WEBVTT 00:00.800 --> 00:02.629 align:start position:0% I<00:00:01.120> don't<00:00:01.199> know<00:00:01.360> where<00:00:01.600> the<00:00:01.839> time<00:00:02.000> has<00:00:02.240> gone, 00:02.629 --> 00:02.639 align:start position:0% I don't know where the time has gone, 00:02.639 --> 00:04.950 align:start position:0% I don't know where the time has gone, but<00:00:02.879> it's<00:00:03.040> now<00:00:03.280> been<00:00:03.600> 3<00:00:03.919> years<00:00:04.160> since<00:00:04.480> Juno 00:04.950 --> 00:04.960 align:start position:0% but it's now been 3 years since Juno 00:04.960 --> 00:07.829 align:start position:0% but it's now been 3 years since Juno arrived<00:00:05.279> at<00:00:05.440> Jupiter.<00:00:06.480> During<00:00:06.799> this<00:00:07.040> time,<00:00:07.600> it 00:07.829 --> 00:07.839 align:start position:0% arrived at Jupiter. During this time, it 00:07.839 --> 00:09.430 align:start position:0% arrived at Jupiter. During this time, it has<00:00:08.000> been<00:00:08.160> collecting<00:00:08.720> valuable<00:00:09.200> and 00:09.430 --> 00:09.440 align:start position:0% has been collecting valuable and 00:09.440 --> 00:11.669 align:start position:0% has been collecting valuable and insightful<00:00:10.000> data<00:00:10.400> about<00:00:10.719> the<00:00:10.960> largest<00:00:11.280> of<00:00:11.519> our 00:11.669 --> 00:11.679 align:start position:0% insightful data about the largest of our 00:11.679 --> 00:13.910 align:start position:0% insightful data about the largest of our neighbor<00:00:12.000> planets.<00:00:12.960> It<00:00:13.200> has<00:00:13.360> recently 00:13.910 --> 00:13.920 align:start position:0% neighbor planets. It has recently 00:13.920 --> 00:15.910 align:start position:0% neighbor planets. It has recently completed<00:00:14.320> perove 00:15.910 --> 00:15.920 align:start position:0% completed perove 00:15.920 --> 00:19.109 align:start position:0% completed perove or<00:00:16.080> its<00:00:16.480> 21st<00:00:17.199> polar<00:00:17.600> orbit<00:00:18.320> out<00:00:18.560> of<00:00:18.640> a<00:00:18.800> total 00:19.109 --> 00:19.119 align:start position:0% or its 21st polar orbit out of a total 00:19.119 --> 00:21.830 align:start position:0% or its 21st polar orbit out of a total of<00:00:19.279> 35<00:00:19.840> planned<00:00:20.160> orbits,<00:00:21.119> which<00:00:21.359> means<00:00:21.520> we<00:00:21.760> are 00:21.830 --> 00:21.840 align:start position:0% of 35 planned orbits, which means we are 00:21.840 --> 00:23.910 align:start position:0% of 35 planned orbits, which means we are now<00:00:22.080> well<00:00:22.400> past<00:00:22.640> the<00:00:22.880> halfway<00:00:23.359> point<00:00:23.600> of<00:00:23.760> this 00:23.910 --> 00:23.920 align:start position:0% now well past the halfway point of this 00:23.920 --> 00:25.670 align:start position:0% now well past the halfway point of this mission. 00:25.670 --> 00:25.680 align:start position:0% mission. 00:25.680 --> 00:27.589 align:start position:0% mission. Some<00:00:25.840> of<00:00:26.000> you<00:00:26.240> veterans<00:00:26.720> to<00:00:26.960> this<00:00:27.119> channel 00:27.589 --> 00:27.599 align:start position:0% Some of you veterans to this channel 00:27.599 --> 00:29.189 align:start position:0% Some of you veterans to this channel will<00:00:27.920> remember<00:00:28.160> the<00:00:28.400> video<00:00:28.560> I<00:00:28.800> made<00:00:29.039> about 00:29.189 --> 00:29.199 align:start position:0% will remember the video I made about 00:29.199 --> 00:32.150 align:start position:0% will remember the video I made about Juno<00:00:29.679> at<00:00:29.840> its<00:00:30.080> one-year<00:00:30.480> mark.<00:00:31.519> But<00:00:31.760> what<00:00:32.000> has 00:32.150 --> 00:32.160 align:start position:0% Juno at its one-year mark. But what has 00:32.160 --> 00:34.389 align:start position:0% Juno at its one-year mark. But what has it<00:00:32.399> discovered<00:00:32.800> since<00:00:33.120> then?<00:00:33.840> And<00:00:34.000> has<00:00:34.160> it 00:34.389 --> 00:34.399 align:start position:0% it discovered since then? And has it 00:34.399 --> 00:36.630 align:start position:0% it discovered since then? And has it disproved<00:00:35.040> some<00:00:35.280> of<00:00:35.360> the<00:00:35.520> assumptions<00:00:36.160> we<00:00:36.399> had 00:36.630 --> 00:36.640 align:start position:0% disproved some of the assumptions we had 00:36.640 --> 00:40.389 align:start position:0% disproved some of the assumptions we had about<00:00:36.880> Jupiter<00:00:37.440> from<00:00:37.680> before<00:00:38.000> it<00:00:38.239> arrived? 00:40.389 --> 00:40.399 align:start position:0% about Jupiter from before it arrived? 00:40.399 --> 00:42.310 align:start position:0% about Jupiter from before it arrived? I'm<00:00:40.640> Alex<00:00:40.960> Mccoan<00:00:41.600> and<00:00:41.840> you're<00:00:42.000> watching 00:42.310 --> 00:42.320 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:42.320 --> 00:44.549 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:00:43.120> And<00:00:43.280> together<00:00:43.680> we<00:00:43.920> will<00:00:44.079> go<00:00:44.239> through 00:44.549 --> 00:44.559 align:start position:0% Astramm. And together we will go through 00:44.559 --> 00:46.869 align:start position:0% Astramm. And together we will go through everything<00:00:45.040> Juno<00:00:45.520> has<00:00:45.760> discovered<00:00:46.160> and<00:00:46.480> seen 00:46.869 --> 00:46.879 align:start position:0% everything Juno has discovered and seen 00:46.879 --> 00:51.270 align:start position:0% everything Juno has discovered and seen around<00:00:47.200> Jupiter<00:00:47.760> so<00:00:48.000> far. 00:51.270 --> 00:51.280 align:start position:0% 00:51.280 --> 00:53.510 align:start position:0% There<00:00:51.520> was<00:00:51.840> some<00:00:52.079> skepticism<00:00:52.879> about<00:00:53.199> whether 00:53.510 --> 00:53.520 align:start position:0% There was some skepticism about whether 00:53.520 --> 00:55.590 align:start position:0% There was some skepticism about whether Juno<00:00:53.920> would<00:00:54.079> last<00:00:54.320> this<00:00:54.559> long<00:00:55.120> due<00:00:55.360> to<00:00:55.440> the 00:55.590 --> 00:55.600 align:start position:0% Juno would last this long due to the 00:55.600 --> 00:57.630 align:start position:0% Juno would last this long due to the intense<00:00:56.079> radiation<00:00:56.640> around<00:00:56.879> the<00:00:57.120> planet, 00:57.630 --> 00:57.640 align:start position:0% intense radiation around the planet, 00:57.640 --> 00:59.750 align:start position:0% intense radiation around the planet, [music]<00:00:58.000> but<00:00:58.239> Juno<00:00:58.719> is<00:00:58.879> currently<00:00:59.199> in<00:00:59.520> good 00:59.750 --> 00:59.760 align:start position:0% [music] but Juno is currently in good 00:59.760 --> 01:02.709 align:start position:0% [music] but Juno is currently in good health.<00:01:00.640> Its<00:01:00.960> polar<00:01:01.280> orbit<00:01:01.840> takes<00:01:02.079> it<00:01:02.320> very 01:02.709 --> 01:02.719 align:start position:0% health. Its polar orbit takes it very 01:02.719 --> 01:05.830 align:start position:0% health. Its polar orbit takes it very close<00:01:02.960> to<00:01:03.120> the<00:01:03.280> planet,<00:01:04.000> only<00:01:04.400> 4,000<00:01:05.040> km<00:01:05.519> above 01:05.830 --> 01:05.840 align:start position:0% close to the planet, only 4,000 km above 01:05.840 --> 01:08.789 align:start position:0% close to the planet, only 4,000 km above its<00:01:06.000> atmosphere,<00:01:07.200> meaning<00:01:07.520> it<00:01:07.680> avoids<00:01:08.159> most, 01:08.789 --> 01:08.799 align:start position:0% its atmosphere, meaning it avoids most, 01:08.799 --> 01:11.990 align:start position:0% its atmosphere, meaning it avoids most, but<00:01:09.119> not<00:01:09.280> all,<00:01:09.920> of<00:01:10.080> Jupiter's<00:01:10.640> plasma<00:01:11.040> taurus, 01:11.990 --> 01:12.000 align:start position:0% but not all, of Jupiter's plasma taurus, 01:12.000 --> 01:14.789 align:start position:0% but not all, of Jupiter's plasma taurus, or<00:01:12.320> this<00:01:12.640> region<00:01:13.119> of<00:01:13.439> extremely<00:01:14.159> energized 01:14.789 --> 01:14.799 align:start position:0% or this region of extremely energized 01:14.799 --> 01:16.950 align:start position:0% or this region of extremely energized particles.<00:01:15.920> particles<00:01:16.400> which<00:01:16.640> have<00:01:16.799> been 01:16.950 --> 01:16.960 align:start position:0% particles. particles which have been 01:16.960 --> 01:19.109 align:start position:0% particles. particles which have been trapped<00:01:17.280> in<00:01:17.520> place<00:01:17.759> by<00:01:18.080> Jupiter's<00:01:18.640> powerful 01:19.109 --> 01:19.119 align:start position:0% trapped in place by Jupiter's powerful 01:19.119 --> 01:21.270 align:start position:0% trapped in place by Jupiter's powerful magnetic<00:01:19.600> field. 01:21.270 --> 01:21.280 align:start position:0% magnetic field. 01:21.280 --> 01:23.510 align:start position:0% magnetic field. But<00:01:21.520> thankfully,<00:01:22.240> Juno<00:01:22.720> quickly<00:01:23.119> discovered 01:23.510 --> 01:23.520 align:start position:0% But thankfully, Juno quickly discovered 01:23.520 --> 01:25.830 align:start position:0% But thankfully, Juno quickly discovered that<00:01:23.759> the<00:01:24.000> radiation<00:01:24.479> where<00:01:24.720> it<00:01:24.960> orbits<00:01:25.439> was<00:01:25.680> a 01:25.830 --> 01:25.840 align:start position:0% that the radiation where it orbits was a 01:25.840 --> 01:29.109 align:start position:0% that the radiation where it orbits was a lot<00:01:26.000> weaker<00:01:26.320> than<00:01:26.479> initially<00:01:26.960> expected. 01:29.109 --> 01:29.119 align:start position:0% lot weaker than initially expected. 01:29.119 --> 01:30.950 align:start position:0% lot weaker than initially expected. This<00:01:29.360> means<00:01:29.600> that<00:01:29.759> even<00:01:29.920> the<00:01:30.159> camera<00:01:30.560> is<00:01:30.799> still 01:30.950 --> 01:30.960 align:start position:0% This means that even the camera is still 01:30.960 --> 01:33.109 align:start position:0% This means that even the camera is still operational,<00:01:31.920> which<00:01:32.159> was<00:01:32.320> one<00:01:32.560> of<00:01:32.640> the<00:01:32.799> first 01:33.109 --> 01:33.119 align:start position:0% operational, which was one of the first 01:33.119 --> 01:36.149 align:start position:0% operational, which was one of the first instruments<00:01:33.680> expected<00:01:34.159> to<00:01:34.320> go. 01:36.149 --> 01:36.159 align:start position:0% instruments expected to go. 01:36.159 --> 01:38.230 align:start position:0% instruments expected to go. Juno<00:01:36.720> completely<00:01:37.200> surprised<00:01:37.680> scientists 01:38.230 --> 01:38.240 align:start position:0% Juno completely surprised scientists 01:38.240 --> 01:41.109 align:start position:0% Juno completely surprised scientists though<00:01:38.560> by<00:01:38.880> discovering<00:01:39.520> another<00:01:40.320> small<00:01:40.880> and 01:41.109 --> 01:41.119 align:start position:0% though by discovering another small and 01:41.119 --> 01:43.350 align:start position:0% though by discovering another small and less<00:01:41.439> powerful<00:01:41.840> radiation<00:01:42.400> belt<00:01:42.799> right<00:01:43.040> above 01:43.350 --> 01:43.360 align:start position:0% less powerful radiation belt right above 01:43.360 --> 01:45.429 align:start position:0% less powerful radiation belt right above the<00:01:43.520> equator<00:01:44.400> which<00:01:44.640> hugs<00:01:44.960> the<00:01:45.119> planet 01:45.429 --> 01:45.439 align:start position:0% the equator which hugs the planet 01:45.439 --> 01:48.389 align:start position:0% the equator which hugs the planet tightly.<00:01:46.640> So<00:01:46.880> far<00:01:47.200> the<00:01:47.360> mechanisms<00:01:48.079> behind 01:48.389 --> 01:48.399 align:start position:0% tightly. So far the mechanisms behind 01:48.399 --> 01:51.350 align:start position:0% tightly. So far the mechanisms behind this<00:01:48.640> radiation<00:01:49.119> belt<00:01:49.439> are<00:01:49.680> unknown. 01:51.350 --> 01:51.360 align:start position:0% this radiation belt are unknown. 01:51.360 --> 01:53.910 align:start position:0% this radiation belt are unknown. However,<00:01:52.079> although<00:01:52.399> the<00:01:52.640> radiation<00:01:53.200> exposure 01:53.910 --> 01:53.920 align:start position:0% However, although the radiation exposure 01:53.920 --> 01:55.670 align:start position:0% However, although the radiation exposure hasn't<00:01:54.240> been<00:01:54.479> as<00:01:54.720> bad<00:01:54.880> as<00:01:55.119> scientists 01:55.670 --> 01:55.680 align:start position:0% hasn't been as bad as scientists 01:55.680 --> 01:58.230 align:start position:0% hasn't been as bad as scientists expected<00:01:56.720> due<00:01:56.960> to<00:01:57.119> the<00:01:57.280> nature<00:01:57.520> of<00:01:57.759> Juno's 01:58.230 --> 01:58.240 align:start position:0% expected due to the nature of Juno's 01:58.240 --> 02:01.030 align:start position:0% expected due to the nature of Juno's orbit,<00:01:58.960> every<00:01:59.280> passing<00:01:59.759> perove<00:02:00.560> takes<00:02:00.799> it 02:01.030 --> 02:01.040 align:start position:0% orbit, every passing perove takes it 02:01.040 --> 02:02.870 align:start position:0% orbit, every passing perove takes it more<00:02:01.200> and<00:02:01.439> more<00:02:01.600> into<00:02:01.920> the<00:02:02.079> main<00:02:02.399> radiation 02:02.870 --> 02:02.880 align:start position:0% more and more into the main radiation 02:02.880 --> 02:05.590 align:start position:0% more and more into the main radiation belt.<00:02:03.680> meaning<00:02:04.000> Juno<00:02:04.560> certainly<00:02:05.040> can't<00:02:05.280> last 02:05.590 --> 02:05.600 align:start position:0% belt. meaning Juno certainly can't last 02:05.600 --> 02:09.109 align:start position:0% belt. meaning Juno certainly can't last forever.<00:02:06.960> Emperor<00:02:07.840> 35<00:02:08.319> is<00:02:08.640> currently<00:02:08.879> when 02:09.109 --> 02:09.119 align:start position:0% forever. Emperor 35 is currently when 02:09.119 --> 02:10.790 align:start position:0% forever. Emperor 35 is currently when mission<00:02:09.440> controllers<00:02:10.000> believe<00:02:10.319> the<00:02:10.560> mission 02:10.790 --> 02:10.800 align:start position:0% mission controllers believe the mission 02:10.800 --> 02:13.190 align:start position:0% mission controllers believe the mission will<00:02:10.959> be<00:02:11.039> forced<00:02:11.360> to<00:02:11.520> end<00:02:12.400> whereupon<00:02:12.959> they 02:13.190 --> 02:13.200 align:start position:0% will be forced to end whereupon they 02:13.200 --> 02:15.510 align:start position:0% will be forced to end whereupon they will<00:02:13.360> crash<00:02:13.680> Juno<00:02:14.160> into<00:02:14.480> Jupiter<00:02:14.959> to<00:02:15.200> avoid 02:15.510 --> 02:15.520 align:start position:0% will crash Juno into Jupiter to avoid 02:15.520 --> 02:20.229 align:start position:0% will crash Juno into Jupiter to avoid any<00:02:15.760> future<00:02:16.160> collisions<00:02:16.560> with<00:02:16.720> Europa. 02:20.229 --> 02:20.239 align:start position:0% 02:20.239 --> 02:22.630 align:start position:0% The<00:02:20.480> charged<00:02:20.879> particles<00:02:21.280> in<00:02:21.440> the<00:02:21.599> plasma<00:02:22.000> taus 02:22.630 --> 02:22.640 align:start position:0% The charged particles in the plasma taus 02:22.640 --> 02:24.630 align:start position:0% The charged particles in the plasma taus come<00:02:22.959> particularly<00:02:23.599> from<00:02:23.920> the<00:02:24.080> volcanic 02:24.630 --> 02:24.640 align:start position:0% come particularly from the volcanic 02:24.640 --> 02:27.990 align:start position:0% come particularly from the volcanic activity<00:02:25.040> of<00:02:25.280> Jupiter's<00:02:25.760> largest<00:02:26.160> moon<00:02:27.040> Io 02:27.990 --> 02:28.000 align:start position:0% activity of Jupiter's largest moon Io 02:28.000 --> 02:30.309 align:start position:0% activity of Jupiter's largest moon Io which<00:02:28.319> blasts<00:02:28.800> particles<00:02:29.360> into<00:02:29.599> orbit<00:02:30.000> around 02:30.309 --> 02:30.319 align:start position:0% which blasts particles into orbit around 02:30.319 --> 02:32.150 align:start position:0% which blasts particles into orbit around Jupiter. 02:32.150 --> 02:32.160 align:start position:0% Jupiter. 02:32.160 --> 02:33.910 align:start position:0% Jupiter. Just<00:02:32.400> to<00:02:32.560> give<00:02:32.720> you<00:02:32.879> an<00:02:33.120> idea<00:02:33.360> of<00:02:33.599> how 02:33.910 --> 02:33.920 align:start position:0% Just to give you an idea of how 02:33.920 --> 02:36.949 align:start position:0% Just to give you an idea of how volcanically<00:02:34.640> active<00:02:34.959> Io<00:02:35.440> is,<00:02:36.239> this<00:02:36.480> was<00:02:36.720> New 02:36.949 --> 02:36.959 align:start position:0% volcanically active Io is, this was New 02:36.959 --> 02:39.030 align:start position:0% volcanically active Io is, this was New Horizon's<00:02:37.599> view<00:02:37.760> of<00:02:37.920> Io<00:02:38.239> as<00:02:38.400> it<00:02:38.560> passed<00:02:38.800> by 02:39.030 --> 02:39.040 align:start position:0% Horizon's view of Io as it passed by 02:39.040 --> 02:41.750 align:start position:0% Horizon's view of Io as it passed by Jupiter<00:02:39.360> on<00:02:39.599> its<00:02:39.760> way<00:02:39.840> to<00:02:40.000> Pluto,<00:02:40.800> the<00:02:41.040> Tvashta 02:41.750 --> 02:41.760 align:start position:0% Jupiter on its way to Pluto, the Tvashta 02:41.760 --> 02:45.270 align:start position:0% Jupiter on its way to Pluto, the Tvashta volcano<00:02:42.319> in<00:02:42.560> full<00:02:42.959> eruption.<00:02:44.400> Juno<00:02:44.879> has<00:02:45.040> also 02:45.270 --> 02:45.280 align:start position:0% volcano in full eruption. Juno has also 02:45.280 --> 02:47.589 align:start position:0% volcano in full eruption. Juno has also had<00:02:45.360> a<00:02:45.519> look<00:02:45.599> at<00:02:45.760> Io<00:02:46.160> in<00:02:46.319> the<00:02:46.400> infrared,<00:02:47.360> the 02:47.589 --> 02:47.599 align:start position:0% had a look at Io in the infrared, the 02:47.599 --> 02:50.070 align:start position:0% had a look at Io in the infrared, the hot<00:02:47.840> spots<00:02:48.319> indicating<00:02:49.200> where<00:02:49.519> volcanic 02:50.070 --> 02:50.080 align:start position:0% hot spots indicating where volcanic 02:50.080 --> 02:52.390 align:start position:0% hot spots indicating where volcanic activity<00:02:50.640> is<00:02:50.879> occurring. 02:52.390 --> 02:52.400 align:start position:0% activity is occurring. 02:52.400 --> 02:55.190 align:start position:0% activity is occurring. Io<00:02:52.879> ejects<00:02:53.519> one<00:02:53.840> ton<00:02:54.239> of<00:02:54.480> particles<00:02:54.959> into 02:55.190 --> 02:55.200 align:start position:0% Io ejects one ton of particles into 02:55.200 --> 02:58.390 align:start position:0% Io ejects one ton of particles into orbit<00:02:55.519> around<00:02:55.840> Jupiter<00:02:56.319> per<00:02:56.640> second. 02:58.390 --> 02:58.400 align:start position:0% orbit around Jupiter per second. 02:58.400 --> 03:00.710 align:start position:0% orbit around Jupiter per second. As<00:02:58.640> Io<00:02:59.040> travels<00:02:59.360> through<00:02:59.519> the<00:02:59.760> plasma<00:03:00.160> taurus 03:00.710 --> 03:00.720 align:start position:0% As Io travels through the plasma taurus 03:00.720 --> 03:02.070 align:start position:0% As Io travels through the plasma taurus and<00:03:00.959> interacts<00:03:01.440> with<00:03:01.599> Jupiter's 03:02.070 --> 03:02.080 align:start position:0% and interacts with Jupiter's 03:02.080 --> 03:04.790 align:start position:0% and interacts with Jupiter's magneettosphere,<00:03:03.360> this<00:03:03.519> causes<00:03:03.920> a<00:03:04.080> flux<00:03:04.480> tube 03:04.790 --> 03:04.800 align:start position:0% magneettosphere, this causes a flux tube 03:04.800 --> 03:06.390 align:start position:0% magneettosphere, this causes a flux tube to<00:03:04.959> exist<00:03:05.360> between<00:03:05.599> the<00:03:05.760> planet<00:03:06.080> and<00:03:06.239> the 03:06.390 --> 03:06.400 align:start position:0% to exist between the planet and the 03:06.400 --> 03:09.830 align:start position:0% to exist between the planet and the moon.<00:03:07.840> A<00:03:08.000> flux<00:03:08.319> tube<00:03:08.800> being<00:03:09.120> an<00:03:09.440> electric 03:09.830 --> 03:09.840 align:start position:0% moon. A flux tube being an electric 03:09.840 --> 03:12.070 align:start position:0% moon. A flux tube being an electric current<00:03:10.159> that<00:03:10.400> travels<00:03:10.800> along<00:03:11.120> a<00:03:11.360> cylindrical 03:12.070 --> 03:12.080 align:start position:0% current that travels along a cylindrical 03:12.080 --> 03:15.182 align:start position:0% current that travels along a cylindrical tube<00:03:12.400> of<00:03:12.640> magnetic<00:03:13.120> field<00:03:13.360> lines.<00:03:14.560> It<00:03:14.800> is<00:03:15.040> very 03:15.182 --> 03:15.192 align:start position:0% tube of magnetic field lines. It is very 03:15.192 --> 03:18.070 align:start position:0% tube of magnetic field lines. It is very [music]<00:03:15.360> powerful.<00:03:16.159> It<00:03:16.319> can<00:03:16.480> develop<00:03:17.040> 400,000 03:18.070 --> 03:18.080 align:start position:0% [music] powerful. It can develop 400,000 03:18.080 --> 03:21.190 align:start position:0% [music] powerful. It can develop 400,000 volts<00:03:18.800> and<00:03:19.200> 1<00:03:19.440> million<00:03:19.760> to<00:03:20.080> 5<00:03:20.400> million<00:03:20.720> amps<00:03:21.040> of 03:21.190 --> 03:21.200 align:start position:0% volts and 1 million to 5 million amps of 03:21.200 --> 03:24.070 align:start position:0% volts and 1 million to 5 million amps of current.<00:03:22.480> Juno<00:03:22.959> was<00:03:23.120> able<00:03:23.360> to<00:03:23.440> get<00:03:23.680> very 03:24.070 --> 03:24.080 align:start position:0% current. Juno was able to get very 03:24.080 --> 03:25.990 align:start position:0% current. Juno was able to get very accurate<00:03:24.560> readings<00:03:24.879> of<00:03:25.040> the<00:03:25.200> flux<00:03:25.519> tube 03:25.990 --> 03:26.000 align:start position:0% accurate readings of the flux tube 03:26.000 --> 03:28.470 align:start position:0% accurate readings of the flux tube during<00:03:26.319> its<00:03:26.560> 12th<00:03:26.959> orbit<00:03:27.680> as<00:03:27.920> it<00:03:28.080> passed 03:28.470 --> 03:28.480 align:start position:0% during its 12th orbit as it passed 03:28.480 --> 03:31.430 align:start position:0% during its 12th orbit as it passed directly<00:03:28.959> through<00:03:29.200> it.<00:03:30.159> No,<00:03:30.560> this<00:03:30.879> didn't<00:03:31.120> fry 03:31.430 --> 03:31.440 align:start position:0% directly through it. No, this didn't fry 03:31.440 --> 03:33.910 align:start position:0% directly through it. No, this didn't fry the<00:03:31.599> spacecraft<00:03:32.480> as<00:03:32.720> the<00:03:32.879> flux<00:03:33.280> tube<00:03:33.599> has<00:03:33.760> a 03:33.910 --> 03:33.920 align:start position:0% the spacecraft as the flux tube has a 03:33.920 --> 03:35.990 align:start position:0% the spacecraft as the flux tube has a large<00:03:34.159> diameter<00:03:34.959> and<00:03:35.280> so<00:03:35.519> it<00:03:35.680> isn't 03:35.990 --> 03:36.000 align:start position:0% large diameter and so it isn't 03:36.000 --> 03:37.910 align:start position:0% large diameter and so it isn't concentrated<00:03:36.640> enough<00:03:36.879> to<00:03:37.120> do<00:03:37.280> damage<00:03:37.599> to<00:03:37.760> the 03:37.910 --> 03:37.920 align:start position:0% concentrated enough to do damage to the 03:37.920 --> 03:41.589 align:start position:0% concentrated enough to do damage to the craft.<00:03:39.360> Also,<00:03:40.080> Juno<00:03:40.480> was<00:03:40.640> in<00:03:40.879> and<00:03:41.040> out<00:03:41.200> in<00:03:41.440> a 03:41.589 --> 03:41.599 align:start position:0% craft. Also, Juno was in and out in a 03:41.599 --> 03:44.070 align:start position:0% craft. Also, Juno was in and out in a matter<00:03:41.760> of<00:03:42.000> seconds. 03:44.070 --> 03:44.080 align:start position:0% matter of seconds. 03:44.080 --> 03:47.750 align:start position:0% matter of seconds. Now<00:03:44.400> Juno<00:03:44.879> is<00:03:45.120> a<00:03:45.280> massive<00:03:45.680> spacecraft<00:03:46.799> 20<00:03:47.120> m<00:03:47.519> in 03:47.750 --> 03:47.760 align:start position:0% Now Juno is a massive spacecraft 20 m in 03:47.760 --> 03:50.710 align:start position:0% Now Juno is a massive spacecraft 20 m in diameter<00:03:48.879> and<00:03:49.120> it<00:03:49.280> really<00:03:49.519> has<00:03:49.760> to<00:03:49.920> be<00:03:50.319> as<00:03:50.560> it 03:50.710 --> 03:50.720 align:start position:0% diameter and it really has to be as it 03:50.720 --> 03:53.030 align:start position:0% diameter and it really has to be as it is<00:03:50.879> a<00:03:51.040> solar<00:03:51.440> powered<00:03:51.760> spacecraft<00:03:52.560> and<00:03:52.799> only 03:53.030 --> 03:53.040 align:start position:0% is a solar powered spacecraft and only 03:53.040 --> 03:55.670 align:start position:0% is a solar powered spacecraft and only gets<00:03:53.360> 4%<00:03:53.920> of<00:03:54.080> the<00:03:54.239> sun<00:03:54.640> it<00:03:54.879> would<00:03:55.040> do<00:03:55.280> around 03:55.670 --> 03:55.680 align:start position:0% gets 4% of the sun it would do around 03:55.680 --> 03:57.990 align:start position:0% gets 4% of the sun it would do around Earth.<00:03:56.640> This<00:03:56.879> means<00:03:57.280> even<00:03:57.519> though<00:03:57.680> these 03:57.990 --> 03:58.000 align:start position:0% Earth. This means even though these 03:58.000 --> 04:00.309 align:start position:0% Earth. This means even though these panels<00:03:58.319> are<00:03:58.560> huge,<00:03:59.200> it<00:03:59.439> can<00:03:59.599> only<00:03:59.840> generate 04:00.309 --> 04:00.319 align:start position:0% panels are huge, it can only generate 04:00.319 --> 04:03.030 align:start position:0% panels are huge, it can only generate just<00:04:00.560> above<00:04:01.040> 400<00:04:01.519> W. 04:03.030 --> 04:03.040 align:start position:0% just above 400 W. 04:03.040 --> 04:05.190 align:start position:0% just above 400 W. But<00:04:03.200> you'll<00:04:03.519> also<00:04:03.760> notice<00:04:04.159> that<00:04:04.400> this<00:04:04.720> design 04:05.190 --> 04:05.200 align:start position:0% But you'll also notice that this design 04:05.200 --> 04:07.509 align:start position:0% But you'll also notice that this design paired<00:04:05.519> with<00:04:05.680> the<00:04:05.840> fact<00:04:06.000> that<00:04:06.159> Juno<00:04:06.640> rotates 04:07.509 --> 04:07.519 align:start position:0% paired with the fact that Juno rotates 04:07.519 --> 04:09.509 align:start position:0% paired with the fact that Juno rotates makes<00:04:07.760> it<00:04:08.000> look<00:04:08.239> a<00:04:08.480> little<00:04:08.720> like<00:04:08.879> a<00:04:09.120> fidget 04:09.509 --> 04:09.519 align:start position:0% makes it look a little like a fidget 04:09.519 --> 04:10.949 align:start position:0% makes it look a little like a fidget spinner. 04:10.949 --> 04:10.959 align:start position:0% spinner. 04:10.959 --> 04:12.789 align:start position:0% spinner. This<00:04:11.200> isn't<00:04:11.519> just<00:04:11.760> to<00:04:11.920> make<00:04:12.080> a<00:04:12.319> pretty 04:12.789 --> 04:12.799 align:start position:0% This isn't just to make a pretty 04:12.799 --> 04:15.190 align:start position:0% This isn't just to make a pretty spinning<00:04:13.280> spacecraft.<00:04:14.480> Juno<00:04:15.040> was 04:15.190 --> 04:15.200 align:start position:0% spinning spacecraft. Juno was 04:15.200 --> 04:17.349 align:start position:0% spinning spacecraft. Juno was specifically<00:04:15.840> designed<00:04:16.160> to<00:04:16.400> detect<00:04:16.880> various 04:17.349 --> 04:17.359 align:start position:0% specifically designed to detect various 04:17.359 --> 04:19.670 align:start position:0% specifically designed to detect various fields<00:04:17.680> and<00:04:17.919> particles<00:04:18.400> around<00:04:18.720> Jupiter.<00:04:19.519> And 04:19.670 --> 04:19.680 align:start position:0% fields and particles around Jupiter. And 04:19.680 --> 04:21.670 align:start position:0% fields and particles around Jupiter. And having<00:04:20.000> a<00:04:20.239> spacecraft<00:04:20.720> with<00:04:20.959> a<00:04:21.199> large 04:21.670 --> 04:21.680 align:start position:0% having a spacecraft with a large 04:21.680 --> 04:24.710 align:start position:0% having a spacecraft with a large spinning<00:04:22.079> radius<00:04:22.560> helps<00:04:22.800> with<00:04:23.040> that. 04:24.710 --> 04:24.720 align:start position:0% spinning radius helps with that. 04:24.720 --> 04:26.870 align:start position:0% spinning radius helps with that. This<00:04:24.960> is<00:04:25.120> particularly<00:04:25.840> evident<00:04:26.320> with<00:04:26.639> this 04:26.870 --> 04:26.880 align:start position:0% This is particularly evident with this 04:26.880 --> 04:29.670 align:start position:0% This is particularly evident with this instrument<00:04:27.440> here,<00:04:28.160> the<00:04:28.400> magnetometer<00:04:29.360> found 04:29.670 --> 04:29.680 align:start position:0% instrument here, the magnetometer found 04:29.680 --> 04:31.909 align:start position:0% instrument here, the magnetometer found at<00:04:29.919> the<00:04:30.080> end<00:04:30.240> of<00:04:30.400> one<00:04:30.560> of<00:04:30.639> the<00:04:30.800> solar<00:04:31.199> panels 04:31.909 --> 04:31.919 align:start position:0% at the end of one of the solar panels 04:31.919 --> 04:33.909 align:start position:0% at the end of one of the solar panels tasked<00:04:32.400> with<00:04:32.639> mapping<00:04:33.040> out<00:04:33.360> Jupiter's 04:33.909 --> 04:33.919 align:start position:0% tasked with mapping out Jupiter's 04:33.919 --> 04:37.510 align:start position:0% tasked with mapping out Jupiter's magnetic<00:04:34.400> field.<00:04:35.759> Through<00:04:36.080> Juno's<00:04:36.639> data,<00:04:37.199> we 04:37.510 --> 04:37.520 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Through Juno's data, we 04:37.520 --> 04:39.350 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Through Juno's data, we now<00:04:37.759> have<00:04:37.919> a<00:04:38.160> highly<00:04:38.560> detailed<00:04:38.960> map<00:04:39.199> of 04:39.350 --> 04:39.360 align:start position:0% now have a highly detailed map of 04:39.360 --> 04:41.350 align:start position:0% now have a highly detailed map of Jupiter's<00:04:39.840> magnetic<00:04:40.240> field,<00:04:40.720> which<00:04:40.960> is<00:04:41.120> only 04:41.350 --> 04:41.360 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field, which is only 04:41.360 --> 04:43.510 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field, which is only getting<00:04:41.759> more<00:04:42.000> accurate<00:04:42.479> with<00:04:42.800> every<00:04:43.120> passing 04:43.510 --> 04:43.520 align:start position:0% getting more accurate with every passing 04:43.520 --> 04:47.030 align:start position:0% getting more accurate with every passing orbit.<00:04:44.800> As<00:04:45.120> expected,<00:04:46.000> Juno<00:04:46.479> confirmed<00:04:46.880> that 04:47.030 --> 04:47.040 align:start position:0% orbit. As expected, Juno confirmed that 04:47.040 --> 04:49.270 align:start position:0% orbit. As expected, Juno confirmed that Jupiter<00:04:47.520> has<00:04:47.680> a<00:04:47.919> dipole-like<00:04:48.720> magnetic 04:49.270 --> 04:49.280 align:start position:0% Jupiter has a dipole-like magnetic 04:49.280 --> 04:51.830 align:start position:0% Jupiter has a dipole-like magnetic field,<00:04:50.080> although<00:04:50.560> it<00:04:50.800> is<00:04:50.960> not<00:04:51.120> very<00:04:51.440> aligned 04:51.830 --> 04:51.840 align:start position:0% field, although it is not very aligned 04:51.840 --> 04:54.710 align:start position:0% field, although it is not very aligned with<00:04:52.000> the<00:04:52.160> rotational<00:04:52.720> axis. 04:54.710 --> 04:54.720 align:start position:0% with the rotational axis. 04:54.720 --> 04:56.870 align:start position:0% with the rotational axis. What<00:04:55.040> was<00:04:55.280> very<00:04:55.680> interesting,<00:04:56.240> though,<00:04:56.639> is 04:56.870 --> 04:56.880 align:start position:0% What was very interesting, though, is 04:56.880 --> 04:58.469 align:start position:0% What was very interesting, though, is that<00:04:57.120> scientists<00:04:57.680> discovered<00:04:58.240> something 04:58.469 --> 04:58.479 align:start position:0% that scientists discovered something 04:58.479 --> 05:01.030 align:start position:0% that scientists discovered something called<00:04:58.720> the<00:04:58.960> Great<00:04:59.360> Blue<00:04:59.600> Spot,<00:05:00.400> a<00:05:00.639> region<00:05:00.880> on 05:01.030 --> 05:01.040 align:start position:0% called the Great Blue Spot, a region on 05:01.040 --> 05:03.189 align:start position:0% called the Great Blue Spot, a region on Jupiter<00:05:01.520> where<00:05:01.680> the<00:05:01.919> magnetic<00:05:02.400> field<00:05:02.639> is<00:05:02.880> very 05:03.189 --> 05:03.199 align:start position:0% Jupiter where the magnetic field is very 05:03.199 --> 05:06.469 align:start position:0% Jupiter where the magnetic field is very concentrated. 05:06.469 --> 05:06.479 align:start position:0% 05:06.479 --> 05:08.469 align:start position:0% Comparing<00:05:06.960> Juno's<00:05:07.520> magnetic<00:05:07.919> field<00:05:08.160> data 05:08.469 --> 05:08.479 align:start position:0% Comparing Juno's magnetic field data 05:08.479 --> 05:10.150 align:start position:0% Comparing Juno's magnetic field data with<00:05:08.720> previous<00:05:09.120> Jupiter<00:05:09.163> [music]<00:05:09.520> missions 05:10.150 --> 05:10.160 align:start position:0% with previous Jupiter [music] missions 05:10.160 --> 05:14.150 align:start position:0% with previous Jupiter [music] missions like<00:05:10.720> Pioneer,<00:05:11.680> Voyager,<00:05:12.479> and<00:05:12.720> Galileo<00:05:13.840> has 05:14.150 --> 05:14.160 align:start position:0% like Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo has 05:14.160 --> 05:16.310 align:start position:0% like Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo has also<00:05:14.560> revealed<00:05:15.039> a<00:05:15.440> first<00:05:15.680> for<00:05:15.840> the<00:05:16.000> solar 05:16.310 --> 05:16.320 align:start position:0% also revealed a first for the solar 05:16.320 --> 05:18.550 align:start position:0% also revealed a first for the solar system.<00:05:17.280> Jupiter's<00:05:17.840> magnetic<00:05:18.240> field 05:18.550 --> 05:18.560 align:start position:0% system. Jupiter's magnetic field 05:18.560 --> 05:20.870 align:start position:0% system. Jupiter's magnetic field structure<00:05:19.199> has<00:05:19.520> been<00:05:19.680> found<00:05:19.919> to<00:05:20.240> change<00:05:20.560> very 05:20.870 --> 05:20.880 align:start position:0% structure has been found to change very 05:20.880 --> 05:23.110 align:start position:0% structure has been found to change very gradually<00:05:21.440> over<00:05:21.759> time,<00:05:22.400> which<00:05:22.639> is<00:05:22.800> called 05:23.110 --> 05:23.120 align:start position:0% gradually over time, which is called 05:23.120 --> 05:26.390 align:start position:0% gradually over time, which is called secular<00:05:23.840> variation. 05:26.390 --> 05:26.400 align:start position:0% secular variation. 05:26.400 --> 05:28.469 align:start position:0% secular variation. Interestingly,<00:05:27.280> this<00:05:27.520> was<00:05:27.759> most<00:05:28.000> apparent 05:28.469 --> 05:28.479 align:start position:0% Interestingly, this was most apparent 05:28.479 --> 05:31.189 align:start position:0% Interestingly, this was most apparent around<00:05:28.880> Jupiter's<00:05:29.440> Great<00:05:29.680> Blue<00:05:29.919> Spot.<00:05:30.960> This 05:31.189 --> 05:31.199 align:start position:0% around Jupiter's Great Blue Spot. This 05:31.199 --> 05:33.270 align:start position:0% around Jupiter's Great Blue Spot. This variation<00:05:31.680> is<00:05:31.919> thought<00:05:32.160> to<00:05:32.320> be<00:05:32.400> driven<00:05:32.800> by<00:05:33.039> a 05:33.270 --> 05:33.280 align:start position:0% variation is thought to be driven by a 05:33.280 --> 05:34.950 align:start position:0% variation is thought to be driven by a region<00:05:33.600> right<00:05:33.840> at<00:05:34.000> the<00:05:34.160> base<00:05:34.320> of<00:05:34.479> Jupiter's 05:34.950 --> 05:34.960 align:start position:0% region right at the base of Jupiter's 05:34.960 --> 05:38.629 align:start position:0% region right at the base of Jupiter's atmosphere,<00:05:35.840> which<00:05:36.000> we'll<00:05:36.240> get<00:05:36.400> to<00:05:36.560> in<00:05:36.720> a<00:05:36.880> bit. 05:38.629 --> 05:38.639 align:start position:0% atmosphere, which we'll get to in a bit. 05:38.639 --> 05:40.550 align:start position:0% atmosphere, which we'll get to in a bit. A<00:05:38.880> combination<00:05:39.280> of<00:05:39.440> the<00:05:39.680> powerful<00:05:40.080> magnetic 05:40.550 --> 05:40.560 align:start position:0% A combination of the powerful magnetic 05:40.560 --> 05:42.550 align:start position:0% A combination of the powerful magnetic field<00:05:41.039> and<00:05:41.280> the<00:05:41.520> charged<00:05:41.840> particles<00:05:42.240> in<00:05:42.400> the 05:42.550 --> 05:42.560 align:start position:0% field and the charged particles in the 05:42.560 --> 05:44.950 align:start position:0% field and the charged particles in the plasma<00:05:42.960> taus<00:05:43.600> means<00:05:43.840> that<00:05:44.080> Jupiter<00:05:44.560> has<00:05:44.800> the 05:44.950 --> 05:44.960 align:start position:0% plasma taus means that Jupiter has the 05:44.960 --> 05:47.110 align:start position:0% plasma taus means that Jupiter has the brightest<00:05:45.520> aurora<00:05:46.000> in<00:05:46.160> the<00:05:46.240> solar<00:05:46.560> system 05:47.110 --> 05:47.120 align:start position:0% brightest aurora in the solar system 05:47.120 --> 05:50.710 align:start position:0% brightest aurora in the solar system with<00:05:47.360> a<00:05:47.520> radiant<00:05:48.000> power<00:05:48.320> of<00:05:48.720> 100<00:05:49.199> terowatt. 05:50.710 --> 05:50.720 align:start position:0% with a radiant power of 100 terowatt. 05:50.720 --> 05:53.270 align:start position:0% with a radiant power of 100 terowatt. Like<00:05:51.039> Earth,<00:05:51.680> aurora<00:05:52.240> appear<00:05:52.560> as<00:05:52.880> bands 05:53.270 --> 05:53.280 align:start position:0% Like Earth, aurora appear as bands 05:53.280 --> 05:55.670 align:start position:0% Like Earth, aurora appear as bands around<00:05:53.520> the<00:05:53.759> north<00:05:54.000> and<00:05:54.160> south<00:05:54.479> poles.<00:05:55.360> But 05:55.670 --> 05:55.680 align:start position:0% around the north and south poles. But 05:55.680 --> 05:58.310 align:start position:0% around the north and south poles. But unlike<00:05:56.160> Earth,<00:05:56.800> these<00:05:57.039> aurora<00:05:57.680> are<00:05:57.919> mainly 05:58.310 --> 05:58.320 align:start position:0% unlike Earth, these aurora are mainly 05:58.320 --> 06:00.710 align:start position:0% unlike Earth, these aurora are mainly visible<00:05:58.639> in<00:05:58.880> the<00:05:59.199> ultraviolet<00:06:00.240> and<00:06:00.479> are 06:00.710 --> 06:00.720 align:start position:0% visible in the ultraviolet and are 06:00.720 --> 06:02.469 align:start position:0% visible in the ultraviolet and are mainly<00:06:01.039> produced<00:06:01.520> from<00:06:01.840> alternating 06:02.469 --> 06:02.479 align:start position:0% mainly produced from alternating 06:02.479 --> 06:05.590 align:start position:0% mainly produced from alternating currents,<00:06:03.120> not<00:06:03.440> direct<00:06:03.919> currents. 06:05.590 --> 06:05.600 align:start position:0% currents, not direct currents. 06:05.600 --> 06:07.590 align:start position:0% currents, not direct currents. When<00:06:05.919> Juno<00:06:06.319> measured<00:06:06.639> the<00:06:06.800> power<00:06:07.120> generated 06:07.590 --> 06:07.600 align:start position:0% When Juno measured the power generated 06:07.600 --> 06:09.430 align:start position:0% When Juno measured the power generated from<00:06:07.840> the<00:06:08.000> direct<00:06:08.400> currents<00:06:08.800> in<00:06:08.960> Jupiter's 06:09.430 --> 06:09.440 align:start position:0% from the direct currents in Jupiter's 06:09.440 --> 06:11.590 align:start position:0% from the direct currents in Jupiter's magneettosphere,<00:06:10.560> it<00:06:10.800> was<00:06:10.960> nowhere<00:06:11.280> near 06:11.590 --> 06:11.600 align:start position:0% magneettosphere, it was nowhere near 06:11.600 --> 06:13.189 align:start position:0% magneettosphere, it was nowhere near enough<00:06:11.919> to<00:06:12.160> account<00:06:12.400> for<00:06:12.560> the<00:06:12.720> brightness<00:06:13.039> of 06:13.189 --> 06:13.199 align:start position:0% enough to account for the brightness of 06:13.199 --> 06:15.510 align:start position:0% enough to account for the brightness of the<00:06:13.440> aurora,<00:06:14.400> leading<00:06:14.800> scientists<00:06:15.360> to 06:15.510 --> 06:15.520 align:start position:0% the aurora, leading scientists to 06:15.520 --> 06:17.510 align:start position:0% the aurora, leading scientists to speculate<00:06:16.319> that<00:06:16.560> the<00:06:16.800> remainder<00:06:17.199> of<00:06:17.360> the 06:17.510 --> 06:17.520 align:start position:0% speculate that the remainder of the 06:17.520 --> 06:19.430 align:start position:0% speculate that the remainder of the power<00:06:17.919> is<00:06:18.240> coming<00:06:18.479> from<00:06:18.800> alternating<00:06:19.249> [music] 06:19.430 --> 06:19.440 align:start position:0% power is coming from alternating [music] 06:19.440 --> 06:22.230 align:start position:0% power is coming from alternating [music] currents.<00:06:20.639> At<00:06:20.880> this<00:06:21.120> time<00:06:21.600> it<00:06:21.759> is<00:06:22.000> believed 06:22.230 --> 06:22.240 align:start position:0% currents. At this time it is believed 06:22.240 --> 06:23.749 align:start position:0% currents. At this time it is believed that<00:06:22.400> these<00:06:22.639> alternating<00:06:23.199> currents<00:06:23.600> are 06:23.749 --> 06:23.759 align:start position:0% that these alternating currents are 06:23.759 --> 06:25.670 align:start position:0% that these alternating currents are produced<00:06:24.240> because<00:06:24.560> of<00:06:24.720> the<00:06:24.960> turbulence<00:06:25.440> in 06:25.670 --> 06:25.680 align:start position:0% produced because of the turbulence in 06:25.680 --> 06:27.830 align:start position:0% produced because of the turbulence in the<00:06:25.840> magnetic<00:06:26.240> field<00:06:27.039> especially<00:06:27.520> at<00:06:27.759> the 06:27.830 --> 06:27.840 align:start position:0% the magnetic field especially at the 06:27.840 --> 06:30.070 align:start position:0% the magnetic field especially at the north<00:06:28.080> pole<00:06:28.639> the<00:06:28.800> magnetic<00:06:29.280> field<00:06:29.520> lines<00:06:29.840> are 06:30.070 --> 06:30.080 align:start position:0% north pole the magnetic field lines are 06:30.080 --> 06:32.390 align:start position:0% north pole the magnetic field lines are much<00:06:30.319> more<00:06:30.639> complex<00:06:31.440> which<00:06:31.680> interferes<00:06:32.160> with 06:32.390 --> 06:32.400 align:start position:0% much more complex which interferes with 06:32.400 --> 06:35.189 align:start position:0% much more complex which interferes with a<00:06:32.639> direct<00:06:33.039> flow<00:06:33.280> of<00:06:33.440> currents.<00:06:34.880> This<00:06:35.039> is 06:35.189 --> 06:35.199 align:start position:0% a direct flow of currents. This is 06:35.199 --> 06:37.110 align:start position:0% a direct flow of currents. This is evident<00:06:35.680> when<00:06:36.000> comparing<00:06:36.400> the<00:06:36.639> north<00:06:36.880> and 06:37.110 --> 06:37.120 align:start position:0% evident when comparing the north and 06:37.120 --> 06:39.430 align:start position:0% evident when comparing the north and south<00:06:37.360> pole<00:06:37.680> aurora.<00:06:38.479> At<00:06:38.720> the<00:06:38.880> north<00:06:39.280> the 06:39.430 --> 06:39.440 align:start position:0% south pole aurora. At the north the 06:39.440 --> 06:42.070 align:start position:0% south pole aurora. At the north the aurora<00:06:40.000> is<00:06:40.160> much<00:06:40.400> more<00:06:40.560> dispersed<00:06:41.600> looking 06:42.070 --> 06:42.080 align:start position:0% aurora is much more dispersed looking 06:42.080 --> 06:44.950 align:start position:0% aurora is much more dispersed looking more<00:06:42.319> like<00:06:42.639> filaments<00:06:43.199> and<00:06:43.360> flares. 06:44.950 --> 06:44.960 align:start position:0% more like filaments and flares. 06:44.960 --> 06:46.309 align:start position:0% more like filaments and flares. Whereas<00:06:45.280> at<00:06:45.440> the<00:06:45.520> south<00:06:45.759> pole<00:06:46.000> where<00:06:46.160> the 06:46.309 --> 06:46.319 align:start position:0% Whereas at the south pole where the 06:46.319 --> 06:48.309 align:start position:0% Whereas at the south pole where the magnetic<00:06:46.720> field<00:06:47.039> lines<00:06:47.280> are<00:06:47.440> smoother,<00:06:48.080> the 06:48.309 --> 06:48.319 align:start position:0% magnetic field lines are smoother, the 06:48.319 --> 06:50.309 align:start position:0% magnetic field lines are smoother, the aurora<00:06:48.800> seems<00:06:49.039> to<00:06:49.199> be<00:06:49.360> more<00:06:49.600> structured<00:06:50.080> and 06:50.309 --> 06:50.319 align:start position:0% aurora seems to be more structured and 06:50.319 --> 06:51.909 align:start position:0% aurora seems to be more structured and round. 06:51.909 --> 06:51.919 align:start position:0% round. 06:51.919 --> 06:54.309 align:start position:0% round. What<00:06:52.160> you<00:06:52.319> will<00:06:52.560> also<00:06:52.880> notice<00:06:53.280> is<00:06:53.600> this<00:06:53.919> bright 06:54.309 --> 06:54.319 align:start position:0% What you will also notice is this bright 06:54.319 --> 06:57.270 align:start position:0% What you will also notice is this bright spot<00:06:54.800> and<00:06:55.039> tail<00:06:55.360> in<00:06:55.600> the<00:06:55.759> aurora.<00:06:56.880> This<00:06:57.120> is 06:57.270 --> 06:57.280 align:start position:0% spot and tail in the aurora. This is 06:57.280 --> 06:59.849 align:start position:0% spot and tail in the aurora. This is visibly<00:06:57.919> where<00:06:58.160> the<00:06:58.800> flux<00:06:59.199> tube<00:06:59.599> meets 06:59.849 --> 06:59.859 align:start position:0% visibly where the flux tube meets 06:59.859 --> 07:01.830 align:start position:0% visibly where the flux tube meets [music]<00:06:59.919> the<00:07:00.080> planet.<00:07:01.199> What<00:07:01.360> is<00:07:01.520> less 07:01.830 --> 07:01.840 align:start position:0% [music] the planet. What is less 07:01.840 --> 07:04.629 align:start position:0% [music] the planet. What is less apparent<00:07:02.319> though<00:07:02.560> are<00:07:02.880> these<00:07:03.199> other<00:07:03.520> spots. 07:04.629 --> 07:04.639 align:start position:0% apparent though are these other spots. 07:04.639 --> 07:06.710 align:start position:0% apparent though are these other spots. These<00:07:05.039> are<00:07:05.199> from<00:07:05.520> the<00:07:05.759> other<00:07:06.000> large<00:07:06.319> moons<00:07:06.639> in 07:06.710 --> 07:06.720 align:start position:0% These are from the other large moons in 07:06.720 --> 07:10.550 align:start position:0% These are from the other large moons in the<00:07:06.880> Jovian<00:07:07.440> system,<00:07:08.080> Europa<00:07:08.639> and<00:07:08.960> Ganymede. 07:10.550 --> 07:10.560 align:start position:0% the Jovian system, Europa and Ganymede. 07:10.560 --> 07:12.790 align:start position:0% the Jovian system, Europa and Ganymede. So<00:07:10.880> while<00:07:10.994> [music]<00:07:11.199> not<00:07:11.440> as<00:07:11.680> powerful<00:07:12.080> as<00:07:12.319> Io's 07:12.790 --> 07:12.800 align:start position:0% So while [music] not as powerful as Io's 07:12.800 --> 07:14.870 align:start position:0% So while [music] not as powerful as Io's flux<00:07:13.039> tube,<00:07:13.680> these<00:07:14.000> other<00:07:14.240> moons<00:07:14.560> have<00:07:14.720> their 07:14.870 --> 07:14.880 align:start position:0% flux tube, these other moons have their 07:14.880 --> 07:16.550 align:start position:0% flux tube, these other moons have their own<00:07:15.039> flux<00:07:15.360> tubes<00:07:15.759> connecting<00:07:16.080> them<00:07:16.240> to<00:07:16.400> the 07:16.550 --> 07:16.560 align:start position:0% own flux tubes connecting them to the 07:16.560 --> 07:18.390 align:start position:0% own flux tubes connecting them to the planet<00:07:16.880> too. 07:18.390 --> 07:18.400 align:start position:0% planet too. 07:18.400 --> 07:20.390 align:start position:0% planet too. The<00:07:18.639> magnetic<00:07:19.039> field<00:07:19.280> of<00:07:19.440> Jupiter<00:07:19.919> brings<00:07:20.160> us 07:20.390 --> 07:20.400 align:start position:0% The magnetic field of Jupiter brings us 07:20.400 --> 07:22.550 align:start position:0% The magnetic field of Jupiter brings us nicely<00:07:20.800> to<00:07:21.120> one<00:07:21.360> of<00:07:21.520> the<00:07:21.680> main<00:07:21.919> science<00:07:22.319> goals 07:22.550 --> 07:22.560 align:start position:0% nicely to one of the main science goals 07:22.560 --> 07:25.589 align:start position:0% nicely to one of the main science goals of<00:07:22.720> Juno,<00:07:23.759> to<00:07:24.000> figure<00:07:24.319> out<00:07:24.639> the<00:07:24.880> interior<00:07:25.360> of 07:25.589 --> 07:25.599 align:start position:0% of Juno, to figure out the interior of 07:25.599 --> 07:28.710 align:start position:0% of Juno, to figure out the interior of Jupiter.<00:07:26.880> Since<00:07:27.199> Juno<00:07:27.680> arrived,<00:07:28.319> previous 07:28.710 --> 07:28.720 align:start position:0% Jupiter. Since Juno arrived, previous 07:28.720 --> 07:30.390 align:start position:0% Jupiter. Since Juno arrived, previous theories<00:07:29.199> have<00:07:29.360> had<00:07:29.520> to<00:07:29.680> be<00:07:29.919> completely 07:30.390 --> 07:30.400 align:start position:0% theories have had to be completely 07:30.400 --> 07:32.390 align:start position:0% theories have had to be completely thrown<00:07:30.800> out<00:07:30.960> the<00:07:31.199> window<00:07:31.440> by<00:07:31.599> the<00:07:31.759> data<00:07:32.000> it<00:07:32.240> has 07:32.390 --> 07:32.400 align:start position:0% thrown out the window by the data it has 07:32.400 --> 07:34.870 align:start position:0% thrown out the window by the data it has collected.<00:07:33.440> Previously,<00:07:34.240> it<00:07:34.479> was<00:07:34.639> thought 07:34.870 --> 07:34.880 align:start position:0% collected. Previously, it was thought 07:34.880 --> 07:37.110 align:start position:0% collected. Previously, it was thought that<00:07:35.039> there<00:07:35.280> was<00:07:35.440> a<00:07:35.680> solid<00:07:36.080> core<00:07:36.560> and<00:07:36.800> then<00:07:36.960> a 07:37.110 --> 07:37.120 align:start position:0% that there was a solid core and then a 07:37.120 --> 07:38.950 align:start position:0% that there was a solid core and then a sharp<00:07:37.440> cutff<00:07:37.919> line<00:07:38.160> between<00:07:38.400> the<00:07:38.560> core<00:07:38.800> and 07:38.950 --> 07:38.960 align:start position:0% sharp cutff line between the core and 07:38.960 --> 07:41.350 align:start position:0% sharp cutff line between the core and the<00:07:39.199> next<00:07:39.520> layer.<00:07:39.919> the<00:07:40.160> metallic<00:07:40.639> hydrogen 07:41.350 --> 07:41.360 align:start position:0% the next layer. the metallic hydrogen 07:41.360 --> 07:43.749 align:start position:0% the next layer. the metallic hydrogen layer.<00:07:42.240> The<00:07:42.479> cloud<00:07:42.960> layer<00:07:43.039> was<00:07:43.280> then<00:07:43.520> only 07:43.749 --> 07:43.759 align:start position:0% layer. The cloud layer was then only 07:43.759 --> 07:45.830 align:start position:0% layer. The cloud layer was then only thought<00:07:44.000> to<00:07:44.160> be<00:07:44.240> a<00:07:44.479> few<00:07:44.639> hundred<00:07:44.880> km<00:07:45.360> deep<00:07:45.599> at 07:45.830 --> 07:45.840 align:start position:0% thought to be a few hundred km deep at 07:45.840 --> 07:48.950 align:start position:0% thought to be a few hundred km deep at most.<00:07:46.880> But<00:07:47.039> based<00:07:47.360> on<00:07:47.440> the<00:07:47.680> Juno<00:07:48.160> data,<00:07:48.720> the 07:48.950 --> 07:48.960 align:start position:0% most. But based on the Juno data, the 07:48.960 --> 07:51.589 align:start position:0% most. But based on the Juno data, the atmosphere<00:07:49.360> of<00:07:49.599> Jupiter<00:07:50.080> extends<00:07:50.479> to<00:07:50.800> 3,000 07:51.589 --> 07:51.599 align:start position:0% atmosphere of Jupiter extends to 3,000 07:51.599 --> 07:55.029 align:start position:0% atmosphere of Jupiter extends to 3,000 km<00:07:52.240> down.<00:07:53.039> And<00:07:53.280> beneath<00:07:53.680> this<00:07:54.000> is<00:07:54.240> an<00:07:54.479> ocean<00:07:54.800> of 07:55.029 --> 07:55.039 align:start position:0% km down. And beneath this is an ocean of 07:55.039 --> 07:57.350 align:start position:0% km down. And beneath this is an ocean of metallic<00:07:55.520> hydrogen<00:07:56.319> going<00:07:56.639> all<00:07:56.879> the<00:07:57.039> way<00:07:57.199> down 07:57.350 --> 07:57.360 align:start position:0% metallic hydrogen going all the way down 07:57.360 --> 07:59.909 align:start position:0% metallic hydrogen going all the way down to<00:07:57.599> the<00:07:57.759> center.<00:07:58.720> And<00:07:58.960> even<00:07:59.199> if<00:07:59.360> there<00:07:59.599> is<00:07:59.759> a 07:59.909 --> 07:59.919 align:start position:0% to the center. And even if there is a 07:59.919 --> 08:02.629 align:start position:0% to the center. And even if there is a core,<00:08:00.560> it<00:08:00.800> is<00:08:00.960> very<00:08:01.199> fuzzy,<00:08:02.000> potentially 08:02.629 --> 08:02.639 align:start position:0% core, it is very fuzzy, potentially 08:02.639 --> 08:04.550 align:start position:0% core, it is very fuzzy, potentially mixing<00:08:03.039> up<00:08:03.199> with<00:08:03.360> the<00:08:03.520> metallic<00:08:03.919> hydrogen 08:04.550 --> 08:04.560 align:start position:0% mixing up with the metallic hydrogen 08:04.560 --> 08:05.749 align:start position:0% mixing up with the metallic hydrogen layer. 08:05.749 --> 08:05.759 align:start position:0% layer. 08:05.759 --> 08:08.390 align:start position:0% layer. So<00:08:06.080> actually<00:08:06.639> to<00:08:06.879> call<00:08:07.039> Jupiter<00:08:07.520> a<00:08:07.680> gas<00:08:08.000> giant 08:08.390 --> 08:08.400 align:start position:0% So actually to call Jupiter a gas giant 08:08.400 --> 08:11.589 align:start position:0% So actually to call Jupiter a gas giant is<00:08:08.639> a<00:08:08.800> bit<00:08:08.960> disingenuous<00:08:10.000> as<00:08:10.319> 80<00:08:10.639> to<00:08:10.879> 90%<00:08:11.440> of 08:11.589 --> 08:11.599 align:start position:0% is a bit disingenuous as 80 to 90% of 08:11.599 --> 08:13.510 align:start position:0% is a bit disingenuous as 80 to 90% of its<00:08:11.840> radius<00:08:12.240> is<00:08:12.479> believed<00:08:12.720> to<00:08:12.879> be<00:08:12.960> a<00:08:13.120> liquid 08:13.510 --> 08:13.520 align:start position:0% its radius is believed to be a liquid 08:13.520 --> 08:16.309 align:start position:0% its radius is believed to be a liquid now<00:08:14.240> or<00:08:14.800> technically<00:08:15.360> an<00:08:15.680> electrically 08:16.309 --> 08:16.319 align:start position:0% now or technically an electrically 08:16.319 --> 08:18.950 align:start position:0% now or technically an electrically conducting<00:08:16.879> plasma<00:08:18.000> perhaps<00:08:18.400> similar<00:08:18.720> in 08:18.950 --> 08:18.960 align:start position:0% conducting plasma perhaps similar in 08:18.960 --> 08:21.589 align:start position:0% conducting plasma perhaps similar in appearance<00:08:19.280> to<00:08:19.520> liquid<00:08:19.840> mercury. 08:21.589 --> 08:21.599 align:start position:0% appearance to liquid mercury. 08:21.599 --> 08:24.070 align:start position:0% appearance to liquid mercury. Here<00:08:22.000> the<00:08:22.240> pressure<00:08:22.560> is<00:08:22.800> so<00:08:23.120> great<00:08:23.599> that<00:08:23.840> the 08:24.070 --> 08:24.080 align:start position:0% Here the pressure is so great that the 08:24.080 --> 08:26.070 align:start position:0% Here the pressure is so great that the hydrogen<00:08:24.639> doesn't<00:08:24.879> retain<00:08:25.280> its<00:08:25.520> molecular 08:26.070 --> 08:26.080 align:start position:0% hydrogen doesn't retain its molecular 08:26.080 --> 08:28.230 align:start position:0% hydrogen doesn't retain its molecular structure<00:08:26.720> with<00:08:26.960> two<00:08:27.199> combined<00:08:27.599> protons<00:08:28.000> and 08:28.230 --> 08:28.240 align:start position:0% structure with two combined protons and 08:28.240 --> 08:31.029 align:start position:0% structure with two combined protons and electrons<00:08:29.120> and<00:08:29.360> instead<00:08:29.919> they<00:08:30.240> separate 08:31.029 --> 08:31.039 align:start position:0% electrons and instead they separate 08:31.039 --> 08:33.029 align:start position:0% electrons and instead they separate meaning<00:08:31.440> positive<00:08:31.840> and<00:08:32.159> negative<00:08:32.560> charges 08:33.029 --> 08:33.039 align:start position:0% meaning positive and negative charges 08:33.039 --> 08:35.509 align:start position:0% meaning positive and negative charges can<00:08:33.279> move<00:08:33.440> about<00:08:34.159> becoming<00:08:34.560> an<00:08:34.880> electrically 08:35.509 --> 08:35.519 align:start position:0% can move about becoming an electrically 08:35.519 --> 08:38.870 align:start position:0% can move about becoming an electrically conducting<00:08:36.080> substance.