WEBVTT

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I<00:00:00.640><c> just</c><00:00:00.800><c> need</c><00:00:00.880><c> you</c><00:00:01.040><c> to</c><00:00:01.199><c> look</c><00:00:01.280><c> at</c><00:00:01.439><c> this.</c><00:00:02.000><c> This</c>

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I just need you to look at this. This
 

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I just need you to look at this. This
might<00:00:02.399><c> be</c><00:00:02.480><c> one</c><00:00:02.639><c> of</c><00:00:02.720><c> the</c><00:00:02.879><c> most</c><00:00:03.120><c> incredible</c>

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might be one of the most incredible
 

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might be one of the most incredible
structures<00:00:04.160><c> in</c><00:00:04.480><c> all</c><00:00:04.640><c> of</c><00:00:04.799><c> biology.</c><00:00:05.759><c> We're</c>

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structures in all of biology. We're
 

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structures in all of biology. We're
flying<00:00:06.319><c> over</c><00:00:06.560><c> a</c><00:00:06.720><c> near</c><00:00:07.040><c> crystallin</c><00:00:07.759><c> layer</c><00:00:07.839><c> of</c>

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flying over a near crystallin layer of
 

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flying over a near crystallin layer of
proteins<00:00:08.559><c> protecting</c><00:00:08.960><c> one</c><00:00:09.200><c> of</c><00:00:09.280><c> the</c><00:00:09.440><c> most</c>

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proteins protecting one of the most
 

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proteins protecting one of the most
extreme<00:00:10.080><c> organisms</c><00:00:10.719><c> on</c><00:00:10.960><c> the</c><00:00:11.120><c> planet.</c><00:00:11.679><c> This</c><00:00:11.840><c> is</c>

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extreme organisms on the planet. This is
 

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extreme organisms on the planet. This is
DinoCus<00:00:12.880><c> radioins,</c><00:00:13.759><c> a</c><00:00:13.920><c> hardcore</c><00:00:14.400><c> bacteria</c>

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DinoCus radioins, a hardcore bacteria
 

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DinoCus radioins, a hardcore bacteria
that's<00:00:15.200><c> been</c><00:00:15.280><c> in</c><00:00:15.440><c> the</c><00:00:15.519><c> news</c><00:00:15.679><c> a</c><00:00:15.920><c> lot</c><00:00:16.000><c> lately</c><00:00:16.320><c> for</c>

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that's been in the news a lot lately for
 

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that's been in the news a lot lately for
being<00:00:16.800><c> basically</c><00:00:17.440><c> indestructible.</c><00:00:18.720><c> For</c>

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being basically indestructible. For
 

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being basically indestructible. For
real.<00:00:19.279><c> Since</c><00:00:19.520><c> its</c><00:00:19.760><c> discovery</c><00:00:20.240><c> back</c><00:00:20.400><c> in</c><00:00:20.560><c> the</c>

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real. Since its discovery back in the
 

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real. Since its discovery back in the
50s,<00:00:21.199><c> scientists</c><00:00:21.760><c> have</c><00:00:21.920><c> thrown</c><00:00:22.320><c> basically</c>

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50s, scientists have thrown basically
 

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50s, scientists have thrown basically
everything<00:00:23.119><c> we</c><00:00:23.439><c> can</c><00:00:23.600><c> at</c><00:00:23.840><c> samples</c><00:00:24.160><c> of</c><00:00:24.320><c> this</c>

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everything we can at samples of this
 

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everything we can at samples of this
little<00:00:24.720><c> fella.</c><00:00:25.279><c> It's</c><00:00:25.519><c> been</c><00:00:25.680><c> blasted</c><00:00:26.080><c> with</c>

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little fella. It's been blasted with
 

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little fella. It's been blasted with
thousands<00:00:26.720><c> of</c><00:00:26.800><c> times</c><00:00:27.039><c> a</c><00:00:27.199><c> lethal</c><00:00:27.519><c> dose</c><00:00:27.680><c> of</c>

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thousands of times a lethal dose of
 

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thousands of times a lethal dose of
ionizing<00:00:28.320><c> radiation</c><00:00:28.880><c> and</c><00:00:29.199><c> survived.</c><00:00:29.760><c> They</c>

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ionizing radiation and survived. They
 

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ionizing radiation and survived. They
had<00:00:30.080><c> a</c><00:00:30.240><c> sample</c><00:00:30.480><c> of</c><00:00:30.640><c> this</c><00:00:30.800><c> stuff</c><00:00:31.039><c> live</c><00:00:31.279><c> on</c><00:00:31.439><c> the</c>

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had a sample of this stuff live on the
 

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had a sample of this stuff live on the
outside<00:00:31.840><c> of</c><00:00:31.920><c> the</c><00:00:32.079><c> International</c><00:00:32.559><c> Space</c>

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outside of the International Space
 

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outside of the International Space
Station<00:00:33.120><c> for</c><00:00:33.280><c> a</c><00:00:33.440><c> full</c><00:00:33.680><c> year.</c><00:00:34.079><c> Totally</c><00:00:34.480><c> fine.</c>

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Station for a full year. Totally fine.
 

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Station for a full year. Totally fine.
And<00:00:35.360><c> most</c><00:00:35.600><c> recently,</c><00:00:36.160><c> there's</c><00:00:36.480><c> this</c><00:00:36.719><c> paper</c>

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And most recently, there's this paper
 

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And most recently, there's this paper
making<00:00:37.280><c> the</c><00:00:37.440><c> rounds</c><00:00:37.760><c> where</c><00:00:37.920><c> an</c><00:00:38.160><c> especially</c>

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making the rounds where an especially
 

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making the rounds where an especially
eager<00:00:38.960><c> team</c><00:00:39.120><c> from</c><00:00:39.280><c> John's</c><00:00:39.600><c> Hopkins</c>

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eager team from John's Hopkins
 

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eager team from John's Hopkins
University<00:00:40.559><c> exposed</c><00:00:41.040><c> Dradio</c><00:00:42.079><c> to</c><00:00:42.239><c> enough</c>

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University exposed Dradio to enough
 

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University exposed Dradio to enough
force<00:00:42.879><c> to</c><00:00:43.040><c> simulate</c><00:00:43.520><c> an</c><00:00:43.840><c> asteroid</c><00:00:44.399><c> impact,</c>

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force to simulate an asteroid impact,
 

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force to simulate an asteroid impact,
which<00:00:45.440><c> this</c><00:00:45.680><c> bacteria</c><00:00:46.320><c> effectively</c><00:00:46.879><c> shrugged</c>

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which this bacteria effectively shrugged
 

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which this bacteria effectively shrugged
off.<00:00:47.760><c> So,</c><00:00:47.920><c> I</c><00:00:48.079><c> mean,</c><00:00:48.160><c> it's</c><00:00:48.399><c> kind</c><00:00:48.480><c> of</c><00:00:48.559><c> hard</c><00:00:48.800><c> not</c>

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off. So, I mean, it's kind of hard not
 

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off. So, I mean, it's kind of hard not
to<00:00:49.280><c> call</c><00:00:49.440><c> this</c><00:00:49.600><c> thing</c><00:00:49.760><c> a</c><00:00:50.000><c> bacterial</c>

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to call this thing a bacterial
 

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to call this thing a bacterial
spaceship.<00:00:51.360><c> But</c><00:00:51.600><c> the</c><00:00:51.840><c> closer</c><00:00:52.160><c> we</c><00:00:52.320><c> look</c><00:00:52.480><c> at</c>

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spaceship. But the closer we look at
 

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spaceship. But the closer we look at
this<00:00:52.800><c> astounding</c><00:00:53.360><c> little</c><00:00:53.600><c> critter,</c><00:00:54.000><c> the</c><00:00:54.160><c> more</c>

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this astounding little critter, the more
 

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this astounding little critter, the more
we<00:00:54.480><c> find</c><00:00:54.800><c> earth-based</c><00:00:55.360><c> forces</c><00:00:55.760><c> that</c><00:00:55.920><c> would</c>

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we find earth-based forces that would
 

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we find earth-based forces that would
push<00:00:56.399><c> this</c><00:00:56.559><c> kind</c><00:00:56.719><c> of</c><00:00:56.879><c> system</c><00:00:57.120><c> to</c><00:00:57.360><c> evolve.</c><00:00:58.160><c> So</c>

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push this kind of system to evolve. So
 

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push this kind of system to evolve. So
today,<00:00:58.719><c> let's</c><00:00:58.960><c> explore</c><00:00:59.280><c> the</c><00:00:59.520><c> incredible</c>

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today, let's explore the incredible
 

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today, let's explore the incredible
biology<00:01:00.480><c> that</c><00:01:00.719><c> makes</c><00:01:00.960><c> Dino</c><00:01:01.359><c> Caucus</c><00:01:01.760><c> radio</c><00:01:02.480><c> one</c>

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biology that makes Dino Caucus radio one
 

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biology that makes Dino Caucus radio one
of<00:01:02.640><c> the</c><00:01:02.800><c> most</c><00:01:02.960><c> durable</c><00:01:03.359><c> living</c><00:01:03.680><c> things</c><00:01:04.000><c> on</c><00:01:04.239><c> the</c>

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of the most durable living things on the
 

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of the most durable living things on the
planet.<00:01:05.119><c> Let's</c><00:01:05.439><c> get</c><00:01:05.519><c> into</c><00:01:05.840><c> it.</c>

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to check out our awesome sticker packs
and<00:01:22.720><c> molecular</c><00:01:23.119><c> papercraft</c><00:01:23.759><c> scenes.</c><00:01:24.560><c> But</c><00:01:24.720><c> for</c>

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and molecular papercraft scenes. But for
 

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and molecular papercraft scenes. But for
now,<00:01:25.040><c> let's</c><00:01:25.280><c> pick</c><00:01:25.439><c> apart</c><00:01:25.840><c> this</c><00:01:26.080><c> tank</c><00:01:26.400><c> of</c><00:01:26.560><c> a</c>

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now, let's pick apart this tank of a
 

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now, let's pick apart this tank of a
bacteria.<00:01:27.600><c> So</c><00:01:27.759><c> yeah,</c><00:01:28.000><c> Dinocus</c><00:01:28.720><c> radiourons</c><00:01:29.520><c> is</c>

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bacteria. So yeah, Dinocus radiourons is
 

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bacteria. So yeah, Dinocus radiourons is
an<00:01:29.840><c> incredibly</c><00:01:30.320><c> wellstudied</c><00:01:31.040><c> extreophile</c>

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an incredibly wellstudied extreophile
 

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an incredibly wellstudied extreophile
bacteria.<00:01:32.799><c> It</c><00:01:32.960><c> was</c><00:01:33.119><c> first</c><00:01:33.280><c> discovered</c><00:01:33.600><c> in</c><00:01:33.759><c> the</c>

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bacteria. It was first discovered in the
 

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bacteria. It was first discovered in the
' 50s<00:01:34.159><c> when</c><00:01:34.400><c> scientists</c><00:01:34.880><c> in</c><00:01:35.119><c> Oregon</c><00:01:35.439><c> tried</c><00:01:35.680><c> to</c>

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' 50s when scientists in Oregon tried to
 

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' 50s when scientists in Oregon tried to
sterilize<00:01:36.240><c> a</c><00:01:36.479><c> sample</c><00:01:36.720><c> of</c><00:01:36.880><c> dog</c><00:01:37.119><c> food</c><00:01:37.439><c> with</c><00:01:37.600><c> a</c>

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sterilize a sample of dog food with a
 

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sterilize a sample of dog food with a
huge<00:01:38.079><c> dose</c><00:01:38.320><c> of</c><00:01:38.479><c> gamma</c><00:01:38.799><c> radiation</c><00:01:39.439><c> which</c>

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huge dose of gamma radiation which
 

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huge dose of gamma radiation which
draodan<00:01:40.640><c> survived.</c><00:01:41.520><c> Since</c><00:01:41.759><c> then,</c><00:01:42.159><c> this</c><00:01:42.320><c> fella</c>

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draodan survived. Since then, this fella
 

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draodan survived. Since then, this fella
has<00:01:42.880><c> baffled</c><00:01:43.360><c> the</c><00:01:43.520><c> scientific</c><00:01:44.079><c> community</c>

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has baffled the scientific community
 

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has baffled the scientific community
with<00:01:44.640><c> the</c><00:01:44.880><c> ability</c><00:01:45.119><c> to</c><00:01:45.360><c> withstand</c><00:01:46.000><c> thousands</c>

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with the ability to withstand thousands
 

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with the ability to withstand thousands
of<00:01:46.560><c> times</c><00:01:46.880><c> the</c><00:01:47.119><c> radiation</c><00:01:47.600><c> dose</c><00:01:47.840><c> that</c><00:01:48.079><c> would</c>

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of times the radiation dose that would
 

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of times the radiation dose that would
instantly<00:01:48.640><c> kill</c><00:01:48.880><c> a</c><00:01:49.119><c> person.</c><00:01:49.600><c> Hence</c><00:01:49.840><c> the</c><00:01:50.079><c> name</c>

01:30.549 --> 01:30.559 align:start position:0%
instantly kill a person. Hence the name
 

01:30.559 --> 01:34.789 align:start position:0%
instantly kill a person. Hence the name
radio<00:01:51.840><c> durable</c><00:01:52.640><c> ants.</c><00:01:53.680><c> Right,</c><00:01:54.000><c> cool.</c><00:01:54.720><c> And</c>

01:34.789 --> 01:34.799 align:start position:0%
radio durable ants. Right, cool. And
 

01:34.799 --> 01:36.629 align:start position:0%
radio durable ants. Right, cool. And
here's<00:01:55.119><c> the</c><00:01:55.280><c> thing.</c><00:01:55.680><c> Radiation</c><00:01:56.159><c> resistance</c>

01:36.629 --> 01:36.639 align:start position:0%
here's the thing. Radiation resistance
 

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here's the thing. Radiation resistance
was<00:01:56.960><c> the</c><00:01:57.200><c> focus</c><00:01:57.439><c> of</c><00:01:57.680><c> research</c><00:01:58.000><c> into</c>

01:38.308 --> 01:38.318 align:start position:0%
was the focus of research into
 

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was the focus of research into
draodurance<00:01:59.280><c> for</c><00:01:59.439><c> ages.</c><00:02:00.000><c> So,</c><00:02:00.159><c> a</c><00:02:00.320><c> lot</c><00:02:00.399><c> of</c><00:02:00.560><c> what</c>

01:40.628 --> 01:40.638 align:start position:0%
draodurance for ages. So, a lot of what
 

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draodurance for ages. So, a lot of what
we're<00:02:00.880><c> going</c><00:02:00.960><c> to</c><00:02:01.119><c> see</c><00:02:01.280><c> in</c><00:02:01.439><c> this</c><00:02:01.600><c> video</c><00:02:01.840><c> is</c>

01:41.988 --> 01:41.998 align:start position:0%
we're going to see in this video is
 

01:41.998 --> 01:44.149 align:start position:0%
we're going to see in this video is
focused<00:02:02.399><c> on</c><00:02:02.560><c> surviving</c><00:02:03.119><c> Hulk</c><00:02:03.520><c> level</c><00:02:03.759><c> doses</c><00:02:04.079><c> of</c>

01:44.149 --> 01:44.159 align:start position:0%
focused on surviving Hulk level doses of
 

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focused on surviving Hulk level doses of
gamma<00:02:04.560><c> rays.</c><00:02:05.119><c> But</c><00:02:05.280><c> draodurance</c><00:02:06.240><c> is</c><00:02:06.399><c> a</c>

01:46.469 --> 01:46.479 align:start position:0%
gamma rays. But draodurance is a
 

01:46.479 --> 01:48.629 align:start position:0%
gamma rays. But draodurance is a
scavenger.<00:02:07.280><c> It</c><00:02:07.520><c> lives</c><00:02:07.759><c> by</c><00:02:07.920><c> landing</c><00:02:08.160><c> on</c><00:02:08.319><c> a</c><00:02:08.560><c> pile</c>

01:48.629 --> 01:48.639 align:start position:0%
scavenger. It lives by landing on a pile
 

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scavenger. It lives by landing on a pile
of<00:02:08.879><c> trash,</c><00:02:09.280><c> pumping</c><00:02:09.599><c> out</c><00:02:09.679><c> a</c><00:02:09.840><c> bunch</c><00:02:10.000><c> of</c>

01:49.989 --> 01:49.999 align:start position:0%
of trash, pumping out a bunch of
 

01:49.999 --> 01:51.669 align:start position:0%
of trash, pumping out a bunch of
digestive<00:02:10.560><c> enzymes,</c><00:02:10.879><c> and</c><00:02:11.120><c> slurping</c><00:02:11.520><c> up</c><00:02:11.599><c> the</c>

01:51.669 --> 01:51.679 align:start position:0%
digestive enzymes, and slurping up the
 

01:51.679 --> 01:53.109 align:start position:0%
digestive enzymes, and slurping up the
nutrients<00:02:12.160><c> that</c><00:02:12.319><c> come</c><00:02:12.480><c> back</c><00:02:12.640><c> from</c><00:02:12.800><c> that.</c>

01:53.109 --> 01:53.119 align:start position:0%
nutrients that come back from that.
 

01:53.119 --> 01:54.868 align:start position:0%
nutrients that come back from that.
Surely,<00:02:13.599><c> this</c><00:02:13.760><c> bacteria</c><00:02:14.239><c> didn't</c><00:02:14.480><c> evolve</c><00:02:14.800><c> the</c>

01:54.868 --> 01:54.878 align:start position:0%
Surely, this bacteria didn't evolve the
 

01:54.878 --> 01:56.709 align:start position:0%
Surely, this bacteria didn't evolve the
ability<00:02:15.200><c> to</c><00:02:15.440><c> survive</c><00:02:15.760><c> meteor</c><00:02:16.239><c> impacts</c><00:02:16.640><c> and</c>

01:56.709 --> 01:56.719 align:start position:0%
ability to survive meteor impacts and
 

01:56.719 --> 01:58.788 align:start position:0%
ability to survive meteor impacts and
the<00:02:16.959><c> vacuum</c><00:02:17.280><c> of</c><00:02:17.440><c> space</c><00:02:17.920><c> just</c><00:02:18.160><c> to</c><00:02:18.319><c> find</c><00:02:18.640><c> more</c>

01:58.788 --> 01:58.798 align:start position:0%
the vacuum of space just to find more
 

01:58.798 --> 02:01.349 align:start position:0%
the vacuum of space just to find more
trash<00:02:19.200><c> to</c><00:02:19.440><c> eat,</c><00:02:20.319><c> right?</c><00:02:20.959><c> But</c><00:02:21.120><c> we're</c><00:02:21.280><c> going</c><00:02:21.360><c> to</c>

02:01.349 --> 02:01.359 align:start position:0%
trash to eat, right? But we're going to
 

02:01.359 --> 02:02.868 align:start position:0%
trash to eat, right? But we're going to
be<00:02:21.520><c> able</c><00:02:21.680><c> to</c><00:02:21.760><c> put</c><00:02:21.920><c> together</c><00:02:22.160><c> a</c><00:02:22.400><c> much</c><00:02:22.560><c> cooler</c>

02:02.868 --> 02:02.878 align:start position:0%
be able to put together a much cooler
 

02:02.878 --> 02:05.029 align:start position:0%
be able to put together a much cooler
picture<00:02:23.200><c> of</c><00:02:23.440><c> why</c><00:02:23.920><c> radioons</c><00:02:24.640><c> ended</c><00:02:24.800><c> up</c><00:02:24.959><c> this</c>

02:05.029 --> 02:05.039 align:start position:0%
picture of why radioons ended up this
 

02:05.039 --> 02:06.788 align:start position:0%
picture of why radioons ended up this
way<00:02:25.440><c> as</c><00:02:25.680><c> we</c><00:02:25.840><c> examine</c><00:02:26.239><c> each</c><00:02:26.480><c> individual</c>

02:06.788 --> 02:06.798 align:start position:0%
way as we examine each individual
 

02:06.798 --> 02:08.309 align:start position:0%
way as we examine each individual
mechanism.<00:02:27.599><c> In</c><00:02:27.760><c> this</c><00:02:27.920><c> video,</c><00:02:28.160><c> we'll</c><00:02:28.319><c> pick</c>

02:08.309 --> 02:08.319 align:start position:0%
mechanism. In this video, we'll pick
 

02:08.319 --> 02:09.749 align:start position:0%
mechanism. In this video, we'll pick
apart<00:02:28.640><c> a</c><00:02:28.800><c> handful</c><00:02:29.040><c> of</c><00:02:29.120><c> the</c><00:02:29.280><c> mechanisms</c>

02:09.749 --> 02:09.759 align:start position:0%
apart a handful of the mechanisms
 

02:09.759 --> 02:11.669 align:start position:0%
apart a handful of the mechanisms
Dinocockus<00:02:30.480><c> uses</c><00:02:30.720><c> to</c><00:02:30.879><c> stay</c><00:02:31.040><c> alive</c><00:02:31.360><c> no</c><00:02:31.360><c> matter</c>

02:11.669 --> 02:11.679 align:start position:0%
Dinocockus uses to stay alive no matter
 

02:11.679 --> 02:13.109 align:start position:0%
Dinocockus uses to stay alive no matter
what<00:02:31.840><c> the</c><00:02:32.080><c> universe</c><00:02:32.400><c> throws</c><00:02:32.640><c> at</c><00:02:32.800><c> it.</c><00:02:33.040><c> But</c>

02:13.109 --> 02:13.119 align:start position:0%
what the universe throws at it. But
 

02:13.119 --> 02:14.949 align:start position:0%
what the universe throws at it. But
anyway,<00:02:33.599><c> let's</c><00:02:34.000><c> actually</c><00:02:34.400><c> start</c><00:02:34.640><c> exploring</c>

02:14.949 --> 02:14.959 align:start position:0%
anyway, let's actually start exploring
 

02:14.959 --> 02:17.349 align:start position:0%
anyway, let's actually start exploring
what<00:02:35.280><c> makes</c><00:02:35.440><c> this</c><00:02:35.680><c> bacteria</c><00:02:36.319><c> so</c><00:02:36.560><c> tough.</c><00:02:37.200><c> This</c>

02:17.349 --> 02:17.359 align:start position:0%
what makes this bacteria so tough. This
 

02:17.359 --> 02:19.269 align:start position:0%
what makes this bacteria so tough. This
is<00:02:37.599><c> roughly</c><00:02:37.920><c> what</c><00:02:38.080><c> the</c><00:02:38.319><c> average</c><00:02:38.640><c> Dinocockus</c>

02:19.269 --> 02:19.279 align:start position:0%
is roughly what the average Dinocockus
 

02:19.279 --> 02:21.349 align:start position:0%
is roughly what the average Dinocockus
radio<00:02:40.000><c> cluster</c><00:02:40.400><c> will</c><00:02:40.560><c> look</c><00:02:40.720><c> like.</c><00:02:41.040><c> We've</c><00:02:41.280><c> got</c>

02:21.349 --> 02:21.359 align:start position:0%
radio cluster will look like. We've got
 

02:21.359 --> 02:22.549 align:start position:0%
radio cluster will look like. We've got
four<00:02:41.680><c> of</c><00:02:41.760><c> these</c><00:02:42.000><c> little</c><00:02:42.160><c> guys</c><00:02:42.400><c> kind</c><00:02:42.560><c> of</c>

02:22.549 --> 02:22.559 align:start position:0%
four of these little guys kind of
 

02:22.559 --> 02:23.909 align:start position:0%
four of these little guys kind of
huddled<00:02:42.959><c> together</c><00:02:43.200><c> in</c><00:02:43.360><c> this</c><00:02:43.519><c> hairy</c><00:02:43.840><c> little</c>

02:23.909 --> 02:23.919 align:start position:0%
huddled together in this hairy little
 

02:23.919 --> 02:25.669 align:start position:0%
huddled together in this hairy little
blob.<00:02:44.560><c> And</c><00:02:44.720><c> usually</c><00:02:44.959><c> you'll</c><00:02:45.120><c> find</c><00:02:45.280><c> them</c><00:02:45.440><c> on</c><00:02:45.599><c> a</c>

02:25.669 --> 02:25.679 align:start position:0%
blob. And usually you'll find them on a
 

02:25.679 --> 02:27.428 align:start position:0%
blob. And usually you'll find them on a
pile<00:02:45.920><c> of</c><00:02:46.080><c> dead</c><00:02:46.319><c> organic</c><00:02:46.800><c> material</c><00:02:47.120><c> where</c><00:02:47.360><c> they</c>

02:27.428 --> 02:27.438 align:start position:0%
pile of dead organic material where they
 

02:27.438 --> 02:28.868 align:start position:0%
pile of dead organic material where they
scavenge<00:02:47.920><c> for</c><00:02:48.080><c> food</c><00:02:48.319><c> by</c><00:02:48.480><c> pumping</c><00:02:48.720><c> out</c>

02:28.868 --> 02:28.878 align:start position:0%
scavenge for food by pumping out
 

02:28.878 --> 02:30.629 align:start position:0%
scavenge for food by pumping out
digestive<00:02:49.440><c> enzymes</c><00:02:49.840><c> and</c><00:02:50.080><c> absorbing</c><00:02:50.480><c> what</c>

02:30.629 --> 02:30.639 align:start position:0%
digestive enzymes and absorbing what
 

02:30.639 --> 02:32.309 align:start position:0%
digestive enzymes and absorbing what
carbs<00:02:51.040><c> and</c><00:02:51.200><c> protein</c><00:02:51.519><c> they</c><00:02:51.680><c> can</c><00:02:51.920><c> from</c><00:02:52.160><c> their</c>

02:32.309 --> 02:32.319 align:start position:0%
carbs and protein they can from their
 

02:32.319 --> 02:33.909 align:start position:0%
carbs and protein they can from their
environment.<00:02:53.120><c> Like</c><00:02:53.280><c> I</c><00:02:53.440><c> said</c><00:02:53.599><c> before,</c>

02:33.909 --> 02:33.919 align:start position:0%
environment. Like I said before,
 

02:33.919 --> 02:35.989 align:start position:0%
environment. Like I said before,
draodurance<00:02:55.040><c> is</c><00:02:55.200><c> immediately</c><00:02:55.680><c> striking</c>

02:35.989 --> 02:35.999 align:start position:0%
draodurance is immediately striking
 

02:35.999 --> 02:37.349 align:start position:0%
draodurance is immediately striking
because<00:02:56.319><c> instead</c><00:02:56.640><c> of</c><00:02:56.720><c> just</c><00:02:56.959><c> an</c><00:02:57.120><c> outer</c>

02:37.349 --> 02:37.359 align:start position:0%
because instead of just an outer
 

02:37.359 --> 02:39.029 align:start position:0%
because instead of just an outer
membrane<00:02:57.840><c> like</c><00:02:58.000><c> other</c><00:02:58.239><c> cells,</c><00:02:58.640><c> they</c><00:02:58.879><c> cover</c>

02:39.029 --> 02:39.039 align:start position:0%
membrane like other cells, they cover
 

02:39.039 --> 02:40.868 align:start position:0%
membrane like other cells, they cover
themselves<00:02:59.519><c> in</c><00:02:59.760><c> this</c><00:02:59.920><c> near</c><00:03:00.319><c> crystallin</c>

02:40.868 --> 02:40.878 align:start position:0%
themselves in this near crystallin
 

02:40.878 --> 02:42.949 align:start position:0%
themselves in this near crystallin
protein<00:03:01.440><c> armor.</c><00:03:02.000><c> This</c><00:03:02.159><c> is</c><00:03:02.239><c> the</c><00:03:02.480><c> S</c><00:03:02.800><c> layer</c><00:03:02.879><c> of</c>

02:42.949 --> 02:42.959 align:start position:0%
protein armor. This is the S layer of
 

02:42.959 --> 02:45.269 align:start position:0%
protein armor. This is the S layer of
dinoccus<00:03:03.760><c> radiooderans</c><00:03:04.560><c> and</c><00:03:04.720><c> it</c><00:03:04.879><c> is</c><00:03:05.040><c> mainly</c>

02:45.269 --> 02:45.279 align:start position:0%
dinoccus radiooderans and it is mainly
 

02:45.279 --> 02:48.469 align:start position:0%
dinoccus radiooderans and it is mainly
composed<00:03:05.680><c> of</c><00:03:05.840><c> one</c><00:03:06.080><c> protein</c><00:03:06.720><c> HPI.</c><00:03:07.760><c> HPI</c><00:03:08.319><c> is</c><00:03:08.400><c> made</c>

02:48.469 --> 02:48.479 align:start position:0%
composed of one protein HPI. HPI is made
 

02:48.479 --> 02:50.709 align:start position:0%
composed of one protein HPI. HPI is made
out<00:03:08.640><c> of</c><00:03:08.800><c> six</c><00:03:09.040><c> little</c><00:03:09.280><c> chains</c><00:03:09.599><c> like</c><00:03:09.760><c> this</c><00:03:10.319><c> which</c>

02:50.709 --> 02:50.719 align:start position:0%
out of six little chains like this which
 

02:50.719 --> 02:52.389 align:start position:0%
out of six little chains like this which
by<00:03:10.959><c> the</c><00:03:11.120><c> way</c><00:03:11.280><c> are</c><00:03:11.519><c> made</c><00:03:11.680><c> out</c><00:03:11.840><c> of</c><00:03:12.000><c> egg-like</c>

02:52.389 --> 02:52.399 align:start position:0%
by the way are made out of egg-like
 

02:52.399 --> 02:54.148 align:start position:0%
by the way are made out of egg-like
domains<00:03:13.040><c> just</c><00:03:13.200><c> like</c><00:03:13.360><c> the</c><00:03:13.599><c> main</c><00:03:13.840><c> structural</c>

02:54.148 --> 02:54.158 align:start position:0%
domains just like the main structural
 

02:54.158 --> 02:55.909 align:start position:0%
domains just like the main structural
component<00:03:14.560><c> of</c><00:03:14.720><c> the</c><00:03:14.879><c> Titan</c><00:03:15.280><c> protein</c><00:03:15.680><c> in</c><00:03:15.840><c> your</c>

02:55.909 --> 02:55.919 align:start position:0%
component of the Titan protein in your
 

02:55.919 --> 02:58.309 align:start position:0%
component of the Titan protein in your
muscle.<00:03:16.640><c> A</c><00:03:16.800><c> full</c><00:03:17.040><c> HPI</c><00:03:17.599><c> unit</c><00:03:17.840><c> is</c><00:03:18.000><c> pumped</c><00:03:18.239><c> out</c><00:03:18.319><c> of</c>

02:58.309 --> 02:58.319 align:start position:0%
muscle. A full HPI unit is pumped out of
 

02:58.319 --> 03:00.549 align:start position:0%
muscle. A full HPI unit is pumped out of
the<00:03:18.480><c> draodan's</c><00:03:19.360><c> membrane</c><00:03:19.680><c> and</c><00:03:19.920><c> six</c><00:03:20.159><c> subunits</c>

03:00.549 --> 03:00.559 align:start position:0%
the draodan's membrane and six subunits
 

03:00.559 --> 03:02.629 align:start position:0%
the draodan's membrane and six subunits
of<00:03:20.800><c> this</c><00:03:20.959><c> HPI</c><00:03:21.519><c> armor</c><00:03:21.920><c> will</c><00:03:22.080><c> self</c><00:03:22.319><c> assemble</c>

03:02.629 --> 03:02.639 align:start position:0%
of this HPI armor will self assemble
 

03:02.639 --> 03:04.389 align:start position:0%
of this HPI armor will self assemble
into<00:03:22.959><c> this</c><00:03:23.120><c> sturdy</c><00:03:23.519><c> looking</c><00:03:23.840><c> snowflake</c>

03:04.389 --> 03:04.399 align:start position:0%
into this sturdy looking snowflake
 

03:04.399 --> 03:06.389 align:start position:0%
into this sturdy looking snowflake
complex<00:03:25.120><c> and</c><00:03:25.360><c> a</c><00:03:25.519><c> bunch</c><00:03:25.680><c> of</c><00:03:25.760><c> those</c><00:03:26.000><c> complexes</c>

03:06.389 --> 03:06.399 align:start position:0%
complex and a bunch of those complexes
 

03:06.399 --> 03:08.228 align:start position:0%
complex and a bunch of those complexes
will<00:03:26.720><c> link</c><00:03:26.959><c> up</c><00:03:27.120><c> into</c><00:03:27.360><c> this</c><00:03:27.599><c> sheet</c><00:03:27.840><c> that</c><00:03:28.080><c> covers</c>

03:08.228 --> 03:08.238 align:start position:0%
will link up into this sheet that covers
 

03:08.238 --> 03:10.708 align:start position:0%
will link up into this sheet that covers
the<00:03:28.560><c> entire</c><00:03:28.959><c> bacteria.</c><00:03:29.920><c> And</c><00:03:30.159><c> look</c><00:03:30.319><c> at</c><00:03:30.400><c> that.</c>

03:10.708 --> 03:10.718 align:start position:0%
the entire bacteria. And look at that.
 

