55.919><c> to</c><00:04:56.080><c> do</c><00:04:56.240><c> anything</c>

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hepatitis B doesn't need to do anything
 

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hepatitis B doesn't need to do anything
once<00:04:56.880><c> it</c><00:04:57.040><c> gets</c><00:04:57.280><c> inside.</c><00:04:58.000><c> The</c><00:04:58.160><c> moment</c><00:04:58.400><c> it</c>

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once it gets inside. The moment it
 

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once it gets inside. The moment it
enters,<00:04:59.040><c> it</c><00:04:59.199><c> will</c><00:04:59.360><c> bump</c><00:04:59.600><c> into</c><00:04:59.919><c> and</c><00:05:00.160><c> get</c><00:05:00.400><c> picked</c>

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enters, it will bump into and get picked
 

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enters, it will bump into and get picked
up<00:05:00.880><c> by</c><00:05:01.360><c> a</c><00:05:01.600><c> group</c><00:05:01.759><c> of</c><00:05:01.919><c> proteins</c><00:05:02.400><c> called</c>

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up by a group of proteins called
 

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up by a group of proteins called
importins,<00:05:03.440><c> which</c><00:05:03.680><c> bind</c><00:05:04.000><c> to</c><00:05:04.080><c> that</c><00:05:04.240><c> nuclear</c>

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importins, which bind to that nuclear
 

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importins, which bind to that nuclear
localization<00:05:05.280><c> signal</c><00:05:05.600><c> and</c><00:05:05.840><c> then</c>

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localization signal and then
 

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localization signal and then
automatically<00:05:06.639><c> pull</c><00:05:06.880><c> hepatitis</c><00:05:07.360><c> B's</c><00:05:07.680><c> capsid</c>

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automatically pull hepatitis B's capsid
 

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automatically pull hepatitis B's capsid
down<00:05:08.320><c> into</c><00:05:08.639><c> the</c><00:05:08.800><c> nucleus.</c><00:05:09.600><c> These</c><00:05:09.840><c> importins</c>

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down into the nucleus. These importins
 

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down into the nucleus. These importins
also<00:05:10.960><c> create</c><00:05:11.280><c> a</c><00:05:11.520><c> shield</c><00:05:11.919><c> that</c><00:05:12.160><c> allows</c><00:05:12.479><c> this</c>

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also create a shield that allows this
 

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also create a shield that allows this
whole<00:05:12.960><c> little</c><00:05:13.280><c> complex</c><00:05:13.680><c> to</c><00:05:13.840><c> be</c><00:05:14.000><c> pulled</c><00:05:14.320><c> across</c>

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whole little complex to be pulled across
 

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whole little complex to be pulled across
the<00:05:14.720><c> nuclear</c><00:05:15.199><c> pore.</c><00:05:15.759><c> One</c><00:05:15.919><c> of</c><00:05:16.000><c> the</c><00:05:16.160><c> most</c>

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the nuclear pore. One of the most
 

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the nuclear pore. One of the most
well-defended<00:05:17.039><c> gates</c><00:05:17.360><c> in</c><00:05:17.600><c> any</c><00:05:17.759><c> one</c><00:05:18.000><c> of</c><00:05:18.080><c> your</c>

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well-defended gates in any one of your
 

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well-defended gates in any one of your
cells.<00:05:19.039><c> Hep</c><00:05:19.360><c> B</c><00:05:19.520><c> is</c><00:05:19.759><c> going</c><00:05:19.840><c> to</c><00:05:19.919><c> get</c><00:05:20.000><c> an</c><00:05:20.160><c> all</c>

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cells. Hep B is going to get an all
 

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cells. Hep B is going to get an all
access<00:05:20.720><c> pass</c><00:05:21.039><c> here</c><00:05:21.520><c> essentially</c><00:05:22.000><c> for</c><00:05:22.240><c> free.</c>

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access pass here essentially for free.
 

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access pass here essentially for free.
Which<00:05:23.039><c> means</c><00:05:23.280><c> now</c><00:05:23.520><c> hepatitis</c><00:05:24.000><c> B</c><00:05:24.240><c> can</c><00:05:24.400><c> get</c><00:05:24.560><c> down</c>

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Which means now hepatitis B can get down
 

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Which means now hepatitis B can get down
to<00:05:24.960><c> business.</c><00:05:25.520><c> Once</c><00:05:25.840><c> inside</c><00:05:26.080><c> the</c><00:05:26.240><c> nucleus,</c>

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to business. Once inside the nucleus,
 

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to business. Once inside the nucleus,
the<00:05:26.800><c> hep</c><00:05:27.199><c> capsid</c><00:05:27.600><c> will</c><00:05:27.759><c> break</c><00:05:27.919><c> apart,</c><00:05:28.320><c> but</c><00:05:28.479><c> the</c>

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the hep capsid will break apart, but the
 

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the hep capsid will break apart, but the
exact<00:05:28.960><c> details</c><00:05:29.199><c> of</c><00:05:29.360><c> how</c><00:05:29.520><c> that</c><00:05:29.680><c> goes</c><00:05:29.919><c> down</c><00:05:30.080><c> are</c>

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exact details of how that goes down are
 

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exact details of how that goes down are
poorly<00:05:30.720><c> understood.</c><00:05:31.360><c> Regardless,</c><00:05:32.000><c> breaking</c>

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poorly understood. Regardless, breaking
 

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poorly understood. Regardless, breaking
down<00:05:32.400><c> the</c><00:05:32.560><c> capsid</c><00:05:33.039><c> reveals</c><00:05:33.280><c> the</c><00:05:33.520><c> actually</c>

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down the capsid reveals the actually
 

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down the capsid reveals the actually
infectious<00:05:34.400><c> core</c><00:05:34.639><c> of</c><00:05:34.800><c> hepatitis</c><00:05:35.360><c> B,</c><00:05:35.759><c> an</c>

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infectious core of hepatitis B, an
 

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infectious core of hepatitis B, an
incredibly<00:05:36.479><c> weird</c><00:05:36.880><c> and</c><00:05:37.120><c> broken</c><00:05:37.759><c> circular</c>

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incredibly weird and broken circular
 

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incredibly weird and broken circular
packet<00:05:38.720><c> of</c><00:05:38.880><c> viral</c><00:05:39.280><c> doublestranded</c><00:05:40.000><c> DNA.</c><00:05:40.800><c> I</c>

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packet of viral doublestranded DNA. I
 

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packet of viral doublestranded DNA. I
cannot<00:05:41.360><c> emphasize</c><00:05:41.840><c> enough</c><00:05:42.240><c> how</c><00:05:42.560><c> bizarre</c>

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cannot emphasize enough how bizarre
 

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cannot emphasize enough how bizarre
hepatitis<00:05:43.759><c> B's</c><00:05:44.080><c> genome</c><00:05:44.479><c> is.</c><00:05:44.880><c> This</c><00:05:45.039><c> is</c><00:05:45.120><c> a</c>

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hepatitis B's genome is. This is a
 

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hepatitis B's genome is. This is a
roughly<00:05:46.000><c> scale</c><00:05:46.400><c> accurate</c><00:05:46.880><c> simulation</c><00:05:47.360><c> of</c>

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roughly scale accurate simulation of
 

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roughly scale accurate simulation of
hepatitis<00:05:48.080><c> B's</c><00:05:48.400><c> DNA</c><00:05:48.800><c> packet.</c><00:05:49.360><c> Hepatitis</c><00:05:49.919><c> B</c><00:05:50.080><c> is</c>

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hepatitis B's DNA packet. Hepatitis B is
 

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hepatitis B's DNA packet. Hepatitis B is
only<00:05:50.479><c> packing</c><00:05:50.960><c> 3.2</c><00:05:51.840><c> kilobase</c><00:05:52.400><c> pairs</c><00:05:52.639><c> of</c><00:05:52.800><c> DNA</c>

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only packing 3.2 kilobase pairs of DNA
 

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only packing 3.2 kilobase pairs of DNA
here.<00:05:53.680><c> 3,200</c><00:05:54.479><c> letters</c><00:05:54.880><c> of</c><00:05:55.039><c> DNA,</c><00:05:55.840><c> which</c><00:05:56.080><c> is</c>

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here. 3,200 letters of DNA, which is
 

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here. 3,200 letters of DNA, which is
basically<00:05:56.800><c> nothing.</c><00:05:57.600><c> That</c><00:05:57.840><c> much</c><00:05:58.080><c> DNA</c>

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basically nothing. That much DNA
 

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basically nothing. That much DNA
information<00:05:59.039><c> is</c><00:05:59.280><c> only</c><00:05:59.440><c> enough</c><00:05:59.680><c> to</c><00:05:59.840><c> encode</c>

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information is only enough to encode
 

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information is only enough to encode
like<00:06:00.479><c> two</c><00:06:00.800><c> copies</c><00:06:01.120><c> of</c><00:06:01.199><c> your</c><00:06:01.360><c> hemoglobin</c>

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like two copies of your hemoglobin
 

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like two copies of your hemoglobin
protein.<00:06:02.560><c> And</c><00:06:02.720><c> the</c><00:06:02.880><c> average</c><00:06:03.120><c> intron</c><00:06:03.600><c> of</c>

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protein. And the average intron of
 

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protein. And the average intron of
non-oding<00:06:04.400><c> DNA</c><00:06:04.720><c> in</c><00:06:04.880><c> your</c><00:06:05.039><c> genes</c><00:06:05.360><c> is</c><00:06:05.680><c> no</c><00:06:06.000><c> joke</c>

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non-oding DNA in your genes is no joke
 

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non-oding DNA in your genes is no joke
double<00:06:06.960><c> the</c><00:06:07.199><c> length</c><00:06:07.520><c> of</c><00:06:07.680><c> the</c><00:06:07.919><c> entire</c>

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double the length of the entire
 

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double the length of the entire
hepatitis<00:06:08.800><c> B</c><00:06:09.120><c> genome.</c><00:06:09.840><c> But</c><00:06:10.080><c> quick</c><00:06:10.319><c> fun</c><00:06:10.639><c> fact,</c>

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hepatitis B genome. But quick fun fact,
 

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hepatitis B genome. But quick fun fact,
this<00:06:11.360><c> incredibly</c><00:06:11.919><c> small</c><00:06:12.240><c> DNA</c><00:06:12.720><c> packet</c><00:06:13.120><c> only</c>

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this incredibly small DNA packet only
 

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this incredibly small DNA packet only
makes<00:06:13.680><c> hepatitis</c><00:06:14.240><c> B</c><00:06:14.479><c> the</c><00:06:14.720><c> second</c><00:06:15.120><c> smallest</c>

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makes hepatitis B the second smallest
 

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makes hepatitis B the second smallest
viral<00:06:15.919><c> genome</c><00:06:16.240><c> that</c><00:06:16.400><c> infects</c><00:06:16.800><c> humans.</c><00:06:17.440><c> What's</c>

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viral genome that infects humans. What's
 

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viral genome that infects humans. What's
the<00:06:17.840><c> number</c><00:06:18.000><c> one</c><00:06:18.160><c> smallest</c><00:06:18.560><c> virus,</c><00:06:18.960><c> you</c><00:06:19.199><c> ask?</c>

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the number one smallest virus, you ask?
 

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the number one smallest virus, you ask?
Hang<00:06:19.840><c> tight,</c><00:06:20.240><c> we'll</c><00:06:20.479><c> actually</c><00:06:20.720><c> get</c><00:06:20.880><c> to</c><00:06:20.960><c> that</c>

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Hang tight, we'll actually get to that
 

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Hang tight, we'll actually get to that
by<00:06:21.280><c> the</c><00:06:21.440><c> end</c><00:06:21.520><c> of</c><00:06:21.600><c> this</c><00:06:21.840><c> video.</c><00:06:22.400><c> So</c><00:06:22.800><c> he's</c><00:06:23.280><c> genome</c>

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by the end of this video. So he's genome
 

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by the end of this video. So he's genome
is<00:06:23.759><c> super</c><00:06:24.080><c> small,</c><00:06:24.479><c> but</c><00:06:24.720><c> look</c><00:06:24.880><c> carefully.</c>

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is super small, but look carefully.
 

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is super small, but look carefully.
Turns<00:06:26.000><c> out</c><00:06:26.319><c> Heepb's</c><00:06:26.880><c> DNA</c><00:06:27.280><c> also</c><00:06:27.520><c> arrives</c>

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Turns out Heepb's DNA also arrives
 

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Turns out Heepb's DNA also arrives
broken<00:06:28.639><c> and</c><00:06:28.960><c> incomplete.</c><00:06:30.000><c> You've</c><00:06:30.240><c> got</c><00:06:30.400><c> this</c>

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broken and incomplete. You've got this
 

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broken and incomplete. You've got this
intact<00:06:31.039><c> doublestranded</c><00:06:31.840><c> section</c><00:06:32.080><c> here</c>

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intact doublestranded section here
 

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intact doublestranded section here
attached<00:06:32.800><c> to</c><00:06:32.960><c> a</c><00:06:33.199><c> long</c><00:06:33.680><c> stretch</c><00:06:34.080><c> of</c>

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attached to a long stretch of
 

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attached to a long stretch of
singlestranded<00:06:35.120><c> DNA</c><00:06:35.680><c> that's</c><00:06:36.000><c> still</c><00:06:36.240><c> attached</c>

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singlestranded DNA that's still attached
 

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singlestranded DNA that's still attached
to<00:06:36.639><c> the</c><00:06:36.800><c> viral</c><00:06:37.120><c> polymerase</c><00:06:37.759><c> protein</c><00:06:38.000><c> that</c>

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to the viral polymerase protein that
 

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to the viral polymerase protein that
built<00:06:38.479><c> this</c><00:06:38.639><c> busted</c><00:06:39.039><c> structure</c><00:06:39.360><c> in</c><00:06:39.520><c> the</c><00:06:39.680><c> first</c>

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built this busted structure in the first
 

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built this busted structure in the first
place.<00:06:40.560><c> And</c><00:06:40.720><c> by</c><00:06:40.880><c> this</c><00:06:41.039><c> part</c><00:06:41.199><c> of</c><00:06:41.280><c> the</c><00:06:41.440><c> infection</c>

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place. And by this part of the infection
 

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place. And by this part of the infection
cycle,<00:06:42.240><c> my</c><00:06:42.479><c> jaw</c><00:06:42.720><c> is</c><00:06:42.960><c> already</c><00:06:43.199><c> on</c><00:06:43.360><c> the</c><00:06:43.600><c> floor.</c>

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cycle, my jaw is already on the floor.
 

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cycle, my jaw is already on the floor.
So<00:06:44.319><c> far,</c><00:06:44.560><c> hepatitis</c><00:06:45.199><c> B</c><00:06:45.360><c> has</c><00:06:45.520><c> effectively</c><00:06:46.240><c> done</c>

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So far, hepatitis B has effectively done
 

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So far, hepatitis B has effectively done
zero<00:06:46.880><c> actual</c><00:06:47.280><c> work,</c><00:06:47.759><c> prepared</c><00:06:48.160><c> a</c><00:06:48.400><c> vanishingly</c>

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zero actual work, prepared a vanishingly
 

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zero actual work, prepared a vanishingly
small<00:06:49.440><c> DNA</c><00:06:49.840><c> payload,</c><00:06:50.479><c> and</c><00:06:50.800><c> arrived</c><00:06:51.199><c> with</c><00:06:51.360><c> a</c>

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small DNA payload, and arrived with a
 

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small DNA payload, and arrived with a
halfbusted<00:06:52.400><c> genome</c><00:06:53.039><c> in</c><00:06:53.280><c> order</c><00:06:53.440><c> to</c><00:06:53.600><c> take</c><00:06:53.840><c> on</c>

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halfbusted genome in order to take on
 

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halfbusted genome in order to take on
and<00:06:54.400><c> defeat</c><00:06:54.880><c> one</c><00:06:55.039><c> of</c><00:06:55.120><c> the</c><00:06:55.360><c> most</c><00:06:55.520><c> robust</c><00:06:55.919><c> and</c>

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and defeat one of the most robust and
 

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and defeat one of the most robust and
multi-layered<00:06:56.880><c> immune</c><00:06:57.280><c> systems</c><00:06:57.600><c> known</c><00:06:57.919><c> to</c>

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multi-layered immune systems known to
 

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multi-layered immune systems known to
the<00:06:58.240><c> natural</c><00:06:58.560><c> world.</c><00:06:59.280><c> The</c><00:06:59.520><c> difference</c><00:06:59.840><c> in</c>

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the natural world. The difference in
 

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the natural world. The difference in
scale<00:07:00.560><c> here</c><00:07:00.880><c> is</c><00:07:01.120><c> astounding</c><00:07:01.680><c> to</c><00:07:01.919><c> me.</c><00:07:02.319><c> Hep</c><00:07:02.639><c> B</c><00:07:02.880><c> is</c>

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scale here is astounding to me. Hep B is
 

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scale here is astounding to me. Hep B is
basically<00:07:03.360><c> packing</c><00:07:03.680><c> a</c><00:07:03.840><c> spork</c><00:07:04.240><c> to</c><00:07:04.400><c> take</c><00:07:04.560><c> on</c><00:07:04.800><c> and</c>

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basically packing a spork to take on and
 

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basically packing a spork to take on and
defeat<00:07:05.360><c> an</c><00:07:05.599><c> entire</c><00:07:06.000><c> aircraft</c><00:07:06.639><c> carrier.</c><00:07:07.440><c> But</c>

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defeat an entire aircraft carrier. But
 

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defeat an entire aircraft carrier. But
keep<00:07:07.759><c> watching.</c><00:07:08.160><c> We'll</c><00:07:08.400><c> see</c><00:07:08.479><c> why</c><00:07:08.720><c> the</c><00:07:08.880><c> system</c>

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keep watching. We'll see why the system
 

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keep watching. We'll see why the system
is<00:07:09.280><c> secretly</c><00:07:09.759><c> brilliant.</c><00:07:10.240><c> Because</c><00:07:10.479><c> your</c>

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is secretly brilliant. Because your
 

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is secretly brilliant. Because your
cells<00:07:11.039><c> simply</c><00:07:11.440><c> cannot</c><00:07:11.840><c> tolerate</c><00:07:12.319><c> the</c>

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cells simply cannot tolerate the
 

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cells simply cannot tolerate the
presence<00:07:12.800><c> of</c><00:07:13.039><c> broken</c><00:07:13.360><c> DNA</c><00:07:13.840><c> of</c><00:07:14.080><c> any</c><00:07:14.319><c> kind.</c>

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presence of broken DNA of any kind.
 

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presence of broken DNA of any kind.
Instead<00:07:15.360><c> of</c><00:07:15.520><c> purging</c><00:07:15.919><c> this</c><00:07:16.160><c> dumb</c><00:07:16.479><c> gambit</c><00:07:16.800><c> from</c>

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Instead of purging this dumb gambit from
 

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Instead of purging this dumb gambit from
hepatitis<00:07:17.520><c> B,</c><00:07:18.000><c> your</c><00:07:18.240><c> own</c><00:07:18.560><c> DNA</c><00:07:18.960><c> repair</c>

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hepatitis B, your own DNA repair
 

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hepatitis B, your own DNA repair
mechanisms<00:07:19.759><c> are</c><00:07:19.919><c> going</c><00:07:20.080><c> to</c><00:07:20.240><c> take</c><00:07:20.400><c> over</c><00:07:20.639><c> here</c>

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mechanisms are going to take over here
 

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mechanisms are going to take over here
and<00:07:21.039><c> quote</c><00:07:21.280><c> unquote</c><00:07:21.759><c> fix</c><00:07:22.000><c> this</c><00:07:22.240><c> broken</c><00:07:22.560><c> double</c>

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and quote unquote fix this broken double
 

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and quote unquote fix this broken double
DNA<00:07:23.280><c> strand,</c><00:07:23.840><c> completing</c><00:07:24.319><c> HEP</c><00:07:24.639><c> B's</c><00:07:24.880><c> genome</c>

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DNA strand, completing HEP B's genome
 

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DNA strand, completing HEP B's genome
for<00:07:25.440><c> it.</c><00:07:26.000><c> And</c><00:07:26.160><c> I</c><00:07:26.319><c> mean,</c><00:07:26.479><c> incredibly,</c><00:07:27.039><c> these</c>

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for it. And I mean, incredibly, these
 

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for it. And I mean, incredibly, these
repair<00:07:27.680><c> mechanisms</c><00:07:28.240><c> will</c><00:07:28.479><c> even</c><00:07:28.720><c> go</c><00:07:28.960><c> so</c><00:07:29.280><c> far</c><00:07:29.520><c> as</c>

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repair mechanisms will even go so far as
 

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repair mechanisms will even go so far as
to<00:07:29.919><c> package</c><00:07:30.319><c> and</c><00:07:30.560><c> process</c><00:07:30.960><c> the</c><00:07:31.120><c> hepatitis</c><00:07:31.599><c> B</c>

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to package and process the hepatitis B
 

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to package and process the hepatitis B
genome<00:07:32.319><c> using</c><00:07:32.639><c> your</c><00:07:32.880><c> own</c><00:07:33.199><c> histones,</c><00:07:33.919><c> turning</c>

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genome using your own histones, turning
 

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genome using your own histones, turning
an<00:07:34.400><c> incomplete</c><00:07:34.880><c> viral</c><00:07:35.280><c> genome</c><00:07:35.680><c> into</c><00:07:35.919><c> a</c><00:07:36.160><c> mini</c>

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an incomplete viral genome into a mini
 

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an incomplete viral genome into a mini
chromosome.<00:07:37.520><c> This</c><00:07:37.840><c> convealantly</c><00:07:38.560><c> closed</c>

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chromosome. This convealantly closed
 

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chromosome. This convealantly closed
circular<00:07:39.360><c> DNA</c><00:07:39.759><c> packet</c><00:07:40.080><c> is</c><00:07:40.240><c> now</c><00:07:40.479><c> ready</c><00:07:40.639><c> to</c><00:07:40.800><c> just</c>

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circular DNA packet is now ready to just
 

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circular DNA packet is now ready to just
pretend<00:07:41.280><c> it's</c><00:07:41.520><c> part</c><00:07:41.680><c> of</c><00:07:41.759><c> your</c><00:07:41.919><c> genome</c><00:07:42.240><c> and</c><00:07:42.479><c> get</c>

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pretend it's part of your genome and get
 

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pretend it's part of your genome and get
to<00:07:42.800><c> work</c><00:07:43.039><c> quietly</c><00:07:43.599><c> building</c><00:07:43.919><c> virus</c><00:07:44.319><c> parts.</c><00:07:45.039><c> So</c>

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to work quietly building virus parts. So
 

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to work quietly building virus parts. So
many<00:07:45.440><c> other</c><00:07:45.599><c> viruses</c><00:07:46.080><c> come</c><00:07:46.240><c> in</c><00:07:46.400><c> guns</c><00:07:46.800><c> blazing,</c>

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many other viruses come in guns blazing,
 

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many other viruses come in guns blazing,
completely<00:07:47.840><c> hijacking</c><00:07:48.400><c> cellular</c><00:07:48.800><c> metabolism</c>

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completely hijacking cellular metabolism
 

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completely hijacking cellular metabolism
and<00:07:49.759><c> blowing</c><00:07:50.080><c> up</c><00:07:50.240><c> their</c><00:07:50.400><c> victims</c><00:07:50.800><c> to</c><00:07:50.960><c> spread</c>

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and blowing up their victims to spread
 

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and blowing up their victims to spread
as<00:07:51.440><c> many</c><00:07:51.599><c> copies</c><00:07:51.919><c> of</c><00:07:52.080><c> themselves</c><00:07:52.479><c> as</c><00:07:52.720><c> possible</c>

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as many copies of themselves as possible
 

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as many copies of themselves as possible
as<00:07:53.440><c> quickly</c><00:07:53.840><c> as</c><00:07:54.080><c> possible.</c><00:07:54.800><c> Hepatitis</c><00:07:55.440><c> B</c><00:07:55.680><c> is</c>

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as quickly as possible. Hepatitis B is
 

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as quickly as possible. Hepatitis B is
here<00:07:56.080><c> to</c><00:07:56.240><c> take</c><00:07:56.479><c> things</c><00:07:56.800><c> slow</c><00:07:57.440><c> to</c><00:07:57.599><c> slip</c><00:07:57.840><c> in</c>

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here to take things slow to slip in
 

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here to take things slow to slip in
through<00:07:58.240><c> the</c><00:07:58.400><c> cracks</c><00:07:58.720><c> and</c><00:07:58.879><c> pull</c><00:07:59.039><c> off</c><00:07:59.280><c> a</c>

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through the cracks and pull off a
 

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through the cracks and pull off a
gradual<00:08:00.080><c> takeover</c><00:08:00.879><c> which</c><00:08:01.120><c> is</c><00:08:01.280><c> going</c><00:08:01.440><c> to</c><00:08:01.599><c> cause</c>

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gradual takeover which is going to cause
 

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gradual takeover which is going to cause
so<00:08:02.400><c> many</c><00:08:02.720><c> downstream</c><00:08:03.360><c> problems.</c><00:08:04.560><c> And</c><00:08:04.800><c> those</c>

00:08:05.029 --> 00:08:05.039 align:start position:0%
so many downstream problems. And those
 

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so many downstream problems. And those
problems,<00:08:05.520><c> according</c><00:08:05.840><c> to</c><00:08:05.919><c> this</c><00:08:06.160><c> recent</c>

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problems, according to this recent
 

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problems, according to this recent
paper,<00:08:06.879><c> are</c><00:08:07.120><c> kicked</c><00:08:07.360><c> off</c><00:08:07.520><c> the</c><00:08:07.759><c> moment</c><00:08:08.000><c> this</c>

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paper, are kicked off the moment this
 

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paper, are kicked off the moment this
mini<00:08:08.479><c> chromosome</c><00:08:08.960><c> forms.</c><00:08:09.599><c> Because</c><00:08:09.840><c> in</c><00:08:10.080><c> this</c>

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mini chromosome forms. Because in this
 

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mini chromosome forms. Because in this
section<00:08:10.479><c> of</c><00:08:10.560><c> the</c><00:08:10.720><c> mini</c><00:08:10.960><c> chromosome</c><00:08:11.440><c> right</c>

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section of the mini chromosome right
 

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section of the mini chromosome right
here,<00:08:12.000><c> the</c><00:08:12.160><c> liver</c><00:08:12.400><c> cell's</c><00:08:12.720><c> own</c><00:08:12.960><c> machinery</c>

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here, the liver cell's own machinery
 

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here, the liver cell's own machinery
will<00:08:13.680><c> predictably</c><00:08:14.240><c> add</c><00:08:14.400><c> histones</c><00:08:15.039><c> in</c><00:08:15.199><c> this</c>

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will predictably add histones in this
 

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will predictably add histones in this
exact<00:08:15.759><c> same</c><00:08:16.000><c> spot,</c><00:08:16.479><c> which</c><00:08:16.720><c> will</c><00:08:16.960><c> guarantee</c>

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exact same spot, which will guarantee
 

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exact same spot, which will guarantee
that<00:08:17.759><c> DNA</c><00:08:18.160><c> transcription</c><00:08:18.720><c> proteins</c><00:08:19.120><c> will</c>

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that DNA transcription proteins will
 

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that DNA transcription proteins will
attach<00:08:19.680><c> and</c><00:08:19.919><c> start</c><00:08:20.080><c> assembling</c><00:08:20.639><c> viral</c><00:08:20.960><c> RNA</c>

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attach and start assembling viral RNA
 

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attach and start assembling viral RNA
from<00:08:21.759><c> hep's</c><00:08:22.319><c> smallest</c><00:08:22.720><c> protein</c><00:08:23.120><c> coding</c>

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from hep's smallest protein coding
 

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from hep's smallest protein coding
section.<00:08:24.080><c> This</c><00:08:24.319><c> is</c><00:08:24.400><c> critical</c><00:08:24.800><c> because</c><00:08:25.120><c> this</c>

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section. This is critical because this
 

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section. This is critical because this
tiny<00:08:26.000><c> 465</c><00:08:26.960><c> letter</c><00:08:27.280><c> segment</c><00:08:27.520><c> of</c><00:08:27.680><c> DNA</c><00:08:28.080><c> codes</c><00:08:28.319><c> for</c>

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tiny 465 letter segment of DNA codes for
 