<00:08:37.360> We<00:08:37.680> say<00:08:37.919> believe<00:08:38.640> as 08:38.870 --> 08:38.880 align:start position:0% conducting substance. We say believe as 08:38.880 --> 08:40.389 align:start position:0% conducting substance. We say believe as we<00:08:39.120> haven't<00:08:39.279> been<00:08:39.519> able<00:08:39.680> to<00:08:39.839> recreate 08:40.389 --> 08:40.399 align:start position:0% we haven't been able to recreate 08:40.399 --> 08:42.870 align:start position:0% we haven't been able to recreate metallic<00:08:40.800> hydrogen<00:08:41.279> in<00:08:41.440> lab<00:08:41.839> conditions<00:08:42.240> yet 08:42.870 --> 08:42.880 align:start position:0% metallic hydrogen in lab conditions yet 08:42.880 --> 08:45.190 align:start position:0% metallic hydrogen in lab conditions yet the<00:08:43.200> pressure<00:08:43.519> needed<00:08:43.919> is<00:08:44.240> millions<00:08:44.640> of<00:08:44.800> times 08:45.190 --> 08:45.200 align:start position:0% the pressure needed is millions of times 08:45.200 --> 08:47.190 align:start position:0% the pressure needed is millions of times greater<00:08:45.600> than<00:08:45.760> the<00:08:46.000> atmospheric<00:08:46.640> pressure<00:08:46.959> of 08:47.190 --> 08:47.200 align:start position:0% greater than the atmospheric pressure of 08:47.200 --> 08:50.070 align:start position:0% greater than the atmospheric pressure of Earth.<00:08:48.320> Although<00:08:48.880> we<00:08:49.120> assume<00:08:49.519> this<00:08:49.760> must<00:08:50.000> be 08:50.070 --> 08:50.080 align:start position:0% Earth. Although we assume this must be 08:50.080 --> 08:52.310 align:start position:0% Earth. Although we assume this must be the<00:08:50.320> case<00:08:50.880> due<00:08:51.120> to<00:08:51.279> Jupiter's<00:08:51.920> powerful 08:52.310 --> 08:52.320 align:start position:0% the case due to Jupiter's powerful 08:52.320 --> 08:54.870 align:start position:0% the case due to Jupiter's powerful magnetic<00:08:52.880> field.<00:08:53.760> To<00:08:54.080> create<00:08:54.240> a<00:08:54.480> magnetic 08:54.870 --> 08:54.880 align:start position:0% magnetic field. To create a magnetic 08:54.880 --> 08:57.030 align:start position:0% magnetic field. To create a magnetic field<00:08:55.040> of<00:08:55.279> this<00:08:55.440> strength,<00:08:55.920> the<00:08:56.080> dynamo<00:08:56.720> must 08:57.030 --> 08:57.040 align:start position:0% field of this strength, the dynamo must 08:57.040 --> 08:59.110 align:start position:0% field of this strength, the dynamo must originate<00:08:57.519> in<00:08:57.760> an<00:08:58.000> electrically<00:08:58.560> conducting 08:59.110 --> 08:59.120 align:start position:0% originate in an electrically conducting 08:59.120 --> 09:01.750 align:start position:0% originate in an electrically conducting substance.<00:09:00.160> It<00:09:00.399> can't<00:09:00.640> be<00:09:00.720> a<00:09:00.959> denser<00:09:01.360> metal 09:01.750 --> 09:01.760 align:start position:0% substance. It can't be a denser metal 09:01.760 --> 09:03.990 align:start position:0% substance. It can't be a denser metal like<00:09:02.080> iron<00:09:02.480> in<00:09:02.720> Earth's<00:09:03.120> core<00:09:03.680> because 09:03.990 --> 09:04.000 align:start position:0% like iron in Earth's core because 09:04.000 --> 09:05.750 align:start position:0% like iron in Earth's core because Jupiter<00:09:04.480> doesn't<00:09:04.800> have<00:09:04.880> the<00:09:05.120> density<00:09:05.519> for 09:05.750 --> 09:05.760 align:start position:0% Jupiter doesn't have the density for 09:05.760 --> 09:08.870 align:start position:0% Jupiter doesn't have the density for that.<00:09:06.560> In<00:09:06.800> fact,<00:09:07.360> based<00:09:07.680> on<00:09:07.839> its<00:09:08.000> density,<00:09:08.640> we 09:08.870 --> 09:08.880 align:start position:0% that. In fact, based on its density, we 09:08.880 --> 09:10.790 align:start position:0% that. In fact, based on its density, we know<00:09:09.040> that<00:09:09.200> it<00:09:09.440> must<00:09:09.600> be<00:09:09.760> made<00:09:10.000> primarily<00:09:10.560> of 09:10.790 --> 09:10.800 align:start position:0% know that it must be made primarily of 09:10.800 --> 09:13.350 align:start position:0% know that it must be made primarily of hydrogen<00:09:11.360> and<00:09:11.680> smaller<00:09:12.080> amounts<00:09:12.399> of<00:09:12.480> helium, 09:13.350 --> 09:13.360 align:start position:0% hydrogen and smaller amounts of helium, 09:13.360 --> 09:16.710 align:start position:0% hydrogen and smaller amounts of helium, very<00:09:13.600> similar<00:09:13.839> in<00:09:14.160> composition<00:09:14.560> to<00:09:14.720> the<00:09:14.959> sun. 09:16.710 --> 09:16.720 align:start position:0% very similar in composition to the sun. 09:16.720 --> 09:18.389 align:start position:0% very similar in composition to the sun. Another<00:09:17.120> factor<00:09:17.519> for<00:09:17.680> the<00:09:17.839> strength<00:09:18.080> of<00:09:18.240> the 09:18.389 --> 09:18.399 align:start position:0% Another factor for the strength of the 09:18.399 --> 09:20.550 align:start position:0% Another factor for the strength of the magnetic<00:09:18.880> field<00:09:19.360> is<00:09:19.680> due<00:09:19.839> to<00:09:20.000> the<00:09:20.160> rapid 09:20.550 --> 09:20.560 align:start position:0% magnetic field is due to the rapid 09:20.560 --> 09:23.430 align:start position:0% magnetic field is due to the rapid rotation<00:09:20.959> of<00:09:21.200> Jupiter.<00:09:22.320> One<00:09:22.560> day<00:09:22.720> on<00:09:22.959> Jupiter 09:23.430 --> 09:23.440 align:start position:0% rotation of Jupiter. One day on Jupiter 09:23.440 --> 09:26.470 align:start position:0% rotation of Jupiter. One day on Jupiter only<00:09:23.760> lasts<00:09:24.160> about<00:09:24.480> 10<00:09:24.800> hours.<00:09:26.000> Various 09:26.470 --> 09:26.480 align:start position:0% only lasts about 10 hours. Various 09:26.480 --> 09:29.030 align:start position:0% only lasts about 10 hours. Various forces<00:09:26.959> from<00:09:27.279> this<00:09:27.600> stir<00:09:27.920> the<00:09:28.160> liquid<00:09:28.480> up 09:29.030 --> 09:29.040 align:start position:0% forces from this stir the liquid up 09:29.040 --> 09:31.670 align:start position:0% forces from this stir the liquid up which<00:09:29.279> generates<00:09:29.680> the<00:09:29.920> dynamo. 09:31.670 --> 09:31.680 align:start position:0% which generates the dynamo. 09:31.680 --> 09:33.590 align:start position:0% which generates the dynamo. It<00:09:31.920> is<00:09:32.000> the<00:09:32.240> rotation<00:09:32.560> of<00:09:32.720> the<00:09:32.880> magnetic<00:09:33.360> field 09:33.590 --> 09:33.600 align:start position:0% It is the rotation of the magnetic field 09:33.600 --> 09:35.110 align:start position:0% It is the rotation of the magnetic field from<00:09:33.920> which<00:09:34.080> we<00:09:34.240> can<00:09:34.320> measure<00:09:34.640> a<00:09:34.800> day<00:09:34.959> on 09:35.110 --> 09:35.120 align:start position:0% from which we can measure a day on 09:35.120 --> 09:37.430 align:start position:0% from which we can measure a day on Jupiter<00:09:35.839> as<00:09:36.160> simply<00:09:36.560> viewing<00:09:36.959> Jupiter's 09:37.430 --> 09:37.440 align:start position:0% Jupiter as simply viewing Jupiter's 09:37.440 --> 09:39.269 align:start position:0% Jupiter as simply viewing Jupiter's visible<00:09:37.839> bands<00:09:38.399> couldn't<00:09:38.800> give<00:09:38.880> you<00:09:39.120> a 09:39.269 --> 09:39.279 align:start position:0% visible bands couldn't give you a 09:39.279 --> 09:43.110 align:start position:0% visible bands couldn't give you a definitive<00:09:39.839> result.<00:09:40.880> And<00:09:41.200> this<00:09:41.519> is<00:09:41.760> why. 09:43.110 --> 09:43.120 align:start position:0% definitive result. And this is why. 09:43.120 --> 09:44.870 align:start position:0% definitive result. And this is why. You'll<00:09:43.360> notice<00:09:43.680> these<00:09:43.920> bands<00:09:44.320> look<00:09:44.560> very 09:44.870 --> 09:44.880 align:start position:0% You'll notice these bands look very 09:44.880 --> 09:47.190 align:start position:0% You'll notice these bands look very peculiar,<00:09:45.760> moving<00:09:46.080> in<00:09:46.320> opposite<00:09:46.800> directions 09:47.190 --> 09:47.200 align:start position:0% peculiar, moving in opposite directions 09:47.200 --> 09:50.470 align:start position:0% peculiar, moving in opposite directions from<00:09:47.440> each<00:09:47.680> other<00:09:47.839> at<00:09:48.080> different<00:09:48.399> speeds. 09:50.470 --> 09:50.480 align:start position:0% from each other at different speeds. 09:50.480 --> 09:52.389 align:start position:0% from each other at different speeds. But<00:09:50.800> this<00:09:51.040> isn't<00:09:51.279> so<00:09:51.440> unusual<00:09:52.000> if<00:09:52.240> you 09:52.389 --> 09:52.399 align:start position:0% But this isn't so unusual if you 09:52.399 --> 09:54.310 align:start position:0% But this isn't so unusual if you consider<00:09:52.720> the<00:09:52.959> invisible<00:09:53.519> jet<00:09:53.839> streams<00:09:54.160> on 09:54.310 --> 09:54.320 align:start position:0% consider the invisible jet streams on 09:54.320 --> 09:56.389 align:start position:0% consider the invisible jet streams on Earth. 09:56.389 --> 09:56.399 align:start position:0% Earth. 09:56.399 --> 09:58.870 align:start position:0% Earth. What<00:09:56.720> is<00:09:56.959> striking<00:09:57.519> though<00:09:57.839> is<00:09:58.160> the<00:09:58.480> colors 09:58.870 --> 09:58.880 align:start position:0% What is striking though is the colors 09:58.880 --> 10:01.829 align:start position:0% What is striking though is the colors and<00:09:59.200> turbulence<00:09:59.839> found<00:10:00.080> in<00:10:00.240> these<00:10:00.480> bands.<00:10:01.440> So 10:01.829 --> 10:01.839 align:start position:0% and turbulence found in these bands. So 10:01.839 --> 10:03.990 align:start position:0% and turbulence found in these bands. So let's<00:10:02.080> try<00:10:02.320> and<00:10:02.560> understand<00:10:03.040> what's<00:10:03.360> going<00:10:03.600> on 10:03.990 --> 10:04.000 align:start position:0% let's try and understand what's going on 10:04.000 --> 10:07.829 align:start position:0% let's try and understand what's going on from<00:10:04.240> examining<00:10:04.800> these<00:10:05.120> Juno<00:10:05.600> images. 10:07.829 --> 10:07.839 align:start position:0% from examining these Juno images. 10:07.839 --> 10:09.829 align:start position:0% from examining these Juno images. The<00:10:08.080> cloud<00:10:08.560> layer<00:10:08.720> you<00:10:08.880> are<00:10:09.040> seeing<00:10:09.360> here<00:10:09.600> is 10:09.829 --> 10:09.839 align:start position:0% The cloud layer you are seeing here is 10:09.839 --> 10:13.110 align:start position:0% The cloud layer you are seeing here is the<00:10:10.000> ammonia<00:10:10.560> cloud<00:10:11.040> layer.<00:10:11.680> Some<00:10:12.000> are<00:10:12.240> white. 10:13.110 --> 10:13.120 align:start position:0% the ammonia cloud layer. Some are white. 10:13.120 --> 10:15.430 align:start position:0% the ammonia cloud layer. Some are white. These<00:10:13.440> represent<00:10:14.000> fresh<00:10:14.320> clouds,<00:10:15.040> likely 10:15.430 --> 10:15.440 align:start position:0% These represent fresh clouds, likely 10:15.440 --> 10:17.430 align:start position:0% These represent fresh clouds, likely only<00:10:15.760> recently<00:10:16.320> pulled<00:10:16.640> up<00:10:16.800> from<00:10:16.959> the<00:10:17.120> deeper 10:17.430 --> 10:17.440 align:start position:0% only recently pulled up from the deeper 10:17.440 --> 10:19.750 align:start position:0% only recently pulled up from the deeper parts<00:10:17.680> of<00:10:17.839> the<00:10:18.000> atmosphere.<00:10:19.200> On<00:10:19.440> the<00:10:19.600> other 10:19.750 --> 10:19.760 align:start position:0% parts of the atmosphere. On the other 10:19.760 --> 10:21.910 align:start position:0% parts of the atmosphere. On the other hand,<00:10:20.399> while<00:10:20.640> the<00:10:20.880> red<00:10:21.120> colors<00:10:21.360> you<00:10:21.600> see<00:10:21.760> are 10:21.910 --> 10:21.920 align:start position:0% hand, while the red colors you see are 10:21.920 --> 10:24.310 align:start position:0% hand, while the red colors you see are also<00:10:22.240> ammonia<00:10:22.800> clouds,<00:10:23.440> these<00:10:23.760> clouds<00:10:24.079> have 10:24.310 --> 10:24.320 align:start position:0% also ammonia clouds, these clouds have 10:24.320 --> 10:27.990 align:start position:0% also ammonia clouds, these clouds have interacted<00:10:24.800> with<00:10:25.040> UV<00:10:25.440> light<00:10:25.680> from<00:10:25.839> the<00:10:26.000> sun. 10:27.990 --> 10:28.000 align:start position:0% interacted with UV light from the sun. 10:28.000 --> 10:30.710 align:start position:0% interacted with UV light from the sun. Think<00:10:28.160> of<00:10:28.320> it<00:10:28.480> like<00:10:28.800> a<00:10:29.040> photochemical<00:10:29.920> smog. 10:30.710 --> 10:30.720 align:start position:0% Think of it like a photochemical smog. 10:30.720 --> 10:32.870 align:start position:0% Think of it like a photochemical smog. The<00:10:30.880> reddish<00:10:31.200> smog<00:10:31.600> you<00:10:31.760> see<00:10:31.920> in<00:10:32.160> summer<00:10:32.560> over 10:32.870 --> 10:32.880 align:start position:0% The reddish smog you see in summer over 10:32.880 --> 10:34.630 align:start position:0% The reddish smog you see in summer over large<00:10:33.200> cities. 10:34.630 --> 10:34.640 align:start position:0% large cities. 10:34.640 --> 10:36.630 align:start position:0% large cities. The<00:10:34.880> coloring<00:10:35.360> substance<00:10:35.760> isn't<00:10:36.160> exactly 10:36.630 --> 10:36.640 align:start position:0% The coloring substance isn't exactly 10:36.640 --> 10:39.350 align:start position:0% The coloring substance isn't exactly known,<00:10:37.279> but<00:10:37.519> simply<00:10:37.920> put,<00:10:38.399> the<00:10:38.640> longer<00:10:38.959> it<00:10:39.200> is 10:39.350 --> 10:39.360 align:start position:0% known, but simply put, the longer it is 10:39.360 --> 10:43.190 align:start position:0% known, but simply put, the longer it is exposed<00:10:39.680> to<00:10:39.839> the<00:10:40.000> sun,<00:10:40.560> the<00:10:40.720> redder<00:10:41.040> it<00:10:41.279> gets. 10:43.190 --> 10:43.200 align:start position:0% exposed to the sun, the redder it gets. 10:43.200 --> 10:45.190 align:start position:0% exposed to the sun, the redder it gets. Interestingly<00:10:43.920> though,<00:10:44.480> comparing<00:10:44.959> these 10:45.190 --> 10:45.200 align:start position:0% Interestingly though, comparing these 10:45.200 --> 10:47.509 align:start position:0% Interestingly though, comparing these bands<00:10:45.680> to<00:10:45.920> what<00:10:46.079> you<00:10:46.240> see<00:10:46.320> at<00:10:46.480> the<00:10:46.640> poles, 10:47.509 --> 10:47.519 align:start position:0% bands to what you see at the poles, 10:47.519 --> 10:50.150 align:start position:0% bands to what you see at the poles, you'll<00:10:47.760> notice<00:10:48.079> it<00:10:48.320> is<00:10:48.399> a<00:10:48.640> lot<00:10:48.720> bluer<00:10:49.200> here. 10:50.150 --> 10:50.160 align:start position:0% you'll notice it is a lot bluer here. 10:50.160 --> 10:52.230 align:start position:0% you'll notice it is a lot bluer here. This<00:10:50.399> could<00:10:50.560> be<00:10:50.720> because<00:10:51.120> UV<00:10:51.519> light<00:10:51.920> doesn't 10:52.230 --> 10:52.240 align:start position:0% This could be because UV light doesn't 10:52.240 --> 10:54.069 align:start position:0% This could be because UV light doesn't reach<00:10:52.560> here<00:10:52.880> as<00:10:53.120> easily<00:10:53.519> compared<00:10:53.839> to<00:10:53.920> the 10:54.069 --> 10:54.079 align:start position:0% reach here as easily compared to the 10:54.079 --> 10:56.150 align:start position:0% reach here as easily compared to the equator. 10:56.150 --> 10:56.160 align:start position:0% equator. 10:56.160 --> 10:58.550 align:start position:0% equator. Looking<00:10:56.640> closely,<00:10:57.440> you'll<00:10:57.760> also<00:10:58.000> notice<00:10:58.320> what 10:58.550 --> 10:58.560 align:start position:0% Looking closely, you'll also notice what 10:58.560 --> 11:01.190 align:start position:0% Looking closely, you'll also notice what is<00:10:58.720> known<00:10:58.959> as<00:10:59.200> pop-up<00:10:59.680> clouds.<00:11:00.720> Initially, 11:01.190 --> 11:01.200 align:start position:0% is known as pop-up clouds. Initially, 11:01.200 --> 11:03.269 align:start position:0% is known as pop-up clouds. Initially, these<00:11:01.440> were<00:11:01.680> thought<00:11:01.839> to<00:11:02.000> be<00:11:02.160> maybe<00:11:02.560> water<00:11:02.959> ice 11:03.269 --> 11:03.279 align:start position:0% these were thought to be maybe water ice 11:03.279 --> 11:05.110 align:start position:0% these were thought to be maybe water ice clouds,<00:11:03.839> but<00:11:04.079> they<00:11:04.240> could<00:11:04.399> be<00:11:04.560> ammonia 11:05.110 --> 11:05.120 align:start position:0% clouds, but they could be ammonia 11:05.120 --> 11:07.670 align:start position:0% clouds, but they could be ammonia clouds,<00:11:05.600> too.<00:11:06.399> They<00:11:06.640> are<00:11:06.800> potentially<00:11:07.360> the 11:07.670 --> 11:07.680 align:start position:0% clouds, too. They are potentially the 11:07.680 --> 11:10.550 align:start position:0% clouds, too. They are potentially the precursors<00:11:08.320> for<00:11:08.560> thunderstorms<00:11:09.200> on<00:11:09.360> Jupiter. 11:10.550 --> 11:10.560 align:start position:0% precursors for thunderstorms on Jupiter. 11:10.560 --> 11:12.870 align:start position:0% precursors for thunderstorms on Jupiter. The<00:11:10.800> radio<00:11:11.200> wave<00:11:11.519> instrument<00:11:11.920> on<00:11:12.160> board<00:11:12.399> Juno 11:12.870 --> 11:12.880 align:start position:0% The radio wave instrument on board Juno 11:12.880 --> 11:15.030 align:start position:0% The radio wave instrument on board Juno does<00:11:13.120> detect<00:11:13.519> lightning<00:11:13.920> on<00:11:14.160> Jupiter. 11:15.030 --> 11:15.040 align:start position:0% does detect lightning on Jupiter. 11:15.040 --> 11:17.110 align:start position:0% does detect lightning on Jupiter. However,<00:11:15.440> these<00:11:15.680> storms<00:11:16.079> are<00:11:16.399> interestingly 11:17.110 --> 11:17.120 align:start position:0% However, these storms are interestingly 11:17.120 --> 11:19.110 align:start position:0% However, these storms are interestingly more<00:11:17.360> localized<00:11:17.920> towards<00:11:18.240> the<00:11:18.399> poles<00:11:18.720> than<00:11:18.959> at 11:19.110 --> 11:19.120 align:start position:0% more localized towards the poles than at 11:19.120 --> 11:21.430 align:start position:0% more localized towards the poles than at the<00:11:19.279> equator<00:11:20.160> and<00:11:20.480> more<00:11:20.640> towards<00:11:21.040> the<00:11:21.200> north 11:21.430 --> 11:21.440 align:start position:0% the equator and more towards the north 11:21.440 --> 11:23.910 align:start position:0% the equator and more towards the north pole<00:11:21.760> than<00:11:22.000> the<00:11:22.160> South<00:11:22.399> Pole.<00:11:23.279> The<00:11:23.440> cause<00:11:23.680> for 11:23.910 --> 11:23.920 align:start position:0% pole than the South Pole. The cause for 11:23.920 --> 11:26.310 align:start position:0% pole than the South Pole. The cause for this<00:11:24.160> is<00:11:24.320> unknown. 11:26.310 --> 11:26.320 align:start position:0% this is unknown. 11:26.320 --> 11:28.389 align:start position:0% this is unknown. Looking<00:11:26.720> closely<00:11:27.040> at<00:11:27.279> Jupiter,<00:11:28.000> you'd<00:11:28.320> be 11:28.389 --> 11:28.399 align:start position:0% Looking closely at Jupiter, you'd be 11:28.399 --> 11:30.150 align:start position:0% Looking closely at Jupiter, you'd be hardressed<00:11:28.959> not<00:11:29.120> to<00:11:29.279> notice<00:11:29.600> the<00:11:29.839> stunning 11:30.150 --> 11:30.160 align:start position:0% hardressed not to notice the stunning 11:30.160 --> 11:33.750 align:start position:0% hardressed not to notice the stunning vortexes<00:11:30.880> and<00:11:31.120> storms<00:11:31.519> across<00:11:31.839> the<00:11:32.079> planet. 11:33.750 --> 11:33.760 align:start position:0% vortexes and storms across the planet. 11:33.760 --> 11:35.829 align:start position:0% vortexes and storms across the planet. Juno<00:11:34.160> has<00:11:34.399> had<00:11:34.560> the<00:11:34.720> opportunity<00:11:35.200> to<00:11:35.440> orbit 11:35.829 --> 11:35.839 align:start position:0% Juno has had the opportunity to orbit 11:35.839 --> 11:38.150 align:start position:0% Juno has had the opportunity to orbit directly<00:11:36.320> over<00:11:36.560> the<00:11:36.720> Great<00:11:37.040> Red<00:11:37.279> Spot,<00:11:37.920> where 11:38.150 --> 11:38.160 align:start position:0% directly over the Great Red Spot, where 11:38.160 --> 11:39.430 align:start position:0% directly over the Great Red Spot, where it<00:11:38.320> discovered<00:11:38.720> something<00:11:39.040> very 11:39.430 --> 11:39.440 align:start position:0% it discovered something very 11:39.440 --> 11:41.750 align:start position:0% it discovered something very interesting.<00:11:40.640> It<00:11:40.880> was<00:11:40.959> known<00:11:41.120> that<00:11:41.360> the<00:11:41.440> Great 11:41.750 --> 11:41.760 align:start position:0% interesting. It was known that the Great 11:41.760 --> 11:43.670 align:start position:0% interesting. It was known that the Great Red<00:11:41.920> Spot<00:11:42.240> rises<00:11:42.720> high<00:11:42.880> above<00:11:43.200> the<00:11:43.360> cloud 11:43.670 --> 11:43.680 align:start position:0% Red Spot rises high above the cloud 11:43.680 --> 11:46.389 align:start position:0% Red Spot rises high above the cloud deck.<00:11:44.240> But<00:11:44.399> what<00:11:44.640> scientists<00:11:45.360> didn't<00:11:45.760> expect 11:46.389 --> 11:46.399 align:start position:0% deck. But what scientists didn't expect 11:46.399 --> 11:48.630 align:start position:0% deck. But what scientists didn't expect is<00:11:46.720> how<00:11:47.040> deeply<00:11:47.440> it<00:11:47.680> penetrates<00:11:48.160> Jupiter's 11:48.630 --> 11:48.640 align:start position:0% is how deeply it penetrates Jupiter's 11:48.640 --> 11:51.509 align:start position:0% is how deeply it penetrates Jupiter's atmosphere.<00:11:49.920> The<00:11:50.160> instrument<00:11:50.560> on<00:11:50.800> board<00:11:51.040> Juno 11:51.509 --> 11:51.519 align:start position:0% atmosphere. The instrument on board Juno 11:51.519 --> 11:53.350 align:start position:0% atmosphere. The instrument on board Juno designed<00:11:51.839> to<00:11:52.000> peer<00:11:52.320> into<00:11:52.560> the<00:11:52.640> atmosphere<00:11:53.200> has 11:53.350 --> 11:53.360 align:start position:0% designed to peer into the atmosphere has 11:53.360 --> 11:56.710 align:start position:0% designed to peer into the atmosphere has a<00:11:53.600> range<00:11:53.760> of<00:11:54.079> 350<00:11:54.959> km.<00:11:56.000> And<00:11:56.160> it<00:11:56.320> seems<00:11:56.560> the 11:56.710 --> 11:56.720 align:start position:0% a range of 350 km. And it seems the 11:56.720 --> 11:59.030 align:start position:0% a range of 350 km. And it seems the Great<00:11:56.959> Red<00:11:57.200> Spot<00:11:57.519> extends<00:11:58.000> down<00:11:58.320> even<00:11:58.640> further 11:59.030 --> 11:59.040 align:start position:0% Great Red Spot extends down even further 11:59.040 --> 12:02.310 align:start position:0% Great Red Spot extends down even further than<00:11:59.200> that.<00:12:00.320> Also<00:12:00.880> interesting<00:12:01.680> is<00:12:01.920> that<00:12:02.160> the 12:02.310 --> 12:02.320 align:start position:0% than that. Also interesting is that the 12:02.320 --> 12:04.790 align:start position:0% than that. Also interesting is that the spot<00:12:02.720> is<00:12:02.959> cooler<00:12:03.360> than<00:12:03.519> the<00:12:03.680> surrounding<00:12:04.160> area 12:04.790 --> 12:04.800 align:start position:0% spot is cooler than the surrounding area 12:04.800 --> 12:07.910 align:start position:0% spot is cooler than the surrounding area up<00:12:05.040> until<00:12:05.360> the<00:12:05.440> depth<00:12:05.680> of<00:12:05.920> 80<00:12:06.160> km.<00:12:07.360> And<00:12:07.519> beyond 12:07.910 --> 12:07.920 align:start position:0% up until the depth of 80 km. And beyond 12:07.920 --> 12:10.069 align:start position:0% up until the depth of 80 km. And beyond that,<00:12:08.320> it<00:12:08.639> actually<00:12:09.040> gets<00:12:09.360> warmer<00:12:09.680> than<00:12:09.839> the 12:10.069 --> 12:10.079 align:start position:0% that, it actually gets warmer than the 12:10.079 --> 12:12.550 align:start position:0% that, it actually gets warmer than the surrounding<00:12:10.480> area.<00:12:11.360> This<00:12:11.600> heat<00:12:12.000> perhaps 12:12.550 --> 12:12.560 align:start position:0% surrounding area. This heat perhaps 12:12.560 --> 12:14.790 align:start position:0% surrounding area. This heat perhaps driving<00:12:12.959> the<00:12:13.200> storm. 12:14.790 --> 12:14.800 align:start position:0% driving the storm. 12:14.800 --> 12:16.710 align:start position:0% driving the storm. It<00:12:15.040> has<00:12:15.200> been<00:12:15.440> theorized<00:12:15.920> that<00:12:16.079> the<00:12:16.240> Great<00:12:16.480> Red 12:16.710 --> 12:16.720 align:start position:0% It has been theorized that the Great Red 12:16.720 --> 12:19.110 align:start position:0% It has been theorized that the Great Red Spot<00:12:17.040> is<00:12:17.200> a<00:12:17.440> permanent<00:12:17.760> feature<00:12:18.079> on<00:12:18.240> Jupiter, 12:19.110 --> 12:19.120 align:start position:0% Spot is a permanent feature on Jupiter, 12:19.120 --> 12:21.269 align:start position:0% Spot is a permanent feature on Jupiter, but<00:12:19.279> we've<00:12:19.519> only<00:12:19.760> had<00:12:19.920> about<00:12:20.320> 400<00:12:20.800> years<00:12:21.040> to 12:21.269 --> 12:21.279 align:start position:0% but we've only had about 400 years to 12:21.279 --> 12:23.750 align:start position:0% but we've only had about 400 years to observe<00:12:21.600> it<00:12:21.839> so<00:12:22.079> far,<00:12:22.639> a<00:12:22.880> mere<00:12:23.200> blink<00:12:23.519> in 12:23.750 --> 12:23.760 align:start position:0% observe it so far, a mere blink in 12:23.760 --> 12:26.629 align:start position:0% observe it so far, a mere blink in astronomical<00:12:24.480> time<00:12:24.800> scales.<00:12:26.160> Looking<00:12:26.480> over 12:26.629 --> 12:26.639 align:start position:0% astronomical time scales. Looking over 12:26.639 --> 12:29.030 align:start position:0% astronomical time scales. Looking over the<00:12:26.880> poles,<00:12:27.839> other<00:12:28.160> possible<00:12:28.639> permanent 12:29.030 --> 12:29.040 align:start position:0% the poles, other possible permanent 12:29.040 --> 12:31.590 align:start position:0% the poles, other possible permanent features<00:12:29.519> have<00:12:29.760> been<00:12:29.920> observed. 12:31.590 --> 12:31.600 align:start position:0% features have been observed. 12:31.600 --> 12:33.590 align:start position:0% features have been observed. In<00:12:31.920> contrast<00:12:32.240> to<00:12:32.480> Saturn,<00:12:33.040> which<00:12:33.279> has<00:12:33.440> a 12:33.590 --> 12:33.600 align:start position:0% In contrast to Saturn, which has a 12:33.600 --> 12:36.230 align:start position:0% In contrast to Saturn, which has a hexagon<00:12:34.240> on<00:12:34.399> one<00:12:34.639> pole<00:12:35.040> and<00:12:35.279> a<00:12:35.519> single<00:12:35.760> vortex 12:36.230 --> 12:36.240 align:start position:0% hexagon on one pole and a single vortex 12:36.240 --> 12:39.190 align:start position:0% hexagon on one pole and a single vortex on<00:12:36.399> the<00:12:36.560> other,<00:12:37.519> Jupiter<00:12:38.000> has<00:12:38.240> five<00:12:38.560> vortexes 12:39.190 --> 12:39.200 align:start position:0% on the other, Jupiter has five vortexes 12:39.200 --> 12:41.350 align:start position:0% on the other, Jupiter has five vortexes around<00:12:39.360> the<00:12:39.600> south<00:12:39.839> pole<00:12:40.320> and<00:12:40.720> eight<00:12:41.040> around 12:41.350 --> 12:41.360 align:start position:0% around the south pole and eight around 12:41.360 --> 12:44.230 align:start position:0% around the south pole and eight around the<00:12:41.600> north.<00:12:42.560> It's<00:12:42.880> hard<00:12:43.040> to<00:12:43.200> say<00:12:43.440> exactly<00:12:43.920> how 12:44.230 --> 12:44.240 align:start position:0% the north. It's hard to say exactly how 12:44.240 --> 12:46.470 align:start position:0% the north. It's hard to say exactly how permanent<00:12:44.560> these<00:12:44.880> storms<00:12:45.279> are,<00:12:45.600> as<00:12:45.839> Juno<00:12:46.240> has 12:46.470 --> 12:46.480 align:start position:0% permanent these storms are, as Juno has 12:46.480 --> 12:49.030 align:start position:0% permanent these storms are, as Juno has only<00:12:46.720> been<00:12:46.880> there<00:12:47.040> for<00:12:47.279> 3<00:12:47.519> years,<00:12:48.320> and<00:12:48.560> Juno 12:49.030 --> 12:49.040 align:start position:0% only been there for 3 years, and Juno 12:49.040 --> 12:50.629 align:start position:0% only been there for 3 years, and Juno was<00:12:49.200> the<00:12:49.360> first<00:12:49.600> time<00:12:49.760> we<00:12:50.000> have<00:12:50.160> really<00:12:50.480> been 12:50.629 --> 12:50.639 align:start position:0% was the first time we have really been 12:50.639 --> 12:52.470 align:start position:0% was the first time we have really been able<00:12:50.880> to<00:12:51.040> have<00:12:51.200> a<00:12:51.360> good<00:12:51.519> look<00:12:51.760> at<00:12:51.920> Jupiter's 12:52.470 --> 12:52.480 align:start position:0% able to have a good look at Jupiter's 12:52.480 --> 12:55.110 align:start position:0% able to have a good look at Jupiter's poles,<00:12:53.440> but<00:12:53.839> they<00:12:54.160> have<00:12:54.320> been<00:12:54.560> reasonably 12:55.110 --> 12:55.120 align:start position:0% poles, but they have been reasonably 12:55.120 --> 12:58.230 align:start position:0% poles, but they have been reasonably constant<00:12:55.519> throughout<00:12:55.920> that<00:12:56.160> time. 12:58.230 --> 12:58.240 align:start position:0% constant throughout that time. 12:58.240 --> 13:00.470 align:start position:0% constant throughout that time. Under<00:12:58.560> the<00:12:58.720> ammonia<00:12:59.279> cloud<00:12:59.760> layer<00:13:00.000> is<00:13:00.320> thought 13:00.470 --> 13:00.480 align:start position:0% Under the ammonia cloud layer is thought 13:00.480 --> 13:03.350 align:start position:0% Under the ammonia cloud layer is thought to<00:13:00.639> be<00:13:00.880> a<00:13:01.120> water<00:13:01.440> ice<00:13:01.839> cloud<00:13:02.320> layer,<00:13:02.880> although 13:03.350 --> 13:03.360 align:start position:0% to be a water ice cloud layer, although 13:03.360 --> 13:05.829 align:start position:0% to be a water ice cloud layer, although this<00:13:03.600> has<00:13:03.760> not<00:13:04.000> been<00:13:04.240> confirmed<00:13:05.200> as<00:13:05.440> this 13:05.829 --> 13:05.839 align:start position:0% this has not been confirmed as this 13:05.839 --> 13:08.629 align:start position:0% this has not been confirmed as this layer<00:13:06.079> hasn't<00:13:06.560> actually<00:13:06.959> been<00:13:07.200> seen<00:13:07.440> yet. 13:08.629 --> 13:08.639 align:start position:0% layer hasn't actually been seen yet. 13:08.639 --> 13:10.389 align:start position:0% layer hasn't actually been seen yet. This<00:13:08.959> is<00:13:09.200> one<00:13:09.440> of<00:13:09.519> the<00:13:09.680> science<00:13:10.000> goals<00:13:10.240> of 13:10.389 --> 13:10.399 align:start position:0% This is one of the science goals of 13:10.399 --> 13:13.190 align:start position:0% This is one of the science goals of Juno,<00:13:10.880> though,<00:13:11.920> and<00:13:12.160> it<00:13:12.399> has<00:13:12.639> several 13:13.190 --> 13:13.200 align:start position:0% Juno, though, and it has several 13:13.200 --> 13:15.670 align:start position:0% Juno, though, and it has several microwave<00:13:13.839> detectors<00:13:14.480> to<00:13:14.800> try<00:13:14.959> and<00:13:15.200> find<00:13:15.440> this 13:15.670 --> 13:15.680 align:start position:0% microwave detectors to try and find this 13:15.680 --> 13:17.990 align:start position:0% microwave detectors to try and find this elusive<00:13:16.240> substance. 13:17.990 --> 13:18.000 align:start position:0% elusive substance. 13:18.000 --> 13:20.069 align:start position:0% elusive substance. Jupiter<00:13:18.560> generates<00:13:18.959> heat<00:13:19.200> from<00:13:19.440> within, 13:20.069 --> 13:20.079 align:start position:0% Jupiter generates heat from within, 13:20.079 --> 13:21.990 align:start position:0% Jupiter generates heat from within, which<00:13:20.399> can<00:13:20.560> be<00:13:20.720> seen<00:13:20.959> through<00:13:21.200> an<00:13:21.440> infrared 13:21.990 --> 13:22.000 align:start position:0% which can be seen through an infrared 13:22.000 --> 13:24.230 align:start position:0% which can be seen through an infrared camera,<00:13:22.639> the<00:13:22.880> densest<00:13:23.279> parts<00:13:23.519> of<00:13:23.680> the<00:13:23.839> cloud 13:24.230 --> 13:24.240 align:start position:0% camera, the densest parts of the cloud 13:24.240 --> 13:25.750 align:start position:0% camera, the densest parts of the cloud layer,<00:13:24.480> blocking<00:13:24.959> some<00:13:25.120> of<00:13:25.200> the<00:13:25.360> heat<00:13:25.519> from 13:25.750 --> 13:25.760 align:start position:0% layer, blocking some of the heat from 13:25.760 --> 13:29.110 align:start position:0% layer, blocking some of the heat from being<00:13:26.079> visible.<00:13:27.279> Similarly,<00:13:28.240> Jupiter<00:13:28.800> also 13:29.110 --> 13:29.120 align:start position:0% being visible. Similarly, Jupiter also 13:29.120 --> 13:31.910 align:start position:0% being visible. Similarly, Jupiter also emits<00:13:29.600> microwaves,<00:13:30.800> which<00:13:31.120> hypothesized 13:31.910 --> 13:31.920 align:start position:0% emits microwaves, which hypothesized 13:31.920 --> 13:34.629 align:start position:0% emits microwaves, which hypothesized water<00:13:32.240> clouds<00:13:32.560> would<00:13:32.800> absorb.<00:13:33.920> So,<00:13:34.399> in 13:34.629 --> 13:34.639 align:start position:0% water clouds would absorb. So, in 13:34.639 --> 13:36.949 align:start position:0% water clouds would absorb. So, in theory,<00:13:35.360> Juno<00:13:35.839> should<00:13:36.000> be<00:13:36.160> able<00:13:36.399> to<00:13:36.560> detect 13:36.949 --> 13:36.959 align:start position:0% theory, Juno should be able to detect 13:36.959 --> 13:38.870 align:start position:0% theory, Juno should be able to detect where<00:13:37.200> the<00:13:37.440> water<00:13:37.760> is<00:13:37.920> present<00:13:38.160> in<00:13:38.399> Jupiter's 13:38.870 --> 13:38.880 align:start position:0% where the water is present in Jupiter's 13:38.880 --> 13:40.870 align:start position:0% where the water is present in Jupiter's atmosphere<00:13:39.839> by<00:13:40.160> searching<00:13:40.480> for<00:13:40.639> where 13:40.870 --> 13:40.880 align:start position:0% atmosphere by searching for where 13:40.880 --> 13:43.350 align:start position:0% atmosphere by searching for where Jupiter's<00:13:41.440> microwaves<00:13:42.000> aren't<00:13:42.320> visible. 13:43.350 --> 13:43.360 align:start position:0% Jupiter's microwaves aren't visible. 13:43.360 --> 13:45.350 align:start position:0% Jupiter's microwaves aren't visible. Although,<00:13:43.839> this<00:13:44.160> data<00:13:44.480> has<00:13:44.639> either<00:13:44.959> not<00:13:45.200> been 13:45.350 --> 13:45.360 align:start position:0% Although, this data has either not been 13:45.360 --> 13:50.389 align:start position:0% Although, this data has either not been released<00:13:45.839> or<00:13:46.160> nothing<00:13:46.399> has<00:13:46.639> been<00:13:46.800> found<00:13:47.120> yet. 13:50.389 --> 13:50.399 align:start position:0% 13:50.399 --> 13:53.110 align:start position:0% All<00:13:50.639> that<00:13:50.880> being<00:13:51.200> said,<00:13:51.760> Juno<00:13:52.320> still<00:13:52.639> has<00:13:52.880> a 13:53.110 --> 13:53.120 align:start position:0% All that being said, Juno still has a 13:53.120 --> 13:55.110 align:start position:0% All that being said, Juno still has a while<00:13:53.360> to<00:13:53.519> go<00:13:53.680> with<00:13:53.839> this<00:13:54.000> mission,<00:13:54.639> and<00:13:54.880> no 13:55.110 --> 13:55.120 align:start position:0% while to go with this mission, and no 13:55.120 --> 13:56.790 align:start position:0% while to go with this mission, and no doubt<00:13:55.440> the<00:13:55.600> data<00:13:55.920> it<00:13:56.079> collects<00:13:56.480> will<00:13:56.639> be 13:56.790 --> 13:56.800 align:start position:0% doubt the data it collects will be 13:56.800 --> 13:59.189 align:start position:0% doubt the data it collects will be examined<00:13:57.199> for<00:13:57.440> years<00:13:57.680> to<00:13:57.920> come.<00:13:58.480> Our 13:59.189 --> 13:59.199 align:start position:0% examined for years to come. Our 13:59.199 --> 14:01.350 align:start position:0% examined for years to come. Our understanding<00:13:59.760> of<00:13:59.920> Jupiter<00:14:00.480> is<00:14:00.800> gradually 14:01.350 --> 14:01.360 align:start position:0% understanding of Jupiter is gradually 14:01.360 --> 14:03.910 align:start position:0% understanding of Jupiter is gradually increasing<00:14:02.399> and<00:14:02.639> with<00:14:02.880> this<00:14:03.120> knowledge<00:14:03.600> comes 14:03.910 --> 14:03.920 align:start position:0% increasing and with this knowledge comes 14:03.920 --> 14:06.150 align:start position:0% increasing and with this knowledge comes a<00:14:04.160> better<00:14:04.480> understanding<00:14:05.040> of<00:14:05.279> how<00:14:05.519> our<00:14:05.839> solar 14:06.150 --> 14:06.160 align:start position:0% a better understanding of how our solar 14:06.160 --> 14:09.269 align:start position:0% a better understanding of how our solar system<00:14:06.480> formed<00:14:07.279> and<00:14:07.600> also<00:14:08.480> that<00:14:08.800> of<00:14:09.040> other 14:09.269 --> 14:09.279 align:start position:0% system formed and also that of other 14:09.279 --> 14:13.350 align:start position:0% system formed and also that of other solar<00:14:09.680> systems<00:14:10.160> with<00:14:10.480> Jupiter<00:14:10.959> sized<00:14:11.279> worlds. 14:13.350 --> 14:13.360 align:start position:0% solar systems with Jupiter sized worlds. 14:13.360 --> 14:15.509 align:start position:0% solar systems with Jupiter sized worlds. And<00:14:13.600> who<00:14:13.839> knows,<00:14:14.560> maybe<00:14:14.800> Jupiter<00:14:15.279> will 14:15.509 --> 14:15.519 align:start position:0% And who knows, maybe Jupiter will 14:15.519 --> 14:20.710 align:start position:0% And who knows, maybe Jupiter will surprise<00:14:15.839> us<00:14:16.079> a<00:14:16.320> few<00:14:16.480> times<00:14:16.720> more<00:14:17.040> yet. 14:20.710 --> 14:20.720 align:start position:0% 14:20.720 --> 14:22.710 align:start position:0% As<00:14:20.959> promised,<00:14:21.519> here's<00:14:21.920> another<00:14:22.160> look<00:14:22.320> at<00:14:22.560> this 14:22.710 --> 14:22.720 align:start position:0% As promised, here's another look at this 14:22.720 --> 14:24.870 align:start position:0% As promised, here's another look at this image<00:14:22.959> I<00:14:23.199> mentioned<00:14:23.440> in<00:14:23.600> the<00:14:23.760> Saturn<00:14:24.160> video. 14:24.870 --> 14:24.880 align:start position:0% image I mentioned in the Saturn video. 14:24.880 --> 14:26.949 align:start position:0% image I mentioned in the Saturn video. Find<00:14:25.120> that<00:14:25.440> video<00:14:25.760> here<00:14:26.079> if<00:14:26.399> you<00:14:26.560> haven't<00:14:26.800> seen 14:26.949 --> 14:26.959 align:start position:0% Find that video here if you haven't seen 14:26.959 --> 14:29.750 align:start position:0% Find that video here if you haven't seen it<00:14:27.199> already.<00:14:28.160> As<00:14:28.399> I<00:14:28.639> said,<00:14:29.040> I<00:14:29.199> was<00:14:29.360> going<00:14:29.440> to<00:14:29.600> go 14:29.750 --> 14:29.760 align:start position:0% it already. As I said, I was going to go 14:29.760 --> 14:31.670 align:start position:0% it already. As I said, I was going to go into<00:14:29.920> a<00:14:30.160> lot<00:14:30.320> more<00:14:30.560> detail<00:14:30.880> as<00:14:31.199> there's<00:14:31.440> so 14:31.670 --> 14:31.680 align:start position:0% into a lot more detail as there's so 14:31.680 --> 14:33.430 align:start position:0% into a lot more detail as there's so much<00:14:31.839> to<00:14:32.079> talk<00:14:32.320> about<00:14:32.480> in<00:14:32.800> just<00:14:32.959> this<00:14:33.199> one 14:33.430 --> 14:33.440 align:start position:0% much to talk about in just this one 14:33.440 --> 14:36.310 align:start position:0% much to talk about in just this one image.<00:14:34.480> So,<00:14:34.800> firstly,<00:14:35.519> to<00:14:35.760> give<00:14:35.839> you<00:14:36.000> a<00:14:36.160> sense 14:36.310 --> 14:36.320 align:start position:0% image. So, firstly, to give you a sense 14:36.320 --> 14:39.590 align:start position:0% image. So, firstly, to give you a sense of<00:14:36.480> scale,<00:14:37.120> this<00:14:37.360> image<00:14:37.600> is<00:14:37.839> about<00:14:38.160> 400,000<00:14:39.120> km 14:39.590 --> 14:39.600 align:start position:0% of scale, this image is about 400,000 km 14:39.600 --> 14:41.590 align:start position:0% of scale, this image is about 400,000 km across<00:14:40.000> from<00:14:40.240> edge<00:14:40.330> [music]<00:14:40.480> to<00:14:40.720> edge.<00:14:41.360> I 14:41.590 --> 14:41.600 align:start position:0% across from edge [music] to edge. I 14:41.600 --> 14:42.790 align:start position:0% across from edge [music] to edge. I think<00:14:41.680> you'll<00:14:41.920> agree<00:14:42.079> that<00:14:42.320> this<00:14:42.480> is<00:14:42.560> one<00:14:42.720> of 14:42.790 --> 14:42.800 align:start position:0% think you'll agree that this is one of 14:42.800 --> 14:44.949 align:start position:0% think you'll agree that this is one of the<00:14:42.959> most<00:14:43.279> beautiful<00:14:43.760> images<00:14:44.160> that<00:14:44.399> NASA<00:14:44.720> has 14:44.949 --> 14:44.959 align:start position:0% the most beautiful images that NASA has 14:44.959 --> 14:47.269 align:start position:0% the most beautiful images that NASA has ever<00:14:45.279> released.<00:14:46.320> In<00:14:46.560> truth,<00:14:46.880> though,<00:14:47.120> this 14:47.269 --> 14:47.279 align:start position:0% ever released. In truth, though, this 14:47.279 --> 14:49.269 align:start position:0% ever released. In truth, though, this image<00:14:47.680> has<00:14:47.920> also<00:14:48.240> been<00:14:48.399> enhanced<00:14:48.880> to<00:14:49.040> make 14:49.269 --> 14:49.279 align:start position:0% image has also been enhanced to make 14:49.279 --> 14:51.590 align:start position:0% image has also been enhanced to make fainter<00:14:49.760> objects<00:14:50.160> brighter<00:14:50.880> in<00:14:51.199> comparison 14:51.590 --> 14:51.600 align:start position:0% fainter objects brighter in comparison 14:51.600 --> 14:53.829 align:start position:0% fainter objects brighter in comparison to<00:14:51.760> the<00:14:51.920> very<00:14:52.240> bright<00:14:52.480> objects<00:14:52.959> around<00:14:53.199> them. 14:53.829 --> 14:53.839 align:start position:0% to the very bright objects around them. 14:53.839 --> 14:56.389 align:start position:0% to the very bright objects around them. NASA<00:14:54.240> says<00:14:54.480> this<00:14:54.720> image<00:14:55.120> as<00:14:55.360> you<00:14:55.600> see<00:14:55.760> it<00:14:56.160> is 14:56.389 --> 14:56.399 align:start position:0% NASA says this image as you see it is 14:56.399 --> 14:58.389 align:start position:0% NASA says this image as you see it is now<00:14:56.639> a<00:14:56.800> balance<00:14:57.120> between<00:14:57.519> reality<00:14:58.079> and 14:58.389 --> 14:58.399 align:start position:0% now a balance between reality and 14:58.399 --> 15:00.550 align:start position:0% now a balance between reality and beauty.<00:14:59.360> But<00:14:59.440> know<00:14:59.680> that<00:14:59.839> nothing<00:15:00.160> has<00:15:00.320> been 15:00.550 --> 15:00.560 align:start position:0% beauty. But know that nothing has been 15:00.560 --> 15:03.350 align:start position:0% beauty. But know that nothing has been added<00:15:00.880> at<00:15:01.120> all<00:15:01.519> only<00:15:01.839> brightened. 15:03.350 --> 15:03.360 align:start position:0% added at all only brightened. 15:03.360 --> 15:05.189 align:start position:0% added at all only brightened. Now<00:15:03.680> normally<00:15:04.079> this<00:15:04.399> outer<00:15:04.565> [music]<00:15:04.800> bright 15:05.189 --> 15:05.199 align:start position:0% Now normally this outer [music] bright 15:05.199 --> 15:07.350 align:start position:0% Now normally this outer [music] bright blue<00:15:05.519> ring<00:15:06.079> is<00:15:06.399> not<00:15:06.560> visible<00:15:06.959> on<00:15:07.199> most 15:07.350 --> 15:07.360 align:start position:0% blue ring is not visible on most 15:07.360 --> 15:09.829 align:start position:0% blue ring is not visible on most pictures<00:15:07.680> of<00:15:07.839> Saturn.<00:15:08.880> The<00:15:09.120> reason<00:15:09.279> we<00:15:09.519> see<00:15:09.600> it 15:09.829 --> 15:09.839 align:start position:0% pictures of Saturn. The reason we see it 15:09.839 --> 15:11.509 align:start position:0% pictures of Saturn. The reason we see it now<00:15:10.000> is<00:15:10.240> because<00:15:10.480> the<00:15:10.720> sun<00:15:10.880> is<00:15:11.120> directly 15:11.509 --> 15:11.519 align:start position:0% now is because the sun is directly 15:11.519 --> 15:13.750 align:start position:0% now is because the sun is directly behind<00:15:11.920> Saturn<00:15:12.560> and<00:15:12.800> being<00:15:13.120> in<00:15:13.279> the<00:15:13.360> planet 15:13.750 --> 15:13.760 align:start position:0% behind Saturn and being in the planet 15:13.760 --> 15:15.990 align:start position:0% behind Saturn and being in the planet shadow<00:15:14.240> means<00:15:14.639> fainter<00:15:15.040> objects<00:15:15.440> become<00:15:15.760> more 15:15.990 --> 15:16.000 align:start position:0% shadow means fainter objects become more 15:16.000 --> 15:18.949 align:start position:0% shadow means fainter objects become more apparent.<00:15:17.279> The<00:15:17.519> blue<00:15:17.839> color<00:15:18.000> of<00:15:18.160> the<00:15:18.320> ring<00:15:18.720> is 15:18.949 --> 15:18.959 align:start position:0% apparent. The blue color of the ring is 15:18.959 --> 15:20.870 align:start position:0% apparent. The blue color of the ring is due<00:15:19.199> to<00:15:19.440> defraction<00:15:20.000> in<00:15:20.240> much<00:15:20.480> the<00:15:20.720> same 15:20.870 --> 15:20.880 align:start position:0% due to defraction in much the same 15:20.880 --> 15:24.150 align:start position:0% due to defraction in much the same process<00:15:21.279> which<00:15:21.519> makes<00:15:21.760> the<00:15:21.920> sky<00:15:22.240> blue. 15:24.150 --> 15:24.160 align:start position:0% process which makes the sky blue. 15:24.160 --> 15:26.069 align:start position:0% process which makes the sky blue. The<00:15:24.399> particles<00:15:24.800> in<00:15:25.040> this<00:15:25.199> ring<00:15:25.440> are<00:15:25.600> fueled<00:15:25.920> by 15:26.069 --> 15:26.079 align:start position:0% The particles in this ring are fueled by 15:26.079 --> 15:29.269 align:start position:0% The particles in this ring are fueled by this<00:15:26.320> little<00:15:26.720> 500<00:15:27.360> km<00:15:27.920> wide<00:15:28.160> moon<00:15:28.480> here<00:15:29.040> and 15:29.269 --> 15:29.279 align:start position:0% this little 500 km wide moon here and 15:29.279 --> 15:31.990 align:start position:0% this little 500 km wide moon here and Celadus.<00:15:30.560> This<00:15:30.800> moon<00:15:31.040> has<00:15:31.199> a<00:15:31.279> lot<00:15:31.360> of<00:15:31.440> geysers 15:31.990 --> 15:32.000 align:start position:0% Celadus. This moon has a lot of geysers 15:32.000 --> 15:34.470 align:start position:0% Celadus. This moon has a lot of geysers shooting<00:15:32.399> particles<00:15:32.880> into<00:15:33.199> space<00:15:34.079> captured 15:34.470 --> 15:34.480 align:start position:0% shooting particles into space captured 15:34.480 --> 15:36.550 align:start position:0% shooting particles into space captured by<00:15:34.639> Saturn's<00:15:35.120> gravity.<00:15:35.760> These<00:15:36.079> particles 15:36.550 --> 15:36.560 align:start position:0% by Saturn's gravity. These particles 15:36.560 --> 15:39.829 align:start position:0% by Saturn's gravity. These particles remain<00:15:36.880> in<00:15:37.120> orbit<00:15:37.440> and<00:15:37.680> form<00:15:38.079> the<00:15:38.320> E-ring.<00:15:39.680> In 15:39.829 --> 15:39.839 align:start position:0% remain in orbit and form the E-ring. In 15:39.839 --> 15:41.670 align:start position:0% remain in orbit and form the E-ring. In fact,<00:15:40.079> you<00:15:40.240> can<00:15:40.320> see<00:15:40.480> these<00:15:40.720> geysers<00:15:41.199> blasting 15:41.670 --> 15:41.680 align:start position:0% fact, you can see these geysers blasting 15:41.680 --> 15:44.550 align:start position:0% fact, you can see these geysers blasting jets<00:15:42.000> of<00:15:42.240> particles<00:15:42.959> even<00:15:43.199> in<00:15:43.440> this<00:15:43.600> picture. 15:44.550 --> 15:44.560 align:start position:0% jets of particles even in this picture. 15:44.560 --> 15:46.790 align:start position:0% jets of particles even in this picture. A<00:15:44.800> closeup<00:15:45.199> of<00:15:45.360> Enceladus<00:15:46.320> looks<00:15:46.560> something 15:46.790 --> 15:46.800 align:start position:0% A closeup of Enceladus looks something 15:46.800 --> 15:49.910 align:start position:0% A closeup of Enceladus looks something like<00:15:46.959> this.<00:15:48.240> Seen<00:15:48.480> in<00:15:48.800> ultraviolet,<00:15:49.519> visible, 15:49.910 --> 15:49.920 align:start position:0% like this. Seen in ultraviolet, visible, 15:49.920 --> 15:52.550 align:start position:0% like this. Seen in ultraviolet, visible, and<00:15:50.079> infrared<00:15:50.560> lights.<00:15:51.440> It's<00:15:51.759> an<00:15:52.000> incredibly 15:52.550 --> 15:52.560 align:start position:0% and infrared lights. It's an incredibly 15:52.560 --> 15:55.030 align:start position:0% and infrared lights. It's an incredibly pretty<00:15:52.959> moon<00:15:53.440> with<00:15:53.759> relatively<00:15:54.320> few<00:15:54.639> surface 15:55.030 --> 15:55.040 align:start position:0% pretty moon with relatively few surface 15:55.040 --> 15:57.030 align:start position:0% pretty moon with relatively few surface craters,<00:15:55.759> which<00:15:56.000> means<00:15:56.160> it<00:15:56.399> must<00:15:56.560> be<00:15:56.720> active 15:57.030 --> 15:57.040 align:start position:0% craters, which means it must be active 15:57.040 --> 15:59.030 align:start position:0% craters, which means it must be active with<00:15:57.279> water<00:15:57.680> volcanism<00:15:58.480> to<00:15:58.639> renew<00:15:58.931> [music] 15:59.030 --> 15:59.040 align:start position:0% with water volcanism to renew [music] 15:59.040 --> 16:01.749 align:start position:0% with water volcanism to renew [music] the<00:15:59.199> surface.<00:16:00.480> In<00:16:00.639> fact,<00:16:00.880> it's<00:16:01.120> covered<00:16:01.360> in<00:16:01.519> a 16:01.749 --> 16:01.759 align:start position:0% the surface. In fact, it's covered in a 16:01.759 --> 16:04.470 align:start position:0% the surface. In fact, it's covered in a very<00:16:02.000> thick<00:16:02.480> layer<00:16:02.639> of<00:16:02.800> ice,<00:16:03.759> which<00:16:04.079> makes<00:16:04.240> it 16:04.470 --> 16:04.480 align:start position:0% very thick layer of ice, which makes it 16:04.480 --> 16:06.470 align:start position:0% very thick layer of ice, which makes it one<00:16:04.639> of<00:16:04.720> the<00:16:04.880> most<00:16:05.120> reflective<00:16:05.759> objects<00:16:06.240> in 16:06.470 --> 16:06.480 align:start position:0% one of the most reflective objects in 16:06.480 --> 16:09.670 align:start position:0% one of the most reflective objects in the<00:16:06.639> solar<00:16:06.791> [music]<00:16:06.959> system.<00:16:08.240> These<00:16:08.639> water<00:16:09.199> or 16:09.670 --> 16:09.680 align:start position:0% the solar [music] system. These water or 16:09.680 --> 16:13.749 align:start position:0% the solar [music] system. These water or cryo<00:16:10.240> volcanoes<00:16:11.199> blast<00:16:11.600> about<00:16:12.160> 200<00:16:12.800> kg<00:16:13.519> a 16:13.749 --> 16:13.759 align:start position:0% cryo volcanoes blast about 200 kg a 16:13.759 --> 16:16.389 align:start position:0% cryo volcanoes blast about 200 kg a second<00:16:14.160> into<00:16:14.480> space<00:16:15.199> at<00:16:15.519> speeds<00:16:15.839> of<00:16:16.000> over 16:16.389 --> 16:16.399 align:start position:0% second into space at speeds of over 16:16.399 --> 16:20.870 align:start position:0% second into space at speeds of over 1,600<00:16:17.759> kmh.<00:16:19.199> It's<00:16:19.519> thought<00:16:19.839> that<00:16:20.160> the<00:16:20.399> liquid 16:20.870 --> 16:20.880 align:start position:0% 1,600 kmh. It's thought that the liquid 16:20.880 --> 16:23.189 align:start position:0% 1,600 kmh. It's thought that the liquid water<00:16:21.360> ocean<00:16:22.000> is<00:16:22.240> under<00:16:22.480> the<00:16:22.720> ice, 16:23.189 --> 16:23.199 align:start position:0% water ocean is under the ice, 16:23.199 --> 16:25.430 align:start position:0% water ocean is under the ice, particularly<00:16:24.000> near<00:16:24.240> the<00:16:24.480> south<00:16:24.720> pole,<00:16:25.199> and 16:25.430 --> 16:25.440 align:start position:0% particularly near the south pole, and 16:25.440 --> 16:27.749 align:start position:0% particularly near the south pole, and it's<00:16:25.600> under<00:16:25.839> enormous<00:16:26.480> pressure,<00:16:27.279> hence<00:16:27.519> why 16:27.749 --> 16:27.759 align:start position:0% it's under enormous pressure, hence why 16:27.759 --> 16:29.749 align:start position:0% it's under enormous pressure, hence why these<00:16:28.000> cracks<00:16:28.320> are<00:16:28.480> formed<00:16:28.880> and<00:16:29.199> water<00:16:29.519> is 16:29.749 --> 16:29.759 align:start position:0% these cracks are formed and water is 16:29.759 --> 16:33.910 align:start position:0% these cracks are formed and water is escaping. 16:33.910 --> 16:33.920 align:start position:0% 16:33.920 --> 16:35.829 align:start position:0% Also<00:16:34.240> in<00:16:34.399> the<00:16:34.480> vicinity<00:16:34.880> of<00:16:35.040> the<00:16:35.199> E-ring<00:16:35.680> are 16:35.829 --> 16:35.839 align:start position:0% Also in the vicinity of the E-ring are 16:35.839 --> 16:38.790 align:start position:0% Also in the vicinity of the E-ring are the<00:16:35.920> moons<00:16:36.240> Tethus<00:16:36.800> and<00:16:37.040> Mimis.<00:16:38.000> Tethus<00:16:38.639> is 16:38.790 --> 16:38.800 align:start position:0% the moons Tethus and Mimis. Tethus is 16:38.800 --> 16:40.389 align:start position:0% the moons Tethus and Mimis. Tethus is the<00:16:38.959> biggest<00:16:39.199> moon<00:16:39.440> of<00:16:39.680> Saturn<00:16:40.000> in<00:16:40.240> this 16:40.389 --> 16:40.399 align:start position:0% the biggest moon of Saturn in this 16:40.399 --> 16:44.550 align:start position:0% the biggest moon of Saturn in this picture,<00:16:40.959> being<00:16:41.279> over<00:16:41.600> 1,000<00:16:42.240> km<00:16:42.800> across. 16:44.550 --> 16:44.560 align:start position:0% picture, being over 1,000 km across. 16:44.560 --> 16:46.949 align:start position:0% picture, being over 1,000 km across. It's<00:16:44.880> not<00:16:45.040> too<00:16:45.279> colorful<00:16:45.759> as<00:16:45.920> you<00:16:46.079> can<00:16:46.240> see<00:16:46.639> and 16:46.949 --> 16:46.959 align:start position:0% It's not too colorful as you can see and 16:46.959 --> 16:49.030 align:start position:0% It's not too colorful as you can see and has<00:16:47.199> huge<00:16:47.600> impact<00:16:48.079> craters<00:16:48.480> and<00:16:48.720> rift 16:49.030 --> 16:49.040 align:start position:0% has huge impact craters and rift 16:49.040 --> 16:51.030 align:start position:0% has huge impact craters and rift valleys. 16:51.030 --> 16:51.040 align:start position:0% valleys. 16:51.040 --> 16:53.350 align:start position:0% valleys. The<00:16:51.279> biggest<00:16:51.680> crater<00:16:52.160> in<00:16:52.480> particular<00:16:53.120> makes 16:53.350 --> 16:53.360 align:start position:0% The biggest crater in particular makes 16:53.360 --> 16:58.069 align:start position:0% The biggest crater in particular makes it<00:16:53.600> look<00:16:53.680> like<00:16:53.839> a<00:16:54.079> giant<00:16:54.399> eyeball. 16:58.069 --> 16:58.079 align:start position:0% 16:58.079 --> 17:00.310 align:start position:0% And<00:16:58.240> the<00:16:58.399> biggest<00:16:58.720> fault<00:16:59.040> line<00:16:59.360> is<00:16:59.519> a<00:16:59.759> massive 17:00.310 --> 17:00.320 align:start position:0% And the biggest fault line is a massive 17:00.320 --> 17:03.910 align:start position:0% And the biggest fault line is a massive 2,000<00:17:01.120> km<00:17:01.680> across. 17:03.910 --> 17:03.920 align:start position:0% 2,000 km across. 17:03.920 --> 17:06.549 align:start position:0% 2,000 km across. Like<00:17:04.160> Enceladus,<00:17:05.439> it's<00:17:05.760> also<00:17:06.079> covered<00:17:06.400> in 17:06.549 --> 17:06.559 align:start position:0% Like Enceladus, it's also covered in 17:06.559 --> 17:08.309 align:start position:0% Like Enceladus, it's also covered in ice. 17:08.309 --> 17:08.319 align:start position:0% ice. 17:08.319 --> 17:10.069 align:start position:0% ice. And<00:17:08.480> this<00:17:08.720> ice<00:17:09.120> makes<00:17:09.280> it<00:17:09.520> the<00:17:09.760> second 17:10.069 --> 17:10.079 align:start position:0% And this ice makes it the second 17:10.079 --> 17:15.990 align:start position:0% And this ice makes it the second brightest<00:17:10.480> moon<00:17:10.880> of<00:17:11.120> Saturn. 17:15.990 --> 17:16.000 align:start position:0% 17:16.000 --> 17:17.829 align:start position:0% Mimis<00:17:16.559> on<00:17:16.799> the<00:17:16.880> other<00:17:17.039> side<00:17:17.199> of<00:17:17.360> the<00:17:17.520> picture 17:17.829 --> 17:17.839 align:start position:0% Mimis on the other side of the picture 17:17.839 --> 17:20.390 align:start position:0% Mimis on the other side of the picture here<00:17:18.559> can<00:17:18.720> be<00:17:18.880> seen<00:17:19.120> creating<00:17:19.520> a<00:17:19.760> long<00:17:20.000> shadow 17:20.390 --> 17:20.400 align:start position:0% here can be seen creating a long shadow 17:20.400 --> 17:23.350 align:start position:0% here can be seen creating a long shadow through<00:17:20.640> Saturn's<00:17:21.039> E-ring. 17:23.350 --> 17:23.360 align:start position:0% through Saturn's E-ring. 17:23.360 --> 17:24.870 align:start position:0% through Saturn's E-ring. This<00:17:23.520> is<00:17:23.600> the<00:17:23.760> moon<00:17:24.000> that<00:17:24.160> has<00:17:24.319> been<00:17:24.480> nicknamed 17:24.870 --> 17:24.880 align:start position:0% This is the moon that has been nicknamed 17:24.880 --> 17:26.789 align:start position:0% This is the moon that has been nicknamed the<00:17:25.039> Death<00:17:25.360> Star<00:17:25.839> due<00:17:26.079> to<00:17:26.160> its<00:17:26.400> similar 17:26.789 --> 17:26.799 align:start position:0% the Death Star due to its similar 17:26.799 --> 17:28.710 align:start position:0% the Death Star due to its similar appearance. 