03:10.718 --> 03:13.029 align:start position:0%
the entire bacteria. And look at that.
They're<00:03:31.040><c> little</c><00:03:31.280><c> hexagons.</c><00:03:32.159><c> Wild.</c><00:03:32.799><c> I</c><00:03:32.959><c> wonder</c>

03:13.029 --> 03:13.039 align:start position:0%
They're little hexagons. Wild. I wonder
 

03:13.039 --> 03:14.389 align:start position:0%
They're little hexagons. Wild. I wonder
if<00:03:33.280><c> that</c><00:03:33.440><c> shape</c><00:03:33.680><c> has</c><00:03:33.840><c> any</c><00:03:34.000><c> like</c><00:03:34.239><c> special</c>

03:14.389 --> 03:14.399 align:start position:0%
if that shape has any like special
 

03:14.399 --> 03:16.549 align:start position:0%
if that shape has any like special
mathematical<00:03:35.120><c> significance</c><00:03:35.680><c> or</c><00:03:35.920><c> anything.</c>

03:16.549 --> 03:16.559 align:start position:0%
mathematical significance or anything.
 

03:16.559 --> 03:18.708 align:start position:0%
mathematical significance or anything.
Anyway,<00:03:37.120><c> this</c><00:03:37.440><c> layer</c><00:03:37.599><c> of</c><00:03:37.760><c> hexagonally</c><00:03:38.480><c> packed</c>

03:18.708 --> 03:18.718 align:start position:0%
Anyway, this layer of hexagonally packed
 

03:18.718 --> 03:20.708 align:start position:0%
Anyway, this layer of hexagonally packed
intermediate<00:03:39.360><c> protein</c><00:03:39.840><c> also</c><00:03:40.159><c> serves</c><00:03:40.400><c> as</c><00:03:40.640><c> an</c>

03:20.708 --> 03:20.718 align:start position:0%
intermediate protein also serves as an
 

03:20.718 --> 03:22.868 align:start position:0%
intermediate protein also serves as an
anchor<00:03:41.120><c> for</c><00:03:41.440><c> long</c><00:03:41.760><c> chains</c><00:03:42.080><c> of</c><00:03:42.239><c> sugars</c><00:03:42.640><c> called</c>

03:22.868 --> 03:22.878 align:start position:0%
anchor for long chains of sugars called
 

03:22.878 --> 03:25.349 align:start position:0%
anchor for long chains of sugars called
dopole.<00:03:43.920><c> These</c><00:03:44.159><c> form</c><00:03:44.400><c> a</c><00:03:44.640><c> kind</c><00:03:44.720><c> of</c><00:03:44.879><c> cell</c><00:03:45.120><c> wall</c>

03:25.349 --> 03:25.359 align:start position:0%
dopole. These form a kind of cell wall
 

03:25.359 --> 03:27.829 align:start position:0%
dopole. These form a kind of cell wall
for<00:03:45.599><c> draoderans.</c><00:03:46.879><c> Now,</c><00:03:47.120><c> the</c><00:03:47.360><c> exact</c><00:03:47.680><c> structure</c>

03:27.829 --> 03:27.839 align:start position:0%
for draoderans. Now, the exact structure
 

03:27.839 --> 03:29.749 align:start position:0%
for draoderans. Now, the exact structure
of<00:03:48.080><c> dinopol</c><00:03:48.720><c> has</c><00:03:48.799><c> yet</c><00:03:48.959><c> to</c><00:03:49.120><c> be</c><00:03:49.200><c> determined,</c><00:03:49.519><c> but</c>

03:29.749 --> 03:29.759 align:start position:0%
of dinopol has yet to be determined, but
 

03:29.759 --> 03:30.868 align:start position:0%
of dinopol has yet to be determined, but
researchers<00:03:50.239><c> have</c><00:03:50.400><c> proven</c><00:03:50.640><c> that</c><00:03:50.799><c> these</c>

03:30.868 --> 03:30.878 align:start position:0%
researchers have proven that these
 

03:30.878 --> 03:32.629 align:start position:0%
researchers have proven that these
sugars<00:03:51.280><c> provide</c><00:03:51.680><c> some</c><00:03:51.920><c> defense</c><00:03:52.400><c> against</c>

03:32.629 --> 03:32.639 align:start position:0%
sugars provide some defense against
 

03:32.639 --> 03:34.469 align:start position:0%
sugars provide some defense against
radiation<00:03:53.280><c> as</c><00:03:53.440><c> well</c><00:03:53.599><c> as</c><00:03:53.680><c> an</c><00:03:53.920><c> antioxidant</c>

03:34.469 --> 03:34.479 align:start position:0%
radiation as well as an antioxidant
 

03:34.479 --> 03:37.029 align:start position:0%
radiation as well as an antioxidant
buff.<00:03:55.040><c> Even</c><00:03:55.280><c> at</c><00:03:55.440><c> their</c><00:03:55.680><c> edges,</c><00:03:56.159><c> draodurance</c>

03:37.029 --> 03:37.039 align:start position:0%
buff. Even at their edges, draodurance
 

03:37.039 --> 03:38.708 align:start position:0%
buff. Even at their edges, draodurance
is<00:03:57.280><c> going</c><00:03:57.439><c> for</c><00:03:57.680><c> maximum</c><00:03:58.239><c> radiation</c>

03:38.708 --> 03:38.718 align:start position:0%
is going for maximum radiation
 

03:38.718 --> 03:40.629 align:start position:0%
is going for maximum radiation
shielding.<00:03:59.439><c> While</c><00:03:59.680><c> this</c><00:03:59.840><c> hexagon</c><00:04:00.400><c> shell</c>

03:40.629 --> 03:40.639 align:start position:0%
shielding. While this hexagon shell
 

03:40.639 --> 03:42.708 align:start position:0%
shielding. While this hexagon shell
looks<00:04:01.040><c> incredible,</c><00:04:01.680><c> it's</c><00:04:01.920><c> also</c><00:04:02.159><c> incredibly</c>

03:42.708 --> 03:42.718 align:start position:0%
looks incredible, it's also incredibly
 

03:42.718 --> 03:44.708 align:start position:0%
looks incredible, it's also incredibly
expensive<00:04:03.280><c> to</c><00:04:03.519><c> make.</c><00:04:04.000><c> What's</c><00:04:04.239><c> more,</c><00:04:04.560><c> this</c>

03:44.708 --> 03:44.718 align:start position:0%
expensive to make. What's more, this
 

03:44.718 --> 03:45.909 align:start position:0%
expensive to make. What's more, this
shell<00:04:05.120><c> doesn't</c><00:04:05.360><c> seem</c><00:04:05.519><c> to</c><00:04:05.680><c> directly</c>

03:45.909 --> 03:45.919 align:start position:0%
shell doesn't seem to directly
 

03:45.919 --> 03:47.669 align:start position:0%
shell doesn't seem to directly
contribute<00:04:06.400><c> to</c><00:04:06.560><c> radiation</c><00:04:07.120><c> defense.</c>

03:47.669 --> 03:47.679 align:start position:0%
contribute to radiation defense.
 

03:47.679 --> 03:50.228 align:start position:0%
contribute to radiation defense.
Instead,<00:04:08.159><c> the</c><00:04:08.400><c> S</c><00:04:08.720><c> layer</c><00:04:08.959><c> allows</c><00:04:09.200><c> Draodurn</c><00:04:10.159><c> to</c>

03:50.228 --> 03:50.238 align:start position:0%
Instead, the S layer allows Draodurn to
 

03:50.238 --> 03:51.909 align:start position:0%
Instead, the S layer allows Draodurn to
hold<00:04:10.480><c> its</c><00:04:10.720><c> shape</c><00:04:10.959><c> no</c><00:04:10.959><c> matter</c><00:04:11.280><c> what</c><00:04:11.519><c> hits</c><00:04:11.680><c> it,</c>

03:51.909 --> 03:51.919 align:start position:0%
hold its shape no matter what hits it,
 

03:51.919 --> 03:53.909 align:start position:0%
hold its shape no matter what hits it,
even<00:04:12.159><c> a</c><00:04:12.319><c> meteor</c><00:04:12.720><c> impact.</c><00:04:13.200><c> And</c><00:04:13.280><c> it</c><00:04:13.519><c> also</c><00:04:13.760><c> seems</c>

03:53.909 --> 03:53.919 align:start position:0%
even a meteor impact. And it also seems
 

03:53.919 --> 03:55.988 align:start position:0%
even a meteor impact. And it also seems
to<00:04:14.239><c> help</c><00:04:14.480><c> defend</c><00:04:14.799><c> against</c><00:04:15.280><c> big</c><00:04:15.680><c> temperature</c>

03:55.988 --> 03:55.998 align:start position:0%
to help defend against big temperature
 

03:55.998 --> 03:58.148 align:start position:0%
to help defend against big temperature
swings.<00:04:16.799><c> Sure,</c><00:04:17.120><c> it</c><00:04:17.280><c> serves</c><00:04:17.519><c> as</c><00:04:17.680><c> an</c><00:04:17.759><c> anchor</c><00:04:18.079><c> for</c>

03:58.148 --> 03:58.158 align:start position:0%
swings. Sure, it serves as an anchor for
 

03:58.158 --> 04:00.069 align:start position:0%
swings. Sure, it serves as an anchor for
this<00:04:18.479><c> radioactive</c><00:04:19.199><c> sugar</c><00:04:19.440><c> shield,</c><00:04:19.840><c> but</c><00:04:20.000><c> you</c>

04:00.069 --> 04:00.079 align:start position:0%
this radioactive sugar shield, but you
 

04:00.079 --> 04:02.309 align:start position:0%
this radioactive sugar shield, but you
can<00:04:20.320><c> find</c><00:04:20.560><c> way</c><00:04:20.880><c> cheaper</c><00:04:21.280><c> methods</c><00:04:21.600><c> to</c><00:04:21.840><c> anchor</c><00:04:22.160><c> a</c>

04:02.309 --> 04:02.319 align:start position:0%
can find way cheaper methods to anchor a
 

04:02.319 --> 04:03.909 align:start position:0%
can find way cheaper methods to anchor a
cell<00:04:22.639><c> wall</c><00:04:22.800><c> to</c><00:04:23.040><c> your</c><00:04:23.199><c> membrane</c><00:04:23.600><c> as</c><00:04:23.759><c> a</c>

04:03.909 --> 04:03.919 align:start position:0%
cell wall to your membrane as a
 

04:03.919 --> 04:05.909 align:start position:0%
cell wall to your membrane as a
bacteria.<00:04:24.720><c> But</c><00:04:24.960><c> yeah,</c><00:04:25.280><c> that's</c><00:04:25.440><c> a</c><00:04:25.680><c> really</c>

04:05.909 --> 04:05.919 align:start position:0%
bacteria. But yeah, that's a really
 

04:05.919 --> 04:07.749 align:start position:0%
bacteria. But yeah, that's a really
interesting<00:04:26.560><c> distinction</c><00:04:26.960><c> that</c><00:04:27.199><c> may</c><00:04:27.440><c> help</c><00:04:27.600><c> us</c>

04:07.749 --> 04:07.759 align:start position:0%
interesting distinction that may help us
 

04:07.759 --> 04:10.149 align:start position:0%
interesting distinction that may help us
understand<00:04:28.240><c> what</c><00:04:28.560><c> draodurance</c><00:04:29.600><c> is</c><00:04:29.840><c> actually</c>

04:10.149 --> 04:10.159 align:start position:0%
understand what draodurance is actually
 

04:10.159 --> 04:12.069 align:start position:0%
understand what draodurance is actually
trying<00:04:30.479><c> to</c><00:04:30.639><c> survive</c><00:04:31.040><c> later</c><00:04:31.280><c> on.</c><00:04:31.759><c> Keep</c><00:04:32.000><c> that</c>

04:12.069 --> 04:12.079 align:start position:0%
trying to survive later on. Keep that
 

04:12.079 --> 04:13.509 align:start position:0%
trying to survive later on. Keep that
information<00:04:32.479><c> in</c><00:04:32.720><c> your</c><00:04:32.880><c> back</c><00:04:33.040><c> pocket,</c><00:04:33.440><c> I</c>

04:13.509 --> 04:13.519 align:start position:0%
information in your back pocket, I
 

04:13.519 --> 04:15.589 align:start position:0%
information in your back pocket, I
guess.<00:04:34.080><c> For</c><00:04:34.320><c> now,</c><00:04:34.479><c> we</c><00:04:34.720><c> can</c><00:04:34.800><c> find</c><00:04:35.040><c> some</c><00:04:35.280><c> direct</c>

04:15.589 --> 04:15.599 align:start position:0%
guess. For now, we can find some direct
 

04:15.599 --> 04:18.309 align:start position:0%
guess. For now, we can find some direct
radiation<00:04:36.320><c> defense</c><00:04:36.880><c> just</c><00:04:37.199><c> below</c><00:04:37.440><c> the</c><00:04:37.759><c> S</c><00:04:38.080><c> layer</c>

04:18.309 --> 04:18.319 align:start position:0%
radiation defense just below the S layer
 

04:18.319 --> 04:20.069 align:start position:0%
radiation defense just below the S layer
where<00:04:38.560><c> we</c><00:04:38.720><c> find</c><00:04:38.960><c> these</c><00:04:39.280><c> beefy</c><00:04:39.759><c> pore</c>

04:20.069 --> 04:20.079 align:start position:0%
where we find these beefy pore
 

04:20.079 --> 04:22.469 align:start position:0%
where we find these beefy pore
complexes.<00:04:41.120><c> Just</c><00:04:41.440><c> beneath</c><00:04:41.759><c> the</c><00:04:42.000><c> S</c><00:04:42.240><c> layer</c><00:04:42.400><c> are</c>

04:22.469 --> 04:22.479 align:start position:0%
complexes. Just beneath the S layer are
 

04:22.479 --> 04:24.949 align:start position:0%
complexes. Just beneath the S layer are
these<00:04:42.880><c> SDBC</c><00:04:43.759><c> complexes</c><00:04:44.400><c> embedded</c><00:04:44.800><c> in</c><00:04:44.960><c> the</c>

04:24.949 --> 04:24.959 align:start position:0%
these SDBC complexes embedded in the
 

04:24.959 --> 04:26.629 align:start position:0%
these SDBC complexes embedded in the
outer<00:04:45.280><c> membrane.</c><00:04:46.080><c> These</c><00:04:46.240><c> are</c><00:04:46.400><c> where</c><00:04:46.560><c> the</c>

04:26.629 --> 04:26.639 align:start position:0%
outer membrane. These are where the
 

04:26.639 --> 04:28.548 align:start position:0%
outer membrane. These are where the
radiation<00:04:47.120><c> defense</c><00:04:47.520><c> gets</c><00:04:47.759><c> kicked</c><00:04:48.080><c> up</c><00:04:48.240><c> a</c><00:04:48.400><c> whole</c>

04:28.548 --> 04:28.558 align:start position:0%
radiation defense gets kicked up a whole
 

04:28.558 --> 04:30.149 align:start position:0%
radiation defense gets kicked up a whole
new<00:04:48.880><c> level.</c><00:04:49.280><c> Right</c><00:04:49.520><c> off</c><00:04:49.680><c> the</c><00:04:49.759><c> bat,</c><00:04:50.000><c> these</c>

04:30.149 --> 04:30.159 align:start position:0%
new level. Right off the bat, these
 

04:30.159 --> 04:31.749 align:start position:0%
new level. Right off the bat, these
three<00:04:50.400><c> pores</c><00:04:50.800><c> are</c><00:04:50.880><c> studded</c><00:04:51.199><c> with</c><00:04:51.360><c> a</c><00:04:51.520><c> powerful</c>

04:31.749 --> 04:31.759 align:start position:0%
three pores are studded with a powerful
 

04:31.759 --> 04:33.909 align:start position:0%
three pores are studded with a powerful
antioxidant<00:04:52.639><c> called</c><00:04:52.800><c> dino</c><00:04:53.199><c> xanthin,</c><00:04:53.759><c> which</c>

04:33.909 --> 04:33.919 align:start position:0%
antioxidant called dino xanthin, which
 

04:33.919 --> 04:35.828 align:start position:0%
antioxidant called dino xanthin, which
adds<00:04:54.240><c> its</c><00:04:54.400><c> own</c><00:04:54.560><c> form</c><00:04:54.880><c> of</c><00:04:55.040><c> strong</c><00:04:55.360><c> radiation</c>

04:35.828 --> 04:35.838 align:start position:0%
adds its own form of strong radiation
 

04:35.838 --> 04:37.509 align:start position:0%
adds its own form of strong radiation
defense.<00:04:56.479><c> And</c><00:04:56.639><c> just</c><00:04:56.800><c> a</c><00:04:56.960><c> quick</c><00:04:57.120><c> fun</c><00:04:57.360><c> fact,</c>

04:37.509 --> 04:37.519 align:start position:0%
defense. And just a quick fun fact,
 

04:37.519 --> 04:39.189 align:start position:0%
defense. And just a quick fun fact,
doanthin<00:04:58.320><c> also</c><00:04:58.560><c> contributes</c><00:04:58.880><c> to</c><00:04:59.040><c> making</c>

04:39.189 --> 04:39.199 align:start position:0%
doanthin also contributes to making
 

04:39.199 --> 04:41.668 align:start position:0%
doanthin also contributes to making
draodurance<00:05:00.240><c> a</c><00:05:00.400><c> light</c><00:05:00.639><c> pink</c><00:05:00.960><c> color,</c><00:05:01.360><c> which</c><00:05:01.600><c> is</c>

04:41.668 --> 04:41.678 align:start position:0%
draodurance a light pink color, which is
 

04:41.678 --> 04:43.828 align:start position:0%
draodurance a light pink color, which is
just<00:05:01.919><c> neat.</c><00:05:02.479><c> But</c><00:05:02.720><c> moving</c><00:05:03.040><c> on,</c><00:05:03.440><c> just</c><00:05:03.680><c> beneath</c>

04:43.828 --> 04:43.838 align:start position:0%
just neat. But moving on, just beneath
 

04:43.838 --> 04:45.989 align:start position:0%
just neat. But moving on, just beneath
these<00:05:04.160><c> pores</c><00:05:04.560><c> are</c><00:05:04.720><c> a</c><00:05:04.880><c> trimer</c><00:05:05.360><c> of</c><00:05:05.520><c> an</c><00:05:05.759><c> even</c>

04:45.989 --> 04:45.999 align:start position:0%
these pores are a trimer of an even
 

04:45.999 --> 04:47.989 align:start position:0%
these pores are a trimer of an even
stronger<00:05:06.479><c> antioxidant</c><00:05:07.199><c> domain,</c><00:05:07.680><c> which</c><00:05:07.840><c> is</c><00:05:07.919><c> a</c>

04:47.989 --> 04:47.999 align:start position:0%
stronger antioxidant domain, which is a
 

04:47.999 --> 04:50.388 align:start position:0%
stronger antioxidant domain, which is a
super<00:05:08.400><c> oxide</c><00:05:08.800><c> dismutase,</c><00:05:09.759><c> which</c><00:05:10.000><c> provides</c><00:05:10.240><c> an</c>

04:50.388 --> 04:50.398 align:start position:0%
super oxide dismutase, which provides an
 

04:50.398 --> 04:52.469 align:start position:0%
super oxide dismutase, which provides an
even<00:05:10.639><c> stronger</c><00:05:11.039><c> radiation</c><00:05:11.600><c> buff.</c><00:05:12.160><c> Now,</c><00:05:12.400><c> you</c>

04:52.469 --> 04:52.479 align:start position:0%
even stronger radiation buff. Now, you
 

04:52.479 --> 04:54.069 align:start position:0%
even stronger radiation buff. Now, you
might<00:05:12.720><c> be</c><00:05:12.880><c> wondering</c><00:05:13.120><c> why</c><00:05:13.360><c> I</c><00:05:13.520><c> keep</c><00:05:13.759><c> describing</c>

04:54.069 --> 04:54.079 align:start position:0%
might be wondering why I keep describing
 

04:54.079 --> 04:56.149 align:start position:0%
might be wondering why I keep describing
these<00:05:14.400><c> as</c><00:05:14.560><c> layer</c><00:05:14.880><c> proteins</c><00:05:15.199><c> as</c><00:05:15.440><c> antioxidants</c>

04:56.149 --> 04:56.159 align:start position:0%
these as layer proteins as antioxidants
 

04:56.159 --> 04:57.909 align:start position:0%
these as layer proteins as antioxidants
when<00:05:16.479><c> I'm</c><00:05:16.720><c> supposedly</c><00:05:17.199><c> talking</c><00:05:17.520><c> about</c>

04:57.909 --> 04:57.919 align:start position:0%
when I'm supposedly talking about
 

04:57.919 --> 05:00.229 align:start position:0%
when I'm supposedly talking about
radiation<00:05:18.720><c> defense.</c><00:05:19.440><c> And</c><00:05:19.600><c> trust</c><00:05:19.840><c> me,</c><00:05:20.080><c> the</c>

05:00.229 --> 05:00.239 align:start position:0%
radiation defense. And trust me, the
 

05:00.239 --> 05:01.749 align:start position:0%
radiation defense. And trust me, the
connection<00:05:20.639><c> between</c><00:05:20.880><c> those</c><00:05:21.039><c> two</c><00:05:21.280><c> ideas</c><00:05:21.520><c> is</c>

05:01.749 --> 05:01.759 align:start position:0%
connection between those two ideas is
 

05:01.759 --> 05:03.349 align:start position:0%
connection between those two ideas is
going<00:05:22.000><c> to</c><00:05:22.160><c> blow</c><00:05:22.479><c> your</c><00:05:22.639><c> mind</c><00:05:22.960><c> if</c><00:05:23.120><c> you</c><00:05:23.280><c> don't</c>

05:03.349 --> 05:03.359 align:start position:0%
going to blow your mind if you don't
 

05:03.359 --> 05:04.948 align:start position:0%
going to blow your mind if you don't
already<00:05:23.759><c> know</c><00:05:23.840><c> it.</c><00:05:24.160><c> But</c><00:05:24.320><c> stick</c><00:05:24.560><c> with</c><00:05:24.639><c> me</c><00:05:24.800><c> here.</c>

05:04.948 --> 05:04.958 align:start position:0%
already know it. But stick with me here.
 

05:04.958 --> 05:06.309 align:start position:0%
already know it. But stick with me here.
We'll<00:05:25.280><c> get</c><00:05:25.360><c> to</c><00:05:25.520><c> that</c><00:05:25.680><c> connection</c><00:05:26.000><c> once</c><00:05:26.240><c> we</c>

05:06.309 --> 05:06.319 align:start position:0%
We'll get to that connection once we
 

05:06.319 --> 05:08.309 align:start position:0%
We'll get to that connection once we
have<00:05:26.479><c> a</c><00:05:26.639><c> few</c><00:05:26.800><c> more</c><00:05:26.960><c> pieces</c><00:05:27.280><c> of</c><00:05:27.440><c> the</c><00:05:27.680><c> radio's</c>

05:08.309 --> 05:08.319 align:start position:0%
have a few more pieces of the radio's
 

05:08.319 --> 05:10.789 align:start position:0%
have a few more pieces of the radio's
puzzle.<00:05:28.800><c> Going</c><00:05:29.120><c> deeper,</c><00:05:29.440><c> the</c><00:05:29.600><c> SDBC</c><00:05:30.320><c> complex</c>

05:10.789 --> 05:10.799 align:start position:0%
puzzle. Going deeper, the SDBC complex
 

05:10.799 --> 05:12.629 align:start position:0%
puzzle. Going deeper, the SDBC complex
actually<00:05:31.120><c> has</c><00:05:31.280><c> this</c><00:05:31.520><c> cool</c><00:05:31.759><c> tail</c><00:05:32.000><c> that</c><00:05:32.240><c> extends</c>

05:12.629 --> 05:12.639 align:start position:0%
actually has this cool tail that extends
 

05:12.639 --> 05:14.629 align:start position:0%
actually has this cool tail that extends
all<00:05:32.880><c> the</c><00:05:33.039><c> way</c><00:05:33.199><c> down</c><00:05:33.440><c> through</c><00:05:33.680><c> Draodurance's</c>

05:14.629 --> 05:14.639 align:start position:0%
all the way down through Draodurance's
 

05:14.639 --> 05:16.629 align:start position:0%
all the way down through Draodurance's
outer<00:05:34.960><c> shell.</c><00:05:35.440><c> This</c><00:05:35.680><c> bacteria</c><00:05:36.160><c> uses</c><00:05:36.479><c> a</c>

05:16.629 --> 05:16.639 align:start position:0%
outer shell. This bacteria uses a
 

05:16.639 --> 05:18.789 align:start position:0%
outer shell. This bacteria uses a
classic<00:05:37.039><c> double</c><00:05:37.440><c> membrane</c><00:05:38.000><c> with</c><00:05:38.240><c> just</c><00:05:38.479><c> a</c><00:05:38.720><c> ton</c>

05:18.789 --> 05:18.799 align:start position:0%
classic double membrane with just a ton
 

05:18.799 --> 05:20.869 align:start position:0%
classic double membrane with just a ton
of<00:05:39.039><c> pepidoglycin</c><00:05:40.000><c> in</c><00:05:40.160><c> between</c><00:05:40.400><c> to</c><00:05:40.560><c> hold</c><00:05:40.720><c> its</c>

05:20.869 --> 05:20.879 align:start position:0%
of pepidoglycin in between to hold its
 

05:20.879 --> 05:23.029 align:start position:0%
of pepidoglycin in between to hold its
shape<00:05:41.440><c> with</c><00:05:41.680><c> SDBC</c><00:05:42.320><c> tethering</c><00:05:42.800><c> the</c><00:05:42.880><c> inner</c>

05:23.029 --> 05:23.039 align:start position:0%
shape with SDBC tethering the inner
 

05:23.039 --> 05:24.629 align:start position:0%
shape with SDBC tethering the inner
membrane<00:05:43.520><c> to</c><00:05:43.600><c> the</c><00:05:43.759><c> outer</c><00:05:44.000><c> membrane.</c><00:05:44.479><c> That</c>

05:24.629 --> 05:24.639 align:start position:0%
membrane to the outer membrane. That
 

05:24.639 --> 05:27.029 align:start position:0%
membrane to the outer membrane. That
structural<00:05:45.199><c> support</c><00:05:45.520><c> is</c><00:05:45.840><c> even</c><00:05:46.240><c> stronger.</c><00:05:46.960><c> All</c>

05:27.029 --> 05:27.039 align:start position:0%
structural support is even stronger. All
 

05:27.039 --> 05:29.029 align:start position:0%
structural support is even stronger. All
in<00:05:47.280><c> all,</c><00:05:47.440><c> the</c><00:05:47.680><c> S</c><00:05:48.000><c> layer</c><00:05:48.160><c> and</c><00:05:48.320><c> anti-radiation</c>

05:29.029 --> 05:29.039 align:start position:0%
in all, the S layer and anti-radiation
 

05:29.039 --> 05:31.189 align:start position:0%
in all, the S layer and anti-radiation
carbohydrate<00:05:49.680><c> coat</c><00:05:49.840><c> of</c><00:05:50.000><c> draodurance</c><00:05:50.960><c> provide</c>

05:31.189 --> 05:31.199 align:start position:0%
carbohydrate coat of draodurance provide
 

05:31.199 --> 05:33.189 align:start position:0%
carbohydrate coat of draodurance provide
a<00:05:51.520><c> great</c><00:05:51.759><c> defense</c><00:05:52.080><c> and</c><00:05:52.320><c> a</c><00:05:52.479><c> passive</c><00:05:52.800><c> buff</c><00:05:53.039><c> to</c>

05:33.189 --> 05:33.199 align:start position:0%
a great defense and a passive buff to
 

05:33.199 --> 05:35.029 align:start position:0%
a great defense and a passive buff to
radiation<00:05:53.840><c> damage.</c><00:05:54.479><c> But</c><00:05:54.560><c> in</c><00:05:54.800><c> order</c><00:05:54.880><c> to</c>

05:35.029 --> 05:35.039 align:start position:0%
radiation damage. But in order to
 

05:35.039 --> 05:36.629 align:start position:0%
radiation damage. But in order to
survive<00:05:55.360><c> the</c><00:05:55.600><c> level</c><00:05:55.759><c> of</c><00:05:55.919><c> gamma</c><00:05:56.240><c> rays</c><00:05:56.479><c> that</c>

05:36.629 --> 05:36.639 align:start position:0%
survive the level of gamma rays that
 

05:36.639 --> 05:38.789 align:start position:0%
survive the level of gamma rays that
dino<00:05:57.440><c> radiodurans</c><00:05:58.160><c> does,</c><00:05:58.479><c> you're</c><00:05:58.639><c> going</c><00:05:58.720><c> to</c>

05:38.789 --> 05:38.799 align:start position:0%
dino radiodurans does, you're going to
 

05:38.799 --> 05:41.269 align:start position:0%
dino radiodurans does, you're going to
need<00:05:59.039><c> a</c><00:05:59.360><c> lot</c><00:05:59.520><c> of</c><00:05:59.759><c> active</c><00:06:00.320><c> counter</c><00:06:00.720><c> measures</c><00:06:01.120><c> as</c>

05:41.269 --> 05:41.279 align:start position:0%
need a lot of active counter measures as
 

05:41.279 --> 05:43.108 align:start position:0%
need a lot of active counter measures as
well,<00:06:01.919><c> which</c><00:06:02.160><c> we're</c><00:06:02.320><c> going</c><00:06:02.400><c> to</c><00:06:02.560><c> get</c><00:06:02.720><c> to</c><00:06:02.960><c> right</c>

05:41.279 --> 05:43.030 align:start position:0%
and subscribe today. And now we can get
to<00:06:56.639><c> the</c><00:06:56.800><c> good</c><00:06:56.960><c> stuff.</c><00:06:57.440><c> So,</c><00:06:57.680><c> we've</c><00:06:57.919><c> seen</c><00:06:58.000><c> the</c>

05:42.473 --> 05:42.483 align:start position:0%
to the good stuff. So, we've seen the
 

05:42.483 --> 05:44.152 align:start position:0%
to the good stuff. So, we've seen the
great<00:06:58.479><c> perimeter</c><00:06:58.880><c> defenses</c><00:06:59.360><c> employed</c><00:06:59.680><c> by</c>

05:44.152 --> 05:44.162 align:start position:0%
great perimeter defenses employed by
 

05:44.162 --> 05:46.073 align:start position:0%
great perimeter defenses employed by
D-raodderans,<00:07:00.960><c> but</c><00:07:01.120><c> now</c><00:07:01.280><c> let's</c><00:07:01.520><c> go</c><00:07:01.599><c> to</c><00:07:01.759><c> the</c>

05:46.073 --> 05:46.083 align:start position:0%
D-raodderans, but now let's go to the
 

05:46.083 --> 05:48.073 align:start position:0%
D-raodderans, but now let's go to the
bacterial<00:07:02.479><c> interior</c><00:07:03.039><c> and</c><00:07:03.280><c> see</c><00:07:03.440><c> where</c><00:07:03.680><c> the</c>

05:48.073 --> 05:48.083 align:start position:0%
bacterial interior and see where the
 

05:48.083 --> 05:49.913 align:start position:0%
bacterial interior and see where the
real<00:07:04.080><c> magic</c><00:07:04.479><c> happens.</c><00:07:05.120><c> If</c><00:07:05.280><c> there's</c><00:07:05.520><c> still</c>

05:49.913 --> 05:49.923 align:start position:0%
real magic happens. If there's still
 

05:49.923 --> 05:51.593 align:start position:0%
real magic happens. If there's still
radiation<00:07:06.160><c> getting</c><00:07:06.400><c> through</c><00:07:06.639><c> this</c><00:07:06.880><c> S</c><00:07:07.199><c> layer,</c>

05:51.593 --> 05:51.603 align:start position:0%
radiation getting through this S layer,
 

05:51.603 --> 05:53.832 align:start position:0%
radiation getting through this S layer,
how<00:07:07.440><c> does</c><00:07:07.520><c> Dinocus</c><00:07:08.160><c> radiodans</c><00:07:08.880><c> mitigate</c><00:07:09.360><c> that</c>

05:53.832 --> 05:53.842 align:start position:0%
how does Dinocus radiodans mitigate that
 

05:53.842 --> 05:55.513 align:start position:0%
how does Dinocus radiodans mitigate that
damage?<00:07:10.160><c> Cutting</c><00:07:10.479><c> directly</c><00:07:10.800><c> into</c><00:07:11.039><c> one</c><00:07:11.199><c> of</c>