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tiny 465 letter segment of DNA codes for
hepatitis<00:08:29.039><c> B's</c><00:08:29.440><c> ace</c><00:08:29.680><c> in</c><00:08:29.840><c> the</c><00:08:29.919><c> hole,</c><00:08:30.479><c> the</c>

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hepatitis B's ace in the hole, the
 

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hepatitis B's ace in the hole, the
appropriately<00:08:31.440><c> named</c><00:08:32.000><c> X</c><00:08:32.399><c> protein.</c><00:08:33.360><c> This</c><00:08:33.599><c> is</c>

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appropriately named X protein. This is
 

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appropriately named X protein. This is
effectively<00:08:34.159><c> the</c><00:08:34.399><c> only</c><00:08:34.560><c> tool</c><00:08:34.800><c> in</c><00:08:34.959><c> hepatitis</c>

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effectively the only tool in hepatitis
 

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effectively the only tool in hepatitis
B's<00:08:35.839><c> offensive</c><00:08:36.240><c> arsenal.</c><00:08:36.800><c> What</c><00:08:36.959><c> you're</c>

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B's offensive arsenal. What you're
 

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B's offensive arsenal. What you're
looking<00:08:37.279><c> at</c><00:08:37.519><c> here</c><00:08:37.680><c> is</c><00:08:37.919><c> a</c><00:08:38.159><c> simulation</c><00:08:38.560><c> of</c><00:08:38.719><c> the</c>

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looking at here is a simulation of the
 

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looking at here is a simulation of the
X-<00:08:39.120><c> protein,</c><00:08:39.519><c> as</c><00:08:39.760><c> the</c><00:08:39.919><c> shape</c><00:08:40.080><c> of</c><00:08:40.159><c> this</c><00:08:40.320><c> thing</c>

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X- protein, as the shape of this thing
 

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X- protein, as the shape of this thing
is<00:08:40.640><c> honestly</c><00:08:40.959><c> very</c><00:08:41.200><c> loose</c><00:08:41.440><c> and</c><00:08:41.680><c> hard</c><00:08:41.839><c> to</c><00:08:42.000><c> pin</c>

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is honestly very loose and hard to pin
 

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is honestly very loose and hard to pin
down.<00:08:42.880><c> The</c><00:08:43.039><c> X-</c><00:08:43.279><c> protein</c><00:08:43.680><c> is</c><00:08:43.839><c> here,</c><00:08:44.240><c> in</c><00:08:44.480><c> short,</c>

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down. The X- protein is here, in short,
 

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down. The X- protein is here, in short,
to<00:08:45.040><c> cause</c><00:08:45.360><c> pandemonium.</c><00:08:46.399><c> Most</c><00:08:46.560><c> of</c><00:08:46.720><c> this</c>

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to cause pandemonium. Most of this
 

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to cause pandemonium. Most of this
little<00:08:47.120><c> glob</c><00:08:47.440><c> is</c><00:08:47.600><c> inherently</c><00:08:48.080><c> disordered,</c>

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little glob is inherently disordered,
 

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little glob is inherently disordered,
but<00:08:48.720><c> it</c><00:08:48.959><c> can</c><00:08:49.040><c> cohhere</c><00:08:49.600><c> into</c><00:08:49.839><c> a</c><00:08:50.080><c> few</c><00:08:50.320><c> different</c>

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but it can cohhere into a few different
 

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but it can cohhere into a few different
shapes<00:08:51.279><c> based</c><00:08:51.600><c> on</c><00:08:51.760><c> the</c><00:08:52.000><c> other</c><00:08:52.160><c> proteins</c><00:08:52.640><c> it</c><00:08:52.800><c> is</c>

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shapes based on the other proteins it is
 

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shapes based on the other proteins it is
close<00:08:53.200><c> to.</c><00:08:53.920><c> This</c><00:08:54.080><c> allows</c><00:08:54.399><c> X</c><00:08:54.640><c> to</c><00:08:54.720><c> shapeshift</c>

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close to. This allows X to shapeshift
 

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close to. This allows X to shapeshift
its<00:08:55.440><c> way</c><00:08:55.519><c> into</c><00:08:55.760><c> disrupting</c><00:08:56.320><c> nearly</c><00:08:56.880><c> 200</c><00:08:57.440><c> known</c>

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its way into disrupting nearly 200 known
 

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its way into disrupting nearly 200 known
proteins<00:08:58.320><c> and</c><00:08:58.560><c> pathways</c><00:08:58.959><c> in</c><00:08:59.200><c> human</c><00:08:59.519><c> cells.</c>

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proteins and pathways in human cells.
 

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proteins and pathways in human cells.
One<00:09:00.399><c> weapon,</c><00:09:01.120><c> hundreds</c><00:09:01.519><c> of</c><00:09:01.680><c> targets.</c><00:09:02.160><c> You</c>

00:09:02.389 --> 00:09:02.399 align:start position:0%
One weapon, hundreds of targets. You
 

00:09:02.399 --> 00:09:04.230 align:start position:0%
One weapon, hundreds of targets. You
could<00:09:02.560><c> almost</c><00:09:02.800><c> get</c><00:09:02.959><c> away</c><00:09:03.200><c> with</c><00:09:03.360><c> describing</c><00:09:03.920><c> X</c>

00:09:04.230 --> 00:09:04.240 align:start position:0%
could almost get away with describing X
 

00:09:04.240 --> 00:09:06.550 align:start position:0%
could almost get away with describing X
as<00:09:04.399><c> a</c><00:09:04.560><c> molecular</c><00:09:05.120><c> cluster</c><00:09:05.519><c> bomb.</c><00:09:05.920><c> Protein</c><00:09:06.320><c> X</c>

00:09:06.550 --> 00:09:06.560 align:start position:0%
as a molecular cluster bomb. Protein X
 

00:09:06.560 --> 00:09:07.829 align:start position:0%
as a molecular cluster bomb. Protein X
could<00:09:06.720><c> have</c><00:09:06.800><c> far-reaching</c><00:09:07.440><c> effects</c><00:09:07.680><c> like</c>

00:09:07.829 --> 00:09:07.839 align:start position:0%
could have far-reaching effects like
 

00:09:07.839 --> 00:09:09.430 align:start position:0%
could have far-reaching effects like
this<00:09:08.080><c> because</c><00:09:08.240><c> it's</c><00:09:08.480><c> more</c><00:09:08.640><c> of</c><00:09:08.720><c> an</c><00:09:08.959><c> adapter</c>

00:09:09.430 --> 00:09:09.440 align:start position:0%
this because it's more of an adapter
 

00:09:09.440 --> 00:09:12.070 align:start position:0%
this because it's more of an adapter
protein.<00:09:10.240><c> It</c><00:09:10.480><c> likely</c><00:09:10.880><c> redirects</c><00:09:11.600><c> cellular</c>

00:09:12.070 --> 00:09:12.080 align:start position:0%
protein. It likely redirects cellular
 

00:09:12.080 --> 00:09:13.509 align:start position:0%
protein. It likely redirects cellular
metabolism<00:09:12.640><c> by</c><00:09:12.880><c> bringing</c><00:09:13.200><c> different</c>

00:09:13.509 --> 00:09:13.519 align:start position:0%
metabolism by bringing different
 

00:09:13.519 --> 00:09:15.030 align:start position:0%
metabolism by bringing different
complexes<00:09:14.080><c> together.</c><00:09:14.480><c> And</c><00:09:14.640><c> let</c><00:09:14.800><c> me</c>

00:09:15.030 --> 00:09:15.040 align:start position:0%
complexes together. And let me
 

00:09:15.040 --> 00:09:16.550 align:start position:0%
complexes together. And let me
illustrate<00:09:15.279><c> that</c><00:09:15.440><c> with</c><00:09:15.680><c> one</c><00:09:15.839><c> of</c><00:09:15.920><c> X's</c><00:09:16.399><c> most</c>

00:09:16.550 --> 00:09:16.560 align:start position:0%
illustrate that with one of X's most
 

00:09:16.560 --> 00:09:18.470 align:start position:0%
illustrate that with one of X's most
important<00:09:16.959><c> jobs,</c><00:09:17.440><c> which</c><00:09:17.680><c> needs</c><00:09:17.920><c> to</c><00:09:18.080><c> happen</c>

00:09:18.470 --> 00:09:18.480 align:start position:0%
important jobs, which needs to happen
 

00:09:18.480 --> 00:09:20.630 align:start position:0%
important jobs, which needs to happen
right<00:09:18.800><c> now</c><00:09:19.040><c> if</c><00:09:19.279><c> HEP</c><00:09:19.760><c> has</c><00:09:19.920><c> any</c><00:09:20.080><c> hope</c><00:09:20.240><c> of</c><00:09:20.399><c> gaining</c>

00:09:20.630 --> 00:09:20.640 align:start position:0%
right now if HEP has any hope of gaining
 

00:09:20.640 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0%
right now if HEP has any hope of gaining
a<00:09:20.800><c> real</c><00:09:20.959><c> foothold</c><00:09:21.360><c> in</c><00:09:21.440><c> the</c><00:09:21.600><c> hepatite.</c><00:09:22.399><c> X</c><00:09:22.800><c> needs</c>

00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0%
a real foothold in the hepatite. X needs
 

00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:24.790 align:start position:0%
a real foothold in the hepatite. X needs
to<00:09:23.200><c> be</c><00:09:23.279><c> the</c><00:09:23.440><c> first</c><00:09:23.600><c> hepatitis</c><00:09:24.160><c> protein</c><00:09:24.560><c> on</c><00:09:24.720><c> the</c>

00:09:24.790 --> 00:09:24.800 align:start position:0%
to be the first hepatitis protein on the
 

00:09:24.800 --> 00:09:26.870 align:start position:0%
to be the first hepatitis protein on the
scene<00:09:25.200><c> because</c><00:09:25.440><c> the</c><00:09:25.680><c> whole</c><00:09:25.920><c> smuggling</c><00:09:26.480><c> viral</c>

00:09:26.870 --> 00:09:26.880 align:start position:0%
scene because the whole smuggling viral
 

00:09:26.880 --> 00:09:29.030 align:start position:0%
scene because the whole smuggling viral
DNA<00:09:27.279><c> into</c><00:09:27.519><c> a</c><00:09:27.680><c> human</c><00:09:27.920><c> nucleus</c><00:09:28.399><c> thing</c><00:09:28.720><c> really</c>

00:09:29.030 --> 00:09:29.040 align:start position:0%
DNA into a human nucleus thing really
 

00:09:29.040 --> 00:09:30.870 align:start position:0%
DNA into a human nucleus thing really
shouldn't<00:09:29.360><c> work</c><00:09:29.600><c> out.</c><00:09:30.000><c> like</c><00:09:30.320><c> not</c><00:09:30.560><c> even</c><00:09:30.720><c> a</c>

00:09:30.870 --> 00:09:30.880 align:start position:0%
shouldn't work out. like not even a
 

00:09:30.880 --> 00:09:32.550 align:start position:0%
shouldn't work out. like not even a
little<00:09:31.200><c> because</c><00:09:31.440><c> you've</c><00:09:31.760><c> got</c><00:09:31.839><c> a</c><00:09:32.080><c> whole</c><00:09:32.240><c> army</c>

00:09:32.550 --> 00:09:32.560 align:start position:0%
little because you've got a whole army
 

00:09:32.560 --> 00:09:34.389 align:start position:0%
little because you've got a whole army
of<00:09:32.800><c> proteins</c><00:09:33.279><c> patrolling</c><00:09:33.680><c> the</c><00:09:33.839><c> nucleus</c><00:09:34.240><c> to</c>

00:09:34.389 --> 00:09:34.399 align:start position:0%
of proteins patrolling the nucleus to
 

00:09:34.399 --> 00:09:36.150 align:start position:0%
of proteins patrolling the nucleus to
make<00:09:34.560><c> sure</c><00:09:34.640><c> that</c><00:09:34.880><c> no</c><00:09:35.120><c> foreign</c><00:09:35.600><c> DNA</c><00:09:36.000><c> has</c>

00:09:36.150 --> 00:09:36.160 align:start position:0%
make sure that no foreign DNA has
 

00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:38.150 align:start position:0%
make sure that no foreign DNA has
infiltrated<00:09:36.720><c> this</c><00:09:36.880><c> inner</c><00:09:37.120><c> sanctum.</c><00:09:37.839><c> We've</c>

00:09:38.150 --> 00:09:38.160 align:start position:0%
infiltrated this inner sanctum. We've
 

00:09:38.160 --> 00:09:39.910 align:start position:0%
infiltrated this inner sanctum. We've
evolved<00:09:38.560><c> tons</c><00:09:38.959><c> of</c><00:09:39.120><c> nucleus-based</c>

00:09:39.910 --> 00:09:39.920 align:start position:0%
evolved tons of nucleus-based
 

00:09:39.920 --> 00:09:41.829 align:start position:0%
evolved tons of nucleus-based
countermeasures<00:09:40.560><c> to</c><00:09:40.720><c> ensure</c><00:09:41.040><c> our</c><00:09:41.360><c> cells</c><00:09:41.680><c> are</c>

00:09:41.829 --> 00:09:41.839 align:start position:0%
countermeasures to ensure our cells are
 

00:09:41.839 --> 00:09:43.590 align:start position:0%
countermeasures to ensure our cells are
only<00:09:42.160><c> doing</c><00:09:42.320><c> what</c><00:09:42.560><c> they're</c><00:09:42.800><c> supposed</c><00:09:42.959><c> to</c><00:09:43.200><c> do.</c>

00:09:43.590 --> 00:09:43.600 align:start position:0%
only doing what they're supposed to do.
 

00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:45.269 align:start position:0%
only doing what they're supposed to do.
Managing<00:09:44.000><c> your</c><00:09:44.160><c> genome</c><00:09:44.480><c> is</c><00:09:44.640><c> one</c><00:09:44.800><c> of</c><00:09:44.880><c> your</c><00:09:45.040><c> most</c>

00:09:45.269 --> 00:09:45.279 align:start position:0%
Managing your genome is one of your most
 

00:09:45.279 --> 00:09:46.870 align:start position:0%
Managing your genome is one of your most
important<00:09:45.600><c> jobs.</c><00:09:46.000><c> And</c><00:09:46.160><c> if</c><00:09:46.320><c> you</c><00:09:46.399><c> fail</c><00:09:46.560><c> at</c><00:09:46.720><c> that</c>

00:09:46.870 --> 00:09:46.880 align:start position:0%
important jobs. And if you fail at that
 

00:09:46.880 --> 00:09:48.870 align:start position:0%
important jobs. And if you fail at that
job,<00:09:47.120><c> you</c><00:09:47.360><c> either</c><00:09:47.600><c> get</c><00:09:47.760><c> sick</c><00:09:47.920><c> or</c><00:09:48.160><c> get</c><00:09:48.399><c> cancer.</c>

00:09:48.870 --> 00:09:48.880 align:start position:0%
job, you either get sick or get cancer.
 

00:09:48.880 --> 00:09:51.590 align:start position:0%
job, you either get sick or get cancer.
So<00:09:49.120><c> like</c><00:09:49.360><c> it's</c><00:09:49.680><c> a</c><00:09:50.000><c> huge</c><00:09:50.240><c> deal.</c><00:09:50.800><c> And</c><00:09:50.959><c> protein</c><00:09:51.440><c> X</c>

00:09:51.590 --> 00:09:51.600 align:start position:0%
So like it's a huge deal. And protein X
 

00:09:51.600 --> 00:09:53.190 align:start position:0%
So like it's a huge deal. And protein X
is<00:09:51.839><c> going</c><00:09:51.920><c> to</c><00:09:52.160><c> immediately</c><00:09:52.640><c> start</c><00:09:52.880><c> blowing</c>

00:09:53.190 --> 00:09:53.200 align:start position:0%
is going to immediately start blowing
 

00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:55.269 align:start position:0%
is going to immediately start blowing
that<00:09:53.360><c> up</c><00:09:53.600><c> by</c><00:09:53.839><c> first</c><00:09:54.080><c> binding</c><00:09:54.480><c> to</c><00:09:54.640><c> this</c><00:09:54.800><c> DNA</c>

00:09:55.269 --> 00:09:55.279 align:start position:0%
that up by first binding to this DNA
 

00:09:55.279 --> 00:09:57.670 align:start position:0%
that up by first binding to this DNA
repair<00:09:55.519><c> protein</c><00:09:55.920><c> called</c><00:09:56.160><c> DDB1.</c><00:09:57.279><c> Proteins</c>

00:09:57.670 --> 00:09:57.680 align:start position:0%
repair protein called DDB1. Proteins
 

00:09:57.680 --> 00:10:00.150 align:start position:0%
repair protein called DDB1. Proteins
like<00:09:57.839><c> DDB1</c><00:09:58.560><c> helps</c><00:09:58.800><c> with</c><00:09:58.959><c> DNA</c><00:09:59.360><c> repair,</c><00:09:59.760><c> but</c><00:09:59.920><c> it</c>

00:10:00.150 --> 00:10:00.160 align:start position:0%
like DDB1 helps with DNA repair, but it
 

00:10:00.160 --> 00:10:02.150 align:start position:0%
like DDB1 helps with DNA repair, but it
also<00:10:00.399><c> helps</c><00:10:00.720><c> detect</c><00:10:01.040><c> faulty</c><00:10:01.440><c> proteins</c><00:10:01.839><c> inside</c>

00:10:02.150 --> 00:10:02.160 align:start position:0%
also helps detect faulty proteins inside
 

00:10:02.160 --> 00:10:03.750 align:start position:0%
also helps detect faulty proteins inside
the<00:10:02.399><c> nucleus,</c><00:10:02.959><c> working</c><00:10:03.120><c> with</c><00:10:03.360><c> cellular</c>

00:10:03.750 --> 00:10:03.760 align:start position:0%
the nucleus, working with cellular
 

00:10:03.760 --> 00:10:05.910 align:start position:0%
the nucleus, working with cellular
garbage<00:10:04.160><c> disposal</c><00:10:04.640><c> systems</c><00:10:04.959><c> like</c><00:10:05.120><c> this</c><00:10:05.440><c> E3</c>

00:10:05.910 --> 00:10:05.920 align:start position:0%
garbage disposal systems like this E3
 

00:10:05.920 --> 00:10:08.710 align:start position:0%
garbage disposal systems like this E3
ubiquitin<00:10:06.399><c> liase.</c><00:10:07.200><c> Anyway,</c><00:10:07.920><c> one</c><00:10:08.160><c> side</c><00:10:08.320><c> of</c><00:10:08.480><c> X</c>

00:10:08.710 --> 00:10:08.720 align:start position:0%
ubiquitin liase. Anyway, one side of X
 

00:10:08.720 --> 00:10:10.389 align:start position:0%
ubiquitin liase. Anyway, one side of X
will<00:10:08.880><c> bind</c><00:10:09.040><c> to</c><00:10:09.200><c> DDB1,</c><00:10:09.839><c> and</c><00:10:10.000><c> then</c><00:10:10.080><c> the</c><00:10:10.240><c> other</c>

00:10:10.389 --> 00:10:10.399 align:start position:0%
will bind to DDB1, and then the other
 

00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:12.070 align:start position:0%
will bind to DDB1, and then the other
side<00:10:10.560><c> will</c><00:10:10.800><c> attach</c><00:10:11.040><c> to</c><00:10:11.200><c> a</c><00:10:11.360><c> central</c><00:10:11.680><c> component</c>

00:10:12.070 --> 00:10:12.080 align:start position:0%
side will attach to a central component
 

00:10:12.080 --> 00:10:14.310 align:start position:0%
side will attach to a central component
in<00:10:12.240><c> this</c><00:10:12.480><c> beefy</c><00:10:12.880><c> DNA</c><00:10:13.360><c> maintenance</c><00:10:13.760><c> complex</c>

00:10:14.310 --> 00:10:14.320 align:start position:0%
in this beefy DNA maintenance complex
 

00:10:14.320 --> 00:10:16.870 align:start position:0%
in this beefy DNA maintenance complex
called<00:10:14.640><c> SMC</c><00:10:15.279><c> 56.</c><00:10:16.079><c> And</c><00:10:16.240><c> now</c><00:10:16.320><c> that</c><00:10:16.480><c> these</c><00:10:16.720><c> two</c>

00:10:16.870 --> 00:10:16.880 align:start position:0%
called SMC 56. And now that these two
 

00:10:16.880 --> 00:10:18.550 align:start position:0%
called SMC 56. And now that these two
systems<00:10:17.120><c> are</c><00:10:17.279><c> in</c><00:10:17.519><c> contact,</c><00:10:17.839><c> the</c><00:10:18.000><c> ubiquitin</c>

00:10:18.550 --> 00:10:18.560 align:start position:0%
systems are in contact, the ubiquitin
 

00:10:18.560 --> 00:10:20.870 align:start position:0%
systems are in contact, the ubiquitin
complex<00:10:18.880><c> will</c><00:10:19.040><c> just</c><00:10:19.279><c> automatically</c><00:10:19.920><c> tag</c><00:10:20.320><c> SMC</c>

00:10:20.870 --> 00:10:20.880 align:start position:0%
complex will just automatically tag SMC
 

00:10:20.880 --> 00:10:22.949 align:start position:0%
complex will just automatically tag SMC
56<00:10:21.360><c> for</c><00:10:21.600><c> destruction,</c><00:10:22.320><c> despite</c><00:10:22.640><c> the</c><00:10:22.800><c> fact</c>

00:10:22.949 --> 00:10:22.959 align:start position:0%
56 for destruction, despite the fact
 

00:10:22.959 --> 00:10:24.470 align:start position:0%
56 for destruction, despite the fact
there's<00:10:23.200><c> nothing</c><00:10:23.519><c> wrong</c><00:10:23.680><c> with</c><00:10:23.839><c> this</c><00:10:24.079><c> complex</c>

00:10:24.470 --> 00:10:24.480 align:start position:0%
there's nothing wrong with this complex
 

00:10:24.480 --> 00:10:26.790 align:start position:0%
there's nothing wrong with this complex
at<00:10:24.720><c> all.</c><00:10:25.279><c> So,</c><00:10:25.519><c> as</c><00:10:25.760><c> more</c><00:10:25.920><c> and</c><00:10:26.079><c> more</c><00:10:26.240><c> X-rotein</c>

00:10:26.790 --> 00:10:26.800 align:start position:0%
at all. So, as more and more X-rotein
 

00:10:26.800 --> 00:10:28.470 align:start position:0%
at all. So, as more and more X-rotein
makes<00:10:26.959><c> its</c><00:10:27.200><c> way</c><00:10:27.279><c> into</c><00:10:27.519><c> the</c><00:10:27.680><c> nucleus,</c><00:10:28.160><c> more</c><00:10:28.320><c> and</c>

00:10:28.470 --> 00:10:28.480 align:start position:0%
makes its way into the nucleus, more and
 

00:10:28.480 --> 00:10:31.110 align:start position:0%
makes its way into the nucleus, more and
more<00:10:28.720><c> SMC56</c><00:10:29.760><c> will</c><00:10:29.920><c> get</c><00:10:30.079><c> destroyed.</c><00:10:30.880><c> But,</c>

00:10:31.110 --> 00:10:31.120 align:start position:0%
more SMC56 will get destroyed. But,
 

00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:33.829 align:start position:0%
more SMC56 will get destroyed. But,
okay,<00:10:31.440><c> like</c><00:10:32.079><c> why</c><00:10:32.320><c> is</c><00:10:32.480><c> that</c><00:10:32.720><c> bad?</c><00:10:33.519><c> What</c><00:10:33.680><c> does</c>

00:10:33.829 --> 00:10:33.839 align:start position:0%
okay, like why is that bad? What does
 

00:10:33.839 --> 00:10:36.230 align:start position:0%
okay, like why is that bad? What does
this<00:10:34.000><c> SMC</c><00:10:34.560><c> John</c><00:10:34.880><c> do</c><00:10:35.040><c> that's</c><00:10:35.360><c> so</c><00:10:35.519><c> important?</c>

00:10:36.230 --> 00:10:36.240 align:start position:0%
this SMC John do that's so important?
 

00:10:36.240 --> 00:10:38.790 align:start position:0%
this SMC John do that's so important?
SMC<00:10:36.880><c> 56</c><00:10:37.360><c> is</c><00:10:37.519><c> a</c><00:10:37.680><c> chromatin</c><00:10:38.240><c> maintenance</c>

00:10:38.790 --> 00:10:38.800 align:start position:0%
SMC 56 is a chromatin maintenance
 

00:10:38.800 --> 00:10:40.870 align:start position:0%
SMC 56 is a chromatin maintenance
system,<00:10:39.279><c> one</c><00:10:39.519><c> of</c><00:10:39.680><c> many</c><00:10:40.000><c> that</c><00:10:40.240><c> helps</c><00:10:40.480><c> clean</c><00:10:40.720><c> up</c>

00:10:40.870 --> 00:10:40.880 align:start position:0%
system, one of many that helps clean up
 

00:10:40.880 --> 00:10:44.069 align:start position:0%
system, one of many that helps clean up
and<00:10:41.040><c> protect</c><00:10:41.360><c> your</c><00:10:41.600><c> DNA.</c><00:10:42.320><c> SMC</c><00:10:42.880><c> 56's</c><00:10:43.600><c> specific</c>

00:10:44.069 --> 00:10:44.079 align:start position:0%
and protect your DNA. SMC 56's specific
 

00:10:44.079 --> 00:10:46.150 align:start position:0%
and protect your DNA. SMC 56's specific
job<00:10:44.320><c> is</c><00:10:44.560><c> to</c><00:10:44.720><c> recognize</c><00:10:45.200><c> and</c><00:10:45.440><c> bind</c><00:10:45.680><c> to</c><00:10:45.920><c> any</c>

00:10:46.150 --> 00:10:46.160 align:start position:0%
job is to recognize and bind to any
 

00:10:46.160 --> 00:10:48.310 align:start position:0%
job is to recognize and bind to any
suspicious<00:10:46.640><c> or</c><00:10:46.880><c> viral</c><00:10:47.279><c> DNA</c><00:10:47.600><c> it</c><00:10:47.839><c> finds,</c>

00:10:48.310 --> 00:10:48.320 align:start position:0%
suspicious or viral DNA it finds,
 

00:10:48.320 --> 00:10:50.470 align:start position:0%
suspicious or viral DNA it finds,
blocking<00:10:48.720><c> it</c><00:10:48.880><c> from</c><00:10:49.040><c> getting</c><00:10:49.279><c> transcribed.</c><00:10:50.079><c> So</c>

00:10:50.470 --> 00:10:50.480 align:start position:0%
blocking it from getting transcribed. So
 

00:10:50.480 --> 00:10:52.389 align:start position:0%
blocking it from getting transcribed. So
sure<00:10:50.720><c> enough,</c><00:10:51.120><c> blowing</c><00:10:51.440><c> up</c><00:10:51.600><c> this</c><00:10:51.760><c> antiviral</c>

00:10:52.389 --> 00:10:52.399 align:start position:0%
sure enough, blowing up this antiviral
 

00:10:52.399 --> 00:10:53.990 align:start position:0%
sure enough, blowing up this antiviral
defense<00:10:52.800><c> protein</c><00:10:53.120><c> is</c><00:10:53.360><c> going</c><00:10:53.519><c> to</c><00:10:53.600><c> open</c><00:10:53.839><c> the</c>

00:10:53.990 --> 00:10:54.000 align:start position:0%
defense protein is going to open the
 

00:10:54.000 --> 00:10:55.910 align:start position:0%
defense protein is going to open the
floodgates<00:10:54.560><c> and</c><00:10:54.720><c> allow</c><00:10:54.880><c> hepatitis</c><00:10:55.360><c> B's</c><00:10:55.680><c> mini</c>

00:10:55.910 --> 00:10:55.920 align:start position:0%
floodgates and allow hepatitis B's mini
 

00:10:55.920 --> 00:10:57.430 align:start position:0%
floodgates and allow hepatitis B's mini
chromosome<00:10:56.320><c> to</c><00:10:56.480><c> start</c><00:10:56.720><c> producing</c><00:10:57.040><c> viral</c>

00:10:57.430 --> 00:10:57.440 align:start position:0%
chromosome to start producing viral
 

00:10:57.440 --> 00:10:59.910 align:start position:0%
chromosome to start producing viral
proteins<00:10:57.920><c> unchecked.</c><00:10:58.880><c> This</c><00:10:59.120><c> hepatitis</c><00:10:59.600><c> X</c>

