WEBVTT 00:00.480 --> 00:02.310 align:start position:0% So,<00:00:00.800> what<00:00:00.960> you're<00:00:01.280> looking<00:00:01.439> at<00:00:01.680> right<00:00:01.920> now<00:00:02.159> is 00:02.310 --> 00:02.320 align:start position:0% So, what you're looking at right now is 00:02.320 --> 00:04.789 align:start position:0% So, what you're looking at right now is a<00:00:02.639> bacterial<00:00:03.280> weapon.<00:00:04.080> Technically,<00:00:04.560> this<00:00:04.720> is 00:04.789 --> 00:04.799 align:start position:0% a bacterial weapon. Technically, this is 00:04.799 --> 00:06.630 align:start position:0% a bacterial weapon. Technically, this is a<00:00:05.040> defense<00:00:05.440> platform<00:00:05.839> used<00:00:06.080> to<00:00:06.240> fight<00:00:06.400> off 00:06.630 --> 00:06.640 align:start position:0% a defense platform used to fight off 00:06.640 --> 00:09.110 align:start position:0% a defense platform used to fight off viral<00:00:07.040> infections<00:00:07.680> already<00:00:08.080> raging<00:00:08.559> inside 00:09.110 --> 00:09.120 align:start position:0% viral infections already raging inside 00:09.120 --> 00:11.589 align:start position:0% viral infections already raging inside bacteria.<00:00:10.240> Regardless,<00:00:10.880> the<00:00:11.200> way<00:00:11.360> this 00:11.589 --> 00:11.599 align:start position:0% bacteria. Regardless, the way this 00:11.599 --> 00:13.749 align:start position:0% bacteria. Regardless, the way this little<00:00:11.840> bundle<00:00:12.080> of<00:00:12.240> protein<00:00:12.719> and<00:00:12.880> RNA<00:00:13.360> defends 00:13.749 --> 00:13.759 align:start position:0% little bundle of protein and RNA defends 00:13.759 --> 00:16.550 align:start position:0% little bundle of protein and RNA defends against<00:00:14.160> phase<00:00:14.480> intrusion<00:00:15.040> is<00:00:15.280> so<00:00:15.599> wild<00:00:16.400> to 00:16.550 --> 00:16.560 align:start position:0% against phase intrusion is so wild to 00:16.560 --> 00:18.310 align:start position:0% against phase intrusion is so wild to the<00:00:16.720> point<00:00:16.880> that<00:00:17.119> when<00:00:17.359> the<00:00:17.520> paper<00:00:17.840> describing 00:18.310 --> 00:18.320 align:start position:0% the point that when the paper describing 00:18.320 --> 00:19.990 align:start position:0% the point that when the paper describing the<00:00:18.480> discovery<00:00:18.880> of<00:00:19.039> this<00:00:19.279> complex<00:00:19.760> called 00:19.990 --> 00:20.000 align:start position:0% the discovery of this complex called 00:20.000 --> 00:23.109 align:start position:0% the discovery of this complex called DRT3<00:00:21.039> hit<00:00:21.279> the<00:00:21.439> PR<00:00:21.760> wire<00:00:22.160> earlier<00:00:22.480> this<00:00:22.720> month, 00:23.109 --> 00:23.119 align:start position:0% DRT3 hit the PR wire earlier this month, 00:23.119 --> 00:24.550 align:start position:0% DRT3 hit the PR wire earlier this month, my<00:00:23.359> little<00:00:23.600> corner<00:00:23.840> of<00:00:24.000> the<00:00:24.160> internet 00:24.550 --> 00:24.560 align:start position:0% my little corner of the internet 00:24.560 --> 00:26.710 align:start position:0% my little corner of the internet basically<00:00:25.119> exploded<00:00:25.760> with<00:00:26.000> takes<00:00:26.480> talking 00:26.710 --> 00:26.720 align:start position:0% basically exploded with takes talking 00:26.720 --> 00:28.390 align:start position:0% basically exploded with takes talking about<00:00:26.880> how<00:00:27.119> one<00:00:27.359> of<00:00:27.439> the<00:00:27.680> central<00:00:28.080> quote 00:28.390 --> 00:28.400 align:start position:0% about how one of the central quote 00:28.400 --> 00:30.790 align:start position:0% about how one of the central quote unquote<00:00:28.880> rules<00:00:29.279> in<00:00:29.519> biology<00:00:30.160> had<00:00:30.480> been 00:30.790 --> 00:30.800 align:start position:0% unquote rules in biology had been 00:30.800 --> 00:32.790 align:start position:0% unquote rules in biology had been violated.<00:00:31.599> And<00:00:31.760> let's<00:00:31.920> kill<00:00:32.160> the<00:00:32.320> clickbait 00:32.790 --> 00:32.800 align:start position:0% violated. And let's kill the clickbait 00:32.800 --> 00:34.549 align:start position:0% violated. And let's kill the clickbait immediately.<00:00:33.520> That<00:00:33.760> is<00:00:33.920> not<00:00:34.160> what's 00:34.549 --> 00:34.559 align:start position:0% immediately. That is not what's 00:34.559 --> 00:36.389 align:start position:0% immediately. That is not what's happening<00:00:34.880> here.<00:00:35.520> But<00:00:35.680> if<00:00:35.840> you<00:00:36.000> let<00:00:36.160> me<00:00:36.320> take 00:36.389 --> 00:36.399 align:start position:0% happening here. But if you let me take 00:36.399 --> 00:38.150 align:start position:0% happening here. But if you let me take you<00:00:36.559> through<00:00:36.800> the<00:00:37.040> context<00:00:37.520> real<00:00:37.760> quick, 00:38.150 --> 00:38.160 align:start position:0% you through the context real quick, 00:38.160 --> 00:40.389 align:start position:0% you through the context real quick, you'll<00:00:38.399> see<00:00:38.480> that<00:00:38.719> what<00:00:38.960> DRT3<00:00:39.760> does<00:00:40.000> is 00:40.389 --> 00:40.399 align:start position:0% you'll see that what DRT3 does is 00:40.399 --> 00:42.950 align:start position:0% you'll see that what DRT3 does is actually<00:00:40.960> far<00:00:41.360> cooler.<00:00:42.079> In<00:00:42.239> a<00:00:42.399> world<00:00:42.559> where<00:00:42.800> it 00:42.950 --> 00:42.960 align:start position:0% actually far cooler. In a world where it 00:42.960 --> 00:44.790 align:start position:0% actually far cooler. In a world where it seemed<00:00:43.120> like<00:00:43.280> you<00:00:43.440> could<00:00:43.600> only<00:00:43.920> build<00:00:44.320> DNA 00:44.790 --> 00:44.800 align:start position:0% seemed like you could only build DNA 00:44.800 --> 00:48.150 align:start position:0% seemed like you could only build DNA using<00:00:45.120> another<00:00:45.440> DNA<00:00:45.920> strand<00:00:46.239> or<00:00:46.480> RNA,<00:00:47.280> DRT3 00:48.150 --> 00:48.160 align:start position:0% using another DNA strand or RNA, DRT3 00:48.160 --> 00:50.709 align:start position:0% using another DNA strand or RNA, DRT3 sets<00:00:48.399> off<00:00:48.559> a<00:00:48.800> kind<00:00:48.879> of<00:00:49.039> DNA<00:00:49.600> bomb,<00:00:50.160> assembling 00:50.709 --> 00:50.719 align:start position:0% sets off a kind of DNA bomb, assembling 00:50.719 --> 00:53.430 align:start position:0% sets off a kind of DNA bomb, assembling long<00:00:51.120> nonsense<00:00:51.840> fibers<00:00:52.160> of<00:00:52.399> DNA<00:00:52.879> using<00:00:53.199> two 00:53.430 --> 00:53.440 align:start position:0% long nonsense fibers of DNA using two 00:53.440 --> 00:55.350 align:start position:0% long nonsense fibers of DNA using two little<00:00:53.680> bits<00:00:54.000> of<00:00:54.160> protein<00:00:54.640> as<00:00:54.879> part<00:00:55.039> of<00:00:55.120> its 00:55.350 --> 00:55.360 align:start position:0% little bits of protein as part of its 00:55.360 --> 00:57.430 align:start position:0% little bits of protein as part of its template.<00:00:56.000> This<00:00:56.239> machine<00:00:56.559> is<00:00:56.719> a<00:00:56.960> complete 00:57.430 --> 00:57.440 align:start position:0% template. This machine is a complete 00:57.440 --> 00:59.510 align:start position:0% template. This machine is a complete mind<00:00:57.840> blow<00:00:58.160> and<00:00:58.399> an<00:00:58.640> excellent<00:00:59.039> introduction 00:59.510 --> 00:59.520 align:start position:0% mind blow and an excellent introduction 00:59.520 --> 01:02.069 align:start position:0% mind blow and an excellent introduction into<00:00:59.760> the<00:01:00.000> world<00:01:00.160> of<00:01:00.480> fagee<00:01:00.960> defense.<00:01:01.680> In<00:01:01.920> this 01:02.069 --> 01:02.079 align:start position:0% into the world of fagee defense. In this 01:02.079 --> 01:03.990 align:start position:0% into the world of fagee defense. In this video,<00:01:02.320> let's<00:01:02.559> explore<00:01:02.879> how<00:01:03.039> a<00:01:03.199> DNA<00:01:03.600> grenade 01:03.990 --> 01:04.000 align:start position:0% video, let's explore how a DNA grenade 01:04.000 --> 01:05.990 align:start position:0% video, let's explore how a DNA grenade can<00:01:04.159> help<00:01:04.320> a<00:01:04.559> bacterial<00:01:05.119> community<00:01:05.519> fend<00:01:05.840> off 01:05.990 --> 01:06.000 align:start position:0% can help a bacterial community fend off 01:06.000 --> 01:08.630 align:start position:0% can help a bacterial community fend off the<00:01:06.240> viral<00:01:06.640> horde.<00:01:07.439> No<00:01:07.680> war<00:01:08.000> but<00:01:08.159> the<00:01:08.320> fage 01:08.630 --> 01:08.640 align:start position:0% the viral horde. No war but the fage 01:08.640 --> 01:15.670 align:start position:0% the viral horde. No war but the fage war,<00:01:08.960> folks.<00:01:09.439> Let's<00:01:09.680> explore<00:01:10.080> why. 01:15.670 --> 01:15.680 align:start position:0% 01:15.680 --> 01:17.590 align:start position:0% And<00:01:15.920> hey,<00:01:16.240> welcome<00:01:16.479> back<00:01:16.640> to<00:01:16.799> Clockwork,<00:01:17.439> a 01:17.590 --> 01:17.600 align:start position:0% And hey, welcome back to Clockwork, a 01:17.600 --> 01:19.270 align:start position:0% And hey, welcome back to Clockwork, a show<00:01:17.759> about<00:01:17.920> the<00:01:18.080> molecular<00:01:18.560> foundations<00:01:19.040> of 01:19.270 --> 01:19.280 align:start position:0% show about the molecular foundations of 01:19.280 --> 01:21.109 align:start position:0% show about the molecular foundations of life.<00:01:19.840> Subscribe<00:01:20.240> here<00:01:20.400> so<00:01:20.640> you<00:01:20.799> don't<00:01:20.960> miss 01:21.109 --> 01:21.119 align:start position:0% life. Subscribe here so you don't miss 01:21.119 --> 01:23.109 align:start position:0% life. Subscribe here so you don't miss new<00:01:21.439> episodes<00:01:21.840> as<00:01:22.080> we<00:01:22.240> explore<00:01:22.560> the<00:01:22.799> base 01:23.109 --> 01:23.119 align:start position:0% new episodes as we explore the base 01:23.119 --> 01:24.870 align:start position:0% new episodes as we explore the base mechanics<00:01:23.520> that<00:01:23.759> root<00:01:24.000> you<00:01:24.159> to<00:01:24.320> the<00:01:24.479> world. 01:24.870 --> 01:24.880 align:start position:0% mechanics that root you to the world. 01:24.880 --> 01:26.230 align:start position:0% mechanics that root you to the world. And<00:01:25.040> make<00:01:25.200> sure<00:01:25.280> you<00:01:25.439> check<00:01:25.600> us<00:01:25.759> out<00:01:25.840> over<00:01:26.000> at 01:26.230 --> 01:26.240 align:start position:0% And make sure you check us out over at 01:26.240 --> 01:28.310 align:start position:0% And make sure you check us out over at patreon.com/clockworkshow 01:28.310 --> 01:28.320 align:start position:0% patreon.com/clockworkshow 01:28.320 --> 01:29.910 align:start position:0% patreon.com/clockworkshow to<00:01:28.479> see<00:01:28.560> our<00:01:28.720> perks<00:01:29.040> like<00:01:29.200> monthly<00:01:29.600> sticker 01:29.910 --> 01:29.920 align:start position:0% to see our perks like monthly sticker 01:29.920 --> 01:32.069 align:start position:0% to see our perks like monthly sticker packs<00:01:30.159> and<00:01:30.400> great<00:01:30.640> molecular<00:01:31.200> papercrafts. 01:32.069 --> 01:32.079 align:start position:0% packs and great molecular papercrafts. 01:32.079 --> 01:33.910 align:start position:0% packs and great molecular papercrafts. But<00:01:32.240> let's<00:01:32.479> jump<00:01:32.720> into<00:01:32.880> the<00:01:33.040> thick<00:01:33.280> of<00:01:33.360> it.<00:01:33.680> For 01:33.910 --> 01:33.920 align:start position:0% But let's jump into the thick of it. For 01:33.920 --> 01:35.749 align:start position:0% But let's jump into the thick of it. For billions<00:01:34.320> of<00:01:34.479> years,<00:01:34.880> there<00:01:35.040> has<00:01:35.200> been<00:01:35.360> one 01:35.749 --> 01:35.759 align:start position:0% billions of years, there has been one 01:35.759 --> 01:38.149 align:start position:0% billions of years, there has been one endless<00:01:36.320> conflict<00:01:36.799> raging<00:01:37.200> across<00:01:37.520> our<00:01:37.920> whole 01:38.149 --> 01:38.159 align:start position:0% endless conflict raging across our whole 01:38.159 --> 01:41.030 align:start position:0% endless conflict raging across our whole biosphere<00:01:38.960> between<00:01:39.360> bacteria<00:01:40.159> and<00:01:40.400> parasitic 01:41.030 --> 01:41.040 align:start position:0% biosphere between bacteria and parasitic 01:41.040 --> 01:43.990 align:start position:0% biosphere between bacteria and parasitic bacterial<00:01:41.680> phages<00:01:42.159> like<00:01:42.320> these.<00:01:43.119> This<00:01:43.360> war<00:01:43.600> is 01:43.990 --> 01:44.000 align:start position:0% bacterial phages like these. This war is 01:44.000 --> 01:45.990 align:start position:0% bacterial phages like these. This war is brutal<00:01:44.640> with<00:01:44.960> some<00:01:45.200> estimates<00:01:45.600> suggesting 01:45.990 --> 01:46.000 align:start position:0% brutal with some estimates suggesting 01:46.000 --> 01:49.510 align:start position:0% brutal with some estimates suggesting that<00:01:46.159> a<00:01:46.479> full<00:01:46.880> 25%<00:01:47.759> of<00:01:48.000> all<00:01:48.320> bacterial<00:01:48.960> biomass 01:49.510 --> 01:49.520 align:start position:0% that a full 25% of all bacterial biomass 01:49.520 --> 01:51.990 align:start position:0% that a full 25% of all bacterial biomass is<00:01:49.680> wiped<00:01:49.920> out<00:01:50.079> by<00:01:50.320> phages<00:01:50.799> every<00:01:51.200> day.<00:01:51.680> Now, 01:51.990 --> 01:52.000 align:start position:0% is wiped out by phages every day. Now, 01:52.000 --> 01:53.830 align:start position:0% is wiped out by phages every day. Now, of<00:01:52.159> course,<00:01:52.320> that<00:01:52.560> number<00:01:52.799> is<00:01:53.280> hard<00:01:53.600> to 01:53.830 --> 01:53.840 align:start position:0% of course, that number is hard to 01:53.840 --> 01:55.590 align:start position:0% of course, that number is hard to verify,<00:01:54.479> but<00:01:54.720> the<00:01:54.960> important<00:01:55.200> thing<00:01:55.280> to<00:01:55.439> keep 01:55.590 --> 01:55.600 align:start position:0% verify, but the important thing to keep 01:55.600 --> 01:57.109 align:start position:0% verify, but the important thing to keep in<00:01:55.759> mind<00:01:55.920> here<00:01:56.159> is<00:01:56.320> that<00:01:56.479> there<00:01:56.720> is<00:01:56.799> a 01:57.109 --> 01:57.119 align:start position:0% in mind here is that there is a 01:57.119 --> 01:58.950 align:start position:0% in mind here is that there is a tremendous<00:01:57.840> amount<00:01:58.159> of<00:01:58.399> pressure<00:01:58.719> for 01:58.950 --> 01:58.960 align:start position:0% tremendous amount of pressure for 01:58.960 --> 02:01.270 align:start position:0% tremendous amount of pressure for bacteria<00:01:59.600> of<00:01:59.920> all<00:02:00.079> kinds<00:02:00.399> to<00:02:00.640> defend<00:02:00.960> against 02:01.270 --> 02:01.280 align:start position:0% bacteria of all kinds to defend against 02:01.280 --> 02:03.270 align:start position:0% bacteria of all kinds to defend against fagee<00:02:01.600> infection,<00:02:02.079> no<00:02:02.159> matter<00:02:02.479> the<00:02:02.719> cost.<00:02:03.119> And 02:03.270 --> 02:03.280 align:start position:0% fagee infection, no matter the cost. And 02:03.280 --> 02:04.709 align:start position:0% fagee infection, no matter the cost. And that's<00:02:03.520> been<00:02:03.680> one<00:02:03.840> of<00:02:03.840> the<00:02:04.000> cooler<00:02:04.320> lines<00:02:04.560> of 02:04.709 --> 02:04.719 align:start position:0% that's been one of the cooler lines of 02:04.719 --> 02:06.630 align:start position:0% that's been one of the cooler lines of research<00:02:05.040> for<00:02:05.200> the<00:02:05.360> last<00:02:05.520> 20<00:02:05.759> years.<00:02:06.320> Turns 02:06.630 --> 02:06.640 align:start position:0% research for the last 20 years. Turns 02:06.640 --> 02:09.029 align:start position:0% research for the last 20 years. Turns out,<00:02:06.880> despite<00:02:07.280> being<00:02:07.600> unisellular,<00:02:08.479> bacteria 02:09.029 --> 02:09.039 align:start position:0% out, despite being unisellular, bacteria 02:09.039 --> 02:11.029 align:start position:0% out, despite being unisellular, bacteria have<00:02:09.200> their<00:02:09.440> own<00:02:09.599> kind<00:02:09.759> of<00:02:10.000> internal<00:02:10.560> immune 02:11.029 --> 02:11.039 align:start position:0% have their own kind of internal immune 02:11.039 --> 02:13.430 align:start position:0% have their own kind of internal immune systems<00:02:11.440> for<00:02:11.680> keeping<00:02:11.920> these<00:02:12.160> phages<00:02:12.560> at<00:02:12.800> bay. 02:13.430 --> 02:13.440 align:start position:0% systems for keeping these phages at bay. 02:13.440 --> 02:15.430 align:start position:0% systems for keeping these phages at bay. Bacterial<00:02:14.000> phages<00:02:14.400> reproduce<00:02:14.879> by<00:02:15.040> injecting 02:15.430 --> 02:15.440 align:start position:0% Bacterial phages reproduce by injecting 02:15.440 --> 02:17.430 align:start position:0% Bacterial phages reproduce by injecting their<00:02:15.599> genetic<00:02:16.080> material,<00:02:16.560> be<00:02:16.720> it<00:02:16.879> DNA<00:02:17.280> or 02:17.430 --> 02:17.440 align:start position:0% their genetic material, be it DNA or 02:17.440 --> 02:19.430 align:start position:0% their genetic material, be it DNA or RNA,<00:02:18.000> depending<00:02:18.239> on<00:02:18.400> the<00:02:18.560> specific<00:02:18.879> virus, 02:19.430 --> 02:19.440 align:start position:0% RNA, depending on the specific virus, 02:19.440 --> 02:21.670 align:start position:0% RNA, depending on the specific virus, into<00:02:19.680> host<00:02:20.000> procarots<00:02:20.720> and<00:02:20.879> hijacking<00:02:21.440> their 02:21.670 --> 02:21.680 align:start position:0% into host procarots and hijacking their 02:21.680 --> 02:24.070 align:start position:0% into host procarots and hijacking their cellular<00:02:22.080> machinery<00:02:22.560> to<00:02:22.720> build<00:02:23.040> more<00:02:23.360> phages. 02:24.070 --> 02:24.080 align:start position:0% cellular machinery to build more phages. 02:24.080 --> 02:26.390 align:start position:0% cellular machinery to build more phages. So,<00:02:24.400> bacteria<00:02:25.040> have<00:02:25.280> all<00:02:25.520> sorts<00:02:25.760> of<00:02:25.840> defenses 02:26.390 --> 02:26.400 align:start position:0% So, bacteria have all sorts of defenses 02:26.400 --> 02:28.710 align:start position:0% So, bacteria have all sorts of defenses aimed<00:02:26.720> at<00:02:26.959> targeting<00:02:27.360> that<00:02:27.520> viral<00:02:27.920> DNA<00:02:28.400> before 02:28.710 --> 02:28.720 align:start position:0% aimed at targeting that viral DNA before 02:28.720 --> 02:30.949 align:start position:0% aimed at targeting that viral DNA before it<00:02:28.879> can<00:02:29.040> complete<00:02:29.360> that<00:02:29.599> hijacking<00:02:30.319> process. 02:30.949 --> 02:30.959 align:start position:0% it can complete that hijacking process. 02:30.959 --> 02:32.309 align:start position:0% it can complete that hijacking process. You've<00:02:31.280> probably<00:02:31.520> heard<00:02:31.760> about<00:02:31.920> the<00:02:32.160> most 02:32.309 --> 02:32.319 align:start position:0% You've probably heard about the most 02:32.319 --> 02:33.830 align:start position:0% You've probably heard about the most famous<00:02:32.560> of<00:02:32.720> these<00:02:32.959> defense<00:02:33.280> platforms, 02:33.830 --> 02:33.840 align:start position:0% famous of these defense platforms, 02:33.840 --> 02:36.070 align:start position:0% famous of these defense platforms, crisper<00:02:34.319> RNA<00:02:34.720> and<00:02:34.879> its<00:02:35.040> cast<00:02:35.440> 9<00:02:35.680> protein 02:36.070 --> 02:36.080 align:start position:0% crisper RNA and its cast 9 protein 02:36.080 --> 02:38.309 align:start position:0% crisper RNA and its cast 9 protein partner.<00:02:36.720> Bacteria<00:02:37.280> store<00:02:37.599> viral<00:02:37.920> DNA 02:38.309 --> 02:38.319 align:start position:0% partner. Bacteria store viral DNA 02:38.319 --> 02:40.630 align:start position:0% partner. Bacteria store viral DNA sequences<00:02:38.879> inside<00:02:39.280> that<00:02:39.519> crisper<00:02:40.000> RNA<00:02:40.400> and 02:40.630 --> 02:40.640 align:start position:0% sequences inside that crisper RNA and 02:40.640 --> 02:42.630 align:start position:0% sequences inside that crisper RNA and use<00:02:40.800> it<00:02:40.879> to<00:02:41.040> direct<00:02:41.280> the<00:02:41.440> castine<00:02:42.000> protein<00:02:42.400> to 02:42.630 --> 02:42.640 align:start position:0% use it to direct the castine protein to 02:42.640 --> 02:44.949 align:start position:0% use it to direct the castine protein to cut<00:02:42.879> down<00:02:43.200> viral<00:02:43.599> DNA<00:02:44.000> before<00:02:44.239> it<00:02:44.400> can<00:02:44.560> do<00:02:44.720> any 02:44.949 --> 02:44.959 align:start position:0% cut down viral DNA before it can do any 02:44.959 --> 02:46.309 align:start position:0% cut down viral DNA before it can do any damage.<00:02:45.519> And<00:02:45.680> scientists<00:02:46.160> have 02:46.309 --> 02:46.319 align:start position:0% damage. And scientists have 02:46.319 --> 02:48.150 align:start position:0% damage. And scientists have re-engineered<00:02:46.879> this<00:02:47.120> system<00:02:47.360> to<00:02:47.519> empower<00:02:47.920> a 02:48.150 --> 02:48.160 align:start position:0% re-engineered this system to empower a 02:48.160 --> 02:50.150 align:start position:0% re-engineered this system to empower a new<00:02:48.400> age<00:02:48.640> of<00:02:48.800> DNA<00:02:49.280> editing<00:02:49.599> in<00:02:49.840> the<00:02:49.920> past 02:50.150 --> 02:50.160 align:start position:0% new age of DNA editing in the past 02:50.160 --> 02:51.670 align:start position:0% new age of DNA editing in the past decade.