05:55.513 --> 05:55.523 align:start position:0%
damage? Cutting directly into one of
 

05:55.523 --> 05:56.793 align:start position:0%
damage? Cutting directly into one of
these<00:07:11.440><c> little</c><00:07:11.599><c> fellas</c><00:07:11.919><c> gives</c><00:07:12.160><c> part</c><00:07:12.319><c> of</c><00:07:12.400><c> the</c>

05:56.793 --> 05:56.803 align:start position:0%
these little fellas gives part of the
 

05:56.803 --> 05:59.353 align:start position:0%
these little fellas gives part of the
game<00:07:12.800><c> away</c><00:07:13.120><c> instantly.</c><00:07:13.680><c> Dinocus</c><00:07:14.319><c> radio</c><00:07:14.960><c> is</c>

05:59.353 --> 05:59.363 align:start position:0%
game away instantly. Dinocus radio is
 

05:59.363 --> 06:01.913 align:start position:0%
game away instantly. Dinocus radio is
optimized<00:07:15.599><c> for</c><00:07:16.080><c> durability.</c><00:07:17.280><c> While</c><00:07:17.520><c> other</c>

06:01.913 --> 06:01.923 align:start position:0%
optimized for durability. While other
 

06:01.923 --> 06:04.233 align:start position:0%
optimized for durability. While other
bacteria<00:07:18.240><c> make</c><00:07:18.400><c> a</c><00:07:18.560><c> soupy</c><00:07:18.880><c> mess</c><00:07:19.039><c> of</c><00:07:19.199><c> their</c><00:07:19.360><c> DNA,</c>

06:04.233 --> 06:04.243 align:start position:0%
bacteria make a soupy mess of their DNA,
 

06:04.243 --> 06:07.193 align:start position:0%
bacteria make a soupy mess of their DNA,
Draodurance<00:07:21.039><c> organizes</c><00:07:21.520><c> its</c><00:07:21.759><c> DNA</c><00:07:22.240><c> into</c><00:07:22.560><c> this</c>

06:07.193 --> 06:07.203 align:start position:0%
Draodurance organizes its DNA into this
 

06:07.203 --> 06:09.832 align:start position:0%
Draodurance organizes its DNA into this
Taurus,<00:07:23.759><c> I</c><00:07:23.919><c> mean</c><00:07:24.319><c> donut</c><00:07:24.800><c> shape.</c><00:07:25.199><c> While</c><00:07:25.440><c> this</c>

06:09.832 --> 06:09.842 align:start position:0%
Taurus, I mean donut shape. While this
 

06:09.842 --> 06:11.753 align:start position:0%
Taurus, I mean donut shape. While this
nucleoid<00:07:26.160><c> looks</c><00:07:26.400><c> cool</c><00:07:26.639><c> and</c><00:07:26.800><c> it's</c><00:07:27.039><c> fun</c><00:07:27.199><c> to</c><00:07:27.360><c> say</c>

06:11.753 --> 06:11.763 align:start position:0%
nucleoid looks cool and it's fun to say
 

06:11.763 --> 06:14.073 align:start position:0%
nucleoid looks cool and it's fun to say
donut<00:07:28.000><c> DNA,</c><00:07:28.639><c> the</c><00:07:28.880><c> circle</c><00:07:29.199><c> structure</c><00:07:29.520><c> isn't</c>

06:14.073 --> 06:14.083 align:start position:0%
donut DNA, the circle structure isn't
 

06:14.083 --> 06:16.152 align:start position:0%
donut DNA, the circle structure isn't
the<00:07:30.080><c> most</c><00:07:30.319><c> important</c><00:07:30.800><c> aspect</c><00:07:31.280><c> here.</c><00:07:31.759><c> It's</c>

06:16.152 --> 06:16.162 align:start position:0%
the most important aspect here. It's
 

06:16.162 --> 06:18.793 align:start position:0%
the most important aspect here. It's
what<00:07:32.240><c> radioodurance</c><00:07:33.120><c> packages</c><00:07:33.759><c> inside</c><00:07:34.240><c> this</c>

06:18.793 --> 06:18.803 align:start position:0%
what radioodurance packages inside this
 

06:18.803 --> 06:21.673 align:start position:0%
what radioodurance packages inside this
donut.<00:07:35.360><c> Draodurance</c><00:07:36.400><c> maintains</c><00:07:37.039><c> multiple</c>

06:21.673 --> 06:21.683 align:start position:0%
donut. Draodurance maintains multiple
 

06:21.683 --> 06:23.513 align:start position:0%
donut. Draodurance maintains multiple
copies<00:07:37.759><c> of</c><00:07:37.919><c> its</c><00:07:38.160><c> genome</c><00:07:38.560><c> and</c><00:07:38.880><c> several</c>

06:23.513 --> 06:23.523 align:start position:0%
copies of its genome and several
 

06:23.523 --> 06:25.992 align:start position:0%
copies of its genome and several
redundant<00:07:39.759><c> copies</c><00:07:40.080><c> of</c><00:07:40.319><c> critical</c><00:07:40.800><c> genes.</c><00:07:41.440><c> More</c>

06:25.992 --> 06:26.002 align:start position:0%
redundant copies of critical genes. More
 

06:26.002 --> 06:27.432 align:start position:0%
redundant copies of critical genes. More
importantly,<00:07:42.319><c> those</c><00:07:42.639><c> copies</c><00:07:43.039><c> are</c>

06:27.432 --> 06:27.442 align:start position:0%
importantly, those copies are
 

06:27.442 --> 06:29.353 align:start position:0%
importantly, those copies are
persistently<00:07:43.840><c> linked</c><00:07:44.080><c> by</c><00:07:44.319><c> structures</c><00:07:44.720><c> called</c>

06:29.353 --> 06:29.363 align:start position:0%
persistently linked by structures called
 

06:29.363 --> 06:31.272 align:start position:0%
persistently linked by structures called
holiday<00:07:45.520><c> junctions,</c><00:07:46.000><c> which</c><00:07:46.319><c> are</c><00:07:46.479><c> involved</c><00:07:46.880><c> in</c>

06:31.272 --> 06:31.282 align:start position:0%
holiday junctions, which are involved in
 

06:31.282 --> 06:33.033 align:start position:0%
holiday junctions, which are involved in
a<00:07:47.280><c> repair</c><00:07:47.520><c> process</c><00:07:47.840><c> called</c><00:07:48.080><c> homologous</c>

06:33.033 --> 06:33.043 align:start position:0%
a repair process called homologous
 

06:33.043 --> 06:34.793 align:start position:0%
a repair process called homologous
recombination,<00:07:49.759><c> which</c><00:07:50.000><c> means</c><00:07:50.160><c> that</c><00:07:50.319><c> even</c>

06:34.793 --> 06:34.803 align:start position:0%
recombination, which means that even
 

06:34.803 --> 06:36.793 align:start position:0%
recombination, which means that even
when<00:07:50.800><c> this</c><00:07:50.960><c> bacteria</c><00:07:51.520><c> gets</c><00:07:51.759><c> blasted</c><00:07:52.240><c> with</c><00:07:52.400><c> a</c>

06:36.793 --> 06:36.803 align:start position:0%
when this bacteria gets blasted with a
 

06:36.803 --> 06:39.033 align:start position:0%
when this bacteria gets blasted with a
ton<00:07:52.720><c> of</c><00:07:52.880><c> DNA</c><00:07:53.280><c> cutting</c><00:07:53.680><c> radiation,</c><00:07:54.400><c> it</c><00:07:54.639><c> can</c>

06:39.033 --> 06:39.043 align:start position:0%
ton of DNA cutting radiation, it can
 

06:39.043 --> 06:40.552 align:start position:0%
ton of DNA cutting radiation, it can
cross<00:07:55.120><c> reference</c><00:07:55.520><c> one</c><00:07:55.680><c> homologous</c>

06:40.552 --> 06:40.562 align:start position:0%
cross reference one homologous
 

06:40.562 --> 06:42.633 align:start position:0%
cross reference one homologous
chromosome<00:07:56.800><c> with</c><00:07:56.960><c> another</c><00:07:57.440><c> and</c><00:07:57.680><c> fix</c><00:07:58.000><c> DNA</c>

06:42.633 --> 06:42.643 align:start position:0%
chromosome with another and fix DNA
 

06:42.643 --> 06:44.872 align:start position:0%
chromosome with another and fix DNA
breaks<00:07:58.720><c> with</c><00:07:59.039><c> remarkably</c><00:07:59.759><c> few</c><00:08:00.240><c> errors.</c>

06:44.872 --> 06:44.882 align:start position:0%
breaks with remarkably few errors.
 

06:44.882 --> 06:46.872 align:start position:0%
breaks with remarkably few errors.
Draodurance<00:08:01.599><c> is</c><00:08:01.759><c> basically</c><00:08:02.080><c> always</c><00:08:02.400><c> on</c><00:08:02.560><c> the</c>

06:46.872 --> 06:46.882 align:start position:0%
Draodurance is basically always on the
 

06:46.882 --> 06:48.953 align:start position:0%
Draodurance is basically always on the
lookout<00:08:02.960><c> for</c><00:08:03.120><c> DNA</c><00:08:03.599><c> damage</c><00:08:03.840><c> and</c><00:08:04.160><c> is</c><00:08:04.319><c> set</c><00:08:04.400><c> up</c><00:08:04.560><c> to</c>

06:48.953 --> 06:48.963 align:start position:0%
lookout for DNA damage and is set up to
 

06:48.963 --> 06:51.832 align:start position:0%
lookout for DNA damage and is set up to
be<00:08:05.039><c> world</c><00:08:05.440><c> class</c><00:08:05.759><c> at</c><00:08:06.080><c> DNA</c><00:08:06.479><c> repair.</c><00:08:07.199><c> But</c><00:08:07.360><c> let's</c>

06:51.832 --> 06:51.842 align:start position:0%
be world class at DNA repair. But let's
 

06:51.842 --> 06:53.992 align:start position:0%
be world class at DNA repair. But let's
explore<00:08:07.840><c> what</c><00:08:08.080><c> that</c><00:08:08.319><c> means.</c><00:08:09.039><c> Now,</c><00:08:09.440><c> we</c><00:08:09.599><c> could</c>

06:53.992 --> 06:54.002 align:start position:0%
explore what that means. Now, we could
 

06:54.002 --> 06:55.753 align:start position:0%
explore what that means. Now, we could
either<00:08:10.000><c> spend</c><00:08:10.319><c> the</c><00:08:10.479><c> next</c><00:08:10.720><c> 30</c><00:08:11.039><c> minutes</c><00:08:11.280><c> going</c>

06:55.753 --> 06:55.763 align:start position:0%
either spend the next 30 minutes going
 

06:55.763 --> 06:57.992 align:start position:0%
either spend the next 30 minutes going
over<00:08:11.680><c> the</c><00:08:11.919><c> mechanics</c><00:08:12.240><c> of</c><00:08:12.400><c> Draodoans's</c><00:08:13.440><c> vast</c>

06:57.992 --> 06:58.002 align:start position:0%
over the mechanics of Draodoans's vast
 

06:58.002 --> 07:00.073 align:start position:0%
over the mechanics of Draodoans's vast
DNA<00:08:14.240><c> repair</c><00:08:14.560><c> arsenal,</c><00:08:15.120><c> or</c><00:08:15.280><c> we</c><00:08:15.440><c> could</c><00:08:15.520><c> quickly</c>

07:00.073 --> 07:00.083 align:start position:0%
DNA repair arsenal, or we could quickly
 

07:00.083 --> 07:01.513 align:start position:0%
DNA repair arsenal, or we could quickly
cover<00:08:16.000><c> the</c><00:08:16.160><c> highlights</c><00:08:16.400><c> and</c><00:08:16.639><c> I</c><00:08:16.800><c> can</c><00:08:16.879><c> one</c><00:08:17.039><c> day</c>

07:01.513 --> 07:01.523 align:start position:0%
cover the highlights and I can one day
 

07:01.523 --> 07:03.673 align:start position:0%
cover the highlights and I can one day
produce<00:08:17.520><c> a</c><00:08:17.840><c> very</c><00:08:18.080><c> laborintensive</c><00:08:19.039><c> part</c><00:08:19.280><c> two</c>

07:03.673 --> 07:03.683 align:start position:0%
produce a very laborintensive part two
 

07:03.683 --> 07:05.513 align:start position:0%
produce a very laborintensive part two
video<00:08:19.680><c> doing</c><00:08:19.919><c> a</c><00:08:20.080><c> much</c><00:08:20.240><c> deeper</c><00:08:20.560><c> dive.</c><00:08:20.960><c> Hit</c><00:08:21.120><c> me</c>

07:05.513 --> 07:05.523 align:start position:0%
video doing a much deeper dive. Hit me
 

07:05.523 --> 07:06.872 align:start position:0%
video doing a much deeper dive. Hit me
up<00:08:21.360><c> in</c><00:08:21.520><c> the</c><00:08:21.680><c> comments</c><00:08:21.919><c> if</c><00:08:22.080><c> you</c><00:08:22.240><c> really</c><00:08:22.400><c> want</c><00:08:22.479><c> to</c>

07:06.872 --> 07:06.882 align:start position:0%
up in the comments if you really want to
 

07:06.882 --> 07:09.112 align:start position:0%
up in the comments if you really want to
know<00:08:22.720><c> the</c><00:08:22.879><c> nitty-gritty</c><00:08:23.599><c> about</c><00:08:23.840><c> how</c><00:08:24.160><c> Dinocus</c>

07:09.112 --> 07:09.122 align:start position:0%
know the nitty-gritty about how Dinocus
 

07:09.122 --> 07:12.073 align:start position:0%
know the nitty-gritty about how Dinocus
Radio's<00:08:25.759><c> DNA</c><00:08:26.160><c> repair</c><00:08:26.479><c> goes</c><00:08:26.800><c> down.</c><00:08:27.280><c> For</c><00:08:27.520><c> now,</c>

07:12.073 --> 07:12.083 align:start position:0%
Radio's DNA repair goes down. For now,
 

07:12.083 --> 07:15.033 align:start position:0%
Radio's DNA repair goes down. For now,
recombining<00:08:28.560><c> DNA</c><00:08:29.120><c> is</c><00:08:29.440><c> radio's</c><00:08:30.319><c> main</c><00:08:30.479><c> weapon</c>

07:15.033 --> 07:15.043 align:start position:0%
recombining DNA is radio's main weapon
 

07:15.043 --> 07:17.272 align:start position:0%
recombining DNA is radio's main weapon
here.<00:08:31.280><c> Radiation</c><00:08:32.000><c> and</c><00:08:32.320><c> other</c><00:08:32.560><c> things</c>

07:17.272 --> 07:17.282 align:start position:0%
here. Radiation and other things
 

07:17.282 --> 07:18.793 align:start position:0%
here. Radiation and other things
primarily<00:08:33.599><c> kill</c><00:08:33.839><c> you</c><00:08:34.000><c> by</c><00:08:34.159><c> causing</c>

07:18.793 --> 07:18.803 align:start position:0%
primarily kill you by causing
 

07:18.803 --> 07:20.873 align:start position:0%
primarily kill you by causing
doublestranded<00:08:35.360><c> DNA</c><00:08:35.760><c> breaks.</c><00:08:36.080><c> that</c><00:08:36.399><c> is</c>

07:20.873 --> 07:20.883 align:start position:0%
doublestranded DNA breaks. that is
 

07:20.883 --> 07:23.033 align:start position:0%
doublestranded DNA breaks. that is
cutting<00:08:36.959><c> through</c><00:08:37.200><c> both</c><00:08:37.440><c> helyses</c><00:08:38.000><c> of</c><00:08:38.240><c> your</c><00:08:38.399><c> DNA</c>

07:23.033 --> 07:23.043 align:start position:0%
cutting through both helyses of your DNA
 

07:23.043 --> 07:25.752 align:start position:0%
cutting through both helyses of your DNA
molecule.<00:08:39.440><c> Dinocus</c><00:08:40.159><c> radio</c><00:08:40.880><c> has</c><00:08:40.959><c> a</c><00:08:41.120><c> robust</c>

07:25.752 --> 07:25.762 align:start position:0%
molecule. Dinocus radio has a robust
 

07:25.762 --> 07:27.593 align:start position:0%
molecule. Dinocus radio has a robust
damage<00:08:41.919><c> detection</c><00:08:42.399><c> system</c><00:08:42.719><c> and</c><00:08:42.959><c> the</c><00:08:43.120><c> star</c><00:08:43.279><c> of</c>

07:27.593 --> 07:27.603 align:start position:0%
damage detection system and the star of
 

07:27.603 --> 07:29.673 align:start position:0%
damage detection system and the star of
the<00:08:43.519><c> show</c><00:08:43.680><c> here</c><00:08:43.839><c> is</c><00:08:44.000><c> a</c><00:08:44.159><c> protein</c><00:08:44.480><c> called</c><00:08:44.720><c> wre</c><00:08:45.120><c> A</c>

07:29.673 --> 07:29.683 align:start position:0%
the show here is a protein called wre A
 

07:29.683 --> 07:31.433 align:start position:0%
the show here is a protein called wre A
which<00:08:45.680><c> forms</c><00:08:46.000><c> these</c><00:08:46.240><c> little</c><00:08:46.399><c> fibers</c><00:08:46.880><c> around</c>

07:31.433 --> 07:31.443 align:start position:0%
which forms these little fibers around
 

07:31.443 --> 07:33.993 align:start position:0%
which forms these little fibers around
damaged<00:08:47.680><c> DNA</c><00:08:48.320><c> and</c><00:08:48.640><c> then</c><00:08:49.040><c> helps</c><00:08:49.360><c> find</c><00:08:49.600><c> a</c>

07:33.993 --> 07:34.003 align:start position:0%
damaged DNA and then helps find a
 

07:34.003 --> 07:36.153 align:start position:0%
damaged DNA and then helps find a
matching<00:08:50.240><c> sequence</c><00:08:50.720><c> inside</c><00:08:51.120><c> the</c><00:08:51.360><c> duplicated</c>

07:36.153 --> 07:36.163 align:start position:0%
matching sequence inside the duplicated
 

07:36.163 --> 07:37.993 align:start position:0%
matching sequence inside the duplicated
chromosome<00:08:52.480><c> which</c><00:08:52.720><c> other</c><00:08:52.959><c> enzymes</c><00:08:53.360><c> can</c><00:08:53.600><c> then</c>

07:37.993 --> 07:38.003 align:start position:0%
chromosome which other enzymes can then
 

07:38.003 --> 07:40.713 align:start position:0%
chromosome which other enzymes can then
use<00:08:53.920><c> to</c><00:08:54.080><c> synthesize</c><00:08:54.640><c> a</c><00:08:54.880><c> repaired</c><00:08:55.360><c> DNA</c><00:08:55.920><c> strand.</c>

07:40.713 --> 07:40.723 align:start position:0%
use to synthesize a repaired DNA strand.
 

07:40.723 --> 07:42.313 align:start position:0%
use to synthesize a repaired DNA strand.
Now,<00:08:56.640><c> the</c><00:08:56.800><c> details</c><00:08:57.120><c> here</c><00:08:57.279><c> are</c><00:08:57.440><c> a</c><00:08:57.600><c> little</c><00:08:57.760><c> hazy,</c>

07:42.313 --> 07:42.323 align:start position:0%
Now, the details here are a little hazy,
 

07:42.323 --> 07:44.153 align:start position:0%
Now, the details here are a little hazy,
but<00:08:58.240><c> REC</c><00:08:58.560><c> A</c><00:08:58.800><c> sometimes</c><00:08:59.120><c> can</c><00:08:59.360><c> team</c><00:08:59.519><c> up</c><00:08:59.680><c> with</c>

07:44.153 --> 07:44.163 align:start position:0%
but REC A sometimes can team up with
 

07:44.163 --> 07:46.072 align:start position:0%
but REC A sometimes can team up with
another<00:09:00.240><c> protein</c><00:09:00.560><c> called</c><00:09:00.800><c> DDRB</c><00:09:01.440><c> and</c><00:09:01.600><c> its</c>

07:46.072 --> 07:46.082 align:start position:0%
another protein called DDRB and its
 

07:46.082 --> 07:48.553 align:start position:0%
another protein called DDRB and its
partner<00:09:02.080><c> DDRA</c><00:09:02.880><c> to</c><00:09:03.040><c> help</c><00:09:03.200><c> singlestrand</c><00:09:03.839><c> DNA</c>

07:48.553 --> 07:48.563 align:start position:0%
partner DDRA to help singlestrand DNA
 

07:48.563 --> 07:50.233 align:start position:0%
partner DDRA to help singlestrand DNA
breaks<00:09:04.560><c> in</c><00:09:04.720><c> a</c><00:09:04.880><c> process</c><00:09:05.120><c> called</c><00:09:05.440><c> synthesis</c>

07:50.233 --> 07:50.243 align:start position:0%
breaks in a process called synthesis
 

07:50.243 --> 07:52.313 align:start position:0%
breaks in a process called synthesis
dependent<00:09:06.480><c> singlestrand</c><00:09:07.040><c> annealing.</c><00:09:07.760><c> And</c><00:09:07.920><c> a</c>

07:52.313 --> 07:52.323 align:start position:0%
dependent singlestrand annealing. And a
 

07:52.323 --> 07:53.993 align:start position:0%
dependent singlestrand annealing. And a
lot<00:09:08.160><c> of</c><00:09:08.240><c> scientists</c><00:09:08.720><c> think</c><00:09:08.959><c> this</c><00:09:09.120><c> is</c><00:09:09.279><c> the</c><00:09:09.519><c> main</c>

07:53.993 --> 07:54.003 align:start position:0%
lot of scientists think this is the main
 

07:54.003 --> 07:56.233 align:start position:0%
lot of scientists think this is the main
superpower<00:09:10.480><c> draodurance</c><00:09:11.519><c> has</c><00:09:11.760><c> for</c>

07:56.233 --> 07:56.243 align:start position:0%
superpower draodurance has for
 

07:56.243 --> 07:58.072 align:start position:0%
superpower draodurance has for
efficiently<00:09:12.560><c> repairing</c><00:09:12.959><c> DNA</c><00:09:13.360><c> breaks.</c>

07:58.072 --> 07:58.082 align:start position:0%
efficiently repairing DNA breaks.
 

07:58.082 --> 07:59.593 align:start position:0%
efficiently repairing DNA breaks.
Meanwhile,<00:09:14.320><c> scientists</c><00:09:14.800><c> studying</c>

07:59.593 --> 07:59.603 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, scientists studying
 

07:59.603 --> 08:01.752 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, scientists studying
populations<00:09:15.839><c> of</c><00:09:16.080><c> draodurance</c><00:09:17.040><c> that</c><00:09:17.200><c> lived</c><00:09:17.360><c> on</c>

08:01.752 --> 08:01.762 align:start position:0%
populations of draodurance that lived on
 

08:01.762 --> 08:03.353 align:start position:0%
populations of draodurance that lived on
the<00:09:17.680><c> exterior</c><00:09:18.080><c> hall</c><00:09:18.320><c> of</c><00:09:18.480><c> the</c><00:09:18.560><c> International</c>

08:03.353 --> 08:03.363 align:start position:0%
the exterior hall of the International
 

08:03.363 --> 08:05.113 align:start position:0%
the exterior hall of the International
Space<00:09:19.360><c> Station</c><00:09:19.680><c> for</c><00:09:19.839><c> a</c><00:09:20.080><c> year</c><00:09:20.480><c> found</c><00:09:20.640><c> that</c>

08:05.113 --> 08:05.123 align:start position:0%
Space Station for a year found that
 

08:05.123 --> 08:07.913 align:start position:0%
Space Station for a year found that
surviving<00:09:21.360><c> bacteria</c><00:09:21.920><c> upregulated</c><00:09:22.640><c> these</c><00:09:22.959><c> UVR</c>

08:07.913 --> 08:07.923 align:start position:0%
surviving bacteria upregulated these UVR
 

08:07.923 --> 08:10.313 align:start position:0%
surviving bacteria upregulated these UVR
proteins.<00:09:24.399><c> The</c><00:09:24.640><c> UV</c><00:09:24.959><c> radiation</c><00:09:25.360><c> in</c><00:09:25.600><c> the</c><00:09:25.760><c> hard</c>

08:10.313 --> 08:10.323 align:start position:0%
proteins. The UV radiation in the hard
 

08:10.323 --> 08:12.553 align:start position:0%
proteins. The UV radiation in the hard
vacuum<00:09:26.399><c> of</c><00:09:26.560><c> space</c><00:09:26.880><c> forms</c><00:09:27.279><c> all</c><00:09:27.440><c> sorts</c><00:09:27.680><c> of</c><00:09:27.839><c> goofy</c>

08:12.553 --> 08:12.563 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space forms all sorts of goofy
 

08:12.563 --> 08:14.393 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space forms all sorts of goofy
looking<00:09:28.480><c> lesions</c><00:09:28.880><c> on</c><00:09:29.120><c> DNA</c><00:09:29.600><c> like</c><00:09:29.760><c> this.</c><00:09:30.080><c> And</c>

08:14.393 --> 08:14.403 align:start position:0%
looking lesions on DNA like this. And
 

08:14.403 --> 08:16.072 align:start position:0%
looking lesions on DNA like this. And
the<00:09:30.320><c> UVR</c><00:09:30.800><c> family</c><00:09:31.040><c> of</c><00:09:31.200><c> proteins</c><00:09:31.600><c> does</c>

08:16.072 --> 08:16.082 align:start position:0%
the UVR family of proteins does
 

08:16.082 --> 08:17.673 align:start position:0%
the UVR family of proteins does
something<00:09:32.080><c> called</c><00:09:32.240><c> nucleotide</c><00:09:32.959><c> excision</c>

08:17.673 --> 08:17.683 align:start position:0%
something called nucleotide excision
 

08:17.683 --> 08:19.993 align:start position:0%
something called nucleotide excision
repair<00:09:33.839><c> to</c><00:09:34.080><c> clean</c><00:09:34.240><c> up</c><00:09:34.399><c> the</c><00:09:34.560><c> brakes.</c><00:09:35.279><c> I</c><00:09:35.519><c> really</c>

08:19.993 --> 08:20.003 align:start position:0%
repair to clean up the brakes. I really
 

08:20.003 --> 08:22.233 align:start position:0%
repair to clean up the brakes. I really
could<00:09:36.000><c> keep</c><00:09:36.160><c> going.</c><00:09:36.480><c> I</c><00:09:36.640><c> mean,</c><00:09:36.800><c> the</c><00:09:36.959><c> map</c><00:09:37.279><c> of</c><00:09:37.519><c> DNA</c>

08:22.233 --> 08:22.243 align:start position:0%
could keep going. I mean, the map of DNA
 

08:22.243 --> 08:24.233 align:start position:0%
could keep going. I mean, the map of DNA
repair<00:09:38.240><c> and</c><00:09:38.320><c> dinoccus</c><00:09:38.880><c> radurans</c><00:09:39.519><c> alone</c><00:09:39.760><c> is</c>

08:24.233 --> 08:24.243 align:start position:0%
repair and dinoccus radurans alone is
 

08:24.243 --> 08:26.313 align:start position:0%
repair and dinoccus radurans alone is
just<00:09:40.240><c> wild</c><00:09:40.560><c> and</c><00:09:40.880><c> incredible,</c><00:09:41.600><c> but</c><00:09:41.760><c> I</c><00:09:42.000><c> think</c>

08:26.313 --> 08:26.323 align:start position:0%
just wild and incredible, but I think
 

08:26.323 --> 08:28.072 align:start position:0%
just wild and incredible, but I think
it's<00:09:42.320><c> best</c><00:09:42.560><c> to</c><00:09:42.720><c> just</c><00:09:42.959><c> put</c><00:09:43.120><c> all</c><00:09:43.279><c> these</c><00:09:43.519><c> systems</c>

08:28.072 --> 08:28.082 align:start position:0%
it's best to just put all these systems
 

08:28.082 --> 08:30.072 align:start position:0%
it's best to just put all these systems
in<00:09:44.080><c> context.</c><00:09:44.800><c> The</c><00:09:44.959><c> upshot</c><00:09:45.360><c> here</c><00:09:45.519><c> is</c><00:09:45.680><c> that</c>

08:30.072 --> 08:30.082 align:start position:0%
in context. The upshot here is that
 

08:30.082 --> 08:32.953 align:start position:0%
in context. The upshot here is that
dinocus<00:09:46.480><c> radioins</c><00:09:47.279><c> can</c><00:09:47.440><c> survive</c><00:09:47.839><c> and</c><00:09:48.160><c> repair</c>

08:32.953 --> 08:32.963 align:start position:0%
dinocus radioins can survive and repair
 

08:32.963 --> 08:35.113 align:start position:0%
dinocus radioins can survive and repair
hundreds<00:09:49.120><c> to</c><00:09:49.440><c> thousands</c><00:09:50.000><c> of</c><00:09:50.160><c> doublestranded</c>

08:35.113 --> 08:35.123 align:start position:0%
hundreds to thousands of doublestranded
 

08:35.123 --> 08:37.273 align:start position:0%
hundreds to thousands of doublestranded
DNA<00:09:51.279><c> breaks</c><00:09:51.760><c> while</c><00:09:52.000><c> most</c><00:09:52.240><c> other</c><00:09:52.399><c> cells</c><00:09:52.800><c> only</c>

08:37.273 --> 08:37.283 align:start position:0%
DNA breaks while most other cells only
 

08:37.283 --> 08:39.353 align:start position:0%
DNA breaks while most other cells only
have<00:09:53.200><c> the</c><00:09:53.440><c> capacity</c><00:09:53.760><c> to</c><00:09:54.000><c> fix</c><00:09:54.240><c> a</c><00:09:54.480><c> few</c><00:09:54.640><c> dozen.</c>

08:39.353 --> 08:39.363 align:start position:0%
have the capacity to fix a few dozen.
 

08:39.363 --> 08:41.433 align:start position:0%
have the capacity to fix a few dozen.
And<00:09:55.279><c> this</c><00:09:55.440><c> robust</c><00:09:55.839><c> DNA</c><00:09:56.320><c> repair</c><00:09:56.560><c> suite</c><00:09:56.959><c> only</c>

08:41.433 --> 08:41.443 align:start position:0%
And this robust DNA repair suite only
 

08:41.443 --> 08:43.113 align:start position:0%
And this robust DNA repair suite only
works<00:09:57.440><c> because</c><00:09:57.680><c> of</c><00:09:57.920><c> all</c><00:09:58.080><c> these</c><00:09:58.399><c> DNA</c>

08:43.113 --> 08:43.123 align:start position:0%
works because of all these DNA
 

08:43.123 --> 08:45.192 align:start position:0%
works because of all these DNA
redundancies<00:09:59.600><c> our</c><00:09:59.760><c> hero</c><00:10:00.160><c> packages</c><00:10:00.560><c> into</c><00:10:00.720><c> its</c>

08:45.192 --> 08:45.202 align:start position:0%
redundancies our hero packages into its
 

08:45.202 --> 08:47.593 align:start position:0%
redundancies our hero packages into its
nucleoid<00:10:01.519><c> donut.</c><00:10:02.240><c> Essentially,</c><00:10:03.040><c> it</c><00:10:03.200><c> is</c>

08:47.593 --> 08:47.603 align:start position:0%
nucleoid donut. Essentially, it is
 

08:47.603 --> 08:50.153 align:start position:0%
nucleoid donut. Essentially, it is
really<00:10:03.680><c> unlikely</c><00:10:04.160><c> that</c><00:10:04.480><c> the</c><00:10:04.720><c> exact</c><00:10:05.120><c> same</c><00:10:05.360><c> DNA</c>

08:50.153 --> 08:50.163 align:start position:0%
really unlikely that the exact same DNA
 

08:50.163 --> 08:51.833 align:start position:0%
really unlikely that the exact same DNA
break<00:10:06.160><c> is</c><00:10:06.399><c> going</c><00:10:06.480><c> to</c><00:10:06.640><c> happen</c><00:10:06.880><c> across</c><00:10:07.279><c> every</c>

08:51.833 --> 08:51.843 align:start position:0%
break is going to happen across every
 

08:51.843 --> 08:54.393 align:start position:0%
break is going to happen across every
copy<00:10:07.920><c> of</c><00:10:08.080><c> D</c><00:10:08.320><c> Radio's</c><00:10:09.200><c> genome.</c><00:10:09.600><c> Even</c><00:10:09.839><c> if</c><00:10:10.000><c> there</c>

08:54.393 --> 08:54.403 align:start position:0%
copy of D Radio's genome. Even if there
 

08:54.403 --> 08:56.233 align:start position:0%
copy of D Radio's genome. Even if there
are<00:10:10.320><c> multiple</c><00:10:10.640><c> breaks</c><00:10:10.959><c> across</c><00:10:11.279><c> every</c><00:10:11.600><c> copy,</c>

08:56.233 --> 08:56.243 align:start position:0%
are multiple breaks across every copy,
 

08:56.243 --> 08:58.473 align:start position:0%
are multiple breaks across every copy,
radio<00:10:12.640><c> will</c><00:10:12.800><c> just</c><00:10:12.959><c> recombine</c><00:10:13.600><c> all</c><00:10:13.839><c> the</c><00:10:14.000><c> damage</c>

08:58.473 --> 08:58.483 align:start position:0%
radio will just recombine all the damage
 

08:58.483 --> 09:00.793 align:start position:0%
radio will just recombine all the damage
and<00:10:14.560><c> end</c><00:10:14.720><c> up</c><00:10:15.040><c> completely</c><00:10:15.519><c> healed.</c><00:10:16.160><c> This</c><00:10:16.320><c> means</c>

09:00.793 --> 09:00.803 align:start position:0%
and end up completely healed. This means
 

09:00.803 --> 09:03.353 align:start position:0%
and end up completely healed. This means
that<00:10:16.880><c> draodurance</c><00:10:17.760><c> not</c><00:10:18.000><c> only</c><00:10:18.160><c> can</c><00:10:18.560><c> survive</c>

09:03.353 --> 09:03.363 align:start position:0%
that draodurance not only can survive
 

09:03.363 --> 09:05.752 align:start position:0%
that draodurance not only can survive
radiation<00:10:19.680><c> exposure,</c><00:10:20.240><c> but</c><00:10:20.560><c> actually</c><00:10:21.040><c> thrive</c>

09:05.752 --> 09:05.762 align:start position:0%
radiation exposure, but actually thrive
 

09:05.762 --> 09:07.752 align:start position:0%
radiation exposure, but actually thrive
under<00:10:21.839><c> it,</c><00:10:22.160><c> still</c><00:10:22.480><c> growing</c><00:10:22.800><c> and</c><00:10:23.040><c> dividing</c>

09:07.752 --> 09:07.762 align:start position:0%
under it, still growing and dividing
 

09:07.762 --> 09:10.393 align:start position:0%
under it, still growing and dividing
even<00:10:23.760><c> when</c><00:10:23.920><c> it's</c><00:10:24.240><c> actively</c><00:10:24.880><c> being</c><00:10:25.440><c> irdiated.</c>

09:10.393 --> 09:10.403 align:start position:0%
even when it's actively being irdiated.
 