00:10:59.910 --> 00:10:59.920 align:start position:0%
proteins unchecked. This hepatitis X
 

00:10:59.920 --> 00:11:01.829 align:start position:0%
proteins unchecked. This hepatitis X
protein<00:11:00.240><c> messes</c><00:11:00.560><c> with</c><00:11:00.720><c> DNA</c><00:11:01.120><c> maintenance</c><00:11:01.519><c> in</c>

00:11:01.829 --> 00:11:01.839 align:start position:0%
protein messes with DNA maintenance in
 

00:11:01.839 --> 00:11:03.910 align:start position:0%
protein messes with DNA maintenance in
so<00:11:02.079><c> many</c><00:11:02.320><c> more</c><00:11:02.560><c> ways.</c><00:11:03.120><c> But</c><00:11:03.200><c> the</c><00:11:03.360><c> upshot</c><00:11:03.680><c> is</c><00:11:03.839><c> is</c>

00:11:03.910 --> 00:11:03.920 align:start position:0%
so many more ways. But the upshot is is
 

00:11:03.920 --> 00:11:05.750 align:start position:0%
so many more ways. But the upshot is is
that<00:11:04.079><c> X</c><00:11:04.320><c> interference</c><00:11:04.800><c> will</c><00:11:05.040><c> disable</c><00:11:05.440><c> viral</c>

00:11:05.750 --> 00:11:05.760 align:start position:0%
that X interference will disable viral
 

00:11:05.760 --> 00:11:07.190 align:start position:0%
that X interference will disable viral
countermeasures<00:11:06.399><c> while</c><00:11:06.560><c> also</c><00:11:06.800><c> increasing</c>

00:11:07.190 --> 00:11:07.200 align:start position:0%
countermeasures while also increasing
 

00:11:07.200 --> 00:11:08.630 align:start position:0%
countermeasures while also increasing
the<00:11:07.440><c> number</c><00:11:07.519><c> of</c><00:11:07.680><c> transcription</c><00:11:08.240><c> factors</c><00:11:08.480><c> that</c>

00:11:08.630 --> 00:11:08.640 align:start position:0%
the number of transcription factors that
 

00:11:08.640 --> 00:11:10.150 align:start position:0%
the number of transcription factors that
are<00:11:08.800><c> recruited</c><00:11:09.120><c> to</c><00:11:09.200><c> the</c><00:11:09.279><c> hepatitis</c><00:11:09.760><c> B</c><00:11:09.920><c> mini</c>

00:11:10.150 --> 00:11:10.160 align:start position:0%
are recruited to the hepatitis B mini
 

00:11:10.160 --> 00:11:11.590 align:start position:0%
are recruited to the hepatitis B mini
chromosome,<00:11:10.720><c> which</c><00:11:10.959><c> ensures</c><00:11:11.279><c> that</c><00:11:11.440><c> this</c>

00:11:11.590 --> 00:11:11.600 align:start position:0%
chromosome, which ensures that this
 

00:11:11.600 --> 00:11:13.590 align:start position:0%
chromosome, which ensures that this
liver<00:11:11.920><c> cell</c><00:11:12.160><c> is</c><00:11:12.399><c> constantly</c><00:11:12.959><c> producing</c><00:11:13.360><c> more</c>

00:11:13.590 --> 00:11:13.600 align:start position:0%
liver cell is constantly producing more
 

00:11:13.600 --> 00:11:16.310 align:start position:0%
liver cell is constantly producing more
hepatitis<00:11:14.079><c> B</c><00:11:14.399><c> parts</c><00:11:14.800><c> no</c><00:11:14.959><c> matter</c><00:11:15.360><c> what.</c><00:11:16.000><c> But</c><00:11:16.160><c> I</c>

00:11:16.310 --> 00:11:16.320 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B parts no matter what. But I
 

00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:17.910 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B parts no matter what. But I
guess<00:11:16.399><c> that</c><00:11:16.640><c> begs</c><00:11:16.959><c> the</c><00:11:17.200><c> question,</c><00:11:17.680><c> what</c>

00:11:17.910 --> 00:11:17.920 align:start position:0%
guess that begs the question, what
 

00:11:17.920 --> 00:11:19.829 align:start position:0%
guess that begs the question, what
exactly<00:11:18.240><c> can</c><00:11:18.560><c> hepatitis</c><00:11:19.040><c> build</c><00:11:19.279><c> with</c><00:11:19.440><c> such</c><00:11:19.600><c> a</c>

00:11:19.829 --> 00:11:19.839 align:start position:0%
exactly can hepatitis build with such a
 

00:11:19.839 --> 00:11:21.829 align:start position:0%
exactly can hepatitis build with such a
limited<00:11:20.240><c> genome</c><00:11:20.720><c> anyway?</c><00:11:21.440><c> And</c><00:11:21.600><c> you</c><00:11:21.760><c> know</c>

00:11:21.829 --> 00:11:21.839 align:start position:0%
limited genome anyway? And you know
 

00:11:21.839 --> 00:11:23.509 align:start position:0%
limited genome anyway? And you know
what?<00:11:22.079><c> I've</c><00:11:22.240><c> gone</c><00:11:22.480><c> too</c><00:11:22.720><c> far</c><00:11:22.880><c> with</c><00:11:23.040><c> the</c><00:11:23.200><c> limited</c>

00:11:23.509 --> 00:11:23.519 align:start position:0%
what? I've gone too far with the limited
 

00:11:23.519 --> 00:11:25.509 align:start position:0%
what? I've gone too far with the limited
language<00:11:23.920><c> here.</c><00:11:24.640><c> It's</c><00:11:24.880><c> better</c><00:11:25.120><c> to</c><00:11:25.279><c> think</c><00:11:25.360><c> of</c>

00:11:25.509 --> 00:11:25.519 align:start position:0%
language here. It's better to think of
 

00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.590 align:start position:0%
language here. It's better to think of
hepatitis<00:11:26.000><c> B</c><00:11:26.240><c> as</c><00:11:26.399><c> one</c><00:11:26.560><c> of</c><00:11:26.640><c> the</c><00:11:26.800><c> most</c><00:11:27.040><c> efficient</c>

00:11:27.590 --> 00:11:27.600 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B as one of the most efficient
 

00:11:27.600 --> 00:11:30.150 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B as one of the most efficient
DNA<00:11:28.079><c> systems</c><00:11:28.399><c> that</c><00:11:28.640><c> can</c><00:11:28.800><c> infect</c><00:11:29.120><c> a</c><00:11:29.440><c> person.</c>

00:11:30.150 --> 00:11:30.160 align:start position:0%
DNA systems that can infect a person.
 

00:11:30.160 --> 00:11:32.550 align:start position:0%
DNA systems that can infect a person.
Most<00:11:30.399><c> of</c><00:11:30.640><c> hepatitis</c><00:11:31.200><c> B's</c><00:11:31.600><c> genes</c><00:11:32.079><c> actually</c>

00:11:32.550 --> 00:11:32.560 align:start position:0%
Most of hepatitis B's genes actually
 

00:11:32.560 --> 00:11:34.470 align:start position:0%
Most of hepatitis B's genes actually
overlap.<00:11:33.200><c> So</c><00:11:33.360><c> the</c><00:11:33.519><c> virus</c><00:11:33.760><c> is</c><00:11:34.000><c> getting</c><00:11:34.160><c> a</c><00:11:34.320><c> ton</c>

00:11:34.470 --> 00:11:34.480 align:start position:0%
overlap. So the virus is getting a ton
 

00:11:34.480 --> 00:11:36.550 align:start position:0%
overlap. So the virus is getting a ton
of<00:11:34.560><c> mileage</c><00:11:34.959><c> out</c><00:11:35.200><c> of</c><00:11:35.279><c> a</c><00:11:35.440><c> compact</c><00:11:35.839><c> and</c><00:11:36.079><c> easy</c><00:11:36.320><c> to</c>

00:11:36.550 --> 00:11:36.560 align:start position:0%
of mileage out of a compact and easy to
 

00:11:36.560 --> 00:11:39.030 align:start position:0%
of mileage out of a compact and easy to
propagate<00:11:37.040><c> DNA</c><00:11:37.519><c> sequence.</c><00:11:38.320><c> In</c><00:11:38.560><c> total,</c><00:11:38.880><c> there</c>

00:11:39.030 --> 00:11:39.040 align:start position:0%
propagate DNA sequence. In total, there
 

00:11:39.040 --> 00:11:40.870 align:start position:0%
propagate DNA sequence. In total, there
are<00:11:39.200><c> four</c><00:11:39.519><c> places</c><00:11:39.760><c> where</c><00:11:40.000><c> DNA</c><00:11:40.399><c> transcription</c>

00:11:40.870 --> 00:11:40.880 align:start position:0%
are four places where DNA transcription
 

00:11:40.880 --> 00:11:42.949 align:start position:0%
are four places where DNA transcription
machinery<00:11:41.360><c> can</c><00:11:41.600><c> bind</c><00:11:41.839><c> to</c><00:11:41.920><c> the</c><00:11:42.079><c> HEP</c><00:11:42.640><c> mini</c>

00:11:42.949 --> 00:11:42.959 align:start position:0%
machinery can bind to the HEP mini
 

00:11:42.959 --> 00:11:44.630 align:start position:0%
machinery can bind to the HEP mini
chromosome.<00:11:43.680><c> We've</c><00:11:43.920><c> already</c><00:11:44.079><c> seen</c><00:11:44.240><c> what</c><00:11:44.399><c> the</c>

00:11:44.630 --> 00:11:44.640 align:start position:0%
chromosome. We've already seen what the
 

00:11:44.640 --> 00:11:46.470 align:start position:0%
chromosome. We've already seen what the
shortest<00:11:44.959><c> one</c><00:11:45.200><c> does</c><00:11:45.360><c> with</c><00:11:45.519><c> the</c><00:11:45.680><c> X-</c><00:11:45.920><c> protein.</c>

00:11:46.470 --> 00:11:46.480 align:start position:0%
shortest one does with the X- protein.
 

00:11:46.480 --> 00:11:48.150 align:start position:0%
shortest one does with the X- protein.
In<00:11:46.640><c> total,</c><00:11:46.959><c> these</c><00:11:47.120><c> four</c><00:11:47.360><c> binding</c><00:11:47.680><c> sites</c><00:11:48.000><c> can</c>

00:11:48.150 --> 00:11:48.160 align:start position:0%
In total, these four binding sites can
 

00:11:48.160 --> 00:11:50.470 align:start position:0%
In total, these four binding sites can
build<00:11:48.560><c> five</c><00:11:48.880><c> unique</c><00:11:49.200><c> mRNA</c><00:11:49.839><c> strands,</c><00:11:50.240><c> which</c>

00:11:50.470 --> 00:11:50.480 align:start position:0%
build five unique mRNA strands, which
 

00:11:50.480 --> 00:11:52.230 align:start position:0%
build five unique mRNA strands, which
can,<00:11:50.800><c> through</c><00:11:51.120><c> the</c><00:11:51.279><c> magic</c><00:11:51.519><c> of</c><00:11:51.680><c> molecular</c>

00:11:52.230 --> 00:11:52.240 align:start position:0%
can, through the magic of molecular
 

00:11:52.240 --> 00:11:54.790 align:start position:0%
can, through the magic of molecular
biology,<00:11:52.959><c> yield</c><00:11:53.360><c> seven</c><00:11:53.680><c> different</c><00:11:54.000><c> proteins.</c>

00:11:54.790 --> 00:11:54.800 align:start position:0%
biology, yield seven different proteins.
 

00:11:54.800 --> 00:11:56.790 align:start position:0%
biology, yield seven different proteins.
This<00:11:54.880><c> is</c><00:11:55.040><c> the</c><00:11:55.200><c> full</c><00:11:55.360><c> hepatitis</c><00:11:56.000><c> B</c><00:11:56.240><c> toolkit</c>

00:11:56.790 --> 00:11:56.800 align:start position:0%
This is the full hepatitis B toolkit
 

00:11:56.800 --> 00:11:57.990 align:start position:0%
This is the full hepatitis B toolkit
right<00:11:56.959><c> here.</c><00:11:57.360><c> And</c><00:11:57.440><c> let's</c><00:11:57.680><c> break</c><00:11:57.839><c> down</c>

00:11:57.990 --> 00:11:58.000 align:start position:0%
right here. And let's break down
 

00:11:58.000 --> 00:11:59.509 align:start position:0%
right here. And let's break down
everyone's<00:11:58.399><c> roles</c><00:11:58.640><c> real</c><00:11:58.880><c> quick</c><00:11:59.040><c> and</c><00:11:59.279><c> see</c><00:11:59.360><c> how</c>

00:11:59.509 --> 00:11:59.519 align:start position:0%
everyone's roles real quick and see how
 

00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:01.590 align:start position:0%
everyone's roles real quick and see how
this<00:11:59.760><c> all</c><00:11:59.920><c> plays</c><00:12:00.240><c> out.</c><00:12:00.640><c> Hepatitis</c><00:12:01.200><c> B's</c>

00:12:01.590 --> 00:12:01.600 align:start position:0%
this all plays out. Hepatitis B's
 

00:12:01.600 --> 00:12:03.430 align:start position:0%
this all plays out. Hepatitis B's
biggest<00:12:01.920><c> need</c><00:12:02.160><c> is</c><00:12:02.320><c> a</c><00:12:02.480><c> viral</c><00:12:02.800><c> polymerase</c>

00:12:03.430 --> 00:12:03.440 align:start position:0%
biggest need is a viral polymerase
 

00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:05.430 align:start position:0%
biggest need is a viral polymerase
protein.<00:12:04.160><c> This</c><00:12:04.320><c> will</c><00:12:04.480><c> get</c><00:12:04.640><c> packaged</c><00:12:05.120><c> inside</c>

00:12:05.430 --> 00:12:05.440 align:start position:0%
protein. This will get packaged inside
 

00:12:05.440 --> 00:12:07.190 align:start position:0%
protein. This will get packaged inside
the<00:12:05.600><c> virus</c><00:12:05.920><c> and</c><00:12:06.240><c> help</c><00:12:06.399><c> complete</c><00:12:06.639><c> the</c><00:12:06.720><c> assembly</c>

00:12:07.190 --> 00:12:07.200 align:start position:0%
the virus and help complete the assembly
 

00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:09.670 align:start position:0%
the virus and help complete the assembly
process<00:12:07.600><c> by</c><00:12:07.839><c> transcribing</c><00:12:08.399><c> a</c><00:12:08.560><c> long</c><00:12:08.880><c> RNA</c><00:12:09.440><c> back</c>

00:12:09.670 --> 00:12:09.680 align:start position:0%
process by transcribing a long RNA back
 

00:12:09.680 --> 00:12:11.829 align:start position:0%
process by transcribing a long RNA back
into<00:12:10.000><c> hepatitis</c><00:12:10.480><c> B</c><00:12:10.720><c> DNA.</c><00:12:11.279><c> Then</c><00:12:11.519><c> we</c><00:12:11.680><c> have</c><00:12:11.760><c> the</c>

00:12:11.829 --> 00:12:11.839 align:start position:0%
into hepatitis B DNA. Then we have the
 

00:12:11.839 --> 00:12:13.829 align:start position:0%
into hepatitis B DNA. Then we have the
capsid<00:12:12.320><c> protein</c><00:12:12.720><c> which</c><00:12:12.959><c> will</c><00:12:13.120><c> help</c><00:12:13.279><c> form</c><00:12:13.600><c> the</c>

00:12:13.829 --> 00:12:13.839 align:start position:0%
capsid protein which will help form the
 

00:12:13.839 --> 00:12:16.150 align:start position:0%
capsid protein which will help form the
main<00:12:14.079><c> structure</c><00:12:14.399><c> of</c><00:12:14.560><c> the</c><00:12:14.720><c> final</c><00:12:15.040><c> viron.</c><00:12:15.920><c> On</c>

00:12:16.150 --> 00:12:16.160 align:start position:0%
main structure of the final viron. On
 

00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:17.350 align:start position:0%
main structure of the final viron. On
top<00:12:16.240><c> of</c><00:12:16.399><c> that,</c><00:12:16.639><c> there's</c><00:12:16.800><c> these</c><00:12:17.120><c> surface</c>

00:12:17.350 --> 00:12:17.360 align:start position:0%
top of that, there's these surface
 

00:12:17.360 --> 00:12:19.430 align:start position:0%
top of that, there's these surface
antigen<00:12:17.839><c> proteins</c><00:12:18.240><c> which</c><00:12:18.480><c> can</c><00:12:18.639><c> come</c><00:12:18.880><c> in</c><00:12:19.120><c> three</c>

00:12:19.430 --> 00:12:19.440 align:start position:0%
antigen proteins which can come in three
 

00:12:19.440 --> 00:12:21.269 align:start position:0%
antigen proteins which can come in three
distinct<00:12:19.839><c> flavors.</c><00:12:20.560><c> And</c><00:12:20.720><c> now</c><00:12:20.880><c> the</c><00:12:20.959><c> longest</c>

00:12:21.269 --> 00:12:21.279 align:start position:0%
distinct flavors. And now the longest
 

00:12:21.279 --> 00:12:23.190 align:start position:0%
distinct flavors. And now the longest
mRNA<00:12:21.760><c> transcript</c><00:12:22.160><c> is</c><00:12:22.320><c> technically</c><00:12:22.800><c> just</c><00:12:22.959><c> here</c>

00:12:23.190 --> 00:12:23.200 align:start position:0%
mRNA transcript is technically just here
 

00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:24.710 align:start position:0%
mRNA transcript is technically just here
to<00:12:23.360><c> act</c><00:12:23.519><c> as</c><00:12:23.680><c> a</c><00:12:23.839><c> template</c><00:12:24.160><c> to</c><00:12:24.320><c> rebuild</c>

00:12:24.710 --> 00:12:24.720 align:start position:0%
to act as a template to rebuild
 

00:12:24.720 --> 00:12:26.629 align:start position:0%
to act as a template to rebuild
hepatitis<00:12:25.200><c> B's</c><00:12:25.519><c> DNA</c><00:12:25.920><c> sequence</c><00:12:26.240><c> in</c><00:12:26.399><c> new</c>

00:12:26.629 --> 00:12:26.639 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's DNA sequence in new
 

00:12:26.639 --> 00:12:28.470 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's DNA sequence in new
virons.<00:12:27.360><c> But</c><00:12:27.440><c> if</c><00:12:27.600><c> there's</c><00:12:27.839><c> a</c><00:12:28.000><c> small</c><00:12:28.160><c> mistake</c>

00:12:28.470 --> 00:12:28.480 align:start position:0%
virons. But if there's a small mistake
 

00:12:28.480 --> 00:12:30.150 align:start position:0%
virons. But if there's a small mistake
and<00:12:28.639><c> the</c><00:12:28.800><c> transcription</c><00:12:29.360><c> machinery</c><00:12:29.839><c> binds</c>

00:12:30.150 --> 00:12:30.160 align:start position:0%
and the transcription machinery binds
 

00:12:30.160 --> 00:12:32.230 align:start position:0%
and the transcription machinery binds
around<00:12:30.560><c> 30</c><00:12:30.880><c> letters</c><00:12:31.200><c> upstream,</c><00:12:31.920><c> then</c><00:12:32.079><c> that</c>

00:12:32.230 --> 00:12:32.240 align:start position:0%
around 30 letters upstream, then that
 

00:12:32.240 --> 00:12:34.069 align:start position:0%
around 30 letters upstream, then that
long<00:12:32.480><c> mRNA</c><00:12:33.040><c> will</c><00:12:33.200><c> eventually</c><00:12:33.519><c> get</c><00:12:33.680><c> assembled</c>

00:12:34.069 --> 00:12:34.079 align:start position:0%
long mRNA will eventually get assembled
 

00:12:34.079 --> 00:12:35.910 align:start position:0%
long mRNA will eventually get assembled
into<00:12:34.240><c> this</c><00:12:34.399><c> goofy</c><00:12:34.800><c> variant</c><00:12:35.120><c> of</c><00:12:35.279><c> the</c><00:12:35.440><c> capsid</c>

00:12:35.910 --> 00:12:35.920 align:start position:0%
into this goofy variant of the capsid
 

00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.870 align:start position:0%
into this goofy variant of the capsid
protein,<00:12:36.320><c> the</c><00:12:36.560><c> HEP</c><00:12:37.760><c> antigen</c><00:12:38.399><c> that</c><00:12:38.560><c> comes</c><00:12:38.800><c> with</c>

00:12:38.870 --> 00:12:38.880 align:start position:0%
protein, the HEP antigen that comes with
 

00:12:38.880 --> 00:12:40.870 align:start position:0%
protein, the HEP antigen that comes with
a<00:12:39.120><c> little</c><00:12:39.279><c> bonus</c><00:12:39.600><c> tail.</c><00:12:40.160><c> So,</c><00:12:40.399><c> all</c><00:12:40.480><c> in</c><00:12:40.639><c> all,</c>

00:12:40.870 --> 00:12:40.880 align:start position:0%
a little bonus tail. So, all in all,
 

00:12:40.880 --> 00:12:42.710 align:start position:0%
a little bonus tail. So, all in all,
we've<00:12:41.040><c> got</c><00:12:41.120><c> a</c><00:12:41.279><c> copy</c><00:12:41.600><c> machine,</c><00:12:42.079><c> two</c><00:12:42.320><c> structural</c>

00:12:42.710 --> 00:12:42.720 align:start position:0%
we've got a copy machine, two structural
 

00:12:42.720 --> 00:12:44.949 align:start position:0%
we've got a copy machine, two structural
scaffolds<00:12:43.200><c> with</c><00:12:43.440><c> some</c><00:12:43.600><c> variations,</c><00:12:44.480><c> one</c><00:12:44.720><c> tiny</c>

00:12:44.949 --> 00:12:44.959 align:start position:0%
scaffolds with some variations, one tiny
 

00:12:44.959 --> 00:12:47.269 align:start position:0%
scaffolds with some variations, one tiny
agent<00:12:45.519><c> of</c><00:12:45.600><c> pure</c><00:12:45.760><c> biochemical</c><00:12:46.320><c> chaos,</c><00:12:46.800><c> and</c><00:12:47.040><c> one</c>

00:12:47.269 --> 00:12:47.279 align:start position:0%
agent of pure biochemical chaos, and one
 

00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:48.949 align:start position:0%
agent of pure biochemical chaos, and one
mistake.<00:12:47.839><c> That's</c><00:12:48.079><c> all</c><00:12:48.240><c> you</c><00:12:48.399><c> need</c><00:12:48.560><c> if</c><00:12:48.720><c> you</c><00:12:48.880><c> want</c>

00:12:48.949 --> 00:12:48.959 align:start position:0%
mistake. That's all you need if you want
 

00:12:48.959 --> 00:12:51.030 align:start position:0%
mistake. That's all you need if you want
to<00:12:49.120><c> impact</c><00:12:49.440><c> the</c><00:12:49.680><c> lives</c><00:12:49.920><c> of</c><00:12:50.079><c> over</c><00:12:50.399><c> 2</c><00:12:50.639><c> billion</c>

00:12:51.030 --> 00:12:51.040 align:start position:0%
to impact the lives of over 2 billion
 

00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:53.190 align:start position:0%
to impact the lives of over 2 billion
people<00:12:51.279><c> on</c><00:12:51.519><c> Earth</c><00:12:51.760><c> today.</c><00:12:52.240><c> So,</c><00:12:52.480><c> hepatitis</c><00:12:52.959><c> B</c>

00:12:53.190 --> 00:12:53.200 align:start position:0%
people on Earth today. So, hepatitis B
 

00:12:53.200 --> 00:12:55.190 align:start position:0%
people on Earth today. So, hepatitis B
wins<00:12:53.440><c> when</c><00:12:53.680><c> these</c><00:12:53.920><c> structural</c><00:12:54.320><c> proteins</c><00:12:54.880><c> self</c>

00:12:55.190 --> 00:12:55.200 align:start position:0%
wins when these structural proteins self
 

00:12:55.200 --> 00:12:56.949 align:start position:0%
wins when these structural proteins self
assemble<00:12:55.680><c> around</c><00:12:55.920><c> a</c><00:12:56.160><c> full</c><00:12:56.399><c> copy</c><00:12:56.639><c> of</c><00:12:56.800><c> that</c>

00:12:56.949 --> 00:12:56.959 align:start position:0%
assemble around a full copy of that
 

00:12:56.959 --> 00:12:59.269 align:start position:0%
assemble around a full copy of that
pre-genomic<00:12:57.680><c> mRNA</c><00:12:58.399><c> attached</c><00:12:58.720><c> to</c><00:12:58.800><c> the</c><00:12:58.959><c> viral</c>

00:12:59.269 --> 00:12:59.279 align:start position:0%
pre-genomic mRNA attached to the viral
 

00:12:59.279 --> 00:13:01.190 align:start position:0%
pre-genomic mRNA attached to the viral
polymerase.<00:13:00.079><c> But</c><00:13:00.240><c> hepatitis</c><00:13:00.720><c> B</c><00:13:00.959><c> doesn't</c>

00:13:01.190 --> 00:13:01.200 align:start position:0%
polymerase. But hepatitis B doesn't
 

00:13:01.200 --> 00:13:02.550 align:start position:0%
polymerase. But hepatitis B doesn't
encode<00:13:01.519><c> for</c><00:13:01.680><c> anything</c><00:13:01.920><c> that</c><00:13:02.079><c> helps</c><00:13:02.320><c> push</c>

00:13:02.550 --> 00:13:02.560 align:start position:0%
encode for anything that helps push
 

00:13:02.560 --> 00:13:04.550 align:start position:0%
encode for anything that helps push
liver<00:13:02.880><c> cell</c><00:13:03.120><c> metabolism</c><00:13:03.680><c> towards</c><00:13:04.079><c> assembling</c>

00:13:04.550 --> 00:13:04.560 align:start position:0%
liver cell metabolism towards assembling
 

00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:06.790 align:start position:0%
liver cell metabolism towards assembling
hep<00:13:04.959><c> virons.</c><00:13:05.839><c> Right</c><00:13:06.079><c> now,</c><00:13:06.240><c> at</c><00:13:06.399><c> the</c><00:13:06.560><c> start</c><00:13:06.720><c> of</c>

00:13:06.790 --> 00:13:06.800 align:start position:0%
hep virons. Right now, at the start of
 

00:13:06.800 --> 00:13:08.629 align:start position:0%
hep virons. Right now, at the start of
things,<00:13:07.120><c> protein</c><00:13:07.519><c> X</c><00:13:07.760><c> is</c><00:13:08.000><c> just</c><00:13:08.160><c> blowing</c><00:13:08.480><c> up</c>

00:13:08.629 --> 00:13:08.639 align:start position:0%
things, protein X is just blowing up
 

00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:10.310 align:start position:0%
things, protein X is just blowing up
enough<00:13:08.880><c> DNA</c><00:13:09.360><c> maintenance</c><00:13:09.680><c> systems</c><00:13:10.079><c> to</c>

00:13:10.310 --> 00:13:10.320 align:start position:0%
enough DNA maintenance systems to
 

00:13:10.320 --> 00:13:11.910 align:start position:0%
enough DNA maintenance systems to
guarantee<00:13:10.720><c> that</c><00:13:10.880><c> the</c><00:13:11.040><c> hepatitis</c><00:13:11.519><c> B</c><00:13:11.680><c> mini</c>

00:13:11.910 --> 00:13:11.920 align:start position:0%
guarantee that the hepatitis B mini
 

00:13:11.920 --> 00:13:13.750 align:start position:0%
guarantee that the hepatitis B mini
chromosome<00:13:12.399><c> will</c><00:13:12.639><c> pump</c><00:13:12.800><c> out</c><00:13:13.040><c> as</c><00:13:13.200><c> many</c><00:13:13.440><c> copies</c>

00:13:13.750 --> 00:13:13.760 align:start position:0%
chromosome will pump out as many copies
 

00:13:13.760 --> 00:13:15.110 align:start position:0%
chromosome will pump out as many copies
of<00:13:13.920><c> these</c><00:13:14.160><c> structural</c><00:13:14.480><c> proteins</c><00:13:14.880><c> as</c>

00:13:15.110 --> 00:13:15.120 align:start position:0%
of these structural proteins as
 

00:13:15.120 --> 00:13:17.269 align:start position:0%
of these structural proteins as
possible.<00:13:15.680><c> Beyond</c><00:13:16.000><c> that,</c><00:13:16.320><c> hepatitis</c><00:13:16.880><c> B</c><00:13:17.120><c> just</c>

00:13:17.269 --> 00:13:17.279 align:start position:0%
possible. Beyond that, hepatitis B just
 

00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:18.870 align:start position:0%
possible. Beyond that, hepatitis B just
goes<00:13:17.519><c> with</c><00:13:17.680><c> the</c><00:13:17.839><c> flow,</c><00:13:18.240><c> hoping</c><00:13:18.480><c> that</c><00:13:18.639><c> enough</c>

00:13:18.870 --> 00:13:18.880 align:start position:0%
goes with the flow, hoping that enough
 

00:13:18.880 --> 00:13:20.470 align:start position:0%
goes with the flow, hoping that enough
capsid<00:13:19.279><c> proteins</c><00:13:19.680><c> will</c><00:13:19.839><c> bump</c><00:13:20.000><c> into</c><00:13:20.320><c> each</c>

00:13:20.470 --> 00:13:20.480 align:start position:0%
capsid proteins will bump into each
 

00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:22.150 align:start position:0%
capsid proteins will bump into each
other<00:13:20.639><c> to</c><00:13:20.880><c> allow</c><00:13:21.040><c> the</c><00:13:21.200><c> viron</c><00:13:21.760><c> to</c><00:13:21.920><c> self</c>

00:13:22.150 --> 00:13:22.160 align:start position:0%
other to allow the viron to self
 

00:13:22.160 --> 00:13:23.910 align:start position:0%
other to allow the viron to self
assemble.<00:13:22.800><c> And</c><00:13:22.959><c> I've</c><00:13:23.120><c> said</c><00:13:23.279><c> it</c><00:13:23.440><c> before,</c><00:13:23.680><c> but</c>

00:13:23.910 --> 00:13:23.920 align:start position:0%
assemble. And I've said it before, but
 

00:13:23.920 --> 00:13:25.670 align:start position:0%
assemble. And I've said it before, but
this<00:13:24.079><c> borderline</c><00:13:24.560><c> Zen</c><00:13:24.880><c> playbook</c><00:13:25.200><c> is</c><00:13:25.440><c> going</c><00:13:25.519><c> to</c>

00:13:25.670 --> 00:13:25.680 align:start position:0%
this borderline Zen playbook is going to
 

00:13:25.680 --> 00:13:28.230 align:start position:0%
this borderline Zen playbook is going to
have<00:13:25.839><c> incredible</c><00:13:26.480><c> downstream</c><00:13:27.040><c> consequences.</c>

00:13:28.230 --> 00:13:28.240 align:start position:0%
have incredible downstream consequences.
 