<00:02:50.720> It's<00:02:50.959> kind<00:02:51.040> of<00:02:51.120> been<00:02:51.280> one<00:02:51.360> of<00:02:51.440> the 02:51.670 --> 02:51.680 align:start position:0% decade. It's kind of been one of the 02:51.680 --> 02:53.589 align:start position:0% decade. It's kind of been one of the biggest<00:02:51.920> deals<00:02:52.080> in<00:02:52.319> biology<00:02:52.800> honestly.<00:02:53.440> But 02:53.589 --> 02:53.599 align:start position:0% biggest deals in biology honestly. But 02:53.599 --> 02:55.030 align:start position:0% biggest deals in biology honestly. But there's<00:02:53.840> actually<00:02:54.160> tons<00:02:54.400> of<00:02:54.560> different<00:02:54.800> kinds 02:55.030 --> 02:55.040 align:start position:0% there's actually tons of different kinds 02:55.040 --> 02:57.030 align:start position:0% there's actually tons of different kinds of<00:02:55.120> crisper<00:02:55.599> systems<00:02:55.920> and<00:02:56.239> more<00:02:56.400> importantly 02:57.030 --> 02:57.040 align:start position:0% of crisper systems and more importantly 02:57.040 --> 02:59.509 align:start position:0% of crisper systems and more importantly a<00:02:57.280> ton<00:02:57.519> of<00:02:57.760> anti-Chrisper<00:02:58.720> weapons<00:02:59.120> developed 02:59.509 --> 02:59.519 align:start position:0% a ton of anti-Chrisper weapons developed 02:59.519 --> 03:01.430 align:start position:0% a ton of anti-Chrisper weapons developed by<00:02:59.680> viruses<00:03:00.160> to<00:03:00.400> regain<00:03:00.800> an<00:03:00.959> edge<00:03:01.120> in<00:03:01.280> the 03:01.430 --> 03:01.440 align:start position:0% by viruses to regain an edge in the 03:01.440 --> 03:03.190 align:start position:0% by viruses to regain an edge in the conflict.<00:03:02.159> That's<00:03:02.319> the<00:03:02.560> wild<00:03:02.879> thing<00:03:03.040> about 03:03.190 --> 03:03.200 align:start position:0% conflict. That's the wild thing about 03:03.200 --> 03:05.670 align:start position:0% conflict. That's the wild thing about this<00:03:03.440> fage<00:03:03.840> war.<00:03:04.319> Both<00:03:04.640> sides<00:03:04.959> are<00:03:05.200> constantly 03:05.670 --> 03:05.680 align:start position:0% this fage war. Both sides are constantly 03:05.680 --> 03:07.110 align:start position:0% this fage war. Both sides are constantly pushing<00:03:06.000> against<00:03:06.239> each<00:03:06.480> other<00:03:06.560> in<00:03:06.800> this<00:03:06.959> kind 03:07.110 --> 03:07.120 align:start position:0% pushing against each other in this kind 03:07.120 --> 03:09.190 align:start position:0% pushing against each other in this kind of<00:03:07.280> evolutionary<00:03:08.000> arms<00:03:08.400> race.<00:03:08.800> And<00:03:08.959> our 03:09.190 --> 03:09.200 align:start position:0% of evolutionary arms race. And our 03:09.200 --> 03:10.630 align:start position:0% of evolutionary arms race. And our subject<00:03:09.440> today<00:03:09.680> is<00:03:09.840> one<00:03:10.000> of<00:03:10.080> the<00:03:10.239> wilder 03:10.630 --> 03:10.640 align:start position:0% subject today is one of the wilder 03:10.640 --> 03:12.149 align:start position:0% subject today is one of the wilder defense<00:03:10.959> strategies<00:03:11.519> developed<00:03:11.920> by 03:12.149 --> 03:12.159 align:start position:0% defense strategies developed by 03:12.159 --> 03:14.550 align:start position:0% defense strategies developed by bacteria.<00:03:13.120> All<00:03:13.280> the<00:03:13.440> recent<00:03:13.760> hype<00:03:14.080> surrounds 03:14.550 --> 03:14.560 align:start position:0% bacteria. All the recent hype surrounds 03:14.560 --> 03:18.070 align:start position:0% bacteria. All the recent hype surrounds this<00:03:14.879> complex<00:03:15.599> DRT3.<00:03:16.959> And<00:03:17.200> okay,<00:03:17.519> this<00:03:17.760> is<00:03:17.840> a 03:18.070 --> 03:18.080 align:start position:0% this complex DRT3. And okay, this is a 03:18.080 --> 03:19.589 align:start position:0% this complex DRT3. And okay, this is a defense<00:03:18.560> associated<00:03:19.200> reverse 03:19.589 --> 03:19.599 align:start position:0% defense associated reverse 03:19.599 --> 03:21.750 align:start position:0% defense associated reverse transcriptase.<00:03:20.640> I<00:03:20.800> figure<00:03:21.040> we've<00:03:21.280> set<00:03:21.440> up<00:03:21.599> the 03:21.750 --> 03:21.760 align:start position:0% transcriptase. I figure we've set up the 03:21.760 --> 03:23.190 align:start position:0% transcriptase. I figure we've set up the defense<00:03:22.080> part<00:03:22.239> of<00:03:22.400> that<00:03:22.560> name.<00:03:22.879> So,<00:03:23.040> let's 03:23.190 --> 03:23.200 align:start position:0% defense part of that name. So, let's 03:23.200 --> 03:24.949 align:start position:0% defense part of that name. So, let's look<00:03:23.280> at<00:03:23.440> the<00:03:23.599> back<00:03:23.760> half<00:03:24.000> of<00:03:24.080> this<00:03:24.319> title. 03:24.949 --> 03:24.959 align:start position:0% look at the back half of this title. 03:24.959 --> 03:27.509 align:start position:0% look at the back half of this title. Reverse<00:03:25.360> transcriptes<00:03:26.480> already<00:03:26.800> rewrote<00:03:27.280> our 03:27.509 --> 03:27.519 align:start position:0% Reverse transcriptes already rewrote our 03:27.519 --> 03:28.949 align:start position:0% Reverse transcriptes already rewrote our understanding<00:03:27.840> of<00:03:28.080> how<00:03:28.239> life<00:03:28.560> works<00:03:28.800> back 03:28.949 --> 03:28.959 align:start position:0% understanding of how life works back 03:28.959 --> 03:30.710 align:start position:0% understanding of how life works back when<00:03:29.120> they<00:03:29.280> were<00:03:29.360> discovered<00:03:29.680> in<00:03:29.920> the<00:03:30.080> 70s. 03:30.710 --> 03:30.720 align:start position:0% when they were discovered in the 70s. 03:30.720 --> 03:32.630 align:start position:0% when they were discovered in the 70s. They<00:03:30.879> use<00:03:31.040> an<00:03:31.200> RNA<00:03:31.599> template<00:03:32.000> to<00:03:32.159> generate<00:03:32.480> a 03:32.630 --> 03:32.640 align:start position:0% They use an RNA template to generate a 03:32.640 --> 03:35.270 align:start position:0% They use an RNA template to generate a new<00:03:32.879> strand<00:03:33.120> of<00:03:33.280> DNA.<00:03:34.000> Viruses<00:03:34.480> like<00:03:34.640> HIV<00:03:35.120> and 03:35.270 --> 03:35.280 align:start position:0% new strand of DNA. Viruses like HIV and 03:35.280 --> 03:37.589 align:start position:0% new strand of DNA. Viruses like HIV and hepatitis<00:03:35.840> B<00:03:36.159> use<00:03:36.480> reverse<00:03:36.799> transcriptases 03:37.589 --> 03:37.599 align:start position:0% hepatitis B use reverse transcriptases 03:37.599 --> 03:39.430 align:start position:0% hepatitis B use reverse transcriptases to<00:03:37.760> smuggle<00:03:38.080> their<00:03:38.239> RNA<00:03:38.720> code<00:03:38.959> into<00:03:39.200> our 03:39.430 --> 03:39.440 align:start position:0% to smuggle their RNA code into our 03:39.440 --> 03:41.509 align:start position:0% to smuggle their RNA code into our genome<00:03:39.840> when<00:03:40.000> we<00:03:40.159> get<00:03:40.319> infected.<00:03:41.120> The<00:03:41.360> gist 03:41.509 --> 03:41.519 align:start position:0% genome when we get infected. The gist 03:41.519 --> 03:43.910 align:start position:0% genome when we get infected. The gist here<00:03:41.680> is<00:03:42.000> DRT3<00:03:42.720> is<00:03:42.879> going<00:03:43.040> to<00:03:43.200> somehow<00:03:43.519> use<00:03:43.680> a 03:43.910 --> 03:43.920 align:start position:0% here is DRT3 is going to somehow use a 03:43.920 --> 03:46.070 align:start position:0% here is DRT3 is going to somehow use a DNA<00:03:44.400> generating<00:03:44.879> process<00:03:45.200> to<00:03:45.440> defend<00:03:45.760> against 03:46.070 --> 03:46.080 align:start position:0% DNA generating process to defend against 03:46.080 --> 03:47.670 align:start position:0% DNA generating process to defend against attacks<00:03:46.560> from<00:03:46.799> several<00:03:47.120> different<00:03:47.360> classes 03:47.670 --> 03:47.680 align:start position:0% attacks from several different classes 03:47.680 --> 03:49.910 align:start position:0% attacks from several different classes of<00:03:47.920> bacteria<00:03:48.480> phasages.<00:03:49.040> And<00:03:49.200> yes,<00:03:49.519> this<00:03:49.680> is<00:03:49.760> a 03:49.910 --> 03:49.920 align:start position:0% of bacteria phasages. And yes, this is a 03:49.920 --> 03:51.990 align:start position:0% of bacteria phasages. And yes, this is a molecularly<00:03:50.560> accurate<00:03:50.959> rendering<00:03:51.280> of<00:03:51.360> a<00:03:51.599> T1 03:51.990 --> 03:52.000 align:start position:0% molecularly accurate rendering of a T1 03:52.000 --> 03:53.910 align:start position:0% molecularly accurate rendering of a T1 bacteria<00:03:52.640> phage.<00:03:53.120> They<00:03:53.280> really<00:03:53.519> do<00:03:53.680> use 03:53.910 --> 03:53.920 align:start position:0% bacteria phage. They really do use 03:53.920 --> 03:55.670 align:start position:0% bacteria phage. They really do use proteins<00:03:54.400> to<00:03:54.560> build<00:03:54.720> these<00:03:54.959> near<00:03:55.200> crystallin 03:55.670 --> 03:55.680 align:start position:0% proteins to build these near crystallin 03:55.680 --> 03:57.270 align:start position:0% proteins to build these near crystallin spaceship<00:03:56.159> looking<00:03:56.400> delivery<00:03:56.720> vehicles<00:03:57.120> for 03:57.270 --> 03:57.280 align:start position:0% spaceship looking delivery vehicles for 03:57.280 --> 03:59.190 align:start position:0% spaceship looking delivery vehicles for their<00:03:57.439> predatory<00:03:57.920> DNA<00:03:58.400> sequence.<00:03:58.959> And 03:59.190 --> 03:59.200 align:start position:0% their predatory DNA sequence. And 03:59.200 --> 04:00.630 align:start position:0% their predatory DNA sequence. And instead<00:03:59.439> of<00:03:59.599> having<00:03:59.760> little<00:04:00.000> spaceship<00:04:00.400> legs 04:00.630 --> 04:00.640 align:start position:0% instead of having little spaceship legs 04:00.640 --> 04:01.990 align:start position:0% instead of having little spaceship legs you<00:04:00.799> might<00:04:00.959> associate<00:04:01.280> with<00:04:01.439> phages,<00:04:01.920> they 04:01.990 --> 04:02.000 align:start position:0% you might associate with phages, they 04:02.000 --> 04:03.670 align:start position:0% you might associate with phages, they just<00:04:02.159> have<00:04:02.239> this<00:04:02.480> long<00:04:02.720> flexible<00:04:03.120> tail<00:04:03.439> that 04:03.670 --> 04:03.680 align:start position:0% just have this long flexible tail that 04:03.680 --> 04:05.350 align:start position:0% just have this long flexible tail that spears<00:04:04.080> right<00:04:04.239> into<00:04:04.480> their<00:04:04.640> victim's<00:04:05.120> cell 04:05.350 --> 04:05.360 align:start position:0% spears right into their victim's cell 04:05.360 --> 04:07.750 align:start position:0% spears right into their victim's cell membranes.<00:04:06.159> But<00:04:06.319> back<00:04:06.480> down<00:04:06.640> to<00:04:06.799> DRT3,<00:04:07.599> let's 04:07.750 --> 04:07.760 align:start position:0% membranes. But back down to DRT3, let's 04:07.760 --> 04:09.990 align:start position:0% membranes. But back down to DRT3, let's focus<00:04:08.000> on<00:04:08.159> how<00:04:08.480> this<00:04:08.720> complex<00:04:09.120> builds<00:04:09.360> a<00:04:09.599> DNA 04:09.990 --> 04:10.000 align:start position:0% focus on how this complex builds a DNA 04:10.000 --> 04:11.589 align:start position:0% focus on how this complex builds a DNA strand.<00:04:10.480> First<00:04:10.720> off,<00:04:10.959> let's<00:04:11.200> break<00:04:11.360> this 04:11.589 --> 04:11.599 align:start position:0% strand. First off, let's break this 04:11.599 --> 04:13.350 align:start position:0% strand. First off, let's break this thing<00:04:11.760> down.<00:04:12.400> We're<00:04:12.560> actually<00:04:12.799> looking<00:04:13.040> at<00:04:13.200> a 04:13.350 --> 04:13.360 align:start position:0% thing down. We're actually looking at a 04:13.360 --> 04:15.429 align:start position:0% thing down. We're actually looking at a complex<00:04:13.760> of<00:04:14.000> multiple<00:04:14.640> identical<00:04:15.040> copies<00:04:15.360> of 04:15.429 --> 04:15.439 align:start position:0% complex of multiple identical copies of 04:15.439 --> 04:17.909 align:start position:0% complex of multiple identical copies of a<00:04:15.599> DRT3<00:04:16.400> system.<00:04:16.799> If<00:04:17.040> we<00:04:17.120> zoom<00:04:17.359> in<00:04:17.440> on<00:04:17.600> just<00:04:17.759> one 04:17.909 --> 04:17.919 align:start position:0% a DRT3 system. If we zoom in on just one 04:17.919 --> 04:20.469 align:start position:0% a DRT3 system. If we zoom in on just one of<00:04:18.000> them,<00:04:18.239> a<00:04:18.479> complete<00:04:18.799> DRT3<00:04:19.519> module<00:04:19.919> has<00:04:20.079> an<00:04:20.239> A 04:20.469 --> 04:20.479 align:start position:0% of them, a complete DRT3 module has an A 04:20.479 --> 04:22.629 align:start position:0% of them, a complete DRT3 module has an A and<00:04:20.720> B<00:04:21.040> component<00:04:21.680> as<00:04:21.840> well<00:04:21.919> as<00:04:22.079> a<00:04:22.240> critical 04:22.629 --> 04:22.639 align:start position:0% and B component as well as a critical 04:22.639 --> 04:24.469 align:start position:0% and B component as well as a critical catalytic<00:04:23.199> RNA<00:04:23.680> that<00:04:23.919> partners<00:04:24.160> up<00:04:24.320> with 04:24.469 --> 04:24.479 align:start position:0% catalytic RNA that partners up with 04:24.479 --> 04:27.749 align:start position:0% catalytic RNA that partners up with DRT3A.<00:04:25.840> This<00:04:26.080> core<00:04:26.320> DRT3<00:04:27.040> system<00:04:27.280> joins<00:04:27.600> with 04:27.749 --> 04:27.759 align:start position:0% DRT3A. This core DRT3 system joins with 04:27.759 --> 04:29.189 align:start position:0% DRT3A. This core DRT3 system joins with two<00:04:27.919> other<00:04:28.080> copies<00:04:28.400> to<00:04:28.560> form<00:04:28.800> this<00:04:28.960> little 04:29.189 --> 04:29.199 align:start position:0% two other copies to form this little 04:29.199 --> 04:31.110 align:start position:0% two other copies to form this little trimer,<00:04:29.840> which<00:04:30.000> then<00:04:30.160> gets<00:04:30.400> glued<00:04:30.720> buttto 04:31.110 --> 04:31.120 align:start position:0% trimer, which then gets glued buttto 04:31.120 --> 04:33.030 align:start position:0% trimer, which then gets glued buttto butt<00:04:31.360> with<00:04:31.520> an<00:04:31.759> identical<00:04:32.240> complex<00:04:32.639> to<00:04:32.800> form 04:33.030 --> 04:33.040 align:start position:0% butt with an identical complex to form 04:33.040 --> 04:35.189 align:start position:0% butt with an identical complex to form the<00:04:33.199> full<00:04:33.440> DRT3<00:04:34.240> platform,<00:04:34.880> which<00:04:35.040> means 04:35.189 --> 04:35.199 align:start position:0% the full DRT3 platform, which means 04:35.199 --> 04:36.790 align:start position:0% the full DRT3 platform, which means we're<00:04:35.440> working<00:04:35.600> with<00:04:35.759> six<00:04:36.160> identical<00:04:36.479> copies 04:36.790 --> 04:36.800 align:start position:0% we're working with six identical copies 04:36.800 --> 04:38.469 align:start position:0% we're working with six identical copies of<00:04:37.040> the<00:04:37.199> system.<00:04:37.680> But<00:04:37.840> back<00:04:38.000> down<00:04:38.160> to<00:04:38.320> the 04:38.469 --> 04:38.479 align:start position:0% of the system. But back down to the 04:38.479 --> 04:39.990 align:start position:0% of the system. But back down to the individual<00:04:38.880> module,<00:04:39.360> let's<00:04:39.520> look<00:04:39.600> at<00:04:39.759> these 04:39.990 --> 04:40.000 align:start position:0% individual module, let's look at these 04:40.000 --> 04:41.670 align:start position:0% individual module, let's look at these individual<00:04:40.479> components<00:04:40.880> to<00:04:41.040> really<00:04:41.280> sus<00:04:41.520> out 04:41.670 --> 04:41.680 align:start position:0% individual components to really sus out 04:41.680 --> 04:44.070 align:start position:0% individual components to really sus out what's<00:04:41.919> happening<00:04:42.240> here.<00:04:42.800> DRT3A<00:04:43.680> is<00:04:43.840> your 04:44.070 --> 04:44.080 align:start position:0% what's happening here. DRT3A is your 04:44.080 --> 04:45.909 align:start position:0% what's happening here. DRT3A is your classic<00:04:44.400> breadandut<00:04:45.040> defensive<00:04:45.520> reverse 04:45.909 --> 04:45.919 align:start position:0% classic breadandut defensive reverse 04:45.919 --> 04:47.909 align:start position:0% classic breadandut defensive reverse transcriptise.<00:04:46.800> The<00:04:46.960> protein<00:04:47.280> of<00:04:47.440> 3A 04:47.909 --> 04:47.919 align:start position:0% transcriptise. The protein of 3A 04:47.919 --> 04:50.310 align:start position:0% transcriptise. The protein of 3A stabilizes<00:04:48.479> this<00:04:48.720> non-oding<00:04:49.440> RNA<00:04:49.919> around<00:04:50.080> the 04:50.310 --> 04:50.320 align:start position:0% stabilizes this non-oding RNA around the 04:50.320 --> 04:52.070 align:start position:0% stabilizes this non-oding RNA around the enzyme's<00:04:50.720> active<00:04:51.040> site<00:04:51.440> so<00:04:51.600> that<00:04:51.759> these 04:52.070 --> 04:52.080 align:start position:0% enzyme's active site so that these 04:52.080 --> 04:53.990 align:start position:0% enzyme's active site so that these letters<00:04:52.320> in<00:04:52.479> that<00:04:52.639> RNA<00:04:53.120> knot<00:04:53.360> can<00:04:53.520> be<00:04:53.680> used<00:04:53.840> as 04:53.990 --> 04:54.000 align:start position:0% letters in that RNA knot can be used as 04:54.000 --> 04:55.830 align:start position:0% letters in that RNA knot can be used as a<00:04:54.160> template<00:04:54.560> for<00:04:54.720> synthesizing<00:04:55.360> a<00:04:55.600> long 04:55.830 --> 04:55.840 align:start position:0% a template for synthesizing a long 04:55.840 --> 04:57.670 align:start position:0% a template for synthesizing a long strand<00:04:56.080> of<00:04:56.240> DNA<00:04:56.639> that<00:04:56.880> just<00:04:57.120> repeats<00:04:57.440> the 04:57.670 --> 04:57.680 align:start position:0% strand of DNA that just repeats the 04:57.680 --> 05:00.230 align:start position:0% strand of DNA that just repeats the guanine<00:04:58.240> and<00:04:58.479> thymine<00:04:58.960> or<00:04:59.199> G&T<00:04:59.759> letters<00:05:00.080> of 05:00.230 --> 05:00.240 align:start position:0% guanine and thymine or G&T letters of 05:00.240 --> 05:02.310 align:start position:0% guanine and thymine or G&T letters of the<00:05:00.400> genetic<00:05:00.800> code<00:05:01.120> over<00:05:01.360> and<00:05:01.520> over<00:05:01.759> again. 05:02.310 --> 05:02.320 align:start position:0% the genetic code over and over again. 05:02.320 --> 05:03.510 align:start position:0% the genetic code over and over again. You'll<00:05:02.479> find<00:05:02.639> this<00:05:02.880> a<00:05:03.040> lot<00:05:03.199> with<00:05:03.360> these 05:03.510 --> 05:03.520 align:start position:0% You'll find this a lot with these 05:03.520 --> 05:04.870 align:start position:0% You'll find this a lot with these defense<00:05:04.000> associated<00:05:04.479> reverse 05:04.870 --> 05:04.880 align:start position:0% defense associated reverse 05:04.880 --> 05:06.950 align:start position:0% defense associated reverse transcriptases.<00:05:05.919> For<00:05:06.080> emergency<00:05:06.639> reasons, 05:06.950 --> 05:06.960 align:start position:0% transcriptases. For emergency reasons, 05:06.960 --> 05:09.110 align:start position:0% transcriptases. For emergency reasons, we<00:05:07.120> need<00:05:07.280> to<00:05:07.360> assemble<00:05:07.840> a<00:05:08.080> whole<00:05:08.240> bunch<00:05:08.400> of<00:05:08.639> DNA 05:09.110 --> 05:09.120 align:start position:0% we need to assemble a whole bunch of DNA 05:09.120 --> 05:11.110 align:start position:0% we need to assemble a whole bunch of DNA in<00:05:09.280> a<00:05:09.520> whole<00:05:09.680> lot<00:05:09.919> of<00:05:10.000> hurry.<00:05:10.560> So,<00:05:10.720> it<00:05:10.880> doesn't 05:11.110 --> 05:11.120 align:start position:0% in a whole lot of hurry. So, it doesn't 05:11.120 --> 05:13.189 align:start position:0% in a whole lot of hurry. So, it doesn't necessarily<00:05:11.759> matter<00:05:12.160> what<00:05:12.560> information<00:05:12.960> is 05:13.189 --> 05:13.199 align:start position:0% necessarily matter what information is 05:13.199 --> 05:15.749 align:start position:0% necessarily matter what information is being<00:05:13.440> carried<00:05:13.919> inside<00:05:14.400> that<00:05:14.639> DNA.<00:05:15.360> Similar 05:15.749 --> 05:15.759 align:start position:0% being carried inside that DNA. Similar 05:15.759 --> 05:17.510 align:start position:0% being carried inside that DNA. Similar complexes<00:05:16.320> will<00:05:16.479> assemble<00:05:16.800> DNA<00:05:17.199> strands 05:17.510 --> 05:17.520 align:start position:0% complexes will assemble DNA strands 05:17.520 --> 05:19.510 align:start position:0% complexes will assemble DNA strands randomly<00:05:18.000> or<00:05:18.240> just<00:05:18.479> keep<00:05:18.720> spitting<00:05:19.039> out<00:05:19.280> one 05:19.510 --> 05:19.520 align:start position:0% randomly or just keep spitting out one 05:19.520 --> 05:21.670 align:start position:0% randomly or just keep spitting out one letter<00:05:19.840> over<00:05:20.080> and<00:05:20.320> over.<00:05:20.639> DRT3<00:05:21.360> is<00:05:21.440> really 05:21.670 --> 05:21.680 align:start position:0% letter over and over. DRT3 is really 05:21.680 --> 05:23.270 align:start position:0% letter over and over. DRT3 is really special<00:05:21.919> because<00:05:22.160> it<00:05:22.320> can<00:05:22.479> print<00:05:22.720> out<00:05:22.960> a<00:05:23.120> whole 05:23.270 --> 05:23.280 align:start position:0% special because it can print out a whole 05:23.280 --> 05:25.670 align:start position:0% special because it can print out a whole bunch<00:05:23.440> of<00:05:23.600> DNA<00:05:24.080> very<00:05:24.400> quickly<00:05:24.880> using<00:05:25.199> all<00:05:25.440> four 05:25.670 --> 05:25.680 align:start position:0% bunch of DNA very quickly using all four 05:25.680 --> 05:27.990 align:start position:0% bunch of DNA very quickly using all four of<00:05:25.840> the<00:05:26.000> DNA<00:05:26.479> letters.