09:10.403 --> 09:12.473 align:start position:0%
even when it's actively being irdiated.
A<00:10:26.320><c> fatal</c><00:10:26.640><c> dose</c><00:10:26.800><c> of</c><00:10:26.959><c> radiation</c><00:10:27.360><c> for</c><00:10:27.600><c> you</c><00:10:27.920><c> barely</c>

09:12.473 --> 09:12.483 align:start position:0%
A fatal dose of radiation for you barely
 

09:12.483 --> 09:14.072 align:start position:0%
A fatal dose of radiation for you barely
counts<00:10:28.480><c> as</c><00:10:28.800><c> background</c><00:10:29.200><c> noise</c><00:10:29.519><c> for</c><00:10:29.680><c> this</c>

09:14.072 --> 09:14.082 align:start position:0%
counts as background noise for this
 

09:14.082 --> 09:15.433 align:start position:0%
counts as background noise for this
fella<00:10:30.160><c> based</c><00:10:30.399><c> on</c><00:10:30.560><c> the</c><00:10:30.720><c> way</c><00:10:30.800><c> that</c><00:10:30.959><c> it's</c>

09:15.433 --> 09:15.443 align:start position:0%
fella based on the way that it's
 

09:15.443 --> 09:17.273 align:start position:0%
fella based on the way that it's
optimized<00:10:31.680><c> its</c><00:10:31.839><c> living</c><00:10:32.160><c> strategy.</c><00:10:32.800><c> If</c><00:10:32.959><c> you're</c>

09:17.273 --> 09:17.283 align:start position:0%
optimized its living strategy. If you're
 

09:17.283 --> 09:19.113 align:start position:0%
optimized its living strategy. If you're
asking<00:10:33.360><c> how</c><00:10:33.519><c> this</c><00:10:33.680><c> is</c><00:10:33.839><c> possible,</c><00:10:34.320><c> one</c><00:10:34.560><c> review</c>

09:19.113 --> 09:19.123 align:start position:0%
asking how this is possible, one review
 

09:19.123 --> 09:20.793 align:start position:0%
asking how this is possible, one review
paper<00:10:35.120><c> I</c><00:10:35.360><c> read</c><00:10:35.600><c> chalked</c><00:10:35.920><c> this</c><00:10:36.079><c> up</c><00:10:36.160><c> to</c><00:10:36.320><c> an</c>

09:20.793 --> 09:20.803 align:start position:0%
paper I read chalked this up to an
 

09:20.803 --> 09:22.713 align:start position:0%
paper I read chalked this up to an
investment<00:10:36.959><c> strategy.</c><00:10:37.519><c> Both</c><00:10:37.760><c> the</c><00:10:38.000><c> S</c><00:10:38.320><c> layer</c>

09:22.713 --> 09:22.723 align:start position:0%
investment strategy. Both the S layer
 

09:22.723 --> 09:25.353 align:start position:0%
investment strategy. Both the S layer
and<00:10:38.640><c> this</c><00:10:38.880><c> robust</c><00:10:39.360><c> DNA</c><00:10:39.760><c> repair</c><00:10:40.160><c> system</c><00:10:40.480><c> cost</c><00:10:40.800><c> a</c>

09:25.353 --> 09:25.363 align:start position:0%
and this robust DNA repair system cost a
 

09:25.363 --> 09:27.593 align:start position:0%
and this robust DNA repair system cost a
ton<00:10:41.360><c> of</c><00:10:41.600><c> energy.</c><00:10:42.320><c> Most</c><00:10:42.560><c> other</c><00:10:42.800><c> bacteria</c>

09:27.593 --> 09:27.603 align:start position:0%
ton of energy. Most other bacteria
 

09:27.603 --> 09:29.512 align:start position:0%
ton of energy. Most other bacteria
invest<00:10:43.760><c> energy</c><00:10:44.079><c> into</c><00:10:44.320><c> growing</c><00:10:44.640><c> and</c><00:10:44.880><c> dividing</c>

09:29.512 --> 09:29.522 align:start position:0%
invest energy into growing and dividing
 

09:29.522 --> 09:31.433 align:start position:0%
invest energy into growing and dividing
as<00:10:45.440><c> quickly</c><00:10:45.760><c> as</c><00:10:46.000><c> possible</c><00:10:46.320><c> while</c><00:10:46.560><c> dinocus</c>

09:31.433 --> 09:31.443 align:start position:0%
as quickly as possible while dinocus
 

09:31.443 --> 09:33.353 align:start position:0%
as quickly as possible while dinocus
radio<00:10:47.760><c> is</c><00:10:47.920><c> making</c><00:10:48.079><c> more</c><00:10:48.240><c> of</c><00:10:48.399><c> an</c><00:10:48.560><c> efficiency</c>

09:33.353 --> 09:33.363 align:start position:0%
radio is making more of an efficiency
 

09:33.363 --> 09:36.072 align:start position:0%
radio is making more of an efficiency
play.<00:10:49.680><c> Draodurance</c><00:10:50.640><c> grows</c><00:10:50.880><c> and</c><00:10:51.040><c> divides</c><00:10:51.519><c> much</c>

09:36.072 --> 09:36.082 align:start position:0%
play. Draodurance grows and divides much
 

09:36.082 --> 09:37.913 align:start position:0%
play. Draodurance grows and divides much
slower<00:10:52.240><c> than</c><00:10:52.480><c> regular</c><00:10:52.800><c> bacteria</c><00:10:53.279><c> and</c><00:10:53.440><c> they're</c>

09:37.913 --> 09:37.923 align:start position:0%
slower than regular bacteria and they're
 

09:37.923 --> 09:39.593 align:start position:0%
slower than regular bacteria and they're
also<00:10:53.839><c> a</c><00:10:54.000><c> little</c><00:10:54.079><c> bit</c><00:10:54.240><c> larger</c><00:10:54.640><c> too.</c><00:10:55.040><c> But</c><00:10:55.120><c> it</c>

09:39.593 --> 09:39.603 align:start position:0%
also a little bit larger too. But it
 

09:39.603 --> 09:41.033 align:start position:0%
also a little bit larger too. But it
also<00:10:55.519><c> has</c><00:10:55.680><c> a</c><00:10:55.839><c> much</c><00:10:56.079><c> higher</c><00:10:56.399><c> chance</c><00:10:56.640><c> of</c>

09:41.033 --> 09:41.043 align:start position:0%
also has a much higher chance of
 

09:41.043 --> 09:42.953 align:start position:0%
also has a much higher chance of
actually<00:10:57.120><c> passing</c><00:10:57.519><c> its</c><00:10:57.760><c> genes</c><00:10:58.079><c> on</c><00:10:58.320><c> because</c><00:10:58.560><c> it</c>

09:42.953 --> 09:42.963 align:start position:0%
actually passing its genes on because it
 

09:42.963 --> 09:45.113 align:start position:0%
actually passing its genes on because it
can<00:10:58.880><c> survive</c><00:10:59.440><c> so</c><00:10:59.760><c> much</c><00:10:59.920><c> more.</c><00:11:00.480><c> It's</c><00:11:00.560><c> like</c><00:11:00.720><c> a</c>

09:45.113 --> 09:45.123 align:start position:0%
can survive so much more. It's like a
 

09:45.123 --> 09:47.113 align:start position:0%
can survive so much more. It's like a
quality<00:11:01.200><c> over</c><00:11:01.440><c> quantity</c><00:11:01.839><c> play</c><00:11:02.240><c> basically.</c>

09:47.113 --> 09:47.123 align:start position:0%
quality over quantity play basically.
 

09:47.123 --> 09:48.793 align:start position:0%
quality over quantity play basically.
And<00:11:03.040><c> that's</c><00:11:03.279><c> all</c><00:11:03.440><c> fun,</c><00:11:03.839><c> but</c><00:11:04.079><c> let's</c><00:11:04.240><c> take</c><00:11:04.399><c> this</c>

09:48.793 --> 09:48.803 align:start position:0%
And that's all fun, but let's take this
 

09:48.803 --> 09:50.473 align:start position:0%
And that's all fun, but let's take this
to<00:11:04.720><c> the</c><00:11:04.800><c> next</c><00:11:05.040><c> level</c><00:11:05.360><c> because</c><00:11:05.600><c> I've</c><00:11:05.839><c> left</c><00:11:06.000><c> a</c>

09:50.473 --> 09:50.483 align:start position:0%
to the next level because I've left a
 

09:50.483 --> 09:52.473 align:start position:0%
to the next level because I've left a
few<00:11:06.320><c> details</c><00:11:06.720><c> out</c><00:11:06.959><c> here.</c><00:11:07.600><c> Here's</c><00:11:07.839><c> the</c><00:11:08.000><c> big</c>

09:52.473 --> 09:52.483 align:start position:0%
few details out here. Here's the big
 

09:52.483 --> 09:55.033 align:start position:0%
few details out here. Here's the big
question.<00:11:08.720><c> Do</c><00:11:08.959><c> you</c><00:11:09.120><c> know</c><00:11:09.440><c> how</c><00:11:10.079><c> radiation</c>

09:55.033 --> 09:55.043 align:start position:0%
question. Do you know how radiation
 

09:55.043 --> 09:57.113 align:start position:0%
question. Do you know how radiation
causes<00:11:11.279><c> DNA</c><00:11:11.839><c> damage</c><00:11:12.160><c> and</c><00:11:12.320><c> therefore,</c><00:11:12.720><c> you</c>

09:57.113 --> 09:57.123 align:start position:0%
causes DNA damage and therefore, you
 

09:57.123 --> 09:59.113 align:start position:0%
causes DNA damage and therefore, you
know,<00:11:13.040><c> damage</c><00:11:13.279><c> to</c><00:11:13.519><c> you</c><00:11:13.839><c> specifically?</c><00:11:14.640><c> I've</c>

09:59.113 --> 09:59.123 align:start position:0%
know, damage to you specifically? I've
 

09:59.123 --> 10:00.473 align:start position:0%
know, damage to you specifically? I've
talked<00:11:15.040><c> about</c><00:11:15.200><c> this</c><00:11:15.360><c> mechanism</c><00:11:15.839><c> a</c><00:11:16.000><c> little</c><00:11:16.079><c> bit</c>

10:00.473 --> 10:00.483 align:start position:0%
talked about this mechanism a little bit
 

10:00.483 --> 10:02.713 align:start position:0%
talked about this mechanism a little bit
in<00:11:16.399><c> previous</c><00:11:16.800><c> videos.</c><00:11:17.440><c> In</c><00:11:17.680><c> short,</c><00:11:18.000><c> while</c><00:11:18.240><c> the</c>

10:02.713 --> 10:02.723 align:start position:0%
in previous videos. In short, while the
 

10:02.723 --> 10:04.953 align:start position:0%
in previous videos. In short, while the
high<00:11:18.720><c> energy</c><00:11:19.120><c> rays</c><00:11:19.440><c> of</c><00:11:19.760><c> ionizing</c><00:11:20.160><c> radiation</c>

10:04.953 --> 10:04.963 align:start position:0%
high energy rays of ionizing radiation
 

10:04.963 --> 10:07.512 align:start position:0%
high energy rays of ionizing radiation
can<00:11:20.959><c> cook</c><00:11:21.279><c> DNA</c><00:11:21.760><c> on</c><00:11:21.920><c> their</c><00:11:22.160><c> own,</c><00:11:22.640><c> direct</c><00:11:23.040><c> damage</c>

10:07.512 --> 10:07.522 align:start position:0%
can cook DNA on their own, direct damage
 

10:07.522 --> 10:09.512 align:start position:0%
can cook DNA on their own, direct damage
from<00:11:23.680><c> ionizing</c><00:11:24.079><c> radiation</c><00:11:24.640><c> only</c><00:11:24.959><c> accounts</c>

10:09.512 --> 10:09.522 align:start position:0%
from ionizing radiation only accounts
 

10:09.522 --> 10:11.993 align:start position:0%
from ionizing radiation only accounts
for<00:11:25.519><c> about</c><00:11:25.920><c> 20%</c><00:11:26.640><c> of</c><00:11:26.800><c> the</c><00:11:26.959><c> damage</c><00:11:27.200><c> it</c><00:11:27.440><c> does</c><00:11:27.600><c> to</c>

10:11.993 --> 10:12.003 align:start position:0%
for about 20% of the damage it does to
 

10:12.003 --> 10:15.752 align:start position:0%
for about 20% of the damage it does to
our<00:11:28.000><c> DNA.</c><00:11:28.800><c> The</c><00:11:29.040><c> rest,</c><00:11:29.600><c> 80%,</c><00:11:30.560><c> is</c><00:11:30.800><c> indirect.</c>

10:15.752 --> 10:15.762 align:start position:0%
our DNA. The rest, 80%, is indirect.
 

10:15.762 --> 10:17.512 align:start position:0%
our DNA. The rest, 80%, is indirect.
Because<00:11:32.000><c> ionizing</c><00:11:32.399><c> radiation</c><00:11:32.800><c> will</c><00:11:33.040><c> bump</c>

10:17.512 --> 10:17.522 align:start position:0%
Because ionizing radiation will bump
 

10:17.522 --> 10:19.752 align:start position:0%
Because ionizing radiation will bump
into<00:11:33.600><c> just</c><00:11:33.920><c> about</c><00:11:34.160><c> anything,</c><00:11:34.800><c> especially</c><00:11:35.279><c> the</c>

10:19.752 --> 10:19.762 align:start position:0%
into just about anything, especially the
 

10:19.762 --> 10:21.433 align:start position:0%
into just about anything, especially the
water<00:11:35.760><c> that</c><00:11:35.920><c> these</c><00:11:36.160><c> cells</c><00:11:36.480><c> are</c><00:11:36.640><c> made</c><00:11:36.800><c> out</c><00:11:36.880><c> of.</c>

10:21.433 --> 10:21.443 align:start position:0%
water that these cells are made out of.
 

10:21.443 --> 10:23.273 align:start position:0%
water that these cells are made out of.
Hit<00:11:37.440><c> a</c><00:11:37.600><c> water</c><00:11:37.760><c> molecule</c><00:11:38.160><c> in</c><00:11:38.480><c> just</c><00:11:38.640><c> the</c><00:11:38.880><c> wrong</c>

10:23.273 --> 10:23.283 align:start position:0%
Hit a water molecule in just the wrong
 

10:23.283 --> 10:25.593 align:start position:0%
Hit a water molecule in just the wrong
way<00:11:39.200><c> and</c><00:11:39.440><c> you</c><00:11:39.680><c> can</c><00:11:39.760><c> break</c><00:11:40.000><c> it,</c><00:11:40.480><c> creating</c><00:11:40.959><c> truly</c>

10:25.593 --> 10:25.603 align:start position:0%
way and you can break it, creating truly
 

10:25.603 --> 10:27.833 align:start position:0%
way and you can break it, creating truly
violent<00:11:41.760><c> forms</c><00:11:42.079><c> of</c><00:11:42.240><c> oxygen</c><00:11:42.720><c> called</c><00:11:42.959><c> reactive</c>

10:27.833 --> 10:27.843 align:start position:0%
violent forms of oxygen called reactive
 

10:27.843 --> 10:30.553 align:start position:0%
violent forms of oxygen called reactive
oxygen<00:11:44.160><c> species</c><00:11:44.640><c> or</c><00:11:44.959><c> ROSS.</c><00:11:45.600><c> These</c><00:11:45.920><c> rapid</c>

10:30.553 --> 10:30.563 align:start position:0%
oxygen species or ROSS. These rapid
 

10:30.563 --> 10:33.752 align:start position:0%
oxygen species or ROSS. These rapid
oxygen<00:11:46.880><c> variants</c><00:11:47.279><c> will</c><00:11:47.519><c> flail</c><00:11:48.240><c> wildly</c><00:11:48.959><c> and</c><00:11:49.279><c> do</c>

10:33.752 --> 10:33.762 align:start position:0%
oxygen variants will flail wildly and do
 

10:33.762 --> 10:35.673 align:start position:0%
oxygen variants will flail wildly and do
huge<00:11:49.920><c> amounts</c><00:11:50.160><c> of</c><00:11:50.320><c> damage</c><00:11:50.720><c> to</c><00:11:50.959><c> just</c><00:11:51.200><c> about</c>

10:35.673 --> 10:35.683 align:start position:0%
huge amounts of damage to just about
 

10:35.683 --> 10:37.913 align:start position:0%
huge amounts of damage to just about
anything<00:11:51.839><c> they</c><00:11:52.079><c> bump</c><00:11:52.399><c> into.</c><00:11:53.120><c> Which</c><00:11:53.279><c> is</c><00:11:53.440><c> why</c>

10:37.913 --> 10:37.923 align:start position:0%
anything they bump into. Which is why
 

10:37.923 --> 10:41.113 align:start position:0%
anything they bump into. Which is why
Dinocus<00:11:54.480><c> radio</c><00:11:55.200><c> uses</c><00:11:55.519><c> a</c><00:11:55.680><c> deep</c><00:11:56.000><c> antioxidant</c>

10:41.113 --> 10:41.123 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio uses a deep antioxidant
 

10:41.123 --> 10:43.353 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio uses a deep antioxidant
pool.<00:11:57.519><c> That's</c><00:11:57.760><c> right.</c><00:11:58.079><c> The</c><00:11:58.240><c> antioxidants</c><00:11:58.959><c> in</c>

10:43.353 --> 10:43.363 align:start position:0%
pool. That's right. The antioxidants in
 

10:43.363 --> 10:45.353 align:start position:0%
pool. That's right. The antioxidants in
the<00:11:59.279><c> D</c><00:11:59.600><c> radioodderance</c><00:12:00.320><c> S</c><00:12:00.640><c> layer</c><00:12:00.800><c> are</c><00:12:00.959><c> there</c>

10:45.353 --> 10:45.363 align:start position:0%
the D radioodderance S layer are there
 

10:45.363 --> 10:47.593 align:start position:0%
the D radioodderance S layer are there
to<00:12:01.279><c> absorb</c><00:12:01.680><c> the</c><00:12:01.920><c> harmful</c><00:12:02.320><c> ROSS</c><00:12:02.720><c> byproducts</c>

10:47.593 --> 10:47.603 align:start position:0%
to absorb the harmful ROSS byproducts
 

10:47.603 --> 10:49.593 align:start position:0%
to absorb the harmful ROSS byproducts
caused<00:12:03.680><c> by</c><00:12:03.920><c> radiation</c><00:12:04.640><c> and</c><00:12:04.880><c> other</c><00:12:05.120><c> things.</c>

10:49.593 --> 10:49.603 align:start position:0%
caused by radiation and other things.
 

10:49.603 --> 10:51.593 align:start position:0%
caused by radiation and other things.
I'll<00:12:05.600><c> get</c><00:12:05.680><c> to</c><00:12:05.839><c> that</c><00:12:06.000><c> later.</c><00:12:06.560><c> Two</c><00:12:06.800><c> of</c><00:12:06.880><c> the</c><00:12:07.040><c> worst</c>

10:51.593 --> 10:51.603 align:start position:0%
I'll get to that later. Two of the worst
 

10:51.603 --> 10:53.833 align:start position:0%
I'll get to that later. Two of the worst
Ross<00:12:07.760><c> characters</c><00:12:08.240><c> are</c><00:12:08.399><c> the</c><00:12:08.639><c> super</c><00:12:08.880><c> oxide</c><00:12:09.440><c> ion</c>

10:53.833 --> 10:53.843 align:start position:0%
Ross characters are the super oxide ion
 

10:53.843 --> 10:56.393 align:start position:0%
Ross characters are the super oxide ion
and<00:12:09.839><c> hydrogen</c><00:12:10.320><c> peroxide.</c><00:12:11.200><c> Draodurance</c>

10:56.393 --> 10:56.403 align:start position:0%
and hydrogen peroxide. Draodurance
 

10:56.403 --> 10:58.393 align:start position:0%
and hydrogen peroxide. Draodurance
employs<00:12:12.480><c> a</c><00:12:12.720><c> bunch</c><00:12:12.880><c> of</c><00:12:13.040><c> different</c><00:12:13.360><c> super</c><00:12:13.680><c> oxide</c>

10:58.393 --> 10:58.403 align:start position:0%
employs a bunch of different super oxide
 

10:58.403 --> 11:00.473 align:start position:0%
employs a bunch of different super oxide
dismutase<00:12:14.880><c> enzymes</c><00:12:15.279><c> that</c><00:12:15.519><c> disarm</c><00:12:15.920><c> Ross</c>

11:00.473 --> 11:00.483 align:start position:0%
dismutase enzymes that disarm Ross
 

11:00.483 --> 11:02.312 align:start position:0%
dismutase enzymes that disarm Ross
species<00:12:16.639><c> before</c><00:12:16.880><c> they</c><00:12:17.040><c> can</c><00:12:17.200><c> latch</c><00:12:17.440><c> onto</c><00:12:17.839><c> and</c>

11:02.312 --> 11:02.322 align:start position:0%
species before they can latch onto and
 

11:02.322 --> 11:03.993 align:start position:0%
species before they can latch onto and
damage<00:12:18.560><c> something</c><00:12:18.800><c> else.</c><00:12:19.360><c> This</c><00:12:19.519><c> is</c><00:12:19.600><c> why</c>

11:03.993 --> 11:04.003 align:start position:0%
damage something else. This is why
 

11:04.003 --> 11:06.153 align:start position:0%
damage something else. This is why
antioxidants<00:12:20.480><c> are</c><00:12:20.639><c> such</c><00:12:20.800><c> a</c><00:12:20.959><c> big</c><00:12:21.120><c> deal.</c><00:12:21.360><c> Our</c>

11:06.153 --> 11:06.163 align:start position:0%
antioxidants are such a big deal. Our
 

11:06.163 --> 11:08.233 align:start position:0%
antioxidants are such a big deal. Our
metabolism<00:12:22.560><c> naturally</c><00:12:22.959><c> produces</c><00:12:23.360><c> a</c><00:12:23.600><c> ton</c><00:12:23.839><c> of</c>

11:08.233 --> 11:08.243 align:start position:0%
metabolism naturally produces a ton of
 

11:08.243 --> 11:10.393 align:start position:0%
metabolism naturally produces a ton of
reactive<00:12:24.480><c> oxygen</c><00:12:24.959><c> species</c><00:12:25.279><c> as</c><00:12:25.519><c> a</c><00:12:25.680><c> byproduct</c>

11:10.393 --> 11:10.403 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species as a byproduct
 

11:10.403 --> 11:13.113 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species as a byproduct
of,<00:12:26.639><c> you</c><00:12:26.880><c> know,</c><00:12:27.200><c> using</c><00:12:27.519><c> oxygen</c><00:12:28.000><c> to</c><00:12:28.240><c> breathe.</c>

11:13.113 --> 11:13.123 align:start position:0%
of, you know, using oxygen to breathe.
 

11:13.123 --> 11:15.512 align:start position:0%
of, you know, using oxygen to breathe.
The<00:12:29.120><c> wild</c><00:12:29.440><c> thing</c><00:12:29.600><c> is</c><00:12:30.079><c> radiation</c><00:12:30.720><c> isn't</c><00:12:31.040><c> the</c>

11:15.512 --> 11:15.522 align:start position:0%
The wild thing is radiation isn't the
 

11:15.522 --> 11:17.273 align:start position:0%
The wild thing is radiation isn't the
only<00:12:31.440><c> thing</c><00:12:31.600><c> that</c><00:12:31.839><c> kills</c><00:12:32.160><c> you</c><00:12:32.320><c> with</c><00:12:32.560><c> reactive</c>

11:17.273 --> 11:17.283 align:start position:0%
only thing that kills you with reactive
 

11:17.283 --> 11:19.353 align:start position:0%
only thing that kills you with reactive
oxygen<00:12:33.440><c> species.</c><00:12:34.079><c> Heavy</c><00:12:34.399><c> metal</c><00:12:34.639><c> poisoning</c>

11:19.353 --> 11:19.363 align:start position:0%
oxygen species. Heavy metal poisoning
 

11:19.363 --> 11:21.433 align:start position:0%
oxygen species. Heavy metal poisoning
and<00:12:35.360><c> other</c><00:12:35.600><c> toxic</c><00:12:36.000><c> chemicals</c><00:12:36.399><c> can</c><00:12:36.639><c> also</c><00:12:36.880><c> cause</c>

11:21.433 --> 11:21.443 align:start position:0%
and other toxic chemicals can also cause
 

11:21.443 --> 11:23.673 align:start position:0%
and other toxic chemicals can also cause
cytotoxicity<00:12:38.079><c> by</c><00:12:38.320><c> initiating</c><00:12:38.800><c> a</c><00:12:39.040><c> Ross</c>

11:23.673 --> 11:23.683 align:start position:0%
cytotoxicity by initiating a Ross
 

11:23.683 --> 11:26.713 align:start position:0%
cytotoxicity by initiating a Ross
cascade.<00:12:40.240><c> In</c><00:12:40.399><c> a</c><00:12:40.560><c> lot</c><00:12:40.639><c> of</c><00:12:40.720><c> ways,</c><00:12:41.040><c> Dinocus</c><00:12:41.760><c> radio</c>

11:26.713 --> 11:26.723 align:start position:0%
cascade. In a lot of ways, Dinocus radio
 

11:26.723 --> 11:28.473 align:start position:0%
cascade. In a lot of ways, Dinocus radio
isn't<00:12:42.880><c> trying</c><00:12:43.120><c> to</c><00:12:43.279><c> defend</c><00:12:43.600><c> itself</c><00:12:43.920><c> against</c>

11:28.473 --> 11:28.483 align:start position:0%
isn't trying to defend itself against
 

11:28.483 --> 11:30.632 align:start position:0%
isn't trying to defend itself against
radiation.<00:12:45.040><c> It's</c><00:12:45.279><c> trying</c><00:12:45.519><c> to</c><00:12:45.680><c> defend</c><00:12:46.000><c> itself</c>

11:30.632 --> 11:30.642 align:start position:0%
radiation. It's trying to defend itself
 

11:30.642 --> 11:33.113 align:start position:0%
radiation. It's trying to defend itself
against<00:12:46.800><c> reactive</c><00:12:47.360><c> oxygen</c><00:12:47.920><c> species.</c><00:12:48.720><c> And</c>

11:33.113 --> 11:33.123 align:start position:0%
against reactive oxygen species. And
 

11:33.123 --> 11:34.713 align:start position:0%
against reactive oxygen species. And
that's<00:12:49.120><c> going</c><00:12:49.200><c> to</c><00:12:49.279><c> help</c><00:12:49.440><c> us</c><00:12:49.600><c> unlock</c><00:12:49.920><c> the</c><00:12:50.160><c> final</c>

11:34.713 --> 11:34.723 align:start position:0%
that's going to help us unlock the final
 

11:34.723 --> 11:36.632 align:start position:0%
that's going to help us unlock the final
piece<00:12:50.639><c> of</c><00:12:50.800><c> the</c><00:12:50.959><c> puzzle</c><00:12:51.279><c> here.</c><00:12:51.760><c> It's</c><00:12:52.000><c> cool</c><00:12:52.160><c> that</c>

11:36.632 --> 11:36.642 align:start position:0%
piece of the puzzle here. It's cool that
 

11:36.642 --> 11:38.713 align:start position:0%
piece of the puzzle here. It's cool that
Radiodurans<00:12:53.200><c> here</c><00:12:53.360><c> can</c><00:12:53.519><c> repair</c><00:12:53.760><c> its</c><00:12:54.000><c> DNA</c><00:12:54.320><c> and</c>

11:38.713 --> 11:38.723 align:start position:0%
Radiodurans here can repair its DNA and
 

11:38.723 --> 11:40.713 align:start position:0%
Radiodurans here can repair its DNA and
soak<00:12:54.720><c> up</c><00:12:54.880><c> a</c><00:12:55.040><c> ton</c><00:12:55.200><c> of</c><00:12:55.279><c> ROS</c><00:12:55.600><c> damage,</c><00:12:56.000><c> but</c><00:12:56.160><c> what's</c>

11:40.713 --> 11:40.723 align:start position:0%
soak up a ton of ROS damage, but what's
 

11:40.723 --> 11:42.713 align:start position:0%
soak up a ton of ROS damage, but what's
stopping<00:12:56.880><c> all</c><00:12:57.120><c> these</c><00:12:57.440><c> harsh</c><00:12:57.760><c> conditions</c><00:12:58.160><c> from</c>

11:42.713 --> 11:42.723 align:start position:0%
stopping all these harsh conditions from
 

11:42.723 --> 11:45.113 align:start position:0%
stopping all these harsh conditions from
breaking<00:12:58.880><c> the</c><00:12:59.120><c> repair</c><00:12:59.519><c> machinery,</c><00:13:00.079><c> too?</c><00:13:00.639><c> And</c>

11:45.113 --> 11:45.123 align:start position:0%
breaking the repair machinery, too? And
 

11:45.123 --> 11:46.713 align:start position:0%
breaking the repair machinery, too? And
as<00:13:01.040><c> an</c><00:13:01.200><c> aside,</c><00:13:01.760><c> this</c><00:13:01.920><c> is</c><00:13:02.000><c> one</c><00:13:02.160><c> of</c><00:13:02.240><c> the</c><00:13:02.320><c> ways</c>

11:46.713 --> 11:46.723 align:start position:0%
as an aside, this is one of the ways
 

11:46.723 --> 11:49.033 align:start position:0%
as an aside, this is one of the ways
that<00:13:02.720><c> research</c><00:13:03.120><c> exploring</c><00:13:03.519><c> Dinocus</c><00:13:04.160><c> radio</c>

11:49.033 --> 11:49.043 align:start position:0%
that research exploring Dinocus radio
 

11:49.043 --> 11:50.872 align:start position:0%
that research exploring Dinocus radio
has<00:13:04.959><c> unlocked</c><00:13:05.440><c> our</c><00:13:05.839><c> understanding</c><00:13:06.399><c> of</c>

11:50.872 --> 11:50.882 align:start position:0%
has unlocked our understanding of
 

11:50.882 --> 11:53.192 align:start position:0%
has unlocked our understanding of
radiation<00:13:07.200><c> damage</c><00:13:07.600><c> itself.</c><00:13:08.480><c> Because</c><00:13:08.720><c> it's</c>

11:53.192 --> 11:53.202 align:start position:0%
radiation damage itself. Because it's
 

11:53.202 --> 11:55.433 align:start position:0%
radiation damage itself. Because it's
not<00:13:09.120><c> the</c><00:13:09.360><c> DNA</c><00:13:09.839><c> damage</c><00:13:10.160><c> itself</c><00:13:10.560><c> that</c><00:13:10.880><c> kills</c>

11:55.433 --> 11:55.443 align:start position:0%
not the DNA damage itself that kills
 

11:55.443 --> 11:57.433 align:start position:0%
not the DNA damage itself that kills
cells<00:13:11.440><c> when</c><00:13:11.839><c> radiated,</c><00:13:12.480><c> it</c><00:13:12.639><c> more</c><00:13:12.800><c> and</c><00:13:12.959><c> more</c>

11:57.433 --> 11:57.443 align:start position:0%
cells when radiated, it more and more
 

11:57.443 --> 11:59.113 align:start position:0%
cells when radiated, it more and more
looks<00:13:13.519><c> like</c><00:13:13.680><c> it's</c><00:13:13.920><c> damage</c><00:13:14.240><c> to</c><00:13:14.480><c> cell</c>

11:59.113 --> 11:59.123 align:start position:0%
looks like it's damage to cell
 

11:59.123 --> 12:01.913 align:start position:0%
looks like it's damage to cell
proteomes.<00:13:16.079><c> Turns</c><00:13:16.399><c> out</c><00:13:16.880><c> radiation</c><00:13:17.440><c> and</c>

12:01.913 --> 12:01.923 align:start position:0%
proteomes. Turns out radiation and
 

12:01.923 --> 12:04.473 align:start position:0%
proteomes. Turns out radiation and
reactive<00:13:18.160><c> oxygen</c><00:13:18.560><c> species</c><00:13:19.120><c> also</c><00:13:19.519><c> cause</c><00:13:19.760><c> a</c><00:13:20.000><c> ton</c>

12:04.473 --> 12:04.483 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species also cause a ton
 

12:04.483 --> 12:06.312 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species also cause a ton
of<00:13:20.399><c> damage</c><00:13:20.639><c> to</c><00:13:20.880><c> the</c><00:13:21.040><c> protein</c><00:13:21.440><c> workers</c><00:13:21.839><c> in</c>

12:06.312 --> 12:06.322 align:start position:0%
of damage to the protein workers in
 

12:06.322 --> 12:08.312 align:start position:0%
of damage to the protein workers in
cells<00:13:22.399><c> as</c><00:13:22.560><c> well.</c><00:13:22.959><c> Protein</c><00:13:23.360><c> damage</c><00:13:23.760><c> means</c><00:13:23.920><c> that</c>

12:08.312 --> 12:08.322 align:start position:0%
cells as well. Protein damage means that
 

12:08.322 --> 12:10.553 align:start position:0%
cells as well. Protein damage means that
the<00:13:24.240><c> DNA</c><00:13:24.720><c> repair</c><00:13:25.040><c> system</c><00:13:25.279><c> will</c><00:13:25.519><c> break</c><00:13:25.760><c> down,</c>

12:10.553 --> 12:10.563 align:start position:0%
the DNA repair system will break down,
 

12:10.563 --> 12:12.553 align:start position:0%
the DNA repair system will break down,
which<00:13:26.560><c> also</c><00:13:26.880><c> means</c><00:13:27.120><c> that</c><00:13:27.360><c> busted</c><00:13:27.839><c> enzymes</c>

12:12.553 --> 12:12.563 align:start position:0%
which also means that busted enzymes
 

12:12.563 --> 12:14.793 align:start position:0%
which also means that busted enzymes
won't<00:13:28.639><c> get</c><00:13:28.959><c> replaced</c><00:13:29.360><c> if</c><00:13:29.600><c> they</c><00:13:29.839><c> break,</c><00:13:30.160><c> too.</c>

12:14.793 --> 12:14.803 align:start position:0%
won't get replaced if they break, too.
 