00:13:28.240 --> 00:13:30.069 align:start position:0%
have incredible downstream consequences.
But<00:13:28.399><c> right</c><00:13:28.639><c> now,</c><00:13:28.880><c> let's</c><00:13:29.120><c> just</c><00:13:29.360><c> assemble</c><00:13:29.760><c> one</c>

00:13:30.069 --> 00:13:30.079 align:start position:0%
But right now, let's just assemble one
 

00:13:30.079 --> 00:13:31.910 align:start position:0%
But right now, let's just assemble one
virion<00:13:30.560><c> and</c><00:13:30.720><c> see</c><00:13:30.800><c> how</c><00:13:31.040><c> this</c><00:13:31.200><c> is</c><00:13:31.440><c> supposed</c><00:13:31.680><c> to</c>

00:13:31.910 --> 00:13:31.920 align:start position:0%
virion and see how this is supposed to
 

00:13:31.920 --> 00:13:34.150 align:start position:0%
virion and see how this is supposed to
play<00:13:32.160><c> out.</c><00:13:32.480><c> Remember</c><00:13:33.040><c> this</c><00:13:33.279><c> long</c><00:13:33.519><c> pre-genomic</c>

00:13:34.150 --> 00:13:34.160 align:start position:0%
play out. Remember this long pre-genomic
 

00:13:34.160 --> 00:13:36.230 align:start position:0%
play out. Remember this long pre-genomic
mRNA<00:13:34.720><c> strand</c><00:13:34.959><c> is</c><00:13:35.120><c> all</c><00:13:35.279><c> we</c><00:13:35.440><c> need</c><00:13:35.600><c> to</c><00:13:35.760><c> make</c><00:13:35.920><c> a</c><00:13:36.079><c> new</c>

00:13:36.230 --> 00:13:36.240 align:start position:0%
mRNA strand is all we need to make a new
 

00:13:36.240 --> 00:13:38.550 align:start position:0%
mRNA strand is all we need to make a new
copy<00:13:36.560><c> of</c><00:13:36.639><c> the</c><00:13:36.800><c> hepatitis</c><00:13:37.360><c> B</c><00:13:37.600><c> genome.</c><00:13:38.399><c> This</c>

00:13:38.550 --> 00:13:38.560 align:start position:0%
copy of the hepatitis B genome. This
 

00:13:38.560 --> 00:13:40.230 align:start position:0%
copy of the hepatitis B genome. This
mRNA<00:13:39.120><c> will</c><00:13:39.360><c> meet</c><00:13:39.519><c> up</c><00:13:39.680><c> with</c><00:13:39.760><c> the</c><00:13:39.920><c> viral</c>

00:13:40.230 --> 00:13:40.240 align:start position:0%
mRNA will meet up with the viral
 

00:13:40.240 --> 00:13:42.310 align:start position:0%
mRNA will meet up with the viral
polymerase<00:13:40.959><c> and</c><00:13:41.200><c> capsid</c><00:13:41.680><c> proteins</c><00:13:42.079><c> will</c>

00:13:42.310 --> 00:13:42.320 align:start position:0%
polymerase and capsid proteins will
 

00:13:42.320 --> 00:13:44.069 align:start position:0%
polymerase and capsid proteins will
gradually<00:13:42.720><c> self</c><00:13:43.040><c> assemble</c><00:13:43.440><c> around</c><00:13:43.680><c> this</c>

00:13:44.069 --> 00:13:44.079 align:start position:0%
gradually self assemble around this
 

00:13:44.079 --> 00:13:46.150 align:start position:0%
gradually self assemble around this
genetic<00:13:44.480><c> payload.</c><00:13:45.200><c> After</c><00:13:45.440><c> the</c><00:13:45.600><c> capsid</c><00:13:46.000><c> is</c>

00:13:46.150 --> 00:13:46.160 align:start position:0%
genetic payload. After the capsid is
 

00:13:46.160 --> 00:13:47.750 align:start position:0%
genetic payload. After the capsid is
complete,<00:13:46.560><c> the</c><00:13:46.720><c> polymerase</c><00:13:47.279><c> will</c><00:13:47.440><c> activate</c>

00:13:47.750 --> 00:13:47.760 align:start position:0%
complete, the polymerase will activate
 

00:13:47.760 --> 00:13:49.910 align:start position:0%
complete, the polymerase will activate
and<00:13:48.000><c> use</c><00:13:48.160><c> that</c><00:13:48.399><c> pregenomic</c><00:13:48.959><c> mRNA</c><00:13:49.519><c> to</c><00:13:49.680><c> build</c>

00:13:49.910 --> 00:13:49.920 align:start position:0%
and use that pregenomic mRNA to build
 

00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:52.310 align:start position:0%
and use that pregenomic mRNA to build
the<00:13:50.160><c> half-complete</c><00:13:50.880><c> hepatitis</c><00:13:51.440><c> B</c><00:13:51.600><c> DNA</c><00:13:52.000><c> strand</c>

00:13:52.310 --> 00:13:52.320 align:start position:0%
the half-complete hepatitis B DNA strand
 

00:13:52.320 --> 00:13:53.829 align:start position:0%
the half-complete hepatitis B DNA strand
that's<00:13:52.560><c> going</c><00:13:52.639><c> to</c><00:13:52.800><c> infect</c><00:13:53.120><c> the</c><00:13:53.360><c> next</c><00:13:53.519><c> cell</c>

00:13:53.829 --> 00:13:53.839 align:start position:0%
that's going to infect the next cell
 

00:13:53.839 --> 00:13:55.910 align:start position:0%
that's going to infect the next cell
down<00:13:54.079><c> the</c><00:13:54.240><c> line.</c><00:13:54.880><c> Meanwhile,</c><00:13:55.440><c> these</c><00:13:55.680><c> surface</c>

00:13:55.910 --> 00:13:55.920 align:start position:0%
down the line. Meanwhile, these surface
 

00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:57.670 align:start position:0%
down the line. Meanwhile, these surface
antigens<00:13:56.560><c> really</c><00:13:56.880><c> hate</c><00:13:57.120><c> being</c><00:13:57.279><c> out</c><00:13:57.440><c> in</c><00:13:57.600><c> the</c>

00:13:57.670 --> 00:13:57.680 align:start position:0%
antigens really hate being out in the
 

00:13:57.680 --> 00:13:59.509 align:start position:0%
antigens really hate being out in the
open<00:13:57.920><c> cytoplasm</c><00:13:58.560><c> and</c><00:13:58.800><c> will</c><00:13:58.959><c> either</c><00:13:59.199><c> clump</c>

00:13:59.509 --> 00:13:59.519 align:start position:0%
open cytoplasm and will either clump
 

00:13:59.519 --> 00:14:01.750 align:start position:0%
open cytoplasm and will either clump
together<00:13:59.920><c> or</c><00:14:00.240><c> embed</c><00:14:00.639><c> themselves</c><00:14:01.120><c> in</c><00:14:01.360><c> whatever</c>

00:14:01.750 --> 00:14:01.760 align:start position:0%
together or embed themselves in whatever
 

00:14:01.760 --> 00:14:03.910 align:start position:0%
together or embed themselves in whatever
membrane<00:14:02.240><c> they</c><00:14:02.560><c> can</c><00:14:02.720><c> find.</c><00:14:03.360><c> Most</c><00:14:03.600><c> likely,</c>

00:14:03.910 --> 00:14:03.920 align:start position:0%
membrane they can find. Most likely,
 

00:14:03.920 --> 00:14:05.269 align:start position:0%
membrane they can find. Most likely,
they'll<00:14:04.160><c> end</c><00:14:04.320><c> up</c><00:14:04.480><c> concentrating</c><00:14:04.959><c> in</c><00:14:05.120><c> this</c>

00:14:05.269 --> 00:14:05.279 align:start position:0%
they'll end up concentrating in this
 

00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:07.430 align:start position:0%
they'll end up concentrating in this
liver<00:14:05.519><c> cell's</c><00:14:05.839><c> endopplasmic</c><00:14:06.560><c> reticulum.</c>

00:14:07.430 --> 00:14:07.440 align:start position:0%
liver cell's endopplasmic reticulum.
 

00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:09.110 align:start position:0%
liver cell's endopplasmic reticulum.
Now,<00:14:07.760><c> all</c><00:14:07.920><c> we</c><00:14:08.079><c> got</c><00:14:08.160><c> to</c><00:14:08.240><c> do</c><00:14:08.320><c> is</c><00:14:08.480><c> put</c><00:14:08.639><c> these</c><00:14:08.880><c> two</c>

00:14:09.110 --> 00:14:09.120 align:start position:0%
Now, all we got to do is put these two
 

00:14:09.120 --> 00:14:11.509 align:start position:0%
Now, all we got to do is put these two
main<00:14:09.360><c> components</c><00:14:09.839><c> together.</c><00:14:10.560><c> Ideally,</c><00:14:11.279><c> this</c>

00:14:11.509 --> 00:14:11.519 align:start position:0%
main components together. Ideally, this
 

00:14:11.519 --> 00:14:13.430 align:start position:0%
main components together. Ideally, this
freshly<00:14:11.920><c> complete</c><00:14:12.240><c> viral</c><00:14:12.639><c> capsid</c><00:14:13.040><c> will</c><00:14:13.199><c> bump</c>

00:14:13.430 --> 00:14:13.440 align:start position:0%
freshly complete viral capsid will bump
 

00:14:13.440 --> 00:14:15.269 align:start position:0%
freshly complete viral capsid will bump
into<00:14:13.600><c> a</c><00:14:13.760><c> section</c><00:14:13.920><c> of</c><00:14:14.079><c> endopplasmic</c><00:14:14.720><c> reticulum</c>

00:14:15.269 --> 00:14:15.279 align:start position:0%
into a section of endopplasmic reticulum
 

00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:17.030 align:start position:0%
into a section of endopplasmic reticulum
that's<00:14:15.519><c> chalk</c><00:14:15.839><c> full</c><00:14:16.000><c> of</c><00:14:16.160><c> HPV</c><00:14:16.720><c> surface</c>

00:14:17.030 --> 00:14:17.040 align:start position:0%
that's chalk full of HPV surface
 

00:14:17.040 --> 00:14:19.030 align:start position:0%
that's chalk full of HPV surface
proteins,<00:14:17.680><c> which</c><00:14:18.000><c> will</c><00:14:18.160><c> just</c><00:14:18.399><c> surround</c><00:14:18.800><c> that</c>

00:14:19.030 --> 00:14:19.040 align:start position:0%
proteins, which will just surround that
 

00:14:19.040 --> 00:14:20.710 align:start position:0%
proteins, which will just surround that
capsid<00:14:19.600><c> and</c><00:14:19.760><c> butt</c><00:14:20.000><c> off</c><00:14:20.160><c> the</c><00:14:20.320><c> membrane,</c>

00:14:20.710 --> 00:14:20.720 align:start position:0%
capsid and butt off the membrane,
 

00:14:20.720 --> 00:14:22.790 align:start position:0%
capsid and butt off the membrane,
completing<00:14:21.120><c> our</c><00:14:21.360><c> freshly</c><00:14:21.760><c> new</c><00:14:22.000><c> hepatitis</c><00:14:22.560><c> B</c>

00:14:22.790 --> 00:14:22.800 align:start position:0%
completing our freshly new hepatitis B
 

00:14:22.800 --> 00:14:24.550 align:start position:0%
completing our freshly new hepatitis B
viral<00:14:23.199><c> particle,</c><00:14:23.680><c> which</c><00:14:23.839><c> is</c><00:14:24.000><c> called</c><00:14:24.079><c> a</c><00:14:24.240><c> DANE</c>

00:14:24.550 --> 00:14:24.560 align:start position:0%
viral particle, which is called a DANE
 

00:14:24.560 --> 00:14:25.990 align:start position:0%
viral particle, which is called a DANE
particle.<00:14:24.959><c> By</c><00:14:25.040><c> the</c><00:14:25.199><c> way,</c><00:14:25.360><c> I</c><00:14:25.519><c> never</c><00:14:25.680><c> mentioned</c>

00:14:25.990 --> 00:14:26.000 align:start position:0%
particle. By the way, I never mentioned
 

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:27.350 align:start position:0%
particle. By the way, I never mentioned
that,<00:14:26.160><c> but</c><00:14:26.480><c> just</c><00:14:26.639><c> want</c><00:14:26.800><c> to</c><00:14:26.880><c> have</c><00:14:27.040><c> that</c><00:14:27.199><c> out</c>

00:14:27.350 --> 00:14:27.360 align:start position:0%
that, but just want to have that out
 

00:14:27.360 --> 00:14:29.990 align:start position:0%
that, but just want to have that out
there.<00:14:28.000><c> But</c><00:14:28.480><c> this</c><00:14:28.720><c> is</c><00:14:28.959><c> rarely</c><00:14:29.440><c> how</c><00:14:29.760><c> things</c>

00:14:29.990 --> 00:14:30.000 align:start position:0%
there. But this is rarely how things
 

00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:32.069 align:start position:0%
there. But this is rarely how things
work<00:14:30.240><c> out</c><00:14:30.399><c> at</c><00:14:30.639><c> first.</c><00:14:31.199><c> I</c><00:14:31.519><c> can't</c><00:14:31.680><c> emphasize</c>

00:14:32.069 --> 00:14:32.079 align:start position:0%
work out at first. I can't emphasize
 

00:14:32.079 --> 00:14:34.230 align:start position:0%
work out at first. I can't emphasize
this<00:14:32.320><c> enough.</c><00:14:32.720><c> Hep</c><00:14:33.120><c> B</c><00:14:33.360><c> relies</c><00:14:33.839><c> almost</c>

00:14:34.230 --> 00:14:34.240 align:start position:0%
this enough. Hep B relies almost
 

00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:36.310 align:start position:0%
this enough. Hep B relies almost
completely<00:14:34.800><c> on</c><00:14:35.040><c> normal</c><00:14:35.440><c> liver</c><00:14:35.839><c> business</c><00:14:36.160><c> to</c>

00:14:36.310 --> 00:14:36.320 align:start position:0%
completely on normal liver business to
 

00:14:36.320 --> 00:14:38.150 align:start position:0%
completely on normal liver business to
assemble<00:14:36.800><c> itself.</c><00:14:37.440><c> The</c><00:14:37.680><c> main</c><00:14:37.839><c> thing</c><00:14:37.920><c> this</c>

00:14:38.150 --> 00:14:38.160 align:start position:0%
assemble itself. The main thing this
 

00:14:38.160 --> 00:14:40.069 align:start position:0%
assemble itself. The main thing this
capsid<00:14:38.639><c> is</c><00:14:38.720><c> built</c><00:14:38.880><c> to</c><00:14:39.040><c> do</c><00:14:39.199><c> is</c><00:14:39.519><c> infiltrating</c>

00:14:40.069 --> 00:14:40.079 align:start position:0%
capsid is built to do is infiltrating
 

00:14:40.079 --> 00:14:41.829 align:start position:0%
capsid is built to do is infiltrating
the<00:14:40.320><c> nucleus.</c><00:14:41.040><c> Remember</c><00:14:41.279><c> at</c><00:14:41.519><c> the</c><00:14:41.680><c> beginning</c>

00:14:41.829 --> 00:14:41.839 align:start position:0%
the nucleus. Remember at the beginning
 

00:14:41.839 --> 00:14:43.269 align:start position:0%
the nucleus. Remember at the beginning
when<00:14:42.000><c> I</c><00:14:42.160><c> showed</c><00:14:42.320><c> you</c><00:14:42.480><c> that</c><00:14:42.639><c> the</c><00:14:42.800><c> capsid</c>

00:14:43.269 --> 00:14:43.279 align:start position:0%
when I showed you that the capsid
 

00:14:43.279 --> 00:14:44.870 align:start position:0%
when I showed you that the capsid
proteins<00:14:43.600><c> have</c><00:14:43.680><c> a</c><00:14:43.839><c> nuclear</c><00:14:44.240><c> localization</c>

00:14:44.870 --> 00:14:44.880 align:start position:0%
proteins have a nuclear localization
 

00:14:44.880 --> 00:14:46.949 align:start position:0%
proteins have a nuclear localization
signal<00:14:45.199><c> baked</c><00:14:45.519><c> into</c><00:14:45.760><c> their</c><00:14:45.920><c> structure.</c><00:14:46.639><c> That</c>

00:14:46.949 --> 00:14:46.959 align:start position:0%
signal baked into their structure. That
 

00:14:46.959 --> 00:14:49.750 align:start position:0%
signal baked into their structure. That
hasn't<00:14:47.279><c> changed</c><00:14:47.680><c> and</c><00:14:47.920><c> it</c><00:14:48.320><c> can't</c><00:14:48.720><c> change.</c><00:14:49.519><c> So</c>

00:14:49.750 --> 00:14:49.760 align:start position:0%
hasn't changed and it can't change. So
 

00:14:49.760 --> 00:14:51.110 align:start position:0%
hasn't changed and it can't change. So
right<00:14:49.920><c> here</c><00:14:50.160><c> when</c><00:14:50.320><c> the</c><00:14:50.399><c> capsid</c><00:14:50.800><c> is</c><00:14:50.959><c> fully</c>

00:14:51.110 --> 00:14:51.120 align:start position:0%
right here when the capsid is fully
 

00:14:51.120 --> 00:14:52.629 align:start position:0%
right here when the capsid is fully
assembled<00:14:51.440><c> and</c><00:14:51.680><c> getting</c><00:14:51.920><c> ready</c><00:14:52.079><c> to</c><00:14:52.240><c> envelop</c>

00:14:52.629 --> 00:14:52.639 align:start position:0%
assembled and getting ready to envelop
 

00:14:52.639 --> 00:14:54.470 align:start position:0%
assembled and getting ready to envelop
itself,<00:14:53.199><c> this</c><00:14:53.440><c> moment</c><00:14:53.600><c> where</c><00:14:53.760><c> hepatitis</c><00:14:54.240><c> B</c>

00:14:54.470 --> 00:14:54.480 align:start position:0%
itself, this moment where hepatitis B
 

00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:56.230 align:start position:0%
itself, this moment where hepatitis B
can<00:14:54.639><c> claim</c><00:14:54.800><c> a</c><00:14:54.959><c> quick</c><00:14:55.199><c> victory</c><00:14:55.600><c> and</c><00:14:55.839><c> get</c><00:14:56.000><c> out</c>

00:14:56.230 --> 00:14:56.240 align:start position:0%
can claim a quick victory and get out
 

00:14:56.240 --> 00:14:58.629 align:start position:0%
can claim a quick victory and get out
scot-free,<00:14:57.279><c> nuclear</c><00:14:57.920><c> importance</c><00:14:58.399><c> will</c>

00:14:58.629 --> 00:14:58.639 align:start position:0%
scot-free, nuclear importance will
 

00:14:58.639 --> 00:15:00.710 align:start position:0%
scot-free, nuclear importance will
probably<00:14:58.959><c> just</c><00:14:59.279><c> pick</c><00:14:59.440><c> it</c><00:14:59.600><c> back</c><00:14:59.839><c> up</c><00:15:00.079><c> and</c><00:15:00.399><c> pull</c>

00:15:00.710 --> 00:15:00.720 align:start position:0%
probably just pick it back up and pull
 

00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:03.189 align:start position:0%
probably just pick it back up and pull
it<00:15:00.880><c> back</c><00:15:01.120><c> into</c><00:15:01.360><c> the</c><00:15:01.600><c> nucleus.</c><00:15:02.560><c> For</c><00:15:02.800><c> me,</c><00:15:03.040><c> this</c>

00:15:03.189 --> 00:15:03.199 align:start position:0%
it back into the nucleus. For me, this
 

00:15:03.199 --> 00:15:05.670 align:start position:0%
it back into the nucleus. For me, this
is<00:15:03.279><c> the</c><00:15:03.519><c> crux</c><00:15:03.839><c> of</c><00:15:04.000><c> the</c><00:15:04.240><c> video.</c><00:15:04.720><c> Hepatitis</c><00:15:05.360><c> B</c>

00:15:05.670 --> 00:15:05.680 align:start position:0%
is the crux of the video. Hepatitis B
 

00:15:05.680 --> 00:15:07.430 align:start position:0%
is the crux of the video. Hepatitis B
doesn't<00:15:06.000><c> really</c><00:15:06.160><c> have</c><00:15:06.320><c> a</c><00:15:06.560><c> plan.</c><00:15:06.880><c> and</c><00:15:07.040><c> beyond</c>

00:15:07.430 --> 00:15:07.440 align:start position:0%
doesn't really have a plan. and beyond
 

00:15:07.440 --> 00:15:09.030 align:start position:0%
doesn't really have a plan. and beyond
getting<00:15:07.600><c> into</c><00:15:07.839><c> the</c><00:15:08.000><c> nucleus.</c><00:15:08.560><c> So,</c><00:15:08.720><c> a</c><00:15:08.959><c> lot</c><00:15:09.040><c> of</c>

00:15:09.030 --> 00:15:09.040 align:start position:0%
getting into the nucleus. So, a lot of
 

00:15:09.040 --> 00:15:10.629 align:start position:0%
getting into the nucleus. So, a lot of
the<00:15:09.199><c> initial</c><00:15:09.519><c> virons</c><00:15:10.000><c> that</c><00:15:10.160><c> get</c><00:15:10.240><c> assembled</c>

00:15:10.629 --> 00:15:10.639 align:start position:0%
the initial virons that get assembled
 

00:15:10.639 --> 00:15:12.389 align:start position:0%
the initial virons that get assembled
are<00:15:10.880><c> just</c><00:15:11.040><c> going</c><00:15:11.120><c> to</c><00:15:11.279><c> end</c><00:15:11.440><c> up</c><00:15:11.680><c> right</c><00:15:12.000><c> back</c><00:15:12.240><c> at</c>

00:15:12.389 --> 00:15:12.399 align:start position:0%
are just going to end up right back at
 

00:15:12.399 --> 00:15:14.069 align:start position:0%
are just going to end up right back at
the<00:15:12.560><c> starting</c><00:15:12.880><c> point.</c><00:15:13.440><c> When</c><00:15:13.680><c> folks</c><00:15:13.920><c> talk</c>

00:15:14.069 --> 00:15:14.079 align:start position:0%
the starting point. When folks talk
 

00:15:14.079 --> 00:15:15.990 align:start position:0%
the starting point. When folks talk
about<00:15:14.320><c> viral</c><00:15:14.720><c> infections,</c><00:15:15.360><c> you</c><00:15:15.600><c> hear</c><00:15:15.760><c> a</c><00:15:15.920><c> lot</c>

00:15:15.990 --> 00:15:16.000 align:start position:0%
about viral infections, you hear a lot
 

00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:18.150 align:start position:0%
about viral infections, you hear a lot
about<00:15:16.320><c> plans</c><00:15:16.800><c> and</c><00:15:17.120><c> intention</c><00:15:17.680><c> and</c><00:15:17.920><c> about</c>

00:15:18.150 --> 00:15:18.160 align:start position:0%
about plans and intention and about
 

00:15:18.160 --> 00:15:20.069 align:start position:0%
about plans and intention and about
hijacking<00:15:18.800><c> cellular</c><00:15:19.199><c> machinery</c><00:15:19.680><c> to</c><00:15:19.920><c> build</c>

00:15:20.069 --> 00:15:20.079 align:start position:0%
hijacking cellular machinery to build
 

00:15:20.079 --> 00:15:22.550 align:start position:0%
hijacking cellular machinery to build
new<00:15:20.320><c> viruses.</c><00:15:21.120><c> Hepatitis</c><00:15:21.760><c> B</c><00:15:21.920><c> is</c><00:15:22.079><c> a</c><00:15:22.320><c> great</c>

00:15:22.550 --> 00:15:22.560 align:start position:0%
new viruses. Hepatitis B is a great
 

00:15:22.560 --> 00:15:25.030 align:start position:0%
new viruses. Hepatitis B is a great
window<00:15:22.800><c> into</c><00:15:23.120><c> how</c><00:15:23.360><c> haphazard</c><00:15:24.079><c> all</c><00:15:24.320><c> this</c><00:15:24.480><c> is.</c>

00:15:25.030 --> 00:15:25.040 align:start position:0%
window into how haphazard all this is.
 