<00:05:27.039> While<00:05:27.280> 3A<00:05:27.680> is<00:05:27.840> using 05:27.990 --> 05:28.000 align:start position:0% of the DNA letters. While 3A is using 05:28.000 --> 05:29.990 align:start position:0% of the DNA letters. While 3A is using this<00:05:28.240> normal<00:05:28.560> RNA<00:05:29.039> method<00:05:29.280> to<00:05:29.520> spit<00:05:29.680> out<00:05:29.840> a 05:29.990 --> 05:30.000 align:start position:0% this normal RNA method to spit out a 05:30.000 --> 05:32.629 align:start position:0% this normal RNA method to spit out a bunch<00:05:30.160> of<00:05:30.240> GT<00:05:30.720> repeats,<00:05:31.360> 3B<00:05:31.840> is<00:05:32.080> causing<00:05:32.400> all 05:32.629 --> 05:32.639 align:start position:0% bunch of GT repeats, 3B is causing all 05:32.639 --> 05:34.950 align:start position:0% bunch of GT repeats, 3B is causing all the<00:05:32.800> drama<00:05:33.120> by<00:05:33.360> adding<00:05:33.600> a<00:05:33.759> complimentary<00:05:34.479> AC 05:34.950 --> 05:34.960 align:start position:0% the drama by adding a complimentary AC 05:34.960 --> 05:36.550 align:start position:0% the drama by adding a complimentary AC strand<00:05:35.280> with<00:05:35.520> basically<00:05:35.919> no<00:05:36.160> help<00:05:36.320> from 05:36.550 --> 05:36.560 align:start position:0% strand with basically no help from 05:36.560 --> 05:38.790 align:start position:0% strand with basically no help from nucleic<00:05:37.039> acids<00:05:37.360> of<00:05:37.520> any<00:05:37.759> kind.<00:05:38.320> This<00:05:38.479> is<00:05:38.560> the 05:38.790 --> 05:38.800 align:start position:0% nucleic acids of any kind. This is the 05:38.800 --> 05:40.230 align:start position:0% nucleic acids of any kind. This is the mechanism<00:05:39.120> that<00:05:39.360> blew<00:05:39.600> the<00:05:39.759> molecular 05:40.230 --> 05:40.240 align:start position:0% mechanism that blew the molecular 05:40.240 --> 05:42.070 align:start position:0% mechanism that blew the molecular biology<00:05:40.720> internet<00:05:41.039> up<00:05:41.280> earlier<00:05:41.600> this<00:05:41.840> month. 05:42.070 --> 05:42.080 align:start position:0% biology internet up earlier this month. 05:42.080 --> 05:44.629 align:start position:0% biology internet up earlier this month. While<00:05:42.320> 3A<00:05:42.720> is<00:05:42.880> building<00:05:43.039> a<00:05:43.199> GT<00:05:43.600> strand,<00:05:44.000> 3B<00:05:44.479> is 05:44.629 --> 05:44.639 align:start position:0% While 3A is building a GT strand, 3B is 05:44.639 --> 05:46.150 align:start position:0% While 3A is building a GT strand, 3B is almost<00:05:44.960> magically<00:05:45.440> finding<00:05:45.680> a<00:05:45.840> way<00:05:46.000> to 05:46.150 --> 05:46.160 align:start position:0% almost magically finding a way to 05:46.160 --> 05:48.310 align:start position:0% almost magically finding a way to correctly<00:05:46.560> add<00:05:46.880> A's<00:05:47.199> and<00:05:47.440> C's<00:05:47.759> in<00:05:48.000> the<00:05:48.160> correct 05:48.310 --> 05:48.320 align:start position:0% correctly add A's and C's in the correct 05:48.320 --> 05:50.310 align:start position:0% correctly add A's and C's in the correct sequence<00:05:48.800> very<00:05:49.120> quickly.<00:05:49.600> And<00:05:49.759> if<00:05:49.919> we<00:05:50.080> zoom 05:50.310 --> 05:50.320 align:start position:0% sequence very quickly. And if we zoom 05:50.320 --> 05:51.909 align:start position:0% sequence very quickly. And if we zoom all<00:05:50.479> the<00:05:50.639> way<00:05:50.720> into<00:05:50.960> the<00:05:51.120> active<00:05:51.440> site,<00:05:51.680> the 05:51.909 --> 05:51.919 align:start position:0% all the way into the active site, the 05:51.919 --> 05:53.670 align:start position:0% all the way into the active site, the magic<00:05:52.160> comes<00:05:52.400> from<00:05:52.560> these<00:05:52.880> two<00:05:53.120> segments<00:05:53.440> of 05:53.670 --> 05:53.680 align:start position:0% magic comes from these two segments of 05:53.680 --> 05:56.070 align:start position:0% magic comes from these two segments of 3B's<00:05:54.320> protein<00:05:54.800> code.<00:05:55.440> See,<00:05:55.759> one<00:05:55.919> of<00:05:55.919> the 05:56.070 --> 05:56.080 align:start position:0% 3B's protein code. See, one of the 05:56.080 --> 05:58.230 align:start position:0% 3B's protein code. See, one of the things<00:05:56.160> that<00:05:56.400> makes<00:05:56.639> DNA<00:05:57.120> so<00:05:57.360> amazing<00:05:57.759> is<00:05:58.000> just 05:58.230 --> 05:58.240 align:start position:0% things that makes DNA so amazing is just 05:58.240 --> 06:00.310 align:start position:0% things that makes DNA so amazing is just how<00:05:58.479> much<00:05:58.800> these<00:05:59.120> individual<00:05:59.600> letters<00:06:00.080> want 06:00.310 --> 06:00.320 align:start position:0% how much these individual letters want 06:00.320 --> 06:02.790 align:start position:0% how much these individual letters want to<00:06:00.560> become<00:06:00.720> a<00:06:00.960> polymer.<00:06:01.520> Raw<00:06:01.840> DNA<00:06:02.240> letters<00:06:02.560> are 06:02.790 --> 06:02.800 align:start position:0% to become a polymer. Raw DNA letters are 06:02.800 --> 06:04.790 align:start position:0% to become a polymer. Raw DNA letters are actually<00:06:03.120> triphosphates,<00:06:04.080> super<00:06:04.400> energy 06:04.790 --> 06:04.800 align:start position:0% actually triphosphates, super energy 06:04.800 --> 06:06.629 align:start position:0% actually triphosphates, super energy dense<00:06:05.039> molecules<00:06:05.520> that<00:06:05.759> are<00:06:05.840> eager<00:06:06.080> to<00:06:06.240> pop<00:06:06.479> a 06:06.629 --> 06:06.639 align:start position:0% dense molecules that are eager to pop a 06:06.639 --> 06:08.150 align:start position:0% dense molecules that are eager to pop a few<00:06:06.720> of<00:06:06.800> these<00:06:06.960> phosphates<00:06:07.520> off<00:06:07.680> and<00:06:07.919> release 06:08.150 --> 06:08.160 align:start position:0% few of these phosphates off and release 06:08.160 --> 06:09.990 align:start position:0% few of these phosphates off and release a<00:06:08.319> ton<00:06:08.479> of<00:06:08.639> energy<00:06:08.960> in<00:06:09.120> the<00:06:09.280> process.<00:06:09.759> What's 06:09.990 --> 06:10.000 align:start position:0% a ton of energy in the process. What's 06:10.000 --> 06:11.510 align:start position:0% a ton of energy in the process. What's wild<00:06:10.240> is,<00:06:10.400> and<00:06:10.560> I<00:06:10.639> kind<00:06:10.720> of<00:06:10.800> beat<00:06:11.039> this<00:06:11.199> fact<00:06:11.360> to 06:11.510 --> 06:11.520 align:start position:0% wild is, and I kind of beat this fact to 06:11.520 --> 06:13.110 align:start position:0% wild is, and I kind of beat this fact to death,<00:06:11.759> but<00:06:11.919> the<00:06:12.080> RNA<00:06:12.560> version<00:06:12.800> of<00:06:12.880> these 06:13.110 --> 06:13.120 align:start position:0% death, but the RNA version of these 06:13.120 --> 06:15.270 align:start position:0% death, but the RNA version of these letters<00:06:13.360> is<00:06:13.520> adenazine<00:06:14.240> triphosphate.<00:06:15.039> The 06:15.270 --> 06:15.280 align:start position:0% letters is adenazine triphosphate. The 06:15.280 --> 06:17.510 align:start position:0% letters is adenazine triphosphate. The universal<00:06:15.840> energy<00:06:16.240> currency<00:06:16.639> that<00:06:16.880> all<00:06:17.120> cells 06:17.510 --> 06:17.520 align:start position:0% universal energy currency that all cells 06:17.520 --> 06:20.070 align:start position:0% universal energy currency that all cells use<00:06:17.759> to<00:06:17.919> do<00:06:18.639> basically<00:06:19.039> all<00:06:19.280> the<00:06:19.440> chemistry<00:06:19.840> of 06:20.070 --> 06:20.080 align:start position:0% use to do basically all the chemistry of 06:20.080 --> 06:22.070 align:start position:0% use to do basically all the chemistry of being<00:06:20.319> alive.<00:06:21.039> But<00:06:21.199> if<00:06:21.360> these<00:06:21.520> letters<00:06:21.840> just 06:22.070 --> 06:22.080 align:start position:0% being alive. But if these letters just 06:22.080 --> 06:23.909 align:start position:0% being alive. But if these letters just bump<00:06:22.319> into<00:06:22.560> each<00:06:22.800> other<00:06:22.880> in<00:06:23.120> the<00:06:23.280> wild,<00:06:23.680> odds 06:23.909 --> 06:23.919 align:start position:0% bump into each other in the wild, odds 06:23.919 --> 06:25.350 align:start position:0% bump into each other in the wild, odds are<00:06:24.080> the<00:06:24.240> angle<00:06:24.479> won't<00:06:24.639> be<00:06:24.720> right<00:06:24.880> for<00:06:25.039> them<00:06:25.199> to 06:25.350 --> 06:25.360 align:start position:0% are the angle won't be right for them to 06:25.360 --> 06:27.670 align:start position:0% are the angle won't be right for them to actually<00:06:25.680> join<00:06:25.919> forces.<00:06:26.560> A<00:06:26.720> DNA<00:06:27.199> assembling 06:27.670 --> 06:27.680 align:start position:0% actually join forces. A DNA assembling 06:27.680 --> 06:30.150 align:start position:0% actually join forces. A DNA assembling enzyme<00:06:28.160> uses<00:06:28.560> complimentary<00:06:29.199> DNA<00:06:29.600> letters<00:06:29.919> to 06:30.150 --> 06:30.160 align:start position:0% enzyme uses complimentary DNA letters to 06:30.160 --> 06:32.469 align:start position:0% enzyme uses complimentary DNA letters to hold<00:06:30.400> our<00:06:30.639> raw<00:06:30.960> nucleioases<00:06:31.759> at<00:06:31.919> the<00:06:32.160> exact 06:32.469 --> 06:32.479 align:start position:0% hold our raw nucleioases at the exact 06:32.479 --> 06:34.629 align:start position:0% hold our raw nucleioases at the exact right<00:06:32.720> angle<00:06:33.120> so<00:06:33.280> they<00:06:33.440> can<00:06:33.600> touch,<00:06:34.160> join<00:06:34.400> the 06:34.629 --> 06:34.639 align:start position:0% right angle so they can touch, join the 06:34.639 --> 06:36.150 align:start position:0% right angle so they can touch, join the polymer,<00:06:35.120> and<00:06:35.280> then<00:06:35.440> release<00:06:35.680> a<00:06:35.919> bunch<00:06:36.080> of 06:36.150 --> 06:36.160 align:start position:0% polymer, and then release a bunch of 06:36.160 --> 06:38.150 align:start position:0% polymer, and then release a bunch of energy<00:06:36.479> that<00:06:36.720> pushes<00:06:37.039> the<00:06:37.199> reaction<00:06:37.600> along. 06:38.150 --> 06:38.160 align:start position:0% energy that pushes the reaction along. 06:38.160 --> 06:40.390 align:start position:0% energy that pushes the reaction along. But<00:06:38.400> every<00:06:38.560> enzyme<00:06:38.960> that<00:06:39.120> builds<00:06:39.440> DNA<00:06:39.840> or<00:06:40.000> RNA 06:40.390 --> 06:40.400 align:start position:0% But every enzyme that builds DNA or RNA 06:40.400 --> 06:41.990 align:start position:0% But every enzyme that builds DNA or RNA like<00:06:40.560> this<00:06:40.720> that<00:06:40.960> we've<00:06:41.199> seen<00:06:41.440> across<00:06:41.759> the 06:41.990 --> 06:42.000 align:start position:0% like this that we've seen across the 06:42.000 --> 06:43.990 align:start position:0% like this that we've seen across the whole<00:06:42.160> tree<00:06:42.400> of<00:06:42.560> life<00:06:42.880> uses<00:06:43.280> complimentary 06:43.990 --> 06:44.000 align:start position:0% whole tree of life uses complimentary 06:44.000 --> 06:46.710 align:start position:0% whole tree of life uses complimentary DNA<00:06:44.479> or<00:06:44.720> RNA<00:06:45.199> to<00:06:45.360> do<00:06:45.600> that<00:06:45.919> building<00:06:46.479> because 06:46.710 --> 06:46.720 align:start position:0% DNA or RNA to do that building because 06:46.720 --> 06:48.550 align:start position:0% DNA or RNA to do that building because complimentary<00:06:47.360> nucleases<00:06:48.160> have<00:06:48.319> this 06:48.550 --> 06:48.560 align:start position:0% complimentary nucleases have this 06:48.560 --> 06:50.309 align:start position:0% complimentary nucleases have this perfect<00:06:48.880> chemical<00:06:49.280> attraction<00:06:49.919> thanks<00:06:50.080> to 06:50.309 --> 06:50.319 align:start position:0% perfect chemical attraction thanks to 06:50.319 --> 06:52.150 align:start position:0% perfect chemical attraction thanks to weak<00:06:50.560> hydrogen<00:06:51.039> bonds.<00:06:51.440> T<00:06:51.680> will<00:06:51.919> only<00:06:52.080> get 06:52.150 --> 06:52.160 align:start position:0% weak hydrogen bonds. T will only get 06:52.160 --> 06:53.590 align:start position:0% weak hydrogen bonds. T will only get added<00:06:52.400> to<00:06:52.479> a<00:06:52.639> strand<00:06:52.880> if<00:06:53.039> there's<00:06:53.120> an<00:06:53.280> A<00:06:53.440> to 06:53.590 --> 06:53.600 align:start position:0% added to a strand if there's an A to 06:53.600 --> 06:55.350 align:start position:0% added to a strand if there's an A to hold<00:06:53.759> onto<00:06:54.000> it<00:06:54.160> and<00:06:54.400> G<00:06:54.639> will<00:06:54.800> only<00:06:54.960> join<00:06:55.199> if 06:55.350 --> 06:55.360 align:start position:0% hold onto it and G will only join if 06:55.360 --> 06:57.110 align:start position:0% hold onto it and G will only join if there's<00:06:55.440> a<00:06:55.600> C<00:06:55.840> ready<00:06:56.000> to<00:06:56.160> help<00:06:56.319> out<00:06:56.639> and<00:06:56.800> vice 06:57.110 --> 06:57.120 align:start position:0% there's a C ready to help out and vice 06:57.120 --> 06:59.430 align:start position:0% there's a C ready to help out and vice versa.<00:06:57.759> But<00:06:57.919> this<00:06:58.160> B<00:06:58.400> module<00:06:58.800> is<00:06:59.039> so<00:06:59.199> clever 06:59.430 --> 06:59.440 align:start position:0% versa. But this B module is so clever 06:59.440 --> 07:01.110 align:start position:0% versa. But this B module is so clever because<00:06:59.680> it<00:06:59.919> will<00:07:00.080> use<00:07:00.240> these<00:07:00.560> two<00:07:00.800> sections 07:01.110 --> 07:01.120 align:start position:0% because it will use these two sections 07:01.120 --> 07:02.790 align:start position:0% because it will use these two sections of<00:07:01.280> protein,<00:07:01.759> these<00:07:02.000> two<00:07:02.080> amino<00:07:02.479> acid 07:02.790 --> 07:02.800 align:start position:0% of protein, these two amino acid 07:02.800 --> 07:05.510 align:start position:0% of protein, these two amino acid residues<00:07:03.199> to<00:07:03.440> do<00:07:03.599> that<00:07:03.840> holding.<00:07:04.560> When<00:07:04.800> DRT3 07:05.510 --> 07:05.520 align:start position:0% residues to do that holding. When DRT3 07:05.520 --> 07:07.430 align:start position:0% residues to do that holding. When DRT3 gets<00:07:05.759> activated,<00:07:06.479> it<00:07:06.639> creates<00:07:06.960> this<00:07:07.199> little 07:07.430 --> 07:07.440 align:start position:0% gets activated, it creates this little 07:07.440 --> 07:09.110 align:start position:0% gets activated, it creates this little perfect<00:07:07.919> pocket<00:07:08.240> where<00:07:08.400> this<00:07:08.639> glutamine 07:09.110 --> 07:09.120 align:start position:0% perfect pocket where this glutamine 07:09.120 --> 07:10.870 align:start position:0% perfect pocket where this glutamine amino<00:07:09.440> acid<00:07:09.680> pokes<00:07:10.000> out<00:07:10.160> two<00:07:10.400> hydrogen 07:10.870 --> 07:10.880 align:start position:0% amino acid pokes out two hydrogen 07:10.880 --> 07:12.710 align:start position:0% amino acid pokes out two hydrogen bonding<00:07:11.199> sites<00:07:11.440> that<00:07:11.680> are<00:07:11.840> the<00:07:12.080> exact<00:07:12.400> right 07:12.710 --> 07:12.720 align:start position:0% bonding sites that are the exact right 07:12.720 --> 07:14.629 align:start position:0% bonding sites that are the exact right shape<00:07:13.039> to<00:07:13.280> capture<00:07:13.520> an<00:07:13.680> adinine<00:07:14.160> letter<00:07:14.479> which 07:14.629 --> 07:14.639 align:start position:0% shape to capture an adinine letter which 07:14.639 --> 07:16.469 align:start position:0% shape to capture an adinine letter which will<00:07:14.800> start<00:07:15.039> building<00:07:15.360> 3A's<00:07:15.919> contribution<00:07:16.319> to 07:16.469 --> 07:16.479 align:start position:0% will start building 3A's contribution to 07:16.479 --> 07:18.629 align:start position:0% will start building 3A's contribution to the<00:07:16.560> DNA<00:07:16.960> double<00:07:17.199> helix.<00:07:17.840> When<00:07:18.000> adanine<00:07:18.479> gets 07:18.629 --> 07:18.639 align:start position:0% the DNA double helix. When adanine gets 07:18.639 --> 07:20.070 align:start position:0% the DNA double helix. When adanine gets added<00:07:18.880> on,<00:07:19.120> it's<00:07:19.280> going<00:07:19.360> to<00:07:19.440> shove<00:07:19.680> this<00:07:19.840> chain 07:20.070 --> 07:20.080 align:start position:0% added on, it's going to shove this chain 07:20.080 --> 07:21.589 align:start position:0% added on, it's going to shove this chain along<00:07:20.400> which<00:07:20.639> will<00:07:20.800> create<00:07:20.960> a<00:07:21.120> pocket<00:07:21.360> where 07:21.589 --> 07:21.599 align:start position:0% along which will create a pocket where 07:21.599 --> 07:23.749 align:start position:0% along which will create a pocket where cytosine<00:07:22.160> can<00:07:22.319> use<00:07:22.560> these<00:07:22.800> hydrogen<00:07:23.280> bonds<00:07:23.599> to 07:23.749 --> 07:23.759 align:start position:0% cytosine can use these hydrogen bonds to 07:23.759 --> 07:26.150 align:start position:0% cytosine can use these hydrogen bonds to join<00:07:23.919> the<00:07:24.080> strand.<00:07:24.560> It<00:07:24.800> is<00:07:24.880> the<00:07:25.120> exact<00:07:25.680> same 07:26.150 --> 07:26.160 align:start position:0% join the strand. It is the exact same 07:26.160 --> 07:27.670 align:start position:0% join the strand. It is the exact same chemistry<00:07:26.720> that<00:07:26.880> you<00:07:27.039> get<00:07:27.199> from<00:07:27.360> using 07:27.670 --> 07:27.680 align:start position:0% chemistry that you get from using 07:27.680 --> 07:29.589 align:start position:0% chemistry that you get from using complimentary<00:07:28.319> nucleobases,<00:07:29.280> but<00:07:29.440> it's 07:29.589 --> 07:29.599 align:start position:0% complimentary nucleobases, but it's 07:29.599 --> 07:31.029 align:start position:0% complimentary nucleobases, but it's these<00:07:29.919> proteins<00:07:30.240> that<00:07:30.479> are<00:07:30.639> providing<00:07:30.880> the 07:31.029 --> 07:31.039 align:start position:0% these proteins that are providing the 07:31.039 --> 07:32.950 align:start position:0% these proteins that are providing the hydrogen<00:07:31.440> bonding<00:07:31.840> sites.<00:07:32.240> C<00:07:32.479> gets<00:07:32.639> added 07:32.950 --> 07:32.960 align:start position:0% hydrogen bonding sites. C gets added 07:32.960 --> 07:34.790 align:start position:0% hydrogen bonding sites. C gets added here.<00:07:33.360> A<00:07:33.599> gets<00:07:33.840> added<00:07:34.080> here.<00:07:34.479> Everything 07:34.790 --> 07:34.800 align:start position:0% here. A gets added here. Everything 07:34.800 --> 07:37.189 align:start position:0% here. A gets added here. Everything moves<00:07:35.039> on.<00:07:35.440> Then<00:07:35.680> C,<00:07:36.000> then<00:07:36.240> A,<00:07:36.560> then<00:07:36.720> C,<00:07:37.039> then 07:37.189 --> 07:37.199 align:start position:0% moves on. Then C, then A, then C, then 07:37.199 --> 07:39.110 align:start position:0% moves on. Then C, then A, then C, then A.<00:07:37.680> The<00:07:37.919> way<00:07:38.000> that<00:07:38.080> these<00:07:38.319> hydrogen<00:07:38.800> bonding 07:39.110 --> 07:39.120 align:start position:0% A. The way that these hydrogen bonding 07:39.120 --> 07:41.110 align:start position:0% A. The way that these hydrogen bonding sites<00:07:39.520> are<00:07:39.759> spaced<00:07:40.240> means<00:07:40.479> that<00:07:40.720> no<00:07:40.800> matter 07:41.110 --> 07:41.120 align:start position:0% sites are spaced means that no matter 07:41.120 --> 07:43.270 align:start position:0% sites are spaced means that no matter what,<00:07:41.440> these<00:07:41.680> letters<00:07:42.160> have<00:07:42.319> to<00:07:42.479> get<00:07:42.639> added<00:07:42.960> on 07:43.270 --> 07:43.280 align:start position:0% what, these letters have to get added on 07:43.280 --> 07:45.270 align:start position:0% what, these letters have to get added on in<00:07:43.599> this<00:07:43.759> sequential<00:07:44.240> order.<00:07:44.639> C<00:07:44.880> followed<00:07:45.120> by 07:45.270 --> 07:45.280 align:start position:0% in this sequential order. C followed by 07:45.280 --> 07:47.270 align:start position:0% in this sequential order. C followed by A<00:07:45.520> followed<00:07:45.759> by<00:07:45.919> C<00:07:46.240> followed<00:07:46.479> by<00:07:46.639> A,<00:07:46.880> which<00:07:47.120> is 07:47.270 --> 07:47.280 align:start position:0% A followed by C followed by A, which is 07:47.280 --> 07:49.270 align:start position:0% A followed by C followed by A, which is just<00:07:47.440> incredible<00:07:48.000> that<00:07:48.319> just<00:07:48.560> this<00:07:48.800> protein 07:49.270 --> 07:49.280 align:start position:0% just incredible that just this protein 07:49.280 --> 07:52.150 align:start position:0% just incredible that just this protein can<00:07:49.520> produce<00:07:49.840> this<00:07:50.160> repeating<00:07:50.560> AC<00:07:51.520> sequence. 07:52.150 --> 07:52.160 align:start position:0% can produce this repeating AC sequence. 