12:14.803 --> 12:16.713 align:start position:0%
won't get replaced if they break, too.
So,<00:13:30.720><c> we're</c><00:13:30.959><c> stuck</c><00:13:31.120><c> with</c><00:13:31.279><c> a</c><00:13:31.440><c> big</c><00:13:31.680><c> question.</c><00:13:32.320><c> How</c>

12:16.713 --> 12:16.723 align:start position:0%
So, we're stuck with a big question. How
 

12:16.723 --> 12:19.192 align:start position:0%
So, we're stuck with a big question. How
does<00:13:32.720><c> D-raodder</c><00:13:33.760><c> shield</c><00:13:34.079><c> its</c><00:13:34.320><c> proteins</c><00:13:34.720><c> from</c>

12:19.192 --> 12:19.202 align:start position:0%
does D-raodder shield its proteins from
 

12:19.202 --> 12:21.033 align:start position:0%
does D-raodder shield its proteins from
getting<00:13:35.279><c> damaged</c><00:13:35.680><c> in</c><00:13:35.920><c> the</c><00:13:36.079><c> first</c><00:13:36.320><c> place?</c>

12:21.033 --> 12:21.043 align:start position:0%
getting damaged in the first place?
 

12:21.043 --> 12:23.033 align:start position:0%
getting damaged in the first place?
Antioxidant<00:13:37.519><c> proteins</c><00:13:38.000><c> can</c><00:13:38.160><c> only</c><00:13:38.399><c> do</c><00:13:38.560><c> their</c>

12:23.033 --> 12:23.043 align:start position:0%
Antioxidant proteins can only do their
 

12:23.043 --> 12:24.473 align:start position:0%
Antioxidant proteins can only do their
job<00:13:38.959><c> if</c><00:13:39.120><c> they're</c><00:13:39.279><c> in</c><00:13:39.440><c> the</c><00:13:39.600><c> right</c><00:13:39.760><c> shape.</c><00:13:40.079><c> How</c>

12:24.473 --> 12:24.483 align:start position:0%
job if they're in the right shape. How
 

12:24.483 --> 12:26.072 align:start position:0%
job if they're in the right shape. How
can<00:13:40.399><c> this</c><00:13:40.560><c> bacteria</c><00:13:41.120><c> thrive</c><00:13:41.519><c> under</c>

12:26.072 --> 12:26.082 align:start position:0%
can this bacteria thrive under
 

12:26.082 --> 12:28.713 align:start position:0%
can this bacteria thrive under
consistent<00:13:42.399><c> radiation</c><00:13:43.040><c> exposure?</c><00:13:44.079><c> And</c><00:13:44.240><c> the</c>

12:28.713 --> 12:28.723 align:start position:0%
consistent radiation exposure? And the
 

12:28.723 --> 12:31.033 align:start position:0%
consistent radiation exposure? And the
bacteria<00:13:45.040><c> employs</c><00:13:45.519><c> one</c><00:13:45.760><c> more</c><00:13:46.079><c> passive</c><00:13:46.480><c> buffer</c>

12:31.033 --> 12:31.043 align:start position:0%
bacteria employs one more passive buffer
 

12:31.043 --> 12:33.273 align:start position:0%
bacteria employs one more passive buffer
to<00:13:46.959><c> tip</c><00:13:47.200><c> the</c><00:13:47.360><c> scales</c><00:13:47.680><c> in</c><00:13:47.839><c> its</c><00:13:48.079><c> favor.</c><00:13:48.720><c> And</c><00:13:48.880><c> that</c>

12:33.273 --> 12:33.283 align:start position:0%
to tip the scales in its favor. And that
 

12:33.283 --> 12:35.273 align:start position:0%
to tip the scales in its favor. And that
buffer<00:13:49.440><c> is</c><00:13:49.600><c> simple.</c><00:13:50.000><c> It</c><00:13:50.160><c> just</c><00:13:50.399><c> maintains</c><00:13:50.800><c> a</c>

12:35.273 --> 12:35.283 align:start position:0%
buffer is simple. It just maintains a
 

12:35.283 --> 12:37.913 align:start position:0%
buffer is simple. It just maintains a
high<00:13:51.360><c> concentration</c><00:13:51.920><c> of</c><00:13:52.160><c> manganese</c><00:13:53.040><c> ions.</c>

12:37.913 --> 12:37.923 align:start position:0%
high concentration of manganese ions.
 

12:37.923 --> 12:39.993 align:start position:0%
high concentration of manganese ions.
That's<00:13:53.920><c> right,</c><00:13:54.160><c> folks.</c><00:13:54.560><c> Meet</c><00:13:54.800><c> manganese.</c><00:13:55.600><c> My</c>

12:39.993 --> 12:40.003 align:start position:0%
That's right, folks. Meet manganese. My
 

12:40.003 --> 12:41.673 align:start position:0%
That's right, folks. Meet manganese. My
personal<00:13:56.079><c> favorite</c><00:13:56.320><c> metal</c><00:13:56.639><c> on</c><00:13:56.800><c> the</c><00:13:56.959><c> periodic</c>

12:41.673 --> 12:41.683 align:start position:0%
personal favorite metal on the periodic
 

12:41.683 --> 12:44.153 align:start position:0%
personal favorite metal on the periodic
table.<00:13:57.920><c> Manganese</c><00:13:58.639><c> ions</c><00:13:58.880><c> power</c><00:13:59.120><c> a</c><00:13:59.440><c> lot</c><00:13:59.519><c> of</c><00:13:59.680><c> our</c>

12:44.153 --> 12:44.163 align:start position:0%
table. Manganese ions power a lot of our
 

12:44.163 --> 12:45.913 align:start position:0%
table. Manganese ions power a lot of our
biology.<00:14:00.639><c> In</c><00:14:00.800><c> fact,</c><00:14:01.040><c> some</c><00:14:01.199><c> researchers</c>

12:45.913 --> 12:45.923 align:start position:0%
biology. In fact, some researchers
 

12:45.923 --> 12:47.353 align:start position:0%
biology. In fact, some researchers
figure<00:14:01.920><c> that</c><00:14:02.079><c> the</c><00:14:02.240><c> earliest</c><00:14:02.560><c> life</c><00:14:02.800><c> on</c><00:14:02.959><c> our</c>

12:47.353 --> 12:47.363 align:start position:0%
figure that the earliest life on our
 

12:47.363 --> 12:49.033 align:start position:0%
figure that the earliest life on our
planet<00:14:03.519><c> ingested</c><00:14:03.920><c> natural</c><00:14:04.240><c> manganese</c>

12:49.033 --> 12:49.043 align:start position:0%
planet ingested natural manganese
 

12:49.043 --> 12:50.393 align:start position:0%
planet ingested natural manganese
clusters<00:14:05.199><c> as</c><00:14:05.360><c> a</c><00:14:05.519><c> kind</c><00:14:05.600><c> of</c><00:14:05.760><c> primitive</c>

12:50.393 --> 12:50.403 align:start position:0%
clusters as a kind of primitive
 

12:50.403 --> 12:52.153 align:start position:0%
clusters as a kind of primitive
radiation<00:14:06.720><c> defense.</c><00:14:07.279><c> For</c><00:14:07.440><c> me,</c><00:14:07.680><c> most</c>

12:52.153 --> 12:52.163 align:start position:0%
radiation defense. For me, most
 

12:52.163 --> 12:53.913 align:start position:0%
radiation defense. For me, most
importantly,<00:14:08.320><c> manganesees</c><00:14:08.880><c> forms</c><00:14:09.199><c> the</c><00:14:09.440><c> core</c>

12:53.913 --> 12:53.923 align:start position:0%
importantly, manganesees forms the core
 

12:53.923 --> 12:55.913 align:start position:0%
importantly, manganesees forms the core
of<00:14:09.839><c> the</c><00:14:10.079><c> oxygen</c><00:14:10.560><c> evolving</c><00:14:11.120><c> complex</c><00:14:11.440><c> in</c>

12:55.913 --> 12:55.923 align:start position:0%
of the oxygen evolving complex in
 

12:55.923 --> 12:57.913 align:start position:0%
of the oxygen evolving complex in
photosystem<00:14:12.320><c> 2,</c><00:14:12.639><c> which</c><00:14:12.880><c> is</c><00:14:12.959><c> the</c><00:14:13.120><c> molecular</c>

12:57.913 --> 12:57.923 align:start position:0%
photosystem 2, which is the molecular
 

12:57.923 --> 13:00.153 align:start position:0%
photosystem 2, which is the molecular
ground<00:14:14.000><c> floor</c><00:14:14.320><c> our</c><00:14:14.720><c> entire</c><00:14:15.120><c> biosphere</c><00:14:15.760><c> is</c>

13:00.153 --> 13:00.163 align:start position:0%
ground floor our entire biosphere is
 

13:00.163 --> 13:02.072 align:start position:0%
ground floor our entire biosphere is
built<00:14:16.160><c> on</c><00:14:16.399><c> top</c><00:14:16.480><c> of.</c><00:14:16.959><c> And</c><00:14:17.120><c> based</c><00:14:17.360><c> on</c><00:14:17.440><c> this</c><00:14:17.600><c> poll,</c>

13:02.072 --> 13:02.082 align:start position:0%
built on top of. And based on this poll,
 

13:02.082 --> 13:03.673 align:start position:0%
built on top of. And based on this poll,
manganesees<00:14:18.399><c> basically</c><00:14:18.720><c> gets</c><00:14:18.959><c> no</c><00:14:19.120><c> respect</c>

13:03.673 --> 13:03.683 align:start position:0%
manganesees basically gets no respect
 

13:03.683 --> 13:05.192 align:start position:0%
manganesees basically gets no respect
for<00:14:19.600><c> my</c><00:14:19.760><c> audience.</c><00:14:20.160><c> And</c><00:14:20.320><c> this</c><00:14:20.480><c> bit</c><00:14:20.720><c> would</c><00:14:20.880><c> be</c>

13:05.192 --> 13:05.202 align:start position:0%
for my audience. And this bit would be
 

13:05.202 --> 13:07.033 align:start position:0%
for my audience. And this bit would be
far<00:14:21.199><c> more</c><00:14:21.440><c> effective</c><00:14:21.760><c> if</c><00:14:22.079><c> I</c><00:14:22.320><c> personally</c>

13:07.033 --> 13:07.043 align:start position:0%
far more effective if I personally
 

13:07.043 --> 13:08.872 align:start position:0%
far more effective if I personally
didn't<00:14:23.120><c> misspell</c><00:14:23.680><c> manganesees</c><00:14:24.240><c> in</c><00:14:24.399><c> the</c><00:14:24.480><c> post</c>

13:08.872 --> 13:08.882 align:start position:0%
didn't misspell manganesees in the post
 

13:08.882 --> 13:10.393 align:start position:0%
didn't misspell manganesees in the post
where<00:14:24.800><c> I</c><00:14:24.959><c> was</c><00:14:25.120><c> trying</c><00:14:25.199><c> to</c><00:14:25.360><c> prove</c><00:14:25.600><c> this</c><00:14:25.760><c> point.</c>

13:10.393 --> 13:10.403 align:start position:0%
where I was trying to prove this point.
 

13:10.403 --> 13:12.393 align:start position:0%
where I was trying to prove this point.
&gt;&gt; Manganese.<00:14:26.959><c> So</c><00:14:27.120><c> like</c><00:14:27.279><c> even</c><00:14:27.519><c> manganese's</c>

13:12.393 --> 13:12.403 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Manganese. So like even manganese's
 

13:12.403 --> 13:13.833 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Manganese. So like even manganese's
biggest<00:14:28.480><c> supporters</c><00:14:28.959><c> don't</c><00:14:29.120><c> give</c><00:14:29.199><c> it</c><00:14:29.360><c> enough</c>

13:13.833 --> 13:13.843 align:start position:0%
biggest supporters don't give it enough
 

13:13.843 --> 13:15.993 align:start position:0%
biggest supporters don't give it enough
respect.<00:14:30.079><c> Anyway,</c><00:14:30.560><c> the</c><00:14:30.800><c> oxidation</c><00:14:31.360><c> state</c><00:14:31.519><c> of</c>

13:15.993 --> 13:16.003 align:start position:0%
respect. Anyway, the oxidation state of
 

13:16.003 --> 13:17.913 align:start position:0%
respect. Anyway, the oxidation state of
easy<00:14:32.000><c> to</c><00:14:32.160><c> find</c><00:14:32.320><c> manganese</c><00:14:33.040><c> ions</c><00:14:33.279><c> makes</c><00:14:33.440><c> them</c>

13:17.913 --> 13:17.923 align:start position:0%
easy to find manganese ions makes them
 

13:17.923 --> 13:19.593 align:start position:0%
easy to find manganese ions makes them
great<00:14:33.839><c> at</c><00:14:34.079><c> absorbing</c><00:14:34.480><c> the</c><00:14:34.639><c> electrons</c><00:14:35.120><c> on</c>

13:19.593 --> 13:19.603 align:start position:0%
great at absorbing the electrons on
 

13:19.603 --> 13:21.273 align:start position:0%
great at absorbing the electrons on
things<00:14:35.600><c> like</c><00:14:35.760><c> the</c><00:14:35.920><c> super</c><00:14:36.240><c> oxide</c><00:14:36.639><c> reactive</c>

13:21.273 --> 13:21.283 align:start position:0%
things like the super oxide reactive
 

13:21.283 --> 13:23.432 align:start position:0%
things like the super oxide reactive
oxygen<00:14:37.519><c> species.</c><00:14:38.240><c> So,</c><00:14:38.639><c> having</c><00:14:38.880><c> a</c><00:14:39.040><c> lot</c><00:14:39.120><c> of</c>

13:23.432 --> 13:23.442 align:start position:0%
oxygen species. So, having a lot of
 

13:23.442 --> 13:25.192 align:start position:0%
oxygen species. So, having a lot of
manganesees<00:14:39.760><c> inside</c><00:14:40.000><c> your</c><00:14:40.240><c> cell</c><00:14:40.480><c> and</c><00:14:40.720><c> also</c>

13:25.192 --> 13:25.202 align:start position:0%
manganesees inside your cell and also
 

13:25.202 --> 13:26.872 align:start position:0%
manganesees inside your cell and also
maintaining<00:14:41.279><c> a</c><00:14:41.440><c> high</c><00:14:41.600><c> manganese</c><00:14:42.160><c> to</c><00:14:42.320><c> iron</c>

13:26.872 --> 13:26.882 align:start position:0%
maintaining a high manganese to iron
 

13:26.882 --> 13:28.953 align:start position:0%
maintaining a high manganese to iron
ratio<00:14:43.199><c> makes</c><00:14:43.440><c> for</c><00:14:43.600><c> an</c><00:14:43.760><c> incredible</c><00:14:44.240><c> first</c><00:14:44.480><c> line</c>

13:28.953 --> 13:28.963 align:start position:0%
ratio makes for an incredible first line
 

13:28.963 --> 13:30.872 align:start position:0%
ratio makes for an incredible first line
of<00:14:44.880><c> defense</c><00:14:45.279><c> against</c><00:14:45.600><c> radiation</c><00:14:46.160><c> damage</c><00:14:46.399><c> that</c>

13:30.872 --> 13:30.882 align:start position:0%
of defense against radiation damage that
 

13:30.882 --> 13:32.793 align:start position:0%
of defense against radiation damage that
helps<00:14:46.959><c> guarantee</c><00:14:47.360><c> that</c><00:14:47.600><c> your</c><00:14:47.839><c> critical</c><00:14:48.160><c> DNA</c>

13:32.793 --> 13:32.803 align:start position:0%
helps guarantee that your critical DNA
 

13:32.803 --> 13:34.312 align:start position:0%
helps guarantee that your critical DNA
damage<00:14:48.880><c> repair</c><00:14:49.199><c> enzymes</c><00:14:49.680><c> don't</c><00:14:49.920><c> get</c>

13:34.312 --> 13:34.322 align:start position:0%
damage repair enzymes don't get
 

13:34.322 --> 13:36.553 align:start position:0%
damage repair enzymes don't get
kneecaped<00:14:50.639><c> when</c><00:14:50.800><c> oxidative</c><00:14:51.360><c> stress</c><00:14:51.680><c> arrives.</c>

13:36.553 --> 13:36.563 align:start position:0%
kneecaped when oxidative stress arrives.
 

13:36.563 --> 13:37.432 align:start position:0%
kneecaped when oxidative stress arrives.
If<00:14:52.480><c> you</c><00:14:52.560><c> want</c><00:14:52.639><c> to</c><00:14:52.720><c> learn</c><00:14:52.880><c> more</c><00:14:53.040><c> about</c>

13:37.432 --> 13:37.442 align:start position:0%
If you want to learn more about
 

13:37.442 --> 13:39.273 align:start position:0%
If you want to learn more about
manganesees,<00:14:53.839><c> check</c><00:14:53.920><c> out</c><00:14:54.079><c> the</c><00:14:54.240><c> episode</c><00:14:54.560><c> MQ</c>

13:39.273 --> 13:39.283 align:start position:0%
manganesees, check out the episode MQ
 

13:39.283 --> 13:40.953 align:start position:0%
manganesees, check out the episode MQ
Tate<00:14:55.279><c> did</c><00:14:55.440><c> on</c><00:14:55.519><c> the</c><00:14:55.600><c> element.</c><00:14:56.079><c> Heck,</c><00:14:56.399><c> check</c><00:14:56.560><c> out</c>

13:40.953 --> 13:40.963 align:start position:0%
Tate did on the element. Heck, check out
 

13:40.963 --> 13:43.033 align:start position:0%
Tate did on the element. Heck, check out
his<00:14:56.959><c> entire</c><00:14:57.360><c> ongoing</c><00:14:57.920><c> periodic</c><00:14:58.480><c> table</c>

13:43.033 --> 13:43.043 align:start position:0%
his entire ongoing periodic table
 

13:43.043 --> 13:44.872 align:start position:0%
his entire ongoing periodic table
series.<00:14:59.440><c> When</c><00:14:59.600><c> it</c><00:14:59.760><c> comes</c><00:14:59.920><c> to</c><00:15:00.160><c> analytic</c>

13:44.872 --> 13:44.882 align:start position:0%
series. When it comes to analytic
 

13:44.882 --> 13:46.553 align:start position:0%
series. When it comes to analytic
chemistry,<00:15:01.040><c> Mutate</c><00:15:01.519><c> is</c><00:15:01.600><c> the</c><00:15:01.760><c> best</c><00:15:01.839><c> and</c><00:15:02.079><c> I</c><00:15:02.240><c> will</c>

13:46.553 --> 13:46.563 align:start position:0%
chemistry, Mutate is the best and I will
 

13:46.563 --> 13:48.632 align:start position:0%
chemistry, Mutate is the best and I will
accept<00:15:02.639><c> no</c><00:15:02.880><c> substitutes.</c><00:15:03.839><c> But</c><00:15:04.000><c> yeah,</c>

13:48.632 --> 13:48.642 align:start position:0%
accept no substitutes. But yeah,
 

13:48.642 --> 13:51.273 align:start position:0%
accept no substitutes. But yeah,
Draodurance<00:15:05.440><c> maintains</c><00:15:05.839><c> up</c><00:15:06.079><c> to</c><00:15:06.399><c> hundreds</c><00:15:06.880><c> of</c>

13:51.273 --> 13:51.283 align:start position:0%
Draodurance maintains up to hundreds of
 

13:51.283 --> 13:53.113 align:start position:0%
Draodurance maintains up to hundreds of
times<00:15:07.360><c> the</c><00:15:07.519><c> manganese</c><00:15:08.160><c> concentration</c><00:15:08.639><c> you</c>

13:53.113 --> 13:53.123 align:start position:0%
times the manganese concentration you
 

13:53.123 --> 13:54.632 align:start position:0%
times the manganese concentration you
would<00:15:09.040><c> find</c><00:15:09.199><c> in</c><00:15:09.440><c> other</c><00:15:09.680><c> cells.</c><00:15:10.240><c> But</c>

13:54.632 --> 13:54.642 align:start position:0%
would find in other cells. But
 

13:54.642 --> 13:56.393 align:start position:0%
would find in other cells. But
manganesees<00:15:10.959><c> alone</c><00:15:11.279><c> won't</c><00:15:11.519><c> cut</c><00:15:11.680><c> it.</c><00:15:11.920><c> No</c><00:15:12.079><c> one</c>

13:56.393 --> 13:56.403 align:start position:0%
manganesees alone won't cut it. No one
 

13:56.403 --> 13:57.752 align:start position:0%
manganesees alone won't cut it. No one
is<00:15:12.320><c> suggesting</c><00:15:12.639><c> that</c><00:15:12.800><c> you</c><00:15:12.959><c> could</c><00:15:13.040><c> just</c><00:15:13.199><c> down</c><00:15:13.360><c> a</c>

13:57.752 --> 13:57.762 align:start position:0%
is suggesting that you could just down a
 

13:57.762 --> 13:59.432 align:start position:0%
is suggesting that you could just down a
manganese<00:15:14.079><c> supplement</c><00:15:14.399><c> and</c><00:15:14.560><c> then</c><00:15:14.720><c> walk</c><00:15:14.959><c> into</c>

13:59.432 --> 13:59.442 align:start position:0%
manganese supplement and then walk into
 

13:59.442 --> 14:01.192 align:start position:0%
manganese supplement and then walk into
the<00:15:15.360><c> reactor</c><00:15:15.680><c> at</c><00:15:15.839><c> Chernobyl</c><00:15:16.320><c> or</c><00:15:16.480><c> whatever.</c>

14:01.192 --> 14:01.202 align:start position:0%
the reactor at Chernobyl or whatever.
 

14:01.202 --> 14:02.872 align:start position:0%
the reactor at Chernobyl or whatever.
Instead,<00:15:17.279><c> our</c><00:15:17.440><c> hero</c><00:15:17.760><c> also</c><00:15:18.000><c> makes</c><00:15:18.240><c> these</c><00:15:18.480><c> short</c>

14:02.872 --> 14:02.882 align:start position:0%
Instead, our hero also makes these short
 

14:02.882 --> 14:05.033 align:start position:0%
Instead, our hero also makes these short
little<00:15:18.880><c> peptides</c><00:15:19.360><c> that</c><00:15:19.600><c> spontaneously</c><00:15:20.320><c> form</c>

14:05.033 --> 14:05.043 align:start position:0%
little peptides that spontaneously form
 

14:05.043 --> 14:07.192 align:start position:0%
little peptides that spontaneously form
passive<00:15:21.279><c> antioxidant</c><00:15:22.160><c> complexes</c><00:15:22.720><c> by</c>

14:07.192 --> 14:07.202 align:start position:0%
passive antioxidant complexes by
 

14:07.202 --> 14:09.192 align:start position:0%
passive antioxidant complexes by
accumulating<00:15:23.440><c> manganese</c><00:15:24.160><c> ions,</c><00:15:24.399><c> phosphate,</c>

14:09.192 --> 14:09.202 align:start position:0%
accumulating manganese ions, phosphate,
 

14:09.202 --> 14:10.553 align:start position:0%
accumulating manganese ions, phosphate,
and<00:15:25.120><c> other</c><00:15:25.279><c> metabolites</c><00:15:25.839><c> into</c><00:15:26.079><c> these</c>

14:10.553 --> 14:10.563 align:start position:0%
and other metabolites into these
 

14:10.563 --> 14:12.632 align:start position:0%
and other metabolites into these
ephemeral<00:15:26.800><c> little</c><00:15:27.199><c> concentrations.</c><00:15:28.160><c> During</c>

14:12.632 --> 14:12.642 align:start position:0%
ephemeral little concentrations. During
 

14:12.642 --> 14:14.553 align:start position:0%
ephemeral little concentrations. During
times<00:15:28.639><c> of</c><00:15:28.800><c> radiation</c><00:15:29.279><c> stress,</c><00:15:29.600><c> these</c><00:15:29.920><c> pockets</c>

14:14.553 --> 14:14.563 align:start position:0%
times of radiation stress, these pockets
 

14:14.563 --> 14:16.953 align:start position:0%
times of radiation stress, these pockets
accumulate<00:15:30.800><c> around</c><00:15:31.040><c> Draodurance's</c><00:15:32.160><c> DNA</c><00:15:32.560><c> and</c>

14:16.953 --> 14:16.963 align:start position:0%
accumulate around Draodurance's DNA and
 

14:16.963 --> 14:19.113 align:start position:0%
accumulate around Draodurance's DNA and
DNA<00:15:33.279><c> repair</c><00:15:33.600><c> proteins,</c><00:15:34.320><c> forming</c><00:15:34.639><c> an</c>

14:19.113 --> 14:19.123 align:start position:0%
DNA repair proteins, forming an
 

14:19.123 --> 14:21.113 align:start position:0%
DNA repair proteins, forming an
incredibly<00:15:35.360><c> powerful</c><00:15:35.760><c> passive</c><00:15:36.240><c> buff</c><00:15:36.560><c> against</c>

14:21.113 --> 14:21.123 align:start position:0%
incredibly powerful passive buff against
 

14:21.123 --> 14:23.913 align:start position:0%
incredibly powerful passive buff against
Ross<00:15:37.279><c> damage.</c><00:15:38.000><c> Meanwhile,</c><00:15:38.560><c> Dradio</c><00:15:39.440><c> takes</c>

14:23.913 --> 14:23.923 align:start position:0%
Ross damage. Meanwhile, Dradio takes
 

14:23.923 --> 14:25.593 align:start position:0%
Ross damage. Meanwhile, Dradio takes
this<00:15:39.839><c> manganese</c><00:15:40.320><c> buff</c><00:15:40.560><c> to</c><00:15:40.720><c> the</c><00:15:40.800><c> next</c><00:15:40.959><c> level</c><00:15:41.120><c> by</c>

14:25.593 --> 14:25.603 align:start position:0%
this manganese buff to the next level by
 

14:25.603 --> 14:27.192 align:start position:0%
this manganese buff to the next level by
pumping<00:15:41.680><c> manganese</c><00:15:42.399><c> ions</c><00:15:42.560><c> out</c><00:15:42.720><c> of</c><00:15:42.800><c> its</c>

14:27.192 --> 14:27.202 align:start position:0%
pumping manganese ions out of its
 

14:27.202 --> 14:29.192 align:start position:0%
pumping manganese ions out of its
membrane<00:15:43.360><c> and</c><00:15:43.519><c> into</c><00:15:43.760><c> the</c><00:15:44.000><c> S</c><00:15:44.320><c> layer</c><00:15:44.480><c> and</c><00:15:44.639><c> sugar</c>

14:29.192 --> 14:29.202 align:start position:0%
membrane and into the S layer and sugar
 

14:29.202 --> 14:30.953 align:start position:0%
membrane and into the S layer and sugar
shield,<00:15:45.519><c> supercharging</c><00:15:46.079><c> this</c><00:15:46.320><c> region's</c>

14:30.953 --> 14:30.963 align:start position:0%
shield, supercharging this region's
 

14:30.963 --> 14:32.393 align:start position:0%
shield, supercharging this region's
ability<00:15:46.959><c> to</c><00:15:47.120><c> soak</c><00:15:47.360><c> up</c><00:15:47.519><c> radiation</c><00:15:48.000><c> and</c>

14:32.393 --> 14:32.403 align:start position:0%
ability to soak up radiation and
 

14:32.403 --> 14:34.393 align:start position:0%
ability to soak up radiation and
reactive<00:15:48.639><c> oxygen</c><00:15:49.040><c> species</c><00:15:49.600><c> before</c><00:15:49.920><c> that</c>

14:34.393 --> 14:34.403 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species before that
 

14:34.403 --> 14:36.632 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species before that
stuff<00:15:50.399><c> can</c><00:15:50.639><c> even</c><00:15:50.880><c> penetrate</c><00:15:51.360><c> the</c><00:15:51.600><c> cell.</c><00:15:52.240><c> And</c>

14:36.632 --> 14:36.642 align:start position:0%
stuff can even penetrate the cell. And
 

14:36.642 --> 14:37.752 align:start position:0%
stuff can even penetrate the cell. And
that<00:15:52.560><c> kind</c><00:15:52.639><c> of</c><00:15:52.800><c> puts</c><00:15:53.040><c> the</c><00:15:53.199><c> whole</c><00:15:53.360><c> thing</c>

14:37.752 --> 14:37.762 align:start position:0%
that kind of puts the whole thing
 

14:37.762 --> 14:40.153 align:start position:0%
that kind of puts the whole thing
together.<00:15:54.079><c> Dinocus</c><00:15:54.800><c> radio</c><00:15:55.519><c> can</c><00:15:55.680><c> survive</c>

14:40.153 --> 14:40.163 align:start position:0%
together. Dinocus radio can survive
 

14:40.163 --> 14:42.072 align:start position:0%
together. Dinocus radio can survive
extreme<00:15:56.320><c> radiation</c><00:15:56.880><c> doses</c><00:15:57.360><c> thanks</c><00:15:57.600><c> to</c><00:15:57.680><c> the</c>

14:42.072 --> 14:42.082 align:start position:0%
extreme radiation doses thanks to the
 

14:42.082 --> 14:43.992 align:start position:0%
extreme radiation doses thanks to the
interplay<00:15:58.399><c> of</c><00:15:58.560><c> a</c><00:15:58.800><c> bunch</c><00:15:58.959><c> of</c><00:15:59.120><c> tiny</c><00:15:59.440><c> factors</c>

14:43.992 --> 14:44.002 align:start position:0%
interplay of a bunch of tiny factors
 

14:44.002 --> 14:45.752 align:start position:0%
interplay of a bunch of tiny factors
that<00:15:59.920><c> add</c><00:16:00.160><c> up</c><00:16:00.240><c> to</c><00:16:00.399><c> an</c><00:16:00.560><c> incredible</c><00:16:01.040><c> balance.</c>

14:45.752 --> 14:45.762 align:start position:0%
that add up to an incredible balance.
 

