WEBVTT 00:00.240 --> 00:01.990 align:start position:0% All<00:00:00.320> right,<00:00:00.560> everyone.<00:00:01.120> Here<00:00:01.360> is<00:00:01.520> one<00:00:01.680> of<00:00:01.760> your 00:01.990 --> 00:02.000 align:start position:0% All right, everyone. Here is one of your 00:02.000 --> 00:04.789 align:start position:0% All right, everyone. Here is one of your most<00:00:02.399> asked<00:00:02.800> for<00:00:03.120> videos.<00:00:04.160> Everything<00:00:04.560> you 00:04.789 --> 00:04.799 align:start position:0% most asked for videos. Everything you 00:04.799 --> 00:06.710 align:start position:0% most asked for videos. Everything you could<00:00:04.960> want<00:00:05.120> to<00:00:05.279> know<00:00:05.600> about<00:00:05.839> the<00:00:06.080> Trappist 00:06.710 --> 00:06.720 align:start position:0% could want to know about the Trappist 00:06.720 --> 00:09.509 align:start position:0% could want to know about the Trappist system.<00:00:07.839> And<00:00:08.000> I<00:00:08.160> can<00:00:08.320> see<00:00:08.559> why<00:00:08.880> there<00:00:09.120> is<00:00:09.280> so 00:09.509 --> 00:09.519 align:start position:0% system. And I can see why there is so 00:09.519 --> 00:11.669 align:start position:0% system. And I can see why there is so much<00:00:09.840> interest.<00:00:10.480> It<00:00:10.639> is<00:00:10.800> such<00:00:11.040> a<00:00:11.200> unique 00:11.669 --> 00:11.679 align:start position:0% much interest. It is such a unique 00:11.679 --> 00:13.589 align:start position:0% much interest. It is such a unique system<00:00:12.080> compared<00:00:12.480> to<00:00:12.639> anything<00:00:13.040> else<00:00:13.200> that<00:00:13.440> we 00:13.589 --> 00:13.599 align:start position:0% system compared to anything else that we 00:13.599 --> 00:15.589 align:start position:0% system compared to anything else that we know<00:00:13.759> of.<00:00:14.240> An<00:00:14.480> entire<00:00:14.799> solar<00:00:15.200> system 00:15.589 --> 00:15.599 align:start position:0% know of. An entire solar system 00:15.599 --> 00:17.510 align:start position:0% know of. An entire solar system contained<00:00:16.080> well<00:00:16.320> within<00:00:16.560> the<00:00:16.720> distance<00:00:17.199> of 00:17.510 --> 00:17.520 align:start position:0% contained well within the distance of 00:17.520 --> 00:20.390 align:start position:0% contained well within the distance of Mercury<00:00:18.080> and<00:00:18.160> the<00:00:18.320> sun.<00:00:19.600> It<00:00:19.840> is<00:00:20.000> one<00:00:20.160> of<00:00:20.240> the 00:20.390 --> 00:20.400 align:start position:0% Mercury and the sun. It is one of the 00:20.400 --> 00:22.230 align:start position:0% Mercury and the sun. It is one of the closest<00:00:20.880> places<00:00:21.199> to<00:00:21.359> us<00:00:21.520> that<00:00:21.760> could<00:00:21.920> harbor 00:22.230 --> 00:22.240 align:start position:0% closest places to us that could harbor 00:22.240 --> 00:24.630 align:start position:0% closest places to us that could harbor alien<00:00:22.640> life<00:00:22.880> outside<00:00:23.279> the<00:00:23.439> solar<00:00:23.760> system.<00:00:24.400> It 00:24.630 --> 00:24.640 align:start position:0% alien life outside the solar system. It 00:24.640 --> 00:27.269 align:start position:0% alien life outside the solar system. It being<00:00:24.960> only<00:00:25.199> 40<00:00:25.519> light<00:00:25.760> years<00:00:26.000> away<00:00:26.240> from<00:00:26.400> us. 00:27.269 --> 00:27.279 align:start position:0% being only 40 light years away from us. 00:27.279 --> 00:29.109 align:start position:0% being only 40 light years away from us. That<00:00:27.519> means<00:00:27.760> we<00:00:28.000> won't<00:00:28.240> be<00:00:28.400> visiting<00:00:28.800> it 00:29.109 --> 00:29.119 align:start position:0% That means we won't be visiting it 00:29.119 --> 00:31.509 align:start position:0% That means we won't be visiting it anytime<00:00:29.599> soon,<00:00:30.480> but<00:00:30.640> with<00:00:31.039> improved 00:31.509 --> 00:31.519 align:start position:0% anytime soon, but with improved 00:31.519 --> 00:33.590 align:start position:0% anytime soon, but with improved technology<00:00:32.079> from<00:00:32.320> the<00:00:32.559> James<00:00:32.880> Webb<00:00:33.280> Space 00:33.590 --> 00:33.600 align:start position:0% technology from the James Webb Space 00:33.600 --> 00:35.750 align:start position:0% technology from the James Webb Space Telescope,<00:00:34.480> we'll<00:00:34.800> be<00:00:34.960> able<00:00:35.120> to<00:00:35.280> gain<00:00:35.520> an 00:35.750 --> 00:35.760 align:start position:0% Telescope, we'll be able to gain an 00:35.760 --> 00:37.750 align:start position:0% Telescope, we'll be able to gain an insight<00:00:36.160> into<00:00:36.399> another<00:00:36.800> solar<00:00:37.120> system<00:00:37.440> like 00:37.750 --> 00:37.760 align:start position:0% insight into another solar system like 00:37.760 --> 00:40.069 align:start position:0% insight into another solar system like never<00:00:38.079> before. 00:40.069 --> 00:40.079 align:start position:0% never before. 00:40.079 --> 00:41.910 align:start position:0% never before. I'm<00:00:40.320> Alex<00:00:40.640> Mccoan<00:00:41.280> and<00:00:41.440> you're<00:00:41.680> watching 00:41.910 --> 00:41.920 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:41.920 --> 00:43.990 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:00:42.800> And<00:00:42.960> together<00:00:43.280> we<00:00:43.520> will<00:00:43.680> go<00:00:43.840> through 00:43.990 --> 00:44.000 align:start position:0% Astramm. And together we will go through 00:44.000 --> 00:46.790 align:start position:0% Astramm. And together we will go through the<00:00:44.239> Trappist<00:00:44.719> system<00:00:45.280> and<00:00:45.680> see<00:00:45.920> why<00:00:46.160> it<00:00:46.399> is<00:00:46.559> so 00:46.790 --> 00:46.800 align:start position:0% the Trappist system and see why it is so 00:46.800 --> 00:49.830 align:start position:0% the Trappist system and see why it is so special. 00:49.830 --> 00:49.840 align:start position:0% 00:49.840 --> 00:51.750 align:start position:0% Let's<00:00:50.160> begin<00:00:50.399> at<00:00:50.640> the<00:00:50.800> heart<00:00:51.039> of<00:00:51.120> the<00:00:51.280> Trappist 00:51.750 --> 00:51.760 align:start position:0% Let's begin at the heart of the Trappist 00:51.760 --> 00:55.350 align:start position:0% Let's begin at the heart of the Trappist system.<00:00:52.239> Trappist<00:00:52.879> one<00:00:53.199> itself.<00:00:54.640> The<00:00:54.960> ultra 00:55.350 --> 00:55.360 align:start position:0% system. Trappist one itself. The ultra 00:55.360 --> 00:58.549 align:start position:0% system. Trappist one itself. The ultra cool<00:00:55.680> red<00:00:56.000> dwarf<00:00:56.480> star.<00:00:57.520> A<00:00:57.680> star<00:00:58.000> which<00:00:58.239> is 00:58.549 --> 00:58.559 align:start position:0% cool red dwarf star. A star which is 00:58.559 --> 01:00.790 align:start position:0% cool red dwarf star. A star which is just<00:00:58.800> a<00:00:59.120> little<00:00:59.280> bit<00:00:59.440> bigger<00:00:59.760> than<00:01:00.000> Jupiter 01:00.790 --> 01:00.800 align:start position:0% just a little bit bigger than Jupiter 01:00.800 --> 01:03.430 align:start position:0% just a little bit bigger than Jupiter but<00:01:01.120> a<00:01:01.359> lot<00:01:01.440> more<00:01:01.680> massive. 01:03.430 --> 01:03.440 align:start position:0% but a lot more massive. 01:03.440 --> 01:05.910 align:start position:0% but a lot more massive. Red<00:01:03.680> dwarf<00:01:04.159> stars<00:01:04.799> are<00:01:05.040> the<00:01:05.280> most<00:01:05.439> common<00:01:05.760> type 01:05.910 --> 01:05.920 align:start position:0% Red dwarf stars are the most common type 01:05.920 --> 01:08.469 align:start position:0% Red dwarf stars are the most common type of<00:01:06.159> star<00:01:06.400> in<00:01:06.640> the<00:01:06.799> galaxy.<00:01:07.680> Even<00:01:07.920> our<00:01:08.159> closest 01:08.469 --> 01:08.479 align:start position:0% of star in the galaxy. Even our closest 01:08.479 --> 01:11.990 align:start position:0% of star in the galaxy. Even our closest neighbor<00:01:09.040> Proxima<00:01:09.600> Centuri<00:01:10.400> is<00:01:10.640> a<00:01:10.799> red<00:01:11.040> dwarf, 01:11.990 --> 01:12.000 align:start position:0% neighbor Proxima Centuri is a red dwarf, 01:12.000 --> 01:17.190 align:start position:0% neighbor Proxima Centuri is a red dwarf, as<00:01:12.159> is<00:01:12.799> 50<00:01:13.200> of<00:01:13.439> the<00:01:13.680> closest<00:01:14.159> 60<00:01:14.640> stars<00:01:14.960> to<00:01:15.200> us. 01:17.190 --> 01:17.200 align:start position:0% as is 50 of the closest 60 stars to us. 01:17.200 --> 01:19.510 align:start position:0% as is 50 of the closest 60 stars to us. Being<00:01:17.520> so<00:01:17.759> cool<00:01:18.479> means<00:01:18.799> they<00:01:19.040> are<00:01:19.280> very 01:19.510 --> 01:19.520 align:start position:0% Being so cool means they are very 01:19.520 --> 01:22.070 align:start position:0% Being so cool means they are very longived.<00:01:20.560> Stella<00:01:21.040> models<00:01:21.360> suggest<00:01:21.840> they 01:22.070 --> 01:22.080 align:start position:0% longived. Stella models suggest they 01:22.080 --> 01:24.390 align:start position:0% longived. Stella models suggest they could<00:01:22.240> exist<00:01:22.560> for<00:01:22.880> trillions<00:01:23.439> of<00:01:23.600> years, 01:24.390 --> 01:24.400 align:start position:0% could exist for trillions of years, 01:24.400 --> 01:26.390 align:start position:0% could exist for trillions of years, which<00:01:24.640> is<00:01:24.799> far<00:01:25.200> more<00:01:25.439> than<00:01:25.600> the<00:01:25.840> current<00:01:26.080> age 01:26.390 --> 01:26.400 align:start position:0% which is far more than the current age 01:26.400 --> 01:28.950 align:start position:0% which is far more than the current age of<00:01:26.560> the<00:01:26.720> universe.<00:01:28.080> Although<00:01:28.400> there<00:01:28.560> are<00:01:28.720> many 01:28.950 --> 01:28.960 align:start position:0% of the universe. Although there are many 01:28.960 --> 01:31.030 align:start position:0% of the universe. Although there are many known<00:01:29.280> red<00:01:29.520> dwarfs<00:01:29.920> with<00:01:30.080> exoplanets<00:01:30.799> around 01:31.030 --> 01:31.040 align:start position:0% known red dwarfs with exoplanets around 01:31.040 --> 01:34.069 align:start position:0% known red dwarfs with exoplanets around them,<00:01:31.840> typically<00:01:32.479> red<00:01:32.720> dwarfs<00:01:33.280> are<00:01:33.439> dubious 01:34.069 --> 01:34.079 align:start position:0% them, typically red dwarfs are dubious 01:34.079 --> 01:37.030 align:start position:0% them, typically red dwarfs are dubious candidates<00:01:34.560> to<00:01:34.799> have<00:01:35.040> life.<00:01:36.159> This<00:01:36.479> is<00:01:36.640> because 01:37.030 --> 01:37.040 align:start position:0% candidates to have life. This is because 01:37.040 --> 01:39.830 align:start position:0% candidates to have life. This is because the<00:01:37.360> Goldilock<00:01:38.079> zone<00:01:38.640> or<00:01:38.960> the<00:01:39.200> distance<00:01:39.600> from 01:39.830 --> 01:39.840 align:start position:0% the Goldilock zone or the distance from 01:39.840 --> 01:42.630 align:start position:0% the Goldilock zone or the distance from the<00:01:40.000> star<00:01:40.720> where<00:01:41.119> water<00:01:41.520> could<00:01:41.840> theoretically 01:42.630 --> 01:42.640 align:start position:0% the star where water could theoretically 01:42.640 --> 01:45.030 align:start position:0% the star where water could theoretically pull<00:01:43.040> on<00:01:43.280> the<00:01:43.439> planet's<00:01:43.840> surface<00:01:44.799> is 01:45.030 --> 01:45.040 align:start position:0% pull on the planet's surface is 01:45.040 --> 01:48.230 align:start position:0% pull on the planet's surface is extremely<00:01:45.680> close<00:01:45.920> to<00:01:46.079> the<00:01:46.320> parent<00:01:46.640> star. 01:48.230 --> 01:48.240 align:start position:0% extremely close to the parent star. 01:48.240 --> 01:50.550 align:start position:0% extremely close to the parent star. Meaning<00:01:48.560> any<00:01:48.799> exoplanets<00:01:49.600> orbiting<00:01:50.079> in<00:01:50.320> this 01:50.550 --> 01:50.560 align:start position:0% Meaning any exoplanets orbiting in this 01:50.560 --> 01:53.910 align:start position:0% Meaning any exoplanets orbiting in this zone<00:01:50.880> are<00:01:51.200> likely<00:01:51.600> tidily<00:01:52.159> locked. 01:53.910 --> 01:53.920 align:start position:0% zone are likely tidily locked. 01:53.920 --> 01:55.910 align:start position:0% zone are likely tidily locked. This<00:01:54.159> means<00:01:54.479> one<00:01:54.720> side<00:01:54.960> of<00:01:55.119> the<00:01:55.280> planet<00:01:55.680> would 01:55.910 --> 01:55.920 align:start position:0% This means one side of the planet would 01:55.920 --> 01:58.230 align:start position:0% This means one side of the planet would always<00:01:56.240> be<00:01:56.479> facing<00:01:56.880> the<00:01:57.040> star<00:01:57.680> and<00:01:57.840> the<00:01:58.079> other 01:58.230 --> 01:58.240 align:start position:0% always be facing the star and the other 01:58.240 --> 02:00.709 align:start position:0% always be facing the star and the other side<00:01:58.479> would<00:01:58.640> be<00:01:58.719> in<00:01:58.960> perpetual<00:01:59.600> night.<00:02:00.479> The 02:00.709 --> 02:00.719 align:start position:0% side would be in perpetual night. The 02:00.719 --> 02:02.469 align:start position:0% side would be in perpetual night. The night<00:02:01.040> side<00:02:01.439> would<00:02:01.680> be<00:02:01.840> cold<00:02:02.079> enough<00:02:02.240> for 02:02.469 --> 02:02.479 align:start position:0% night side would be cold enough for 02:02.479 --> 02:05.590 align:start position:0% night side would be cold enough for gases<00:02:02.880> in<00:02:03.040> the<00:02:03.119> atmosphere<00:02:03.600> to<00:02:03.840> freeze. 02:05.590 --> 02:05.600 align:start position:0% gases in the atmosphere to freeze. 02:05.600 --> 02:08.389 align:start position:0% gases in the atmosphere to freeze. Also,<00:02:06.240> red<00:02:06.560> dwarf<00:02:06.960> stars<00:02:07.280> are<00:02:07.520> often<00:02:07.920> flare 02:08.389 --> 02:08.399 align:start position:0% Also, red dwarf stars are often flare 02:08.399 --> 02:10.469 align:start position:0% Also, red dwarf stars are often flare stars<00:02:09.200> or<00:02:09.440> stars<00:02:09.759> that<00:02:09.920> can<00:02:10.080> have<00:02:10.239> their 02:10.469 --> 02:10.479 align:start position:0% stars or stars that can have their 02:10.479 --> 02:13.030 align:start position:0% stars or stars that can have their brightness<00:02:11.039> increase<00:02:11.440> very<00:02:11.840> rapidly,<00:02:12.640> two 02:13.030 --> 02:13.040 align:start position:0% brightness increase very rapidly, two 02:13.040 --> 02:14.790 align:start position:0% brightness increase very rapidly, two magnitudes<00:02:13.840> brighter<00:02:14.239> than<00:02:14.400> they<00:02:14.640> are 02:14.790 --> 02:14.800 align:start position:0% magnitudes brighter than they are 02:14.800 --> 02:17.270 align:start position:0% magnitudes brighter than they are normally. 02:17.270 --> 02:17.280 align:start position:0% normally. 02:17.280 --> 02:19.350 align:start position:0% normally. This<00:02:17.520> is<00:02:17.680> similar<00:02:18.000> in<00:02:18.239> a<00:02:18.400> way<00:02:18.560> to<00:02:18.800> a<00:02:19.040> solar 02:19.350 --> 02:19.360 align:start position:0% This is similar in a way to a solar 02:19.360 --> 02:22.150 align:start position:0% This is similar in a way to a solar flare<00:02:19.680> on<00:02:19.840> our<00:02:20.080> sun,<00:02:20.640> but<00:02:20.879> on<00:02:21.120> a<00:02:21.360> much<00:02:21.599> grander 02:22.150 --> 02:22.160 align:start position:0% flare on our sun, but on a much grander 02:22.160 --> 02:24.229 align:start position:0% flare on our sun, but on a much grander scale. 02:24.229 --> 02:24.239 align:start position:0% scale. 02:24.239 --> 02:26.070 align:start position:0% scale. This<00:02:24.480> variation<00:02:24.959> in<00:02:25.280> temperatures<00:02:25.760> and 02:26.070 --> 02:26.080 align:start position:0% This variation in temperatures and 02:26.080 --> 02:28.470 align:start position:0% This variation in temperatures and radiation<00:02:26.879> is<00:02:27.200> not<00:02:27.520> good<00:02:27.760> for<00:02:28.000> life<00:02:28.239> to 02:28.470 --> 02:28.480 align:start position:0% radiation is not good for life to 02:28.480 --> 02:31.670 align:start position:0% radiation is not good for life to develop<00:02:28.800> on<00:02:29.040> any<00:02:29.200> planets<00:02:29.599> nearby 02:31.670 --> 02:31.680 align:start position:0% develop on any planets nearby 02:31.680 --> 02:33.270 align:start position:0% develop on any planets nearby or<00:02:32.000> for<00:02:32.239> planets<00:02:32.640> retaining<00:02:33.120> their 02:33.270 --> 02:33.280 align:start position:0% or for planets retaining their 02:33.280 --> 02:36.869 align:start position:0% or for planets retaining their atmospheres<00:02:33.920> during<00:02:34.160> a<00:02:34.400> huge<00:02:34.640> flare. 02:36.869 --> 02:36.879 align:start position:0% atmospheres during a huge flare. 02:36.879 --> 02:39.509 align:start position:0% atmospheres during a huge flare. Trappist<00:02:37.519> one,<00:02:37.840> however,<00:02:38.640> while<00:02:38.879> being<00:02:39.120> a<00:02:39.360> red 02:39.509 --> 02:39.519 align:start position:0% Trappist one, however, while being a red 02:39.519 --> 02:42.229 align:start position:0% Trappist one, however, while being a red dwarf,<00:02:40.319> does<00:02:40.560> not<00:02:40.800> flare<00:02:41.120> up<00:02:41.360> as<00:02:41.599> much<00:02:41.760> as<00:02:42.000> its 02:42.229 --> 02:42.239 align:start position:0% dwarf, does not flare up as much as its 02:42.239 --> 02:45.270 align:start position:0% dwarf, does not flare up as much as its other<00:02:42.480> red<00:02:42.720> dwarf<00:02:43.200> cousins.<00:02:44.319> 30<00:02:44.640> times<00:02:44.959> less 02:45.270 --> 02:45.280 align:start position:0% other red dwarf cousins. 30 times less 02:45.280 --> 02:47.910 align:start position:0% other red dwarf cousins. 30 times less than<00:02:45.440> a<00:02:45.680> typical<00:02:46.000> red<00:02:46.239> dwarf<00:02:46.640> star.<00:02:47.440> Great<00:02:47.680> for 02:47.910 --> 02:47.920 align:start position:0% than a typical red dwarf star. Great for 02:47.920 --> 02:49.830 align:start position:0% than a typical red dwarf star. Great for the<00:02:48.080> chances<00:02:48.480> that<00:02:48.720> atmospheres<00:02:49.360> exist<00:02:49.680> on 02:49.830 --> 02:49.840 align:start position:0% the chances that atmospheres exist on 02:49.840 --> 02:52.630 align:start position:0% the chances that atmospheres exist on the<00:02:50.000> exoplanets<00:02:50.720> around<00:02:50.959> the<00:02:51.200> star. 02:52.630 --> 02:52.640 align:start position:0% the exoplanets around the star. 02:52.640 --> 02:54.630 align:start position:0% the exoplanets around the star. All<00:02:52.879> the<00:02:53.040> exoplanets<00:02:53.760> are<00:02:53.920> likely<00:02:54.239> to<00:02:54.400> be 02:54.630 --> 02:54.640 align:start position:0% All the exoplanets are likely to be 02:54.640 --> 02:56.869 align:start position:0% All the exoplanets are likely to be tidily<00:02:55.200> locked<00:02:55.519> to<00:02:55.680> the<00:02:55.760> parent<00:02:56.080> star,<00:02:56.480> though 02:56.869 --> 02:56.879 align:start position:0% tidily locked to the parent star, though 02:56.879 --> 02:59.670 align:start position:0% tidily locked to the parent star, though something<00:02:57.120> we'll<00:02:57.440> come<00:02:57.519> on<00:02:57.680> to<00:02:57.920> later. 02:59.670 --> 02:59.680 align:start position:0% something we'll come on to later. 02:59.680 --> 03:01.750 align:start position:0% something we'll come on to later. Which<00:02:59.920> leads<00:03:00.239> us<00:03:00.400> nicely<00:03:00.879> to<00:03:01.040> the<00:03:01.200> planets<00:03:01.519> of 03:01.750 --> 03:01.760 align:start position:0% Which leads us nicely to the planets of 03:01.760 --> 03:04.869 align:start position:0% Which leads us nicely to the planets of Trappist<00:03:02.400> 1.<00:03:03.200> Trappist<00:03:03.760> one<00:03:03.920> has<00:03:04.159> astounded 03:04.869 --> 03:04.879 align:start position:0% Trappist 1. Trappist one has astounded 03:04.879 --> 03:07.910 align:start position:0% Trappist 1. Trappist one has astounded scientists<00:03:05.680> in<00:03:06.000> that<00:03:06.159> it<00:03:06.400> has<00:03:06.800> seven<00:03:07.440> known 03:07.910 --> 03:07.920 align:start position:0% scientists in that it has seven known 03:07.920 --> 03:10.630 align:start position:0% scientists in that it has seven known Earth-sized<00:03:08.640> planets<00:03:09.120> orbiting<00:03:09.599> it. 03:10.630 --> 03:10.640 align:start position:0% Earth-sized planets orbiting it. 03:10.640 --> 03:13.030 align:start position:0% Earth-sized planets orbiting it. Optimistically<00:03:11.599> speaking,<00:03:12.319> six<00:03:12.560> out<00:03:12.800> of<00:03:12.879> the 03:13.030 --> 03:13.040 align:start position:0% Optimistically speaking, six out of the 03:13.040 --> 03:15.270 align:start position:0% Optimistically speaking, six out of the seven<00:03:13.360> planets<00:03:13.840> orbit<00:03:14.319> within<00:03:14.640> the<00:03:14.800> systems 03:15.270 --> 03:15.280 align:start position:0% seven planets orbit within the systems 03:15.280 --> 03:17.910 align:start position:0% seven planets orbit within the systems Goldilock<00:03:15.920> zone.<00:03:16.959> This<00:03:17.200> was<00:03:17.440> quite<00:03:17.680> the 03:17.910 --> 03:17.920 align:start position:0% Goldilock zone. This was quite the 03:17.920 --> 03:20.470 align:start position:0% Goldilock zone. This was quite the revelation<00:03:18.560> given<00:03:18.879> how<00:03:19.280> key<00:03:19.680> liquid<00:03:20.080> water<00:03:20.319> is 03:20.470 --> 03:20.480 align:start position:0% revelation given how key liquid water is 03:20.480 --> 03:23.042 align:start position:0% revelation given how key liquid water is to<00:03:20.720> life<00:03:21.200> and<00:03:21.440> one<00:03:21.599> that<00:03:21.840> I<00:03:22.080> imagine<00:03:22.640> came<00:03:22.879> with 03:23.042 --> 03:23.052 align:start position:0% to life and one that I imagine came with 03:23.052 --> 03:24.790 align:start position:0% to life and one that I imagine came with [music]<00:03:23.120> a<00:03:23.360> huge<00:03:23.680> sense<00:03:23.840> of<00:03:24.080> satisfaction<00:03:24.560> for 03:24.790 --> 03:24.800 align:start position:0% [music] a huge sense of satisfaction for 03:24.800 --> 03:27.110 align:start position:0% [music] a huge sense of satisfaction for the<00:03:24.959> scientists<00:03:25.360> who<00:03:25.519> discovered<00:03:25.920> it.<00:03:26.560> If<00:03:26.800> you 03:25.740 --> 03:28.050 align:start position:0% system where these planets are so close together,<00:04:43.759> the<00:04:44.000> furthest<00:04:44.400> our<00:04:44.720> planet<00:04:45.120> still 03:28.050 --> 03:28.060 align:start position:0% together, the furthest our planet still 03:28.060 --> 03:30.609 align:start position:0% together, the furthest our planet still only<00:04:45.600> orbits<00:04:46.000> at<00:04:46.160> roughly<00:04:46.560> 9<00:04:46.960> km<00:04:47.520> away<00:04:47.759> from 03:30.609 --> 03:30.619 align:start position:0% only orbits at roughly 9 km away from 03:30.619 --> 03:32.930 align:start position:0% only orbits at roughly 9 km away from the<00:04:48.080> star.<00:04:48.560> And<00:04:48.720> in<00:04:49.040> comparison,<00:04:49.759> Mercury 03:32.930 --> 03:32.940 align:start position:0% the star. And in comparison, Mercury 03:32.940 --> 03:36.530 align:start position:0% the star. And in comparison, Mercury orbits<00:04:50.720> our<00:04:51.040> star<00:04:51.280> at<00:04:51.680> 58<00:04:52.320> million<00:04:52.639> km.<00:04:53.600> Let's 03:36.530 --> 03:36.540 align:start position:0% orbits our star at 58 million km. Let's 03:36.540 --> 03:38.609 align:start position:0% orbits our star at 58 million km. Let's go<00:04:54.000> through<00:04:54.320> what<00:04:54.560> we<00:04:54.720> know<00:04:54.960> about<00:04:55.360> each<00:04:55.680> of 03:38.609 --> 03:38.619 align:start position:0% go through what we know about each of 03:38.619 --> 03:41.570 align:start position:0% go through what we know about each of Trappist<00:04:56.560> exoplanets.<00:04:57.840> It<00:04:58.160> should<00:04:58.320> be<00:04:58.479> noted 03:41.570 --> 03:41.580 align:start position:0% Trappist exoplanets. It should be noted 03:41.580 --> 03:43.570 align:start position:0% Trappist exoplanets. It should be noted though<00:04:59.280> that<00:04:59.600> our<00:04:59.840> current<00:05:00.160> observations 03:43.570 --> 03:43.580 align:start position:0% though that our current observations 03:43.580 --> 03:45.970 align:start position:0% though that our current observations aren't<00:05:01.280> going<00:05:01.440> to<00:05:01.600> be<00:05:01.759> perfect<00:05:02.400> and<00:05:02.720> will<00:05:03.040> only 03:45.970 --> 03:45.980 align:start position:0% aren't going to be perfect and will only 03:45.980 --> 03:48.210 align:start position:0% aren't going to be perfect and will only improve<00:05:03.600> as<00:05:03.840> time<00:05:04.080> goes<00:05:04.320> on,<00:05:04.960> but<00:05:05.199> this<00:05:05.440> is 03:48.210 --> 03:48.220 align:start position:0% improve as time goes on, but this is 03:48.220 --> 03:53.250 align:start position:0% improve as time goes on, but this is what<00:05:05.680> we<00:05:05.919> think<00:05:06.240> at<00:05:06.639> this<00:05:06.880> point<00:05:07.120> in<00:05:07.440> time. 03:53.250 --> 03:53.260 align:start position:0% 03:53.260 --> 03:56.130 align:start position:0% Trappist<00:05:11.120> 1b,<00:05:12.160> the<00:05:12.400> closest<00:05:12.800> planet<00:05:13.120> to<00:05:13.280> the 03:56.130 --> 03:56.140 align:start position:0% Trappist 1b, the closest planet to the 03:56.140 --> 03:58.770 align:start position:0% Trappist 1b, the closest planet to the star.<00:05:14.320> It<00:05:14.479> is<00:05:14.639> slightly<00:05:15.039> larger<00:05:15.360> than<00:05:15.600> Earth, 03:58.770 --> 03:58.780 align:start position:0% star. It is slightly larger than Earth, 03:58.780 --> 04:01.810 align:start position:0% star. It is slightly larger than Earth, but<00:05:16.400> with<00:05:16.639> the<00:05:16.880> same<00:05:17.039> mass,<00:05:18.320> meaning<00:05:18.720> surface 04:01.810 --> 04:01.820 align:start position:0% but with the same mass, meaning surface 04:01.820 --> 04:04.130 align:start position:0% but with the same mass, meaning surface gravity<00:05:19.520> would<00:05:19.759> be<00:05:19.919> about<00:05:20.160> 80%<00:05:20.720> of<00:05:20.960> Earth's, 04:04.130 --> 04:04.140 align:start position:0% gravity would be about 80% of Earth's, 04:04.140 --> 04:06.690 align:start position:0% gravity would be about 80% of Earth's, quite<00:05:21.759> similar<00:05:22.000> to<00:05:22.160> Venus.<00:05:23.280> It<00:05:23.520> is<00:05:23.680> also 04:06.690 --> 04:06.700 align:start position:0% quite similar to Venus. It is also 04:06.700 --> 04:08.530 align:start position:0% quite similar to Venus. It is also similar<00:05:24.320> to<00:05:24.479> Venus<00:05:24.880> in<00:05:25.120> that<00:05:25.280> it<00:05:25.520> has 04:08.530 --> 04:08.540 align:start position:0% similar to Venus in that it has 04:08.540 --> 04:11.090 align:start position:0% similar to Venus in that it has extremely<00:05:26.560> thick<00:05:26.960> atmosphere,<00:05:27.919> potentially 04:11.090 --> 04:11.100 align:start position:0% extremely thick atmosphere, potentially 04:11.100 --> 04:13.729 align:start position:0% extremely thick atmosphere, potentially full<00:05:28.639> of<00:05:28.800> CO2.<00:05:29.919> Meaning<00:05:30.240> that<00:05:30.479> because<00:05:30.800> this 04:13.729 --> 04:13.739 align:start position:0% full of CO2. Meaning that because this 04:13.739 --> 04:16.850 align:start position:0% full of CO2. Meaning that because this planet<00:05:31.440> only<00:05:31.759> orbits<00:05:32.400> 1.7<00:05:33.199> million<00:05:33.520> km<00:05:34.000> from 04:16.850 --> 04:16.860 align:start position:0% planet only orbits 1.7 million km from 04:16.860 --> 04:20.210 align:start position:0% planet only orbits 1.7 million km from the<00:05:34.320> star,<00:05:35.039> it's<00:05:35.280> going<00:05:35.440> to<00:05:35.600> be<00:05:35.759> really<00:05:36.160> hot.<00:05:37.280> A 04:20.210 --> 04:20.220 align:start position:0% the star, it's going to be really hot. A 04:20.220 --> 04:25.090 align:start position:0% the star, it's going to be really hot. A year<00:05:37.680> on<00:05:37.840> Trappist<00:05:38.320> 1b<00:05:38.880> lasts<00:05:39.280> only<00:05:39.759> 36<00:05:40.560> hours. 04:25.090 --> 04:25.100 align:start position:0% year on Trappist 1b lasts only 36 hours. 04:25.100 --> 04:27.250 align:start position:0% year on Trappist 1b lasts only 36 hours. This<00:05:42.639> atmosphere<00:05:43.360> could<00:05:43.600> also<00:05:43.919> be<00:05:44.080> rich<00:05:44.320> in 04:27.250 --> 04:27.260 align:start position:0% This atmosphere could also be rich in 04:27.260 --> 04:29.970 align:start position:0% This atmosphere could also be rich in water<00:05:45.360> and<00:05:45.680> surface<00:05:46.160> pressure<00:05:46.560> is<00:05:46.800> likely<00:05:47.120> to 04:29.970 --> 04:29.980 align:start position:0% water and surface pressure is likely to 04:29.980 --> 04:33.889 align:start position:0% water and surface pressure is likely to be<00:05:47.680> 10,000<00:05:48.560> times<00:05:48.960> greater<00:05:49.360> than<00:05:49.600> Earth. 04:33.889 --> 04:33.899 align:start position:0% be 10,000 times greater than Earth. 04:33.899 --> 04:36.210 align:start position:0% be 10,000 times greater than Earth. With<00:05:51.520> such<00:05:51.759> close<00:05:52.160> proximity<00:05:52.639> to<00:05:52.880> the<00:05:53.039> star 04:36.210 --> 04:36.220 align:start position:0% With such close proximity to the star 04:36.220 --> 04:38.930 align:start position:0% With such close proximity to the star and<00:05:53.919> significant<00:05:54.639> greenhouse<00:05:55.199> gases, 04:38.930 --> 04:38.940 align:start position:0% and significant greenhouse gases, 04:38.940 --> 04:40.770 align:start position:0% and significant greenhouse gases, surface<00:05:56.720> temperature<00:05:57.120> is<00:05:57.360> thought<00:05:57.600> to<00:05:57.759> be 04:40.770 --> 04:40.780 align:start position:0% surface temperature is thought to be 04:40.780 --> 04:46.130 align:start position:0% surface temperature is thought to be between<00:05:58.639> 500<00:05:59.600> and<00:06:00.000> 1,700<00:06:01.440> C.<00:06:02.639> Not<00:06:02.880> the<00:06:03.120> ideal 04:46.130 --> 04:46.140 align:start position:0% between 500 and 1,700 C. Not the ideal 04:46.140 --> 04:50.449 align:start position:0% between 500 and 1,700 C. Not the ideal place<00:06:03.759> for<00:06:04.080> our<00:06:04.479> type<00:06:04.639> of<00:06:04.800> life.<00:06:05.120> Then 04:50.449 --> 04:50.459 align:start position:0% place for our type of life. Then 04:50.459 --> 04:53.570 align:start position:0% place for our type of life. Then Trappist<00:06:08.319> 1C<00:06:08.960> is<00:06:09.199> the<00:06:09.360> next<00:06:09.600> planet<00:06:10.319> orbiting 04:53.570 --> 04:53.580 align:start position:0% Trappist 1C is the next planet orbiting 04:53.580 --> 04:57.329 align:start position:0% Trappist 1C is the next planet orbiting at<00:06:11.280> 2.4<00:06:12.080> million<00:06:12.479> km<00:06:13.039> away<00:06:13.280> from<00:06:13.440> the<00:06:13.600> star. 04:57.329 --> 04:57.339 align:start position:0% at 2.4 million km away from the star. 04:57.339 --> 05:00.850 align:start position:0% at 2.4 million km away from the star. Its<00:06:14.960> year<00:06:15.280> lasts<00:06:15.919> 58<00:06:16.560> hours. 05:00.850 --> 05:00.860 align:start position:0% Its year lasts 58 hours. 05:00.860 --> 05:03.090 align:start position:0% Its year lasts 58 hours. At<00:06:18.400> this<00:06:18.639> distance<00:06:19.039> out,<00:06:19.680> it<00:06:19.919> is<00:06:20.080> getting 05:03.090 --> 05:03.100 align:start position:0% At this distance out, it is getting 05:03.100 --> 05:05.250 align:start position:0% At this distance out, it is getting about<00:06:20.880> two<00:06:21.039> times<00:06:21.440> the<00:06:21.680> star<00:06:22.000> light<00:06:22.240> Earth 05:05.250 --> 05:05.260 align:start position:0% about two times the star light Earth 05:05.260 --> 05:07.490 align:start position:0% about two times the star light Earth gets<00:06:22.800> from<00:06:23.039> our<00:06:23.280> sun. 05:07.490 --> 05:07.500 align:start position:0% gets from our sun. 05:07.500 --> 05:09.810 align:start position:0% gets from our sun. Its<00:06:25.120> size<00:06:25.360> and<00:06:25.600> mass<00:06:25.919> are<00:06:26.080> about<00:06:26.319> 10%<00:06:26.880> more 05:09.810 --> 05:09.820 align:start position:0% Its size and mass are about 10% more 05:09.820 --> 05:11.729 align:start position:0% Its size and mass are about 10% more than<00:06:27.280> the<00:06:27.520> Earth,<00:06:28.080> which<00:06:28.319> means<00:06:28.479> it<00:06:28.720> has<00:06:28.800> a 05:11.729 --> 05:11.739 align:start position:0% than the Earth, which means it has a 05:11.739 --> 05:14.530 align:start position:0% than the Earth, which means it has a very<00:06:29.280> similar<00:06:29.680> gravity<00:06:30.080> to<00:06:30.240> Earth.<00:06:31.440> It<00:06:31.680> is 05:14.530 --> 05:14.540 align:start position:0% very similar gravity to Earth. It is 05:14.540 --> 05:16.850 align:start position:0% very similar gravity to Earth. It is very<00:06:32.080> similar<00:06:32.319> to<00:06:32.479> Trappist<00:06:33.039> 1b<00:06:33.680> in<00:06:33.919> that 05:16.850 --> 05:16.860 align:start position:0% very similar to Trappist 1b in that 05:16.860 --> 05:18.930 align:start position:0% very similar to Trappist 1b in that scientists<00:06:34.720> believe<00:06:35.039> it<00:06:35.280> to<00:06:35.440> also<00:06:35.840> have<00:06:36.000> a 05:18.930 --> 05:18.940 align:start position:0% scientists believe it to also have a 05:18.940 --> 05:21.650 align:start position:0% scientists believe it to also have a thick<00:06:36.560> water<00:06:36.880> vapor<00:06:37.280> atmosphere,<00:06:38.400> although 05:21.650 --> 05:21.660 align:start position:0% thick water vapor atmosphere, although 05:21.660 --> 05:25.889 align:start position:0% thick water vapor atmosphere, although Trappist<00:06:39.600> 1<00:06:39.919> C's<00:06:40.479> is<00:06:40.800> probably<00:06:41.360> less<00:06:41.680> thick. 05:25.889 --> 05:25.899 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 C's is probably less thick. 05:25.899 --> 05:27.810 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 C's is probably less thick. This<00:06:43.520> means<00:06:43.840> its<00:06:44.080> surface<00:06:44.479> temperature<00:06:44.880> is 05:27.810 --> 05:27.820 align:start position:0% This means its surface temperature is 05:27.820 --> 05:30.210 align:start position:0% This means its surface temperature is likely<00:06:45.440> to<00:06:45.600> be<00:06:45.759> hot,<00:06:46.400> but<00:06:46.800> not<00:06:47.039> as<00:06:47.199> high<00:06:47.360> as 05:30.210 --> 05:30.220 align:start position:0% likely to be hot, but not as high as 05:30.220 --> 05:32.609 align:start position:0% likely to be hot, but not as high as Trappist<00:06:48.000> 1b. 05:32.609 --> 05:32.619 align:start position:0% Trappist 1b. 05:32.619 --> 05:35.490 align:start position:0% Trappist 1b. Next<00:06:50.160> is<00:06:50.479> Trappist<00:06:51.120> 1D. 05:35.490 --> 05:35.500 align:start position:0% Next is Trappist 1D. 05:35.500 --> 05:38.130 align:start position:0% Next is Trappist 1D. Only<00:06:53.120> an<00:06:53.360> extra<00:06:53.680> 1<00:06:53.919> million<00:06:54.240> km<00:06:54.800> further<00:06:55.199> out 05:38.130 --> 05:38.140 align:start position:0% Only an extra 1 million km further out 05:38.140 --> 05:42.530 align:start position:0% Only an extra 1 million km further out than<00:06:55.680> Trappist<00:06:56.160> 1<00:06:56.479> C.<00:06:57.759> 1<00:06:58.000> year<00:06:58.319> lasts<00:06:58.800> only<00:06:59.199> 97 05:42.530 --> 05:42.540 align:start position:0% than Trappist 1 C. 1 year lasts only 97 05:42.540 --> 05:46.130 align:start position:0% than Trappist 1 C. 1 year lasts only 97 hours.<00:07:01.039> Trappist<00:07:01.520> 1D<00:07:02.080> is<00:07:02.400> kind<00:07:02.560> of<00:07:02.720> like<00:07:02.960> a<00:07:03.120> mix 05:46.130 --> 05:46.140 align:start position:0% hours. Trappist 1D is kind of like a mix 05:46.140 --> 05:48.930 align:start position:0% hours. Trappist 1D is kind of like a mix between<00:07:03.840> Earth<00:07:04.160> and<00:07:04.400> Mars<00:07:05.039> as<00:07:05.280> it's<00:07:05.599> 30% 05:48.930 --> 05:48.940 align:start position:0% between Earth and Mars as it's 30% 05:48.940 --> 05:51.329 align:start position:0% between Earth and Mars as it's 30% smaller<00:07:06.639> than<00:07:06.800> Earth<00:07:07.120> and<00:07:07.440> only<00:07:07.759> 30%<00:07:08.319> as 05:51.329 --> 05:51.339 align:start position:0% smaller than Earth and only 30% as 05:51.339 --> 05:53.970 align:start position:0% smaller than Earth and only 30% as massive.<00:07:09.440> Meaning<00:07:09.759> the<00:07:10.000> surface<00:07:10.319> gravity<00:07:10.880> is 05:53.970 --> 05:53.980 align:start position:0% massive. Meaning the surface gravity is 05:53.980 --> 05:56.850 align:start position:0% massive. Meaning the surface gravity is little<00:07:11.520> under<00:07:11.840> half<00:07:12.080> of<00:07:12.319> Earth's. 05:56.850 --> 05:56.860 align:start position:0% little under half of Earth's. 05:56.860 --> 05:58.609 align:start position:0% little under half of Earth's. It<00:07:14.400> is<00:07:14.560> found<00:07:14.800> on<00:07:15.039> the<00:07:15.199> inner<00:07:15.440> part<00:07:15.680> of<00:07:15.759> the 05:58.609 --> 05:58.619 align:start position:0% It is found on the inner part of the 05:58.619 --> 06:01.090 align:start position:0% It is found on the inner part of the Goldilock<00:07:16.479> zone.<00:07:17.280> Meaning<00:07:17.599> at<00:07:17.840> this<00:07:18.000> point<00:07:18.240> in 06:01.090 --> 06:01.100 align:start position:0% Goldilock zone. Meaning at this point in 06:01.100 --> 06:02.530 align:start position:0% Goldilock zone. Meaning at this point in the<00:07:18.560> solar<00:07:18.880> system,<00:07:19.280> the<00:07:19.520> surface 06:02.530 --> 06:02.540 align:start position:0% the solar system, the surface 06:02.540 --> 06:04.449 align:start position:0% the solar system, the surface temperature<00:07:20.240> is<00:07:20.479> now<00:07:20.720> cool<00:07:20.960> enough<00:07:21.199> for<00:07:21.440> water 06:04.449 --> 06:04.459 align:start position:0% temperature is now cool enough for water 06:04.459 --> 06:07.090 align:start position:0% temperature is now cool enough for water to<00:07:21.919> pool<00:07:22.240> on<00:07:22.400> the<00:07:22.560> surface. 06:07.090 --> 06:07.100 align:start position:0% to pool on the surface. 06:07.100 --> 06:10.130 align:start position:0% to pool on the surface. It<00:07:24.639> only<00:07:24.960> receives<00:07:25.520> 4.3%<00:07:26.639> more<00:07:26.960> starlight 06:10.130 --> 06:10.140 align:start position:0% It only receives 4.3% more starlight 06:10.140 --> 06:12.530 align:start position:0% It only receives 4.3% more starlight than<00:07:27.680> Earth.<00:07:28.400> And<00:07:28.639> combine<00:07:29.039> this<00:07:29.199> with<00:07:29.520> solar 06:12.530 --> 06:12.540 align:start position:0% than Earth. And combine this with solar 06:12.540 --> 06:14.850 align:start position:0% than Earth. And combine this with solar flares<00:07:30.160> from<00:07:30.319> the<00:07:30.479> star,<00:07:31.280> it<00:07:31.440> is<00:07:31.599> likely<00:07:31.919> to 06:14.850 --> 06:14.860 align:start position:0% flares from the star, it is likely to 06:14.860 --> 06:16.530 align:start position:0% flares from the star, it is likely to still<00:07:32.400> be<00:07:32.639> pretty<00:07:32.960> toasty<00:07:33.440> for<00:07:33.599> our 06:16.530 --> 06:16.540 align:start position:0% still be pretty toasty for our 06:16.540 --> 06:18.289 align:start position:0% still be pretty toasty for our standards. 06:18.289 --> 06:18.299 align:start position:0% standards. 06:18.299 --> 06:20.289 align:start position:0% standards. Trappist<00:07:36.000> 1D<00:07:36.479> has<00:07:36.720> been<00:07:36.880> found<00:07:37.120> to<00:07:37.280> have<00:07:37.440> a 06:20.289 --> 06:20.299 align:start position:0% Trappist 1D has been found to have a 06:20.299 --> 06:22.770 align:start position:0% Trappist 1D has been found to have a volatile<00:07:38.319> layer<00:07:38.560> on<00:07:38.720> the<00:07:38.960> surface,<00:07:39.759> perhaps 06:22.770 --> 06:22.780 align:start position:0% volatile layer on the surface, perhaps 06:22.780 --> 06:25.650 align:start position:0% volatile layer on the surface, perhaps an<00:07:40.319> ocean<00:07:40.720> or<00:07:40.960> a<00:07:41.199> thick<00:07:41.440> atmosphere. 06:25.650 --> 06:25.660 align:start position:0% an ocean or a thick atmosphere. 06:25.660 --> 06:27.650 align:start position:0% an ocean or a thick atmosphere. And<00:07:43.120> this<00:07:43.360> is<00:07:43.440> where<00:07:43.759> oceans<00:07:44.160> and<00:07:44.400> atmospheres 06:27.650 --> 06:27.660 align:start position:0% And this is where oceans and atmospheres 06:27.660 --> 06:30.530 align:start position:0% And this is where oceans and atmospheres become<00:07:45.360> very<00:07:45.680> important<00:07:47.039> because<00:07:47.360> as<00:07:47.599> I 06:30.530 --> 06:30.540 align:start position:0% become very important because as I 06:30.540 --> 06:32.370 align:start position:0% become very important because as I mentioned,<00:07:48.400> all<00:07:48.560> these<00:07:48.800> planets<00:07:49.120> are<00:07:49.280> likely 06:32.370 --> 06:32.380 align:start position:0% mentioned, all these planets are likely 06:32.380 --> 06:35.169 align:start position:0% mentioned, all these planets are likely tidily<00:07:50.240> locked.