17:28.710 --> 17:28.720 align:start position:0% appearance. 17:28.720 --> 17:32.070 align:start position:0% appearance. It's<00:17:28.960> about<00:17:29.360> 400<00:17:29.760> km<00:17:30.320> across<00:17:31.039> and<00:17:31.280> is<00:17:31.520> as<00:17:31.760> well 17:32.070 --> 17:32.080 align:start position:0% It's about 400 km across and is as well 17:32.080 --> 17:34.070 align:start position:0% It's about 400 km across and is as well thought<00:17:32.320> to<00:17:32.480> be<00:17:32.559> made<00:17:32.799> up<00:17:33.039> mostly<00:17:33.440> of<00:17:33.760> water 17:34.070 --> 17:34.080 align:start position:0% thought to be made up mostly of water 17:34.080 --> 17:37.270 align:start position:0% thought to be made up mostly of water ice. 17:37.270 --> 17:37.280 align:start position:0% 17:37.280 --> 17:38.789 align:start position:0% All<00:17:37.360> right,<00:17:37.600> let's<00:17:37.840> zoom<00:17:38.080> out<00:17:38.240> again<00:17:38.480> so<00:17:38.640> we 17:38.789 --> 17:38.799 align:start position:0% All right, let's zoom out again so we 17:38.799 --> 17:41.350 align:start position:0% All right, let's zoom out again so we can<00:17:38.880> see<00:17:39.039> the<00:17:39.200> rings<00:17:39.520> of<00:17:39.679> Saturn.<00:17:40.880> The<00:17:41.120> next 17:41.350 --> 17:41.360 align:start position:0% can see the rings of Saturn. The next 17:41.360 --> 17:43.669 align:start position:0% can see the rings of Saturn. The next closest<00:17:41.760> ring<00:17:42.000> to<00:17:42.160> Saturn<00:17:42.559> after<00:17:42.799> the<00:17:42.960> E-ring 17:43.669 --> 17:43.679 align:start position:0% closest ring to Saturn after the E-ring 17:43.679 --> 17:45.830 align:start position:0% closest ring to Saturn after the E-ring is<00:17:43.919> the<00:17:44.080> penny<00:17:44.480> ring.<00:17:45.200> It<00:17:45.440> is<00:17:45.600> very<00:17:45.697> [music] 17:45.830 --> 17:45.840 align:start position:0% is the penny ring. It is very [music] 17:45.840 --> 17:48.789 align:start position:0% is the penny ring. It is very [music] faint,<00:17:46.559> but<00:17:46.799> if<00:17:46.960> I<00:17:47.120> zoom<00:17:47.360> in,<00:17:47.679> it's<00:17:48.000> this<00:17:48.400> band 17:48.789 --> 17:48.799 align:start position:0% faint, but if I zoom in, it's this band 17:48.799 --> 17:51.190 align:start position:0% faint, but if I zoom in, it's this band through<00:17:49.120> the<00:17:49.280> center<00:17:49.520> of<00:17:49.600> the<00:17:49.840> screen<00:17:50.160> here. 17:51.190 --> 17:51.200 align:start position:0% through the center of the screen here. 17:51.200 --> 17:53.510 align:start position:0% through the center of the screen here. It's<00:17:51.520> named<00:17:51.760> after<00:17:52.000> the<00:17:52.160> tiny<00:17:52.480> Peni<00:17:52.960> moon, 17:53.510 --> 17:53.520 align:start position:0% It's named after the tiny Peni moon, 17:53.520 --> 17:55.029 align:start position:0% It's named after the tiny Peni moon, which<00:17:53.760> the<00:17:53.919> Cassini<00:17:54.400> probe<00:17:54.720> actually 17:55.029 --> 17:55.039 align:start position:0% which the Cassini probe actually 17:55.039 --> 17:56.789 align:start position:0% which the Cassini probe actually discovered. 17:56.789 --> 17:56.799 align:start position:0% discovered. 17:56.799 --> 17:59.110 align:start position:0% discovered. Penny<00:17:57.280> itself<00:17:57.760> can't<00:17:58.000> be<00:17:58.160> seen<00:17:58.400> in<00:17:58.720> this<00:17:58.880> image 17:59.110 --> 17:59.120 align:start position:0% Penny itself can't be seen in this image 17:59.120 --> 18:02.230 align:start position:0% Penny itself can't be seen in this image as<00:17:59.280> it's<00:17:59.520> less<00:17:59.760> than<00:18:00.000> 3<00:18:00.240> km<00:18:00.799> across.<00:18:01.840> But<00:18:02.000> it's 18:02.230 --> 18:02.240 align:start position:0% as it's less than 3 km across. But it's 18:02.240 --> 18:03.669 align:start position:0% as it's less than 3 km across. But it's thought<00:18:02.480> this<00:18:02.640> ring<00:18:02.880> is<00:18:03.039> the<00:18:03.280> residual 18:03.669 --> 18:03.679 align:start position:0% thought this ring is the residual 18:03.679 --> 18:08.150 align:start position:0% thought this ring is the residual remains<00:18:04.160> of<00:18:04.400> meroid<00:18:05.039> impacts<00:18:05.600> with<00:18:05.840> the<00:18:06.000> moon. 18:08.150 --> 18:08.160 align:start position:0% remains of meroid impacts with the moon. 18:08.160 --> 18:10.310 align:start position:0% remains of meroid impacts with the moon. The<00:18:08.320> next<00:18:08.480> ring<00:18:08.720> is<00:18:08.960> easier<00:18:09.280> to<00:18:09.440> see.<00:18:09.840> the<00:18:10.080> G- 18:10.310 --> 18:10.320 align:start position:0% The next ring is easier to see. the G- 18:10.320 --> 18:13.510 align:start position:0% The next ring is easier to see. the G- ring<00:18:11.760> and<00:18:12.000> the<00:18:12.160> next<00:18:12.320> is<00:18:12.559> the<00:18:12.720> Janus<00:18:13.120> or<00:18:13.360> the 18:13.510 --> 18:13.520 align:start position:0% ring and the next is the Janus or the 18:13.520 --> 18:16.789 align:start position:0% ring and the next is the Janus or the Epimetheus<00:18:14.240> ring. 18:16.789 --> 18:16.799 align:start position:0% Epimetheus ring. 18:16.799 --> 18:18.710 align:start position:0% Epimetheus ring. Like<00:18:16.960> the<00:18:17.200> Palennia<00:18:17.600> ring,<00:18:17.919> it<00:18:18.160> is<00:18:18.320> made<00:18:18.480> up<00:18:18.559> of 18:18.710 --> 18:18.720 align:start position:0% Like the Palennia ring, it is made up of 18:18.720 --> 18:20.070 align:start position:0% Like the Palennia ring, it is made up of the<00:18:18.880> particles<00:18:19.280> which<00:18:19.520> have<00:18:19.679> been<00:18:19.840> knocked 18:20.070 --> 18:20.080 align:start position:0% the particles which have been knocked 18:20.080 --> 18:23.270 align:start position:0% the particles which have been knocked off<00:18:20.240> the<00:18:20.480> two<00:18:20.720> co-orbital<00:18:21.520> moons<00:18:22.320> Janus<00:18:22.960> and 18:23.270 --> 18:23.280 align:start position:0% off the two co-orbital moons Janus and 18:23.280 --> 18:25.830 align:start position:0% off the two co-orbital moons Janus and Epimetheus. 18:25.830 --> 18:25.840 align:start position:0% Epimetheus. 18:25.840 --> 18:28.150 align:start position:0% Epimetheus. While<00:18:26.160> still<00:18:26.400> very<00:18:26.640> tiny<00:18:26.960> moons,<00:18:27.760> they<00:18:28.000> are 18:28.150 --> 18:28.160 align:start position:0% While still very tiny moons, they are 18:28.160 --> 18:32.230 align:start position:0% While still very tiny moons, they are big<00:18:28.400> enough<00:18:28.559> to<00:18:28.720> be<00:18:28.880> seen<00:18:29.039> in<00:18:29.280> this<00:18:29.440> image. 18:32.230 --> 18:32.240 align:start position:0% big enough to be seen in this image. 18:32.240 --> 18:36.470 align:start position:0% big enough to be seen in this image. Janice<00:18:32.720> is<00:18:32.960> here 18:36.470 --> 18:36.480 align:start position:0% 18:36.480 --> 18:41.190 align:start position:0% and<00:18:36.799> Epimetheus<00:18:37.679> is<00:18:37.919> here. 18:41.190 --> 18:41.200 align:start position:0% 18:41.200 --> 18:44.150 align:start position:0% Janus<00:18:41.600> is<00:18:41.840> about<00:18:42.080> 200<00:18:42.640> km<00:18:43.200> across<00:18:43.919> and 18:44.150 --> 18:44.160 align:start position:0% Janus is about 200 km across and 18:44.160 --> 18:47.909 align:start position:0% Janus is about 200 km across and Epimethus<00:18:44.799> is<00:18:44.880> only<00:18:45.600> 130<00:18:46.000> km<00:18:46.640> across.<00:18:47.679> And 18:47.909 --> 18:47.919 align:start position:0% Epimethus is only 130 km across. And 18:47.919 --> 18:50.549 align:start position:0% Epimethus is only 130 km across. And when<00:18:48.080> I<00:18:48.240> say<00:18:48.400> they<00:18:48.640> are<00:18:48.799> co-orbital<00:18:49.520> moons,<00:18:50.320> I 18:50.549 --> 18:50.559 align:start position:0% when I say they are co-orbital moons, I 18:50.559 --> 18:53.110 align:start position:0% when I say they are co-orbital moons, I really<00:18:50.799> mean<00:18:50.960> that.<00:18:51.679> J's<00:18:52.240> mean<00:18:52.559> orbital 18:53.110 --> 18:53.120 align:start position:0% really mean that. J's mean orbital 18:53.120 --> 18:56.150 align:start position:0% really mean that. J's mean orbital radius<00:18:53.520> is<00:18:53.760> roughly<00:18:54.320> 50<00:18:54.720> km<00:18:55.280> less<00:18:55.840> than 18:56.150 --> 18:56.160 align:start position:0% radius is roughly 50 km less than 18:56.160 --> 18:58.710 align:start position:0% radius is roughly 50 km less than Epimetheus.<00:18:57.600> But<00:18:57.760> this<00:18:57.919> could<00:18:58.160> change<00:18:58.400> every 18:58.710 --> 18:58.720 align:start position:0% Epimetheus. But this could change every 18:58.720 --> 19:00.630 align:start position:0% Epimetheus. But this could change every time<00:18:58.880> the<00:18:59.120> moons<00:18:59.440> catch<00:18:59.679> up<00:18:59.840> with<00:19:00.000> each<00:19:00.160> other, 19:00.630 --> 19:00.640 align:start position:0% time the moons catch up with each other, 19:00.640 --> 19:03.110 align:start position:0% time the moons catch up with each other, which<00:19:00.960> happens<00:19:01.280> about<00:19:01.520> once<00:19:01.760> every<00:19:02.080> 4<00:19:02.320> years. 19:03.110 --> 19:03.120 align:start position:0% which happens about once every 4 years. 19:03.120 --> 19:08.630 align:start position:0% which happens about once every 4 years. They<00:19:03.360> last<00:19:03.679> switched<00:19:04.000> positions<00:19:04.640> in<00:19:05.120> 2006. 19:08.630 --> 19:08.640 align:start position:0% 19:08.640 --> 19:10.710 align:start position:0% The<00:19:08.880> next<00:19:09.039> ring<00:19:09.280> we<00:19:09.520> see<00:19:09.679> is<00:19:09.919> the<00:19:10.080> bright<00:19:10.400> F 19:10.710 --> 19:10.720 align:start position:0% The next ring we see is the bright F 19:10.720 --> 19:12.549 align:start position:0% The next ring we see is the bright F ring<00:19:11.120> which<00:19:11.440> houses<00:19:11.760> the<00:19:12.000> two<00:19:12.160> shepherd 19:12.549 --> 19:12.559 align:start position:0% ring which houses the two shepherd 19:12.559 --> 19:15.669 align:start position:0% ring which houses the two shepherd moons,<00:19:12.960> Prometheus<00:19:13.679> and<00:19:14.000> Pandora.<00:19:15.200> I<00:19:15.360> spent 19:15.669 --> 19:15.679 align:start position:0% moons, Prometheus and Pandora. I spent 19:15.679 --> 19:17.430 align:start position:0% moons, Prometheus and Pandora. I spent some<00:19:15.840> time<00:19:16.000> already<00:19:16.400> discussing<00:19:16.799> Prometheus 19:17.430 --> 19:17.440 align:start position:0% some time already discussing Prometheus 19:17.440 --> 19:19.350 align:start position:0% some time already discussing Prometheus in<00:19:17.520> the<00:19:17.679> Saturn<00:19:18.080> video,<00:19:18.559> so<00:19:18.720> I<00:19:18.960> won't<00:19:19.039> do<00:19:19.200> it 19:19.350 --> 19:19.360 align:start position:0% in the Saturn video, so I won't do it 19:19.360 --> 19:22.150 align:start position:0% in the Saturn video, so I won't do it here.<00:19:20.799> But<00:19:20.960> here<00:19:21.280> you<00:19:21.520> can<00:19:21.600> see<00:19:21.679> it<00:19:21.919> tucked 19:22.150 --> 19:22.160 align:start position:0% here. But here you can see it tucked 19:22.160 --> 19:25.270 align:start position:0% here. But here you can see it tucked away<00:19:22.480> just<00:19:22.720> inside<00:19:23.039> the<00:19:23.360> F<00:19:23.520> ring. 19:25.270 --> 19:25.280 align:start position:0% away just inside the F ring. 19:25.280 --> 19:29.990 align:start position:0% away just inside the F ring. Pandora<00:19:25.840> is<00:19:26.080> right<00:19:26.240> on<00:19:26.480> the<00:19:26.640> other<00:19:26.799> side. 19:29.990 --> 19:30.000 align:start position:0% 19:30.000 --> 19:31.350 align:start position:0% Pandora<00:19:30.400> is<00:19:30.559> slightly<00:19:30.799> smaller<00:19:31.120> than 19:31.350 --> 19:31.360 align:start position:0% Pandora is slightly smaller than 19:31.360 --> 19:35.029 align:start position:0% Pandora is slightly smaller than Prometheus<00:19:32.080> at<00:19:32.400> 81<00:19:32.960> km<00:19:33.520> across,<00:19:34.320> but<00:19:34.559> is<00:19:34.799> found 19:35.029 --> 19:35.039 align:start position:0% Prometheus at 81 km across, but is found 19:35.039 --> 19:37.110 align:start position:0% Prometheus at 81 km across, but is found on<00:19:35.200> the<00:19:35.360> outside<00:19:35.679> of<00:19:35.760> the<00:19:36.000> Ering<00:19:36.640> instead<00:19:36.960> of 19:37.110 --> 19:37.120 align:start position:0% on the outside of the Ering instead of 19:37.120 --> 19:39.990 align:start position:0% on the outside of the Ering instead of the<00:19:37.280> inside.<00:19:38.320> Prometheus<00:19:38.960> and<00:19:39.120> Pandora<00:19:39.840> can 19:39.990 --> 19:40.000 align:start position:0% the inside. Prometheus and Pandora can 19:40.000 --> 19:41.669 align:start position:0% the inside. Prometheus and Pandora can also<00:19:40.320> get<00:19:40.480> close<00:19:40.720> to<00:19:40.880> each<00:19:41.039> other,<00:19:41.440> and 19:41.669 --> 19:41.679 align:start position:0% also get close to each other, and 19:41.679 --> 19:43.909 align:start position:0% also get close to each other, and whenever<00:19:42.080> that<00:19:42.400> happens,<00:19:42.960> they<00:19:43.280> perturb<00:19:43.760> each 19:43.909 --> 19:43.919 align:start position:0% whenever that happens, they perturb each 19:43.919 --> 19:45.830 align:start position:0% whenever that happens, they perturb each other's<00:19:44.240> orbit. 19:45.830 --> 19:45.840 align:start position:0% other's orbit. 19:45.840 --> 19:47.669 align:start position:0% other's orbit. They<00:19:46.080> are<00:19:46.160> called<00:19:46.400> shepherd<00:19:46.799> moons<00:19:47.440> because 19:47.669 --> 19:47.679 align:start position:0% They are called shepherd moons because 19:47.679 --> 19:50.070 align:start position:0% They are called shepherd moons because they<00:19:47.919> keep<00:19:48.080> the<00:19:48.320> F<00:19:48.480> ring<00:19:48.720> narrowly<00:19:49.200> confined, 19:50.070 --> 19:50.080 align:start position:0% they keep the F ring narrowly confined, 19:50.080 --> 19:51.830 align:start position:0% they keep the F ring narrowly confined, sometimes<00:19:50.559> even<00:19:50.880> stealing<00:19:51.360> some<00:19:51.520> of<00:19:51.600> the 19:51.830 --> 19:51.840 align:start position:0% sometimes even stealing some of the 19:51.840 --> 19:53.510 align:start position:0% sometimes even stealing some of the material<00:19:52.240> themselves<00:19:52.640> when<00:19:52.960> they<00:19:53.120> get<00:19:53.280> too 19:53.510 --> 19:53.520 align:start position:0% material themselves when they get too 19:53.520 --> 19:54.870 align:start position:0% material themselves when they get too close. 19:54.870 --> 19:54.880 align:start position:0% close. 19:54.880 --> 19:56.870 align:start position:0% close. To<00:19:55.120> finish<00:19:55.360> talking<00:19:55.600> about<00:19:55.760> the<00:19:56.000> rings,<00:19:56.640> we 19:56.870 --> 19:56.880 align:start position:0% To finish talking about the rings, we 19:56.880 --> 20:00.789 align:start position:0% To finish talking about the rings, we have<00:19:57.039> the<00:19:57.280> A,<00:19:57.840> B,<00:19:58.320> C,<00:19:58.559> and<00:19:58.799> D<00:19:59.039> rings. 20:00.789 --> 20:00.799 align:start position:0% have the A, B, C, and D rings. 20:00.799 --> 20:02.150 align:start position:0% have the A, B, C, and D rings. If<00:20:01.039> you<00:20:01.120> do<00:20:01.280> want<00:20:01.440> to<00:20:01.600> find<00:20:01.760> out<00:20:01.919> more 20:02.150 --> 20:02.160 align:start position:0% If you do want to find out more 20:02.160 --> 20:03.669 align:start position:0% If you do want to find out more information<00:20:02.559> about<00:20:02.799> that,<00:20:03.120> again,<00:20:03.440> have<00:20:03.520> a 20:03.669 --> 20:03.679 align:start position:0% information about that, again, have a 20:03.679 --> 20:06.230 align:start position:0% information about that, again, have a look<00:20:03.760> at<00:20:03.840> the<00:20:04.000> other<00:20:04.160> Saturn<00:20:04.640> video. 20:06.230 --> 20:06.240 align:start position:0% look at the other Saturn video. 20:06.240 --> 20:07.669 align:start position:0% look at the other Saturn video. Finally,<00:20:06.720> let's<00:20:06.960> look<00:20:07.039> at<00:20:07.200> some<00:20:07.360> of<00:20:07.360> the<00:20:07.520> other 20:07.669 --> 20:07.679 align:start position:0% Finally, let's look at some of the other 20:07.679 --> 20:10.150 align:start position:0% Finally, let's look at some of the other planets<00:20:08.080> we<00:20:08.320> can<00:20:08.400> see<00:20:08.640> here.<00:20:09.200> Yes,<00:20:09.840> even 20:10.150 --> 20:10.160 align:start position:0% planets we can see here. Yes, even 20:10.160 --> 20:11.750 align:start position:0% planets we can see here. Yes, even though<00:20:10.320> they<00:20:10.559> are<00:20:10.720> millions<00:20:11.039> of<00:20:11.200> kilometers 20:11.750 --> 20:11.760 align:start position:0% though they are millions of kilometers 20:11.760 --> 20:14.230 align:start position:0% though they are millions of kilometers away,<00:20:12.400> we<00:20:12.720> can<00:20:12.799> still<00:20:13.039> see<00:20:13.360> some<00:20:13.679> of<00:20:13.760> the<00:20:13.919> inner 20:14.230 --> 20:14.240 align:start position:0% away, we can still see some of the inner 20:14.240 --> 20:16.870 align:start position:0% away, we can still see some of the inner solar<00:20:14.559> systems<00:20:15.039> planets. 20:16.870 --> 20:16.880 align:start position:0% solar systems planets. 20:16.880 --> 20:20.950 align:start position:0% solar systems planets. Mars<00:20:17.200> is<00:20:17.360> just<00:20:17.520> above<00:20:17.840> the<00:20:18.000> E-ring<00:20:18.559> here. 20:20.950 --> 20:20.960 align:start position:0% Mars is just above the E-ring here. 20:20.960 --> 20:23.029 align:start position:0% Mars is just above the E-ring here. Next<00:20:21.200> is<00:20:21.520> Venus,<00:20:22.000> situated<00:20:22.559> between<00:20:22.799> the 20:23.029 --> 20:23.039 align:start position:0% Next is Venus, situated between the 20:23.039 --> 20:26.150 align:start position:0% Next is Venus, situated between the Palenni<00:20:23.520> and<00:20:23.760> G<00:20:24.000> ring. 20:26.150 --> 20:26.160 align:start position:0% Palenni and G ring. 20:26.160 --> 20:29.190 align:start position:0% Palenni and G ring. And<00:20:26.400> finally,<00:20:27.440> here<00:20:27.600> we<00:20:27.840> are<00:20:28.159> on<00:20:28.400> Earth.<00:20:28.960> These 20:29.190 --> 20:29.200 align:start position:0% And finally, here we are on Earth. These 20:29.200 --> 20:32.149 align:start position:0% And finally, here we are on Earth. These bluish<00:20:29.760> few<00:20:30.000> pixels.<00:20:31.200> That<00:20:31.440> pixel<00:20:31.760> jutting 20:32.149 --> 20:32.159 align:start position:0% bluish few pixels. That pixel jutting 20:32.159 --> 20:33.990 align:start position:0% bluish few pixels. That pixel jutting off<00:20:32.400> the<00:20:32.559> side<00:20:32.720> of<00:20:32.880> Earth<00:20:33.280> is<00:20:33.520> actually<00:20:33.760> our 20:33.990 --> 20:34.000 align:start position:0% off the side of Earth is actually our 20:34.000 --> 20:38.149 align:start position:0% off the side of Earth is actually our neighbor,<00:20:34.400> the<00:20:34.559> moon. 20:38.149 --> 20:38.159 align:start position:0% 20:38.159 --> 20:41.350 align:start position:0% Uranus,<00:20:39.440> the<00:20:39.760> second<00:20:40.159> farthest<00:20:40.640> planet<00:20:41.039> from 20:41.350 --> 20:41.360 align:start position:0% Uranus, the second farthest planet from 20:41.360 --> 20:44.549 align:start position:0% Uranus, the second farthest planet from the<00:20:41.520> sun<00:20:42.400> and<00:20:42.720> the<00:20:43.039> long-suffering<00:20:43.919> butt<00:20:44.240> of 20:44.549 --> 20:44.559 align:start position:0% the sun and the long-suffering butt of 20:44.559 --> 20:47.029 align:start position:0% the sun and the long-suffering butt of the<00:20:44.720> joke.<00:20:45.360> Yes,<00:20:45.840> let's<00:20:46.159> get<00:20:46.320> that<00:20:46.640> out<00:20:46.799> the 20:47.029 --> 20:47.039 align:start position:0% the joke. Yes, let's get that out the 20:47.039 --> 20:51.270 align:start position:0% the joke. Yes, let's get that out the way.<00:20:48.080> This<00:20:48.559> oftforgotten<00:20:49.520> orb<00:20:50.240> rarely<00:20:50.720> lorded 20:51.270 --> 20:51.280 align:start position:0% way. This oftforgotten orb rarely lorded 20:51.280 --> 20:53.430 align:start position:0% way. This oftforgotten orb rarely lorded like<00:20:51.440> its<00:20:51.760> larger<00:20:52.159> cousins<00:20:52.799> Saturn<00:20:53.200> and 20:53.430 --> 20:53.440 align:start position:0% like its larger cousins Saturn and 20:53.440 --> 20:56.230 align:start position:0% like its larger cousins Saturn and Jupiter<00:20:54.400> rolls<00:20:54.880> around<00:20:55.200> the<00:20:55.440> solar<00:20:55.760> system<00:20:56.000> on 20:56.230 --> 20:56.240 align:start position:0% Jupiter rolls around the solar system on 20:56.240 --> 20:59.510 align:start position:0% Jupiter rolls around the solar system on its<00:20:56.480> side.<00:20:57.440> It<00:20:57.679> has<00:20:57.840> only<00:20:58.080> been<00:20:58.240> visited<00:20:58.640> once 20:59.510 --> 20:59.520 align:start position:0% its side. It has only been visited once 20:59.520 --> 21:02.310 align:start position:0% its side. It has only been visited once and<00:20:59.840> even<00:21:00.240> that<00:21:00.559> was<00:21:00.799> fleeting.<00:21:01.679> The<00:21:01.840> Voyager 21:02.310 --> 21:02.320 align:start position:0% and even that was fleeting. The Voyager 21:02.320 --> 21:05.270 align:start position:0% and even that was fleeting. The Voyager 2<00:21:02.559> spacecraft<00:21:03.440> sped<00:21:03.919> past<00:21:04.240> on<00:21:04.480> the<00:21:04.640> 24th<00:21:05.120> of 21:05.270 --> 21:05.280 align:start position:0% 2 spacecraft sped past on the 24th of 21:05.280 --> 21:08.710 align:start position:0% 2 spacecraft sped past on the 24th of January<00:21:05.840> 1986<00:21:06.960> with<00:21:07.200> just<00:21:07.440> a<00:21:07.679> few<00:21:08.080> hours<00:21:08.400> of 21:08.710 --> 21:08.720 align:start position:0% January 1986 with just a few hours of 21:08.720 --> 21:10.950 align:start position:0% January 1986 with just a few hours of uplose<00:21:09.360> observations. 21:10.950 --> 21:10.960 align:start position:0% uplose observations. 21:10.960 --> 21:13.830 align:start position:0% uplose observations. For<00:21:11.200> the<00:21:11.360> last<00:21:11.840> 40<00:21:12.320> years,<00:21:13.120> this<00:21:13.280> has<00:21:13.520> been<00:21:13.679> the 21:13.830 --> 21:13.840 align:start position:0% For the last 40 years, this has been the 21:13.840 --> 21:16.870 align:start position:0% For the last 40 years, this has been the foundation<00:21:14.480> of<00:21:14.720> what<00:21:14.960> we<00:21:15.200> know.<00:21:16.240> No<00:21:16.559> other 21:16.870 --> 21:16.880 align:start position:0% foundation of what we know. No other 21:16.880 --> 21:20.710 align:start position:0% foundation of what we know. No other spacecraft<00:21:17.840> have<00:21:18.240> even<00:21:18.720> been<00:21:19.120> close. 21:20.710 --> 21:20.720 align:start position:0% spacecraft have even been close. 21:20.720 --> 21:22.789 align:start position:0% spacecraft have even been close. But<00:21:20.880> that<00:21:21.200> doesn't<00:21:21.440> mean<00:21:21.840> new<00:21:22.159> discoveries 21:22.789 --> 21:22.799 align:start position:0% But that doesn't mean new discoveries 21:22.799 --> 21:25.590 align:start position:0% But that doesn't mean new discoveries have<00:21:23.039> stopped.<00:21:24.080> Technological<00:21:24.880> advances<00:21:25.360> in 21:25.590 --> 21:25.600 align:start position:0% have stopped. Technological advances in 21:25.600 --> 21:29.029 align:start position:0% have stopped. Technological advances in telescopy<00:21:26.480> and<00:21:26.880> fresh<00:21:27.280> takes<00:21:27.760> on<00:21:28.159> old<00:21:28.559> Voyager 21:29.029 --> 21:29.039 align:start position:0% telescopy and fresh takes on old Voyager 21:29.039 --> 21:32.230 align:start position:0% telescopy and fresh takes on old Voyager 2<00:21:29.280> data<00:21:30.080> have<00:21:30.320> revealed<00:21:30.364> [music]<00:21:30.799> a<00:21:31.200> raft<00:21:31.919> of 21:32.230 --> 21:32.240 align:start position:0% 2 data have revealed [music] a raft of 21:32.240 --> 21:35.029 align:start position:0% 2 data have revealed [music] a raft of remarkable<00:21:32.880> new<00:21:33.200> insights,<00:21:34.159> some<00:21:34.320> of<00:21:34.480> which 21:35.029 --> 21:35.039 align:start position:0% remarkable new insights, some of which 21:35.039 --> 21:38.310 align:start position:0% remarkable new insights, some of which might<00:21:35.520> rewrite<00:21:36.000> the<00:21:36.240> textbooks.<00:21:37.600> And<00:21:37.840> just<00:21:38.080> in 21:38.310 --> 21:38.320 align:start position:0% might rewrite the textbooks. And just in 21:38.320 --> 21:41.430 align:start position:0% might rewrite the textbooks. And just in time,<00:21:39.039> there's<00:21:39.360> a<00:21:39.760> perfectly<00:21:40.400> aligned<00:21:41.039> launch 21:41.430 --> 21:41.440 align:start position:0% time, there's a perfectly aligned launch 21:41.440 --> 21:45.750 align:start position:0% time, there's a perfectly aligned launch window<00:21:41.919> opening<00:21:42.720> in<00:21:42.960> as<00:21:43.200> little<00:21:43.520> as<00:21:43.840> 5<00:21:44.240> years. 21:45.750 --> 21:45.760 align:start position:0% window opening in as little as 5 years. 21:45.760 --> 21:47.830 align:start position:0% window opening in as little as 5 years. Whether<00:21:46.080> or<00:21:46.320> not<00:21:46.559> we'll<00:21:46.960> make<00:21:47.120> a<00:21:47.280> trip<00:21:47.520> back<00:21:47.679> to 21:47.830 --> 21:47.840 align:start position:0% Whether or not we'll make a trip back to 21:47.840 --> 21:50.470 align:start position:0% Whether or not we'll make a trip back to the<00:21:48.000> planet<00:21:48.240> is<00:21:48.480> yet<00:21:48.640> to<00:21:48.799> be<00:21:48.960> seen.<00:21:49.760> But<00:21:49.919> as<00:21:50.240> we 21:50.470 --> 21:50.480 align:start position:0% the planet is yet to be seen. But as we 21:50.480 --> 21:53.110 align:start position:0% the planet is yet to be seen. But as we approach<00:21:51.120> such<00:21:51.440> a<00:21:51.679> critical<00:21:52.240> decade<00:21:52.799> for 21:53.110 --> 21:53.120 align:start position:0% approach such a critical decade for 21:53.120 --> 21:56.149 align:start position:0% approach such a critical decade for revisiting<00:21:53.760> Uranus,<00:21:54.880> it's<00:21:55.200> time<00:21:55.520> to<00:21:55.760> get<00:21:56.000> back 21:56.149 --> 21:56.159 align:start position:0% revisiting Uranus, it's time to get back 21:56.159 --> 21:58.710 align:start position:0% revisiting Uranus, it's time to get back up<00:21:56.400> to<00:21:56.559> speed<00:21:56.880> with<00:21:57.120> this<00:21:57.440> forgotten<00:21:58.000> world 21:58.710 --> 21:58.720 align:start position:0% up to speed with this forgotten world 21:58.720 --> 22:02.549 align:start position:0% up to speed with this forgotten world and<00:21:59.039> unveil<00:21:59.760> the<00:22:00.080> latest<00:22:00.480> findings.<00:22:01.919> I'm<00:22:02.240> Alex 22:02.549 --> 22:02.559 align:start position:0% and unveil the latest findings. I'm Alex 22:02.559 --> 22:05.190 align:start position:0% and unveil the latest findings. I'm Alex Mccoan<00:22:03.280> and<00:22:03.520> you're<00:22:03.679> watching<00:22:03.919> Astramm.<00:22:04.880> Join 22:05.190 --> 22:05.200 align:start position:0% Mccoan and you're watching Astramm. Join 22:05.200 --> 22:07.750 align:start position:0% Mccoan and you're watching Astramm. Join me<00:22:05.440> as<00:22:05.679> we<00:22:06.000> reconnect<00:22:06.559> with<00:22:06.799> our<00:22:07.120> old<00:22:07.440> friend 22:07.750 --> 22:07.760 align:start position:0% me as we reconnect with our old friend 22:07.760 --> 22:11.350 align:start position:0% me as we reconnect with our old friend Uranus<00:22:08.559> to<00:22:08.880> explore<00:22:09.200> its<00:22:09.520> mysteries,<00:22:10.640> old<00:22:11.039> and 22:11.350 --> 22:11.360 align:start position:0% Uranus to explore its mysteries, old and 22:11.360 --> 22:12.630 align:start position:0% Uranus to explore its mysteries, old and new. 22:12.630 --> 22:12.640 align:start position:0% new. 22:12.640 --> 22:15.190 align:start position:0% new. We'll<00:22:12.880> delve<00:22:13.200> into<00:22:13.520> Voyager's<00:22:14.159> back<00:22:14.480> catalog 22:15.190 --> 22:15.200 align:start position:0% We'll delve into Voyager's back catalog 22:15.200 --> 22:17.990 align:start position:0% We'll delve into Voyager's back catalog and<00:22:15.440> show<00:22:15.600> that<00:22:15.919> sometimes<00:22:16.960> new<00:22:17.200> discoveries 22:17.990 --> 22:18.000 align:start position:0% and show that sometimes new discoveries 22:18.000 --> 22:20.710 align:start position:0% and show that sometimes new discoveries don't<00:22:18.480> need<00:22:18.799> new<00:22:19.120> data. 22:20.710 --> 22:20.720 align:start position:0% don't need new data. 22:20.720 --> 22:22.789 align:start position:0% don't need new data. Uranus<00:22:21.280> is<00:22:21.440> the<00:22:21.679> seventh<00:22:22.080> planet<00:22:22.400> from<00:22:22.640> the 22:22.789 --> 22:22.799 align:start position:0% Uranus is the seventh planet from the 22:22.799 --> 22:24.870 align:start position:0% Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun.<00:22:23.360> And<00:22:23.520> since<00:22:23.840> its<00:22:24.080> discovery<00:22:24.559> from 22:24.870 --> 22:24.880 align:start position:0% sun. And since its discovery from 22:24.880 --> 22:28.310 align:start position:0% sun. And since its discovery from William<00:22:25.200> Hershel's<00:22:25.760> back<00:22:25.919> garden<00:22:26.320> in<00:22:26.720> 1781, 22:28.310 --> 22:28.320 align:start position:0% William Hershel's back garden in 1781, 22:28.320 --> 22:32.630 align:start position:0% William Hershel's back garden in 1781, only<00:22:28.880> 2.9<00:22:30.000> uranian<00:22:30.480> years<00:22:30.799> have<00:22:31.039> passed.<00:22:32.240> Each 22:32.630 --> 22:32.640 align:start position:0% only 2.9 uranian years have passed. Each 22:32.640 --> 22:35.590 align:start position:0% only 2.9 uranian years have passed. Each lasting<00:22:33.200> 84<00:22:33.760> Earth<00:22:34.080> years,<00:22:34.720> the<00:22:34.960> next<00:22:35.360> new 22:35.590 --> 22:35.600 align:start position:0% lasting 84 Earth years, the next new 22:35.600 --> 22:39.590 align:start position:0% lasting 84 Earth years, the next new year<00:22:36.159> is<00:22:36.480> approaching<00:22:37.039> in<00:22:37.440> 2033. 22:39.590 --> 22:39.600 align:start position:0% year is approaching in 2033. 22:39.600 --> 22:41.909 align:start position:0% year is approaching in 2033. This<00:22:39.919> strange<00:22:40.400> world<00:22:40.640> is<00:22:40.880> perhaps<00:22:41.280> best<00:22:41.600> known 22:41.909 --> 22:41.919 align:start position:0% This strange world is perhaps best known 22:41.919 --> 22:45.350 align:start position:0% This strange world is perhaps best known for<00:22:42.159> its<00:22:42.400> near<00:22:42.880> horizontal<00:22:43.600> tilt.<00:22:44.720> Its<00:22:45.039> spin 22:45.350 --> 22:45.360 align:start position:0% for its near horizontal tilt. Its spin 22:45.360 --> 22:49.190 align:start position:0% for its near horizontal tilt. Its spin axis<00:22:45.840> is<00:22:46.080> angled<00:22:46.559> at<00:22:46.960> 97.77° 22:49.190 --> 22:49.200 align:start position:0% axis is angled at 97.77° 22:49.200 --> 22:51.990 align:start position:0% axis is angled at 97.77° to<00:22:49.440> its<00:22:49.679> orbital<00:22:50.159> plane.<00:22:50.960> So,<00:22:51.200> it<00:22:51.520> essentially 22:51.990 --> 22:52.000 align:start position:0% to its orbital plane. So, it essentially 22:52.000 --> 22:54.870 align:start position:0% to its orbital plane. So, it essentially rolls<00:22:52.480> its<00:22:52.799> way<00:22:53.039> around<00:22:53.360> the<00:22:53.600> sun.<00:22:54.480> To<00:22:54.720> put 22:54.870 --> 22:54.880 align:start position:0% rolls its way around the sun. To put 22:54.880 --> 22:59.510 align:start position:0% rolls its way around the sun. To put that<00:22:55.039> in<00:22:55.360> context,<00:22:56.320> Neptune's<00:22:56.880> axis<00:22:57.440> at<00:22:58.000> 28° 22:59.510 --> 22:59.520 align:start position:0% that in context, Neptune's axis at 28° 22:59.520 --> 23:02.870 align:start position:0% that in context, Neptune's axis at 28° is<00:22:59.840> the<00:23:00.159> next<00:23:00.559> highest.<00:23:01.919> This<00:23:02.080> gives<00:23:02.320> Uranus 23:02.870 --> 23:02.880 align:start position:0% is the next highest. This gives Uranus 23:02.880 --> 23:05.510 align:start position:0% is the next highest. This gives Uranus the<00:23:03.120> most<00:23:03.440> extreme<00:23:04.159> seasons<00:23:04.640> in<00:23:04.960> the<00:23:05.120> solar 23:05.510 --> 23:05.520 align:start position:0% the most extreme seasons in the solar 23:05.520 --> 23:07.669 align:start position:0% the most extreme seasons in the solar system.<00:23:06.159> Each<00:23:06.480> pole<00:23:06.880> faces<00:23:07.200> the<00:23:07.360> sun 23:07.669 --> 23:07.679 align:start position:0% system. Each pole faces the sun 23:07.679 --> 23:11.430 align:start position:0% system. Each pole faces the sun continuously<00:23:08.400> for<00:23:08.799> 42<00:23:09.520> years<00:23:09.840> of<00:23:10.320> polar<00:23:10.720> day 23:11.430 --> 23:11.440 align:start position:0% continuously for 42 years of polar day 23:11.440 --> 23:15.190 align:start position:0% continuously for 42 years of polar day followed<00:23:11.840> by<00:23:12.240> 42<00:23:12.880> years<00:23:13.280> of<00:23:13.679> polar<00:23:14.080> night. 23:15.190 --> 23:15.200 align:start position:0% followed by 42 years of polar night. 23:15.200 --> 23:17.590 align:start position:0% followed by 42 years of polar night. This<00:23:15.440> was<00:23:16.080> pretty<00:23:16.480> much<00:23:16.720> all<00:23:16.960> we<00:23:17.200> knew<00:23:17.360> about 23:17.590 --> 23:17.600 align:start position:0% This was pretty much all we knew about 23:17.600 --> 23:21.270 align:start position:0% This was pretty much all we knew about Uranus<00:23:18.320> as<00:23:18.720> 1985<00:23:19.679> came<00:23:19.919> to<00:23:20.080> a<00:23:20.240> close.<00:23:21.039> We 23:21.270 --> 23:21.280 align:start position:0% Uranus as 1985 came to a close. We 23:21.280 --> 23:23.750 align:start position:0% Uranus as 1985 came to a close. We guessed<00:23:21.600> it<00:23:21.919> might<00:23:22.159> be<00:23:22.320> an<00:23:22.480> ice<00:23:22.799> giant<00:23:23.360> and 23:23.750 --> 23:23.760 align:start position:0% guessed it might be an ice giant and 23:23.760 --> 23:26.230 align:start position:0% guessed it might be an ice giant and were<00:23:24.080> aware<00:23:24.480> of<00:23:24.880> five<00:23:25.200> moons<00:23:25.679> and<00:23:25.760> a<00:23:25.919> ring 23:26.230 --> 23:26.240 align:start position:0% were aware of five moons and a ring 23:26.240 --> 23:29.190 align:start position:0% were aware of five moons and a ring system,<00:23:26.960> but<00:23:27.280> essentially<00:23:28.159> this<00:23:28.400> planet<00:23:28.960> was 23:29.190 --> 23:29.200 align:start position:0% system, but essentially this planet was 23:29.200 --> 23:31.029 align:start position:0% system, but essentially this planet was a<00:23:29.440> mystery. 23:31.029 --> 23:31.039 align:start position:0% a mystery. 23:31.039 --> 23:33.830 align:start position:0% a mystery. Then<00:23:31.919> in<00:23:32.240> 1986, 23:33.830 --> 23:33.840 align:start position:0% Then in 1986, 23:33.840 --> 23:36.950 align:start position:0% Then in 1986, Voyager<00:23:34.400> 2<00:23:34.640> arrived,<00:23:35.600> flying<00:23:36.080> past<00:23:36.480> on<00:23:36.720> its 23:36.950 --> 23:36.960 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 arrived, flying past on its 23:36.960 --> 23:40.070 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 arrived, flying past on its way<00:23:37.360> out<00:23:37.679> of<00:23:37.840> the<00:23:38.000> solar<00:23:38.320> system.<00:23:39.440> Almost 23:40.070 --> 23:40.080 align:start position:0% way out of the solar system. Almost 23:40.080 --> 23:42.549 align:start position:0% way out of the solar system. Almost instantly,<00:23:41.200> numerous<00:23:41.760> discoveries<00:23:42.320> were 23:42.549 --> 23:42.559 align:start position:0% instantly, numerous discoveries were 23:42.559 --> 23:44.230 align:start position:0% instantly, numerous discoveries were made. 23:44.230 --> 23:44.240 align:start position:0% made. 23:44.240 --> 23:46.470 align:start position:0% made. This<00:23:44.559> enigmatic<00:23:45.280> planet<00:23:45.600> was<00:23:45.840> revealed<00:23:46.159> to<00:23:46.320> be 23:46.470 --> 23:46.480 align:start position:0% This enigmatic planet was revealed to be 23:46.480 --> 23:49.110 align:start position:0% This enigmatic planet was revealed to be even<00:23:46.799> colder<00:23:47.200> than<00:23:47.520> expected,<00:23:48.480> challenging 23:49.110 --> 23:49.120 align:start position:0% even colder than expected, challenging 23:49.120 --> 23:51.590 align:start position:0% even colder than expected, challenging our<00:23:49.520> fundamental<00:23:50.080> ideas<00:23:50.559> of<00:23:50.799> how<00:23:51.200> planets 23:51.590 --> 23:51.600 align:start position:0% our fundamental ideas of how planets 23:51.600 --> 23:56.630 align:start position:0% our fundamental ideas of how planets form<00:23:52.000> and<00:23:52.240> evolve.<00:23:53.360> At<00:23:53.679> minus224° 23:56.630 --> 23:56.640 align:start position:0% form and evolve. At minus224° 23:56.640 --> 23:59.990 align:start position:0% form and evolve. At minus224° C,<00:23:57.600> Uranus's<00:23:58.240> atmosphere<00:23:58.799> holds<00:23:59.200> the<00:23:59.440> record 23:59.990 --> 24:00.000 align:start position:0% C, Uranus's atmosphere holds the record 24:00.000 --> 24:02.470 align:start position:0% C, Uranus's atmosphere holds the record for<00:24:00.320> the<00:24:00.559> coldest<00:24:01.039> temperature<00:24:01.679> on<00:24:02.080> any 24:02.470 --> 24:02.480 align:start position:0% for the coldest temperature on any 24:02.480 --> 24:05.750 align:start position:0% for the coldest temperature on any planet<00:24:02.960> in<00:24:03.200> the<00:24:03.360> solar<00:24:03.600> system.<00:24:04.880> Voyager<00:24:05.440> 2 24:05.750 --> 24:05.760 align:start position:0% planet in the solar system. Voyager 2 24:05.760 --> 24:08.070 align:start position:0% planet in the solar system. Voyager 2 also<00:24:06.080> found<00:24:06.320> a<00:24:06.559> magnetic<00:24:06.960> field<00:24:07.280> tilted<00:24:07.760> in<00:24:07.919> a 24:08.070 --> 24:08.080 align:start position:0% also found a magnetic field tilted in a 24:08.080 --> 24:11.510 align:start position:0% also found a magnetic field tilted in a way<00:24:08.240> we<00:24:08.480> had<00:24:08.799> never<00:24:09.039> seen<00:24:09.360> before.<00:24:10.640> 11<00:24:11.200> new 24:11.510 --> 24:11.520 align:start position:0% way we had never seen before. 11 new 24:11.520 --> 24:15.350 align:start position:0% way we had never seen before. 11 new moons<00:24:12.480> and<00:24:12.880> two<00:24:13.200> new<00:24:13.520> rings.<00:24:14.559> Its<00:24:14.960> iconic 24:15.350 --> 24:15.360 align:start position:0% moons and two new rings. Its iconic 24:15.360 --> 24:19.269 align:start position:0% moons and two new rings. Its iconic imagery<00:24:15.919> showed<00:24:16.320> a<00:24:16.559> calm<00:24:17.279> and<00:24:17.760> eerie<00:24:18.720> blue 24:19.269 --> 24:19.279 align:start position:0% imagery showed a calm and eerie blue 24:19.279 --> 24:21.350 align:start position:0% imagery showed a calm and eerie blue green<00:24:19.760> world. 24:21.350 --> 24:21.360 align:start position:0% green world. 24:21.360 --> 24:23.350 align:start position:0% green world. But<00:24:21.600> recent<00:24:22.000> observations<00:24:22.559> and<00:24:22.880> research 24:23.350 --> 24:23.360 align:start position:0% But recent observations and research 24:23.360 --> 24:26.390 align:start position:0% But recent observations and research have<00:24:23.679> built<00:24:24.000> on<00:24:24.240> this<00:24:24.480> picture,<00:24:25.279> refining<00:24:26.159> and 24:26.390 --> 24:26.400 align:start position:0% have built on this picture, refining and 24:26.400 --> 24:29.110 align:start position:0% have built on this picture, refining and in<00:24:26.559> some<00:24:26.799> cases<00:24:27.600> redefining<00:24:28.720> our 24:29.110 --> 24:29.120 align:start position:0% in some cases redefining our 24:29.120 --> 24:32.230 align:start position:0% in some cases redefining our understanding<00:24:29.760> of<00:24:30.080> this<00:24:30.400> sideways<00:24:31.120> planet. 24:32.230 --> 24:32.240 align:start position:0% understanding of this sideways planet. 24:32.240 --> 24:34.149 align:start position:0% understanding of this sideways planet. What's<00:24:32.480> more,<00:24:33.039> returning<00:24:33.440> to<00:24:33.520> Uranus<00:24:34.000> has 24:34.149 --> 24:34.159 align:start position:0% What's more, returning to Uranus has 24:34.159 --> 24:36.310 align:start position:0% What's more, returning to Uranus has been<00:24:34.320> marked<00:24:34.640> as<00:24:34.799> the<00:24:35.120> highest<00:24:35.520> priority<00:24:36.080> in 24:36.310 --> 24:36.320 align:start position:0% been marked as the highest priority in 24:36.320 --> 24:38.870 align:start position:0% been marked as the highest priority in NASA's<00:24:36.799> planetary<00:24:37.279> science<00:24:37.679> program<00:24:38.159> for<00:24:38.640> the 24:38.870 --> 24:38.880 align:start position:0% NASA's planetary science program for the 24:38.880 --> 24:42.470 align:start position:0% NASA's planetary science program for the next<00:24:39.200> decade.<00:24:40.400> With<00:24:40.720> this<00:24:41.039> renewed<00:24:41.600> interest, 24:42.470 --> 24:42.480 align:start position:0% next decade. With this renewed interest, 24:42.480 --> 24:44.710 align:start position:0% next decade. With this renewed interest, let's<00:24:42.880> dive<00:24:43.279> into<00:24:43.600> some<00:24:44.000> of<00:24:44.159> the<00:24:44.320> most 24:44.710 --> 24:44.720 align:start position:0% let's dive into some of the most 24:44.720 --> 24:48.710 align:start position:0% let's dive into some of the most remarkable<00:24:45.520> findings<00:24:46.080> of<00:24:46.400> recent<00:24:46.799> years. 24:48.710 --> 24:48.720 align:start position:0% remarkable findings of recent years. 24:48.720 --> 24:51.190 align:start position:0% remarkable findings of recent years. Uranus<00:24:49.279> is<00:24:49.679> four<00:24:50.000> times<00:24:50.320> wider<00:24:50.640> than<00:24:50.880> Earth 24:51.190 --> 24:51.200 align:start position:0% Uranus is four times wider than Earth 24:51.200 --> 24:54.710 align:start position:0% Uranus is four times wider than Earth with<00:24:51.440> a<00:24:51.679> diameter<00:24:52.159> of<00:24:52.480> 51,118 24:54.710 --> 24:54.720 align:start position:0% with a diameter of 51,118 24:54.720 --> 24:58.549 align:start position:0% with a diameter of 51,118 km<00:24:55.600> and<00:24:55.840> a<00:24:56.080> mass<00:24:56.400> that's<00:24:56.880> 14.5<00:24:57.840> times<00:24:58.240> greater 24:58.549 --> 24:58.559 align:start position:0% km and a mass that's 14.5 times greater 24:58.559 --> 25:01.190 align:start position:0% km and a mass that's 14.5 times greater than<00:24:58.720> our<00:24:59.039> planet.<00:25:00.000> These<00:25:00.320> parameters<00:25:00.799> can<00:25:01.039> be 25:01.190 --> 25:01.200 align:start position:0% than our planet. These parameters can be 25:01.200 --> 25:03.750 align:start position:0% than our planet. These parameters can be used<00:25:01.360> to<00:25:01.600> calculate<00:25:02.000> its<00:25:02.320> gravity,<00:25:03.200> which<00:25:03.520> for 25:03.750 --> 25:03.760 align:start position:0% used to calculate its gravity, which for 25:03.760 --> 25:07.990 align:start position:0% used to calculate its gravity, which for Uranus<00:25:04.320> is<00:25:04.480> a<00:25:04.720> comfortable<00:25:05.360> 8.7<00:25:06.320> m/s<00:25:07.120> squared, 25:07.990 --> 25:08.000 align:start position:0% Uranus is a comfortable 8.7 m/s squared, 25:08.000 --> 25:10.630 align:start position:0% Uranus is a comfortable 8.7 m/s squared, about<00:25:08.400> 89%<00:25:09.120> of<00:25:09.279> the<00:25:09.440> gravity<00:25:09.919> we<00:25:10.240> experience 25:10.630 --> 25:10.640 align:start position:0% about 89% of the gravity we experience 25:10.640 --> 25:13.830 align:start position:0% about 89% of the gravity we experience on<00:25:10.880> Earth.<00:25:11.919> Grouped<00:25:12.240> with<00:25:12.480> Neptune<00:25:13.039> as<00:25:13.279> an<00:25:13.520> ice 25:13.830 --> 25:13.840 align:start position:0% on Earth. Grouped with Neptune as an ice 25:13.840 --> 25:16.390 align:start position:0% on Earth. Grouped with Neptune as an ice giant,<00:25:14.640> Uranus<00:25:15.200> is<00:25:15.360> believed<00:25:15.679> to<00:25:15.919> have<00:25:16.080> a 25:16.390 --> 25:16.400 align:start position:0% giant, Uranus is believed to have a 25:16.400 --> 25:19.510 align:start position:0% giant, Uranus is believed to have a rocky<00:25:16.880> silica<00:25:17.440> core,<00:25:18.240> likely<00:25:18.799> much<00:25:19.120> smaller 25:19.510 --> 25:19.520 align:start position:0% rocky silica core, likely much smaller 25:19.520 --> 25:21.510 align:start position:0% rocky silica core, likely much smaller than<00:25:19.760> Earth's,<00:25:20.272> [music]<00:25:20.559> surrounded<00:25:21.039> by<00:25:21.279> a 25:21.510 --> 25:21.520 align:start position:0% than Earth's, [music] surrounded by a 25:21.520 --> 25:24.470 align:start position:0% than Earth's, [music] surrounded by a deep<00:25:21.840> mantle<00:25:22.320> of<00:25:22.559> water,<00:25:23.360> ammonia,<00:25:24.159> and 25:24.470 --> 25:24.480 align:start position:0% deep mantle of water, ammonia, and 25:24.480 --> 25:27.830 align:start position:0% deep mantle of water, ammonia, and methane<00:25:25.200> ices.<00:25:26.159> A<00:25:26.320> misleading<00:25:26.960> term<00:25:27.520> since 25:27.830 --> 25:27.840 align:start position:0% methane ices. A misleading term since 25:27.840 --> 25:29.669 align:start position:0% methane ices. A misleading term since its<00:25:28.080> inner<00:25:28.480> temperatures<00:25:29.039> can<00:25:29.200> soar<00:25:29.520> to 25:29.669 --> 25:29.679 align:start position:0% its inner temperatures can soar to 25:29.679 --> 25:34.149 align:start position:0% its inner temperatures can soar to nearly<00:25:30.159> 5,000°<00:25:31.360> C.<00:25:32.559> It's<00:25:32.799> much<00:25:33.120> more<00:25:33.600> like<00:25:33.840> a 25:34.149 --> 25:34.159 align:start position:0% nearly 5,000° C. It's much more like a 25:34.159 --> 25:36.390 align:start position:0% nearly 5,000° C. It's much more like a fluid<00:25:34.559> ocean<00:25:34.960> than<00:25:35.279> ice,<00:25:35.600> as<00:25:35.840> we<00:25:36.000> might<00:25:36.240> think 25:36.390 --> 25:36.400 align:start position:0% fluid ocean than ice, as we might think 25:36.400 --> 25:37.990 align:start position:0% fluid ocean than ice, as we might think of<00:25:36.559> it. 25:37.990 --> 25:38.000 align:start position:0% of it. 25:38.000 --> 25:40.070 align:start position:0% of it. This<00:25:38.320> extreme<00:25:38.880> heat<00:25:39.279> and<00:25:39.520> the<00:25:39.679> immense 25:40.070 --> 25:40.080 align:start position:0% This extreme heat and the immense 25:40.080 --> 25:42.470 align:start position:0% This extreme heat and the immense pressure<00:25:40.400> at<00:25:40.640> the<00:25:40.799> base<00:25:40.960> of<00:25:41.039> the<00:25:41.200> mantle<00:25:41.919> up<00:25:42.159> to 25:42.470 --> 25:42.480 align:start position:0% pressure at the base of the mantle up to 25:42.480 --> 25:45.669 align:start position:0% pressure at the base of the mantle up to 600<00:25:43.200> gap<00:25:43.600> pascals<00:25:44.559> can<00:25:44.799> break<00:25:45.120> down<00:25:45.360> the 25:45.669 --> 25:45.679 align:start position:0% 600 gap pascals can break down the 25:45.679 --> 25:48.230 align:start position:0% 600 gap pascals can break down the abundant<00:25:46.240> methane<00:25:46.720> molecules<00:25:47.520> and<00:25:47.840> compress 25:48.230 --> 25:48.240 align:start position:0% abundant methane molecules and compress 25:48.240 --> 25:50.390 align:start position:0% abundant methane molecules and compress the<00:25:48.480> resulting<00:25:48.960> carbon<00:25:49.279> atoms<00:25:49.760> to<00:25:50.000> form 25:50.390 --> 25:50.400 align:start position:0% the resulting carbon atoms to form 25:50.400 --> 25:54.710 align:start position:0% the resulting carbon atoms to form diamonds.<00:25:51.840> A<00:25:52.080> captivating<00:25:52.720> picture,<00:25:53.840> but<00:25:54.480> is 25:54.710 --> 25:54.720 align:start position:0% diamonds. A captivating picture, but is 25:54.720 --> 25:58.149 align:start position:0% diamonds. A captivating picture, but is it<00:25:54.960> right?<00:25:56.159> Voyager<00:25:56.640> 2<00:25:56.880> data<00:25:57.360> initially<00:25:57.919> said 25:58.149 --> 25:58.159 align:start position:0% it right? Voyager 2 data initially said 25:58.159 --> 26:00.789 align:start position:0% it right? Voyager 2 data initially said so,<00:25:58.799> but<00:25:59.200> new<00:25:59.440> modeling<00:26:00.000> published<00:26:00.480> in<00:26:00.640> the 26:00.789 --> 26:00.799 align:start position:0% so, but new modeling published in the 26:00.799 --> 26:03.190 align:start position:0% so, but new modeling published in the journal<00:26:01.200> Astronomy<00:26:01.760> and<00:26:02.000> Astrophysics<00:26:02.799> in 26:03.190 --> 26:03.200 align:start position:0% journal Astronomy and Astrophysics in 26:03.200 --> 26:06.789 align:start position:0% journal Astronomy and Astrophysics in 2025<00:26:04.559> suggests<00:26:05.039> that<00:26:05.440> it's<00:26:05.760> perhaps<00:26:06.400> not 26:06.789 --> 26:06.799 align:start position:0% 2025 suggests that it's perhaps not 26:06.799 --> 26:10.230 align:start position:0% 2025 suggests that it's perhaps not quite<00:26:07.120> the<00:26:07.360> whole<00:26:07.679> story.<00:26:08.960> The<00:26:09.200> researchers 26:10.230 --> 26:10.240 align:start position:0% quite the whole story. The researchers 26:10.240 --> 26:12.870 align:start position:0% quite the whole story. The researchers Luca<00:26:10.640> Morph<00:26:11.279> and<00:26:11.600> Ravit<00:26:12.080> Helled<00:26:12.559> of<00:26:12.720> the 26:12.870 --> 26:12.880 align:start position:0% Luca Morph and Ravit Helled of the 26:12.880 --> 26:15.750 align:start position:0% Luca Morph and Ravit Helled of the University<00:26:13.279> of<00:26:13.520> Zurich<00:26:14.400> took<00:26:14.720> an<00:26:15.039> agnostic 26:15.750 --> 26:15.760 align:start position:0% University of Zurich took an agnostic 26:15.760 --> 26:18.710 align:start position:0% University of Zurich took an agnostic approach,<00:26:16.880> generating<00:26:17.679> random<00:26:18.159> models<00:26:18.559> of 26:18.710 --> 26:18.720 align:start position:0% approach, generating random models of 26:18.720 --> 26:20.789 align:start position:0% approach, generating random models of the<00:26:18.960> interior<00:26:19.600> contents<00:26:20.000> of<00:26:20.159> Uranus<00:26:20.533> [music] 26:20.789 --> 26:20.799 align:start position:0% the interior contents of Uranus [music] 26:20.799 --> 26:23.510 align:start position:0% the interior contents of Uranus [music] and<00:26:21.039> its<00:26:21.360> ice<00:26:21.679> giant<00:26:22.000> neighbor<00:26:22.400> Neptune. 26:23.510 --> 26:23.520 align:start position:0% and its ice giant neighbor Neptune. 26:23.520 --> 26:24.950 align:start position:0% and its ice giant neighbor Neptune. These<00:26:23.919> were<00:26:24.080> then<00:26:24.400> compared<00:26:24.799> to 26:24.950 --> 26:24.960 align:start position:0% These were then compared to 26:24.960 --> 26:27.350 align:start position:0% These were then compared to observational<00:26:25.679> data<00:26:26.240> and<00:26:26.559> narrowed<00:26:27.039> down 26:27.350 --> 26:27.360 align:start position:0% observational data and narrowed down 26:27.360 --> 26:31.510 align:start position:0% observational data and narrowed down accordingly<00:26:28.559> with<00:26:29.200> one<00:26:29.520> major<00:26:29.919> surprise. 26:31.510 --> 26:31.520 align:start position:0% accordingly with one major surprise. 26:31.520 --> 26:33.269 align:start position:0% accordingly with one major surprise. The<00:26:31.760> results<00:26:32.159> showed<00:26:32.400> that<00:26:32.640> the<00:26:32.799> possible 26:33.269 --> 26:33.279 align:start position:0% The results showed that the possible 26:33.279 --> 26:35.750 align:start position:0% The results showed that the possible composition<00:26:33.760> of<00:26:33.919> Uranus<00:26:34.480> is<00:26:34.960> much<00:26:35.360> more 26:35.750 --> 26:35.760 align:start position:0% composition of Uranus is much more 26:35.760 --> 26:38.230 align:start position:0% composition of Uranus is much more varied<00:26:36.240> and<00:26:36.559> complex<00:26:37.360> than<00:26:37.679> previously 26:38.230 --> 26:38.240 align:start position:0% varied and complex than previously 26:38.240 --> 26:41.269 align:start position:0% varied and complex than previously assumed.<00:26:39.440> For<00:26:39.520> example,<00:26:40.240> the<00:26:40.480> rock<00:26:40.720> to<00:26:40.960> water 26:41.269 --> 26:41.279 align:start position:0% assumed. For example, the rock to water 26:41.279 --> 26:45.029 align:start position:0% assumed. For example, the rock to water ratio<00:26:41.840> could<00:26:42.159> be<00:26:42.400> as<00:26:42.640> low<00:26:42.960> as<00:26:43.279> 0.04,<00:26:43.919> 04, 26:45.029 --> 26:45.039 align:start position:0% ratio could be as low as 0.04, 04, 26:45.039 --> 26:48.310 align:start position:0% ratio could be as low as 0.04, 04, making<00:26:45.360> the<00:26:45.600> planet<00:26:46.080> almost<00:26:46.559> entirely<00:26:47.360> water 26:48.310 --> 26:48.320 align:start position:0% making the planet almost entirely water 26:48.320 --> 26:51.669 align:start position:0% making the planet almost entirely water or<00:26:48.640> as<00:26:48.880> high<00:26:49.120> as<00:26:49.840> 3.92, 26:51.669 --> 26:51.679 align:start position:0% or as high as 3.92, 26:51.679 --> 26:54.549 align:start position:0% or as high as 3.92, making<00:26:52.000> it<00:26:52.159> the<00:26:52.480> complete<00:26:52.960> opposite,<00:26:53.919> namely 26:54.549 --> 26:54.559 align:start position:0% making it the complete opposite, namely 26:54.559 --> 26:57.510 align:start position:0% making it the complete opposite, namely predominantly<00:26:55.440> rock.<00:26:56.640> This<00:26:56.960> means<00:26:57.279> that 26:57.510 --> 26:57.520 align:start position:0% predominantly rock. This means that 26:57.520 --> 26:59.430 align:start position:0% predominantly rock. This means that Uranus<00:26:57.919> and<00:26:58.080> Neptune<00:26:58.559> have<00:26:58.720> the<00:26:58.880> potential<00:26:59.279> to 26:59.430 --> 26:59.440 align:start position:0% Uranus and Neptune have the potential to 26:59.440 --> 27:02.789 align:start position:0% Uranus and Neptune have the potential to be<00:26:59.919> rock<00:27:00.320> giants<00:27:00.799> instead<00:27:01.120> of<00:27:01.279> ice<00:27:01.600> giants. 27:02.789 --> 27:02.799 align:start position:0% be rock giants instead of ice giants. 27:02.799 --> 27:05.190 align:start position:0% be rock giants instead of ice giants. What's<00:27:03.039> more,<00:27:03.600> if<00:27:03.840> the<00:27:04.080> rock<00:27:04.640> dominated 27:05.190 --> 27:05.200 align:start position:0% What's more, if the rock dominated 27:05.200 --> 27:07.909 align:start position:0% What's more, if the rock dominated option<00:27:05.679> holds<00:27:06.000> up,<00:27:06.720> it<00:27:06.960> challenges<00:27:07.520> our 27:07.909 --> 27:07.919 align:start position:0% option holds up, it challenges our 27:07.919 --> 27:10.149 align:start position:0% option holds up, it challenges our fundamental<00:27:08.640> models<00:27:09.039> of<00:27:09.360> solar<00:27:09.840> system 27:10.149 --> 27:10.159 align:start position:0% fundamental models of solar system 27:10.159 --> 27:11.750 align:start position:0% fundamental models of solar system formation. 27:11.750 --> 27:11.760 align:start position:0% formation. 27:11.760 --> 27:14.870 align:start position:0% formation. But<00:27:12.240> as<00:27:12.480> the<00:27:12.720> authors<00:27:13.039> attest,<00:27:14.000> this<00:27:14.240> work<00:27:14.480> is 27:14.870 --> 27:14.880 align:start position:0% But as the authors attest, this work is 27:14.880 --> 27:17.990 align:start position:0% But as the authors attest, this work is theoretical.<00:27:16.240> We'll<00:27:16.559> only<00:27:16.880> know<00:27:17.120> for<00:27:17.360> sure<00:27:17.679> by 27:17.990 --> 27:18.000 align:start position:0% theoretical. We'll only know for sure by 27:18.000 --> 27:20.549 align:start position:0% theoretical. We'll only know for sure by visiting<00:27:18.400> the<00:27:18.720> planet<00:27:19.039> again.<00:27:20.000> More<00:27:20.240> on<00:27:20.400> that 27:20.549 --> 27:20.559 align:start position:0% visiting the planet again. More on that 27:20.559 --> 27:22.710 align:start position:0% visiting the planet again. More on that later. 27:22.710 --> 27:22.720 align:start position:0% later. 