14:45.762 --> 14:48.233 align:start position:0%
that add up to an incredible balance.
Dinocus<00:16:02.240><c> radio</c><00:16:02.959><c> is</c><00:16:03.120><c> out</c><00:16:03.360><c> here</c><00:16:03.600><c> defending</c>

14:48.233 --> 14:48.243 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio is out here defending
 

14:48.243 --> 14:50.233 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio is out here defending
every<00:16:04.320><c> protein</c><00:16:04.639><c> it</c><00:16:04.880><c> can</c><00:16:05.040><c> from</c><00:16:05.199><c> damage</c><00:16:05.600><c> so</c><00:16:05.759><c> it</c>

14:50.233 --> 14:50.243 align:start position:0%
every protein it can from damage so it
 

14:50.243 --> 14:52.233 align:start position:0%
every protein it can from damage so it
has<00:16:06.079><c> the</c><00:16:06.320><c> best</c><00:16:06.480><c> chance</c><00:16:06.720><c> to</c><00:16:06.959><c> keep</c><00:16:07.199><c> going.</c><00:16:07.759><c> It's</c>

14:52.233 --> 14:52.243 align:start position:0%
has the best chance to keep going. It's
 

14:52.243 --> 14:53.992 align:start position:0%
has the best chance to keep going. It's
not<00:16:08.160><c> just</c><00:16:08.399><c> one</c><00:16:08.639><c> thing</c><00:16:08.800><c> that</c><00:16:08.959><c> makes</c><00:16:09.120><c> Dinocus</c>

14:53.992 --> 14:54.002 align:start position:0%
not just one thing that makes Dinocus
 

14:54.002 --> 14:55.913 align:start position:0%
not just one thing that makes Dinocus
radio<00:16:10.399><c> so</c><00:16:10.560><c> powerful.</c><00:16:10.959><c> It's</c><00:16:11.120><c> the</c><00:16:11.279><c> interplay</c>

14:55.913 --> 14:55.923 align:start position:0%
radio so powerful. It's the interplay
 

14:55.923 --> 14:57.752 align:start position:0%
radio so powerful. It's the interplay
between<00:16:12.000><c> all</c><00:16:12.240><c> these</c><00:16:12.480><c> systems.</c><00:16:13.040><c> Researchers</c>

14:57.752 --> 14:57.762 align:start position:0%
between all these systems. Researchers
 

14:57.762 --> 15:00.393 align:start position:0%
between all these systems. Researchers
describe<00:16:13.839><c> Dinocus</c><00:16:14.480><c> radio</c><00:16:15.120><c> as</c><00:16:15.360><c> a</c><00:16:15.519><c> remarkable</c>

15:00.393 --> 15:00.403 align:start position:0%
describe Dinocus radio as a remarkable
 

15:00.403 --> 15:02.632 align:start position:0%
describe Dinocus radio as a remarkable
generalist.<00:16:17.040><c> This</c><00:16:17.199><c> bacteria</c><00:16:17.839><c> just</c><00:16:18.079><c> operates</c>

15:02.632 --> 15:02.642 align:start position:0%
generalist. This bacteria just operates
 

15:02.642 --> 15:04.393 align:start position:0%
generalist. This bacteria just operates
in<00:16:18.639><c> a</c><00:16:18.800><c> way</c><00:16:18.880><c> where</c><00:16:19.040><c> it</c><00:16:19.279><c> can</c><00:16:19.440><c> take</c><00:16:19.600><c> a</c><00:16:19.839><c> bunch</c><00:16:20.000><c> of</c>

15:04.393 --> 15:04.403 align:start position:0%
in a way where it can take a bunch of
 

15:04.403 --> 15:05.992 align:start position:0%
in a way where it can take a bunch of
huge<00:16:20.399><c> hits</c><00:16:20.720><c> and</c><00:16:20.880><c> keep</c><00:16:21.120><c> going,</c><00:16:21.360><c> which</c><00:16:21.600><c> has</c>

15:05.992 --> 15:06.002 align:start position:0%
huge hits and keep going, which has
 

15:06.002 --> 15:07.512 align:start position:0%
huge hits and keep going, which has
allowed<00:16:21.920><c> it</c><00:16:22.079><c> to</c><00:16:22.240><c> survive</c><00:16:22.560><c> basically</c><00:16:22.959><c> anything</c>

15:07.512 --> 15:07.522 align:start position:0%
allowed it to survive basically anything
 

15:07.522 --> 15:09.273 align:start position:0%
allowed it to survive basically anything
that<00:16:23.600><c> life</c><00:16:23.839><c> on</c><00:16:24.000><c> this</c><00:16:24.160><c> planet</c><00:16:24.480><c> can</c><00:16:24.639><c> throw</c><00:16:24.800><c> at</c>

15:09.273 --> 15:09.283 align:start position:0%
that life on this planet can throw at
 

15:09.283 --> 15:11.992 align:start position:0%
that life on this planet can throw at
it.<00:16:25.680><c> But,</c><00:16:26.320><c> you</c><00:16:26.480><c> know,</c><00:16:27.120><c> we</c><00:16:27.279><c> have</c><00:16:27.440><c> all</c><00:16:27.600><c> those</c>

15:11.992 --> 15:12.002 align:start position:0%
it. But, you know, we have all those
 

15:12.002 --> 15:13.432 align:start position:0%
it. But, you know, we have all those
details,<00:16:28.160><c> but</c><00:16:28.399><c> that</c><00:16:28.399><c> that</c><00:16:28.639><c> hasn't</c><00:16:28.880><c> really</c>

15:13.432 --> 15:13.442 align:start position:0%
details, but that that hasn't really
 

15:13.442 --> 15:15.673 align:start position:0%
details, but that that hasn't really
answered<00:16:29.600><c> the</c><00:16:29.839><c> questions</c><00:16:30.160><c> I've</c><00:16:30.480><c> set</c><00:16:30.639><c> up</c><00:16:30.880><c> here.</c>

15:15.673 --> 15:15.683 align:start position:0%
answered the questions I've set up here.
 

15:15.683 --> 15:18.393 align:start position:0%
answered the questions I've set up here.
Why<00:16:31.680><c> does</c><00:16:31.920><c> Draodurance</c><00:16:33.120><c> need</c><00:16:33.440><c> to</c><00:16:33.680><c> survive</c>

15:18.393 --> 15:18.403 align:start position:0%
Why does Draodurance need to survive
 

15:18.403 --> 15:20.233 align:start position:0%
Why does Draodurance need to survive
thousands<00:16:34.560><c> of</c><00:16:34.720><c> times</c><00:16:34.959><c> the</c><00:16:35.199><c> radiation</c><00:16:35.680><c> dose</c>

15:20.233 --> 15:20.243 align:start position:0%
thousands of times the radiation dose
 

15:20.243 --> 15:22.153 align:start position:0%
thousands of times the radiation dose
that<00:16:36.079><c> would</c><00:16:36.240><c> instakill</c><00:16:36.800><c> a</c><00:16:36.959><c> person?</c><00:16:37.519><c> I</c><00:16:37.680><c> mean,</c>

15:22.153 --> 15:22.163 align:start position:0%
that would instakill a person? I mean,
 

15:22.163 --> 15:23.992 align:start position:0%
that would instakill a person? I mean,
Earth<00:16:38.160><c> has</c><00:16:38.480><c> been</c><00:16:38.639><c> radioactive</c><00:16:39.199><c> in</c><00:16:39.440><c> the</c><00:16:39.519><c> past,</c>

15:23.992 --> 15:24.002 align:start position:0%
Earth has been radioactive in the past,
 

15:24.002 --> 15:25.752 align:start position:0%
Earth has been radioactive in the past,
and<00:16:40.079><c> the</c><00:16:40.240><c> sun's</c><00:16:40.480><c> a</c><00:16:40.639><c> deadly</c><00:16:40.959><c> laser</c><00:16:41.199><c> and</c><00:16:41.360><c> all,</c>

15:25.752 --> 15:25.762 align:start position:0%
and the sun's a deadly laser and all,
 

15:25.762 --> 15:27.752 align:start position:0%
and the sun's a deadly laser and all,
but<00:16:41.759><c> nothing</c><00:16:42.000><c> has</c><00:16:42.160><c> been</c><00:16:42.320><c> this</c><00:16:42.639><c> radioactive</c><00:16:43.360><c> to</c>

15:27.752 --> 15:27.762 align:start position:0%
but nothing has been this radioactive to
 

15:27.762 --> 15:29.913 align:start position:0%
but nothing has been this radioactive to
necessitate<00:16:44.240><c> this</c><00:16:44.480><c> much</c><00:16:44.639><c> of</c><00:16:44.800><c> a</c><00:16:44.959><c> defense.</c><00:16:45.519><c> What</c>

15:29.913 --> 15:29.923 align:start position:0%
necessitate this much of a defense. What
 

15:29.923 --> 15:31.512 align:start position:0%
necessitate this much of a defense. What
are<00:16:45.839><c> the</c><00:16:46.000><c> actual</c><00:16:46.320><c> evolutionary</c><00:16:46.959><c> pressures</c>

15:31.512 --> 15:31.522 align:start position:0%
are the actual evolutionary pressures
 

15:31.522 --> 15:32.553 align:start position:0%
are the actual evolutionary pressures
that<00:16:47.440><c> would</c><00:16:47.600><c> make</c><00:16:47.759><c> something</c><00:16:47.920><c> like</c><00:16:48.079><c> this</c>

15:32.553 --> 15:32.563 align:start position:0%
that would make something like this
 

15:32.563 --> 15:35.353 align:start position:0%
that would make something like this
evolve?<00:16:49.120><c> And</c><00:16:49.360><c> remember,</c><00:16:50.079><c> radio</c><00:16:50.399><c> durance</c><00:16:50.880><c> here</c>

15:35.353 --> 15:35.363 align:start position:0%
evolve? And remember, radio durance here
 

15:35.363 --> 15:37.273 align:start position:0%
evolve? And remember, radio durance here
isn't<00:16:51.360><c> trying</c><00:16:51.600><c> to</c><00:16:51.759><c> survive</c><00:16:52.160><c> radiation.</c><00:16:52.800><c> It's</c>

15:37.273 --> 15:37.283 align:start position:0%
isn't trying to survive radiation. It's
 

15:37.283 --> 15:39.113 align:start position:0%
isn't trying to survive radiation. It's
trying<00:16:53.279><c> to</c><00:16:53.440><c> survive</c><00:16:53.759><c> the</c><00:16:54.000><c> damage</c><00:16:54.320><c> caused</c><00:16:54.639><c> by</c>

15:39.113 --> 15:39.123 align:start position:0%
trying to survive the damage caused by
 

15:39.123 --> 15:41.833 align:start position:0%
trying to survive the damage caused by
reactive<00:16:55.360><c> oxygen</c><00:16:55.759><c> species.</c><00:16:56.639><c> Don't</c><00:16:56.880><c> forget,</c><00:16:57.360><c> a</c>

15:41.833 --> 15:41.843 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species. Don't forget, a
 

15:41.843 --> 15:43.673 align:start position:0%
reactive oxygen species. Don't forget, a
lot<00:16:57.680><c> of</c><00:16:57.759><c> these</c><00:16:58.079><c> proteins</c><00:16:58.480><c> up</c><00:16:58.639><c> in</c><00:16:58.800><c> the</c><00:16:58.959><c> S</c><00:16:59.279><c> layer</c>

15:43.673 --> 15:43.683 align:start position:0%
lot of these proteins up in the S layer
 

15:43.683 --> 15:46.072 align:start position:0%
lot of these proteins up in the S layer
are<00:16:59.680><c> also</c><00:17:00.000><c> helping</c><00:17:00.320><c> our</c><00:17:00.560><c> hero</c><00:17:00.959><c> maintain</c><00:17:01.440><c> its</c>

15:46.072 --> 15:46.082 align:start position:0%
are also helping our hero maintain its
 

15:46.082 --> 15:48.153 align:start position:0%
are also helping our hero maintain its
shape.<00:17:02.399><c> Radiation</c><00:17:03.040><c> hurts,</c><00:17:03.440><c> but</c><00:17:03.680><c> it</c>

15:48.153 --> 15:48.163 align:start position:0%
shape. Radiation hurts, but it
 

15:48.163 --> 15:49.912 align:start position:0%
shape. Radiation hurts, but it
definitely<00:17:04.240><c> doesn't</c><00:17:04.480><c> hurt</c><00:17:04.799><c> like</c><00:17:04.959><c> a</c><00:17:05.120><c> hammer.</c>

15:49.912 --> 15:49.922 align:start position:0%
definitely doesn't hurt like a hammer.
 

15:49.922 --> 15:51.753 align:start position:0%
definitely doesn't hurt like a hammer.
And<00:17:05.839><c> the</c><00:17:06.000><c> confusion</c><00:17:06.400><c> here</c><00:17:06.640><c> comes</c><00:17:06.880><c> mostly</c><00:17:07.199><c> from</c>

15:51.753 --> 15:51.763 align:start position:0%
And the confusion here comes mostly from
 

15:51.763 --> 15:54.473 align:start position:0%
And the confusion here comes mostly from
how<00:17:07.760><c> we</c><00:17:08.000><c> framed</c><00:17:08.480><c> our</c><00:17:08.799><c> exploration</c><00:17:09.280><c> of</c><00:17:09.520><c> Dinocus</c>

15:54.473 --> 15:54.483 align:start position:0%
how we framed our exploration of Dinocus
 

15:54.483 --> 15:56.393 align:start position:0%
how we framed our exploration of Dinocus
radiourons.<00:17:11.199><c> We're</c><00:17:11.360><c> thinking</c><00:17:11.600><c> in</c><00:17:11.839><c> terms</c><00:17:12.000><c> of</c>

15:56.393 --> 15:56.403 align:start position:0%
radiourons. We're thinking in terms of
 

15:56.403 --> 15:58.152 align:start position:0%
radiourons. We're thinking in terms of
radiation<00:17:12.720><c> defense</c><00:17:13.120><c> because</c><00:17:13.360><c> that's</c><00:17:13.600><c> a</c><00:17:13.760><c> kind</c>

15:58.152 --> 15:58.162 align:start position:0%
radiation defense because that's a kind
 

15:58.162 --> 15:59.753 align:start position:0%
radiation defense because that's a kind
of<00:17:14.079><c> cellular</c><00:17:14.480><c> damage</c><00:17:14.799><c> that's</c><00:17:15.120><c> relatively</c>

15:59.753 --> 15:59.763 align:start position:0%
of cellular damage that's relatively
 

15:59.763 --> 16:01.672 align:start position:0%
of cellular damage that's relatively
easy<00:17:15.760><c> to</c><00:17:15.919><c> throw</c><00:17:16.079><c> at</c><00:17:16.240><c> model</c><00:17:16.559><c> organisms.</c><00:17:17.280><c> And</c>

16:01.672 --> 16:01.682 align:start position:0%
easy to throw at model organisms. And
 

16:01.682 --> 16:02.953 align:start position:0%
easy to throw at model organisms. And
therefore,<00:17:17.760><c> that</c><00:17:17.919><c> was</c><00:17:18.000><c> the</c><00:17:18.240><c> question</c><00:17:18.319><c> that</c><00:17:18.559><c> a</c>

16:02.953 --> 16:02.963 align:start position:0%
therefore, that was the question that a
 

16:02.963 --> 16:04.473 align:start position:0%
therefore, that was the question that a
lot<00:17:18.799><c> of</c><00:17:18.880><c> researchers</c><00:17:19.280><c> were</c><00:17:19.520><c> asking</c><00:17:19.839><c> back</c><00:17:20.079><c> in</c>

16:04.473 --> 16:04.483 align:start position:0%
lot of researchers were asking back in
 

16:04.483 --> 16:06.473 align:start position:0%
lot of researchers were asking back in
the<00:17:20.400><c> day.</c><00:17:20.799><c> So,</c><00:17:21.039><c> let's</c><00:17:21.360><c> expand</c><00:17:21.600><c> our</c><00:17:21.839><c> focus</c><00:17:22.079><c> a</c>

16:06.473 --> 16:06.483 align:start position:0%
the day. So, let's expand our focus a
 

16:06.483 --> 16:08.312 align:start position:0%
the day. So, let's expand our focus a
little<00:17:22.400><c> and</c><00:17:22.559><c> try</c><00:17:22.720><c> to</c><00:17:22.959><c> complete</c><00:17:23.199><c> this</c><00:17:23.439><c> puzzle.</c>

16:08.312 --> 16:08.322 align:start position:0%
little and try to complete this puzzle.
 

16:08.322 --> 16:10.152 align:start position:0%
little and try to complete this puzzle.
Here's<00:17:24.400><c> one</c><00:17:24.720><c> final</c><00:17:25.039><c> piece</c><00:17:25.280><c> that</c><00:17:25.439><c> can</c><00:17:25.600><c> help</c><00:17:25.760><c> us</c>

16:10.152 --> 16:10.162 align:start position:0%
Here's one final piece that can help us
 

16:10.162 --> 16:11.912 align:start position:0%
Here's one final piece that can help us
tie<00:17:26.160><c> this</c><00:17:26.319><c> all</c><00:17:26.480><c> the</c><00:17:26.640><c> way</c><00:17:26.799><c> together.</c><00:17:27.360><c> Another</c>

16:11.912 --> 16:11.922 align:start position:0%
tie this all the way together. Another
 

16:11.922 --> 16:14.073 align:start position:0%
tie this all the way together. Another
protein<00:17:28.079><c> class</c><00:17:28.400><c> that's</c><00:17:28.640><c> key</c><00:17:28.799><c> to</c><00:17:29.039><c> radio's</c>

16:14.073 --> 16:14.083 align:start position:0%
protein class that's key to radio's
 

16:14.083 --> 16:16.393 align:start position:0%
protein class that's key to radio's
survival<00:17:30.160><c> are</c><00:17:30.400><c> these</c><00:17:30.720><c> LEA</c><00:17:31.360><c> fellas.</c><00:17:31.919><c> When</c>

16:16.393 --> 16:16.403 align:start position:0%
survival are these LEA fellas. When
 

16:16.403 --> 16:18.313 align:start position:0%
survival are these LEA fellas. When
things<00:17:32.320><c> get</c><00:17:32.559><c> hectic,</c><00:17:33.039><c> these</c><00:17:33.280><c> little</c><00:17:33.600><c> LEA</c>

16:18.313 --> 16:18.323 align:start position:0%
things get hectic, these little LEA
 

16:18.323 --> 16:20.073 align:start position:0%
things get hectic, these little LEA
proteins<00:17:34.480><c> will</c><00:17:34.720><c> condense</c><00:17:35.120><c> into</c><00:17:35.360><c> these</c><00:17:35.520><c> long</c>

16:20.073 --> 16:20.083 align:start position:0%
proteins will condense into these long
 

16:20.083 --> 16:22.313 align:start position:0%
proteins will condense into these long
helyses<00:17:36.480><c> and</c><00:17:36.640><c> help</c><00:17:36.960><c> cells</c><00:17:37.360><c> maintain</c><00:17:37.840><c> their</c>

16:22.313 --> 16:22.323 align:start position:0%
helyses and help cells maintain their
 

16:22.323 --> 16:24.233 align:start position:0%
helyses and help cells maintain their
shape.<00:17:38.480><c> But</c><00:17:38.720><c> what's</c><00:17:38.880><c> the</c><00:17:39.039><c> stress</c><00:17:39.280><c> that</c><00:17:39.520><c> LEA</c>

16:24.233 --> 16:24.243 align:start position:0%
shape. But what's the stress that LEA
 

16:24.243 --> 16:26.873 align:start position:0%
shape. But what's the stress that LEA
proteins<00:17:40.480><c> mitigate?</c><00:17:41.280><c> Check</c><00:17:41.520><c> this</c><00:17:41.679><c> out.</c><00:17:42.240><c> It's</c>

16:26.873 --> 16:26.883 align:start position:0%
proteins mitigate? Check this out. It's
 

16:26.883 --> 16:29.433 align:start position:0%
proteins mitigate? Check this out. It's
desiccation.<00:17:43.840><c> You</c><00:17:44.000><c> know,</c><00:17:44.400><c> drying</c><00:17:44.880><c> all</c><00:17:45.039><c> the</c>

16:29.433 --> 16:29.443 align:start position:0%
desiccation. You know, drying all the
 

16:29.443 --> 16:31.513 align:start position:0%
desiccation. You know, drying all the
way<00:17:45.360><c> out,</c><00:17:45.760><c> mummification,</c><00:17:46.880><c> whatever</c><00:17:47.200><c> you</c>

16:31.513 --> 16:31.523 align:start position:0%
way out, mummification, whatever you
 

16:31.523 --> 16:33.433 align:start position:0%
way out, mummification, whatever you
want<00:17:47.360><c> to</c><00:17:47.520><c> call</c><00:17:47.600><c> it.</c><00:17:48.080><c> And</c><00:17:48.240><c> now</c><00:17:48.559><c> we</c><00:17:48.720><c> can</c><00:17:48.960><c> start</c>

16:33.433 --> 16:33.443 align:start position:0%
want to call it. And now we can start
 

16:33.443 --> 16:35.673 align:start position:0%
want to call it. And now we can start
really<00:17:49.600><c> putting</c><00:17:49.919><c> this</c><00:17:50.160><c> together.</c><00:17:50.960><c> Turns</c><00:17:51.200><c> out</c>

16:35.673 --> 16:35.683 align:start position:0%
really putting this together. Turns out
 

16:35.683 --> 16:38.073 align:start position:0%
really putting this together. Turns out
in<00:17:51.679><c> the9s</c><00:17:52.240><c> a</c><00:17:52.400><c> team</c><00:17:52.559><c> of</c><00:17:52.720><c> researchers</c><00:17:53.280><c> tested</c><00:17:53.600><c> a</c>

16:38.073 --> 16:38.083 align:start position:0%
in the9s a team of researchers tested a
 

16:38.083 --> 16:39.993 align:start position:0%
in the9s a team of researchers tested a
bunch<00:17:54.000><c> of</c><00:17:54.080><c> the</c><00:17:54.320><c> radiation</c><00:17:54.799><c> defense</c><00:17:55.200><c> proteins</c>

16:39.993 --> 16:40.003 align:start position:0%
bunch of the radiation defense proteins
 

16:40.003 --> 16:42.633 align:start position:0%
bunch of the radiation defense proteins
employed<00:17:56.080><c> by</c><00:17:56.320><c> dradio</c><00:17:57.440><c> and</c><00:17:57.679><c> found</c><00:17:57.840><c> that</c><00:17:58.080><c> those</c>

16:42.633 --> 16:42.643 align:start position:0%
employed by dradio and found that those
 

16:42.643 --> 16:44.873 align:start position:0%
employed by dradio and found that those
factors<00:17:59.039><c> also</c><00:17:59.520><c> significantly</c><00:18:00.160><c> protected</c>

16:44.873 --> 16:44.883 align:start position:0%
factors also significantly protected
 

16:44.883 --> 16:47.272 align:start position:0%
factors also significantly protected
against<00:18:00.880><c> desiccation</c><00:18:01.919><c> which</c><00:18:02.160><c> is</c><00:18:02.320><c> incredible.</c>

16:47.272 --> 16:47.282 align:start position:0%
against desiccation which is incredible.
 

16:47.282 --> 16:49.113 align:start position:0%
against desiccation which is incredible.
How<00:18:03.200><c> does</c><00:18:03.360><c> that</c><00:18:03.600><c> even</c><00:18:03.760><c> work?</c><00:18:04.240><c> The</c><00:18:04.400><c> theory</c><00:18:04.720><c> here</c>

16:49.113 --> 16:49.123 align:start position:0%
How does that even work? The theory here
 

16:49.123 --> 16:51.272 align:start position:0%
How does that even work? The theory here
is<00:18:05.039><c> that</c><00:18:05.280><c> as</c><00:18:05.520><c> cells</c><00:18:05.840><c> dry</c><00:18:06.080><c> out</c><00:18:06.320><c> these</c><00:18:06.559><c> proteins</c>

16:51.272 --> 16:51.282 align:start position:0%
is that as cells dry out these proteins
 

16:51.282 --> 16:53.113 align:start position:0%
is that as cells dry out these proteins
will<00:18:07.200><c> condense</c><00:18:07.600><c> into</c><00:18:07.919><c> the</c><00:18:08.080><c> long</c><00:18:08.400><c> helical</c>

16:53.113 --> 16:53.123 align:start position:0%
will condense into the long helical
 

16:53.123 --> 16:55.032 align:start position:0%
will condense into the long helical
chains<00:18:09.280><c> you</c><00:18:09.440><c> see</c><00:18:09.600><c> here</c><00:18:10.000><c> and</c><00:18:10.240><c> prevent</c><00:18:10.559><c> other</c>

16:55.032 --> 16:55.042 align:start position:0%
chains you see here and prevent other
 

16:55.042 --> 16:56.792 align:start position:0%
chains you see here and prevent other
proteins<00:18:11.200><c> from</c><00:18:11.360><c> clumping</c><00:18:11.760><c> together</c><00:18:12.240><c> and</c>

16:56.792 --> 16:56.802 align:start position:0%
proteins from clumping together and
 

16:56.802 --> 16:58.633 align:start position:0%
proteins from clumping together and
stabilize<00:18:13.039><c> membranes</c><00:18:13.600><c> once</c><00:18:13.840><c> the</c><00:18:14.000><c> internal</c>

16:58.633 --> 16:58.643 align:start position:0%
stabilize membranes once the internal
 

16:58.643 --> 17:00.873 align:start position:0%
stabilize membranes once the internal
water<00:18:14.720><c> pressure</c><00:18:15.039><c> gives</c><00:18:15.360><c> out.</c><00:18:15.840><c> Once</c><00:18:16.160><c> again,</c>

17:00.873 --> 17:00.883 align:start position:0%
water pressure gives out. Once again,
 

17:00.883 --> 17:02.633 align:start position:0%
water pressure gives out. Once again,
maintaining<00:18:17.200><c> structure</c><00:18:17.520><c> is</c><00:18:17.760><c> another</c><00:18:18.080><c> really</c>

17:02.633 --> 17:02.643 align:start position:0%
maintaining structure is another really
 

17:02.643 --> 17:04.393 align:start position:0%
maintaining structure is another really
important<00:18:18.720><c> piece</c><00:18:18.960><c> of</c><00:18:19.120><c> draodurance's</c>

17:04.393 --> 17:04.403 align:start position:0%
important piece of draodurance's
 

17:04.403 --> 17:05.993 align:start position:0%
important piece of draodurance's
survival<00:18:20.559><c> puzzle.</c><00:18:21.039><c> And</c><00:18:21.200><c> this</c><00:18:21.280><c> is</c><00:18:21.440><c> enough</c><00:18:21.600><c> for</c>

17:05.993 --> 17:06.003 align:start position:0%
survival puzzle. And this is enough for
 

17:06.003 --> 17:07.353 align:start position:0%
survival puzzle. And this is enough for
me<00:18:21.919><c> to</c><00:18:22.000><c> start</c><00:18:22.160><c> pulling</c><00:18:22.480><c> together</c><00:18:22.720><c> a</c><00:18:22.960><c> more</c>

17:07.353 --> 17:07.363 align:start position:0%
me to start pulling together a more
 

17:07.363 --> 17:08.953 align:start position:0%
me to start pulling together a more
plausible<00:18:23.600><c> picture</c><00:18:23.840><c> of</c><00:18:24.000><c> what</c><00:18:24.240><c> exactly</c>

17:08.953 --> 17:08.963 align:start position:0%
plausible picture of what exactly
 

17:08.963 --> 17:10.953 align:start position:0%
plausible picture of what exactly
Draodurn<00:18:25.679><c> developed</c><00:18:26.000><c> all</c><00:18:26.160><c> these</c><00:18:26.400><c> systems</c>

17:10.953 --> 17:10.963 align:start position:0%
Draodurn developed all these systems
 

17:10.963 --> 17:12.792 align:start position:0%
Draodurn developed all these systems
for.<00:18:27.200><c> Here's</c><00:18:27.440><c> the</c><00:18:27.600><c> thing.</c><00:18:27.919><c> Losing</c><00:18:28.240><c> all</c><00:18:28.400><c> your</c>

17:12.792 --> 17:12.802 align:start position:0%
for. Here's the thing. Losing all your
 

17:12.802 --> 17:14.953 align:start position:0%
for. Here's the thing. Losing all your
water<00:18:28.960><c> does</c><00:18:29.120><c> a</c><00:18:29.280><c> lot</c><00:18:29.360><c> of</c><00:18:29.520><c> crazy</c><00:18:29.919><c> things,</c><00:18:30.480><c> and</c>

17:14.953 --> 17:14.963 align:start position:0%
water does a lot of crazy things, and
 

17:14.963 --> 17:16.873 align:start position:0%
water does a lot of crazy things, and
one<00:18:30.880><c> of</c><00:18:31.039><c> them</c><00:18:31.200><c> is</c><00:18:31.440><c> produce</c><00:18:31.760><c> a</c><00:18:31.919><c> ton</c><00:18:32.080><c> of</c><00:18:32.160><c> reactive</c>

17:16.873 --> 17:16.883 align:start position:0%
one of them is produce a ton of reactive
 

17:16.883 --> 17:19.353 align:start position:0%
one of them is produce a ton of reactive
oxygen<00:18:33.039><c> species</c><00:18:33.440><c> and</c><00:18:33.760><c> DNA</c><00:18:34.240><c> damage,</c><00:18:34.880><c> which</c>

17:19.353 --> 17:19.363 align:start position:0%
oxygen species and DNA damage, which
 

17:19.363 --> 17:21.113 align:start position:0%
oxygen species and DNA damage, which
means<00:18:35.360><c> we've</c><00:18:35.679><c> been</c><00:18:35.840><c> looking</c><00:18:36.000><c> at</c><00:18:36.160><c> this</c><00:18:36.400><c> problem</c>

17:21.113 --> 17:21.123 align:start position:0%
means we've been looking at this problem
 

17:21.123 --> 17:23.753 align:start position:0%
means we've been looking at this problem
all<00:18:37.200><c> wrong.</c><00:18:37.919><c> Radiation</c><00:18:38.480><c> defense</c><00:18:38.880><c> is</c><00:18:39.120><c> just</c><00:18:39.280><c> a</c>

17:23.753 --> 17:23.763 align:start position:0%
all wrong. Radiation defense is just a
 

17:23.763 --> 17:26.152 align:start position:0%
all wrong. Radiation defense is just a
nifty<00:18:39.919><c> side</c><00:18:40.240><c> bonus</c><00:18:40.559><c> of</c><00:18:40.720><c> draodurance's</c>

17:26.152 --> 17:26.162 align:start position:0%
nifty side bonus of draodurance's
 

17:26.162 --> 17:28.233 align:start position:0%
nifty side bonus of draodurance's
astounding<00:18:42.559><c> ability</c><00:18:42.960><c> to</c><00:18:43.200><c> continue</c><00:18:43.600><c> living</c>

17:28.233 --> 17:28.243 align:start position:0%
astounding ability to continue living
 

17:28.243 --> 17:30.152 align:start position:0%
astounding ability to continue living
and<00:18:44.320><c> thriving</c><00:18:44.720><c> while</c><00:18:44.960><c> the</c><00:18:45.120><c> world</c><00:18:45.360><c> around</c><00:18:45.600><c> it</c>

17:30.152 --> 17:30.162 align:start position:0%
and thriving while the world around it
 

17:30.162 --> 17:32.473 align:start position:0%
and thriving while the world around it
completely<00:18:46.480><c> dries</c><00:18:46.880><c> out.</c><00:18:47.520><c> Which</c><00:18:47.760><c> brings</c><00:18:47.919><c> us</c><00:18:48.080><c> to</c>

17:32.473 --> 17:32.483 align:start position:0%
completely dries out. Which brings us to
 

17:32.483 --> 17:34.873 align:start position:0%
completely dries out. Which brings us to
a<00:18:48.400><c> model</c><00:18:48.640><c> for</c><00:18:48.880><c> what</c><00:18:49.120><c> exactly</c><00:18:49.520><c> drove</c><00:18:49.919><c> Dinocus</c>