<00:07:50.960> Meaning<00:07:51.280> a<00:07:51.440> thin<00:07:51.759> atmosphere 06:35.169 --> 06:35.179 align:start position:0% tidily locked. Meaning a thin atmosphere 06:35.179 --> 06:38.050 align:start position:0% tidily locked. Meaning a thin atmosphere or<00:07:53.280> no<00:07:53.599> atmosphere<00:07:54.319> means<00:07:54.560> that<00:07:54.720> one<00:07:54.960> side<00:07:55.199> of 06:38.050 --> 06:38.060 align:start position:0% or no atmosphere means that one side of 06:38.060 --> 06:40.050 align:start position:0% or no atmosphere means that one side of the<00:07:55.520> planet<00:07:55.840> would<00:07:56.080> be<00:07:56.240> scorched<00:07:56.960> and<00:07:57.199> the 06:40.050 --> 06:40.060 align:start position:0% the planet would be scorched and the 06:40.060 --> 06:42.449 align:start position:0% the planet would be scorched and the other<00:07:57.520> side<00:07:57.759> would<00:07:58.000> be<00:07:58.160> freezing 06:42.449 --> 06:42.459 align:start position:0% other side would be freezing 06:42.459 --> 06:45.970 align:start position:0% other side would be freezing much<00:08:00.080> like<00:08:00.319> what<00:08:00.560> happens<00:08:00.879> with<00:08:01.120> Mercury. 06:45.970 --> 06:45.980 align:start position:0% much like what happens with Mercury. 06:45.980 --> 06:47.650 align:start position:0% much like what happens with Mercury. Venus<00:08:03.680> on<00:08:03.840> the<00:08:04.000> other<00:08:04.080> hand<00:08:04.319> has<00:08:04.560> a<00:08:04.720> thick 06:47.650 --> 06:47.660 align:start position:0% Venus on the other hand has a thick 06:47.660 --> 06:49.810 align:start position:0% Venus on the other hand has a thick atmosphere<00:08:05.520> which<00:08:05.840> circulates<00:08:06.479> the<00:08:06.720> heat 06:49.810 --> 06:49.820 align:start position:0% atmosphere which circulates the heat 06:49.820 --> 06:52.609 align:start position:0% atmosphere which circulates the heat around<00:08:07.440> the<00:08:07.680> planet<00:08:08.240> meaning<00:08:08.800> night<00:08:09.039> or<00:08:09.280> day 06:52.609 --> 06:52.619 align:start position:0% around the planet meaning night or day 06:52.619 --> 06:55.889 align:start position:0% around the planet meaning night or day the<00:08:10.160> temperature<00:08:10.560> is<00:08:10.720> the<00:08:10.960> same. 06:55.889 --> 06:55.899 align:start position:0% the temperature is the same. 06:55.899 --> 06:58.289 align:start position:0% the temperature is the same. So<00:08:13.440> if<00:08:13.599> these<00:08:13.840> trappist<00:08:14.319> exoplanets<00:08:15.199> like 06:58.289 --> 06:58.299 align:start position:0% So if these trappist exoplanets like 06:58.299 --> 07:01.329 align:start position:0% So if these trappist exoplanets like Trappist<00:08:16.160> 1D<00:08:17.039> has<00:08:17.280> only<00:08:17.440> a<00:08:17.680> thin<00:08:18.080> atmosphere 07:01.329 --> 07:01.339 align:start position:0% Trappist 1D has only a thin atmosphere 07:01.339 --> 07:04.370 align:start position:0% Trappist 1D has only a thin atmosphere or<00:08:18.960> small<00:08:19.360> ocean,<00:08:20.240> the<00:08:20.560> chances<00:08:20.960> are<00:08:21.199> that<00:08:21.440> one 07:04.370 --> 07:04.380 align:start position:0% or small ocean, the chances are that one 07:04.380 --> 07:06.050 align:start position:0% or small ocean, the chances are that one side<00:08:21.919> of<00:08:22.080> the<00:08:22.240> planet<00:08:22.479> would<00:08:22.720> be<00:08:22.800> devoid<00:08:23.199> of 07:06.050 --> 07:06.060 align:start position:0% side of the planet would be devoid of 07:06.060 --> 07:08.770 align:start position:0% side of the planet would be devoid of anything<00:08:23.680> but<00:08:23.919> rock.<00:08:24.800> The<00:08:25.039> other<00:08:25.280> side<00:08:25.840> might 07:08.770 --> 07:08.780 align:start position:0% anything but rock. The other side might 07:08.780 --> 07:11.009 align:start position:0% anything but rock. The other side might be<00:08:26.240> covered<00:08:26.479> in<00:08:26.800> ices. 07:11.009 --> 07:11.019 align:start position:0% be covered in ices. 07:11.019 --> 07:12.609 align:start position:0% be covered in ices. There<00:08:28.639> might<00:08:28.800> be<00:08:28.960> a<00:08:29.199> small<00:08:29.520> band<00:08:29.759> of 07:12.609 --> 07:12.619 align:start position:0% There might be a small band of 07:12.619 --> 07:15.089 align:start position:0% There might be a small band of habitability<00:08:30.639> along<00:08:30.960> the<00:08:31.120> twilight<00:08:31.599> zone, 07:15.089 --> 07:15.099 align:start position:0% habitability along the twilight zone, 07:15.099 --> 07:17.490 align:start position:0% habitability along the twilight zone, but<00:08:32.640> that<00:08:32.800> would<00:08:32.959> be<00:08:33.120> it. 07:17.490 --> 07:17.500 align:start position:0% but that would be it. 07:17.500 --> 07:19.890 align:start position:0% but that would be it. With<00:08:35.039> a<00:08:35.279> large<00:08:35.599> ocean<00:08:35.919> or<00:08:36.159> atmosphere,<00:08:36.959> the 07:19.890 --> 07:19.900 align:start position:0% With a large ocean or atmosphere, the 07:19.900 --> 07:21.969 align:start position:0% With a large ocean or atmosphere, the planet<00:08:37.519> might<00:08:37.919> be<00:08:38.080> able<00:08:38.320> to<00:08:38.560> distribute<00:08:39.039> the 07:21.969 --> 07:21.979 align:start position:0% planet might be able to distribute the 07:21.979 --> 07:24.050 align:start position:0% planet might be able to distribute the heat<00:08:39.599> much<00:08:39.919> better,<00:08:40.640> meaning<00:08:40.880> it<00:08:41.120> would<00:08:41.279> be 07:24.050 --> 07:24.060 align:start position:0% heat much better, meaning it would be 07:24.060 --> 07:26.849 align:start position:0% heat much better, meaning it would be habitable<00:08:42.000> all<00:08:42.320> over,<00:08:43.279> as<00:08:43.519> much<00:08:43.680> as<00:08:43.839> we 07:26.849 --> 07:26.859 align:start position:0% habitable all over, as much as we 07:26.859 --> 07:29.890 align:start position:0% habitable all over, as much as we understand<00:08:44.560> habitability<00:08:45.360> anyway. 07:29.890 --> 07:29.900 align:start position:0% understand habitability anyway. 07:29.900 --> 07:32.209 align:start position:0% understand habitability anyway. This<00:08:47.440> planet<00:08:47.760> may<00:08:48.000> well<00:08:48.240> be<00:08:48.399> an<00:08:48.560> ocean<00:08:48.959> world 07:32.209 --> 07:32.219 align:start position:0% This planet may well be an ocean world 07:32.219 --> 07:35.330 align:start position:0% This planet may well be an ocean world with<00:08:49.760> over<00:08:50.240> 250<00:08:51.200> times<00:08:51.440> the<00:08:51.680> amount<00:08:51.920> of<00:08:52.160> water, 07:35.330 --> 07:35.340 align:start position:0% with over 250 times the amount of water, 07:35.340 --> 07:38.050 align:start position:0% with over 250 times the amount of water, more<00:08:52.800> than<00:08:53.040> Earth's<00:08:53.440> oceans. 07:38.050 --> 07:38.060 align:start position:0% more than Earth's oceans. 07:38.060 --> 07:40.050 align:start position:0% more than Earth's oceans. Although<00:08:55.920> other<00:08:56.240> studies<00:08:56.640> have<00:08:56.880> suggested 07:40.050 --> 07:40.060 align:start position:0% Although other studies have suggested 07:40.060 --> 07:42.209 align:start position:0% Although other studies have suggested the<00:08:57.600> atmosphere<00:08:58.240> could<00:08:58.560> also<00:08:58.959> be<00:08:59.120> similar<00:08:59.360> to 07:42.209 --> 07:42.219 align:start position:0% the atmosphere could also be similar to 07:42.219 --> 07:44.529 align:start position:0% the atmosphere could also be similar to Venus's,<00:09:00.800> we<00:09:01.040> will<00:09:01.200> get<00:09:01.360> a<00:09:01.600> better 07:44.529 --> 07:44.539 align:start position:0% Venus's, we will get a better 07:44.539 --> 07:46.209 align:start position:0% Venus's, we will get a better understanding<00:09:02.480> from<00:09:02.720> the<00:09:02.880> James<00:09:03.200> Web 07:46.209 --> 07:46.219 align:start position:0% understanding from the James Web 07:46.219 --> 07:49.010 align:start position:0% understanding from the James Web telescope. 07:49.010 --> 07:49.020 align:start position:0% 07:49.020 --> 07:51.890 align:start position:0% Travis<00:09:06.880> 1E<00:09:07.440> orbits<00:09:07.839> another<00:09:08.160> 1<00:09:08.399> million<00:09:08.720> km 07:51.890 --> 07:51.900 align:start position:0% Travis 1E orbits another 1 million km 07:51.900 --> 07:55.010 align:start position:0% Travis 1E orbits another 1 million km out<00:09:09.519> again<00:09:09.920> at<00:09:10.399> 4.4<00:09:11.120> million<00:09:11.440> km<00:09:11.920> from<00:09:12.160> the 07:55.010 --> 07:55.020 align:start position:0% out again at 4.4 million km from the 07:55.020 --> 07:59.649 align:start position:0% out again at 4.4 million km from the star.<00:09:13.360> Its<00:09:13.600> year<00:09:13.920> takes<00:09:14.959> 146<00:09:15.680> hours<00:09:16.480> and<00:09:16.720> at 07:59.649 --> 07:59.659 align:start position:0% star. Its year takes 146 hours and at 07:59.659 --> 08:01.969 align:start position:0% star. Its year takes 146 hours and at this<00:09:17.120> distance<00:09:17.600> it<00:09:17.839> only<00:09:18.000> gets<00:09:18.320> 60%<00:09:18.959> of<00:09:19.120> the 08:01.969 --> 08:01.979 align:start position:0% this distance it only gets 60% of the 08:01.979 --> 08:04.850 align:start position:0% this distance it only gets 60% of the starlight<00:09:19.760> earth<00:09:20.080> does. 08:04.850 --> 08:04.860 align:start position:0% starlight earth does. 08:04.860 --> 08:07.330 align:start position:0% starlight earth does. Size,<00:09:22.640> mass,<00:09:23.040> and<00:09:23.279> gravity<00:09:23.839> are<00:09:24.080> all<00:09:24.320> very 08:07.330 --> 08:07.340 align:start position:0% Size, mass, and gravity are all very 08:07.340 --> 08:10.209 align:start position:0% Size, mass, and gravity are all very earthlike.<00:09:25.920> And<00:09:26.160> it<00:09:26.320> is<00:09:26.560> probably<00:09:26.959> the<00:09:27.279> only 08:10.209 --> 08:10.219 align:start position:0% earthlike. And it is probably the only 08:10.219 --> 08:12.209 align:start position:0% earthlike. And it is probably the only planet<00:09:27.760> in<00:09:27.920> the<00:09:28.080> trappis<00:09:28.560> system<00:09:28.880> to<00:09:29.120> have<00:09:29.279> a 08:12.209 --> 08:12.219 align:start position:0% planet in the trappis system to have a 08:12.219 --> 08:15.570 align:start position:0% planet in the trappis system to have a rock<00:09:29.920> iron<00:09:30.320> composition<00:09:30.880> like<00:09:31.279> earth. 08:15.570 --> 08:15.580 align:start position:0% rock iron composition like earth. 08:15.580 --> 08:17.969 align:start position:0% rock iron composition like earth. It<00:09:33.120> also<00:09:33.360> has<00:09:33.519> a<00:09:33.760> compact<00:09:34.399> hydrogen<00:09:35.040> poor 08:17.969 --> 08:17.979 align:start position:0% It also has a compact hydrogen poor 08:17.979 --> 08:20.450 align:start position:0% It also has a compact hydrogen poor atmosphere<00:09:36.240> which<00:09:36.480> is<00:09:36.640> good<00:09:36.800> as<00:09:37.120> hydrogen<00:09:37.600> is 08:20.450 --> 08:20.460 align:start position:0% atmosphere which is good as hydrogen is 08:20.460 --> 08:22.690 align:start position:0% atmosphere which is good as hydrogen is a<00:09:38.000> strong<00:09:38.320> greenhouse<00:09:38.880> gas<00:09:39.440> and<00:09:39.680> would<00:09:39.839> make 08:22.690 --> 08:22.700 align:start position:0% a strong greenhouse gas and would make 08:22.700 --> 08:24.529 align:start position:0% a strong greenhouse gas and would make the<00:09:40.240> planet<00:09:40.560> inhospitable<00:09:41.440> from<00:09:41.680> this 08:24.529 --> 08:24.539 align:start position:0% the planet inhospitable from this 08:24.539 --> 08:27.810 align:start position:0% the planet inhospitable from this distance.<00:09:43.120> With<00:09:43.360> this<00:09:43.680> compact<00:09:44.080> atmosphere, 08:27.810 --> 08:27.820 align:start position:0% distance. With this compact atmosphere, 08:27.820 --> 08:30.370 align:start position:0% distance. With this compact atmosphere, water<00:09:45.600> could<00:09:45.920> pool<00:09:46.240> on<00:09:46.399> the<00:09:46.560> surface<00:09:47.200> and<00:09:47.440> the 08:30.370 --> 08:30.380 align:start position:0% water could pool on the surface and the 08:30.380 --> 08:32.529 align:start position:0% water could pool on the surface and the temperature<00:09:48.080> would<00:09:48.320> be<00:09:48.399> very<00:09:48.640> Earthlike<00:09:49.360> if<00:09:49.600> a 08:32.529 --> 08:32.539 align:start position:0% temperature would be very Earthlike if a 08:32.539 --> 08:34.610 align:start position:0% temperature would be very Earthlike if a little<00:09:50.000> cooler<00:09:50.560> depending<00:09:50.959> on<00:09:51.120> the<00:09:51.279> albido<00:09:51.839> of 08:34.610 --> 08:34.620 align:start position:0% little cooler depending on the albido of 08:34.620 --> 08:35.969 align:start position:0% little cooler depending on the albido of the<00:09:52.080> planet<00:09:52.320> and<00:09:52.560> how<00:09:52.720> much<00:09:52.880> heat<00:09:53.120> the 08:35.969 --> 08:35.979 align:start position:0% the planet and how much heat the 08:35.979 --> 08:39.010 align:start position:0% the planet and how much heat the atmosphere<00:09:53.839> retains.<00:09:54.959> All<00:09:55.120> in<00:09:55.360> all,<00:09:55.920> it<00:09:56.160> is 08:39.010 --> 08:39.020 align:start position:0% atmosphere retains. All in all, it is 08:39.020 --> 08:41.810 align:start position:0% atmosphere retains. All in all, it is considered<00:09:56.800> one<00:09:57.120> of,<00:09:57.519> if<00:09:57.839> not<00:09:58.080> the<00:09:58.800> most 08:41.810 --> 08:41.820 align:start position:0% considered one of, if not the most 08:41.820 --> 08:44.529 align:start position:0% considered one of, if not the most Earthlike<00:09:59.680> exoplanet<00:10:00.399> that<00:10:00.560> we<00:10:00.720> know<00:10:00.880> of.<00:10:01.680> And 08:44.529 --> 08:44.539 align:start position:0% Earthlike exoplanet that we know of. And 08:44.539 --> 08:45.810 align:start position:0% Earthlike exoplanet that we know of. And it's<00:10:02.080> going<00:10:02.160> to<00:10:02.240> be<00:10:02.399> one<00:10:02.560> of<00:10:02.640> the<00:10:02.880> first 08:45.810 --> 08:45.820 align:start position:0% it's going to be one of the first 08:45.820 --> 08:48.130 align:start position:0% it's going to be one of the first targets<00:10:03.519> of<00:10:03.680> the<00:10:03.839> James<00:10:04.160> Webb<00:10:04.480> telescope<00:10:05.120> to 08:48.130 --> 08:48.140 align:start position:0% targets of the James Webb telescope to 08:48.140 --> 08:50.529 align:start position:0% targets of the James Webb telescope to try<00:10:05.600> and<00:10:05.760> detect<00:10:06.160> signs<00:10:06.480> of<00:10:06.640> life.<00:10:07.600> How 08:50.529 --> 08:50.539 align:start position:0% try and detect signs of life. How 08:50.539 --> 08:52.850 align:start position:0% try and detect signs of life. How amazing<00:10:08.240> would<00:10:08.480> it<00:10:08.640> be<00:10:09.040> if<00:10:09.360> it<00:10:09.519> really<00:10:09.760> was<00:10:10.000> a 08:52.850 --> 08:52.860 align:start position:0% amazing would it be if it really was a 08:52.860 --> 08:54.930 align:start position:0% amazing would it be if it really was a cousin<00:10:10.480> to<00:10:10.640> Earth<00:10:10.959> only<00:10:11.360> 40<00:10:11.680> lighty<00:10:11.920> years 08:54.930 --> 08:54.940 align:start position:0% cousin to Earth only 40 lighty years 08:54.940 --> 08:57.730 align:start position:0% cousin to Earth only 40 lighty years away 08:57.730 --> 08:57.740 align:start position:0% away 08:57.740 --> 09:00.130 align:start position:0% away from<00:10:15.279> Trappist<00:10:15.839> 1F<00:10:16.320> and<00:10:16.560> beyond.<00:10:17.120> We're<00:10:17.360> still 09:00.130 --> 09:00.140 align:start position:0% from Trappist 1F and beyond. We're still 09:00.140 --> 09:02.769 align:start position:0% from Trappist 1F and beyond. We're still in<00:10:17.600> the<00:10:17.760> Goldilock<00:10:18.399> zone,<00:10:19.200> but<00:10:19.519> it's<00:10:19.760> starting 09:02.769 --> 09:02.779 align:start position:0% in the Goldilock zone, but it's starting 09:02.779 --> 09:06.130 align:start position:0% in the Goldilock zone, but it's starting to<00:10:20.240> get<00:10:20.560> much<00:10:20.880> cooler<00:10:21.279> at<00:10:21.519> this<00:10:21.760> distance. 09:06.130 --> 09:06.140 align:start position:0% to get much cooler at this distance. 09:06.140 --> 09:08.610 align:start position:0% to get much cooler at this distance. Trappist<00:10:23.920> 1F<00:10:24.480> orbits<00:10:24.959> a<00:10:25.200> distance<00:10:25.519> of<00:10:25.540> [music] 09:08.610 --> 09:08.620 align:start position:0% Trappist 1F orbits a distance of [music] 09:08.620 --> 09:11.810 align:start position:0% Trappist 1F orbits a distance of [music] 5.8<00:10:26.560> 8<00:10:26.880> million<00:10:27.200> km<00:10:27.680> from<00:10:27.839> the<00:10:28.000> star<00:10:28.720> and<00:10:28.959> a 09:11.810 --> 09:11.820 align:start position:0% 5.8 8 million km from the star and a 09:11.820 --> 09:16.050 align:start position:0% 5.8 8 million km from the star and a year<00:10:29.360> takes<00:10:29.920> 220<00:10:30.880> hours<00:10:31.279> or<00:10:31.600> roughly<00:10:32.000> 9<00:10:32.240> days. 09:16.050 --> 09:16.060 align:start position:0% year takes 220 hours or roughly 9 days. 09:16.060 --> 09:18.529 align:start position:0% year takes 220 hours or roughly 9 days. Its<00:10:33.680> size<00:10:34.000> is<00:10:34.160> very<00:10:34.480> Earthlike,<00:10:35.279> although<00:10:35.600> it 09:18.529 --> 09:18.539 align:start position:0% Its size is very Earthlike, although it 09:18.539 --> 09:21.089 align:start position:0% Its size is very Earthlike, although it is<00:10:36.000> less<00:10:36.240> dense,<00:10:37.200> meaning<00:10:37.600> surface<00:10:38.000> gravity 09:21.089 --> 09:21.099 align:start position:0% is less dense, meaning surface gravity 09:21.099 --> 09:24.050 align:start position:0% is less dense, meaning surface gravity would<00:10:38.720> be<00:10:38.880> about<00:10:39.120> 80%<00:10:39.680> of<00:10:39.839> Earth's. 09:24.050 --> 09:24.060 align:start position:0% would be about 80% of Earth's. 09:24.060 --> 09:25.969 align:start position:0% would be about 80% of Earth's. The<00:10:41.600> most<00:10:41.839> recent<00:10:42.240> studies<00:10:42.560> on<00:10:42.800> this<00:10:42.959> planet 09:25.969 --> 09:25.979 align:start position:0% The most recent studies on this planet 09:25.979 --> 09:28.209 align:start position:0% The most recent studies on this planet have<00:10:43.519> suggested<00:10:44.160> that<00:10:44.480> its<00:10:44.720> low<00:10:44.959> density 09:28.209 --> 09:28.219 align:start position:0% have suggested that its low density 09:28.219 --> 09:31.810 align:start position:0% have suggested that its low density means<00:10:45.760> it<00:10:46.000> is<00:10:46.160> likely<00:10:46.399> to<00:10:46.560> be<00:10:46.880> 20%<00:10:47.680> water<00:10:48.880> which 09:31.810 --> 09:31.820 align:start position:0% means it is likely to be 20% water which 09:31.820 --> 09:33.890 align:start position:0% means it is likely to be 20% water which at<00:10:49.360> this<00:10:49.600> distance<00:10:49.920> from<00:10:50.160> the<00:10:50.320> star<00:10:50.880> would 09:33.890 --> 09:33.900 align:start position:0% at this distance from the star would 09:33.900 --> 09:36.370 align:start position:0% at this distance from the star would cause<00:10:51.440> a<00:10:51.760> massive<00:10:52.240> greenhouse<00:10:52.800> effect 09:36.370 --> 09:36.380 align:start position:0% cause a massive greenhouse effect 09:36.380 --> 09:38.370 align:start position:0% cause a massive greenhouse effect meaning<00:10:53.920> the<00:10:54.240> water<00:10:54.560> would<00:10:54.720> be<00:10:54.880> in<00:10:55.120> gaseous 09:38.370 --> 09:38.380 align:start position:0% meaning the water would be in gaseous 09:38.380 --> 09:41.969 align:start position:0% meaning the water would be in gaseous form.<00:10:56.800> This<00:10:57.040> is<00:10:57.200> known<00:10:57.440> as<00:10:57.600> a<00:10:57.839> steam<00:10:58.320> world<00:10:59.040> and 09:41.969 --> 09:41.979 align:start position:0% form. This is known as a steam world and 09:41.979 --> 09:44.290 align:start position:0% form. This is known as a steam world and it<00:10:59.440> would<00:10:59.600> probably<00:11:00.079> be<00:11:00.240> no<00:11:00.560> more<00:11:00.800> habitable 09:44.290 --> 09:44.300 align:start position:0% it would probably be no more habitable 09:44.300 --> 09:47.410 align:start position:0% it would probably be no more habitable than<00:11:01.839> the<00:11:02.240> ice<00:11:02.720> or<00:11:03.200> gas<00:11:03.600> giants<00:11:04.000> in<00:11:04.240> our<00:11:04.399> solar 09:47.410 --> 09:47.420 align:start position:0% than the ice or gas giants in our solar 09:47.420 --> 09:49.250 align:start position:0% than the ice or gas giants in our solar system<00:11:05.200> due<00:11:05.440> to<00:11:05.519> the<00:11:05.760> high<00:11:06.000> pressure<00:11:06.320> and 09:49.250 --> 09:49.260 align:start position:0% system due to the high pressure and 09:49.260 --> 09:51.250 align:start position:0% system due to the high pressure and temperature<00:11:06.880> on<00:11:07.120> the<00:11:07.279> surface<00:11:08.000> likely<00:11:08.240> in<00:11:08.480> the 09:51.250 --> 09:51.260 align:start position:0% temperature on the surface likely in the 09:51.260 --> 09:55.410 align:start position:0% temperature on the surface likely in the hundreds<00:11:08.959> of<00:11:09.200> degrees. 09:55.410 --> 09:55.420 align:start position:0% 09:55.420 --> 09:58.130 align:start position:0% Trappist<00:11:13.279> 1g<00:11:14.160> is<00:11:14.560> slightly<00:11:14.959> bigger<00:11:15.279> than 09:58.130 --> 09:58.140 align:start position:0% Trappist 1g is slightly bigger than 09:58.140 --> 10:01.170 align:start position:0% Trappist 1g is slightly bigger than Earth<00:11:15.920> and<00:11:16.160> orbits<00:11:16.560> at<00:11:16.800> 7<00:11:17.120> million<00:11:17.440> km,<00:11:18.079> taking 10:01.170 --> 10:01.180 align:start position:0% Earth and orbits at 7 million km, taking 10:01.180 --> 10:03.730 align:start position:0% Earth and orbits at 7 million km, taking 12<00:11:18.720> days<00:11:18.959> to<00:11:19.200> do<00:11:19.360> so.<00:11:20.160> There<00:11:20.320> hasn't<00:11:20.560> been<00:11:20.800> too 10:03.730 --> 10:03.740 align:start position:0% 12 days to do so. There hasn't been too 10:03.740 --> 10:05.410 align:start position:0% 12 days to do so. There hasn't been too much<00:11:21.279> information<00:11:21.839> discovered<00:11:22.240> about<00:11:22.480> this 10:05.410 --> 10:05.420 align:start position:0% much information discovered about this 10:05.420 --> 10:08.050 align:start position:0% much information discovered about this planet<00:11:23.519> other<00:11:23.839> than<00:11:24.160> water<00:11:24.480> has<00:11:24.800> again<00:11:25.120> been 10:08.050 --> 10:08.060 align:start position:0% planet other than water has again been 10:08.060 --> 10:10.769 align:start position:0% planet other than water has again been found<00:11:25.600> on<00:11:25.839> it.<00:11:26.800> This<00:11:27.040> planet<00:11:27.440> is<00:11:27.680> still<00:11:27.920> found 10:10.769 --> 10:10.779 align:start position:0% found on it. This planet is still found 10:10.779 --> 10:13.170 align:start position:0% found on it. This planet is still found in<00:11:28.240> the<00:11:28.399> Goldilock<00:11:28.959> zone,<00:11:29.600> although<00:11:29.920> right<00:11:30.240> on 10:13.170 --> 10:13.180 align:start position:0% in the Goldilock zone, although right on 10:13.180 --> 10:15.969 align:start position:0% in the Goldilock zone, although right on the<00:11:30.640> far<00:11:30.880> edge,<00:11:31.760> so<00:11:32.000> it<00:11:32.240> is<00:11:32.399> still<00:11:32.640> a<00:11:32.880> candidate 10:15.969 --> 10:15.979 align:start position:0% the far edge, so it is still a candidate 10:15.979 --> 10:18.930 align:start position:0% the far edge, so it is still a candidate for<00:11:33.519> habitability. 10:18.930 --> 10:18.940 align:start position:0% for habitability. 10:18.940 --> 10:22.370 align:start position:0% for habitability. And<00:11:36.480> lastly,<00:11:37.040> Trappist<00:11:37.680> 1H.<00:11:38.800> It<00:11:39.040> orbits<00:11:39.440> at 10:22.370 --> 10:22.380 align:start position:0% And lastly, Trappist 1H. It orbits at 10:22.380 --> 10:26.209 align:start position:0% And lastly, Trappist 1H. It orbits at 9.3<00:11:40.560> million<00:11:40.800> km<00:11:41.519> and<00:11:41.839> takes<00:11:42.399> 19<00:11:42.800> days<00:11:43.120> to<00:11:43.360> do 10:26.209 --> 10:26.219 align:start position:0% 9.3 million km and takes 19 days to do 10:26.219 --> 10:28.850 align:start position:0% 9.3 million km and takes 19 days to do so.<00:11:44.480> It's<00:11:44.720> the<00:11:44.959> smallest<00:11:45.440> of<00:11:45.680> the<00:11:45.839> known 10:28.850 --> 10:28.860 align:start position:0% so. It's the smallest of the known 10:28.860 --> 10:31.410 align:start position:0% so. It's the smallest of the known exoplanets<00:11:46.880> in<00:11:47.120> this<00:11:47.279> system<00:11:47.920> and<00:11:48.160> also<00:11:48.480> the 10:31.410 --> 10:31.420 align:start position:0% exoplanets in this system and also the 10:31.420 --> 10:33.890 align:start position:0% exoplanets in this system and also the least<00:11:48.959> dense,<00:11:49.839> meaning<00:11:50.160> its<00:11:50.399> gravity<00:11:50.880> is 10:33.890 --> 10:33.900 align:start position:0% least dense, meaning its gravity is 10:33.900 --> 10:36.930 align:start position:0% least dense, meaning its gravity is comparable<00:11:51.680> to<00:11:52.000> our<00:11:52.320> moons. 10:36.930 --> 10:36.940 align:start position:0% comparable to our moons. 10:36.940 --> 10:39.250 align:start position:0% comparable to our moons. Due<00:11:54.560> to<00:11:54.640> the<00:11:54.880> cool<00:11:55.200> nature<00:11:55.440> of<00:11:55.600> the<00:11:55.760> host<00:11:56.000> star, 10:39.250 --> 10:39.260 align:start position:0% Due to the cool nature of the host star, 10:39.260 --> 10:41.410 align:start position:0% Due to the cool nature of the host star, being<00:11:56.880> this<00:11:57.120> far<00:11:57.360> out<00:11:57.680> means<00:11:57.920> the<00:11:58.160> planet<00:11:58.480> is 10:41.410 --> 10:41.420 align:start position:0% being this far out means the planet is 10:41.420 --> 10:44.690 align:start position:0% being this far out means the planet is likely<00:11:59.279> icy<00:11:59.920> as<00:12:00.160> it<00:12:00.320> does<00:12:00.560> have<00:12:00.800> water. 10:44.690 --> 10:44.700 align:start position:0% likely icy as it does have water. 10:44.700 --> 10:46.930 align:start position:0% likely icy as it does have water. Theoretically,<00:12:02.880> it<00:12:03.120> could<00:12:03.360> also<00:12:03.600> have<00:12:03.839> liquid 10:46.930 --> 10:46.940 align:start position:0% Theoretically, it could also have liquid 10:46.940 --> 10:48.850 align:start position:0% Theoretically, it could also have liquid water<00:12:04.480> on<00:12:04.640> the<00:12:04.800> surface<00:12:05.200> if<00:12:05.440> it<00:12:05.680> had<00:12:05.920> a 10:48.850 --> 10:48.860 align:start position:0% water on the surface if it had a 10:48.860 --> 10:51.089 align:start position:0% water on the surface if it had a hydrogen-rich<00:12:07.040> atmosphere<00:12:07.680> to<00:12:07.920> act<00:12:08.079> as<00:12:08.240> a 10:51.089 --> 10:51.099 align:start position:0% hydrogen-rich atmosphere to act as a 10:51.099 --> 10:53.649 align:start position:0% hydrogen-rich atmosphere to act as a greenhouse<00:12:08.880> gas.<00:12:09.519> But<00:12:09.760> again,<00:12:10.399> little<00:12:10.720> is 10:53.649 --> 10:53.659 align:start position:0% greenhouse gas. But again, little is 10:53.659 --> 10:56.850 align:start position:0% greenhouse gas. But again, little is known<00:12:11.200> about<00:12:11.440> this<00:12:11.680> planet. 10:56.850 --> 10:56.860 align:start position:0% known about this planet. 10:56.860 --> 10:59.490 align:start position:0% known about this planet. So,<00:12:14.560> that's<00:12:14.800> all<00:12:15.040> the<00:12:15.279> planets.<00:12:16.399> Could<00:12:16.560> this 10:59.490 --> 10:59.500 align:start position:0% So, that's all the planets. Could this 10:59.500 --> 11:02.529 align:start position:0% So, that's all the planets. Could this system<00:12:17.200> really<00:12:17.440> be<00:12:17.600> habitable?<00:12:18.959> Well,<00:12:19.600> it 11:02.529 --> 11:02.539 align:start position:0% system really be habitable? Well, it 11:02.539 --> 11:05.010 align:start position:0% system really be habitable? Well, it depends<00:12:20.160> on<00:12:20.320> a<00:12:20.560> number<00:12:20.720> of<00:12:20.959> factors,<00:12:21.839> but<00:12:22.079> what 11:05.010 --> 11:05.020 align:start position:0% depends on a number of factors, but what 11:05.020 --> 11:08.050 align:start position:0% depends on a number of factors, but what we've<00:12:22.560> seen<00:12:22.880> so<00:12:23.200> far<00:12:23.519> is<00:12:23.839> promising.<00:12:25.040> Water 11:08.050 --> 11:08.060 align:start position:0% we've seen so far is promising. Water 11:08.060 --> 11:10.209 align:start position:0% we've seen so far is promising. Water has<00:12:25.600> been<00:12:25.760> detected<00:12:26.160> on<00:12:26.399> most,<00:12:26.800> if<00:12:27.040> not<00:12:27.279> all, 11:10.209 --> 11:10.219 align:start position:0% has been detected on most, if not all, 11:10.219 --> 11:13.329 align:start position:0% has been detected on most, if not all, the<00:12:27.760> planets.<00:12:29.200> The<00:12:29.440> host<00:12:29.760> star<00:12:30.079> is<00:12:30.240> a<00:12:30.480> red 11:13.329 --> 11:13.339 align:start position:0% the planets. The host star is a red 11:13.339 --> 11:16.769 align:start position:0% the planets. The host star is a red dwarf.<00:12:31.760> but<00:12:32.079> not<00:12:32.320> a<00:12:32.480> very<00:12:32.720> active<00:12:33.040> one.<00:12:33.920> If 11:16.769 --> 11:16.779 align:start position:0% dwarf. but not a very active one. If 11:16.779 --> 11:18.529 align:start position:0% dwarf. but not a very active one. If these<00:12:34.399> exoplanets<00:12:35.120> have<00:12:35.279> strong<00:12:35.519> enough 11:18.529 --> 11:18.539 align:start position:0% these exoplanets have strong enough 11:18.539 --> 11:20.930 align:start position:0% these exoplanets have strong enough magnetic<00:12:36.399> fields,<00:12:37.200> they<00:12:37.440> could<00:12:37.680> deflect<00:12:38.079> a 11:20.930 --> 11:20.940 align:start position:0% magnetic fields, they could deflect a 11:20.940 --> 11:23.810 align:start position:0% magnetic fields, they could deflect a lot<00:12:38.399> of<00:12:38.480> the<00:12:38.639> solar<00:12:39.040> wind. 11:23.810 --> 11:23.820 align:start position:0% lot of the solar wind. 11:23.820 --> 11:26.130 align:start position:0% lot of the solar wind. If<00:12:41.360> any<00:12:41.519> of<00:12:41.680> them<00:12:41.839> do<00:12:42.079> have<00:12:42.320> magnetic<00:12:42.800> fields, 11:26.130 --> 11:26.140 align:start position:0% If any of them do have magnetic fields, 11:26.140 --> 11:28.130 align:start position:0% If any of them do have magnetic fields, I<00:12:43.680> can't<00:12:43.920> imagine<00:12:44.320> how<00:12:44.560> glorious<00:12:45.040> some<00:12:45.200> of<00:12:45.279> the 11:28.130 --> 11:28.140 align:start position:0% I can't imagine how glorious some of the 11:28.140 --> 11:32.130 align:start position:0% I can't imagine how glorious some of the aurora<00:12:45.920> on<00:12:46.160> those<00:12:46.320> planets<00:12:46.639> would<00:12:46.880> look<00:12:47.040> like. 11:32.130 --> 11:32.140 align:start position:0% aurora on those planets would look like. 11:32.140 --> 11:34.769 align:start position:0% aurora on those planets would look like. They<00:12:49.680> are<00:12:49.839> also<00:12:50.240> all<00:12:50.560> roughly<00:12:51.040> Earth-sized 11:34.769 --> 11:34.779 align:start position:0% They are also all roughly Earth-sized 11:34.779 --> 11:37.570 align:start position:0% They are also all roughly Earth-sized with<00:12:52.399> similar<00:12:52.800> gravities<00:12:53.279> and<00:12:53.519> densities. 11:37.570 --> 11:37.580 align:start position:0% with similar gravities and densities. 11:37.580 --> 11:39.730 align:start position:0% with similar gravities and densities. Not<00:12:55.120> a<00:12:55.279> huge<00:12:55.600> factor<00:12:55.920> for<00:12:56.079> life,<00:12:56.480> but<00:12:56.720> we<00:12:56.880> know 11:39.730 --> 11:39.740 align:start position:0% Not a huge factor for life, but we know 11:39.740 --> 11:42.050 align:start position:0% Not a huge factor for life, but we know it<00:12:57.279> worked<00:12:57.519> here. 11:42.050 --> 11:42.060 align:start position:0% it worked here. 11:42.060 --> 11:44.050 align:start position:0% it worked here. And<00:12:59.680> lastly,<00:13:00.320> although<00:13:00.639> these<00:13:00.880> planets<00:13:01.200> are 11:44.050 --> 11:44.060 align:start position:0% And lastly, although these planets are 11:44.060 --> 11:46.130 align:start position:0% And lastly, although these planets are tidily<00:13:01.839> locked,<00:13:02.480> they<00:13:02.720> may<00:13:02.959> still<00:13:03.200> have 11:46.130 --> 11:46.140 align:start position:0% tidily locked, they may still have 11:46.140 --> 11:48.769 align:start position:0% tidily locked, they may still have mechanisms<00:13:04.320> for<00:13:04.639> evenly<00:13:05.200> distributing<00:13:05.839> the 11:48.769 --> 11:48.779 align:start position:0% mechanisms for evenly distributing the 11:48.779 --> 11:51.410 align:start position:0% mechanisms for evenly distributing the heat<00:13:06.399> across<00:13:06.800> the<00:13:07.040> planet. 11:51.410 --> 11:51.420 align:start position:0% heat across the planet. 11:51.420 --> 11:53.570 align:start position:0% heat across the planet. All<00:13:08.880> in<00:13:09.040> all,<00:13:09.360> Trappist<00:13:09.839> 1<00:13:10.160> is<00:13:10.320> such<00:13:10.560> an 11:53.570 --> 11:53.580 align:start position:0% All in all, Trappist 1 is such an 11:53.580 --> 11:55.649 align:start position:0% All in all, Trappist 1 is such an interesting<00:13:11.440> system,<00:13:12.000> and<00:13:12.240> I<00:13:12.399> can't<00:13:12.639> wait<00:13:12.800> to 11:55.649 --> 11:55.659 align:start position:0% interesting system, and I can't wait to 11:55.659 --> 11:57.329 align:start position:0% interesting system, and I can't wait to see<00:13:13.120> what<00:13:13.360> we<00:13:13.519> find<00:13:13.680> out<00:13:13.920> about<00:13:14.160> it<00:13:14.320> in<00:13:14.560> the 11:57.329 --> 11:57.339 align:start position:0% see what we find out about it in the 11:57.339 --> 11:59.329 align:start position:0% see what we find out about it in the future. 11:59.329 --> 11:59.339 align:start position:0% future. 11:59.339 --> 12:01.010 align:start position:0% future. My<00:13:16.880> fingers<00:13:17.200> are<00:13:17.279> crossed,<00:13:17.680> my<00:13:17.839> thumbs<00:13:18.160> are 12:01.010 --> 12:01.020 align:start position:0% My fingers are crossed, my thumbs are 12:01.020 --> 12:03.089 align:start position:0% My fingers are crossed, my thumbs are pressed.<00:13:18.880> I'm<00:13:19.120> praying<00:13:19.519> that<00:13:19.760> James<00:13:20.160> Webb 12:03.089 --> 12:03.099 align:start position:0% pressed. I'm praying that James Webb 12:03.099 --> 12:06.290 align:start position:0% pressed. I'm praying that James Webb telescope<00:13:21.040> launches<00:13:21.600> successfully<00:13:22.160> in<00:13:22.399> 2021. 12:06.290 --> 12:06.300 align:start position:0% telescope launches successfully in 2021. 12:06.300 --> 12:08.209 align:start position:0% telescope launches successfully in 2021. What<00:13:23.839> it<00:13:24.000> is<00:13:24.160> going<00:13:24.320> to<00:13:24.480> see<00:13:24.639> in<00:13:24.880> the<00:13:25.120> universe 12:08.209 --> 12:08.219 align:start position:0% What it is going to see in the universe 12:08.219 --> 12:12.769 align:start position:0% What it is going to see in the universe will<00:13:25.760> be<00:13:25.920> astounding.<00:13:26.720> I<00:13:26.959> guarantee<00:13:27.360> it. 12:12.769 --> 12:12.779 align:start position:0% 12:12.779 --> 12:15.010 align:start position:0% In<00:13:30.320> a<00:13:30.560> universe<00:13:30.959> of<00:13:31.200> seemingly<00:13:31.760> infinite 12:15.010 --> 12:15.020 align:start position:0% In a universe of seemingly infinite 12:15.020 --> 12:17.649 align:start position:0% In a universe of seemingly infinite scale<00:13:32.800> and<00:13:33.200> countless<00:13:33.760> wonders,<00:13:34.639> it's 12:17.649 --> 12:17.659 align:start position:0% scale and countless wonders, it's 12:17.659 --> 12:19.410 align:start position:0% scale and countless wonders, it's curious<00:13:35.279> that<00:13:35.519> the<00:13:35.760> one<00:13:36.000> thing<00:13:36.320> we're 12:19.410 --> 12:19.420 align:start position:0% curious that the one thing we're 12:19.420 --> 12:21.570 align:start position:0% curious that the one thing we're desperate<00:13:37.120> to<00:13:37.440> find<00:13:37.920> is<00:13:38.240> something<00:13:38.560> as 12:21.570 --> 12:21.580 align:start position:0% desperate to find is something as 12:21.580 --> 12:23.890 align:start position:0% desperate to find is something as ordinary<00:13:39.360> as<00:13:39.680> ourselves. 12:23.890 --> 12:23.900 align:start position:0% ordinary as ourselves. 12:23.900 --> 12:27.570 align:start position:0% ordinary as ourselves. To<00:13:41.440> discover<00:13:41.920> that<00:13:42.240> we<00:13:42.480> are<00:13:42.639> not<00:13:42.959> alone. 12:27.570 --> 12:27.580 align:start position:0% To discover that we are not alone. 12:27.580 --> 12:29.969 align:start position:0% To discover that we are not alone. Just<00:13:45.440> 40<00:13:45.839> lighty<00:13:46.079> years<00:13:46.320> away<00:13:46.880> in<00:13:47.120> the 12:29.969 --> 12:29.979 align:start position:0% Just 40 lighty years away in the 12:29.979 --> 12:33.410 align:start position:0% Just 40 lighty years away in the constellation<00:13:47.839> of<00:13:48.000> Aquarius<00:13:49.120> lies<00:13:49.519> a<00:13:49.920> tiny 12:33.410 --> 12:33.420 align:start position:0% constellation of Aquarius lies a tiny 12:33.420 --> 12:35.570 align:start position:0% constellation of Aquarius lies a tiny dim<00:13:51.279> star, 12:35.570 --> 12:35.580 align:start position:0% dim star, 12:35.580 --> 12:37.810 align:start position:0% dim star, Trappist<00:13:53.600> 1. 12:37.810 --> 12:37.820 align:start position:0% Trappist 1. 12:37.820 --> 12:41.969 align:start position:0% Trappist 1. It's<00:13:55.519> cold,<00:13:56.320> ancient,<00:13:57.120> and<00:13:57.440> barely<00:13:57.920> visible. 12:41.969 --> 12:41.979 align:start position:0% It's cold, ancient, and barely visible. 12:41.979 --> 12:44.050 align:start position:0% It's cold, ancient, and barely visible. And<00:13:59.519> yet,<00:14:00.000> it<00:14:00.240> hosts<00:14:00.720> something 12:44.050 --> 12:44.060 align:start position:0% And yet, it hosts something 12:44.060 --> 12:45.810 align:start position:0% And yet, it hosts something extraordinary. 12:45.810 --> 12:45.820 align:start position:0% extraordinary. 12:45.820 --> 12:50.769 align:start position:0% extraordinary. Not<00:14:03.600> one,<00:14:04.560> but<00:14:05.120> seven<00:14:05.760> Earth-sized<00:14:06.720> planets. 12:50.769 --> 12:50.779 align:start position:0% Not one, but seven Earth-sized planets. 12:50.779 --> 12:53.490 align:start position:0% Not one, but seven Earth-sized planets. It's<00:14:08.320> as<00:14:08.560> if<00:14:08.959> nature<00:14:09.360> itself<00:14:10.160> set<00:14:10.320> up<00:14:10.560> an 12:53.490 --> 12:53.500 align:start position:0% It's as if nature itself set up an 12:53.500 --> 12:57.089 align:start position:0% It's as if nature itself set up an experiment.<00:14:11.920> Can<00:14:12.399> life<00:14:12.880> exist<00:14:13.440> around<00:14:13.760> a<00:14:14.000> star 12:57.089 --> 12:57.099 align:start position:0% experiment. Can life exist around a star 12:57.099 --> 12:58.769 align:start position:0% experiment. Can life exist around a star like<00:14:14.720> this? 12:58.769 --> 12:58.779 align:start position:0% like this? 12:58.779 --> 13:01.410 align:start position:0% like this? One<00:14:16.320> by<00:14:16.560> one,<00:14:17.040> scientists<00:14:17.600> have<00:14:17.920> ruled<00:14:18.240> out 13:01.410 --> 13:01.420 align:start position:0% One by one, scientists have ruled out 13:01.420 --> 13:03.969 align:start position:0% One by one, scientists have ruled out most<00:14:19.040> of<00:14:19.199> these<00:14:19.519> worlds<00:14:19.839> as<00:14:20.079> being<00:14:20.320> habitable. 13:03.969 --> 13:03.979 align:start position:0% most of these worlds as being habitable. 13:03.979 --> 13:07.730 align:start position:0% most of these worlds as being habitable. Too<00:14:21.600> hot,<00:14:22.320> too<00:14:22.639> cold,<00:14:23.440> no<00:14:23.680> atmosphere,<00:14:24.720> no 13:07.730 --> 13:07.740 align:start position:0% Too hot, too cold, no atmosphere, no 13:07.740 --> 13:10.850 align:start position:0% Too hot, too cold, no atmosphere, no chance.<00:14:26.320> But<00:14:26.560> one<00:14:26.880> world<00:14:27.360> still<00:14:27.680> holds 13:10.850 --> 13:10.860 align:start position:0% chance. But one world still holds 13:10.860 --> 13:15.570 align:start position:0% chance. But one world still holds promise.<00:14:29.519> Trappist<00:14:30.399> 1E. 13:15.570 --> 13:15.580 align:start position:0% promise. Trappist 1E. 13:15.580 --> 13:17.649 align:start position:0% promise. Trappist 1E. And<00:14:33.120> now,<00:14:33.519> thanks<00:14:33.760> to<00:14:34.000> data<00:14:34.240> from<00:14:34.399> the<00:14:34.639> James 13:17.649 --> 13:17.659 align:start position:0% And now, thanks to data from the James 13:17.659 --> 13:20.529 align:start position:0% And now, thanks to data from the James Webb<00:14:35.360> Space<00:14:35.680> Telescope,<00:14:36.720> we<00:14:36.959> may<00:14:37.279> finally 13:20.529 --> 13:20.539 align:start position:0% Webb Space Telescope, we may finally 13:20.539 --> 13:23.570 align:start position:0% Webb Space Telescope, we may finally have<00:14:38.079> a<00:14:38.399> glimpse<00:14:38.880> of<00:14:39.040> its<00:14:39.279> atmosphere.<00:14:40.639> What 13:23.570 --> 13:23.580 align:start position:0% have a glimpse of its atmosphere. What 13:23.580 --> 13:26.610 align:start position:0% have a glimpse of its atmosphere. What we<00:14:41.120> found<00:14:41.640> [music]<00:14:41.839> is<00:14:42.160> astonishing.<00:14:43.519> Could 13:26.610 --> 13:26.620 align:start position:0% we found [music] is astonishing. Could 13:26.620 --> 13:29.730 align:start position:0% we found [music] is astonishing. Could this<00:14:44.240> be<00:14:44.480> the<00:14:44.800> first<00:14:45.279> true<00:14:45.839> Earthlike<00:14:46.560> planet 13:29.730 --> 13:29.740 align:start position:0% this be the first true Earthlike planet 13:29.740 --> 13:33.089 align:start position:0% this be the first true Earthlike planet beyond<00:14:47.519> our<00:14:47.920> solar<00:14:48.240> system?