27:22.720 --> 27:25.110 align:start position:0% later. Continuing<00:27:23.440> out<00:27:23.679> from<00:27:23.919> the<00:27:24.080> rocky<00:27:24.400> core,<00:27:24.960> the 27:25.110 --> 27:25.120 align:start position:0% Continuing out from the rocky core, the 27:25.120 --> 27:27.430 align:start position:0% Continuing out from the rocky core, the outermost<00:27:25.760> layer<00:27:25.840> of<00:27:26.000> Uranus<00:27:26.559> is<00:27:26.880> comprised 27:27.430 --> 27:27.440 align:start position:0% outermost layer of Uranus is comprised 27:27.440 --> 27:30.390 align:start position:0% outermost layer of Uranus is comprised mostly<00:27:27.840> of<00:27:28.159> helium,<00:27:29.039> hydrogen,<00:27:29.600> and<00:27:29.919> 2% 27:30.390 --> 27:30.400 align:start position:0% mostly of helium, hydrogen, and 2% 27:30.400 --> 27:33.110 align:start position:0% mostly of helium, hydrogen, and 2% methane<00:27:31.039> with<00:27:31.279> a<00:27:31.440> cloud<00:27:31.919> layer<00:27:32.000> on<00:27:32.240> top. 27:33.110 --> 27:33.120 align:start position:0% methane with a cloud layer on top. 27:33.120 --> 27:35.510 align:start position:0% methane with a cloud layer on top. Methane<00:27:33.679> absorbs<00:27:34.240> red<00:27:34.480> light,<00:27:35.200> leaving 27:35.510 --> 27:35.520 align:start position:0% Methane absorbs red light, leaving 27:35.520 --> 27:38.310 align:start position:0% Methane absorbs red light, leaving behind<00:27:35.919> the<00:27:36.159> distinctive<00:27:36.960> blue<00:27:37.360> green<00:27:37.679> hues 27:38.310 --> 27:38.320 align:start position:0% behind the distinctive blue green hues 27:38.320 --> 27:41.750 align:start position:0% behind the distinctive blue green hues Uranus<00:27:38.880> is<00:27:39.039> known<00:27:39.279> for.<00:27:40.400> Voyager<00:27:41.039> 2<00:27:41.440> during 27:41.750 --> 27:41.760 align:start position:0% Uranus is known for. Voyager 2 during 27:41.760 --> 27:45.669 align:start position:0% Uranus is known for. Voyager 2 during its<00:27:42.080> 1986<00:27:43.039> flyby<00:27:43.919> found<00:27:44.159> Uranus<00:27:44.880> cold<00:27:45.360> and 27:45.669 --> 27:45.679 align:start position:0% its 1986 flyby found Uranus cold and 27:45.679 --> 27:48.630 align:start position:0% its 1986 flyby found Uranus cold and tranquil<00:27:46.559> with<00:27:46.799> only<00:27:47.120> faint<00:27:47.520> clouds<00:27:48.159> and<00:27:48.480> a 27:48.630 --> 27:48.640 align:start position:0% tranquil with only faint clouds and a 27:48.640 --> 27:52.470 align:start position:0% tranquil with only faint clouds and a dark<00:27:49.039> spot.<00:27:50.400> But<00:27:50.640> this<00:27:51.039> veil<00:27:51.440> of<00:27:51.679> tranquility 27:52.470 --> 27:52.480 align:start position:0% dark spot. But this veil of tranquility 27:52.480 --> 27:55.029 align:start position:0% dark spot. But this veil of tranquility has<00:27:52.799> been<00:27:53.039> lifted<00:27:53.760> thanks<00:27:54.080> to<00:27:54.240> telescopes 27:55.029 --> 27:55.039 align:start position:0% has been lifted thanks to telescopes 27:55.039 --> 27:58.470 align:start position:0% has been lifted thanks to telescopes including<00:27:55.679> KEK<00:27:56.480> Hubble<00:27:57.279> and<00:27:57.520> the<00:27:57.760> James<00:27:58.159> Websp 27:58.470 --> 27:58.480 align:start position:0% including KEK Hubble and the James Websp 27:58.480 --> 28:01.350 align:start position:0% including KEK Hubble and the James Websp space<00:27:58.720> telescope<00:27:59.760> revealing<00:28:00.320> a<00:28:00.640> hidden 28:01.350 --> 28:01.360 align:start position:0% space telescope revealing a hidden 28:01.360 --> 28:03.269 align:start position:0% space telescope revealing a hidden dynamism. 28:03.269 --> 28:03.279 align:start position:0% dynamism. 28:03.279 --> 28:06.630 align:start position:0% dynamism. In<00:28:03.760> 2014,<00:28:04.799> the<00:28:05.039> WM<00:28:05.600> KEK<00:28:05.919> Observatory<00:28:06.399> in 28:06.630 --> 28:06.640 align:start position:0% In 2014, the WM KEK Observatory in 28:06.640 --> 28:09.510 align:start position:0% In 2014, the WM KEK Observatory in Hawaii<00:28:07.279> detected<00:28:08.000> eight<00:28:08.480> huge<00:28:08.880> storms<00:28:09.279> on 28:09.510 --> 28:09.520 align:start position:0% Hawaii detected eight huge storms on 28:09.520 --> 28:12.630 align:start position:0% Hawaii detected eight huge storms on Uranus's<00:28:10.159> northern<00:28:10.559> hemisphere.<00:28:12.000> Such<00:28:12.399> was 28:12.630 --> 28:12.640 align:start position:0% Uranus's northern hemisphere. Such was 28:12.640 --> 28:15.430 align:start position:0% Uranus's northern hemisphere. Such was their<00:28:12.960> intensity<00:28:13.520> that<00:28:14.080> for<00:28:14.399> the<00:28:14.640> first<00:28:14.960> time 28:15.430 --> 28:15.440 align:start position:0% their intensity that for the first time 28:15.440 --> 28:18.149 align:start position:0% their intensity that for the first time ever,<00:28:16.399> amateur<00:28:16.880> astronomers<00:28:17.440> were<00:28:17.679> able<00:28:18.000> to 28:18.149 --> 28:18.159 align:start position:0% ever, amateur astronomers were able to 28:18.159 --> 28:21.669 align:start position:0% ever, amateur astronomers were able to see<00:28:18.480> details<00:28:19.039> in<00:28:19.360> the<00:28:19.600> planet's<00:28:20.000> atmosphere. 28:21.669 --> 28:21.679 align:start position:0% see details in the planet's atmosphere. 28:21.679 --> 28:23.750 align:start position:0% see details in the planet's atmosphere. The<00:28:21.919> largest<00:28:22.320> white<00:28:22.559> spot<00:28:22.880> in<00:28:23.120> this<00:28:23.440> near 28:23.750 --> 28:23.760 align:start position:0% The largest white spot in this near 28:23.760 --> 28:26.710 align:start position:0% The largest white spot in this near infrared<00:28:24.320> image<00:28:24.720> from<00:28:24.960> the<00:28:25.120> WM<00:28:25.600> KEK<00:28:25.919> telescope 28:26.710 --> 28:26.720 align:start position:0% infrared image from the WM KEK telescope 28:26.720 --> 28:29.750 align:start position:0% infrared image from the WM KEK telescope is<00:28:27.039> the<00:28:27.360> brightest<00:28:27.840> storm<00:28:28.480> ever<00:28:28.960> seen<00:28:29.279> on<00:28:29.520> the 28:29.750 --> 28:29.760 align:start position:0% is the brightest storm ever seen on the 28:29.760 --> 28:31.990 align:start position:0% is the brightest storm ever seen on the planet<00:28:30.159> at<00:28:30.399> this<00:28:30.640> wavelength<00:28:31.200> of<00:28:31.360> 2.2<00:28:31.840> 2 28:31.990 --> 28:32.000 align:start position:0% planet at this wavelength of 2.2 2 28:32.000 --> 28:35.029 align:start position:0% planet at this wavelength of 2.2 2 microns.<00:28:32.960> It's<00:28:33.200> around<00:28:33.679> twice<00:28:34.080> as<00:28:34.320> bright<00:28:34.640> as 28:35.029 --> 28:35.039 align:start position:0% microns. It's around twice as bright as 28:35.039 --> 28:38.070 align:start position:0% microns. It's around twice as bright as anything<00:28:35.520> seen<00:28:35.840> before.<00:28:36.720> It<00:28:36.960> accounted<00:28:37.600> for 28:38.070 --> 28:38.080 align:start position:0% anything seen before. It accounted for 28:38.080 --> 28:41.350 align:start position:0% anything seen before. It accounted for 30%<00:28:39.200> of<00:28:39.520> all<00:28:39.760> the<00:28:40.000> light<00:28:40.320> reflected<00:28:40.880> by<00:28:41.120> the 28:41.350 --> 28:41.360 align:start position:0% 30% of all the light reflected by the 28:41.360 --> 28:44.070 align:start position:0% 30% of all the light reflected by the planet<00:28:41.840> in<00:28:42.080> this<00:28:42.399> observation. 28:44.070 --> 28:44.080 align:start position:0% planet in this observation. 28:44.080 --> 28:46.070 align:start position:0% planet in this observation. The<00:28:44.320> cloud<00:28:44.720> rotating<00:28:45.279> into<00:28:45.520> view<00:28:45.760> in<00:28:45.919> the 28:46.070 --> 28:46.080 align:start position:0% The cloud rotating into view in the 28:46.080 --> 28:48.710 align:start position:0% The cloud rotating into view in the lower<00:28:46.320> right<00:28:46.960> also<00:28:47.360> grew<00:28:47.600> into<00:28:47.840> a<00:28:48.080> storm 28:48.710 --> 28:48.720 align:start position:0% lower right also grew into a storm 28:48.720 --> 28:50.789 align:start position:0% lower right also grew into a storm spotted<00:28:49.120> by<00:28:49.360> amateur<00:28:49.840> astronomers<00:28:50.399> at 28:50.789 --> 28:50.799 align:start position:0% spotted by amateur astronomers at 28:50.799 --> 28:52.950 align:start position:0% spotted by amateur astronomers at visible<00:28:51.279> wavelengths. 28:52.950 --> 28:52.960 align:start position:0% visible wavelengths. 28:52.960 --> 28:54.549 align:start position:0% visible wavelengths. Observations 28:54.549 --> 28:54.559 align:start position:0% Observations 28:54.559 --> 28:57.269 align:start position:0% Observations by<00:28:54.799> Hubble<00:28:55.200> over<00:28:55.440> a<00:28:55.679> 20-year<00:28:56.240> period<00:28:56.960> found 28:57.269 --> 28:57.279 align:start position:0% by Hubble over a 20-year period found 28:57.279 --> 29:00.310 align:start position:0% by Hubble over a 20-year period found that<00:28:57.520> the<00:28:57.760> polar<00:28:58.159> regions<00:28:58.720> become<00:28:59.440> noticeably 29:00.310 --> 29:00.320 align:start position:0% that the polar regions become noticeably 29:00.320 --> 29:02.549 align:start position:0% that the polar regions become noticeably more<00:29:00.720> meteorologically<00:29:01.679> active<00:29:02.080> as<00:29:02.399> the 29:02.549 --> 29:02.559 align:start position:0% more meteorologically active as the 29:02.559 --> 29:05.430 align:start position:0% more meteorologically active as the planet<00:29:02.960> moves<00:29:03.440> through<00:29:03.840> its<00:29:04.240> uniquely<00:29:05.039> long 29:05.430 --> 29:05.440 align:start position:0% planet moves through its uniquely long 29:05.440 --> 29:07.190 align:start position:0% planet moves through its uniquely long seasons. 29:07.190 --> 29:07.200 align:start position:0% seasons. 29:07.200 --> 29:09.510 align:start position:0% seasons. Despite<00:29:07.600> the<00:29:07.760> study<00:29:08.080> lasting<00:29:08.559> two<00:29:08.720> decades, 29:09.510 --> 29:09.520 align:start position:0% Despite the study lasting two decades, 29:09.520 --> 29:12.070 align:start position:0% Despite the study lasting two decades, Uranus<00:29:10.000> was<00:29:10.240> in<00:29:10.720> northern<00:29:11.279> spring<00:29:11.679> for<00:29:11.919> the 29:12.070 --> 29:12.080 align:start position:0% Uranus was in northern spring for the 29:12.080 --> 29:14.470 align:start position:0% Uranus was in northern spring for the entirety<00:29:12.640> of<00:29:12.880> this<00:29:13.120> time<00:29:13.679> with<00:29:13.919> the<00:29:14.080> sun 29:14.470 --> 29:14.480 align:start position:0% entirety of this time with the sun 29:14.480 --> 29:17.510 align:start position:0% entirety of this time with the sun starting<00:29:14.880> at<00:29:15.200> equinox<00:29:15.919> over<00:29:16.080> the<00:29:16.320> equator<00:29:17.200> and 29:17.510 --> 29:17.520 align:start position:0% starting at equinox over the equator and 29:17.520 --> 29:19.510 align:start position:0% starting at equinox over the equator and moving<00:29:17.919> towards<00:29:18.399> the<00:29:18.640> north<00:29:18.880> pole<00:29:19.200> as<00:29:19.360> it 29:19.510 --> 29:19.520 align:start position:0% moving towards the north pole as it 29:19.520 --> 29:22.789 align:start position:0% moving towards the north pole as it nears<00:29:19.840> summer.<00:29:21.120> The<00:29:21.279> Hubble<00:29:21.679> team's<00:29:22.080> results 29:22.789 --> 29:22.799 align:start position:0% nears summer. The Hubble team's results 29:22.799 --> 29:25.909 align:start position:0% nears summer. The Hubble team's results published<00:29:23.200> in<00:29:23.520> 2025<00:29:24.799> found<00:29:25.120> bright<00:29:25.600> cloud 29:25.909 --> 29:25.919 align:start position:0% published in 2025 found bright cloud 29:25.919 --> 29:27.990 align:start position:0% published in 2025 found bright cloud activity<00:29:26.399> when<00:29:26.640> the<00:29:26.799> sun<00:29:27.039> was<00:29:27.279> closest<00:29:27.679> to<00:29:27.840> the 29:27.990 --> 29:28.000 align:start position:0% activity when the sun was closest to the 29:28.000 --> 29:30.870 align:start position:0% activity when the sun was closest to the equator<00:29:28.880> with<00:29:29.279> peak<00:29:29.600> activity<00:29:30.159> observed<00:29:30.640> near 29:30.870 --> 29:30.880 align:start position:0% equator with peak activity observed near 29:30.880 --> 29:33.990 align:start position:0% equator with peak activity observed near the<00:29:31.360> 2007<00:29:32.240> equinox. 29:33.990 --> 29:34.000 align:start position:0% the 2007 equinox. 29:34.000 --> 29:36.149 align:start position:0% the 2007 equinox. The<00:29:34.240> haze<00:29:34.559> and<00:29:34.880> cloud<00:29:35.360> structure<00:29:35.840> changed 29:36.149 --> 29:36.159 align:start position:0% The haze and cloud structure changed 29:36.159 --> 29:38.310 align:start position:0% The haze and cloud structure changed dramatically<00:29:37.039> over<00:29:37.279> the<00:29:37.440> four<00:29:37.760> observation 29:38.310 --> 29:38.320 align:start position:0% dramatically over the four observation 29:38.320 --> 29:40.630 align:start position:0% dramatically over the four observation windows<00:29:39.120> with<00:29:39.360> aerosols<00:29:39.919> in<00:29:40.000> the<00:29:40.080> atmosphere 29:40.630 --> 29:40.640 align:start position:0% windows with aerosols in the atmosphere 29:40.640 --> 29:42.710 align:start position:0% windows with aerosols in the atmosphere thickening<00:29:41.200> at<00:29:41.360> the<00:29:41.520> north<00:29:41.760> pole<00:29:42.320> as<00:29:42.559> the 29:42.710 --> 29:42.720 align:start position:0% thickening at the north pole as the 29:42.720 --> 29:44.230 align:start position:0% thickening at the north pole as the planet<00:29:43.039> approaches<00:29:43.440> the<00:29:43.600> summer<00:29:43.919> solstice 29:44.230 --> 29:44.240 align:start position:0% planet approaches the summer solstice 29:44.240 --> 29:47.350 align:start position:0% planet approaches the summer solstice [music]<00:29:44.640> which<00:29:44.799> it<00:29:45.039> will<00:29:45.200> reach<00:29:45.520> in<00:29:45.840> 2030. 29:47.350 --> 29:47.360 align:start position:0% [music] which it will reach in 2030. 29:47.360 --> 29:48.870 align:start position:0% [music] which it will reach in 2030. You<00:29:47.600> can<00:29:47.679> see<00:29:47.840> this<00:29:48.159> accumulation<00:29:48.720> of 29:48.870 --> 29:48.880 align:start position:0% You can see this accumulation of 29:48.880 --> 29:51.830 align:start position:0% You can see this accumulation of aerosols<00:29:49.520> in<00:29:49.760> these<00:29:50.080> images.<00:29:50.960> The<00:29:51.120> North<00:29:51.360> Pole 29:51.830 --> 29:51.840 align:start position:0% aerosols in these images. The North Pole 29:51.840 --> 29:55.430 align:start position:0% aerosols in these images. The North Pole changes<00:29:52.240> from<00:29:52.559> dark<00:29:52.960> in<00:29:53.279> 2002<00:29:54.480> to<00:29:54.880> highly 29:55.430 --> 29:55.440 align:start position:0% changes from dark in 2002 to highly 29:55.440 --> 29:58.710 align:start position:0% changes from dark in 2002 to highly reflective<00:29:56.000> in<00:29:56.320> 2022<00:29:57.520> with<00:29:57.919> complimentary 29:58.710 --> 29:58.720 align:start position:0% reflective in 2022 with complimentary 29:58.720 --> 30:00.710 align:start position:0% reflective in 2022 with complimentary darkening<00:29:59.200> of<00:29:59.360> the<00:29:59.520> South<00:29:59.760> Pole<00:30:00.080> as<00:30:00.240> it<00:30:00.399> moves 30:00.710 --> 30:00.720 align:start position:0% darkening of the South Pole as it moves 30:00.720 --> 30:03.350 align:start position:0% darkening of the South Pole as it moves into<00:30:01.039> winter's<00:30:01.440> shadow.<00:30:02.640> Together,<00:30:03.120> this 30:03.350 --> 30:03.360 align:start position:0% into winter's shadow. Together, this 30:03.360 --> 30:05.350 align:start position:0% into winter's shadow. Together, this shows<00:30:03.679> that<00:30:03.919> sunlight<00:30:04.480> is<00:30:04.720> directly<00:30:05.200> [music] 30:05.350 --> 30:05.360 align:start position:0% shows that sunlight is directly [music] 30:05.360 --> 30:07.350 align:start position:0% shows that sunlight is directly [music] altering<00:30:05.840> the<00:30:06.080> formation<00:30:06.480> of<00:30:06.640> haze<00:30:07.120> and 30:07.350 --> 30:07.360 align:start position:0% altering the formation of haze and 30:07.360 --> 30:10.389 align:start position:0% altering the formation of haze and clouds<00:30:07.840> in<00:30:08.080> the<00:30:08.320> uranian<00:30:08.880> atmosphere. 30:10.389 --> 30:10.399 align:start position:0% clouds in the uranian atmosphere. 30:10.399 --> 30:12.549 align:start position:0% clouds in the uranian atmosphere. The<00:30:10.640> Hubble<00:30:11.039> observations<00:30:11.600> also<00:30:12.159> identified 30:12.549 --> 30:12.559 align:start position:0% The Hubble observations also identified 30:12.559 --> 30:14.789 align:start position:0% The Hubble observations also identified circulation<00:30:13.200> patterns<00:30:13.600> that<00:30:13.919> drive<00:30:14.320> seasonal 30:14.789 --> 30:14.799 align:start position:0% circulation patterns that drive seasonal 30:14.799 --> 30:16.870 align:start position:0% circulation patterns that drive seasonal shifts,<00:30:15.600> uncovering<00:30:16.240> evidence<00:30:16.640> of 30:16.870 --> 30:16.880 align:start position:0% shifts, uncovering evidence of 30:16.880 --> 30:19.430 align:start position:0% shifts, uncovering evidence of atmospheric<00:30:17.520> gases<00:30:18.000> sinking<00:30:18.399> at<00:30:18.559> the<00:30:18.720> poles 30:19.430 --> 30:19.440 align:start position:0% atmospheric gases sinking at the poles 30:19.440 --> 30:21.909 align:start position:0% atmospheric gases sinking at the poles and<00:30:19.679> upwelling<00:30:20.399> elsewhere. 30:21.909 --> 30:21.919 align:start position:0% and upwelling elsewhere. 30:21.919 --> 30:24.185 align:start position:0% and upwelling elsewhere. The<00:30:22.159> persistence<00:30:22.720> of<00:30:22.880> this<00:30:23.360> downwelling<00:30:24.159> and 30:24.185 --> 30:24.195 align:start position:0% The persistence of this downwelling and 30:24.195 --> 30:26.070 align:start position:0% The persistence of this downwelling and [music]<00:30:24.399> the<00:30:24.559> changes<00:30:24.880> in<00:30:25.120> climate<00:30:25.840> are 30:26.070 --> 30:26.080 align:start position:0% [music] the changes in climate are 30:26.080 --> 30:29.430 align:start position:0% [music] the changes in climate are driven<00:30:26.399> by<00:30:26.559> Uranus's<00:30:27.440> extreme<00:30:28.080> axle<00:30:28.559> tilt. 30:29.430 --> 30:29.440 align:start position:0% driven by Uranus's extreme axle tilt. 30:29.440 --> 30:31.990 align:start position:0% driven by Uranus's extreme axle tilt. It's<00:30:29.679> the<00:30:30.080> only<00:30:30.480> planet<00:30:30.799> that<00:30:31.120> receives<00:30:31.679> more 30:31.990 --> 30:32.000 align:start position:0% It's the only planet that receives more 30:32.000 --> 30:34.389 align:start position:0% It's the only planet that receives more energy<00:30:32.320> from<00:30:32.480> the<00:30:32.640> sun<00:30:32.960> at<00:30:33.200> its<00:30:33.440> poles<00:30:34.159> than 30:34.389 --> 30:34.399 align:start position:0% energy from the sun at its poles than 30:34.399 --> 30:37.110 align:start position:0% energy from the sun at its poles than the<00:30:34.640> equator,<00:30:35.520> and<00:30:35.760> it<00:30:36.000> experiences<00:30:36.559> the<00:30:36.799> most 30:37.110 --> 30:37.120 align:start position:0% the equator, and it experiences the most 30:37.120 --> 30:39.350 align:start position:0% the equator, and it experiences the most radical<00:30:37.760> seasonal<00:30:38.320> changes<00:30:38.720> in<00:30:38.880> the<00:30:39.039> solar 30:39.350 --> 30:39.360 align:start position:0% radical seasonal changes in the solar 30:39.360 --> 30:41.510 align:start position:0% radical seasonal changes in the solar system.<00:30:40.000> But<00:30:40.159> it's<00:30:40.399> not<00:30:40.640> just<00:30:40.880> the<00:30:41.120> sun's 30:41.510 --> 30:41.520 align:start position:0% system. But it's not just the sun's 30:41.520 --> 30:43.830 align:start position:0% system. But it's not just the sun's light<00:30:41.679> that<00:30:41.919> drives<00:30:42.240> this.<00:30:42.960> A<00:30:43.200> team<00:30:43.440> at 30:43.830 --> 30:43.840 align:start position:0% light that drives this. A team at 30:43.840 --> 30:46.630 align:start position:0% light that drives this. A team at Imperial<00:30:44.480> College<00:30:44.880> London<00:30:45.679> found<00:30:46.000> that<00:30:46.240> the 30:46.630 --> 30:46.640 align:start position:0% Imperial College London found that the 30:46.640 --> 30:49.909 align:start position:0% Imperial College London found that the uranian<00:30:47.200> thermosphere<00:30:48.080> is<00:30:48.559> also<00:30:49.200> heated<00:30:49.679> by 30:49.909 --> 30:49.919 align:start position:0% uranian thermosphere is also heated by 30:49.919 --> 30:52.549 align:start position:0% uranian thermosphere is also heated by the<00:30:50.159> solar<00:30:50.559> wind.<00:30:51.200> Again,<00:30:51.600> this<00:30:51.840> is<00:30:52.000> the<00:30:52.240> only 30:52.549 --> 30:52.559 align:start position:0% the solar wind. Again, this is the only 30:52.559 --> 30:54.230 align:start position:0% the solar wind. Again, this is the only place<00:30:52.720> in<00:30:52.960> the<00:30:53.120> solar<00:30:53.360> system<00:30:53.600> where<00:30:53.919> this 30:54.230 --> 30:54.240 align:start position:0% place in the solar system where this 30:54.240 --> 30:56.710 align:start position:0% place in the solar system where this seems<00:30:54.480> to<00:30:54.720> happen.<00:30:55.520> But<00:30:55.679> as<00:30:55.919> the<00:30:56.000> solar<00:30:56.320> winds 30:56.710 --> 30:56.720 align:start position:0% seems to happen. But as the solar winds 30:56.720 --> 30:59.269 align:start position:0% seems to happen. But as the solar winds pressure<00:30:57.039> has<00:30:57.279> been<00:30:57.440> dropping<00:30:57.840> since<00:30:58.159> 1990, 30:59.269 --> 30:59.279 align:start position:0% pressure has been dropping since 1990, 30:59.279 --> 31:02.389 align:start position:0% pressure has been dropping since 1990, Uranus<00:30:59.840> has<00:31:00.080> been<00:31:00.399> cooling<00:31:01.039> alongside<00:31:01.600> it. 31:02.389 --> 31:02.399 align:start position:0% Uranus has been cooling alongside it. 31:02.399 --> 31:04.950 align:start position:0% Uranus has been cooling alongside it. Despite<00:31:02.880> these<00:31:03.440> remarkable<00:31:04.080> findings, 31:04.950 --> 31:04.960 align:start position:0% Despite these remarkable findings, 31:04.960 --> 31:06.950 align:start position:0% Despite these remarkable findings, Uranus<00:31:05.440> is<00:31:05.679> still<00:31:05.919> significantly<00:31:06.640> less 31:06.950 --> 31:06.960 align:start position:0% Uranus is still significantly less 31:06.960 --> 31:09.350 align:start position:0% Uranus is still significantly less volatile<00:31:07.440> than<00:31:07.600> its<00:31:07.840> cousins<00:31:08.559> Jupiter, 31:09.350 --> 31:09.360 align:start position:0% volatile than its cousins Jupiter, 31:09.360 --> 31:12.630 align:start position:0% volatile than its cousins Jupiter, Saturn,<00:31:09.840> and<00:31:10.080> Neptune.<00:31:11.279> They<00:31:11.520> are<00:31:11.919> famous<00:31:12.320> for 31:12.630 --> 31:12.640 align:start position:0% Saturn, and Neptune. They are famous for 31:12.640 --> 31:15.029 align:start position:0% Saturn, and Neptune. They are famous for their<00:31:12.960> vast<00:31:13.520> storms<00:31:14.080> and<00:31:14.480> swirling 31:15.029 --> 31:15.039 align:start position:0% their vast storms and swirling 31:15.039 --> 31:17.669 align:start position:0% their vast storms and swirling atmospheres.<00:31:16.080> And<00:31:16.240> that's<00:31:16.559> because<00:31:17.360> these 31:17.669 --> 31:17.679 align:start position:0% atmospheres. And that's because these 31:17.679 --> 31:19.110 align:start position:0% atmospheres. And that's because these are<00:31:17.840> driven<00:31:18.159> by<00:31:18.559> internal<00:31:18.580> [music] 31:19.110 --> 31:19.120 align:start position:0% are driven by internal [music] 31:19.120 --> 31:21.110 align:start position:0% are driven by internal [music] heat<00:31:19.520> left<00:31:19.760> over<00:31:20.000> from<00:31:20.240> the<00:31:20.399> formation<00:31:20.880> of 31:21.110 --> 31:21.120 align:start position:0% heat left over from the formation of 31:21.120 --> 31:23.750 align:start position:0% heat left over from the formation of these<00:31:21.360> gas<00:31:21.760> giants.<00:31:22.640> It's<00:31:22.960> the<00:31:23.200> slow<00:31:23.440> release 31:23.750 --> 31:23.760 align:start position:0% these gas giants. It's the slow release 31:23.760 --> 31:25.510 align:start position:0% these gas giants. It's the slow release of<00:31:23.919> this<00:31:24.159> energy<00:31:24.456> [music]<00:31:24.559> that<00:31:24.880> creates<00:31:25.279> the 31:25.510 --> 31:25.520 align:start position:0% of this energy [music] that creates the 31:25.520 --> 31:28.710 align:start position:0% of this energy [music] that creates the turbulence<00:31:26.159> they<00:31:26.399> are<00:31:26.559> so<00:31:26.880> well<00:31:27.120> known<00:31:27.360> for. 31:28.710 --> 31:28.720 align:start position:0% turbulence they are so well known for. 31:28.720 --> 31:32.149 align:start position:0% turbulence they are so well known for. Which<00:31:29.120> brings<00:31:29.440> us<00:31:29.679> to<00:31:30.000> one<00:31:30.399> of<00:31:30.720> Uranus's<00:31:31.679> great 31:32.149 --> 31:32.159 align:start position:0% Which brings us to one of Uranus's great 31:32.159 --> 31:33.750 align:start position:0% Which brings us to one of Uranus's great mysteries. 31:33.750 --> 31:33.760 align:start position:0% mysteries. 31:33.760 --> 31:36.389 align:start position:0% mysteries. Why<00:31:34.159> is<00:31:34.399> it<00:31:34.799> the<00:31:35.120> coldest<00:31:35.679> planet<00:31:36.080> in<00:31:36.240> the 31:36.389 --> 31:36.399 align:start position:0% Why is it the coldest planet in the 31:36.399 --> 31:39.029 align:start position:0% Why is it the coldest planet in the solar<00:31:36.720> system?<00:31:37.760> What<00:31:38.080> happened<00:31:38.399> to<00:31:38.559> the<00:31:38.799> heat 31:39.029 --> 31:39.039 align:start position:0% solar system? What happened to the heat 31:39.039 --> 31:41.830 align:start position:0% solar system? What happened to the heat left<00:31:39.360> over<00:31:39.600> from<00:31:39.840> its<00:31:40.080> formation? 31:41.830 --> 31:41.840 align:start position:0% left over from its formation? 31:41.840 --> 31:44.070 align:start position:0% left over from its formation? Two<00:31:42.159> recent<00:31:42.480> studies,<00:31:43.120> both<00:31:43.440> published<00:31:43.840> in 31:44.070 --> 31:44.080 align:start position:0% Two recent studies, both published in 31:44.080 --> 31:47.269 align:start position:0% Two recent studies, both published in 2025,<00:31:45.360> revealed<00:31:45.679> that<00:31:45.919> Uranus<00:31:46.480> does<00:31:46.799> have<00:31:46.960> its 31:47.269 --> 31:47.279 align:start position:0% 2025, revealed that Uranus does have its 31:47.279 --> 31:50.149 align:start position:0% 2025, revealed that Uranus does have its own<00:31:47.440> heat,<00:31:48.399> but<00:31:48.720> only<00:31:48.960> releases<00:31:49.440> a<00:31:49.760> tiny 31:50.149 --> 31:50.159 align:start position:0% own heat, but only releases a tiny 31:50.159 --> 31:53.110 align:start position:0% own heat, but only releases a tiny fraction<00:31:50.480> of<00:31:50.720> it,<00:31:51.039> emitting<00:31:51.600> about<00:31:52.159> 15%<00:31:52.880> more 31:53.110 --> 31:53.120 align:start position:0% fraction of it, emitting about 15% more 31:53.120 --> 31:55.830 align:start position:0% fraction of it, emitting about 15% more energy<00:31:53.440> than<00:31:53.679> it<00:31:53.840> receives<00:31:54.159> from<00:31:54.399> the<00:31:54.559> sun.<00:31:55.440> By 31:55.830 --> 31:55.840 align:start position:0% energy than it receives from the sun. By 31:55.840 --> 31:58.630 align:start position:0% energy than it receives from the sun. By comparison,<00:31:56.720> its<00:31:57.039> neighbor<00:31:57.440> Neptune<00:31:58.159> emits 31:58.630 --> 31:58.640 align:start position:0% comparison, its neighbor Neptune emits 31:58.640 --> 32:01.029 align:start position:0% comparison, its neighbor Neptune emits more<00:31:58.799> than<00:31:59.039> twice<00:31:59.440> as<00:31:59.760> much<00:32:00.000> energy<00:32:00.559> as<00:32:00.799> it 32:01.029 --> 32:01.039 align:start position:0% more than twice as much energy as it 32:01.039 --> 32:04.789 align:start position:0% more than twice as much energy as it receives.<00:32:02.399> This<00:32:02.880> extremely<00:32:03.760> low<00:32:04.080> heat<00:32:04.399> flux 32:04.789 --> 32:04.799 align:start position:0% receives. This extremely low heat flux 32:04.799 --> 32:07.029 align:start position:0% receives. This extremely low heat flux is<00:32:05.120> more<00:32:05.360> than<00:32:05.519> just<00:32:05.760> another<00:32:06.080> oddity<00:32:06.559> for<00:32:06.799> the 32:07.029 --> 32:07.039 align:start position:0% is more than just another oddity for the 32:07.039 --> 32:09.669 align:start position:0% is more than just another oddity for the oddball<00:32:07.600> planet.<00:32:08.399> It<00:32:08.640> hints<00:32:08.880> at<00:32:09.039> a<00:32:09.279> violent 32:09.669 --> 32:09.679 align:start position:0% oddball planet. It hints at a violent 32:09.679 --> 32:12.630 align:start position:0% oddball planet. It hints at a violent past<00:32:10.559> with<00:32:10.880> consequences<00:32:11.760> not<00:32:12.000> just<00:32:12.159> for<00:32:12.320> its 32:12.630 --> 32:12.640 align:start position:0% past with consequences not just for its 32:12.640 --> 32:15.269 align:start position:0% past with consequences not just for its climate<00:32:13.039> and<00:32:13.279> weather,<00:32:13.840> but<00:32:14.159> its<00:32:14.480> fundamental 32:15.269 --> 32:15.279 align:start position:0% climate and weather, but its fundamental 32:15.279 --> 32:19.909 align:start position:0% climate and weather, but its fundamental characteristics<00:32:16.399> and<00:32:16.720> even<00:32:17.039> its<00:32:17.279> moons. 32:19.909 --> 32:19.919 align:start position:0% characteristics and even its moons. 32:19.919 --> 32:23.669 align:start position:0% characteristics and even its moons. Uranus's<00:32:20.640> near<00:32:21.120> horizontal<00:32:21.840> 97.77° 32:23.669 --> 32:23.679 align:start position:0% Uranus's near horizontal 97.77° 32:23.679 --> 32:26.070 align:start position:0% Uranus's near horizontal 97.77° tilt<00:32:24.320> has<00:32:24.559> long<00:32:24.880> been<00:32:25.120> thought<00:32:25.360> to<00:32:25.600> be<00:32:25.760> a 32:26.070 --> 32:26.080 align:start position:0% tilt has long been thought to be a 32:26.080 --> 32:28.470 align:start position:0% tilt has long been thought to be a consequence<00:32:26.720> of<00:32:26.960> a<00:32:27.279> violent<00:32:27.840> historical 32:28.470 --> 32:28.480 align:start position:0% consequence of a violent historical 32:28.480 --> 32:30.710 align:start position:0% consequence of a violent historical collision,<00:32:29.440> but<00:32:29.679> we've<00:32:29.919> only<00:32:30.240> recently 32:30.710 --> 32:30.720 align:start position:0% collision, but we've only recently 32:30.720 --> 32:33.110 align:start position:0% collision, but we've only recently started<00:32:31.039> to<00:32:31.279> uncover<00:32:31.600> the<00:32:31.840> full<00:32:32.080> picture. 32:33.110 --> 32:33.120 align:start position:0% started to uncover the full picture. 32:33.120 --> 32:35.190 align:start position:0% started to uncover the full picture. Highresolution<00:32:33.919> computer<00:32:34.320> simulations 32:35.190 --> 32:35.200 align:start position:0% Highresolution computer simulations 32:35.200 --> 32:36.870 align:start position:0% Highresolution computer simulations published<00:32:35.519> in<00:32:35.679> the<00:32:35.840> Astrophysical<00:32:36.559> Journal 32:36.870 --> 32:36.880 align:start position:0% published in the Astrophysical Journal 32:36.880 --> 32:39.909 align:start position:0% published in the Astrophysical Journal in<00:32:37.120> 2018<00:32:37.760> by<00:32:38.159> Jacob<00:32:38.640> Kegaris<00:32:39.200> at<00:32:39.440> Thuram 32:39.909 --> 32:39.919 align:start position:0% in 2018 by Jacob Kegaris at Thuram 32:39.919 --> 32:42.149 align:start position:0% in 2018 by Jacob Kegaris at Thuram University<00:32:40.640> and<00:32:40.880> his<00:32:41.120> colleagues<00:32:41.840> have 32:42.149 --> 32:42.159 align:start position:0% University and his colleagues have 32:42.159 --> 32:43.830 align:start position:0% University and his colleagues have provided<00:32:42.559> a<00:32:42.880> more<00:32:43.120> detailed<00:32:43.519> picture<00:32:43.712> [music] 32:43.830 --> 32:43.840 align:start position:0% provided a more detailed picture [music] 32:43.840 --> 32:46.070 align:start position:0% provided a more detailed picture [music] of<00:32:44.000> how<00:32:44.320> this<00:32:44.640> could<00:32:44.880> have<00:32:45.039> happened<00:32:45.679> and<00:32:45.919> the 32:46.070 --> 32:46.080 align:start position:0% of how this could have happened and the 32:46.080 --> 32:48.389 align:start position:0% of how this could have happened and the farreaching<00:32:46.799> influence<00:32:47.279> it<00:32:47.600> had<00:32:47.919> for<00:32:48.159> the 32:48.389 --> 32:48.399 align:start position:0% farreaching influence it had for the 32:48.399 --> 32:51.590 align:start position:0% farreaching influence it had for the planet.<00:32:49.360> Their<00:32:49.679> study<00:32:50.000> ran<00:32:50.399> more<00:32:50.720> than<00:32:51.120> 50 32:51.590 --> 32:51.600 align:start position:0% planet. Their study ran more than 50 32:51.600 --> 32:53.990 align:start position:0% planet. Their study ran more than 50 different<00:32:51.919> impact<00:32:52.399> scenarios<00:32:53.279> in<00:32:53.519> an<00:32:53.679> attempt 32:53.990 --> 32:54.000 align:start position:0% different impact scenarios in an attempt 32:54.000 --> 32:56.230 align:start position:0% different impact scenarios in an attempt to<00:32:54.240> recreate<00:32:54.720> the<00:32:54.960> Uranus<00:32:55.440> we<00:32:55.760> recognize 32:56.230 --> 32:56.240 align:start position:0% to recreate the Uranus we recognize 32:56.240 --> 32:59.830 align:start position:0% to recreate the Uranus we recognize today.<00:32:57.360> The<00:32:57.600> result<00:32:58.000> confirmed<00:32:58.799> that<00:32:59.279> 3<00:32:59.600> to 32:59.830 --> 32:59.840 align:start position:0% today. The result confirmed that 3 to 32:59.840 --> 33:02.470 align:start position:0% today. The result confirmed that 3 to four<00:33:00.080> billion<00:33:00.559> years<00:33:00.720> ago,<00:33:01.440> a<00:33:01.679> young<00:33:01.919> Uranus 33:02.470 --> 33:02.480 align:start position:0% four billion years ago, a young Uranus 33:02.480 --> 33:05.830 align:start position:0% four billion years ago, a young Uranus was<00:33:02.799> most<00:33:03.200> likely<00:33:03.600> dealt<00:33:04.000> a<00:33:04.320> glancing<00:33:04.960> blow<00:33:05.519> by 33:05.830 --> 33:05.840 align:start position:0% was most likely dealt a glancing blow by 33:05.840 --> 33:08.389 align:start position:0% was most likely dealt a glancing blow by an<00:33:06.000> object<00:33:06.559> two<00:33:06.799> to<00:33:07.039> three<00:33:07.279> times<00:33:07.679> the<00:33:08.000> size<00:33:08.159> of 33:08.389 --> 33:08.399 align:start position:0% an object two to three times the size of 33:08.399 --> 33:11.750 align:start position:0% an object two to three times the size of Earth,<00:33:09.279> probably<00:33:09.840> a<00:33:10.159> protolanet<00:33:11.120> made<00:33:11.440> of 33:11.750 --> 33:11.760 align:start position:0% Earth, probably a protolanet made of 33:11.760 --> 33:14.789 align:start position:0% Earth, probably a protolanet made of rock<00:33:12.080> and<00:33:12.399> ice.<00:33:13.600> The<00:33:13.840> impact<00:33:14.320> would<00:33:14.559> have 33:14.789 --> 33:14.799 align:start position:0% rock and ice. The impact would have 33:14.799 --> 33:17.990 align:start position:0% rock and ice. The impact would have occurred<00:33:15.200> over<00:33:15.600> a<00:33:15.919> remarkably<00:33:16.640> short<00:33:16.880> period. 33:17.990 --> 33:18.000 align:start position:0% occurred over a remarkably short period. 33:18.000 --> 33:20.710 align:start position:0% occurred over a remarkably short period. In<00:33:18.240> just<00:33:18.480> a<00:33:18.720> matter<00:33:18.960> of<00:33:19.120> hours,<00:33:20.000> enough<00:33:20.320> force 33:20.710 --> 33:20.720 align:start position:0% In just a matter of hours, enough force 33:20.720 --> 33:23.029 align:start position:0% In just a matter of hours, enough force would<00:33:20.960> have<00:33:21.120> been<00:33:21.279> delivered<00:33:21.679> to<00:33:22.240> reorient 33:23.029 --> 33:23.039 align:start position:0% would have been delivered to reorient 33:23.039 --> 33:26.549 align:start position:0% would have been delivered to reorient Uranus's<00:33:23.760> axis,<00:33:24.640> knocking<00:33:25.039> it<00:33:25.279> to<00:33:25.440> its<00:33:25.679> side. 33:26.549 --> 33:26.559 align:start position:0% Uranus's axis, knocking it to its side. 33:26.559 --> 33:28.710 align:start position:0% Uranus's axis, knocking it to its side. And<00:33:26.720> it<00:33:26.960> set<00:33:27.120> in<00:33:27.360> motion<00:33:27.600> a<00:33:27.919> series<00:33:28.240> of<00:33:28.399> events 33:28.710 --> 33:28.720 align:start position:0% And it set in motion a series of events 33:28.720 --> 33:31.190 align:start position:0% And it set in motion a series of events that<00:33:28.960> created<00:33:29.279> the<00:33:29.519> planet<00:33:29.840> we<00:33:30.000> see<00:33:30.159> today. 33:31.190 --> 33:31.200 align:start position:0% that created the planet we see today. 33:31.200 --> 33:33.110 align:start position:0% that created the planet we see today. The<00:33:31.440> simulations<00:33:32.080> show<00:33:32.320> that<00:33:32.559> most<00:33:32.880> of<00:33:32.960> the 33:33.110 --> 33:33.120 align:start position:0% The simulations show that most of the 33:33.120 --> 33:36.230 align:start position:0% The simulations show that most of the protolanet<00:33:33.840> was<00:33:34.080> deposited<00:33:34.960> in<00:33:35.279> Uranus, 33:36.230 --> 33:36.240 align:start position:0% protolanet was deposited in Uranus, 33:36.240 --> 33:38.549 align:start position:0% protolanet was deposited in Uranus, creating<00:33:36.640> a<00:33:36.960> hot,<00:33:37.423> [music]<00:33:37.679> high<00:33:38.000> entropy 33:38.549 --> 33:38.559 align:start position:0% creating a hot, [music] high entropy 33:38.559 --> 33:41.430 align:start position:0% creating a hot, [music] high entropy shell<00:33:38.960> in<00:33:39.200> the<00:33:39.519> icy<00:33:39.840> interior.<00:33:41.039> Highly 33:41.430 --> 33:41.440 align:start position:0% shell in the icy interior. Highly 33:41.440 --> 33:43.830 align:start position:0% shell in the icy interior. Highly disordered,<00:33:42.080> high<00:33:42.320> entropy<00:33:42.880> materials<00:33:43.519> don't 33:43.830 --> 33:43.840 align:start position:0% disordered, high entropy materials don't 33:43.840 --> 33:46.310 align:start position:0% disordered, high entropy materials don't conduct<00:33:44.320> heat<00:33:44.640> well.<00:33:45.200> So,<00:33:45.440> this<00:33:45.840> layer<00:33:46.080> acts 33:46.310 --> 33:46.320 align:start position:0% conduct heat well. So, this layer acts 33:46.320 --> 33:49.029 align:start position:0% conduct heat well. So, this layer acts like<00:33:46.480> an<00:33:46.720> insulation,<00:33:47.760> trapping<00:33:48.240> heat<00:33:48.720> deep 33:49.029 --> 33:49.039 align:start position:0% like an insulation, trapping heat deep 33:49.039 --> 33:51.269 align:start position:0% like an insulation, trapping heat deep inside<00:33:49.440> the<00:33:49.679> planet<00:33:50.320> and<00:33:50.559> helping<00:33:50.799> to<00:33:51.039> explain 33:51.269 --> 33:51.279 align:start position:0% inside the planet and helping to explain 33:51.279 --> 33:53.509 align:start position:0% inside the planet and helping to explain the<00:33:51.519> low<00:33:51.679> heat<00:33:51.919> flux<00:33:52.240> and<00:33:52.559> extreme<00:33:53.039> coldness 33:53.509 --> 33:53.519 align:start position:0% the low heat flux and extreme coldness 33:53.519 --> 33:56.630 align:start position:0% the low heat flux and extreme coldness we<00:33:53.760> see<00:33:53.840> on<00:33:54.000> Uranus<00:33:54.480> today. 33:56.630 --> 33:56.640 align:start position:0% we see on Uranus today. 33:56.640 --> 33:59.350 align:start position:0% we see on Uranus today. This<00:33:57.039> unique<00:33:57.519> interior<00:33:58.080> structure<00:33:58.799> may<00:33:59.039> also 33:59.350 --> 33:59.360 align:start position:0% This unique interior structure may also 33:59.360 --> 34:01.430 align:start position:0% This unique interior structure may also help<00:33:59.600> explain<00:33:59.693> [music]<00:34:00.080> Uranus's<00:34:00.799> profoundly 34:01.430 --> 34:01.440 align:start position:0% help explain [music] Uranus's profoundly 34:01.440 --> 34:03.990 align:start position:0% help explain [music] Uranus's profoundly weird<00:34:02.000> magneettosphere. 34:03.990 --> 34:04.000 align:start position:0% weird magneettosphere. 34:04.000 --> 34:06.149 align:start position:0% weird magneettosphere. Usually,<00:34:04.640> these<00:34:05.039> invisible<00:34:05.679> magnetic 34:06.149 --> 34:06.159 align:start position:0% Usually, these invisible magnetic 34:06.159 --> 34:08.550 align:start position:0% Usually, these invisible magnetic shields<00:34:06.880> originate<00:34:07.440> from<00:34:07.600> the<00:34:07.840> geometric 34:08.550 --> 34:08.560 align:start position:0% shields originate from the geometric 34:08.560 --> 34:11.510 align:start position:0% shields originate from the geometric center<00:34:08.800> of<00:34:08.960> a<00:34:09.200> planet,<00:34:09.599> its<00:34:10.079> core.<00:34:11.119> But<00:34:11.280> that's 34:11.510 --> 34:11.520 align:start position:0% center of a planet, its core. But that's 34:11.520 --> 34:14.629 align:start position:0% center of a planet, its core. But that's not<00:34:11.679> the<00:34:11.839> case<00:34:12.079> here.<00:34:13.119> Voyager<00:34:13.599> 2's<00:34:14.159> original 34:14.629 --> 34:14.639 align:start position:0% not the case here. Voyager 2's original 34:14.639 --> 34:17.030 align:start position:0% not the case here. Voyager 2's original flyby<00:34:15.200> discovered<00:34:15.760> that<00:34:16.000> its<00:34:16.240> magnetic<00:34:16.720> field 34:17.030 --> 34:17.040 align:start position:0% flyby discovered that its magnetic field 34:17.040 --> 34:20.310 align:start position:0% flyby discovered that its magnetic field is<00:34:17.280> tilted<00:34:17.679> by<00:34:18.000> almost<00:34:18.720> 59°<00:34:19.919> from<00:34:20.159> its 34:20.310 --> 34:20.320 align:start position:0% is tilted by almost 59° from its 34:20.320 --> 34:22.710 align:start position:0% is tilted by almost 59° from its rotational<00:34:20.879> axis<00:34:21.760> and<00:34:21.919> offset<00:34:22.399> from<00:34:22.560> the 34:22.710 --> 34:22.720 align:start position:0% rotational axis and offset from the 34:22.720 --> 34:24.869 align:start position:0% rotational axis and offset from the planet's<00:34:23.040> center<00:34:23.359> by<00:34:23.679> a<00:34:24.000> third<00:34:24.480> of<00:34:24.720> the 34:24.869 --> 34:24.879 align:start position:0% planet's center by a third of the 34:24.879 --> 34:27.909 align:start position:0% planet's center by a third of the planet's<00:34:25.280> radius.<00:34:26.720> This<00:34:27.119> magnetic 34:27.909 --> 34:27.919 align:start position:0% planet's radius. This magnetic 34:27.919 --> 34:30.629 align:start position:0% planet's radius. This magnetic misalignment<00:34:29.040> creates<00:34:29.440> an<00:34:29.760> asymmetric 34:30.629 --> 34:30.639 align:start position:0% misalignment creates an asymmetric 34:30.639 --> 34:32.950 align:start position:0% misalignment creates an asymmetric magneettosphere<00:34:31.760> with<00:34:31.919> a<00:34:32.159> magneetto<00:34:32.639> tail 34:32.950 --> 34:32.960 align:start position:0% magneettosphere with a magneetto tail 34:32.960 --> 34:35.510 align:start position:0% magneettosphere with a magneetto tail that<00:34:33.280> corkcrews<00:34:34.079> into<00:34:34.399> space<00:34:34.639> for<00:34:35.119> millions 34:35.510 --> 34:35.520 align:start position:0% that corkcrews into space for millions 34:35.520 --> 34:39.270 align:start position:0% that corkcrews into space for millions of<00:34:35.679> kilome.<00:34:37.119> When<00:34:37.359> Voyer<00:34:37.919> 2<00:34:38.159> flew<00:34:38.480> past,<00:34:39.040> the 34:39.270 --> 34:39.280 align:start position:0% of kilome. When Voyer 2 flew past, the 34:39.280 --> 34:41.510 align:start position:0% of kilome. When Voyer 2 flew past, the magneettosphere<00:34:40.240> actually<00:34:40.639> appeared<00:34:41.119> to<00:34:41.280> be 34:41.510 --> 34:41.520 align:start position:0% magneettosphere actually appeared to be 34:41.520 --> 34:44.223 align:start position:0% magneettosphere actually appeared to be much<00:34:41.839> smaller<00:34:42.240> than<00:34:42.560> thought.<00:34:43.359> And<00:34:43.599> this<00:34:43.839> has 34:44.223 --> 34:44.233 align:start position:0% much smaller than thought. And this has 34:44.233 --> 34:47.030 align:start position:0% much smaller than thought. And this has [music]<00:34:44.240> baffled<00:34:44.800> scientists<00:34:45.280> for<00:34:45.599> decades. 34:47.030 --> 34:47.040 align:start position:0% [music] baffled scientists for decades. 34:47.040 --> 34:49.270 align:start position:0% [music] baffled scientists for decades. Recent<00:34:47.440> reanalysis<00:34:48.000> of<00:34:48.159> the<00:34:48.399> original<00:34:48.720> data 34:49.270 --> 34:49.280 align:start position:0% Recent reanalysis of the original data 34:49.280 --> 34:52.389 align:start position:0% Recent reanalysis of the original data led<00:34:49.520> by<00:34:49.679> Jamie<00:34:50.079> Jasinski<00:34:50.800> at<00:34:51.040> NASA<00:34:51.440> JPL<00:34:52.079> and 34:52.389 --> 34:52.399 align:start position:0% led by Jamie Jasinski at NASA JPL and 34:52.399 --> 34:55.270 align:start position:0% led by Jamie Jasinski at NASA JPL and published<00:34:52.720> in<00:34:52.960> Nature<00:34:53.359> Astronomy<00:34:53.839> in<00:34:54.079> 2024 34:55.270 --> 34:55.280 align:start position:0% published in Nature Astronomy in 2024 34:55.280 --> 34:58.550 align:start position:0% published in Nature Astronomy in 2024 finally<00:34:55.839> provided<00:34:56.320> an<00:34:56.560> answer.<00:34:57.760> When<00:34:58.000> Voyager 34:58.550 --> 34:58.560 align:start position:0% finally provided an answer. When Voyager 34:58.560 --> 35:00.950 align:start position:0% finally provided an answer. When Voyager arrived,<00:34:59.119> it<00:34:59.280> was<00:34:59.440> in<00:34:59.680> the<00:34:59.839> midst<00:35:00.160> of<00:35:00.480> some 35:00.950 --> 35:00.960 align:start position:0% arrived, it was in the midst of some 35:00.960 --> 35:02.870 align:start position:0% arrived, it was in the midst of some violent<00:35:01.440> space<00:35:01.760> weather<00:35:02.079> that<00:35:02.400> compressed 35:02.870 --> 35:02.880 align:start position:0% violent space weather that compressed 35:02.880 --> 35:05.270 align:start position:0% violent space weather that compressed the<00:35:03.119> planet's<00:35:03.520> magnetic<00:35:04.000> field.<00:35:04.800> Something 35:05.270 --> 35:05.280 align:start position:0% the planet's magnetic field. Something 35:05.280 --> 35:07.589 align:start position:0% the planet's magnetic field. Something NASA<00:35:05.920> couldn't<00:35:06.240> have<00:35:06.400> planned<00:35:06.960> even<00:35:07.119> if<00:35:07.359> they 35:07.589 --> 35:07.599 align:start position:0% NASA couldn't have planned even if they 35:07.599 --> 35:10.390 align:start position:0% NASA couldn't have planned even if they tried.<00:35:08.480> The<00:35:08.720> new<00:35:08.880> study<00:35:09.280> instead<00:35:09.839> suggests 35:10.390 --> 35:10.400 align:start position:0% tried. The new study instead suggests 35:10.400 --> 35:12.230 align:start position:0% tried. The new study instead suggests that<00:35:10.640> the<00:35:10.880> planet's<00:35:11.280> magneettosphere<00:35:12.000> is 35:12.230 --> 35:12.240 align:start position:0% that the planet's magneettosphere is 35:12.240 --> 35:14.870 align:start position:0% that the planet's magneettosphere is actually<00:35:12.640> even<00:35:13.040> larger<00:35:13.760> and<00:35:14.000> more<00:35:14.240> active<00:35:14.560> and 35:14.870 --> 35:14.880 align:start position:0% actually even larger and more active and 35:14.880 --> 35:17.670 align:start position:0% actually even larger and more active and variable<00:35:15.359> than<00:35:15.599> initially<00:35:16.079> thought.<00:35:17.440> The 35:17.670 --> 35:17.680 align:start position:0% variable than initially thought. The 35:17.680 --> 35:18.870 align:start position:0% variable than initially thought. The reason<00:35:17.839> for<00:35:18.079> such<00:35:18.240> a<00:35:18.480> strange 35:18.870 --> 35:18.880 align:start position:0% reason for such a strange 35:18.880 --> 35:21.510 align:start position:0% reason for such a strange magneettosphere<00:35:19.920> isn't<00:35:20.320> fully<00:35:20.720> understood, 35:21.510 --> 35:21.520 align:start position:0% magneettosphere isn't fully understood, 35:21.520 --> 35:23.829 align:start position:0% magneettosphere isn't fully understood, but<00:35:21.760> it<00:35:22.000> could<00:35:22.160> be<00:35:22.560> that<00:35:22.960> fields<00:35:23.520> don't 35:23.829 --> 35:23.839 align:start position:0% but it could be that fields don't 35:23.839 --> 35:26.390 align:start position:0% but it could be that fields don't originate<00:35:24.320> from<00:35:24.560> the<00:35:24.720> planet's<00:35:25.119> core<00:35:25.440> at<00:35:25.680> all. 35:26.390 --> 35:26.400 align:start position:0% originate from the planet's core at all. 35:26.400 --> 35:28.310 align:start position:0% originate from the planet's core at all. Rather,<00:35:26.800> they<00:35:27.040> come<00:35:27.280> from<00:35:27.440> the<00:35:27.680> convecting 35:28.310 --> 35:28.320 align:start position:0% Rather, they come from the convecting 35:28.320 --> 35:30.870 align:start position:0% Rather, they come from the convecting mantle<00:35:29.200> influenced<00:35:29.680> by<00:35:29.839> the<00:35:30.079> deposits<00:35:30.640> left 35:30.870 --> 35:30.880 align:start position:0% mantle influenced by the deposits left 35:30.880 --> 35:33.270 align:start position:0% mantle influenced by the deposits left by<00:35:31.200> that<00:35:31.520> ancient<00:35:32.000> collision<00:35:32.720> billions<00:35:33.119> of 35:33.270 --> 35:33.280 align:start position:0% by that ancient collision billions of 35:33.280 --> 35:36.550 align:start position:0% by that ancient collision billions of years<00:35:33.520> ago.<00:35:34.480> For<00:35:34.800> us<00:35:34.960> at<00:35:35.040> least,<00:35:35.680> this<00:35:35.920> has<00:35:36.079> had 35:36.550 --> 35:36.560 align:start position:0% years ago. For us at least, this has had 35:36.560 --> 35:39.589 align:start position:0% years ago. For us at least, this has had one<00:35:37.119> serious<00:35:37.599> upside.<00:35:38.720> The<00:35:38.960> off-kilter 35:39.589 --> 35:39.599 align:start position:0% one serious upside. The off-kilter 35:39.599 --> 35:42.310 align:start position:0% one serious upside. The off-kilter magneettosphere<00:35:40.480> leads<00:35:40.880> to<00:35:41.280> stunning 35:42.310 --> 35:42.320 align:start position:0% magneettosphere leads to stunning 35:42.320 --> 35:44.710 align:start position:0% magneettosphere leads to stunning sprawling<00:35:43.040> auroras<00:35:43.599> that<00:35:43.839> do<00:35:44.079> not<00:35:44.240> align<00:35:44.560> with 35:44.710 --> 35:44.720 align:start position:0% sprawling auroras that do not align with 35:44.720 --> 35:47.109 align:start position:0% sprawling auroras that do not align with the<00:35:44.880> poles<00:35:45.359> like<00:35:45.599> on<00:35:45.839> Earth,<00:35:46.400> Jupiter,<00:35:46.880> or 35:47.109 --> 35:47.119 align:start position:0% the poles like on Earth, Jupiter, or 35:47.119 --> 35:49.910 align:start position:0% the poles like on Earth, Jupiter, or Saturn.<00:35:48.240> These<00:35:48.640> phenomena<00:35:49.200> have<00:35:49.440> been<00:35:49.599> imaged 35:49.910 --> 35:49.920 align:start position:0% Saturn. These phenomena have been imaged 35:49.920 --> 35:52.230 align:start position:0% Saturn. These phenomena have been imaged by<00:35:50.079> Hubble<00:35:50.560> in<00:35:50.800> both<00:35:50.960> the<00:35:51.200> visible<00:35:51.839> and 35:52.230 --> 35:52.240 align:start position:0% by Hubble in both the visible and 35:52.240 --> 35:54.550 align:start position:0% by Hubble in both the visible and ultraviolet<00:35:52.880> parts<00:35:53.119> of<00:35:53.280> the<00:35:53.440> spectrum.<00:35:54.320> And 35:54.550 --> 35:54.560 align:start position:0% ultraviolet parts of the spectrum. And 35:54.560 --> 35:56.870 align:start position:0% ultraviolet parts of the spectrum. And by<00:35:54.800> studying<00:35:55.200> a<00:35:55.440> decade<00:35:55.680> of<00:35:55.839> these<00:35:56.079> images, 35:56.870 --> 35:56.880 align:start position:0% by studying a decade of these images, 35:56.880 --> 35:59.190 align:start position:0% by studying a decade of these images, scientists<00:35:57.520> recently<00:35:58.000> calculated<00:35:58.560> Uranus's 35:59.190 --> 35:59.200 align:start position:0% scientists recently calculated Uranus's 35:59.200 --> 36:02.069 align:start position:0% scientists recently calculated Uranus's rate<00:35:59.440> of<00:35:59.599> rotation<00:36:00.079> with<00:36:00.640> 1,000<00:36:01.520> times 36:02.069 --> 36:02.079 align:start position:0% rate of rotation with 1,000 times 36:02.079 --> 36:04.630 align:start position:0% rate of rotation with 1,000 times greater<00:36:02.560> accuracy<00:36:03.040> than<00:36:03.359> before.<00:36:04.400> Their 36:04.630 --> 36:04.640 align:start position:0% greater accuracy than before. Their 36:04.640 --> 36:06.550 align:start position:0% greater accuracy than before. Their technique<00:36:05.119> revealed<00:36:05.599> the<00:36:05.839> planet<00:36:06.160> completes 36:06.550 --> 36:06.560 align:start position:0% technique revealed the planet completes 36:06.560 --> 36:09.750 align:start position:0% technique revealed the planet completes a<00:36:06.800> full<00:36:07.040> rotation<00:36:07.599> in<00:36:08.000> 17<00:36:08.480> hours<00:36:09.040> 14<00:36:09.359> minutes 36:09.750 --> 36:09.760 align:start position:0% a full rotation in 17 hours 14 minutes 36:09.760 --> 36:13.190 align:start position:0% a full rotation in 17 hours 14 minutes and<00:36:10.079> 52<00:36:10.720> seconds,<00:36:11.760> 28<00:36:12.320> seconds<00:36:12.640> longer<00:36:13.040> than 36:13.190 --> 36:13.200 align:start position:0% and 52 seconds, 28 seconds longer than 36:13.200 --> 36:17.030 align:start position:0% and 52 seconds, 28 seconds longer than the<00:36:13.440> estimate<00:36:13.839> obtained<00:36:14.400> by<00:36:14.720> Voyager<00:36:15.200> 2.<00:36:16.640> And 36:17.030 --> 36:17.040 align:start position:0% the estimate obtained by Voyager 2. And 36:17.040 --> 36:19.750 align:start position:0% the estimate obtained by Voyager 2. And I<00:36:17.599> simply<00:36:18.160> couldn't<00:36:18.560> miss<00:36:18.800> out<00:36:19.119> including 36:19.750 --> 36:19.760 align:start position:0% I simply couldn't miss out including 36:19.760 --> 36:23.030 align:start position:0% I simply couldn't miss out including this<00:36:20.320> stunning<00:36:20.800> representation.<00:36:22.240> It<00:36:22.480> shows 36:23.030 --> 36:23.040 align:start position:0% this stunning representation. It shows 36:23.040 --> 36:26.390 align:start position:0% this stunning representation. It shows infrared<00:36:23.680> auroras<00:36:24.640> which<00:36:25.200> after<00:36:25.680> 30<00:36:26.000> years<00:36:26.240> of 36:26.390 --> 36:26.400 align:start position:0% infrared auroras which after 30 years of 36:26.400 --> 36:29.430 align:start position:0% infrared auroras which after 30 years of study<00:36:27.040> were<00:36:27.440> finally<00:36:28.000> detected<00:36:28.480> on<00:36:28.720> Uranus<00:36:29.200> in 36:29.430 --> 36:29.440 align:start position:0% study were finally detected on Uranus in 36:29.440 --> 36:33.829 align:start position:0% study were finally detected on Uranus in 2023<00:36:30.640> using<00:36:31.040> the<00:36:31.280> KEK<00:36:31.839> 2<00:36:32.320> telescope. 36:33.829 --> 36:33.839 align:start position:0% 2023 using the KEK 2 telescope. 36:33.839 --> 36:36.630 align:start position:0% 2023 using the KEK 2 telescope. But<00:36:34.000> the<00:36:34.320> consequences<00:36:35.040> of<00:36:35.280> Uranus's<00:36:36.079> violent 36:36.630 --> 36:36.640 align:start position:0% But the consequences of Uranus's violent 36:36.640 --> 36:40.870 align:start position:0% But the consequences of Uranus's violent past<00:36:37.520> haven't<00:36:37.920> ended<00:36:38.320> yet. 36:40.870 --> 36:40.880 align:start position:0% past haven't ended yet. 36:40.880 --> 36:43.510 align:start position:0% past haven't ended yet. At<00:36:41.119> the<00:36:41.359> time<00:36:41.520> of<00:36:41.680> impact,<00:36:42.400> its<00:36:42.720> largest<00:36:43.040> moons 36:43.510 --> 36:43.520 align:start position:0% At the time of impact, its largest moons 36:43.520 --> 36:46.150 align:start position:0% At the time of impact, its largest moons hadn't<00:36:43.839> formed.<00:36:44.640> Instead,<00:36:45.280> the<00:36:45.520> planet<00:36:45.839> sat 36:46.150 --> 36:46.160 align:start position:0% hadn't formed. Instead, the planet sat 36:46.160 --> 36:49.510 align:start position:0% hadn't formed. Instead, the planet sat amid<00:36:46.640> a<00:36:46.960> disc<00:36:47.359> of<00:36:47.760> stuff,<00:36:48.560> for<00:36:49.040> lack<00:36:49.280> of<00:36:49.359> a 36:49.510 --> 36:49.520 align:start position:0% amid a disc of stuff, for lack of a 36:49.520 --> 36:52.310 align:start position:0% amid a disc of stuff, for lack of a better<00:36:49.839> word,<00:36:50.320> with<00:36:50.560> the<00:36:50.800> impact<00:36:51.359> jettisoning 36:52.310 --> 36:52.320 align:start position:0% better word, with the impact jettisoning 36:52.320 --> 36:54.790 align:start position:0% better word, with the impact jettisoning further<00:36:52.720> rock<00:36:52.960> and<00:36:53.200> ice<00:36:53.680> into<00:36:54.079> orbit<00:36:54.560> around 36:54.790 --> 36:54.800 align:start position:0% further rock and ice into orbit around 36:54.800 --> 36:57.109 align:start position:0% further rock and ice into orbit around the<00:36:55.040> planet.