00:15:25.040 --> 00:15:27.350 align:start position:0%
window into how haphazard all this is.
Hepatitis<00:15:25.600><c> B</c><00:15:25.839><c> has</c><00:15:26.000><c> bet</c><00:15:26.399><c> everything</c><00:15:26.880><c> on</c><00:15:27.120><c> an</c>

00:15:27.350 --> 00:15:27.360 align:start position:0%
Hepatitis B has bet everything on an
 

00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:29.030 align:start position:0%
Hepatitis B has bet everything on an
efficient<00:15:27.760><c> genome,</c><00:15:28.240><c> and</c><00:15:28.399><c> that</c><00:15:28.639><c> sometimes</c>

00:15:29.030 --> 00:15:29.040 align:start position:0%
efficient genome, and that sometimes
 

00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:31.189 align:start position:0%
efficient genome, and that sometimes
makes<00:15:29.279><c> the</c><00:15:29.440><c> virus</c><00:15:29.760><c> appear</c><00:15:30.079><c> downright</c><00:15:30.639><c> clutsy,</c>

00:15:31.189 --> 00:15:31.199 align:start position:0%
makes the virus appear downright clutsy,
 

00:15:31.199 --> 00:15:32.310 align:start position:0%
makes the virus appear downright clutsy,
even<00:15:31.360><c> though</c><00:15:31.519><c> this</c><00:15:31.760><c> little</c><00:15:31.920><c> fella</c><00:15:32.160><c> has</c>

00:15:32.310 --> 00:15:32.320 align:start position:0%
even though this little fella has
 

00:15:32.320 --> 00:15:33.670 align:start position:0%
even though this little fella has
stumbled<00:15:32.560><c> its</c><00:15:32.800><c> way</c><00:15:32.880><c> to</c><00:15:33.040><c> touching</c><00:15:33.360><c> the</c><00:15:33.519><c> lives</c>

00:15:33.670 --> 00:15:33.680 align:start position:0%
stumbled its way to touching the lives
 

00:15:33.680 --> 00:15:35.110 align:start position:0%
stumbled its way to touching the lives
of<00:15:33.839><c> a</c><00:15:34.000><c> full</c><00:15:34.240><c> quarter</c><00:15:34.480><c> of</c><00:15:34.639><c> the</c><00:15:34.800><c> world's</c>

00:15:35.110 --> 00:15:35.120 align:start position:0%
of a full quarter of the world's
 

00:15:35.120 --> 00:15:37.350 align:start position:0%
of a full quarter of the world's
population.<00:15:36.079><c> But</c><00:15:36.399><c> back</c><00:15:36.560><c> to</c><00:15:36.720><c> this</c><00:15:36.880><c> infection</c>

00:15:37.350 --> 00:15:37.360 align:start position:0%
population. But back to this infection
 

00:15:37.360 --> 00:15:39.350 align:start position:0%
population. But back to this infection
cycle,<00:15:37.760><c> hepatitis</c><00:15:38.399><c> B</c><00:15:38.639><c> can</c><00:15:38.800><c> still</c><00:15:39.040><c> turn</c><00:15:39.199><c> this</c>

00:15:39.350 --> 00:15:39.360 align:start position:0%
cycle, hepatitis B can still turn this
 

00:15:39.360 --> 00:15:41.189 align:start position:0%
cycle, hepatitis B can still turn this
quote<00:15:39.600><c> unquote</c><00:15:40.000><c> clumsiness</c><00:15:40.480><c> into</c><00:15:40.720><c> a</c><00:15:40.959><c> huge</c>

00:15:41.189 --> 00:15:41.199 align:start position:0%
quote unquote clumsiness into a huge
 

00:15:41.199 --> 00:15:43.590 align:start position:0%
quote unquote clumsiness into a huge
advantage.<00:15:41.839><c> Because</c><00:15:42.320><c> look,</c><00:15:43.120><c> once</c><00:15:43.440><c> this</c>

00:15:43.590 --> 00:15:43.600 align:start position:0%
advantage. Because look, once this
 

00:15:43.600 --> 00:15:45.350 align:start position:0%
advantage. Because look, once this
additional<00:15:43.920><c> capsid</c><00:15:44.480><c> makes</c><00:15:44.639><c> it</c><00:15:44.880><c> back</c><00:15:44.959><c> into</c><00:15:45.199><c> the</c>

00:15:45.350 --> 00:15:45.360 align:start position:0%
additional capsid makes it back into the
 

00:15:45.360 --> 00:15:47.430 align:start position:0%
additional capsid makes it back into the
nucleus,<00:15:45.920><c> it</c><00:15:46.079><c> will</c><00:15:46.320><c> also</c><00:15:46.720><c> break</c><00:15:46.959><c> apart,</c>

00:15:47.430 --> 00:15:47.440 align:start position:0%
nucleus, it will also break apart,
 

00:15:47.440 --> 00:15:49.269 align:start position:0%
nucleus, it will also break apart,
allowing<00:15:47.760><c> this</c><00:15:48.000><c> copy</c><00:15:48.320><c> of</c><00:15:48.399><c> the</c><00:15:48.560><c> hepatitis</c><00:15:49.120><c> B</c>

00:15:49.269 --> 00:15:49.279 align:start position:0%
allowing this copy of the hepatitis B
 

00:15:49.279 --> 00:15:51.110 align:start position:0%
allowing this copy of the hepatitis B
genome<00:15:49.680><c> to</c><00:15:49.839><c> get</c><00:15:50.000><c> repaired</c><00:15:50.320><c> and</c><00:15:50.560><c> turned</c><00:15:50.800><c> into</c>

00:15:51.110 --> 00:15:51.120 align:start position:0%
genome to get repaired and turned into
 

00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:53.430 align:start position:0%
genome to get repaired and turned into
an<00:15:51.360><c> additional</c><00:15:51.920><c> mini</c><00:15:52.240><c> chromosome.</c><00:15:52.880><c> So</c><00:15:53.199><c> just</c>

00:15:53.430 --> 00:15:53.440 align:start position:0%
an additional mini chromosome. So just
 

00:15:53.440 --> 00:15:55.110 align:start position:0%
an additional mini chromosome. So just
in<00:15:53.600><c> case</c><00:15:53.759><c> the</c><00:15:53.920><c> initial</c><00:15:54.240><c> infecting</c><00:15:54.639><c> virion</c>

00:15:55.110 --> 00:15:55.120 align:start position:0%
in case the initial infecting virion
 

00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:57.110 align:start position:0%
in case the initial infecting virion
can't<00:15:55.440><c> synthesize</c><00:15:55.920><c> enough</c><00:15:56.160><c> X-rotein</c><00:15:56.800><c> in</c><00:15:56.959><c> time</c>

00:15:57.110 --> 00:15:57.120 align:start position:0%
can't synthesize enough X-rotein in time
 

00:15:57.120 --> 00:15:58.790 align:start position:0%
can't synthesize enough X-rotein in time
to<00:15:57.279><c> completely</c><00:15:57.600><c> shut</c><00:15:57.759><c> down</c><00:15:57.920><c> the</c><00:15:58.079><c> DNA</c><00:15:58.480><c> defense</c>

00:15:58.790 --> 00:15:58.800 align:start position:0%
to completely shut down the DNA defense
 

00:15:58.800 --> 00:16:00.710 align:start position:0%
to completely shut down the DNA defense
squad,<00:15:59.360><c> there's</c><00:15:59.600><c> now</c><00:15:59.839><c> double</c><00:16:00.160><c> the</c><00:16:00.399><c> number</c><00:16:00.480><c> of</c>

00:16:00.710 --> 00:16:00.720 align:start position:0%
squad, there's now double the number of
 

00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:02.550 align:start position:0%
squad, there's now double the number of
mini<00:16:00.959><c> chromosomes</c><00:16:01.440><c> in</c><00:16:01.680><c> this</c><00:16:01.839><c> nucleus,</c><00:16:02.320><c> which</c>

00:16:02.550 --> 00:16:02.560 align:start position:0%
mini chromosomes in this nucleus, which
 

00:16:02.560 --> 00:16:03.910 align:start position:0%
mini chromosomes in this nucleus, which
will<00:16:02.800><c> produce</c><00:16:03.120><c> double</c><00:16:03.360><c> the</c><00:16:03.600><c> amount</c><00:16:03.759><c> of</c>

00:16:03.910 --> 00:16:03.920 align:start position:0%
will produce double the amount of
 

00:16:03.920 --> 00:16:06.470 align:start position:0%
will produce double the amount of
hepatitis<00:16:04.480><c> mRNA</c><00:16:05.040><c> and</c><00:16:05.199><c> proteins.</c><00:16:06.160><c> And</c><00:16:06.320><c> this</c>

00:16:06.470 --> 00:16:06.480 align:start position:0%
hepatitis mRNA and proteins. And this
 

00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:08.069 align:start position:0%
hepatitis mRNA and proteins. And this
process<00:16:06.800><c> is</c><00:16:06.959><c> just</c><00:16:07.120><c> going</c><00:16:07.279><c> to</c><00:16:07.360><c> keep</c><00:16:07.600><c> repeating</c>

00:16:08.069 --> 00:16:08.079 align:start position:0%
process is just going to keep repeating
 

00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:09.509 align:start position:0%
process is just going to keep repeating
over<00:16:08.320><c> and</c><00:16:08.560><c> over</c><00:16:08.800><c> until</c><00:16:09.040><c> a</c><00:16:09.279><c> kind</c><00:16:09.440><c> of</c>

00:16:09.509 --> 00:16:09.519 align:start position:0%
over and over until a kind of
 

00:16:09.519 --> 00:16:11.430 align:start position:0%
over and over until a kind of
equilibrium<00:16:10.240><c> is</c><00:16:10.480><c> reached.</c><00:16:10.959><c> Eventually,</c>

00:16:11.430 --> 00:16:11.440 align:start position:0%
equilibrium is reached. Eventually,
 

00:16:11.440 --> 00:16:13.030 align:start position:0%
equilibrium is reached. Eventually,
there<00:16:11.600><c> are</c><00:16:11.759><c> enough</c><00:16:12.000><c> copies</c><00:16:12.320><c> of</c><00:16:12.399><c> the</c><00:16:12.560><c> hepatitis</c>

00:16:13.030 --> 00:16:13.040 align:start position:0%
there are enough copies of the hepatitis
 

00:16:13.040 --> 00:16:14.870 align:start position:0%
there are enough copies of the hepatitis
B<00:16:13.279><c> genome</c><00:16:13.600><c> stuffed</c><00:16:13.839><c> into</c><00:16:14.000><c> the</c><00:16:14.079><c> cell's</c><00:16:14.399><c> nucleus</c>

00:16:14.870 --> 00:16:14.880 align:start position:0%
B genome stuffed into the cell's nucleus
 

00:16:14.880 --> 00:16:16.550 align:start position:0%
B genome stuffed into the cell's nucleus
and<00:16:15.120><c> enough</c><00:16:15.360><c> capsins</c><00:16:15.920><c> are</c><00:16:16.079><c> being</c><00:16:16.240><c> produced</c>

00:16:16.550 --> 00:16:16.560 align:start position:0%
and enough capsins are being produced
 

00:16:16.560 --> 00:16:18.150 align:start position:0%
and enough capsins are being produced
that<00:16:16.720><c> the</c><00:16:16.880><c> nuclear</c><00:16:17.199><c> import</c><00:16:17.600><c> system</c><00:16:17.839><c> gets</c>

00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:18.160 align:start position:0%
that the nuclear import system gets
 

00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:20.389 align:start position:0%
that the nuclear import system gets
completely<00:16:18.720><c> overwhelmed.</c><00:16:19.759><c> On</c><00:16:20.079><c> average,</c>

00:16:20.389 --> 00:16:20.399 align:start position:0%
completely overwhelmed. On average,
 

00:16:20.399 --> 00:16:22.550 align:start position:0%
completely overwhelmed. On average,
there's<00:16:20.720><c> usually</c><00:16:21.120><c> about</c><00:16:21.600><c> 50</c><00:16:22.000><c> copies</c><00:16:22.320><c> of</c><00:16:22.399><c> the</c>

00:16:22.550 --> 00:16:22.560 align:start position:0%
there's usually about 50 copies of the
 

00:16:22.560 --> 00:16:24.710 align:start position:0%
there's usually about 50 copies of the
mini<00:16:22.880><c> chromosome</c><00:16:23.360><c> in</c><00:16:23.519><c> an</c><00:16:23.680><c> infected</c><00:16:24.079><c> nucleus,</c>

00:16:24.710 --> 00:16:24.720 align:start position:0%
mini chromosome in an infected nucleus,
 

00:16:24.720 --> 00:16:26.550 align:start position:0%
mini chromosome in an infected nucleus,
but<00:16:24.959><c> sometimes</c><00:16:25.440><c> that</c><00:16:25.680><c> number</c><00:16:25.839><c> can</c><00:16:26.079><c> go</c><00:16:26.160><c> up</c><00:16:26.320><c> to</c>

00:16:26.550 --> 00:16:26.560 align:start position:0%
but sometimes that number can go up to
 

00:16:26.560 --> 00:16:29.430 align:start position:0%
but sometimes that number can go up to
100<00:16:26.880><c> to</c><00:16:27.440><c> 150.</c><00:16:28.079><c> So,</c><00:16:28.320><c> hepatitis</c><00:16:28.800><c> B</c><00:16:28.959><c> has</c><00:16:29.120><c> multiple</c>

00:16:29.430 --> 00:16:29.440 align:start position:0%
100 to 150. So, hepatitis B has multiple
 

00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:31.189 align:start position:0%
100 to 150. So, hepatitis B has multiple
backup<00:16:29.759><c> copies</c><00:16:30.000><c> of</c><00:16:30.160><c> its</c><00:16:30.320><c> genome</c><00:16:30.639><c> in</c><00:16:30.880><c> case</c><00:16:31.040><c> one</c>

00:16:31.189 --> 00:16:31.199 align:start position:0%
backup copies of its genome in case one
 

00:16:31.199 --> 00:16:33.350 align:start position:0%
backup copies of its genome in case one
or<00:16:31.360><c> more</c><00:16:31.600><c> get</c><00:16:31.839><c> damaged,</c><00:16:32.320><c> and</c><00:16:32.880><c> more</c><00:16:33.040><c> and</c><00:16:33.199><c> more</c>

00:16:33.350 --> 00:16:33.360 align:start position:0%
or more get damaged, and more and more
 

00:16:33.360 --> 00:16:35.430 align:start position:0%
or more get damaged, and more and more
hepatitis<00:16:33.920><c> B</c><00:16:34.160><c> DNA</c><00:16:34.480><c> in</c><00:16:34.639><c> its</c><00:16:34.800><c> nucleus</c><00:16:35.120><c> will</c>

00:16:35.430 --> 00:16:35.440 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B DNA in its nucleus will
 

00:16:35.440 --> 00:16:37.430 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B DNA in its nucleus will
increase<00:16:35.839><c> viral,</c><00:16:36.320><c> mRNA,</c><00:16:36.880><c> and</c><00:16:37.040><c> protein</c>

00:16:37.430 --> 00:16:37.440 align:start position:0%
increase viral, mRNA, and protein
 

00:16:37.440 --> 00:16:39.110 align:start position:0%
increase viral, mRNA, and protein
production.<00:16:38.079><c> This</c><00:16:38.320><c> is</c><00:16:38.399><c> going</c><00:16:38.560><c> to</c><00:16:38.639><c> become</c><00:16:38.880><c> the</c>

00:16:39.110 --> 00:16:39.120 align:start position:0%
production. This is going to become the
 

00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:40.629 align:start position:0%
production. This is going to become the
central<00:16:39.360><c> pillars</c><00:16:39.680><c> of</c><00:16:39.759><c> hepatitis</c><00:16:40.320><c> B's</c>

00:16:40.629 --> 00:16:40.639 align:start position:0%
central pillars of hepatitis B's
 

00:16:40.639 --> 00:16:42.310 align:start position:0%
central pillars of hepatitis B's
success.<00:16:41.279><c> It</c><00:16:41.440><c> doesn't</c><00:16:41.680><c> matter</c><00:16:41.839><c> that</c><00:16:42.079><c> this</c>

00:16:42.310 --> 00:16:42.320 align:start position:0%
success. It doesn't matter that this
 

00:16:42.320 --> 00:16:43.829 align:start position:0%
success. It doesn't matter that this
infection<00:16:42.720><c> cycle</c><00:16:42.959><c> is</c><00:16:43.120><c> inefficient</c><00:16:43.600><c> at</c>

00:16:43.829 --> 00:16:43.839 align:start position:0%
infection cycle is inefficient at
 

00:16:43.839 --> 00:16:45.829 align:start position:0%
infection cycle is inefficient at
assembling<00:16:44.240><c> and</c><00:16:44.399><c> releasing</c><00:16:44.720><c> new</c><00:16:44.959><c> virons.</c><00:16:45.680><c> If</c>

00:16:45.829 --> 00:16:45.839 align:start position:0%
assembling and releasing new virons. If
 

00:16:45.839 --> 00:16:47.829 align:start position:0%
assembling and releasing new virons. If
we<00:16:46.079><c> flood</c><00:16:46.399><c> this</c><00:16:46.639><c> liver</c><00:16:46.959><c> cell</c><00:16:47.199><c> with</c><00:16:47.440><c> more</c><00:16:47.600><c> and</c>

00:16:47.829 --> 00:16:47.839 align:start position:0%
we flood this liver cell with more and
 

00:16:47.839 --> 00:16:49.670 align:start position:0%
we flood this liver cell with more and
more<00:16:48.000><c> hepatitis</c><00:16:48.639><c> proteins,</c><00:16:49.199><c> we'll</c><00:16:49.440><c> have</c><00:16:49.519><c> a</c>

00:16:49.670 --> 00:16:49.680 align:start position:0%
more hepatitis proteins, we'll have a
 

00:16:49.680 --> 00:16:51.269 align:start position:0%
more hepatitis proteins, we'll have a
better<00:16:49.920><c> chance</c><00:16:50.079><c> of</c><00:16:50.320><c> enough</c><00:16:50.560><c> of</c><00:16:50.720><c> them</c><00:16:50.880><c> randomly</c>

00:16:51.269 --> 00:16:51.279 align:start position:0%
better chance of enough of them randomly
 

00:16:51.279 --> 00:16:52.949 align:start position:0%
better chance of enough of them randomly
bumping<00:16:51.600><c> into</c><00:16:51.839><c> each</c><00:16:52.000><c> other</c><00:16:52.160><c> to</c><00:16:52.320><c> assemble</c>

00:16:52.949 --> 00:16:52.959 align:start position:0%
bumping into each other to assemble
 

00:16:52.959 --> 00:16:55.269 align:start position:0%
bumping into each other to assemble
complete<00:16:53.360><c> and</c><00:16:53.519><c> infectionready</c><00:16:54.160><c> virons.</c><00:16:55.120><c> But</c>

00:16:55.269 --> 00:16:55.279 align:start position:0%
complete and infectionready virons. But
 

00:16:55.279 --> 00:16:56.710 align:start position:0%
complete and infectionready virons. But
of<00:16:55.440><c> course,</c><00:16:55.680><c> this</c><00:16:55.920><c> comes</c><00:16:56.079><c> with</c><00:16:56.240><c> a</c><00:16:56.480><c> lot</c><00:16:56.560><c> of</c>

00:16:56.710 --> 00:16:56.720 align:start position:0%
of course, this comes with a lot of
 

00:16:56.720 --> 00:16:58.389 align:start position:0%
of course, this comes with a lot of
complications.<00:16:57.600><c> First</c><00:16:57.759><c> of</c><00:16:57.920><c> all,</c><00:16:58.160><c> there's</c>

00:16:58.389 --> 00:16:58.399 align:start position:0%
complications. First of all, there's
 

00:16:58.399 --> 00:16:59.670 align:start position:0%
complications. First of all, there's
going<00:16:58.480><c> to</c><00:16:58.560><c> be</c><00:16:58.639><c> downstream</c><00:16:59.120><c> effects</c><00:16:59.360><c> that</c><00:16:59.519><c> work</c>

00:16:59.670 --> 00:16:59.680 align:start position:0%
going to be downstream effects that work
 

00:16:59.680 --> 00:17:01.749 align:start position:0%
going to be downstream effects that work
in<00:16:59.839><c> hepatitis</c><00:17:00.320><c> B's</c><00:17:00.720><c> favor.</c><00:17:01.360><c> As</c><00:17:01.519><c> these</c>

00:17:01.749 --> 00:17:01.759 align:start position:0%
in hepatitis B's favor. As these
 

00:17:01.759 --> 00:17:03.509 align:start position:0%
in hepatitis B's favor. As these
hepatitis<00:17:02.240><c> B</c><00:17:02.480><c> proteins</c><00:17:02.880><c> flood</c><00:17:03.279><c> into</c><00:17:03.440><c> the</c>

00:17:03.509 --> 00:17:03.519 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B proteins flood into the
 

00:17:03.519 --> 00:17:04.949 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B proteins flood into the
cytoplasm,<00:17:04.319><c> they're</c><00:17:04.559><c> going</c><00:17:04.640><c> to</c><00:17:04.799><c> start</c>

00:17:04.949 --> 00:17:04.959 align:start position:0%
cytoplasm, they're going to start
 

00:17:04.959 --> 00:17:06.870 align:start position:0%
cytoplasm, they're going to start
messing<00:17:05.280><c> with</c><00:17:05.439><c> some</c><00:17:05.679><c> cellular</c><00:17:06.160><c> mechanics.</c>

00:17:06.870 --> 00:17:06.880 align:start position:0%
messing with some cellular mechanics.
 

00:17:06.880 --> 00:17:08.309 align:start position:0%
messing with some cellular mechanics.
Notably,<00:17:07.360><c> a</c><00:17:07.520><c> lot</c><00:17:07.600><c> of</c><00:17:07.679><c> these</c><00:17:07.839><c> hepatitis</c>

00:17:08.309 --> 00:17:08.319 align:start position:0%
Notably, a lot of these hepatitis
 

00:17:08.319 --> 00:17:09.669 align:start position:0%
Notably, a lot of these hepatitis
proteins<00:17:08.640><c> are</c><00:17:08.799><c> going</c><00:17:08.959><c> to</c><00:17:09.120><c> automatically</c>

00:17:09.669 --> 00:17:09.679 align:start position:0%
proteins are going to automatically
 

00:17:09.679 --> 00:17:11.510 align:start position:0%
proteins are going to automatically
limit<00:17:10.000><c> the</c><00:17:10.160><c> frontline</c><00:17:10.640><c> immune</c><00:17:11.039><c> response</c><00:17:11.360><c> that</c>

00:17:11.510 --> 00:17:11.520 align:start position:0%
limit the frontline immune response that
 

00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:13.029 align:start position:0%
limit the frontline immune response that
could<00:17:11.679><c> blow</c><00:17:11.919><c> up</c><00:17:12.000><c> this</c><00:17:12.240><c> burgeoning</c><00:17:12.720><c> viral</c>

00:17:13.029 --> 00:17:13.039 align:start position:0%
could blow up this burgeoning viral
 

00:17:13.039 --> 00:17:15.189 align:start position:0%
could blow up this burgeoning viral
factory<00:17:13.439><c> before</c><00:17:13.760><c> things</c><00:17:14.000><c> get</c><00:17:14.240><c> out</c><00:17:14.400><c> of</c><00:17:14.559><c> hand.</c>

00:17:15.189 --> 00:17:15.199 align:start position:0%
factory before things get out of hand.
 

00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:17.189 align:start position:0%
factory before things get out of hand.
First<00:17:15.439><c> up,</c><00:17:15.600><c> the</c><00:17:15.760><c> X-rotein</c><00:17:16.400><c> sub</c><00:17:16.480><c> centrifuge</c><00:17:17.039><c> is</c>

00:17:17.189 --> 00:17:17.199 align:start position:0%
First up, the X-rotein sub centrifuge is
 

00:17:17.199 --> 00:17:18.870 align:start position:0%
First up, the X-rotein sub centrifuge is
going<00:17:17.280><c> to</c><00:17:17.439><c> extend</c><00:17:17.679><c> into</c><00:17:17.839><c> the</c><00:17:18.000><c> cytoplasm,</c>

00:17:18.870 --> 00:17:18.880 align:start position:0%
going to extend into the cytoplasm,
 

00:17:18.880 --> 00:17:20.630 align:start position:0%
going to extend into the cytoplasm,
obviously<00:17:19.520><c> hampering</c><00:17:20.079><c> all</c><00:17:20.240><c> sorts</c><00:17:20.480><c> of</c>

00:17:20.630 --> 00:17:20.640 align:start position:0%
obviously hampering all sorts of
 

00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:23.110 align:start position:0%
obviously hampering all sorts of
internal<00:17:21.039><c> immune</c><00:17:21.360><c> pathways.</c><00:17:22.240><c> Notably,</c><00:17:22.880><c> X</c>

00:17:23.110 --> 00:17:23.120 align:start position:0%
internal immune pathways. Notably, X
 

00:17:23.120 --> 00:17:25.029 align:start position:0%
internal immune pathways. Notably, X
disrupts<00:17:23.520><c> the</c><00:17:23.679><c> mitochondrial</c><00:17:24.400><c> antiviral</c>

00:17:25.029 --> 00:17:25.039 align:start position:0%
disrupts the mitochondrial antiviral
 

00:17:25.039 --> 00:17:27.029 align:start position:0%
disrupts the mitochondrial antiviral
signaling<00:17:25.520><c> system</c><00:17:25.839><c> or</c><00:17:26.079><c> MAVs,</c><00:17:26.720><c> which</c>

00:17:27.029 --> 00:17:27.039 align:start position:0%
signaling system or MAVs, which
 

00:17:27.039 --> 00:17:28.710 align:start position:0%
signaling system or MAVs, which
recognizes<00:17:27.600><c> viral</c><00:17:28.000><c> infections</c><00:17:28.480><c> and</c>

00:17:28.710 --> 00:17:28.720 align:start position:0%
recognizes viral infections and
 

00:17:28.720 --> 00:17:30.390 align:start position:0%
recognizes viral infections and
activates<00:17:29.200><c> the</c><00:17:29.440><c> production</c><00:17:29.760><c> of</c><00:17:29.919><c> type</c><00:17:30.240><c> 1</c>

00:17:30.390 --> 00:17:30.400 align:start position:0%
activates the production of type 1
 

00:17:30.400 --> 00:17:32.549 align:start position:0%
activates the production of type 1
interferons.<00:17:31.440><c> Interferons</c><00:17:32.160><c> are</c><00:17:32.240><c> one</c><00:17:32.320><c> of</c><00:17:32.400><c> our</c>

00:17:32.549 --> 00:17:32.559 align:start position:0%
interferons. Interferons are one of our
 

00:17:32.559 --> 00:17:34.470 align:start position:0%
interferons. Interferons are one of our
best<00:17:32.720><c> frontline</c><00:17:33.120><c> defenses</c><00:17:33.600><c> against</c><00:17:33.840><c> viruses.</c>

00:17:34.470 --> 00:17:34.480 align:start position:0%
best frontline defenses against viruses.
 