<00:14:49.279> Could<00:14:49.760> Trappist 13:33.089 --> 13:33.099 align:start position:0% beyond our solar system? Could Trappist 13:33.099 --> 13:38.930 align:start position:0% beyond our solar system? Could Trappist 1E<00:14:51.199> host<00:14:51.600> life? 13:38.930 --> 13:38.940 align:start position:0% 13:38.940 --> 13:41.010 align:start position:0% I'm<00:14:56.480> Alex<00:14:56.880> Mccoan<00:14:57.519> and<00:14:57.760> you're<00:14:58.000> watching 13:41.010 --> 13:41.020 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 13:41.020 --> 13:43.810 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:14:59.279> Join<00:14:59.519> me<00:14:59.680> today<00:15:00.000> as<00:15:00.240> we<00:15:00.560> travel<00:15:00.880> to 13:43.810 --> 13:43.820 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we travel to 13:43.820 --> 13:46.850 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we travel to the<00:15:01.279> Trappist<00:15:02.000> One<00:15:02.320> star<00:15:02.639> system<00:15:03.360> to<00:15:03.680> explore 13:46.850 --> 13:46.860 align:start position:0% the Trappist One star system to explore 13:46.860 --> 13:49.329 align:start position:0% the Trappist One star system to explore the<00:15:04.480> potential<00:15:05.040> for<00:15:05.279> life<00:15:05.600> on<00:15:05.839> its<00:15:06.160> most 13:49.329 --> 13:49.339 align:start position:0% the potential for life on its most 13:49.339 --> 13:52.290 align:start position:0% the potential for life on its most promising<00:15:07.199> planet.<00:15:08.320> We'll<00:15:08.720> look<00:15:08.800> at<00:15:09.040> new<00:15:09.279> data 13:52.290 --> 13:52.300 align:start position:0% promising planet. We'll look at new data 13:52.300 --> 13:54.290 align:start position:0% promising planet. We'll look at new data from<00:15:09.760> the<00:15:09.920> James<00:15:10.240> Webb<00:15:10.560> Space<00:15:10.800> Telescope<00:15:11.360> that 13:54.290 --> 13:54.300 align:start position:0% from the James Webb Space Telescope that 13:54.300 --> 13:57.170 align:start position:0% from the James Webb Space Telescope that has<00:15:11.839> pushed<00:15:12.160> it<00:15:12.480> to<00:15:12.720> its<00:15:13.120> limits,<00:15:14.079> revealing 13:57.170 --> 13:57.180 align:start position:0% has pushed it to its limits, revealing 13:57.180 --> 13:59.490 align:start position:0% has pushed it to its limits, revealing the<00:15:14.800> likely<00:15:15.120> composition<00:15:15.600> of<00:15:15.760> Trappis<00:15:16.320> 1's 13:59.490 --> 13:59.500 align:start position:0% the likely composition of Trappis 1's 13:59.500 --> 14:02.209 align:start position:0% the likely composition of Trappis 1's atmosphere<00:15:17.839> and<00:15:18.240> whether<00:15:18.639> it<00:15:18.880> could<00:15:19.120> support 14:02.209 --> 14:02.219 align:start position:0% atmosphere and whether it could support 14:02.219 --> 14:05.410 align:start position:0% atmosphere and whether it could support life.<00:15:20.560> That<00:15:20.800> is<00:15:21.360> if<00:15:21.680> the<00:15:21.839> very<00:15:22.160> star<00:15:22.399> that 14:05.410 --> 14:05.420 align:start position:0% life. That is if the very star that 14:05.420 --> 14:08.050 align:start position:0% life. That is if the very star that offers<00:15:23.040> the<00:15:23.360> chance<00:15:23.680> of<00:15:23.839> life<00:15:24.399> hasn't<00:15:24.880> also 14:08.050 --> 14:08.060 align:start position:0% offers the chance of life hasn't also 14:08.060 --> 14:16.209 align:start position:0% offers the chance of life hasn't also issued<00:15:25.760> a<00:15:26.000> death<00:15:26.320> sentence. 14:16.209 --> 14:16.219 align:start position:0% 14:16.219 --> 14:20.290 align:start position:0% Trappist<00:15:34.079> 1<00:15:34.399> is<00:15:34.639> an<00:15:34.959> M8<00:15:35.600> class<00:15:36.000> red<00:15:36.240> dwarf. 14:20.290 --> 14:20.300 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 is an M8 class red dwarf. 14:20.300 --> 14:22.850 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 is an M8 class red dwarf. Only<00:15:37.920> a<00:15:38.240> little<00:15:38.399> larger<00:15:38.720> than<00:15:38.959> Jupiter,<00:15:39.760> it's 14:22.850 --> 14:22.860 align:start position:0% Only a little larger than Jupiter, it's 14:22.860 --> 14:26.529 align:start position:0% Only a little larger than Jupiter, it's 1,800<00:15:41.440> times<00:15:41.920> less<00:15:42.240> luminous<00:15:42.720> than<00:15:42.880> our<00:15:43.199> sun. 14:26.529 --> 14:26.539 align:start position:0% 1,800 times less luminous than our sun. 14:26.539 --> 14:28.529 align:start position:0% 1,800 times less luminous than our sun. A<00:15:44.079> difference<00:15:44.560> that's<00:15:44.880> like<00:15:45.120> comparing<00:15:45.600> a 14:28.529 --> 14:28.539 align:start position:0% A difference that's like comparing a 14:28.539 --> 14:31.329 align:start position:0% A difference that's like comparing a candle<00:15:46.480> to<00:15:46.720> a<00:15:46.959> college<00:15:47.600> running<00:15:48.000> track<00:15:48.320> flood 14:31.329 --> 14:31.339 align:start position:0% candle to a college running track flood 14:31.339 --> 14:32.690 align:start position:0% candle to a college running track flood light. 14:32.690 --> 14:32.700 align:start position:0% light. 14:32.700 --> 14:34.370 align:start position:0% light. Although<00:15:50.320> the<00:15:50.560> star<00:15:50.880> was<00:15:51.040> first<00:15:51.279> discovered 14:34.370 --> 14:34.380 align:start position:0% Although the star was first discovered 14:34.380 --> 14:37.410 align:start position:0% Although the star was first discovered in<00:15:51.920> 1999,<00:15:53.120> its<00:15:53.440> full<00:15:53.839> planetary<00:15:54.320> lineup 14:37.410 --> 14:37.420 align:start position:0% in 1999, its full planetary lineup 14:37.420 --> 14:40.130 align:start position:0% in 1999, its full planetary lineup wasn't<00:15:55.040> revealed<00:15:55.440> until<00:15:56.000> 2017<00:15:57.040> when<00:15:57.279> it 14:40.130 --> 14:40.140 align:start position:0% wasn't revealed until 2017 when it 14:40.140 --> 14:42.290 align:start position:0% wasn't revealed until 2017 when it became<00:15:57.680> the<00:15:57.920> first<00:15:58.399> and<00:15:58.720> only<00:15:59.120> planetary 14:42.290 --> 14:42.300 align:start position:0% became the first and only planetary 14:42.300 --> 14:44.449 align:start position:0% became the first and only planetary system<00:15:59.920> to<00:16:00.160> be<00:16:00.240> discovered<00:16:00.720> by<00:16:00.880> the<00:16:01.120> Trappist 14:44.449 --> 14:44.459 align:start position:0% system to be discovered by the Trappist 14:44.459 --> 14:47.089 align:start position:0% system to be discovered by the Trappist optical<00:16:02.320> robotic<00:16:02.959> telescope.<00:16:04.160> This 14:47.089 --> 14:47.099 align:start position:0% optical robotic telescope. This 14:47.099 --> 14:49.649 align:start position:0% optical robotic telescope. This telescope<00:16:04.959> is<00:16:05.199> made<00:16:05.360> up<00:16:05.519> of<00:16:05.759> two<00:16:06.160> parts. 14:49.649 --> 14:49.659 align:start position:0% telescope is made up of two parts. 14:49.659 --> 14:52.370 align:start position:0% telescope is made up of two parts. Trappist<00:16:07.600> South<00:16:07.839> in<00:16:08.079> the<00:16:08.240> Chilean<00:16:08.800> Mountains 14:52.370 --> 14:52.380 align:start position:0% Trappist South in the Chilean Mountains 14:52.380 --> 14:55.010 align:start position:0% Trappist South in the Chilean Mountains and<00:16:10.079> Trappist<00:16:10.639> North<00:16:10.959> in<00:16:11.279> Morocco's<00:16:11.839> Atlas 14:55.010 --> 14:55.020 align:start position:0% and Trappist North in Morocco's Atlas 14:55.020 --> 14:58.690 align:start position:0% and Trappist North in Morocco's Atlas Mountains.<00:16:13.600> They<00:16:13.920> use<00:16:14.399> transit<00:16:14.880> photometry, 14:58.690 --> 14:58.700 align:start position:0% Mountains. They use transit photometry, 14:58.700 --> 15:00.610 align:start position:0% Mountains. They use transit photometry, a<00:16:16.240> technique<00:16:16.560> that<00:16:16.800> measures<00:16:17.279> periodic 15:00.610 --> 15:00.620 align:start position:0% a technique that measures periodic 15:00.620 --> 15:02.370 align:start position:0% a technique that measures periodic changes<00:16:18.240> in<00:16:18.399> the<00:16:18.560> brightness<00:16:18.880> of<00:16:19.040> a<00:16:19.199> star<00:16:19.519> to 15:02.370 --> 15:02.380 align:start position:0% changes in the brightness of a star to 15:02.380 --> 15:05.250 align:start position:0% changes in the brightness of a star to find<00:16:20.000> orbiting<00:16:20.560> planets.<00:16:21.600> In<00:16:21.839> other<00:16:22.000> words, 15:05.250 --> 15:05.260 align:start position:0% find orbiting planets. In other words, 15:05.260 --> 15:07.730 align:start position:0% find orbiting planets. In other words, if<00:16:22.800> a<00:16:23.040> planet<00:16:23.360> passes<00:16:23.839> between<00:16:24.240> us<00:16:24.560> and<00:16:24.800> the 15:07.730 --> 15:07.740 align:start position:0% if a planet passes between us and the 15:07.740 --> 15:10.209 align:start position:0% if a planet passes between us and the star,<00:16:25.680> then<00:16:25.920> some<00:16:26.160> of<00:16:26.240> its<00:16:26.480> light<00:16:26.720> is<00:16:26.959> blocked, 15:10.209 --> 15:10.219 align:start position:0% star, then some of its light is blocked, 15:10.219 --> 15:12.449 align:start position:0% star, then some of its light is blocked, and<00:16:27.759> so<00:16:28.000> we<00:16:28.240> detect<00:16:28.560> a<00:16:28.800> dip<00:16:29.040> in<00:16:29.199> the<00:16:29.360> stars 15:12.449 --> 15:12.459 align:start position:0% and so we detect a dip in the stars 15:12.459 --> 15:15.490 align:start position:0% and so we detect a dip in the stars apparent<00:16:30.240> output.<00:16:31.519> By<00:16:31.920> taking<00:16:32.320> multiple 15:15.490 --> 15:15.500 align:start position:0% apparent output. By taking multiple 15:15.500 --> 15:17.649 align:start position:0% apparent output. By taking multiple observations,<00:16:33.680> the<00:16:33.920> telescopes<00:16:34.480> were<00:16:34.720> able 15:17.649 --> 15:17.659 align:start position:0% observations, the telescopes were able 15:17.659 --> 15:20.209 align:start position:0% observations, the telescopes were able to<00:16:35.120> isolate<00:16:35.680> the<00:16:36.000> individual<00:16:36.560> orbits<00:16:37.120> of 15:20.209 --> 15:20.219 align:start position:0% to isolate the individual orbits of 15:20.219 --> 15:22.930 align:start position:0% to isolate the individual orbits of multiple<00:16:38.079> planets<00:16:38.560> around<00:16:38.880> Trappist<00:16:39.440> 1. 15:22.930 --> 15:22.940 align:start position:0% multiple planets around Trappist 1. 15:22.940 --> 15:25.010 align:start position:0% multiple planets around Trappist 1. Initially,<00:16:40.720> their<00:16:41.040> data<00:16:41.360> analysis<00:16:42.000> only 15:25.010 --> 15:25.020 align:start position:0% Initially, their data analysis only 15:25.020 --> 15:27.810 align:start position:0% Initially, their data analysis only found<00:16:42.639> the<00:16:42.959> three<00:16:43.440> innermost<00:16:44.000> planets,<00:16:44.800> but 15:27.810 --> 15:27.820 align:start position:0% found the three innermost planets, but 15:27.820 --> 15:29.810 align:start position:0% found the three innermost planets, but further<00:16:45.519> data<00:16:45.839> from<00:16:46.160> both<00:16:46.399> of<00:16:46.480> the<00:16:46.639> Trappist 15:29.810 --> 15:29.820 align:start position:0% further data from both of the Trappist 15:29.820 --> 15:31.649 align:start position:0% further data from both of the Trappist telescopes<00:16:47.759> as<00:16:48.000> well<00:16:48.079> as<00:16:48.240> the<00:16:48.480> Spitzer 15:31.649 --> 15:31.659 align:start position:0% telescopes as well as the Spitzer 15:31.659 --> 15:34.529 align:start position:0% telescopes as well as the Spitzer infrared<00:16:49.519> space<00:16:49.759> telescope<00:16:50.800> took<00:16:51.120> this<00:16:51.440> total 15:34.529 --> 15:34.539 align:start position:0% infrared space telescope took this total 15:34.539 --> 15:38.050 align:start position:0% infrared space telescope took this total to<00:16:52.160> seven.<00:16:53.120> And<00:16:53.440> not<00:16:53.680> only<00:16:53.920> that,<00:16:54.639> but<00:16:54.880> they 15:38.050 --> 15:38.060 align:start position:0% to seven. And not only that, but they 15:38.060 --> 15:41.889 align:start position:0% to seven. And not only that, but they are<00:16:55.600> all<00:16:56.240> rocky<00:16:57.279> and<00:16:57.680> all,<00:16:58.160> at<00:16:58.160> least<00:16:58.639> roughly 15:41.889 --> 15:41.899 align:start position:0% are all rocky and all, at least roughly 15:41.899 --> 15:44.290 align:start position:0% are all rocky and all, at least roughly Earth-sized,<00:17:00.320> making<00:17:00.639> this<00:17:00.959> the<00:17:01.279> most 15:44.290 --> 15:44.300 align:start position:0% Earth-sized, making this the most 15:44.300 --> 15:47.810 align:start position:0% Earth-sized, making this the most Earthlike<00:17:02.320> planets<00:17:02.880> found<00:17:03.199> around<00:17:03.759> any<00:17:04.160> star. 15:44.418 --> 15:47.369 align:start position:0% I made a video about them. You can check it<00:17:11.199> out<00:17:11.439> with<00:17:11.679> the<00:17:11.839> link<00:17:12.079> on<00:17:12.319> screen. 15:47.369 --> 15:47.379 align:start position:0% it out with the link on screen. 15:47.379 --> 15:50.089 align:start position:0% it out with the link on screen. But<00:17:14.240> with<00:17:14.559> such<00:17:14.880> a<00:17:15.280> small<00:17:15.760> dim<00:17:16.160> star<00:17:16.400> at<00:17:16.559> the 15:50.089 --> 15:50.099 align:start position:0% But with such a small dim star at the 15:50.099 --> 15:52.168 align:start position:0% But with such a small dim star at the center,<00:17:17.439> is<00:17:17.679> there<00:17:17.839> really<00:17:18.079> any<00:17:18.319> hope<00:17:18.559> that 15:52.168 --> 15:52.178 align:start position:0% center, is there really any hope that 15:52.178 --> 15:55.609 align:start position:0% center, is there really any hope that they<00:17:19.120> could<00:17:19.439> be<00:17:19.600> habitable? 15:55.609 --> 15:55.619 align:start position:0% they could be habitable? 15:55.619 --> 15:57.448 align:start position:0% they could be habitable? For<00:17:22.480> any<00:17:22.640> of<00:17:22.799> these<00:17:23.039> planets<00:17:23.439> to<00:17:23.679> receive 15:57.448 --> 15:57.458 align:start position:0% For any of these planets to receive 15:57.458 --> 16:00.249 align:start position:0% For any of these planets to receive enough<00:17:24.480> light<00:17:24.799> to<00:17:25.039> support<00:17:25.439> life,<00:17:26.160> the<00:17:26.400> orbits 16:00.249 --> 16:00.259 align:start position:0% enough light to support life, the orbits 16:00.259 --> 16:02.569 align:start position:0% enough light to support life, the orbits need<00:17:27.039> to<00:17:27.199> be<00:17:27.520> much<00:17:27.919> closer<00:17:28.319> than<00:17:28.559> we<00:17:28.799> are<00:17:28.960> to 16:02.569 --> 16:02.579 align:start position:0% need to be much closer than we are to 16:02.579 --> 16:05.369 align:start position:0% need to be much closer than we are to our<00:17:29.440> sun.<00:17:30.240> In<00:17:30.480> the<00:17:30.559> Trappist<00:17:31.120> one<00:17:31.280> system,<00:17:31.760> the 16:05.369 --> 16:05.379 align:start position:0% our sun. In the Trappist one system, the 16:05.379 --> 16:08.009 align:start position:0% our sun. In the Trappist one system, the planets<00:17:32.480> certainly<00:17:32.880> are.<00:17:33.679> In<00:17:33.919> fact,<00:17:34.320> all 16:08.009 --> 16:08.019 align:start position:0% planets certainly are. In fact, all 16:08.019 --> 16:11.529 align:start position:0% planets certainly are. In fact, all seven<00:17:35.120> are<00:17:35.440> incredibly<00:17:36.080> close.<00:17:37.120> Trappist<00:17:37.679> 1E 16:11.529 --> 16:11.539 align:start position:0% seven are incredibly close. Trappist 1E 16:11.539 --> 16:14.729 align:start position:0% seven are incredibly close. Trappist 1E orbits<00:17:38.640> only<00:17:39.039> 113th<00:17:39.840> of<00:17:40.080> Mercury's<00:17:40.559> orbit, 16:14.729 --> 16:14.739 align:start position:0% orbits only 113th of Mercury's orbit, 16:14.739 --> 16:16.969 align:start position:0% orbits only 113th of Mercury's orbit, which<00:17:41.600> means<00:17:41.840> it<00:17:42.080> could<00:17:42.320> be<00:17:42.559> tidily<00:17:43.200> locked<00:17:43.440> to 16:16.969 --> 16:16.979 align:start position:0% which means it could be tidily locked to 16:16.979 --> 16:19.129 align:start position:0% which means it could be tidily locked to its<00:17:43.840> host<00:17:44.080> star,<00:17:44.799> the<00:17:45.039> same<00:17:45.200> side<00:17:45.440> of<00:17:45.600> the 16:19.129 --> 16:19.139 align:start position:0% its host star, the same side of the 16:19.139 --> 16:21.928 align:start position:0% its host star, the same side of the planet<00:17:46.240> facing<00:17:46.640> the<00:17:46.880> star<00:17:47.200> at<00:17:47.520> all<00:17:47.760> times, 16:21.928 --> 16:21.938 align:start position:0% planet facing the star at all times, 16:21.938 --> 16:24.168 align:start position:0% planet facing the star at all times, just<00:17:48.880> like<00:17:49.120> we<00:17:49.440> only<00:17:49.679> ever<00:17:49.919> see<00:17:50.160> one<00:17:50.400> side<00:17:50.640> of 16:24.168 --> 16:24.178 align:start position:0% just like we only ever see one side of 16:24.178 --> 16:26.729 align:start position:0% just like we only ever see one side of our<00:17:51.120> own<00:17:51.360> moon.<00:17:52.320> This<00:17:52.480> has<00:17:52.799> significant 16:26.729 --> 16:26.739 align:start position:0% our own moon. This has significant 16:26.739 --> 16:28.649 align:start position:0% our own moon. This has significant implications<00:17:54.000> for<00:17:54.160> the<00:17:54.320> habitability<00:17:54.960> of<00:17:55.120> the 16:28.649 --> 16:28.659 align:start position:0% implications for the habitability of the 16:28.659 --> 16:30.889 align:start position:0% implications for the habitability of the planet,<00:17:56.000> and<00:17:56.240> we'll<00:17:56.480> dive<00:17:56.720> into<00:17:56.960> those<00:17:57.280> later 16:30.889 --> 16:30.899 align:start position:0% planet, and we'll dive into those later 16:30.899 --> 16:34.009 align:start position:0% planet, and we'll dive into those later in<00:17:57.760> the<00:17:57.919> video.<00:17:58.799> But<00:17:59.200> more<00:17:59.600> interestingly, 16:34.009 --> 16:34.019 align:start position:0% in the video. But more interestingly, 16:34.019 --> 16:36.249 align:start position:0% in the video. But more interestingly, its<00:18:00.880> orbital<00:18:01.360> distance<00:18:01.840> also<00:18:02.160> means<00:18:02.400> that<00:18:02.640> it 16:36.249 --> 16:36.259 align:start position:0% its orbital distance also means that it 16:36.259 --> 16:38.569 align:start position:0% its orbital distance also means that it is<00:18:03.120> right<00:18:03.520> in<00:18:03.760> the<00:18:04.000> middle<00:18:04.240> of<00:18:04.400> the<00:18:04.640> predicted 16:38.569 --> 16:38.579 align:start position:0% is right in the middle of the predicted 16:38.579 --> 16:41.048 align:start position:0% is right in the middle of the predicted habitable<00:18:05.760> zone<00:18:06.320> where<00:18:06.559> it<00:18:06.799> receives<00:18:07.200> about 16:41.048 --> 16:41.058 align:start position:0% habitable zone where it receives about 16:41.058 --> 16:43.529 align:start position:0% habitable zone where it receives about 2/3<00:18:08.240> of<00:18:08.400> the<00:18:08.559> energy<00:18:08.880> that<00:18:09.200> we<00:18:09.440> do<00:18:09.679> from<00:18:09.840> our 16:43.529 --> 16:43.539 align:start position:0% 2/3 of the energy that we do from our 16:43.539 --> 16:46.649 align:start position:0% 2/3 of the energy that we do from our sun.<00:18:10.799> And<00:18:11.039> that<00:18:11.440> is<00:18:11.600> why<00:18:11.840> scientists<00:18:12.480> are<00:18:12.799> so 16:46.649 --> 16:46.659 align:start position:0% sun. And that is why scientists are so 16:46.659 --> 16:49.369 align:start position:0% sun. And that is why scientists are so curious<00:18:13.919> about<00:18:14.240> this<00:18:14.480> planet.<00:18:15.440> But<00:18:15.600> it<00:18:15.760> takes 16:49.369 --> 16:49.379 align:start position:0% curious about this planet. But it takes 16:49.379 --> 16:52.009 align:start position:0% curious about this planet. But it takes more<00:18:16.240> than<00:18:16.559> light<00:18:16.960> for<00:18:17.200> life<00:18:17.520> to<00:18:17.679> thrive. 16:52.009 --> 16:52.019 align:start position:0% more than light for life to thrive. 16:52.019 --> 16:54.408 align:start position:0% more than light for life to thrive. Trappist<00:18:19.120> 1e<00:18:19.600> would<00:18:19.919> almost<00:18:20.240> certainly<00:18:20.799> need 16:54.408 --> 16:54.418 align:start position:0% Trappist 1e would almost certainly need 16:54.418 --> 16:57.129 align:start position:0% Trappist 1e would almost certainly need an<00:18:21.280> atmosphere.<00:18:22.400> So<00:18:22.640> that's<00:18:22.960> exactly<00:18:23.360> what 16:57.129 --> 16:57.139 align:start position:0% an atmosphere. So that's exactly what 16:57.139 --> 16:59.529 align:start position:0% an atmosphere. So that's exactly what scientists<00:18:24.320> have<00:18:24.640> been<00:18:24.880> looking<00:18:25.120> for<00:18:25.760> using 16:59.529 --> 16:59.539 align:start position:0% scientists have been looking for using 16:59.539 --> 17:02.408 align:start position:0% scientists have been looking for using our<00:18:26.559> most<00:18:26.880> powerful<00:18:27.520> space-based<00:18:28.160> telescope, 17:02.408 --> 17:02.418 align:start position:0% our most powerful space-based telescope, 17:02.418 --> 17:07.449 align:start position:0% our most powerful space-based telescope, James<00:18:29.440> Webb. 17:07.449 --> 17:07.459 align:start position:0% 17:07.459 --> 17:09.288 align:start position:0% The<00:18:34.240> teams<00:18:34.559> who<00:18:34.880> were<00:18:35.120> involved<00:18:35.600> with 17:09.288 --> 17:09.298 align:start position:0% The teams who were involved with 17:09.298 --> 17:12.009 align:start position:0% The teams who were involved with developing<00:18:36.559> James<00:18:36.960> Webb<00:18:37.440> were<00:18:37.679> rewarded<00:18:38.240> with 17:12.009 --> 17:12.019 align:start position:0% developing James Webb were rewarded with 17:12.019 --> 17:15.048 align:start position:0% developing James Webb were rewarded with guaranteed<00:18:39.280> observation<00:18:39.840> time.<00:18:40.799> One<00:18:41.039> group, 17:15.048 --> 17:15.058 align:start position:0% guaranteed observation time. One group, 17:15.058 --> 17:17.449 align:start position:0% guaranteed observation time. One group, the<00:18:42.000> deep<00:18:42.400> reconnaissance<00:18:43.039> of<00:18:43.280> exoplanet 17:17.449 --> 17:17.459 align:start position:0% the deep reconnaissance of exoplanet 17:17.459 --> 17:19.609 align:start position:0% the deep reconnaissance of exoplanet atmospheres<00:18:44.799> through<00:18:45.200> multi-instrument 17:19.609 --> 17:19.619 align:start position:0% atmospheres through multi-instrument 17:19.619 --> 17:22.408 align:start position:0% atmospheres through multi-instrument spectroscopy.<00:18:47.520> That's<00:18:47.760> right.<00:18:48.240> The<00:18:48.480> Dreams 17:22.408 --> 17:22.418 align:start position:0% spectroscopy. That's right. The Dreams 17:22.418 --> 17:25.048 align:start position:0% spectroscopy. That's right. The Dreams team<00:18:49.760> immediately<00:18:50.559> wanted<00:18:50.880> to<00:18:51.039> set<00:18:51.360> James 17:25.048 --> 17:25.058 align:start position:0% team immediately wanted to set James 17:25.058 --> 17:27.048 align:start position:0% team immediately wanted to set James Webb's<00:18:52.080> sights<00:18:52.480> on<00:18:52.720> the<00:18:52.880> Trappist<00:18:53.440> One 17:27.048 --> 17:27.058 align:start position:0% Webb's sights on the Trappist One 17:27.058 --> 17:29.529 align:start position:0% Webb's sights on the Trappist One system.<00:18:54.559> The<00:18:54.799> James<00:18:55.039> Webb<00:18:55.360> Space<00:18:55.600> Telescope 17:29.529 --> 17:29.539 align:start position:0% system. The James Webb Space Telescope 17:29.539 --> 17:33.209 align:start position:0% system. The James Webb Space Telescope is<00:18:56.640> uniquely<00:18:57.280> sensitive<00:18:57.919> and<00:18:58.240> precise.<00:18:59.520> So 17:33.209 --> 17:33.219 align:start position:0% is uniquely sensitive and precise. So 17:33.219 --> 17:35.689 align:start position:0% is uniquely sensitive and precise. So much<00:19:00.080> so<00:19:00.559> that<00:19:00.799> it<00:19:01.039> can<00:19:01.200> detect<00:19:01.760> spectral 17:35.689 --> 17:35.699 align:start position:0% much so that it can detect spectral 17:35.699 --> 17:38.089 align:start position:0% much so that it can detect spectral signatures<00:19:03.039> from<00:19:03.280> the<00:19:03.520> thin<00:19:03.919> band<00:19:04.240> of<00:19:04.400> gas 17:38.089 --> 17:38.099 align:start position:0% signatures from the thin band of gas 17:38.099 --> 17:40.009 align:start position:0% signatures from the thin band of gas that<00:19:04.960> makes<00:19:05.120> up<00:19:05.280> the<00:19:05.520> atmospheres<00:19:06.080> of<00:19:06.320> these 17:40.009 --> 17:40.019 align:start position:0% that makes up the atmospheres of these 17:40.019 --> 17:43.048 align:start position:0% that makes up the atmospheres of these planets<00:19:07.440> a<00:19:07.679> whole<00:19:08.160> 40<00:19:08.559> light<00:19:08.880> years<00:19:09.120> from<00:19:09.360> our 17:43.048 --> 17:43.058 align:start position:0% planets a whole 40 light years from our 17:43.058 --> 17:45.689 align:start position:0% planets a whole 40 light years from our own.<00:19:10.640> It<00:19:10.880> does<00:19:11.039> this<00:19:11.280> thanks<00:19:11.520> to<00:19:11.679> a<00:19:11.840> technique 17:45.689 --> 17:45.699 align:start position:0% own. It does this thanks to a technique 17:45.699 --> 17:48.489 align:start position:0% own. It does this thanks to a technique called<00:19:12.799> transmission<00:19:13.600> spectroscopy. 17:48.489 --> 17:48.499 align:start position:0% called transmission spectroscopy. 17:48.499 --> 17:51.209 align:start position:0% called transmission spectroscopy. As<00:19:15.360> an<00:19:15.520> exoplanet<00:19:16.240> passes<00:19:16.640> its<00:19:16.880> mother<00:19:17.200> star, 17:51.209 --> 17:51.219 align:start position:0% As an exoplanet passes its mother star, 17:51.219 --> 17:53.609 align:start position:0% As an exoplanet passes its mother star, James<00:19:18.320> Webb<00:19:18.720> not<00:19:19.039> only<00:19:19.280> measures<00:19:19.600> the<00:19:19.840> drop<00:19:20.000> in 17:53.609 --> 17:53.619 align:start position:0% James Webb not only measures the drop in 17:53.619 --> 17:56.729 align:start position:0% James Webb not only measures the drop in brightness,<00:19:21.039> but<00:19:21.280> also<00:19:21.919> how<00:19:22.400> the<00:19:22.720> spectrum<00:19:23.120> of 17:56.729 --> 17:56.739 align:start position:0% brightness, but also how the spectrum of 17:56.739 --> 17:59.529 align:start position:0% brightness, but also how the spectrum of light<00:19:23.760> changes.<00:19:25.039> The<00:19:25.200> telescope's<00:19:25.919> near 17:59.529 --> 17:59.539 align:start position:0% light changes. The telescope's near 17:59.539 --> 18:02.408 align:start position:0% light changes. The telescope's near infrared<00:19:26.799> spectrometer,<00:19:27.840> or<00:19:28.160> nerve<00:19:28.559> spec<00:19:28.880> for 18:02.408 --> 18:02.418 align:start position:0% infrared spectrometer, or nerve spec for 18:02.418 --> 18:04.329 align:start position:0% infrared spectrometer, or nerve spec for short,<00:19:29.679> measures<00:19:30.080> the<00:19:30.320> wavelengths<00:19:30.799> of 18:04.329 --> 18:04.339 align:start position:0% short, measures the wavelengths of 18:04.339 --> 18:06.168 align:start position:0% short, measures the wavelengths of infrared<00:19:31.520> radiation<00:19:32.080> closest<00:19:32.480> to<00:19:32.640> the 18:06.168 --> 18:06.178 align:start position:0% infrared radiation closest to the 18:06.178 --> 18:09.048 align:start position:0% infrared radiation closest to the visible<00:19:33.200> spectrum.<00:19:34.240> Molecular<00:19:34.880> bonds<00:19:35.280> absorb 18:09.048 --> 18:09.058 align:start position:0% visible spectrum. Molecular bonds absorb 18:09.058 --> 18:10.889 align:start position:0% visible spectrum. Molecular bonds absorb energy<00:19:36.000> in<00:19:36.240> this<00:19:36.400> range.<00:19:36.880> And<00:19:37.200> different 18:10.889 --> 18:10.899 align:start position:0% energy in this range. And different 18:10.899 --> 18:13.769 align:start position:0% energy in this range. And different bonds<00:19:38.080> like<00:19:38.480> this<00:19:38.880> carbon<00:19:39.360> hydrogen<00:19:39.919> bond<00:19:40.240> in 18:13.769 --> 18:13.779 align:start position:0% bonds like this carbon hydrogen bond in 18:13.779 --> 18:16.969 align:start position:0% bonds like this carbon hydrogen bond in methane<00:19:41.360> or<00:19:41.760> this<00:19:42.240> carbon<00:19:42.720> oxygen<00:19:43.280> double 18:16.969 --> 18:16.979 align:start position:0% methane or this carbon oxygen double 18:16.979 --> 18:20.009 align:start position:0% methane or this carbon oxygen double bond<00:19:43.919> in<00:19:44.160> carbon<00:19:44.559> dioxide<00:19:45.679> absorb<00:19:46.320> different 18:20.009 --> 18:20.019 align:start position:0% bond in carbon dioxide absorb different 18:20.019 --> 18:22.649 align:start position:0% bond in carbon dioxide absorb different wavelengths.<00:19:47.840> It<00:19:48.080> means<00:19:48.240> that<00:19:48.480> by<00:19:48.720> measuring 18:22.649 --> 18:22.659 align:start position:0% wavelengths. It means that by measuring 18:22.659 --> 18:24.649 align:start position:0% wavelengths. It means that by measuring which<00:19:49.600> wavelengths<00:19:50.240> are<00:19:50.480> absorbed<00:19:50.880> as<00:19:51.120> a 18:24.649 --> 18:24.659 align:start position:0% which wavelengths are absorbed as a 18:24.659 --> 18:27.048 align:start position:0% which wavelengths are absorbed as a planet<00:19:51.679> transits<00:19:52.160> its<00:19:52.400> star,<00:19:53.120> we<00:19:53.360> can<00:19:53.520> first 18:27.048 --> 18:27.058 align:start position:0% planet transits its star, we can first 18:27.058 --> 18:28.889 align:start position:0% planet transits its star, we can first of<00:19:53.840> all<00:19:54.080> work<00:19:54.400> out<00:19:54.720> if<00:19:54.960> there<00:19:55.120> is<00:19:55.280> an 18:28.889 --> 18:28.899 align:start position:0% of all work out if there is an 18:28.899 --> 18:32.089 align:start position:0% of all work out if there is an atmosphere<00:19:56.400> and<00:19:56.640> then<00:19:57.120> if<00:19:57.440> so<00:19:58.160> determine 18:32.089 --> 18:32.099 align:start position:0% atmosphere and then if so determine 18:32.099 --> 18:34.809 align:start position:0% atmosphere and then if so determine which<00:19:59.120> gases<00:19:59.600> are<00:19:59.840> present. 18:34.809 --> 18:34.819 align:start position:0% which gases are present. 18:34.819 --> 18:37.529 align:start position:0% which gases are present. And<00:20:01.679> it's<00:20:02.080> been<00:20:02.559> particularly<00:20:03.360> easy<00:20:03.600> to<00:20:03.840> get<00:20:04.000> a 18:37.529 --> 18:37.539 align:start position:0% And it's been particularly easy to get a 18:37.539 --> 18:40.168 align:start position:0% And it's been particularly easy to get a read<00:20:04.400> at<00:20:04.559> Trappist<00:20:05.120> 1.<00:20:05.760> In<00:20:05.919> fact,<00:20:06.080> the<00:20:06.320> data<00:20:06.559> we 18:40.168 --> 18:40.178 align:start position:0% read at Trappist 1. In fact, the data we 18:40.178 --> 18:42.489 align:start position:0% read at Trappist 1. In fact, the data we have<00:20:07.039> is<00:20:07.360> 10<00:20:07.679> times<00:20:08.080> more<00:20:08.400> sensitive<00:20:08.880> than 18:42.489 --> 18:42.499 align:start position:0% have is 10 times more sensitive than 18:42.499 --> 18:46.489 align:start position:0% have is 10 times more sensitive than what<00:20:09.360> we<00:20:09.600> have<00:20:09.840> on<00:20:10.240> any<00:20:10.640> other<00:20:10.960> system.<00:20:12.080> Why? 18:46.489 --> 18:46.499 align:start position:0% what we have on any other system. Why? 18:46.499 --> 18:48.569 align:start position:0% what we have on any other system. Why? Counterintuitively,<00:20:14.400> it's<00:20:14.720> because<00:20:14.960> the 18:48.569 --> 18:48.579 align:start position:0% Counterintuitively, it's because the 18:48.579 --> 18:51.689 align:start position:0% Counterintuitively, it's because the star<00:20:15.520> is<00:20:15.840> relatively<00:20:16.480> dim.<00:20:17.520> The<00:20:17.760> light<00:20:18.080> a 18:51.689 --> 18:51.699 align:start position:0% star is relatively dim. The light a 18:51.699 --> 18:54.649 align:start position:0% star is relatively dim. The light a planet<00:20:18.640> obscures<00:20:19.520> causes<00:20:20.080> a<00:20:20.320> bigger<00:20:20.799> relative 18:54.649 --> 18:54.659 align:start position:0% planet obscures causes a bigger relative 18:54.659 --> 18:56.569 align:start position:0% planet obscures causes a bigger relative drop<00:20:21.520> in<00:20:21.679> apparent<00:20:22.080> brightness<00:20:22.400> of<00:20:22.559> this<00:20:22.799> star 18:56.569 --> 18:56.579 align:start position:0% drop in apparent brightness of this star 18:56.579 --> 18:58.489 align:start position:0% drop in apparent brightness of this star than<00:20:23.440> the<00:20:23.679> same<00:20:23.840> planet<00:20:24.240> passing<00:20:24.559> in<00:20:24.799> front<00:20:24.960> of 18:58.489 --> 18:58.499 align:start position:0% than the same planet passing in front of 18:58.499 --> 19:01.928 align:start position:0% than the same planet passing in front of a<00:20:25.520> large<00:20:26.080> bright<00:20:26.480> star.<00:20:27.440> A<00:20:27.679> bigger<00:20:28.000> difference 19:01.928 --> 19:01.938 align:start position:0% a large bright star. A bigger difference 19:01.938 --> 19:04.569 align:start position:0% a large bright star. A bigger difference is<00:20:28.880> easier<00:20:29.360> to<00:20:29.520> measure.<00:20:30.640> Using<00:20:30.960> these 19:04.569 --> 19:04.579 align:start position:0% is easier to measure. Using these 19:04.579 --> 19:06.408 align:start position:0% is easier to measure. Using these measurements,<00:20:31.679> the<00:20:31.919> team<00:20:32.240> have<00:20:32.559> already 19:06.408 --> 19:06.418 align:start position:0% measurements, the team have already 19:06.418 --> 19:09.209 align:start position:0% measurements, the team have already discounted<00:20:33.600> Trappist<00:20:34.159> 1<00:20:34.400> C<00:20:34.799> and<00:20:35.200> D<00:20:35.520> from 19:09.209 --> 19:09.219 align:start position:0% discounted Trappist 1 C and D from 19:09.219 --> 19:11.528 align:start position:0% discounted Trappist 1 C and D from having<00:20:36.159> atmospheres.<00:20:37.200> But<00:20:37.360> results<00:20:37.840> from 19:11.528 --> 19:11.538 align:start position:0% having atmospheres. But results from 19:11.538 --> 19:14.329 align:start position:0% having atmospheres. But results from observations<00:20:38.640> of<00:20:38.880> Trappist<00:20:39.360> 1E,<00:20:40.400> a<00:20:40.559> rocky 19:14.329 --> 19:14.339 align:start position:0% observations of Trappist 1E, a rocky 19:14.339 --> 19:16.889 align:start position:0% observations of Trappist 1E, a rocky planet<00:20:41.360> around<00:20:41.840> 0.9<00:20:42.799> times<00:20:42.960> the<00:20:43.200> size<00:20:43.360> of 19:16.889 --> 19:16.899 align:start position:0% planet around 0.9 times the size of 19:16.899 --> 19:19.288 align:start position:0% planet around 0.9 times the size of Earth,<00:20:44.080> were<00:20:44.320> so<00:20:44.720> intriguing<00:20:45.600> that 19:19.288 --> 19:19.298 align:start position:0% Earth, were so intriguing that 19:19.298 --> 19:21.689 align:start position:0% Earth, were so intriguing that scientists<00:20:46.640> couldn't<00:20:47.120> ignore<00:20:47.360> them.<00:20:48.080> It 19:21.689 --> 19:21.699 align:start position:0% scientists couldn't ignore them. It 19:21.699 --> 19:24.408 align:start position:0% scientists couldn't ignore them. It looked<00:20:48.559> like<00:20:48.880> this<00:20:49.200> planet<00:20:49.679> may<00:20:50.240> in<00:20:50.480> fact<00:20:50.880> have 19:24.408 --> 19:24.418 align:start position:0% looked like this planet may in fact have 19:24.418 --> 19:26.969 align:start position:0% looked like this planet may in fact have an<00:20:51.280> atmosphere.<00:20:52.320> And<00:20:52.559> that<00:20:52.799> was<00:20:53.039> more<00:20:53.360> than 19:26.969 --> 19:26.979 align:start position:0% an atmosphere. And that was more than 19:26.979 --> 19:29.288 align:start position:0% an atmosphere. And that was more than enough<00:20:53.919> evidence<00:20:54.320> for<00:20:54.480> the<00:20:54.640> Dreams<00:20:55.120> team<00:20:55.600> to 19:29.288 --> 19:29.298 align:start position:0% enough evidence for the Dreams team to 19:29.298 --> 19:31.928 align:start position:0% enough evidence for the Dreams team to decide<00:20:56.240> to<00:20:56.480> use<00:20:56.720> up<00:20:57.120> all<00:20:57.520> their<00:20:57.840> guaranteed 19:31.928 --> 19:31.938 align:start position:0% decide to use up all their guaranteed 19:31.938 --> 19:35.769 align:start position:0% decide to use up all their guaranteed James<00:20:58.880> Webb<00:20:59.200> time<00:20:59.840> trying<00:21:00.159> to<00:21:00.400> find<00:21:00.880> more. 19:35.769 --> 19:35.779 align:start position:0% James Webb time trying to find more. 19:35.779 --> 19:39.048 align:start position:0% James Webb time trying to find more. So<00:21:02.720> far,<00:21:03.120> they've<00:21:03.520> seen<00:21:04.080> four<00:21:04.559> Trappist<00:21:05.120> 1E 19:39.048 --> 19:39.058 align:start position:0% So far, they've seen four Trappist 1E 19:39.058 --> 19:41.609 align:start position:0% So far, they've seen four Trappist 1E transits<00:21:06.159> with<00:21:06.320> James<00:21:06.640> Web.<00:21:07.600> But<00:21:07.760> what<00:21:08.080> did 19:41.609 --> 19:41.619 align:start position:0% transits with James Web. But what did 19:41.619 --> 19:47.449 align:start position:0% transits with James Web. But what did they<00:21:08.480> find? 19:47.449 --> 19:47.459 align:start position:0% 19:47.459 --> 19:49.769 align:start position:0% Well,<00:21:14.480> we<00:21:14.720> can<00:21:14.880> start<00:21:15.120> by<00:21:15.440> discounting<00:21:15.919> a<00:21:16.240> few 19:49.769 --> 19:49.779 align:start position:0% Well, we can start by discounting a few 19:49.779 --> 19:52.489 align:start position:0% Well, we can start by discounting a few possibilities.<00:21:17.600> We<00:21:17.919> now<00:21:18.159> know<00:21:18.400> that<00:21:18.640> Trappist 19:52.489 --> 19:52.499 align:start position:0% possibilities. We now know that Trappist 19:52.499 --> 19:54.889 align:start position:0% possibilities. We now know that Trappist 1E<00:21:19.919> does<00:21:20.159> not<00:21:20.400> have<00:21:20.559> a<00:21:20.799> primordial 19:54.889 --> 19:54.899 align:start position:0% 1E does not have a primordial 19:54.899 --> 19:58.089 align:start position:0% 1E does not have a primordial atmosphere,<00:21:22.480> one<00:21:22.799> a<00:21:23.039> planet<00:21:23.360> is<00:21:23.600> born<00:21:23.840> with. 19:58.089 --> 19:58.099 align:start position:0% atmosphere, one a planet is born with. 19:58.099 --> 20:00.489 align:start position:0% atmosphere, one a planet is born with. These<00:21:25.039> are<00:21:25.280> usually<00:21:25.840> dominated<00:21:26.480> by<00:21:26.799> light 20:00.489 --> 20:00.499 align:start position:0% These are usually dominated by light 20:00.499 --> 20:03.288 align:start position:0% These are usually dominated by light gases<00:21:27.600> like<00:21:27.840> helium<00:21:28.320> and<00:21:28.559> hydrogen,<00:21:29.440> which 20:03.288 --> 20:03.298 align:start position:0% gases like helium and hydrogen, which 20:03.298 --> 20:05.769 align:start position:0% gases like helium and hydrogen, which haven't<00:21:30.240> been<00:21:30.400> detected.<00:21:31.520> They<00:21:31.840> were<00:21:32.000> likely 20:05.769 --> 20:05.779 align:start position:0% haven't been detected. They were likely 20:05.779 --> 20:07.689 align:start position:0% haven't been detected. They were likely stripped<00:21:32.720> away<00:21:32.880> by<00:21:33.039> the<00:21:33.200> stars<00:21:33.600> radiation 20:07.689 --> 20:07.699 align:start position:0% stripped away by the stars radiation 20:07.699 --> 20:10.729 align:start position:0% stripped away by the stars radiation early<00:21:34.720> on<00:21:34.880> in<00:21:35.120> its<00:21:35.360> life.<00:21:36.320> Nor<00:21:36.720> does<00:21:36.960> it<00:21:37.120> seem 20:10.729 --> 20:10.739 align:start position:0% early on in its life. Nor does it seem 20:10.739 --> 20:12.889 align:start position:0% early on in its life. Nor does it seem to<00:21:37.520> have<00:21:37.679> a<00:21:38.000> carbon<00:21:38.400> dioxide<00:21:39.039> dominant 20:12.889 --> 20:12.899 align:start position:0% to have a carbon dioxide dominant 20:12.899 --> 20:14.969 align:start position:0% to have a carbon dioxide dominant atmosphere<00:21:40.080> like<00:21:40.320> Venus,<00:21:40.880> which<00:21:41.120> is<00:21:41.360> thick 20:14.969 --> 20:14.979 align:start position:0% atmosphere like Venus, which is thick 20:14.979 --> 20:18.009 align:start position:0% atmosphere like Venus, which is thick and<00:21:41.919> dense.<00:21:43.200> An<00:21:43.440> atmosphere<00:21:43.919> like<00:21:44.159> that<00:21:44.400> of 20:18.009 --> 20:18.019 align:start position:0% and dense. An atmosphere like that of 20:18.019 --> 20:21.369 align:start position:0% and dense. An atmosphere like that of Mars,<00:21:45.280> which<00:21:45.520> is<00:21:45.760> thin<00:21:46.080> and<00:21:46.480> sparse,<00:21:47.360> is<00:21:47.600> also 20:21.369 --> 20:21.379 align:start position:0% Mars, which is thin and sparse, is also 20:21.379 --> 20:24.089 align:start position:0% Mars, which is thin and sparse, is also unlikely<00:21:48.640> given<00:21:48.880> the<00:21:49.120> recent<00:21:49.440> measurements. 20:24.089 --> 20:24.099 align:start position:0% unlikely given the recent measurements. 