<00:36:55.760> As<00:36:56.000> this<00:36:56.320> started<00:36:56.640> to<00:36:56.800> clump 36:57.109 --> 36:57.119 align:start position:0% the planet. As this started to clump 36:57.119 --> 36:59.670 align:start position:0% the planet. As this started to clump together<00:36:57.440> to<00:36:57.680> form<00:36:57.920> the<00:36:58.240> five<00:36:58.560> largest<00:36:58.960> moons, 36:59.670 --> 36:59.680 align:start position:0% together to form the five largest moons, 36:59.680 --> 37:02.550 align:start position:0% together to form the five largest moons, Uranus's<00:37:00.400> new<00:37:00.720> axle<00:37:01.200> plane<00:37:01.599> acted<00:37:02.000> like<00:37:02.240> a 37:02.550 --> 37:02.560 align:start position:0% Uranus's new axle plane acted like a 37:02.560 --> 37:05.030 align:start position:0% Uranus's new axle plane acted like a gravitational<00:37:03.359> tidal<00:37:03.839> wave,<00:37:04.400> pushing<00:37:04.800> them 37:05.030 --> 37:05.040 align:start position:0% gravitational tidal wave, pushing them 37:05.040 --> 37:07.990 align:start position:0% gravitational tidal wave, pushing them to<00:37:05.280> the<00:37:05.520> same<00:37:05.715> [music]<00:37:05.760> tilt.<00:37:06.960> As<00:37:07.280> of<00:37:07.440> now, 37:07.990 --> 37:08.000 align:start position:0% to the same [music] tilt. As of now, 37:08.000 --> 37:11.589 align:start position:0% to the same [music] tilt. As of now, Uranus<00:37:08.560> has<00:37:08.880> 29<00:37:09.520> confirmed<00:37:10.000> moons,<00:37:10.880> two<00:37:11.200> more 37:11.589 --> 37:11.599 align:start position:0% Uranus has 29 confirmed moons, two more 37:11.599 --> 37:13.430 align:start position:0% Uranus has 29 confirmed moons, two more than<00:37:11.760> when<00:37:12.000> I<00:37:12.160> last<00:37:12.480> made<00:37:12.640> a<00:37:12.800> video<00:37:13.040> about<00:37:13.200> the 37:13.430 --> 37:13.440 align:start position:0% than when I last made a video about the 37:13.440 --> 37:16.230 align:start position:0% than when I last made a video about the planet.<00:37:14.240> Moon<00:37:14.640> 28<00:37:15.200> is<00:37:15.440> currently<00:37:15.839> called<00:37:16.079> by 37:16.230 --> 37:16.240 align:start position:0% planet. Moon 28 is currently called by 37:16.240 --> 37:20.069 align:start position:0% planet. Moon 28 is currently called by the<00:37:16.400> rather<00:37:16.800> catchy<00:37:17.200> title<00:37:18.000> S2023<00:37:18.815> [music]<00:37:19.200> U1 37:20.069 --> 37:20.079 align:start position:0% the rather catchy title S2023 [music] U1 37:20.079 --> 37:22.710 align:start position:0% the rather catchy title S2023 [music] U1 and<00:37:20.320> was<00:37:20.560> discovered<00:37:21.040> in<00:37:21.280> 2023<00:37:22.079> by<00:37:22.400> Scott 37:22.710 --> 37:22.720 align:start position:0% and was discovered in 2023 by Scott 37:22.720 --> 37:24.870 align:start position:0% and was discovered in 2023 by Scott Shepard<00:37:23.280> using<00:37:23.599> the<00:37:23.839> Las<00:37:24.160> Campanis 37:24.870 --> 37:24.880 align:start position:0% Shepard using the Las Campanis 37:24.880 --> 37:27.589 align:start position:0% Shepard using the Las Campanis Observatory<00:37:25.520> in<00:37:25.760> Chile.<00:37:26.800> The<00:37:27.040> most<00:37:27.280> recent 37:27.589 --> 37:27.599 align:start position:0% Observatory in Chile. The most recent 37:27.599 --> 37:30.550 align:start position:0% Observatory in Chile. The most recent addition,<00:37:28.079> its<00:37:28.560> 29th<00:37:29.200> moon,<00:37:29.760> was<00:37:30.000> made<00:37:30.240> in 37:30.550 --> 37:30.560 align:start position:0% addition, its 29th moon, was made in 37:30.560 --> 37:33.589 align:start position:0% addition, its 29th moon, was made in February<00:37:31.040> 2025<00:37:32.320> by<00:37:32.560> using<00:37:32.800> the<00:37:33.040> James<00:37:33.359> Webb 37:33.589 --> 37:33.599 align:start position:0% February 2025 by using the James Webb 37:33.599 --> 37:37.910 align:start position:0% February 2025 by using the James Webb Space<00:37:33.839> Telescope's<00:37:34.560> NEAM.<00:37:35.920> Designated<00:37:36.640> S2025 37:37.910 --> 37:37.920 align:start position:0% Space Telescope's NEAM. Designated S2025 37:37.920 --> 37:41.109 align:start position:0% Space Telescope's NEAM. Designated S2025 U1,<00:37:38.880> it<00:37:39.119> is<00:37:39.280> yet<00:37:39.520> to<00:37:39.680> be<00:37:39.760> officially<00:37:40.240> named. 37:41.109 --> 37:41.119 align:start position:0% U1, it is yet to be officially named. 37:41.119 --> 37:42.470 align:start position:0% U1, it is yet to be officially named. Let<00:37:41.359> me<00:37:41.440> know<00:37:41.599> if<00:37:41.760> you<00:37:41.920> have<00:37:42.079> any<00:37:42.240> great 37:42.470 --> 37:42.480 align:start position:0% Let me know if you have any great 37:42.480 --> 37:45.589 align:start position:0% Let me know if you have any great suggestions<00:37:42.960> for<00:37:43.280> names<00:37:43.520> in<00:37:43.760> the<00:37:43.920> comments. 37:45.589 --> 37:45.599 align:start position:0% suggestions for names in the comments. 37:45.599 --> 37:48.390 align:start position:0% suggestions for names in the comments. This<00:37:46.079> startling<00:37:46.880> array<00:37:47.200> of<00:37:47.440> moons<00:37:47.760> is<00:37:48.000> divided 37:48.390 --> 37:48.400 align:start position:0% This startling array of moons is divided 37:48.400 --> 37:51.670 align:start position:0% This startling array of moons is divided into<00:37:48.640> three<00:37:48.880> categories:<00:37:50.079> 14<00:37:50.560> inner<00:37:50.880> moons, 37:51.670 --> 37:51.680 align:start position:0% into three categories: 14 inner moons, 37:51.680 --> 37:54.630 align:start position:0% into three categories: 14 inner moons, five<00:37:52.160> major<00:37:52.560> moons,<00:37:53.359> and<00:37:53.599> 10<00:37:54.000> irregular 37:54.630 --> 37:54.640 align:start position:0% five major moons, and 10 irregular 37:54.640 --> 37:57.510 align:start position:0% five major moons, and 10 irregular satellites.<00:37:55.920> Romantically<00:37:56.640> they<00:37:56.880> are<00:37:57.119> named 37:57.510 --> 37:57.520 align:start position:0% satellites. Romantically they are named 37:57.520 --> 37:59.349 align:start position:0% satellites. Romantically they are named after<00:37:58.000> characters<00:37:58.560> from<00:37:58.960> English 37:59.349 --> 37:59.359 align:start position:0% after characters from English 37:59.359 --> 38:02.630 align:start position:0% after characters from English literature.<00:38:00.640> The<00:38:00.800> major<00:38:01.119> moons<00:38:01.760> Miranda, 38:02.630 --> 38:02.640 align:start position:0% literature. The major moons Miranda, 38:02.640 --> 38:06.150 align:start position:0% literature. The major moons Miranda, Ariel,<00:38:03.359> Umbreel,<00:38:04.160> Titania,<00:38:04.960> and<00:38:05.200> Oberon 38:06.150 --> 38:06.160 align:start position:0% Ariel, Umbreel, Titania, and Oberon 38:06.160 --> 38:09.030 align:start position:0% Ariel, Umbreel, Titania, and Oberon feature<00:38:06.720> diverse<00:38:07.280> compositions<00:38:08.400> dominated 38:09.030 --> 38:09.040 align:start position:0% feature diverse compositions dominated 38:09.040 --> 38:11.910 align:start position:0% feature diverse compositions dominated by<00:38:09.359> water,<00:38:09.760> ice,<00:38:10.079> and<00:38:10.320> rocky<00:38:10.800> material. 38:11.910 --> 38:11.920 align:start position:0% by water, ice, and rocky material. 38:11.920 --> 38:15.030 align:start position:0% by water, ice, and rocky material. Studies<00:38:12.320> published<00:38:12.720> in<00:38:12.880> 2025,<00:38:14.160> it<00:38:14.400> was<00:38:14.560> a<00:38:14.800> very 38:15.030 --> 38:15.040 align:start position:0% Studies published in 2025, it was a very 38:15.040 --> 38:17.910 align:start position:0% Studies published in 2025, it was a very busy<00:38:15.280> year<00:38:15.440> for<00:38:15.680> Uranus<00:38:16.240> scientists,<00:38:17.040> hint<00:38:17.359> at 38:17.910 --> 38:17.920 align:start position:0% busy year for Uranus scientists, hint at 38:17.920 --> 38:21.109 align:start position:0% busy year for Uranus scientists, hint at possible<00:38:18.640> differentiated<00:38:19.599> interiors<00:38:20.720> with 38:21.109 --> 38:21.119 align:start position:0% possible differentiated interiors with 38:21.119 --> 38:23.349 align:start position:0% possible differentiated interiors with liquid<00:38:21.599> oceans<00:38:22.000> sandwiched<00:38:22.560> between<00:38:22.960> rocky 38:23.349 --> 38:23.359 align:start position:0% liquid oceans sandwiched between rocky 38:23.359 --> 38:26.630 align:start position:0% liquid oceans sandwiched between rocky cores<00:38:23.839> and<00:38:24.240> icy<00:38:24.560> mantles.<00:38:25.599> which<00:38:25.839> of<00:38:26.079> course 38:26.630 --> 38:26.640 align:start position:0% cores and icy mantles. which of course 38:26.640 --> 38:28.790 align:start position:0% cores and icy mantles. which of course raises<00:38:27.040> the<00:38:27.280> tantalizing<00:38:28.000> question<00:38:28.480> of 38:28.790 --> 38:28.800 align:start position:0% raises the tantalizing question of 38:28.800 --> 38:31.270 align:start position:0% raises the tantalizing question of whether<00:38:29.119> they<00:38:29.359> are<00:38:29.440> habitable<00:38:30.000> for<00:38:30.160> life.<00:38:31.040> But 38:31.270 --> 38:31.280 align:start position:0% whether they are habitable for life. But 38:31.280 --> 38:34.069 align:start position:0% whether they are habitable for life. But again,<00:38:32.079> only<00:38:32.480> an<00:38:32.800> actual<00:38:33.200> visit<00:38:33.680> could<00:38:33.920> tell 38:34.069 --> 38:34.079 align:start position:0% again, only an actual visit could tell 38:34.079 --> 38:36.550 align:start position:0% again, only an actual visit could tell us<00:38:34.320> that 38:36.550 --> 38:36.560 align:start position:0% us that 38:36.560 --> 38:38.710 align:start position:0% us that like<00:38:36.800> its<00:38:37.119> immediate<00:38:37.599> neighbors<00:38:38.160> Saturn, 38:38.710 --> 38:38.720 align:start position:0% like its immediate neighbors Saturn, 38:38.720 --> 38:42.069 align:start position:0% like its immediate neighbors Saturn, Jupiter,<00:38:39.200> and<00:38:39.520> Neptune,<00:38:40.400> Uranus<00:38:41.040> has<00:38:41.520> a<00:38:41.760> ring 38:42.069 --> 38:42.079 align:start position:0% Jupiter, and Neptune, Uranus has a ring 38:42.079 --> 38:44.950 align:start position:0% Jupiter, and Neptune, Uranus has a ring system.<00:38:43.119> They<00:38:43.359> are<00:38:43.599> aligned<00:38:44.000> with<00:38:44.240> its<00:38:44.480> tilted 38:44.950 --> 38:44.960 align:start position:0% system. They are aligned with its tilted 38:44.960 --> 38:47.829 align:start position:0% system. They are aligned with its tilted spin<00:38:45.280> axis.<00:38:46.240> So<00:38:46.640> during<00:38:46.960> Voyager<00:38:47.520> 2's 38:47.829 --> 38:47.839 align:start position:0% spin axis. So during Voyager 2's 38:47.839 --> 38:50.230 align:start position:0% spin axis. So during Voyager 2's approach<00:38:48.320> 40<00:38:48.640> years<00:38:48.800> ago,<00:38:49.440> they<00:38:49.760> appeared 38:50.230 --> 38:50.240 align:start position:0% approach 40 years ago, they appeared 38:50.240 --> 38:52.790 align:start position:0% approach 40 years ago, they appeared almost<00:38:50.640> like<00:38:50.880> a<00:38:51.040> bullseye. 38:52.790 --> 38:52.800 align:start position:0% almost like a bullseye. 38:52.800 --> 38:54.870 align:start position:0% almost like a bullseye. The<00:38:53.040> rings<00:38:53.280> are<00:38:53.520> very<00:38:53.680> young<00:38:53.920> by<00:38:54.240> solar<00:38:54.560> system 38:54.870 --> 38:54.880 align:start position:0% The rings are very young by solar system 38:54.880 --> 38:57.190 align:start position:0% The rings are very young by solar system standards,<00:38:55.520> thought<00:38:55.760> to<00:38:55.920> be<00:38:56.079> a<00:38:56.240> mere<00:38:56.640> 600 38:57.190 --> 38:57.200 align:start position:0% standards, thought to be a mere 600 38:57.200 --> 38:59.109 align:start position:0% standards, thought to be a mere 600 million<00:38:57.599> years<00:38:57.839> old,<00:38:58.480> and<00:38:58.720> they're<00:38:58.960> believed 38:59.109 --> 38:59.119 align:start position:0% million years old, and they're believed 38:59.119 --> 39:01.030 align:start position:0% million years old, and they're believed to<00:38:59.280> have<00:38:59.440> been<00:38:59.599> formed<00:39:00.000> by<00:39:00.160> the<00:39:00.320> breakup<00:39:00.720> of<00:39:00.880> a 39:01.030 --> 39:01.040 align:start position:0% to have been formed by the breakup of a 39:01.040 --> 39:03.430 align:start position:0% to have been formed by the breakup of a small<00:39:01.280> moon<00:39:01.680> colliding<00:39:02.160> with<00:39:02.400> a<00:39:02.560> meteorite<00:39:03.200> or 39:03.430 --> 39:03.440 align:start position:0% small moon colliding with a meteorite or 39:03.440 --> 39:06.550 align:start position:0% small moon colliding with a meteorite or a<00:39:03.680> comet.<00:39:04.880> Their<00:39:05.200> most<00:39:05.520> remarkable<00:39:06.240> feature 39:06.550 --> 39:06.560 align:start position:0% a comet. Their most remarkable feature 39:06.560 --> 39:09.589 align:start position:0% a comet. Their most remarkable feature is<00:39:06.880> how<00:39:07.200> dark<00:39:07.520> they<00:39:07.839> are.<00:39:08.400> With<00:39:08.560> an<00:39:08.800> albido<00:39:09.359> of 39:09.589 --> 39:09.599 align:start position:0% is how dark they are. With an albido of 39:09.599 --> 39:12.950 align:start position:0% is how dark they are. With an albido of less<00:39:09.839> than<00:39:10.160> 2%,<00:39:11.599> they<00:39:11.839> are<00:39:12.079> made<00:39:12.400> of<00:39:12.720> the 39:12.950 --> 39:12.960 align:start position:0% less than 2%, they are made of the 39:12.960 --> 39:16.470 align:start position:0% less than 2%, they are made of the darkest<00:39:13.680> material<00:39:14.320> in<00:39:14.640> the<00:39:14.880> solar<00:39:15.200> system. 39:16.470 --> 39:16.480 align:start position:0% darkest material in the solar system. 39:16.480 --> 39:20.390 align:start position:0% darkest material in the solar system. What<00:39:16.720> exactly<00:39:17.200> that<00:39:17.520> is<00:39:18.240> is<00:39:18.560> of<00:39:18.800> yet<00:39:19.200> unknown, 39:20.390 --> 39:20.400 align:start position:0% What exactly that is is of yet unknown, 39:20.400 --> 39:21.990 align:start position:0% What exactly that is is of yet unknown, but<00:39:20.640> scientists<00:39:21.119> think<00:39:21.359> it<00:39:21.599> could<00:39:21.760> be 39:21.990 --> 39:22.000 align:start position:0% but scientists think it could be 39:22.000 --> 39:23.750 align:start position:0% but scientists think it could be particles<00:39:22.400> of<00:39:22.560> water<00:39:22.880> ice<00:39:23.200> mixed<00:39:23.520> with 39:23.750 --> 39:23.760 align:start position:0% particles of water ice mixed with 39:23.760 --> 39:27.829 align:start position:0% particles of water ice mixed with organics<00:39:24.400> or<00:39:24.880> methane<00:39:25.440> ice<00:39:25.920> singed<00:39:26.480> black. 39:27.829 --> 39:27.839 align:start position:0% organics or methane ice singed black. 39:27.839 --> 39:30.230 align:start position:0% organics or methane ice singed black. Against<00:39:28.160> Uranus's<00:39:28.880> bright<00:39:29.200> exterior,<00:39:30.000> the 39:30.230 --> 39:30.240 align:start position:0% Against Uranus's bright exterior, the 39:30.240 --> 39:32.790 align:start position:0% Against Uranus's bright exterior, the rings<00:39:30.640> are<00:39:31.040> really<00:39:31.359> difficult<00:39:31.680> to<00:39:31.920> discern. 39:32.790 --> 39:32.800 align:start position:0% rings are really difficult to discern. 39:32.800 --> 39:34.950 align:start position:0% rings are really difficult to discern. So<00:39:33.040> much<00:39:33.200> so<00:39:33.440> that<00:39:33.680> they<00:39:33.920> were<00:39:34.079> discovered<00:39:34.560> by 39:34.950 --> 39:34.960 align:start position:0% So much so that they were discovered by 39:34.960 --> 39:38.230 align:start position:0% So much so that they were discovered by accident<00:39:35.520> in<00:39:35.839> 1977<00:39:36.960> thanks<00:39:37.280> to<00:39:37.440> a<00:39:37.839> star 39:38.230 --> 39:38.240 align:start position:0% accident in 1977 thanks to a star 39:38.240 --> 39:40.870 align:start position:0% accident in 1977 thanks to a star occultation.<00:39:39.440> An<00:39:39.599> event<00:39:39.839> in<00:39:40.079> which<00:39:40.320> Uranus 39:40.870 --> 39:40.880 align:start position:0% occultation. An event in which Uranus 39:40.880 --> 39:42.630 align:start position:0% occultation. An event in which Uranus moved<00:39:41.200> in<00:39:41.359> front<00:39:41.440> of<00:39:41.520> a<00:39:41.760> star<00:39:42.160> and<00:39:42.400> the 39:42.630 --> 39:42.640 align:start position:0% moved in front of a star and the 39:42.640 --> 39:44.470 align:start position:0% moved in front of a star and the subsequent<00:39:43.200> dimming<00:39:43.920> confirmed<00:39:44.320> the 39:44.470 --> 39:44.480 align:start position:0% subsequent dimming confirmed the 39:44.480 --> 39:46.630 align:start position:0% subsequent dimming confirmed the presence<00:39:44.720> of<00:39:44.880> the<00:39:44.900> [music]<00:39:45.040> rings. 39:46.630 --> 39:46.640 align:start position:0% presence of the [music] rings. 39:46.640 --> 39:49.750 align:start position:0% presence of the [music] rings. 13<00:39:47.119> rings<00:39:47.839> have<00:39:48.160> now<00:39:48.480> been<00:39:48.720> imaged<00:39:49.200> thanks<00:39:49.520> to 39:49.750 --> 39:49.760 align:start position:0% 13 rings have now been imaged thanks to 39:49.760 --> 39:52.150 align:start position:0% 13 rings have now been imaged thanks to Voyager<00:39:50.320> 2<00:39:50.960> as<00:39:51.200> well<00:39:51.359> as<00:39:51.599> the<00:39:51.839> advanced 39:52.150 --> 39:52.160 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 as well as the advanced 39:52.160 --> 39:55.190 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 as well as the advanced telescopy<00:39:53.040> of<00:39:53.280> Hubble,<00:39:54.000> Kek<00:39:54.480> 2,<00:39:54.880> and<00:39:55.119> the 39:55.190 --> 39:55.200 align:start position:0% telescopy of Hubble, Kek 2, and the 39:55.200 --> 39:58.870 align:start position:0% telescopy of Hubble, Kek 2, and the James<00:39:55.520> Web.<00:39:56.400> They<00:39:56.640> range<00:39:57.040> from<00:39:57.280> a<00:39:57.599> few<00:39:57.839> km<00:39:58.320> wide 39:58.870 --> 39:58.880 align:start position:0% James Web. They range from a few km wide 39:58.880 --> 40:02.710 align:start position:0% James Web. They range from a few km wide to<00:39:59.200> roughly<00:39:59.760> 100<00:40:00.240> km<00:40:00.720> wide,<00:40:01.520> and<00:40:01.839> it's<00:40:02.160> unclear 40:02.710 --> 40:02.720 align:start position:0% to roughly 100 km wide, and it's unclear 40:02.720 --> 40:04.870 align:start position:0% to roughly 100 km wide, and it's unclear why<00:40:03.119> some<00:40:03.359> of<00:40:03.440> the<00:40:03.599> rings<00:40:04.000> are<00:40:04.320> kept<00:40:04.560> so 40:04.870 --> 40:04.880 align:start position:0% why some of the rings are kept so 40:04.880 --> 40:07.589 align:start position:0% why some of the rings are kept so narrow.<00:40:06.000> Shepherd<00:40:06.400> moons<00:40:06.800> may<00:40:06.960> help<00:40:07.200> maintain 40:07.589 --> 40:07.599 align:start position:0% narrow. Shepherd moons may help maintain 40:07.599 --> 40:09.270 align:start position:0% narrow. Shepherd moons may help maintain the<00:40:07.807> [music]<00:40:07.839> structure<00:40:08.160> of<00:40:08.320> some<00:40:08.560> of<00:40:08.640> them, 40:09.270 --> 40:09.280 align:start position:0% the [music] structure of some of them, 40:09.280 --> 40:11.750 align:start position:0% the [music] structure of some of them, but<00:40:09.520> for<00:40:09.760> most,<00:40:10.240> the<00:40:10.480> mechanics<00:40:11.280> remain 40:11.750 --> 40:11.760 align:start position:0% but for most, the mechanics remain 40:11.760 --> 40:14.150 align:start position:0% but for most, the mechanics remain obscure. 40:14.150 --> 40:14.160 align:start position:0% obscure. 40:14.160 --> 40:17.109 align:start position:0% obscure. Excitingly,<00:40:15.280> a<00:40:15.599> rare<00:40:16.000> stellar<00:40:16.400> occultation 40:17.109 --> 40:17.119 align:start position:0% Excitingly, a rare stellar occultation 40:17.119 --> 40:20.630 align:start position:0% Excitingly, a rare stellar occultation happened<00:40:17.520> again<00:40:17.839> in<00:40:18.160> April<00:40:18.640> 2025<00:40:19.760> with<00:40:20.079> Uranus 40:20.630 --> 40:20.640 align:start position:0% happened again in April 2025 with Uranus 40:20.640 --> 40:22.870 align:start position:0% happened again in April 2025 with Uranus passing<00:40:21.040> in<00:40:21.280> front<00:40:21.359> of<00:40:21.520> a<00:40:21.680> star<00:40:22.000> about<00:40:22.400> 400 40:22.870 --> 40:22.880 align:start position:0% passing in front of a star about 400 40:22.880 --> 40:25.270 align:start position:0% passing in front of a star about 400 lighty<00:40:23.119> years<00:40:23.359> from<00:40:23.520> Earth.<00:40:24.400> This<00:40:24.640> led<00:40:24.880> to<00:40:25.040> a 40:25.270 --> 40:25.280 align:start position:0% lighty years from Earth. This led to a 40:25.280 --> 40:27.430 align:start position:0% lighty years from Earth. This led to a coordinated<00:40:26.000> effort<00:40:26.240> to<00:40:26.480> observe<00:40:26.880> Uranus 40:27.430 --> 40:27.440 align:start position:0% coordinated effort to observe Uranus 40:27.440 --> 40:30.069 align:start position:0% coordinated effort to observe Uranus like<00:40:27.839> nothing<00:40:28.240> done<00:40:28.560> before.<00:40:29.599> Led<00:40:29.839> by 40:30.069 --> 40:30.079 align:start position:0% like nothing done before. Led by 40:30.079 --> 40:32.630 align:start position:0% like nothing done before. Led by planetary<00:40:30.560> scientists<00:40:30.960> at<00:40:31.200> NASA<00:40:31.760> Langley,<00:40:32.400> an 40:32.630 --> 40:32.640 align:start position:0% planetary scientists at NASA Langley, an 40:32.640 --> 40:34.230 align:start position:0% planetary scientists at NASA Langley, an international<00:40:33.200> team<00:40:33.440> of<00:40:33.599> over<00:40:33.920> 30 40:34.230 --> 40:34.240 align:start position:0% international team of over 30 40:34.240 --> 40:37.670 align:start position:0% international team of over 30 astronomers<00:40:35.280> using<00:40:35.920> 18<00:40:36.400> observatories 40:37.670 --> 40:37.680 align:start position:0% astronomers using 18 observatories 40:37.680 --> 40:39.510 align:start position:0% astronomers using 18 observatories simultaneously<00:40:38.560> trained<00:40:38.960> their<00:40:39.119> attention 40:39.510 --> 40:39.520 align:start position:0% simultaneously trained their attention 40:39.520 --> 40:42.710 align:start position:0% simultaneously trained their attention on<00:40:39.760> Uranus<00:40:40.320> for<00:40:40.480> about<00:40:40.720> an<00:40:41.040> hour.<00:40:41.920> It<00:40:42.240> was<00:40:42.400> the 40:42.710 --> 40:42.720 align:start position:0% on Uranus for about an hour. It was the 40:42.720 --> 40:45.829 align:start position:0% on Uranus for about an hour. It was the largest<00:40:43.200> campaign<00:40:43.920> ever<00:40:44.480> organized<00:40:45.359> and<00:40:45.599> the 40:45.829 --> 40:45.839 align:start position:0% largest campaign ever organized and the 40:45.839 --> 40:47.510 align:start position:0% largest campaign ever organized and the largest<00:40:46.240> simultaneous<00:40:46.960> observation<00:40:47.359> of 40:47.510 --> 40:47.520 align:start position:0% largest simultaneous observation of 40:47.520 --> 40:51.589 align:start position:0% largest simultaneous observation of Uranus<00:40:48.000> since<00:40:48.320> Voyager<00:40:48.880> 2's<00:40:49.280> 1986<00:40:50.240> flyby.<00:40:51.359> The 40:51.589 --> 40:51.599 align:start position:0% Uranus since Voyager 2's 1986 flyby. The 40:51.599 --> 40:53.589 align:start position:0% Uranus since Voyager 2's 1986 flyby. The nature<00:40:51.839> of<00:40:52.000> an<00:40:52.079> occultation<00:40:52.720> is<00:40:53.040> perfect<00:40:53.359> for 40:53.589 --> 40:53.599 align:start position:0% nature of an occultation is perfect for 40:53.599 --> 40:56.150 align:start position:0% nature of an occultation is perfect for studying<00:40:54.000> Uranus's<00:40:54.720> atmosphere<00:40:55.200> and<00:40:55.440> rings. 40:56.150 --> 40:56.160 align:start position:0% studying Uranus's atmosphere and rings. 40:56.160 --> 40:58.230 align:start position:0% studying Uranus's atmosphere and rings. Atmospheric<00:40:56.800> findings<00:40:57.280> are<00:40:57.680> yet<00:40:57.920> to<00:40:58.079> be 40:58.230 --> 40:58.240 align:start position:0% Atmospheric findings are yet to be 40:58.240 --> 41:00.550 align:start position:0% Atmospheric findings are yet to be released,<00:40:58.960> but<00:40:59.119> the<00:40:59.359> precision<00:40:59.839> of<00:41:00.000> the<00:41:00.240> ring 41:00.550 --> 41:00.560 align:start position:0% released, but the precision of the ring 41:00.560 --> 41:03.030 align:start position:0% released, but the precision of the ring data,<00:41:01.359> specifically<00:41:01.920> the<00:41:02.160> timings<00:41:02.640> of<00:41:02.800> each 41:03.030 --> 41:03.040 align:start position:0% data, specifically the timings of each 41:03.040 --> 41:05.349 align:start position:0% data, specifically the timings of each occultation<00:41:04.000> have<00:41:04.240> allowed<00:41:04.640> scientists<00:41:05.200> to 41:05.349 --> 41:05.359 align:start position:0% occultation have allowed scientists to 41:05.359 --> 41:08.550 align:start position:0% occultation have allowed scientists to determine<00:41:06.079> where<00:41:06.400> Uranus<00:41:06.960> is<00:41:07.280> in<00:41:07.599> its<00:41:07.839> orbit, 41:08.550 --> 41:08.560 align:start position:0% determine where Uranus is in its orbit, 41:08.560 --> 41:12.309 align:start position:0% determine where Uranus is in its orbit, updating<00:41:09.040> its<00:41:09.359> position<00:41:09.760> by<00:41:10.000> around<00:41:10.480> 400<00:41:11.119> km. 41:12.309 --> 41:12.319 align:start position:0% updating its position by around 400 km. 41:12.319 --> 41:14.550 align:start position:0% updating its position by around 400 km. This<00:41:12.560> is<00:41:12.800> critical<00:41:13.359> information<00:41:13.839> for<00:41:14.160> sending 41:14.550 --> 41:14.560 align:start position:0% This is critical information for sending 41:14.560 --> 41:17.109 align:start position:0% This is critical information for sending a<00:41:14.960> physical<00:41:15.359> mission,<00:41:16.079> but<00:41:16.319> I'll<00:41:16.640> talk<00:41:16.880> more 41:17.109 --> 41:17.119 align:start position:0% a physical mission, but I'll talk more 41:17.119 --> 41:20.069 align:start position:0% a physical mission, but I'll talk more on<00:41:17.280> that<00:41:17.520> later.<00:41:18.800> This<00:41:19.200> unprecedented 41:20.069 --> 41:20.079 align:start position:0% on that later. This unprecedented 41:20.079 --> 41:23.109 align:start position:0% on that later. This unprecedented coordination<00:41:21.040> is<00:41:21.359> just<00:41:21.680> the<00:41:21.920> beginning.<00:41:22.800> Over 41:23.109 --> 41:23.119 align:start position:0% coordination is just the beginning. Over 41:23.119 --> 41:25.589 align:start position:0% coordination is just the beginning. Over the<00:41:23.280> next<00:41:23.520> decade,<00:41:24.160> Uranus<00:41:24.720> is<00:41:24.880> set<00:41:25.040> to<00:41:25.280> pass 41:25.589 --> 41:25.599 align:start position:0% the next decade, Uranus is set to pass 41:25.599 --> 41:27.910 align:start position:0% the next decade, Uranus is set to pass between<00:41:26.000> Earth<00:41:26.319> and<00:41:26.560> the<00:41:26.720> galactic<00:41:27.359> center<00:41:27.760> of 41:27.910 --> 41:27.920 align:start position:0% between Earth and the galactic center of 41:27.920 --> 41:30.470 align:start position:0% between Earth and the galactic center of the<00:41:28.079> Milky<00:41:28.400> Way.<00:41:29.119> Prime<00:41:29.599> opportunity<00:41:30.240> to 41:30.470 --> 41:30.480 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. Prime opportunity to 41:30.480 --> 41:33.190 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. Prime opportunity to carry<00:41:30.720> out<00:41:31.040> further<00:41:31.520> occultation<00:41:32.240> studies 41:33.190 --> 41:33.200 align:start position:0% carry out further occultation studies 41:33.200 --> 41:35.430 align:start position:0% carry out further occultation studies with<00:41:33.440> the<00:41:33.680> best<00:41:34.000> ever<00:41:34.400> conditions<00:41:34.960> lined<00:41:35.280> up 41:35.430 --> 41:35.440 align:start position:0% with the best ever conditions lined up 41:35.440 --> 41:37.829 align:start position:0% with the best ever conditions lined up for<00:41:35.839> 2031. 41:37.829 --> 41:37.839 align:start position:0% for 2031. 41:37.839 --> 41:40.870 align:start position:0% for 2031. The<00:41:38.160> last<00:41:38.480> few<00:41:38.800> years<00:41:39.200> have<00:41:39.520> been<00:41:39.839> a<00:41:40.240> flurry<00:41:40.640> of 41:40.870 --> 41:40.880 align:start position:0% The last few years have been a flurry of 41:40.880 --> 41:43.510 align:start position:0% The last few years have been a flurry of publications<00:41:41.440> and<00:41:41.680> activity<00:41:42.720> looking<00:41:42.960> at<00:41:43.119> you 41:43.510 --> 41:43.520 align:start position:0% publications and activity looking at you 41:43.520 --> 41:47.670 align:start position:0% publications and activity looking at you 2025<00:41:44.960> focused<00:41:45.440> on<00:41:45.680> the<00:41:46.000> strange<00:41:46.640> seventh<00:41:47.359> blue 41:47.670 --> 41:47.680 align:start position:0% 2025 focused on the strange seventh blue 41:47.680 --> 41:50.950 align:start position:0% 2025 focused on the strange seventh blue green<00:41:48.400> sideways<00:41:49.040> planet<00:41:49.920> revealing<00:41:50.400> it<00:41:50.560> to<00:41:50.800> be 41:50.950 --> 41:50.960 align:start position:0% green sideways planet revealing it to be 41:50.960 --> 41:54.390 align:start position:0% green sideways planet revealing it to be a<00:41:51.280> dynamic<00:41:51.839> world<00:41:52.240> with<00:41:52.480> a<00:41:52.960> storied<00:41:53.440> past<00:41:54.160> and 41:54.390 --> 41:54.400 align:start position:0% a dynamic world with a storied past and 41:54.400 --> 41:57.349 align:start position:0% a dynamic world with a storied past and enigmatic<00:41:55.200> features.<00:41:56.319> So<00:41:56.560> much<00:41:56.880> has<00:41:57.200> been 41:57.349 --> 41:57.359 align:start position:0% enigmatic features. So much has been 41:57.359 --> 41:59.190 align:start position:0% enigmatic features. So much has been learned<00:41:57.680> since<00:41:58.000> William<00:41:58.319> Hershel<00:41:58.800> stood<00:41:59.040> in 41:59.190 --> 41:59.200 align:start position:0% learned since William Hershel stood in 41:59.200 --> 42:01.510 align:start position:0% learned since William Hershel stood in his<00:41:59.359> back<00:41:59.599> garden<00:42:00.319> looking<00:42:00.720> through<00:42:01.119> a 42:01.510 --> 42:01.520 align:start position:0% his back garden looking through a 42:01.520 --> 42:04.309 align:start position:0% his back garden looking through a homemade<00:42:02.000> telescope.<00:42:03.280> And<00:42:03.520> that's<00:42:03.839> despite 42:04.309 --> 42:04.319 align:start position:0% homemade telescope. And that's despite 42:04.319 --> 42:07.030 align:start position:0% homemade telescope. And that's despite Uranus<00:42:04.960> and<00:42:05.200> its<00:42:05.440> neighbor<00:42:05.839> Neptune<00:42:06.640> being 42:07.030 --> 42:07.040 align:start position:0% Uranus and its neighbor Neptune being 42:07.040 --> 42:09.270 align:start position:0% Uranus and its neighbor Neptune being the<00:42:07.280> least<00:42:07.680> visited<00:42:08.160> planets<00:42:08.640> in<00:42:08.800> the<00:42:08.960> solar 42:09.270 --> 42:09.280 align:start position:0% the least visited planets in the solar 42:09.280 --> 42:12.710 align:start position:0% the least visited planets in the solar system.<00:42:10.319> Even<00:42:10.640> more<00:42:10.960> discovery<00:42:11.920> lies<00:42:12.240> ahead 42:12.710 --> 42:12.720 align:start position:0% system. Even more discovery lies ahead 42:12.720 --> 42:14.470 align:start position:0% system. Even more discovery lies ahead still. 42:14.470 --> 42:14.480 align:start position:0% still. 42:14.480 --> 42:17.109 align:start position:0% still. The<00:42:14.720> 2023<00:42:15.680> planetary<00:42:16.160> science<00:42:16.560> decadel 42:17.109 --> 42:17.119 align:start position:0% The 2023 planetary science decadel 42:17.119 --> 42:19.829 align:start position:0% The 2023 planetary science decadel survey<00:42:17.760> has<00:42:18.000> made<00:42:18.319> a<00:42:18.560> Uranus<00:42:19.119> orbiter<00:42:19.599> and 42:19.829 --> 42:19.839 align:start position:0% survey has made a Uranus orbiter and 42:19.839 --> 42:22.390 align:start position:0% survey has made a Uranus orbiter and probe<00:42:20.240> mission<00:42:20.720> NASA's<00:42:21.280> top<00:42:21.839> planetary 42:22.390 --> 42:22.400 align:start position:0% probe mission NASA's top planetary 42:22.400 --> 42:25.109 align:start position:0% probe mission NASA's top planetary priority.<00:42:23.280> and<00:42:23.520> the<00:42:23.760> Chinese<00:42:24.400> National<00:42:24.800> Space 42:25.109 --> 42:25.119 align:start position:0% priority. and the Chinese National Space 42:25.119 --> 42:27.670 align:start position:0% priority. and the Chinese National Space Administration<00:42:26.160> have<00:42:26.480> also<00:42:27.040> proposed<00:42:27.440> a 42:27.670 --> 42:27.680 align:start position:0% Administration have also proposed a 42:27.680 --> 42:30.230 align:start position:0% Administration have also proposed a mission<00:42:27.920> to<00:42:28.079> the<00:42:28.240> planet<00:42:28.640> with<00:42:28.800> Tanwin<00:42:29.520> 4. 42:30.230 --> 42:30.240 align:start position:0% mission to the planet with Tanwin 4. 42:30.240 --> 42:32.390 align:start position:0% mission to the planet with Tanwin 4. With<00:42:30.480> the<00:42:30.640> possibility<00:42:31.200> of<00:42:31.520> another<00:42:31.839> visit<00:42:32.240> on 42:32.390 --> 42:32.400 align:start position:0% With the possibility of another visit on 42:32.400 --> 42:34.550 align:start position:0% With the possibility of another visit on the<00:42:32.560> horizon,<00:42:33.440> scientists<00:42:33.920> will<00:42:34.160> need<00:42:34.319> to 42:34.550 --> 42:34.560 align:start position:0% the horizon, scientists will need to 42:34.560 --> 42:36.470 align:start position:0% the horizon, scientists will need to look<00:42:34.800> sharp<00:42:35.119> as<00:42:35.359> we<00:42:35.599> are<00:42:35.680> approaching<00:42:36.160> a 42:36.470 --> 42:36.480 align:start position:0% look sharp as we are approaching a 42:36.480 --> 42:41.270 align:start position:0% look sharp as we are approaching a critical<00:42:36.880> window.<00:42:38.079> 2031<00:42:39.520> and<00:42:39.920> 2032<00:42:40.880> are 42:41.270 --> 42:41.280 align:start position:0% critical window. 2031 and 2032 are 42:41.280 --> 42:43.910 align:start position:0% critical window. 2031 and 2032 are optimal<00:42:41.920> launch<00:42:42.319> opportunities.<00:42:43.440> Thanks<00:42:43.760> to 42:43.910 --> 42:43.920 align:start position:0% optimal launch opportunities. Thanks to 42:43.920 --> 42:45.910 align:start position:0% optimal launch opportunities. Thanks to planetary<00:42:44.400> alignments,<00:42:45.280> a<00:42:45.520> future 42:45.910 --> 42:45.920 align:start position:0% planetary alignments, a future 42:45.920 --> 42:47.750 align:start position:0% planetary alignments, a future spacecraft<00:42:46.480> could<00:42:46.720> get<00:42:46.880> a<00:42:47.040> gravity<00:42:47.440> assist 42:47.750 --> 42:47.760 align:start position:0% spacecraft could get a gravity assist 42:47.760 --> 42:50.550 align:start position:0% spacecraft could get a gravity assist from<00:42:48.000> Jupiter,<00:42:48.960> shortening<00:42:49.520> the<00:42:49.760> journey<00:42:50.160> by 42:50.550 --> 42:50.560 align:start position:0% from Jupiter, shortening the journey by 42:50.560 --> 42:52.710 align:start position:0% from Jupiter, shortening the journey by several<00:42:51.200> years. 42:52.710 --> 42:52.720 align:start position:0% several years. 42:52.720 --> 42:54.950 align:start position:0% several years. Mission<00:42:53.040> objectives<00:42:53.760> are<00:42:54.000> set<00:42:54.240> to<00:42:54.400> include 42:54.950 --> 42:54.960 align:start position:0% Mission objectives are set to include 42:54.960 --> 42:56.550 align:start position:0% Mission objectives are set to include mapping<00:42:55.359> the<00:42:55.599> planet's<00:42:56.000> gravity<00:42:56.319> and 42:56.550 --> 42:56.560 align:start position:0% mapping the planet's gravity and 42:56.560 --> 42:59.349 align:start position:0% mapping the planet's gravity and magnetic<00:42:57.040> fields<00:42:57.440> over<00:42:57.760> time,<00:42:58.640> studying<00:42:59.119> the 42:59.349 --> 42:59.359 align:start position:0% magnetic fields over time, studying the 42:59.359 --> 43:01.510 align:start position:0% magnetic fields over time, studying the weather<00:42:59.680> systems<00:43:00.560> and<00:43:00.880> atmospheric 43:01.510 --> 43:01.520 align:start position:0% weather systems and atmospheric 43:01.520 --> 43:04.630 align:start position:0% weather systems and atmospheric composition,<00:43:02.720> characterizing<00:43:03.520> rings,<00:43:04.400> and 43:04.630 --> 43:04.640 align:start position:0% composition, characterizing rings, and 43:04.640 --> 43:06.870 align:start position:0% composition, characterizing rings, and investigating<00:43:05.359> the<00:43:05.599> potential<00:43:06.160> habitability 43:06.870 --> 43:06.880 align:start position:0% investigating the potential habitability 43:06.880 --> 43:11.030 align:start position:0% investigating the potential habitability of<00:43:07.040> its<00:43:07.280> moons.<00:43:08.400> So<00:43:09.200> stay<00:43:09.520> tuned.<00:43:10.560> The<00:43:10.800> next 43:11.030 --> 43:11.040 align:start position:0% of its moons. So stay tuned. The next 43:11.040 --> 43:13.829 align:start position:0% of its moons. So stay tuned. The next chapter<00:43:11.440> of<00:43:11.760> Uranus<00:43:12.240> exploration<00:43:13.200> is<00:43:13.520> being 43:13.829 --> 43:13.839 align:start position:0% chapter of Uranus exploration is being 43:13.839 --> 43:17.829 align:start position:0% chapter of Uranus exploration is being written<00:43:14.400> as<00:43:14.640> we<00:43:14.960> speak. 43:17.829 --> 43:17.839 align:start position:0% written as we speak. 43:17.839 --> 43:19.910 align:start position:0% written as we speak. If<00:43:18.079> you<00:43:18.240> were<00:43:18.400> to<00:43:18.560> look<00:43:18.800> up<00:43:19.040> into<00:43:19.359> a<00:43:19.599> clear 43:19.910 --> 43:19.920 align:start position:0% If you were to look up into a clear 43:19.920 --> 43:22.230 align:start position:0% If you were to look up into a clear night<00:43:20.240> sky<00:43:20.480> with<00:43:20.720> your<00:43:20.880> naked<00:43:21.200> eye,<00:43:21.920> what 43:22.230 --> 43:22.240 align:start position:0% night sky with your naked eye, what 43:22.240 --> 43:25.829 align:start position:0% night sky with your naked eye, what planets<00:43:22.960> would<00:43:23.200> you<00:43:23.440> see?<00:43:24.720> Technically,<00:43:25.440> if 43:25.829 --> 43:25.839 align:start position:0% planets would you see? Technically, if 43:25.839 --> 43:27.829 align:start position:0% planets would you see? Technically, if conditions<00:43:26.319> were<00:43:26.480> right<00:43:26.720> and<00:43:26.960> you<00:43:27.200> had<00:43:27.520> very 43:27.829 --> 43:27.839 align:start position:0% conditions were right and you had very 43:27.839 --> 43:30.230 align:start position:0% conditions were right and you had very good<00:43:28.160> eyesight,<00:43:29.119> you<00:43:29.280> would<00:43:29.440> be<00:43:29.599> able<00:43:29.760> to<00:43:29.839> see 43:30.230 --> 43:30.240 align:start position:0% good eyesight, you would be able to see 43:30.240 --> 43:33.109 align:start position:0% good eyesight, you would be able to see all<00:43:30.480> of<00:43:30.640> them<00:43:30.880> at<00:43:31.200> one<00:43:31.440> time<00:43:31.760> or<00:43:32.079> another.<00:43:32.960> All 43:33.109 --> 43:33.119 align:start position:0% all of them at one time or another. All 43:33.119 --> 43:36.470 align:start position:0% all of them at one time or another. All of<00:43:33.280> them,<00:43:33.920> apart<00:43:34.319> from<00:43:34.640> Neptune. 43:36.470 --> 43:36.480 align:start position:0% of them, apart from Neptune. 43:36.480 --> 43:39.270 align:start position:0% of them, apart from Neptune. It<00:43:36.720> is<00:43:36.880> the<00:43:37.200> smallest<00:43:37.599> of<00:43:37.760> the<00:43:38.000> icy<00:43:38.319> giants<00:43:39.040> and 43:39.270 --> 43:39.280 align:start position:0% It is the smallest of the icy giants and 43:39.280 --> 43:42.390 align:start position:0% It is the smallest of the icy giants and also<00:43:39.680> the<00:43:39.920> furthest<00:43:40.319> away.<00:43:41.280> It's<00:43:41.520> a<00:43:41.760> wonder<00:43:42.160> we 43:42.390 --> 43:42.400 align:start position:0% also the furthest away. It's a wonder we 43:42.400 --> 43:46.550 align:start position:0% also the furthest away. It's a wonder we found<00:43:42.640> it<00:43:42.880> at<00:43:43.119> all.<00:43:44.160> And<00:43:44.480> it<00:43:44.880> is<00:43:45.280> a<00:43:45.599> place<00:43:46.000> of 43:46.550 --> 43:46.560 align:start position:0% found it at all. And it is a place of 43:46.560 --> 43:48.069 align:start position:0% found it at all. And it is a place of wonders. 43:48.069 --> 43:48.079 align:start position:0% wonders. 43:48.079 --> 43:50.870 align:start position:0% wonders. Ginormous<00:43:48.880> storms<00:43:49.280> that<00:43:49.520> rise<00:43:49.839> and<00:43:50.079> fall. 43:50.870 --> 43:50.880 align:start position:0% Ginormous storms that rise and fall. 43:50.880 --> 43:52.550 align:start position:0% Ginormous storms that rise and fall. Super<00:43:51.200> fast<00:43:51.440> winds<00:43:51.760> that<00:43:52.000> are<00:43:52.160> almost 43:52.550 --> 43:52.560 align:start position:0% Super fast winds that are almost 43:52.560 --> 43:54.150 align:start position:0% Super fast winds that are almost supersonic. 43:54.150 --> 43:54.160 align:start position:0% supersonic. 43:54.160 --> 43:57.990 align:start position:0% supersonic. Icy<00:43:54.560> rings<00:43:55.359> and<00:43:55.839> enigmatic<00:43:56.720> moons<00:43:57.359> hinting<00:43:57.839> at 43:57.990 --> 43:58.000 align:start position:0% Icy rings and enigmatic moons hinting at 43:58.000 --> 44:01.829 align:start position:0% Icy rings and enigmatic moons hinting at a<00:43:58.240> violent<00:43:58.800> past.<00:43:59.920> Of<00:44:00.319> all<00:44:00.560> the<00:44:00.800> planets,<00:44:01.599> it's 44:01.829 --> 44:01.839 align:start position:0% a violent past. Of all the planets, it's 44:01.839 --> 44:04.790 align:start position:0% a violent past. Of all the planets, it's the<00:44:02.079> one<00:44:02.319> we<00:44:02.640> know<00:44:02.960> the<00:44:03.200> least<00:44:03.520> about.<00:44:04.560> But 44:04.790 --> 44:04.800 align:start position:0% the one we know the least about. But 44:04.800 --> 44:09.270 align:start position:0% the one we know the least about. But what<00:44:05.200> exactly<00:44:05.920> do<00:44:06.240> we<00:44:06.480> know<00:44:06.800> about<00:44:07.200> Neptune? 44:09.270 --> 44:09.280 align:start position:0% what exactly do we know about Neptune? 44:09.280 --> 44:11.270 align:start position:0% what exactly do we know about Neptune? I'm<00:44:09.599> Alex<00:44:09.920> Mccoan<00:44:10.640> and<00:44:10.800> you're<00:44:11.040> watching 44:11.270 --> 44:11.280 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 44:11.280 --> 44:14.150 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:44:12.319> Today<00:44:12.640> in<00:44:12.960> this<00:44:13.200> super<00:44:13.520> cut,<00:44:13.839> we're 44:14.150 --> 44:14.160 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today in this super cut, we're 44:14.160 --> 44:16.550 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today in this super cut, we're going<00:44:14.319> to<00:44:14.480> delve<00:44:14.880> into<00:44:15.359> everything<00:44:16.079> you<00:44:16.400> could 44:16.550 --> 44:16.560 align:start position:0% going to delve into everything you could 44:16.560 --> 44:20.790 align:start position:0% going to delve into everything you could want<00:44:16.720> to<00:44:16.880> know<00:44:17.440> about<00:44:17.760> Neptune. 44:20.790 --> 44:20.800 align:start position:0% 44:20.800 --> 44:23.190 align:start position:0% Let's<00:44:21.200> start<00:44:21.680> right<00:44:22.000> at<00:44:22.240> the<00:44:22.400> beginning<00:44:22.880> with 44:23.190 --> 44:23.200 align:start position:0% Let's start right at the beginning with 44:23.200 --> 44:25.990 align:start position:0% Let's start right at the beginning with how<00:44:23.440> we<00:44:23.680> found<00:44:24.000> Neptune<00:44:24.560> in<00:44:24.720> the<00:44:24.880> first<00:44:25.119> place. 44:25.990 --> 44:26.000 align:start position:0% how we found Neptune in the first place. 44:26.000 --> 44:28.630 align:start position:0% how we found Neptune in the first place. Because<00:44:26.640> unlike<00:44:27.280> every<00:44:27.599> other<00:44:27.920> planet<00:44:28.240> in<00:44:28.480> the 44:28.630 --> 44:28.640 align:start position:0% Because unlike every other planet in the 44:28.640 --> 44:31.670 align:start position:0% Because unlike every other planet in the solar<00:44:28.880> system,<00:44:29.760> Neptune<00:44:30.319> was<00:44:30.720> not<00:44:30.960> discovered 44:31.670 --> 44:31.680 align:start position:0% solar system, Neptune was not discovered 44:31.680 --> 44:33.670 align:start position:0% solar system, Neptune was not discovered by<00:44:31.920> merely<00:44:32.400> being<00:44:32.800> spotted<00:44:33.280> with<00:44:33.440> a 44:33.670 --> 44:33.680 align:start position:0% by merely being spotted with a 44:33.680 --> 44:35.589 align:start position:0% by merely being spotted with a telescope.<00:44:34.720> Its<00:44:35.040> story<00:44:35.060> [music] 44:35.589 --> 44:35.599 align:start position:0% telescope. Its story [music] 44:35.599 --> 44:39.270 align:start position:0% telescope. Its story [music] is<00:44:36.079> far<00:44:36.400> more<00:44:36.640> intriguing.<00:44:37.839> Neptune<00:44:38.400> is<00:44:38.800> the 44:39.270 --> 44:39.280 align:start position:0% is far more intriguing. Neptune is the 44:39.280 --> 44:42.069 align:start position:0% is far more intriguing. Neptune is the only<00:44:39.680> planet<00:44:40.079> found<00:44:40.720> through<00:44:41.200> mathematical 44:42.069 --> 44:42.079 align:start position:0% only planet found through mathematical 44:42.079 --> 44:43.670 align:start position:0% only planet found through mathematical prediction. 44:43.670 --> 44:43.680 align:start position:0% prediction. 44:43.680 --> 44:47.190 align:start position:0% prediction. It<00:44:44.000> happened<00:44:44.560> in<00:44:44.880> 1846<00:44:46.185> [music]<00:44:46.480> thanks<00:44:46.800> to 44:47.190 --> 44:47.200 align:start position:0% It happened in 1846 [music] thanks to 44:47.200 --> 44:50.630 align:start position:0% It happened in 1846 [music] thanks to Oban<00:44:47.839> Jean<00:44:48.240> Joseph<00:44:48.880> Leier,<00:44:50.079> a<00:44:50.319> French 44:50.630 --> 44:50.640 align:start position:0% Oban Jean Joseph Leier, a French 44:50.640 --> 44:53.190 align:start position:0% Oban Jean Joseph Leier, a French astronomer<00:44:51.359> and<00:44:51.680> mathematician. 44:53.190 --> 44:53.200 align:start position:0% astronomer and mathematician. 44:53.200 --> 44:55.750 align:start position:0% astronomer and mathematician. Lefier<00:44:54.000> had<00:44:54.240> been<00:44:54.560> examining<00:44:55.119> the<00:44:55.359> rotation 44:55.750 --> 44:55.760 align:start position:0% Lefier had been examining the rotation 44:55.760 --> 44:58.150 align:start position:0% Lefier had been examining the rotation of<00:44:55.920> the<00:44:56.160> then<00:44:56.640> seven<00:44:57.040> planets<00:44:57.760> when<00:44:58.000> he 44:58.150 --> 44:58.160 align:start position:0% of the then seven planets when he 44:58.160 --> 45:00.309 align:start position:0% of the then seven planets when he noticed<00:44:58.560> that<00:44:58.880> something<00:44:59.200> was<00:44:59.520> off<00:44:59.839> about 45:00.309 --> 45:00.319 align:start position:0% noticed that something was off about 45:00.319 --> 45:03.349 align:start position:0% noticed that something was off about Uranus.<00:45:01.680> It<00:45:01.920> didn't<00:45:02.160> seem<00:45:02.400> to<00:45:02.560> be<00:45:02.720> moving<00:45:03.040> in 45:03.349 --> 45:03.359 align:start position:0% Uranus. It didn't seem to be moving in 45:03.359 --> 45:04.870 align:start position:0% Uranus. It didn't seem to be moving in line<00:45:03.520> with<00:45:03.680> the<00:45:03.839> theories<00:45:04.240> of<00:45:04.400> gravity 45:04.870 --> 45:04.880 align:start position:0% line with the theories of gravity 45:04.880 --> 45:07.670 align:start position:0% line with the theories of gravity proposed<00:45:05.280> by<00:45:05.520> Newtonian<00:45:06.079> physics. 45:07.670 --> 45:07.680 align:start position:0% proposed by Newtonian physics. 45:07.680 --> 45:09.670 align:start position:0% proposed by Newtonian physics. The<00:45:07.839> very<00:45:08.400> reasoned<00:45:08.800> that<00:45:09.119> the<00:45:09.359> only 45:09.670 --> 45:09.680 align:start position:0% The very reasoned that the only 45:09.680 --> 45:11.750 align:start position:0% The very reasoned that the only explanation<00:45:10.240> for<00:45:10.560> this<00:45:10.880> was<00:45:11.040> that<00:45:11.280> there<00:45:11.520> must 45:11.750 --> 45:11.760 align:start position:0% explanation for this was that there must 45:11.760 --> 45:13.589 align:start position:0% explanation for this was that there must be<00:45:11.920> a<00:45:12.079> planet<00:45:12.480> out<00:45:12.720> beyond<00:45:13.040> the<00:45:13.200> orbit<00:45:13.440> of 45:13.589 --> 45:13.599 align:start position:0% be a planet out beyond the orbit of 45:13.599 --> 45:16.150 align:start position:0% be a planet out beyond the orbit of Uranus<00:45:14.160> that<00:45:14.480> was<00:45:14.640> perturbing<00:45:15.280> its<00:45:15.520> motion<00:45:15.920> to 45:16.150 --> 45:16.160 align:start position:0% Uranus that was perturbing its motion to 45:16.160 --> 45:18.309 align:start position:0% Uranus that was perturbing its motion to account<00:45:16.480> for<00:45:16.640> this<00:45:16.800> discrepancy. 45:18.309 --> 45:18.319 align:start position:0% account for this discrepancy. 45:18.319 --> 45:20.790 align:start position:0% account for this discrepancy. He<00:45:18.560> did<00:45:18.720> some<00:45:18.960> maths<00:45:19.599> and<00:45:19.839> then<00:45:20.079> declared<00:45:20.560> that 45:20.790 --> 45:20.800 align:start position:0% He did some maths and then declared that 45:20.800 --> 45:23.349 align:start position:0% He did some maths and then declared that his<00:45:21.040> eighth<00:45:21.440> planet<00:45:21.920> must<00:45:22.240> exist<00:45:22.560> at<00:45:22.800> an<00:45:23.040> exact 45:23.349 --> 45:23.359 align:start position:0% his eighth planet must exist at an exact 45:23.359 --> 45:26.150 align:start position:0% his eighth planet must exist at an exact point<00:45:23.599> in<00:45:23.839> the<00:45:24.000> night<00:45:24.240> sky.<00:45:25.359> The<00:45:25.680> incredible 45:26.150 --> 45:26.160 align:start position:0% point in the night sky. The incredible 45:26.160 --> 45:28.790 align:start position:0% point in the night sky. The incredible thing<00:45:26.400> was<00:45:27.119> after<00:45:27.440> hearing<00:45:27.839> his<00:45:28.079> prediction, 45:28.790 --> 45:28.800 align:start position:0% thing was after hearing his prediction, 45:28.800 --> 45:31.829 align:start position:0% thing was after hearing his prediction, Avery's<00:45:29.599> friend<00:45:30.079> Johan<00:45:30.560> Godfrieded<00:45:31.040> Gala<00:45:31.680> got 45:31.829 --> 45:31.839 align:start position:0% Avery's friend Johan Godfrieded Gala got 45:31.839 --> 45:34.069 align:start position:0% Avery's friend Johan Godfrieded Gala got out<00:45:32.000> a<00:45:32.240> telescope,<00:45:33.280> searched<00:45:33.680> in<00:45:33.920> that 45:34.069 --> 45:34.079 align:start position:0% out a telescope, searched in that 45:34.079 --> 45:36.710 align:start position:0% out a telescope, searched in that location<00:45:35.040> and<00:45:35.359> sure<00:45:35.520> enough<00:45:36.079> discovered<00:45:36.480> the 45:36.710 --> 45:36.720 align:start position:0% location and sure enough discovered the 45:36.720 --> 45:39.430 align:start position:0% location and sure enough discovered the planet<00:45:37.040> Neptune<00:45:37.520> in<00:45:37.760> a<00:45:37.920> single<00:45:38.240> hour.<00:45:39.119> It<00:45:39.280> was 45:39.430 --> 45:39.440 align:start position:0% planet Neptune in a single hour. It was 45:39.440 --> 45:41.430 align:start position:0% planet Neptune in a single hour. It was almost<00:45:39.920> exactly<00:45:40.319> where<00:45:40.560> Levier<00:45:41.280> had 45:41.430 --> 45:41.440 align:start position:0% almost exactly where Levier had 45:41.440 --> 45:43.829 align:start position:0% almost exactly where Levier had predicted<00:45:41.760> that<00:45:42.000> it<00:45:42.160> would<00:45:42.319> be. 45:43.829 --> 45:43.839 align:start position:0% predicted that it would be. 45:43.839 --> 45:46.630 align:start position:0% predicted that it would be. Triton,<00:45:44.720> Neptune's<00:45:45.520> biggest<00:45:45.920> moon,<00:45:46.400> was 45:46.630 --> 45:46.640 align:start position:0% Triton, Neptune's biggest moon, was 45:46.640 --> 45:49.430 align:start position:0% Triton, Neptune's biggest moon, was discovered<00:45:47.200> a<00:45:47.440> few<00:45:47.680> days<00:45:47.920> later.<00:45:49.040> But<00:45:49.200> since 45:49.430 --> 45:49.440 align:start position:0% discovered a few days later. But since 45:49.440 --> 45:52.150 align:start position:0% discovered a few days later. But since then,<00:45:50.240> Neptune<00:45:50.800> has<00:45:51.040> been<00:45:51.280> a<00:45:51.520> place<00:45:51.839> of 45:52.150 --> 45:52.160 align:start position:0% then, Neptune has been a place of 45:52.160 --> 45:55.190 align:start position:0% then, Neptune has been a place of mystery.<00:45:53.200> It<00:45:53.440> orbits<00:45:53.839> at<00:45:54.079> the<00:45:54.240> very<00:45:54.640> edge<00:45:54.960> of 45:55.190 --> 45:55.200 align:start position:0% mystery. It orbits at the very edge of 45:55.200 --> 45:57.670 align:start position:0% mystery. It orbits at the very edge of deep<00:45:55.599> space.<00:45:56.480> At<00:45:56.720> certain<00:45:57.040> points<00:45:57.359> of<00:45:57.520> its 45:57.670 --> 45:57.680 align:start position:0% deep space. At certain points of its 45:57.680 --> 45:59.910 align:start position:0% deep space. At certain points of its year,<00:45:58.000> it<00:45:58.240> can<00:45:58.400> even<00:45:58.720> be<00:45:58.960> further<00:45:59.440> away<00:45:59.760> from 45:59.910 --> 45:59.920 align:start position:0% year, it can even be further away from 45:59.920 --> 46:02.790 align:start position:0% year, it can even be further away from the<00:46:00.079> sun<00:46:00.319> than<00:46:00.560> Pluto.<00:46:01.599> And<00:46:01.839> the<00:46:02.160> only<00:46:02.480> thing 46:02.790 --> 46:02.800 align:start position:0% the sun than Pluto. And the only thing 46:02.800 --> 46:05.750 align:start position:0% the sun than Pluto. And the only thing found<00:46:03.200> further<00:46:03.599> out<00:46:03.839> than<00:46:04.000> Neptune<00:46:04.880> are<00:46:05.440> icy 46:05.750 --> 46:05.760 align:start position:0% found further out than Neptune are icy 46:05.760 --> 46:07.270 align:start position:0% found further out than Neptune are icy rocks. 46:07.270 --> 46:07.280 align:start position:0% rocks. 46:07.280 --> 46:10.230 align:start position:0% rocks. The<00:46:07.520> sun<00:46:08.000> is<00:46:08.319> only<00:46:08.560> a<00:46:08.960> 30th<00:46:09.359> of<00:46:09.520> the<00:46:09.680> size<00:46:10.000> in 46:10.230 --> 46:10.240 align:start position:0% The sun is only a 30th of the size in 46:10.240 --> 46:12.550 align:start position:0% The sun is only a 30th of the size in Neptune's<00:46:10.720> sky.<00:46:11.440> And<00:46:11.599> Neptune<00:46:12.000> receives 46:12.550 --> 46:12.560 align:start position:0% Neptune's sky. And Neptune receives 46:12.560 --> 46:15.430 align:start position:0% Neptune's sky. And Neptune receives roughly<00:46:13.200> 1,000th<00:46:14.160> of<00:46:14.400> the<00:46:14.560> sunlight<00:46:15.040> Earth 46:15.430 --> 46:15.440 align:start position:0% roughly 1,000th of the sunlight Earth 46:15.440 --> 46:18.390 align:start position:0% roughly 1,000th of the sunlight Earth does.<00:46:16.400> This<00:46:16.720> dim<00:46:17.040> lighting<00:46:17.520> and<00:46:17.920> vast 46:18.390 --> 46:18.400 align:start position:0% does. This dim lighting and vast 46:18.400 --> 46:20.470 align:start position:0% does. This dim lighting and vast distance<00:46:18.720> from<00:46:18.960> us<00:46:19.359> means<00:46:19.599> that<00:46:19.920> Neptune 46:20.470 --> 46:20.480 align:start position:0% distance from us means that Neptune 46:20.480 --> 46:22.230 align:start position:0% distance from us means that Neptune couldn't<00:46:20.880> be<00:46:21.040> studied<00:46:21.359> from<00:46:21.599> groundbased 46:22.230 --> 46:22.240 align:start position:0% couldn't be studied from groundbased 46:22.240 --> 46:25.510 align:start position:0% couldn't be studied from groundbased telescopes<00:46:22.800> very<00:46:23.119> easily.