07:52.160 --> 07:53.909 align:start position:0% can produce this repeating AC sequence. And<00:07:52.319> this<00:07:52.479> is<00:07:52.639> going<00:07:52.720> to<00:07:52.880> combine<00:07:53.199> with<00:07:53.440> GT's 07:53.909 --> 07:53.919 align:start position:0% And this is going to combine with GT's 07:53.919 --> 07:55.990 align:start position:0% And this is going to combine with GT's more<00:07:54.080> vanilla<00:07:54.479> process<00:07:55.039> producing<00:07:55.360> a<00:07:55.599> GT 07:55.990 --> 07:56.000 align:start position:0% more vanilla process producing a GT 07:56.000 --> 07:57.430 align:start position:0% more vanilla process producing a GT strand,<00:07:56.240> which<00:07:56.400> is<00:07:56.479> complimentary<00:07:57.039> to<00:07:57.199> that 07:57.430 --> 07:57.440 align:start position:0% strand, which is complimentary to that 07:57.440 --> 07:59.430 align:start position:0% strand, which is complimentary to that CA<00:07:57.759> sequence.<00:07:58.240> And<00:07:58.400> so<00:07:58.639> you<00:07:58.800> get<00:07:58.879> this<00:07:59.120> slick 07:59.430 --> 07:59.440 align:start position:0% CA sequence. And so you get this slick 07:59.440 --> 08:01.189 align:start position:0% CA sequence. And so you get this slick system<00:07:59.680> where<00:08:00.000> two<00:08:00.240> complimentary<00:08:00.879> strands 08:01.189 --> 08:01.199 align:start position:0% system where two complimentary strands 08:01.199 --> 08:02.950 align:start position:0% system where two complimentary strands of<00:08:01.360> DNA<00:08:01.680> are<00:08:01.840> assembled<00:08:02.160> at<00:08:02.319> the<00:08:02.479> exact<00:08:02.720> same 08:02.950 --> 08:02.960 align:start position:0% of DNA are assembled at the exact same 08:02.960 --> 08:04.469 align:start position:0% of DNA are assembled at the exact same time<00:08:03.199> in<00:08:03.360> a<00:08:03.520> way<00:08:03.599> that<00:08:03.759> they<00:08:04.000> can<00:08:04.080> find<00:08:04.240> each 08:04.469 --> 08:04.479 align:start position:0% time in a way that they can find each 08:04.479 --> 08:06.550 align:start position:0% time in a way that they can find each other<00:08:04.720> and<00:08:04.960> zip<00:08:05.199> up<00:08:05.360> into<00:08:05.599> a<00:08:05.759> doublestranded 08:06.550 --> 08:06.560 align:start position:0% other and zip up into a doublestranded 08:06.560 --> 08:09.670 align:start position:0% other and zip up into a doublestranded DNA<00:08:07.039> polymer.<00:08:07.759> When<00:08:08.080> activated,<00:08:08.639> DRT3<00:08:09.440> will 08:09.670 --> 08:09.680 align:start position:0% DNA polymer. When activated, DRT3 will 08:09.680 --> 08:11.830 align:start position:0% DNA polymer. When activated, DRT3 will just<00:08:09.919> keep<00:08:10.080> pumping<00:08:10.400> out<00:08:10.560> this<00:08:10.800> full<00:08:11.120> nonsense 08:11.830 --> 08:11.840 align:start position:0% just keep pumping out this full nonsense 08:11.840 --> 08:13.909 align:start position:0% just keep pumping out this full nonsense repeating<00:08:12.240> double<00:08:12.639> strand<00:08:12.879> of<00:08:13.039> DNA.<00:08:13.599> And<00:08:13.759> in 08:13.909 --> 08:13.919 align:start position:0% repeating double strand of DNA. And in 08:13.919 --> 08:15.430 align:start position:0% repeating double strand of DNA. And in laboratory<00:08:14.400> conditions,<00:08:14.879> this<00:08:15.039> process<00:08:15.280> has 08:15.430 --> 08:15.440 align:start position:0% laboratory conditions, this process has 08:15.440 --> 08:17.270 align:start position:0% laboratory conditions, this process has gone<00:08:15.680> on<00:08:15.840> until<00:08:16.080> the<00:08:16.240> thread<00:08:16.479> is<00:08:16.639> about<00:08:16.800> 2<00:08:17.039> to 08:17.270 --> 08:17.280 align:start position:0% gone on until the thread is about 2 to 08:17.280 --> 08:20.390 align:start position:0% gone on until the thread is about 2 to 5,000<00:08:18.000> DNA<00:08:18.400> letters<00:08:18.800> long.<00:08:19.360> And<00:08:19.520> since<00:08:19.680> DRT3 08:20.390 --> 08:20.400 align:start position:0% 5,000 DNA letters long. And since DRT3 08:20.400 --> 08:22.230 align:start position:0% 5,000 DNA letters long. And since DRT3 is<00:08:20.639> actually<00:08:20.800> in<00:08:21.039> a<00:08:21.199> big<00:08:21.440> old<00:08:21.759> complex<00:08:22.080> like 08:22.230 --> 08:22.240 align:start position:0% is actually in a big old complex like 08:22.240 --> 08:24.469 align:start position:0% is actually in a big old complex like this,<00:08:22.720> we<00:08:22.960> have<00:08:23.120> six<00:08:23.360> of<00:08:23.520> these<00:08:23.759> long<00:08:24.080> DNA 08:24.469 --> 08:24.479 align:start position:0% this, we have six of these long DNA 08:24.479 --> 08:26.309 align:start position:0% this, we have six of these long DNA threads<00:08:24.879> running<00:08:25.120> all<00:08:25.360> over<00:08:25.520> the<00:08:25.680> place.<00:08:26.080> And 08:26.309 --> 08:26.319 align:start position:0% threads running all over the place. And 08:26.319 --> 08:28.150 align:start position:0% threads running all over the place. And that's<00:08:26.479> very<00:08:26.720> cool.<00:08:27.120> Awesome.<00:08:27.599> We<00:08:27.840> have<00:08:27.919> this 08:28.150 --> 08:28.160 align:start position:0% that's very cool. Awesome. We have this 08:28.160 --> 08:29.589 align:start position:0% that's very cool. Awesome. We have this protein<00:08:28.479> that<00:08:28.639> like<00:08:28.879> makes<00:08:29.039> a<00:08:29.199> whole<00:08:29.360> bunch<00:08:29.440> of 08:29.589 --> 08:29.599 align:start position:0% protein that like makes a whole bunch of 08:29.599 --> 08:31.589 align:start position:0% protein that like makes a whole bunch of DNA<00:08:30.000> in<00:08:30.240> a<00:08:30.400> special<00:08:30.639> way.<00:08:30.960> But<00:08:31.039> I<00:08:31.199> kept<00:08:31.440> calling 08:31.589 --> 08:31.599 align:start position:0% DNA in a special way. But I kept calling 08:31.599 --> 08:33.269 align:start position:0% DNA in a special way. But I kept calling this<00:08:31.759> a<00:08:32.000> defense<00:08:32.479> associated<00:08:32.959> reverse 08:33.269 --> 08:33.279 align:start position:0% this a defense associated reverse 08:33.279 --> 08:35.350 align:start position:0% this a defense associated reverse transcriptise.<00:08:34.240> So<00:08:34.399> like<00:08:34.719> a<00:08:34.959> bunch<00:08:35.120> of 08:35.350 --> 08:35.360 align:start position:0% transcriptise. So like a bunch of 08:35.360 --> 08:37.029 align:start position:0% transcriptise. So like a bunch of questions.<00:08:36.159> How<00:08:36.240> do<00:08:36.399> we<00:08:36.479> know<00:08:36.560> that<00:08:36.719> this<00:08:36.880> is 08:37.029 --> 08:37.039 align:start position:0% questions. How do we know that this is 08:37.039 --> 08:39.589 align:start position:0% questions. How do we know that this is defense<00:08:37.440> associated?<00:08:38.240> And<00:08:38.399> how<00:08:38.640> on<00:08:38.880> earth<00:08:39.039> can 08:39.589 --> 08:39.599 align:start position:0% defense associated? And how on earth can 08:39.599 --> 08:42.310 align:start position:0% defense associated? And how on earth can printing<00:08:40.000> a<00:08:40.159> bunch<00:08:40.320> of<00:08:40.479> DNA<00:08:41.279> defend<00:08:41.760> against<00:08:42.080> a 08:42.310 --> 08:42.320 align:start position:0% printing a bunch of DNA defend against a 08:42.320 --> 08:43.829 align:start position:0% printing a bunch of DNA defend against a fage<00:08:42.640> infection?<00:08:43.200> And<00:08:43.360> we're<00:08:43.519> going<00:08:43.680> to 08:43.829 --> 08:43.839 align:start position:0% fage infection? And we're going to 08:43.839 --> 08:45.750 align:start position:0% fage infection? And we're going to answer<00:08:44.080> those<00:08:44.320> questions<00:08:44.880> and<00:08:45.200> show<00:08:45.360> off<00:08:45.600> some 08:45.750 --> 08:45.760 align:start position:0% answer those questions and show off some 08:45.760 --> 08:47.829 align:start position:0% answer those questions and show off some astonishing<00:08:46.320> tricks<00:08:46.720> that<00:08:46.880> bacteria<00:08:47.360> pull<00:08:47.680> to 08:47.829 --> 08:47.839 align:start position:0% astonishing tricks that bacteria pull to 08:47.839 --> 08:49.350 align:start position:0% astonishing tricks that bacteria pull to fend<00:08:48.000> off<00:08:48.080> the<00:08:48.240> viral<00:08:48.560> horde.<00:08:49.040> But<00:08:49.120> first, 08:48.368 --> 08:50.597 align:start position:0% today. But for now, let's jump back into fage<00:10:04.560> defense.<00:10:05.200> First<00:10:05.360> up,<00:10:05.600> let's<00:10:05.839> zero<00:10:06.080> in<00:10:06.240> on 08:50.597 --> 08:50.607 align:start position:0% fage defense. First up, let's zero in on 08:50.607 --> 08:52.358 align:start position:0% fage defense. First up, let's zero in on the<00:10:06.560> more<00:10:06.720> pressing<00:10:07.200> question.<00:10:07.760> How<00:10:07.920> can 08:52.358 --> 08:52.368 align:start position:0% the more pressing question. How can 08:52.368 --> 08:55.318 align:start position:0% the more pressing question. How can DRT3's<00:10:08.959> DNA<00:10:09.440> bomb<00:10:09.760> strategy<00:10:10.320> defend<00:10:10.720> against 08:55.318 --> 08:55.328 align:start position:0% DRT3's DNA bomb strategy defend against 08:55.328 --> 08:57.157 align:start position:0% DRT3's DNA bomb strategy defend against fagee<00:10:11.519> infection?<00:10:12.240> I<00:10:12.399> don't<00:10:12.480> think<00:10:12.640> repeating 08:57.157 --> 08:57.167 align:start position:0% fagee infection? I don't think repeating 08:57.167 --> 08:58.597 align:start position:0% fagee infection? I don't think repeating the<00:10:13.120> same<00:10:13.200> four<00:10:13.440> letters<00:10:13.760> over<00:10:13.920> and<00:10:14.079> over<00:10:14.240> and 08:58.597 --> 08:58.607 align:start position:0% the same four letters over and over and 08:58.607 --> 08:59.958 align:start position:0% the same four letters over and over and over<00:10:14.560> again<00:10:14.720> is<00:10:14.959> going<00:10:15.120> to<00:10:15.279> produce<00:10:15.519> any 08:59.958 --> 08:59.968 align:start position:0% over again is going to produce any 08:59.968 --> 09:02.037 align:start position:0% over again is going to produce any usable<00:10:16.240> protein.<00:10:16.720> So<00:10:16.880> like<00:10:17.279> what's<00:10:17.600> happening 09:02.037 --> 09:02.047 align:start position:0% usable protein. So like what's happening 09:02.047 --> 09:03.558 align:start position:0% usable protein. So like what's happening here?<00:10:18.320> Now<00:10:18.480> this<00:10:18.640> is<00:10:18.720> the<00:10:18.880> part<00:10:18.959> where<00:10:19.200> things 09:03.558 --> 09:03.568 align:start position:0% here? Now this is the part where things 09:03.568 --> 09:05.717 align:start position:0% here? Now this is the part where things get<00:10:19.519> tricky<00:10:19.920> because<00:10:20.320> based<00:10:20.640> on<00:10:20.959> just<00:10:21.279> the 09:05.717 --> 09:05.727 align:start position:0% get tricky because based on just the 09:05.727 --> 09:07.558 align:start position:0% get tricky because based on just the tests<00:10:21.839> done<00:10:22.079> in<00:10:22.240> this<00:10:22.399> paper,<00:10:22.800> it's<00:10:23.040> actually 09:07.558 --> 09:07.568 align:start position:0% tests done in this paper, it's actually 09:07.568 --> 09:10.758 align:start position:0% tests done in this paper, it's actually hard<00:10:23.519> to<00:10:23.760> know<00:10:24.000> precisely<00:10:24.720> how<00:10:25.440> DRT3<00:10:26.240> fits 09:10.758 --> 09:10.768 align:start position:0% hard to know precisely how DRT3 fits 09:10.768 --> 09:13.078 align:start position:0% hard to know precisely how DRT3 fits into<00:10:26.800> an<00:10:27.040> antiviral<00:10:27.839> response.<00:10:28.399> Best<00:10:28.640> guess 09:13.078 --> 09:13.088 align:start position:0% into an antiviral response. Best guess 09:13.088 --> 09:15.157 align:start position:0% into an antiviral response. Best guess right<00:10:29.120> now<00:10:29.200> is<00:10:29.360> that<00:10:29.519> DRT3<00:10:30.320> works<00:10:30.560> like<00:10:30.720> its 09:15.157 --> 09:15.167 align:start position:0% right now is that DRT3 works like its 09:15.167 --> 09:17.558 align:start position:0% right now is that DRT3 works like its cousin<00:10:31.279> DRT9,<00:10:32.160> which<00:10:32.399> probably<00:10:32.720> activates<00:10:33.120> a 09:17.558 --> 09:17.568 align:start position:0% cousin DRT9, which probably activates a 09:17.568 --> 09:19.398 align:start position:0% cousin DRT9, which probably activates a similar<00:10:33.680> DNA<00:10:34.079> bomb<00:10:34.320> strategy<00:10:34.720> in<00:10:34.880> order<00:10:35.040> to 09:19.398 --> 09:19.408 align:start position:0% similar DNA bomb strategy in order to 09:19.408 --> 09:21.238 align:start position:0% similar DNA bomb strategy in order to soak<00:10:35.440> up<00:10:35.600> critical<00:10:36.000> proteins<00:10:36.480> produced<00:10:36.800> by 09:21.238 --> 09:21.248 align:start position:0% soak up critical proteins produced by 09:21.248 --> 09:23.398 align:start position:0% soak up critical proteins produced by another<00:10:37.440> class<00:10:37.680> of<00:10:37.920> bacteria.<00:10:38.800> The<00:10:38.959> team 09:23.398 --> 09:23.408 align:start position:0% another class of bacteria. The team 09:23.408 --> 09:24.918 align:start position:0% another class of bacteria. The team behind<00:10:39.440> the<00:10:39.600> paper<00:10:39.839> also<00:10:40.079> alluded<00:10:40.399> to<00:10:40.480> this, 09:24.918 --> 09:24.928 align:start position:0% behind the paper also alluded to this, 09:24.928 --> 09:26.277 align:start position:0% behind the paper also alluded to this, where<00:10:40.959> you<00:10:41.040> can<00:10:41.200> make<00:10:41.360> the<00:10:41.519> argument<00:10:41.760> that<00:10:41.920> the 09:26.277 --> 09:26.287 align:start position:0% where you can make the argument that the 09:26.287 --> 09:28.597 align:start position:0% where you can make the argument that the bacteria<00:10:42.560> wielding<00:10:42.880> DRT3<00:10:43.600> are<00:10:43.760> using<00:10:44.000> DNA 09:28.597 --> 09:28.607 align:start position:0% bacteria wielding DRT3 are using DNA 09:28.607 --> 09:30.998 align:start position:0% bacteria wielding DRT3 are using DNA like<00:10:44.560> a<00:10:44.720> literal<00:10:45.040> net<00:10:45.360> or<00:10:45.680> sponge<00:10:46.160> to<00:10:46.320> tie<00:10:46.640> up 09:30.998 --> 09:31.008 align:start position:0% like a literal net or sponge to tie up 09:31.008 --> 09:33.157 align:start position:0% like a literal net or sponge to tie up and<00:10:47.040> trap<00:10:47.279> viral<00:10:47.680> proteins.<00:10:48.399> Out<00:10:48.560> here<00:10:48.720> in<00:10:48.880> the 09:33.157 --> 09:33.167 align:start position:0% and trap viral proteins. Out here in the 09:33.167 --> 09:34.678 align:start position:0% and trap viral proteins. Out here in the media<00:10:49.279> space,<00:10:49.600> we<00:10:49.760> talk<00:10:49.920> a<00:10:50.079> lot<00:10:50.160> about<00:10:50.320> how 09:34.678 --> 09:34.688 align:start position:0% media space, we talk a lot about how 09:34.688 --> 09:36.838 align:start position:0% media space, we talk a lot about how easy<00:10:50.720> it<00:10:50.880> is<00:10:51.040> to<00:10:51.200> break<00:10:51.440> DNA<00:10:51.839> molecules.<00:10:52.480> But 09:36.838 --> 09:36.848 align:start position:0% easy it is to break DNA molecules. But 09:36.848 --> 09:38.678 align:start position:0% easy it is to break DNA molecules. But one<00:10:52.800> of<00:10:52.880> the<00:10:53.040> superpowers<00:10:53.600> that's<00:10:53.839> made<00:10:54.000> DNA 09:38.678 --> 09:38.688 align:start position:0% one of the superpowers that's made DNA 09:38.688 --> 09:40.358 align:start position:0% one of the superpowers that's made DNA kind<00:10:54.640> of<00:10:54.720> like<00:10:54.880> the<00:10:55.120> storage<00:10:55.440> medium<00:10:55.760> for<00:10:56.000> all 09:40.358 --> 09:40.368 align:start position:0% kind of like the storage medium for all 09:40.368 --> 09:42.037 align:start position:0% kind of like the storage medium for all life<00:10:56.399> is<00:10:56.560> the<00:10:56.720> fact<00:10:56.800> that<00:10:57.040> DNA<00:10:57.440> is<00:10:57.600> an 09:42.037 --> 09:42.047 align:start position:0% life is the fact that DNA is an 09:42.047 --> 09:43.878 align:start position:0% life is the fact that DNA is an incredibly<00:10:58.399> stable<00:10:58.720> polymer,<00:10:59.200> provided<00:10:59.519> you 09:43.878 --> 09:43.888 align:start position:0% incredibly stable polymer, provided you 09:43.888 --> 09:45.717 align:start position:0% incredibly stable polymer, provided you don't<00:10:59.839> expose<00:11:00.079> them<00:11:00.240> to<00:11:00.480> extreme<00:11:00.880> forces<00:11:01.279> or 09:45.717 --> 09:45.727 align:start position:0% don't expose them to extreme forces or 09:45.727 --> 09:47.798 align:start position:0% don't expose them to extreme forces or radiation<00:11:01.920> or<00:11:02.160> reactive<00:11:02.560> oxygen<00:11:02.959> species<00:11:03.360> or 09:47.798 --> 09:47.808 align:start position:0% radiation or reactive oxygen species or 09:47.808 --> 09:49.238 align:start position:0% radiation or reactive oxygen species or whatever.<00:11:04.079> So<00:11:04.240> it<00:11:04.399> could<00:11:04.560> be<00:11:04.640> strong<00:11:04.880> enough 09:49.238 --> 09:49.248 align:start position:0% whatever. So it could be strong enough 09:49.248 --> 09:50.678 align:start position:0% whatever. So it could be strong enough to<00:11:05.279> sort<00:11:05.360> of<00:11:05.519> gum<00:11:05.760> up<00:11:05.920> the<00:11:06.000> works<00:11:06.320> and 09:50.678 --> 09:50.688 align:start position:0% to sort of gum up the works and 09:50.688 --> 09:52.597 align:start position:0% to sort of gum up the works and sequester<00:11:07.040> viral<00:11:07.440> proteins<00:11:07.920> once<00:11:08.160> they've 09:52.597 --> 09:52.607 align:start position:0% sequester viral proteins once they've 09:52.607 --> 09:54.198 align:start position:0% sequester viral proteins once they've been<00:11:08.560> detected.<00:11:09.120> Our<00:11:09.360> immune<00:11:09.680> system 09:54.198 --> 09:54.208 align:start position:0% been detected. Our immune system 09:54.208 --> 09:56.198 align:start position:0% been detected. Our immune system actually<00:11:10.320> uses<00:11:10.640> DNA<00:11:11.040> in<00:11:11.200> this<00:11:11.360> way.<00:11:11.839> You've 09:56.198 --> 09:56.208 align:start position:0% actually uses DNA in this way. You've 09:56.208 --> 09:58.037 align:start position:0% actually uses DNA in this way. You've got<00:11:12.160> white<00:11:12.480> blood<00:11:12.720> cells<00:11:13.040> called<00:11:13.200> neutrfils 09:58.037 --> 09:58.047 align:start position:0% got white blood cells called neutrfils 09:58.047 --> 09:59.878 align:start position:0% got white blood cells called neutrfils which<00:11:14.000> straight<00:11:14.240> up<00:11:14.399> blast<00:11:14.800> pathogens<00:11:15.279> with<00:11:15.440> a 09:59.878 --> 09:59.888 align:start position:0% which straight up blast pathogens with a 09:59.888 --> 10:01.958 align:start position:0% which straight up blast pathogens with a sticky<00:11:16.079> glob<00:11:16.399> of<00:11:16.560> their<00:11:16.800> own<00:11:16.959> DNA<00:11:17.440> called<00:11:17.600> a 10:01.958 --> 10:01.968 align:start position:0% sticky glob of their own DNA called a 10:01.968 --> 10:04.678 align:start position:0% sticky glob of their own DNA called a neutrfil<00:11:18.320> extracellular<00:11:18.959> trap<00:11:19.440> or<00:11:19.760> net. 10:04.678 --> 10:04.688 align:start position:0% neutrfil extracellular trap or net. 10:04.688 --> 10:07.318 align:start position:0% neutrfil extracellular trap or net. Nice.<00:11:21.600> But<00:11:21.760> you<00:11:21.920> could<00:11:22.000> also<00:11:22.240> think<00:11:22.320> of<00:11:22.480> DRT3 10:07.318 --> 10:07.328 align:start position:0% Nice. But you could also think of DRT3 10:07.328 --> 10:09.638 align:start position:0% Nice. But you could also think of DRT3 as<00:11:23.279> a<00:11:23.440> kind<00:11:23.519> of<00:11:23.680> asset<00:11:24.079> denial<00:11:24.640> platform. 10:09.638 --> 10:09.648 align:start position:0% as a kind of asset denial platform. 10:09.648 --> 10:11.717 align:start position:0% as a kind of asset denial platform. Fages<00:11:25.839> invade<00:11:26.160> in<00:11:26.320> order<00:11:26.399> to<00:11:26.640> steal<00:11:27.040> resources 10:11.717 --> 10:11.727 align:start position:0% Fages invade in order to steal resources 10:11.727 --> 10:13.717 align:start position:0% Fages invade in order to steal resources from<00:11:27.760> their<00:11:27.920> host<00:11:28.240> bacteria.<00:11:28.959> And<00:11:29.200> spewing 10:13.717 --> 10:13.727 align:start position:0% from their host bacteria. And spewing 10:13.727 --> 10:15.958 align:start position:0% from their host bacteria. And spewing out<00:11:29.760> this<00:11:29.920> much<00:11:30.160> DNA<00:11:30.640> very<00:11:30.959> quickly<00:11:31.360> sucks<00:11:31.680> up 10:15.958 --> 10:15.968 align:start position:0% out this much DNA very quickly sucks up 10:15.968 --> 10:18.358 align:start position:0% out this much DNA very quickly sucks up a<00:11:32.000> ton<00:11:32.160> of<00:11:32.320> energy<00:11:32.640> and<00:11:32.880> spare<00:11:33.200> DNA<00:11:33.680> letters, 10:18.358 --> 10:18.368 align:start position:0% a ton of energy and spare DNA letters, 10:18.368 --> 10:19.958 align:start position:0% a ton of energy and spare DNA letters, making<00:11:34.320> it<00:11:34.560> hard<00:11:34.640> for<00:11:34.800> the<00:11:34.959> virus<00:11:35.200> to<00:11:35.360> assemble 10:19.958 --> 10:19.968 align:start position:0% making it hard for the virus to assemble 10:19.968 --> 10:21.958 align:start position:0% making it hard for the virus to assemble more<00:11:36.000> of<00:11:36.160> itself.<00:11:36.800> And<00:11:36.959> if<00:11:37.120> that<00:11:37.360> seems<00:11:37.519> like<00:11:37.600> a 10:21.958 --> 10:21.968 align:start position:0% more of itself. And if that seems like a 10:21.968 --> 10:23.398 align:start position:0% more of itself. And if that seems like a weird<00:11:38.000> strategy<00:11:38.399> based<00:11:38.640> on<00:11:38.720> what<00:11:38.880> we've<00:11:39.040> seen 10:23.398 --> 10:23.408 align:start position:0% weird strategy based on what we've seen 10:23.408 --> 10:25.878 align:start position:0% weird strategy based on what we've seen so<00:11:39.440> far,<00:11:39.839> keep<00:11:40.000> in<00:11:40.160> mind<00:11:40.320> that<00:11:40.640> bacteria<00:11:41.360> have 10:25.878 --> 10:25.888 align:start position:0% so far, keep in mind that bacteria have 10:25.888 --> 10:27.638 align:start position:0% so far, keep in mind that bacteria have two<00:11:42.000> main<00:11:42.320> concerns<00:11:42.720> when<00:11:42.959> they<00:11:43.200> find<00:11:43.279> out 10:27.638 --> 10:27.648 align:start position:0% two main concerns when they find out 10:27.648 --> 10:30.118 align:start position:0% two main concerns when they find out they've<00:11:43.760> been<00:11:43.920> infected.