20:24.099 --> 20:26.809 align:start position:0% unlikely given the recent measurements. Believe<00:21:51.039> it<00:21:51.200> or<00:21:51.360> not,<00:21:52.080> all<00:21:52.320> of<00:21:52.480> this<00:21:52.799> is<00:21:53.120> good 20:26.809 --> 20:26.819 align:start position:0% Believe it or not, all of this is good 20:26.819 --> 20:29.369 align:start position:0% Believe it or not, all of this is good news,<00:21:54.159> as<00:21:54.400> it's<00:21:54.640> unlikely<00:21:55.120> that<00:21:55.440> any<00:21:55.679> of<00:21:55.760> these 20:29.369 --> 20:29.379 align:start position:0% news, as it's unlikely that any of these 20:29.379 --> 20:31.928 align:start position:0% news, as it's unlikely that any of these atmospheres<00:21:56.720> could<00:21:57.039> support<00:21:57.440> life.<00:21:58.159> Well, 20:31.928 --> 20:31.938 align:start position:0% atmospheres could support life. Well, 20:31.938 --> 20:34.649 align:start position:0% atmospheres could support life. Well, not<00:21:58.720> as<00:21:58.960> we<00:21:59.200> know<00:21:59.360> it,<00:21:59.600> anyway.<00:22:00.720> So,<00:22:00.960> what 20:34.649 --> 20:34.659 align:start position:0% not as we know it, anyway. So, what 20:34.659 --> 20:37.849 align:start position:0% not as we know it, anyway. So, what atmosphere<00:22:02.080> does<00:22:02.480> it<00:22:02.799> have? 20:37.849 --> 20:37.859 align:start position:0% atmosphere does it have? 20:37.859 --> 20:41.209 align:start position:0% atmosphere does it have? Well,<00:22:05.120> here's<00:22:05.440> the<00:22:05.600> big<00:22:05.760> one.<00:22:06.720> There<00:22:07.039> could<00:22:07.440> be 20:41.209 --> 20:41.219 align:start position:0% Well, here's the big one. There could be 20:41.219 --> 20:44.168 align:start position:0% Well, here's the big one. There could be an<00:22:08.240> earthlike<00:22:09.039> atmosphere,<00:22:10.000> one<00:22:10.240> dominated 20:44.168 --> 20:44.178 align:start position:0% an earthlike atmosphere, one dominated 20:44.178 --> 20:47.048 align:start position:0% an earthlike atmosphere, one dominated by<00:22:11.039> a<00:22:11.280> heavier<00:22:11.679> gas<00:22:12.000> such<00:22:12.240> as<00:22:12.400> nitrogen<00:22:13.280> with<00:22:13.440> a 20:47.048 --> 20:47.058 align:start position:0% by a heavier gas such as nitrogen with a 20:47.058 --> 20:49.689 align:start position:0% by a heavier gas such as nitrogen with a strong<00:22:14.080> greenhouse<00:22:14.559> effect<00:22:14.960> from<00:22:15.520> water, 20:49.689 --> 20:49.699 align:start position:0% strong greenhouse effect from water, 20:49.699 --> 20:52.569 align:start position:0% strong greenhouse effect from water, carbon<00:22:16.720> dioxide,<00:22:17.440> or<00:22:17.679> methane.<00:22:18.799> Such<00:22:19.039> an 20:52.569 --> 20:52.579 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide, or methane. Such an 20:52.579 --> 20:54.649 align:start position:0% carbon dioxide, or methane. Such an atmosphere<00:22:19.760> with<00:22:20.000> a<00:22:20.320> surface<00:22:20.720> pressure<00:22:21.039> of 20:54.649 --> 20:54.659 align:start position:0% atmosphere with a surface pressure of 20:54.659 --> 20:57.769 align:start position:0% atmosphere with a surface pressure of around<00:22:21.600> one<00:22:21.919> bar,<00:22:22.640> equivalent<00:22:23.200> to<00:22:23.360> Earth's, 20:57.769 --> 20:57.779 align:start position:0% around one bar, equivalent to Earth's, 20:57.779 --> 21:00.009 align:start position:0% around one bar, equivalent to Earth's, may<00:22:24.640> be<00:22:24.880> able<00:22:25.120> to<00:22:25.360> sustain<00:22:26.000> enough<00:22:26.320> heat 21:00.009 --> 21:00.019 align:start position:0% may be able to sustain enough heat 21:00.019 --> 21:02.249 align:start position:0% may be able to sustain enough heat transfer<00:22:27.120> to<00:22:27.280> the<00:22:27.440> dark<00:22:27.760> side<00:22:28.000> of<00:22:28.159> the<00:22:28.320> planet 21:02.249 --> 21:02.259 align:start position:0% transfer to the dark side of the planet 21:02.259 --> 21:05.769 align:start position:0% transfer to the dark side of the planet to<00:22:29.120> allow<00:22:29.600> a<00:22:29.919> global<00:22:30.480> surface<00:22:30.960> ocean<00:22:31.919> despite 21:05.769 --> 21:05.779 align:start position:0% to allow a global surface ocean despite 21:05.779 --> 21:08.489 align:start position:0% to allow a global surface ocean despite it<00:22:32.640> being<00:22:32.880> tidily<00:22:33.440> locked. 21:08.489 --> 21:08.499 align:start position:0% it being tidily locked. 21:08.499 --> 21:11.048 align:start position:0% it being tidily locked. Were<00:22:35.520> this<00:22:35.840> confirmed,<00:22:36.960> that<00:22:37.200> would<00:22:37.440> make 21:11.048 --> 21:11.058 align:start position:0% Were this confirmed, that would make 21:11.058 --> 21:13.928 align:start position:0% Were this confirmed, that would make headlines<00:22:38.320> the<00:22:38.640> world<00:22:39.039> over. 21:13.928 --> 21:13.938 align:start position:0% headlines the world over. 21:13.938 --> 21:17.209 align:start position:0% headlines the world over. However,<00:22:41.039> that<00:22:41.520> might<00:22:41.919> be<00:22:42.240> too<00:22:42.480> much<00:22:42.720> to<00:22:43.039> ask. 21:17.209 --> 21:17.219 align:start position:0% However, that might be too much to ask. 21:17.219 --> 21:19.849 align:start position:0% However, that might be too much to ask. The<00:22:44.080> data<00:22:44.400> instead<00:22:45.200> slightly<00:22:45.840> favors<00:22:46.320> the 21:19.849 --> 21:19.859 align:start position:0% The data instead slightly favors the 21:19.859 --> 21:22.809 align:start position:0% The data instead slightly favors the idea<00:22:46.720> that<00:22:46.960> Trappist<00:22:47.440> 1e<00:22:47.919> is<00:22:48.159> a<00:22:48.320> cold<00:22:48.720> planet 21:22.809 --> 21:22.819 align:start position:0% idea that Trappist 1e is a cold planet 21:22.819 --> 21:25.928 align:start position:0% idea that Trappist 1e is a cold planet without<00:22:49.919> a<00:22:50.240> global<00:22:50.640> ocean.<00:22:51.760> High<00:22:52.080> levels<00:22:52.320> of 21:25.928 --> 21:25.938 align:start position:0% without a global ocean. High levels of 21:25.938 --> 21:27.928 align:start position:0% without a global ocean. High levels of methane<00:22:53.039> instead<00:22:53.600> create<00:22:53.919> a<00:22:54.080> reverse 21:27.928 --> 21:27.938 align:start position:0% methane instead create a reverse 21:27.938 --> 21:30.729 align:start position:0% methane instead create a reverse greenhouse<00:22:55.039> effect.<00:22:56.080> Trappist<00:22:56.640> 1<00:22:57.039> has<00:22:57.200> a 21:30.729 --> 21:30.739 align:start position:0% greenhouse effect. Trappist 1 has a 21:30.739 --> 21:33.369 align:start position:0% greenhouse effect. Trappist 1 has a surface<00:22:57.760> temperature<00:22:58.159> of<00:22:58.400> about<00:22:58.880> 2,400 21:33.369 --> 21:33.379 align:start position:0% surface temperature of about 2,400 21:33.379 --> 21:37.689 align:start position:0% surface temperature of about 2,400 Kelvin,<00:23:00.960> much<00:23:01.200> cooler<00:23:01.600> than<00:23:01.840> our<00:23:02.080> sun's<00:23:02.640> 5,670 21:37.689 --> 21:37.699 align:start position:0% Kelvin, much cooler than our sun's 5,670 21:37.699 --> 21:40.089 align:start position:0% Kelvin, much cooler than our sun's 5,670 Kelvin.<00:23:05.280> And<00:23:05.600> more<00:23:05.840> of<00:23:06.000> the<00:23:06.240> energy<00:23:06.480> it 21:40.089 --> 21:40.099 align:start position:0% Kelvin. And more of the energy it 21:40.099 --> 21:42.249 align:start position:0% Kelvin. And more of the energy it outputs<00:23:07.200> is<00:23:07.360> shifted<00:23:07.679> to<00:23:07.840> the<00:23:08.000> near<00:23:08.320> infrared 21:42.249 --> 21:42.259 align:start position:0% outputs is shifted to the near infrared 21:42.259 --> 21:44.809 align:start position:0% outputs is shifted to the near infrared wavelengths.<00:23:09.919> Atmospheric<00:23:10.559> methane<00:23:11.200> can 21:44.809 --> 21:44.819 align:start position:0% wavelengths. Atmospheric methane can 21:44.819 --> 21:46.729 align:start position:0% wavelengths. Atmospheric methane can absorb<00:23:11.919> that<00:23:12.159> energy<00:23:12.559> before<00:23:12.880> it<00:23:13.120> even 21:46.729 --> 21:46.739 align:start position:0% absorb that energy before it even 21:46.739 --> 21:49.129 align:start position:0% absorb that energy before it even reaches<00:23:13.760> the<00:23:14.000> surface<00:23:14.320> of<00:23:14.400> the<00:23:14.640> planet,<00:23:15.360> then 21:49.129 --> 21:49.139 align:start position:0% reaches the surface of the planet, then 21:49.139 --> 21:51.689 align:start position:0% reaches the surface of the planet, then remitted<00:23:16.480> into<00:23:16.799> space,<00:23:17.440> resulting<00:23:17.919> in<00:23:18.080> a 21:51.689 --> 21:51.699 align:start position:0% remitted into space, resulting in a 21:51.699 --> 21:54.569 align:start position:0% remitted into space, resulting in a cooler<00:23:18.720> atmosphere.<00:23:19.919> For<00:23:20.159> the<00:23:20.320> tidily<00:23:20.880> locked 21:54.569 --> 21:54.579 align:start position:0% cooler atmosphere. For the tidily locked 21:54.579 --> 21:57.609 align:start position:0% cooler atmosphere. For the tidily locked Trappist<00:23:21.760> 1E,<00:23:22.799> this<00:23:23.039> would<00:23:23.200> mean<00:23:23.520> that<00:23:23.840> liquid 21:57.609 --> 21:57.619 align:start position:0% Trappist 1E, this would mean that liquid 21:57.619 --> 22:00.089 align:start position:0% Trappist 1E, this would mean that liquid water<00:23:24.720> may<00:23:25.120> only<00:23:25.440> exist<00:23:25.840> on<00:23:26.080> the<00:23:26.240> surface<00:23:26.559> of 22:00.089 --> 22:00.099 align:start position:0% water may only exist on the surface of 22:00.099 --> 22:02.168 align:start position:0% water may only exist on the surface of the<00:23:26.880> planet<00:23:27.200> that<00:23:27.600> permanently<00:23:28.159> faces<00:23:28.559> the 22:02.168 --> 22:02.178 align:start position:0% the planet that permanently faces the 22:02.178 --> 22:06.168 align:start position:0% the planet that permanently faces the star.<00:23:29.760> No<00:23:30.159> global<00:23:30.640> ocean<00:23:31.039> here.<00:23:32.320> But<00:23:32.480> that's 22:06.168 --> 22:06.178 align:start position:0% star. No global ocean here. But that's 22:06.178 --> 22:07.928 align:start position:0% star. No global ocean here. But that's not<00:23:32.960> necessarily<00:23:33.600> bad<00:23:33.840> news<00:23:34.080> for<00:23:34.240> life 22:07.928 --> 22:07.938 align:start position:0% not necessarily bad news for life 22:07.938 --> 22:10.889 align:start position:0% not necessarily bad news for life either.<00:23:35.520> Such<00:23:35.840> conditions<00:23:36.480> could<00:23:36.880> satisfy 22:10.889 --> 22:10.899 align:start position:0% either. Such conditions could satisfy 22:10.899 --> 22:14.329 align:start position:0% either. Such conditions could satisfy Darwin's<00:23:38.480> warm<00:23:38.960> little<00:23:39.280> pond<00:23:39.840> hypothesis<00:23:40.640> of 22:14.329 --> 22:14.339 align:start position:0% Darwin's warm little pond hypothesis of 22:14.339 --> 22:16.809 align:start position:0% Darwin's warm little pond hypothesis of the<00:23:41.200> origin<00:23:41.520> of<00:23:41.760> life.<00:23:42.559> And<00:23:42.799> atmospheric 22:16.809 --> 22:16.819 align:start position:0% the origin of life. And atmospheric 22:16.819 --> 22:19.769 align:start position:0% the origin of life. And atmospheric modeling<00:23:44.000> has<00:23:44.320> backed<00:23:44.640> this<00:23:44.880> up.<00:23:45.760> Simulations 22:19.769 --> 22:19.779 align:start position:0% modeling has backed this up. Simulations 22:19.779 --> 22:22.329 align:start position:0% modeling has backed this up. Simulations suggest<00:23:46.799> that<00:23:47.039> even<00:23:47.280> if<00:23:47.600> Trappist<00:23:48.159> 1E<00:23:48.720> has 22:22.329 --> 22:22.339 align:start position:0% suggest that even if Trappist 1E has 22:22.339 --> 22:25.369 align:start position:0% suggest that even if Trappist 1E has limited<00:23:49.440> water<00:23:50.159> or<00:23:50.400> if<00:23:50.640> what<00:23:50.960> water<00:23:51.280> there<00:23:51.520> is 22:25.369 --> 22:25.379 align:start position:0% limited water or if what water there is 22:25.379 --> 22:27.129 align:start position:0% limited water or if what water there is is<00:23:52.400> locked<00:23:52.720> on<00:23:52.880> the<00:23:52.960> dark<00:23:53.200> side<00:23:53.440> of<00:23:53.520> the 22:27.129 --> 22:27.139 align:start position:0% is locked on the dark side of the 22:27.139 --> 22:29.689 align:start position:0% is locked on the dark side of the planet,<00:23:54.480> it<00:23:54.720> could<00:23:55.039> still<00:23:55.360> have<00:23:55.600> a<00:23:55.919> stable 22:29.689 --> 22:29.699 align:start position:0% planet, it could still have a stable 22:29.699 --> 22:32.729 align:start position:0% planet, it could still have a stable atmosphere.<00:23:57.679> Although<00:23:58.480> this<00:23:58.799> may<00:23:59.039> lead<00:23:59.200> to 22:32.729 --> 22:32.739 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Although this may lead to 22:32.739 --> 22:35.769 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Although this may lead to what's<00:23:59.679> known<00:23:59.919> as<00:24:00.400> Terminator<00:24:01.120> habitability, 22:35.769 --> 22:35.779 align:start position:0% what's known as Terminator habitability, 22:35.779 --> 22:38.168 align:start position:0% what's known as Terminator habitability, where<00:24:02.640> life<00:24:03.039> could<00:24:03.280> only<00:24:03.600> find<00:24:03.840> a<00:24:04.080> home<00:24:04.400> across 22:38.168 --> 22:38.178 align:start position:0% where life could only find a home across 22:38.178 --> 22:41.449 align:start position:0% where life could only find a home across a<00:24:05.120> dynamic<00:24:05.760> band<00:24:06.400> in<00:24:06.720> perpetual<00:24:07.360> twilight 22:41.449 --> 22:41.459 align:start position:0% a dynamic band in perpetual twilight 22:41.459 --> 22:44.408 align:start position:0% a dynamic band in perpetual twilight that<00:24:08.400> separates<00:24:08.960> day<00:24:09.200> from<00:24:09.520> night.<00:24:10.480> But<00:24:10.720> water 22:44.408 --> 22:44.418 align:start position:0% that separates day from night. But water 22:44.418 --> 22:47.288 align:start position:0% that separates day from night. But water on<00:24:11.279> the<00:24:11.440> surface<00:24:11.760> isn't<00:24:12.159> the<00:24:12.320> only<00:24:12.559> option.<00:24:13.600> We 22:47.288 --> 22:47.298 align:start position:0% on the surface isn't the only option. We 22:47.298 --> 22:50.089 align:start position:0% on the surface isn't the only option. We know<00:24:14.080> Trappist<00:24:14.640> 1e<00:24:15.039> is<00:24:15.279> rocky,<00:24:16.000> but<00:24:16.320> not<00:24:16.480> much 22:50.089 --> 22:50.099 align:start position:0% know Trappist 1e is rocky, but not much 22:50.099 --> 22:52.648 align:start position:0% know Trappist 1e is rocky, but not much more<00:24:16.960> than<00:24:17.120> that.<00:24:18.000> It<00:24:18.240> may<00:24:18.400> be<00:24:18.559> an<00:24:18.880> icy 22:52.648 --> 22:52.658 align:start position:0% more than that. It may be an icy 22:52.658 --> 22:55.048 align:start position:0% more than that. It may be an icy volcanic<00:24:19.840> planet<00:24:20.159> with<00:24:20.320> a<00:24:20.480> subsurface<00:24:21.120> ocean 22:55.048 --> 22:55.058 align:start position:0% volcanic planet with a subsurface ocean 22:55.058 --> 22:57.609 align:start position:0% volcanic planet with a subsurface ocean like<00:24:21.919> we<00:24:22.159> find<00:24:22.400> on<00:24:22.640> Europa<00:24:23.200> and<00:24:23.360> Enceladus<00:24:24.080> in 22:57.609 --> 22:57.619 align:start position:0% like we find on Europa and Enceladus in 22:57.619 --> 23:00.329 align:start position:0% like we find on Europa and Enceladus in our<00:24:24.480> own<00:24:24.640> solar<00:24:25.039> system.<00:24:25.919> Life<00:24:26.240> on<00:24:26.400> Earth<00:24:26.640> is 23:00.329 --> 23:00.339 align:start position:0% our own solar system. Life on Earth is 23:00.339 --> 23:02.329 align:start position:0% our own solar system. Life on Earth is believed<00:24:27.279> by<00:24:27.520> some<00:24:27.840> to<00:24:28.080> have<00:24:28.240> formed<00:24:28.640> near 23:02.329 --> 23:02.339 align:start position:0% believed by some to have formed near 23:02.339 --> 23:04.408 align:start position:0% believed by some to have formed near deep<00:24:29.279> sea<00:24:29.520> vents<00:24:29.919> and<00:24:30.080> the<00:24:30.320> same<00:24:30.480> process 23:04.408 --> 23:04.418 align:start position:0% deep sea vents and the same process 23:04.418 --> 23:07.449 align:start position:0% deep sea vents and the same process could<00:24:31.440> happen<00:24:31.760> on<00:24:32.080> 1E. 23:07.449 --> 23:07.459 align:start position:0% could happen on 1E. 23:07.459 --> 23:10.168 align:start position:0% could happen on 1E. No<00:24:34.159> matter<00:24:34.559> where<00:24:34.880> on<00:24:35.120> Trappist<00:24:35.600> 1E<00:24:36.240> water<00:24:36.559> may 23:10.168 --> 23:10.178 align:start position:0% No matter where on Trappist 1E water may 23:10.178 --> 23:13.369 align:start position:0% No matter where on Trappist 1E water may be,<00:24:37.600> life<00:24:37.840> is<00:24:38.159> possible.<00:24:39.200> There's<00:24:39.440> an<00:24:39.679> energy 23:13.369 --> 23:13.379 align:start position:0% be, life is possible. There's an energy 23:13.379 --> 23:15.609 align:start position:0% be, life is possible. There's an energy source<00:24:40.400> and<00:24:40.799> potentially<00:24:41.520> an<00:24:41.760> atmosphere 23:15.609 --> 23:15.619 align:start position:0% source and potentially an atmosphere 23:15.619 --> 23:17.369 align:start position:0% source and potentially an atmosphere that<00:24:42.559> provides<00:24:42.960> the<00:24:43.200> building<00:24:43.520> blocks<00:24:43.840> for 23:17.369 --> 23:17.379 align:start position:0% that provides the building blocks for 23:17.379 --> 23:21.369 align:start position:0% that provides the building blocks for life.<00:24:44.960> But<00:24:45.279> there<00:24:45.520> is<00:24:45.919> one<00:24:46.240> issue.<00:24:47.520> Although 23:21.369 --> 23:21.379 align:start position:0% life. But there is one issue. Although 23:21.379 --> 23:23.048 align:start position:0% life. But there is one issue. Although all<00:24:48.240> these<00:24:48.559> things<00:24:48.720> are<00:24:48.960> possible, 23:23.048 --> 23:23.058 align:start position:0% all these things are possible, 23:23.058 --> 23:25.528 align:start position:0% all these things are possible, scientists<00:24:50.240> can't<00:24:50.640> completely<00:24:51.440> rule<00:24:51.760> out<00:24:51.919> the 23:25.528 --> 23:25.538 align:start position:0% scientists can't completely rule out the 23:25.538 --> 23:28.648 align:start position:0% scientists can't completely rule out the possibility<00:24:52.720> that<00:24:52.960> Trappist<00:24:53.440> 1e<00:24:54.080> is<00:24:54.320> a<00:24:54.559> cold, 23:28.648 --> 23:28.658 align:start position:0% possibility that Trappist 1e is a cold, 23:28.658 --> 23:31.288 align:start position:0% possibility that Trappist 1e is a cold, barren,<00:24:56.000> and<00:24:56.320> airless<00:24:56.799> marble<00:24:57.360> with<00:24:57.679> no 23:31.288 --> 23:31.298 align:start position:0% barren, and airless marble with no 23:31.298 --> 23:34.408 align:start position:0% barren, and airless marble with no atmosphere<00:24:58.480> at<00:24:58.720> all.<00:24:59.760> So,<00:25:00.240> we<00:25:00.480> need<00:25:00.640> to<00:25:00.799> talk 23:34.408 --> 23:34.418 align:start position:0% atmosphere at all. So, we need to talk 23:34.418 --> 23:36.648 align:start position:0% atmosphere at all. So, we need to talk about<00:25:01.440> what<00:25:01.919> could<00:25:02.400> prevent<00:25:02.720> a<00:25:02.960> stable 23:36.648 --> 23:36.658 align:start position:0% about what could prevent a stable 23:36.658 --> 23:39.288 align:start position:0% about what could prevent a stable atmosphere<00:25:03.919> from<00:25:04.240> ever<00:25:04.559> forming.<00:25:05.520> And<00:25:05.760> in 23:39.288 --> 23:39.298 align:start position:0% atmosphere from ever forming. And in 23:39.298 --> 23:41.849 align:start position:0% atmosphere from ever forming. And in this<00:25:06.159> case,<00:25:06.559> it's<00:25:06.880> the<00:25:07.120> red<00:25:07.440> dwarf<00:25:07.919> star 23:41.849 --> 23:41.859 align:start position:0% this case, it's the red dwarf star 23:41.859 --> 23:48.089 align:start position:0% this case, it's the red dwarf star Trappist<00:25:09.120> one<00:25:09.600> itself. 23:48.089 --> 23:48.099 align:start position:0% 23:48.099 --> 23:50.809 align:start position:0% Imagine<00:25:15.279> standing<00:25:15.600> with<00:25:15.840> me<00:25:16.080> on<00:25:16.320> Trappist<00:25:16.880> 1E 23:50.809 --> 23:50.819 align:start position:0% Imagine standing with me on Trappist 1E 23:50.819 --> 23:54.009 align:start position:0% Imagine standing with me on Trappist 1E just<00:25:17.679> for<00:25:17.840> a<00:25:18.000> second.<00:25:19.039> Look<00:25:19.360> up.<00:25:20.159> The<00:25:20.400> star 23:54.009 --> 23:54.019 align:start position:0% just for a second. Look up. The star 23:54.019 --> 23:56.168 align:start position:0% just for a second. Look up. The star above<00:25:20.960> us<00:25:21.120> would<00:25:21.360> appear<00:25:21.840> more<00:25:22.159> than<00:25:22.480> four 23:56.168 --> 23:56.178 align:start position:0% above us would appear more than four 23:56.178 --> 23:59.288 align:start position:0% above us would appear more than four times<00:25:23.200> as<00:25:23.440> large<00:25:23.760> as<00:25:24.080> our<00:25:24.400> sun<00:25:24.640> in<00:25:24.799> the<00:25:24.960> sky. 23:59.288 --> 23:59.298 align:start position:0% times as large as our sun in the sky. 23:59.298 --> 24:01.689 align:start position:0% times as large as our sun in the sky. The<00:25:26.159> star<00:25:26.400> would<00:25:26.559> be<00:25:26.720> a<00:25:26.960> deep<00:25:27.360> red<00:25:27.840> orange 24:01.689 --> 24:01.699 align:start position:0% The star would be a deep red orange 24:01.699 --> 24:04.489 align:start position:0% The star would be a deep red orange color<00:25:29.120> illuminating<00:25:29.600> the<00:25:29.919> sky<00:25:30.240> as<00:25:30.480> if<00:25:30.640> it<00:25:30.799> were 24:04.489 --> 24:04.499 align:start position:0% color illuminating the sky as if it were 24:04.499 --> 24:07.449 align:start position:0% color illuminating the sky as if it were in<00:25:31.360> perpetual<00:25:32.080> sunset.<00:25:33.120> What<00:25:33.360> a<00:25:33.520> sight<00:25:33.840> that 24:07.449 --> 24:07.459 align:start position:0% in perpetual sunset. What a sight that 24:07.459 --> 24:08.809 align:start position:0% in perpetual sunset. What a sight that would<00:25:34.320> be. 24:08.809 --> 24:08.819 align:start position:0% would be. 24:08.819 --> 24:11.769 align:start position:0% would be. Now,<00:25:35.992> [music]<00:25:36.159> red<00:25:36.480> dwarfs<00:25:37.039> are<00:25:37.520> extremely 24:11.769 --> 24:11.779 align:start position:0% Now, [music] red dwarfs are extremely 24:11.779 --> 24:14.249 align:start position:0% Now, [music] red dwarfs are extremely active<00:25:38.960> and<00:25:39.200> they<00:25:39.440> produce<00:25:40.000> more<00:25:40.400> powerful 24:14.249 --> 24:14.259 align:start position:0% active and they produce more powerful 24:14.259 --> 24:17.769 align:start position:0% active and they produce more powerful flares<00:25:41.279> than<00:25:41.440> our<00:25:41.760> sun<00:25:42.400> and<00:25:42.720> more<00:25:43.039> often<00:25:43.440> too. 24:17.769 --> 24:17.779 align:start position:0% flares than our sun and more often too. 24:17.779 --> 24:20.408 align:start position:0% flares than our sun and more often too. The<00:25:44.720> worst<00:25:45.120> recorded<00:25:45.679> geomagnetic<00:25:46.480> storm<00:25:46.799> to 24:20.408 --> 24:20.418 align:start position:0% The worst recorded geomagnetic storm to 24:20.418 --> 24:22.489 align:start position:0% The worst recorded geomagnetic storm to ever<00:25:47.279> hit<00:25:47.600> Earth<00:25:47.919> was<00:25:48.080> the<00:25:48.240> Carrington<00:25:48.799> event 24:22.489 --> 24:22.499 align:start position:0% ever hit Earth was the Carrington event 24:22.499 --> 24:26.889 align:start position:0% ever hit Earth was the Carrington event in<00:25:49.520> 1859,<00:25:50.880> a<00:25:51.200> greater<00:25:51.520> than<00:25:52.000> 1<00:25:52.320> in<00:25:52.720> 100year 24:26.889 --> 24:26.899 align:start position:0% in 1859, a greater than 1 in 100year 24:26.899 --> 24:29.609 align:start position:0% in 1859, a greater than 1 in 100year event.<00:25:54.480> Trappist<00:25:54.987> [music]<00:25:55.120> one<00:25:55.760> is<00:25:56.000> believed 24:29.609 --> 24:29.619 align:start position:0% event. Trappist [music] one is believed 24:29.619 --> 24:32.408 align:start position:0% event. Trappist [music] one is believed to<00:25:56.480> release<00:25:56.720> a<00:25:56.960> flare<00:25:57.440> this<00:25:57.760> powerful<00:25:58.720> more 24:32.408 --> 24:32.418 align:start position:0% to release a flare this powerful more 24:32.418 --> 24:36.249 align:start position:0% to release a flare this powerful more than<00:25:59.200> once<00:25:59.840> every<00:26:00.400> 2<00:26:00.880> days.<00:26:02.000> You'd<00:26:02.400> likely<00:26:02.720> be 24:36.249 --> 24:36.259 align:start position:0% than once every 2 days. You'd likely be 24:36.259 --> 24:38.569 align:start position:0% than once every 2 days. You'd likely be able<00:26:03.039> to<00:26:03.200> watch<00:26:03.520> solar<00:26:03.919> flares<00:26:04.320> arcing<00:26:04.880> out 24:38.569 --> 24:38.579 align:start position:0% able to watch solar flares arcing out 24:38.579 --> 24:41.849 align:start position:0% able to watch solar flares arcing out into<00:26:05.600> space<00:26:06.000> in<00:26:06.320> real<00:26:06.720> time.<00:26:07.679> And<00:26:07.840> they<00:26:08.159> carry 24:41.849 --> 24:41.859 align:start position:0% into space in real time. And they carry 24:41.859 --> 24:44.408 align:start position:0% into space in real time. And they carry huge<00:26:08.960> amounts<00:26:09.279> of<00:26:09.440> energy<00:26:09.760> towards<00:26:10.080> a<00:26:10.320> planet 24:44.408 --> 24:44.418 align:start position:0% huge amounts of energy towards a planet 24:44.418 --> 24:47.129 align:start position:0% huge amounts of energy towards a planet enough<00:26:11.440> that<00:26:11.840> over<00:26:12.159> time<00:26:12.799> any<00:26:13.120> atmosphere 24:47.129 --> 24:47.139 align:start position:0% enough that over time any atmosphere 24:47.139 --> 24:49.769 align:start position:0% enough that over time any atmosphere could<00:26:14.240> be<00:26:14.400> stripped<00:26:14.799> away,<00:26:15.520> making<00:26:15.840> life<00:26:16.159> as 24:49.769 --> 24:49.779 align:start position:0% could be stripped away, making life as 24:49.779 --> 24:52.408 align:start position:0% could be stripped away, making life as we<00:26:16.640> know<00:26:16.720> it<00:26:17.039> all<00:26:17.279> but<00:26:17.520> impossible.<00:26:18.720> That's 24:52.408 --> 24:52.418 align:start position:0% we know it all but impossible. That's 24:52.418 --> 24:54.329 align:start position:0% we know it all but impossible. That's assuming<00:26:19.440> that<00:26:19.679> the<00:26:19.840> atmosphere<00:26:20.320> was<00:26:20.640> ever 24:54.329 --> 24:54.339 align:start position:0% assuming that the atmosphere was ever 24:54.339 --> 24:57.369 align:start position:0% assuming that the atmosphere was ever allowed<00:26:21.360> to<00:26:21.520> form<00:26:21.840> at<00:26:22.159> all.<00:26:22.960> Red<00:26:23.200> dwarfs<00:26:23.840> are 24:57.369 --> 24:57.379 align:start position:0% allowed to form at all. Red dwarfs are 24:57.379 --> 25:00.729 align:start position:0% allowed to form at all. Red dwarfs are stupendously<00:26:25.039> longived.<00:26:26.400> Trappist<00:26:26.960> one<00:26:27.120> is 25:00.729 --> 25:00.739 align:start position:0% stupendously longived. Trappist one is 25:00.739 --> 25:03.528 align:start position:0% stupendously longived. Trappist one is expected<00:26:27.760> to<00:26:27.919> exist<00:26:28.320> for<00:26:28.720> 10<00:26:29.279> trillion<00:26:29.919> more 25:03.528 --> 25:03.538 align:start position:0% expected to exist for 10 trillion more 25:03.538 --> 25:06.889 align:start position:0% expected to exist for 10 trillion more years.<00:26:31.039> That<00:26:31.279> is<00:26:31.840> 700<00:26:32.480> times<00:26:32.799> the<00:26:33.120> current<00:26:33.279> age 25:06.889 --> 25:06.899 align:start position:0% years. That is 700 times the current age 25:06.899 --> 25:10.089 align:start position:0% years. That is 700 times the current age of<00:26:33.679> the<00:26:33.840> universe.<00:26:34.880> By<00:26:35.200> comparison,<00:26:36.000> our<00:26:36.400> sun 25:10.089 --> 25:10.099 align:start position:0% of the universe. By comparison, our sun 25:10.099 --> 25:12.648 align:start position:0% of the universe. By comparison, our sun likely<00:26:37.200> only<00:26:37.520> has<00:26:37.919> 5<00:26:38.320> billion<00:26:38.720> years<00:26:38.960> left 25:12.648 --> 25:12.658 align:start position:0% likely only has 5 billion years left 25:12.658 --> 25:16.089 align:start position:0% likely only has 5 billion years left before<00:26:39.600> it<00:26:39.760> becomes<00:26:40.080> a<00:26:40.320> red<00:26:40.559> giant. 25:16.089 --> 25:16.099 align:start position:0% before it becomes a red giant. 25:16.099 --> 25:18.009 align:start position:0% before it becomes a red giant. You<00:26:42.960> might<00:26:43.120> think<00:26:43.360> given<00:26:43.679> the<00:26:43.840> stability<00:26:44.320> and 25:18.009 --> 25:18.019 align:start position:0% You might think given the stability and 25:18.019 --> 25:20.089 align:start position:0% You might think given the stability and lifespan<00:26:45.039> of<00:26:45.200> a<00:26:45.360> red<00:26:45.520> dwarf,<00:26:46.240> there<00:26:46.400> would<00:26:46.559> be 25:20.089 --> 25:20.099 align:start position:0% lifespan of a red dwarf, there would be 25:20.099 --> 25:22.729 align:start position:0% lifespan of a red dwarf, there would be plenty<00:26:46.960> of<00:26:47.120> time<00:26:47.279> for<00:26:47.520> life<00:26:47.840> to<00:26:48.159> find<00:26:48.400> a<00:26:48.559> way. 25:22.729 --> 25:22.739 align:start position:0% plenty of time for life to find a way. 25:22.739 --> 25:25.209 align:start position:0% plenty of time for life to find a way. But<00:26:49.600> because<00:26:50.080> of<00:26:50.240> their<00:26:50.480> long<00:26:50.799> lives,<00:26:51.600> their 25:25.209 --> 25:25.219 align:start position:0% But because of their long lives, their 25:25.219 --> 25:27.769 align:start position:0% But because of their long lives, their chaotic<00:26:52.400> and<00:26:52.720> energetic<00:26:53.440> teenage<00:26:53.919> years 25:27.769 --> 25:27.779 align:start position:0% chaotic and energetic teenage years 25:27.779 --> 25:31.048 align:start position:0% chaotic and energetic teenage years before<00:26:54.960> red<00:26:55.200> dwarf<00:26:55.679> stars<00:26:56.080> settle<00:26:56.559> down<00:26:57.279> are 25:31.048 --> 25:31.058 align:start position:0% before red dwarf stars settle down are 25:31.058 --> 25:33.609 align:start position:0% before red dwarf stars settle down are correspondingly<00:26:58.720> longer.<00:26:59.600> It's<00:27:00.000> during 25:33.609 --> 25:33.619 align:start position:0% correspondingly longer. It's during 25:33.619 --> 25:36.168 align:start position:0% correspondingly longer. It's during these<00:27:00.640> formative<00:27:01.279> years<00:27:01.840> that<00:27:02.159> some<00:27:02.400> planets 25:36.168 --> 25:36.178 align:start position:0% these formative years that some planets 25:36.178 --> 25:38.489 align:start position:0% these formative years that some planets begin<00:27:03.039> to<00:27:03.200> produce<00:27:03.600> their<00:27:03.919> own<00:27:04.159> atmosphere, 25:38.489 --> 25:38.499 align:start position:0% begin to produce their own atmosphere, 25:38.499 --> 25:40.489 align:start position:0% begin to produce their own atmosphere, slowly<00:27:05.679> replacing<00:27:06.080> their<00:27:06.400> primordial 25:40.489 --> 25:40.499 align:start position:0% slowly replacing their primordial 25:40.499 --> 25:42.889 align:start position:0% slowly replacing their primordial hydrogen<00:27:07.679> helium<00:27:08.080> atmosphere<00:27:08.880> with<00:27:09.200> one 25:42.889 --> 25:42.899 align:start position:0% hydrogen helium atmosphere with one 25:42.899 --> 25:45.209 align:start position:0% hydrogen helium atmosphere with one comprised<00:27:10.000> of<00:27:10.240> heavier<00:27:10.799> molecular<00:27:11.360> gases 25:45.209 --> 25:45.219 align:start position:0% comprised of heavier molecular gases 25:45.219 --> 25:48.009 align:start position:0% comprised of heavier molecular gases such<00:27:12.080> as<00:27:12.400> carbon<00:27:12.799> dioxide,<00:27:13.679> nitrogen,<00:27:14.400> and 25:48.009 --> 25:48.019 align:start position:0% such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and 25:48.019 --> 25:50.569 align:start position:0% such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane.<00:27:15.679> These<00:27:16.000> chemicals<00:27:16.559> are<00:27:16.720> released 25:50.569 --> 25:50.579 align:start position:0% methane. These chemicals are released 25:50.579 --> 25:52.889 align:start position:0% methane. These chemicals are released from<00:27:17.520> inside<00:27:17.919> the<00:27:18.240> planet<00:27:18.640> through<00:27:18.960> volcanic 25:52.889 --> 25:52.899 align:start position:0% from inside the planet through volcanic 25:52.899 --> 25:55.769 align:start position:0% from inside the planet through volcanic activity.<00:27:20.559> The<00:27:20.880> problem<00:27:21.200> is<00:27:22.000> if<00:27:22.159> the 25:55.769 --> 25:55.779 align:start position:0% activity. The problem is if the 25:55.779 --> 25:57.928 align:start position:0% activity. The problem is if the aggressive<00:27:23.120> atmosphere<00:27:23.840> stripping<00:27:24.240> phase<00:27:24.480> of 25:57.928 --> 25:57.938 align:start position:0% aggressive atmosphere stripping phase of 25:57.938 --> 26:00.408 align:start position:0% aggressive atmosphere stripping phase of a<00:27:24.720> star<00:27:25.039> lasts<00:27:25.440> too<00:27:25.760> long,<00:27:26.640> then<00:27:26.880> an 26:00.408 --> 26:00.418 align:start position:0% a star lasts too long, then an 26:00.418 --> 26:02.648 align:start position:0% a star lasts too long, then an Earth-sized<00:27:27.679> planet<00:27:28.159> might<00:27:28.480> not<00:27:28.640> have<00:27:28.880> enough 26:02.648 --> 26:02.658 align:start position:0% Earth-sized planet might not have enough 26:02.658 --> 26:05.449 align:start position:0% Earth-sized planet might not have enough resources<00:27:29.840> within<00:27:30.320> its<00:27:30.559> interior<00:27:31.440> to<00:27:31.679> fully 26:05.449 --> 26:05.459 align:start position:0% resources within its interior to fully 26:05.459 --> 26:08.089 align:start position:0% resources within its interior to fully generate<00:27:32.640> a<00:27:32.960> stable,<00:27:33.760> life-supporting 26:08.089 --> 26:08.099 align:start position:0% generate a stable, life-supporting 26:08.099 --> 26:10.408 align:start position:0% generate a stable, life-supporting secondary<00:27:35.200> atmosphere. 26:10.408 --> 26:10.418 align:start position:0% secondary atmosphere. 26:10.418 --> 26:12.889 align:start position:0% secondary atmosphere. The<00:27:37.279> unfortunate<00:27:37.840> reality<00:27:38.320> is<00:27:38.880> that<00:27:39.120> if<00:27:39.360> a 26:12.889 --> 26:12.899 align:start position:0% The unfortunate reality is that if a 26:12.899 --> 26:14.729 align:start position:0% The unfortunate reality is that if a planet's<00:27:39.919> atmosphere<00:27:40.400> isn't<00:27:40.720> established 26:14.729 --> 26:14.739 align:start position:0% planet's atmosphere isn't established 26:14.739 --> 26:17.928 align:start position:0% planet's atmosphere isn't established before<00:27:41.840> 5<00:27:42.159> billion<00:27:42.559> years,<00:27:43.520> it<00:27:43.919> may<00:27:44.240> never 26:17.928 --> 26:17.938 align:start position:0% before 5 billion years, it may never 26:17.938 --> 26:20.249 align:start position:0% before 5 billion years, it may never generate<00:27:45.039> one,<00:27:45.600> condemning<00:27:46.080> the<00:27:46.240> planet<00:27:46.480> to<00:27:46.720> a 26:20.249 --> 26:20.259 align:start position:0% generate one, condemning the planet to a 26:20.259 --> 26:22.489 align:start position:0% generate one, condemning the planet to a death<00:27:47.120> sentence<00:27:47.919> before<00:27:48.320> it<00:27:48.559> was<00:27:48.799> ever 26:22.489 --> 26:22.499 align:start position:0% death sentence before it was ever 26:22.499 --> 26:29.129 align:start position:0% death sentence before it was ever allowed<00:27:49.520> to<00:27:49.760> live. 26:29.129 --> 26:29.139 align:start position:0% 26:29.139 --> 26:31.129 align:start position:0% I<00:27:56.000> know<00:27:56.399> it's<00:27:56.720> actually<00:27:57.039> sounding<00:27:57.520> rather 26:31.129 --> 26:31.139 align:start position:0% I know it's actually sounding rather 26:31.139 --> 26:33.288 align:start position:0% I know it's actually sounding rather hopeless<00:27:58.159> for<00:27:58.320> Trappist<00:27:58.799> 1e,<00:27:59.360> and<00:27:59.600> I<00:27:59.760> bet 26:33.288 --> 26:33.298 align:start position:0% hopeless for Trappist 1e, and I bet 26:33.298 --> 26:35.689 align:start position:0% hopeless for Trappist 1e, and I bet you're<00:28:00.240> wondering,<00:28:01.039> how<00:28:01.279> is<00:28:01.520> this<00:28:01.840> one<00:28:02.080> of<00:28:02.159> the 26:35.689 --> 26:35.699 align:start position:0% you're wondering, how is this one of the 26:35.699 --> 26:38.168 align:start position:0% you're wondering, how is this one of the most<00:28:02.480> promising<00:28:02.960> planets?<00:28:03.919> But<00:28:04.159> we<00:28:04.320> don't<00:28:04.559> yet 26:38.168 --> 26:38.178 align:start position:0% most promising planets? But we don't yet 26:38.178 --> 26:40.489 align:start position:0% most promising planets? But we don't yet know<00:28:05.200> one<00:28:05.440> way<00:28:05.760> or<00:28:06.000> the<00:28:06.159> other<00:28:06.480> whether<00:28:06.880> an 26:40.489 --> 26:40.499 align:start position:0% know one way or the other whether an 26:40.499 --> 26:42.969 align:start position:0% know one way or the other whether an atmosphere<00:28:07.679> has<00:28:07.840> survived<00:28:08.320> or<00:28:08.559> not.<00:28:09.279> We've 26:42.969 --> 26:42.979 align:start position:0% atmosphere has survived or not. We've 26:42.979 --> 26:44.729 align:start position:0% atmosphere has survived or not. We've already<00:28:09.919> seen<00:28:10.399> there<00:28:10.640> are<00:28:10.799> hints<00:28:10.960> of<00:28:11.120> its 26:44.729 --> 26:44.739 align:start position:0% already seen there are hints of its 26:44.739 --> 26:46.889 align:start position:0% already seen there are hints of its existence.<00:28:12.480> And<00:28:12.640> although<00:28:12.960> the<00:28:13.120> stars 26:46.889 --> 26:46.899 align:start position:0% existence. And although the stars 26:46.899 --> 26:49.209 align:start position:0% existence. And although the stars violent<00:28:14.000> outbursts<00:28:14.640> may<00:28:14.960> be<00:28:15.279> one<00:28:15.520> E's 26:49.209 --> 26:49.219 align:start position:0% violent outbursts may be one E's 26:49.219 --> 26:52.009 align:start position:0% violent outbursts may be one E's downfall,<00:28:16.799> they<00:28:17.120> may<00:28:17.360> also<00:28:17.679> be<00:28:18.000> completely 26:52.009 --> 26:52.019 align:start position:0% downfall, they may also be completely 26:52.019 --> 26:54.729 align:start position:0% downfall, they may also be completely necessary<00:28:19.120> for<00:28:19.360> life<00:28:19.600> to<00:28:19.760> begin.<00:28:20.880> UV 26:54.729 --> 26:54.739 align:start position:0% necessary for life to begin. UV 26:54.739 --> 26:56.969 align:start position:0% necessary for life to begin. UV radiation<00:28:21.840> from<00:28:22.080> flares<00:28:22.640> may<00:28:22.880> be<00:28:23.120> essential 26:56.969 --> 26:56.979 align:start position:0% radiation from flares may be essential 26:56.979 --> 26:59.928 align:start position:0% radiation from flares may be essential to<00:28:23.840> create<00:28:24.320> RNA<00:28:24.880> building<00:28:25.200> blocks,<00:28:26.000> molecules 26:59.928 --> 26:59.938 align:start position:0% to create RNA building blocks, molecules 26:59.938 --> 27:01.928 align:start position:0% to create RNA building blocks, molecules that<00:28:26.799> are<00:28:26.960> central<00:28:27.279> to<00:28:27.520> the<00:28:27.679> metabolism<00:28:28.240> of 27:01.928 --> 27:01.938 align:start position:0% that are central to the metabolism of 27:01.938 --> 27:04.969 align:start position:0% that are central to the metabolism of every<00:28:28.880> life<00:28:29.200> form<00:28:29.600> ever<00:28:30.000> found.<00:28:30.960> And<00:28:31.200> now<00:28:31.440> that 27:04.969 --> 27:04.979 align:start position:0% every life form ever found. And now that 27:04.979 --> 27:07.369 align:start position:0% every life form ever found. And now that Trappist<00:28:32.159> 1<00:28:32.399> is<00:28:32.559> in<00:28:32.720> its<00:28:33.039> calmer<00:28:33.679> main 27:07.369 --> 27:07.379 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 is in its calmer main 27:07.379 --> 27:10.889 align:start position:0% Trappist 1 is in its calmer main sequence<00:28:34.559> phase<00:28:35.279> with<00:28:35.760> lower<00:28:36.159> UV<00:28:36.640> and<00:28:36.880> X-ray 27:10.889 --> 27:10.899 align:start position:0% sequence phase with lower UV and X-ray 27:10.899 --> 27:14.009 align:start position:0% sequence phase with lower UV and X-ray radiation<00:28:38.320> than<00:28:38.559> in<00:28:38.799> its<00:28:39.039> juvenile<00:28:39.679> past, 27:14.009 --> 27:14.019 align:start position:0% radiation than in its juvenile past, 27:14.019 --> 27:16.569 align:start position:0% radiation than in its juvenile past, there<00:28:40.799> is<00:28:40.960> a<00:28:41.200> chance<00:28:41.360> of<00:28:41.520> a<00:28:41.760> stable<00:28:42.559> habitable 27:16.569 --> 27:16.579 align:start position:0% there is a chance of a stable habitable 27:16.579 --> 27:20.408 align:start position:0% there is a chance of a stable habitable atmosphere<00:28:44.000> existing<00:28:44.559> on<00:28:44.880> Trappist<00:28:45.440> 1E.