<00:46:24.480> Neptune<00:46:25.040> is<00:46:25.280> the 46:25.510 --> 46:25.520 align:start position:0% telescopes very easily. Neptune is the 46:25.520 --> 46:27.990 align:start position:0% telescopes very easily. Neptune is the eighth<00:46:26.079> and<00:46:26.400> furthest<00:46:26.800> planet<00:46:27.119> from<00:46:27.280> the<00:46:27.440> sun. 46:27.990 --> 46:28.000 align:start position:0% eighth and furthest planet from the sun. 46:28.000 --> 46:30.390 align:start position:0% eighth and furthest planet from the sun. It<00:46:28.240> orbits<00:46:28.560> at<00:46:28.800> about<00:46:29.200> 30<00:46:29.599> astronomical 46:30.390 --> 46:30.400 align:start position:0% It orbits at about 30 astronomical 46:30.400 --> 46:34.470 align:start position:0% It orbits at about 30 astronomical units,<00:46:31.440> which<00:46:31.760> in<00:46:32.000> other<00:46:32.240> words<00:46:32.640> is<00:46:33.280> 4.5 46:34.470 --> 46:34.480 align:start position:0% units, which in other words is 4.5 46:34.480 --> 46:37.430 align:start position:0% units, which in other words is 4.5 billion<00:46:35.040> km<00:46:36.160> and<00:46:36.480> means<00:46:36.800> it's<00:46:36.882> [music] 46:37.430 --> 46:37.440 align:start position:0% billion km and means it's [music] 46:37.440 --> 46:39.670 align:start position:0% billion km and means it's [music] 30<00:46:37.760> times<00:46:38.160> further<00:46:38.560> from<00:46:38.800> the<00:46:38.960> sun<00:46:39.200> than<00:46:39.440> we 46:39.670 --> 46:39.680 align:start position:0% 30 times further from the sun than we 46:39.680 --> 46:42.309 align:start position:0% 30 times further from the sun than we are.<00:46:40.720> You<00:46:40.960> can<00:46:41.119> see<00:46:41.440> why<00:46:41.680> it<00:46:41.839> would<00:46:42.000> take<00:46:42.160> a 46:42.309 --> 46:42.319 align:start position:0% are. You can see why it would take a 46:42.319 --> 46:45.750 align:start position:0% are. You can see why it would take a space<00:46:42.640> probe<00:46:43.119> using<00:46:43.520> current<00:46:43.839> technology<00:46:45.040> 13 46:45.750 --> 46:45.760 align:start position:0% space probe using current technology 13 46:45.760 --> 46:49.990 align:start position:0% space probe using current technology 13 years<00:46:46.160> to<00:46:46.400> reach<00:46:46.800> Neptune.<00:46:48.079> 4.5<00:46:48.960> billion<00:46:49.359> km 46:49.990 --> 46:50.000 align:start position:0% years to reach Neptune. 4.5 billion km 46:50.000 --> 46:52.870 align:start position:0% years to reach Neptune. 4.5 billion km is<00:46:50.319> a<00:46:50.640> considerable<00:46:51.280> distance.<00:46:52.480> Because<00:46:52.720> of 46:52.870 --> 46:52.880 align:start position:0% is a considerable distance. Because of 46:52.880 --> 46:56.390 align:start position:0% is a considerable distance. Because of this<00:46:53.119> long<00:46:53.359> orbit,<00:46:54.000> it<00:46:54.240> takes<00:46:54.400> a<00:46:54.640> huge 46:56.390 --> 46:56.400 align:start position:0% this long orbit, it takes a huge 46:56.400 --> 47:00.309 align:start position:0% this long orbit, it takes a huge 165<00:46:57.359> years<00:46:58.000> to<00:46:58.240> orbit<00:46:58.640> the<00:46:58.800> sun<00:46:59.119> once,<00:47:00.000> which 47:00.309 --> 47:00.319 align:start position:0% 165 years to orbit the sun once, which 47:00.319 --> 47:03.430 align:start position:0% 165 years to orbit the sun once, which means<00:47:00.560> we've<00:47:00.960> only<00:47:01.280> seen<00:47:01.920> one<00:47:02.400> Neptunian<00:47:03.119> year 47:03.430 --> 47:03.440 align:start position:0% means we've only seen one Neptunian year 47:03.440 --> 47:06.790 align:start position:0% means we've only seen one Neptunian year since<00:47:03.680> its<00:47:04.000> discovery.<00:47:05.200> All<00:47:05.440> in<00:47:05.680> all,<00:47:06.160> our<00:47:06.560> icy 47:06.790 --> 47:06.800 align:start position:0% since its discovery. All in all, our icy 47:06.800 --> 47:08.630 align:start position:0% since its discovery. All in all, our icy neighbor<00:47:07.200> is<00:47:07.520> certainly<00:47:08.079> difficult<00:47:08.480> to 47:08.630 --> 47:08.640 align:start position:0% neighbor is certainly difficult to 47:08.640 --> 47:10.870 align:start position:0% neighbor is certainly difficult to study.<00:47:09.280> It<00:47:09.520> is<00:47:09.680> hard<00:47:09.839> to<00:47:10.079> spot<00:47:10.287> [music]<00:47:10.640> and 47:10.870 --> 47:10.880 align:start position:0% study. It is hard to spot [music] and 47:10.880 --> 47:12.950 align:start position:0% study. It is hard to spot [music] and the<00:47:11.119> alternative<00:47:11.839> traveling<00:47:12.240> to<00:47:12.480> it<00:47:12.640> with<00:47:12.800> a 47:12.950 --> 47:12.960 align:start position:0% the alternative traveling to it with a 47:12.960 --> 47:16.470 align:start position:0% the alternative traveling to it with a spacecraft<00:47:13.839> is<00:47:14.160> not<00:47:14.400> exactly<00:47:14.960> easy<00:47:15.440> either. 47:16.470 --> 47:16.480 align:start position:0% spacecraft is not exactly easy either. 47:16.480 --> 47:18.550 align:start position:0% spacecraft is not exactly easy either. In<00:47:16.720> fact,<00:47:16.960> only<00:47:17.359> one<00:47:17.599> spacecraft<00:47:18.147> [music]<00:47:18.240> has 47:18.550 --> 47:18.560 align:start position:0% In fact, only one spacecraft [music] has 47:18.560 --> 47:21.430 align:start position:0% In fact, only one spacecraft [music] has ever<00:47:18.880> visited<00:47:19.359> Neptune<00:47:20.240> and<00:47:20.480> that<00:47:20.800> craft<00:47:21.119> was 47:21.430 --> 47:21.440 align:start position:0% ever visited Neptune and that craft was 47:21.440 --> 47:23.750 align:start position:0% ever visited Neptune and that craft was only<00:47:21.760> able<00:47:22.000> to<00:47:22.240> do<00:47:22.400> so<00:47:22.640> by<00:47:22.960> taking<00:47:23.280> advantage 47:23.750 --> 47:23.760 align:start position:0% only able to do so by taking advantage 47:23.760 --> 47:26.069 align:start position:0% only able to do so by taking advantage of<00:47:24.000> a<00:47:24.160> rare<00:47:24.560> alignment<00:47:25.040> of<00:47:25.280> the<00:47:25.440> planets<00:47:25.839> that 47:26.069 --> 47:26.079 align:start position:0% of a rare alignment of the planets that 47:26.079 --> 47:30.470 align:start position:0% of a rare alignment of the planets that only<00:47:26.400> happens<00:47:26.960> once<00:47:27.359> every<00:47:28.640> 175<00:47:29.280> years.<00:47:30.240> That 47:30.470 --> 47:30.480 align:start position:0% only happens once every 175 years. That 47:30.480 --> 47:34.069 align:start position:0% only happens once every 175 years. That craft<00:47:31.280> was<00:47:31.599> Voyager<00:47:32.240> 2.<00:47:33.119> It<00:47:33.280> wasn't<00:47:33.599> until 47:34.069 --> 47:34.079 align:start position:0% craft was Voyager 2. It wasn't until 47:34.079 --> 47:37.270 align:start position:0% craft was Voyager 2. It wasn't until 1989<00:47:34.960> when<00:47:35.200> Voyager<00:47:35.760> 2<00:47:36.000> arrived<00:47:36.640> that<00:47:36.960> huge 47:37.270 --> 47:37.280 align:start position:0% 1989 when Voyager 2 arrived that huge 47:37.280 --> 47:39.190 align:start position:0% 1989 when Voyager 2 arrived that huge amounts<00:47:37.599> of<00:47:37.760> information<00:47:38.240> about<00:47:38.560> the<00:47:38.800> planet 47:39.190 --> 47:39.200 align:start position:0% amounts of information about the planet 47:39.200 --> 47:43.190 align:start position:0% amounts of information about the planet became<00:47:39.680> available. 47:43.190 --> 47:43.200 align:start position:0% 47:43.200 --> 47:47.109 align:start position:0% On<00:47:43.440> the<00:47:43.599> 25th<00:47:44.079> of<00:47:44.240> January<00:47:44.960> 1986,<00:47:46.240> Voyager<00:47:46.800> 2 47:47.109 --> 47:47.119 align:start position:0% On the 25th of January 1986, Voyager 2 47:47.119 --> 47:49.829 align:start position:0% On the 25th of January 1986, Voyager 2 departed<00:47:47.680> Uranus<00:47:48.560> and<00:47:48.880> snapped<00:47:49.359> this 47:49.829 --> 47:49.839 align:start position:0% departed Uranus and snapped this 47:49.839 --> 47:53.030 align:start position:0% departed Uranus and snapped this wonderful<00:47:50.400> goodbye<00:47:50.800> shot<00:47:51.200> from<00:47:51.520> 1<00:47:51.839> million<00:47:52.240> km 47:53.030 --> 47:53.040 align:start position:0% wonderful goodbye shot from 1 million km 47:53.040 --> 47:55.270 align:start position:0% wonderful goodbye shot from 1 million km as<00:47:53.280> it<00:47:53.520> set<00:47:53.760> off<00:47:53.920> to<00:47:54.079> its<00:47:54.400> final<00:47:54.720> planetary 47:55.270 --> 47:55.280 align:start position:0% as it set off to its final planetary 47:55.280 --> 47:58.550 align:start position:0% as it set off to its final planetary target,<00:47:56.079> Neptune,<00:47:57.200> the<00:47:57.440> last<00:47:57.680> destination<00:47:58.319> on 47:58.550 --> 47:58.560 align:start position:0% target, Neptune, the last destination on 47:58.560 --> 48:00.630 align:start position:0% target, Neptune, the last destination on Voyager<00:47:59.040> 2's<00:47:59.440> grand<00:47:59.760> tour<00:48:00.079> of<00:48:00.160> the<00:48:00.319> solar 48:00.630 --> 48:00.640 align:start position:0% Voyager 2's grand tour of the solar 48:00.640 --> 48:03.750 align:start position:0% Voyager 2's grand tour of the solar system.<00:48:01.520> And<00:48:01.760> after<00:48:02.240> 3<00:48:02.560> years<00:48:02.880> of<00:48:03.040> travel<00:48:03.520> at 48:03.750 --> 48:03.760 align:start position:0% system. And after 3 years of travel at 48:03.760 --> 48:08.470 align:start position:0% system. And after 3 years of travel at the<00:48:04.000> speed<00:48:04.240> of<00:48:04.800> 54,000<00:48:05.839> kmh,<00:48:07.280> Neptune<00:48:07.920> finally 48:08.470 --> 48:08.480 align:start position:0% the speed of 54,000 kmh, Neptune finally 48:08.480 --> 48:12.309 align:start position:0% the speed of 54,000 kmh, Neptune finally came<00:48:08.720> into<00:48:09.119> view.<00:48:10.319> Here<00:48:10.720> are<00:48:11.119> the<00:48:11.440> first 48:12.309 --> 48:12.319 align:start position:0% came into view. Here are the first 48:12.319 --> 48:15.589 align:start position:0% came into view. Here are the first closeup<00:48:13.040> images<00:48:13.760> we<00:48:14.160> ever<00:48:14.640> received<00:48:15.119> of<00:48:15.359> the 48:15.589 --> 48:15.599 align:start position:0% closeup images we ever received of the 48:15.599 --> 48:19.750 align:start position:0% closeup images we ever received of the giant<00:48:16.079> blue<00:48:16.480> planet<00:48:17.359> passing<00:48:17.839> only<00:48:18.240> 5,000<00:48:19.040> km 48:19.750 --> 48:19.760 align:start position:0% giant blue planet passing only 5,000 km 48:19.760 --> 48:22.630 align:start position:0% giant blue planet passing only 5,000 km above<00:48:20.079> its<00:48:20.400> north<00:48:20.640> pole,<00:48:21.359> the<00:48:21.599> closest<00:48:21.920> of<00:48:22.240> any 48:22.630 --> 48:22.640 align:start position:0% above its north pole, the closest of any 48:22.640 --> 48:24.150 align:start position:0% above its north pole, the closest of any flybys. 48:24.150 --> 48:24.160 align:start position:0% flybys. 48:24.160 --> 48:26.230 align:start position:0% flybys. Suddenly,<00:48:24.880> we<00:48:25.119> could<00:48:25.280> see<00:48:25.440> what<00:48:25.680> the<00:48:25.920> planet 48:26.230 --> 48:26.240 align:start position:0% Suddenly, we could see what the planet 48:26.240 --> 48:29.030 align:start position:0% Suddenly, we could see what the planet looked<00:48:26.559> like,<00:48:27.359> confirmed<00:48:27.920> it<00:48:28.160> had<00:48:28.480> planetary 48:29.030 --> 48:29.040 align:start position:0% looked like, confirmed it had planetary 48:29.040 --> 48:31.670 align:start position:0% looked like, confirmed it had planetary rings,<00:48:29.920> and<00:48:30.160> discovered<00:48:30.720> a<00:48:31.040> lot<00:48:31.280> of 48:31.670 --> 48:31.680 align:start position:0% rings, and discovered a lot of 48:31.680 --> 48:34.630 align:start position:0% rings, and discovered a lot of previously<00:48:32.319> unknown<00:48:32.720> moons.<00:48:34.079> Neptune's 48:34.630 --> 48:34.640 align:start position:0% previously unknown moons. Neptune's 48:34.640 --> 48:36.549 align:start position:0% previously unknown moons. Neptune's distance<00:48:34.960> from<00:48:35.119> the<00:48:35.280> sun<00:48:35.599> means<00:48:35.920> the<00:48:36.160> average 48:36.549 --> 48:36.559 align:start position:0% distance from the sun means the average 48:36.559 --> 48:39.030 align:start position:0% distance from the sun means the average temperature<00:48:36.960> in<00:48:37.280> Neptune's<00:48:37.839> atmosphere<00:48:38.640> is 48:39.030 --> 48:39.040 align:start position:0% temperature in Neptune's atmosphere is 48:39.040 --> 48:44.790 align:start position:0% temperature in Neptune's atmosphere is very<00:48:39.359> cold,<00:48:40.240> minus<00:48:41.040> 201°<00:48:42.400> C.<00:48:43.680> Its<00:48:44.000> axle<00:48:44.480> tilt 48:44.790 --> 48:44.800 align:start position:0% very cold, minus 201° C. Its axle tilt 48:44.800 --> 48:48.069 align:start position:0% very cold, minus 201° C. Its axle tilt is<00:48:45.119> 28°,<00:48:46.559> meaning<00:48:46.880> it's<00:48:47.200> similar<00:48:47.520> to<00:48:47.760> Earth 48:48.069 --> 48:48.079 align:start position:0% is 28°, meaning it's similar to Earth 48:48.079 --> 48:51.750 align:start position:0% is 28°, meaning it's similar to Earth and<00:48:48.240> Mars,<00:48:48.800> which<00:48:49.119> have<00:48:49.520> 23°<00:48:50.480> and<00:48:50.800> 25°, 48:51.750 --> 48:51.760 align:start position:0% and Mars, which have 23° and 25°, 48:51.760 --> 48:53.349 align:start position:0% and Mars, which have 23° and 25°, respectively. 48:53.349 --> 48:53.359 align:start position:0% respectively. 48:53.359 --> 48:55.589 align:start position:0% respectively. This<00:48:53.680> means<00:48:54.000> it<00:48:54.240> has<00:48:54.559> seasons<00:48:55.119> similar<00:48:55.440> to 48:55.589 --> 48:55.599 align:start position:0% This means it has seasons similar to 48:55.599 --> 48:57.990 align:start position:0% This means it has seasons similar to Earth<00:48:55.839> and<00:48:56.000> Mars<00:48:56.319> 2.<00:48:57.119> The<00:48:57.359> big<00:48:57.599> difference 48:57.990 --> 48:58.000 align:start position:0% Earth and Mars 2. The big difference 48:58.000 --> 49:01.430 align:start position:0% Earth and Mars 2. The big difference being<00:48:58.640> these<00:48:59.040> four<00:48:59.359> seasons<00:49:00.000> last<00:49:00.559> 40<00:49:01.040> Earth 49:01.430 --> 49:01.440 align:start position:0% being these four seasons last 40 Earth 49:01.440 --> 49:04.549 align:start position:0% being these four seasons last 40 Earth years<00:49:01.760> each.<00:49:02.800> At<00:49:03.119> this<00:49:03.359> moment<00:49:03.599> in<00:49:03.839> time,<00:49:04.319> the 49:04.549 --> 49:04.559 align:start position:0% years each. At this moment in time, the 49:04.559 --> 49:06.470 align:start position:0% years each. At this moment in time, the Southern<00:49:04.880> Hemisphere<00:49:05.440> is<00:49:05.760> experiencing 49:06.470 --> 49:06.480 align:start position:0% Southern Hemisphere is experiencing 49:06.480 --> 49:09.589 align:start position:0% Southern Hemisphere is experiencing spring.<00:49:07.920> During<00:49:08.319> this<00:49:08.559> spring,<00:49:09.040> the<00:49:09.280> Southern 49:09.589 --> 49:09.599 align:start position:0% spring. During this spring, the Southern 49:09.599 --> 49:11.829 align:start position:0% spring. During this spring, the Southern Hemisphere<00:49:10.240> receives<00:49:10.720> more<00:49:11.040> sunlight<00:49:11.599> and 49:11.829 --> 49:11.839 align:start position:0% Hemisphere receives more sunlight and 49:11.839 --> 49:14.390 align:start position:0% Hemisphere receives more sunlight and appears<00:49:12.319> brighter.<00:49:13.359> This<00:49:13.760> increase<00:49:14.079> in 49:14.390 --> 49:14.400 align:start position:0% appears brighter. This increase in 49:14.400 --> 49:16.870 align:start position:0% appears brighter. This increase in brightness<00:49:14.960> is<00:49:15.359> actually<00:49:15.680> quite<00:49:16.000> noticeable, 49:16.870 --> 49:16.880 align:start position:0% brightness is actually quite noticeable, 49:16.880 --> 49:18.790 align:start position:0% brightness is actually quite noticeable, which<00:49:17.119> is<00:49:17.359> strange<00:49:18.079> as<00:49:18.319> you<00:49:18.480> would<00:49:18.640> have 49:18.790 --> 49:18.800 align:start position:0% which is strange as you would have 49:18.800 --> 49:21.270 align:start position:0% which is strange as you would have thought<00:49:19.119> that<00:49:19.520> because<00:49:19.760> the<00:49:20.000> sun<00:49:20.240> is<00:49:20.559> 900 49:21.270 --> 49:21.280 align:start position:0% thought that because the sun is 900 49:21.280 --> 49:23.829 align:start position:0% thought that because the sun is 900 times<00:49:21.599> dimmer<00:49:22.000> on<00:49:22.160> Neptune<00:49:22.640> than<00:49:22.800> on<00:49:23.040> Earth, 49:23.829 --> 49:23.839 align:start position:0% times dimmer on Neptune than on Earth, 49:23.839 --> 49:25.910 align:start position:0% times dimmer on Neptune than on Earth, from<00:49:24.079> that<00:49:24.319> distance<00:49:24.880> it<00:49:25.200> wouldn't<00:49:25.520> make<00:49:25.680> much 49:25.910 --> 49:25.920 align:start position:0% from that distance it wouldn't make much 49:25.920 --> 49:29.109 align:start position:0% from that distance it wouldn't make much of<00:49:26.000> an<00:49:26.160> impact.<00:49:27.280> But<00:49:27.599> even<00:49:27.920> if<00:49:28.160> it<00:49:28.400> is<00:49:28.640> only<00:49:28.880> a 49:29.109 --> 49:29.119 align:start position:0% of an impact. But even if it is only a 49:29.119 --> 49:31.510 align:start position:0% of an impact. But even if it is only a small<00:49:29.440> impact,<00:49:30.319> it<00:49:30.720> makes<00:49:30.960> an<00:49:31.200> impact 49:31.510 --> 49:31.520 align:start position:0% small impact, it makes an impact 49:31.520 --> 49:33.990 align:start position:0% small impact, it makes an impact nonetheless.<00:49:32.640> And<00:49:32.800> the<00:49:33.040> increased<00:49:33.520> sunlight 49:33.990 --> 49:34.000 align:start position:0% nonetheless. And the increased sunlight 49:34.000 --> 49:35.910 align:start position:0% nonetheless. And the increased sunlight levels<00:49:34.319> in<00:49:34.559> the<00:49:34.640> southern<00:49:34.960> hemisphere<00:49:35.599> warm 49:35.910 --> 49:35.920 align:start position:0% levels in the southern hemisphere warm 49:35.920 --> 49:38.950 align:start position:0% levels in the southern hemisphere warm it<00:49:36.160> up<00:49:36.319> by<00:49:36.559> about<00:49:36.960> 10°<00:49:37.680> C<00:49:38.240> compared<00:49:38.640> to<00:49:38.800> the 49:38.950 --> 49:38.960 align:start position:0% it up by about 10° C compared to the 49:38.960 --> 49:41.670 align:start position:0% it up by about 10° C compared to the rest<00:49:39.119> of<00:49:39.200> the<00:49:39.440> planet.<00:49:40.400> This<00:49:40.880> comparably 49:41.670 --> 49:41.680 align:start position:0% rest of the planet. This comparably 49:41.680 --> 49:43.750 align:start position:0% rest of the planet. This comparably higher<00:49:42.160> temperature<00:49:42.880> releases<00:49:43.359> frozen 49:43.750 --> 49:43.760 align:start position:0% higher temperature releases frozen 49:43.760 --> 49:45.990 align:start position:0% higher temperature releases frozen methane<00:49:44.160> into<00:49:44.400> the<00:49:44.559> stratosphere,<00:49:45.599> causing 49:45.990 --> 49:46.000 align:start position:0% methane into the stratosphere, causing 49:46.000 --> 49:47.750 align:start position:0% methane into the stratosphere, causing its<00:49:46.319> increased<00:49:46.720> brightness.<00:49:47.440> Whereas 49:47.750 --> 49:47.760 align:start position:0% its increased brightness. Whereas 49:47.760 --> 49:49.589 align:start position:0% its increased brightness. Whereas elsewhere<00:49:48.160> on<00:49:48.400> the<00:49:48.559> planet,<00:49:48.960> it<00:49:49.200> remains 49:49.589 --> 49:49.599 align:start position:0% elsewhere on the planet, it remains 49:49.599 --> 49:51.510 align:start position:0% elsewhere on the planet, it remains frozen<00:49:50.160> and<00:49:50.480> stays<00:49:50.800> deeper<00:49:51.200> in<00:49:51.359> the 49:51.510 --> 49:51.520 align:start position:0% frozen and stays deeper in the 49:51.520 --> 49:53.270 align:start position:0% frozen and stays deeper in the troposphere. 49:53.270 --> 49:53.280 align:start position:0% troposphere. 49:53.280 --> 49:55.270 align:start position:0% troposphere. Hydrogen<00:49:53.839> was<00:49:54.079> found<00:49:54.319> to<00:49:54.480> be<00:49:54.640> the<00:49:54.800> most<00:49:55.040> common 49:55.270 --> 49:55.280 align:start position:0% Hydrogen was found to be the most common 49:55.280 --> 49:57.589 align:start position:0% Hydrogen was found to be the most common element<00:49:55.599> in<00:49:55.839> Neptune's<00:49:56.319> atmosphere,<00:49:57.200> making 49:57.589 --> 49:57.599 align:start position:0% element in Neptune's atmosphere, making 49:57.599 --> 50:00.390 align:start position:0% element in Neptune's atmosphere, making up<00:49:58.000> 80%<00:49:58.720> of<00:49:58.880> it.<00:49:59.599> Although<00:50:00.000> the<00:50:00.160> high 50:00.390 --> 50:00.400 align:start position:0% up 80% of it. Although the high 50:00.400 --> 50:03.829 align:start position:0% up 80% of it. Although the high abundance<00:50:00.800> of<00:50:01.040> methane,<00:50:01.760> sitting<00:50:02.079> at<00:50:02.480> 19%,<00:50:03.680> is 50:03.829 --> 50:03.839 align:start position:0% abundance of methane, sitting at 19%, is 50:03.839 --> 50:05.750 align:start position:0% abundance of methane, sitting at 19%, is what<00:50:04.079> gives<00:50:04.319> the<00:50:04.559> planet<00:50:04.960> its<00:50:05.359> blue 50:05.750 --> 50:05.760 align:start position:0% what gives the planet its blue 50:05.760 --> 50:08.390 align:start position:0% what gives the planet its blue appearance.<00:50:06.960> Voyager<00:50:07.440> 2<00:50:07.760> measured 50:08.390 --> 50:08.400 align:start position:0% appearance. Voyager 2 measured 50:08.400 --> 50:10.630 align:start position:0% appearance. Voyager 2 measured extraordinary<00:50:09.440> wind<00:50:09.680> speeds<00:50:10.000> in<00:50:10.160> Neptune's 50:10.630 --> 50:10.640 align:start position:0% extraordinary wind speeds in Neptune's 50:10.640 --> 50:13.030 align:start position:0% extraordinary wind speeds in Neptune's atmosphere<00:50:11.440> with<00:50:11.680> the<00:50:11.839> equatorial<00:50:12.559> winds 50:13.030 --> 50:13.040 align:start position:0% atmosphere with the equatorial winds 50:13.040 --> 50:15.990 align:start position:0% atmosphere with the equatorial winds blowing<00:50:13.520> at<00:50:13.920> speeds<00:50:14.319> reaching<00:50:14.880> a<00:50:15.119> staggering 50:15.990 --> 50:16.000 align:start position:0% blowing at speeds reaching a staggering 50:16.000 --> 50:18.390 align:start position:0% blowing at speeds reaching a staggering 2,160 50:18.390 --> 50:18.400 align:start position:0% 2,160 50:18.400 --> 50:22.630 align:start position:0% 2,160 kmh<00:50:19.839> nearly<00:50:20.240> a<00:50:20.480> supersonic<00:50:21.359> flow.<00:50:22.400> And 50:22.630 --> 50:22.640 align:start position:0% kmh nearly a supersonic flow. And 50:22.640 --> 50:25.430 align:start position:0% kmh nearly a supersonic flow. And interestingly,<00:50:23.920> most<00:50:24.240> wind<00:50:24.800> travels 50:25.430 --> 50:25.440 align:start position:0% interestingly, most wind travels 50:25.440 --> 50:27.109 align:start position:0% interestingly, most wind travels retrograde<00:50:26.160> to<00:50:26.240> the<00:50:26.400> rotation<00:50:26.800> of<00:50:26.960> the 50:27.109 --> 50:27.119 align:start position:0% retrograde to the rotation of the 50:27.119 --> 50:30.230 align:start position:0% retrograde to the rotation of the planet.<00:50:28.160> These<00:50:28.480> remarkable<00:50:29.200> speeds<00:50:29.599> were<00:50:29.920> yet 50:30.230 --> 50:30.240 align:start position:0% planet. These remarkable speeds were yet 50:30.240 --> 50:32.790 align:start position:0% planet. These remarkable speeds were yet another<00:50:30.720> surprise<00:50:31.440> and<00:50:31.760> highlighted<00:50:32.400> just 50:32.790 --> 50:32.800 align:start position:0% another surprise and highlighted just 50:32.800 --> 50:35.589 align:start position:0% another surprise and highlighted just how<00:50:33.119> dynamic<00:50:33.760> and<00:50:34.079> ferocious<00:50:35.040> Neptune's 50:35.589 --> 50:35.599 align:start position:0% how dynamic and ferocious Neptune's 50:35.599 --> 50:39.190 align:start position:0% how dynamic and ferocious Neptune's weather<00:50:35.920> systems<00:50:36.400> are.<00:50:37.680> This<00:50:38.000> planet<00:50:38.480> is<00:50:38.800> home 50:39.190 --> 50:39.200 align:start position:0% weather systems are. This planet is home 50:39.200 --> 50:42.630 align:start position:0% weather systems are. This planet is home to<00:50:39.839> colossal<00:50:40.480> storms.<00:50:41.520> When<00:50:41.839> Voyager<00:50:42.319> 2 50:42.630 --> 50:42.640 align:start position:0% to colossal storms. When Voyager 2 50:42.640 --> 50:46.470 align:start position:0% to colossal storms. When Voyager 2 passed<00:50:42.960> by<00:50:43.200> in<00:50:43.440> 1989,<00:50:44.640> it<00:50:44.880> saw<00:50:45.200> the<00:50:45.520> Great<00:50:46.000> Dark 50:46.470 --> 50:46.480 align:start position:0% passed by in 1989, it saw the Great Dark 50:46.480 --> 50:49.589 align:start position:0% passed by in 1989, it saw the Great Dark Spot,<00:50:47.200> a<00:50:47.440> storm<00:50:47.760> about<00:50:48.079> the<00:50:48.240> size<00:50:48.480> of<00:50:48.800> Earth 50:49.589 --> 50:49.599 align:start position:0% Spot, a storm about the size of Earth 50:49.599 --> 50:52.230 align:start position:0% Spot, a storm about the size of Earth passing<00:50:50.079> through<00:50:50.480> its<00:50:50.720> atmosphere.<00:50:52.000> This 50:52.230 --> 50:52.240 align:start position:0% passing through its atmosphere. This 50:52.240 --> 50:54.230 align:start position:0% passing through its atmosphere. This turbulent<00:50:52.720> storm<00:50:53.119> seemed<00:50:53.359> to<00:50:53.520> be<00:50:53.680> rotating 50:54.230 --> 50:54.240 align:start position:0% turbulent storm seemed to be rotating 50:54.240 --> 50:56.870 align:start position:0% turbulent storm seemed to be rotating counterclockwise<00:50:55.680> just<00:50:55.920> like<00:50:56.079> the<00:50:56.319> Great<00:50:56.640> Red 50:56.870 --> 50:56.880 align:start position:0% counterclockwise just like the Great Red 50:56.880 --> 50:59.270 align:start position:0% counterclockwise just like the Great Red Spot<00:50:57.119> on<00:50:57.280> Jupiter<00:50:58.079> and<00:50:58.400> exhibited<00:50:58.880> winds 50:59.270 --> 50:59.280 align:start position:0% Spot on Jupiter and exhibited winds 50:59.280 --> 51:01.910 align:start position:0% Spot on Jupiter and exhibited winds reaching<00:50:59.680> up<00:50:59.920> to<00:51:00.240> 2,400 51:01.910 --> 51:01.920 align:start position:0% reaching up to 2,400 51:01.920 --> 51:05.190 align:start position:0% reaching up to 2,400 km<00:51:02.720> hour,<00:51:03.359> the<00:51:03.680> strongest<00:51:04.240> recorded<00:51:04.800> in<00:51:05.040> the 51:05.190 --> 51:05.200 align:start position:0% km hour, the strongest recorded in the 51:05.200 --> 51:08.069 align:start position:0% km hour, the strongest recorded in the solar<00:51:05.520> system.<00:51:06.559> One<00:51:06.800> NASA<00:51:07.200> analyst,<00:51:07.760> Ken 51:08.069 --> 51:08.079 align:start position:0% solar system. One NASA analyst, Ken 51:08.079 --> 51:10.390 align:start position:0% solar system. One NASA analyst, Ken Bolinger,<00:51:08.880> commented<00:51:09.359> on<00:51:09.520> the<00:51:09.760> findings<00:51:10.160> in 51:10.390 --> 51:10.400 align:start position:0% Bolinger, commented on the findings in 51:10.400 --> 51:13.829 align:start position:0% Bolinger, commented on the findings in 1989,<00:51:11.359> saying,<00:51:11.839> "Every<00:51:12.319> day<00:51:12.720> what<00:51:12.960> you<00:51:13.200> see<00:51:13.440> is 51:13.829 --> 51:13.839 align:start position:0% 1989, saying, "Every day what you see is 51:13.839 --> 51:16.710 align:start position:0% 1989, saying, "Every day what you see is brand<00:51:14.160> new.<00:51:14.880> Nobody's<00:51:15.440> ever<00:51:15.680> seen<00:51:15.920> it.<00:51:16.480> It's 51:16.710 --> 51:16.720 align:start position:0% brand new. Nobody's ever seen it. It's 51:16.720 --> 51:18.870 align:start position:0% brand new. Nobody's ever seen it. It's just<00:51:16.960> an<00:51:17.200> incredible<00:51:17.680> feeling.<00:51:18.559> There's 51:18.870 --> 51:18.880 align:start position:0% just an incredible feeling. There's 51:18.880 --> 51:20.950 align:start position:0% just an incredible feeling. There's changes<00:51:19.359> going<00:51:19.520> on<00:51:19.839> constantly<00:51:20.240> on<00:51:20.480> Neptune 51:20.950 --> 51:20.960 align:start position:0% changes going on constantly on Neptune 51:20.960 --> 51:24.150 align:start position:0% changes going on constantly on Neptune that<00:51:21.200> happen<00:51:21.520> very,<00:51:22.160> very<00:51:22.559> fast. 51:24.150 --> 51:24.160 align:start position:0% that happen very, very fast. 51:24.160 --> 51:26.549 align:start position:0% that happen very, very fast. Voyager<00:51:24.720> also<00:51:25.040> saw<00:51:25.280> the<00:51:25.520> smaller<00:51:25.920> storm<00:51:26.319> known 51:26.549 --> 51:26.559 align:start position:0% Voyager also saw the smaller storm known 51:26.559 --> 51:29.270 align:start position:0% Voyager also saw the smaller storm known as<00:51:26.800> the<00:51:27.040> small<00:51:27.440> dark<00:51:27.760> spot<00:51:28.400> south<00:51:28.720> of<00:51:28.880> its<00:51:29.119> big 51:29.270 --> 51:29.280 align:start position:0% as the small dark spot south of its big 51:29.280 --> 51:31.910 align:start position:0% as the small dark spot south of its big sibling.<00:51:30.480> As<00:51:30.720> Voyager<00:51:31.200> 2<00:51:31.440> approached 51:31.910 --> 51:31.920 align:start position:0% sibling. As Voyager 2 approached 51:31.920 --> 51:34.309 align:start position:0% sibling. As Voyager 2 approached Neptune,<00:51:32.640> this<00:51:32.880> smaller<00:51:33.280> storm<00:51:33.680> changed<00:51:34.079> in 51:34.309 --> 51:34.319 align:start position:0% Neptune, this smaller storm changed in 51:34.319 --> 51:37.589 align:start position:0% Neptune, this smaller storm changed in shade<00:51:34.720> from<00:51:35.040> dark<00:51:35.520> to<00:51:35.760> light. 51:37.589 --> 51:37.599 align:start position:0% shade from dark to light. 51:37.599 --> 51:39.750 align:start position:0% shade from dark to light. While<00:51:38.000> our<00:51:38.319> knowledge<00:51:38.640> of<00:51:38.880> Neptune's<00:51:39.440> weather 51:39.750 --> 51:39.760 align:start position:0% While our knowledge of Neptune's weather 51:39.760 --> 51:42.309 align:start position:0% While our knowledge of Neptune's weather systems<00:51:40.160> is<00:51:40.559> limited,<00:51:41.440> it<00:51:41.680> would<00:51:41.839> be<00:51:42.000> more 51:42.309 --> 51:42.319 align:start position:0% systems is limited, it would be more 51:42.319 --> 51:45.030 align:start position:0% systems is limited, it would be more limited<00:51:42.800> still<00:51:43.359> were<00:51:43.599> it<00:51:43.839> not<00:51:44.160> for<00:51:44.480> Hubble 51:45.030 --> 51:45.040 align:start position:0% limited still were it not for Hubble 51:45.040 --> 51:47.349 align:start position:0% limited still were it not for Hubble observing<00:51:45.440> them<00:51:45.680> from<00:51:45.839> time<00:51:46.000> to<00:51:46.240> time.<00:51:47.040> When 51:47.349 --> 51:47.359 align:start position:0% observing them from time to time. When 51:47.359 --> 51:49.190 align:start position:0% observing them from time to time. When Hubble<00:51:47.680> was<00:51:47.920> launched,<00:51:48.400> astronomers<00:51:49.040> were 51:49.190 --> 51:49.200 align:start position:0% Hubble was launched, astronomers were 51:49.200 --> 51:51.270 align:start position:0% Hubble was launched, astronomers were curious<00:51:49.520> to<00:51:49.680> see<00:51:49.839> the<00:51:50.000> fate<00:51:50.240> of<00:51:50.400> these<00:51:50.640> storms 51:51.270 --> 51:51.280 align:start position:0% curious to see the fate of these storms 51:51.280 --> 51:53.750 align:start position:0% curious to see the fate of these storms to<00:51:51.520> see<00:51:51.680> if<00:51:51.920> they<00:51:52.160> were<00:51:52.400> a<00:51:52.720> permanent<00:51:53.119> feature 51:53.750 --> 51:53.760 align:start position:0% to see if they were a permanent feature 51:53.760 --> 51:56.630 align:start position:0% to see if they were a permanent feature like<00:51:54.000> Jupiter's<00:51:54.640> Great<00:51:55.040> Red<00:51:55.280> Spot.<00:51:56.240> But<00:51:56.400> when 51:56.630 --> 51:56.640 align:start position:0% like Jupiter's Great Red Spot. But when 51:56.640 --> 51:59.910 align:start position:0% like Jupiter's Great Red Spot. But when Hubble<00:51:57.040> was<00:51:57.200> pointed<00:51:57.440> at<00:51:57.599> Neptune<00:51:58.160> in<00:51:58.480> 1999, 51:59.910 --> 51:59.920 align:start position:0% Hubble was pointed at Neptune in 1999, 51:59.920 --> 52:03.109 align:start position:0% Hubble was pointed at Neptune in 1999, these<00:52:00.240> storms<00:52:00.720> had<00:52:01.359> completely<00:52:02.000> disappeared 52:03.109 --> 52:03.119 align:start position:0% these storms had completely disappeared 52:03.119 --> 52:05.910 align:start position:0% these storms had completely disappeared and<00:52:03.440> other<00:52:03.680> storms<00:52:04.160> have<00:52:04.559> come<00:52:04.960> and<00:52:05.200> gone<00:52:05.680> ever 52:05.910 --> 52:05.920 align:start position:0% and other storms have come and gone ever 52:05.920 --> 52:10.230 align:start position:0% and other storms have come and gone ever since.<00:52:06.880> The<00:52:07.040> latest<00:52:07.440> one<00:52:07.760> was<00:52:08.000> seen<00:52:08.480> in<00:52:08.880> 2015. 52:10.230 --> 52:10.240 align:start position:0% since. The latest one was seen in 2015. 52:10.240 --> 52:13.109 align:start position:0% since. The latest one was seen in 2015. It<00:52:10.480> has<00:52:10.640> lasted<00:52:11.040> a<00:52:11.280> few<00:52:11.520> years,<00:52:12.000> but<00:52:12.319> it<00:52:12.559> too<00:52:12.800> is 52:13.109 --> 52:13.119 align:start position:0% It has lasted a few years, but it too is 52:13.119 --> 52:14.710 align:start position:0% It has lasted a few years, but it too is disappearing. 52:14.710 --> 52:14.720 align:start position:0% disappearing. 52:14.720 --> 52:16.790 align:start position:0% disappearing. While<00:52:15.040> there<00:52:15.280> is<00:52:15.440> not<00:52:15.760> enough<00:52:16.160> data<00:52:16.559> to 52:16.790 --> 52:16.800 align:start position:0% While there is not enough data to 52:16.800 --> 52:19.750 align:start position:0% While there is not enough data to speculate<00:52:17.359> how<00:52:17.599> these<00:52:17.920> vortices<00:52:18.559> develop,<00:52:19.520> it 52:19.750 --> 52:19.760 align:start position:0% speculate how these vortices develop, it 52:19.760 --> 52:22.230 align:start position:0% speculate how these vortices develop, it could<00:52:20.000> be<00:52:20.480> that<00:52:20.800> Neptune<00:52:21.280> is<00:52:21.520> like<00:52:21.760> Jupiter 52:22.230 --> 52:22.240 align:start position:0% could be that Neptune is like Jupiter 52:22.240 --> 52:24.950 align:start position:0% could be that Neptune is like Jupiter with<00:52:22.480> bands<00:52:22.880> in<00:52:23.040> the<00:52:23.200> atmosphere.<00:52:24.480> While<00:52:24.720> they 52:24.950 --> 52:24.960 align:start position:0% with bands in the atmosphere. While they 52:24.960 --> 52:27.349 align:start position:0% with bands in the atmosphere. While they won't<00:52:25.200> be<00:52:25.359> as<00:52:25.599> defined<00:52:26.240> or<00:52:26.480> as<00:52:26.720> many<00:52:26.960> as<00:52:27.200> there 52:27.349 --> 52:27.359 align:start position:0% won't be as defined or as many as there 52:27.359 --> 52:29.750 align:start position:0% won't be as defined or as many as there are<00:52:27.520> on<00:52:27.760> Jupiter,<00:52:28.480> the<00:52:28.720> bands<00:52:28.960> on<00:52:29.200> Neptune 52:29.750 --> 52:29.760 align:start position:0% are on Jupiter, the bands on Neptune 52:29.760 --> 52:32.390 align:start position:0% are on Jupiter, the bands on Neptune would<00:52:30.079> travel<00:52:30.480> at<00:52:30.720> different<00:52:31.040> speeds.<00:52:32.160> This 52:32.390 --> 52:32.400 align:start position:0% would travel at different speeds. This 52:32.400 --> 52:34.870 align:start position:0% would travel at different speeds. This could<00:52:32.720> cause<00:52:33.119> vortices<00:52:33.839> to<00:52:34.079> appear<00:52:34.480> where<00:52:34.720> the 52:34.870 --> 52:34.880 align:start position:0% could cause vortices to appear where the 52:34.880 --> 52:37.510 align:start position:0% could cause vortices to appear where the bands<00:52:35.280> meet.<00:52:36.240> Once<00:52:36.480> the<00:52:36.720> storm<00:52:37.040> has<00:52:37.200> got 52:37.510 --> 52:37.520 align:start position:0% bands meet. Once the storm has got 52:37.520 --> 52:40.230 align:start position:0% bands meet. Once the storm has got going,<00:52:38.160> it<00:52:38.400> can<00:52:38.559> drift<00:52:39.040> around<00:52:39.359> the<00:52:39.599> planet, 52:40.230 --> 52:40.240 align:start position:0% going, it can drift around the planet, 52:40.240 --> 52:42.710 align:start position:0% going, it can drift around the planet, even<00:52:40.559> between<00:52:40.960> the<00:52:41.200> bands.<00:52:42.079> But<00:52:42.240> once<00:52:42.480> it 52:42.710 --> 52:42.720 align:start position:0% even between the bands. But once it 52:42.720 --> 52:44.870 align:start position:0% even between the bands. But once it leaves<00:52:42.960> its<00:52:43.200> power<00:52:43.440> source,<00:52:44.079> it<00:52:44.319> begins<00:52:44.640> to 52:44.870 --> 52:44.880 align:start position:0% leaves its power source, it begins to 52:44.880 --> 52:46.870 align:start position:0% leaves its power source, it begins to slowly<00:52:45.280> diminish,<00:52:46.000> which<00:52:46.240> is<00:52:46.400> what<00:52:46.559> we<00:52:46.720> have 52:46.870 --> 52:46.880 align:start position:0% slowly diminish, which is what we have 52:46.880 --> 52:48.710 align:start position:0% slowly diminish, which is what we have seen. 52:48.710 --> 52:48.720 align:start position:0% seen. 52:48.720 --> 52:50.790 align:start position:0% seen. Interestingly,<00:52:49.440> Hubble<00:52:49.920> is<00:52:50.079> the<00:52:50.400> only 52:50.790 --> 52:50.800 align:start position:0% Interestingly, Hubble is the only 52:50.800 --> 52:52.870 align:start position:0% Interestingly, Hubble is the only program<00:52:51.359> that<00:52:51.599> can<00:52:51.839> monitor<00:52:52.240> these<00:52:52.559> weather 52:52.870 --> 52:52.880 align:start position:0% program that can monitor these weather 52:52.880 --> 52:55.589 align:start position:0% program that can monitor these weather changes.<00:52:53.920> As<00:52:54.160> in<00:52:54.400> most<00:52:54.720> light<00:52:55.040> wavelengths, 52:55.589 --> 52:55.599 align:start position:0% changes. As in most light wavelengths, 52:55.599 --> 52:58.309 align:start position:0% changes. As in most light wavelengths, they<00:52:55.839> are<00:52:56.000> very<00:52:56.240> hard<00:52:56.400> to<00:52:56.640> spot.<00:52:57.839> Hubble 52:58.309 --> 52:58.319 align:start position:0% they are very hard to spot. Hubble 52:58.319 --> 53:00.549 align:start position:0% they are very hard to spot. Hubble though<00:52:58.640> can<00:52:58.800> probe<00:52:59.200> Neptune<00:52:59.680> and<00:52:59.920> Uranus<00:53:00.400> in 53:00.549 --> 53:00.559 align:start position:0% though can probe Neptune and Uranus in 53:00.559 --> 53:02.309 align:start position:0% though can probe Neptune and Uranus in the<00:53:00.720> ultraviolet,<00:53:01.760> making<00:53:02.079> these 53:02.309 --> 53:02.319 align:start position:0% the ultraviolet, making these 53:02.319 --> 53:06.069 align:start position:0% the ultraviolet, making these observations<00:53:03.040> possible. 53:06.069 --> 53:06.079 align:start position:0% 53:06.079 --> 53:08.790 align:start position:0% But<00:53:06.400> why<00:53:06.720> then<00:53:07.040> doesn't<00:53:07.440> Uranus,<00:53:08.319> which<00:53:08.559> is 53:08.790 --> 53:08.800 align:start position:0% But why then doesn't Uranus, which is 53:08.800 --> 53:11.349 align:start position:0% But why then doesn't Uranus, which is very<00:53:09.200> similar<00:53:09.520> in<00:53:09.839> composition<00:53:10.480> and<00:53:10.880> size<00:53:11.119> to 53:11.349 --> 53:11.359 align:start position:0% very similar in composition and size to 53:11.359 --> 53:13.910 align:start position:0% very similar in composition and size to Neptune,<00:53:12.319> also<00:53:12.720> have<00:53:12.960> such<00:53:13.200> a<00:53:13.359> blustery 53:13.910 --> 53:13.920 align:start position:0% Neptune, also have such a blustery 53:13.920 --> 53:16.630 align:start position:0% Neptune, also have such a blustery atmosphere?<00:53:15.200> Don't<00:53:15.440> get<00:53:15.599> me<00:53:15.760> wrong,<00:53:16.319> wind 53:16.630 --> 53:16.640 align:start position:0% atmosphere? Don't get me wrong, wind 53:16.640 --> 53:19.430 align:start position:0% atmosphere? Don't get me wrong, wind speeds<00:53:16.960> on<00:53:17.119> Uranus<00:53:17.680> are<00:53:18.000> fast,<00:53:18.400> too,<00:53:19.040> and<00:53:19.200> it 53:19.430 --> 53:19.440 align:start position:0% speeds on Uranus are fast, too, and it 53:19.440 --> 53:22.150 align:start position:0% speeds on Uranus are fast, too, and it doesn't<00:53:19.680> compete<00:53:20.240> with<00:53:20.559> Neptune<00:53:21.040> at<00:53:21.280> only<00:53:21.599> 900 53:22.150 --> 53:22.160 align:start position:0% doesn't compete with Neptune at only 900 53:22.160 --> 53:23.829 align:start position:0% doesn't compete with Neptune at only 900 kmh. 53:23.829 --> 53:23.839 align:start position:0% kmh. 53:23.839 --> 53:26.230 align:start position:0% kmh. Can<00:53:24.160> all<00:53:24.400> this<00:53:24.720> only<00:53:25.040> be<00:53:25.200> due<00:53:25.440> to<00:53:25.680> interactions 53:26.230 --> 53:26.240 align:start position:0% Can all this only be due to interactions 53:26.240 --> 53:28.870 align:start position:0% Can all this only be due to interactions with<00:53:26.400> the<00:53:26.640> sun<00:53:26.880> and<00:53:27.119> its<00:53:27.359> seasons?<00:53:28.480> Something 53:28.870 --> 53:28.880 align:start position:0% with the sun and its seasons? Something 53:28.880 --> 53:31.109 align:start position:0% with the sun and its seasons? Something else<00:53:29.200> must<00:53:29.440> be<00:53:29.599> at<00:53:29.839> play<00:53:30.000> here<00:53:30.319> to<00:53:30.559> explain<00:53:30.880> the 53:31.109 --> 53:31.119 align:start position:0% else must be at play here to explain the 53:31.119 --> 53:34.549 align:start position:0% else must be at play here to explain the extremes<00:53:31.520> in<00:53:31.760> weather.<00:53:33.200> The<00:53:33.440> answer<00:53:33.760> may<00:53:34.000> lie 53:34.549 --> 53:34.559 align:start position:0% extremes in weather. The answer may lie 53:34.559 --> 53:37.670 align:start position:0% extremes in weather. The answer may lie deep<00:53:34.880> beneath<00:53:35.440> Neptune's<00:53:36.079> surface. 53:37.670 --> 53:37.680 align:start position:0% deep beneath Neptune's surface. 53:37.680 --> 53:39.589 align:start position:0% deep beneath Neptune's surface. I<00:53:37.920> mentioned<00:53:38.160> that<00:53:38.400> Neptune<00:53:38.800> is<00:53:39.040> the<00:53:39.200> furthest 53:39.589 --> 53:39.599 align:start position:0% I mentioned that Neptune is the furthest 53:39.599 --> 53:41.510 align:start position:0% I mentioned that Neptune is the furthest planet<00:53:39.920> from<00:53:40.079> the<00:53:40.240> sun.<00:53:40.800> So,<00:53:41.040> you<00:53:41.200> would<00:53:41.359> have 53:41.510 --> 53:41.520 align:start position:0% planet from the sun. So, you would have 53:41.520 --> 53:43.990 align:start position:0% planet from the sun. So, you would have thought<00:53:41.839> it's<00:53:42.160> also<00:53:42.480> the<00:53:42.720> coldest,<00:53:43.680> but 53:43.990 --> 53:44.000 align:start position:0% thought it's also the coldest, but 53:44.000 --> 53:46.309 align:start position:0% thought it's also the coldest, but actually<00:53:44.640> Uranus<00:53:45.119> is<00:53:45.280> the<00:53:45.440> coldest<00:53:45.839> planet<00:53:46.079> in 53:46.309 --> 53:46.319 align:start position:0% actually Uranus is the coldest planet in 53:46.319 --> 53:49.510 align:start position:0% actually Uranus is the coldest planet in our<00:53:46.480> solar<00:53:46.800> system.<00:53:47.920> Neptune<00:53:48.720> radiates<00:53:49.280> heat 53:49.510 --> 53:49.520 align:start position:0% our solar system. Neptune radiates heat 53:49.520 --> 53:51.990 align:start position:0% our solar system. Neptune radiates heat from<00:53:49.760> within,<00:53:50.400> whereas<00:53:50.720> Uranus<00:53:51.359> radiates 53:51.990 --> 53:52.000 align:start position:0% from within, whereas Uranus radiates 53:52.000 --> 53:54.710 align:start position:0% from within, whereas Uranus radiates hardly<00:53:52.400> any<00:53:52.720> excess<00:53:53.119> heat<00:53:53.359> at<00:53:53.520> all.<00:53:54.480> This 53:54.710 --> 53:54.720 align:start position:0% hardly any excess heat at all. This 53:54.720 --> 53:57.109 align:start position:0% hardly any excess heat at all. This could<00:53:54.960> be<00:53:55.200> because<00:53:55.599> a<00:53:55.920> large<00:53:56.400> Earth-sized 53:57.109 --> 53:57.119 align:start position:0% could be because a large Earth-sized 53:57.119 --> 53:59.190 align:start position:0% could be because a large Earth-sized body<00:53:57.440> crashed<00:53:57.839> into<00:53:58.000> Uranus<00:53:58.640> billions<00:53:59.040> of 53:59.190 --> 53:59.200 align:start position:0% body crashed into Uranus billions of 53:59.200 --> 54:01.430 align:start position:0% body crashed into Uranus billions of years<00:53:59.359> ago,<00:54:00.000> which<00:54:00.319> depleted<00:54:00.880> all<00:54:01.040> of<00:54:01.200> its 54:01.430 --> 54:01.440 align:start position:0% years ago, which depleted all of its 54:01.440 --> 54:03.829 align:start position:0% years ago, which depleted all of its primordial<00:54:02.079> heat.<00:54:02.960> Astronomers<00:54:03.680> now 54:03.829 --> 54:03.839 align:start position:0% primordial heat. Astronomers now 54:03.839 --> 54:06.069 align:start position:0% primordial heat. Astronomers now theorize<00:54:04.400> that<00:54:04.640> the<00:54:04.880> more<00:54:05.200> active<00:54:05.599> weather<00:54:05.920> on 54:06.069 --> 54:06.079 align:start position:0% theorize that the more active weather on 54:06.079 --> 54:08.870 align:start position:0% theorize that the more active weather on Neptune<00:54:06.720> might<00:54:06.960> be<00:54:07.119> due<00:54:07.680> in<00:54:07.920> part<00:54:08.400> to<00:54:08.640> this 54:08.870 --> 54:08.880 align:start position:0% Neptune might be due in part to this 54:08.880 --> 54:11.750 align:start position:0% Neptune might be due in part to this higher<00:54:09.359> internal<00:54:09.839> heat. 54:11.750 --> 54:11.760 align:start position:0% higher internal heat. 54:11.760 --> 54:14.710 align:start position:0% higher internal heat. What<00:54:12.160> is<00:54:12.480> Neptune<00:54:13.040> actually<00:54:13.359> made<00:54:13.599> of<00:54:13.839> then? 54:14.710 --> 54:14.720 align:start position:0% What is Neptune actually made of then? 54:14.720 --> 54:16.950 align:start position:0% What is Neptune actually made of then? Its<00:54:14.960> internal<00:54:15.440> structure<00:54:15.839> and<00:54:16.160> atmosphere<00:54:16.720> is 54:16.950 --> 54:16.960 align:start position:0% Its internal structure and atmosphere is 54:16.960 --> 54:19.670 align:start position:0% Its internal structure and atmosphere is thought<00:54:17.200> to<00:54:17.440> be<00:54:17.599> very<00:54:17.920> similar<00:54:18.240> to<00:54:18.400> Uranus. 54:19.670 --> 54:19.680 align:start position:0% thought to be very similar to Uranus. 54:19.680 --> 54:21.990 align:start position:0% thought to be very similar to Uranus. There<00:54:19.839> is<00:54:20.000> a<00:54:20.240> liquid<00:54:20.720> mantle<00:54:21.119> of<00:54:21.280> water, 54:21.990 --> 54:22.000 align:start position:0% There is a liquid mantle of water, 54:22.000 --> 54:24.230 align:start position:0% There is a liquid mantle of water, ammonia<00:54:22.640> and<00:54:22.800> methane<00:54:23.280> ices<00:54:23.680> surrounding<00:54:24.000> the 54:24.230 --> 54:24.240 align:start position:0% ammonia and methane ices surrounding the 54:24.240 --> 54:27.270 align:start position:0% ammonia and methane ices surrounding the core.<00:54:25.440> And<00:54:25.760> where<00:54:26.000> the<00:54:26.240> core<00:54:26.559> and<00:54:26.720> the<00:54:26.880> mantle 54:27.270 --> 54:27.280 align:start position:0% core. And where the core and the mantle 54:27.280 --> 54:29.750 align:start position:0% core. And where the core and the mantle meet,<00:54:27.839> the<00:54:28.079> pressure<00:54:28.480> is<00:54:28.640> so<00:54:28.960> great<00:54:29.359> that<00:54:29.599> the 54:29.750 --> 54:29.760 align:start position:0% meet, the pressure is so great that the 54:29.760 --> 54:32.470 align:start position:0% meet, the pressure is so great that the methane<00:54:30.240> may<00:54:30.480> break<00:54:30.800> apart<00:54:31.520> and<00:54:31.839> diamonds<00:54:32.319> are 54:32.470 --> 54:32.480 align:start position:0% methane may break apart and diamonds are 54:32.480 --> 54:35.190 align:start position:0% methane may break apart and diamonds are formed<00:54:32.880> under<00:54:33.119> the<00:54:33.359> pressure.<00:54:34.559> Likely<00:54:34.880> not 54:35.190 --> 54:35.200 align:start position:0% formed under the pressure. Likely not 54:35.200 --> 54:37.750 align:start position:0% formed under the pressure. Likely not diamonds<00:54:35.680> as<00:54:35.920> you<00:54:36.160> or<00:54:36.480> I<00:54:36.720> know,<00:54:37.280> but<00:54:37.599> there 54:37.750 --> 54:37.760 align:start position:0% diamonds as you or I know, but there 54:37.760 --> 54:40.470 align:start position:0% diamonds as you or I know, but there could<00:54:38.000> be<00:54:38.240> a<00:54:38.559> liquid<00:54:39.119> carbon<00:54:39.599> ocean<00:54:40.160> with 54:40.470 --> 54:40.480 align:start position:0% could be a liquid carbon ocean with 54:40.480 --> 54:43.349 align:start position:0% could be a liquid carbon ocean with solid<00:54:41.040> diamondbergs<00:54:42.000> floating<00:54:42.400> in<00:54:42.559> it<00:54:42.960> and 54:43.349 --> 54:43.359 align:start position:0% solid diamondbergs floating in it and 54:43.359 --> 54:45.349 align:start position:0% solid diamondbergs floating in it and diamonds<00:54:43.920> raining<00:54:44.319> down<00:54:44.559> through<00:54:44.800> the<00:54:44.960> mantle 54:45.349 --> 54:45.359 align:start position:0% diamonds raining down through the mantle 54:45.359 --> 54:48.230 align:start position:0% diamonds raining down through the mantle like<00:54:45.599> hailstones.<00:54:47.040> This<00:54:47.280> is<00:54:47.440> just<00:54:47.680> a<00:54:47.839> theory 54:48.230 --> 54:48.240 align:start position:0% like hailstones. This is just a theory 54:48.240 --> 54:50.710 align:start position:0% like hailstones. This is just a theory though,<00:54:48.559> as<00:54:48.960> technology<00:54:49.520> has<00:54:49.839> only<00:54:50.160> recently 54:50.710 --> 54:50.720 align:start position:0% though, as technology has only recently 54:50.720 --> 54:53.510 align:start position:0% though, as technology has only recently started<00:54:51.040> to<00:54:51.280> recreate<00:54:51.839> such<00:54:52.160> pressures. 54:53.510 --> 54:53.520 align:start position:0% started to recreate such pressures. 54:53.520 --> 54:55.589 align:start position:0% started to recreate such pressures. Around<00:54:53.839> the<00:54:54.000> core<00:54:54.240> of<00:54:54.400> Neptune,<00:54:55.040> it's<00:54:55.359> thought 54:55.589 --> 54:55.599 align:start position:0% Around the core of Neptune, it's thought 54:55.599 --> 55:00.390 align:start position:0% Around the core of Neptune, it's thought to<00:54:55.760> be<00:54:56.240> 7<00:54:56.720> million<00:54:57.119> bar<00:54:57.920> or<00:54:58.400> 700<00:54:59.119> gap<00:54:59.520> pascals, 55:00.390 --> 55:00.400 align:start position:0% to be 7 million bar or 700 gap pascals, 55:00.400 --> 55:02.549 align:start position:0% to be 7 million bar or 700 gap pascals, which<00:55:00.640> is<00:55:00.800> about<00:55:01.200> 7<00:55:01.680> million<00:55:02.079> times<00:55:02.319> the 55:02.549 --> 55:02.559 align:start position:0% which is about 7 million times the 55:02.559 --> 55:04.069 align:start position:0% which is about 7 million times the pressure<00:55:02.800> of<00:55:02.960> Earth's<00:55:03.280> atmosphere<00:55:03.760> at<00:55:03.920> the 55:04.069 --> 55:04.079 align:start position:0% pressure of Earth's atmosphere at the 55:04.079 --> 55:05.589 align:start position:0% pressure of Earth's atmosphere at the surface. 55:05.589 --> 55:05.599 align:start position:0% surface. 55:05.599 --> 55:08.230 align:start position:0% surface. The<00:55:05.760> two<00:55:06.000> ice<00:55:06.319> giants<00:55:06.800> magnetospheres<00:55:07.839> also 55:08.230 --> 55:08.240 align:start position:0% The two ice giants magnetospheres also 55:08.240 --> 55:10.150 align:start position:0% The two ice giants magnetospheres also share<00:55:08.559> similarities. 55:10.150 --> 55:10.160 align:start position:0% share similarities. 55:10.160 --> 55:13.430 align:start position:0% share similarities. Neptune's<00:55:10.720> magnetic<00:55:11.200> field<00:55:11.440> is<00:55:11.680> offset<00:55:12.319> 47° 55:13.430 --> 55:13.440 align:start position:0% Neptune's magnetic field is offset 47° 55:13.440 --> 55:16.150 align:start position:0% Neptune's magnetic field is offset 47° relative<00:55:13.839> to<00:55:14.000> its<00:55:14.240> rotational<00:55:14.800> axis.<00:55:15.920> When 55:16.150 --> 55:16.160 align:start position:0% relative to its rotational axis. When 55:16.160 --> 55:18.710 align:start position:0% relative to its rotational axis. When Voyager<00:55:16.720> 2<00:55:17.040> discovered<00:55:17.440> this<00:55:17.599> about<00:55:17.920> Uranus, 55:18.710 --> 55:18.720 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 discovered this about Uranus, 55:18.720 --> 55:20.390 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 discovered this about Uranus, the<00:55:18.960> first<00:55:19.200> theory<00:55:19.599> was<00:55:19.839> that<00:55:20.000> it<00:55:20.240> had 55:20.390 --> 55:20.400 align:start position:0% the first theory was that it had 55:20.400 --> 55:22.470 align:start position:0% the first theory was that it had something<00:55:20.640> to<00:55:20.880> do<00:55:20.960> with<00:55:21.200> its<00:55:21.440> unusual<00:55:22.000> axle 55:22.470 --> 55:22.480 align:start position:0% something to do with its unusual axle 55:22.480 --> 55:25.190 align:start position:0% something to do with its unusual axle tilt.<00:55:23.359> But<00:55:23.520> then<00:55:23.839> it<00:55:24.160> found<00:55:24.480> the<00:55:24.720> same<00:55:24.960> thing 55:25.190 --> 55:25.200 align:start position:0% tilt. But then it found the same thing 55:25.200 --> 55:27.270 align:start position:0% tilt. But then it found the same thing out<00:55:25.440> about<00:55:25.839> Neptune,<00:55:26.559> which<00:55:26.800> has<00:55:26.960> a<00:55:27.119> more 55:27.270 --> 55:27.280 align:start position:0% out about Neptune, which has a more 55:27.280 --> 55:30.390 align:start position:0% out about Neptune, which has a more normal<00:55:27.680> axle<00:55:28.079> tilt.<00:55:29.119> So<00:55:29.440> the<00:55:29.680> current<00:55:30.000> theory 55:30.390 --> 55:30.400 align:start position:0% normal axle tilt. So the current theory 55:30.400 --> 55:32.549 align:start position:0% normal axle tilt. So the current theory is<00:55:30.559> that<00:55:30.800> the<00:55:30.960> magnetic<00:55:31.440> field<00:55:31.760> is<00:55:32.000> either<00:55:32.319> not 55:32.549 --> 55:32.559 align:start position:0% is that the magnetic field is either not 55:32.559 --> 55:35.190 align:start position:0% is that the magnetic field is either not generated<00:55:32.960> in<00:55:33.200> the<00:55:33.359> core,<00:55:33.920> but<00:55:34.240> rather<00:55:34.720> by<00:55:34.960> an 55:35.190 --> 55:35.200 align:start position:0% generated in the core, but rather by an 55:35.200 --> 55:36.950 align:start position:0% generated in the core, but rather by an electrically<00:55:35.839> conducting<00:55:36.559> liquid<00:55:36.608> [snorts] 55:36.950 --> 55:36.960 align:start position:0% electrically conducting liquid [snorts] 55:36.960 --> 55:39.510 align:start position:0% electrically conducting liquid [snorts] mantle,<00:55:38.000> or<00:55:38.240> that<00:55:38.400> the<00:55:38.559> mantle<00:55:38.960> deflects<00:55:39.359> the 55:39.510 --> 55:39.520 align:start position:0% mantle, or that the mantle deflects the 55:39.520 --> 55:41.430 align:start position:0% mantle, or that the mantle deflects the magnetic<00:55:40.000> field<00:55:40.240> from<00:55:40.400> the<00:55:40.559> core,<00:55:41.119> which 55:41.430 --> 55:41.440 align:start position:0% magnetic field from the core, which 55:41.440 --> 55:43.670 align:start position:0% magnetic field from the core, which gives<00:55:41.680> it<00:55:41.920> this<00:55:42.160> weird<00:55:42.640> offset<00:55:43.119> in<00:55:43.359> relation 55:43.670 --> 55:43.680 align:start position:0% gives it this weird offset in relation 55:43.680 --> 55:45.990 align:start position:0% gives it this weird offset in relation to<00:55:43.839> its<00:55:44.079> rotational<00:55:44.559> axis. 55:45.990 --> 55:46.000 align:start position:0% to its rotational axis. 55:46.000 --> 55:48.230 align:start position:0% to its rotational axis. Every<00:55:46.319> planet<00:55:46.640> in<00:55:46.800> the<00:55:46.960> solar<00:55:47.280> system<00:55:47.760> hasn't 55:48.230 --> 55:48.240 align:start position:0% Every planet in the solar system hasn't 55:48.240 --> 55:49.750 align:start position:0% Every planet in the solar system hasn't actually<00:55:48.559> got<00:55:48.799> a<00:55:49.040> perfectly<00:55:49.440> aligned 55:49.750 --> 55:49.760 align:start position:0% actually got a perfectly aligned 55:49.760 --> 55:52.069 align:start position:0% actually got a perfectly aligned magnetic<00:55:50.240> field.