00:17:34.480 --> 00:17:36.150 align:start position:0%
best frontline defenses against viruses.
At<00:17:34.720><c> a</c><00:17:34.799><c> high</c><00:17:34.960><c> level,</c><00:17:35.200><c> these</c><00:17:35.360><c> proteins</c><00:17:35.760><c> activate</c>

00:17:36.150 --> 00:17:36.160 align:start position:0%
At a high level, these proteins activate
 

00:17:36.160 --> 00:17:37.990 align:start position:0%
At a high level, these proteins activate
RNA<00:17:36.559><c> destroying</c><00:17:36.960><c> machines</c><00:17:37.280><c> that</c><00:17:37.600><c> completely</c>

00:17:37.990 --> 00:17:38.000 align:start position:0%
RNA destroying machines that completely
 

00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:39.830 align:start position:0%
RNA destroying machines that completely
shut<00:17:38.240><c> down</c><00:17:38.480><c> all</c><00:17:38.720><c> protein</c><00:17:39.120><c> production</c><00:17:39.440><c> in</c><00:17:39.679><c> an</c>

00:17:39.830 --> 00:17:39.840 align:start position:0%
shut down all protein production in an
 

00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:41.830 align:start position:0%
shut down all protein production in an
infected<00:17:40.240><c> cell</c><00:17:40.480><c> temporarily.</c><00:17:41.440><c> They</c><00:17:41.600><c> also</c>

00:17:41.830 --> 00:17:41.840 align:start position:0%
infected cell temporarily. They also
 

00:17:41.840 --> 00:17:43.270 align:start position:0%
infected cell temporarily. They also
signal<00:17:42.160><c> to</c><00:17:42.320><c> neighboring</c><00:17:42.720><c> cells.</c><00:17:43.039><c> So</c><00:17:43.120><c> there's</c>

00:17:43.270 --> 00:17:43.280 align:start position:0%
signal to neighboring cells. So there's
 

00:17:43.280 --> 00:17:44.870 align:start position:0%
signal to neighboring cells. So there's
an<00:17:43.440><c> infection</c><00:17:43.840><c> happening</c><00:17:44.320><c> which</c><00:17:44.559><c> will</c><00:17:44.720><c> help</c>

00:17:44.870 --> 00:17:44.880 align:start position:0%
an infection happening which will help
 

00:17:44.880 --> 00:17:46.230 align:start position:0%
an infection happening which will help
call<00:17:45.039><c> in</c><00:17:45.200><c> immune</c><00:17:45.520><c> helpers</c><00:17:45.840><c> like</c><00:17:46.000><c> these</c>

00:17:46.230 --> 00:17:46.240 align:start position:0%
call in immune helpers like these
 

00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:47.909 align:start position:0%
call in immune helpers like these
natural<00:17:46.559><c> killer</c><00:17:46.880><c> cells</c><00:17:47.280><c> which</c><00:17:47.440><c> will</c><00:17:47.600><c> activate</c>

00:17:47.909 --> 00:17:47.919 align:start position:0%
natural killer cells which will activate
 

00:17:47.919 --> 00:17:49.270 align:start position:0%
natural killer cells which will activate
the<00:17:48.000><c> self-destruct</c><00:17:48.640><c> sequence</c><00:17:48.960><c> in</c><00:17:49.200><c> the</c>

00:17:49.270 --> 00:17:49.280 align:start position:0%
the self-destruct sequence in the
 

00:17:49.280 --> 00:17:51.350 align:start position:0%
the self-destruct sequence in the
infected<00:17:49.679><c> hpatocy.</c><00:17:50.720><c> While</c><00:17:50.880><c> there's</c><00:17:51.120><c> lots</c><00:17:51.280><c> of</c>

00:17:51.350 --> 00:17:51.360 align:start position:0%
infected hpatocy. While there's lots of
 

00:17:51.360 --> 00:17:52.789 align:start position:0%
infected hpatocy. While there's lots of
ways<00:17:51.520><c> the</c><00:17:51.760><c> cell</c><00:17:51.919><c> can</c><00:17:52.080><c> activate</c><00:17:52.400><c> type</c><00:17:52.640><c> 1</c>

00:17:52.789 --> 00:17:52.799 align:start position:0%
ways the cell can activate type 1
 

00:17:52.799 --> 00:17:54.710 align:start position:0%
ways the cell can activate type 1
interferon<00:17:53.360><c> production.</c><00:17:53.840><c> Disrupting</c><00:17:54.240><c> MAVs</c>

00:17:54.710 --> 00:17:54.720 align:start position:0%
interferon production. Disrupting MAVs
 

00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.390 align:start position:0%
interferon production. Disrupting MAVs
is<00:17:54.880><c> going</c><00:17:54.960><c> to</c><00:17:55.039><c> turn</c><00:17:55.280><c> off</c><00:17:55.440><c> a</c><00:17:55.600><c> critical</c><00:17:56.080><c> early</c>

00:17:56.390 --> 00:17:56.400 align:start position:0%
is going to turn off a critical early
 

00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:58.070 align:start position:0%
is going to turn off a critical early
warning<00:17:56.720><c> circuit</c><00:17:57.039><c> for</c><00:17:57.280><c> this</c><00:17:57.440><c> cell.</c>

00:17:58.070 --> 00:17:58.080 align:start position:0%
warning circuit for this cell.
 

00:17:58.080 --> 00:18:00.230 align:start position:0%
warning circuit for this cell.
Meanwhile,<00:17:58.640><c> it's</c><00:17:58.880><c> not</c><00:17:59.039><c> just</c><00:17:59.280><c> protein</c><00:17:59.760><c> X</c><00:18:00.000><c> doing</c>

00:18:00.230 --> 00:18:00.240 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, it's not just protein X doing
 

00:18:00.240 --> 00:18:01.669 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, it's not just protein X doing
all<00:18:00.400><c> the</c><00:18:00.559><c> damage</c><00:18:00.799><c> out</c><00:18:01.039><c> here.</c><00:18:01.360><c> Some</c><00:18:01.520><c> of</c>

00:18:01.669 --> 00:18:01.679 align:start position:0%
all the damage out here. Some of
 

00:18:01.679 --> 00:18:03.750 align:start position:0%
all the damage out here. Some of
hepatitis<00:18:02.160><c> B's</c><00:18:02.480><c> structural</c><00:18:02.960><c> proteins</c><00:18:03.440><c> also</c>

00:18:03.750 --> 00:18:03.760 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's structural proteins also
 

00:18:03.760 --> 00:18:05.590 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's structural proteins also
just<00:18:04.000><c> happen</c><00:18:04.240><c> to</c><00:18:04.400><c> inhibit</c><00:18:04.880><c> internal</c><00:18:05.280><c> immune</c>

00:18:05.590 --> 00:18:05.600 align:start position:0%
just happen to inhibit internal immune
 

00:18:05.600 --> 00:18:07.110 align:start position:0%
just happen to inhibit internal immune
responses<00:18:06.000><c> as</c><00:18:06.240><c> well.</c><00:18:06.559><c> And</c><00:18:06.720><c> while</c><00:18:06.880><c> there's</c>

00:18:07.110 --> 00:18:07.120 align:start position:0%
responses as well. And while there's
 

00:18:07.120 --> 00:18:08.549 align:start position:0%
responses as well. And while there's
dozens<00:18:07.360><c> of</c><00:18:07.520><c> examples,</c><00:18:07.919><c> I</c><00:18:08.080><c> don't</c><00:18:08.160><c> want</c><00:18:08.240><c> us</c><00:18:08.400><c> to</c>

00:18:08.549 --> 00:18:08.559 align:start position:0%
dozens of examples, I don't want us to
 

00:18:08.559 --> 00:18:09.909 align:start position:0%
dozens of examples, I don't want us to
be<00:18:08.640><c> here</c><00:18:08.799><c> all</c><00:18:08.960><c> day.</c><00:18:09.280><c> So,</c><00:18:09.440><c> I'm</c><00:18:09.600><c> just</c><00:18:09.760><c> going</c><00:18:09.840><c> to</c>

00:18:09.909 --> 00:18:09.919 align:start position:0%
be here all day. So, I'm just going to
 

00:18:09.919 --> 00:18:11.350 align:start position:0%
be here all day. So, I'm just going to
show<00:18:10.000><c> you</c><00:18:10.160><c> the</c><00:18:10.320><c> one</c><00:18:10.400><c> that</c><00:18:10.559><c> blew</c><00:18:10.799><c> my</c><00:18:10.960><c> mind</c><00:18:11.120><c> the</c>

00:18:11.350 --> 00:18:11.360 align:start position:0%
show you the one that blew my mind the
 

00:18:11.360 --> 00:18:13.350 align:start position:0%
show you the one that blew my mind the
most<00:18:11.679><c> because</c><00:18:11.919><c> this</c><00:18:12.160><c> is</c><00:18:12.320><c> about</c><00:18:12.559><c> the</c><00:18:12.799><c> wildest</c>

00:18:13.350 --> 00:18:13.360 align:start position:0%
most because this is about the wildest
 

00:18:13.360 --> 00:18:15.510 align:start position:0%
most because this is about the wildest
thing<00:18:13.520><c> I've</c><00:18:13.760><c> seen</c><00:18:13.919><c> in</c><00:18:14.160><c> any</c><00:18:14.400><c> infection</c><00:18:14.880><c> cycle.</c>

00:18:15.510 --> 00:18:15.520 align:start position:0%
thing I've seen in any infection cycle.
 

00:18:15.520 --> 00:18:17.909 align:start position:0%
thing I've seen in any infection cycle.
Hepatitis<00:18:16.080><c> B's</c><00:18:16.400><c> service</c><00:18:16.720><c> antigens</c><00:18:17.360><c> mess</c><00:18:17.760><c> with</c>

00:18:17.909 --> 00:18:17.919 align:start position:0%
Hepatitis B's service antigens mess with
 

00:18:17.919 --> 00:18:20.630 align:start position:0%
Hepatitis B's service antigens mess with
the<00:18:18.240><c> major</c><00:18:18.720><c> vault</c><00:18:19.200><c> protein.</c><00:18:20.160><c> If</c><00:18:20.320><c> you've</c><00:18:20.559><c> been</c>

00:18:20.630 --> 00:18:20.640 align:start position:0%
the major vault protein. If you've been
 

00:18:20.640 --> 00:18:22.310 align:start position:0%
the major vault protein. If you've been
plugged<00:18:20.880><c> into</c><00:18:21.039><c> the</c><00:18:21.200><c> life</c><00:18:21.440><c> sciences</c><00:18:21.840><c> space</c><00:18:22.080><c> at</c>

00:18:22.310 --> 00:18:22.320 align:start position:0%
plugged into the life sciences space at
 

00:18:22.320 --> 00:18:24.150 align:start position:0%
plugged into the life sciences space at
all,<00:18:22.640><c> you've</c><00:18:22.880><c> heard</c><00:18:23.039><c> about</c><00:18:23.200><c> these</c><00:18:23.600><c> massive,</c>

00:18:24.150 --> 00:18:24.160 align:start position:0%
all, you've heard about these massive,
 

00:18:24.160 --> 00:18:26.230 align:start position:0%
all, you've heard about these massive,
mysterious<00:18:24.720><c> vault</c><00:18:25.200><c> complex</c><00:18:25.679><c> present</c><00:18:25.919><c> in</c><00:18:26.160><c> all</c>

00:18:26.230 --> 00:18:26.240 align:start position:0%
mysterious vault complex present in all
 

00:18:26.240 --> 00:18:27.990 align:start position:0%
mysterious vault complex present in all
of<00:18:26.400><c> our</c><00:18:26.559><c> cells.</c><00:18:27.120><c> We</c><00:18:27.280><c> aren't</c><00:18:27.520><c> exactly</c><00:18:27.840><c> sure</c>

00:18:27.990 --> 00:18:28.000 align:start position:0%
of our cells. We aren't exactly sure
 

00:18:28.000 --> 00:18:29.669 align:start position:0%
of our cells. We aren't exactly sure
what<00:18:28.240><c> these</c><00:18:28.480><c> things</c><00:18:28.720><c> do,</c><00:18:28.960><c> but</c><00:18:29.200><c> there</c><00:18:29.360><c> are</c><00:18:29.440><c> lots</c>

00:18:29.669 --> 00:18:29.679 align:start position:0%
what these things do, but there are lots
 

00:18:29.679 --> 00:18:31.190 align:start position:0%
what these things do, but there are lots
of<00:18:29.760><c> solid</c><00:18:30.080><c> theories,</c><00:18:30.400><c> and</c><00:18:30.640><c> we're</c><00:18:30.799><c> even</c><00:18:31.039><c> using</c>

00:18:31.190 --> 00:18:31.200 align:start position:0%
of solid theories, and we're even using
 

00:18:31.200 --> 00:18:32.789 align:start position:0%
of solid theories, and we're even using
them<00:18:31.360><c> to</c><00:18:31.600><c> help</c><00:18:31.760><c> study</c><00:18:32.000><c> internal</c><00:18:32.400><c> cellular</c>

00:18:32.789 --> 00:18:32.799 align:start position:0%
them to help study internal cellular
 

00:18:32.799 --> 00:18:35.110 align:start position:0%
them to help study internal cellular
mechanics.<00:18:33.919><c> Based</c><00:18:34.160><c> on</c><00:18:34.400><c> studies</c><00:18:34.720><c> focused</c><00:18:34.960><c> on</c>

00:18:35.110 --> 00:18:35.120 align:start position:0%
mechanics. Based on studies focused on
 

00:18:35.120 --> 00:18:37.430 align:start position:0%
mechanics. Based on studies focused on
hepatitis<00:18:35.679><c> B,</c><00:18:36.000><c> we</c><00:18:36.240><c> know</c><00:18:36.320><c> that</c><00:18:36.559><c> cells</c><00:18:37.039><c> produce</c>

00:18:37.430 --> 00:18:37.440 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B, we know that cells produce
 

00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:39.110 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B, we know that cells produce
more<00:18:37.600><c> of</c><00:18:37.760><c> these</c><00:18:38.000><c> vaults</c><00:18:38.400><c> when</c><00:18:38.640><c> a</c><00:18:38.799><c> viral</c>

00:18:39.110 --> 00:18:39.120 align:start position:0%
more of these vaults when a viral
 

00:18:39.120 --> 00:18:41.190 align:start position:0%
more of these vaults when a viral
infection<00:18:39.600><c> kicks</c><00:18:39.919><c> off.</c><00:18:40.559><c> And</c><00:18:40.720><c> we</c><00:18:40.960><c> also</c><00:18:41.120><c> know</c>

00:18:41.190 --> 00:18:41.200 align:start position:0%
infection kicks off. And we also know
 

00:18:41.200 --> 00:18:43.430 align:start position:0%
infection kicks off. And we also know
that<00:18:41.360><c> the</c><00:18:41.520><c> major</c><00:18:41.840><c> vault</c><00:18:42.160><c> protein</c><00:18:42.559><c> or</c><00:18:42.799><c> MVP</c>

00:18:43.430 --> 00:18:43.440 align:start position:0%
that the major vault protein or MVP
 

00:18:43.440 --> 00:18:45.190 align:start position:0%
that the major vault protein or MVP
interacts<00:18:43.919><c> with</c><00:18:44.080><c> another</c><00:18:44.400><c> immune</c><00:18:44.799><c> signaling</c>

00:18:45.190 --> 00:18:45.200 align:start position:0%
interacts with another immune signaling
 

00:18:45.200 --> 00:18:48.310 align:start position:0%
interacts with another immune signaling
system,<00:18:45.600><c> MYD88.</c><00:18:46.880><c> But</c><00:18:47.039><c> somehow</c><00:18:47.520><c> hepatitis</c><00:18:48.080><c> B</c>

00:18:48.310 --> 00:18:48.320 align:start position:0%
system, MYD88. But somehow hepatitis B
 

00:18:48.320 --> 00:18:50.470 align:start position:0%
system, MYD88. But somehow hepatitis B
surface<00:18:48.640><c> antigen</c><00:18:49.039><c> proteins</c><00:18:49.760><c> crowd</c><00:18:50.160><c> around</c>

00:18:50.470 --> 00:18:50.480 align:start position:0%
surface antigen proteins crowd around
 

00:18:50.480 --> 00:18:53.029 align:start position:0%
surface antigen proteins crowd around
these<00:18:50.799><c> vaults</c><00:18:51.280><c> and</c><00:18:51.520><c> prevent</c><00:18:52.000><c> my88</c><00:18:52.799><c> from</c>

00:18:53.029 --> 00:18:53.039 align:start position:0%
these vaults and prevent my88 from
 

00:18:53.039 --> 00:18:55.270 align:start position:0%
these vaults and prevent my88 from
joining<00:18:53.280><c> the</c><00:18:53.440><c> party.</c><00:18:54.160><c> Okay,</c><00:18:54.480><c> cool.</c><00:18:54.880><c> But</c><00:18:55.039><c> who</c>

00:18:55.270 --> 00:18:55.280 align:start position:0%
joining the party. Okay, cool. But who
 

00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0%
joining the party. Okay, cool. But who
cares?<00:18:55.679><c> What</c><00:18:55.840><c> does</c><00:18:56.000><c> the</c><00:18:56.160><c> interaction</c><00:18:56.480><c> between</c>

00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0%
cares? What does the interaction between
 

00:18:56.720 --> 00:19:00.150 align:start position:0%
cares? What does the interaction between
MVP<00:18:57.200><c> and</c><00:18:57.360><c> MYD88</c><00:18:58.240><c> actually</c><00:18:58.640><c> do?</c><00:18:59.520><c> And</c><00:18:59.760><c> you</c><00:19:00.000><c> know,</c>

00:19:00.150 --> 00:19:00.160 align:start position:0%
MVP and MYD88 actually do? And you know,
 

00:19:00.160 --> 00:19:02.070 align:start position:0%
MVP and MYD88 actually do? And you know,
it<00:19:00.320><c> helps</c><00:19:00.559><c> kick</c><00:19:00.720><c> off</c><00:19:00.960><c> type</c><00:19:01.200><c> 1</c><00:19:01.360><c> interferon</c>

00:19:02.070 --> 00:19:02.080 align:start position:0%
it helps kick off type 1 interferon
 

00:19:02.080 --> 00:19:04.789 align:start position:0%
it helps kick off type 1 interferon
production.<00:19:03.120><c> Nice.</c><00:19:03.919><c> So,</c><00:19:04.160><c> in</c><00:19:04.400><c> short,</c>

00:19:04.789 --> 00:19:04.799 align:start position:0%
production. Nice. So, in short,
 

00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:07.029 align:start position:0%
production. Nice. So, in short,
hepatitis<00:19:05.360><c> B's</c><00:19:05.679><c> flood</c><00:19:05.919><c> of</c><00:19:06.000><c> the</c><00:19:06.160><c> zone</c><00:19:06.480><c> strategy</c>

00:19:07.029 --> 00:19:07.039 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's flood of the zone strategy
 

00:19:07.039 --> 00:19:08.549 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B's flood of the zone strategy
actually<00:19:07.360><c> works</c><00:19:07.600><c> out</c><00:19:07.760><c> really</c><00:19:08.000><c> well</c><00:19:08.160><c> as</c><00:19:08.400><c> it</c>

00:19:08.549 --> 00:19:08.559 align:start position:0%
actually works out really well as it
 

00:19:08.559 --> 00:19:10.870 align:start position:0%
actually works out really well as it
kneecaps<00:19:09.120><c> the</c><00:19:09.200><c> frontline</c><00:19:09.679><c> immune</c><00:19:10.000><c> response.</c>

00:19:10.870 --> 00:19:10.880 align:start position:0%
kneecaps the frontline immune response.
 

00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:12.789 align:start position:0%
kneecaps the frontline immune response.
However,<00:19:11.200><c> this</c><00:19:11.360><c> chaos</c><00:19:11.840><c> does</c><00:19:12.080><c> kind</c><00:19:12.320><c> of</c><00:19:12.480><c> cut</c>

00:19:12.789 --> 00:19:12.799 align:start position:0%
However, this chaos does kind of cut
 

00:19:12.799 --> 00:19:14.470 align:start position:0%
However, this chaos does kind of cut
both<00:19:13.120><c> ways</c><00:19:13.360><c> and</c><00:19:13.679><c> things</c><00:19:13.919><c> don't</c><00:19:14.160><c> work</c><00:19:14.320><c> out</c>

00:19:14.470 --> 00:19:14.480 align:start position:0%
both ways and things don't work out
 

00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:16.549 align:start position:0%
both ways and things don't work out
perfectly<00:19:14.799><c> for</c><00:19:15.039><c> hepatitis</c><00:19:15.600><c> B</c><00:19:15.919><c> here</c><00:19:16.320><c> because</c>

00:19:16.549 --> 00:19:16.559 align:start position:0%
perfectly for hepatitis B here because
 

00:19:16.559 --> 00:19:18.549 align:start position:0%
perfectly for hepatitis B here because
the<00:19:16.799><c> assembly</c><00:19:17.280><c> process</c><00:19:17.600><c> for</c><00:19:17.760><c> these</c><00:19:18.000><c> hepatitis</c>

00:19:18.549 --> 00:19:18.559 align:start position:0%
the assembly process for these hepatitis
 

00:19:18.559 --> 00:19:21.110 align:start position:0%
the assembly process for these hepatitis
B<00:19:18.799><c> virons</c><00:19:19.360><c> is</c><00:19:19.600><c> actually</c><00:19:20.160><c> incredibly</c>

00:19:21.110 --> 00:19:21.120 align:start position:0%
B virons is actually incredibly
 

00:19:21.120 --> 00:19:23.190 align:start position:0%
B virons is actually incredibly
inefficient.<00:19:22.080><c> Sure,</c><00:19:22.559><c> this</c><00:19:22.799><c> cell</c><00:19:23.039><c> is</c>

00:19:23.190 --> 00:19:23.200 align:start position:0%
inefficient. Sure, this cell is
 

00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:24.710 align:start position:0%
inefficient. Sure, this cell is
gradually<00:19:23.679><c> pumping</c><00:19:24.080><c> out</c><00:19:24.320><c> complete</c>

00:19:24.710 --> 00:19:24.720 align:start position:0%
gradually pumping out complete
 

00:19:24.720 --> 00:19:26.950 align:start position:0%
gradually pumping out complete
infectious<00:19:25.280><c> hepatitis</c><00:19:25.840><c> B</c><00:19:26.000><c> virus</c><00:19:26.400><c> particles,</c>

00:19:26.950 --> 00:19:26.960 align:start position:0%
infectious hepatitis B virus particles,
 

00:19:26.960 --> 00:19:28.630 align:start position:0%
infectious hepatitis B virus particles,
but<00:19:27.200><c> because</c><00:19:27.440><c> there</c><00:19:27.679><c> is</c><00:19:27.840><c> zero</c><00:19:28.160><c> control</c><00:19:28.480><c> of</c>

00:19:28.630 --> 00:19:28.640 align:start position:0%
but because there is zero control of
 

00:19:28.640 --> 00:19:30.549 align:start position:0%
but because there is zero control of
this<00:19:28.799><c> process,</c><00:19:29.360><c> the</c><00:19:29.600><c> cell</c><00:19:29.840><c> is</c><00:19:30.160><c> actually</c>

00:19:30.549 --> 00:19:30.559 align:start position:0%
this process, the cell is actually
 

00:19:30.559 --> 00:19:32.870 align:start position:0%
this process, the cell is actually
pumping<00:19:30.880><c> out</c><00:19:31.039><c> a</c><00:19:31.280><c> lot</c><00:19:31.440><c> more</c><00:19:31.760><c> useless</c><00:19:32.240><c> stuff.</c>

00:19:32.870 --> 00:19:32.880 align:start position:0%
pumping out a lot more useless stuff.
 

00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:34.630 align:start position:0%
pumping out a lot more useless stuff.
First<00:19:33.039><c> up,</c><00:19:33.200><c> the</c><00:19:33.360><c> endopplasmic</c><00:19:34.080><c> reticulum</c><00:19:34.559><c> of</c>

00:19:34.630 --> 00:19:34.640 align:start position:0%
First up, the endopplasmic reticulum of
 

00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:36.470 align:start position:0%
First up, the endopplasmic reticulum of
infected<00:19:35.120><c> cells</c><00:19:35.360><c> is</c><00:19:35.600><c> going</c><00:19:35.760><c> to</c><00:19:35.919><c> get</c><00:19:36.080><c> so</c>

00:19:36.470 --> 00:19:36.480 align:start position:0%
infected cells is going to get so
 

00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:38.230 align:start position:0%
infected cells is going to get so
completely<00:19:37.039><c> stuffed</c><00:19:37.360><c> with</c><00:19:37.520><c> hepatitis</c><00:19:38.000><c> B</c>

00:19:38.230 --> 00:19:38.240 align:start position:0%
completely stuffed with hepatitis B
 

00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:40.390 align:start position:0%
completely stuffed with hepatitis B
service<00:19:38.559><c> antigens</c><00:19:39.039><c> that</c><00:19:39.360><c> empty</c><00:19:39.679><c> little</c><00:19:39.919><c> viral</c>

00:19:40.390 --> 00:19:40.400 align:start position:0%
service antigens that empty little viral
 

00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:42.549 align:start position:0%
service antigens that empty little viral
bubbles<00:19:40.880><c> are</c><00:19:41.120><c> going</c><00:19:41.280><c> to</c><00:19:41.440><c> spontaneously</c><00:19:42.240><c> bud</c>

00:19:42.549 --> 00:19:42.559 align:start position:0%
bubbles are going to spontaneously bud
 

00:19:42.559 --> 00:19:44.789 align:start position:0%
bubbles are going to spontaneously bud
off<00:19:42.720><c> and</c><00:19:42.960><c> leave</c><00:19:43.200><c> without</c><00:19:43.520><c> any</c><00:19:43.840><c> payload.</c><00:19:44.640><c> The</c>

00:19:44.789 --> 00:19:44.799 align:start position:0%
off and leave without any payload. The
 

00:19:44.799 --> 00:19:46.549 align:start position:0%
off and leave without any payload. The
same<00:19:44.960><c> thing</c><00:19:45.200><c> happens</c><00:19:45.520><c> with</c><00:19:45.760><c> these</c><00:19:46.000><c> capsid</c>

00:19:46.549 --> 00:19:46.559 align:start position:0%
same thing happens with these capsid
 

00:19:46.559 --> 00:19:48.310 align:start position:0%
same thing happens with these capsid
proteins.<00:19:47.120><c> They'll</c><00:19:47.440><c> self</c><00:19:47.600><c> assemble</c><00:19:48.160><c> even</c>

00:19:48.310 --> 00:19:48.320 align:start position:0%
proteins. They'll self assemble even
 

00:19:48.320 --> 00:19:49.909 align:start position:0%
proteins. They'll self assemble even
without<00:19:48.559><c> that</c><00:19:48.799><c> pregenomic</c><00:19:49.360><c> mRNA</c><00:19:49.840><c> and</c>

00:19:49.909 --> 00:19:49.919 align:start position:0%
without that pregenomic mRNA and
 

00:19:49.919 --> 00:19:51.909 align:start position:0%
without that pregenomic mRNA and
polymerase<00:19:50.480><c> inside</c><00:19:50.799><c> them.</c><00:19:51.280><c> And</c><00:19:51.440><c> those</c><00:19:51.600><c> empty</c>

00:19:51.909 --> 00:19:51.919 align:start position:0%
polymerase inside them. And those empty
 

00:19:51.919 --> 00:19:53.830 align:start position:0%
polymerase inside them. And those empty
capsids<00:19:52.400><c> and</c><00:19:52.559><c> empty</c><00:19:52.799><c> surface</c><00:19:53.200><c> shells</c><00:19:53.520><c> will</c>

00:19:53.830 --> 00:19:53.840 align:start position:0%
capsids and empty surface shells will
 

00:19:53.840 --> 00:19:55.510 align:start position:0%
capsids and empty surface shells will
still<00:19:54.000><c> get</c><00:19:54.160><c> exported</c><00:19:54.640><c> out</c><00:19:54.799><c> of</c><00:19:54.960><c> this</c><00:19:55.200><c> liver</c>

00:19:55.510 --> 00:19:55.520 align:start position:0%
still get exported out of this liver
 

00:19:55.520 --> 00:19:56.950 align:start position:0%
still get exported out of this liver
cell.<00:19:55.919><c> And</c><00:19:56.080><c> the</c><00:19:56.240><c> same</c><00:19:56.400><c> actually</c><00:19:56.640><c> goes</c><00:19:56.799><c> for</c>

00:19:56.950 --> 00:19:56.960 align:start position:0%
cell. And the same actually goes for
 

00:19:56.960 --> 00:19:58.549 align:start position:0%
cell. And the same actually goes for
this<00:19:57.120><c> misprint</c><00:19:57.600><c> of</c><00:19:57.679><c> the</c><00:19:57.840><c> core</c><00:19:58.080><c> protein,</c><00:19:58.400><c> the</c>

00:19:58.549 --> 00:19:58.559 align:start position:0%
this misprint of the core protein, the
 

00:19:58.559 --> 00:20:01.669 align:start position:0%
this misprint of the core protein, the
hepatitis<00:19:59.200><c> B</c><00:19:59.600><c> E</c><00:19:59.919><c> antigen.</c><00:20:01.039><c> So</c><00:20:01.280><c> while</c><00:20:01.520><c> this</c>

00:20:01.669 --> 00:20:01.679 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B E antigen. So while this
 

00:20:01.679 --> 00:20:03.669 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B E antigen. So while this
hpatocy<00:20:02.400><c> is</c><00:20:02.640><c> building</c><00:20:02.960><c> and</c><00:20:03.280><c> releasing</c>

00:20:03.669 --> 00:20:03.679 align:start position:0%
hpatocy is building and releasing
 

00:20:03.679 --> 00:20:05.590 align:start position:0%
hpatocy is building and releasing
infectious<00:20:04.240><c> hep</c><00:20:04.720><c> virants</c><00:20:05.280><c> ready</c><00:20:05.440><c> to</c>

00:20:05.590 --> 00:20:05.600 align:start position:0%
infectious hep virants ready to
 

00:20:05.600 --> 00:20:07.590 align:start position:0%
infectious hep virants ready to
infiltrate<00:20:06.080><c> nearby</c><00:20:06.480><c> cells,</c><00:20:07.039><c> it's</c><00:20:07.280><c> also</c>

00:20:07.590 --> 00:20:07.600 align:start position:0%
infiltrate nearby cells, it's also
 

00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:09.830 align:start position:0%
infiltrate nearby cells, it's also
spewing<00:20:08.000><c> a</c><00:20:08.160><c> bunch</c><00:20:08.320><c> of</c><00:20:08.480><c> nonfunctional</c><00:20:09.360><c> hep</c>

00:20:09.830 --> 00:20:09.840 align:start position:0%
spewing a bunch of nonfunctional hep
 

00:20:09.840 --> 00:20:12.310 align:start position:0%
spewing a bunch of nonfunctional hep
detritus<00:20:10.480><c> that</c><00:20:10.720><c> seemingly</c><00:20:11.280><c> seemingly</c><00:20:12.000><c> does</c>

00:20:12.310 --> 00:20:12.320 align:start position:0%
detritus that seemingly seemingly does
 

00:20:12.320 --> 00:20:14.070 align:start position:0%
detritus that seemingly seemingly does
nothing.<00:20:12.960><c> But</c><00:20:13.120><c> of</c><00:20:13.360><c> course,</c><00:20:13.520><c> that</c><00:20:13.760><c> can't</c><00:20:13.919><c> be</c>

00:20:14.070 --> 00:20:14.080 align:start position:0%
nothing. But of course, that can't be
 

00:20:14.080 --> 00:20:15.830 align:start position:0%
nothing. But of course, that can't be
the<00:20:14.240><c> end.</c><00:20:14.559><c> How</c><00:20:14.720><c> do</c><00:20:14.799><c> you</c><00:20:14.880><c> think</c><00:20:15.039><c> hepatitis</c><00:20:15.520><c> B</c><00:20:15.679><c> is</c>

00:20:15.830 --> 00:20:15.840 align:start position:0%
the end. How do you think hepatitis B is
 

00:20:15.840 --> 00:20:17.510 align:start position:0%
the end. How do you think hepatitis B is
going<00:20:15.919><c> to</c><00:20:16.000><c> use</c><00:20:16.240><c> this</c><00:20:16.400><c> mess</c><00:20:16.640><c> in</c><00:20:16.799><c> its</c><00:20:17.039><c> favor?</c>

00:20:17.510 --> 00:20:17.520 align:start position:0%
going to use this mess in its favor?
 