<00:28:46.480> And 27:20.408 --> 27:20.418 align:start position:0% atmosphere existing on Trappist 1E. And 27:20.418 --> 27:22.329 align:start position:0% atmosphere existing on Trappist 1E. And that<00:28:47.279> atmosphere<00:28:47.919> could<00:28:48.240> have<00:28:48.480> protection 27:22.329 --> 27:22.339 align:start position:0% that atmosphere could have protection 27:22.339 --> 27:24.729 align:start position:0% that atmosphere could have protection from<00:28:49.200> the<00:28:49.440> continuing<00:28:50.000> flares<00:28:50.559> with<00:28:50.799> its<00:28:51.120> own 27:24.729 --> 27:24.739 align:start position:0% from the continuing flares with its own 27:24.739 --> 27:27.449 align:start position:0% from the continuing flares with its own magnetic<00:28:51.840> field<00:28:52.320> just<00:28:52.559> like<00:28:52.799> the<00:28:52.960> Earth<00:28:53.279> does. 27:27.449 --> 27:27.459 align:start position:0% magnetic field just like the Earth does. 27:27.459 --> 27:29.048 align:start position:0% magnetic field just like the Earth does. The<00:28:54.240> Earth's<00:28:54.640> magnetic<00:28:55.039> field<00:28:55.279> exists 27:29.048 --> 27:29.058 align:start position:0% The Earth's magnetic field exists 27:29.058 --> 27:31.288 align:start position:0% The Earth's magnetic field exists because<00:28:55.919> its<00:28:56.240> outer<00:28:56.559> core<00:28:56.799> is<00:28:57.039> a<00:28:57.200> moving<00:28:57.520> mass 27:31.288 --> 27:31.298 align:start position:0% because its outer core is a moving mass 27:31.298 --> 27:33.849 align:start position:0% because its outer core is a moving mass of<00:28:58.159> molten<00:28:58.559> iron<00:28:58.880> and<00:28:59.120> nickel.<00:29:00.000> There<00:29:00.159> is<00:29:00.320> a 27:33.849 --> 27:33.859 align:start position:0% of molten iron and nickel. There is a 27:33.859 --> 27:36.329 align:start position:0% of molten iron and nickel. There is a good<00:29:00.640> chance<00:29:00.960> that<00:29:01.279> Trappist<00:29:01.760> 1E<00:29:02.399> has<00:29:02.640> a 27:36.329 --> 27:36.339 align:start position:0% good chance that Trappist 1E has a 27:36.339 --> 27:39.768 align:start position:0% good chance that Trappist 1E has a similar<00:29:03.440> system.<00:29:04.640> In<00:29:04.880> fact,<00:29:05.279> Trappist<00:29:05.760> 1e's 27:39.768 --> 27:39.778 align:start position:0% similar system. In fact, Trappist 1e's 27:39.778 --> 27:41.768 align:start position:0% similar system. In fact, Trappist 1e's close<00:29:06.799> orbit<00:29:07.120> to<00:29:07.279> the<00:29:07.360> red<00:29:07.600> dwarf<00:29:08.159> could 27:41.768 --> 27:41.778 align:start position:0% close orbit to the red dwarf could 27:41.778 --> 27:43.689 align:start position:0% close orbit to the red dwarf could actually<00:29:08.799> help<00:29:09.120> maintain<00:29:09.520> its<00:29:09.840> magnetic 27:43.689 --> 27:43.699 align:start position:0% actually help maintain its magnetic 27:43.699 --> 27:46.729 align:start position:0% actually help maintain its magnetic field.<00:29:11.200> If<00:29:11.440> Trappist<00:29:12.080> 1's<00:29:12.640> orbit<00:29:13.039> is 27:46.729 --> 27:46.739 align:start position:0% field. If Trappist 1's orbit is 27:46.739 --> 27:49.288 align:start position:0% field. If Trappist 1's orbit is eccentric,<00:29:14.480> this<00:29:14.720> would<00:29:14.960> cause<00:29:15.360> repeated 27:49.288 --> 27:49.298 align:start position:0% eccentric, this would cause repeated 27:49.298 --> 27:51.768 align:start position:0% eccentric, this would cause repeated compression<00:29:16.720> and<00:29:16.960> relaxation<00:29:17.600> of<00:29:17.840> the<00:29:18.000> planet 27:51.768 --> 27:51.778 align:start position:0% compression and relaxation of the planet 27:51.778 --> 27:54.408 align:start position:0% compression and relaxation of the planet shape.<00:29:19.279> This<00:29:19.520> process<00:29:20.000> creates<00:29:20.480> internal 27:54.408 --> 27:54.418 align:start position:0% shape. This process creates internal 27:54.418 --> 27:56.889 align:start position:0% shape. This process creates internal friction<00:29:21.520> that<00:29:21.840> could<00:29:22.159> heat<00:29:22.399> the<00:29:22.640> interior<00:29:23.200> as 27:56.889 --> 27:56.899 align:start position:0% friction that could heat the interior as 27:56.899 --> 28:01.369 align:start position:0% friction that could heat the interior as much<00:29:23.760> as<00:29:24.159> 0.18<00:29:25.440> W<00:29:25.919> per<00:29:26.159> meter<00:29:26.480> squared.<00:29:27.679> That's 28:01.369 --> 28:01.379 align:start position:0% much as 0.18 W per meter squared. That's 28:01.379 --> 28:04.408 align:start position:0% much as 0.18 W per meter squared. That's roughly<00:29:28.559> 24<00:29:29.200> times<00:29:29.520> the<00:29:29.760> tidal<00:29:30.159> heating<00:29:30.559> flux 28:04.408 --> 28:04.418 align:start position:0% roughly 24 times the tidal heating flux 28:04.418 --> 28:07.048 align:start position:0% roughly 24 times the tidal heating flux generated<00:29:31.140> [music]<00:29:31.600> in<00:29:31.840> the<00:29:32.080> earth.<00:29:33.120> We<00:29:33.360> see<00:29:33.520> a 28:07.048 --> 28:07.058 align:start position:0% generated [music] in the earth. We see a 28:07.058 --> 28:10.489 align:start position:0% generated [music] in the earth. We see a similar<00:29:34.080> process<00:29:34.559> in<00:29:34.799> Jupiter's<00:29:35.360> moon<00:29:35.760> Io.<00:29:36.720> Io 28:10.489 --> 28:10.499 align:start position:0% similar process in Jupiter's moon Io. Io 28:10.499 --> 28:12.729 align:start position:0% similar process in Jupiter's moon Io. Io is<00:29:37.279> tidily<00:29:37.760> locked<00:29:38.000> with<00:29:38.159> an<00:29:38.320> eccentric<00:29:38.880> orbit 28:12.729 --> 28:12.739 align:start position:0% is tidily locked with an eccentric orbit 28:12.739 --> 28:14.969 align:start position:0% is tidily locked with an eccentric orbit and<00:29:39.679> gets<00:29:40.000> stretched<00:29:40.480> and<00:29:40.799> squashed<00:29:41.279> by<00:29:41.440> the 28:14.969 --> 28:14.979 align:start position:0% and gets stretched and squashed by the 28:14.979 --> 28:16.569 align:start position:0% and gets stretched and squashed by the gravitational<00:29:42.240> interactions<00:29:42.799> with<00:29:43.039> the 28:16.569 --> 28:16.579 align:start position:0% gravitational interactions with the 28:16.579 --> 28:19.369 align:start position:0% gravitational interactions with the other<00:29:43.600> Jovian<00:29:44.159> moons<00:29:45.039> pumping<00:29:45.360> it<00:29:45.600> full<00:29:45.840> of 28:19.369 --> 28:19.379 align:start position:0% other Jovian moons pumping it full of 28:19.379 --> 28:22.089 align:start position:0% other Jovian moons pumping it full of energy<00:29:46.559> and<00:29:46.880> making<00:29:47.279> it<00:29:47.840> the<00:29:48.320> most 28:22.089 --> 28:22.099 align:start position:0% energy and making it the most 28:22.099 --> 28:24.489 align:start position:0% energy and making it the most volcanically<00:29:49.520> active<00:29:49.919> body<00:29:50.320> in<00:29:50.640> the<00:29:50.799> solar 28:24.489 --> 28:24.499 align:start position:0% volcanically active body in the solar 28:24.499 --> 28:26.089 align:start position:0% volcanically active body in the solar system. 28:26.089 --> 28:26.099 align:start position:0% system. 28:26.099 --> 28:29.928 align:start position:0% system. So<00:29:53.520> where<00:29:53.760> does<00:29:53.919> this<00:29:54.159> leave<00:29:54.399> us?<00:29:55.760> Well,<00:29:56.159> we 28:29.928 --> 28:29.938 align:start position:0% So where does this leave us? Well, we 28:29.938 --> 28:32.249 align:start position:0% So where does this leave us? Well, we may<00:29:56.880> have<00:29:57.120> an<00:29:57.360> Earth-sized<00:29:58.159> volcanically 28:32.249 --> 28:32.259 align:start position:0% may have an Earth-sized volcanically 28:32.259 --> 28:34.408 align:start position:0% may have an Earth-sized volcanically active<00:29:59.440> rocky<00:29:59.919> planet<00:30:00.240> with<00:30:00.480> the<00:30:00.720> building 28:34.408 --> 28:34.418 align:start position:0% active rocky planet with the building 28:34.418 --> 28:37.048 align:start position:0% active rocky planet with the building blocks<00:30:01.279> for<00:30:01.520> life,<00:30:02.320> its<00:30:02.640> own<00:30:02.799> atmosphere<00:30:03.440> and 28:37.048 --> 28:37.058 align:start position:0% blocks for life, its own atmosphere and 28:37.058 --> 28:39.609 align:start position:0% blocks for life, its own atmosphere and magnetic<00:30:04.159> field<00:30:04.880> orbiting<00:30:05.440> in<00:30:05.600> the<00:30:05.760> habitable 28:39.609 --> 28:39.619 align:start position:0% magnetic field orbiting in the habitable 28:39.619 --> 28:43.609 align:start position:0% magnetic field orbiting in the habitable zone<00:30:06.480> of<00:30:06.720> a<00:30:06.880> relatively<00:30:07.520> calm<00:30:07.919> red<00:30:08.159> dwarf,<00:30:09.360> or 28:43.609 --> 28:43.619 align:start position:0% zone of a relatively calm red dwarf, or 28:43.619 --> 28:51.768 align:start position:0% zone of a relatively calm red dwarf, or it<00:30:10.559> could<00:30:10.799> be<00:30:11.279> a<00:30:11.600> cold,<00:30:12.240> dead<00:30:12.880> world. 28:51.768 --> 28:51.778 align:start position:0% 28:51.778 --> 28:54.329 align:start position:0% So,<00:30:19.279> let<00:30:19.520> us<00:30:19.679> know<00:30:19.840> in<00:30:20.000> the<00:30:20.159> comments<00:30:20.559> which 28:54.329 --> 28:54.339 align:start position:0% So, let us know in the comments which 28:54.339 --> 28:57.528 align:start position:0% So, let us know in the comments which you<00:30:21.279> think<00:30:21.600> will<00:30:21.919> eventually<00:30:22.559> be<00:30:22.880> confirmed. 28:57.528 --> 28:57.538 align:start position:0% you think will eventually be confirmed. 28:57.538 --> 28:59.528 align:start position:0% you think will eventually be confirmed. We<00:30:24.399> might<00:30:24.640> not<00:30:24.880> get<00:30:25.120> an<00:30:25.360> answer<00:30:25.600> until<00:30:25.919> the 28:59.528 --> 28:59.538 align:start position:0% We might not get an answer until the 28:59.538 --> 29:02.249 align:start position:0% We might not get an answer until the proposed<00:30:26.720> Habitable<00:30:27.360> Worlds<00:30:27.760> Observatory,<00:30:28.640> a 29:02.249 --> 29:02.259 align:start position:0% proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory, a 29:02.259 --> 29:03.928 align:start position:0% proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory, a telescope<00:30:29.440> designed<00:30:29.760> to<00:30:29.919> look<00:30:30.159> for<00:30:30.320> life 29:03.928 --> 29:03.938 align:start position:0% telescope designed to look for life 29:03.938 --> 29:06.249 align:start position:0% telescope designed to look for life around<00:30:30.880> stars<00:30:31.279> like<00:30:31.520> our<00:30:31.840> own,<00:30:32.480> which 29:06.249 --> 29:06.259 align:start position:0% around stars like our own, which 29:06.259 --> 29:09.129 align:start position:0% around stars like our own, which launches<00:30:33.440> in<00:30:34.080> 2041. 29:09.129 --> 29:09.139 align:start position:0% launches in 2041. 29:09.139 --> 29:11.129 align:start position:0% launches in 2041. But<00:30:35.919> until<00:30:36.240> then,<00:30:36.880> James<00:30:37.279> Webb's 29:11.129 --> 29:11.139 align:start position:0% But until then, James Webb's 29:11.139 --> 29:14.569 align:start position:0% But until then, James Webb's observations<00:30:38.720> are<00:30:39.200> our<00:30:39.520> best<00:30:39.760> bet.<00:30:40.799> The<00:30:41.039> fact 29:14.569 --> 29:14.579 align:start position:0% observations are our best bet. The fact 29:14.579 --> 29:16.009 align:start position:0% observations are our best bet. The fact we<00:30:41.520> are<00:30:41.679> able<00:30:41.840> to<00:30:42.000> measure<00:30:42.240> the<00:30:42.399> light 29:16.009 --> 29:16.019 align:start position:0% we are able to measure the light 29:16.019 --> 29:18.408 align:start position:0% we are able to measure the light absorbed<00:30:43.120> by<00:30:43.279> a<00:30:43.520> thin<00:30:43.919> gaseous<00:30:44.640> layer<00:30:44.799> around 29:18.408 --> 29:18.418 align:start position:0% absorbed by a thin gaseous layer around 29:18.418 --> 29:21.528 align:start position:0% absorbed by a thin gaseous layer around a<00:30:45.200> rocky<00:30:45.600> planet<00:30:46.240> orbiting<00:30:46.799> a<00:30:47.039> dim<00:30:47.440> red<00:30:47.760> dwarf 29:21.528 --> 29:21.538 align:start position:0% a rocky planet orbiting a dim red dwarf 29:21.538 --> 29:24.329 align:start position:0% a rocky planet orbiting a dim red dwarf star<00:30:48.640> 40<00:30:49.039> lighty<00:30:49.279> years<00:30:49.520> away<00:30:50.320> is<00:30:50.640> pretty 29:24.329 --> 29:24.339 align:start position:0% star 40 lighty years away is pretty 29:24.339 --> 29:27.129 align:start position:0% star 40 lighty years away is pretty incredible.<00:30:52.399> And<00:30:52.640> scientists<00:30:53.200> haven't<00:30:53.520> given 29:27.129 --> 29:27.139 align:start position:0% incredible. And scientists haven't given 29:27.139 --> 29:29.288 align:start position:0% incredible. And scientists haven't given up<00:30:53.919> hope.<00:30:54.799> They've<00:30:55.120> learned<00:30:55.360> from<00:30:55.520> the<00:30:55.679> first 29:29.288 --> 29:29.298 align:start position:0% up hope. They've learned from the first 29:29.298 --> 29:31.768 align:start position:0% up hope. They've learned from the first sets<00:30:56.159> of<00:30:56.320> James<00:30:56.720> Webb<00:30:57.039> data<00:30:57.600> and<00:30:57.919> modified 29:31.768 --> 29:31.778 align:start position:0% sets of James Webb data and modified 29:31.778 --> 29:34.168 align:start position:0% sets of James Webb data and modified their<00:30:58.640> technique<00:30:59.039> to<00:30:59.279> achieve<00:30:59.840> more<00:31:00.240> precise 29:34.168 --> 29:34.178 align:start position:0% their technique to achieve more precise 29:34.178 --> 29:37.129 align:start position:0% their technique to achieve more precise measurements.<00:31:01.919> With<00:31:02.240> another<00:31:02.799> 15<00:31:03.279> transit 29:37.129 --> 29:37.139 align:start position:0% measurements. With another 15 transit 29:37.139 --> 29:39.528 align:start position:0% measurements. With another 15 transit observations<00:31:04.480> planned<00:31:04.799> before<00:31:05.120> December, 29:39.528 --> 29:39.538 align:start position:0% observations planned before December, 29:39.538 --> 29:41.288 align:start position:0% observations planned before December, they<00:31:06.399> expect<00:31:06.720> to<00:31:06.880> be<00:31:06.960> able<00:31:07.120> to<00:31:07.279> confirm<00:31:07.679> the 29:41.288 --> 29:41.298 align:start position:0% they expect to be able to confirm the 29:41.298 --> 29:44.329 align:start position:0% they expect to be able to confirm the presence<00:31:08.320> or<00:31:08.640> absence<00:31:09.360> of<00:31:09.600> carbon<00:31:10.000> dioxide 29:44.329 --> 29:44.339 align:start position:0% presence or absence of carbon dioxide 29:44.339 --> 29:47.449 align:start position:0% presence or absence of carbon dioxide and<00:31:11.279> a<00:31:11.520> secondary<00:31:11.919> atmosphere.<00:31:13.120> A<00:31:13.279> key<00:31:13.600> step 29:47.449 --> 29:47.459 align:start position:0% and a secondary atmosphere. A key step 29:47.459 --> 29:50.969 align:start position:0% and a secondary atmosphere. A key step in<00:31:14.320> the<00:31:14.559> search<00:31:14.799> for<00:31:15.120> life<00:31:15.520> on<00:31:15.840> 1E. 29:50.969 --> 29:50.979 align:start position:0% in the search for life on 1E. 29:50.979 --> 29:53.048 align:start position:0% in the search for life on 1E. Perhaps<00:31:18.000> Trappist<00:31:18.480> 1E<00:31:18.960> and<00:31:19.120> its<00:31:19.360> neighbors 29:53.048 --> 29:53.058 align:start position:0% Perhaps Trappist 1E and its neighbors 29:53.058 --> 29:55.129 align:start position:0% Perhaps Trappist 1E and its neighbors will<00:31:19.919> turn<00:31:20.159> out<00:31:20.320> to<00:31:20.559> have<00:31:20.799> a<00:31:21.120> unique 29:55.129 --> 29:55.139 align:start position:0% will turn out to have a unique 29:55.139 --> 29:57.768 align:start position:0% will turn out to have a unique inhospitable<00:31:22.720> atmosphere.<00:31:23.600> Or<00:31:23.840> perhaps<00:31:24.159> one 29:57.768 --> 29:57.778 align:start position:0% inhospitable atmosphere. Or perhaps one 29:57.778 --> 30:00.408 align:start position:0% inhospitable atmosphere. Or perhaps one that<00:31:24.640> could<00:31:24.880> theoretically<00:31:25.679> support<00:31:26.080> life. 30:00.408 --> 30:00.418 align:start position:0% that could theoretically support life. 30:00.418 --> 30:03.129 align:start position:0% that could theoretically support life. Or<00:31:27.279> maybe,<00:31:27.919> just<00:31:28.159> maybe,<00:31:28.880> we'll<00:31:29.200> find<00:31:29.440> one 30:03.129 --> 30:03.139 align:start position:0% Or maybe, just maybe, we'll find one 30:03.139 --> 30:06.168 align:start position:0% Or maybe, just maybe, we'll find one just<00:31:30.000> like<00:31:30.240> home.<00:31:31.360> It's<00:31:31.600> exciting<00:31:32.000> to<00:31:32.240> find<00:31:32.480> so 30:06.168 --> 30:06.178 align:start position:0% just like home. It's exciting to find so 30:06.178 --> 30:07.849 align:start position:0% just like home. It's exciting to find so much<00:31:32.960> potential<00:31:33.360> for<00:31:33.600> life<00:31:33.840> relatively 30:07.849 --> 30:07.859 align:start position:0% much potential for life relatively 30:07.859 --> 30:10.729 align:start position:0% much potential for life relatively nearby,<00:31:35.360> even<00:31:35.679> in<00:31:35.919> the<00:31:36.080> midst<00:31:36.320> of<00:31:36.559> an<00:31:36.799> extreme 30:10.729 --> 30:10.739 align:start position:0% nearby, even in the midst of an extreme 30:10.739 --> 30:13.528 align:start position:0% nearby, even in the midst of an extreme environment.<00:31:38.640> But<00:31:38.880> whatever<00:31:39.279> the<00:31:39.519> atmosphere 30:13.528 --> 30:13.538 align:start position:0% environment. But whatever the atmosphere 30:13.538 --> 30:16.329 align:start position:0% environment. But whatever the atmosphere turns<00:31:40.399> out<00:31:40.559> to<00:31:40.799> be<00:31:40.960> on<00:31:41.200> Trappist<00:31:41.679> 1e,<00:31:42.480> with<00:31:42.720> the 30:16.329 --> 30:16.339 align:start position:0% turns out to be on Trappist 1e, with the 30:16.339 --> 30:18.729 align:start position:0% turns out to be on Trappist 1e, with the recent<00:31:43.279> discovery<00:31:43.760> of<00:31:44.080> formations<00:31:44.720> on<00:31:44.960> Mars 30:18.729 --> 30:18.739 align:start position:0% recent discovery of formations on Mars 30:18.739 --> 30:20.408 align:start position:0% recent discovery of formations on Mars that<00:31:45.519> are<00:31:45.760> thought<00:31:45.919> to<00:31:46.080> have<00:31:46.240> been<00:31:46.480> impossible 30:20.408 --> 30:20.418 align:start position:0% that are thought to have been impossible 30:20.418 --> 30:23.209 align:start position:0% that are thought to have been impossible to<00:31:47.200> form<00:31:47.600> without<00:31:48.080> life,<00:31:48.880> I<00:31:49.120> find<00:31:49.279> it<00:31:49.519> hard<00:31:49.679> to 30:23.209 --> 30:23.219 align:start position:0% to form without life, I find it hard to 30:23.219 --> 30:25.449 align:start position:0% to form without life, I find it hard to shake<00:31:50.159> the<00:31:50.399> feeling<00:31:50.799> that<00:31:51.039> the<00:31:51.279> discovery<00:31:51.840> of 30:25.449 --> 30:25.459 align:start position:0% shake the feeling that the discovery of 30:25.459 --> 30:28.648 align:start position:0% shake the feeling that the discovery of extraterrestrial<00:31:53.120> life<00:31:53.519> feels<00:31:54.080> inevitable. 30:28.648 --> 30:28.658 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial life feels inevitable. 30:28.658 --> 30:35.849 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial life feels inevitable. The<00:31:55.519> only<00:31:55.760> question<00:31:56.000> is<00:31:56.799> when. 30:35.849 --> 30:35.859 align:start position:0% 30:35.859 --> 30:37.689 align:start position:0% You<00:32:02.640> have<00:32:02.880> probably<00:32:03.200> heard<00:32:03.440> of<00:32:03.600> the<00:32:03.760> Kepler 30:37.689 --> 30:37.699 align:start position:0% You have probably heard of the Kepler 30:37.699 --> 30:40.249 align:start position:0% You have probably heard of the Kepler Space<00:32:04.640> Observatory,<00:32:05.840> a<00:32:06.080> spacecraft<00:32:06.559> that 30:40.249 --> 30:40.259 align:start position:0% Space Observatory, a spacecraft that 30:40.259 --> 30:43.369 align:start position:0% Space Observatory, a spacecraft that hunted<00:32:07.200> for<00:32:07.360> exoplanets<00:32:08.080> in<00:32:08.240> our<00:32:08.480> galaxy.<00:32:09.760> It 30:43.369 --> 30:43.379 align:start position:0% hunted for exoplanets in our galaxy. It 30:43.379 --> 30:45.288 align:start position:0% hunted for exoplanets in our galaxy. It carefully<00:32:10.480> examined<00:32:10.960> a<00:32:11.120> patch<00:32:11.360> of<00:32:11.600> space 30:45.288 --> 30:45.298 align:start position:0% carefully examined a patch of space 30:45.298 --> 30:48.648 align:start position:0% carefully examined a patch of space which<00:32:12.240> contained<00:32:12.720> roughly<00:32:13.840> 150,000<00:32:14.799> visible 30:48.648 --> 30:48.658 align:start position:0% which contained roughly 150,000 visible 30:48.658 --> 30:51.048 align:start position:0% which contained roughly 150,000 visible stars.<00:32:16.159> And<00:32:16.399> with<00:32:16.559> its<00:32:16.799> combined<00:32:17.279> camera 30:51.048 --> 30:51.058 align:start position:0% stars. And with its combined camera 30:51.058 --> 30:54.249 align:start position:0% stars. And with its combined camera resolution<00:32:18.159> of<00:32:18.480> 94<00:32:19.200> megapixels,<00:32:20.399> it<00:32:20.640> searched 30:54.249 --> 30:54.259 align:start position:0% resolution of 94 megapixels, it searched 30:54.259 --> 30:56.168 align:start position:0% resolution of 94 megapixels, it searched for<00:32:21.120> stars<00:32:21.440> that<00:32:21.760> dip<00:32:22.080> in<00:32:22.320> brightness 30:56.168 --> 30:56.178 align:start position:0% for stars that dip in brightness 30:56.178 --> 30:58.009 align:start position:0% for stars that dip in brightness periodically. 30:58.009 --> 30:58.019 align:start position:0% periodically. 30:58.019 --> 31:00.168 align:start position:0% periodically. The<00:32:24.799> theory<00:32:25.200> is<00:32:25.519> that<00:32:25.679> if<00:32:25.919> a<00:32:26.080> star<00:32:26.320> dims 31:00.168 --> 31:00.178 align:start position:0% The theory is that if a star dims 31:00.178 --> 31:02.729 align:start position:0% The theory is that if a star dims regularly<00:32:27.440> in<00:32:27.760> constant<00:32:28.240> intervals,<00:32:29.120> it's 31:02.729 --> 31:02.739 align:start position:0% regularly in constant intervals, it's 31:02.739 --> 31:04.729 align:start position:0% regularly in constant intervals, it's because<00:32:29.600> one<00:32:29.840> of<00:32:29.919> its<00:32:30.159> planets<00:32:30.640> has<00:32:30.880> passed<00:32:31.120> in 31:04.729 --> 31:04.739 align:start position:0% because one of its planets has passed in 31:04.739 --> 31:06.729 align:start position:0% because one of its planets has passed in front<00:32:31.519> of<00:32:31.600> it<00:32:31.840> from<00:32:32.159> Kepler's<00:32:32.640> perspective, 31:06.729 --> 31:06.739 align:start position:0% front of it from Kepler's perspective, 31:06.739 --> 31:10.888 align:start position:0% front of it from Kepler's perspective, which<00:32:33.600> causes<00:32:33.919> that<00:32:34.159> star<00:32:34.399> to<00:32:34.559> dim. 31:10.888 --> 31:10.898 align:start position:0% which causes that star to dim. 31:10.898 --> 31:12.969 align:start position:0% which causes that star to dim. The<00:32:37.679> Kepler<00:32:38.159> mission<00:32:38.480> has<00:32:38.720> been<00:32:39.039> wildly 31:12.969 --> 31:12.979 align:start position:0% The Kepler mission has been wildly 31:12.979 --> 31:15.369 align:start position:0% The Kepler mission has been wildly successful,<00:32:40.480> beyond<00:32:40.880> the<00:32:41.120> expectations<00:32:41.760> of 31:15.369 --> 31:15.379 align:start position:0% successful, beyond the expectations of 31:15.379 --> 31:16.969 align:start position:0% successful, beyond the expectations of most, 31:16.969 --> 31:16.979 align:start position:0% most, 31:16.979 --> 31:20.969 align:start position:0% most, discovering<00:32:44.159> a<00:32:44.399> total<00:32:44.720> of<00:32:45.120> 2,662 31:20.969 --> 31:20.979 align:start position:0% discovering a total of 2,662 31:20.979 --> 31:24.249 align:start position:0% discovering a total of 2,662 planets<00:32:48.159> since<00:32:48.720> 2009. 31:24.249 --> 31:24.259 align:start position:0% planets since 2009. 31:24.259 --> 31:26.809 align:start position:0% planets since 2009. But<00:32:51.120> sadly,<00:32:51.840> Kepler<00:32:52.399> hasn't<00:32:52.720> been<00:32:52.960> in<00:32:53.120> full 31:26.809 --> 31:26.819 align:start position:0% But sadly, Kepler hasn't been in full 31:26.819 --> 31:30.329 align:start position:0% But sadly, Kepler hasn't been in full operation<00:32:53.919> since<00:32:54.399> 2013,<00:32:55.679> as<00:32:56.000> two<00:32:56.399> out<00:32:56.640> of<00:32:56.720> its 31:30.329 --> 31:30.339 align:start position:0% operation since 2013, as two out of its 31:30.339 --> 31:32.969 align:start position:0% operation since 2013, as two out of its four<00:32:57.279> reaction<00:32:57.679> wheels<00:32:58.080> have<00:32:58.240> failed.<00:32:59.279> These 31:32.969 --> 31:32.979 align:start position:0% four reaction wheels have failed. These 31:32.979 --> 31:34.888 align:start position:0% four reaction wheels have failed. These reaction<00:33:00.000> wheels<00:33:00.480> keep<00:33:00.720> the<00:33:00.880> viewing<00:33:01.279> angle 31:34.888 --> 31:34.898 align:start position:0% reaction wheels keep the viewing angle 31:34.898 --> 31:37.288 align:start position:0% reaction wheels keep the viewing angle of<00:33:01.679> the<00:33:01.840> spacecraft<00:33:02.480> stable,<00:33:03.279> otherwise<00:33:03.760> it 31:37.288 --> 31:37.298 align:start position:0% of the spacecraft stable, otherwise it 31:37.298 --> 31:41.689 align:start position:0% of the spacecraft stable, otherwise it loses<00:33:04.320> sight<00:33:04.720> of<00:33:04.880> its<00:33:05.120> fixed<00:33:05.519> field<00:33:05.840> of<00:33:06.080> view. 31:41.689 --> 31:41.699 align:start position:0% loses sight of its fixed field of view. 31:41.699 --> 31:43.528 align:start position:0% loses sight of its fixed field of view. The<00:33:08.559> reaction<00:33:09.039> wheels<00:33:09.360> that<00:33:09.600> were<00:33:09.840> still 31:43.528 --> 31:43.538 align:start position:0% The reaction wheels that were still 31:43.538 --> 31:45.689 align:start position:0% The reaction wheels that were still working<00:33:10.799> couldn't<00:33:11.200> keep<00:33:11.440> Kepler<00:33:12.000> steady 31:45.689 --> 31:45.699 align:start position:0% working couldn't keep Kepler steady 31:45.699 --> 31:48.249 align:start position:0% working couldn't keep Kepler steady enough<00:33:12.559> to<00:33:12.880> continue<00:33:13.200> its<00:33:13.519> mission.<00:33:14.480> So 31:48.249 --> 31:48.259 align:start position:0% enough to continue its mission. So 31:48.259 --> 31:50.009 align:start position:0% enough to continue its mission. So instead<00:33:15.200> of<00:33:15.360> abandoning<00:33:15.919> the<00:33:16.159> spacecraft 31:50.009 --> 31:50.019 align:start position:0% instead of abandoning the spacecraft 31:50.019 --> 31:52.729 align:start position:0% instead of abandoning the spacecraft altogether,<00:33:17.919> NASA<00:33:18.480> came<00:33:18.720> up<00:33:18.880> with<00:33:19.039> a<00:33:19.200> new 31:52.729 --> 31:52.739 align:start position:0% altogether, NASA came up with a new 31:52.739 --> 31:55.129 align:start position:0% altogether, NASA came up with a new mission.<00:33:20.320> Instead<00:33:20.640> of<00:33:20.799> fighting<00:33:21.200> against<00:33:21.519> the 31:55.129 --> 31:55.139 align:start position:0% mission. Instead of fighting against the 31:55.139 --> 31:58.089 align:start position:0% mission. Instead of fighting against the rotation<00:33:22.240> as<00:33:22.480> it<00:33:22.640> orbits,<00:33:23.679> it<00:33:23.919> would<00:33:24.240> see<00:33:24.480> what 31:58.089 --> 31:58.099 align:start position:0% rotation as it orbits, it would see what 31:58.099 --> 32:00.009 align:start position:0% rotation as it orbits, it would see what it<00:33:24.960> could<00:33:25.120> find<00:33:25.440> in<00:33:25.760> different<00:33:26.080> fields<00:33:26.480> of 32:00.009 --> 32:00.019 align:start position:0% it could find in different fields of 32:00.019 --> 32:01.768 align:start position:0% it could find in different fields of view. 32:01.768 --> 32:01.778 align:start position:0% view. 32:01.778 --> 32:04.489 align:start position:0% view. The<00:33:28.640> way<00:33:28.799> it<00:33:29.039> did<00:33:29.200> this<00:33:29.519> was<00:33:29.760> quite<00:33:30.159> ingenious. 32:04.489 --> 32:04.499 align:start position:0% The way it did this was quite ingenious. 32:04.499 --> 32:06.569 align:start position:0% The way it did this was quite ingenious. Using<00:33:31.600> solar<00:33:32.000> wind<00:33:32.320> pressure,<00:33:32.799> they<00:33:33.039> could 32:06.569 --> 32:06.579 align:start position:0% Using solar wind pressure, they could 32:06.579 --> 32:08.888 align:start position:0% Using solar wind pressure, they could keep<00:33:33.360> the<00:33:33.519> spacecraft<00:33:34.159> aligned<00:33:34.640> for<00:33:34.880> about<00:33:35.279> 3 32:08.888 --> 32:08.898 align:start position:0% keep the spacecraft aligned for about 3 32:08.898 --> 32:11.449 align:start position:0% keep the spacecraft aligned for about 3 months<00:33:36.080> looking<00:33:36.320> at<00:33:36.480> one<00:33:36.720> patch<00:33:36.960> of<00:33:37.120> sky,<00:33:37.919> all 32:11.449 --> 32:11.459 align:start position:0% months looking at one patch of sky, all 32:11.459 --> 32:13.209 align:start position:0% months looking at one patch of sky, all the<00:33:38.320> while<00:33:38.559> preventing<00:33:39.039> rotation<00:33:39.519> of<00:33:39.679> the 32:13.209 --> 32:13.219 align:start position:0% the while preventing rotation of the 32:13.219 --> 32:14.809 align:start position:0% the while preventing rotation of the spacecraft.<00:33:40.043> [music] 32:14.809 --> 32:14.819 align:start position:0% spacecraft. [music] 32:14.819 --> 32:18.168 align:start position:0% spacecraft. [music] So<00:33:41.679> very<00:33:42.000> much<00:33:42.240> a<00:33:42.480> balancing<00:33:42.960> act. 32:18.168 --> 32:18.178 align:start position:0% So very much a balancing act. 32:18.178 --> 32:21.209 align:start position:0% So very much a balancing act. During<00:33:45.200> the<00:33:45.360> second<00:33:45.600> mission,<00:33:46.159> or<00:33:46.799> K2<00:33:47.440> as<00:33:47.679> they 32:21.209 --> 32:21.219 align:start position:0% During the second mission, or K2 as they 32:21.219 --> 32:22.888 align:start position:0% During the second mission, or K2 as they called<00:33:48.080> it,<00:33:48.559> it<00:33:48.799> found<00:33:49.039> even<00:33:49.279> more 32:22.888 --> 32:22.898 align:start position:0% called it, it found even more 32:22.898 --> 32:25.129 align:start position:0% called it, it found even more exoplanets,<00:33:50.640> which<00:33:50.960> brought<00:33:51.200> it<00:33:51.360> to<00:33:51.519> the 32:25.129 --> 32:25.139 align:start position:0% exoplanets, which brought it to the 32:25.139 --> 32:26.888 align:start position:0% exoplanets, which brought it to the 2,662 32:26.888 --> 32:26.898 align:start position:0% 2,662 32:26.898 --> 32:29.449 align:start position:0% 2,662 total,<00:33:54.399> with<00:33:54.640> about<00:33:54.960> twice<00:33:55.279> that<00:33:55.679> still 32:29.449 --> 32:29.459 align:start position:0% total, with about twice that still 32:29.459 --> 32:32.648 align:start position:0% total, with about twice that still considered<00:33:56.559> exoplanet<00:33:57.360> candidates. 32:32.648 --> 32:32.658 align:start position:0% considered exoplanet candidates. 32:32.658 --> 32:35.449 align:start position:0% considered exoplanet candidates. But<00:33:59.440> on<00:33:59.679> the<00:33:59.840> 30th<00:34:00.320> of<00:34:00.480> October,<00:34:01.360> just<00:34:01.679> 2<00:34:01.919> weeks 32:35.449 --> 32:35.459 align:start position:0% But on the 30th of October, just 2 weeks 32:35.459 --> 32:38.009 align:start position:0% But on the 30th of October, just 2 weeks ago<00:34:02.399> from<00:34:02.640> writing<00:34:02.960> this<00:34:03.200> script,<00:34:04.080> Kepler 32:38.009 --> 32:38.019 align:start position:0% ago from writing this script, Kepler 32:38.019 --> 32:40.489 align:start position:0% ago from writing this script, Kepler finally<00:34:05.039> ran<00:34:05.360> out<00:34:05.519> of<00:34:05.679> fuel<00:34:06.320> and<00:34:06.480> the<00:34:06.720> mission 32:40.489 --> 32:40.499 align:start position:0% finally ran out of fuel and the mission 32:40.499 --> 32:43.048 align:start position:0% finally ran out of fuel and the mission has<00:34:07.440> been<00:34:07.679> retired. 32:43.048 --> 32:43.058 align:start position:0% has been retired. 32:43.058 --> 32:45.929 align:start position:0% has been retired. Kepler<00:34:10.240> will<00:34:10.480> be<00:34:10.560> left<00:34:10.879> roughly<00:34:11.520> 100<00:34:12.159> million 32:45.929 --> 32:45.939 align:start position:0% Kepler will be left roughly 100 million 32:45.939 --> 32:48.649 align:start position:0% Kepler will be left roughly 100 million km<00:34:13.040> away<00:34:13.280> from<00:34:13.440> us,<00:34:14.159> forever<00:34:14.560> orbiting<00:34:15.040> the 32:48.649 --> 32:48.659 align:start position:0% km away from us, forever orbiting the 32:48.659 --> 32:50.809 align:start position:0% km away from us, forever orbiting the sun<00:34:15.679> now<00:34:15.839> that<00:34:16.079> it<00:34:16.320> can<00:34:16.480> finally<00:34:16.800> rest<00:34:17.200> after 32:50.809 --> 32:50.819 align:start position:0% sun now that it can finally rest after 32:50.819 --> 32:54.169 align:start position:0% sun now that it can finally rest after its<00:34:17.760> almost<00:34:18.079> 10-year<00:34:18.800> mission. 32:54.169 --> 32:54.179 align:start position:0% its almost 10-year mission. 32:54.179 --> 32:58.248 align:start position:0% its almost 10-year mission. Because<00:34:21.119> of<00:34:21.280> this<00:34:21.520> mission,<00:34:22.480> 2,946 32:58.248 --> 32:58.258 align:start position:0% Because of this mission, 2,946 32:58.258 --> 33:01.129 align:start position:0% Because of this mission, 2,946 scientific<00:34:25.440> papers<00:34:26.000> have<00:34:26.320> been<00:34:26.480> published. 33:01.129 --> 33:01.139 align:start position:0% scientific papers have been published. 33:01.139 --> 33:03.528 align:start position:0% scientific papers have been published. It<00:34:28.000> found<00:34:28.399> worlds<00:34:28.800> similar<00:34:29.200> in<00:34:29.440> size<00:34:29.679> to<00:34:29.919> our 33:03.528 --> 33:03.538 align:start position:0% It found worlds similar in size to our 33:03.538 --> 33:05.929 align:start position:0% It found worlds similar in size to our own<00:34:30.879> and<00:34:31.200> has<00:34:31.440> confirmed<00:34:31.919> that<00:34:32.159> there<00:34:32.320> are 33:05.929 --> 33:05.939 align:start position:0% own and has confirmed that there are 33:05.939 --> 33:09.048 align:start position:0% own and has confirmed that there are more<00:34:32.800> planets<00:34:33.200> than<00:34:33.520> stars<00:34:33.919> in<00:34:34.159> our<00:34:34.320> galaxy. 33:09.048 --> 33:09.058 align:start position:0% more planets than stars in our galaxy. 33:09.058 --> 33:12.008 align:start position:0% more planets than stars in our galaxy. But<00:34:36.399> what<00:34:36.720> now?<00:34:37.440> Is<00:34:37.679> that<00:34:37.919> the<00:34:38.240> end<00:34:38.399> for 33:12.008 --> 33:12.018 align:start position:0% But what now? Is that the end for 33:12.018 --> 33:15.609 align:start position:0% But what now? Is that the end for exoplanet<00:34:39.440> hunting? 33:15.609 --> 33:15.619 align:start position:0% exoplanet hunting? 33:15.619 --> 33:18.409 align:start position:0% exoplanet hunting? Fortunately,<00:34:43.040> it's<00:34:43.359> not.<00:34:44.320> Earlier<00:34:44.720> this 33:18.409 --> 33:18.419 align:start position:0% Fortunately, it's not. Earlier this 33:18.419 --> 33:21.689 align:start position:0% Fortunately, it's not. Earlier this year,<00:34:45.520> NASA<00:34:46.000> launched<00:34:46.399> the<00:34:46.639> TESS<00:34:47.200> spacecraft, 33:21.689 --> 33:21.699 align:start position:0% year, NASA launched the TESS spacecraft, 33:21.699 --> 33:24.649 align:start position:0% year, NASA launched the TESS spacecraft, an<00:34:48.560> ambitious<00:34:49.119> upgrade<00:34:49.520> to<00:34:49.679> Kepler. 33:24.649 --> 33:24.659 align:start position:0% an ambitious upgrade to Kepler. 33:24.659 --> 33:27.609 align:start position:0% an ambitious upgrade to Kepler. But<00:34:51.520> what<00:34:51.760> sets<00:34:52.079> TESS<00:34:52.720> or<00:34:53.040> the<00:34:53.359> transited 33:27.609 --> 33:27.619 align:start position:0% But what sets TESS or the transited 33:27.619 --> 33:30.649 align:start position:0% But what sets TESS or the transited exoplanet<00:34:55.119> survey<00:34:55.599> satellite<00:34:56.720> apart<00:34:57.040> from 33:30.649 --> 33:30.659 align:start position:0% exoplanet survey satellite apart from 33:30.659 --> 33:33.448 align:start position:0% exoplanet survey satellite apart from Kepler? 33:33.448 --> 33:33.458 align:start position:0% Kepler? 33:33.458 --> 33:36.089 align:start position:0% Kepler? Well,<00:35:00.400> unlike<00:35:00.880> Kepler,<00:35:01.760> TESS<00:35:02.160> will<00:35:02.400> be<00:35:02.560> in 33:36.089 --> 33:36.099 align:start position:0% Well, unlike Kepler, TESS will be in 33:36.099 --> 33:38.809 align:start position:0% Well, unlike Kepler, TESS will be in orbit<00:35:03.119> of<00:35:03.280> the<00:35:03.440> Earth<00:35:03.760> and<00:35:04.000> not<00:35:04.160> the<00:35:04.320> Sun.<00:35:05.200> Its 33:38.809 --> 33:38.819 align:start position:0% orbit of the Earth and not the Sun. Its 33:38.819 --> 33:41.609 align:start position:0% orbit of the Earth and not the Sun. Its orbit<00:35:05.839> is<00:35:06.160> quite<00:35:06.560> interesting<00:35:07.440> in<00:35:07.760> that<00:35:08.000> it 33:41.609 --> 33:41.619 align:start position:0% orbit is quite interesting in that it 33:41.619 --> 33:43.609 align:start position:0% orbit is quite interesting in that it approaches<00:35:08.800> the<00:35:09.119> orbital<00:35:09.599> distance<00:35:09.920> of<00:35:10.079> the 33:43.609 --> 33:43.619 align:start position:0% approaches the orbital distance of the 33:43.619 --> 33:46.728 align:start position:0% approaches the orbital distance of the moon<00:35:11.119> except<00:35:11.599> its<00:35:11.920> orbital<00:35:12.400> plane<00:35:12.720> is<00:35:12.960> about 33:46.728 --> 33:46.738 align:start position:0% moon except its orbital plane is about 33:46.738 --> 33:50.649 align:start position:0% moon except its orbital plane is about 40°<00:35:14.320> compared<00:35:14.640> to<00:35:14.800> the<00:35:14.960> moon.<00:35:16.400> This<00:35:16.720> highly 33:50.649 --> 33:50.659 align:start position:0% 40° compared to the moon. This highly 33:50.659 --> 33:52.968 align:start position:0% 40° compared to the moon. This highly elliptical<00:35:17.760> orbit<00:35:18.640> maximizes<00:35:18.949> [music]<00:35:19.359> the 33:52.968 --> 33:52.978 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit maximizes [music] the 33:52.978 --> 33:56.409 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit maximizes [music] the time<00:35:19.760> it<00:35:20.079> can<00:35:20.240> spend<00:35:20.560> observing<00:35:21.040> the<00:35:21.280> stars. 33:56.409 --> 33:56.419 align:start position:0% time it can spend observing the stars. 33:56.419 --> 33:58.809 align:start position:0% time it can spend observing the stars. During<00:35:23.440> its<00:35:23.680> orbit,<00:35:24.320> it<00:35:24.560> approaches<00:35:25.040> close<00:35:25.280> to 33:58.809 --> 33:58.819 align:start position:0% During its orbit, it approaches close to 33:58.819 --> 34:01.049 align:start position:0% During its orbit, it approaches close to the<00:35:25.599> Earth,<00:35:26.320> during<00:35:26.640> which<00:35:26.960> time<00:35:27.280> it<00:35:27.520> will 34:01.049 --> 34:01.059 align:start position:0% the Earth, during which time it will 34:01.059 --> 34:03.129 align:start position:0% the Earth, during which time it will transmit<00:35:28.079> the<00:35:28.240> data<00:35:28.480> it<00:35:28.720> has<00:35:28.960> collected 34:03.129 --> 34:03.139 align:start position:0% transmit the data it has collected 34:03.139 --> 34:04.968 align:start position:0% transmit the data it has collected before<00:35:30.160> setting<00:35:30.480> its<00:35:30.720> cameras<00:35:31.119> back<00:35:31.280> to<00:35:31.440> the 34:04.968 --> 34:04.978 align:start position:0% before setting its cameras back to the 34:04.978 --> 34:07.289 align:start position:0% before setting its cameras back to the sky. 34:07.289 --> 34:07.299 align:start position:0% sky. 34:07.299 --> 34:09.289 align:start position:0% sky. It<00:35:34.160> orbits<00:35:34.560> the<00:35:34.720> Earth<00:35:34.960> roughly<00:35:35.359> twice<00:35:35.680> a 34:09.289 --> 34:09.299 align:start position:0% It orbits the Earth roughly twice a 34:09.299 --> 34:10.968 align:start position:0% It orbits the Earth roughly twice a month,<00:35:36.480> meaning<00:35:36.800> it<00:35:37.040> avoids<00:35:37.440> the 34:10.968 --> 34:10.978 align:start position:0% month, meaning it avoids the 34:10.978 --> 34:13.049 align:start position:0% month, meaning it avoids the gravitational<00:35:38.240> tugs<00:35:38.640> of<00:35:38.800> the<00:35:38.960> moon<00:35:39.440> that 34:13.049 --> 34:13.059 align:start position:0% gravitational tugs of the moon that 34:13.059 --> 34:16.569 align:start position:0% gravitational tugs of the moon that would<00:35:39.839> otherwise<00:35:40.320> affect<00:35:40.640> its<00:35:40.880> orbit. 34:16.569 --> 34:16.579 align:start position:0% would otherwise affect its orbit. 34:16.579 --> 34:18.889 align:start position:0% would otherwise affect its orbit. TESS<00:35:43.599> began<00:35:44.079> testing<00:35:44.480> its<00:35:44.720> cameras<00:35:45.119> as<00:35:45.280> it 34:18.889 --> 34:18.899 align:start position:0% TESS began testing its cameras as it 34:18.899 --> 34:21.049 align:start position:0% TESS began testing its cameras as it approached<00:35:45.839> its<00:35:46.079> orbital<00:35:46.480> plane<00:35:46.880> in<00:35:47.119> July 34:21.049 --> 34:21.059 align:start position:0% approached its orbital plane in July 34:21.059 --> 34:24.249 align:start position:0% approached its orbital plane in July 2018.