<00:55:50.960> Even<00:55:51.280> Earth's<00:55:51.680> magnetic 55:52.069 --> 55:52.079 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Even Earth's magnetic 55:52.079 --> 55:53.910 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Even Earth's magnetic north<00:55:52.559> is<00:55:52.799> different<00:55:53.040> from<00:55:53.280> where<00:55:53.520> the<00:55:53.680> north 55:53.910 --> 55:53.920 align:start position:0% north is different from where the north 55:53.920 --> 55:56.630 align:start position:0% north is different from where the north pole<00:55:54.319> actually<00:55:54.640> is.<00:55:55.599> But<00:55:55.680> it's<00:55:55.920> only<00:55:56.240> Uranus 55:56.630 --> 55:56.640 align:start position:0% pole actually is. But it's only Uranus 55:56.640 --> 55:58.950 align:start position:0% pole actually is. But it's only Uranus and<00:55:56.880> Neptune<00:55:57.200> that<00:55:57.520> have<00:55:57.920> such<00:55:58.319> a<00:55:58.559> tilted 55:58.950 --> 55:58.960 align:start position:0% and Neptune that have such a tilted 55:58.960 --> 56:01.270 align:start position:0% and Neptune that have such a tilted magneettosphere. 56:01.270 --> 56:01.280 align:start position:0% magneettosphere. 56:01.280 --> 56:04.150 align:start position:0% magneettosphere. Aurora<00:56:01.839> do<00:56:02.079> exist<00:56:02.400> on<00:56:02.640> Neptune<00:56:03.119> too,<00:56:03.760> but<00:56:03.920> they 56:04.150 --> 56:04.160 align:start position:0% Aurora do exist on Neptune too, but they 56:04.160 --> 56:06.069 align:start position:0% Aurora do exist on Neptune too, but they are<00:56:04.319> different<00:56:04.559> from<00:56:04.799> what<00:56:04.960> you<00:56:05.119> might<00:56:05.359> expect 56:06.069 --> 56:06.079 align:start position:0% are different from what you might expect 56:06.079 --> 56:08.069 align:start position:0% are different from what you might expect as<00:56:06.319> they<00:56:06.480> are<00:56:06.720> extremely<00:56:07.200> faint<00:56:07.680> due<00:56:07.920> to 56:08.069 --> 56:08.079 align:start position:0% as they are extremely faint due to 56:08.079 --> 56:09.829 align:start position:0% as they are extremely faint due to particles<00:56:08.559> not<00:56:08.880> getting<00:56:09.119> as<00:56:09.359> charged<00:56:09.680> from 56:09.829 --> 56:09.839 align:start position:0% particles not getting as charged from 56:09.839 --> 56:11.990 align:start position:0% particles not getting as charged from the<00:56:10.000> sun.<00:56:10.640> And<00:56:10.960> because<00:56:11.200> of<00:56:11.440> the<00:56:11.599> direction<00:56:11.920> of 56:11.990 --> 56:12.000 align:start position:0% the sun. And because of the direction of 56:12.000 --> 56:13.990 align:start position:0% the sun. And because of the direction of the<00:56:12.160> magneettosphere,<00:56:13.119> they<00:56:13.359> are<00:56:13.520> mainly 56:13.990 --> 56:14.000 align:start position:0% the magneettosphere, they are mainly 56:14.000 --> 56:18.549 align:start position:0% the magneettosphere, they are mainly type<00:56:14.400> B<00:56:14.720> aurora<00:56:15.520> or<00:56:16.000> SAR<00:56:16.480> arcs.<00:56:17.920> Earth<00:56:18.240> gets 56:18.549 --> 56:18.559 align:start position:0% type B aurora or SAR arcs. Earth gets 56:18.559 --> 56:20.870 align:start position:0% type B aurora or SAR arcs. Earth gets these<00:56:18.880> too,<00:56:19.359> but<00:56:19.680> they<00:56:19.839> are<00:56:20.000> not<00:56:20.160> visible<00:56:20.640> and 56:20.870 --> 56:20.880 align:start position:0% these too, but they are not visible and 56:20.880 --> 56:22.549 align:start position:0% these too, but they are not visible and you<00:56:21.040> need<00:56:21.280> scientific<00:56:21.760> instruments<00:56:22.160> to<00:56:22.400> know 56:22.549 --> 56:22.559 align:start position:0% you need scientific instruments to know 56:22.559 --> 56:24.710 align:start position:0% you need scientific instruments to know that<00:56:22.799> they<00:56:22.960> are<00:56:23.119> there.<00:56:24.079> They<00:56:24.319> could<00:56:24.480> be 56:24.710 --> 56:24.720 align:start position:0% that they are there. They could be 56:24.720 --> 56:26.870 align:start position:0% that they are there. They could be stretching<00:56:25.200> across<00:56:25.520> the<00:56:25.839> whole<00:56:26.079> sky<00:56:26.480> without 56:26.870 --> 56:26.880 align:start position:0% stretching across the whole sky without 56:26.880 --> 56:29.510 align:start position:0% stretching across the whole sky without you<00:56:27.119> actually<00:56:27.520> knowing<00:56:27.839> about<00:56:28.079> it.<00:56:29.119> Another 56:29.510 --> 56:29.520 align:start position:0% you actually knowing about it. Another 56:29.520 --> 56:31.430 align:start position:0% you actually knowing about it. Another difference<00:56:29.839> with<00:56:30.000> the<00:56:30.160> SAR<00:56:30.480> arcs<00:56:30.799> of<00:56:30.880> Neptune 56:31.430 --> 56:31.440 align:start position:0% difference with the SAR arcs of Neptune 56:31.440 --> 56:33.589 align:start position:0% difference with the SAR arcs of Neptune is<00:56:31.680> that<00:56:31.839> they<00:56:32.079> are<00:56:32.319> not<00:56:32.640> only<00:56:32.960> found<00:56:33.280> around 56:33.589 --> 56:33.599 align:start position:0% is that they are not only found around 56:33.599 --> 56:36.309 align:start position:0% is that they are not only found around the<00:56:33.760> poles,<00:56:34.480> but<00:56:34.720> rather<00:56:35.359> are<00:56:35.599> around<00:56:35.839> the<00:56:36.079> mid 56:36.309 --> 56:36.319 align:start position:0% the poles, but rather are around the mid 56:36.319 --> 56:38.549 align:start position:0% the poles, but rather are around the mid latitudes<00:56:36.960> of<00:56:37.040> the<00:56:37.200> planet. 56:38.549 --> 56:38.559 align:start position:0% latitudes of the planet. 56:38.559 --> 56:41.270 align:start position:0% latitudes of the planet. However,<00:56:39.280> although<00:56:39.680> they<00:56:39.920> are<00:56:40.160> faint,<00:56:40.960> we 56:41.270 --> 56:41.280 align:start position:0% However, although they are faint, we 56:41.280 --> 56:43.510 align:start position:0% However, although they are faint, we recently<00:56:41.839> were<00:56:42.079> able<00:56:42.319> to<00:56:42.480> capture<00:56:42.960> images<00:56:43.280> of 56:43.510 --> 56:43.520 align:start position:0% recently were able to capture images of 56:43.520 --> 56:45.589 align:start position:0% recently were able to capture images of them<00:56:43.839> thanks<00:56:44.160> to<00:56:44.319> the<00:56:44.559> powerful<00:56:45.200> near 56:45.589 --> 56:45.599 align:start position:0% them thanks to the powerful near 56:45.599 --> 56:47.589 align:start position:0% them thanks to the powerful near infrared<00:56:46.160> detection<00:56:46.559> of<00:56:46.799> the<00:56:46.960> James<00:56:47.359> Webb 56:47.589 --> 56:47.599 align:start position:0% infrared detection of the James Webb 56:47.599 --> 56:51.670 align:start position:0% infrared detection of the James Webb Space<00:56:47.920> Telescope.<00:56:49.040> In<00:56:49.280> March<00:56:49.599> of<00:56:49.839> 2025,<00:56:51.280> Web 56:51.670 --> 56:51.680 align:start position:0% Space Telescope. In March of 2025, Web 56:51.680 --> 56:54.150 align:start position:0% Space Telescope. In March of 2025, Web released<00:56:52.160> these<00:56:52.880> shimmering<00:56:53.520> images<00:56:53.839> of 56:54.150 --> 56:54.160 align:start position:0% released these shimmering images of 56:54.160 --> 56:57.430 align:start position:0% released these shimmering images of Neptune's<00:56:54.880> mid<00:56:55.280> latitude<00:56:55.920> aurora<00:56:56.960> shining 56:57.430 --> 56:57.440 align:start position:0% Neptune's mid latitude aurora shining 56:57.440 --> 57:00.789 align:start position:0% Neptune's mid latitude aurora shining out<00:56:57.839> across<00:56:58.240> the<00:56:58.559> planet.<00:56:59.760> Interestingly,<00:57:00.640> at 57:00.789 --> 57:00.799 align:start position:0% out across the planet. Interestingly, at 57:00.799 --> 57:03.670 align:start position:0% out across the planet. Interestingly, at the<00:57:00.960> same<00:57:01.200> time,<00:57:01.839> Web<00:57:02.240> was<00:57:02.480> able<00:57:02.720> to<00:57:02.880> notice<00:57:03.280> a 57:03.670 --> 57:03.680 align:start position:0% the same time, Web was able to notice a 57:03.680 --> 57:05.829 align:start position:0% the same time, Web was able to notice a massive<00:57:04.240> temperature<00:57:04.720> drop<00:57:04.960> in<00:57:05.280> Neptune's 57:05.829 --> 57:05.839 align:start position:0% massive temperature drop in Neptune's 57:05.839 --> 57:08.390 align:start position:0% massive temperature drop in Neptune's upper<00:57:06.079> atmosphere.<00:57:07.359> Its<00:57:07.680> temperature<00:57:08.079> had 57:08.390 --> 57:08.400 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere. Its temperature had 57:08.400 --> 57:10.950 align:start position:0% upper atmosphere. Its temperature had dropped<00:57:08.720> by<00:57:09.200> hundreds<00:57:09.760> of<00:57:10.000> degrees<00:57:10.559> since 57:10.950 --> 57:10.960 align:start position:0% dropped by hundreds of degrees since 57:10.960 --> 57:13.670 align:start position:0% dropped by hundreds of degrees since Voyager's<00:57:11.440> reading<00:57:11.839> in<00:57:12.079> 1989,<00:57:13.280> almost 57:13.670 --> 57:13.680 align:start position:0% Voyager's reading in 1989, almost 57:13.680 --> 57:15.910 align:start position:0% Voyager's reading in 1989, almost halfing<00:57:14.240> during<00:57:14.640> those<00:57:14.960> intervening<00:57:15.680> few 57:15.910 --> 57:15.920 align:start position:0% halfing during those intervening few 57:15.920 --> 57:18.150 align:start position:0% halfing during those intervening few decades.<00:57:17.040> What<00:57:17.280> this<00:57:17.520> means<00:57:17.839> for<00:57:18.000> the 57:18.150 --> 57:18.160 align:start position:0% decades. What this means for the 57:18.160 --> 57:20.230 align:start position:0% decades. What this means for the turbulent<00:57:18.799> processes<00:57:19.359> taking<00:57:19.680> place<00:57:19.920> within 57:20.230 --> 57:20.240 align:start position:0% turbulent processes taking place within 57:20.240 --> 57:22.150 align:start position:0% turbulent processes taking place within Neptune<00:57:20.754> [music]<00:57:21.040> remains<00:57:21.599> open<00:57:21.920> for 57:22.150 --> 57:22.160 align:start position:0% Neptune [music] remains open for 57:22.160 --> 57:25.829 align:start position:0% Neptune [music] remains open for investigation.<00:57:23.520> But<00:57:23.680> as<00:57:24.000> a<00:57:24.960> harder<00:57:25.359> to<00:57:25.520> detect 57:25.829 --> 57:25.839 align:start position:0% investigation. But as a harder to detect 57:25.839 --> 57:28.549 align:start position:0% investigation. But as a harder to detect in<00:57:26.160> colder<00:57:26.640> temperatures,<00:57:27.599> this<00:57:27.920> may<00:57:28.240> help 57:28.549 --> 57:28.559 align:start position:0% in colder temperatures, this may help 57:28.559 --> 57:31.589 align:start position:0% in colder temperatures, this may help explain<00:57:29.040> why<00:57:29.440> Neptune's<00:57:29.920> aurora<00:57:30.720> remain<00:57:31.359> so 57:31.589 --> 57:31.599 align:start position:0% explain why Neptune's aurora remain so 57:31.599 --> 57:35.109 align:start position:0% explain why Neptune's aurora remain so elusive. 57:35.109 --> 57:35.119 align:start position:0% 57:35.119 --> 57:37.510 align:start position:0% Zooming<00:57:35.520> out<00:57:35.680> from<00:57:35.920> Neptune<00:57:36.400> a<00:57:36.559> bit,<00:57:36.960> we<00:57:37.280> come 57:37.510 --> 57:37.520 align:start position:0% Zooming out from Neptune a bit, we come 57:37.520 --> 57:41.910 align:start position:0% Zooming out from Neptune a bit, we come to<00:57:37.760> its<00:57:38.079> ring<00:57:38.400> system.<00:57:39.599> Up<00:57:39.760> until<00:57:40.319> 1986, 57:41.910 --> 57:41.920 align:start position:0% to its ring system. Up until 1986, 57:41.920 --> 57:43.829 align:start position:0% to its ring system. Up until 1986, scientists<00:57:42.400> suspected<00:57:42.880> the<00:57:43.040> planet<00:57:43.440> might 57:43.829 --> 57:43.839 align:start position:0% scientists suspected the planet might 57:43.839 --> 57:46.870 align:start position:0% scientists suspected the planet might have<00:57:44.079> rings,<00:57:44.640> but<00:57:45.040> couldn't<00:57:45.359> be<00:57:45.520> certain.<00:57:46.640> It 57:46.870 --> 57:46.880 align:start position:0% have rings, but couldn't be certain. It 57:46.880 --> 57:49.270 align:start position:0% have rings, but couldn't be certain. It turns<00:57:47.119> out<00:57:47.520> that<00:57:48.079> like<00:57:48.400> all<00:57:48.720> other<00:57:48.960> gas 57:49.270 --> 57:49.280 align:start position:0% turns out that like all other gas 57:49.280 --> 57:52.069 align:start position:0% turns out that like all other gas giants,<00:57:50.079> Neptune<00:57:50.559> does<00:57:50.799> have<00:57:50.960> a<00:57:51.119> ring<00:57:51.359> system, 57:52.069 --> 57:52.079 align:start position:0% giants, Neptune does have a ring system, 57:52.079 --> 57:54.470 align:start position:0% giants, Neptune does have a ring system, although<00:57:52.480> it<00:57:52.720> is<00:57:52.880> very<00:57:53.200> faint<00:57:53.680> as<00:57:53.920> it<00:57:54.079> is<00:57:54.319> not 57:54.470 --> 57:54.480 align:start position:0% although it is very faint as it is not 57:54.480 --> 57:58.230 align:start position:0% although it is very faint as it is not as<00:57:54.720> dense<00:57:55.440> and<00:57:55.760> is<00:57:56.160> extremely<00:57:56.799> dark<00:57:57.040> in<00:57:57.280> color. 57:58.230 --> 57:58.240 align:start position:0% as dense and is extremely dark in color. 57:58.240 --> 58:00.470 align:start position:0% as dense and is extremely dark in color. If<00:57:58.480> you<00:57:58.640> have<00:57:58.880> these<00:57:59.119> rings<00:57:59.520> against<00:57:59.839> a<00:58:00.079> black 58:00.470 --> 58:00.480 align:start position:0% If you have these rings against a black 58:00.480 --> 58:03.030 align:start position:0% If you have these rings against a black backdrop<00:58:00.960> of<00:58:01.200> space<00:58:01.839> and<00:58:02.079> also<00:58:02.400> have<00:58:02.640> them<00:58:02.799> be 58:03.030 --> 58:03.040 align:start position:0% backdrop of space and also have them be 58:03.040 --> 58:05.589 align:start position:0% backdrop of space and also have them be this<00:58:03.280> far<00:58:03.599> away<00:58:03.839> from<00:58:04.000> the<00:58:04.240> sun,<00:58:05.040> then<00:58:05.280> they 58:05.589 --> 58:05.599 align:start position:0% this far away from the sun, then they 58:05.599 --> 58:08.789 align:start position:0% this far away from the sun, then they are<00:58:05.920> very<00:58:06.319> hard<00:58:06.559> to<00:58:06.720> see.<00:58:07.920> Intriguingly, 58:08.789 --> 58:08.799 align:start position:0% are very hard to see. Intriguingly, 58:08.799 --> 58:11.430 align:start position:0% are very hard to see. Intriguingly, Voyager<00:58:09.280> 2<00:58:09.760> identified<00:58:10.319> several<00:58:10.960> partial 58:11.430 --> 58:11.440 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 identified several partial 58:11.440 --> 58:14.390 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 identified several partial ring<00:58:11.839> structures<00:58:12.319> or<00:58:12.799> ring<00:58:13.200> arcs<00:58:13.920> within 58:14.390 --> 58:14.400 align:start position:0% ring structures or ring arcs within 58:14.400 --> 58:17.190 align:start position:0% ring structures or ring arcs within Neptune's<00:58:14.880> ring<00:58:15.200> system.<00:58:16.000> These<00:58:16.240> arcs<00:58:16.799> raised 58:17.190 --> 58:17.200 align:start position:0% Neptune's ring system. These arcs raised 58:17.200 --> 58:18.710 align:start position:0% Neptune's ring system. These arcs raised questions<00:58:17.599> about<00:58:17.839> the<00:58:18.079> mechanisms 58:18.710 --> 58:18.720 align:start position:0% questions about the mechanisms 58:18.720 --> 58:20.390 align:start position:0% questions about the mechanisms responsible<00:58:19.280> for<00:58:19.520> their<00:58:19.680> formation<00:58:20.160> and 58:20.390 --> 58:20.400 align:start position:0% responsible for their formation and 58:20.400 --> 58:23.349 align:start position:0% responsible for their formation and stability<00:58:21.359> since<00:58:21.680> they<00:58:21.920> mainly<00:58:22.400> consisted<00:58:22.880> of 58:23.349 --> 58:23.359 align:start position:0% stability since they mainly consisted of 58:23.359 --> 58:26.150 align:start position:0% stability since they mainly consisted of incomplete<00:58:24.079> and<00:58:24.319> dusty<00:58:24.799> rings. 58:26.150 --> 58:26.160 align:start position:0% incomplete and dusty rings. 58:26.160 --> 58:29.349 align:start position:0% incomplete and dusty rings. There<00:58:26.480> are<00:58:26.960> five<00:58:27.440> known<00:58:27.760> rings<00:58:28.160> in<00:58:28.400> all<00:58:29.119> and 58:29.349 --> 58:29.359 align:start position:0% There are five known rings in all and 58:29.359 --> 58:31.190 align:start position:0% There are five known rings in all and they're<00:58:29.680> all<00:58:29.839> named<00:58:30.160> after<00:58:30.480> people<00:58:30.799> involved 58:31.190 --> 58:31.200 align:start position:0% they're all named after people involved 58:31.200 --> 58:33.109 align:start position:0% they're all named after people involved in<00:58:31.359> the<00:58:31.520> discovery<00:58:32.079> and<00:58:32.480> research<00:58:32.880> of 58:33.109 --> 58:33.119 align:start position:0% in the discovery and research of 58:33.119 --> 58:34.630 align:start position:0% in the discovery and research of Neptune. 58:34.630 --> 58:34.640 align:start position:0% Neptune. 58:34.640 --> 58:36.789 align:start position:0% Neptune. The<00:58:34.799> innermost<00:58:35.359> is<00:58:35.520> the<00:58:35.680> Galile<00:58:36.079> ring<00:58:36.559> which 58:36.789 --> 58:36.799 align:start position:0% The innermost is the Galile ring which 58:36.799 --> 58:40.549 align:start position:0% The innermost is the Galile ring which is<00:58:36.960> very<00:58:37.280> faint<00:58:37.680> and<00:58:37.920> very<00:58:38.240> wide<00:58:38.640> at<00:58:38.960> 2,000<00:58:39.520> km. 58:40.549 --> 58:40.559 align:start position:0% is very faint and very wide at 2,000 km. 58:40.559 --> 58:43.990 align:start position:0% is very faint and very wide at 2,000 km. Next<00:58:40.799> is<00:58:41.040> the<00:58:41.200> first<00:58:41.520> bright<00:58:41.839> ring,<00:58:42.240> Leier. 58:43.990 --> 58:44.000 align:start position:0% Next is the first bright ring, Leier. 58:44.000 --> 58:47.109 align:start position:0% Next is the first bright ring, Leier. Although<00:58:44.319> it's<00:58:44.559> bright,<00:58:45.119> it's<00:58:45.440> only<00:58:45.920> 113<00:58:46.640> km 58:47.109 --> 58:47.119 align:start position:0% Although it's bright, it's only 113 km 58:47.119 --> 58:50.549 align:start position:0% Although it's bright, it's only 113 km wide.<00:58:48.400> Next<00:58:48.960> and<00:58:49.200> connected<00:58:49.680> is<00:58:49.920> the<00:58:50.079> lasso 58:50.549 --> 58:50.559 align:start position:0% wide. Next and connected is the lasso 58:50.559 --> 58:54.549 align:start position:0% wide. Next and connected is the lasso ring,<00:58:51.119> a<00:58:51.359> very<00:58:51.599> faint<00:58:51.920> band<00:58:52.319> 4,000<00:58:52.880> km<00:58:53.440> across. 58:54.549 --> 58:54.559 align:start position:0% ring, a very faint band 4,000 km across. 58:54.559 --> 58:57.030 align:start position:0% ring, a very faint band 4,000 km across. On<00:58:54.799> the<00:58:55.040> edge<00:58:55.200> of<00:58:55.359> this<00:58:55.599> ring<00:58:56.000> is<00:58:56.160> the<00:58:56.400> Arago 58:57.030 --> 58:57.040 align:start position:0% On the edge of this ring is the Arago 58:57.040 --> 58:59.270 align:start position:0% On the edge of this ring is the Arago ring.<00:58:58.079> It<00:58:58.240> is<00:58:58.400> slightly<00:58:58.720> brighter<00:58:59.040> than<00:58:59.119> the 58:59.270 --> 58:59.280 align:start position:0% ring. It is slightly brighter than the 58:59.280 --> 59:02.789 align:start position:0% ring. It is slightly brighter than the lasso<00:58:59.680> ring<00:59:00.000> and<00:59:00.319> less<00:59:00.559> than<00:59:00.799> 100<00:59:01.119> km<00:59:01.680> wide. 59:02.789 --> 59:02.799 align:start position:0% lasso ring and less than 100 km wide. 59:02.799 --> 59:05.109 align:start position:0% lasso ring and less than 100 km wide. Lastly<00:59:03.359> is<00:59:03.599> the<00:59:03.839> outmost<00:59:04.400> and<00:59:04.640> the<00:59:04.880> most 59:05.109 --> 59:05.119 align:start position:0% Lastly is the outmost and the most 59:05.119 --> 59:08.150 align:start position:0% Lastly is the outmost and the most research<00:59:05.520> ring,<00:59:06.160> the<00:59:06.480> Adam's<00:59:06.880> ring.<00:59:07.760> It<00:59:08.000> is 59:08.150 --> 59:08.160 align:start position:0% research ring, the Adam's ring. It is 59:08.160 --> 59:11.190 align:start position:0% research ring, the Adam's ring. It is only<00:59:08.400> 35<00:59:08.880> km<00:59:09.440> wide,<00:59:10.000> but<00:59:10.240> is<00:59:10.480> one<00:59:10.799> of<00:59:10.960> the 59:11.190 --> 59:11.200 align:start position:0% only 35 km wide, but is one of the 59:11.200 --> 59:13.829 align:start position:0% only 35 km wide, but is one of the brightest<00:59:11.680> rings.<00:59:12.720> It<00:59:12.880> is<00:59:13.119> particularly 59:13.829 --> 59:13.839 align:start position:0% brightest rings. It is particularly 59:13.839 --> 59:16.390 align:start position:0% brightest rings. It is particularly interesting<00:59:14.400> as<00:59:14.720> it<00:59:14.880> is<00:59:15.040> slightly<00:59:15.520> inclined 59:16.390 --> 59:16.400 align:start position:0% interesting as it is slightly inclined 59:16.400 --> 59:19.190 align:start position:0% interesting as it is slightly inclined and<00:59:16.640> has<00:59:17.040> bright<00:59:17.359> arcs<00:59:17.760> in<00:59:17.920> it.<00:59:18.559> These<00:59:18.799> arcs 59:19.190 --> 59:19.200 align:start position:0% and has bright arcs in it. These arcs 59:19.200 --> 59:20.950 align:start position:0% and has bright arcs in it. These arcs have<00:59:19.440> been<00:59:19.680> quite<00:59:20.000> stable<00:59:20.400> since<00:59:20.559> they<00:59:20.799> were 59:20.950 --> 59:20.960 align:start position:0% have been quite stable since they were 59:20.960 --> 59:23.349 align:start position:0% have been quite stable since they were discovered<00:59:21.280> in<00:59:21.520> 1980.<00:59:22.640> But<00:59:22.880> usually 59:23.349 --> 59:23.359 align:start position:0% discovered in 1980. But usually 59:23.359 --> 59:25.990 align:start position:0% discovered in 1980. But usually planetary<00:59:23.760> rings<00:59:24.160> are<00:59:24.319> uniform<00:59:24.880> throughout. 59:25.990 --> 59:26.000 align:start position:0% planetary rings are uniform throughout. 59:26.000 --> 59:28.789 align:start position:0% planetary rings are uniform throughout. These<00:59:26.240> arcs<00:59:26.799> must<00:59:27.040> be<00:59:27.280> material<00:59:27.920> clumping<00:59:28.480> and 59:28.789 --> 59:28.799 align:start position:0% These arcs must be material clumping and 59:28.799 --> 59:31.190 align:start position:0% These arcs must be material clumping and clustering<00:59:29.359> up<00:59:29.599> within<00:59:30.000> the<00:59:30.160> ring.<00:59:30.799> But<00:59:30.960> the 59:31.190 --> 59:31.200 align:start position:0% clustering up within the ring. But the 59:31.200 --> 59:36.309 align:start position:0% clustering up within the ring. But the reason<00:59:31.359> for<00:59:31.599> this<00:59:32.000> is<00:59:32.240> currently<00:59:32.640> unknown. 59:36.309 --> 59:36.319 align:start position:0% 59:36.319 --> 59:38.950 align:start position:0% Lastly,<00:59:37.119> a<00:59:37.359> visit<00:59:37.599> to<00:59:37.760> Neptune<00:59:38.400> wouldn't<00:59:38.720> be 59:38.950 --> 59:38.960 align:start position:0% Lastly, a visit to Neptune wouldn't be 59:38.960 --> 59:41.030 align:start position:0% Lastly, a visit to Neptune wouldn't be complete<00:59:39.520> without<00:59:39.920> talking<00:59:40.400> about<00:59:40.640> its 59:41.030 --> 59:41.040 align:start position:0% complete without talking about its 59:41.040 --> 59:44.870 align:start position:0% complete without talking about its moons.<00:59:42.240> Neptune<00:59:42.799> has<00:59:43.280> 14<00:59:43.839> known<00:59:44.160> moons<00:59:44.720> which 59:44.870 --> 59:44.880 align:start position:0% moons. Neptune has 14 known moons which 59:44.880 --> 59:47.030 align:start position:0% moons. Neptune has 14 known moons which are<00:59:45.040> named<00:59:45.359> after<00:59:45.760> water<00:59:46.079> deities<00:59:46.559> in<00:59:46.720> Greek 59:47.030 --> 59:47.040 align:start position:0% are named after water deities in Greek 59:47.040 --> 59:49.430 align:start position:0% are named after water deities in Greek mythology.<00:59:48.079> Seven<00:59:48.400> of<00:59:48.559> these<00:59:48.720> moons<00:59:49.119> are 59:49.430 --> 59:49.440 align:start position:0% mythology. Seven of these moons are 59:49.440 --> 59:52.230 align:start position:0% mythology. Seven of these moons are regular<00:59:49.920> moons,<00:59:50.559> or<00:59:50.880> in<00:59:51.119> other<00:59:51.280> words,<00:59:51.839> moons 59:52.230 --> 59:52.240 align:start position:0% regular moons, or in other words, moons 59:52.240 --> 59:55.109 align:start position:0% regular moons, or in other words, moons that<00:59:52.480> orbit<00:59:52.880> along<00:59:53.359> Neptune's<00:59:53.920> ecliptic<00:59:54.720> with 59:55.109 --> 59:55.119 align:start position:0% that orbit along Neptune's ecliptic with 59:55.119 --> 59:58.069 align:start position:0% that orbit along Neptune's ecliptic with very<00:59:55.520> circular<00:59:56.000> orbits,<00:59:56.960> or<00:59:57.280> orbits<00:59:57.760> with 59:58.069 --> 59:58.079 align:start position:0% very circular orbits, or orbits with 59:58.079 --> 01:00:00.549 align:start position:0% very circular orbits, or orbits with very<00:59:58.400> low<00:59:58.880> eccentricity. 01:00:00.549 --> 01:00:00.559 align:start position:0% very low eccentricity. 01:00:00.559 --> 01:00:03.270 align:start position:0% very low eccentricity. After<01:00:00.880> these<01:00:01.280> inner<01:00:01.760> regular<01:00:02.240> moons,<01:00:02.880> we<01:00:03.119> get 01:00:03.270 --> 01:00:03.280 align:start position:0% After these inner regular moons, we get 01:00:03.280 --> 01:00:05.910 align:start position:0% After these inner regular moons, we get to<01:00:03.520> the<01:00:03.920> irregular<01:00:04.559> moons.<01:00:05.280> The<01:00:05.520> first<01:00:05.680> of 01:00:05.910 --> 01:00:05.920 align:start position:0% to the irregular moons. The first of 01:00:05.920 --> 01:00:09.750 align:start position:0% to the irregular moons. The first of which<01:00:06.400> is<01:00:06.880> Triton.<01:00:08.240> I<01:00:08.640> personally<01:00:09.200> think<01:00:09.520> it 01:00:09.750 --> 01:00:09.760 align:start position:0% which is Triton. I personally think it 01:00:09.760 --> 01:00:11.670 align:start position:0% which is Triton. I personally think it is<01:00:09.920> one<01:00:10.160> of<01:00:10.240> the<01:00:10.480> prettiest<01:00:10.960> moons<01:00:11.280> in<01:00:11.440> our 01:00:11.670 --> 01:00:11.680 align:start position:0% is one of the prettiest moons in our 01:00:11.680 --> 01:00:14.549 align:start position:0% is one of the prettiest moons in our solar<01:00:12.000> system<01:00:12.559> as<01:00:12.880> it<01:00:13.040> has<01:00:13.520> amazing<01:00:14.079> patterns 01:00:14.549 --> 01:00:14.559 align:start position:0% solar system as it has amazing patterns 01:00:14.559 --> 01:00:17.510 align:start position:0% solar system as it has amazing patterns and<01:00:14.880> this<01:00:15.200> burnt<01:00:15.599> orange<01:00:16.000> color.<01:00:17.280> An 01:00:17.510 --> 01:00:17.520 align:start position:0% and this burnt orange color. An 01:00:17.520 --> 01:00:19.829 align:start position:0% and this burnt orange color. An irregular<01:00:18.000> moon<01:00:18.319> is<01:00:18.559> a<01:00:18.720> moon<01:00:18.960> that<01:00:19.280> follows<01:00:19.599> an 01:00:19.829 --> 01:00:19.839 align:start position:0% irregular moon is a moon that follows an 01:00:19.839 --> 01:00:23.349 align:start position:0% irregular moon is a moon that follows an inclined<01:00:20.799> eccentric<01:00:21.760> and<01:00:22.000> often<01:00:22.480> retrograde 01:00:23.349 --> 01:00:23.359 align:start position:0% inclined eccentric and often retrograde 01:00:23.359 --> 01:00:26.630 align:start position:0% inclined eccentric and often retrograde orbit.<01:00:24.559> This<01:00:24.799> by<01:00:25.040> itself<01:00:25.520> is<01:00:25.920> already<01:00:26.319> where 01:00:26.630 --> 01:00:26.640 align:start position:0% orbit. This by itself is already where 01:00:26.640 --> 01:00:28.549 align:start position:0% orbit. This by itself is already where Triton<01:00:27.040> is<01:00:27.200> set<01:00:27.359> apart<01:00:27.760> from<01:00:28.000> any<01:00:28.319> other 01:00:28.549 --> 01:00:28.559 align:start position:0% Triton is set apart from any other 01:00:28.559 --> 01:00:31.030 align:start position:0% Triton is set apart from any other spherical<01:00:29.119> moon<01:00:29.359> in<01:00:29.520> the<01:00:29.599> solar<01:00:29.920> system.<01:00:30.720> It 01:00:31.030 --> 01:00:31.040 align:start position:0% spherical moon in the solar system. It 01:00:31.040 --> 01:00:33.589 align:start position:0% spherical moon in the solar system. It has<01:00:31.280> an<01:00:31.440> irregular<01:00:32.000> orbit. 01:00:33.589 --> 01:00:33.599 align:start position:0% has an irregular orbit. 01:00:33.599 --> 01:00:36.230 align:start position:0% has an irregular orbit. Triton<01:00:34.000> orbits<01:00:34.480> clockwise<01:00:35.119> around<01:00:35.440> Neptune 01:00:36.230 --> 01:00:36.240 align:start position:0% Triton orbits clockwise around Neptune 01:00:36.240 --> 01:00:39.109 align:start position:0% Triton orbits clockwise around Neptune as<01:00:36.559> Neptune<01:00:37.040> rotates<01:00:37.599> counterclockwise 01:00:39.109 --> 01:00:39.119 align:start position:0% as Neptune rotates counterclockwise 01:00:39.119 --> 01:00:42.789 align:start position:0% as Neptune rotates counterclockwise and<01:00:39.440> Triton<01:00:39.920> orbits<01:00:40.400> at<01:00:40.640> a<01:00:41.520> 130°<01:00:42.160> angle<01:00:42.480> to<01:00:42.640> the 01:00:42.789 --> 01:00:42.799 align:start position:0% and Triton orbits at a 130° angle to the 01:00:42.799 --> 01:00:45.430 align:start position:0% and Triton orbits at a 130° angle to the ecliptic<01:00:43.280> of<01:00:43.440> the<01:00:43.520> planet.<01:00:44.480> Although<01:00:45.200> it 01:00:45.430 --> 01:00:45.440 align:start position:0% ecliptic of the planet. Although it 01:00:45.440 --> 01:00:47.030 align:start position:0% ecliptic of the planet. Although it should<01:00:45.599> be<01:00:45.760> noted<01:00:46.160> that<01:00:46.400> its<01:00:46.559> orbital 01:00:47.030 --> 01:00:47.040 align:start position:0% should be noted that its orbital 01:00:47.040 --> 01:00:50.150 align:start position:0% should be noted that its orbital eccentricity<01:00:47.920> is<01:00:48.240> close<01:00:48.480> to<01:00:48.720> zero.<01:00:49.520> Its<01:00:49.760> orbit 01:00:50.150 --> 01:00:50.160 align:start position:0% eccentricity is close to zero. Its orbit 01:00:50.160 --> 01:00:52.789 align:start position:0% eccentricity is close to zero. Its orbit is<01:00:50.400> almost<01:00:50.799> perfectly<01:00:51.280> circular. 01:00:52.789 --> 01:00:52.799 align:start position:0% is almost perfectly circular. 01:00:52.799 --> 01:00:54.470 align:start position:0% is almost perfectly circular. All<01:00:53.040> other<01:00:53.359> large<01:00:53.599> moons<01:00:53.920> in<01:00:54.079> the<01:00:54.160> solar 01:00:54.470 --> 01:00:54.480 align:start position:0% All other large moons in the solar 01:00:54.480 --> 01:00:57.349 align:start position:0% All other large moons in the solar system<01:00:54.880> are<01:00:55.359> regular<01:00:55.839> moons<01:00:56.559> orbiting<01:00:57.119> the 01:00:57.349 --> 01:00:57.359 align:start position:0% system are regular moons orbiting the 01:00:57.359 --> 01:00:59.190 align:start position:0% system are regular moons orbiting the same<01:00:57.599> direction<01:00:58.000> as<01:00:58.240> the<01:00:58.400> rotation<01:00:58.799> of<01:00:58.960> their 01:00:59.190 --> 01:00:59.200 align:start position:0% same direction as the rotation of their 01:00:59.200 --> 01:01:02.549 align:start position:0% same direction as the rotation of their parent<01:00:59.520> planet.<01:01:00.640> What<01:01:00.960> this<01:01:01.280> heavily<01:01:01.760> implies 01:01:02.549 --> 01:01:02.559 align:start position:0% parent planet. What this heavily implies 01:01:02.559 --> 01:01:05.030 align:start position:0% parent planet. What this heavily implies is<01:01:02.720> that<01:01:02.960> Triton<01:01:03.520> did<01:01:03.760> not<01:01:04.000> form<01:01:04.400> alongside 01:01:05.030 --> 01:01:05.040 align:start position:0% is that Triton did not form alongside 01:01:05.040 --> 01:01:07.670 align:start position:0% is that Triton did not form alongside Neptune,<01:01:06.000> but<01:01:06.240> it<01:01:06.480> is<01:01:06.640> in<01:01:06.799> fact<01:01:06.960> a<01:01:07.200> captured 01:01:07.670 --> 01:01:07.680 align:start position:0% Neptune, but it is in fact a captured 01:01:07.680 --> 01:01:10.950 align:start position:0% Neptune, but it is in fact a captured object,<01:01:08.799> specifically<01:01:09.760> a<01:01:10.000> captured<01:01:10.400> dwarf 01:01:10.950 --> 01:01:10.960 align:start position:0% object, specifically a captured dwarf 01:01:10.960 --> 01:01:12.630 align:start position:0% object, specifically a captured dwarf planet. 01:01:12.630 --> 01:01:12.640 align:start position:0% planet. 01:01:12.640 --> 01:01:14.870 align:start position:0% planet. No<01:01:12.880> wonder<01:01:13.200> then,<01:01:13.599> that<01:01:13.839> it<01:01:14.079> is<01:01:14.240> by<01:01:14.480> far<01:01:14.640> the 01:01:14.870 --> 01:01:14.880 align:start position:0% No wonder then, that it is by far the 01:01:14.880 --> 01:01:17.270 align:start position:0% No wonder then, that it is by far the biggest<01:01:15.200> of<01:01:15.440> Neptune's<01:01:16.079> 14<01:01:16.480> moons, 01:01:17.270 --> 01:01:17.280 align:start position:0% biggest of Neptune's 14 moons, 01:01:17.280 --> 01:01:20.549 align:start position:0% biggest of Neptune's 14 moons, comprising<01:01:17.920> 99.5%<01:01:19.359> of<01:01:19.520> the<01:01:19.680> mass<01:01:20.079> found<01:01:20.319> in 01:01:20.549 --> 01:01:20.559 align:start position:0% comprising 99.5% of the mass found in 01:01:20.559 --> 01:01:22.710 align:start position:0% comprising 99.5% of the mass found in Neptune's<01:01:21.119> orbit. 01:01:22.710 --> 01:01:22.720 align:start position:0% Neptune's orbit. 01:01:22.720 --> 01:01:25.190 align:start position:0% Neptune's orbit. But<01:01:23.280> how<01:01:23.520> big<01:01:23.760> is<01:01:23.920> that<01:01:24.079> in<01:01:24.400> scales<01:01:24.799> we<01:01:25.040> can 01:01:25.190 --> 01:01:25.200 align:start position:0% But how big is that in scales we can 01:01:25.200 --> 01:01:27.990 align:start position:0% But how big is that in scales we can relate<01:01:25.520> to?<01:01:26.480> Well,<01:01:27.119> it<01:01:27.359> is<01:01:27.520> the<01:01:27.680> second 01:01:27.990 --> 01:01:28.000 align:start position:0% relate to? Well, it is the second 01:01:28.000 --> 01:01:29.829 align:start position:0% relate to? Well, it is the second largest<01:01:28.319> moon<01:01:28.640> in<01:01:28.880> relation<01:01:29.119> to<01:01:29.280> its<01:01:29.520> parent 01:01:29.829 --> 01:01:29.839 align:start position:0% largest moon in relation to its parent 01:01:29.839 --> 01:01:32.309 align:start position:0% largest moon in relation to its parent planet,<01:01:30.799> second<01:01:31.200> only<01:01:31.440> to<01:01:31.680> Earth<01:01:31.920> and<01:01:32.079> its 01:01:32.309 --> 01:01:32.319 align:start position:0% planet, second only to Earth and its 01:01:32.319 --> 01:01:35.750 align:start position:0% planet, second only to Earth and its moon.<01:01:33.680> While<01:01:34.000> it<01:01:34.160> is<01:01:34.400> smaller<01:01:34.799> than<01:01:34.960> our<01:01:35.200> moon, 01:01:35.750 --> 01:01:35.760 align:start position:0% moon. While it is smaller than our moon, 01:01:35.760 --> 01:01:37.670 align:start position:0% moon. While it is smaller than our moon, it<01:01:35.920> orbits<01:01:36.400> closer<01:01:36.640> to<01:01:36.799> Neptune<01:01:37.280> than<01:01:37.440> our 01:01:37.670 --> 01:01:37.680 align:start position:0% it orbits closer to Neptune than our 01:01:37.680 --> 01:01:39.750 align:start position:0% it orbits closer to Neptune than our moon<01:01:37.839> orbits<01:01:38.319> Earth,<01:01:39.040> which<01:01:39.280> means<01:01:39.520> it 01:01:39.750 --> 01:01:39.760 align:start position:0% moon orbits Earth, which means it 01:01:39.760 --> 01:01:42.549 align:start position:0% moon orbits Earth, which means it appears<01:01:40.160> about<01:01:40.400> the<01:01:40.640> same<01:01:40.880> size<01:01:41.119> in<01:01:41.359> the<01:01:41.520> sky. 01:01:42.549 --> 01:01:42.559 align:start position:0% appears about the same size in the sky. 01:01:42.559 --> 01:01:44.710 align:start position:0% appears about the same size in the sky. It<01:01:42.799> is<01:01:42.960> the<01:01:43.200> seventh<01:01:43.599> largest<01:01:44.000> moon<01:01:44.319> in<01:01:44.480> the 01:01:44.710 --> 01:01:44.720 align:start position:0% It is the seventh largest moon in the 01:01:44.720 --> 01:01:46.789 align:start position:0% It is the seventh largest moon in the entire<01:01:45.040> solar<01:01:45.440> system.<01:01:46.240> And<01:01:46.480> most 01:01:46.789 --> 01:01:46.799 align:start position:0% entire solar system. And most 01:01:46.799 --> 01:01:50.390 align:start position:0% entire solar system. And most interestingly,<01:01:47.760> it<01:01:48.000> is<01:01:48.160> bigger<01:01:48.640> than<01:01:48.880> Pluto. 01:01:50.390 --> 01:01:50.400 align:start position:0% interestingly, it is bigger than Pluto. 01:01:50.400 --> 01:01:52.309 align:start position:0% interestingly, it is bigger than Pluto. Pluto<01:01:50.880> is<01:01:51.040> often<01:01:51.359> considered<01:01:51.760> the<01:01:52.000> king<01:01:52.160> of 01:01:52.309 --> 01:01:52.319 align:start position:0% Pluto is often considered the king of 01:01:52.319 --> 01:01:55.030 align:start position:0% Pluto is often considered the king of the<01:01:52.480> Kyper<01:01:52.960> belt,<01:01:53.839> the<01:01:54.160> biggest<01:01:54.480> object<01:01:54.799> that 01:01:55.030 --> 01:01:55.040 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, the biggest object that 01:01:55.040 --> 01:01:58.069 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, the biggest object that we<01:01:55.200> know<01:01:55.359> of<01:01:55.520> that<01:01:55.760> formed<01:01:56.079> there<01:01:57.280> until<01:01:57.839> we 01:01:58.069 --> 01:01:58.079 align:start position:0% we know of that formed there until we 01:01:58.079 --> 01:02:00.549 align:start position:0% we know of that formed there until we consider<01:01:58.799> that<01:01:59.119> Triton<01:01:59.599> once<01:02:00.000> ruled<01:02:00.319> that 01:02:00.549 --> 01:02:00.559 align:start position:0% consider that Triton once ruled that 01:02:00.559 --> 01:02:04.230 align:start position:0% consider that Triton once ruled that area<01:02:01.119> before<01:02:01.599> Neptune<01:02:02.079> captured<01:02:02.480> it.<01:02:03.920> So 01:02:04.230 --> 01:02:04.240 align:start position:0% area before Neptune captured it. So 01:02:04.240 --> 01:02:07.030 align:start position:0% area before Neptune captured it. So although<01:02:04.640> Triton<01:02:05.119> is<01:02:05.200> a<01:02:05.359> moon<01:02:05.599> of<01:02:05.760> Neptune,<01:02:06.799> it 01:02:07.030 --> 01:02:07.040 align:start position:0% although Triton is a moon of Neptune, it 01:02:07.040 --> 01:02:09.190 align:start position:0% although Triton is a moon of Neptune, it could<01:02:07.280> be<01:02:07.440> said<01:02:07.680> that<01:02:07.920> it<01:02:08.160> is<01:02:08.319> the<01:02:08.559> biggest<01:02:08.960> and 01:02:09.190 --> 01:02:09.200 align:start position:0% could be said that it is the biggest and 01:02:09.200 --> 01:02:12.470 align:start position:0% could be said that it is the biggest and most<01:02:09.520> massive<01:02:09.920> Kyper<01:02:10.319> belt<01:02:10.640> object. 01:02:12.470 --> 01:02:12.480 align:start position:0% most massive Kyper belt object. 01:02:12.480 --> 01:02:14.950 align:start position:0% most massive Kyper belt object. Further<01:02:12.960> evidence<01:02:13.359> for<01:02:13.599> this<01:02:13.839> was<01:02:14.160> found<01:02:14.640> as 01:02:14.950 --> 01:02:14.960 align:start position:0% Further evidence for this was found as 01:02:14.960 --> 01:02:18.069 align:start position:0% Further evidence for this was found as New<01:02:15.280> Horizons<01:02:15.760> passed<01:02:16.079> Pluto<01:02:16.559> in<01:02:16.880> 2015, 01:02:18.069 --> 01:02:18.079 align:start position:0% New Horizons passed Pluto in 2015, 01:02:18.079 --> 01:02:20.789 align:start position:0% New Horizons passed Pluto in 2015, suggesting<01:02:18.720> Triton<01:02:19.119> and<01:02:19.280> Pluto<01:02:19.760> share<01:02:20.079> a<01:02:20.319> near 01:02:20.789 --> 01:02:20.799 align:start position:0% suggesting Triton and Pluto share a near 01:02:20.799 --> 01:02:23.030 align:start position:0% suggesting Triton and Pluto share a near identical<01:02:21.280> composition,<01:02:22.319> which<01:02:22.640> supports 01:02:23.030 --> 01:02:23.040 align:start position:0% identical composition, which supports 01:02:23.040 --> 01:02:24.630 align:start position:0% identical composition, which supports the<01:02:23.200> theory<01:02:23.440> that<01:02:23.680> they<01:02:23.920> share<01:02:24.079> a<01:02:24.319> common 01:02:24.630 --> 01:02:24.640 align:start position:0% the theory that they share a common 01:02:24.640 --> 01:02:28.069 align:start position:0% the theory that they share a common origin.<01:02:26.079> Beyond<01:02:26.480> Triton<01:02:27.040> are<01:02:27.359> six<01:02:27.680> other 01:02:28.069 --> 01:02:28.079 align:start position:0% origin. Beyond Triton are six other 01:02:28.079 --> 01:02:31.030 align:start position:0% origin. Beyond Triton are six other irregular<01:02:28.640> moons<01:02:29.200> found<01:02:29.520> much<01:02:29.839> further<01:02:30.160> out. 01:02:31.030 --> 01:02:31.040 align:start position:0% irregular moons found much further out. 01:02:31.040 --> 01:02:32.630 align:start position:0% irregular moons found much further out. They<01:02:31.280> are<01:02:31.440> almost<01:02:31.760> certainly<01:02:32.240> captured 01:02:32.630 --> 01:02:32.640 align:start position:0% They are almost certainly captured 01:02:32.640 --> 01:02:35.270 align:start position:0% They are almost certainly captured objects,<01:02:33.119> too,<01:02:33.680> with<01:02:34.000> unusually<01:02:34.720> eccentric 01:02:35.270 --> 01:02:35.280 align:start position:0% objects, too, with unusually eccentric 01:02:35.280 --> 01:02:38.309 align:start position:0% objects, too, with unusually eccentric orbits<01:02:35.760> that<01:02:36.000> take<01:02:36.319> years<01:02:36.640> to<01:02:36.880> complete.<01:02:38.000> They 01:02:38.309 --> 01:02:38.319 align:start position:0% orbits that take years to complete. They 01:02:38.319 --> 01:02:40.230 align:start position:0% orbits that take years to complete. They were<01:02:38.480> probably<01:02:38.880> perturbed<01:02:39.440> into<01:02:39.680> these<01:02:39.920> weird 01:02:40.230 --> 01:02:40.240 align:start position:0% were probably perturbed into these weird 01:02:40.240 --> 01:02:43.270 align:start position:0% were probably perturbed into these weird orbits<01:02:40.640> by<01:02:40.799> the<01:02:41.040> gravity<01:02:41.359> of<01:02:41.520> Triton. 01:02:43.270 --> 01:02:43.280 align:start position:0% orbits by the gravity of Triton. 01:02:43.280 --> 01:02:46.309 align:start position:0% orbits by the gravity of Triton. So<01:02:43.839> if<01:02:44.079> Triton<01:02:44.559> was<01:02:44.640> a<01:02:44.799> captured<01:02:45.280> object,<01:02:46.079> how 01:02:46.309 --> 01:02:46.319 align:start position:0% So if Triton was a captured object, how 01:02:46.319 --> 01:02:48.950 align:start position:0% So if Triton was a captured object, how did<01:02:46.480> that<01:02:46.720> happen?<01:02:47.760> Objects<01:02:48.240> need<01:02:48.480> to<01:02:48.640> lose 01:02:48.950 --> 01:02:48.960 align:start position:0% did that happen? Objects need to lose 01:02:48.960 --> 01:02:51.270 align:start position:0% did that happen? Objects need to lose momentum<01:02:49.440> to<01:02:49.680> be<01:02:49.839> captured,<01:02:50.559> otherwise<01:02:51.040> they 01:02:51.270 --> 01:02:51.280 align:start position:0% momentum to be captured, otherwise they 01:02:51.280 --> 01:02:54.150 align:start position:0% momentum to be captured, otherwise they would<01:02:51.440> have<01:02:51.599> enough<01:02:51.920> momentum<01:02:52.400> to<01:02:52.640> escape. 01:02:54.150 --> 01:02:54.160 align:start position:0% would have enough momentum to escape. 01:02:54.160 --> 01:02:56.950 align:start position:0% would have enough momentum to escape. Well,<01:02:54.640> we<01:02:54.960> can't<01:02:55.200> know<01:02:55.440> for<01:02:55.680> sure,<01:02:56.480> but<01:02:56.720> the 01:02:56.950 --> 01:02:56.960 align:start position:0% Well, we can't know for sure, but the 01:02:56.960 --> 01:02:59.190 align:start position:0% Well, we can't know for sure, but the leading<01:02:57.280> theory<01:02:57.680> right<01:02:57.920> now<01:02:58.319> is<01:02:58.559> that<01:02:58.720> Triton 01:02:59.190 --> 01:02:59.200 align:start position:0% leading theory right now is that Triton 01:02:59.200 --> 01:03:01.349 align:start position:0% leading theory right now is that Triton was<01:02:59.359> once<01:02:59.680> part<01:02:59.839> of<01:03:00.000> a<01:03:00.160> binary<01:03:00.640> system, 01:03:01.349 --> 01:03:01.359 align:start position:0% was once part of a binary system, 01:03:01.359 --> 01:03:04.950 align:start position:0% was once part of a binary system, perhaps<01:03:01.760> like<01:03:02.079> Pluto<01:03:02.559> and<01:03:02.880> Keron.<01:03:04.160> As<01:03:04.480> Neptune 01:03:04.950 --> 01:03:04.960 align:start position:0% perhaps like Pluto and Keron. As Neptune 01:03:04.960 --> 01:03:06.870 align:start position:0% perhaps like Pluto and Keron. As Neptune approached<01:03:05.359> Triton<01:03:05.760> and<01:03:05.920> its<01:03:06.160> moon,<01:03:06.640> the 01:03:06.870 --> 01:03:06.880 align:start position:0% approached Triton and its moon, the 01:03:06.880 --> 01:03:08.470 align:start position:0% approached Triton and its moon, the gravity<01:03:07.280> from<01:03:07.520> the<01:03:07.680> encounter<01:03:08.160> would<01:03:08.319> have 01:03:08.470 --> 01:03:08.480 align:start position:0% gravity from the encounter would have 01:03:08.480 --> 01:03:10.950 align:start position:0% gravity from the encounter would have caused<01:03:08.720> the<01:03:08.880> binary<01:03:09.359> system<01:03:09.599> to<01:03:09.839> fall<01:03:10.079> apart 01:03:10.950 --> 01:03:10.960 align:start position:0% caused the binary system to fall apart 01:03:10.960 --> 01:03:13.750 align:start position:0% caused the binary system to fall apart with<01:03:11.280> Triton's<01:03:11.839> moon<01:03:12.079> being<01:03:12.400> slingshot<01:03:13.119> away 01:03:13.750 --> 01:03:13.760 align:start position:0% with Triton's moon being slingshot away 01:03:13.760 --> 01:03:16.150 align:start position:0% with Triton's moon being slingshot away and<01:03:14.079> Triton<01:03:14.559> losing<01:03:15.039> enough<01:03:15.359> momentum<01:03:15.839> to<01:03:16.079> be 01:03:16.150 --> 01:03:16.160 align:start position:0% and Triton losing enough momentum to be 01:03:16.160 --> 01:03:19.190 align:start position:0% and Triton losing enough momentum to be captured<01:03:16.559> in<01:03:16.720> orbit<01:03:17.200> around<01:03:17.520> Neptune. 01:03:19.190 --> 01:03:19.200 align:start position:0% captured in orbit around Neptune. 01:03:19.200 --> 01:03:21.109 align:start position:0% captured in orbit around Neptune. I<01:03:19.440> mentioned<01:03:19.680> that<01:03:19.920> Triton<01:03:20.400> shares<01:03:20.720> similar 01:03:21.109 --> 01:03:21.119 align:start position:0% I mentioned that Triton shares similar 01:03:21.119 --> 01:03:23.430 align:start position:0% I mentioned that Triton shares similar characteristics<01:03:21.680> with<01:03:21.920> Pluto.<01:03:22.880> What<01:03:23.119> exactly 01:03:23.430 --> 01:03:23.440 align:start position:0% characteristics with Pluto. What exactly 01:03:23.440 --> 01:03:26.789 align:start position:0% characteristics with Pluto. What exactly does<01:03:23.680> that<01:03:23.839> entail?<01:03:25.280> Well,<01:03:25.760> they<01:03:26.160> both<01:03:26.400> have<01:03:26.559> a 01:03:26.789 --> 01:03:26.799 align:start position:0% does that entail? Well, they both have a 01:03:26.799 --> 01:03:29.510 align:start position:0% does that entail? Well, they both have a predominantly<01:03:27.599> nitrogen<01:03:28.240> ice<01:03:28.480> surface<01:03:29.200> with 01:03:29.510 --> 01:03:29.520 align:start position:0% predominantly nitrogen ice surface with 01:03:29.520 --> 01:03:32.069 align:start position:0% predominantly nitrogen ice surface with other<01:03:29.920> ices<01:03:30.240> mixed<01:03:30.480> in<01:03:31.039> like<01:03:31.359> water<01:03:31.760> and 01:03:32.069 --> 01:03:32.079 align:start position:0% other ices mixed in like water and 01:03:32.079 --> 01:03:34.789 align:start position:0% other ices mixed in like water and carbon<01:03:32.400> dioxide.<01:03:33.680> It<01:03:33.920> has<01:03:34.079> quite<01:03:34.319> a<01:03:34.480> flat 01:03:34.789 --> 01:03:34.799 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide. It has quite a flat 01:03:34.799 --> 01:03:37.270 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide. It has quite a flat terrain.<01:03:35.440> Its<01:03:35.680> topography<01:03:36.319> never<01:03:36.640> varies<01:03:37.039> by 01:03:37.270 --> 01:03:37.280 align:start position:0% terrain. Its topography never varies by 01:03:37.280 --> 01:03:39.990 align:start position:0% terrain. Its topography never varies by more<01:03:37.440> than<01:03:37.599> a<01:03:37.760> kilometer.<01:03:39.119> Although<01:03:39.440> Voyager 01:03:39.990 --> 01:03:40.000 align:start position:0% more than a kilometer. Although Voyager 01:03:40.000 --> 01:03:43.430 align:start position:0% more than a kilometer. Although Voyager 2<01:03:40.240> did<01:03:40.480> see<01:03:40.720> ridges<01:03:41.359> and<01:03:41.680> troughs,<01:03:42.480> plateaus 01:03:43.430 --> 01:03:43.440 align:start position:0% 2 did see ridges and troughs, plateaus 01:03:43.440 --> 01:03:45.829 align:start position:0% 2 did see ridges and troughs, plateaus and<01:03:43.760> ice<01:03:44.079> plains. 01:03:45.829 --> 01:03:45.839 align:start position:0% and ice plains. 01:03:45.839 --> 01:03:48.390 align:start position:0% and ice plains. What<01:03:46.079> you<01:03:46.319> may<01:03:46.559> find<01:03:46.799> unusual<01:03:47.440> though<01:03:47.920> is<01:03:48.160> that 01:03:48.390 --> 01:03:48.400 align:start position:0% What you may find unusual though is that 01:03:48.400 --> 01:03:50.069 align:start position:0% What you may find unusual though is that it<01:03:48.640> has<01:03:48.880> very<01:03:49.200> little<01:03:49.440> in<01:03:49.680> the<01:03:49.760> way<01:03:49.920> of 01:03:50.069 --> 01:03:50.079 align:start position:0% it has very little in the way of 01:03:50.079 --> 01:03:53.270 align:start position:0% it has very little in the way of craters.<01:03:51.520> This<01:03:51.760> implies<01:03:52.319> its<01:03:52.640> surface<01:03:53.039> is 01:03:53.270 --> 01:03:53.280 align:start position:0% craters. This implies its surface is 01:03:53.280 --> 01:03:55.270 align:start position:0% craters. This implies its surface is very<01:03:53.520> young<01:03:54.000> and<01:03:54.240> is<01:03:54.480> constantly<01:03:55.039> being 01:03:55.270 --> 01:03:55.280 align:start position:0% very young and is constantly being 01:03:55.280 --> 01:03:56.950 align:start position:0% very young and is constantly being renewed. 01:03:56.950 --> 01:03:56.960 align:start position:0% renewed. 01:03:56.960 --> 01:03:59.430 align:start position:0% renewed. Like<01:03:57.200> Pluto,<01:03:58.000> it<01:03:58.319> also<01:03:58.559> has<01:03:58.720> some<01:03:58.960> reddish 01:03:59.430 --> 01:03:59.440 align:start position:0% Like Pluto, it also has some reddish 01:03:59.440 --> 01:04:01.589 align:start position:0% Like Pluto, it also has some reddish patches,<01:04:00.160> which<01:04:00.400> is<01:04:00.559> thought<01:04:00.720> to<01:04:00.880> be<01:04:01.039> methane 01:04:01.589 --> 01:04:01.599 align:start position:0% patches, which is thought to be methane 01:04:01.599 --> 01:04:04.230 align:start position:0% patches, which is thought to be methane having<01:04:01.920> reacted<01:04:02.319> to<01:04:02.559> UV<01:04:02.960> light<01:04:03.200> from<01:04:03.359> the<01:04:03.520> sun, 01:04:04.230 --> 01:04:04.240 align:start position:0% having reacted to UV light from the sun, 01:04:04.240 --> 01:04:07.109 align:start position:0% having reacted to UV light from the sun, producing<01:04:04.799> what<01:04:05.039> is<01:04:05.200> known<01:04:05.359> as<01:04:05.599> tholins,<01:04:06.799> an 01:04:07.109 --> 01:04:07.119 align:start position:0% producing what is known as tholins, an 01:04:07.119 --> 01:04:09.109 align:start position:0% producing what is known as tholins, an organic<01:04:07.599> compound<01:04:08.079> that<01:04:08.319> has<01:04:08.480> a<01:04:08.640> supposedly 01:04:09.109 --> 01:04:09.119 align:start position:0% organic compound that has a supposedly 01:04:09.119 --> 01:04:11.589 align:start position:0% organic compound that has a supposedly tarlike<01:04:09.479> [music]<01:04:09.839> consistency. 01:04:11.589 --> 01:04:11.599 align:start position:0% tarlike [music] consistency. 01:04:11.599 --> 01:04:13.670 align:start position:0% tarlike [music] consistency. While<01:04:11.920> organic<01:04:12.400> compounds<01:04:12.880> do<01:04:13.119> not<01:04:13.200> mean<01:04:13.440> life 01:04:13.670 --> 01:04:13.680 align:start position:0% While organic compounds do not mean life 01:04:13.680 --> 01:04:16.230 align:start position:0% While organic compounds do not mean life is<01:04:13.920> present<01:04:14.240> there,<01:04:14.960> organic<01:04:15.520> compounds<01:04:16.000> are 01:04:16.230 --> 01:04:16.240 align:start position:0% is present there, organic compounds are 01:04:16.240 --> 01:04:18.069 align:start position:0% is present there, organic compounds are the<01:04:16.400> basic<01:04:16.720> chemicals<01:04:17.200> from<01:04:17.520> which<01:04:17.760> life 01:04:18.069 --> 01:04:18.079 align:start position:0% the basic chemicals from which life 01:04:18.079 --> 01:04:21.029 align:start position:0% the basic chemicals from which life forms.<01:04:19.280> Life<01:04:19.680> likely<01:04:20.079> couldn't<01:04:20.400> exist<01:04:20.720> on<01:04:20.880> the 01:04:21.029 --> 01:04:21.039 align:start position:0% forms. Life likely couldn't exist on the 01:04:21.039 --> 01:04:23.270 align:start position:0% forms. Life likely couldn't exist on the surface<01:04:21.280> of<01:04:21.440> Triton<01:04:21.920> anyway,<01:04:22.400> as<01:04:22.640> it's<01:04:22.960> far 01:04:23.270 --> 01:04:23.280 align:start position:0% surface of Triton anyway, as it's far 01:04:23.280 --> 01:04:25.589 align:start position:0% surface of Triton anyway, as it's far too<01:04:23.520> cold<01:04:23.920> and<01:04:24.160> the<01:04:24.319> sun<01:04:24.640> far<01:04:24.880> too<01:04:25.119> dim<01:04:25.440> to 01:04:25.589 --> 01:04:25.599 align:start position:0% too cold and the sun far too dim to 01:04:25.599 --> 01:04:27.190 align:start position:0% too cold and the sun far too dim to support<01:04:25.920> any<01:04:26.240> life<01:04:26.480> form<01:04:26.720> that<01:04:26.880> we<01:04:27.039> can 01:04:27.190 --> 01:04:27.200 align:start position:0% support any life form that we can 01:04:27.200 --> 01:04:30.150 align:start position:0% support any life form that we can imagine.<01:04:28.240> But<01:04:28.400> what's<01:04:28.799> interesting<01:04:29.599> is<01:04:29.839> what 01:04:30.150 --> 01:04:30.160 align:start position:0% imagine. But what's interesting is what 01:04:30.160 --> 01:04:33.029 align:start position:0% imagine. But what's interesting is what could<01:04:30.319> be<01:04:30.480> found<01:04:30.799> under<01:04:31.119> Triton's<01:04:31.680> crust. 01:04:33.029 --> 01:04:33.039 align:start position:0% could be found under Triton's crust. 01:04:33.039 --> 01:04:35.190 align:start position:0% could be found under Triton's crust. Under<01:04:33.359> Triton's<01:04:33.839> surface<01:04:34.319> is<01:04:34.559> thought<01:04:34.799> to<01:04:35.039> be 01:04:35.190 --> 01:04:35.200 align:start position:0% Under Triton's surface is thought to be 01:04:35.200 --> 01:04:37.750 align:start position:0% Under Triton's surface is thought to be a<01:04:35.440> rocky<01:04:35.839> and<01:04:36.079> metallic<01:04:36.559> interior,<01:04:37.520> which 01:04:37.750 --> 01:04:37.760 align:start position:0% a rocky and metallic interior, which 01:04:37.760 --> 01:04:39.910 align:start position:0% a rocky and metallic interior, which gives<01:04:38.000> Triton<01:04:38.480> a<01:04:38.720> reasonably<01:04:39.280> high<01:04:39.520> density 01:04:39.910 --> 01:04:39.920 align:start position:0% gives Triton a reasonably high density 01:04:39.920 --> 01:04:43.670 align:start position:0% gives Triton a reasonably high density for<01:04:40.079> a<01:04:40.240> moon<01:04:40.720> at<01:04:41.039> 2<01:04:41.280> g<01:04:41.599> per<01:04:41.760> cime<01:04:42.240> cubed. 01:04:43.670 --> 01:04:43.680 align:start position:0% for a moon at 2 g per cime cubed. 