<00:11:44.880> First<00:11:45.120> of<00:11:45.279> all, 10:30.118 --> 10:30.128 align:start position:0% they've been infected. First of all, 10:30.128 --> 10:32.758 align:start position:0% they've been infected. First of all, one,<00:11:46.640> they're<00:11:46.959> probably<00:11:47.279> going<00:11:47.440> to<00:11:47.600> die,<00:11:48.160> and 10:32.758 --> 10:32.768 align:start position:0% one, they're probably going to die, and 10:32.768 --> 10:34.518 align:start position:0% one, they're probably going to die, and two,<00:11:49.120> they're<00:11:49.440> probably<00:11:49.680> going<00:11:49.839> to<00:11:49.920> be<00:11:50.079> turned 10:34.518 --> 10:34.528 align:start position:0% two, they're probably going to be turned 10:34.528 --> 10:36.518 align:start position:0% two, they're probably going to be turned into<00:11:50.480> a<00:11:50.720> bomb<00:11:50.959> that<00:11:51.120> kills<00:11:51.519> all<00:11:51.760> their<00:11:52.000> friends 10:36.518 --> 10:36.528 align:start position:0% into a bomb that kills all their friends 10:36.528 --> 10:38.518 align:start position:0% into a bomb that kills all their friends nearby.<00:11:53.279> Therefore,<00:11:53.839> some<00:11:54.079> of<00:11:54.160> these 10:38.518 --> 10:38.528 align:start position:0% nearby. Therefore, some of these 10:38.528 --> 10:40.358 align:start position:0% nearby. Therefore, some of these antiviral<00:11:54.959> responses<00:11:55.440> are<00:11:55.680> actually<00:11:55.920> meant 10:40.358 --> 10:40.368 align:start position:0% antiviral responses are actually meant 10:40.368 --> 10:42.838 align:start position:0% antiviral responses are actually meant to<00:11:56.480> completely<00:11:57.040> destroy<00:11:57.440> the<00:11:57.680> bacteria<00:11:58.399> from 10:42.838 --> 10:42.848 align:start position:0% to completely destroy the bacteria from 10:42.848 --> 10:44.918 align:start position:0% to completely destroy the bacteria from the<00:11:58.880> inside<00:11:59.360> before<00:11:59.680> the<00:11:59.839> phages<00:12:00.240> can<00:12:00.399> steal 10:44.918 --> 10:44.928 align:start position:0% the inside before the phages can steal 10:44.928 --> 10:46.597 align:start position:0% the inside before the phages can steal any<00:12:00.959> more<00:12:01.200> resources<00:12:01.600> and<00:12:01.920> build<00:12:02.160> more 10:46.597 --> 10:46.607 align:start position:0% any more resources and build more 10:46.607 --> 10:48.438 align:start position:0% any more resources and build more phages.<00:12:03.120> It<00:12:03.279> is<00:12:03.440> an<00:12:03.680> incredible 10:48.438 --> 10:48.448 align:start position:0% phages. It is an incredible 10:48.448 --> 10:50.358 align:start position:0% phages. It is an incredible communityoriented<00:12:05.279> response<00:12:05.600> that<00:12:05.839> helps 10:50.358 --> 10:50.368 align:start position:0% communityoriented response that helps 10:50.368 --> 10:51.958 align:start position:0% communityoriented response that helps keep<00:12:06.320> the<00:12:06.480> whole<00:12:06.720> species<00:12:07.120> alive<00:12:07.440> while 10:51.958 --> 10:51.968 align:start position:0% keep the whole species alive while 10:51.968 --> 10:54.118 align:start position:0% keep the whole species alive while sacrificing<00:12:08.320> the<00:12:08.639> individual,<00:12:09.360> which<00:12:09.600> may<00:12:09.839> be 10:54.118 --> 10:54.128 align:start position:0% sacrificing the individual, which may be 10:54.128 --> 10:55.717 align:start position:0% sacrificing the individual, which may be surprising<00:12:10.320> if<00:12:10.480> you<00:12:10.639> think<00:12:10.720> about<00:12:10.959> bacteria 10:55.717 --> 10:55.727 align:start position:0% surprising if you think about bacteria 10:55.727 --> 10:58.597 align:start position:0% surprising if you think about bacteria as<00:12:11.760> selfish<00:12:12.160> individuals<00:12:12.800> only.<00:12:13.600> And<00:12:13.839> okay, 10:58.597 --> 10:58.607 align:start position:0% as selfish individuals only. And okay, 10:58.607 --> 11:00.358 align:start position:0% as selfish individuals only. And okay, that's<00:12:14.720> cool,<00:12:15.040> but<00:12:15.279> I<00:12:15.440> think<00:12:15.519> we<00:12:15.680> skipped<00:12:15.920> this 11:00.358 --> 11:00.368 align:start position:0% that's cool, but I think we skipped this 11:00.368 --> 11:02.597 align:start position:0% that's cool, but I think we skipped this step.<00:12:16.720> Why<00:12:16.880> do<00:12:17.040> we<00:12:17.200> feel<00:12:17.440> justified<00:12:17.920> in<00:12:18.160> giving 11:02.597 --> 11:02.607 align:start position:0% step. Why do we feel justified in giving 11:02.607 --> 11:05.398 align:start position:0% step. Why do we feel justified in giving DRT3<00:12:19.200> the<00:12:19.600> defensive<00:12:20.079> reverse<00:12:20.480> transcriptise 11:05.398 --> 11:05.408 align:start position:0% DRT3 the defensive reverse transcriptise 11:05.408 --> 11:08.037 align:start position:0% DRT3 the defensive reverse transcriptise label?<00:12:21.839> Just<00:12:22.160> how<00:12:22.480> do<00:12:22.720> we<00:12:22.959> know<00:12:23.279> that<00:12:23.519> this<00:12:23.680> is 11:08.037 --> 11:08.047 align:start position:0% label? Just how do we know that this is 11:08.047 --> 11:10.198 align:start position:0% label? Just how do we know that this is a<00:12:24.000> defense<00:12:24.480> protein<00:12:25.200> and<00:12:25.440> how<00:12:25.600> would<00:12:25.839> it 11:10.198 --> 11:10.208 align:start position:0% a defense protein and how would it 11:10.208 --> 11:12.118 align:start position:0% a defense protein and how would it interact<00:12:26.399> with<00:12:26.639> other<00:12:26.880> defensive<00:12:27.279> tools<00:12:27.680> like 11:12.118 --> 11:12.128 align:start position:0% interact with other defensive tools like 11:12.128 --> 11:14.518 align:start position:0% interact with other defensive tools like crisper?<00:12:28.959> For<00:12:29.200> me,<00:12:29.440> this<00:12:29.680> highlights<00:12:30.079> one<00:12:30.240> of 11:14.518 --> 11:14.528 align:start position:0% crisper? For me, this highlights one of 11:14.528 --> 11:16.438 align:start position:0% crisper? For me, this highlights one of the<00:12:30.560> most<00:12:30.720> important<00:12:31.120> contributions<00:12:31.760> made<00:12:32.000> by 11:16.438 --> 11:16.448 align:start position:0% the most important contributions made by 11:16.448 --> 11:18.277 align:start position:0% the most important contributions made by this<00:12:32.399> paper.<00:12:32.959> The<00:12:33.120> team<00:12:33.360> here<00:12:33.600> managed<00:12:33.920> to 11:18.277 --> 11:18.287 align:start position:0% this paper. The team here managed to 11:18.287 --> 11:21.398 align:start position:0% this paper. The team here managed to isolate<00:12:34.480> a<00:12:34.720> single<00:12:35.040> fage<00:12:35.440> protein<00:12:36.000> ST61<00:12:36.959> that 11:21.398 --> 11:21.408 align:start position:0% isolate a single fage protein ST61 that 11:21.408 --> 11:24.037 align:start position:0% isolate a single fage protein ST61 that provably<00:12:37.839> activates<00:12:38.320> the<00:12:38.480> DRT3<00:12:39.279> system<00:12:39.600> by 11:24.037 --> 11:24.047 align:start position:0% provably activates the DRT3 system by 11:24.047 --> 11:26.438 align:start position:0% provably activates the DRT3 system by itself.<00:12:40.720> This<00:12:40.880> is<00:12:41.040> huge<00:12:41.360> because<00:12:41.680> it<00:12:41.920> helps 11:26.438 --> 11:26.448 align:start position:0% itself. This is huge because it helps 11:26.448 --> 11:29.398 align:start position:0% itself. This is huge because it helps prove<00:12:42.560> that<00:12:42.800> DRT3<00:12:43.600> is<00:12:43.760> a<00:12:43.920> defense<00:12:44.320> weapon<00:12:44.880> and 11:29.398 --> 11:29.408 align:start position:0% prove that DRT3 is a defense weapon and 11:29.408 --> 11:32.277 align:start position:0% prove that DRT3 is a defense weapon and it<00:12:45.440> also<00:12:45.760> demonstrates<00:12:46.480> where<00:12:46.959> DRT3<00:12:47.760> fits 11:32.277 --> 11:32.287 align:start position:0% it also demonstrates where DRT3 fits 11:32.287 --> 11:34.918 align:start position:0% it also demonstrates where DRT3 fits into<00:12:48.320> the<00:12:48.480> antiviral<00:12:49.200> response.<00:12:49.760> If<00:12:49.920> DRT3<00:12:50.560> is 11:34.918 --> 11:34.928 align:start position:0% into the antiviral response. If DRT3 is 11:34.928 --> 11:36.918 align:start position:0% into the antiviral response. If DRT3 is set<00:12:50.880> off<00:12:51.040> by<00:12:51.120> a<00:12:51.279> fage<00:12:51.680> coded<00:12:51.920> protein,<00:12:52.480> that 11:36.918 --> 11:36.928 align:start position:0% set off by a fage coded protein, that 11:36.928 --> 11:38.918 align:start position:0% set off by a fage coded protein, that means<00:12:52.959> it<00:12:53.200> only<00:12:53.519> activates<00:12:54.000> once<00:12:54.240> we've<00:12:54.560> hit 11:38.918 --> 11:38.928 align:start position:0% means it only activates once we've hit 11:38.928 --> 11:41.398 align:start position:0% means it only activates once we've hit the<00:12:54.959> point<00:12:55.120> of<00:12:55.279> no<00:12:55.600> return<00:12:56.399> after<00:12:56.720> the<00:12:56.880> fage 11:41.398 --> 11:41.408 align:start position:0% the point of no return after the fage 11:41.408 --> 11:43.398 align:start position:0% the point of no return after the fage DNA<00:12:57.600> has<00:12:57.839> gained<00:12:58.079> a<00:12:58.240> foothold<00:12:58.639> inside<00:12:58.959> the 11:43.398 --> 11:43.408 align:start position:0% DNA has gained a foothold inside the 11:43.408 --> 11:45.318 align:start position:0% DNA has gained a foothold inside the host<00:12:59.519> bacteria.<00:13:00.240> I<00:13:00.480> need<00:13:00.560> to<00:13:00.720> repeat<00:13:00.959> this 11:45.318 --> 11:45.328 align:start position:0% host bacteria. I need to repeat this 11:45.328 --> 11:47.878 align:start position:0% host bacteria. I need to repeat this point<00:13:01.360> because<00:13:01.680> it<00:13:02.000> is<00:13:02.240> critical.<00:13:03.040> It<00:13:03.279> isn't 11:47.878 --> 11:47.888 align:start position:0% point because it is critical. It isn't 11:47.888 --> 11:50.837 align:start position:0% point because it is critical. It isn't fage<00:13:04.160> DNA<00:13:04.560> that<00:13:04.880> activates<00:13:05.279> DRT3.<00:13:06.160> It<00:13:06.320> is<00:13:06.480> a 11:50.837 --> 11:50.847 align:start position:0% fage DNA that activates DRT3. It is a 11:50.847 --> 11:53.558 align:start position:0% fage DNA that activates DRT3. It is a fully<00:13:06.880> synthesized<00:13:07.600> fagee<00:13:08.160> protein.<00:13:09.040> Most 11:53.558 --> 11:53.568 align:start position:0% fully synthesized fagee protein. Most 11:53.568 --> 11:55.558 align:start position:0% fully synthesized fagee protein. Most bacterial<00:13:10.000> phages<00:13:10.399> are<00:13:10.639> just<00:13:10.959> shoving 11:55.558 --> 11:55.568 align:start position:0% bacterial phages are just shoving 11:55.568 --> 11:57.318 align:start position:0% bacterial phages are just shoving predatory<00:13:11.920> DNA<00:13:12.320> sequences<00:13:12.720> into<00:13:12.959> their 11:57.318 --> 11:57.328 align:start position:0% predatory DNA sequences into their 11:57.328 --> 11:59.318 align:start position:0% predatory DNA sequences into their victims.<00:13:13.600> So<00:13:13.760> encountering<00:13:14.240> a<00:13:14.399> fagee<00:13:14.720> protein 11:59.318 --> 11:59.328 align:start position:0% victims. So encountering a fagee protein 11:59.328 --> 12:01.558 align:start position:0% victims. So encountering a fagee protein means<00:13:15.360> it's<00:13:15.680> already<00:13:16.000> game<00:13:16.320> over.<00:13:16.959> Crisper 12:01.558 --> 12:01.568 align:start position:0% means it's already game over. Crisper 12:01.568 --> 12:03.157 align:start position:0% means it's already game over. Crisper and<00:13:17.519> other<00:13:17.680> DNA<00:13:18.079> destroying<00:13:18.480> systems<00:13:18.800> are 12:03.157 --> 12:03.167 align:start position:0% and other DNA destroying systems are 12:03.167 --> 12:05.398 align:start position:0% and other DNA destroying systems are like<00:13:19.120> the<00:13:19.360> frontline<00:13:19.920> defense<00:13:20.320> for<00:13:20.560> bacteria. 12:05.398 --> 12:05.408 align:start position:0% like the frontline defense for bacteria. 12:05.408 --> 12:07.398 align:start position:0% like the frontline defense for bacteria. They<00:13:21.440> snip<00:13:21.760> and<00:13:21.920> destroy<00:13:22.320> predatory<00:13:22.800> DNA 12:07.398 --> 12:07.408 align:start position:0% They snip and destroy predatory DNA 12:07.408 --> 12:08.998 align:start position:0% They snip and destroy predatory DNA before<00:13:23.440> it<00:13:23.600> can<00:13:23.760> completely<00:13:24.160> take<00:13:24.320> over<00:13:24.560> the 12:08.998 --> 12:09.008 align:start position:0% before it can completely take over the 12:09.008 --> 12:11.398 align:start position:0% before it can completely take over the cell.<00:13:25.200> If<00:13:25.440> crisper<00:13:25.839> can<00:13:26.000> neutralize<00:13:26.560> fage<00:13:26.880> DNA 12:11.398 --> 12:11.408 align:start position:0% cell. If crisper can neutralize fage DNA 12:11.408 --> 12:12.998 align:start position:0% cell. If crisper can neutralize fage DNA before<00:13:27.440> it<00:13:27.600> gets<00:13:27.760> to<00:13:27.920> critical<00:13:28.240> bacterial 12:12.998 --> 12:13.008 align:start position:0% before it gets to critical bacterial 12:13.008 --> 12:15.318 align:start position:0% before it gets to critical bacterial proteins,<00:13:29.279> the<00:13:29.440> bacteria<00:13:30.000> might<00:13:30.320> survive. 12:15.318 --> 12:15.328 align:start position:0% proteins, the bacteria might survive. 12:15.328 --> 12:17.318 align:start position:0% proteins, the bacteria might survive. However,<00:13:31.600> if<00:13:31.839> that<00:13:32.079> frontline<00:13:32.639> defense 12:17.318 --> 12:17.328 align:start position:0% However, if that frontline defense 12:17.328 --> 12:19.078 align:start position:0% However, if that frontline defense fails,<00:13:33.519> there<00:13:33.680> really<00:13:33.920> isn't<00:13:34.240> any<00:13:34.560> turning 12:19.078 --> 12:19.088 align:start position:0% fails, there really isn't any turning 12:19.088 --> 12:21.157 align:start position:0% fails, there really isn't any turning back.<00:13:35.360> This<00:13:35.600> viral<00:13:35.920> DNA<00:13:36.320> is<00:13:36.480> so<00:13:36.720> good<00:13:36.800> at 12:21.157 --> 12:21.167 align:start position:0% back. This viral DNA is so good at 12:21.167 --> 12:23.558 align:start position:0% back. This viral DNA is so good at hijacking<00:13:37.519> bacterial<00:13:38.079> systems<00:13:38.399> that<00:13:38.800> once<00:13:39.120> it 12:23.558 --> 12:23.568 align:start position:0% hijacking bacterial systems that once it 12:23.568 --> 12:25.878 align:start position:0% hijacking bacterial systems that once it starts<00:13:39.680> taking<00:13:40.000> over,<00:13:40.560> our<00:13:40.880> victim<00:13:41.279> here<00:13:41.440> has 12:25.878 --> 12:25.888 align:start position:0% starts taking over, our victim here has 12:25.888 --> 12:28.198 align:start position:0% starts taking over, our victim here has as<00:13:41.920> little<00:13:42.079> as<00:13:42.399> 5<00:13:42.800> minutes<00:13:43.120> to<00:13:43.360> react<00:13:43.760> before 12:28.198 --> 12:28.208 align:start position:0% as little as 5 minutes to react before 12:28.208 --> 12:30.277 align:start position:0% as little as 5 minutes to react before its<00:13:44.240> metabolism<00:13:44.880> is<00:13:45.040> irreversibly<00:13:45.839> shut 12:30.277 --> 12:30.287 align:start position:0% its metabolism is irreversibly shut 12:30.287 --> 12:31.878 align:start position:0% its metabolism is irreversibly shut down.<00:13:46.320> and<00:13:46.560> repurposed<00:13:47.120> for<00:13:47.279> viral 12:31.878 --> 12:31.888 align:start position:0% down. and repurposed for viral 12:31.888 --> 12:34.037 align:start position:0% down. and repurposed for viral production.<00:13:48.320> It's<00:13:48.560> that<00:13:48.880> fast.<00:13:49.440> That's<00:13:49.680> what 12:34.037 --> 12:34.047 align:start position:0% production. It's that fast. That's what 12:34.047 --> 12:36.438 align:start position:0% production. It's that fast. That's what makes<00:13:50.000> a<00:13:50.160> system<00:13:50.320> like<00:13:50.560> DRT3<00:13:51.279> so<00:13:51.600> powerful.<00:13:52.079> It 12:36.438 --> 12:36.448 align:start position:0% makes a system like DRT3 so powerful. It 12:36.448 --> 12:38.277 align:start position:0% makes a system like DRT3 so powerful. It is<00:13:52.399> an<00:13:52.560> incredibly<00:13:53.120> fast<00:13:53.440> defense<00:13:53.839> system 12:38.277 --> 12:38.287 align:start position:0% is an incredibly fast defense system 12:38.287 --> 12:40.438 align:start position:0% is an incredibly fast defense system that<00:13:54.320> sits<00:13:54.639> outside<00:13:55.120> the<00:13:55.360> genome<00:13:55.839> and<00:13:56.079> can't 12:40.438 --> 12:40.448 align:start position:0% that sits outside the genome and can't 12:40.448 --> 12:42.438 align:start position:0% that sits outside the genome and can't really<00:13:56.480> be<00:13:56.639> stopped<00:13:56.959> once<00:13:57.199> the<00:13:57.360> party<00:13:57.680> starts. 12:42.438 --> 12:42.448 align:start position:0% really be stopped once the party starts. 12:42.448 --> 12:44.358 align:start position:0% really be stopped once the party starts. One<00:13:58.399> of<00:13:58.480> the<00:13:58.639> more<00:13:58.800> evil<00:13:59.199> things<00:13:59.519> some<00:13:59.680> phages 12:44.358 --> 12:44.368 align:start position:0% One of the more evil things some phages 12:44.368 --> 12:46.277 align:start position:0% One of the more evil things some phages do<00:14:00.320> is<00:14:00.560> hang<00:14:00.800> out<00:14:01.040> and<00:14:01.199> wait<00:14:01.519> a<00:14:01.680> little<00:14:01.839> once 12:46.277 --> 12:46.287 align:start position:0% do is hang out and wait a little once 12:46.287 --> 12:47.638 align:start position:0% do is hang out and wait a little once they've<00:14:02.399> basically<00:14:02.800> killed<00:14:03.040> off<00:14:03.279> their 12:47.638 --> 12:47.648 align:start position:0% they've basically killed off their 12:47.648 --> 12:49.798 align:start position:0% they've basically killed off their host's<00:14:03.839> metabolism.<00:14:04.720> Without<00:14:05.120> replication 12:49.798 --> 12:49.808 align:start position:0% host's metabolism. Without replication 12:49.808 --> 12:51.638 align:start position:0% host's metabolism. Without replication and<00:14:05.760> maintenance,<00:14:06.240> the<00:14:06.399> bacterial<00:14:06.880> DNA<00:14:07.279> will 12:51.638 --> 12:51.648 align:start position:0% and maintenance, the bacterial DNA will 12:51.648 --> 12:53.477 align:start position:0% and maintenance, the bacterial DNA will degrade<00:14:07.920> over<00:14:08.160> time,<00:14:08.560> breaking<00:14:08.880> back<00:14:09.120> down 12:53.477 --> 12:53.487 align:start position:0% degrade over time, breaking back down 12:53.487 --> 12:55.318 align:start position:0% degrade over time, breaking back down into<00:14:09.519> raw<00:14:09.760> nucleotides,<00:14:10.480> which<00:14:10.639> the<00:14:10.800> viral 12:55.318 --> 12:55.328 align:start position:0% into raw nucleotides, which the viral 12:55.328 --> 12:56.998 align:start position:0% into raw nucleotides, which the viral machinery<00:14:11.600> will<00:14:11.839> just<00:14:12.000> repurpose<00:14:12.480> into 12:56.998 --> 12:57.008 align:start position:0% machinery will just repurpose into 12:57.008 --> 12:59.238 align:start position:0% machinery will just repurpose into making<00:14:13.040> more<00:14:13.360> viruses.<00:14:14.160> But<00:14:14.320> the<00:14:14.560> virus<00:14:14.880> can 12:59.238 --> 12:59.248 align:start position:0% making more viruses. But the virus can 12:59.248 --> 13:01.477 align:start position:0% making more viruses. But the virus can do<00:14:15.199> that<00:14:15.279> if<00:14:15.519> DRT3<00:14:16.240> is<00:14:16.399> over<00:14:16.639> here<00:14:16.880> competing 13:01.477 --> 13:01.487 align:start position:0% do that if DRT3 is over here competing 13:01.487 --> 13:02.918 align:start position:0% do that if DRT3 is over here competing for<00:14:17.440> those<00:14:17.680> same<00:14:17.839> nucleotides<00:14:18.560> and 13:02.918 --> 13:02.928 align:start position:0% for those same nucleotides and 13:02.928 --> 13:04.758 align:start position:0% for those same nucleotides and effectively<00:14:19.199> denying<00:14:19.600> this<00:14:19.760> fagee<00:14:20.160> a<00:14:20.320> clear 13:04.758 --> 13:04.768 align:start position:0% effectively denying this fagee a clear 13:04.768 --> 13:07.157 align:start position:0% effectively denying this fagee a clear path<00:14:20.720> to<00:14:20.959> assembling<00:14:21.440> new<00:14:21.680> viruses.<00:14:22.560> Still, 13:07.157 --> 13:07.167 align:start position:0% path to assembling new viruses. Still, 13:07.167 --> 13:08.758 align:start position:0% path to assembling new viruses. Still, without<00:14:23.199> further<00:14:23.519> study,<00:14:23.839> it's<00:14:24.079> hard<00:14:24.160> to<00:14:24.320> say 13:08.758 --> 13:08.768 align:start position:0% without further study, it's hard to say 13:08.768 --> 13:10.918 align:start position:0% without further study, it's hard to say precisely<00:14:25.040> what<00:14:25.360> making<00:14:25.680> all<00:14:25.839> this<00:14:26.000> DNA<00:14:26.480> would 13:10.918 --> 13:10.928 align:start position:0% precisely what making all this DNA would 13:10.928 --> 13:13.238 align:start position:0% precisely what making all this DNA would do<00:14:26.880> to<00:14:27.040> defend<00:14:27.360> against<00:14:27.680> fage<00:14:28.000> infection.