<00:35:48.960> It<00:35:49.200> fixed<00:35:49.520> its<00:35:49.760> view<00:35:50.000> on<00:35:50.240> a<00:35:50.400> region<00:35:50.720> of 34:24.249 --> 34:24.259 align:start position:0% 2018. It fixed its view on a region of 34:24.259 --> 34:26.889 align:start position:0% 2018. It fixed its view on a region of space,<00:35:51.760> and<00:35:52.000> this<00:35:52.240> is<00:35:52.320> what<00:35:52.560> it<00:35:52.720> saw<00:35:53.040> over<00:35:53.280> the 34:26.889 --> 34:26.899 align:start position:0% space, and this is what it saw over the 34:26.899 --> 34:30.169 align:start position:0% space, and this is what it saw over the course<00:35:53.760> of<00:35:54.079> 17<00:35:54.560> hours. 34:30.169 --> 34:30.179 align:start position:0% course of 17 hours. 34:30.179 --> 34:32.249 align:start position:0% course of 17 hours. The<00:35:57.040> first<00:35:57.280> thing<00:35:57.359> that<00:35:57.599> comes<00:35:57.839> into<00:35:58.160> view<00:35:58.560> is 34:32.249 --> 34:32.259 align:start position:0% The first thing that comes into view is 34:32.259 --> 34:35.049 align:start position:0% The first thing that comes into view is this<00:35:59.200> big<00:35:59.599> white<00:36:00.000> blob<00:36:00.800> that<00:36:01.040> moves<00:36:01.359> across 34:35.049 --> 34:35.059 align:start position:0% this big white blob that moves across 34:35.059 --> 34:38.809 align:start position:0% this big white blob that moves across the<00:36:01.920> image.<00:36:02.720> This<00:36:03.040> is<00:36:03.200> actually<00:36:03.440> a<00:36:03.680> comet. 34:38.809 --> 34:38.819 align:start position:0% the image. This is actually a comet. 34:38.819 --> 34:40.569 align:start position:0% the image. This is actually a comet. And<00:36:05.599> you<00:36:05.839> can<00:36:06.000> even<00:36:06.240> see<00:36:06.480> the<00:36:06.720> direction<00:36:07.040> of 34:40.569 --> 34:40.579 align:start position:0% And you can even see the direction of 34:40.579 --> 34:42.809 align:start position:0% And you can even see the direction of its<00:36:07.440> tail<00:36:07.920> shift<00:36:08.320> as<00:36:08.560> it<00:36:08.720> moves<00:36:09.040> around<00:36:09.280> the 34:42.809 --> 34:42.819 align:start position:0% its tail shift as it moves around the 34:42.819 --> 34:46.089 align:start position:0% its tail shift as it moves around the sun. 34:46.089 --> 34:46.099 align:start position:0% 34:46.099 --> 34:49.529 align:start position:0% These<00:36:13.119> two<00:36:13.359> stars<00:36:13.760> here<00:36:14.480> are<00:36:14.800> variable<00:36:15.359> stars 34:49.529 --> 34:49.539 align:start position:0% These two stars here are variable stars 34:49.539 --> 34:51.689 align:start position:0% These two stars here are variable stars or<00:36:16.480> stars<00:36:16.800> that<00:36:17.040> change<00:36:17.280> in<00:36:17.520> brightness<00:36:17.920> very 34:51.689 --> 34:51.699 align:start position:0% or stars that change in brightness very 34:51.699 --> 34:54.968 align:start position:0% or stars that change in brightness very quickly<00:36:18.640> for<00:36:18.880> astronomical<00:36:19.599> standards. 34:54.968 --> 34:54.978 align:start position:0% quickly for astronomical standards. 34:54.978 --> 34:56.889 align:start position:0% quickly for astronomical standards. Most<00:36:21.920> of<00:36:22.000> the<00:36:22.160> other<00:36:22.400> dots<00:36:22.640> in<00:36:22.800> the<00:36:22.960> image<00:36:23.200> are 34:56.889 --> 34:56.899 align:start position:0% Most of the other dots in the image are 34:56.899 --> 35:00.329 align:start position:0% Most of the other dots in the image are fixed<00:36:23.839> stars. 35:00.329 --> 35:00.339 align:start position:0% 35:00.339 --> 35:02.728 align:start position:0% Although<00:36:27.359> if<00:36:27.599> we<00:36:27.839> speed<00:36:28.079> up<00:36:28.320> the<00:36:28.560> footage,<00:36:29.119> you 35:02.728 --> 35:02.738 align:start position:0% Although if we speed up the footage, you 35:02.738 --> 35:05.049 align:start position:0% Although if we speed up the footage, you can<00:36:29.520> even<00:36:29.920> see<00:36:30.160> a<00:36:30.480> few<00:36:30.640> asteroids<00:36:31.359> moving 35:05.049 --> 35:05.059 align:start position:0% can even see a few asteroids moving 35:05.059 --> 35:07.448 align:start position:0% can even see a few asteroids moving across<00:36:32.000> the<00:36:32.160> image.<00:36:33.040> Here<00:36:33.280> are<00:36:33.440> a<00:36:33.599> few<00:36:33.760> of<00:36:33.920> them 35:07.448 --> 35:07.458 align:start position:0% across the image. Here are a few of them 35:07.458 --> 35:10.809 align:start position:0% across the image. Here are a few of them moving<00:36:34.560> by<00:36:34.800> here. 35:10.809 --> 35:10.819 align:start position:0% moving by here. 35:10.819 --> 35:14.009 align:start position:0% moving by here. In<00:36:37.760> August<00:36:38.079> of<00:36:38.480> 2018,<00:36:39.599> TESS<00:36:40.079> reached<00:36:40.400> its 35:14.009 --> 35:14.019 align:start position:0% In August of 2018, TESS reached its 35:14.019 --> 35:16.809 align:start position:0% In August of 2018, TESS reached its intended<00:36:41.119> orbit<00:36:42.000> and<00:36:42.320> began<00:36:42.640> its<00:36:42.960> own<00:36:43.119> mission 35:16.809 --> 35:16.819 align:start position:0% intended orbit and began its own mission 35:16.819 --> 35:19.849 align:start position:0% intended orbit and began its own mission in<00:36:43.760> earnest. 35:19.849 --> 35:19.859 align:start position:0% in earnest. 35:19.859 --> 35:21.529 align:start position:0% in earnest. Although<00:36:46.960> still<00:36:47.200> using<00:36:47.520> the<00:36:47.760> transit 35:21.529 --> 35:21.539 align:start position:0% Although still using the transit 35:21.539 --> 35:24.169 align:start position:0% Although still using the transit photometry<00:36:48.880> method<00:36:49.520> to<00:36:49.760> find<00:36:50.079> exoplanets 35:24.169 --> 35:24.179 align:start position:0% photometry method to find exoplanets 35:24.179 --> 35:26.569 align:start position:0% photometry method to find exoplanets like<00:36:51.040> Kepler<00:36:51.520> did, 35:26.569 --> 35:26.579 align:start position:0% like Kepler did, 35:26.579 --> 35:29.609 align:start position:0% like Kepler did, it<00:36:53.440> is<00:36:53.680> different<00:36:54.160> in<00:36:54.480> that<00:36:54.640> it<00:36:54.960> has<00:36:55.280> four<00:36:55.839> 16 35:29.609 --> 35:29.619 align:start position:0% it is different in that it has four 16 35:29.619 --> 35:31.929 align:start position:0% it is different in that it has four 16 megapixel<00:36:57.040> cameras, 35:31.929 --> 35:31.939 align:start position:0% megapixel cameras, 35:31.939 --> 35:36.569 align:start position:0% megapixel cameras, which<00:36:58.800> each<00:36:59.119> covers<00:36:59.520> a<00:36:59.760> square<00:37:00.560> 24°<00:37:01.440> across. 35:36.569 --> 35:36.579 align:start position:0% which each covers a square 24° across. 35:36.579 --> 35:38.889 align:start position:0% which each covers a square 24° across. That's<00:37:03.520> wide<00:37:03.839> enough<00:37:04.079> to<00:37:04.320> easily<00:37:04.800> fit<00:37:05.040> in<00:37:05.280> an 35:38.889 --> 35:38.899 align:start position:0% That's wide enough to easily fit in an 35:38.899 --> 35:40.889 align:start position:0% That's wide enough to easily fit in an entire<00:37:05.920> constellation. 35:40.889 --> 35:40.899 align:start position:0% entire constellation. 35:40.899 --> 35:43.529 align:start position:0% entire constellation. These<00:37:07.839> four<00:37:08.079> cameras<00:37:08.560> are<00:37:08.800> arranged<00:37:09.440> so<00:37:09.760> test 35:43.529 --> 35:43.539 align:start position:0% These four cameras are arranged so test 35:43.539 --> 35:45.609 align:start position:0% These four cameras are arranged so test can<00:37:10.320> view<00:37:10.560> a<00:37:10.880> whole<00:37:11.119> strip<00:37:11.440> of<00:37:11.599> the<00:37:11.760> sky<00:37:12.000> at 35:45.609 --> 35:45.619 align:start position:0% can view a whole strip of the sky at 35:45.619 --> 35:48.329 align:start position:0% can view a whole strip of the sky at once.<00:37:13.440> It<00:37:13.680> will<00:37:13.760> lock<00:37:14.000> onto<00:37:14.320> this<00:37:14.560> section<00:37:14.800> of 35:48.329 --> 35:48.339 align:start position:0% once. It will lock onto this section of 35:48.339 --> 35:51.849 align:start position:0% once. It will lock onto this section of the<00:37:15.119> sky<00:37:15.440> for<00:37:15.839> 27<00:37:16.560> days<00:37:17.359> before<00:37:17.760> moving<00:37:18.160> on<00:37:18.320> to 35:51.849 --> 35:51.859 align:start position:0% the sky for 27 days before moving on to 35:51.859 --> 35:53.689 align:start position:0% the sky for 27 days before moving on to the<00:37:18.720> next, 35:53.689 --> 35:53.699 align:start position:0% the next, 35:53.699 --> 35:55.689 align:start position:0% the next, eventually<00:37:20.960> covering<00:37:21.359> the<00:37:21.599> whole<00:37:21.920> southern 35:55.689 --> 35:55.699 align:start position:0% eventually covering the whole southern 35:55.699 --> 35:59.049 align:start position:0% eventually covering the whole southern sky<00:37:22.960> over<00:37:23.200> the<00:37:23.440> course<00:37:23.599> of<00:37:23.760> its<00:37:24.079> first<00:37:24.320> year. 35:59.049 --> 35:59.059 align:start position:0% sky over the course of its first year. 35:59.059 --> 36:01.689 align:start position:0% sky over the course of its first year. After<00:37:26.000> that,<00:37:27.200> it<00:37:27.440> will<00:37:27.680> move<00:37:27.839> on<00:37:28.000> to<00:37:28.160> the 36:01.689 --> 36:01.699 align:start position:0% After that, it will move on to the 36:01.699 --> 36:05.129 align:start position:0% After that, it will move on to the northern<00:37:28.720> sky,<00:37:29.520> eventually<00:37:30.000> observing<00:37:30.800> 85% 36:05.129 --> 36:05.139 align:start position:0% northern sky, eventually observing 85% 36:05.139 --> 36:08.968 align:start position:0% northern sky, eventually observing 85% of<00:37:31.920> the<00:37:32.079> total<00:37:32.480> sky,<00:37:33.200> an<00:37:33.520> area<00:37:34.160> 350<00:37:35.280> times 36:08.968 --> 36:08.978 align:start position:0% of the total sky, an area 350 times 36:08.978 --> 36:12.009 align:start position:0% of the total sky, an area 350 times bigger<00:37:35.920> than<00:37:36.079> the<00:37:36.320> Kepler<00:37:36.800> telescope.<00:37:38.000> Here 36:12.009 --> 36:12.019 align:start position:0% bigger than the Kepler telescope. Here 36:12.019 --> 36:14.889 align:start position:0% bigger than the Kepler telescope. Here you<00:37:38.960> can<00:37:39.119> see<00:37:39.280> the<00:37:39.599> Kepler<00:37:40.000> and<00:37:40.160> the<00:37:40.400> K2<00:37:41.119> fields 36:14.889 --> 36:14.899 align:start position:0% you can see the Kepler and the K2 fields 36:14.899 --> 36:17.529 align:start position:0% you can see the Kepler and the K2 fields of<00:37:41.680> view<00:37:42.000> for<00:37:42.240> comparison. 36:17.529 --> 36:17.539 align:start position:0% of view for comparison. 36:17.539 --> 36:19.849 align:start position:0% of view for comparison. Through<00:37:44.480> this<00:37:44.720> method<00:37:45.119> of<00:37:45.280> observation,<00:37:46.320> the 36:19.849 --> 36:19.859 align:start position:0% Through this method of observation, the 36:19.859 --> 36:21.448 align:start position:0% Through this method of observation, the poles<00:37:46.880> will<00:37:47.040> be<00:37:47.280> under<00:37:47.599> constant 36:21.448 --> 36:21.458 align:start position:0% poles will be under constant 36:21.458 --> 36:24.169 align:start position:0% poles will be under constant surveillance,<00:37:49.280> meaning<00:37:49.760> it<00:37:50.000> will<00:37:50.240> be<00:37:50.320> able<00:37:50.640> to 36:24.169 --> 36:24.179 align:start position:0% surveillance, meaning it will be able to 36:24.179 --> 36:25.769 align:start position:0% surveillance, meaning it will be able to detect<00:37:51.280> exoplanets<00:37:51.566> [music] 36:25.769 --> 36:25.779 align:start position:0% detect exoplanets [music] 36:25.779 --> 36:27.689 align:start position:0% detect exoplanets [music] even<00:37:52.640> if<00:37:52.880> their<00:37:53.119> orbital<00:37:53.599> periods<00:37:54.079> are 36:27.689 --> 36:27.699 align:start position:0% even if their orbital periods are 36:27.699 --> 36:32.169 align:start position:0% even if their orbital periods are greater<00:37:54.960> than<00:37:55.200> 27<00:37:55.760> days<00:37:56.079> in<00:37:56.320> these<00:37:56.560> sectors. 36:32.169 --> 36:32.179 align:start position:0% greater than 27 days in these sectors. 36:32.179 --> 36:34.809 align:start position:0% greater than 27 days in these sectors. TESS<00:37:59.200> won't<00:37:59.520> be<00:37:59.680> the<00:37:59.920> only<00:38:00.160> exoplanet<00:38:00.960> hunting 36:34.809 --> 36:34.819 align:start position:0% TESS won't be the only exoplanet hunting 36:34.819 --> 36:37.529 align:start position:0% TESS won't be the only exoplanet hunting mission<00:38:01.760> either.<00:38:02.880> The<00:38:03.119> ESA<00:38:03.760> will<00:38:04.000> be 36:37.529 --> 36:37.539 align:start position:0% mission either. The ESA will be 36:37.539 --> 36:38.968 align:start position:0% mission either. The ESA will be launching<00:38:04.480> their<00:38:04.800> own<00:38:04.960> version<00:38:05.200> of<00:38:05.359> this 36:38.968 --> 36:38.978 align:start position:0% launching their own version of this 36:38.978 --> 36:43.049 align:start position:0% launching their own version of this mission<00:38:05.920> in<00:38:06.320> 2026<00:38:07.359> called<00:38:07.680> Plato. 36:43.049 --> 36:43.059 align:start position:0% mission in 2026 called Plato. 36:43.059 --> 36:45.448 align:start position:0% mission in 2026 called Plato. And<00:38:09.839> once<00:38:10.160> the<00:38:10.320> James<00:38:10.640> Webb<00:38:11.040> Space<00:38:11.359> Telescope 36:45.448 --> 36:45.458 align:start position:0% And once the James Webb Space Telescope 36:45.458 --> 36:48.009 align:start position:0% And once the James Webb Space Telescope is<00:38:12.320> finally<00:38:12.720> in<00:38:12.960> operation,<00:38:13.920> it<00:38:14.079> will<00:38:14.240> look<00:38:14.480> at 36:48.009 --> 36:48.019 align:start position:0% is finally in operation, it will look at 36:48.019 --> 36:50.089 align:start position:0% is finally in operation, it will look at trying<00:38:14.880> to<00:38:15.040> image<00:38:15.359> these<00:38:15.599> exoplanets<00:38:16.400> to<00:38:16.560> see 36:50.089 --> 36:50.099 align:start position:0% trying to image these exoplanets to see 36:50.099 --> 36:54.249 align:start position:0% trying to image these exoplanets to see what<00:38:16.960> kind<00:38:17.119> of<00:38:17.200> atmosphere<00:38:17.839> they<00:38:18.160> have. 36:54.249 --> 36:54.259 align:start position:0% what kind of atmosphere they have. 36:54.259 --> 36:57.208 align:start position:0% what kind of atmosphere they have. One<00:38:21.200> last<00:38:21.520> exciting<00:38:22.079> proposal,<00:38:23.119> which<00:38:23.440> hasn't 36:57.208 --> 36:57.218 align:start position:0% One last exciting proposal, which hasn't 36:57.218 --> 36:59.609 align:start position:0% One last exciting proposal, which hasn't been<00:38:24.079> approved<00:38:24.480> yet,<00:38:24.960> is<00:38:25.200> the<00:38:25.520> New<00:38:25.839> Worlds 36:59.609 --> 36:59.619 align:start position:0% been approved yet, is the New Worlds 36:59.619 --> 37:02.569 align:start position:0% been approved yet, is the New Worlds mission.<00:38:27.040> It<00:38:27.280> would<00:38:27.440> be<00:38:27.520> a<00:38:27.680> large<00:38:28.000> occultter 37:02.569 --> 37:02.579 align:start position:0% mission. It would be a large occultter 37:02.579 --> 37:04.569 align:start position:0% mission. It would be a large occultter that<00:38:29.440> would<00:38:29.680> block<00:38:29.920> the<00:38:30.160> intense<00:38:30.640> light<00:38:30.800> of<00:38:30.960> a 37:04.569 --> 37:04.579 align:start position:0% that would block the intense light of a 37:04.579 --> 37:06.809 align:start position:0% that would block the intense light of a distant<00:38:31.520> star<00:38:32.079> in<00:38:32.320> order<00:38:32.480> to<00:38:32.720> see<00:38:32.880> the<00:38:33.040> planets 37:06.809 --> 37:06.819 align:start position:0% distant star in order to see the planets 37:06.819 --> 37:09.369 align:start position:0% distant star in order to see the planets around<00:38:33.760> it.<00:38:34.720> It<00:38:34.880> would<00:38:35.119> work<00:38:35.359> with<00:38:35.599> missions 37:09.369 --> 37:09.379 align:start position:0% around it. It would work with missions 37:09.379 --> 37:12.409 align:start position:0% around it. It would work with missions like<00:38:36.240> the<00:38:36.480> James<00:38:36.880> Web<00:38:37.200> telescope<00:38:38.079> or<00:38:38.480> have<00:38:38.720> its 37:12.409 --> 37:12.419 align:start position:0% like the James Web telescope or have its 37:12.419 --> 37:17.208 align:start position:0% like the James Web telescope or have its own<00:38:39.200> dedicated<00:38:39.760> telescope. 37:17.208 --> 37:17.218 align:start position:0% 37:17.218 --> 37:20.569 align:start position:0% Our<00:38:44.240> galaxy<00:38:44.880> is<00:38:45.200> filled<00:38:45.599> with<00:38:46.480> strange 37:20.569 --> 37:20.579 align:start position:0% Our galaxy is filled with strange 37:20.579 --> 37:23.529 align:start position:0% Our galaxy is filled with strange planets.<00:38:48.480> Now,<00:38:48.880> this<00:38:49.200> should<00:38:49.440> not<00:38:49.760> surprise 37:23.529 --> 37:23.539 align:start position:0% planets. Now, this should not surprise 37:23.539 --> 37:25.769 align:start position:0% planets. Now, this should not surprise anyone.<00:38:51.040> You<00:38:51.200> just<00:38:51.359> need<00:38:51.520> to<00:38:51.680> look<00:38:51.760> at<00:38:51.920> our<00:38:52.160> own 37:25.769 --> 37:25.779 align:start position:0% anyone. You just need to look at our own 37:25.779 --> 37:27.369 align:start position:0% anyone. You just need to look at our own solar<00:38:52.720> system<00:38:52.960> to<00:38:53.200> get<00:38:53.359> a<00:38:53.520> sense<00:38:53.760> of<00:38:53.791> [music] 37:27.369 --> 37:27.379 align:start position:0% solar system to get a sense of [music] 37:27.379 --> 37:30.809 align:start position:0% solar system to get a sense of [music] the<00:38:54.240> variety<00:38:54.720> that<00:38:54.960> exists.<00:38:56.160> Rocky<00:38:56.560> planets, 37:30.809 --> 37:30.819 align:start position:0% the variety that exists. Rocky planets, 37:30.819 --> 37:34.409 align:start position:0% the variety that exists. Rocky planets, gas<00:38:57.839> giants,<00:38:58.800> boiling<00:38:59.359> surfaces,<00:39:00.640> icy 37:34.409 --> 37:34.419 align:start position:0% gas giants, boiling surfaces, icy 37:34.419 --> 37:37.448 align:start position:0% gas giants, boiling surfaces, icy worlds,<00:39:02.079> some<00:39:02.320> planets<00:39:02.640> with<00:39:02.880> rings,<00:39:03.760> others 37:37.448 --> 37:37.458 align:start position:0% worlds, some planets with rings, others 37:37.458 --> 37:40.649 align:start position:0% worlds, some planets with rings, others with<00:39:04.400> moons,<00:39:05.359> some<00:39:05.599> with<00:39:05.920> storms<00:39:06.480> the<00:39:06.800> size<00:39:07.040> of 37:40.649 --> 37:40.659 align:start position:0% with moons, some with storms the size of 37:40.659 --> 37:44.649 align:start position:0% with moons, some with storms the size of entire<00:39:08.160> smaller<00:39:08.640> planets.<00:39:10.000> But<00:39:10.240> those<00:39:10.720> pale 37:44.649 --> 37:44.659 align:start position:0% entire smaller planets. But those pale 37:44.659 --> 37:46.809 align:start position:0% entire smaller planets. But those pale in<00:39:11.520> comparison<00:39:11.920> to<00:39:12.160> the<00:39:12.320> marvels<00:39:12.720> that<00:39:12.960> exist 37:46.809 --> 37:46.819 align:start position:0% in comparison to the marvels that exist 37:46.819 --> 37:50.169 align:start position:0% in comparison to the marvels that exist once<00:39:13.760> you<00:39:14.000> start<00:39:14.160> to<00:39:14.400> look<00:39:14.960> further<00:39:15.359> a<00:39:15.599> field. 37:50.169 --> 37:50.179 align:start position:0% once you start to look further a field. 37:50.179 --> 37:52.009 align:start position:0% once you start to look further a field. To<00:39:17.040> date,<00:39:17.440> NASA<00:39:17.920> has<00:39:18.079> confirmed<00:39:18.400> the 37:52.009 --> 37:52.019 align:start position:0% To date, NASA has confirmed the 37:52.019 --> 37:54.488 align:start position:0% To date, NASA has confirmed the existence<00:39:18.880> of<00:39:19.119> more<00:39:19.280> than<00:39:19.599> 6,000<00:39:20.400> exoplanets 37:54.488 --> 37:54.498 align:start position:0% existence of more than 6,000 exoplanets 37:54.498 --> 37:57.129 align:start position:0% existence of more than 6,000 exoplanets in<00:39:21.280> the<00:39:21.359> Milky<00:39:21.680> Way.<00:39:22.400> And<00:39:22.720> while<00:39:23.119> many<00:39:23.359> of<00:39:23.520> them 37:57.129 --> 37:57.139 align:start position:0% in the Milky Way. And while many of them 37:57.139 --> 37:58.889 align:start position:0% in the Milky Way. And while many of them seem<00:39:24.079> to<00:39:24.240> follow<00:39:24.480> the<00:39:24.720> mold<00:39:25.040> of<00:39:25.232> [music]<00:39:25.280> what 37:58.889 --> 37:58.899 align:start position:0% seem to follow the mold of [music] what 37:58.899 --> 38:01.129 align:start position:0% seem to follow the mold of [music] what we<00:39:25.680> would<00:39:25.839> see<00:39:26.000> in<00:39:26.240> our<00:39:26.560> solar<00:39:26.880> system, 38:01.129 --> 38:01.139 align:start position:0% we would see in our solar system, 38:01.139 --> 38:04.569 align:start position:0% we would see in our solar system, others,<00:39:28.560> to<00:39:28.800> say<00:39:28.960> the<00:39:29.200> least,<00:39:30.079> seem<00:39:30.640> truly 38:04.569 --> 38:04.579 align:start position:0% others, to say the least, seem truly 38:04.579 --> 38:08.009 align:start position:0% others, to say the least, seem truly bizarre.<00:39:32.640> Worlds<00:39:33.119> with<00:39:33.680> multiple<00:39:34.160> suns<00:39:34.480> in 38:08.009 --> 38:08.019 align:start position:0% bizarre. Worlds with multiple suns in 38:08.019 --> 38:11.289 align:start position:0% bizarre. Worlds with multiple suns in their<00:39:34.880> skies.<00:39:36.000> Worlds<00:39:36.400> with<00:39:36.800> rain<00:39:37.359> made<00:39:37.680> of 38:11.289 --> 38:11.299 align:start position:0% their skies. Worlds with rain made of 38:11.299 --> 38:15.049 align:start position:0% their skies. Worlds with rain made of molten<00:39:38.560> iron.<00:39:39.839> Worlds<00:39:40.240> with<00:39:40.560> rings<00:39:41.040> the<00:39:41.359> size 38:15.049 --> 38:15.059 align:start position:0% molten iron. Worlds with rings the size 38:15.059 --> 38:18.889 align:start position:0% molten iron. Worlds with rings the size of<00:39:42.000> Venus's<00:39:42.640> orbit.<00:39:43.680> Worlds<00:39:44.160> larger<00:39:44.960> or 38:18.889 --> 38:18.899 align:start position:0% of Venus's orbit. Worlds larger or 38:18.899 --> 38:21.609 align:start position:0% of Venus's orbit. Worlds larger or hotter<00:39:46.240> than<00:39:46.720> stars. 38:21.609 --> 38:21.619 align:start position:0% hotter than stars. 38:21.619 --> 38:24.728 align:start position:0% hotter than stars. But<00:39:48.560> out<00:39:48.880> of<00:39:49.119> all<00:39:49.520> this,<00:39:50.640> what<00:39:50.960> are<00:39:51.119> the 38:24.728 --> 38:24.738 align:start position:0% But out of all this, what are the 38:24.738 --> 38:27.689 align:start position:0% But out of all this, what are the strangest<00:39:52.000> planets<00:39:52.480> we've<00:39:52.880> discovered?<00:39:54.079> What 38:27.689 --> 38:27.699 align:start position:0% strangest planets we've discovered? What 38:27.699 --> 38:30.329 align:start position:0% strangest planets we've discovered? What are<00:39:54.560> the<00:39:54.720> marvels<00:39:55.359> our<00:39:55.760> galaxy<00:39:56.240> has<00:39:56.560> in<00:39:56.800> store 38:30.329 --> 38:30.339 align:start position:0% are the marvels our galaxy has in store 38:30.339 --> 38:34.009 align:start position:0% are the marvels our galaxy has in store for<00:39:57.200> us?<00:39:58.079> And<00:39:58.640> what<00:39:59.040> further<00:39:59.520> wonders<00:40:00.240> may 38:34.009 --> 38:34.019 align:start position:0% for us? And what further wonders may 38:34.019 --> 38:36.569 align:start position:0% for us? And what further wonders may still<00:40:01.200> be<00:40:01.257> [music]<00:40:01.440> out<00:40:01.680> there? 38:36.569 --> 38:36.579 align:start position:0% still be [music] out there? 38:36.579 --> 38:38.488 align:start position:0% still be [music] out there? I'm<00:40:03.440> Alex<00:40:03.760> Mccoan<00:40:04.400> and<00:40:04.640> you're<00:40:04.880> watching 38:38.488 --> 38:38.498 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 38:38.498 --> 38:41.689 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:40:06.079> Join<00:40:06.320> me<00:40:06.560> today<00:40:06.960> in<00:40:07.200> this<00:40:07.520> supercut 38:41.689 --> 38:41.699 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today in this supercut 38:41.699 --> 38:44.569 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today in this supercut as<00:40:08.560> we<00:40:08.800> take<00:40:08.960> a<00:40:09.200> look<00:40:09.520> at<00:40:09.680> the<00:40:09.920> Milky<00:40:10.240> Way's 38:44.569 --> 38:44.579 align:start position:0% as we take a look at the Milky Way's 38:44.579 --> 38:49.448 align:start position:0% as we take a look at the Milky Way's strangest<00:40:12.079> exoplanets. 38:49.448 --> 38:49.458 align:start position:0% 38:49.458 --> 38:51.609 align:start position:0% When<00:40:16.320> it<00:40:16.480> comes<00:40:16.640> to<00:40:16.880> planets,<00:40:17.599> many<00:40:18.000> things 38:51.609 --> 38:51.619 align:start position:0% When it comes to planets, many things 38:51.619 --> 38:54.329 align:start position:0% When it comes to planets, many things can<00:40:18.480> make<00:40:18.640> them<00:40:18.880> strange.<00:40:19.920> For<00:40:20.160> instance, 38:54.329 --> 38:54.339 align:start position:0% can make them strange. For instance, 38:54.339 --> 38:56.809 align:start position:0% can make them strange. For instance, sometimes<00:40:21.440> stranges<00:40:22.079> is<00:40:22.400> not<00:40:22.720> found<00:40:22.960> in<00:40:23.280> the 38:56.809 --> 38:56.819 align:start position:0% sometimes stranges is not found in the 38:56.819 --> 38:59.529 align:start position:0% sometimes stranges is not found in the planet<00:40:23.760> itself,<00:40:24.560> but<00:40:24.880> how<00:40:25.200> it<00:40:25.440> moves<00:40:25.920> around 38:59.529 --> 38:59.539 align:start position:0% planet itself, but how it moves around 38:59.539 --> 39:02.728 align:start position:0% planet itself, but how it moves around its<00:40:26.480> star.<00:40:27.680> While<00:40:28.000> we<00:40:28.240> are<00:40:28.480> used<00:40:28.720> to<00:40:28.880> some 39:02.728 --> 39:02.738 align:start position:0% its star. While we are used to some 39:02.738 --> 39:04.968 align:start position:0% its star. While we are used to some large<00:40:29.760> or<00:40:30.240> small<00:40:30.560> orbits<00:40:30.960> in<00:40:31.119> our<00:40:31.359> solar 39:04.968 --> 39:04.978 align:start position:0% large or small orbits in our solar 39:04.978 --> 39:09.208 align:start position:0% large or small orbits in our solar system,<00:40:32.560> how<00:40:32.880> long<00:40:33.200> or<00:40:33.520> short<00:40:34.480> can<00:40:34.960> a<00:40:35.280> year 39:09.208 --> 39:09.218 align:start position:0% system, how long or short can a year 39:09.218 --> 39:12.249 align:start position:0% system, how long or short can a year actually<00:40:36.240> get?<00:40:37.680> Let's<00:40:38.000> start<00:40:38.160> off<00:40:38.400> close<00:40:38.720> to 39:12.249 --> 39:12.259 align:start position:0% actually get? Let's start off close to 39:12.259 --> 39:15.208 align:start position:0% actually get? Let's start off close to home.<00:40:39.680> Mercury<00:40:40.240> has<00:40:40.480> a<00:40:40.720> pretty<00:40:40.960> short<00:40:41.200> year, 39:15.208 --> 39:15.218 align:start position:0% home. Mercury has a pretty short year, 39:15.218 --> 39:17.929 align:start position:0% home. Mercury has a pretty short year, only<00:40:42.240> 88<00:40:42.880> Earth<00:40:43.200> days,<00:40:43.920> which<00:40:44.160> is<00:40:44.320> the 39:17.929 --> 39:17.939 align:start position:0% only 88 Earth days, which is the 39:17.939 --> 39:19.689 align:start position:0% only 88 Earth days, which is the shortest<00:40:44.960> orbit<00:40:45.280> that<00:40:45.440> we<00:40:45.599> know<00:40:45.680> of<00:40:45.839> in<00:40:46.079> our 39:19.689 --> 39:19.699 align:start position:0% shortest orbit that we know of in our 39:19.699 --> 39:22.809 align:start position:0% shortest orbit that we know of in our solar<00:40:46.560> system.<00:40:47.680> And<00:40:48.000> very<00:40:48.480> interestingly, 39:22.809 --> 39:22.819 align:start position:0% solar system. And very interestingly, 39:22.819 --> 39:25.448 align:start position:0% solar system. And very interestingly, due<00:40:49.599> to<00:40:49.760> the<00:40:49.920> way<00:40:50.160> Mercury<00:40:50.720> rotates,<00:40:51.839> one 39:25.448 --> 39:25.458 align:start position:0% due to the way Mercury rotates, one 39:25.458 --> 39:28.649 align:start position:0% due to the way Mercury rotates, one Mercurian<00:40:52.880> day<00:40:53.440> is<00:40:53.839> twice<00:40:54.240> as<00:40:54.560> long<00:40:54.800> as<00:40:55.040> its 39:28.649 --> 39:28.659 align:start position:0% Mercurian day is twice as long as its 39:28.659 --> 39:32.169 align:start position:0% Mercurian day is twice as long as its year.<00:40:56.400> Yes,<00:40:56.960> there's<00:40:57.280> exactly<00:40:57.920> 2<00:40:58.240> years<00:40:58.560> in 39:32.169 --> 39:32.179 align:start position:0% year. Yes, there's exactly 2 years in 39:32.179 --> 39:34.329 align:start position:0% year. Yes, there's exactly 2 years in its<00:40:58.960> solar<00:40:59.359> day. 39:34.329 --> 39:34.339 align:start position:0% its solar day. 39:34.339 --> 39:36.649 align:start position:0% its solar day. So,<00:41:01.280> should<00:41:01.520> anyone<00:41:01.920> ever<00:41:02.160> live<00:41:02.400> on<00:41:02.560> Mercury, 39:36.649 --> 39:36.659 align:start position:0% So, should anyone ever live on Mercury, 39:36.659 --> 39:38.329 align:start position:0% So, should anyone ever live on Mercury, you<00:41:03.520> would<00:41:03.680> have<00:41:03.760> to<00:41:03.920> switch<00:41:04.240> around<00:41:04.560> your<00:41:04.800> way 39:38.329 --> 39:38.339 align:start position:0% you would have to switch around your way 39:38.339 --> 39:40.089 align:start position:0% you would have to switch around your way of<00:41:05.119> thinking<00:41:05.440> when<00:41:05.680> it<00:41:05.839> comes<00:41:06.000> to<00:41:06.160> describing 39:40.089 --> 39:40.099 align:start position:0% of thinking when it comes to describing 39:40.099 --> 39:42.968 align:start position:0% of thinking when it comes to describing a<00:41:06.960> shorter<00:41:07.359> reference<00:41:07.760> of<00:41:07.920> time.<00:41:09.040> But<00:41:09.280> it's 39:42.968 --> 39:42.978 align:start position:0% a shorter reference of time. But it's 39:42.978 --> 39:44.889 align:start position:0% a shorter reference of time. But it's kind<00:41:09.839> of<00:41:10.000> cheating<00:41:10.400> to<00:41:10.560> say<00:41:10.800> a<00:41:11.040> year<00:41:11.280> on 39:44.889 --> 39:44.899 align:start position:0% kind of cheating to say a year on 39:44.899 --> 39:47.208 align:start position:0% kind of cheating to say a year on Mercury<00:41:12.000> takes<00:41:12.240> half<00:41:12.480> a<00:41:12.720> day<00:41:13.119> when<00:41:13.359> it<00:41:13.599> still 39:47.208 --> 39:47.218 align:start position:0% Mercury takes half a day when it still 39:47.218 --> 39:50.569 align:start position:0% Mercury takes half a day when it still takes<00:41:14.240> 88<00:41:14.720> Earth<00:41:14.960> days.<00:41:15.920> So<00:41:16.240> let's<00:41:16.560> keep<00:41:16.800> to 39:50.569 --> 39:50.579 align:start position:0% takes 88 Earth days. So let's keep to 39:50.579 --> 39:52.409 align:start position:0% takes 88 Earth days. So let's keep to Earth<00:41:17.599> time<00:41:17.920> scales<00:41:18.319> as<00:41:18.480> the<00:41:18.720> point<00:41:18.880> of 39:52.409 --> 39:52.419 align:start position:0% Earth time scales as the point of 39:52.419 --> 39:55.609 align:start position:0% Earth time scales as the point of reference.<00:41:20.319> Outside<00:41:20.800> of<00:41:20.880> the<00:41:21.119> solar<00:41:21.440> system, 39:55.609 --> 39:55.619 align:start position:0% reference. Outside of the solar system, 39:55.619 --> 39:58.009 align:start position:0% reference. Outside of the solar system, most<00:41:22.640> exoplanets<00:41:23.440> that<00:41:23.680> we<00:41:23.839> know<00:41:24.000> of<00:41:24.319> have 39:58.009 --> 39:58.019 align:start position:0% most exoplanets that we know of have 39:58.019 --> 40:00.329 align:start position:0% most exoplanets that we know of have really<00:41:24.960> short<00:41:25.359> years,<00:41:26.240> and<00:41:26.480> that's<00:41:26.720> because 40:00.329 --> 40:00.339 align:start position:0% really short years, and that's because 40:00.339 --> 40:02.249 align:start position:0% really short years, and that's because of<00:41:27.200> the<00:41:27.440> way<00:41:27.599> we<00:41:27.839> detect<00:41:28.160> the<00:41:28.319> majority<00:41:28.640> of 40:02.249 --> 40:02.259 align:start position:0% of the way we detect the majority of 40:02.259 --> 40:05.208 align:start position:0% of the way we detect the majority of exoplanets.<00:41:30.079> There<00:41:30.400> are<00:41:30.640> observatories<00:41:31.520> that 40:05.208 --> 40:05.218 align:start position:0% exoplanets. There are observatories that 40:05.218 --> 40:07.289 align:start position:0% exoplanets. There are observatories that look<00:41:32.160> closely<00:41:32.560> at<00:41:32.800> thousands<00:41:33.280> of<00:41:33.440> stars<00:41:33.760> at 40:07.289 --> 40:07.299 align:start position:0% look closely at thousands of stars at 40:07.299 --> 40:09.289 align:start position:0% look closely at thousands of stars at the<00:41:34.079> same<00:41:34.240> time,<00:41:34.880> looking<00:41:35.119> to<00:41:35.359> see<00:41:35.520> if<00:41:35.760> an 40:09.289 --> 40:09.299 align:start position:0% the same time, looking to see if an 40:09.299 --> 40:11.289 align:start position:0% the same time, looking to see if an orbiting<00:41:36.319> exoplanet<00:41:37.119> passes<00:41:37.440> in<00:41:37.680> front<00:41:37.760> of 40:11.289 --> 40:11.299 align:start position:0% orbiting exoplanet passes in front of 40:11.299 --> 40:13.849 align:start position:0% orbiting exoplanet passes in front of its<00:41:38.160> parent<00:41:38.480> star,<00:41:39.040> causing<00:41:39.359> the<00:41:39.599> star<00:41:39.839> to<00:41:40.000> dim 40:13.849 --> 40:13.859 align:start position:0% its parent star, causing the star to dim 40:13.859 --> 40:16.728 align:start position:0% its parent star, causing the star to dim ever<00:41:40.720> so<00:41:40.960> slightly<00:41:41.359> from<00:41:41.599> our<00:41:41.920> perspective. 40:16.728 --> 40:16.738 align:start position:0% ever so slightly from our perspective. 40:16.738 --> 40:18.728 align:start position:0% ever so slightly from our perspective. In<00:41:43.680> order<00:41:43.839> for<00:41:44.000> us<00:41:44.240> to<00:41:44.400> confirm<00:41:44.720> that<00:41:44.960> the<00:41:45.119> dip 40:18.728 --> 40:18.738 align:start position:0% In order for us to confirm that the dip 40:18.738 --> 40:21.369 align:start position:0% In order for us to confirm that the dip in<00:41:45.520> brightness<00:41:45.920> is<00:41:46.240> caused<00:41:46.560> by<00:41:46.720> an<00:41:46.880> exoplanet, 40:21.369 --> 40:21.379 align:start position:0% in brightness is caused by an exoplanet, 40:21.379 --> 40:23.448 align:start position:0% in brightness is caused by an exoplanet, we<00:41:48.160> need<00:41:48.319> to<00:41:48.480> see<00:41:48.640> a<00:41:48.880> pattern<00:41:49.200> of<00:41:49.440> dips<00:41:49.760> in 40:23.448 --> 40:23.458 align:start position:0% we need to see a pattern of dips in 40:23.458 --> 40:26.649 align:start position:0% we need to see a pattern of dips in regular<00:41:50.560> intervals.<00:41:51.839> So<00:41:52.160> if<00:41:52.319> an<00:41:52.480> exoplanet 40:26.649 --> 40:26.659 align:start position:0% regular intervals. So if an exoplanet 40:26.659 --> 40:29.049 align:start position:0% regular intervals. So if an exoplanet does<00:41:53.520> transit<00:41:53.920> a<00:41:54.079> star,<00:41:54.640> but<00:41:54.800> it<00:41:55.040> takes<00:41:55.359> two 40:29.049 --> 40:29.059 align:start position:0% does transit a star, but it takes two 40:29.059 --> 40:31.369 align:start position:0% does transit a star, but it takes two Earth<00:41:55.920> years<00:41:56.240> before<00:41:56.480> it<00:41:56.720> transits<00:41:57.200> again, 40:31.369 --> 40:31.379 align:start position:0% Earth years before it transits again, 40:31.379 --> 40:33.208 align:start position:0% Earth years before it transits again, then<00:41:58.160> we<00:41:58.400> would<00:41:58.560> need<00:41:58.800> to<00:41:58.960> be<00:41:59.200> constantly 40:33.208 --> 40:33.218 align:start position:0% then we would need to be constantly 40:33.218 --> 40:35.208 align:start position:0% then we would need to be constantly monitoring<00:42:00.240> the<00:42:00.480> star<00:42:00.800> for<00:42:01.040> many<00:42:01.359> years 40:35.208 --> 40:35.218 align:start position:0% monitoring the star for many years 40:35.218 --> 40:37.129 align:start position:0% monitoring the star for many years before<00:42:02.160> we<00:42:02.400> can<00:42:02.560> confirm<00:42:02.880> that<00:42:03.119> the<00:42:03.280> dips<00:42:03.599> in 40:37.129 --> 40:37.139 align:start position:0% before we can confirm that the dips in 40:37.139 --> 40:38.809 align:start position:0% before we can confirm that the dips in the<00:42:03.920> stars<00:42:04.240> brightness<00:42:04.640> are<00:42:04.880> caused<00:42:05.119> by<00:42:05.280> an 40:38.809 --> 40:38.819 align:start position:0% the stars brightness are caused by an 40:38.819 --> 40:40.329 align:start position:0% the stars brightness are caused by an exoplanet. 40:40.329 --> 40:40.339 align:start position:0% exoplanet. 40:40.339 --> 40:42.569 align:start position:0% exoplanet. On<00:42:07.200> the<00:42:07.359> other<00:42:07.520> hand,<00:42:08.079> exoplanets<00:42:08.880> with 40:42.569 --> 40:42.579 align:start position:0% On the other hand, exoplanets with 40:42.579 --> 40:45.289 align:start position:0% On the other hand, exoplanets with really<00:42:09.520> short<00:42:09.839> years,<00:42:10.400> like<00:42:10.720> a<00:42:10.960> few<00:42:11.119> days<00:42:11.520> or 40:45.289 --> 40:45.299 align:start position:0% really short years, like a few days or 40:45.299 --> 40:47.289 align:start position:0% really short years, like a few days or weeks<00:42:12.319> long,<00:42:13.040> can<00:42:13.200> be<00:42:13.359> confirmed<00:42:13.760> as 40:47.289 --> 40:47.299 align:start position:0% weeks long, can be confirmed as 40:47.299 --> 40:49.929 align:start position:0% weeks long, can be confirmed as exoplanets<00:42:14.640> very<00:42:14.880> quickly.<00:42:15.839> This<00:42:16.079> means<00:42:16.319> that 40:49.929 --> 40:49.939 align:start position:0% exoplanets very quickly. This means that 40:49.939 --> 40:51.849 align:start position:0% exoplanets very quickly. This means that most<00:42:16.800> exoplanets<00:42:17.520> that<00:42:17.680> we<00:42:17.839> know<00:42:17.920> of<00:42:18.240> only 40:51.849 --> 40:51.859 align:start position:0% most exoplanets that we know of only 40:51.859 --> 40:54.409 align:start position:0% most exoplanets that we know of only take<00:42:18.640> a<00:42:18.880> few<00:42:19.040> days<00:42:19.200> to<00:42:19.440> orbit.<00:42:20.400> The<00:42:20.640> famous 40:54.409 --> 40:54.419 align:start position:0% take a few days to orbit. The famous 40:54.419 --> 40:56.889 align:start position:0% take a few days to orbit. The famous Trappist<00:42:21.520> system<00:42:21.839> exoplanets<00:42:22.800> all<00:42:23.119> orbit 40:56.889 --> 40:56.899 align:start position:0% Trappist system exoplanets all orbit 40:56.899 --> 40:59.448 align:start position:0% Trappist system exoplanets all orbit their<00:42:23.760> parent<00:42:24.160> star<00:42:24.400> within<00:42:24.800> 1<00:42:25.040> month.<00:42:25.760> The 40:59.448 --> 40:59.458 align:start position:0% their parent star within 1 month. The 40:59.458 --> 41:01.369 align:start position:0% their parent star within 1 month. The closest<00:42:26.480> planet<00:42:26.800> to<00:42:26.960> the<00:42:27.119> star<00:42:27.359> only<00:42:27.599> takes 41:01.369 --> 41:01.379 align:start position:0% closest planet to the star only takes 41:01.379 --> 41:04.488 align:start position:0% closest planet to the star only takes 1.5<00:42:28.880> days. 41:04.488 --> 41:04.498 align:start position:0% 1.5 days. 41:04.498 --> 41:06.889 align:start position:0% 1.5 days. So<00:42:31.839> out<00:42:32.079> of<00:42:32.240> all<00:42:32.480> these<00:42:32.960> thousands<00:42:33.359> of 41:06.889 --> 41:06.899 align:start position:0% So out of all these thousands of 41:06.899 --> 41:08.649 align:start position:0% So out of all these thousands of exoplanets<00:42:34.240> that<00:42:34.319> we<00:42:34.480> have<00:42:34.640> discovered<00:42:35.040> so 41:08.649 --> 41:08.659 align:start position:0% exoplanets that we have discovered so 41:08.659 --> 41:12.169 align:start position:0% exoplanets that we have discovered so far,<00:42:36.000> which<00:42:36.319> one<00:42:36.640> has<00:42:36.880> the<00:42:37.040> shortest<00:42:37.520> year? 41:12.169 --> 41:12.179 align:start position:0% far, which one has the shortest year? 41:12.179 --> 41:14.249 align:start position:0% far, which one has the shortest year? Incredibly,<00:42:39.760> there's<00:42:39.920> a<00:42:40.079> pulsar<00:42:40.480> out<00:42:40.640> there 41:14.249 --> 41:14.259 align:start position:0% Incredibly, there's a pulsar out there 41:14.259 --> 41:16.249 align:start position:0% Incredibly, there's a pulsar out there which<00:42:41.119> has<00:42:41.280> a<00:42:41.440> planet,<00:42:42.160> although<00:42:42.480> it<00:42:42.720> could 41:16.249 --> 41:16.259 align:start position:0% which has a planet, although it could 41:16.259 --> 41:18.169 align:start position:0% which has a planet, although it could also<00:42:43.200> potentially<00:42:43.680> be<00:42:43.839> the<00:42:44.079> core<00:42:44.400> of<00:42:44.560> another 41:18.169 --> 41:18.179 align:start position:0% also potentially be the core of another 41:18.179 --> 41:20.249 align:start position:0% also potentially be the core of another collapsed<00:42:45.200> star<00:42:45.839> which<00:42:46.079> orbits<00:42:46.560> around<00:42:46.720> the 41:20.249 --> 41:20.259 align:start position:0% collapsed star which orbits around the 41:20.259 --> 41:24.409 align:start position:0% collapsed star which orbits around the pulsar<00:42:47.520> in<00:42:47.760> only<00:42:48.319> 48<00:42:49.119> minutes<00:42:49.760> and<00:42:50.000> 58.5 41:24.409 --> 41:24.419 align:start position:0% pulsar in only 48 minutes and 58.5 41:24.419 --> 41:28.409 align:start position:0% pulsar in only 48 minutes and 58.5 seconds.