01:04:43.680 --> 01:04:46.150 align:start position:0% for a moon at 2 g per cime cubed. Because<01:04:44.000> of<01:04:44.160> this<01:04:44.720> and<01:04:44.960> also<01:04:45.280> due<01:04:45.520> to<01:04:45.680> the<01:04:45.920> big 01:04:46.150 --> 01:04:46.160 align:start position:0% Because of this and also due to the big 01:04:46.160 --> 01:04:47.910 align:start position:0% Because of this and also due to the big step<01:04:46.400> up<01:04:46.559> in<01:04:46.799> size<01:04:47.039> from<01:04:47.200> the<01:04:47.440> next<01:04:47.599> biggest 01:04:47.910 --> 01:04:47.920 align:start position:0% step up in size from the next biggest 01:04:47.920 --> 01:04:50.870 align:start position:0% step up in size from the next biggest moon<01:04:48.160> in<01:04:48.319> the<01:04:48.480> solar<01:04:48.720> system,<01:04:49.359> Titania,<01:04:50.640> it 01:04:50.870 --> 01:04:50.880 align:start position:0% moon in the solar system, Titania, it 01:04:50.880 --> 01:04:53.190 align:start position:0% moon in the solar system, Titania, it has<01:04:51.039> more<01:04:51.280> mass<01:04:51.760> than<01:04:52.079> all<01:04:52.240> the<01:04:52.480> moons<01:04:52.799> smaller 01:04:53.190 --> 01:04:53.200 align:start position:0% has more mass than all the moons smaller 01:04:53.200 --> 01:04:55.029 align:start position:0% has more mass than all the moons smaller than<01:04:53.359> it<01:04:53.599> in<01:04:53.839> the<01:04:54.079> whole<01:04:54.319> solar<01:04:54.720> system 01:04:55.029 --> 01:04:55.039 align:start position:0% than it in the whole solar system 01:04:55.039 --> 01:04:57.910 align:start position:0% than it in the whole solar system combined.<01:04:56.319> The<01:04:56.559> radioactive<01:04:57.200> decay<01:04:57.599> from<01:04:57.760> the 01:04:57.910 --> 01:04:57.920 align:start position:0% combined. The radioactive decay from the 01:04:57.920 --> 01:05:00.150 align:start position:0% combined. The radioactive decay from the rocky<01:04:58.240> core<01:04:58.799> could<01:04:59.039> be<01:04:59.200> enough<01:04:59.440> to<01:04:59.599> heat<01:04:59.920> and 01:05:00.150 --> 01:05:00.160 align:start position:0% rocky core could be enough to heat and 01:05:00.160 --> 01:05:02.549 align:start position:0% rocky core could be enough to heat and power<01:05:00.559> convection<01:05:01.039> in<01:05:01.280> a<01:05:01.440> subsurface<01:05:02.240> ocean 01:05:02.549 --> 01:05:02.559 align:start position:0% power convection in a subsurface ocean 01:05:02.559 --> 01:05:04.870 align:start position:0% power convection in a subsurface ocean of<01:05:02.799> water,<01:05:03.680> much<01:05:03.920> like<01:05:04.160> what<01:05:04.400> is<01:05:04.559> thought<01:05:04.720> to 01:05:04.870 --> 01:05:04.880 align:start position:0% of water, much like what is thought to 01:05:04.880 --> 01:05:06.950 align:start position:0% of water, much like what is thought to be<01:05:05.039> under<01:05:05.280> the<01:05:05.440> surfaces<01:05:05.920> of<01:05:06.160> Europa, 01:05:06.950 --> 01:05:06.960 align:start position:0% be under the surfaces of Europa, 01:05:06.960 --> 01:05:09.510 align:start position:0% be under the surfaces of Europa, Enceladus,<01:05:08.079> and<01:05:08.240> some<01:05:08.480> other<01:05:08.720> large<01:05:09.039> moons<01:05:09.359> in 01:05:09.510 --> 01:05:09.520 align:start position:0% Enceladus, and some other large moons in 01:05:09.520 --> 01:05:12.309 align:start position:0% Enceladus, and some other large moons in the<01:05:09.599> solar<01:05:09.839> system.<01:05:11.039> And<01:05:11.280> just<01:05:11.520> like<01:05:11.839> Europa 01:05:12.309 --> 01:05:12.319 align:start position:0% the solar system. And just like Europa 01:05:12.319 --> 01:05:15.270 align:start position:0% the solar system. And just like Europa and<01:05:12.480> Enceladus,<01:05:13.599> cryovalkcanism<01:05:14.880> is<01:05:15.039> an 01:05:15.270 --> 01:05:15.280 align:start position:0% and Enceladus, cryovalkcanism is an 01:05:15.280 --> 01:05:18.549 align:start position:0% and Enceladus, cryovalkcanism is an active<01:05:15.760> process<01:05:16.160> today<01:05:16.480> on<01:05:16.720> Triton,<01:05:18.079> liquid 01:05:18.549 --> 01:05:18.559 align:start position:0% active process today on Triton, liquid 01:05:18.559 --> 01:05:20.470 align:start position:0% active process today on Triton, liquid water<01:05:18.799> in<01:05:18.960> the<01:05:19.119> mantle<01:05:19.680> erupts<01:05:20.000> onto<01:05:20.319> the 01:05:20.470 --> 01:05:20.480 align:start position:0% water in the mantle erupts onto the 01:05:20.480 --> 01:05:23.510 align:start position:0% water in the mantle erupts onto the surface<01:05:20.880> like<01:05:21.200> lava<01:05:21.599> on<01:05:21.839> Earth.<01:05:22.880> This<01:05:23.119> is<01:05:23.280> the 01:05:23.510 --> 01:05:23.520 align:start position:0% surface like lava on Earth. This is the 01:05:23.520 --> 01:05:25.829 align:start position:0% surface like lava on Earth. This is the main<01:05:23.680> reason<01:05:23.920> why<01:05:24.160> the<01:05:24.400> surface<01:05:24.720> is<01:05:24.960> so<01:05:25.200> young. 01:05:25.829 --> 01:05:25.839 align:start position:0% main reason why the surface is so young. 01:05:25.839 --> 01:05:28.150 align:start position:0% main reason why the surface is so young. It<01:05:26.079> is<01:05:26.240> being<01:05:26.559> actively<01:05:27.039> renewed<01:05:27.520> by<01:05:27.760> liquid 01:05:28.150 --> 01:05:28.160 align:start position:0% It is being actively renewed by liquid 01:05:28.160 --> 01:05:30.470 align:start position:0% It is being actively renewed by liquid water<01:05:28.640> erupting<01:05:29.200> and<01:05:29.440> then<01:05:29.680> freezing<01:05:30.160> on 01:05:30.470 --> 01:05:30.480 align:start position:0% water erupting and then freezing on 01:05:30.480 --> 01:05:32.870 align:start position:0% water erupting and then freezing on Triton's<01:05:30.960> surface. 01:05:32.870 --> 01:05:32.880 align:start position:0% Triton's surface. 01:05:32.880 --> 01:05:34.789 align:start position:0% Triton's surface. Some<01:05:33.200> very<01:05:33.440> young<01:05:33.680> lava<01:05:34.079> planes<01:05:34.319> have<01:05:34.559> been 01:05:34.789 --> 01:05:34.799 align:start position:0% Some very young lava planes have been 01:05:34.799 --> 01:05:38.549 align:start position:0% Some very young lava planes have been identified.<01:05:35.920> Sparse<01:05:36.319> and<01:05:36.640> flat<01:05:36.960> regions<01:05:37.920> yet 01:05:38.549 --> 01:05:38.559 align:start position:0% identified. Sparse and flat regions yet 01:05:38.559 --> 01:05:40.630 align:start position:0% identified. Sparse and flat regions yet interestingly<01:05:39.440> with<01:05:39.680> a<01:05:39.839> wall<01:05:40.079> that<01:05:40.319> surrounds 01:05:40.630 --> 01:05:40.640 align:start position:0% interestingly with a wall that surrounds 01:05:40.640 --> 01:05:43.910 align:start position:0% interestingly with a wall that surrounds the<01:05:40.880> plane.<01:05:41.920> This<01:05:42.160> is<01:05:42.319> called<01:05:42.480> a<01:05:42.720> plenicia<01:05:43.680> or 01:05:43.910 --> 01:05:43.920 align:start position:0% the plane. This is called a plenicia or 01:05:43.920 --> 01:05:47.990 align:start position:0% the plane. This is called a plenicia or in<01:05:44.160> other<01:05:44.319> words<01:05:44.799> a<01:05:45.039> solidified<01:05:45.680> lava<01:05:46.079> lake. 01:05:47.990 --> 01:05:48.000 align:start position:0% in other words a solidified lava lake. 01:05:48.000 --> 01:05:50.470 align:start position:0% in other words a solidified lava lake. We<01:05:48.319> also<01:05:48.640> can<01:05:48.799> see<01:05:49.039> cauldra<01:05:50.000> which<01:05:50.240> is<01:05:50.319> the 01:05:50.470 --> 01:05:50.480 align:start position:0% We also can see cauldra which is the 01:05:50.480 --> 01:05:52.390 align:start position:0% We also can see cauldra which is the collapse<01:05:50.960> found<01:05:51.200> at<01:05:51.359> the<01:05:51.520> center<01:05:51.680> of<01:05:51.839> a<01:05:52.000> cryo 01:05:52.390 --> 01:05:52.400 align:start position:0% collapse found at the center of a cryo 01:05:52.400 --> 01:05:55.750 align:start position:0% collapse found at the center of a cryo volcano<01:05:53.039> where<01:05:53.280> lava<01:05:53.680> planes<01:05:54.000> formed<01:05:54.319> from. 01:05:55.750 --> 01:05:55.760 align:start position:0% volcano where lava planes formed from. 01:05:55.760 --> 01:05:57.670 align:start position:0% volcano where lava planes formed from. It<01:05:56.000> is<01:05:56.160> thought<01:05:56.400> that<01:05:56.640> the<01:05:56.880> water<01:05:57.119> from<01:05:57.359> these 01:05:57.670 --> 01:05:57.680 align:start position:0% It is thought that the water from these 01:05:57.680 --> 01:05:59.430 align:start position:0% It is thought that the water from these eruptions<01:05:58.319> would<01:05:58.559> have<01:05:58.799> also<01:05:59.119> brought 01:05:59.430 --> 01:05:59.440 align:start position:0% eruptions would have also brought 01:05:59.440 --> 01:06:01.270 align:start position:0% eruptions would have also brought minerals<01:05:59.920> from<01:06:00.079> the<01:06:00.240> underground<01:06:00.799> oceans 01:06:01.270 --> 01:06:01.280 align:start position:0% minerals from the underground oceans 01:06:01.280 --> 01:06:04.069 align:start position:0% minerals from the underground oceans onto<01:06:01.680> the<01:06:01.839> surface,<01:06:02.880> perhaps<01:06:03.359> even<01:06:03.599> being<01:06:03.839> the 01:06:04.069 --> 01:06:04.079 align:start position:0% onto the surface, perhaps even being the 01:06:04.079 --> 01:06:06.150 align:start position:0% onto the surface, perhaps even being the source<01:06:04.319> of<01:06:04.400> the<01:06:04.640> tholins<01:06:05.200> and<01:06:05.359> organic<01:06:05.839> matter 01:06:06.150 --> 01:06:06.160 align:start position:0% source of the tholins and organic matter 01:06:06.160 --> 01:06:09.430 align:start position:0% source of the tholins and organic matter I<01:06:06.400> mentioned<01:06:06.720> earlier.<01:06:08.079> If<01:06:08.319> this<01:06:08.559> is<01:06:08.720> the<01:06:08.960> case 01:06:09.430 --> 01:06:09.440 align:start position:0% I mentioned earlier. If this is the case 01:06:09.440 --> 01:06:11.430 align:start position:0% I mentioned earlier. If this is the case and<01:06:09.760> organic<01:06:10.240> compounds<01:06:10.720> are<01:06:10.960> found<01:06:11.119> in<01:06:11.280> the 01:06:11.430 --> 01:06:11.440 align:start position:0% and organic compounds are found in the 01:06:11.440 --> 01:06:13.910 align:start position:0% and organic compounds are found in the subsurface<01:06:12.079> ocean,<01:06:12.960> it<01:06:13.280> means<01:06:13.440> that<01:06:13.599> there's 01:06:13.910 --> 01:06:13.920 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean, it means that there's 01:06:13.920 --> 01:06:15.910 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean, it means that there's a<01:06:14.160> possibility<01:06:14.720> that<01:06:14.960> conditions<01:06:15.440> are<01:06:15.680> right 01:06:15.910 --> 01:06:15.920 align:start position:0% a possibility that conditions are right 01:06:15.920 --> 01:06:17.670 align:start position:0% a possibility that conditions are right for<01:06:16.160> life<01:06:16.480> to<01:06:16.720> have<01:06:16.880> been<01:06:17.039> able<01:06:17.200> to<01:06:17.359> form 01:06:17.670 --> 01:06:17.680 align:start position:0% for life to have been able to form 01:06:17.680 --> 01:06:19.190 align:start position:0% for life to have been able to form there. 01:06:19.190 --> 01:06:19.200 align:start position:0% there. 01:06:19.200 --> 01:06:21.990 align:start position:0% there. We<01:06:19.440> also<01:06:19.760> see<01:06:20.160> long<01:06:20.559> lines<01:06:21.039> permeating<01:06:21.760> over 01:06:21.990 --> 01:06:22.000 align:start position:0% We also see long lines permeating over 01:06:22.000 --> 01:06:24.789 align:start position:0% We also see long lines permeating over the<01:06:22.240> surface.<01:06:23.280> These<01:06:23.599> are<01:06:23.760> likely<01:06:24.079> faults 01:06:24.789 --> 01:06:24.799 align:start position:0% the surface. These are likely faults 01:06:24.799 --> 01:06:27.349 align:start position:0% the surface. These are likely faults caused<01:06:25.200> either<01:06:25.440> by<01:06:25.680> tectonic<01:06:26.240> activity<01:06:27.039> or 01:06:27.349 --> 01:06:27.359 align:start position:0% caused either by tectonic activity or 01:06:27.359 --> 01:06:30.470 align:start position:0% caused either by tectonic activity or freeze<01:06:27.839> thor<01:06:28.240> weathering<01:06:28.799> processes. 01:06:30.470 --> 01:06:30.480 align:start position:0% freeze thor weathering processes. 01:06:30.480 --> 01:06:32.549 align:start position:0% freeze thor weathering processes. If<01:06:30.720> we<01:06:30.880> look<01:06:30.960> at<01:06:31.119> some<01:06:31.359> more<01:06:31.520> of<01:06:31.680> the<01:06:31.839> Voyager<01:06:32.319> 2 01:06:32.549 --> 01:06:32.559 align:start position:0% If we look at some more of the Voyager 2 01:06:32.559 --> 01:06:34.950 align:start position:0% If we look at some more of the Voyager 2 images<01:06:32.880> of<01:06:33.119> Triton,<01:06:33.920> we<01:06:34.160> can<01:06:34.240> see<01:06:34.400> the<01:06:34.640> results 01:06:34.950 --> 01:06:34.960 align:start position:0% images of Triton, we can see the results 01:06:34.960 --> 01:06:37.750 align:start position:0% images of Triton, we can see the results of<01:06:35.200> some<01:06:35.440> recent<01:06:36.000> eruptions.<01:06:37.200> You'll<01:06:37.440> notice 01:06:37.750 --> 01:06:37.760 align:start position:0% of some recent eruptions. You'll notice 01:06:37.760 --> 01:06:39.670 align:start position:0% of some recent eruptions. You'll notice what<01:06:38.000> looks<01:06:38.240> to<01:06:38.400> be<01:06:38.559> dark<01:06:38.880> deposits<01:06:39.359> on<01:06:39.520> the 01:06:39.670 --> 01:06:39.680 align:start position:0% what looks to be dark deposits on the 01:06:39.680 --> 01:06:42.950 align:start position:0% what looks to be dark deposits on the surface<01:06:40.480> in<01:06:40.799> cone<01:06:41.200> or<01:06:41.440> funnel-like<01:06:42.160> shapes<01:06:42.720> up 01:06:42.950 --> 01:06:42.960 align:start position:0% surface in cone or funnel-like shapes up 01:06:42.960 --> 01:06:47.270 align:start position:0% surface in cone or funnel-like shapes up to<01:06:43.680> 150<01:06:44.000> km<01:06:44.559> long.<01:06:45.599> However,<01:06:46.400> these<01:06:46.720> smaller 01:06:47.270 --> 01:06:47.280 align:start position:0% to 150 km long. However, these smaller 01:06:47.280 --> 01:06:49.270 align:start position:0% to 150 km long. However, these smaller eruptions<01:06:47.839> may<01:06:48.160> not<01:06:48.480> originate<01:06:48.960> from<01:06:49.119> the 01:06:49.270 --> 01:06:49.280 align:start position:0% eruptions may not originate from the 01:06:49.280 --> 01:06:52.710 align:start position:0% eruptions may not originate from the mantle<01:06:49.680> itself. 01:06:52.710 --> 01:06:52.720 align:start position:0% 01:06:52.720 --> 01:06:55.349 align:start position:0% Voyager<01:06:53.200> 2<01:06:53.440> spotted<01:06:53.839> some<01:06:54.079> plumes<01:06:54.559> reaching<01:06:55.039> 8 01:06:55.349 --> 01:06:55.359 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 spotted some plumes reaching 8 01:06:55.359 --> 01:06:57.670 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 spotted some plumes reaching 8 km<01:06:55.920> high,<01:06:56.559> but<01:06:56.799> these<01:06:57.039> are<01:06:57.200> thought<01:06:57.359> to<01:06:57.520> be 01:06:57.670 --> 01:06:57.680 align:start position:0% km high, but these are thought to be 01:06:57.680 --> 01:06:59.829 align:start position:0% km high, but these are thought to be because<01:06:58.000> of<01:06:58.240> a<01:06:58.480> solid<01:06:58.880> greenhouse<01:06:59.440> effect 01:06:59.829 --> 01:06:59.839 align:start position:0% because of a solid greenhouse effect 01:06:59.839 --> 01:07:02.549 align:start position:0% because of a solid greenhouse effect within<01:07:00.160> the<01:07:00.319> moon's<01:07:00.799> icy<01:07:01.039> crust. 01:07:02.549 --> 01:07:02.559 align:start position:0% within the moon's icy crust. 01:07:02.559 --> 01:07:05.109 align:start position:0% within the moon's icy crust. Imagine<01:07:02.880> the<01:07:03.119> surface<01:07:03.440> of<01:07:03.680> Triton<01:07:04.480> consisting 01:07:05.109 --> 01:07:05.119 align:start position:0% Imagine the surface of Triton consisting 01:07:05.119 --> 01:07:07.990 align:start position:0% Imagine the surface of Triton consisting of<01:07:05.440> a<01:07:05.680> clear<01:07:06.079> ice<01:07:06.720> which<01:07:06.960> is<01:07:07.119> settled<01:07:07.440> on<01:07:07.680> dark 01:07:07.990 --> 01:07:08.000 align:start position:0% of a clear ice which is settled on dark 01:07:08.000 --> 01:07:10.789 align:start position:0% of a clear ice which is settled on dark deposits<01:07:08.480> like<01:07:08.720> tholins.<01:07:09.839> The<01:07:10.079> sun<01:07:10.400> shines 01:07:10.789 --> 01:07:10.799 align:start position:0% deposits like tholins. The sun shines 01:07:10.799 --> 01:07:13.109 align:start position:0% deposits like tholins. The sun shines through<01:07:11.039> the<01:07:11.200> ice,<01:07:11.920> warming<01:07:12.400> the<01:07:12.640> darker, 01:07:13.109 --> 01:07:13.119 align:start position:0% through the ice, warming the darker, 01:07:13.119 --> 01:07:15.349 align:start position:0% through the ice, warming the darker, more<01:07:13.359> absorbent<01:07:13.839> tholins<01:07:14.400> beneath,<01:07:15.039> which 01:07:15.349 --> 01:07:15.359 align:start position:0% more absorbent tholins beneath, which 01:07:15.359 --> 01:07:17.510 align:start position:0% more absorbent tholins beneath, which sublimates<01:07:15.920> a<01:07:16.160> pocket<01:07:16.480> of<01:07:16.640> ice<01:07:16.960> under<01:07:17.280> the 01:07:17.510 --> 01:07:17.520 align:start position:0% sublimates a pocket of ice under the 01:07:17.520 --> 01:07:20.549 align:start position:0% sublimates a pocket of ice under the surface.<01:07:18.720> As<01:07:18.960> the<01:07:19.200> ices<01:07:19.599> sublimate,<01:07:20.319> the 01:07:20.549 --> 01:07:20.559 align:start position:0% surface. As the ices sublimate, the 01:07:20.559 --> 01:07:22.309 align:start position:0% surface. As the ices sublimate, the pressure<01:07:20.880> builds<01:07:21.200> in<01:07:21.359> the<01:07:21.440> air<01:07:21.680> pocket<01:07:22.000> until 01:07:22.309 --> 01:07:22.319 align:start position:0% pressure builds in the air pocket until 01:07:22.319 --> 01:07:24.710 align:start position:0% pressure builds in the air pocket until the<01:07:22.559> surface<01:07:22.799> above<01:07:23.119> the<01:07:23.280> pocket<01:07:23.680> gives<01:07:24.000> way, 01:07:24.710 --> 01:07:24.720 align:start position:0% the surface above the pocket gives way, 01:07:24.720 --> 01:07:28.150 align:start position:0% the surface above the pocket gives way, causing<01:07:25.119> an<01:07:25.520> eruption.<01:07:26.960> This<01:07:27.359> eruption<01:07:27.760> also 01:07:28.150 --> 01:07:28.160 align:start position:0% causing an eruption. This eruption also 01:07:28.160 --> 01:07:30.150 align:start position:0% causing an eruption. This eruption also takes<01:07:28.400> the<01:07:28.640> dark<01:07:28.880> deposits<01:07:29.359> with<01:07:29.520> it, 01:07:30.150 --> 01:07:30.160 align:start position:0% takes the dark deposits with it, 01:07:30.160 --> 01:07:31.990 align:start position:0% takes the dark deposits with it, spreading<01:07:30.640> them<01:07:30.799> out<01:07:31.119> over<01:07:31.359> the<01:07:31.599> surface 01:07:31.990 --> 01:07:32.000 align:start position:0% spreading them out over the surface 01:07:32.000 --> 01:07:35.190 align:start position:0% spreading them out over the surface again.<01:07:33.280> If<01:07:33.599> this<01:07:33.760> is<01:07:33.920> the<01:07:34.160> case,<01:07:34.720> a<01:07:34.960> very 01:07:35.190 --> 01:07:35.200 align:start position:0% again. If this is the case, a very 01:07:35.200 --> 01:07:37.349 align:start position:0% again. If this is the case, a very similar<01:07:35.599> process<01:07:36.000> has<01:07:36.240> been<01:07:36.400> seen<01:07:36.640> on<01:07:36.799> Mars's 01:07:37.349 --> 01:07:37.359 align:start position:0% similar process has been seen on Mars's 01:07:37.359 --> 01:07:39.750 align:start position:0% similar process has been seen on Mars's poles<01:07:37.771> [music]<01:07:37.920> with<01:07:38.240> carbon<01:07:38.559> dioxide<01:07:39.280> ices 01:07:39.750 --> 01:07:39.760 align:start position:0% poles [music] with carbon dioxide ices 01:07:39.760 --> 01:07:43.349 align:start position:0% poles [music] with carbon dioxide ices and<01:07:40.079> darker<01:07:40.480> deposits<01:07:40.960> under<01:07:41.200> the<01:07:41.359> ice<01:07:41.839> layer. 01:07:43.349 --> 01:07:43.359 align:start position:0% and darker deposits under the ice layer. 01:07:43.359 --> 01:07:45.670 align:start position:0% and darker deposits under the ice layer. This<01:07:43.680> process<01:07:44.240> can<01:07:44.480> only<01:07:44.799> exist<01:07:45.200> because<01:07:45.440> of 01:07:45.670 --> 01:07:45.680 align:start position:0% This process can only exist because of 01:07:45.680 --> 01:07:48.870 align:start position:0% This process can only exist because of one<01:07:45.920> thing.<01:07:46.799> Triton<01:07:47.359> has<01:07:47.520> an<01:07:47.760> atmosphere, 01:07:48.870 --> 01:07:48.880 align:start position:0% one thing. Triton has an atmosphere, 01:07:48.880 --> 01:07:51.109 align:start position:0% one thing. Triton has an atmosphere, although<01:07:49.440> not<01:07:49.760> as<01:07:49.920> thick<01:07:50.160> as<01:07:50.400> scientists<01:07:50.880> were 01:07:51.109 --> 01:07:51.119 align:start position:0% although not as thick as scientists were 01:07:51.119 --> 01:07:54.069 align:start position:0% although not as thick as scientists were initially<01:07:51.599> expecting.<01:07:52.960> Triton's<01:07:53.520> atmosphere 01:07:54.069 --> 01:07:54.079 align:start position:0% initially expecting. Triton's atmosphere 01:07:54.079 --> 01:07:58.230 align:start position:0% initially expecting. Triton's atmosphere is<01:07:54.319> thin,<01:07:55.039> only<01:07:55.440> 0.014<01:07:56.880> millibars,<01:07:57.839> about<01:07:58.079> the 01:07:58.230 --> 01:07:58.240 align:start position:0% is thin, only 0.014 millibars, about the 01:07:58.240 --> 01:08:01.029 align:start position:0% is thin, only 0.014 millibars, about the equivalent<01:07:58.640> of<01:07:58.960> 80<01:07:59.200> km<01:07:59.680> up<01:07:59.920> on<01:08:00.079> Earth. 01:08:01.029 --> 01:08:01.039 align:start position:0% equivalent of 80 km up on Earth. 01:08:01.039 --> 01:08:03.349 align:start position:0% equivalent of 80 km up on Earth. Although,<01:08:01.599> like<01:08:01.920> Pluto,<01:08:02.720> this<01:08:02.880> density 01:08:03.349 --> 01:08:03.359 align:start position:0% Although, like Pluto, this density 01:08:03.359 --> 01:08:06.710 align:start position:0% Although, like Pluto, this density varies<01:08:03.839> through<01:08:04.160> seasonal<01:08:04.640> changes. 01:08:06.710 --> 01:08:06.720 align:start position:0% varies through seasonal changes. 01:08:06.720 --> 01:08:08.870 align:start position:0% varies through seasonal changes. Since<01:08:07.039> Voyager<01:08:07.520> 2's<01:08:07.839> observations,<01:08:08.557> [music] 01:08:08.870 --> 01:08:08.880 align:start position:0% Since Voyager 2's observations, [music] 01:08:08.880 --> 01:08:11.510 align:start position:0% Since Voyager 2's observations, [music] Triton's<01:08:09.359> atmosphere<01:08:09.920> has<01:08:10.160> become<01:08:10.400> denser<01:08:11.280> as 01:08:11.510 --> 01:08:11.520 align:start position:0% Triton's atmosphere has become denser as 01:08:11.520 --> 01:08:13.829 align:start position:0% Triton's atmosphere has become denser as the<01:08:11.760> surface<01:08:12.079> has<01:08:12.240> warmed,<01:08:12.960> evaporating<01:08:13.599> a 01:08:13.829 --> 01:08:13.839 align:start position:0% the surface has warmed, evaporating a 01:08:13.839 --> 01:08:15.349 align:start position:0% the surface has warmed, evaporating a little<01:08:13.920> of<01:08:14.079> the<01:08:14.240> nitrogen<01:08:14.799> ices<01:08:15.119> on<01:08:15.280> the 01:08:15.349 --> 01:08:15.359 align:start position:0% little of the nitrogen ices on the 01:08:15.359 --> 01:08:16.789 align:start position:0% little of the nitrogen ices on the surface. 01:08:16.789 --> 01:08:16.799 align:start position:0% surface. 01:08:16.799 --> 01:08:19.269 align:start position:0% surface. However,<01:08:17.359> when<01:08:17.600> Voyager<01:08:18.159> 2<01:08:18.319> passed,<01:08:18.799> Triton's 01:08:19.269 --> 01:08:19.279 align:start position:0% However, when Voyager 2 passed, Triton's 01:08:19.279 --> 01:08:21.269 align:start position:0% However, when Voyager 2 passed, Triton's atmosphere<01:08:19.839> was<01:08:20.159> still<01:08:20.400> dense<01:08:20.719> enough<01:08:21.040> to 01:08:21.269 --> 01:08:21.279 align:start position:0% atmosphere was still dense enough to 01:08:21.279 --> 01:08:23.829 align:start position:0% atmosphere was still dense enough to support<01:08:21.759> weather<01:08:22.159> up<01:08:22.400> to<01:08:22.560> 8<01:08:22.799> km<01:08:23.279> above<01:08:23.600> its 01:08:23.829 --> 01:08:23.839 align:start position:0% support weather up to 8 km above its 01:08:23.839 --> 01:08:26.709 align:start position:0% support weather up to 8 km above its surface.<01:08:24.960> In<01:08:25.199> this<01:08:25.359> image,<01:08:25.839> you<01:08:26.000> can<01:08:26.239> actually 01:08:26.709 --> 01:08:26.719 align:start position:0% surface. In this image, you can actually 01:08:26.719 --> 01:08:29.349 align:start position:0% surface. In this image, you can actually see<01:08:27.040> clouds<01:08:27.359> on<01:08:27.600> Triton. 01:08:29.349 --> 01:08:29.359 align:start position:0% see clouds on Triton. 01:08:29.359 --> 01:08:30.870 align:start position:0% see clouds on Triton. And<01:08:29.679> going<01:08:29.920> back<01:08:30.080> to<01:08:30.239> the<01:08:30.400> image<01:08:30.560> of<01:08:30.719> the 01:08:30.870 --> 01:08:30.880 align:start position:0% And going back to the image of the 01:08:30.880 --> 01:08:32.950 align:start position:0% And going back to the image of the plumes,<01:08:31.679> you<01:08:31.839> can<01:08:32.000> see<01:08:32.080> the<01:08:32.319> deposits<01:08:32.799> from 01:08:32.950 --> 01:08:32.960 align:start position:0% plumes, you can see the deposits from 01:08:32.960 --> 01:08:35.189 align:start position:0% plumes, you can see the deposits from the<01:08:33.199> eruptions<01:08:33.679> all<01:08:33.920> end<01:08:34.159> up<01:08:34.319> facing<01:08:34.719> the<01:08:34.960> same 01:08:35.189 --> 01:08:35.199 align:start position:0% the eruptions all end up facing the same 01:08:35.199 --> 01:08:37.990 align:start position:0% the eruptions all end up facing the same direction<01:08:36.319> due<01:08:36.640> to<01:08:36.799> a<01:08:37.040> prevailing<01:08:37.520> wind<01:08:37.839> in 01:08:37.990 --> 01:08:38.000 align:start position:0% direction due to a prevailing wind in 01:08:38.000 --> 01:08:41.269 align:start position:0% direction due to a prevailing wind in that<01:08:38.239> region<01:08:38.480> of<01:08:38.640> the<01:08:38.799> moon.<01:08:40.239> Like<01:08:40.560> Pluto, 01:08:41.269 --> 01:08:41.279 align:start position:0% that region of the moon. Like Pluto, 01:08:41.279 --> 01:08:44.149 align:start position:0% that region of the moon. Like Pluto, Triton's<01:08:41.759> atmosphere<01:08:42.239> is<01:08:42.560> hazy.<01:08:43.759> The<01:08:43.920> cause 01:08:44.149 --> 01:08:44.159 align:start position:0% Triton's atmosphere is hazy. The cause 01:08:44.159 --> 01:08:45.990 align:start position:0% Triton's atmosphere is hazy. The cause of<01:08:44.319> which<01:08:44.560> is<01:08:44.719> thought<01:08:44.880> to<01:08:45.040> be<01:08:45.199> hydrocarbons 01:08:45.990 --> 01:08:46.000 align:start position:0% of which is thought to be hydrocarbons 01:08:46.000 --> 01:08:47.990 align:start position:0% of which is thought to be hydrocarbons in<01:08:46.159> the<01:08:46.239> atmosphere,<01:08:47.040> not<01:08:47.199> yet<01:08:47.520> broken<01:08:47.839> down 01:08:47.990 --> 01:08:48.000 align:start position:0% in the atmosphere, not yet broken down 01:08:48.000 --> 01:08:50.870 align:start position:0% in the atmosphere, not yet broken down into<01:08:48.319> tholins<01:08:48.799> by<01:08:48.960> UV<01:08:49.359> light<01:08:49.600> from<01:08:49.759> the<01:08:49.920> sun. 01:08:50.870 --> 01:08:50.880 align:start position:0% into tholins by UV light from the sun. 01:08:50.880 --> 01:08:53.189 align:start position:0% into tholins by UV light from the sun. The<01:08:51.199> constant<01:08:51.679> depositing<01:08:52.319> of<01:08:52.640> organic 01:08:53.189 --> 01:08:53.199 align:start position:0% The constant depositing of organic 01:08:53.199 --> 01:08:55.749 align:start position:0% The constant depositing of organic compounds<01:08:53.679> through<01:08:53.920> cryovalkcanism,<01:08:55.279> ice 01:08:55.749 --> 01:08:55.759 align:start position:0% compounds through cryovalkcanism, ice 01:08:55.759 --> 01:08:57.349 align:start position:0% compounds through cryovalkcanism, ice evaporating<01:08:56.400> and<01:08:56.640> freezing<01:08:57.027> [music]<01:08:57.120> again 01:08:57.349 --> 01:08:57.359 align:start position:0% evaporating and freezing [music] again 01:08:57.359 --> 01:08:59.510 align:start position:0% evaporating and freezing [music] again through<01:08:57.679> seasonal<01:08:58.159> variations,<01:08:59.120> and<01:08:59.279> a 01:08:59.510 --> 01:08:59.520 align:start position:0% through seasonal variations, and a 01:08:59.520 --> 01:09:02.070 align:start position:0% through seasonal variations, and a weatherrich<01:09:00.400> active<01:09:00.799> atmosphere<01:09:01.759> makes 01:09:02.070 --> 01:09:02.080 align:start position:0% weatherrich active atmosphere makes 01:09:02.080 --> 01:09:05.189 align:start position:0% weatherrich active atmosphere makes Triton<01:09:02.560> a<01:09:02.799> very<01:09:03.120> dynamic<01:09:03.679> world.<01:09:04.799> All<01:09:05.040> of 01:09:05.189 --> 01:09:05.199 align:start position:0% Triton a very dynamic world. All of 01:09:05.199 --> 01:09:07.669 align:start position:0% Triton a very dynamic world. All of these<01:09:05.440> factors<01:09:05.839> combined<01:09:06.640> make<01:09:06.880> it<01:09:07.199> one 01:09:07.669 --> 01:09:07.679 align:start position:0% these factors combined make it one 01:09:07.679 --> 01:09:10.870 align:start position:0% these factors combined make it one exceptionally<01:09:08.640> unusual<01:09:09.279> moon.<01:09:10.159> It<01:09:10.319> is<01:09:10.480> more<01:09:10.640> a 01:09:10.870 --> 01:09:10.880 align:start position:0% exceptionally unusual moon. It is more a 01:09:10.880 --> 01:09:14.630 align:start position:0% exceptionally unusual moon. It is more a dwarf<01:09:11.279> planet<01:09:11.600> than<01:09:11.759> a<01:09:11.920> moon. 01:09:14.630 --> 01:09:14.640 align:start position:0% dwarf planet than a moon. 01:09:14.640 --> 01:09:17.829 align:start position:0% dwarf planet than a moon. But<01:09:15.120> what<01:09:15.440> about<01:09:15.679> the<01:09:15.920> others?<01:09:17.359> The<01:09:17.600> next 01:09:17.829 --> 01:09:17.839 align:start position:0% But what about the others? The next 01:09:17.839 --> 01:09:20.709 align:start position:0% But what about the others? The next biggest<01:09:18.159> moon<01:09:18.560> is<01:09:18.960> Proteus,<01:09:19.920> which<01:09:20.239> is<01:09:20.480> a 01:09:20.709 --> 01:09:20.719 align:start position:0% biggest moon is Proteus, which is a 01:09:20.719 --> 01:09:23.430 align:start position:0% biggest moon is Proteus, which is a little<01:09:21.040> irregular<01:09:21.679> in<01:09:21.839> its<01:09:22.080> shape.<01:09:23.040> Normally, 01:09:23.430 --> 01:09:23.440 align:start position:0% little irregular in its shape. Normally, 01:09:23.440 --> 01:09:25.669 align:start position:0% little irregular in its shape. Normally, we<01:09:23.679> only<01:09:23.920> see<01:09:24.080> this<01:09:24.239> on<01:09:24.480> smaller<01:09:24.960> objects<01:09:25.359> like 01:09:25.669 --> 01:09:25.679 align:start position:0% we only see this on smaller objects like 01:09:25.679 --> 01:09:27.910 align:start position:0% we only see this on smaller objects like asteroids,<01:09:26.560> but<01:09:26.799> Proteius<01:09:27.359> is<01:09:27.600> actually 01:09:27.910 --> 01:09:27.920 align:start position:0% asteroids, but Proteius is actually 01:09:27.920 --> 01:09:31.110 align:start position:0% asteroids, but Proteius is actually bigger<01:09:28.640> at<01:09:29.040> 400<01:09:29.520> km<01:09:30.080> across<01:09:30.719> than<01:09:30.880> the 01:09:31.110 --> 01:09:31.120 align:start position:0% bigger at 400 km across than the 01:09:31.120 --> 01:09:34.630 align:start position:0% bigger at 400 km across than the spherical<01:09:31.520> moon<01:09:31.759> of<01:09:31.920> Saturn,<01:09:32.640> Mimis.<01:09:34.080> Why<01:09:34.400> it 01:09:34.630 --> 01:09:34.640 align:start position:0% spherical moon of Saturn, Mimis. Why it 01:09:34.640 --> 01:09:37.189 align:start position:0% spherical moon of Saturn, Mimis. Why it is<01:09:34.799> not<01:09:34.960> a<01:09:35.199> sphere<01:09:35.600> is<01:09:35.920> explained<01:09:36.560> by<01:09:36.880> past 01:09:37.189 --> 01:09:37.199 align:start position:0% is not a sphere is explained by past 01:09:37.199 --> 01:09:39.110 align:start position:0% is not a sphere is explained by past collisions<01:09:37.679> of<01:09:37.839> things<01:09:38.080> hitting<01:09:38.400> the<01:09:38.560> moon 01:09:39.110 --> 01:09:39.120 align:start position:0% collisions of things hitting the moon 01:09:39.120 --> 01:09:41.269 align:start position:0% collisions of things hitting the moon leaving<01:09:39.440> these<01:09:39.839> massive<01:09:40.400> craters<01:09:40.799> which<01:09:41.040> you 01:09:41.269 --> 01:09:41.279 align:start position:0% leaving these massive craters which you 01:09:41.279 --> 01:09:44.709 align:start position:0% leaving these massive craters which you see.<01:09:42.640> The<01:09:42.880> inner<01:09:43.359> regular<01:09:43.759> moons<01:09:44.319> orbit 01:09:44.709 --> 01:09:44.719 align:start position:0% see. The inner regular moons orbit 01:09:44.719 --> 01:09:47.030 align:start position:0% see. The inner regular moons orbit around<01:09:44.960> the<01:09:45.120> rings<01:09:45.920> some<01:09:46.159> acting<01:09:46.560> as<01:09:46.719> shepherd 01:09:47.030 --> 01:09:47.040 align:start position:0% around the rings some acting as shepherd 01:09:47.040 --> 01:09:51.189 align:start position:0% around the rings some acting as shepherd moons.<01:09:48.159> The<01:09:48.560> outer<01:09:49.279> irregular<01:09:50.000> moons<01:09:50.560> are<01:09:50.880> all 01:09:51.189 --> 01:09:51.199 align:start position:0% moons. The outer irregular moons are all 01:09:51.199 --> 01:09:53.590 align:start position:0% moons. The outer irregular moons are all likely<01:09:51.679> captured<01:09:52.080> moons.<01:09:53.120> Some<01:09:53.359> of<01:09:53.440> the 01:09:53.590 --> 01:09:53.600 align:start position:0% likely captured moons. Some of the 01:09:53.600 --> 01:09:55.910 align:start position:0% likely captured moons. Some of the irregular<01:09:54.159> moons<01:09:54.480> orbit<01:09:54.880> prograde<01:09:55.679> and 01:09:55.910 --> 01:09:55.920 align:start position:0% irregular moons orbit prograde and 01:09:55.920 --> 01:09:58.709 align:start position:0% irregular moons orbit prograde and others<01:09:56.320> retrograde.<01:09:57.679> The<01:09:57.920> outermost<01:09:58.400> moons 01:09:58.709 --> 01:09:58.719 align:start position:0% others retrograde. The outermost moons 01:09:58.719 --> 01:10:01.910 align:start position:0% others retrograde. The outermost moons of<01:09:58.800> Neptune<01:09:59.360> are<01:09:59.679> Samatha<01:10:00.320> and<01:10:00.560> Neto<01:10:01.520> and<01:10:01.679> are 01:10:01.910 --> 01:10:01.920 align:start position:0% of Neptune are Samatha and Neto and are 01:10:01.920 --> 01:10:04.630 align:start position:0% of Neptune are Samatha and Neto and are the<01:10:02.159> furthest<01:10:02.640> out<01:10:02.960> satellite<01:10:03.600> of<01:10:03.920> any<01:10:04.320> planet 01:10:04.630 --> 01:10:04.640 align:start position:0% the furthest out satellite of any planet 01:10:04.640 --> 01:10:07.510 align:start position:0% the furthest out satellite of any planet that<01:10:04.880> we<01:10:05.040> know<01:10:05.120> of<01:10:05.440> to<01:10:05.679> date.<01:10:06.560> They<01:10:06.880> take<01:10:07.199> a 01:10:07.510 --> 01:10:07.520 align:start position:0% that we know of to date. They take a 01:10:07.520 --> 01:10:11.110 align:start position:0% that we know of to date. They take a massive<01:10:08.400> 25<01:10:09.199> years<01:10:09.600> to<01:10:09.840> orbit<01:10:10.239> Neptune<01:10:10.800> only 01:10:11.110 --> 01:10:11.120 align:start position:0% massive 25 years to orbit Neptune only 01:10:11.120 --> 01:10:14.550 align:start position:0% massive 25 years to orbit Neptune only once.<01:10:12.080> This<01:10:12.320> is<01:10:12.480> because<01:10:12.880> Neptune<01:10:13.520> has<01:10:13.760> a<01:10:14.080> very 01:10:14.550 --> 01:10:14.560 align:start position:0% once. This is because Neptune has a very 01:10:14.560 --> 01:10:17.110 align:start position:0% once. This is because Neptune has a very large<01:10:14.960> hillphere.<01:10:16.000> The<01:10:16.159> hillphere<01:10:16.719> being<01:10:16.960> the 01:10:17.110 --> 01:10:17.120 align:start position:0% large hillphere. The hillphere being the 01:10:17.120 --> 01:10:18.950 align:start position:0% large hillphere. The hillphere being the sphere<01:10:17.440> in<01:10:17.679> which<01:10:17.840> the<01:10:18.000> planet's<01:10:18.400> gravity 01:10:18.950 --> 01:10:18.960 align:start position:0% sphere in which the planet's gravity 01:10:18.960 --> 01:10:21.669 align:start position:0% sphere in which the planet's gravity overcomes<01:10:19.520> the<01:10:19.679> gravity<01:10:20.080> of<01:10:20.159> the<01:10:20.400> sun.<01:10:21.199> It<01:10:21.440> has 01:10:21.669 --> 01:10:21.679 align:start position:0% overcomes the gravity of the sun. It has 01:10:21.679 --> 01:10:23.910 align:start position:0% overcomes the gravity of the sun. It has such<01:10:22.000> a<01:10:22.239> large<01:10:22.560> hillphere<01:10:23.360> because<01:10:23.600> it's 01:10:23.910 --> 01:10:23.920 align:start position:0% such a large hillphere because it's 01:10:23.920 --> 01:10:26.390 align:start position:0% such a large hillphere because it's already<01:10:24.320> so<01:10:24.640> far<01:10:24.880> from<01:10:25.040> the<01:10:25.280> sun.<01:10:25.840> The<01:10:26.080> sun's 01:10:26.390 --> 01:10:26.400 align:start position:0% already so far from the sun. The sun's 01:10:26.400 --> 01:10:28.630 align:start position:0% already so far from the sun. The sun's gravity<01:10:26.960> has<01:10:27.280> less<01:10:27.520> of<01:10:27.679> an<01:10:27.920> influence<01:10:28.320> around 01:10:28.630 --> 01:10:28.640 align:start position:0% gravity has less of an influence around 01:10:28.640 --> 01:10:30.790 align:start position:0% gravity has less of an influence around Neptune<01:10:29.199> than<01:10:29.440> at<01:10:29.679> the<01:10:29.840> biggest<01:10:30.159> planet, 01:10:30.790 --> 01:10:30.800 align:start position:0% Neptune than at the biggest planet, 01:10:30.800 --> 01:10:32.709 align:start position:0% Neptune than at the biggest planet, Jupiter. 01:10:32.709 --> 01:10:32.719 align:start position:0% Jupiter. 01:10:32.719 --> 01:10:34.790 align:start position:0% Jupiter. One<01:10:32.960> of<01:10:33.040> the<01:10:33.199> major<01:10:33.520> discoveries<01:10:34.159> Hubble<01:10:34.560> made 01:10:34.790 --> 01:10:34.800 align:start position:0% One of the major discoveries Hubble made 01:10:34.800 --> 01:10:37.189 align:start position:0% One of the major discoveries Hubble made about<01:10:35.120> Neptune<01:10:35.679> was<01:10:35.920> the<01:10:36.159> discovery<01:10:36.640> of<01:10:36.800> a<01:10:37.040> new 01:10:37.189 --> 01:10:37.199 align:start position:0% about Neptune was the discovery of a new 01:10:37.199 --> 01:10:40.149 align:start position:0% about Neptune was the discovery of a new moon<01:10:37.520> in<01:10:37.840> 2013,<01:10:38.960> which<01:10:39.199> has<01:10:39.440> now<01:10:39.679> been<01:10:39.840> named 01:10:40.149 --> 01:10:40.159 align:start position:0% moon in 2013, which has now been named 01:10:40.159 --> 01:10:41.750 align:start position:0% moon in 2013, which has now been named Hippoamp. 01:10:41.750 --> 01:10:41.760 align:start position:0% Hippoamp. 01:10:41.760 --> 01:10:44.310 align:start position:0% Hippoamp. Now,<01:10:42.159> Hubble<01:10:42.640> has<01:10:42.800> discovered<01:10:43.360> many<01:10:43.760> moons<01:10:44.080> in 01:10:44.310 --> 01:10:44.320 align:start position:0% Now, Hubble has discovered many moons in 01:10:44.320 --> 01:10:46.870 align:start position:0% Now, Hubble has discovered many moons in its<01:10:44.560> time,<01:10:45.120> especially<01:10:45.679> around<01:10:46.080> Jupiter<01:10:46.560> and 01:10:46.870 --> 01:10:46.880 align:start position:0% its time, especially around Jupiter and 01:10:46.880 --> 01:10:49.510 align:start position:0% its time, especially around Jupiter and Saturn.<01:10:47.840> But<01:10:48.000> what<01:10:48.239> makes<01:10:48.400> Hippoamp<01:10:49.120> special 01:10:49.510 --> 01:10:49.520 align:start position:0% Saturn. But what makes Hippoamp special 01:10:49.520 --> 01:10:51.750 align:start position:0% Saturn. But what makes Hippoamp special is<01:10:49.760> that<01:10:50.000> it<01:10:50.159> could<01:10:50.400> well<01:10:50.560> be<01:10:50.719> a<01:10:50.960> fragment<01:10:51.520> from 01:10:51.750 --> 01:10:51.760 align:start position:0% is that it could well be a fragment from 01:10:51.760 --> 01:10:53.830 align:start position:0% is that it could well be a fragment from the<01:10:51.920> much<01:10:52.239> larger<01:10:52.640> moon<01:10:52.880> of<01:10:53.040> Neptune, 01:10:53.830 --> 01:10:53.840 align:start position:0% the much larger moon of Neptune, 01:10:53.840 --> 01:10:57.510 align:start position:0% the much larger moon of Neptune, Proteius.<01:10:55.280> The<01:10:55.600> 400<01:10:56.000> km<01:10:56.480> wide<01:10:56.719> moon<01:10:57.199> does 01:10:57.510 --> 01:10:57.520 align:start position:0% Proteius. The 400 km wide moon does 01:10:57.520 --> 01:10:59.669 align:start position:0% Proteius. The 400 km wide moon does indeed<01:10:58.000> look<01:10:58.239> like<01:10:58.480> it<01:10:58.719> had<01:10:58.880> a<01:10:59.040> tumultuous 01:10:59.669 --> 01:10:59.679 align:start position:0% indeed look like it had a tumultuous 01:10:59.679 --> 01:11:03.030 align:start position:0% indeed look like it had a tumultuous past<01:11:00.320> with<01:11:00.640> giant<01:11:01.040> impact<01:11:01.520> craters<01:11:02.000> 50<01:11:02.400> to<01:11:02.719> 100 01:11:03.030 --> 01:11:03.040 align:start position:0% past with giant impact craters 50 to 100 01:11:03.040 --> 01:11:05.510 align:start position:0% past with giant impact craters 50 to 100 km<01:11:03.600> in<01:11:03.760> diameter. 01:11:05.510 --> 01:11:05.520 align:start position:0% km in diameter. 01:11:05.520 --> 01:11:07.189 align:start position:0% km in diameter. One<01:11:05.760> of<01:11:05.920> these<01:11:06.159> collisions<01:11:06.800> likely 01:11:07.189 --> 01:11:07.199 align:start position:0% One of these collisions likely 01:11:07.199 --> 01:11:09.669 align:start position:0% One of these collisions likely fragmented<01:11:07.920> parts<01:11:08.159> of<01:11:08.320> Proteus<01:11:09.120> which<01:11:09.440> then 01:11:09.669 --> 01:11:09.679 align:start position:0% fragmented parts of Proteus which then 01:11:09.679 --> 01:11:12.709 align:start position:0% fragmented parts of Proteus which then fell<01:11:10.000> into<01:11:10.239> orbit<01:11:10.640> around<01:11:10.960> Neptune. 01:11:12.709 --> 01:11:12.719 align:start position:0% fell into orbit around Neptune. 01:11:12.719 --> 01:11:14.709 align:start position:0% fell into orbit around Neptune. Hippoamp<01:11:13.440> is<01:11:13.679> probably<01:11:14.080> the<01:11:14.400> biggest 01:11:14.709 --> 01:11:14.719 align:start position:0% Hippoamp is probably the biggest 01:11:14.719 --> 01:11:18.550 align:start position:0% Hippoamp is probably the biggest fragment<01:11:15.600> as<01:11:15.840> it's<01:11:16.159> an<01:11:16.400> irregular<01:11:17.199> 35<01:11:17.760> km<01:11:18.320> long 01:11:18.550 --> 01:11:18.560 align:start position:0% fragment as it's an irregular 35 km long 01:11:18.560 --> 01:11:21.669 align:start position:0% fragment as it's an irregular 35 km long object<01:11:19.840> and<01:11:20.080> orbits<01:11:20.560> fairly<01:11:20.960> closely<01:11:21.360> to<01:11:21.520> the 01:11:21.669 --> 01:11:21.679 align:start position:0% object and orbits fairly closely to the 01:11:21.679 --> 01:11:24.550 align:start position:0% object and orbits fairly closely to the larger<01:11:22.080> Proteus. 01:11:24.550 --> 01:11:24.560 align:start position:0% larger Proteus. 01:11:24.560 --> 01:11:27.590 align:start position:0% larger Proteus. Finally,<01:11:25.280> there<01:11:25.600> is<01:11:26.000> one<01:11:26.400> last<01:11:26.800> object<01:11:27.199> that 01:11:27.590 --> 01:11:27.600 align:start position:0% Finally, there is one last object that 01:11:27.600 --> 01:11:29.430 align:start position:0% Finally, there is one last object that shares<01:11:27.920> a<01:11:28.239> strange<01:11:28.719> relationship<01:11:29.280> with 01:11:29.430 --> 01:11:29.440 align:start position:0% shares a strange relationship with 01:11:29.440 --> 01:11:32.709 align:start position:0% shares a strange relationship with Neptune.<01:11:30.480> Not<01:11:30.719> quite<01:11:30.880> a<01:11:31.120> moon,<01:11:31.840> but<01:11:32.159> certainly 01:11:32.709 --> 01:11:32.719 align:start position:0% Neptune. Not quite a moon, but certainly 01:11:32.719 --> 01:11:34.390 align:start position:0% Neptune. Not quite a moon, but certainly something<01:11:33.040> that<01:11:33.280> it<01:11:33.520> captured<01:11:34.080> and 01:11:34.390 --> 01:11:34.400 align:start position:0% something that it captured and 01:11:34.400 --> 01:11:39.110 align:start position:0% something that it captured and influenced<01:11:35.040> by<01:11:35.199> its<01:11:35.520> gravity.<01:11:36.800> 2020<01:11:37.760> VN40<01:11:38.880> is 01:11:39.110 --> 01:11:39.120 align:start position:0% influenced by its gravity. 2020 VN40 is 01:11:39.120 --> 01:11:41.750 align:start position:0% influenced by its gravity. 2020 VN40 is a<01:11:39.360> trans<01:11:39.760> Neptunian<01:11:40.480> object<01:11:40.800> that<01:11:41.120> orbits<01:11:41.600> the 01:11:41.750 --> 01:11:41.760 align:start position:0% a trans Neptunian object that orbits the 01:11:41.760 --> 01:11:44.630 align:start position:0% a trans Neptunian object that orbits the sun<01:11:42.080> exactly<01:11:42.560> once<01:11:43.040> for<01:11:43.280> every<01:11:43.600> 10<01:11:44.000> orbits 01:11:44.630 --> 01:11:44.640 align:start position:0% sun exactly once for every 10 orbits 01:11:44.640 --> 01:11:46.950 align:start position:0% sun exactly once for every 10 orbits Neptune<01:11:45.199> completes.<01:11:46.320> For<01:11:46.560> point<01:11:46.719> of 01:11:46.950 --> 01:11:46.960 align:start position:0% Neptune completes. For point of 01:11:46.960 --> 01:11:48.870 align:start position:0% Neptune completes. For point of reference,<01:11:47.520> that<01:11:47.679> means<01:11:47.920> it<01:11:48.080> has<01:11:48.239> an<01:11:48.400> orbital 01:11:48.870 --> 01:11:48.880 align:start position:0% reference, that means it has an orbital 01:11:48.880 --> 01:11:52.470 align:start position:0% reference, that means it has an orbital time<01:11:49.199> around<01:11:49.520> the<01:11:49.760> sun<01:11:50.080> of<01:11:50.560> 1,650 01:11:52.470 --> 01:11:52.480 align:start position:0% time around the sun of 1,650 01:11:52.480 --> 01:11:56.630 align:start position:0% time around the sun of 1,650 years.<01:11:53.520> While<01:11:53.840> Neptune<01:11:54.560> orbits<01:11:55.040> every<01:11:56.000> 165 01:11:56.630 --> 01:11:56.640 align:start position:0% years. While Neptune orbits every 165 01:11:56.640 --> 01:12:00.709 align:start position:0% years. While Neptune orbits every 165 years,<01:11:57.840> 2020<01:11:58.560> VN40's<01:11:59.600> orbital<01:12:00.000> plane<01:12:00.320> is 01:12:00.709 --> 01:12:00.719 align:start position:0% years, 2020 VN40's orbital plane is 01:12:00.719 --> 01:12:03.830 align:start position:0% years, 2020 VN40's orbital plane is highly<01:12:01.120> inclined,<01:12:02.000> but<01:12:02.239> its<01:12:02.560> precise<01:12:03.120> 10:1 01:12:03.830 --> 01:12:03.840 align:start position:0% highly inclined, but its precise 10:1 01:12:03.840 --> 01:12:06.870 align:start position:0% highly inclined, but its precise 10:1 ratio<01:12:04.400> showcases<01:12:05.440> that<01:12:05.679> it<01:12:05.920> is<01:12:06.000> in<01:12:06.480> something 01:12:06.870 --> 01:12:06.880 align:start position:0% ratio showcases that it is in something 01:12:06.880 --> 01:12:09.350 align:start position:0% ratio showcases that it is in something known<01:12:07.120> as<01:12:07.679> an<01:12:08.000> orbital<01:12:08.560> resonance<01:12:09.120> with 01:12:09.350 --> 01:12:09.360 align:start position:0% known as an orbital resonance with 01:12:09.360 --> 01:12:11.990 align:start position:0% known as an orbital resonance with Neptune,<01:12:10.480> captured<01:12:11.040> in<01:12:11.199> a<01:12:11.440> delicate 01:12:11.990 --> 01:12:12.000 align:start position:0% Neptune, captured in a delicate 01:12:12.000 --> 01:12:13.750 align:start position:0% Neptune, captured in a delicate gravitational<01:12:12.719> dance<01:12:13.040> with<01:12:13.280> the<01:12:13.440> larger 01:12:13.750 --> 01:12:13.760 align:start position:0% gravitational dance with the larger 01:12:13.760 --> 01:12:16.709 align:start position:0% gravitational dance with the larger planet.<01:12:14.800> This<01:12:15.040> finding<01:12:15.600> helps<01:12:16.000> showcase<01:12:16.400> the 01:12:16.709 --> 01:12:16.719 align:start position:0% planet. This finding helps showcase the 01:12:16.719 --> 01:12:19.350 align:start position:0% planet. This finding helps showcase the farreaching<01:12:17.520> influence<01:12:18.080> Neptune<01:12:18.560> has<01:12:18.800> on<01:12:19.120> the 01:12:19.350 --> 01:12:19.360 align:start position:0% farreaching influence Neptune has on the 01:12:19.360 --> 01:12:23.430 align:start position:0% farreaching influence Neptune has on the wider<01:12:19.840> solar<01:12:20.159> system. 01:12:23.430 --> 01:12:23.440 align:start position:0% 01:12:23.440 --> 01:12:27.110 align:start position:0% So<01:12:24.239> there<01:12:24.480> you<01:12:24.719> have<01:12:24.800> it.<01:12:25.760> Neptune<01:12:26.400> is<01:12:26.719> a 01:12:27.110 --> 01:12:27.120 align:start position:0% So there you have it. Neptune is a 01:12:27.120 --> 01:12:29.270 align:start position:0% So there you have it. Neptune is a fascinating<01:12:27.920> world<01:12:28.480> that<01:12:28.800> plays<01:12:29.040> an 01:12:29.270 --> 01:12:29.280 align:start position:0% fascinating world that plays an 01:12:29.280 --> 01:12:31.590 align:start position:0% fascinating world that plays an important<01:12:29.679> role<01:12:30.000> in<01:12:30.239> the<01:12:30.400> gravitational<01:12:31.199> tug 01:12:31.590 --> 01:12:31.600 align:start position:0% important role in the gravitational tug 01:12:31.600 --> 01:12:34.550 align:start position:0% important role in the gravitational tug of<01:12:31.840> war<01:12:32.400> at<01:12:32.640> the<01:12:32.880> extreme<01:12:33.440> edges<01:12:33.840> of<01:12:34.000> our<01:12:34.239> solar 01:12:34.550 --> 01:12:34.560 align:start position:0% of war at the extreme edges of our solar 01:12:34.560 --> 01:12:37.590 align:start position:0% of war at the extreme edges of our solar system.<01:12:35.679> Along<01:12:36.000> with<01:12:36.239> Uranus,<01:12:37.120> it's<01:12:37.360> the 01:12:37.590 --> 01:12:37.600 align:start position:0% system. Along with Uranus, it's the 01:12:37.600 --> 01:12:39.669 align:start position:0% system. Along with Uranus, it's the planet<01:12:37.920> we<01:12:38.159> know<01:12:38.400> the<01:12:38.420> [music]<01:12:38.640> least<01:12:38.880> about 01:12:39.669 --> 01:12:39.679 align:start position:0% planet we know the [music] least about 01:12:39.679 --> 01:12:42.149 align:start position:0% planet we know the [music] least about as<01:12:39.920> we<01:12:40.159> have<01:12:40.400> only<01:12:40.640> visited<01:12:41.040> it<01:12:41.280> once<01:12:41.840> and 01:12:42.149 --> 01:12:42.159 align:start position:0% as we have only visited it once and 01:12:42.159 --> 01:12:43.750 align:start position:0% as we have only visited it once and glimpsed<01:12:42.560> it<01:12:42.719> with<01:12:42.960> telescopes 01:12:43.750 --> 01:12:43.760 align:start position:0% glimpsed it with telescopes 01:12:43.760 --> 01:12:45.270 align:start position:0% glimpsed it with telescopes infrequently. 01:12:45.270 --> 01:12:45.280 align:start position:0% infrequently. 01:12:45.280 --> 01:12:47.350 align:start position:0% infrequently. There's<01:12:45.600> still<01:12:46.000> so<01:12:46.400> much<01:12:46.560> for<01:12:46.800> us<01:12:46.960> to<01:12:47.120> learn 01:12:47.350 --> 01:12:47.360 align:start position:0% There's still so much for us to learn 01:12:47.360 --> 01:12:49.350 align:start position:0% There's still so much for us to learn about<01:12:47.600> its<01:12:48.000> weather,<01:12:48.560> its<01:12:48.880> internal 01:12:49.350 --> 01:12:49.360 align:start position:0% about its weather, its internal 01:12:49.360 --> 01:12:52.709 align:start position:0% about its weather, its internal structure,<01:12:50.159> and<01:12:50.400> its<01:12:50.640> moons.<01:12:51.600> Sadly,<01:12:52.400> there 01:12:52.709 --> 01:12:52.719 align:start position:0% structure, and its moons. Sadly, there 01:12:52.719 --> 01:12:54.785 align:start position:0% structure, and its moons. Sadly, there are<01:12:52.960> no<01:12:53.440> confirmed<01:12:54.080> missions<01:12:54.480> planned 01:12:54.785 --> 01:12:54.795 align:start position:0% are no confirmed missions planned 01:12:54.795 --> 01:12:57.350 align:start position:0% are no confirmed missions planned [music]<01:12:54.800> to<01:12:55.040> return<01:12:55.280> to<01:12:55.520> this<01:12:55.920> Azure<01:12:56.560> world. 01:12:57.350 --> 01:12:57.360 align:start position:0% [music] to return to this Azure world. 01:12:57.360 --> 01:12:59.350 align:start position:0% [music] to return to this Azure world. And<01:12:57.520> given<01:12:57.920> NASA's<01:12:58.400> looming<01:12:58.800> financial 01:12:59.350 --> 01:12:59.360 align:start position:0% And given NASA's looming financial 01:12:59.360 --> 01:13:02.550 align:start position:0% And given NASA's looming financial difficulties,<01:13:00.480> none<01:13:00.880> are<01:13:01.040> on<01:13:01.199> the<01:13:01.360> horizon. 01:13:02.550 --> 01:13:02.560 align:start position:0% difficulties, none are on the horizon. 01:13:02.560 --> 01:13:05.189 align:start position:0% difficulties, none are on the horizon. On<01:13:02.800> the<01:13:02.960> other<01:13:03.120> hand,<01:13:03.920> China<01:13:04.400> is<01:13:04.719> considering 01:13:05.189 --> 01:13:05.199 align:start position:0% On the other hand, China is considering 01:13:05.199 --> 01:13:07.910 align:start position:0% On the other hand, China is considering a<01:13:05.440> proposal<01:13:05.920> for<01:13:06.159> a<01:13:06.400> Neptunian<01:13:07.120> probe<01:13:07.600> that 01:13:07.910 --> 01:13:07.920 align:start position:0% a proposal for a Neptunian probe that 01:13:07.920 --> 01:13:11.189 align:start position:0% a proposal for a Neptunian probe that could<01:13:08.159> be<01:13:08.320> launched<01:13:08.719> as<01:13:08.960> soon<01:13:09.199> as<01:13:09.600> 2033. 01:13:11.189 --> 01:13:11.199 align:start position:0% could be launched as soon as 2033. 01:13:11.199 --> 01:13:13.510 align:start position:0% could be launched as soon as 2033. If<01:13:11.360> it<01:13:11.600> goes<01:13:11.760> ahead,<01:13:12.719> who<01:13:13.040> knows<01:13:13.280> what 01:13:13.510 --> 01:13:13.520 align:start position:0% If it goes ahead, who knows what 01:13:13.520 --> 01:13:16.070 align:start position:0% If it goes ahead, who knows what discoveries<01:13:14.080> will<01:13:14.320> be<01:13:14.480> uncovered. 01:13:16.070 --> 01:13:16.080 align:start position:0% discoveries will be uncovered. 01:13:16.080 --> 01:13:19.750 align:start position:0% discoveries will be uncovered. I<01:13:16.560> hope<01:13:16.800> we<01:13:17.120> do<01:13:17.440> see<01:13:17.760> a<01:13:18.000> new<01:13:18.239> mission<01:13:18.640> go<01:13:18.800> ahead. 01:13:19.750 --> 01:13:19.760 align:start position:0% I hope we do see a new mission go ahead. 01:13:19.760 --> 01:13:22.790 align:start position:0% I hope we do see a new mission go ahead. Neptune<01:13:20.400> has<01:13:20.640> so<01:13:20.960> much<01:13:21.199> more<01:13:21.520> story<01:13:21.840> to<01:13:22.000> tell. 01:13:22.790 --> 01:13:22.800 align:start position:0% Neptune has so much more story to tell. 01:13:22.800 --> 01:13:24.870 align:start position:0% Neptune has so much more story to tell. And<01:13:22.960> although<01:13:23.280> it<01:13:23.520> is<01:13:23.840> extremely<01:13:24.480> difficult 01:13:24.870 --> 01:13:24.880 align:start position:0% And although it is extremely difficult 01:13:24.880 --> 01:13:27.510 align:start position:0% And although it is extremely difficult to<01:13:25.120> access,<01:13:25.920> sometimes<01:13:26.560> the<01:13:26.880> best<01:13:27.040> things<01:13:27.199> in 01:13:27.510 --> 01:13:27.520 align:start position:0% to access, sometimes the best things in 01:13:27.520 --> 01:13:29.750 align:start position:0% to access, sometimes the best things in life<01:13:27.760> are<01:13:27.920> the<01:13:28.159> ones<01:13:28.400> that<01:13:28.640> seem<01:13:29.040> just<01:13:29.360> out<01:13:29.600> of 01:13:29.750 --> 01:13:29.760 align:start position:0% life are the ones that seem just out of 01:13:29.760 --> 01:13:32.550 align:start position:0% life are the ones that seem just out of reach.<01:13:30.640> And<01:13:30.800> for<01:13:31.040> us,<01:13:31.360> there<01:13:31.520> is<01:13:31.760> no<01:13:32.080> planet<01:13:32.400> in 01:13:32.550 --> 01:13:32.560 align:start position:0% reach. And for us, there is no planet in 01:13:32.560 --> 01:13:35.030 align:start position:0% reach. And for us, there is no planet in our<01:13:32.800> solar<01:13:33.040> system<01:13:33.440> harder<01:13:33.840> to<01:13:34.080> explore<01:13:34.719> than 01:13:35.030 --> 01:13:35.040 align:start position:0% our solar system harder to explore than 01:13:35.040 --> 01:13:42.550 align:start position:0% our solar system harder to explore than this,<01:13:36.000> the<01:13:36.239> final<01:13:36.640> planet,<01:13:37.760> Neptune. 01:13:38.236 --> 01:13:38.246 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, everywhere else they're 01:13:38.246 --> 01:13:41.806 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, everywhere else they're all<01:14:15.600> gone<01:14:15.920> already.