<00:14:28.880> And 13:13.238 --> 13:13.248 align:start position:0% do to defend against fage infection. And 13:13.248 --> 13:14.918 align:start position:0% do to defend against fage infection. And since<00:14:29.279> the<00:14:29.519> whole<00:14:29.680> like<00:14:30.079> violating<00:14:30.560> the 13:14.918 --> 13:14.928 align:start position:0% since the whole like violating the 13:14.928 --> 13:16.837 align:start position:0% since the whole like violating the central<00:14:31.040> dogma<00:14:31.600> thing<00:14:31.839> is<00:14:32.000> just<00:14:32.160> a<00:14:32.320> product<00:14:32.560> of 13:16.837 --> 13:16.847 align:start position:0% central dogma thing is just a product of 13:16.847 --> 13:18.837 align:start position:0% central dogma thing is just a product of the<00:14:32.880> internet<00:14:33.120> hype<00:14:33.440> cycle,<00:14:34.000> that<00:14:34.240> can<00:14:34.399> leave 13:18.837 --> 13:18.847 align:start position:0% the internet hype cycle, that can leave 13:18.847 --> 13:21.238 align:start position:0% the internet hype cycle, that can leave us<00:14:34.800> with<00:14:34.959> a<00:14:35.199> deeply<00:14:35.600> unsatisfying<00:14:36.639> conclusion 13:21.238 --> 13:21.248 align:start position:0% us with a deeply unsatisfying conclusion 13:21.248 --> 13:23.798 align:start position:0% us with a deeply unsatisfying conclusion to<00:14:37.279> this<00:14:37.440> video.<00:14:38.160> But<00:14:38.399> like<00:14:38.720> come<00:14:38.880> on<00:14:39.120> folks, 13:23.798 --> 13:23.808 align:start position:0% to this video. But like come on folks, 13:23.808 --> 13:25.958 align:start position:0% to this video. But like come on folks, you<00:14:39.839> know<00:14:40.000> me.<00:14:40.480> Longtime<00:14:40.959> clock<00:14:41.279> watchers 13:25.958 --> 13:25.968 align:start position:0% you know me. Longtime clock watchers 13:25.968 --> 13:28.277 align:start position:0% you know me. Longtime clock watchers know<00:14:42.000> exactly<00:14:42.560> what's<00:14:42.880> coming.<00:14:43.600> This<00:14:43.839> is 13:28.277 --> 13:28.287 align:start position:0% know exactly what's coming. This is 13:28.287 --> 13:30.597 align:start position:0% know exactly what's coming. This is always<00:14:44.399> the<00:14:44.639> best<00:14:44.800> part<00:14:45.040> of<00:14:45.120> the<00:14:45.360> video.<00:14:46.079> Let's 13:30.597 --> 13:30.607 align:start position:0% always the best part of the video. Let's 13:30.607 --> 13:32.198 align:start position:0% always the best part of the video. Let's add<00:14:46.639> some<00:14:46.800> more<00:14:47.040> context<00:14:47.360> and<00:14:47.600> see<00:14:47.680> how<00:14:47.839> this 13:32.198 --> 13:32.208 align:start position:0% add some more context and see how this 13:32.208 --> 13:33.958 align:start position:0% add some more context and see how this asset<00:14:48.399> denial<00:14:48.800> thing<00:14:48.959> would<00:14:49.199> actually<00:14:49.519> play 13:33.958 --> 13:33.968 align:start position:0% asset denial thing would actually play 13:33.968 --> 13:37.318 align:start position:0% asset denial thing would actually play out.<00:14:50.639> Get<00:14:50.880> this.<00:14:51.199> The<00:14:51.440> PI<00:14:51.760> who<00:14:52.000> led<00:14:52.240> this<00:14:52.399> DRT3 13:37.318 --> 13:37.328 align:start position:0% out. Get this. The PI who led this DRT3 13:37.328 --> 13:39.717 align:start position:0% out. Get this. The PI who led this DRT3 discovery<00:14:53.839> also<00:14:54.320> worked<00:14:54.560> with<00:14:54.720> the<00:14:54.959> team<00:14:55.120> that 13:39.717 --> 13:39.727 align:start position:0% discovery also worked with the team that 13:39.727 --> 13:42.597 align:start position:0% discovery also worked with the team that 2<00:14:55.760> years<00:14:56.000> ago<00:14:56.720> absolutely<00:14:57.440> nailed<00:14:57.839> both<00:14:58.079> the 13:42.597 --> 13:42.607 align:start position:0% 2 years ago absolutely nailed both the 13:42.607 --> 13:44.758 align:start position:0% 2 years ago absolutely nailed both the structure<00:14:58.880> and<00:14:59.279> precise<00:14:59.680> job<00:15:00.000> performed<00:15:00.399> by 13:44.758 --> 13:44.768 align:start position:0% structure and precise job performed by 13:44.768 --> 13:46.837 align:start position:0% structure and precise job performed by one<00:15:00.720> of<00:15:00.800> DRT3's<00:15:01.760> cousins.<00:15:02.399> Let's 13:46.837 --> 13:46.847 align:start position:0% one of DRT3's cousins. Let's 13:46.847 --> 13:49.078 align:start position:0% one of DRT3's cousins. Let's contextualize<00:15:03.279> this<00:15:03.519> around<00:15:03.760> a<00:15:04.000> fully<00:15:04.320> formed 13:49.078 --> 13:49.088 align:start position:0% contextualize this around a fully formed 13:49.088 --> 13:52.837 align:start position:0% contextualize this around a fully formed defensive<00:15:05.519> response.<00:15:06.399> Meet<00:15:06.720> DRT<00:15:07.680> 2,<00:15:08.160> folks. 13:52.837 --> 13:52.847 align:start position:0% defensive response. Meet DRT 2, folks. 13:52.847 --> 13:54.438 align:start position:0% defensive response. Meet DRT 2, folks. This<00:15:08.880> defense<00:15:09.199> platform<00:15:09.600> is<00:15:09.839> much<00:15:10.000> smaller 13:54.438 --> 13:54.448 align:start position:0% This defense platform is much smaller 13:54.448 --> 13:57.157 align:start position:0% This defense platform is much smaller than<00:15:10.399> DRT3,<00:15:11.519> but<00:15:11.760> wow<00:15:12.079> does<00:15:12.320> this<00:15:12.480> thing<00:15:12.720> ever 13:57.157 --> 13:57.167 align:start position:0% than DRT3, but wow does this thing ever 13:57.167 --> 13:58.837 align:start position:0% than DRT3, but wow does this thing ever punch<00:15:13.199> above<00:15:13.440> its<00:15:13.680> weight.<00:15:14.160> The<00:15:14.399> way<00:15:14.480> that 13:58.837 --> 13:58.847 align:start position:0% punch above its weight. The way that 13:58.847 --> 14:01.558 align:start position:0% punch above its weight. The way that DRT2<00:15:15.360> weaponizes<00:15:15.920> DNA<00:15:16.320> in<00:15:16.560> response<00:15:16.800> to<00:15:16.959> fagee 14:01.558 --> 14:01.568 align:start position:0% DRT2 weaponizes DNA in response to fagee 14:01.568 --> 14:04.037 align:start position:0% DRT2 weaponizes DNA in response to fagee infection<00:15:17.760> is<00:15:18.160> jaw-dropping.<00:15:19.279> And<00:15:19.440> I<00:15:19.600> have 14:04.037 --> 14:04.047 align:start position:0% infection is jaw-dropping. And I have 14:04.047 --> 14:05.717 align:start position:0% infection is jaw-dropping. And I have been<00:15:20.000> dying<00:15:20.480> to<00:15:20.639> tell<00:15:20.800> you<00:15:20.959> about<00:15:21.120> it<00:15:21.360> ever 14:05.717 --> 14:05.727 align:start position:0% been dying to tell you about it ever 14:05.727 --> 14:07.958 align:start position:0% been dying to tell you about it ever since<00:15:21.680> this<00:15:21.920> paper<00:15:22.240> dropped<00:15:22.480> in<00:15:22.720> 2024.<00:15:23.600> So 14:07.958 --> 14:07.968 align:start position:0% since this paper dropped in 2024. So 14:07.968 --> 14:09.558 align:start position:0% since this paper dropped in 2024. So y'all,<00:15:24.079> let's<00:15:24.320> put<00:15:24.480> this<00:15:24.639> all<00:15:24.800> together<00:15:25.120> and 14:09.558 --> 14:09.568 align:start position:0% y'all, let's put this all together and 14:09.568 --> 14:11.958 align:start position:0% y'all, let's put this all together and see<00:15:25.600> exactly<00:15:26.079> how<00:15:26.399> you<00:15:26.639> can<00:15:26.720> arrest<00:15:27.120> a<00:15:27.360> viral 14:11.958 --> 14:11.968 align:start position:0% see exactly how you can arrest a viral 14:11.968 --> 14:13.878 align:start position:0% see exactly how you can arrest a viral takeover<00:15:28.320> even<00:15:28.639> after<00:15:28.880> you've<00:15:29.199> passed<00:15:29.440> this 14:13.878 --> 14:13.888 align:start position:0% takeover even after you've passed this 14:13.888 --> 14:16.597 align:start position:0% takeover even after you've passed this point<00:15:29.839> of<00:15:30.000> no<00:15:30.240> return.<00:15:30.800> Like<00:15:31.040> DRT3,<00:15:31.920> this<00:15:32.079> is<00:15:32.240> a 14:16.597 --> 14:16.607 align:start position:0% point of no return. Like DRT3, this is a 14:16.607 --> 14:18.597 align:start position:0% point of no return. Like DRT3, this is a reverse<00:15:32.800> transcriptise.<00:15:33.680> But<00:15:33.839> when<00:15:34.000> this<00:15:34.160> one 14:18.597 --> 14:18.607 align:start position:0% reverse transcriptise. But when this one 14:18.607 --> 14:21.157 align:start position:0% reverse transcriptise. But when this one activates,<00:15:35.040> it<00:15:35.199> uses<00:15:35.519> this<00:15:35.760> circular<00:15:36.240> RNA<00:15:36.720> to 14:21.157 --> 14:21.167 align:start position:0% activates, it uses this circular RNA to 14:21.167 --> 14:23.477 align:start position:0% activates, it uses this circular RNA to continuously<00:15:37.600> pump<00:15:37.839> out<00:15:38.079> a<00:15:38.320> repeating<00:15:38.800> DNA 14:23.477 --> 14:23.487 align:start position:0% continuously pump out a repeating DNA 14:23.487 --> 14:25.157 align:start position:0% continuously pump out a repeating DNA strand<00:15:39.680> that<00:15:39.839> kind<00:15:39.920> of<00:15:40.000> loops<00:15:40.240> back<00:15:40.399> on<00:15:40.560> itself 14:25.157 --> 14:25.167 align:start position:0% strand that kind of loops back on itself 14:25.167 --> 14:26.998 align:start position:0% strand that kind of loops back on itself and<00:15:41.199> becomes<00:15:41.600> double<00:15:42.000> stranded.<00:15:42.480> What's 14:26.998 --> 14:27.008 align:start position:0% and becomes double stranded. What's 14:27.008 --> 14:28.518 align:start position:0% and becomes double stranded. What's different<00:15:42.959> here<00:15:43.199> is<00:15:43.360> that<00:15:43.519> we're<00:15:43.760> catalyzing 14:28.518 --> 14:28.528 align:start position:0% different here is that we're catalyzing 14:28.528 --> 14:31.477 align:start position:0% different here is that we're catalyzing a<00:15:44.560> long<00:15:44.880> circular<00:15:45.360> RNA<00:15:45.839> to<00:15:46.079> encode<00:15:46.720> actual 14:31.477 --> 14:31.487 align:start position:0% a long circular RNA to encode actual 14:31.487 --> 14:34.597 align:start position:0% a long circular RNA to encode actual repeating<00:15:47.920> information.<00:15:48.800> What<00:15:49.040> DRT2<00:15:49.920> does<00:15:50.160> is 14:34.597 --> 14:34.607 align:start position:0% repeating information. What DRT2 does is 14:34.607 --> 14:36.918 align:start position:0% repeating information. What DRT2 does is assemble<00:15:50.800> a<00:15:51.040> fully<00:15:51.519> ready<00:15:51.839> to<00:15:52.000> produce<00:15:52.399> gene 14:36.918 --> 14:36.928 align:start position:0% assemble a fully ready to produce gene 14:36.928 --> 14:39.238 align:start position:0% assemble a fully ready to produce gene out<00:15:52.959> of<00:15:53.120> thin<00:15:53.519> air<00:15:53.920> that<00:15:54.320> hijacks<00:15:54.880> the 14:39.238 --> 14:39.248 align:start position:0% out of thin air that hijacks the 14:39.248 --> 14:41.717 align:start position:0% out of thin air that hijacks the bacteria's<00:15:55.759> own<00:15:56.000> machinery<00:15:56.720> to<00:15:56.959> produce<00:15:57.279> a 14:41.717 --> 14:41.727 align:start position:0% bacteria's own machinery to produce a 14:41.727 --> 14:44.678 align:start position:0% bacteria's own machinery to produce a recursive<00:15:58.160> mRNA.<00:15:59.040> This<00:15:59.360> repetitive<00:15:59.759> DNA<00:16:00.240> code 14:44.678 --> 14:44.688 align:start position:0% recursive mRNA. This repetitive DNA code 14:44.688 --> 14:47.558 align:start position:0% recursive mRNA. This repetitive DNA code ends<00:16:00.720> up<00:16:00.880> being<00:16:01.120> around<00:16:02.000> 120<00:16:02.320> letters<00:16:02.720> long. 14:47.558 --> 14:47.568 align:start position:0% ends up being around 120 letters long. 14:47.568 --> 14:49.477 align:start position:0% ends up being around 120 letters long. But<00:16:03.440> again,<00:16:03.759> they<00:16:04.000> really<00:16:04.320> pack<00:16:04.560> a<00:16:04.720> punch. 14:49.477 --> 14:49.487 align:start position:0% But again, they really pack a punch. 14:49.487 --> 14:50.998 align:start position:0% But again, they really pack a punch. Every<00:16:05.600> repeat<00:16:06.000> has<00:16:06.160> a<00:16:06.320> spot<00:16:06.480> for<00:16:06.639> the 14:50.998 --> 14:51.008 align:start position:0% Every repeat has a spot for the 14:51.008 --> 14:53.318 align:start position:0% Every repeat has a spot for the bacterial<00:16:07.360> RNA<00:16:07.759> polymerase<00:16:08.320> to<00:16:08.480> bind<00:16:08.800> as<00:16:09.040> well 14:53.318 --> 14:53.328 align:start position:0% bacterial RNA polymerase to bind as well 14:53.328 --> 14:55.157 align:start position:0% bacterial RNA polymerase to bind as well as<00:16:09.279> the<00:16:09.519> instructions<00:16:09.920> to<00:16:10.240> start<00:16:10.480> making<00:16:10.800> a 14:55.157 --> 14:55.167 align:start position:0% as the instructions to start making a 14:55.167 --> 14:57.078 align:start position:0% as the instructions to start making a protein.<00:16:11.519> You<00:16:11.600> know,<00:16:11.680> the<00:16:11.920> start<00:16:12.160> code<00:16:12.480> on. 14:57.078 --> 14:57.088 align:start position:0% protein. You know, the start code on. 14:57.088 --> 14:59.078 align:start position:0% protein. You know, the start code on. But<00:16:13.040> critically,<00:16:13.519> it<00:16:13.680> has<00:16:14.000> zero<00:16:14.560> stop 14:59.078 --> 14:59.088 align:start position:0% But critically, it has zero stop 14:59.088 --> 15:01.238 align:start position:0% But critically, it has zero stop instructions.<00:16:15.759> Basically,<00:16:16.160> RNA<00:16:16.560> polymerase 15:01.238 --> 15:01.248 align:start position:0% instructions. Basically, RNA polymerase 15:01.248 --> 15:02.998 align:start position:0% instructions. Basically, RNA polymerase will<00:16:17.199> get<00:16:17.360> stuck<00:16:17.600> on<00:16:17.839> here<00:16:18.000> and<00:16:18.240> just<00:16:18.560> keep 15:02.998 --> 15:03.008 align:start position:0% will get stuck on here and just keep 15:03.008 --> 15:05.397 align:start position:0% will get stuck on here and just keep printing<00:16:19.120> out<00:16:19.279> a<00:16:19.519> repeating<00:16:19.920> mRNA<00:16:20.560> sequence 15:05.397 --> 15:05.407 align:start position:0% printing out a repeating mRNA sequence 15:05.407 --> 15:07.717 align:start position:0% printing out a repeating mRNA sequence potentially<00:16:21.920> endlessly.<00:16:22.880> And<00:16:23.040> sure<00:16:23.199> enough, 15:07.717 --> 15:07.727 align:start position:0% potentially endlessly. And sure enough, 15:07.727 --> 15:09.878 align:start position:0% potentially endlessly. And sure enough, that<00:16:23.680> mRNA<00:16:24.320> is<00:16:24.480> going<00:16:24.560> to<00:16:24.720> find<00:16:24.959> its<00:16:25.199> way<00:16:25.360> to<00:16:25.519> a 15:09.878 --> 15:09.888 align:start position:0% that mRNA is going to find its way to a 15:09.888 --> 15:12.198 align:start position:0% that mRNA is going to find its way to a ribosome<00:16:26.320> and<00:16:26.560> trap<00:16:26.800> it<00:16:26.959> in<00:16:27.199> an<00:16:27.360> endless<00:16:27.759> open 15:12.198 --> 15:12.208 align:start position:0% ribosome and trap it in an endless open 15:12.208 --> 15:14.037 align:start position:0% ribosome and trap it in an endless open reading<00:16:28.320> frame<00:16:28.560> of<00:16:28.720> its<00:16:28.880> own.<00:16:29.199> The<00:16:29.360> ribosome 15:14.037 --> 15:14.047 align:start position:0% reading frame of its own. The ribosome 15:14.047 --> 15:15.558 align:start position:0% reading frame of its own. The ribosome is<00:16:30.000> going<00:16:30.079> to<00:16:30.160> be<00:16:30.320> stuck<00:16:30.560> here,<00:16:30.880> unable<00:16:31.199> to 15:15.558 --> 15:15.568 align:start position:0% is going to be stuck here, unable to 15:15.568 --> 15:17.798 align:start position:0% is going to be stuck here, unable to stop<00:16:31.519> building<00:16:31.920> this,<00:16:32.399> a<00:16:32.720> completely<00:16:33.199> useless 15:17.798 --> 15:17.808 align:start position:0% stop building this, a completely useless 15:17.808 --> 15:19.798 align:start position:0% stop building this, a completely useless little<00:16:33.920> accordion<00:16:34.480> protein<00:16:34.959> chain<00:16:35.360> that's 15:19.798 --> 15:19.808 align:start position:0% little accordion protein chain that's 15:19.808 --> 15:21.638 align:start position:0% little accordion protein chain that's just<00:16:35.759> the<00:16:36.000> same<00:16:36.240> helical<00:16:36.720> bundle<00:16:37.120> strung 15:21.638 --> 15:21.648 align:start position:0% just the same helical bundle strung 15:21.648 --> 15:24.198 align:start position:0% just the same helical bundle strung together<00:16:37.839> over<00:16:38.160> and<00:16:38.399> over<00:16:38.639> again<00:16:39.040> without<00:16:39.519> end 15:24.198 --> 15:24.208 align:start position:0% together over and over again without end 15:24.208 --> 15:26.518 align:start position:0% together over and over again without end until<00:16:40.320> the<00:16:40.480> bacteria<00:16:41.040> starves<00:16:41.440> to<00:16:41.680> death<00:16:42.079> or 15:26.518 --> 15:26.528 align:start position:0% until the bacteria starves to death or 15:26.528 --> 15:28.358 align:start position:0% until the bacteria starves to death or this<00:16:42.560> long<00:16:42.880> repeating<00:16:43.199> nonsense<00:16:43.680> protein 15:28.358 --> 15:28.368 align:start position:0% this long repeating nonsense protein 15:28.368 --> 15:29.957 align:start position:0% this long repeating nonsense protein causes<00:16:44.480> fatal<00:16:44.880> amounts<00:16:45.120> of<00:16:45.279> damage<00:16:45.600> by 15:29.957 --> 15:29.967 align:start position:0% causes fatal amounts of damage by 15:29.967 --> 15:32.597 align:start position:0% causes fatal amounts of damage by gumming<00:16:46.160> up<00:16:46.240> the<00:16:46.480> works<00:16:46.800> nearby.<00:16:47.680> So<00:16:47.920> again,<00:16:48.160> a 15:32.597 --> 15:32.607 align:start position:0% gumming up the works nearby. So again, a 15:32.607 --> 15:34.198 align:start position:0% gumming up the works nearby. So again, a circular<00:16:48.720> RNA<00:16:49.120> attached<00:16:49.440> to<00:16:49.519> a<00:16:49.680> reverse 15:34.198 --> 15:34.208 align:start position:0% circular RNA attached to a reverse 15:34.208 --> 15:35.798 align:start position:0% circular RNA attached to a reverse transcriptase<00:16:50.800> makes<00:16:50.959> a<00:16:51.120> repetitive 15:35.798 --> 15:35.808 align:start position:0% transcriptase makes a repetitive 15:35.808 --> 15:37.717 align:start position:0% transcriptase makes a repetitive sequence<00:16:51.839> of<00:16:52.000> DNA<00:16:52.480> which<00:16:52.720> makes<00:16:52.880> an<00:16:53.040> endlessly 15:37.717 --> 15:37.727 align:start position:0% sequence of DNA which makes an endlessly 15:37.727 --> 15:39.717 align:start position:0% sequence of DNA which makes an endlessly repetitive<00:16:53.920> mRNA<00:16:54.560> which<00:16:54.720> makes<00:16:54.880> an<00:16:55.040> endlessly 15:39.717 --> 15:39.727 align:start position:0% repetitive mRNA which makes an endlessly 15:39.727 --> 15:41.638 align:start position:0% repetitive mRNA which makes an endlessly repetitive<00:16:56.000> nonsense<00:16:56.560> protein.<00:16:57.040> By<00:16:57.199> setting 15:41.638 --> 15:41.648 align:start position:0% repetitive nonsense protein. By setting 15:41.648 --> 15:43.957 align:start position:0% repetitive nonsense protein. By setting off<00:16:57.600> this<00:16:57.839> little<00:16:58.000> chain<00:16:58.320> reaction,<00:16:58.800> DRT2<00:16:59.519> has 15:43.957 --> 15:43.967 align:start position:0% off this little chain reaction, DRT2 has 15:43.967 --> 15:45.477 align:start position:0% off this little chain reaction, DRT2 has effectively<00:17:00.240> halted<00:17:00.639> the<00:17:00.800> bacteria's 15:45.477 --> 15:45.487 align:start position:0% effectively halted the bacteria's 15:45.487 --> 15:48.037 align:start position:0% effectively halted the bacteria's metabolism<00:17:01.839> on<00:17:02.079> its<00:17:02.240> own<00:17:02.720> very<00:17:03.040> quickly. 15:48.037 --> 15:48.047 align:start position:0% metabolism on its own very quickly. 15:48.047 --> 15:49.237 align:start position:0% metabolism on its own very quickly. Whether<00:17:04.079> by<00:17:04.319> trapping<00:17:04.640> all<00:17:04.799> of<00:17:04.880> the 15:49.237 --> 15:49.247 align:start position:0% Whether by trapping all of the 15:49.247 --> 15:51.558 align:start position:0% Whether by trapping all of the bacteria's<00:17:05.600> RNA<00:17:06.000> polymerases<00:17:06.559> and<00:17:06.720> ribosomes 15:51.558 --> 15:51.568 align:start position:0% bacteria's RNA polymerases and ribosomes 15:51.568 --> 15:53.237 align:start position:0% bacteria's RNA polymerases and ribosomes in<00:17:07.520> endless<00:17:07.919> reading<00:17:08.160> frames,<00:17:08.559> or<00:17:08.720> by<00:17:08.880> this 15:53.237 --> 15:53.247 align:start position:0% in endless reading frames, or by this 15:53.247 --> 15:54.918 align:start position:0% in endless reading frames, or by this useless<00:17:09.520> protein<00:17:09.839> getting<00:17:10.079> tangled<00:17:10.400> up<00:17:10.559> in 15:54.918 --> 15:54.928 align:start position:0% useless protein getting tangled up in 15:54.928 --> 15:56.598 align:start position:0% useless protein getting tangled up in the<00:17:10.880> rest<00:17:11.039> of<00:17:11.120> the<00:17:11.280> bacteria's<00:17:11.839> metabolic 15:56.598 --> 15:56.608 align:start position:0% the rest of the bacteria's metabolic 15:56.608 --> 15:59.318 align:start position:0% the rest of the bacteria's metabolic machinery,<00:17:13.120> no<00:17:13.199> matter<00:17:13.520> what,<00:17:13.919> DRT2<00:17:14.640> halts 15:59.318 --> 15:59.328 align:start position:0% machinery, no matter what, DRT2 halts 15:59.328 --> 16:01.397 align:start position:0% machinery, no matter what, DRT2 halts everything<00:17:15.760> much<00:17:16.079> faster<00:17:16.400> than<00:17:16.559> the<00:17:16.799> invading 16:01.397 --> 16:01.407 align:start position:0% everything much faster than the invading 16:01.407 --> 16:04.918 align:start position:0% everything much faster than the invading viral<00:17:17.600> DNA<00:17:18.079> can.