17:34.873 --> 17:34.883 align:start position:0%
a model for what exactly drove Dinocus
 

17:34.883 --> 17:37.272 align:start position:0%
a model for what exactly drove Dinocus
radio<00:18:51.360><c> to</c><00:18:51.520><c> evolve</c><00:18:51.919><c> all</c><00:18:52.080><c> these</c><00:18:52.320><c> interconnected</c>

17:37.272 --> 17:37.282 align:start position:0%
radio to evolve all these interconnected
 

17:37.282 --> 17:40.713 align:start position:0%
radio to evolve all these interconnected
systems.<00:18:53.760><c> At</c><00:18:54.000><c> its</c><00:18:54.240><c> core,</c><00:18:54.640><c> Dinocus</c><00:18:55.440><c> radio</c><00:18:56.160><c> is</c><00:18:56.320><c> a</c>

17:40.713 --> 17:40.723 align:start position:0%
systems. At its core, Dinocus radio is a
 

17:40.723 --> 17:43.032 align:start position:0%
systems. At its core, Dinocus radio is a
scavenger.<00:18:57.360><c> It's</c><00:18:57.520><c> going</c><00:18:57.679><c> to</c><00:18:57.840><c> lazily</c><00:18:58.320><c> soak</c><00:18:58.559><c> up</c>

17:43.032 --> 17:43.042 align:start position:0%
scavenger. It's going to lazily soak up
 

17:43.042 --> 17:44.953 align:start position:0%
scavenger. It's going to lazily soak up
food<00:18:59.039><c> from</c><00:18:59.280><c> dead</c><00:18:59.600><c> things</c><00:18:59.840><c> and</c><00:19:00.080><c> not</c><00:19:00.240><c> cause</c><00:19:00.559><c> too</c>

17:44.953 --> 17:44.963 align:start position:0%
food from dead things and not cause too
 

17:44.963 --> 17:47.032 align:start position:0%
food from dead things and not cause too
much<00:19:00.960><c> drama.</c><00:19:01.440><c> Other</c><00:19:01.840><c> organisms</c><00:19:02.400><c> are</c><00:19:02.559><c> going</c><00:19:02.720><c> to</c>

17:47.032 --> 17:47.042 align:start position:0%
much drama. Other organisms are going to
 

17:47.042 --> 17:48.713 align:start position:0%
much drama. Other organisms are going to
spend<00:19:03.039><c> a</c><00:19:03.200><c> ton</c><00:19:03.360><c> of</c><00:19:03.520><c> energy</c><00:19:03.840><c> and</c><00:19:04.080><c> compete</c><00:19:04.320><c> for</c>

17:48.713 --> 17:48.723 align:start position:0%
spend a ton of energy and compete for
 

17:48.723 --> 17:50.553 align:start position:0%
spend a ton of energy and compete for
food<00:19:04.640><c> and</c><00:19:04.880><c> resources,</c><00:19:05.440><c> which</c><00:19:05.679><c> makes</c><00:19:05.919><c> things</c><00:19:06.080><c> a</c>

17:50.553 --> 17:50.563 align:start position:0%
food and resources, which makes things a
 

17:50.563 --> 17:52.313 align:start position:0%
food and resources, which makes things a
little<00:19:06.480><c> more</c><00:19:06.640><c> difficult</c><00:19:06.960><c> for</c><00:19:07.200><c> our</c><00:19:07.360><c> hero.</c><00:19:07.919><c> But</c>

17:52.313 --> 17:52.323 align:start position:0%
little more difficult for our hero. But
 

17:52.323 --> 17:54.233 align:start position:0%
little more difficult for our hero. But
if<00:19:08.240><c> the</c><00:19:08.480><c> environment</c><00:19:08.960><c> completely</c><00:19:09.440><c> dries</c><00:19:09.760><c> out,</c>

17:54.233 --> 17:54.243 align:start position:0%
if the environment completely dries out,
 

17:54.243 --> 17:55.593 align:start position:0%
if the environment completely dries out,
then<00:19:10.320><c> everyone</c><00:19:10.640><c> else</c><00:19:10.880><c> dies</c><00:19:11.200><c> while</c>

17:55.593 --> 17:55.603 align:start position:0%
then everyone else dies while
 

17:55.603 --> 17:57.673 align:start position:0%
then everyone else dies while
draodurance<00:19:12.400><c> can</c><00:19:12.480><c> use</c><00:19:12.640><c> its</c><00:19:12.880><c> repair</c><00:19:13.200><c> systems</c>

17:57.673 --> 17:57.683 align:start position:0%
draodurance can use its repair systems
 

17:57.683 --> 17:59.593 align:start position:0%
draodurance can use its repair systems
and<00:19:13.679><c> interconnected</c><00:19:14.240><c> antioxidant</c><00:19:14.960><c> shields</c>

17:59.593 --> 17:59.603 align:start position:0%
and interconnected antioxidant shields
 

17:59.603 --> 18:01.513 align:start position:0%
and interconnected antioxidant shields
to<00:19:15.520><c> legitimately</c><00:19:16.160><c> thrive,</c><00:19:16.720><c> even</c><00:19:16.960><c> when</c><00:19:17.120><c> all</c>

18:01.513 --> 18:01.523 align:start position:0%
to legitimately thrive, even when all
 

18:01.523 --> 18:03.353 align:start position:0%
to legitimately thrive, even when all
its<00:19:17.520><c> rivals</c><00:19:17.919><c> have</c><00:19:18.080><c> effectively</c><00:19:18.640><c> turned</c><00:19:18.960><c> to</c>

18:03.353 --> 18:03.363 align:start position:0%
its rivals have effectively turned to
 

18:03.363 --> 18:05.753 align:start position:0%
its rivals have effectively turned to
dust.<00:19:19.760><c> When</c><00:19:20.000><c> water</c><00:19:20.240><c> returns,</c><00:19:20.720><c> Radio</c><00:19:21.120><c> Durans</c>

18:05.753 --> 18:05.763 align:start position:0%
dust. When water returns, Radio Durans
 

18:05.763 --> 18:07.353 align:start position:0%
dust. When water returns, Radio Durans
will<00:19:21.679><c> still</c><00:19:21.919><c> have</c><00:19:22.080><c> a</c><00:19:22.240><c> relatively</c><00:19:22.799><c> empty</c>

18:07.353 --> 18:07.363 align:start position:0%
will still have a relatively empty
 

18:07.363 --> 18:09.272 align:start position:0%
will still have a relatively empty
playing<00:19:23.440><c> field</c><00:19:23.679><c> to</c><00:19:23.919><c> thrive</c><00:19:24.160><c> in</c><00:19:24.480><c> before</c><00:19:24.720><c> any</c>

18:09.272 --> 18:09.282 align:start position:0%
playing field to thrive in before any
 

18:09.282 --> 18:11.272 align:start position:0%
playing field to thrive in before any
competition<00:19:25.520><c> has</c><00:19:25.760><c> time</c><00:19:25.919><c> to</c><00:19:26.160><c> get</c><00:19:26.320><c> established.</c>

18:11.272 --> 18:11.282 align:start position:0%
competition has time to get established.
 

18:11.282 --> 18:13.193 align:start position:0%
competition has time to get established.
And<00:19:27.200><c> I</c><00:19:27.360><c> love</c><00:19:27.520><c> this</c><00:19:27.760><c> view.</c><00:19:28.160><c> I</c><00:19:28.400><c> mean,</c><00:19:28.559><c> sure,</c><00:19:28.720><c> it's</c>

18:13.193 --> 18:13.203 align:start position:0%
And I love this view. I mean, sure, it's
 

18:13.203 --> 18:15.353 align:start position:0%
And I love this view. I mean, sure, it's
cool<00:19:29.039><c> that</c><00:19:29.360><c> draodurance</c><00:19:30.240><c> can</c><00:19:30.480><c> entirely</c><00:19:30.960><c> by</c>

18:15.353 --> 18:15.363 align:start position:0%
cool that draodurance can entirely by
 

18:15.363 --> 18:17.113 align:start position:0%
cool that draodurance can entirely by
accident<00:19:31.520><c> survive</c><00:19:31.919><c> astounding</c><00:19:32.400><c> levels</c><00:19:32.640><c> of</c>

18:17.113 --> 18:17.123 align:start position:0%
accident survive astounding levels of
 

18:17.123 --> 18:19.272 align:start position:0%
accident survive astounding levels of
ionizing<00:19:33.360><c> radiation,</c><00:19:33.919><c> but</c><00:19:34.160><c> I</c><00:19:34.320><c> love</c><00:19:34.559><c> so</c><00:19:34.799><c> much</c>

18:19.272 --> 18:19.282 align:start position:0%
ionizing radiation, but I love so much
 

18:19.282 --> 18:21.113 align:start position:0%
ionizing radiation, but I love so much
that<00:19:35.280><c> this</c><00:19:35.520><c> bacteria</c><00:19:36.080><c> developed</c><00:19:36.559><c> this</c>

18:21.113 --> 18:21.123 align:start position:0%
that this bacteria developed this
 

18:21.123 --> 18:22.953 align:start position:0%
that this bacteria developed this
incredible<00:19:37.440><c> tapestry</c><00:19:37.919><c> of</c><00:19:38.080><c> interconnected</c>

18:22.953 --> 18:22.963 align:start position:0%
incredible tapestry of interconnected
 

18:22.963 --> 18:24.713 align:start position:0%
incredible tapestry of interconnected
coping<00:19:39.039><c> mechanisms</c><00:19:39.600><c> simply</c><00:19:40.000><c> because</c><00:19:40.240><c> this</c>

18:24.713 --> 18:24.723 align:start position:0%
coping mechanisms simply because this
 

18:24.723 --> 18:26.873 align:start position:0%
coping mechanisms simply because this
guy<00:19:40.799><c> refused</c><00:19:41.200><c> to</c><00:19:41.360><c> die</c><00:19:41.600><c> of</c><00:19:41.840><c> thirst.</c><00:19:42.400><c> And</c><00:19:42.559><c> you</c>

18:26.873 --> 18:26.883 align:start position:0%
guy refused to die of thirst. And you
 

18:26.883 --> 18:28.393 align:start position:0%
guy refused to die of thirst. And you
know<00:19:42.720><c> what?</c><00:19:42.880><c> I</c><00:19:43.039><c> guess</c><00:19:43.200><c> the</c><00:19:43.360><c> way</c><00:19:43.440><c> I</c><00:19:43.679><c> framed</c><00:19:44.000><c> the</c>

18:28.393 --> 18:28.403 align:start position:0%
know what? I guess the way I framed the
 

18:28.403 --> 18:29.673 align:start position:0%
know what? I guess the way I framed the
title<00:19:44.320><c> of</c><00:19:44.480><c> this</c><00:19:44.640><c> video</c><00:19:44.880><c> might</c><00:19:45.039><c> be</c><00:19:45.200><c> a</c><00:19:45.360><c> little</c>

18:29.673 --> 18:29.683 align:start position:0%
title of this video might be a little
 

18:29.683 --> 18:31.753 align:start position:0%
title of this video might be a little
too<00:19:45.760><c> clickbaity</c><00:19:46.480><c> now.</c><00:19:46.880><c> We've</c><00:19:47.120><c> got</c><00:19:47.280><c> an</c>

18:31.753 --> 18:31.763 align:start position:0%
too clickbaity now. We've got an
 

18:31.763 --> 18:33.993 align:start position:0%
too clickbaity now. We've got an
entirely<00:19:47.919><c> earth-based</c><00:19:48.640><c> explanation</c><00:19:49.120><c> for</c><00:19:49.440><c> why</c>

18:33.993 --> 18:34.003 align:start position:0%
entirely earth-based explanation for why
 

18:34.003 --> 18:37.272 align:start position:0%
entirely earth-based explanation for why
Dradio<00:19:50.799><c> lives</c><00:19:50.960><c> this</c><00:19:51.200><c> way.</c><00:19:52.320><c> I</c><00:19:52.559><c> guess</c><00:19:52.640><c> I'll</c><00:19:52.880><c> just</c>

18:37.272 --> 18:37.282 align:start position:0%
Dradio lives this way. I guess I'll just
 

18:37.282 --> 18:38.873 align:start position:0%
Dradio lives this way. I guess I'll just
have<00:19:53.120><c> to</c><00:19:53.280><c> sit</c><00:19:53.440><c> back</c><00:19:53.600><c> and</c><00:19:53.760><c> take</c><00:19:53.919><c> all</c><00:19:54.080><c> the</c><00:19:54.240><c> angry</c>

18:38.873 --> 18:38.883 align:start position:0%
have to sit back and take all the angry
 

18:38.883 --> 18:40.953 align:start position:0%
have to sit back and take all the angry
comments<00:19:55.039><c> now.</c>

18:40.953 --> 18:40.963 align:start position:0%
comments now.
 

18:40.963 --> 18:43.912 align:start position:0%
comments now.
Except<00:19:57.760><c> there</c><00:19:58.080><c> are</c><00:19:58.240><c> a</c><00:19:58.480><c> few</c><00:19:58.720><c> annoying</c><00:19:59.200><c> details</c>

18:43.912 --> 18:43.922 align:start position:0%
Except there are a few annoying details
 

18:43.922 --> 18:45.753 align:start position:0%
Except there are a few annoying details
that<00:20:00.000><c> don't</c><00:20:00.240><c> line</c><00:20:00.559><c> up</c><00:20:00.799><c> perfectly</c><00:20:01.200><c> with</c>

18:45.753 --> 18:45.763 align:start position:0%
that don't line up perfectly with
 

18:45.763 --> 18:49.113 align:start position:0%
that don't line up perfectly with
draodurance<00:20:02.720><c> just</c><00:20:03.280><c> surviving</c><00:20:03.760><c> desiccation.</c>

18:49.113 --> 18:49.123 align:start position:0%
draodurance just surviving desiccation.
 

18:49.123 --> 18:50.792 align:start position:0%
draodurance just surviving desiccation.
There's<00:20:05.120><c> this</c><00:20:05.280><c> overemphasis</c><00:20:05.919><c> on</c><00:20:06.160><c> UV</c>

18:50.792 --> 18:50.802 align:start position:0%
There's this overemphasis on UV
 

18:50.802 --> 18:52.393 align:start position:0%
There's this overemphasis on UV
protection<00:20:06.960><c> that</c><00:20:07.200><c> goes</c><00:20:07.440><c> beyond</c><00:20:07.760><c> just</c><00:20:08.000><c> the</c>

18:52.393 --> 18:52.403 align:start position:0%
protection that goes beyond just the
 

18:52.403 --> 18:53.993 align:start position:0%
protection that goes beyond just the
damage<00:20:08.400><c> you</c><00:20:08.640><c> would</c><00:20:08.799><c> get</c><00:20:08.880><c> from</c><00:20:09.120><c> drying</c><00:20:09.440><c> out</c><00:20:09.600><c> in</c>

18:53.993 --> 18:54.003 align:start position:0%
damage you would get from drying out in
 

18:54.003 --> 18:55.912 align:start position:0%
damage you would get from drying out in
the<00:20:09.919><c> sun.</c><00:20:10.240><c> And</c><00:20:10.400><c> why</c><00:20:10.640><c> does</c><00:20:10.799><c> radioodderans</c><00:20:11.520><c> need</c>

18:55.912 --> 18:55.922 align:start position:0%
the sun. And why does radioodderans need
 

18:55.922 --> 18:57.272 align:start position:0%
the sun. And why does radioodderans need
to<00:20:11.760><c> make</c><00:20:11.840><c> a</c><00:20:12.080><c> cell</c><00:20:12.240><c> wall</c><00:20:12.559><c> out</c><00:20:12.720><c> of</c><00:20:12.799><c> like</c>

18:57.272 --> 18:57.282 align:start position:0%
to make a cell wall out of like
 

18:57.282 --> 18:59.032 align:start position:0%
to make a cell wall out of like
radioactive<00:20:13.840><c> cotton</c><00:20:14.160><c> candy</c><00:20:14.480><c> if</c><00:20:14.640><c> we're</c>

18:59.032 --> 18:59.042 align:start position:0%
radioactive cotton candy if we're
 

18:59.042 --> 19:01.032 align:start position:0%
radioactive cotton candy if we're
worried<00:20:15.039><c> about</c><00:20:15.200><c> the</c><00:20:15.360><c> Ross</c><00:20:15.760><c> generation</c><00:20:16.320><c> inside</c>

19:01.032 --> 19:01.042 align:start position:0%
worried about the Ross generation inside
 

19:01.042 --> 19:02.953 align:start position:0%
worried about the Ross generation inside
the<00:20:17.120><c> cell?</c><00:20:17.679><c> While</c><00:20:17.919><c> research</c><00:20:18.240><c> into</c><00:20:18.480><c> this</c>

19:02.953 --> 19:02.963 align:start position:0%
the cell? While research into this
 

19:02.963 --> 19:04.792 align:start position:0%
the cell? While research into this
bacteria<00:20:19.280><c> is</c><00:20:19.520><c> still</c><00:20:19.679><c> ongoing</c><00:20:20.160><c> and</c><00:20:20.320><c> we're</c>

19:04.792 --> 19:04.802 align:start position:0%
bacteria is still ongoing and we're
 

19:04.802 --> 19:06.633 align:start position:0%
bacteria is still ongoing and we're
still<00:20:20.799><c> actively</c><00:20:21.360><c> investigating</c><00:20:22.000><c> potential</c>

19:06.633 --> 19:06.643 align:start position:0%
still actively investigating potential
 

19:06.643 --> 19:08.792 align:start position:0%
still actively investigating potential
answers<00:20:22.720><c> here,</c><00:20:23.360><c> very</c><00:20:23.679><c> late</c><00:20:23.840><c> into</c><00:20:24.160><c> the</c><00:20:24.320><c> process</c>

19:08.792 --> 19:08.802 align:start position:0%
answers here, very late into the process
 

19:08.802 --> 19:10.473 align:start position:0%
answers here, very late into the process
of<00:20:24.720><c> making</c><00:20:24.960><c> this</c><00:20:25.120><c> video,</c><00:20:25.440><c> I</c><00:20:25.679><c> stumbled</c><00:20:26.000><c> into</c>

19:10.473 --> 19:10.483 align:start position:0%
of making this video, I stumbled into
 

19:10.483 --> 19:12.073 align:start position:0%
of making this video, I stumbled into
this<00:20:26.400><c> review</c><00:20:26.640><c> paper</c><00:20:26.960><c> put</c><00:20:27.120><c> out</c><00:20:27.280><c> by</c><00:20:27.360><c> the</c><00:20:27.520><c> Cold</c>

19:12.073 --> 19:12.083 align:start position:0%
this review paper put out by the Cold
 

19:12.083 --> 19:13.993 align:start position:0%
this review paper put out by the Cold
Spring<00:20:28.080><c> Harbor</c><00:20:28.400><c> Laboratory</c><00:20:29.039><c> that</c><00:20:29.360><c> briefly</c>

19:13.993 --> 19:14.003 align:start position:0%
Spring Harbor Laboratory that briefly
 

19:14.003 --> 19:15.833 align:start position:0%
Spring Harbor Laboratory that briefly
laid<00:20:30.080><c> out</c><00:20:30.240><c> a</c><00:20:30.400><c> theory</c><00:20:30.640><c> that</c><00:20:30.880><c> ties</c><00:20:31.200><c> everything</c>

19:15.833 --> 19:15.843 align:start position:0%
laid out a theory that ties everything
 

19:15.843 --> 19:18.233 align:start position:0%
laid out a theory that ties everything
together<00:20:32.000><c> for</c><00:20:32.240><c> me.</c><00:20:32.640><c> Draodurance</c><00:20:33.679><c> is</c>

19:18.233 --> 19:18.243 align:start position:0%
together for me. Draodurance is
 

19:18.243 --> 19:20.233 align:start position:0%
together for me. Draodurance is
ubiquitous<00:20:34.640><c> worldwide.</c><00:20:35.600><c> And</c><00:20:35.679><c> there</c><00:20:35.840><c> are</c><00:20:35.919><c> a</c>

19:20.233 --> 19:20.243 align:start position:0%
ubiquitous worldwide. And there are a
 

19:20.243 --> 19:21.593 align:start position:0%
ubiquitous worldwide. And there are a
lot<00:20:36.080><c> of</c><00:20:36.159><c> ways</c><00:20:36.320><c> that</c><00:20:36.480><c> can</c><00:20:36.640><c> happen,</c><00:20:36.960><c> but</c><00:20:37.200><c> here's</c>

19:21.593 --> 19:21.603 align:start position:0%
lot of ways that can happen, but here's
 

19:21.603 --> 19:23.753 align:start position:0%
lot of ways that can happen, but here's
my<00:20:37.600><c> favorite</c><00:20:37.840><c> idea.</c><00:20:38.320><c> Some</c><00:20:38.559><c> bacteria</c><00:20:39.200><c> form</c>

19:23.753 --> 19:23.763 align:start position:0%
my favorite idea. Some bacteria form
 

19:23.763 --> 19:25.753 align:start position:0%
my favorite idea. Some bacteria form
spores<00:20:39.840><c> and</c><00:20:40.080><c> get</c><00:20:40.240><c> swept</c><00:20:40.559><c> up</c><00:20:40.720><c> in</c><00:20:40.880><c> air</c><00:20:41.120><c> currents,</c>

19:25.753 --> 19:25.763 align:start position:0%
spores and get swept up in air currents,
 

19:25.763 --> 19:27.353 align:start position:0%
spores and get swept up in air currents,
blown<00:20:41.840><c> as</c><00:20:41.919><c> high</c><00:20:42.080><c> as</c><00:20:42.240><c> the</c><00:20:42.320><c> stratosphere,</c><00:20:42.960><c> and</c>

19:27.353 --> 19:27.363 align:start position:0%
blown as high as the stratosphere, and
 

19:27.363 --> 19:28.553 align:start position:0%
blown as high as the stratosphere, and
then<00:20:43.280><c> are</c><00:20:43.440><c> brought</c><00:20:43.600><c> back</c><00:20:43.760><c> to</c><00:20:43.919><c> Earth</c><00:20:44.159><c> by</c>

19:28.553 --> 19:28.563 align:start position:0%
then are brought back to Earth by
 

19:28.563 --> 19:31.753 align:start position:0%
then are brought back to Earth by
rainstorms.<00:20:45.280><c> Now</c><00:20:45.600><c> while</c><00:20:46.000><c> dinoccus</c><00:20:46.720><c> radio</c>

19:31.753 --> 19:31.763 align:start position:0%
rainstorms. Now while dinoccus radio
 

19:31.763 --> 19:34.473 align:start position:0%
rainstorms. Now while dinoccus radio
doesn't<00:20:47.840><c> form</c><00:20:48.159><c> spores</c><00:20:48.960><c> it</c><00:20:49.280><c> has</c><00:20:49.600><c> shown</c><00:20:49.840><c> that</c><00:20:50.080><c> it</c>

19:34.473 --> 19:34.483 align:start position:0%
doesn't form spores it has shown that it
 

19:34.483 --> 19:36.313 align:start position:0%
doesn't form spores it has shown that it
can<00:20:50.400><c> thrive</c><00:20:50.640><c> while</c><00:20:50.960><c> desiccated</c><00:20:51.679><c> which</c><00:20:51.919><c> would</c>

19:36.313 --> 19:36.323 align:start position:0%
can thrive while desiccated which would
 

19:36.323 --> 19:38.233 align:start position:0%
can thrive while desiccated which would
make<00:20:52.240><c> it</c><00:20:52.400><c> even</c><00:20:52.640><c> easier</c><00:20:53.039><c> for</c><00:20:53.280><c> air</c><00:20:53.520><c> currents</c><00:20:53.840><c> to</c>

19:38.233 --> 19:38.243 align:start position:0%
make it even easier for air currents to
 

19:38.243 --> 19:40.233 align:start position:0%
make it even easier for air currents to
carry<00:20:54.159><c> it</c><00:20:54.320><c> to</c><00:20:54.480><c> altitudes</c><00:20:54.960><c> where</c><00:20:55.120><c> UV</c><00:20:55.520><c> radiation</c>

19:40.233 --> 19:40.243 align:start position:0%
carry it to altitudes where UV radiation
 

19:40.243 --> 19:42.313 align:start position:0%
carry it to altitudes where UV radiation
becomes<00:20:56.400><c> more</c><00:20:56.559><c> and</c><00:20:56.720><c> more</c><00:20:56.960><c> problematic.</c><00:20:57.760><c> Up</c><00:20:57.919><c> in</c>

19:42.313 --> 19:42.323 align:start position:0%
becomes more and more problematic. Up in
 

19:42.323 --> 19:43.993 align:start position:0%
becomes more and more problematic. Up in
the<00:20:58.159><c> stratosphere</c><00:20:58.799><c> the</c><00:20:58.960><c> bacteria</c><00:20:59.440><c> would</c><00:20:59.679><c> be</c>

19:43.993 --> 19:44.003 align:start position:0%
the stratosphere the bacteria would be
 

19:44.003 --> 19:46.073 align:start position:0%
the stratosphere the bacteria would be
exposed<00:21:00.080><c> to</c><00:21:00.320><c> up</c><00:21:00.480><c> to</c><00:21:00.720><c> a</c><00:21:00.880><c> thousand</c><00:21:01.280><c> times</c><00:21:01.600><c> more</c>

19:46.073 --> 19:46.083 align:start position:0%
exposed to up to a thousand times more
 

19:46.083 --> 19:48.152 align:start position:0%
exposed to up to a thousand times more
potent<00:21:02.240><c> levels</c><00:21:02.480><c> of</c><00:21:02.720><c> deadly</c><00:21:03.039><c> UV</c><00:21:03.440><c> radiation</c>

19:48.152 --> 19:48.162 align:start position:0%
potent levels of deadly UV radiation
 

19:48.162 --> 19:49.993 align:start position:0%
potent levels of deadly UV radiation
from<00:21:04.159><c> the</c><00:21:04.320><c> sun.</c><00:21:04.799><c> And</c><00:21:04.960><c> since</c><00:21:05.200><c> rain</c><00:21:05.440><c> is</c><00:21:05.600><c> the</c>

19:49.993 --> 19:50.003 align:start position:0%
from the sun. And since rain is the
 

19:50.003 --> 19:51.673 align:start position:0%
from the sun. And since rain is the
primary<00:21:06.080><c> vector</c><00:21:06.400><c> for</c><00:21:06.640><c> bringing</c><00:21:06.880><c> airborne</c>

19:51.673 --> 19:51.683 align:start position:0%
primary vector for bringing airborne
 

19:51.683 --> 19:53.673 align:start position:0%
primary vector for bringing airborne
cells<00:21:07.760><c> back</c><00:21:08.000><c> to</c><00:21:08.159><c> Earth,</c><00:21:08.559><c> the</c><00:21:08.799><c> return</c><00:21:09.120><c> journey</c>

19:53.673 --> 19:53.683 align:start position:0%
cells back to Earth, the return journey
 

19:53.683 --> 19:55.513 align:start position:0%
cells back to Earth, the return journey
will<00:21:09.679><c> very</c><00:21:10.000><c> likely</c><00:21:10.320><c> lead</c><00:21:10.559><c> to</c><00:21:10.720><c> a</c><00:21:10.880><c> place</c><00:21:11.039><c> where</c>

19:55.513 --> 19:55.523 align:start position:0%
will very likely lead to a place where
 

19:55.523 --> 19:56.792 align:start position:0%
will very likely lead to a place where
there's<00:21:11.520><c> more</c><00:21:11.760><c> food</c><00:21:12.000><c> sources</c><00:21:12.320><c> for</c>

19:56.792 --> 19:56.802 align:start position:0%
there's more food sources for
 

19:56.802 --> 19:59.113 align:start position:0%
there's more food sources for
draodurance<00:21:13.360><c> to</c><00:21:13.520><c> decompose.</c><00:21:14.240><c> It</c><00:21:14.480><c> all</c><00:21:14.640><c> fits</c>

19:59.113 --> 19:59.123 align:start position:0%
draodurance to decompose. It all fits
 

19:59.123 --> 20:01.353 align:start position:0%
draodurance to decompose. It all fits
together.<00:21:15.600><c> So</c><00:21:16.000><c> in</c><00:21:16.240><c> the</c><00:21:16.400><c> end,</c><00:21:16.720><c> all</c><00:21:16.960><c> this</c>

20:01.353 --> 20:01.363 align:start position:0%
together. So in the end, all this
 

20:01.363 --> 20:03.593 align:start position:0%
together. So in the end, all this
defense<00:21:17.600><c> might</c><00:21:17.840><c> be</c><00:21:18.000><c> a</c><00:21:18.240><c> brilliant</c><00:21:18.640><c> migration</c>

20:03.593 --> 20:03.603 align:start position:0%
defense might be a brilliant migration
 

20:03.603 --> 20:05.353 align:start position:0%
defense might be a brilliant migration
strategy<00:21:19.840><c> on</c><00:21:20.000><c> the</c><00:21:20.159><c> part</c><00:21:20.240><c> of</c><00:21:20.400><c> Dinocockus</c>

20:05.353 --> 20:05.363 align:start position:0%
strategy on the part of Dinocockus
 

20:05.363 --> 20:07.753 align:start position:0%
strategy on the part of Dinocockus
radio.<00:21:22.080><c> The</c><00:21:22.240><c> easiest</c><00:21:22.559><c> way</c><00:21:22.720><c> to</c><00:21:22.880><c> find</c><00:21:23.039><c> new</c><00:21:23.280><c> food</c>

20:07.753 --> 20:07.763 align:start position:0%
radio. The easiest way to find new food
 

20:07.763 --> 20:09.272 align:start position:0%
radio. The easiest way to find new food
sources<00:21:23.840><c> is</c><00:21:24.000><c> to</c><00:21:24.080><c> get</c><00:21:24.240><c> taken</c><00:21:24.480><c> there</c><00:21:24.640><c> on</c><00:21:24.799><c> air</c>

20:09.272 --> 20:09.282 align:start position:0%
sources is to get taken there on air
 

20:09.282 --> 20:11.272 align:start position:0%
sources is to get taken there on air
currents.<00:21:25.520><c> And</c><00:21:25.679><c> this</c><00:21:25.919><c> finally</c><00:21:26.320><c> helps</c><00:21:26.720><c> us</c>

20:11.272 --> 20:11.282 align:start position:0%
currents. And this finally helps us
 

20:11.282 --> 20:13.433 align:start position:0%
currents. And this finally helps us
understand<00:21:27.440><c> the</c><00:21:27.679><c> S</c><00:21:28.080><c> layer</c><00:21:28.240><c> a</c><00:21:28.480><c> lot</c><00:21:28.640><c> better.</c>

20:13.433 --> 20:13.443 align:start position:0%
understand the S layer a lot better.
 