<00:42:52.240> How<00:42:52.560> can<00:42:52.800> this<00:42:53.119> happen?<00:42:54.319> Well,<00:42:54.800> not 41:28.409 --> 41:28.419 align:start position:0% seconds. How can this happen? Well, not 41:28.419 --> 41:30.649 align:start position:0% seconds. How can this happen? Well, not only<00:42:55.280> is<00:42:55.440> the<00:42:55.680> orbiting<00:42:56.160> object<00:42:56.640> extremely 41:30.649 --> 41:30.659 align:start position:0% only is the orbiting object extremely 41:30.659 --> 41:33.049 align:start position:0% only is the orbiting object extremely close<00:42:57.520> to<00:42:57.680> the<00:42:57.839> pulsar,<00:42:58.560> but<00:42:58.800> it<00:42:59.040> is<00:42:59.200> moving 41:33.049 --> 41:33.059 align:start position:0% close to the pulsar, but it is moving 41:33.059 --> 41:36.089 align:start position:0% close to the pulsar, but it is moving very<00:43:00.000> fast.<00:43:01.119> A<00:43:01.280> neutron<00:43:01.680> star<00:43:01.920> is<00:43:02.079> also<00:43:02.319> very 41:36.089 --> 41:36.099 align:start position:0% very fast. A neutron star is also very 41:36.099 --> 41:39.688 align:start position:0% very fast. A neutron star is also very small,<00:43:03.359> at<00:43:03.599> most<00:43:03.839> only<00:43:04.160> around<00:43:04.560> 30<00:43:04.800> km<00:43:05.359> across. 41:39.688 --> 41:39.698 align:start position:0% small, at most only around 30 km across. 41:39.698 --> 41:42.889 align:start position:0% small, at most only around 30 km across. Yet,<00:43:06.640> it<00:43:06.880> is<00:43:07.200> incredibly<00:43:07.920> massive.<00:43:09.040> So<00:43:09.280> much 41:42.889 --> 41:42.899 align:start position:0% Yet, it is incredibly massive. So much 41:42.899 --> 41:45.448 align:start position:0% Yet, it is incredibly massive. So much so<00:43:09.920> that<00:43:10.160> its<00:43:10.480> gravity<00:43:10.960> even<00:43:11.280> bends<00:43:11.760> light 41:45.448 --> 41:45.458 align:start position:0% so that its gravity even bends light 41:45.458 --> 41:48.728 align:start position:0% so that its gravity even bends light around<00:43:12.400> it.<00:43:13.440> A<00:43:13.760> fastmoving<00:43:14.480> object<00:43:14.960> can<00:43:15.200> stay 41:48.728 --> 41:48.738 align:start position:0% around it. A fastmoving object can stay 41:48.738 --> 41:50.968 align:start position:0% around it. A fastmoving object can stay in<00:43:15.599> orbit<00:43:16.160> because<00:43:16.480> the<00:43:16.720> neutron<00:43:17.200> stars 41:50.968 --> 41:50.978 align:start position:0% in orbit because the neutron stars 41:50.978 --> 41:52.728 align:start position:0% in orbit because the neutron stars gravity<00:43:18.079> is<00:43:18.319> strong<00:43:18.640> enough<00:43:18.880> to<00:43:19.040> keep<00:43:19.200> it 41:52.728 --> 41:52.738 align:start position:0% gravity is strong enough to keep it 41:52.738 --> 41:55.529 align:start position:0% gravity is strong enough to keep it there.<00:43:20.400> Although<00:43:21.119> you<00:43:21.359> may<00:43:21.599> say<00:43:21.839> this<00:43:22.000> is 41:55.529 --> 41:55.539 align:start position:0% there. Although you may say this is 41:55.539 --> 41:58.169 align:start position:0% there. Although you may say this is cheating<00:43:22.640> again,<00:43:23.200> a<00:43:23.359> pulsar<00:43:23.920> isn't<00:43:24.319> really<00:43:24.640> a 41:58.169 --> 41:58.179 align:start position:0% cheating again, a pulsar isn't really a 41:58.179 --> 42:01.688 align:start position:0% cheating again, a pulsar isn't really a star,<00:43:25.359> more<00:43:25.599> like<00:43:25.839> a<00:43:26.160> star<00:43:26.480> remnant.<00:43:27.599> So,<00:43:28.000> what 42:01.688 --> 42:01.698 align:start position:0% star, more like a star remnant. So, what 42:01.698 --> 42:04.089 align:start position:0% star, more like a star remnant. So, what about<00:43:28.560> a<00:43:28.800> main<00:43:29.040> sequence<00:43:29.520> star? 42:04.089 --> 42:04.099 align:start position:0% about a main sequence star? 42:04.099 --> 42:05.929 align:start position:0% about a main sequence star? In<00:43:30.960> this<00:43:31.119> case,<00:43:31.359> the<00:43:31.599> shortest<00:43:32.000> year<00:43:32.240> that<00:43:32.400> we 42:05.929 --> 42:05.939 align:start position:0% In this case, the shortest year that we 42:05.939 --> 42:09.929 align:start position:0% In this case, the shortest year that we know<00:43:32.720> of<00:43:32.960> goes<00:43:33.280> to<00:43:33.520> K2137b, 42:09.929 --> 42:09.939 align:start position:0% 42:09.939 --> 42:13.208 align:start position:0% a<00:43:36.800> planet<00:43:37.040> that<00:43:37.359> year<00:43:37.680> lasts<00:43:38.079> only<00:43:38.480> 4.31 42:13.208 --> 42:13.218 align:start position:0% a planet that year lasts only 4.31 42:13.218 --> 42:14.809 align:start position:0% a planet that year lasts only 4.31 hours. 42:14.809 --> 42:14.819 align:start position:0% hours. 42:14.819 --> 42:16.889 align:start position:0% hours. Because<00:43:41.839> it<00:43:42.079> is<00:43:42.240> orbiting<00:43:42.720> a<00:43:42.880> main<00:43:43.119> sequence 42:16.889 --> 42:16.899 align:start position:0% Because it is orbiting a main sequence 42:16.899 --> 42:19.289 align:start position:0% Because it is orbiting a main sequence star,<00:43:44.240> the<00:43:44.400> Earth-sized<00:43:44.960> exoplanet<00:43:45.760> is 42:19.289 --> 42:19.299 align:start position:0% star, the Earth-sized exoplanet is 42:19.299 --> 42:21.208 align:start position:0% star, the Earth-sized exoplanet is surely<00:43:46.319> orbiting<00:43:46.880> within<00:43:47.280> the<00:43:47.440> stars 42:21.208 --> 42:21.218 align:start position:0% surely orbiting within the stars 42:21.218 --> 42:23.609 align:start position:0% surely orbiting within the stars atmosphere<00:43:48.560> and<00:43:48.880> will<00:43:49.119> eventually<00:43:49.599> either<00:43:50.000> be 42:23.609 --> 42:23.619 align:start position:0% atmosphere and will eventually either be 42:23.619 --> 42:26.968 align:start position:0% atmosphere and will eventually either be ripped<00:43:50.640> apart<00:43:51.119> by<00:43:51.359> tidal<00:43:51.920> forces<00:43:52.800> or<00:43:53.280> fall 42:26.968 --> 42:26.978 align:start position:0% ripped apart by tidal forces or fall 42:26.978 --> 42:29.208 align:start position:0% ripped apart by tidal forces or fall into<00:43:53.839> the<00:43:54.000> star<00:43:54.319> completely<00:43:54.880> as<00:43:55.200> atmospheric 42:29.208 --> 42:29.218 align:start position:0% into the star completely as atmospheric 42:29.218 --> 42:31.688 align:start position:0% into the star completely as atmospheric drag<00:43:56.240> slows<00:43:56.560> it<00:43:56.720> down. 42:31.688 --> 42:31.698 align:start position:0% drag slows it down. 42:31.698 --> 42:33.529 align:start position:0% drag slows it down. On<00:43:58.560> the<00:43:58.720> other<00:43:58.880> end<00:43:59.040> of<00:43:59.200> the<00:43:59.359> scale,<00:44:00.000> the 42:33.529 --> 42:33.539 align:start position:0% On the other end of the scale, the 42:33.539 --> 42:35.529 align:start position:0% On the other end of the scale, the longest<00:44:00.560> year<00:44:00.800> that<00:44:00.960> we<00:44:01.119> know<00:44:01.280> of<00:44:01.599> belonging 42:35.529 --> 42:35.539 align:start position:0% longest year that we know of belonging 42:35.539 --> 42:38.488 align:start position:0% longest year that we know of belonging to<00:44:02.400> a<00:44:02.720> planetary<00:44:03.200> mass<00:44:03.599> object<00:44:04.319> is<00:44:04.640> this 42:38.488 --> 42:38.498 align:start position:0% to a planetary mass object is this 42:38.498 --> 42:41.609 align:start position:0% to a planetary mass object is this beautifully<00:44:05.680> named<00:44:06.000> planet.<00:44:07.280> This<00:44:07.599> Jupiter 42:41.609 --> 42:41.619 align:start position:0% beautifully named planet. This Jupiter 42:41.619 --> 42:44.329 align:start position:0% beautifully named planet. This Jupiter type<00:44:08.480> object's<00:44:09.040> year<00:44:09.440> lasts<00:44:09.839> roughly<00:44:10.560> 1 42:44.329 --> 42:44.339 align:start position:0% type object's year lasts roughly 1 42:44.339 --> 42:46.249 align:start position:0% type object's year lasts roughly 1 million<00:44:11.359> years. 42:46.249 --> 42:46.259 align:start position:0% million years. 42:46.259 --> 42:48.649 align:start position:0% million years. Still,<00:44:13.359> for<00:44:13.520> some<00:44:13.760> planets,<00:44:14.640> talking<00:44:14.960> about 42:48.649 --> 42:48.659 align:start position:0% Still, for some planets, talking about 42:48.659 --> 42:50.488 align:start position:0% Still, for some planets, talking about how<00:44:15.599> long<00:44:15.839> it<00:44:16.079> takes<00:44:16.319> for<00:44:16.480> them<00:44:16.640> to<00:44:16.800> orbit 42:50.488 --> 42:50.498 align:start position:0% how long it takes for them to orbit 42:50.498 --> 42:53.129 align:start position:0% how long it takes for them to orbit their<00:44:17.359> star<00:44:18.000> doesn't<00:44:18.319> make<00:44:18.560> sense<00:44:18.800> at<00:44:18.960> all. 42:53.129 --> 42:53.139 align:start position:0% their star doesn't make sense at all. 42:53.139 --> 42:59.769 align:start position:0% their star doesn't make sense at all. After<00:44:20.079> all,<00:44:20.880> some<00:44:21.359> orbit<00:44:22.240> more<00:44:22.800> than<00:44:23.119> one. 42:59.769 --> 42:59.779 align:start position:0% 42:59.779 --> 43:02.009 align:start position:0% In<00:44:26.640> our<00:44:26.960> solar<00:44:27.359> system,<00:44:27.760> we<00:44:28.000> like<00:44:28.160> to<00:44:28.400> keep 43:02.009 --> 43:02.019 align:start position:0% In our solar system, we like to keep 43:02.019 --> 43:04.889 align:start position:0% In our solar system, we like to keep things<00:44:28.960> simple.<00:44:30.079> Just<00:44:30.319> the<00:44:30.560> one<00:44:30.880> star<00:44:31.200> found 43:04.889 --> 43:04.899 align:start position:0% things simple. Just the one star found 43:04.899 --> 43:06.649 align:start position:0% things simple. Just the one star found in<00:44:31.760> the<00:44:31.920> center<00:44:32.319> with<00:44:32.640> everything<00:44:33.040> else 43:06.649 --> 43:06.659 align:start position:0% in the center with everything else 43:06.659 --> 43:09.208 align:start position:0% in the center with everything else orbiting<00:44:33.839> around<00:44:34.079> it.<00:44:34.720> As<00:44:34.880> is<00:44:35.119> the<00:44:35.280> case<00:44:35.520> for 43:09.208 --> 43:09.218 align:start position:0% orbiting around it. As is the case for 43:09.218 --> 43:11.049 align:start position:0% orbiting around it. As is the case for most<00:44:36.160> planetary<00:44:36.720> systems<00:44:37.119> found<00:44:37.359> in<00:44:37.520> the 43:11.049 --> 43:11.059 align:start position:0% most planetary systems found in the 43:11.059 --> 43:13.529 align:start position:0% most planetary systems found in the universe.<00:44:38.800> However,<00:44:39.440> there<00:44:39.680> are<00:44:39.920> some 43:13.529 --> 43:13.539 align:start position:0% universe. However, there are some 43:13.539 --> 43:15.769 align:start position:0% universe. However, there are some planetary<00:44:40.640> systems<00:44:41.200> out<00:44:41.440> there<00:44:41.760> where<00:44:42.079> things 43:15.769 --> 43:15.779 align:start position:0% planetary systems out there where things 43:15.779 --> 43:18.009 align:start position:0% planetary systems out there where things get<00:44:42.640> a<00:44:42.960> bit<00:44:43.200> more<00:44:43.520> complicated. 43:18.009 --> 43:18.019 align:start position:0% get a bit more complicated. 43:18.019 --> 43:20.649 align:start position:0% get a bit more complicated. Specifically,<00:44:45.440> multi-star<00:44:46.240> systems<00:44:47.040> where 43:20.649 --> 43:20.659 align:start position:0% Specifically, multi-star systems where 43:20.659 --> 43:23.208 align:start position:0% Specifically, multi-star systems where there<00:44:47.520> are<00:44:47.839> two<00:44:48.240> or<00:44:48.480> more<00:44:48.800> stars<00:44:49.200> that<00:44:49.440> orbit 43:23.208 --> 43:23.218 align:start position:0% there are two or more stars that orbit 43:23.218 --> 43:25.208 align:start position:0% there are two or more stars that orbit each<00:44:50.000> other. 43:25.208 --> 43:25.218 align:start position:0% each other. 43:25.218 --> 43:27.929 align:start position:0% each other. In<00:44:52.079> such<00:44:52.400> configurations,<00:44:53.599> what<00:44:53.920> happens<00:44:54.319> to 43:27.929 --> 43:27.939 align:start position:0% In such configurations, what happens to 43:27.939 --> 43:30.649 align:start position:0% In such configurations, what happens to any<00:44:54.880> planets<00:44:55.280> orbiting<00:44:55.680> them?<00:44:56.319> In<00:44:56.480> fact,<00:44:56.960> can 43:30.649 --> 43:30.659 align:start position:0% any planets orbiting them? In fact, can 43:30.659 --> 43:32.488 align:start position:0% any planets orbiting them? In fact, can planets<00:44:57.680> orbit<00:44:58.079> them<00:44:58.240> at<00:44:58.480> all<00:44:58.720> with<00:44:58.960> the 43:32.488 --> 43:32.498 align:start position:0% planets orbit them at all with the 43:32.498 --> 43:34.169 align:start position:0% planets orbit them at all with the gravitational<00:44:59.680> tugs<00:45:00.160> from<00:45:00.400> different 43:34.169 --> 43:34.179 align:start position:0% gravitational tugs from different 43:34.179 --> 43:35.929 align:start position:0% gravitational tugs from different directions? 43:35.929 --> 43:35.939 align:start position:0% directions? 43:35.939 --> 43:38.009 align:start position:0% directions? To<00:45:02.880> answer<00:45:03.040> the<00:45:03.280> latter<00:45:03.680> question,<00:45:04.400> the 43:38.009 --> 43:38.019 align:start position:0% To answer the latter question, the 43:38.019 --> 43:40.889 align:start position:0% To answer the latter question, the simple<00:45:04.960> answer<00:45:05.280> is<00:45:05.599> yes.<00:45:06.319> Planets<00:45:06.800> can<00:45:07.119> orbit 43:40.889 --> 43:40.899 align:start position:0% simple answer is yes. Planets can orbit 43:40.899 --> 43:43.369 align:start position:0% simple answer is yes. Planets can orbit in<00:45:07.760> such<00:45:08.000> situations.<00:45:09.119> Although<00:45:09.520> to<00:45:09.760> answer 43:43.369 --> 43:43.379 align:start position:0% in such situations. Although to answer 43:43.379 --> 43:46.089 align:start position:0% in such situations. Although to answer the<00:45:10.160> former<00:45:10.560> question,<00:45:11.440> there<00:45:11.599> is<00:45:11.839> no<00:45:12.400> one 43:46.089 --> 43:46.099 align:start position:0% the former question, there is no one 43:46.099 --> 43:49.289 align:start position:0% the former question, there is no one answer<00:45:13.680> rule<00:45:14.240> about<00:45:14.560> how<00:45:14.800> a<00:45:15.040> planetary<00:45:15.520> system 43:49.289 --> 43:49.299 align:start position:0% answer rule about how a planetary system 43:49.299 --> 43:52.009 align:start position:0% answer rule about how a planetary system in<00:45:16.079> a<00:45:16.240> multi-star<00:45:16.880> system<00:45:17.200> might<00:45:17.440> look.<00:45:18.400> What 43:52.009 --> 43:52.019 align:start position:0% in a multi-star system might look. What 43:52.019 --> 43:54.329 align:start position:0% in a multi-star system might look. What we<00:45:18.880> can<00:45:19.119> do,<00:45:19.440> however,<00:45:19.839> is<00:45:20.160> explore<00:45:20.640> some<00:45:20.880> of 43:54.329 --> 43:54.339 align:start position:0% we can do, however, is explore some of 43:54.339 --> 43:57.289 align:start position:0% we can do, however, is explore some of the<00:45:21.119> possibilities<00:45:21.680> out<00:45:21.920> there.<00:45:23.359> But<00:45:23.599> before 43:57.289 --> 43:57.299 align:start position:0% the possibilities out there. But before 43:57.299 --> 43:59.688 align:start position:0% the possibilities out there. But before we<00:45:24.079> look<00:45:24.240> at<00:45:24.480> planets,<00:45:25.359> it<00:45:25.599> would<00:45:25.760> be<00:45:25.920> good<00:45:26.079> to 43:59.688 --> 43:59.698 align:start position:0% we look at planets, it would be good to 43:59.698 --> 44:02.409 align:start position:0% we look at planets, it would be good to understand<00:45:26.800> how<00:45:27.040> multistar<00:45:27.680> systems<00:45:28.160> work. 44:02.409 --> 44:02.419 align:start position:0% understand how multistar systems work. 44:02.419 --> 44:04.649 align:start position:0% understand how multistar systems work. For<00:45:29.280> the<00:45:29.440> most<00:45:29.599> part,<00:45:30.160> stable<00:45:30.560> star<00:45:30.880> systems 44:04.649 --> 44:04.659 align:start position:0% For the most part, stable star systems 44:04.659 --> 44:06.329 align:start position:0% For the most part, stable star systems have<00:45:31.520> organized<00:45:32.079> themselves<00:45:32.640> into 44:06.329 --> 44:06.339 align:start position:0% have organized themselves into 44:06.339 --> 44:09.448 align:start position:0% have organized themselves into hierarchical<00:45:34.000> systems.<00:45:35.119> This<00:45:35.280> is<00:45:35.440> due<00:45:35.680> to<00:45:35.839> the 44:09.448 --> 44:09.458 align:start position:0% hierarchical systems. This is due to the 44:09.458 --> 44:11.448 align:start position:0% hierarchical systems. This is due to the proximity<00:45:36.720> in<00:45:36.960> which<00:45:37.119> they<00:45:37.359> formed<00:45:37.760> with<00:45:37.920> each 44:11.448 --> 44:11.458 align:start position:0% proximity in which they formed with each 44:11.458 --> 44:13.208 align:start position:0% proximity in which they formed with each other,<00:45:38.480> which<00:45:38.720> we<00:45:38.880> will<00:45:39.040> touch<00:45:39.200> on<00:45:39.440> a<00:45:39.680> little 44:13.208 --> 44:13.218 align:start position:0% other, which we will touch on a little 44:13.218 --> 44:16.249 align:start position:0% other, which we will touch on a little later.<00:45:40.960> Binary<00:45:41.359> star<00:45:41.680> systems<00:45:42.079> are<00:45:42.400> generally 44:16.249 --> 44:16.259 align:start position:0% later. Binary star systems are generally 44:16.259 --> 44:18.728 align:start position:0% later. Binary star systems are generally simple<00:45:43.280> enough.<00:45:43.920> Binary<00:45:44.400> stars<00:45:44.800> orbit<00:45:45.119> around 44:18.728 --> 44:18.738 align:start position:0% simple enough. Binary stars orbit around 44:18.738 --> 44:21.049 align:start position:0% simple enough. Binary stars orbit around a<00:45:45.599> baris<00:45:45.920> center<00:45:46.480> or<00:45:46.800> in<00:45:46.960> other<00:45:47.119> words<00:45:47.440> their 44:21.049 --> 44:21.059 align:start position:0% a baris center or in other words their 44:21.059 --> 44:23.369 align:start position:0% a baris center or in other words their center<00:45:48.000> of<00:45:48.160> mass.<00:45:48.960> If<00:45:49.119> the<00:45:49.359> masses<00:45:49.680> of<00:45:49.760> these 44:23.369 --> 44:23.379 align:start position:0% center of mass. If the masses of these 44:23.379 --> 44:25.529 align:start position:0% center of mass. If the masses of these two<00:45:50.240> stars<00:45:50.480> are<00:45:50.720> similar<00:45:51.359> then<00:45:51.760> nearly 44:25.529 --> 44:25.539 align:start position:0% two stars are similar then nearly 44:25.539 --> 44:27.609 align:start position:0% two stars are similar then nearly symmetrical<00:45:52.960> elliptical<00:45:53.359> orbits<00:45:53.760> are<00:45:53.920> often 44:27.609 --> 44:27.619 align:start position:0% symmetrical elliptical orbits are often 44:27.619 --> 44:30.809 align:start position:0% symmetrical elliptical orbits are often seen.<00:45:55.680> Although<00:45:56.160> there<00:45:56.480> can<00:45:56.640> be<00:45:56.880> occasions 44:30.809 --> 44:30.819 align:start position:0% seen. Although there can be occasions 44:30.819 --> 44:33.289 align:start position:0% seen. Although there can be occasions where<00:45:57.680> they<00:45:57.920> orbit<00:45:58.240> in<00:45:58.560> circles<00:45:59.200> in<00:45:59.440> a<00:45:59.599> similar 44:33.289 --> 44:33.299 align:start position:0% where they orbit in circles in a similar 44:33.299 --> 44:35.929 align:start position:0% where they orbit in circles in a similar fashion<00:46:00.160> to<00:46:00.400> Pluto<00:46:00.800> and<00:46:01.040> Cheron. 44:35.929 --> 44:35.939 align:start position:0% fashion to Pluto and Cheron. 44:35.939 --> 44:37.609 align:start position:0% fashion to Pluto and Cheron. In<00:46:02.720> the<00:46:02.880> case<00:46:03.040> that<00:46:03.200> one<00:46:03.440> object<00:46:03.839> is<00:46:04.000> more 44:37.609 --> 44:37.619 align:start position:0% In the case that one object is more 44:37.619 --> 44:39.609 align:start position:0% In the case that one object is more massive<00:46:04.560> than<00:46:04.800> the<00:46:04.960> other,<00:46:05.599> then<00:46:05.839> the<00:46:06.000> more 44:39.609 --> 44:39.619 align:start position:0% massive than the other, then the more 44:39.619 --> 44:41.929 align:start position:0% massive than the other, then the more massive<00:46:06.640> objects<00:46:07.200> orbit<00:46:07.760> doesn't<00:46:08.079> take<00:46:08.240> it<00:46:08.400> as 44:41.929 --> 44:41.939 align:start position:0% massive objects orbit doesn't take it as 44:41.939 --> 44:43.849 align:start position:0% massive objects orbit doesn't take it as far<00:46:08.800> out<00:46:09.119> compared<00:46:09.520> to<00:46:09.599> the<00:46:09.839> less<00:46:10.079> massive 44:43.849 --> 44:43.859 align:start position:0% far out compared to the less massive 44:43.859 --> 44:45.529 align:start position:0% far out compared to the less massive object. 44:45.529 --> 44:45.539 align:start position:0% object. 44:45.539 --> 44:48.249 align:start position:0% object. Beyond<00:46:12.640> binary<00:46:13.200> systems,<00:46:13.920> you<00:46:14.240> can<00:46:14.400> have 44:48.249 --> 44:48.259 align:start position:0% Beyond binary systems, you can have 44:48.259 --> 44:54.409 align:start position:0% Beyond binary systems, you can have three,<00:46:15.839> four,<00:46:17.119> five,<00:46:18.319> six,<00:46:19.599> seven<00:46:20.400> or<00:46:20.720> more 44:54.409 --> 44:54.419 align:start position:0% three, four, five, six, seven or more 44:54.419 --> 44:56.649 align:start position:0% three, four, five, six, seven or more stars<00:46:21.359> in<00:46:21.599> the<00:46:21.760> same<00:46:22.000> system.<00:46:22.800> And<00:46:22.960> as<00:46:23.119> you 44:56.649 --> 44:56.659 align:start position:0% stars in the same system. And as you 44:56.659 --> 44:58.649 align:start position:0% stars in the same system. And as you will<00:46:23.520> see,<00:46:23.920> there<00:46:24.160> is<00:46:24.319> a<00:46:24.560> structure<00:46:24.960> within 44:58.649 --> 44:58.659 align:start position:0% will see, there is a structure within 44:58.659 --> 45:01.208 align:start position:0% will see, there is a structure within these<00:46:25.599> systems<00:46:25.920> to<00:46:26.160> keep<00:46:26.319> them<00:46:26.560> stable.<00:46:27.599> In 45:01.208 --> 45:01.218 align:start position:0% these systems to keep them stable. In 45:01.218 --> 45:03.369 align:start position:0% these systems to keep them stable. In the<00:46:28.000> case<00:46:28.160> of<00:46:28.400> three<00:46:28.720> stars,<00:46:29.280> you'll<00:46:29.599> have<00:46:29.760> two 45:03.369 --> 45:03.379 align:start position:0% the case of three stars, you'll have two 45:03.379 --> 45:05.529 align:start position:0% the case of three stars, you'll have two stars<00:46:30.400> orbiting<00:46:30.960> each<00:46:31.119> other<00:46:31.280> in<00:46:31.520> a<00:46:31.680> binary 45:05.529 --> 45:05.539 align:start position:0% stars orbiting each other in a binary 45:05.539 --> 45:07.929 align:start position:0% stars orbiting each other in a binary configuration<00:46:33.200> with<00:46:33.440> the<00:46:33.680> third<00:46:34.000> orbiting 45:07.929 --> 45:07.939 align:start position:0% configuration with the third orbiting 45:07.939 --> 45:10.329 align:start position:0% configuration with the third orbiting around<00:46:34.800> a<00:46:34.960> bar<00:46:35.359> center<00:46:35.599> with<00:46:35.760> the<00:46:35.920> other<00:46:36.079> two. 45:10.329 --> 45:10.339 align:start position:0% around a bar center with the other two. 45:10.339 --> 45:12.809 align:start position:0% around a bar center with the other two. This<00:46:37.280> keeps<00:46:37.520> the<00:46:37.760> system<00:46:38.079> stable<00:46:38.800> because<00:46:39.119> if 45:12.809 --> 45:12.819 align:start position:0% This keeps the system stable because if 45:12.819 --> 45:15.369 align:start position:0% This keeps the system stable because if three<00:46:39.760> stars<00:46:40.079> had<00:46:40.240> their<00:46:40.480> orbits<00:46:40.880> cross,<00:46:41.680> one 45:15.369 --> 45:15.379 align:start position:0% three stars had their orbits cross, one 45:15.379 --> 45:17.208 align:start position:0% three stars had their orbits cross, one would<00:46:42.240> certainly<00:46:42.800> get<00:46:43.040> ejected<00:46:43.440> from<00:46:43.599> the 45:17.208 --> 45:17.218 align:start position:0% would certainly get ejected from the 45:17.218 --> 45:19.688 align:start position:0% would certainly get ejected from the system<00:46:44.079> at<00:46:44.319> some<00:46:44.480> point.<00:46:45.359> In<00:46:45.599> a<00:46:45.760> three<00:46:46.079> star 45:19.688 --> 45:19.698 align:start position:0% system at some point. In a three star 45:19.698 --> 45:21.929 align:start position:0% system at some point. In a three star system,<00:46:47.119> two<00:46:47.359> of<00:46:47.440> the<00:46:47.680> stars<00:46:48.000> are<00:46:48.160> contained 45:21.929 --> 45:21.939 align:start position:0% system, two of the stars are contained 45:21.939 --> 45:24.249 align:start position:0% system, two of the stars are contained in<00:46:48.800> their<00:46:49.040> own<00:46:49.280> enclosed<00:46:49.920> little<00:46:50.240> system, 45:24.249 --> 45:24.259 align:start position:0% in their own enclosed little system, 45:24.259 --> 45:26.488 align:start position:0% in their own enclosed little system, acting<00:46:51.359> as<00:46:51.680> one<00:46:51.920> star<00:46:52.240> in<00:46:52.480> the<00:46:52.560> grand<00:46:52.880> scheme 45:26.488 --> 45:26.498 align:start position:0% acting as one star in the grand scheme 45:26.498 --> 45:29.049 align:start position:0% acting as one star in the grand scheme of<00:46:53.280> the<00:46:53.440> whole<00:46:53.680> system<00:46:53.920> itself.<00:46:55.119> We<00:46:55.359> group 45:29.049 --> 45:29.059 align:start position:0% of the whole system itself. We group 45:29.059 --> 45:31.529 align:start position:0% of the whole system itself. We group this<00:46:55.920> binary<00:46:56.400> configuration<00:46:57.040> into<00:46:57.359> a<00:46:57.520> tier 45:31.529 --> 45:31.539 align:start position:0% this binary configuration into a tier 45:31.539 --> 45:33.849 align:start position:0% this binary configuration into a tier with<00:46:58.400> that<00:46:58.640> tier<00:46:59.040> acting<00:46:59.440> together<00:46:59.920> in<00:47:00.240> its 45:33.849 --> 45:33.859 align:start position:0% with that tier acting together in its 45:33.859 --> 45:36.488 align:start position:0% with that tier acting together in its association<00:47:01.040> with<00:47:01.280> the<00:47:01.440> single<00:47:01.760> star.<00:47:02.640> In<00:47:02.880> a 45:36.488 --> 45:36.498 align:start position:0% association with the single star. In a 45:36.498 --> 45:38.409 align:start position:0% association with the single star. In a way,<00:47:03.599> once<00:47:03.839> you<00:47:04.000> have<00:47:04.160> grouped<00:47:04.480> the<00:47:04.640> binary 45:38.409 --> 45:38.419 align:start position:0% way, once you have grouped the binary 45:38.419 --> 45:40.809 align:start position:0% way, once you have grouped the binary configuration<00:47:05.599> in<00:47:05.839> the<00:47:06.000> system,<00:47:06.800> this<00:47:07.119> upper 45:40.809 --> 45:40.819 align:start position:0% configuration in the system, this upper 45:40.819 --> 45:43.289 align:start position:0% configuration in the system, this upper tier<00:47:07.839> now<00:47:08.079> acts<00:47:08.480> like<00:47:08.720> a<00:47:08.960> two<00:47:09.280> star<00:47:09.520> system 45:43.289 --> 45:43.299 align:start position:0% tier now acts like a two star system 45:43.299 --> 45:45.929 align:start position:0% tier now acts like a two star system again<00:47:10.400> with<00:47:10.640> the<00:47:10.880> two<00:47:11.119> stars<00:47:11.839> and<00:47:12.079> the<00:47:12.319> one 45:45.929 --> 45:45.939 align:start position:0% again with the two stars and the one 45:45.939 --> 45:48.889 align:start position:0% again with the two stars and the one star<00:47:12.960> orbiting<00:47:13.520> each<00:47:13.680> other. 45:48.889 --> 45:48.899 align:start position:0% star orbiting each other. 45:48.899 --> 45:51.529 align:start position:0% star orbiting each other. In<00:47:15.760> the<00:47:15.920> case<00:47:16.079> of<00:47:16.319> four<00:47:16.640> stars,<00:47:17.440> you'll<00:47:17.760> either 45:51.529 --> 45:51.539 align:start position:0% In the case of four stars, you'll either 45:51.539 --> 45:53.769 align:start position:0% In the case of four stars, you'll either have<00:47:18.400> two<00:47:18.720> binary<00:47:19.200> configurations<00:47:19.920> orbiting 45:53.769 --> 45:53.779 align:start position:0% have two binary configurations orbiting 45:53.779 --> 45:56.249 align:start position:0% have two binary configurations orbiting around<00:47:20.640> a<00:47:20.800> barry<00:47:21.119> center<00:47:21.920> or<00:47:22.160> one<00:47:22.400> binary 45:56.249 --> 45:56.259 align:start position:0% around a barry center or one binary 45:56.259 --> 45:57.929 align:start position:0% around a barry center or one binary system<00:47:23.200> orbiting<00:47:23.599> a<00:47:23.760> barry<00:47:24.000> center<00:47:24.240> with<00:47:24.400> a 45:57.929 --> 45:57.939 align:start position:0% system orbiting a barry center with a 45:57.939 --> 46:00.569 align:start position:0% system orbiting a barry center with a third<00:47:24.800> star<00:47:25.520> and<00:47:25.760> all<00:47:26.079> three<00:47:26.319> of<00:47:26.560> those<00:47:26.800> stars 46:00.569 --> 46:00.579 align:start position:0% third star and all three of those stars 46:00.579 --> 46:02.488 align:start position:0% third star and all three of those stars orbiting<00:47:27.680> around<00:47:27.920> a<00:47:28.079> barry<00:47:28.400> center<00:47:28.720> with<00:47:28.880> a 46:02.488 --> 46:02.498 align:start position:0% orbiting around a barry center with a 46:02.498 --> 46:05.609 align:start position:0% orbiting around a barry center with a fourth<00:47:29.440> star.<00:47:30.800> From<00:47:31.119> here<00:47:31.280> on<00:47:31.680> is<00:47:31.839> where<00:47:32.079> the 46:05.609 --> 46:05.619 align:start position:0% fourth star. From here on is where the 46:05.619 --> 46:07.688 align:start position:0% fourth star. From here on is where the hierarchical<00:47:32.960> system<00:47:33.520> really<00:47:33.839> comes<00:47:34.079> in 46:07.688 --> 46:07.698 align:start position:0% hierarchical system really comes in 46:07.698 --> 46:10.809 align:start position:0% hierarchical system really comes in handy.<00:47:35.760> With<00:47:36.000> a<00:47:36.160> chart<00:47:36.400> like<00:47:36.640> this,<00:47:37.119> you<00:47:37.359> can 46:10.809 --> 46:10.819 align:start position:0% handy. With a chart like this, you can 46:10.819 --> 46:14.009 align:start position:0% handy. With a chart like this, you can easily<00:47:37.839> see<00:47:38.079> how<00:47:38.319> the<00:47:38.480> system<00:47:38.800> works.<00:47:40.240> In<00:47:40.400> the 46:14.009 --> 46:14.019 align:start position:0% easily see how the system works. In the 46:14.019 --> 46:16.728 align:start position:0% easily see how the system works. In the two<00:47:40.960> binary<00:47:41.440> configuration<00:47:42.240> case,<00:47:42.960> you<00:47:43.280> have 46:16.728 --> 46:16.738 align:start position:0% two binary configuration case, you have 46:16.738 --> 46:18.809 align:start position:0% two binary configuration case, you have the<00:47:43.599> two<00:47:43.839> binaries<00:47:44.319> orbiting<00:47:44.800> the<00:47:45.040> system 46:18.809 --> 46:18.819 align:start position:0% the two binaries orbiting the system 46:18.819 --> 46:22.009 align:start position:0% the two binaries orbiting the system center<00:47:45.680> of<00:47:45.920> mass.<00:47:46.880> In<00:47:47.200> the<00:47:47.359> single<00:47:47.760> binary<00:47:48.319> and 46:22.009 --> 46:22.019 align:start position:0% center of mass. In the single binary and 46:22.019 --> 46:24.728 align:start position:0% center of mass. In the single binary and two<00:47:49.040> single<00:47:49.359> stars<00:47:49.760> configuration,<00:47:51.040> you'll 46:24.728 --> 46:24.738 align:start position:0% two single stars configuration, you'll 46:24.738 --> 46:26.488 align:start position:0% two single stars configuration, you'll add<00:47:51.680> another<00:47:52.079> lower<00:47:52.400> tier<00:47:52.720> in<00:47:52.960> the 46:26.488 --> 46:26.498 align:start position:0% add another lower tier in the 46:26.498 --> 46:29.289 align:start position:0% add another lower tier in the configuration.<00:47:54.319> You<00:47:54.560> have<00:47:54.640> the<00:47:54.800> binary<00:47:55.280> here 46:29.289 --> 46:29.299 align:start position:0% configuration. You have the binary here 46:29.299 --> 46:31.769 align:start position:0% configuration. You have the binary here which<00:47:56.240> orbits<00:47:56.640> this<00:47:56.880> third<00:47:57.200> star.<00:47:57.920> and<00:47:58.160> all 46:31.769 --> 46:31.779 align:start position:0% which orbits this third star. and all 46:31.779 --> 46:33.609 align:start position:0% which orbits this third star. and all three<00:47:58.640> of<00:47:58.800> these<00:47:59.040> stars<00:47:59.520> are<00:47:59.760> orbiting 46:33.609 --> 46:33.619 align:start position:0% three of these stars are orbiting 46:33.619 --> 46:36.569 align:start position:0% three of these stars are orbiting together<00:48:00.640> with<00:48:00.960> the<00:48:01.119> fourth<00:48:01.520> star. 46:36.569 --> 46:36.579 align:start position:0% together with the fourth star. 46:36.579 --> 46:38.809 align:start position:0% together with the fourth star. If<00:48:03.520> there<00:48:03.760> are<00:48:03.920> more<00:48:04.240> stars<00:48:04.560> in<00:48:04.800> the<00:48:04.960> system, 46:38.809 --> 46:38.819 align:start position:0% If there are more stars in the system, 46:38.819 --> 46:41.369 align:start position:0% If there are more stars in the system, say<00:48:05.839> five,<00:48:06.720> you<00:48:06.960> can<00:48:07.119> have<00:48:07.280> an<00:48:07.520> array<00:48:07.839> of 46:41.369 --> 46:41.379 align:start position:0% say five, you can have an array of 46:41.379 --> 46:44.089 align:start position:0% say five, you can have an array of configurations<00:48:09.119> with<00:48:09.359> various<00:48:09.839> binaries<00:48:10.400> or 46:44.089 --> 46:44.099 align:start position:0% configurations with various binaries or 46:44.099 --> 46:47.129 align:start position:0% configurations with various binaries or single<00:48:11.040> stars<00:48:11.359> on<00:48:11.599> a<00:48:11.760> variety<00:48:12.160> of<00:48:12.319> tiers.<00:48:13.440> Yet, 46:47.129 --> 46:47.139 align:start position:0% single stars on a variety of tiers. Yet, 46:47.139 --> 46:48.968 align:start position:0% single stars on a variety of tiers. Yet, with<00:48:14.000> this<00:48:14.240> chart,<00:48:14.560> you<00:48:14.800> can<00:48:14.960> easily<00:48:15.359> see 46:48.968 --> 46:48.978 align:start position:0% with this chart, you can easily see 46:48.978 --> 46:51.529 align:start position:0% with this chart, you can easily see where<00:48:15.760> the<00:48:15.920> mass<00:48:16.240> lies. 46:51.529 --> 46:51.539 align:start position:0% where the mass lies. 46:51.539 --> 46:53.369 align:start position:0% where the mass lies. You<00:48:18.400> can<00:48:18.480> do<00:48:18.640> the<00:48:18.880> same<00:48:19.040> for<00:48:19.280> systems<00:48:19.680> with 46:53.369 --> 46:53.379 align:start position:0% You can do the same for systems with 46:53.379 --> 46:56.329 align:start position:0% You can do the same for systems with six,<00:48:20.560> seven,<00:48:20.960> or<00:48:21.200> more<00:48:21.520> stars,<00:48:22.400> but<00:48:22.640> anything 46:56.329 --> 46:56.339 align:start position:0% six, seven, or more stars, but anything 46:56.339 --> 46:59.208 align:start position:0% six, seven, or more stars, but anything above<00:48:23.440> seven<00:48:23.760> is<00:48:24.160> exceptionally<00:48:24.960> rare<00:48:25.440> and 46:59.208 --> 46:59.218 align:start position:0% above seven is exceptionally rare and 46:59.218 --> 47:01.688 align:start position:0% above seven is exceptionally rare and probably<00:48:26.160> won't<00:48:26.480> remain<00:48:26.880> stable.<00:48:27.839> Although 47:01.688 --> 47:01.698 align:start position:0% probably won't remain stable. Although 47:01.698 --> 47:03.529 align:start position:0% probably won't remain stable. Although maybe<00:48:28.640> there<00:48:28.880> are<00:48:29.119> examples<00:48:29.599> somewhere<00:48:30.000> in 47:03.529 --> 47:03.539 align:start position:0% maybe there are examples somewhere in 47:03.539 --> 47:06.089 align:start position:0% maybe there are examples somewhere in the<00:48:30.319> universe<00:48:30.640> where<00:48:30.880> it<00:48:31.119> exists. 47:06.089 --> 47:06.099 align:start position:0% the universe where it exists. 47:06.099 --> 47:09.609 align:start position:0% the universe where it exists. So<00:48:33.280> let's<00:48:33.599> add<00:48:33.920> planets<00:48:34.319> into<00:48:34.559> the<00:48:34.720> mix.<00:48:36.000> Could 47:09.609 --> 47:09.619 align:start position:0% So let's add planets into the mix. Could 47:09.619 --> 47:11.688 align:start position:0% So let's add planets into the mix. Could there<00:48:36.480> be<00:48:36.559> a<00:48:36.800> planet<00:48:37.119> out<00:48:37.359> there<00:48:37.599> with<00:48:37.920> seven 47:11.688 --> 47:11.698 align:start position:0% there be a planet out there with seven 47:11.698 --> 47:16.409 align:start position:0% there be a planet out there with seven suns<00:48:38.720> in<00:48:38.880> its<00:48:39.119> sky?<00:48:40.480> Well,<00:48:41.200> yes.<00:48:42.480> Let's<00:48:42.800> have<00:48:42.880> a 47:16.409 --> 47:16.419 align:start position:0% suns in its sky? Well, yes. Let's have a 47:16.419 --> 47:18.488 align:start position:0% suns in its sky? Well, yes. Let's have a look<00:48:43.200> at<00:48:43.359> this<00:48:43.680> hypothetical<00:48:44.400> seven<00:48:44.800> star 47:18.488 --> 47:18.498 align:start position:0% look at this hypothetical seven star 47:18.498 --> 47:21.688 align:start position:0% look at this hypothetical seven star system<00:48:45.520> again.<00:48:46.480> By<00:48:46.800> here,<00:48:47.440> there<00:48:47.680> are<00:48:48.000> three 47:21.688 --> 47:21.698 align:start position:0% system again. By here, there are three 47:21.698 --> 47:24.009 align:start position:0% system again. By here, there are three stars<00:48:48.640> in<00:48:48.800> a<00:48:49.040> configuration.<00:48:50.079> Two<00:48:50.319> in<00:48:50.480> a 47:24.009 --> 47:24.019 align:start position:0% stars in a configuration. Two in a 47:24.019 --> 47:26.809 align:start position:0% stars in a configuration. Two in a binary<00:48:51.040> configuration<00:48:51.760> and<00:48:51.920> a<00:48:52.160> single<00:48:52.480> star. 47:26.809 --> 47:26.819 align:start position:0% binary configuration and a single star. 47:26.819 --> 47:28.889 align:start position:0% binary configuration and a single star. We<00:48:53.680> see<00:48:53.839> that<00:48:54.000> the<00:48:54.240> single<00:48:54.559> star<00:48:54.800> has<00:48:55.040> planets 47:28.889 --> 47:28.899 align:start position:0% We see that the single star has planets 47:28.899 --> 47:31.769 align:start position:0% We see that the single star has planets that<00:48:55.760> specifically<00:48:56.400> only<00:48:56.720> orbit<00:48:57.119> that<00:48:57.440> star. 47:31.769 --> 47:31.779 align:start position:0% that specifically only orbit that star. 47:31.779 --> 47:35.289 align:start position:0% that specifically only orbit that star. They<00:48:58.720> have<00:48:59.040> one<00:48:59.359> sun.<00:49:00.480> Beyond<00:49:00.880> that,<00:49:01.680> there 47:35.289 --> 47:35.299 align:start position:0% They have one sun. Beyond that, there 47:35.299 --> 47:37.609 align:start position:0% They have one sun. Beyond that, there are<00:49:02.079> planets<00:49:02.400> that<00:49:02.640> orbit<00:49:03.119> both<00:49:03.440> that<00:49:03.760> star 47:37.609 --> 47:37.619 align:start position:0% are planets that orbit both that star 47:37.619 --> 47:40.809 align:start position:0% are planets that orbit both that star and<00:49:04.640> its<00:49:04.960> binary<00:49:05.440> companions. 47:40.809 --> 47:40.819 align:start position:0% and its binary companions. 47:40.819 --> 47:42.409 align:start position:0% and its binary companions. These<00:49:07.760> planets<00:49:08.160> could<00:49:08.319> be<00:49:08.400> said<00:49:08.640> to<00:49:08.800> have 47:42.409 --> 47:42.419 align:start position:0% These planets could be said to have 47:42.419 --> 47:44.728 align:start position:0% These planets could be said to have three<00:49:09.440> suns<00:49:10.000> as<00:49:10.240> they<00:49:10.400> are<00:49:10.559> orbiting<00:49:11.040> three 47:44.728 --> 47:44.738 align:start position:0% three suns as they are orbiting three 47:44.738 --> 47:48.329 align:start position:0% three suns as they are orbiting three stars.