00:20:17.520 --> 00:20:19.590 align:start position:0%
going to use this mess in its favor?
Hilariously,<00:20:18.480><c> all</c><00:20:18.640><c> these</c><00:20:18.960><c> quote</c><00:20:19.200><c> unquote</c>

00:20:19.590 --> 00:20:19.600 align:start position:0%
Hilariously, all these quote unquote
 

00:20:19.600 --> 00:20:21.590 align:start position:0%
Hilariously, all these quote unquote
wasted<00:20:20.080><c> particles</c><00:20:20.480><c> are</c><00:20:20.720><c> going</c><00:20:20.880><c> to</c><00:20:21.039><c> act</c><00:20:21.280><c> like</c><00:20:21.440><c> a</c>

00:20:21.590 --> 00:20:21.600 align:start position:0%
wasted particles are going to act like a
 

00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:24.150 align:start position:0%
wasted particles are going to act like a
kind<00:20:21.760><c> of</c><00:20:21.919><c> chaff</c><00:20:22.320><c> that</c><00:20:22.640><c> overwhelms</c><00:20:23.360><c> and</c><00:20:23.760><c> almost</c>

00:20:24.150 --> 00:20:24.160 align:start position:0%
kind of chaff that overwhelms and almost
 

00:20:24.160 --> 00:20:26.230 align:start position:0%
kind of chaff that overwhelms and almost
literally<00:20:24.799><c> exhausts</c><00:20:25.360><c> the</c><00:20:25.520><c> host</c><00:20:25.840><c> immune</c>

00:20:26.230 --> 00:20:26.240 align:start position:0%
literally exhausts the host immune
 

00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:28.310 align:start position:0%
literally exhausts the host immune
system.<00:20:27.039><c> Immune</c><00:20:27.360><c> coordinators</c><00:20:27.840><c> like</c><00:20:28.080><c> te-c</c>

00:20:28.310 --> 00:20:28.320 align:start position:0%
system. Immune coordinators like te-c
 

00:20:28.320 --> 00:20:30.470 align:start position:0%
system. Immune coordinators like te-c
cells<00:20:28.640><c> will</c><00:20:28.799><c> get</c><00:20:29.039><c> so</c><00:20:29.280><c> overburdened</c><00:20:30.000><c> by</c><00:20:30.159><c> viral</c>

00:20:30.470 --> 00:20:30.480 align:start position:0%
cells will get so overburdened by viral
 

00:20:30.480 --> 00:20:32.070 align:start position:0%
cells will get so overburdened by viral
stimulus<00:20:30.960><c> that</c><00:20:31.200><c> they'll</c><00:20:31.520><c> just</c><00:20:31.760><c> stop</c>

00:20:32.070 --> 00:20:32.080 align:start position:0%
stimulus that they'll just stop
 

00:20:32.080 --> 00:20:33.750 align:start position:0%
stimulus that they'll just stop
responding<00:20:32.559><c> to</c><00:20:32.720><c> the</c><00:20:32.880><c> presence</c><00:20:33.039><c> of</c><00:20:33.200><c> hepatitis</c>

00:20:33.750 --> 00:20:33.760 align:start position:0%
responding to the presence of hepatitis
 

00:20:33.760 --> 00:20:35.750 align:start position:0%
responding to the presence of hepatitis
B<00:20:34.000><c> proteins,</c><00:20:34.640><c> which</c><00:20:34.880><c> can</c><00:20:35.039><c> slow</c><00:20:35.280><c> the</c><00:20:35.440><c> immune</c>

00:20:35.750 --> 00:20:35.760 align:start position:0%
B proteins, which can slow the immune
 

00:20:35.760 --> 00:20:37.669 align:start position:0%
B proteins, which can slow the immune
response<00:20:36.159><c> long</c><00:20:36.400><c> enough</c><00:20:36.640><c> to</c><00:20:36.799><c> make</c><00:20:36.960><c> a</c><00:20:37.120><c> hepatitis</c>

00:20:37.669 --> 00:20:37.679 align:start position:0%
response long enough to make a hepatitis
 

00:20:37.679 --> 00:20:39.590 align:start position:0%
response long enough to make a hepatitis
B<00:20:37.919><c> infection</c><00:20:38.400><c> chronic.</c><00:20:38.960><c> And</c><00:20:39.120><c> I</c><00:20:39.280><c> could</c><00:20:39.440><c> really</c>

00:20:39.590 --> 00:20:39.600 align:start position:0%
B infection chronic. And I could really
 

00:20:39.600 --> 00:20:41.750 align:start position:0%
B infection chronic. And I could really
go<00:20:39.760><c> on</c><00:20:40.000><c> all</c><00:20:40.240><c> day</c><00:20:40.480><c> here,</c><00:20:40.880><c> but</c><00:20:41.120><c> these</c><00:20:41.360><c> basic</c>

00:20:41.750 --> 00:20:41.760 align:start position:0%
go on all day here, but these basic
 

00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:43.430 align:start position:0%
go on all day here, but these basic
details<00:20:42.320><c> illustrate</c><00:20:42.640><c> the</c><00:20:42.880><c> foundations</c><00:20:43.280><c> of</c>

00:20:43.430 --> 00:20:43.440 align:start position:0%
details illustrate the foundations of
 

00:20:43.440 --> 00:20:45.590 align:start position:0%
details illustrate the foundations of
what<00:20:43.600><c> makes</c><00:20:43.760><c> hepatitis</c><00:20:44.320><c> B</c><00:20:44.559><c> so</c><00:20:44.880><c> infectious</c><00:20:45.360><c> and</c>

00:20:45.590 --> 00:20:45.600 align:start position:0%
what makes hepatitis B so infectious and
 

00:20:45.600 --> 00:20:47.990 align:start position:0%
what makes hepatitis B so infectious and
so<00:20:45.840><c> pervasive.</c><00:20:46.640><c> Sure,</c><00:20:47.120><c> for</c><00:20:47.280><c> most</c><00:20:47.520><c> infections,</c>

00:20:47.990 --> 00:20:48.000 align:start position:0%
so pervasive. Sure, for most infections,
 

00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:49.590 align:start position:0%
so pervasive. Sure, for most infections,
hepatitis<00:20:48.559><c> B</c><00:20:48.799><c> will</c><00:20:48.960><c> eventually</c><00:20:49.360><c> get</c>

00:20:49.590 --> 00:20:49.600 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B will eventually get
 

00:20:49.600 --> 00:20:51.190 align:start position:0%
hepatitis B will eventually get
eradicated<00:20:50.080><c> once</c><00:20:50.320><c> the</c><00:20:50.480><c> immune</c><00:20:50.799><c> system</c><00:20:50.960><c> gets</c>

00:20:51.190 --> 00:20:51.200 align:start position:0%
eradicated once the immune system gets
 

00:20:51.200 --> 00:20:52.549 align:start position:0%
eradicated once the immune system gets
its<00:20:51.360><c> act</c><00:20:51.600><c> together</c><00:20:51.840><c> and</c><00:20:52.080><c> mounts</c><00:20:52.320><c> a</c>

00:20:52.549 --> 00:20:52.559 align:start position:0%
its act together and mounts a
 

00:20:52.559 --> 00:20:54.549 align:start position:0%
its act together and mounts a
coordinated<00:20:53.200><c> enough</c><00:20:53.520><c> response</c><00:20:53.919><c> to</c><00:20:54.080><c> overcome</c>

00:20:54.549 --> 00:20:54.559 align:start position:0%
coordinated enough response to overcome
 

00:20:54.559 --> 00:20:56.630 align:start position:0%
coordinated enough response to overcome
all<00:20:54.720><c> the</c><00:20:54.960><c> viral</c><00:20:55.280><c> chaff</c><00:20:55.679><c> and</c><00:20:55.919><c> interference</c>

00:20:56.630 --> 00:20:56.640 align:start position:0%
all the viral chaff and interference
 

00:20:56.640 --> 00:20:59.190 align:start position:0%
all the viral chaff and interference
silencing.<00:20:57.760><c> But</c><00:20:58.080><c> depending</c><00:20:58.480><c> on</c><00:20:58.640><c> the</c><00:20:58.799><c> age</c>

00:20:59.190 --> 00:20:59.200 align:start position:0%
silencing. But depending on the age
 

00:20:59.200 --> 00:21:01.270 align:start position:0%
silencing. But depending on the age
person<00:20:59.440><c> gets</c><00:20:59.679><c> infected,</c><00:21:00.320><c> hepatitis</c><00:21:00.880><c> B</c><00:21:01.120><c> can</c>

00:21:01.270 --> 00:21:01.280 align:start position:0%
person gets infected, hepatitis B can
 

00:21:01.280 --> 00:21:03.190 align:start position:0%
person gets infected, hepatitis B can
infiltrate<00:21:01.840><c> enough</c><00:21:02.159><c> liver</c><00:21:02.480><c> cells</c><00:21:02.880><c> and</c>

00:21:03.190 --> 00:21:03.200 align:start position:0%
infiltrate enough liver cells and
 

00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:04.789 align:start position:0%
infiltrate enough liver cells and
exhaust<00:21:03.600><c> the</c><00:21:03.840><c> immune</c><00:21:04.080><c> system</c><00:21:04.320><c> enough</c><00:21:04.559><c> that</c>

00:21:04.789 --> 00:21:04.799 align:start position:0%
exhaust the immune system enough that
 

00:21:04.799 --> 00:21:06.390 align:start position:0%
exhaust the immune system enough that
the<00:21:04.960><c> infection</c><00:21:05.360><c> becomes</c><00:21:05.760><c> chronic</c><00:21:06.159><c> and</c>

00:21:06.390 --> 00:21:06.400 align:start position:0%
the infection becomes chronic and
 

00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:08.950 align:start position:0%
the infection becomes chronic and
borderline<00:21:07.039><c> incurable.</c><00:21:08.080><c> Without</c><00:21:08.480><c> a</c><00:21:08.720><c> strong</c>

00:21:08.950 --> 00:21:08.960 align:start position:0%
borderline incurable. Without a strong
 

00:21:08.960 --> 00:21:10.789 align:start position:0%
borderline incurable. Without a strong
immune<00:21:09.280><c> response,</c><00:21:09.760><c> a</c><00:21:10.000><c> huge</c><00:21:10.320><c> percentage</c><00:21:10.640><c> of</c>

00:21:10.789 --> 00:21:10.799 align:start position:0%
immune response, a huge percentage of
 

00:21:10.799 --> 00:21:12.870 align:start position:0%
immune response, a huge percentage of
the<00:21:11.039><c> 250</c><00:21:11.840><c> million</c><00:21:12.159><c> people</c><00:21:12.400><c> affected</c><00:21:12.799><c> by</c>

00:21:12.870 --> 00:21:12.880 align:start position:0%
the 250 million people affected by
 

00:21:12.880 --> 00:21:15.350 align:start position:0%
the 250 million people affected by
chronic<00:21:13.360><c> hepatitis</c><00:21:13.919><c> B</c><00:21:14.480><c> don't</c><00:21:14.799><c> have</c><00:21:15.039><c> very</c>

00:21:15.350 --> 00:21:15.360 align:start position:0%
chronic hepatitis B don't have very
 

00:21:15.360 --> 00:21:17.110 align:start position:0%
chronic hepatitis B don't have very
noticeable<00:21:15.840><c> symptoms</c><00:21:16.240><c> until</c><00:21:16.640><c> things</c><00:21:16.880><c> start</c>

00:21:17.110 --> 00:21:17.120 align:start position:0%
noticeable symptoms until things start
 

00:21:17.120 --> 00:21:19.430 align:start position:0%
noticeable symptoms until things start
going<00:21:17.440><c> completely</c><00:21:17.919><c> off</c><00:21:18.159><c> the</c><00:21:18.400><c> rails.</c><00:21:19.039><c> For</c><00:21:19.280><c> one</c>

00:21:19.430 --> 00:21:19.440 align:start position:0%
going completely off the rails. For one
 

00:21:19.440 --> 00:21:21.430 align:start position:0%
going completely off the rails. For one
thing,<00:21:19.600><c> the</c><00:21:19.760><c> X-roin's</c><00:21:20.480><c> reign</c><00:21:20.720><c> of</c><00:21:20.880><c> terror</c><00:21:21.200><c> will</c>

00:21:21.430 --> 00:21:21.440 align:start position:0%
thing, the X-roin's reign of terror will
 

00:21:21.440 --> 00:21:23.029 align:start position:0%
thing, the X-roin's reign of terror will
gradually<00:21:21.840><c> lead</c><00:21:22.000><c> to</c><00:21:22.159><c> more</c><00:21:22.320><c> and</c><00:21:22.480><c> more</c><00:21:22.640><c> genomic</c>

00:21:23.029 --> 00:21:23.039 align:start position:0%
gradually lead to more and more genomic
 

00:21:23.039 --> 00:21:24.710 align:start position:0%
gradually lead to more and more genomic
instability<00:21:23.600><c> in</c><00:21:23.760><c> these</c><00:21:24.000><c> liver</c><00:21:24.240><c> cells,</c>

00:21:24.710 --> 00:21:24.720 align:start position:0%
instability in these liver cells,
 

00:21:24.720 --> 00:21:26.390 align:start position:0%
instability in these liver cells,
leading<00:21:25.039><c> to</c><00:21:25.120><c> the</c><00:21:25.360><c> development</c><00:21:25.679><c> of</c><00:21:25.919><c> severe</c>

00:21:26.390 --> 00:21:26.400 align:start position:0%
leading to the development of severe
 

00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:28.390 align:start position:0%
leading to the development of severe
liver<00:21:26.720><c> cancers.</c><00:21:27.360><c> Even</c><00:21:27.600><c> without</c><00:21:27.919><c> the</c><00:21:28.080><c> cancer,</c>

00:21:28.390 --> 00:21:28.400 align:start position:0%
liver cancers. Even without the cancer,
 

00:21:28.400 --> 00:21:30.710 align:start position:0%
liver cancers. Even without the cancer,
a<00:21:28.559><c> hepatitis</c><00:21:29.120><c> B</c><00:21:29.280><c> infection</c><00:21:29.679><c> lives</c><00:21:30.000><c> at</c><00:21:30.159><c> the</c><00:21:30.320><c> DNA</c>

00:21:30.710 --> 00:21:30.720 align:start position:0%
a hepatitis B infection lives at the DNA
 

00:21:30.720 --> 00:21:32.710 align:start position:0%
a hepatitis B infection lives at the DNA
level.<00:21:31.120><c> So</c><00:21:31.280><c> the</c><00:21:31.440><c> immune</c><00:21:31.760><c> system</c><00:21:32.000><c> only</c><00:21:32.400><c> has</c>

00:21:32.710 --> 00:21:32.720 align:start position:0%
level. So the immune system only has
 

00:21:32.720 --> 00:21:34.950 align:start position:0%
level. So the immune system only has
scorched<00:21:33.200><c> earth</c><00:21:33.520><c> options</c><00:21:33.840><c> like</c><00:21:34.159><c> apoptosis</c>

00:21:34.950 --> 00:21:34.960 align:start position:0%
scorched earth options like apoptosis
 

00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:36.870 align:start position:0%
scorched earth options like apoptosis
and<00:21:35.120><c> severe</c><00:21:35.520><c> inflammation</c><00:21:36.080><c> to</c><00:21:36.320><c> try</c><00:21:36.559><c> and</c>

00:21:36.870 --> 00:21:36.880 align:start position:0%
and severe inflammation to try and
 

00:21:36.880 --> 00:21:39.110 align:start position:0%
and severe inflammation to try and
eradicate<00:21:37.360><c> a</c><00:21:37.520><c> hep</c><00:21:38.000><c> infestation.</c><00:21:38.799><c> After</c>

00:21:39.110 --> 00:21:39.120 align:start position:0%
eradicate a hep infestation. After
 

00:21:39.120 --> 00:21:40.789 align:start position:0%
eradicate a hep infestation. After
decades<00:21:39.440><c> of</c><00:21:39.600><c> chronic</c><00:21:39.919><c> infection,</c><00:21:40.480><c> this</c><00:21:40.640><c> can</c>

00:21:40.789 --> 00:21:40.799 align:start position:0%
decades of chronic infection, this can
 

00:21:40.799 --> 00:21:42.470 align:start position:0%
decades of chronic infection, this can
cause<00:21:41.039><c> profound</c><00:21:41.440><c> liver</c><00:21:41.760><c> damage</c><00:21:42.000><c> that</c><00:21:42.240><c> leads</c>

00:21:42.470 --> 00:21:42.480 align:start position:0%
cause profound liver damage that leads
 

00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:44.390 align:start position:0%
cause profound liver damage that leads
to<00:21:42.640><c> liver</c><00:21:42.960><c> failure.</c><00:21:43.520><c> So</c><00:21:43.760><c> for</c><00:21:43.919><c> a</c><00:21:44.080><c> lot</c><00:21:44.159><c> of</c><00:21:44.240><c> folks</c>

00:21:44.390 --> 00:21:44.400 align:start position:0%
to liver failure. So for a lot of folks
 

00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:46.070 align:start position:0%
to liver failure. So for a lot of folks
in<00:21:44.559><c> the</c><00:21:44.640><c> endstages</c><00:21:45.120><c> of</c><00:21:45.200><c> a</c><00:21:45.360><c> chronic</c><00:21:45.600><c> hepatitis</c>

00:21:46.070 --> 00:21:46.080 align:start position:0%
in the endstages of a chronic hepatitis
 

00:21:46.080 --> 00:21:48.070 align:start position:0%
in the endstages of a chronic hepatitis
B<00:21:46.320><c> infection,</c><00:21:46.720><c> a</c><00:21:46.880><c> liver</c><00:21:47.200><c> transplant</c><00:21:47.600><c> is</c><00:21:47.840><c> their</c>

00:21:48.070 --> 00:21:48.080 align:start position:0%
B infection, a liver transplant is their
 

00:21:48.080 --> 00:21:50.470 align:start position:0%
B infection, a liver transplant is their
only<00:21:48.320><c> option.</c><00:21:49.120><c> To</c><00:21:49.280><c> me,</c><00:21:49.440><c> hepatitis</c><00:21:50.000><c> B</c><00:21:50.159><c> is</c><00:21:50.320><c> just</c>

00:21:50.470 --> 00:21:50.480 align:start position:0%
only option. To me, hepatitis B is just
 

00:21:50.480 --> 00:21:52.149 align:start position:0%
only option. To me, hepatitis B is just
a<00:21:50.640><c> deeply</c><00:21:50.960><c> humbling</c><00:21:51.440><c> disease</c><00:21:51.760><c> to</c><00:21:52.000><c> learn</c>

00:21:52.149 --> 00:21:52.159 align:start position:0%
a deeply humbling disease to learn
 

00:21:52.159 --> 00:21:54.149 align:start position:0%
a deeply humbling disease to learn
about.<00:21:52.799><c> Last</c><00:21:53.039><c> year,</c><00:21:53.200><c> I</c><00:21:53.360><c> took</c><00:21:53.520><c> y'all</c><00:21:53.760><c> on</c><00:21:53.840><c> a</c><00:21:54.000><c> deep</c>

00:21:54.149 --> 00:21:54.159 align:start position:0%
about. Last year, I took y'all on a deep
 

00:21:54.159 --> 00:21:55.830 align:start position:0%
about. Last year, I took y'all on a deep
dive<00:21:54.320><c> into</c><00:21:54.559><c> tuberculosis</c><00:21:55.280><c> and</c><00:21:55.440><c> how</c><00:21:55.600><c> that</c>

00:21:55.830 --> 00:21:55.840 align:start position:0%
dive into tuberculosis and how that
 

00:21:55.840 --> 00:21:57.430 align:start position:0%
dive into tuberculosis and how that
bacteria<00:21:56.240><c> had</c><00:21:56.480><c> developed</c><00:21:56.880><c> so</c><00:21:57.200><c> many</c>

00:21:57.430 --> 00:21:57.440 align:start position:0%
bacteria had developed so many
 

00:21:57.440 --> 00:21:59.669 align:start position:0%
bacteria had developed so many
incredible,<00:21:58.159><c> seemingly</c><00:21:58.799><c> specific</c><00:21:59.360><c> hacks</c>

00:21:59.669 --> 00:21:59.679 align:start position:0%
incredible, seemingly specific hacks
 

00:21:59.679 --> 00:22:01.350 align:start position:0%
incredible, seemingly specific hacks
that<00:21:59.919><c> hamper</c><00:22:00.240><c> the</c><00:22:00.400><c> immune</c><00:22:00.720><c> system</c><00:22:00.960><c> enough</c><00:22:01.200><c> for</c>

00:22:01.350 --> 00:22:01.360 align:start position:0%
that hamper the immune system enough for
 

00:22:01.360 --> 00:22:03.669 align:start position:0%
that hamper the immune system enough for
it<00:22:01.520><c> to</c><00:22:01.679><c> establish</c><00:22:02.080><c> an</c><00:22:02.400><c> infection.</c><00:22:03.120><c> Hepatitis</c>

00:22:03.669 --> 00:22:03.679 align:start position:0%
it to establish an infection. Hepatitis
 

00:22:03.679 --> 00:22:05.669 align:start position:0%
it to establish an infection. Hepatitis
B<00:22:03.840><c> is</c><00:22:04.000><c> almost</c><00:22:04.159><c> the</c><00:22:04.400><c> exact</c><00:22:04.799><c> opposite</c><00:22:05.280><c> kind</c><00:22:05.440><c> of</c>

00:22:05.669 --> 00:22:05.679 align:start position:0%
B is almost the exact opposite kind of
 

00:22:05.679 --> 00:22:07.830 align:start position:0%
B is almost the exact opposite kind of
problem<00:22:06.080><c> where</c><00:22:06.400><c> our</c><00:22:06.559><c> enemies</c><00:22:07.039><c> can</c><00:22:07.200><c> sloppily</c>

00:22:07.830 --> 00:22:07.840 align:start position:0%
problem where our enemies can sloppily
 

00:22:07.840 --> 00:22:09.270 align:start position:0%
problem where our enemies can sloppily
stumble<00:22:08.320><c> through</c><00:22:08.559><c> the</c><00:22:08.720><c> cracks</c><00:22:08.960><c> of</c><00:22:09.120><c> our</c>

00:22:09.270 --> 00:22:09.280 align:start position:0%
stumble through the cracks of our
 

00:22:09.280 --> 00:22:11.190 align:start position:0%
stumble through the cracks of our
metabolism<00:22:09.919><c> and</c><00:22:10.159><c> gradually</c><00:22:10.640><c> build</c><00:22:10.799><c> up</c><00:22:11.039><c> enough</c>

00:22:11.190 --> 00:22:11.200 align:start position:0%
metabolism and gradually build up enough
 

00:22:11.200 --> 00:22:13.510 align:start position:0%
metabolism and gradually build up enough
of<00:22:11.360><c> a</c><00:22:11.520><c> defensive</c><00:22:12.000><c> front</c><00:22:12.320><c> that</c><00:22:12.559><c> we</c><00:22:12.799><c> irrevocably</c>

00:22:13.510 --> 00:22:13.520 align:start position:0%
of a defensive front that we irrevocably
 

00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:16.149 align:start position:0%
of a defensive front that we irrevocably
become<00:22:13.760><c> hepatitis</c><00:22:14.400><c> B</c><00:22:14.640><c> viral</c><00:22:15.039><c> factories.</c><00:22:15.840><c> Hep</c>

00:22:16.149 --> 00:22:16.159 align:start position:0%
become hepatitis B viral factories. Hep
 

00:22:16.159 --> 00:22:18.070 align:start position:0%
become hepatitis B viral factories. Hep
B<00:22:16.320><c> is</c><00:22:16.480><c> a</c><00:22:16.640><c> critical</c><00:22:16.960><c> reminder</c><00:22:17.200><c> that</c><00:22:17.440><c> biology</c><00:22:17.840><c> is</c>

00:22:18.070 --> 00:22:18.080 align:start position:0%
B is a critical reminder that biology is
 

00:22:18.080 --> 00:22:19.830 align:start position:0%
B is a critical reminder that biology is
just<00:22:18.159><c> the</c><00:22:18.320><c> whims</c><00:22:18.720><c> of</c><00:22:18.880><c> chemistry</c><00:22:19.200><c> and</c><00:22:19.440><c> physics</c>

00:22:19.830 --> 00:22:19.840 align:start position:0%
just the whims of chemistry and physics
 

00:22:19.840 --> 00:22:21.669 align:start position:0%
just the whims of chemistry and physics
at<00:22:20.000><c> the</c><00:22:20.159><c> end</c><00:22:20.240><c> of</c><00:22:20.320><c> the</c><00:22:20.400><c> day.</c><00:22:20.880><c> And</c><00:22:21.039><c> sometimes</c><00:22:21.440><c> all</c>

00:22:21.669 --> 00:22:21.679 align:start position:0%
at the end of the day. And sometimes all
 

00:22:21.679 --> 00:22:23.350 align:start position:0%
at the end of the day. And sometimes all
you<00:22:21.840><c> need</c><00:22:21.919><c> is</c><00:22:22.080><c> a</c><00:22:22.240><c> few</c><00:22:22.400><c> interlin</c><00:22:22.960><c> feedback</c>

00:22:23.350 --> 00:22:23.360 align:start position:0%
you need is a few interlin feedback
 

00:22:23.360 --> 00:22:26.070 align:start position:0%
you need is a few interlin feedback
loops<00:22:23.760><c> to</c><00:22:23.919><c> become</c><00:22:24.240><c> incredibly</c><00:22:24.880><c> dominant.</c><00:22:25.919><c> But</c>

00:22:26.070 --> 00:22:26.080 align:start position:0%
loops to become incredibly dominant. But
 

00:22:26.080 --> 00:22:27.909 align:start position:0%
loops to become incredibly dominant. But
this<00:22:26.320><c> haphazard</c><00:22:26.960><c> and</c><00:22:27.280><c> explosively</c>

00:22:27.909 --> 00:22:27.919 align:start position:0%
this haphazard and explosively
 

00:22:27.919 --> 00:22:30.470 align:start position:0%
this haphazard and explosively
inefficient<00:22:28.559><c> infection</c><00:22:29.120><c> cycle</c><00:22:29.440><c> has</c><00:22:29.760><c> one</c><00:22:30.080><c> more</c>

00:22:30.470 --> 00:22:30.480 align:start position:0%
inefficient infection cycle has one more
 

00:22:30.480 --> 00:22:32.710 align:start position:0%
inefficient infection cycle has one more
astounding<00:22:31.280><c> complication.</c><00:22:32.240><c> The</c><00:22:32.480><c> most</c>

00:22:32.710 --> 00:22:32.720 align:start position:0%
astounding complication. The most
 

00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:35.110 align:start position:0%
astounding complication. The most
mind-blowing<00:22:33.360><c> one</c><00:22:33.520><c> of</c><00:22:33.760><c> all.</c><00:22:34.080><c> Hepatitis</c><00:22:34.720><c> B</c><00:22:34.960><c> is</c>

00:22:35.110 --> 00:22:35.120 align:start position:0%
mind-blowing one of all. Hepatitis B is
 

00:22:35.120 --> 00:22:37.430 align:start position:0%
mind-blowing one of all. Hepatitis B is
so<00:22:35.440><c> uncontrolled</c><00:22:36.080><c> and</c><00:22:36.320><c> so</c><00:22:36.559><c> messy</c><00:22:36.960><c> that</c><00:22:37.280><c> this</c>

00:22:37.430 --> 00:22:37.440 align:start position:0%
so uncontrolled and so messy that this
 

00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:39.190 align:start position:0%
so uncontrolled and so messy that this
infection<00:22:37.919><c> cycle</c><00:22:38.320><c> actually</c><00:22:38.640><c> leaves</c><00:22:38.960><c> the</c>

00:22:39.190 --> 00:22:39.200 align:start position:0%
infection cycle actually leaves the
 

00:22:39.200 --> 00:22:42.870 align:start position:0%
infection cycle actually leaves the
virus<00:22:39.600><c> open</c><00:22:40.000><c> to</c><00:22:40.320><c> other</c><00:22:40.880><c> viral</c><00:22:41.600><c> parasites</c><00:22:42.640><c> or</c>

00:22:42.870 --> 00:22:42.880 align:start position:0%
virus open to other viral parasites or
 

00:22:42.880 --> 00:22:45.190 align:start position:0%
virus open to other viral parasites or
satellite<00:22:43.440><c> viruses</c><00:22:43.919><c> that</c><00:22:44.159><c> can</c><00:22:44.320><c> only</c><00:22:44.720><c> exist</c><00:22:44.960><c> in</c>

00:22:45.190 --> 00:22:45.200 align:start position:0%
satellite viruses that can only exist in
 

00:22:45.200 --> 00:22:47.350 align:start position:0%
satellite viruses that can only exist in
the<00:22:45.360><c> presence</c><00:22:45.520><c> of</c><00:22:45.679><c> a</c><00:22:45.840><c> hepatitis</c><00:22:46.400><c> B</c><00:22:46.640><c> infection.</c>

00:22:47.350 --> 00:22:47.360 align:start position:0%
the presence of a hepatitis B infection.
 