20:13.443 --> 20:14.953 align:start position:0%
understand the S layer a lot better.
Because<00:21:29.440><c> again,</c><00:21:29.760><c> the</c><00:21:30.080><c> main</c><00:21:30.320><c> thing</c><00:21:30.480><c> it</c>

20:14.953 --> 20:14.963 align:start position:0%
Because again, the main thing it
 

20:14.963 --> 20:16.633 align:start position:0%
Because again, the main thing it
provides<00:21:31.039><c> is</c><00:21:31.200><c> a</c><00:21:31.440><c> way</c><00:21:31.520><c> to</c><00:21:31.679><c> survive</c><00:21:32.000><c> temperature</c>

20:16.633 --> 20:16.643 align:start position:0%
provides is a way to survive temperature
 

20:16.643 --> 20:18.713 align:start position:0%
provides is a way to survive temperature
swings<00:21:32.799><c> and</c><00:21:33.120><c> structural</c><00:21:33.600><c> support,</c><00:21:34.080><c> which</c><00:21:34.320><c> are</c>

20:18.713 --> 20:18.723 align:start position:0%
swings and structural support, which are
 

20:18.723 --> 20:20.313 align:start position:0%
swings and structural support, which are
two<00:21:34.640><c> things</c><00:21:34.799><c> that</c><00:21:34.960><c> become</c><00:21:35.200><c> a</c><00:21:35.440><c> huge</c><00:21:35.760><c> problem</c>

20:20.313 --> 20:20.323 align:start position:0%
two things that become a huge problem
 

20:20.323 --> 20:21.912 align:start position:0%
two things that become a huge problem
once<00:21:36.320><c> you're</c><00:21:36.559><c> fully</c><00:21:36.799><c> desiccated</c><00:21:37.280><c> and</c><00:21:37.520><c> also</c>

20:21.912 --> 20:21.922 align:start position:0%
once you're fully desiccated and also
 

20:21.922 --> 20:23.193 align:start position:0%
once you're fully desiccated and also
getting<00:21:37.919><c> yeated</c><00:21:38.320><c> into</c><00:21:38.480><c> the</c><00:21:38.640><c> upper</c>

20:23.193 --> 20:23.203 align:start position:0%
getting yeated into the upper
 

20:23.203 --> 20:25.433 align:start position:0%
getting yeated into the upper
atmosphere.<00:21:39.760><c> To</c><00:21:39.919><c> summarize,</c><00:21:40.320><c> docus</c><00:21:40.960><c> radio</c>

20:25.433 --> 20:25.443 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. To summarize, docus radio
 

20:25.443 --> 20:27.353 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. To summarize, docus radio
durans<00:21:41.679><c> evolved</c><00:21:42.000><c> to</c><00:21:42.159><c> survive</c><00:21:42.480><c> drying</c><00:21:42.880><c> all</c><00:21:43.039><c> the</c>

20:27.353 --> 20:27.363 align:start position:0%
durans evolved to survive drying all the
 

20:27.363 --> 20:28.953 align:start position:0%
durans evolved to survive drying all the
way<00:21:43.200><c> out</c><00:21:43.360><c> and</c><00:21:43.600><c> then</c><00:21:43.760><c> getting</c><00:21:43.919><c> blown</c><00:21:44.240><c> to</c><00:21:44.400><c> a</c><00:21:44.559><c> new</c>

20:28.953 --> 20:28.963 align:start position:0%
way out and then getting blown to a new
 

20:28.963 --> 20:30.713 align:start position:0%
way out and then getting blown to a new
food<00:21:44.960><c> source.</c><00:21:45.360><c> And</c><00:21:45.520><c> that</c><00:21:45.679><c> just</c><00:21:45.840><c> had</c><00:21:46.000><c> the</c><00:21:46.240><c> side</c>

20:30.713 --> 20:30.723 align:start position:0%
food source. And that just had the side
 

20:30.723 --> 20:32.233 align:start position:0%
food source. And that just had the side
bonus<00:21:46.799><c> of</c><00:21:46.960><c> also</c><00:21:47.280><c> defending</c><00:21:47.600><c> against</c><00:21:47.840><c> the</c>

20:32.233 --> 20:32.243 align:start position:0%
bonus of also defending against the
 

20:32.243 --> 20:34.313 align:start position:0%
bonus of also defending against the
mechanism<00:21:48.480><c> that</c><00:21:48.720><c> radiation</c><00:21:49.200><c> damage</c><00:21:49.600><c> uses</c><00:21:49.919><c> to</c>

20:34.313 --> 20:34.323 align:start position:0%
mechanism that radiation damage uses to
 

20:34.323 --> 20:36.073 align:start position:0%
mechanism that radiation damage uses to
destroy<00:21:50.400><c> ourselves,</c><00:21:50.880><c> which</c><00:21:51.120><c> I</c><00:21:51.280><c> think</c><00:21:51.360><c> is</c><00:21:51.600><c> just</c>

20:36.073 --> 20:36.083 align:start position:0%
destroy ourselves, which I think is just
 

20:36.083 --> 20:37.993 align:start position:0%
destroy ourselves, which I think is just
incredible.<00:21:52.720><c> While</c><00:21:52.960><c> there's</c><00:21:53.200><c> still</c><00:21:53.440><c> so</c><00:21:53.600><c> much</c>

20:37.993 --> 20:38.003 align:start position:0%
incredible. While there's still so much
 

20:38.003 --> 20:40.152 align:start position:0%
incredible. While there's still so much
to<00:21:54.000><c> learn</c><00:21:54.240><c> about</c><00:21:54.480><c> how</c><00:21:54.720><c> and</c><00:21:54.960><c> why</c><00:21:55.200><c> Dinocockus</c>

20:40.152 --> 20:40.162 align:start position:0%
to learn about how and why Dinocockus
 

20:40.162 --> 20:42.233 align:start position:0%
to learn about how and why Dinocockus
Radio<00:21:56.559><c> lives</c><00:21:56.799><c> the</c><00:21:56.960><c> way</c><00:21:57.120><c> it</c><00:21:57.280><c> is,</c><00:21:57.760><c> uh</c><00:21:57.840><c> the</c>

20:42.233 --> 20:42.243 align:start position:0%
Radio lives the way it is, uh the
 

20:42.243 --> 20:43.912 align:start position:0%
Radio lives the way it is, uh the
hilarious<00:21:58.400><c> part</c><00:21:58.559><c> of</c><00:21:58.720><c> me</c><00:21:58.960><c> making</c><00:21:59.200><c> this</c><00:21:59.440><c> video</c>

20:43.912 --> 20:43.922 align:start position:0%
hilarious part of me making this video
 

20:43.922 --> 20:45.912 align:start position:0%
hilarious part of me making this video
is<00:21:59.919><c> discovering</c><00:22:00.240><c> that</c><00:22:00.480><c> yes,</c><00:22:00.720><c> it</c><00:22:00.960><c> is</c><00:22:01.120><c> entirely</c>

20:45.912 --> 20:45.922 align:start position:0%
is discovering that yes, it is entirely
 

20:45.922 --> 20:47.912 align:start position:0%
is discovering that yes, it is entirely
plausible<00:22:02.159><c> that</c><00:22:02.320><c> Dinocockus</c><00:22:02.960><c> radio</c><00:22:03.280><c> durans</c>

20:47.912 --> 20:47.922 align:start position:0%
plausible that Dinocockus radio durans
 

20:47.922 --> 20:49.833 align:start position:0%
plausible that Dinocockus radio durans
evolved<00:22:04.159><c> effectively</c><00:22:04.720><c> the</c><00:22:04.960><c> equivalent</c><00:22:05.360><c> of</c>

20:49.833 --> 20:49.843 align:start position:0%
evolved effectively the equivalent of
 

20:49.843 --> 20:51.353 align:start position:0%
evolved effectively the equivalent of
space<00:22:05.919><c> travel</c><00:22:06.320><c> just</c><00:22:06.480><c> to</c><00:22:06.640><c> have</c><00:22:06.799><c> a</c><00:22:06.960><c> better</c>

20:51.353 --> 20:51.363 align:start position:0%
space travel just to have a better
 

20:51.363 --> 20:52.792 align:start position:0%
space travel just to have a better
chance<00:22:07.280><c> of</c><00:22:07.440><c> finding</c><00:22:07.760><c> new</c><00:22:07.919><c> and</c><00:22:08.159><c> interesting</c>

20:52.792 --> 20:52.802 align:start position:0%
chance of finding new and interesting
 

20:52.802 --> 20:55.353 align:start position:0%
chance of finding new and interesting
patches<00:22:08.880><c> of</c><00:22:09.120><c> trash</c><00:22:09.440><c> here</c><00:22:09.679><c> on</c><00:22:09.919><c> Earth.</c><00:22:10.880><c> Now,</c>

20:55.353 --> 20:55.363 align:start position:0%
patches of trash here on Earth. Now,
 

20:55.363 --> 20:56.713 align:start position:0%
patches of trash here on Earth. Now,
while<00:22:11.440><c> even</c><00:22:11.600><c> the</c><00:22:11.760><c> highest</c><00:22:12.080><c> parts</c><00:22:12.240><c> of</c><00:22:12.400><c> the</c>

20:56.713 --> 20:56.723 align:start position:0%
while even the highest parts of the
 

20:56.723 --> 20:58.633 align:start position:0%
while even the highest parts of the
stratosphere<00:22:13.039><c> aren't</c><00:22:13.360><c> even</c><00:22:13.600><c> halfway</c><00:22:14.000><c> to</c><00:22:14.240><c> the</c>

20:58.633 --> 20:58.643 align:start position:0%
stratosphere aren't even halfway to the
 

20:58.643 --> 21:01.113 align:start position:0%
stratosphere aren't even halfway to the
technical<00:22:14.880><c> definition</c><00:22:15.280><c> of</c><00:22:15.520><c> space,</c><00:22:16.240><c> maybe</c><00:22:16.640><c> you</c>

21:01.113 --> 21:01.123 align:start position:0%
technical definition of space, maybe you
 

21:01.123 --> 21:03.272 align:start position:0%
technical definition of space, maybe you
could<00:22:17.039><c> indulge</c><00:22:17.520><c> me</c><00:22:17.679><c> here</c><00:22:17.840><c> real</c><00:22:18.080><c> quick.</c><00:22:18.480><c> Eh,</c>

21:03.272 --> 21:03.282 align:start position:0%
could indulge me here real quick. Eh,
 

21:03.282 --> 21:04.873 align:start position:0%
could indulge me here real quick. Eh,
now<00:22:19.360><c> there's</c><00:22:19.600><c> just</c><00:22:19.840><c> so</c><00:22:20.080><c> much</c><00:22:20.159><c> more</c><00:22:20.320><c> to</c><00:22:20.559><c> be</c>

21:04.873 --> 21:04.883 align:start position:0%
now there's just so much more to be
 

21:04.883 --> 21:06.953 align:start position:0%
now there's just so much more to be
discovered<00:22:20.960><c> about</c><00:22:21.120><c> Dino</c><00:22:21.440><c> Caucus</c><00:22:21.760><c> radio,</c><00:22:22.559><c> but</c>

21:06.953 --> 21:06.963 align:start position:0%
discovered about Dino Caucus radio, but
 

21:06.963 --> 21:09.193 align:start position:0%
discovered about Dino Caucus radio, but
this<00:22:22.880><c> is</c><00:22:23.039><c> a</c><00:22:23.200><c> decent</c><00:22:23.520><c> enough</c><00:22:23.760><c> introduction.</c><00:22:24.799><c> I</c>

21:09.193 --> 21:09.203 align:start position:0%
this is a decent enough introduction. I
 

21:09.203 --> 21:11.113 align:start position:0%
this is a decent enough introduction. I
am<00:22:25.200><c> never</c><00:22:25.440><c> not</c><00:22:25.679><c> amazed</c><00:22:26.080><c> by</c><00:22:26.240><c> all</c><00:22:26.480><c> the</c><00:22:26.640><c> different</c>

21:11.113 --> 21:11.123 align:start position:0%
am never not amazed by all the different
 

21:11.123 --> 21:13.113 align:start position:0%
am never not amazed by all the different
niches<00:22:27.360><c> life</c><00:22:27.600><c> can</c><00:22:27.760><c> carve</c><00:22:28.000><c> out</c><00:22:28.159><c> for</c><00:22:28.320><c> itself</c><00:22:28.640><c> on</c>

21:13.113 --> 21:13.123 align:start position:0%
niches life can carve out for itself on
 

21:13.123 --> 21:15.032 align:start position:0%
niches life can carve out for itself on
this<00:22:29.120><c> good</c><00:22:29.360><c> Earth.</c><00:22:29.919><c> Our</c><00:22:30.240><c> planet</c><00:22:30.559><c> is</c>

21:15.032 --> 21:15.042 align:start position:0%
this good Earth. Our planet is
 

21:15.042 --> 21:16.873 align:start position:0%
this good Earth. Our planet is
astonishing<00:22:31.440><c> in</c><00:22:31.679><c> the</c><00:22:31.840><c> circumstances</c><00:22:32.400><c> and</c>

21:16.873 --> 21:16.883 align:start position:0%
astonishing in the circumstances and
 

21:16.883 --> 21:19.032 align:start position:0%
astonishing in the circumstances and
chemistry<00:22:33.039><c> it</c><00:22:33.280><c> can</c><00:22:33.440><c> produce.</c><00:22:34.000><c> And</c><00:22:34.159><c> for</c><00:22:34.320><c> me,</c><00:22:34.559><c> it</c>

21:19.032 --> 21:19.042 align:start position:0%
chemistry it can produce. And for me, it
 

21:19.042 --> 21:20.553 align:start position:0%
chemistry it can produce. And for me, it
is<00:22:34.880><c> more</c><00:22:35.120><c> than</c><00:22:35.280><c> enough</c><00:22:35.520><c> to</c><00:22:35.679><c> account</c><00:22:35.919><c> for</c><00:22:36.080><c> all</c>

21:20.553 --> 21:20.563 align:start position:0%
is more than enough to account for all
 

21:20.563 --> 21:23.113 align:start position:0%
is more than enough to account for all
the<00:22:36.559><c> wondrous</c><00:22:37.039><c> forms</c><00:22:37.440><c> life</c><00:22:37.760><c> can</c><00:22:38.000><c> take.</c><00:22:38.640><c> Even</c>

21:23.113 --> 21:23.123 align:start position:0%
the wondrous forms life can take. Even
 

21:23.123 --> 21:24.152 align:start position:0%
the wondrous forms life can take. Even
though<00:22:39.039><c> a</c><00:22:39.200><c> lot</c><00:22:39.280><c> of</c><00:22:39.280><c> the</c><00:22:39.440><c> research</c><00:22:39.679><c> around</c>

21:24.152 --> 21:24.162 align:start position:0%
though a lot of the research around
 

21:24.162 --> 21:26.553 align:start position:0%
though a lot of the research around
Dinocus<00:22:40.480><c> radio</c><00:22:41.200><c> tries</c><00:22:41.360><c> to</c><00:22:41.520><c> cast</c><00:22:41.760><c> this</c><00:22:41.919><c> as</c><00:22:42.159><c> a</c>

21:26.553 --> 21:26.563 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio tries to cast this as a
 

21:26.563 --> 21:28.553 align:start position:0%
Dinocus radio tries to cast this as a
space<00:22:42.640><c> bacteria</c><00:22:43.200><c> or</c><00:22:43.440><c> a</c><00:22:43.600><c> Martian</c><00:22:43.919><c> bacteria</c>

21:28.553 --> 21:28.563 align:start position:0%
space bacteria or a Martian bacteria
 

21:28.563 --> 21:30.392 align:start position:0%
space bacteria or a Martian bacteria
that<00:22:44.480><c> landed</c><00:22:44.799><c> here,</c><00:22:45.280><c> all</c><00:22:45.520><c> of</c><00:22:45.600><c> these</c><00:22:45.760><c> proteins</c>

21:30.392 --> 21:30.402 align:start position:0%
that landed here, all of these proteins
 

21:30.402 --> 21:31.593 align:start position:0%
that landed here, all of these proteins
and<00:22:46.320><c> all</c><00:22:46.400><c> of</c><00:22:46.480><c> these</c><00:22:46.720><c> systems</c><00:22:46.960><c> are</c><00:22:47.120><c> found</c>

21:31.593 --> 21:31.603 align:start position:0%
and all of these systems are found
 

21:31.603 --> 21:33.272 align:start position:0%
and all of these systems are found
across<00:22:47.919><c> our</c><00:22:48.080><c> tree</c><00:22:48.240><c> of</c><00:22:48.400><c> life.</c><00:22:48.640><c> And</c><00:22:48.799><c> all</c><00:22:48.960><c> of</c>

21:33.272 --> 21:33.282 align:start position:0%
across our tree of life. And all of
 

21:33.282 --> 21:35.753 align:start position:0%
across our tree of life. And all of
Dinocockus<00:22:49.679><c> radio's</c><00:22:50.640><c> systems</c><00:22:51.120><c> can</c><00:22:51.360><c> be</c>

21:35.753 --> 21:35.763 align:start position:0%
Dinocockus radio's systems can be
 

21:35.763 --> 21:37.753 align:start position:0%
Dinocockus radio's systems can be
explained<00:22:52.000><c> by</c><00:22:52.240><c> evolutionary</c><00:22:52.960><c> pressures</c><00:22:53.360><c> here</c>

21:37.753 --> 21:37.763 align:start position:0%
explained by evolutionary pressures here
 

21:37.763 --> 21:39.912 align:start position:0%
explained by evolutionary pressures here
on<00:22:53.679><c> this</c><00:22:53.840><c> planet</c><00:22:54.159><c> alone.</c><00:22:54.799><c> Life</c><00:22:55.039><c> on</c><00:22:55.200><c> this</c><00:22:55.440><c> earth</c>

21:39.912 --> 21:39.922 align:start position:0%
on this planet alone. Life on this earth
 

21:39.922 --> 21:42.313 align:start position:0%
on this planet alone. Life on this earth
is<00:22:56.080><c> astounding</c><00:22:56.799><c> in</c><00:22:57.039><c> its</c><00:22:57.280><c> complexity.</c><00:22:57.919><c> And</c>

21:42.313 --> 21:42.323 align:start position:0%
is astounding in its complexity. And
 

21:42.323 --> 21:43.833 align:start position:0%
is astounding in its complexity. And
you're<00:22:58.320><c> always</c><00:22:58.559><c> going</c><00:22:58.799><c> to</c><00:22:58.960><c> find</c><00:22:59.200><c> new</c><00:22:59.360><c> and</c>

21:43.833 --> 21:43.843 align:start position:0%
you're always going to find new and
 

21:43.843 --> 21:45.353 align:start position:0%
you're always going to find new and
interesting<00:22:59.919><c> pockets</c><00:23:00.400><c> where</c><00:23:00.640><c> if</c><00:23:00.880><c> you</c><00:23:00.960><c> look</c>

21:45.353 --> 21:45.363 align:start position:0%
interesting pockets where if you look
 

21:45.363 --> 21:46.873 align:start position:0%
interesting pockets where if you look
deep<00:23:01.360><c> enough,</c><00:23:01.600><c> you</c><00:23:01.760><c> will</c><00:23:01.840><c> be</c><00:23:02.000><c> truly</c><00:23:02.320><c> blown</c>

21:46.873 --> 21:46.883 align:start position:0%
deep enough, you will be truly blown
 

21:46.883 --> 21:48.792 align:start position:0%
deep enough, you will be truly blown
away<00:23:02.960><c> by</c><00:23:03.200><c> the</c><00:23:03.360><c> incredible</c><00:23:03.919><c> ingenuity</c><00:23:04.400><c> of</c>

21:48.792 --> 21:48.802 align:start position:0%
away by the incredible ingenuity of
 

21:48.802 --> 21:50.713 align:start position:0%
away by the incredible ingenuity of
incremental<00:23:05.200><c> change</c><00:23:05.440><c> through</c><00:23:05.679><c> evolution.</c>

21:50.713 --> 21:50.723 align:start position:0%
incremental change through evolution.
 

21:50.723 --> 21:52.233 align:start position:0%
incremental change through evolution.
For<00:23:06.720><c> me,</c><00:23:06.880><c> this</c><00:23:07.039><c> has</c><00:23:07.200><c> just</c><00:23:07.280><c> been</c><00:23:07.440><c> a</c><00:23:07.600><c> really</c><00:23:07.760><c> fun</c>

21:52.233 --> 21:52.243 align:start position:0%
For me, this has just been a really fun
 

21:52.243 --> 21:54.152 align:start position:0%
For me, this has just been a really fun
way<00:23:08.159><c> to</c><00:23:08.320><c> explore</c><00:23:08.799><c> some</c><00:23:08.960><c> really</c><00:23:09.200><c> big</c><00:23:09.440><c> subjects</c>

21:54.152 --> 21:54.162 align:start position:0%
way to explore some really big subjects
 

21:54.162 --> 21:55.673 align:start position:0%
way to explore some really big subjects
here<00:23:10.080><c> in</c><00:23:10.320><c> this</c><00:23:10.480><c> revolutionary</c><00:23:11.039><c> moment</c><00:23:11.280><c> in</c>

21:55.673 --> 21:55.683 align:start position:0%
here in this revolutionary moment in
 

21:55.683 --> 21:57.753 align:start position:0%
here in this revolutionary moment in
molecular<00:23:11.919><c> biology.</c><00:23:12.960><c> But</c><00:23:13.039><c> that's</c><00:23:13.200><c> a</c><00:23:13.360><c> good</c>

21:57.753 --> 21:57.763 align:start position:0%
molecular biology. But that's a good
 

21:57.763 --> 21:59.353 align:start position:0%
molecular biology. But that's a good
place<00:23:13.679><c> to</c><00:23:13.840><c> end</c><00:23:13.919><c> it,</c><00:23:14.159><c> though.</c><00:23:14.640><c> I</c><00:23:14.880><c> really</c>

21:59.353 --> 21:59.363 align:start position:0%
place to end it, though. I really
 

21:59.363 --> 22:01.193 align:start position:0%
place to end it, though. I really
appreciate<00:23:15.520><c> your</c><00:23:15.760><c> time.</c><00:23:16.240><c> Thanks</c><00:23:16.480><c> so</c><00:23:16.640><c> much</c><00:23:16.720><c> for</c>

22:01.193 --> 22:01.203 align:start position:0%
appreciate your time. Thanks so much for
 

22:01.203 --> 22:12.152 align:start position:0%
appreciate your time. Thanks so much for
being<00:23:17.200><c> here.</c>

22:12.152 --> 22:12.162 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:12.162 --> 22:13.513 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:23:28.080><c> hey,</c><00:23:28.400><c> thanks</c><00:23:28.559><c> so</c><00:23:28.640><c> much</c><00:23:28.799><c> for</c><00:23:28.960><c> making</c><00:23:29.120><c> it</c>

22:13.513 --> 22:13.523 align:start position:0%
And hey, thanks so much for making it
 

22:13.523 --> 22:15.032 align:start position:0%
And hey, thanks so much for making it
all<00:23:29.360><c> the</c><00:23:29.440><c> way</c><00:23:29.600><c> to</c><00:23:29.679><c> the</c><00:23:29.840><c> end</c><00:23:29.919><c> of</c><00:23:30.080><c> the</c><00:23:30.240><c> video.</c><00:23:30.640><c> If</c>

22:15.032 --> 22:15.042 align:start position:0%
all the way to the end of the video. If
 

22:15.042 --> 22:16.313 align:start position:0%
all the way to the end of the video. If
you<00:23:30.880><c> like</c><00:23:31.039><c> this</c><00:23:31.280><c> video,</c><00:23:31.600><c> please</c><00:23:31.840><c> make</c><00:23:32.000><c> sure</c>

22:16.313 --> 22:16.323 align:start position:0%
you like this video, please make sure
 

22:16.323 --> 22:18.152 align:start position:0%
you like this video, please make sure
you<00:23:32.240><c> like</c><00:23:32.400><c> and</c><00:23:32.559><c> subscribe.</c><00:23:33.120><c> I</c><00:23:33.360><c> can't</c><00:23:33.600><c> express</c>

22:18.152 --> 22:18.162 align:start position:0%
you like and subscribe. I can't express
 

22:18.162 --> 22:19.912 align:start position:0%
you like and subscribe. I can't express
enough<00:23:34.159><c> how</c><00:23:34.320><c> much</c><00:23:34.480><c> that</c><00:23:34.720><c> helps.</c><00:23:35.200><c> At</c><00:23:35.360><c> the</c><00:23:35.520><c> same</c>

22:19.912 --> 22:19.922 align:start position:0%
enough how much that helps. At the same
 

22:19.922 --> 22:21.032 align:start position:0%
enough how much that helps. At the same
time,<00:23:35.919><c> make</c><00:23:36.080><c> sure</c><00:23:36.159><c> you</c><00:23:36.320><c> check</c><00:23:36.400><c> out</c><00:23:36.559><c> all</c><00:23:36.640><c> the</c>

22:21.032 --> 22:21.042 align:start position:0%
time, make sure you check out all the
 

22:21.042 --> 22:22.073 align:start position:0%
time, make sure you check out all the
cool<00:23:37.039><c> stuff</c><00:23:37.120><c> we</c><00:23:37.360><c> have</c><00:23:37.440><c> over</c><00:23:37.600><c> at</c>

22:22.073 --> 22:22.083 align:start position:0%
cool stuff we have over at
 

22:22.083 --> 22:24.313 align:start position:0%
cool stuff we have over at
patreon.com/clockworkshow.

22:24.313 --> 22:24.323 align:start position:0%
patreon.com/clockworkshow.
 

22:24.323 --> 22:25.753 align:start position:0%
patreon.com/clockworkshow.
That's<00:23:40.240><c> the</c><00:23:40.480><c> best</c><00:23:40.640><c> way</c><00:23:40.720><c> you</c><00:23:40.960><c> can</c><00:23:41.120><c> guarantee</c>

22:25.753 --> 22:25.763 align:start position:0%
That's the best way you can guarantee
 

22:25.763 --> 22:27.193 align:start position:0%
That's the best way you can guarantee
that<00:23:41.679><c> we're</c><00:23:41.840><c> able</c><00:23:42.080><c> to</c><00:23:42.159><c> keep</c><00:23:42.320><c> producing</c><00:23:42.640><c> these</c>

22:27.193 --> 22:27.203 align:start position:0%
that we're able to keep producing these
 

22:27.203 --> 22:28.873 align:start position:0%
that we're able to keep producing these
videos<00:23:43.280><c> right</c><00:23:43.520><c> now.</c><00:23:43.919><c> Otherwise,</c><00:23:44.400><c> head</c><00:23:44.480><c> on</c>

22:28.873 --> 22:28.883 align:start position:0%
videos right now. Otherwise, head on
 

22:28.883 --> 22:30.713 align:start position:0%
videos right now. Otherwise, head on
over<00:23:44.799><c> to</c><00:23:44.880><c> watchclockwork.com</c><00:23:46.000><c> to</c><00:23:46.159><c> sign</c><00:23:46.320><c> up</c>

22:30.713 --> 22:30.723 align:start position:0%
over to watchclockwork.com to sign up
 

22:30.723 --> 22:32.953 align:start position:0%
over to watchclockwork.com to sign up
for<00:23:46.559><c> our</c><00:23:46.799><c> free</c><00:23:47.039><c> newsletter.</c><00:23:47.840><c> Either</c><00:23:48.159><c> way,</c><00:23:48.480><c> the</c>

22:32.953 --> 22:32.963 align:start position:0%
for our free newsletter. Either way, the
 

22:32.963 --> 22:34.313 align:start position:0%
for our free newsletter. Either way, the
very<00:23:48.960><c> best</c><00:23:49.200><c> way</c><00:23:49.360><c> you</c><00:23:49.520><c> can</c><00:23:49.679><c> support</c><00:23:49.840><c> this</c>

22:34.313 --> 22:34.323 align:start position:0%
very best way you can support this
 

22:34.323 --> 22:36.873 align:start position:0%
very best way you can support this
project<00:23:50.320><c> is</c><00:23:50.559><c> being</c><00:23:50.960><c> right</c><00:23:51.200><c> here,</c><00:23:51.760><c> right</c><00:23:52.080><c> now.</c>

22:36.873 --> 22:36.883 align:start position:0%
project is being right here, right now.
 

22:36.883 --> 22:38.473 align:start position:0%
project is being right here, right now.
Watching<00:23:52.960><c> a</c><00:23:53.200><c> video</c><00:23:53.440><c> all</c><00:23:53.600><c> the</c><00:23:53.760><c> way</c><00:23:53.840><c> through</c><00:23:54.080><c> is</c>

22:38.473 --> 22:38.483 align:start position:0%
Watching a video all the way through is
 

22:38.483 --> 22:40.473 align:start position:0%
Watching a video all the way through is
such<00:23:54.480><c> an</c><00:23:54.640><c> incredible</c><00:23:55.039><c> help.</c><00:23:55.679><c> Thank</c><00:23:55.840><c> you</c><00:23:56.000><c> so</c>

22:40.473 --> 22:40.483 align:start position:0%
such an incredible help. Thank you so
 

22:40.483 --> 22:43.272 align:start position:0%
such an incredible help. Thank you so
much.<00:23:56.880><c> For</c><00:23:57.120><c> now,</c><00:23:57.360><c> here's</c><00:23:57.600><c> a</c><00:23:57.760><c> weird</c><00:23:58.080><c> one.</c><00:23:58.799><c> Do</c>

22:43.272 --> 22:43.282 align:start position:0%
much. For now, here's a weird one. Do
 

22:43.282 --> 22:45.032 align:start position:0%
much. For now, here's a weird one. Do
you<00:23:59.120><c> have</c><00:23:59.200><c> a</c><00:23:59.360><c> favorite</c><00:23:59.600><c> kind</c><00:23:59.760><c> of</c><00:23:59.919><c> mushroom?</c><00:24:00.640><c> If</c>

22:45.032 --> 22:45.042 align:start position:0%
you have a favorite kind of mushroom? If
 

22:45.042 --> 22:46.953 align:start position:0%
you have a favorite kind of mushroom? If
you<00:24:00.960><c> do,</c><00:24:01.280><c> let</c><00:24:01.520><c> me</c><00:24:01.600><c> know</c><00:24:01.679><c> in</c><00:24:01.919><c> the</c><00:24:02.080><c> comments.</c><00:24:02.480><c> I'm</c>

22:46.953 --> 22:46.963 align:start position:0%
you do, let me know in the comments. I'm
 

22:46.963 --> 22:48.873 align:start position:0%
you do, let me know in the comments. I'm
trying<00:24:02.880><c> to</c><00:24:03.039><c> see</c><00:24:03.280><c> something.</c><00:24:03.760><c> I</c><00:24:04.080><c> was</c><00:24:04.159><c> overjoyed</c>

22:48.873 --> 22:48.883 align:start position:0%
trying to see something. I was overjoyed
 

22:48.883 --> 22:50.392 align:start position:0%
trying to see something. I was overjoyed
when<00:24:04.880><c> most</c><00:24:05.200><c> everyone</c><00:24:05.600><c> gave</c><00:24:05.840><c> me</c><00:24:05.919><c> the</c>

22:50.392 --> 22:50.402 align:start position:0%
when most everyone gave me the
 

22:50.402 --> 22:51.833 align:start position:0%
when most everyone gave me the
objectively<00:24:06.640><c> correct</c><00:24:06.960><c> answer</c><00:24:07.200><c> to</c><00:24:07.440><c> the</c>

22:51.833 --> 22:51.843 align:start position:0%
objectively correct answer to the
 

22:51.843 --> 22:53.513 align:start position:0%
objectively correct answer to the
question<00:24:07.679><c> I</c><00:24:07.919><c> asked</c><00:24:08.159><c> in</c><00:24:08.320><c> our</c><00:24:08.480><c> last</c><00:24:08.640><c> video,</c><00:24:09.120><c> and</c>

22:53.513 --> 22:53.523 align:start position:0%
question I asked in our last video, and
 

22:53.523 --> 22:55.272 align:start position:0%
question I asked in our last video, and
I<00:24:09.440><c> want</c><00:24:09.520><c> to</c><00:24:09.600><c> see</c><00:24:09.679><c> where</c><00:24:09.919><c> this</c><00:24:10.080><c> one</c><00:24:10.240><c> takes</c><00:24:10.480><c> us.</c>

22:55.272 --> 22:55.282 align:start position:0%
I want to see where this one takes us.
 

22:55.282 --> 22:57.113 align:start position:0%
I want to see where this one takes us.
But<00:24:11.200><c> either</c><00:24:11.520><c> way,</c><00:24:11.919><c> thanks</c><00:24:12.159><c> so</c><00:24:12.320><c> much</c><00:24:12.400><c> for</c><00:24:12.640><c> being</c>

22:57.113 --> 22:57.123 align:start position:0%
But either way, thanks so much for being
 

22:57.123 --> 22:59.353 align:start position:0%
But either way, thanks so much for being
here.<00:24:13.279><c> I</c><00:24:13.520><c> genuinely</c><00:24:14.000><c> appreciate</c><00:24:14.480><c> your</c><00:24:14.720><c> time.</c>

22:59.353 --> 22:59.363 align:start position:0%
here. I genuinely appreciate your time.
 

22:59.363 --> 23:00.792 align:start position:0%
here. I genuinely appreciate your time.
As<00:24:15.360><c> always,</c><00:24:15.679><c> I'd</c><00:24:15.840><c> like</c><00:24:15.919><c> to</c><00:24:16.080><c> leave</c><00:24:16.240><c> you</c><00:24:16.400><c> with</c>

23:00.792 --> 23:00.802 align:start position:0%
As always, I'd like to leave you with
 

23:00.802 --> 23:03.353 align:start position:0%
As always, I'd like to leave you with
peace,<00:24:17.120><c> love,</c><00:24:17.440><c> and</c><00:24:17.600><c> a</c><00:24:17.840><c> high</c><00:24:18.159><c> maganese</c><00:24:18.640><c> to</c><00:24:18.799><c> iron</c>

23:03.353 --> 23:03.363 align:start position:0%
peace, love, and a high maganese to iron
 

23:03.363 --> 23:06.073 align:start position:0%
peace, love, and a high maganese to iron
ratio.<00:24:20.000><c> Everyone,</c><00:24:20.400><c> be</c><00:24:20.640><c> well.</c><00:24:21.279><c> Thank</c><00:24:21.440><c> you</c><00:24:21.600><c> so</c>

23:06.073 --> 23:06.083 align:start position:0%
ratio. Everyone, be well. Thank you so
 

23:06.083 --> 23:11.993 align:start position:0%
ratio. Everyone, be well. Thank you so
much,

23:11.993 --> 23:12.003 align:start position:0%
 
 

23:12.003 --> 23:15.003 align:start position:0%
 
Maganese.