<00:17:18.720> Again,<00:17:19.120> DRT2<00:17:20.000> exists<00:17:20.319> as<00:17:20.480> a 16:04.918 --> 16:04.928 align:start position:0% viral DNA can. Again, DRT2 exists as a 16:04.928 --> 16:06.997 align:start position:0% viral DNA can. Again, DRT2 exists as a kind<00:17:20.799> of<00:17:21.039> self-destruct<00:17:21.760> system<00:17:22.160> bacteria 16:06.997 --> 16:07.007 align:start position:0% kind of self-destruct system bacteria 16:07.007 --> 16:08.757 align:start position:0% kind of self-destruct system bacteria use<00:17:23.039> to<00:17:23.280> protect<00:17:23.600> their<00:17:23.839> community<00:17:24.160> when<00:17:24.400> they 16:08.757 --> 16:08.767 align:start position:0% use to protect their community when they 16:08.767 --> 16:10.358 align:start position:0% use to protect their community when they realize<00:17:24.799> they're<00:17:25.039> about<00:17:25.199> to<00:17:25.360> get<00:17:25.520> zombified 16:10.358 --> 16:10.368 align:start position:0% realize they're about to get zombified 16:10.368 --> 16:12.438 align:start position:0% realize they're about to get zombified by<00:17:26.319> a<00:17:26.480> fagee<00:17:26.880> infection.<00:17:27.600> This<00:17:27.760> is<00:17:27.839> such<00:17:28.000> a 16:12.438 --> 16:12.448 align:start position:0% by a fagee infection. This is such a 16:12.448 --> 16:14.757 align:start position:0% by a fagee infection. This is such a beautiful<00:17:28.559> uno<00:17:29.039> reverse<00:17:29.360> card<00:17:29.600> in<00:17:29.840> my<00:17:30.000> view.<00:17:30.320> I 16:14.757 --> 16:14.767 align:start position:0% beautiful uno reverse card in my view. I 16:14.767 --> 16:16.117 align:start position:0% beautiful uno reverse card in my view. I mean,<00:17:30.640> this<00:17:30.880> bacteria<00:17:31.280> is<00:17:31.520> effectively 16:16.117 --> 16:16.127 align:start position:0% mean, this bacteria is effectively 16:16.127 --> 16:18.117 align:start position:0% mean, this bacteria is effectively saying,<00:17:32.240> "Oh,<00:17:32.559> hey,<00:17:32.799> you<00:17:32.960> want<00:17:33.120> to<00:17:33.280> steal<00:17:33.600> my 16:18.117 --> 16:18.127 align:start position:0% saying, "Oh, hey, you want to steal my 16:18.127 --> 16:20.598 align:start position:0% saying, "Oh, hey, you want to steal my stuff<00:17:34.160> and<00:17:34.400> use<00:17:34.559> it<00:17:34.720> to<00:17:34.880> kill<00:17:35.200> my<00:17:35.600> friends? 16:20.598 --> 16:20.608 align:start position:0% stuff and use it to kill my friends? 16:20.608 --> 16:23.078 align:start position:0% stuff and use it to kill my friends? Jokes's<00:17:36.720> on<00:17:36.880> you,<00:17:37.200> loser.<00:17:37.679> I'll<00:17:38.000> steal<00:17:38.320> my<00:17:38.640> own 16:23.078 --> 16:23.088 align:start position:0% Jokes's on you, loser. I'll steal my own 16:23.088 --> 16:25.798 align:start position:0% Jokes's on you, loser. I'll steal my own stuff<00:17:39.360> and<00:17:39.600> build<00:17:39.760> a<00:17:39.919> bomb<00:17:40.240> out<00:17:40.400> of<00:17:40.559> nonsense. 16:25.798 --> 16:25.808 align:start position:0% stuff and build a bomb out of nonsense. 16:25.808 --> 16:27.558 align:start position:0% stuff and build a bomb out of nonsense. Good<00:17:41.760> luck<00:17:42.000> breaking<00:17:42.240> this<00:17:42.400> accordion<00:17:42.960> cable 16:27.558 --> 16:27.568 align:start position:0% Good luck breaking this accordion cable 16:27.568 --> 16:29.558 align:start position:0% Good luck breaking this accordion cable thing<00:17:43.520> down<00:17:43.760> into<00:17:44.080> the<00:17:44.240> base<00:17:44.480> amino<00:17:44.880> acids<00:17:45.200> you 16:29.558 --> 16:29.568 align:start position:0% thing down into the base amino acids you 16:29.568 --> 16:31.798 align:start position:0% thing down into the base amino acids you need<00:17:45.520> to<00:17:45.600> build<00:17:45.840> more<00:17:46.160> fages,<00:17:46.799> loser."<00:17:47.360> It's 16:31.798 --> 16:31.808 align:start position:0% need to build more fages, loser." It's 16:31.808 --> 16:33.558 align:start position:0% need to build more fages, loser." It's like<00:17:47.679> the<00:17:47.840> Philly<00:17:48.160> sports<00:17:48.480> fan<00:17:48.799> response<00:17:49.200> to 16:33.558 --> 16:33.568 align:start position:0% like the Philly sports fan response to 16:33.568 --> 16:35.798 align:start position:0% like the Philly sports fan response to fage<00:17:49.679> infection.<00:17:50.559> I'm<00:17:50.799> serious.<00:17:51.200> This<00:17:51.440> might 16:35.798 --> 16:35.808 align:start position:0% fage infection. I'm serious. This might 16:35.808 --> 16:36.997 align:start position:0% fage infection. I'm serious. This might be<00:17:51.679> one<00:17:51.840> of<00:17:51.919> my<00:17:52.080> favorite<00:17:52.400> things<00:17:52.559> I've 16:36.997 --> 16:37.007 align:start position:0% be one of my favorite things I've 16:37.007 --> 16:39.478 align:start position:0% be one of my favorite things I've learned<00:17:52.960> about<00:17:53.120> in<00:17:53.360> bacteriology.<00:17:54.559> DRT2 16:39.478 --> 16:39.488 align:start position:0% learned about in bacteriology. DRT2 16:39.488 --> 16:41.158 align:start position:0% learned about in bacteriology. DRT2 races<00:17:55.679> to<00:17:55.840> destroy<00:17:56.160> this<00:17:56.320> bacteria's 16:41.158 --> 16:41.168 align:start position:0% races to destroy this bacteria's 16:41.168 --> 16:43.318 align:start position:0% races to destroy this bacteria's metabolism<00:17:57.600> by<00:17:57.840> just<00:17:58.160> endlessly<00:17:58.799> repeating 16:43.318 --> 16:43.328 align:start position:0% metabolism by just endlessly repeating 16:43.328 --> 16:46.518 align:start position:0% metabolism by just endlessly repeating the<00:17:59.360> same<00:18:00.160> 120word<00:18:00.799> code<00:18:01.120> over<00:18:01.360> and<00:18:01.600> over.<00:18:02.160> And 16:46.518 --> 16:46.528 align:start position:0% the same 120word code over and over. And 16:46.528 --> 16:48.518 align:start position:0% the same 120word code over and over. And since<00:18:02.640> that<00:18:02.880> code<00:18:03.200> repeats<00:18:03.520> the<00:18:03.679> start<00:18:03.919> codeon 16:48.518 --> 16:48.528 align:start position:0% since that code repeats the start codeon 16:48.528 --> 16:50.678 align:start position:0% since that code repeats the start codeon and<00:18:04.480> RNA<00:18:04.799> polymerase<00:18:05.360> binding<00:18:05.679> site<00:18:06.080> over<00:18:06.320> and 16:50.678 --> 16:50.688 align:start position:0% and RNA polymerase binding site over and 16:50.688 --> 16:52.838 align:start position:0% and RNA polymerase binding site over and over<00:18:06.720> again,<00:18:07.280> it's<00:18:07.600> possible<00:18:07.840> that<00:18:08.160> multiple 16:52.838 --> 16:52.848 align:start position:0% over again, it's possible that multiple 16:52.848 --> 16:54.838 align:start position:0% over again, it's possible that multiple polymerases<00:18:09.360> and<00:18:09.600> ribosomes<00:18:10.240> are<00:18:10.400> getting 16:54.838 --> 16:54.848 align:start position:0% polymerases and ribosomes are getting 16:54.848 --> 16:57.398 align:start position:0% polymerases and ribosomes are getting stuck<00:18:10.799> on<00:18:10.960> these<00:18:11.120> DRT2<00:18:11.840> DNA<00:18:12.320> repeats,<00:18:13.039> which 16:57.398 --> 16:57.408 align:start position:0% stuck on these DRT2 DNA repeats, which 16:57.408 --> 16:59.078 align:start position:0% stuck on these DRT2 DNA repeats, which would<00:18:13.440> rapidly<00:18:13.919> soak<00:18:14.160> up<00:18:14.400> all<00:18:14.559> these 16:59.078 --> 16:59.088 align:start position:0% would rapidly soak up all these 16:59.088 --> 17:01.558 align:start position:0% would rapidly soak up all these bacterial<00:18:15.440> resources<00:18:16.000> before<00:18:16.320> the<00:18:16.559> viral<00:18:16.960> DNA 17:01.558 --> 17:01.568 align:start position:0% bacterial resources before the viral DNA 17:01.568 --> 17:03.237 align:start position:0% bacterial resources before the viral DNA could<00:18:17.520> reach<00:18:17.760> a<00:18:17.919> critical<00:18:18.240> mass.<00:18:18.559> And<00:18:18.799> really 17:03.237 --> 17:03.247 align:start position:0% could reach a critical mass. And really 17:03.247 --> 17:04.918 align:start position:0% could reach a critical mass. And really the<00:18:19.200> only<00:18:19.360> like<00:18:19.600> super<00:18:19.919> minor<00:18:20.240> issue<00:18:20.559> with 17:04.918 --> 17:04.928 align:start position:0% the only like super minor issue with 17:04.928 --> 17:06.918 align:start position:0% the only like super minor issue with this<00:18:20.880> DRT2<00:18:21.520> paper<00:18:21.760> is<00:18:21.919> how<00:18:22.080> the<00:18:22.240> team<00:18:22.480> here 17:06.918 --> 17:06.928 align:start position:0% this DRT2 paper is how the team here 17:06.928 --> 17:08.838 align:start position:0% this DRT2 paper is how the team here couldn't<00:18:23.120> find<00:18:23.360> a<00:18:23.600> specific<00:18:24.000> trigger<00:18:24.400> that 17:08.838 --> 17:08.848 align:start position:0% couldn't find a specific trigger that 17:08.848 --> 17:10.838 align:start position:0% couldn't find a specific trigger that activates<00:18:25.039> this<00:18:25.280> nonsense<00:18:25.760> cascade<00:18:26.320> after 17:10.838 --> 17:10.848 align:start position:0% activates this nonsense cascade after 17:10.848 --> 17:12.838 align:start position:0% activates this nonsense cascade after fagee<00:18:27.039> infection.<00:18:27.760> But<00:18:27.919> that's<00:18:28.160> just<00:18:28.320> another 17:12.838 --> 17:12.848 align:start position:0% fagee infection. But that's just another 17:12.848 --> 17:15.237 align:start position:0% fagee infection. But that's just another detail<00:18:28.880> that<00:18:29.120> makes<00:18:29.280> the<00:18:29.360> DRT3<00:18:30.240> paper<00:18:30.720> even 17:15.237 --> 17:15.247 align:start position:0% detail that makes the DRT3 paper even 17:15.247 --> 17:17.237 align:start position:0% detail that makes the DRT3 paper even cooler<00:18:31.600> since<00:18:31.840> the<00:18:32.080> team<00:18:32.240> here<00:18:32.480> managed<00:18:32.880> to 17:17.237 --> 17:17.247 align:start position:0% cooler since the team here managed to 17:17.247 --> 17:19.638 align:start position:0% cooler since the team here managed to isolate<00:18:33.520> this<00:18:34.000> single<00:18:34.400> fage<00:18:34.799> protein<00:18:35.200> that 17:19.638 --> 17:19.648 align:start position:0% isolate this single fage protein that 17:19.648 --> 17:22.278 align:start position:0% isolate this single fage protein that provably<00:18:35.919> sets<00:18:36.240> DRT3<00:18:37.039> off.<00:18:37.360> So<00:18:37.600> despite<00:18:37.919> the 17:22.278 --> 17:22.288 align:start position:0% provably sets DRT3 off. So despite the 17:22.288 --> 17:23.558 align:start position:0% provably sets DRT3 off. So despite the fact<00:18:38.160> that<00:18:38.320> we<00:18:38.480> instantly<00:18:38.880> killed<00:18:39.120> that 17:23.558 --> 17:23.568 align:start position:0% fact that we instantly killed that 17:23.568 --> 17:25.237 align:start position:0% fact that we instantly killed that clickbait<00:18:39.840> about<00:18:40.080> the<00:18:40.320> central<00:18:40.559> dogma<00:18:40.960> of 17:25.237 --> 17:25.247 align:start position:0% clickbait about the central dogma of 17:25.247 --> 17:27.478 align:start position:0% clickbait about the central dogma of molecular<00:18:41.440> biology<00:18:41.919> being<00:18:42.240> violated<00:18:42.720> today, 17:27.478 --> 17:27.488 align:start position:0% molecular biology being violated today, 17:27.488 --> 17:30.038 align:start position:0% molecular biology being violated today, we<00:18:43.600> instead<00:18:44.000> saw<00:18:44.240> how<00:18:44.559> bacteria<00:18:45.200> can<00:18:45.440> cleverly 17:30.038 --> 17:30.048 align:start position:0% we instead saw how bacteria can cleverly 17:30.048 --> 17:32.678 align:start position:0% we instead saw how bacteria can cleverly hide<00:18:46.160> these<00:18:46.559> unstoppable<00:18:47.360> DNA<00:18:47.919> bombs<00:18:48.320> in 17:32.678 --> 17:32.688 align:start position:0% hide these unstoppable DNA bombs in 17:32.688 --> 17:34.598 align:start position:0% hide these unstoppable DNA bombs in their<00:18:48.640> cytoplasm<00:18:49.440> as<00:18:49.600> a<00:18:49.840> last<00:18:50.000> line<00:18:50.240> of 17:34.598 --> 17:34.608 align:start position:0% their cytoplasm as a last line of 17:34.608 --> 17:36.678 align:start position:0% their cytoplasm as a last line of defense<00:18:50.799> against<00:18:51.200> fagee<00:18:51.600> infection,<00:18:52.320> which 17:36.678 --> 17:36.688 align:start position:0% defense against fagee infection, which 17:36.688 --> 17:39.237 align:start position:0% defense against fagee infection, which for<00:18:52.640> me<00:18:52.880> is<00:18:53.039> a<00:18:53.280> way<00:18:53.520> cooler<00:18:53.840> payoff.<00:18:54.640> This<00:18:54.880> is 17:39.237 --> 17:39.247 align:start position:0% for me is a way cooler payoff. This is 17:39.247 --> 17:41.398 align:start position:0% for me is a way cooler payoff. This is incredible<00:18:55.520> to<00:18:55.760> me<00:18:56.000> because<00:18:56.480> why<00:18:56.799> should<00:18:57.039> it 17:41.398 --> 17:41.408 align:start position:0% incredible to me because why should it 17:41.408 --> 17:43.398 align:start position:0% incredible to me because why should it matter<00:18:57.520> to<00:18:57.679> a<00:18:57.919> single<00:18:58.160> bacteria<00:18:58.799> if<00:18:58.960> its 17:43.398 --> 17:43.408 align:start position:0% matter to a single bacteria if its 17:43.408 --> 17:45.318 align:start position:0% matter to a single bacteria if its community<00:18:59.600> gets<00:18:59.840> infected<00:19:00.320> if<00:19:00.480> it<00:19:00.720> is<00:19:00.880> already 17:45.318 --> 17:45.328 align:start position:0% community gets infected if it is already 17:45.328 --> 17:47.078 align:start position:0% community gets infected if it is already guaranteed<00:19:01.520> to<00:19:01.679> die?<00:19:02.000> Game's<00:19:02.320> over<00:19:02.480> for<00:19:02.640> them 17:47.078 --> 17:47.088 align:start position:0% guaranteed to die? Game's over for them 17:47.088 --> 17:48.997 align:start position:0% guaranteed to die? Game's over for them already.<00:19:03.280> It<00:19:03.520> shouldn't<00:19:03.760> matter,<00:19:04.160> right?<00:19:04.640> But 17:48.997 --> 17:49.007 align:start position:0% already. It shouldn't matter, right? But 17:49.007 --> 17:50.918 align:start position:0% already. It shouldn't matter, right? But these<00:19:05.039> defensive<00:19:05.520> reverse<00:19:05.840> transcriptases 17:50.918 --> 17:50.928 align:start position:0% these defensive reverse transcriptases 17:50.928 --> 17:52.838 align:start position:0% these defensive reverse transcriptases work<00:19:06.960> because<00:19:07.200> they<00:19:07.520> help<00:19:07.840> limit<00:19:08.160> the<00:19:08.400> spread 17:52.838 --> 17:52.848 align:start position:0% work because they help limit the spread 17:52.848 --> 17:55.398 align:start position:0% work because they help limit the spread of<00:19:08.880> phages<00:19:09.360> and<00:19:09.600> keep<00:19:09.760> the<00:19:10.000> community<00:19:10.480> alive. 17:55.398 --> 17:55.408 align:start position:0% of phages and keep the community alive. 17:55.408 --> 17:58.198 align:start position:0% of phages and keep the community alive. Systems<00:19:11.520> like<00:19:11.679> DRT3<00:19:12.400> and<00:19:12.559> DRT2<00:19:13.440> floored<00:19:13.840> me 17:58.198 --> 17:58.208 align:start position:0% Systems like DRT3 and DRT2 floored me 17:58.208 --> 18:00.278 align:start position:0% Systems like DRT3 and DRT2 floored me when<00:19:14.160> I<00:19:14.320> first<00:19:14.559> learned<00:19:14.880> about<00:19:15.039> them.<00:19:15.600> We<00:19:15.919> are 18:00.278 --> 18:00.288 align:start position:0% when I first learned about them. We are 18:00.288 --> 18:02.198 align:start position:0% when I first learned about them. We are only<00:19:16.320> able<00:19:16.559> to<00:19:16.720> be<00:19:16.880> multisellular<00:19:17.679> because 18:02.198 --> 18:02.208 align:start position:0% only able to be multisellular because 18:02.208 --> 18:04.278 align:start position:0% only able to be multisellular because our<00:19:18.320> individual<00:19:18.880> cells<00:19:19.280> will<00:19:19.600> sacrifice 18:04.278 --> 18:04.288 align:start position:0% our individual cells will sacrifice 18:04.288 --> 18:06.198 align:start position:0% our individual cells will sacrifice themselves<00:19:20.720> without<00:19:21.120> question<00:19:21.520> if<00:19:21.760> things 18:06.198 --> 18:06.208 align:start position:0% themselves without question if things 18:06.208 --> 18:08.038 align:start position:0% themselves without question if things start<00:19:22.240> to<00:19:22.400> go<00:19:22.559> wrong.<00:19:23.039> It's<00:19:23.200> a<00:19:23.360> process<00:19:23.600> called 18:08.038 --> 18:08.048 align:start position:0% start to go wrong. It's a process called 18:08.048 --> 18:10.278 align:start position:0% start to go wrong. It's a process called apoptosis<00:19:24.640> and<00:19:24.880> it<00:19:25.039> is<00:19:25.200> critical<00:19:25.520> for<00:19:25.760> keeping 18:10.278 --> 18:10.288 align:start position:0% apoptosis and it is critical for keeping 18:10.288 --> 18:13.078 align:start position:0% apoptosis and it is critical for keeping the<00:19:26.320> whole<00:19:26.640> multisellular<00:19:27.520> operation<00:19:28.080> alive. 18:13.078 --> 18:13.088 align:start position:0% the whole multisellular operation alive. 18:13.088 --> 18:14.918 align:start position:0% the whole multisellular operation alive. And<00:19:29.039> to<00:19:29.200> me,<00:19:29.360> it<00:19:29.600> is<00:19:29.760> so<00:19:29.919> incredible<00:19:30.320> to<00:19:30.559> see 18:14.918 --> 18:14.928 align:start position:0% And to me, it is so incredible to see 18:14.928 --> 18:16.678 align:start position:0% And to me, it is so incredible to see other<00:19:31.039> systems<00:19:31.440> that<00:19:31.679> work<00:19:31.919> like<00:19:32.080> that<00:19:32.320> kind 18:16.678 --> 18:16.688 align:start position:0% other systems that work like that kind 18:16.688 --> 18:19.318 align:start position:0% other systems that work like that kind of<00:19:32.640> altruism<00:19:33.360> operating<00:19:33.840> at<00:19:34.080> the<00:19:34.320> single<00:19:34.799> cell 18:19.318 --> 18:19.328 align:start position:0% of altruism operating at the single cell 18:19.328 --> 18:21.237 align:start position:0% of altruism operating at the single cell level.<00:19:35.840> The<00:19:36.000> way<00:19:36.160> we've<00:19:36.400> uncovered<00:19:36.880> the 18:21.237 --> 18:21.247 align:start position:0% level. The way we've uncovered the 18:21.247 --> 18:23.078 align:start position:0% level. The way we've uncovered the mechanics<00:19:37.440> of<00:19:37.600> our<00:19:37.760> biochemical<00:19:38.480> world 18:23.078 --> 18:23.088 align:start position:0% mechanics of our biochemical world 18:23.088 --> 18:24.757 align:start position:0% mechanics of our biochemical world created<00:19:39.280> a<00:19:39.440> narrative<00:19:39.840> that<00:19:40.160> was<00:19:40.320> very 18:24.757 --> 18:24.767 align:start position:0% created a narrative that was very 18:24.767 --> 18:26.598 align:start position:0% created a narrative that was very focused<00:19:40.960> on<00:19:41.280> selfish<00:19:41.679> actions<00:19:42.080> and 18:26.598 --> 18:26.608 align:start position:0% focused on selfish actions and 18:26.608 --> 18:28.518 align:start position:0% focused on selfish actions and individualistic<00:19:43.280> survival<00:19:43.679> in<00:19:43.840> the<00:19:43.919> mid<00:19:44.160> to 18:28.518 --> 18:28.528 align:start position:0% individualistic survival in the mid to 18:28.528 --> 18:30.838 align:start position:0% individualistic survival in the mid to late<00:19:44.559> 20th<00:19:44.880> century.<00:19:45.919> Since<00:19:46.160> then,<00:19:46.400> we've 18:30.838 --> 18:30.848 align:start position:0% late 20th century. Since then, we've 18:30.848 --> 18:33.078 align:start position:0% late 20th century. Since then, we've uncovered<00:19:47.200> more<00:19:47.440> and<00:19:47.760> more<00:19:48.080> about<00:19:48.400> how 18:33.078 --> 18:33.088 align:start position:0% uncovered more and more about how 18:33.088 --> 18:35.877 align:start position:0% uncovered more and more about how community-based<00:19:49.919> life<00:19:50.240> is<00:19:50.559> at<00:19:50.799> all<00:19:51.039> levels. 18:35.877 --> 18:35.887 align:start position:0% community-based life is at all levels. 18:35.887 --> 18:37.877 align:start position:0% community-based life is at all levels. If<00:19:51.919> bacterial<00:19:52.559> populations<00:19:53.120> didn't<00:19:53.440> work 18:37.877 --> 18:37.887 align:start position:0% If bacterial populations didn't work 18:37.887 --> 18:39.718 align:start position:0% If bacterial populations didn't work together<00:19:54.000> and<00:19:54.240> have<00:19:54.480> this<00:19:54.720> self-sacrifice 18:39.718 --> 18:39.728 align:start position:0% together and have this self-sacrifice 18:39.728 --> 18:41.638 align:start position:0% together and have this self-sacrifice system<00:19:55.840> in<00:19:56.080> place,<00:19:56.480> this<00:19:56.799> constant 18:41.638 --> 18:41.648 align:start position:0% system in place, this constant 18:41.648 --> 18:43.638 align:start position:0% system in place, this constant overwhelming<00:19:58.240> pressure<00:19:58.559> from<00:19:58.799> fages<00:19:59.280> could 18:43.638 --> 18:43.648 align:start position:0% overwhelming pressure from fages could 18:43.648 --> 18:45.558 align:start position:0% overwhelming pressure from fages could have<00:19:59.600> wiped<00:19:59.919> out<00:20:00.080> that<00:20:00.320> whole<00:20:00.559> kingdom<00:20:01.039> long 18:45.558 --> 18:45.568 align:start position:0% have wiped out that whole kingdom long 18:45.568 --> 18:49.078 align:start position:0% have wiped out that whole kingdom long ago.