00:22:47.360 --> 00:22:48.950 align:start position:0%
the presence of a hepatitis B infection.
In<00:22:47.520><c> which</c><00:22:47.679><c> I</c><00:22:47.840><c> mean</c><00:22:48.000><c> I</c><00:22:48.240><c> cannot</c><00:22:48.480><c> believe</c><00:22:48.720><c> that</c>

00:22:48.950 --> 00:22:48.960 align:start position:0%
In which I mean I cannot believe that
 

00:22:48.960 --> 00:22:50.549 align:start position:0%
In which I mean I cannot believe that
something<00:22:49.200><c> like</c><00:22:49.360><c> that</c><00:22:49.600><c> exists.</c><00:22:50.080><c> Remember</c>

00:22:50.549 --> 00:22:50.559 align:start position:0%
something like that exists. Remember
 

00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:51.990 align:start position:0%
something like that exists. Remember
like<00:22:50.799><c> a</c><00:22:51.039><c> million</c><00:22:51.200><c> years</c><00:22:51.360><c> ago</c><00:22:51.600><c> when</c><00:22:51.840><c> I</c>

00:22:51.990 --> 00:22:52.000 align:start position:0%
like a million years ago when I
 

00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:53.830 align:start position:0%
like a million years ago when I
mentioned<00:22:52.240><c> that</c><00:22:52.480><c> hepatitis</c><00:22:52.960><c> B</c><00:22:53.200><c> has</c><00:22:53.440><c> only</c><00:22:53.600><c> the</c>

00:22:53.830 --> 00:22:53.840 align:start position:0%
mentioned that hepatitis B has only the
 

00:22:53.840 --> 00:22:55.430 align:start position:0%
mentioned that hepatitis B has only the
second<00:22:54.159><c> shortest</c><00:22:54.559><c> genetic</c><00:22:54.880><c> code</c><00:22:55.120><c> of</c><00:22:55.280><c> any</c>

00:22:55.430 --> 00:22:55.440 align:start position:0%
second shortest genetic code of any
 

00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:57.909 align:start position:0%
second shortest genetic code of any
human<00:22:55.760><c> infecting</c><00:22:56.159><c> virus?</c><00:22:56.799><c> Well,</c><00:22:57.120><c> hepatitis</c><00:22:57.679><c> B</c>

00:22:57.909 --> 00:22:57.919 align:start position:0%
human infecting virus? Well, hepatitis B
 

00:22:57.919 --> 00:23:00.470 align:start position:0%
human infecting virus? Well, hepatitis B
directly<00:22:58.320><c> enables</c><00:22:58.799><c> the</c><00:22:59.039><c> number</c><00:22:59.280><c> one</c><00:22:59.600><c> player,</c>

00:23:00.470 --> 00:23:00.480 align:start position:0%
directly enables the number one player,
 

00:23:00.480 --> 00:23:03.990 align:start position:0%
directly enables the number one player,
hepatitis<00:23:01.280><c> D.</c><00:23:02.159><c> This</c><00:23:02.720><c> unbelievably</c><00:23:03.679><c> short</c>

00:23:03.990 --> 00:23:04.000 align:start position:0%
hepatitis D. This unbelievably short
 

00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:06.789 align:start position:0%
hepatitis D. This unbelievably short
bundle<00:23:04.320><c> of</c><00:23:04.480><c> viral</c><00:23:04.960><c> RNA</c><00:23:05.440><c> and</c><00:23:05.760><c> scaffold</c><00:23:06.240><c> protein</c>

00:23:06.789 --> 00:23:06.799 align:start position:0%
bundle of viral RNA and scaffold protein
 

00:23:06.799 --> 00:23:08.549 align:start position:0%
bundle of viral RNA and scaffold protein
can<00:23:07.039><c> only</c><00:23:07.280><c> survive</c><00:23:07.679><c> if</c><00:23:07.840><c> it</c><00:23:08.000><c> can</c><00:23:08.159><c> envelop</c>

00:23:08.549 --> 00:23:08.559 align:start position:0%
can only survive if it can envelop
 

00:23:08.559 --> 00:23:10.390 align:start position:0%
can only survive if it can envelop
itself<00:23:08.799><c> in</c><00:23:09.039><c> hepatitis</c><00:23:09.600><c> B's</c><00:23:10.000><c> surface</c>

00:23:10.390 --> 00:23:10.400 align:start position:0%
itself in hepatitis B's surface
 

00:23:10.400 --> 00:23:12.549 align:start position:0%
itself in hepatitis B's surface
antigens.<00:23:11.039><c> It</c><00:23:11.280><c> doesn't</c><00:23:11.520><c> code</c><00:23:11.760><c> for</c><00:23:11.919><c> them.</c><00:23:12.400><c> This</c>

00:23:12.549 --> 00:23:12.559 align:start position:0%
antigens. It doesn't code for them. This
 

00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:15.110 align:start position:0%
antigens. It doesn't code for them. This
RNA<00:23:13.039><c> just</c><00:23:13.280><c> codes</c><00:23:13.600><c> for</c><00:23:13.760><c> its</c><00:23:13.919><c> scaffold</c><00:23:14.400><c> protein.</c>

00:23:15.110 --> 00:23:15.120 align:start position:0%
RNA just codes for its scaffold protein.
 

00:23:15.120 --> 00:23:16.710 align:start position:0%
RNA just codes for its scaffold protein.
And<00:23:15.280><c> the</c><00:23:15.440><c> way</c><00:23:15.520><c> that</c><00:23:15.679><c> this</c><00:23:15.919><c> satellite</c><00:23:16.320><c> virus</c>

00:23:16.710 --> 00:23:16.720 align:start position:0%
And the way that this satellite virus
 

00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:19.750 align:start position:0%
And the way that this satellite virus
works<00:23:17.039><c> is</c><00:23:17.280><c> just</c><00:23:17.679><c> astounding.</c><00:23:19.039><c> But</c><00:23:19.360><c> here's</c><00:23:19.600><c> the</c>

00:23:19.750 --> 00:23:19.760 align:start position:0%
works is just astounding. But here's the
 

00:23:19.760 --> 00:23:21.669 align:start position:0%
works is just astounding. But here's the
thing.<00:23:20.159><c> Satellite</c><00:23:20.720><c> viruses</c><00:23:21.120><c> and</c><00:23:21.440><c> co-</c>

00:23:21.669 --> 00:23:21.679 align:start position:0%
thing. Satellite viruses and co-
 

00:23:21.679 --> 00:23:24.149 align:start position:0%
thing. Satellite viruses and co-
infections<00:23:22.159><c> are</c><00:23:22.480><c> honestly</c><00:23:23.120><c> miles</c><00:23:23.520><c> above</c><00:23:23.919><c> my</c>

00:23:24.149 --> 00:23:24.159 align:start position:0%
infections are honestly miles above my
 

00:23:24.159 --> 00:23:26.470 align:start position:0%
infections are honestly miles above my
ability<00:23:24.480><c> to</c><00:23:24.720><c> explain.</c><00:23:25.440><c> But</c><00:23:25.600><c> luckily,</c><00:23:26.000><c> my</c><00:23:26.240><c> good</c>

00:23:26.470 --> 00:23:26.480 align:start position:0%
ability to explain. But luckily, my good
 

00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:28.470 align:start position:0%
ability to explain. But luckily, my good
friend<00:23:26.720><c> and</c><00:23:26.960><c> collaborator</c><00:23:27.520><c> Fi</c><00:23:27.760><c> the</c><00:23:27.919><c> Neutrfil</c>

00:23:28.470 --> 00:23:28.480 align:start position:0%
friend and collaborator Fi the Neutrfil
 

00:23:28.480 --> 00:23:29.909 align:start position:0%
friend and collaborator Fi the Neutrfil
has<00:23:28.640><c> already</c><00:23:28.880><c> made</c><00:23:29.039><c> an</c><00:23:29.280><c> incredible</c><00:23:29.679><c> video</c>

00:23:29.909 --> 00:23:29.919 align:start position:0%
has already made an incredible video
 

00:23:29.919 --> 00:23:31.590 align:start position:0%
has already made an incredible video
that<00:23:30.159><c> can</c><00:23:30.320><c> take</c><00:23:30.480><c> you</c><00:23:30.640><c> through</c><00:23:30.799><c> the</c><00:23:31.039><c> topic.</c><00:23:31.440><c> And</c>

00:23:31.590 --> 00:23:31.600 align:start position:0%
that can take you through the topic. And
 

00:23:31.600 --> 00:23:32.870 align:start position:0%
that can take you through the topic. And
here<00:23:31.760><c> he</c><00:23:31.919><c> is</c><00:23:32.080><c> now</c><00:23:32.159><c> with</c><00:23:32.400><c> just</c><00:23:32.559><c> a</c><00:23:32.720><c> little</c>

00:23:32.870 --> 00:23:32.880 align:start position:0%
here he is now with just a little
 

00:23:32.880 --> 00:23:33.750 align:start position:0%
here he is now with just a little
teaser.

00:23:33.750 --> 00:23:33.760 align:start position:0%
teaser.
 

00:23:33.760 --> 00:23:35.510 align:start position:0%
teaser.
&gt;&gt; Woah,<00:23:34.000><c> woah,</c><00:23:34.159><c> woah,</c><00:23:34.320><c> woah,</c><00:23:34.480><c> woah.</c><00:23:35.120><c> Where</c><00:23:35.360><c> the</c>

00:23:35.510 --> 00:23:35.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. Where the
 

00:23:35.520 --> 00:23:37.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. Where the
heck<00:23:35.679><c> am</c><00:23:35.840><c> I?</c><00:23:36.480><c> Am</c><00:23:36.640><c> I</c><00:23:36.799><c> in</c><00:23:36.880><c> the</c><00:23:37.039><c> Clockwork</c><00:23:37.520><c> Blender</c>

00:23:37.990 --> 00:23:38.000 align:start position:0%
heck am I? Am I in the Clockwork Blender
 

00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:41.350 align:start position:0%
heck am I? Am I in the Clockwork Blender
space?<00:23:38.559><c> I'm</c><00:23:38.799><c> not</c><00:23:38.960><c> used</c><00:23:39.120><c> to</c><00:23:39.360><c> feeling</c><00:23:39.679><c> so</c><00:23:40.480><c> thick.</c>

00:23:41.350 --> 00:23:41.360 align:start position:0%
space? I'm not used to feeling so thick.
 

00:23:41.360 --> 00:23:43.430 align:start position:0%
space? I'm not used to feeling so thick.
Give<00:23:41.520><c> me</c><00:23:41.679><c> a</c><00:23:41.840><c> second.</c>

00:23:43.430 --> 00:23:43.440 align:start position:0%
Give me a second.
 

00:23:43.440 --> 00:23:45.909 align:start position:0%
Give me a second.
&gt;&gt; Ah,<00:23:44.000><c> much</c><00:23:44.320><c> better.</c><00:23:45.039><c> That's</c><00:23:45.200><c> right,</c><00:23:45.520><c> folks.</c>

00:23:45.909 --> 00:23:45.919 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Ah, much better. That's right, folks.
 

00:23:45.919 --> 00:23:47.909 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Ah, much better. That's right, folks.
Heep<00:23:46.320><c> B</c><00:23:46.480><c> and</c><00:23:46.640><c> HEP</c><00:23:46.960><c> D,</c><00:23:47.280><c> also</c><00:23:47.520><c> known</c><00:23:47.679><c> as</c><00:23:47.760><c> the</c>

00:23:47.909 --> 00:23:47.919 align:start position:0%
Heep B and HEP D, also known as the
 

00:23:47.919 --> 00:23:50.070 align:start position:0%
Heep B and HEP D, also known as the
Delta<00:23:48.240><c> virus,</c><00:23:48.640><c> form</c><00:23:48.960><c> what</c><00:23:49.120><c> is</c><00:23:49.360><c> possibly</c><00:23:49.840><c> the</c>

00:23:50.070 --> 00:23:50.080 align:start position:0%
Delta virus, form what is possibly the
 

00:23:50.080 --> 00:23:53.190 align:start position:0%
Delta virus, form what is possibly the
weirdest<00:23:50.640><c> dynamic</c><00:23:51.120><c> duo</c><00:23:51.600><c> in</c><00:23:51.840><c> all</c><00:23:52.080><c> of</c><00:23:52.240><c> verology.</c>

00:23:53.190 --> 00:23:53.200 align:start position:0%
weirdest dynamic duo in all of verology.
 

00:23:53.200 --> 00:23:55.029 align:start position:0%
weirdest dynamic duo in all of verology.
Come<00:23:53.360><c> on</c><00:23:53.520><c> over</c><00:23:53.679><c> to</c><00:23:53.840><c> my</c><00:23:54.080><c> channel</c><00:23:54.320><c> to</c><00:23:54.559><c> learn</c><00:23:54.720><c> more</c>

00:23:55.029 --> 00:23:55.039 align:start position:0%
Come on over to my channel to learn more
 

00:23:55.039 --> 00:23:56.549 align:start position:0%
Come on over to my channel to learn more
where<00:23:55.360><c> we're</c><00:23:55.520><c> going</c><00:23:55.679><c> to</c><00:23:55.840><c> talk</c><00:23:56.000><c> about</c><00:23:56.159><c> all</c><00:23:56.400><c> the</c>

00:23:56.549 --> 00:23:56.559 align:start position:0%
where we're going to talk about all the
 

00:23:56.559 --> 00:23:58.310 align:start position:0%
where we're going to talk about all the
bizarre<00:23:56.960><c> interactions</c><00:23:57.440><c> that</c><00:23:57.679><c> happen</c><00:23:58.080><c> when</c>

00:23:58.310 --> 00:23:58.320 align:start position:0%
bizarre interactions that happen when
 

00:23:58.320 --> 00:24:00.950 align:start position:0%
bizarre interactions that happen when
you<00:23:58.480><c> get</c><00:23:58.640><c> infected</c><00:23:59.200><c> with</c><00:23:59.520><c> two</c><00:23:59.840><c> viruses</c><00:24:00.720><c> at</c>

00:24:00.950 --> 00:24:00.960 align:start position:0%
you get infected with two viruses at
 

00:24:00.960 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0%
you get infected with two viruses at
once.

00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0%
once.
 

00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:04.630 align:start position:0%
once.
Okay,<00:24:03.360><c> seriously,</c><00:24:03.760><c> go</c><00:24:03.919><c> watch</c><00:24:04.159><c> that</c><00:24:04.400><c> video</c>

00:24:04.630 --> 00:24:04.640 align:start position:0%
Okay, seriously, go watch that video
 

00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:06.630 align:start position:0%
Okay, seriously, go watch that video
now.<00:24:05.039><c> I</c><00:24:05.280><c> actually</c><00:24:05.440><c> do</c><00:24:05.600><c> make</c><00:24:05.760><c> a</c><00:24:05.919><c> cameo</c><00:24:06.240><c> in</c><00:24:06.480><c> there</c>

00:24:06.630 --> 00:24:06.640 align:start position:0%
now. I actually do make a cameo in there
 

00:24:06.640 --> 00:24:08.470 align:start position:0%
now. I actually do make a cameo in there
and<00:24:06.799><c> explain</c><00:24:07.120><c> hepatitis</c><00:24:07.600><c> D</c><00:24:07.760><c> in</c><00:24:07.919><c> just</c><00:24:08.080><c> a</c><00:24:08.240><c> tiny</c>

00:24:08.470 --> 00:24:08.480 align:start position:0%
and explain hepatitis D in just a tiny
 

00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:10.230 align:start position:0%
and explain hepatitis D in just a tiny
bit<00:24:08.640><c> more</c><00:24:08.880><c> detail.</c><00:24:09.600><c> But</c><00:24:09.679><c> here,</c><00:24:10.000><c> there's</c>

00:24:10.230 --> 00:24:10.240 align:start position:0%
bit more detail. But here, there's
 

00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:11.750 align:start position:0%
bit more detail. But here, there's
nothing<00:24:10.400><c> more</c><00:24:10.640><c> in</c><00:24:10.799><c> this</c><00:24:10.960><c> video.</c><00:24:11.279><c> Quick,</c><00:24:11.600><c> let's</c>

00:24:11.750 --> 00:24:11.760 align:start position:0%
nothing more in this video. Quick, let's
 

00:24:11.760 --> 00:24:24.630 align:start position:0%
nothing more in this video. Quick, let's
just<00:24:11.919><c> abruptly</c><00:24:12.320><c> cut</c><00:24:12.480><c> to</c><00:24:12.559><c> the</c><00:24:12.720><c> outro</c><00:24:13.120><c> music.</c>

00:24:24.630 --> 00:24:24.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:24:24.640 --> 00:24:26.070 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:24:24.880><c> hey,</c><00:24:25.120><c> thanks</c><00:24:25.360><c> for</c><00:24:25.520><c> watching</c><00:24:25.679><c> all</c><00:24:25.840><c> the</c><00:24:25.919><c> way</c>

00:24:26.070 --> 00:24:26.080 align:start position:0%
And hey, thanks for watching all the way
 

00:24:26.080 --> 00:24:27.669 align:start position:0%
And hey, thanks for watching all the way
to<00:24:26.159><c> the</c><00:24:26.320><c> end</c><00:24:26.400><c> of</c><00:24:26.480><c> this</c><00:24:26.720><c> video.</c><00:24:27.200><c> Sorry</c><00:24:27.440><c> for</c><00:24:27.520><c> the</c>

00:24:27.669 --> 00:24:27.679 align:start position:0%
to the end of this video. Sorry for the
 

00:24:27.679 --> 00:24:29.269 align:start position:0%
to the end of this video. Sorry for the
abrupt<00:24:28.080><c> finish</c><00:24:28.320><c> here,</c><00:24:28.559><c> but</c><00:24:28.720><c> I</c><00:24:28.880><c> really</c><00:24:29.039><c> want</c><00:24:29.120><c> to</c>

00:24:29.269 --> 00:24:29.279 align:start position:0%
abrupt finish here, but I really want to
 

00:24:29.279 --> 00:24:30.630 align:start position:0%
abrupt finish here, but I really want to
guarantee<00:24:29.679><c> that</c><00:24:29.919><c> you</c><00:24:30.000><c> go</c><00:24:30.240><c> check</c><00:24:30.400><c> out</c><00:24:30.480><c> my</c>

00:24:30.630 --> 00:24:30.640 align:start position:0%
guarantee that you go check out my
 

00:24:30.640 --> 00:24:32.630 align:start position:0%
guarantee that you go check out my
friend<00:24:30.880><c> Fi</c><00:24:31.120><c> the</c><00:24:31.200><c> Neutrifll</c><00:24:31.840><c> right</c><00:24:32.080><c> now.</c><00:24:32.400><c> Like</c>

00:24:32.630 --> 00:24:32.640 align:start position:0%
friend Fi the Neutrifll right now. Like
 

00:24:32.640 --> 00:24:34.390 align:start position:0%
friend Fi the Neutrifll right now. Like
literally<00:24:33.039><c> right</c><00:24:33.279><c> now.</c><00:24:33.679><c> Why</c><00:24:33.840><c> are</c><00:24:34.000><c> you</c><00:24:34.159><c> still</c>

00:24:34.390 --> 00:24:34.400 align:start position:0%
literally right now. Why are you still
 

00:24:34.400 --> 00:24:36.470 align:start position:0%
literally right now. Why are you still
here?<00:24:35.200><c> If</c><00:24:35.360><c> you</c><00:24:35.520><c> like</c><00:24:35.679><c> this</c><00:24:35.840><c> video</c><00:24:36.080><c> though</c><00:24:36.240><c> and</c>

00:24:36.470 --> 00:24:36.480 align:start position:0%
here? If you like this video though and
 

00:24:36.480 --> 00:24:37.750 align:start position:0%
here? If you like this video though and
you're<00:24:36.640><c> still</c><00:24:36.799><c> here</c><00:24:36.880><c> for</c><00:24:37.039><c> whatever</c><00:24:37.440><c> reason,</c>

00:24:37.750 --> 00:24:37.760 align:start position:0%
you're still here for whatever reason,
 

00:24:37.760 --> 00:24:39.590 align:start position:0%
you're still here for whatever reason,
make<00:24:37.919><c> sure</c><00:24:38.000><c> you</c><00:24:38.159><c> like</c><00:24:38.320><c> and</c><00:24:38.559><c> subscribe.</c><00:24:39.200><c> Also,</c>

00:24:39.590 --> 00:24:39.600 align:start position:0%
make sure you like and subscribe. Also,
 

00:24:39.600 --> 00:24:41.430 align:start position:0%
make sure you like and subscribe. Also,
please<00:24:39.919><c> comment</c><00:24:40.240><c> on</c><00:24:40.480><c> Fi's</c><00:24:40.880><c> video</c><00:24:41.039><c> and</c><00:24:41.279><c> tell</c>

00:24:41.430 --> 00:24:41.440 align:start position:0%
please comment on Fi's video and tell
 

00:24:41.440 --> 00:24:43.430 align:start position:0%
please comment on Fi's video and tell
him<00:24:41.600><c> that</c><00:24:41.840><c> Clockwork</c><00:24:42.400><c> sent</c><00:24:42.640><c> you.</c><00:24:42.960><c> It</c><00:24:43.200><c> actually</c>

00:24:43.430 --> 00:24:43.440 align:start position:0%
him that Clockwork sent you. It actually
 

00:24:43.440 --> 00:24:45.190 align:start position:0%
him that Clockwork sent you. It actually
provides<00:24:43.679><c> us</c><00:24:43.840><c> a</c><00:24:44.080><c> lot</c><00:24:44.159><c> of</c><00:24:44.320><c> invaluable</c><00:24:44.960><c> data</c>

00:24:45.190 --> 00:24:45.200 align:start position:0%
provides us a lot of invaluable data
 

00:24:45.200 --> 00:24:47.350 align:start position:0%
provides us a lot of invaluable data
that<00:24:45.360><c> we</c><00:24:45.600><c> can</c><00:24:45.679><c> use</c><00:24:45.919><c> to</c><00:24:46.080><c> plan</c><00:24:46.400><c> future</c><00:24:46.799><c> videos.</c>

00:24:47.350 --> 00:24:47.360 align:start position:0%
that we can use to plan future videos.
 

00:24:47.360 --> 00:24:48.470 align:start position:0%
that we can use to plan future videos.
Otherwise,<00:24:47.760><c> I</c><00:24:47.919><c> would</c><00:24:48.080><c> also</c><00:24:48.240><c> really</c>

00:24:48.470 --> 00:24:48.480 align:start position:0%
Otherwise, I would also really
 

00:24:48.480 --> 00:24:49.510 align:start position:0%
Otherwise, I would also really
appreciate<00:24:48.799><c> it</c><00:24:48.880><c> if</c><00:24:49.039><c> you</c><00:24:49.200><c> checked</c><00:24:49.360><c> out</c>

00:24:49.510 --> 00:24:49.520 align:start position:0%
appreciate it if you checked out
 

00:24:49.520 --> 00:24:51.350 align:start position:0%
appreciate it if you checked out
patreon.com/clockworkshow

00:24:51.350 --> 00:24:51.360 align:start position:0%
patreon.com/clockworkshow
 

00:24:51.360 --> 00:24:53.110 align:start position:0%
patreon.com/clockworkshow
to<00:24:51.600><c> join</c><00:24:51.760><c> our</c><00:24:51.919><c> monthly</c><00:24:52.240><c> sticker</c><00:24:52.640><c> club</c><00:24:52.799><c> or</c>

00:24:53.110 --> 00:24:53.120 align:start position:0%
to join our monthly sticker club or
 

00:24:53.120 --> 00:24:55.269 align:start position:0%
to join our monthly sticker club or
molecular<00:24:53.600><c> paperclav</c><00:24:54.159><c> club</c><00:24:54.480><c> to</c><00:24:54.799><c> support</c><00:24:55.039><c> my</c>

00:24:55.269 --> 00:24:55.279 align:start position:0%
molecular paperclav club to support my
 

00:24:55.279 --> 00:24:57.110 align:start position:0%
molecular paperclav club to support my
channel<00:24:55.600><c> specifically.</c><00:24:56.480><c> But</c><00:24:56.640><c> I'll</c><00:24:56.799><c> catch</c><00:24:56.960><c> you</c>

00:24:57.110 --> 00:24:57.120 align:start position:0%
channel specifically. But I'll catch you
 

00:24:57.120 --> 00:24:58.789 align:start position:0%
channel specifically. But I'll catch you
all<00:24:57.279><c> in</c><00:24:57.440><c> the</c><00:24:57.520><c> next</c><00:24:57.760><c> video.</c><00:24:58.080><c> For</c><00:24:58.320><c> now,</c><00:24:58.480><c> I'd</c><00:24:58.640><c> like</c>

00:24:58.789 --> 00:24:58.799 align:start position:0%
all in the next video. For now, I'd like
 

00:24:58.799 --> 00:25:00.310 align:start position:0%
all in the next video. For now, I'd like
to<00:24:58.960><c> leave</c><00:24:59.039><c> you</c><00:24:59.200><c> with</c><00:24:59.360><c> peace,</c><00:24:59.840><c> love,</c><00:25:00.080><c> and</c>

00:25:00.310 --> 00:25:00.320 align:start position:0%
to leave you with peace, love, and
 

00:25:00.320 --> 00:25:02.630 align:start position:0%
to leave you with peace, love, and
nuclear<00:25:00.799><c> localization</c><00:25:01.440><c> signals.</c><00:25:02.240><c> Everyone,</c>

00:25:02.630 --> 00:25:02.640 align:start position:0%
nuclear localization signals. Everyone,
 

00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:06.760 align:start position:0%
nuclear localization signals. Everyone,
be<00:25:02.799><c> well.</c><00:25:03.279><c> Thank</c><00:25:03.440><c> you</c><00:25:03.600><c> so</c><00:25:03.760><c> much.</c>