<00:20:02.559> Instead,<00:20:03.120> somehow,<00:20:03.760> incredibly, 18:49.078 --> 18:49.088 align:start position:0% ago. Instead, somehow, incredibly, 18:49.088 --> 18:50.997 align:start position:0% ago. Instead, somehow, incredibly, bacteria<00:20:05.440> and<00:20:05.600> their<00:20:05.840> fage<00:20:06.160> predators<00:20:06.559> are 18:50.997 --> 18:51.007 align:start position:0% bacteria and their fage predators are 18:51.007 --> 18:52.438 align:start position:0% bacteria and their fage predators are caught<00:20:06.960> in<00:20:07.200> a<00:20:07.360> kind<00:20:07.520> of<00:20:07.679> balance<00:20:08.000> that 18:52.438 --> 18:52.448 align:start position:0% caught in a kind of balance that 18:52.448 --> 18:54.598 align:start position:0% caught in a kind of balance that produces<00:20:08.640> incredible<00:20:09.120> systems<00:20:09.440> like<00:20:09.679> DRT3 18:54.598 --> 18:54.608 align:start position:0% produces incredible systems like DRT3 18:54.608 --> 18:56.997 align:start position:0% produces incredible systems like DRT3 and<00:20:10.559> DRT2<00:20:11.440> that<00:20:11.679> have<00:20:11.840> helped<00:20:12.080> us<00:20:12.320> completely 18:56.997 --> 18:57.007 align:start position:0% and DRT2 that have helped us completely 18:57.007 --> 18:58.678 align:start position:0% and DRT2 that have helped us completely rebalance<00:20:13.360> our<00:20:13.600> understanding<00:20:13.919> of<00:20:14.160> what<00:20:14.320> it 18:58.678 --> 18:58.688 align:start position:0% rebalance our understanding of what it 18:58.688 --> 19:00.598 align:start position:0% rebalance our understanding of what it means<00:20:14.720> to<00:20:14.880> be<00:20:15.120> alive<00:20:15.440> in<00:20:15.679> the<00:20:15.840> first<00:20:16.000> place. 19:00.598 --> 19:00.608 align:start position:0% means to be alive in the first place. 19:00.608 --> 19:03.158 align:start position:0% means to be alive in the first place. Sure,<00:20:16.720> the<00:20:16.880> overhype<00:20:17.360> of<00:20:17.520> DRT3<00:20:18.400> rewriting<00:20:18.880> the 19:03.158 --> 19:03.168 align:start position:0% Sure, the overhype of DRT3 rewriting the 19:03.168 --> 19:05.078 align:start position:0% Sure, the overhype of DRT3 rewriting the rules<00:20:19.200> of<00:20:19.360> life<00:20:19.520> itself<00:20:19.919> is<00:20:20.160> fun<00:20:20.400> if<00:20:20.640> you<00:20:20.720> don't 19:05.078 --> 19:05.088 align:start position:0% rules of life itself is fun if you don't 19:05.088 --> 19:06.757 align:start position:0% rules of life itself is fun if you don't want<00:20:21.039> to<00:20:21.200> pay<00:20:21.360> attention,<00:20:22.000> but<00:20:22.160> the<00:20:22.400> real 19:06.757 --> 19:06.767 align:start position:0% want to pay attention, but the real 19:06.767 --> 19:08.678 align:start position:0% want to pay attention, but the real mechanics<00:20:22.960> of<00:20:23.120> these<00:20:23.360> defense<00:20:23.760> platforms<00:20:24.240> and 19:08.678 --> 19:08.688 align:start position:0% mechanics of these defense platforms and 19:08.688 --> 19:10.518 align:start position:0% mechanics of these defense platforms and their<00:20:24.640> place<00:20:24.799> in<00:20:24.960> the<00:20:25.039> anti-age<00:20:25.679> arsenal<00:20:26.080> are 19:10.518 --> 19:10.528 align:start position:0% their place in the anti-age arsenal are 19:10.528 --> 19:13.237 align:start position:0% their place in the anti-age arsenal are far<00:20:26.720> more<00:20:26.960> interesting.<00:20:27.840> It<00:20:28.000> is<00:20:28.159> a<00:20:28.480> beautiful 19:13.237 --> 19:13.247 align:start position:0% far more interesting. It is a beautiful 19:13.247 --> 19:16.357 align:start position:0% far more interesting. It is a beautiful last<00:20:29.440> stand<00:20:30.080> made<00:20:30.320> by<00:20:30.480> a<00:20:30.720> dying<00:20:31.280> individual<00:20:31.919> to 19:16.357 --> 19:16.367 align:start position:0% last stand made by a dying individual to 19:16.367 --> 19:18.518 align:start position:0% last stand made by a dying individual to deny<00:20:32.640> resources<00:20:33.120> to<00:20:33.280> the<00:20:33.520> monster<00:20:33.919> about<00:20:34.159> to 19:18.518 --> 19:18.528 align:start position:0% deny resources to the monster about to 19:18.528 --> 19:20.438 align:start position:0% deny resources to the monster about to kill<00:20:34.480> it.<00:20:34.799> The<00:20:34.960> brave<00:20:35.280> last<00:20:35.600> stand<00:20:35.840> at<00:20:36.000> the<00:20:36.159> end 19:20.438 --> 19:20.448 align:start position:0% kill it. The brave last stand at the end 19:20.448 --> 19:22.278 align:start position:0% kill it. The brave last stand at the end of<00:20:36.320> a<00:20:36.480> zombie<00:20:36.799> movie,<00:20:37.200> except<00:20:37.520> it's<00:20:37.679> a<00:20:37.840> real 19:22.278 --> 19:22.288 align:start position:0% of a zombie movie, except it's a real 19:22.288 --> 19:24.357 align:start position:0% of a zombie movie, except it's a real thing<00:20:38.159> that<00:20:38.480> happens<00:20:38.720> in<00:20:38.960> real<00:20:39.200> life<00:20:39.600> billions 19:24.357 --> 19:24.367 align:start position:0% thing that happens in real life billions 19:24.367 --> 19:26.757 align:start position:0% thing that happens in real life billions to<00:20:40.400> trillions<00:20:40.799> of<00:20:40.960> times<00:20:41.200> a<00:20:41.440> day.<00:20:42.000> That's<00:20:42.320> why 19:26.757 --> 19:26.767 align:start position:0% to trillions of times a day. That's why 19:26.767 --> 19:28.357 align:start position:0% to trillions of times a day. That's why I<00:20:42.799> love<00:20:43.120> putting<00:20:43.440> the<00:20:43.600> effort<00:20:43.840> into 19:28.357 --> 19:28.367 align:start position:0% I love putting the effort into 19:28.367 --> 19:30.278 align:start position:0% I love putting the effort into understanding<00:20:44.720> the<00:20:45.039> real<00:20:45.360> details<00:20:45.840> in 19:30.278 --> 19:30.288 align:start position:0% understanding the real details in 19:30.288 --> 19:32.838 align:start position:0% understanding the real details in molecular<00:20:46.559> biology.<00:20:47.520> It's<00:20:47.840> so<00:20:48.159> much<00:20:48.400> more 19:32.838 --> 19:32.848 align:start position:0% molecular biology. It's so much more 19:32.848 --> 19:34.678 align:start position:0% molecular biology. It's so much more meaningful<00:20:49.039> to<00:20:49.280> see<00:20:49.360> how<00:20:49.600> the<00:20:49.760> base<00:20:50.080> chemical 19:34.678 --> 19:34.688 align:start position:0% meaningful to see how the base chemical 19:34.688 --> 19:36.357 align:start position:0% meaningful to see how the base chemical rules<00:20:50.720> of<00:20:50.880> evolution<00:20:51.520> can<00:20:51.760> generate 19:36.357 --> 19:36.367 align:start position:0% rules of evolution can generate 19:36.367 --> 19:38.198 align:start position:0% rules of evolution can generate something<00:20:52.320> that<00:20:52.559> looks<00:20:52.799> like<00:20:53.039> altruism<00:20:53.760> even 19:38.198 --> 19:38.208 align:start position:0% something that looks like altruism even 19:38.208 --> 19:40.357 align:start position:0% something that looks like altruism even at<00:20:54.159> the<00:20:54.400> single<00:20:54.799> cell<00:20:55.120> level.<00:20:55.600> And<00:20:55.760> it<00:20:55.919> helps 19:40.357 --> 19:40.367 align:start position:0% at the single cell level. And it helps 19:40.367 --> 19:42.598 align:start position:0% at the single cell level. And it helps me<00:20:56.400> contextualize<00:20:57.200> the<00:20:57.360> weird<00:20:57.679> amalgamation 19:42.598 --> 19:42.608 align:start position:0% me contextualize the weird amalgamation 19:42.608 --> 19:44.198 align:start position:0% me contextualize the weird amalgamation of<00:20:58.559> trillions<00:20:58.960> of<00:20:59.120> cells<00:20:59.440> that<00:20:59.679> I<00:20:59.840> have 19:44.198 --> 19:44.208 align:start position:0% of trillions of cells that I have 19:44.208 --> 19:46.678 align:start position:0% of trillions of cells that I have emerged<00:21:00.400> from.<00:21:01.039> Life<00:21:01.360> just<00:21:01.600> works.<00:21:02.240> That's 19:46.678 --> 19:46.688 align:start position:0% emerged from. Life just works. That's 19:46.688 --> 19:48.598 align:start position:0% emerged from. Life just works. That's all<00:21:02.640> it<00:21:02.880> can<00:21:03.039> do.<00:21:03.440> And<00:21:03.600> the<00:21:03.760> more<00:21:03.919> we<00:21:04.080> learn, 19:48.598 --> 19:48.608 align:start position:0% all it can do. And the more we learn, 19:48.608 --> 19:50.357 align:start position:0% all it can do. And the more we learn, the<00:21:04.559> more<00:21:04.640> it<00:21:04.880> appears<00:21:05.120> that<00:21:05.360> life<00:21:05.600> works<00:21:05.919> best 19:50.357 --> 19:50.367 align:start position:0% the more it appears that life works best 19:50.367 --> 19:53.078 align:start position:0% the more it appears that life works best when<00:21:06.480> we're<00:21:06.720> working<00:21:07.039> together.<00:21:08.240> Either<00:21:08.559> way, 19:53.078 --> 19:53.088 align:start position:0% when we're working together. Either way, 19:53.088 --> 19:54.518 align:start position:0% when we're working together. Either way, that's<00:21:09.039> a<00:21:09.200> good<00:21:09.360> place<00:21:09.440> to<00:21:09.600> put<00:21:09.760> a<00:21:09.840> bow<00:21:10.159> on 19:54.518 --> 19:54.528 align:start position:0% that's a good place to put a bow on 19:54.528 --> 19:56.518 align:start position:0% that's a good place to put a bow on this.<00:21:10.720> I<00:21:10.960> really<00:21:11.200> appreciate<00:21:11.600> your<00:21:11.840> time. 19:56.518 --> 19:56.528 align:start position:0% this. I really appreciate your time. 19:56.528 --> 19:58.038 align:start position:0% this. I really appreciate your time. Thanks<00:21:12.559> so<00:21:12.720> much<00:21:12.799> for<00:21:13.039> exploring<00:21:13.440> this<00:21:13.600> with 19:58.038 --> 19:58.048 align:start position:0% Thanks so much for exploring this with 19:58.048 --> 20:09.638 align:start position:0% Thanks so much for exploring this with me. 20:09.638 --> 20:09.648 align:start position:0% 20:09.648 --> 20:11.318 align:start position:0% And<00:21:25.679> hey,<00:21:26.000> thanks<00:21:26.240> so<00:21:26.400> much<00:21:26.480> for<00:21:26.720> making<00:21:26.880> it<00:21:27.039> to 20:11.318 --> 20:11.328 align:start position:0% And hey, thanks so much for making it to 20:11.328 --> 20:13.078 align:start position:0% And hey, thanks so much for making it to the<00:21:27.280> end<00:21:27.360> of<00:21:27.440> the<00:21:27.600> video.<00:21:28.159> If<00:21:28.320> you<00:21:28.400> liked<00:21:28.640> this, 20:13.078 --> 20:13.088 align:start position:0% the end of the video. If you liked this, 20:13.088 --> 20:14.678 align:start position:0% the end of the video. If you liked this, it<00:21:29.120> really<00:21:29.280> helps<00:21:29.440> a<00:21:29.600> lot<00:21:29.679> if<00:21:29.840> you<00:21:30.000> could<00:21:30.159> like, 20:14.678 --> 20:14.688 align:start position:0% it really helps a lot if you could like, 20:14.688 --> 20:16.278 align:start position:0% it really helps a lot if you could like, comment,<00:21:30.799> and<00:21:30.960> subscribe<00:21:31.360> to<00:21:31.520> the<00:21:31.679> channel<00:21:31.919> so 20:16.278 --> 20:16.288 align:start position:0% comment, and subscribe to the channel so 20:16.288 --> 20:17.877 align:start position:0% comment, and subscribe to the channel so we<00:21:32.240> can<00:21:32.400> keep<00:21:32.559> establishing<00:21:32.960> a<00:21:33.120> foothold<00:21:33.520> in 20:17.877 --> 20:17.887 align:start position:0% we can keep establishing a foothold in 20:17.887 --> 20:19.718 align:start position:0% we can keep establishing a foothold in the<00:21:33.840> wider<00:21:34.159> algorithm.<00:21:34.880> At<00:21:35.120> the<00:21:35.200> same<00:21:35.360> time, 20:19.718 --> 20:19.728 align:start position:0% the wider algorithm. At the same time, 20:19.728 --> 20:20.997 align:start position:0% the wider algorithm. At the same time, I'd<00:21:35.760> love<00:21:35.840> it<00:21:35.919> if<00:21:36.080> you<00:21:36.240> checked<00:21:36.400> us<00:21:36.559> out<00:21:36.640> over 20:20.997 --> 20:21.007 align:start position:0% I'd love it if you checked us out over 20:21.007 --> 20:23.237 align:start position:0% I'd love it if you checked us out over at<00:21:36.960> patreon.com/clockworkshow. 20:23.237 --> 20:23.247 align:start position:0% at patreon.com/clockworkshow. 20:23.247 --> 20:25.158 align:start position:0% at patreon.com/clockworkshow. I'm<00:21:39.280> so<00:21:39.520> proud<00:21:39.600> of<00:21:39.760> how<00:21:40.000> good<00:21:40.159> our<00:21:40.320> papercrafts 20:25.158 --> 20:25.168 align:start position:0% I'm so proud of how good our papercrafts 20:25.168 --> 20:26.518 align:start position:0% I'm so proud of how good our papercrafts are<00:21:41.039> becoming<00:21:41.360> and<00:21:41.520> I'd<00:21:41.760> love<00:21:41.840> to<00:21:42.000> send<00:21:42.159> them 20:26.518 --> 20:26.528 align:start position:0% are becoming and I'd love to send them 20:26.528 --> 20:28.117 align:start position:0% are becoming and I'd love to send them to<00:21:42.480> as<00:21:42.640> many<00:21:42.799> people<00:21:43.039> as<00:21:43.280> possible. 20:28.117 --> 20:28.127 align:start position:0% to as many people as possible. 20:28.127 --> 20:29.718 align:start position:0% to as many people as possible. Additionally,<00:21:44.559> another<00:21:44.960> big<00:21:45.120> help<00:21:45.360> is 20:29.718 --> 20:29.728 align:start position:0% Additionally, another big help is 20:29.728 --> 20:31.318 align:start position:0% Additionally, another big help is signing<00:21:45.760> up<00:21:45.919> for<00:21:46.080> our<00:21:46.240> email<00:21:46.480> list<00:21:46.720> over<00:21:46.880> at 20:31.318 --> 20:31.328 align:start position:0% signing up for our email list over at 20:31.328 --> 20:32.997 align:start position:0% signing up for our email list over at watchclockwork.com. 20:32.997 --> 20:33.007 align:start position:0% watchclockwork.com. 20:33.007 --> 20:34.678 align:start position:0% watchclockwork.com. But<00:21:48.960> hey,<00:21:49.280> let's<00:21:49.520> be<00:21:49.679> real.<00:21:50.080> You've<00:21:50.320> already 20:34.678 --> 20:34.688 align:start position:0% But hey, let's be real. You've already 20:34.688 --> 20:36.357 align:start position:0% But hey, let's be real. You've already done<00:21:50.640> the<00:21:50.880> most<00:21:51.039> impactful<00:21:51.600> thing<00:21:51.760> you<00:21:51.919> could 20:36.357 --> 20:36.367 align:start position:0% done the most impactful thing you could 20:36.367 --> 20:38.038 align:start position:0% done the most impactful thing you could by<00:21:52.400> making<00:21:52.559> it<00:21:52.720> to<00:21:52.880> the<00:21:53.039> point<00:21:53.360> where<00:21:53.600> you're 20:38.038 --> 20:38.048 align:start position:0% by making it to the point where you're 20:38.048 --> 20:39.958 align:start position:0% by making it to the point where you're hearing<00:21:54.080> these<00:21:54.400> words<00:21:54.799> specifically.<00:21:55.679> And 20:39.958 --> 20:39.968 align:start position:0% hearing these words specifically. And 20:39.968 --> 20:41.478 align:start position:0% hearing these words specifically. And what<00:21:55.919> I<00:21:56.080> mean<00:21:56.159> is<00:21:56.400> just<00:21:56.640> watching<00:21:56.880> the<00:21:57.039> video 20:41.478 --> 20:41.488 align:start position:0% what I mean is just watching the video 20:41.488 --> 20:42.757 align:start position:0% what I mean is just watching the video all<00:21:57.440> the<00:21:57.600> way<00:21:57.679> through.<00:21:58.080> If<00:21:58.240> there's<00:21:58.400> a 20:42.757 --> 20:42.767 align:start position:0% all the way through. If there's a 20:42.767 --> 20:44.278 align:start position:0% all the way through. If there's a creator<00:21:58.880> you<00:21:59.120> really<00:21:59.280> like,<00:21:59.600> making<00:21:59.840> sure<00:21:59.919> you 20:44.278 --> 20:44.288 align:start position:0% creator you really like, making sure you 20:44.288 --> 20:46.357 align:start position:0% creator you really like, making sure you watch<00:22:00.240> a<00:22:00.400> video<00:22:00.720> stem<00:22:01.039> to<00:22:01.200> Stern<00:22:01.520> is<00:22:01.679> honestly 20:46.357 --> 20:46.367 align:start position:0% watch a video stem to Stern is honestly 20:46.367 --> 20:48.038 align:start position:0% watch a video stem to Stern is honestly the<00:22:02.400> best<00:22:02.640> possible<00:22:03.039> way<00:22:03.200> you<00:22:03.440> can<00:22:03.600> support 20:48.038 --> 20:48.048 align:start position:0% the best possible way you can support 20:48.048 --> 20:49.798 align:start position:0% the best possible way you can support them<00:22:04.080> in<00:22:04.240> the<00:22:04.400> current<00:22:04.640> meta.<00:22:05.120> Now,<00:22:05.360> this<00:22:05.520> was 20:49.798 --> 20:49.808 align:start position:0% them in the current meta. Now, this was 20:49.808 --> 20:51.398 align:start position:0% them in the current meta. Now, this was kind<00:22:05.679> of<00:22:05.760> a<00:22:05.919> breaking<00:22:06.159> news<00:22:06.400> situation,<00:22:06.880> so<00:22:07.039> I 20:51.398 --> 20:51.408 align:start position:0% kind of a breaking news situation, so I 20:51.408 --> 20:53.318 align:start position:0% kind of a breaking news situation, so I tried<00:22:07.360> to<00:22:07.440> shoehorn<00:22:08.000> this<00:22:08.159> video<00:22:08.400> in<00:22:08.880> before 20:53.318 --> 20:53.328 align:start position:0% tried to shoehorn this video in before 20:53.328 --> 20:54.838 align:start position:0% tried to shoehorn this video in before the<00:22:09.360> one<00:22:09.440> that<00:22:09.600> it<00:22:09.760> was<00:22:09.840> actually<00:22:10.080> planned. 20:54.838 --> 20:54.848 align:start position:0% the one that it was actually planned. 20:54.848 --> 20:56.678 align:start position:0% the one that it was actually planned. So,<00:22:10.799> we<00:22:11.039> haven't<00:22:11.200> seen<00:22:11.360> any<00:22:11.600> payoff<00:22:12.000> to<00:22:12.240> the 20:56.678 --> 20:56.688 align:start position:0% So, we haven't seen any payoff to the 20:56.688 --> 20:58.117 align:start position:0% So, we haven't seen any payoff to the question<00:22:12.640> I<00:22:12.880> asked<00:22:13.039> y'all<00:22:13.360> in<00:22:13.520> the<00:22:13.679> last 20:58.117 --> 20:58.127 align:start position:0% question I asked y'all in the last 20:58.127 --> 21:00.438 align:start position:0% question I asked y'all in the last video.<00:22:14.880> That<00:22:15.200> said,<00:22:15.600> uh<00:22:15.760> what's<00:22:16.080> your 21:00.438 --> 21:00.448 align:start position:0% video. That said, uh what's your 21:00.448 --> 21:01.877 align:start position:0% video. That said, uh what's your favorite<00:22:16.480> pepper?<00:22:17.039> I<00:22:17.200> just<00:22:17.280> want<00:22:17.360> to<00:22:17.440> get<00:22:17.520> a 21:01.877 --> 21:01.887 align:start position:0% favorite pepper? I just want to get a 21:01.887 --> 21:03.478 align:start position:0% favorite pepper? I just want to get a quick<00:22:17.840> temperature<00:22:18.240> check<00:22:18.400> from<00:22:18.559> y'all<00:22:18.880> here. 21:03.478 --> 21:03.488 align:start position:0% quick temperature check from y'all here. 21:03.488 --> 21:05.078 align:start position:0% quick temperature check from y'all here. Either<00:22:19.600> way,<00:22:19.840> that's<00:22:20.000> a<00:22:20.240> good<00:22:20.320> spot<00:22:20.480> to<00:22:20.720> close 21:05.078 --> 21:05.088 align:start position:0% Either way, that's a good spot to close 21:05.088 --> 21:06.918 align:start position:0% Either way, that's a good spot to close out.<00:22:21.280> Thanks<00:22:21.600> for<00:22:21.760> being<00:22:22.000> here<00:22:22.159> with<00:22:22.400> me<00:22:22.559> right 21:06.918 --> 21:06.928 align:start position:0% out. Thanks for being here with me right 21:06.928 --> 21:09.078 align:start position:0% out. Thanks for being here with me right in<00:22:22.960> this<00:22:23.200> moment.<00:22:23.760> I<00:22:24.000> really<00:22:24.240> appreciate<00:22:24.640> your 21:09.078 --> 21:09.088 align:start position:0% in this moment. I really appreciate your 21:09.088 --> 21:10.838 align:start position:0% in this moment. I really appreciate your time,<00:22:25.200> and<00:22:25.440> as<00:22:25.600> always,<00:22:25.919> I<00:22:26.080> like<00:22:26.240> to<00:22:26.320> leave<00:22:26.480> you 21:10.838 --> 21:10.848 align:start position:0% time, and as always, I like to leave you 21:10.848 --> 21:12.678 align:start position:0% time, and as always, I like to leave you with<00:22:26.799> peace,<00:22:27.360> love,<00:22:27.600> and<00:22:27.840> open<00:22:28.159> reading 21:12.678 --> 21:12.688 align:start position:0% with peace, love, and open reading 21:12.688 --> 21:15.478 align:start position:0% with peace, love, and open reading frames.<00:22:29.440> Everyone,<00:22:29.840> be<00:22:30.080> well.<00:22:30.720> Thank<00:22:30.880> you<00:22:31.039> so 21:15.478 --> 21:15.488 align:start position:0% frames. Everyone, be well. Thank you so 21:15.488 --> 21:20.198 align:start position:0% frames. Everyone, be well. Thank you so much. 21:20.198 --> 21:20.208 align:start position:0% 21:20.208 --> 21:22.598 align:start position:0% Jokes's<00:22:36.320> on<00:22:36.480> you,<00:22:36.720> loser.<00:22:37.280> I'll<00:22:37.600> steal<00:22:38.000> my<00:22:38.240> own 21:22.598 --> 21:22.608 align:start position:0% Jokes's on you, loser. I'll steal my own 21:22.608 --> 21:27.208 align:start position:0% Jokes's on you, loser. I'll steal my own stuff<00:22:38.720> and<00:22:38.960> build<00:22:39.200> a<00:22:39.360> bomb<00:22:39.679> out<00:22:39.840> of<00:22:40.000> nonsense.