<00:49:12.720> Going<00:49:13.040> to<00:49:13.280> the<00:49:13.440> top<00:49:13.680> tier,<00:49:14.480> there<00:49:14.640> is<00:49:14.800> a 47:48.329 --> 47:48.339 align:start position:0% stars. Going to the top tier, there is a 47:48.339 --> 47:50.728 align:start position:0% stars. Going to the top tier, there is a planet<00:49:15.440> here<00:49:15.839> that<00:49:16.079> orbits<00:49:16.559> the<00:49:16.880> entire 47:50.728 --> 47:50.738 align:start position:0% planet here that orbits the entire 47:50.738 --> 47:53.049 align:start position:0% planet here that orbits the entire system.<00:49:18.400> This<00:49:18.640> planet<00:49:18.960> could<00:49:19.200> be<00:49:19.280> said<00:49:19.520> to 47:53.049 --> 47:53.059 align:start position:0% system. This planet could be said to 47:53.059 --> 47:55.928 align:start position:0% system. This planet could be said to have<00:49:19.920> seven<00:49:20.400> suns.<00:49:21.599> Let's<00:49:21.920> see<00:49:22.079> what<00:49:22.319> that 47:55.928 --> 47:55.938 align:start position:0% have seven suns. Let's see what that 47:55.938 --> 47:58.728 align:start position:0% have seven suns. Let's see what that looks<00:49:22.800> like<00:49:23.119> outside<00:49:23.599> this<00:49:23.920> graph. 47:58.728 --> 47:58.738 align:start position:0% looks like outside this graph. 47:58.738 --> 48:01.529 align:start position:0% looks like outside this graph. Interestingly,<00:49:26.319> in<00:49:26.480> a<00:49:26.720> sevenstar<00:49:27.359> system, 48:01.529 --> 48:01.539 align:start position:0% Interestingly, in a sevenstar system, 48:01.539 --> 48:03.529 align:start position:0% Interestingly, in a sevenstar system, from<00:49:28.400> this<00:49:28.640> distance,<00:49:29.200> it<00:49:29.440> only<00:49:29.680> looks<00:49:30.000> like 48:03.529 --> 48:03.539 align:start position:0% from this distance, it only looks like 48:03.539 --> 48:06.169 align:start position:0% from this distance, it only looks like the<00:49:30.400> orbit<00:49:30.720> of<00:49:30.880> a<00:49:31.119> binary.<00:49:32.160> That's<00:49:32.400> because 48:06.169 --> 48:06.179 align:start position:0% the orbit of a binary. That's because 48:06.179 --> 48:08.569 align:start position:0% the orbit of a binary. That's because each<00:49:33.200> set<00:49:33.440> of<00:49:33.680> stars<00:49:34.160> is<00:49:34.400> found<00:49:34.640> in<00:49:34.960> one<00:49:35.119> of 48:08.569 --> 48:08.579 align:start position:0% each set of stars is found in one of 48:08.579 --> 48:10.809 align:start position:0% each set of stars is found in one of these<00:49:35.520> two<00:49:35.839> points. 48:10.809 --> 48:10.819 align:start position:0% these two points. 48:10.819 --> 48:14.089 align:start position:0% these two points. Here<00:49:37.839> is<00:49:38.079> the<00:49:38.240> planet<00:49:38.640> with<00:49:38.960> seven<00:49:39.359> suns.<00:49:40.480> Its 48:14.089 --> 48:14.099 align:start position:0% Here is the planet with seven suns. Its 48:14.099 --> 48:16.329 align:start position:0% Here is the planet with seven suns. Its orbit<00:49:41.119> takes<00:49:41.359> it<00:49:41.599> so<00:49:41.920> far<00:49:42.160> out<00:49:42.480> that<00:49:42.720> these 48:16.329 --> 48:16.339 align:start position:0% orbit takes it so far out that these 48:16.339 --> 48:18.809 align:start position:0% orbit takes it so far out that these stars<00:49:43.359> aren't<00:49:43.680> very<00:49:44.000> bright<00:49:44.240> in<00:49:44.400> the<00:49:44.559> sky.<00:49:45.200> So, 48:18.809 --> 48:18.819 align:start position:0% stars aren't very bright in the sky. So, 48:18.819 --> 48:21.049 align:start position:0% stars aren't very bright in the sky. So, even<00:49:45.680> though<00:49:45.839> it<00:49:46.079> has<00:49:46.319> seven<00:49:46.640> suns,<00:49:47.359> they 48:21.049 --> 48:21.059 align:start position:0% even though it has seven suns, they 48:21.059 --> 48:22.889 align:start position:0% even though it has seven suns, they don't<00:49:47.920> really<00:49:48.319> provide<00:49:48.720> much<00:49:48.960> in<00:49:49.119> the<00:49:49.280> way<00:49:49.359> of 48:22.889 --> 48:22.899 align:start position:0% don't really provide much in the way of 48:22.899 --> 48:24.968 align:start position:0% don't really provide much in the way of warmth<00:49:49.920> or<00:49:50.160> light. 48:24.968 --> 48:24.978 align:start position:0% warmth or light. 48:24.978 --> 48:27.129 align:start position:0% warmth or light. Zooming<00:49:52.079> in<00:49:52.240> on<00:49:52.480> the<00:49:52.640> set<00:49:52.880> containing<00:49:53.440> three 48:27.129 --> 48:27.139 align:start position:0% Zooming in on the set containing three 48:27.139 --> 48:29.688 align:start position:0% Zooming in on the set containing three stars,<00:49:54.640> we<00:49:54.880> see<00:49:55.119> the<00:49:55.359> planets<00:49:55.760> which<00:49:56.000> orbit 48:29.688 --> 48:29.698 align:start position:0% stars, we see the planets which orbit 48:29.698 --> 48:32.569 align:start position:0% stars, we see the planets which orbit all<00:49:56.559> three<00:49:56.800> of<00:49:56.960> these<00:49:57.280> stars.<00:49:58.559> These<00:49:58.880> stars 48:32.569 --> 48:32.579 align:start position:0% all three of these stars. These stars 48:32.579 --> 48:34.649 align:start position:0% all three of these stars. These stars would<00:49:59.359> appear<00:49:59.680> much<00:50:00.000> larger<00:50:00.400> in<00:50:00.720> this<00:50:00.880> planet 48:34.649 --> 48:34.659 align:start position:0% would appear much larger in this planet 48:34.659 --> 48:36.728 align:start position:0% would appear much larger in this planet sky<00:50:01.760> compared<00:50:02.079> to<00:50:02.240> the<00:50:02.400> planet<00:50:02.720> sky<00:50:03.040> that<00:50:03.200> was 48:36.728 --> 48:36.738 align:start position:0% sky compared to the planet sky that was 48:36.738 --> 48:40.009 align:start position:0% sky compared to the planet sky that was orbiting<00:50:03.839> all<00:50:04.079> seven.<00:50:05.280> In<00:50:05.599> this<00:50:05.760> example,<00:50:06.400> the 48:40.009 --> 48:40.019 align:start position:0% orbiting all seven. In this example, the 48:40.019 --> 48:42.488 align:start position:0% orbiting all seven. In this example, the two<00:50:06.960> in<00:50:07.119> the<00:50:07.280> binary<00:50:07.760> configuration<00:50:08.640> appear 48:42.488 --> 48:42.498 align:start position:0% two in the binary configuration appear 48:42.498 --> 48:44.809 align:start position:0% two in the binary configuration appear almost<00:50:09.440> too<00:50:09.680> close<00:50:09.920> together<00:50:10.240> to<00:50:10.559> distinguish 48:44.809 --> 48:44.819 align:start position:0% almost too close together to distinguish 48:44.819 --> 48:48.089 align:start position:0% almost too close together to distinguish with<00:50:11.680> a<00:50:11.839> single<00:50:12.160> star<00:50:12.480> clearly<00:50:12.960> separate.<00:50:14.400> The 48:48.089 --> 48:48.099 align:start position:0% with a single star clearly separate. The 48:48.099 --> 48:49.928 align:start position:0% with a single star clearly separate. The other<00:50:15.040> four<00:50:15.359> stars<00:50:15.680> that<00:50:15.920> are<00:50:16.079> part<00:50:16.240> of<00:50:16.400> the 48:49.928 --> 48:49.938 align:start position:0% other four stars that are part of the 48:49.938 --> 48:52.169 align:start position:0% other four stars that are part of the other<00:50:16.800> set<00:50:17.040> in<00:50:17.200> the<00:50:17.359> system<00:50:17.760> are<00:50:18.079> dim<00:50:18.480> in<00:50:18.640> the 48:52.169 --> 48:52.179 align:start position:0% other set in the system are dim in the 48:52.179 --> 48:54.968 align:start position:0% other set in the system are dim in the sky.<00:50:19.440> They<00:50:19.680> are<00:50:19.760> very<00:50:20.000> far<00:50:20.319> away<00:50:20.960> and<00:50:21.280> again 48:54.968 --> 48:54.978 align:start position:0% sky. They are very far away and again 48:54.978 --> 48:56.809 align:start position:0% sky. They are very far away and again don't<00:50:21.920> provide<00:50:22.240> much<00:50:22.480> in<00:50:22.640> the<00:50:22.800> way<00:50:22.960> of<00:50:23.200> light 48:56.809 --> 48:56.819 align:start position:0% don't provide much in the way of light 48:56.819 --> 48:59.129 align:start position:0% don't provide much in the way of light or<00:50:23.680> warmth.<00:50:24.480> Meaning<00:50:24.720> there<00:50:24.960> is<00:50:25.119> a<00:50:25.280> clear<00:50:25.520> day 48:59.129 --> 48:59.139 align:start position:0% or warmth. Meaning there is a clear day 48:59.139 --> 49:01.849 align:start position:0% or warmth. Meaning there is a clear day and<00:50:26.000> night<00:50:26.160> on<00:50:26.319> these<00:50:26.559> planets. 49:01.849 --> 49:01.859 align:start position:0% and night on these planets. 49:01.859 --> 49:04.089 align:start position:0% and night on these planets. Interestingly<00:50:29.280> though,<00:50:29.839> this<00:50:30.079> other<00:50:30.319> set<00:50:30.559> of 49:04.089 --> 49:04.099 align:start position:0% Interestingly though, this other set of 49:04.099 --> 49:06.488 align:start position:0% Interestingly though, this other set of stars<00:50:31.200> would<00:50:31.520> get<00:50:31.839> marginally<00:50:32.480> brighter<00:50:32.880> and 49:06.488 --> 49:06.498 align:start position:0% stars would get marginally brighter and 49:06.498 --> 49:08.889 align:start position:0% stars would get marginally brighter and dimmer<00:50:33.599> during<00:50:33.920> their<00:50:34.240> orbits<00:50:35.119> and<00:50:35.359> the 49:08.889 --> 49:08.899 align:start position:0% dimmer during their orbits and the 49:08.899 --> 49:11.289 align:start position:0% dimmer during their orbits and the distance<00:50:35.920> between<00:50:36.400> their<00:50:36.800> systems<00:50:37.280> orbits 49:11.289 --> 49:11.299 align:start position:0% distance between their systems orbits 49:11.299 --> 49:13.208 align:start position:0% distance between their systems orbits would<00:50:38.240> get<00:50:38.480> more<00:50:38.720> noticeable<00:50:39.200> as<00:50:39.440> they<00:50:39.680> get 49:13.208 --> 49:13.218 align:start position:0% would get more noticeable as they get 49:13.218 --> 49:14.968 align:start position:0% would get more noticeable as they get closer. 49:14.968 --> 49:14.978 align:start position:0% closer. 49:14.978 --> 49:17.369 align:start position:0% closer. Lastly,<00:50:42.240> let's<00:50:42.559> look<00:50:42.720> at<00:50:42.880> a<00:50:43.040> planet<00:50:43.359> orbiting 49:17.369 --> 49:17.379 align:start position:0% Lastly, let's look at a planet orbiting 49:17.379 --> 49:19.928 align:start position:0% Lastly, let's look at a planet orbiting just<00:50:44.240> the<00:50:44.480> one<00:50:44.800> star<00:50:45.040> in<00:50:45.280> this<00:50:45.520> system.<00:50:46.319> It 49:19.928 --> 49:19.938 align:start position:0% just the one star in this system. It 49:19.938 --> 49:22.488 align:start position:0% just the one star in this system. It orbits<00:50:46.960> closely<00:50:47.359> to<00:50:47.520> the<00:50:47.760> star<00:50:48.160> and<00:50:48.400> is<00:50:48.640> tidily 49:22.488 --> 49:22.498 align:start position:0% orbits closely to the star and is tidily 49:22.498 --> 49:25.049 align:start position:0% orbits closely to the star and is tidily locked.<00:50:50.000> Although<00:50:50.319> the<00:50:50.480> night<00:50:50.800> side<00:50:51.200> would<00:50:51.520> be 49:25.049 --> 49:25.059 align:start position:0% locked. Although the night side would be 49:25.059 --> 49:27.369 align:start position:0% locked. Although the night side would be disrupted<00:50:52.240> by<00:50:52.480> the<00:50:52.640> binary<00:50:53.119> configuration 49:27.369 --> 49:27.379 align:start position:0% disrupted by the binary configuration 49:27.379 --> 49:29.609 align:start position:0% disrupted by the binary configuration this<00:50:54.240> star<00:50:54.559> orbits<00:50:54.960> with<00:50:55.440> as<00:50:55.680> the<00:50:55.839> planet's 49:29.609 --> 49:29.619 align:start position:0% this star orbits with as the planet's 49:29.619 --> 49:31.769 align:start position:0% this star orbits with as the planet's orbit<00:50:56.640> can<00:50:56.880> take<00:50:57.040> it<00:50:57.280> between<00:50:57.760> the<00:50:58.000> single 49:31.769 --> 49:31.779 align:start position:0% orbit can take it between the single 49:31.779 --> 49:34.968 align:start position:0% orbit can take it between the single star<00:50:58.720> and<00:50:58.880> the<00:50:59.119> binary<00:50:59.599> stars.<00:51:00.880> The<00:51:01.040> binaries 49:34.968 --> 49:34.978 align:start position:0% star and the binary stars. The binaries 49:34.978 --> 49:37.448 align:start position:0% star and the binary stars. The binaries orbit<00:51:02.000> together<00:51:02.319> closely<00:51:03.119> and<00:51:03.359> so<00:51:03.680> wouldn't 49:37.448 --> 49:37.458 align:start position:0% orbit together closely and so wouldn't 49:37.458 --> 49:39.289 align:start position:0% orbit together closely and so wouldn't easily<00:51:04.480> be<00:51:04.720> distinguished<00:51:05.280> in<00:51:05.520> the<00:51:05.599> sky 49:39.289 --> 49:39.299 align:start position:0% easily be distinguished in the sky 49:39.299 --> 49:42.249 align:start position:0% easily be distinguished in the sky without<00:51:06.160> a<00:51:06.400> filter.<00:51:07.680> Again,<00:51:08.240> the<00:51:08.559> other<00:51:08.720> set 49:42.249 --> 49:42.259 align:start position:0% without a filter. Again, the other set 49:42.259 --> 49:44.728 align:start position:0% without a filter. Again, the other set of<00:51:09.119> stars<00:51:09.359> in<00:51:09.599> the<00:51:09.760> system<00:51:10.240> would<00:51:10.480> be<00:51:10.640> dim<00:51:11.040> and 49:44.728 --> 49:44.738 align:start position:0% of stars in the system would be dim and 49:44.738 --> 49:46.968 align:start position:0% of stars in the system would be dim and appear<00:51:11.680> far<00:51:12.000> away. 49:46.968 --> 49:46.978 align:start position:0% appear far away. 49:46.978 --> 49:48.889 align:start position:0% appear far away. This<00:51:13.839> may<00:51:14.000> make<00:51:14.160> you<00:51:14.400> wonder<00:51:14.880> how<00:51:15.200> many 49:48.889 --> 49:48.899 align:start position:0% This may make you wonder how many 49:48.899 --> 49:50.968 align:start position:0% This may make you wonder how many systems<00:51:16.079> out<00:51:16.319> there<00:51:16.720> have<00:51:16.960> more<00:51:17.200> than<00:51:17.359> one 49:50.968 --> 49:50.978 align:start position:0% systems out there have more than one 49:50.978 --> 49:54.409 align:start position:0% systems out there have more than one star.<00:51:18.480> Are<00:51:18.640> we<00:51:18.960> unusual?<00:51:20.000> Or<00:51:20.160> is<00:51:20.400> it<00:51:20.559> the<00:51:20.720> trend 49:54.409 --> 49:54.419 align:start position:0% star. Are we unusual? Or is it the trend 49:54.419 --> 49:57.369 align:start position:0% star. Are we unusual? Or is it the trend that<00:51:21.280> there<00:51:21.520> is<00:51:21.680> only<00:51:21.839> one<00:51:22.079> star<00:51:22.400> per<00:51:22.640> system? 49:57.369 --> 49:57.379 align:start position:0% that there is only one star per system? 49:57.379 --> 49:59.609 align:start position:0% that there is only one star per system? Well,<00:51:24.400> if<00:51:24.640> you<00:51:24.800> look<00:51:25.040> up<00:51:25.280> into<00:51:25.520> a<00:51:25.680> clear<00:51:25.920> night 49:59.609 --> 49:59.619 align:start position:0% Well, if you look up into a clear night 49:59.619 --> 50:02.169 align:start position:0% Well, if you look up into a clear night sky,<00:51:26.960> it<00:51:27.200> may<00:51:27.440> surprise<00:51:27.839> you<00:51:28.000> to<00:51:28.240> know<00:51:28.480> that 50:02.169 --> 50:02.179 align:start position:0% sky, it may surprise you to know that 50:02.179 --> 50:05.289 align:start position:0% sky, it may surprise you to know that most<00:51:29.200> of<00:51:29.359> these<00:51:29.680> stars<00:51:30.079> are<00:51:30.319> binaries.<00:51:31.599> The 50:05.289 --> 50:05.299 align:start position:0% most of these stars are binaries. The 50:05.299 --> 50:07.849 align:start position:0% most of these stars are binaries. The brightest<00:51:32.319> star<00:51:32.559> in<00:51:32.800> the<00:51:32.960> sky,<00:51:33.359> Sirius,<00:51:34.160> is<00:51:34.319> a 50:07.849 --> 50:07.859 align:start position:0% brightest star in the sky, Sirius, is a 50:07.859 --> 50:11.448 align:start position:0% brightest star in the sky, Sirius, is a binary.<00:51:35.920> Alpha<00:51:36.319> Centauri,<00:51:37.200> the<00:51:37.440> closest<00:51:37.839> star 50:11.448 --> 50:11.458 align:start position:0% binary. Alpha Centauri, the closest star 50:11.458 --> 50:14.409 align:start position:0% binary. Alpha Centauri, the closest star to<00:51:38.319> us,<00:51:38.720> is<00:51:38.960> a<00:51:39.200> binary<00:51:40.079> or<00:51:40.319> maybe<00:51:40.640> even<00:51:40.880> a 50:14.409 --> 50:14.419 align:start position:0% to us, is a binary or maybe even a 50:14.419 --> 50:18.009 align:start position:0% to us, is a binary or maybe even a trinary<00:51:41.680> if<00:51:41.920> you<00:51:42.079> include<00:51:42.400> Proxima.<00:51:43.839> Polaris, 50:18.009 --> 50:18.019 align:start position:0% trinary if you include Proxima. Polaris, 50:18.019 --> 50:21.529 align:start position:0% trinary if you include Proxima. Polaris, the<00:51:44.880> North<00:51:45.200> Star,<00:51:45.839> is<00:51:46.160> also<00:51:46.480> a<00:51:46.720> binary.<00:51:47.920> So, 50:21.529 --> 50:21.539 align:start position:0% the North Star, is also a binary. So, 50:21.539 --> 50:23.289 align:start position:0% the North Star, is also a binary. So, for<00:51:48.319> the<00:51:48.480> longest<00:51:48.880> time,<00:51:49.280> astronomers 50:23.289 --> 50:23.299 align:start position:0% for the longest time, astronomers 50:23.299 --> 50:25.928 align:start position:0% for the longest time, astronomers thought<00:51:50.160> that<00:51:50.400> we<00:51:50.559> were<00:51:50.720> the<00:51:50.960> unusual<00:51:51.440> ones. 50:25.928 --> 50:25.938 align:start position:0% thought that we were the unusual ones. 50:25.938 --> 50:28.169 align:start position:0% thought that we were the unusual ones. However,<00:51:53.119> it's<00:51:53.520> coming<00:51:53.760> to<00:51:54.000> light<00:51:54.400> with<00:51:54.640> the 50:28.169 --> 50:28.179 align:start position:0% However, it's coming to light with the 50:28.179 --> 50:30.569 align:start position:0% However, it's coming to light with the improvements<00:51:55.359> in<00:51:55.599> technology<00:51:56.559> that<00:51:56.800> this<00:51:57.040> is 50:30.569 --> 50:30.579 align:start position:0% improvements in technology that this is 50:30.579 --> 50:32.968 align:start position:0% improvements in technology that this is not<00:51:57.359> the<00:51:57.599> case<00:51:58.000> and<00:51:58.240> that<00:51:58.480> most<00:51:58.800> star<00:51:59.119> systems 50:32.968 --> 50:32.978 align:start position:0% not the case and that most star systems 50:32.978 --> 50:35.849 align:start position:0% not the case and that most star systems only<00:52:00.000> contain<00:52:00.480> one<00:52:00.800> star.<00:52:01.839> Perhaps<00:52:02.240> the 50:35.849 --> 50:35.859 align:start position:0% only contain one star. Perhaps the 50:35.859 --> 50:37.529 align:start position:0% only contain one star. Perhaps the reason<00:52:02.640> why<00:52:02.880> the<00:52:03.200> brightest<00:52:03.520> stars<00:52:03.760> in<00:52:04.000> our 50:37.529 --> 50:37.539 align:start position:0% reason why the brightest stars in our 50:37.539 --> 50:40.249 align:start position:0% reason why the brightest stars in our sky<00:52:04.480> are<00:52:04.720> binaries<00:52:05.680> is<00:52:05.920> because<00:52:06.319> they<00:52:06.640> are 50:40.249 --> 50:40.259 align:start position:0% sky are binaries is because they are 50:40.259 --> 50:42.809 align:start position:0% sky are binaries is because they are giving<00:52:07.119> off<00:52:07.359> twice<00:52:07.680> the<00:52:07.920> light.<00:52:08.720> Single<00:52:09.040> stars 50:42.809 --> 50:42.819 align:start position:0% giving off twice the light. Single stars 50:42.819 --> 50:44.809 align:start position:0% giving off twice the light. Single stars are<00:52:09.599> just<00:52:09.839> generally<00:52:10.319> dimmer<00:52:10.640> and<00:52:10.880> harder<00:52:11.280> to 50:44.809 --> 50:44.819 align:start position:0% are just generally dimmer and harder to 50:44.819 --> 50:47.769 align:start position:0% are just generally dimmer and harder to see<00:52:11.680> in<00:52:11.920> comparison.<00:52:13.359> It<00:52:13.760> doesn't<00:52:14.079> help 50:47.769 --> 50:47.779 align:start position:0% see in comparison. It doesn't help 50:47.779 --> 50:50.649 align:start position:0% see in comparison. It doesn't help either<00:52:14.720> that<00:52:15.119> 85%<00:52:16.240> of<00:52:16.480> all<00:52:16.720> stars<00:52:17.119> in 50:50.649 --> 50:50.659 align:start position:0% either that 85% of all stars in 50:50.659 --> 50:53.129 align:start position:0% either that 85% of all stars in existence<00:52:17.839> are<00:52:18.079> red<00:52:18.319> dwarfs.<00:52:19.280> And<00:52:19.440> it<00:52:19.599> seems 50:53.129 --> 50:53.139 align:start position:0% existence are red dwarfs. And it seems 50:53.139 --> 50:55.688 align:start position:0% existence are red dwarfs. And it seems that<00:52:20.000> only<00:52:20.160> about<00:52:20.559> 25%<00:52:21.359> of<00:52:21.599> them<00:52:22.000> have 50:55.688 --> 50:55.698 align:start position:0% that only about 25% of them have 50:55.698 --> 50:58.649 align:start position:0% that only about 25% of them have companions.<00:52:23.680> In<00:52:23.920> fact,<00:52:24.319> it's<00:52:24.800> interesting 50:58.649 --> 50:58.659 align:start position:0% companions. In fact, it's interesting 50:58.659 --> 51:01.049 align:start position:0% companions. In fact, it's interesting that<00:52:25.599> binaries<00:52:26.160> occur<00:52:26.559> much<00:52:26.800> more<00:52:27.040> frequently 51:01.049 --> 51:01.059 align:start position:0% that binaries occur much more frequently 51:01.059 --> 51:03.688 align:start position:0% that binaries occur much more frequently with<00:52:27.920> the<00:52:28.160> really<00:52:28.559> massive<00:52:29.040> stars,<00:52:29.760> the<00:52:30.000> blue 51:03.688 --> 51:03.698 align:start position:0% with the really massive stars, the blue 51:03.698 --> 51:06.409 align:start position:0% with the really massive stars, the blue and<00:52:30.559> white<00:52:30.800> giants.<00:52:32.160> This<00:52:32.400> could<00:52:32.559> be<00:52:32.800> because 51:06.409 --> 51:06.419 align:start position:0% and white giants. This could be because 51:06.419 --> 51:09.208 align:start position:0% and white giants. This could be because of<00:52:33.280> how<00:52:33.440> these<00:52:33.760> stars<00:52:34.160> formed.<00:52:35.040> Red<00:52:35.280> dwarfs 51:09.208 --> 51:09.218 align:start position:0% of how these stars formed. Red dwarfs 51:09.218 --> 51:11.208 align:start position:0% of how these stars formed. Red dwarfs weren't<00:52:36.160> pumped<00:52:36.559> with<00:52:36.720> as<00:52:36.960> much<00:52:37.200> material<00:52:37.599> as 51:11.208 --> 51:11.218 align:start position:0% weren't pumped with as much material as 51:11.218 --> 51:13.289 align:start position:0% weren't pumped with as much material as they<00:52:38.000> were<00:52:38.160> forming,<00:52:38.880> hence<00:52:39.200> why<00:52:39.359> they<00:52:39.680> never 51:13.289 --> 51:13.299 align:start position:0% they were forming, hence why they never 51:13.299 --> 51:16.249 align:start position:0% they were forming, hence why they never attained<00:52:40.240> the<00:52:40.480> mass<00:52:40.720> of<00:52:40.800> a<00:52:41.040> blue<00:52:41.200> giant.<00:52:42.319> In<00:52:42.640> an 51:16.249 --> 51:16.259 align:start position:0% attained the mass of a blue giant. In an 51:16.259 --> 51:18.488 align:start position:0% attained the mass of a blue giant. In an environment<00:52:43.520> where<00:52:43.839> forming<00:52:44.240> a<00:52:44.400> blue<00:52:44.640> giant 51:18.488 --> 51:18.498 align:start position:0% environment where forming a blue giant 51:18.498 --> 51:21.049 align:start position:0% environment where forming a blue giant is<00:52:45.440> possible,<00:52:46.079> however,<00:52:46.880> models<00:52:47.280> suggest 51:21.049 --> 51:21.059 align:start position:0% is possible, however, models suggest 51:21.059 --> 51:23.049 align:start position:0% is possible, however, models suggest that<00:52:48.000> several<00:52:48.480> stars<00:52:48.800> could<00:52:49.040> form<00:52:49.280> at<00:52:49.520> the 51:23.049 --> 51:23.059 align:start position:0% that several stars could form at the 51:23.059 --> 51:25.609 align:start position:0% that several stars could form at the same<00:52:49.839> time.<00:52:50.800> At<00:52:51.040> first,<00:52:51.359> these<00:52:51.599> systems<00:52:52.000> would 51:25.609 --> 51:25.619 align:start position:0% same time. At first, these systems would 51:25.619 --> 51:28.329 align:start position:0% same time. At first, these systems would be<00:52:52.400> chaotic.<00:52:53.280> The<00:52:53.520> stars<00:52:53.839> would<00:52:54.079> be<00:52:54.240> ejected 51:28.329 --> 51:28.339 align:start position:0% be chaotic. The stars would be ejected 51:28.339 --> 51:30.889 align:start position:0% be chaotic. The stars would be ejected until<00:52:55.280> order<00:52:55.680> could<00:52:55.839> be<00:52:56.000> found.<00:52:57.040> The<00:52:57.280> ones 51:30.889 --> 51:30.899 align:start position:0% until order could be found. The ones 51:30.899 --> 51:33.369 align:start position:0% until order could be found. The ones that<00:52:57.839> remained<00:52:58.319> and<00:52:58.640> survived<00:52:59.359> were<00:52:59.599> the<00:52:59.760> ones 51:33.369 --> 51:33.379 align:start position:0% that remained and survived were the ones 51:33.379 --> 51:35.208 align:start position:0% that remained and survived were the ones that<00:53:00.240> ended<00:53:00.559> up<00:53:00.720> absorbing<00:53:01.280> the<00:53:01.599> most 51:35.208 --> 51:35.218 align:start position:0% that ended up absorbing the most 51:35.218 --> 51:37.448 align:start position:0% that ended up absorbing the most interstellar<00:53:02.400> medium,<00:53:03.119> thus<00:53:03.440> becoming<00:53:03.839> the 51:37.448 --> 51:37.458 align:start position:0% interstellar medium, thus becoming the 51:37.458 --> 51:40.249 align:start position:0% interstellar medium, thus becoming the most<00:53:04.240> massive<00:53:04.640> of<00:53:04.880> stars.<00:53:06.079> The<00:53:06.240> interstellar 51:40.249 --> 51:40.259 align:start position:0% most massive of stars. The interstellar 51:40.259 --> 51:41.928 align:start position:0% most massive of stars. The interstellar medium<00:53:07.200> that<00:53:07.359> ended<00:53:07.680> up<00:53:07.920> caught<00:53:08.240> in 51:41.928 --> 51:41.938 align:start position:0% medium that ended up caught in 51:41.938 --> 51:44.728 align:start position:0% medium that ended up caught in protolanetary<00:53:09.520> discs<00:53:10.000> around<00:53:10.319> these<00:53:10.640> stars 51:44.728 --> 51:44.738 align:start position:0% protolanetary discs around these stars 51:44.738 --> 51:49.289 align:start position:0% protolanetary discs around these stars later<00:53:11.680> form<00:53:12.079> planets. 51:49.289 --> 51:49.299 align:start position:0% 51:49.299 --> 51:51.529 align:start position:0% The<00:53:16.160> first<00:53:16.400> planet<00:53:16.800> we<00:53:17.200> ever<00:53:17.440> discovered<00:53:17.839> with 51:51.529 --> 51:51.539 align:start position:0% The first planet we ever discovered with 51:51.539 --> 51:54.169 align:start position:0% The first planet we ever discovered with more<00:53:18.319> than<00:53:18.480> one<00:53:18.640> sun<00:53:18.880> in<00:53:19.040> its<00:53:19.280> sky<00:53:19.760> was<00:53:20.160> Kepler 51:54.169 --> 51:54.179 align:start position:0% more than one sun in its sky was Kepler 51:54.179 --> 51:57.609 align:start position:0% more than one sun in its sky was Kepler 16b<00:53:22.160> spotted<00:53:22.640> by<00:53:22.960> NASA's<00:53:23.520> Kepler<00:53:23.920> Space 51:57.609 --> 51:57.619 align:start position:0% 16b spotted by NASA's Kepler Space 51:57.619 --> 51:59.928 align:start position:0% 16b spotted by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope<00:53:24.720> in<00:53:25.040> 2011. 51:59.928 --> 51:59.938 align:start position:0% Telescope in 2011. 51:59.938 --> 52:02.488 align:start position:0% Telescope in 2011. At<00:53:26.800> the<00:53:27.040> time,<00:53:27.440> it<00:53:27.680> became<00:53:28.079> known<00:53:28.480> as<00:53:28.720> the 52:02.488 --> 52:02.498 align:start position:0% At the time, it became known as the 52:02.498 --> 52:06.569 align:start position:0% At the time, it became known as the Tatooine<00:53:29.760> planet.<00:53:30.880> However,<00:53:31.680> Kepler<00:53:32.240> 16b<00:53:32.880> is 52:06.569 --> 52:06.579 align:start position:0% Tatooine planet. However, Kepler 16b is 52:06.579 --> 52:09.849 align:start position:0% Tatooine planet. However, Kepler 16b is no<00:53:33.599> desert<00:53:34.000> world,<00:53:34.640> but<00:53:34.960> is<00:53:35.280> actually<00:53:35.760> a<00:53:36.079> gas 52:09.849 --> 52:09.859 align:start position:0% no desert world, but is actually a gas 52:09.859 --> 52:12.889 align:start position:0% no desert world, but is actually a gas giant<00:53:37.040> around<00:53:37.599> 0.3<00:53:38.559> times<00:53:38.880> the<00:53:39.119> mass<00:53:39.359> of 52:12.889 --> 52:12.899 align:start position:0% giant around 0.3 times the mass of 52:12.899 --> 52:15.769 align:start position:0% giant around 0.3 times the mass of Jupiter.<00:53:40.800> tracing<00:53:41.200> its<00:53:41.520> orbit<00:53:41.839> around<00:53:42.160> its 52:15.769 --> 52:15.779 align:start position:0% Jupiter. tracing its orbit around its 52:15.779 --> 52:18.249 align:start position:0% Jupiter. tracing its orbit around its star<00:53:42.960> has<00:53:43.280> fascinated<00:53:43.920> scientists<00:53:44.400> who<00:53:44.640> are 52:18.249 --> 52:18.259 align:start position:0% star has fascinated scientists who are 52:18.259 --> 52:21.129 align:start position:0% star has fascinated scientists who are trying<00:53:45.119> to<00:53:45.359> unravel<00:53:45.839> the<00:53:46.240> threebody<00:53:46.960> problem. 52:21.129 --> 52:21.139 align:start position:0% trying to unravel the threebody problem. 52:21.139 --> 52:23.688 align:start position:0% trying to unravel the threebody problem. The<00:53:48.240> complicated<00:53:48.880> mathematics<00:53:49.520> that<00:53:49.839> traces 52:23.688 --> 52:23.698 align:start position:0% The complicated mathematics that traces 52:23.698 --> 52:26.009 align:start position:0% The complicated mathematics that traces how<00:53:50.497> [music]<00:53:50.800> three<00:53:51.280> orbiting<00:53:51.839> bodies 52:26.009 --> 52:26.019 align:start position:0% how [music] three orbiting bodies 52:26.019 --> 52:29.129 align:start position:0% how [music] three orbiting bodies interact<00:53:53.119> with<00:53:53.280> each<00:53:53.520> other.<00:53:54.480> Since<00:53:54.800> then,<00:53:55.520> a 52:29.129 --> 52:29.139 align:start position:0% interact with each other. Since then, a 52:29.139 --> 52:31.529 align:start position:0% interact with each other. Since then, a handful<00:53:56.240> of<00:53:56.480> other<00:53:56.880> Tatooine<00:53:57.520> planets<00:53:57.920> with 52:31.529 --> 52:31.539 align:start position:0% handful of other Tatooine planets with 52:31.539 --> 52:33.928 align:start position:0% handful of other Tatooine planets with their<00:53:58.480> multiple<00:53:58.960> stars<00:53:59.280> in<00:53:59.440> their<00:53:59.680> sky<00:54:00.240> have 52:33.928 --> 52:33.938 align:start position:0% their multiple stars in their sky have 52:33.938 --> 52:36.089 align:start position:0% their multiple stars in their sky have been<00:54:00.720> discovered,<00:54:01.680> indicating<00:54:02.240> that<00:54:02.480> they 52:36.089 --> 52:36.099 align:start position:0% been discovered, indicating that they 52:36.099 --> 52:39.208 align:start position:0% been discovered, indicating that they are<00:54:02.960> not<00:54:03.440> uncommon<00:54:04.000> in<00:54:04.319> our<00:54:04.559> universe.<00:54:05.520> After 52:39.208 --> 52:39.218 align:start position:0% are not uncommon in our universe. After 52:39.218 --> 52:41.928 align:start position:0% are not uncommon in our universe. After all,<00:54:06.480> more<00:54:06.720> than<00:54:06.960> half<00:54:07.200> of<00:54:07.440> all<00:54:07.839> stars<00:54:08.160> in<00:54:08.400> our 52:41.928 --> 52:41.938 align:start position:0% all, more than half of all stars in our 52:41.938 --> 52:45.529 align:start position:0% all, more than half of all stars in our galaxy<00:54:09.280> have<00:54:09.599> at<00:54:09.680> least<00:54:10.160> one<00:54:10.559> partner.<00:54:11.920> But 52:45.529 --> 52:45.539 align:start position:0% galaxy have at least one partner. But 52:45.539 --> 52:47.609 align:start position:0% galaxy have at least one partner. But what<00:54:12.400> would<00:54:12.559> it<00:54:12.800> be<00:54:12.960> like<00:54:13.200> to<00:54:13.520> live<00:54:13.760> on<00:54:14.000> a 52:47.609 --> 52:47.619 align:start position:0% what would it be like to live on a 52:47.619 --> 52:50.728 align:start position:0% what would it be like to live on a planet<00:54:14.559> with<00:54:14.800> two<00:54:15.200> suns<00:54:15.520> in<00:54:15.680> the<00:54:15.839> sky?<00:54:16.800> Or<00:54:17.119> to 52:50.728 --> 52:50.738 align:start position:0% planet with two suns in the sky? Or to 52:50.738 --> 52:53.208 align:start position:0% planet with two suns in the sky? Or to help<00:54:17.440> us<00:54:17.680> visualize<00:54:18.160> the<00:54:18.480> point,<00:54:19.200> how<00:54:19.520> much 52:53.208 --> 52:53.218 align:start position:0% help us visualize the point, how much 52:53.218 --> 52:55.849 align:start position:0% help us visualize the point, how much would<00:54:20.160> having<00:54:20.559> a<00:54:20.880> second<00:54:21.200> star<00:54:21.760> impact<00:54:22.240> us 52:55.849 --> 52:55.859 align:start position:0% would having a second star impact us 52:55.859 --> 52:59.688 align:start position:0% would having a second star impact us here<00:54:22.720> on<00:54:22.960> Earth?<00:54:23.920> How<00:54:24.240> hot<00:54:24.640> would<00:54:25.040> Earth<00:54:25.440> get? 52:59.688 --> 52:59.698 align:start position:0% here on Earth? How hot would Earth get? 52:59.698 --> 53:01.849 align:start position:0% here on Earth? How hot would Earth get? What<00:54:26.559> would<00:54:26.720> the<00:54:26.960> day<00:54:27.280> and<00:54:27.520> night<00:54:27.839> cycle<00:54:28.240> be 53:01.849 --> 53:01.859 align:start position:0% What would the day and night cycle be 53:01.859 --> 53:04.809 align:start position:0% What would the day and night cycle be like?<00:54:29.359> Would<00:54:29.599> it<00:54:29.760> be<00:54:30.000> possible<00:54:30.480> for<00:54:30.800> life<00:54:31.200> as 53:04.809 --> 53:04.819 align:start position:0% like? Would it be possible for life as 53:04.819 --> 53:07.129 align:start position:0% like? Would it be possible for life as we<00:54:31.680> know<00:54:31.839> it<00:54:32.160> to<00:54:32.400> survive<00:54:32.720> in<00:54:32.960> a<00:54:33.119> multi-star 53:07.129 --> 53:07.139 align:start position:0% we know it to survive in a multi-star 53:07.139 --> 53:08.569 align:start position:0% we know it to survive in a multi-star system? 53:08.569 --> 53:08.579 align:start position:0% system? 53:08.579 --> 53:12.488 align:start position:0% system? Well,<00:54:36.000> it<00:54:36.240> depends.<00:54:37.599> Let's<00:54:37.920> keep<00:54:38.240> our<00:54:38.559> sun<00:54:38.880> as 53:12.488 --> 53:12.498 align:start position:0% Well, it depends. Let's keep our sun as 53:12.498 --> 53:15.129 align:start position:0% Well, it depends. Let's keep our sun as it<00:54:39.280> is<00:54:39.839> and<00:54:40.160> only<00:54:40.400> make<00:54:40.559> the<00:54:40.880> second<00:54:41.200> star<00:54:41.520> the 53:15.129 --> 53:15.139 align:start position:0% it is and only make the second star the 53:15.139 --> 53:17.609 align:start position:0% it is and only make the second star the variable<00:54:42.160> in<00:54:42.319> this<00:54:42.559> thought<00:54:42.800> experiment.<00:54:44.000> As 53:17.609 --> 53:17.619 align:start position:0% variable in this thought experiment. As 53:17.619 --> 53:20.649 align:start position:0% variable in this thought experiment. As we<00:54:44.400> know,<00:54:44.800> stars<00:54:45.200> come<00:54:45.359> in<00:54:45.599> all<00:54:46.000> sizes<00:54:46.640> from 53:20.649 --> 53:20.659 align:start position:0% we know, stars come in all sizes from 53:20.659 --> 53:23.609 align:start position:0% we know, stars come in all sizes from small,<00:54:47.839> cool,<00:54:48.240> and<00:54:48.480> dim<00:54:48.800> red<00:54:49.040> dwarfs<00:54:49.839> all<00:54:50.079> the 53:23.609 --> 53:23.619 align:start position:0% small, cool, and dim red dwarfs all the 53:23.619 --> 53:26.889 align:start position:0% small, cool, and dim red dwarfs all the way<00:54:50.319> up<00:54:50.480> to<00:54:50.800> large,<00:54:51.599> hot,<00:54:52.160> and<00:54:52.480> bright<00:54:52.880> blue 53:26.889 --> 53:26.899 align:start position:0% way up to large, hot, and bright blue 53:26.899 --> 53:29.369 align:start position:0% way up to large, hot, and bright blue super<00:54:53.839> giants.<00:54:54.687> [music]<00:54:54.960> In<00:54:55.200> a<00:54:55.359> binary<00:54:55.760> star 53:29.369 --> 53:29.379 align:start position:0% super giants. [music] In a binary star 53:29.379 --> 53:31.208 align:start position:0% super giants. [music] In a binary star system,<00:54:56.400> the<00:54:56.640> stars<00:54:56.960> orbit<00:54:57.359> around<00:54:57.599> the 53:31.208 --> 53:31.218 align:start position:0% system, the stars orbit around the 53:31.218 --> 53:33.529 align:start position:0% system, the stars orbit around the systems<00:54:58.240> bar<00:54:58.640> center<00:54:59.200> or<00:54:59.440> the<00:54:59.599> center<00:54:59.920> of 53:33.529 --> 53:33.539 align:start position:0% systems bar center or the center of 53:33.539 --> 53:36.009 align:start position:0% systems bar center or the center of mass.<00:55:01.119> Depending<00:55:01.440> on<00:55:01.680> the<00:55:01.839> mass<00:55:02.000> of<00:55:02.160> the<00:55:02.319> stars 53:36.009 --> 53:36.019 align:start position:0% mass. Depending on the mass of the stars 53:36.019 --> 53:38.329 align:start position:0% mass. Depending on the mass of the stars and<00:55:02.880> the<00:55:03.119> distances<00:55:03.680> between<00:55:04.000> them,<00:55:04.559> you'll 53:38.329 --> 53:38.339 align:start position:0% and the distances between them, you'll 53:38.339 --> 53:40.329 align:start position:0% and the distances between them, you'll have<00:55:05.119> differences<00:55:05.680> in<00:55:05.920> how<00:55:06.160> these<00:55:06.480> orbits 53:40.329 --> 53:40.339 align:start position:0% have differences in how these orbits 53:40.339 --> 53:43.049 align:start position:0% have differences in how these orbits look.<00:55:07.760> For<00:55:08.000> similarly<00:55:08.559> sized<00:55:08.880> stars,<00:55:09.440> the 53:43.049 --> 53:43.059 align:start position:0% look. For similarly sized stars, the 53:43.059 --> 53:45.049 align:start position:0% look. For similarly sized stars, the orbit<00:55:10.079> could<00:55:10.400> look<00:55:10.420> [music]<00:55:10.880> circular<00:55:11.440> in 53:45.049 --> 53:45.059 align:start position:0% orbit could look [music] circular in 53:45.059 --> 53:48.009 align:start position:0% orbit could look [music] circular in nature<00:55:12.319> or<00:55:12.640> in<00:55:12.960> an<00:55:13.200> ellipse.<00:55:14.160> On<00:55:14.319> the<00:55:14.480> other 53:48.009 --> 53:48.019 align:start position:0% nature or in an ellipse. On the other 53:48.019 --> 53:49.928 align:start position:0% nature or in an ellipse. On the other hand,<00:55:14.960> the<00:55:15.200> bigger<00:55:15.520> discrepancy<00:55:16.079> there<00:55:16.319> is 53:49.928 --> 53:49.938 align:start position:0% hand, the bigger discrepancy there is 53:49.938 --> 53:52.488 align:start position:0% hand, the bigger discrepancy there is between<00:55:16.960> the<00:55:17.200> stars<00:55:17.599> masses,<00:55:18.400> the<00:55:18.640> closer<00:55:18.880> the 53:52.488 --> 53:52.498 align:start position:0% between the stars masses, the closer the 53:52.498 --> 53:54.329 align:start position:0% between the stars masses, the closer the baracenter<00:55:19.680> will<00:55:19.839> be<00:55:20.000> to<00:55:20.160> the<00:55:20.319> more<00:55:20.559> massive 53:54.329 --> 53:54.339 align:start position:0% baracenter will be to the more massive 53:54.339 --> 53:57.369 align:start position:0% baracenter will be to the more massive star.<00:55:21.920> Let's<00:55:22.160> say<00:55:22.319> we<00:55:22.559> plunk<00:55:22.880> a<00:55:23.119> red<00:55:23.359> dwarf, 53:57.369 --> 53:57.379 align:start position:0% star. Let's say we plunk a red dwarf, 53:57.379 --> 53:59.849 align:start position:0% star. Let's say we plunk a red dwarf, which<00:55:24.240> is<00:55:24.480> the<00:55:24.800> smallest<00:55:25.280> star<00:55:25.599> type,<00:55:26.079> in<00:55:26.319> a 53:59.849 --> 53:59.859 align:start position:0% which is the smallest star type, in a 53:59.859 --> 54:02.968 align:start position:0% which is the smallest star type, in a close<00:55:26.720> orbit<00:55:27.200> around<00:55:27.520> our<00:55:27.839> sun.<00:55:29.119> Even<00:55:29.440> though 54:02.968 --> 54:02.978 align:start position:0% close orbit around our sun. Even though 54:02.978 --> 54:06.488 align:start position:0% close orbit around our sun. Even though a<00:55:29.839> red<00:55:30.000> dwarf<00:55:30.480> can<00:55:30.640> be<00:55:30.800> as<00:55:31.119> little<00:55:31.359> as<00:55:31.680> 7.5%<00:55:32.880> the 54:06.488 --> 54:06.498 align:start position:0% a red dwarf can be as little as 7.5% the 54:06.498 --> 54:08.889 align:start position:0% a red dwarf can be as little as 7.5% the mass<00:55:33.359> of<00:55:33.440> our<00:55:33.760> sun,<00:55:34.480> it's<00:55:34.800> already<00:55:35.119> going<00:55:35.359> to 54:08.889 --> 54:08.899 align:start position:0% mass of our sun, it's already going to 54:08.899 --> 54:11.849 align:start position:0% mass of our sun, it's already going to have<00:55:35.760> a<00:55:36.160> big<00:55:36.559> impact<00:55:36.960> on<00:55:37.200> us.<00:55:37.920> From<00:55:38.160> our 54:11.849 --> 54:11.859 align:start position:0% have a big impact on us. From our 54:11.859 --> 54:14.089 align:start position:0% have a big impact on us. From our perspective,<00:55:39.200> the<00:55:39.440> star<00:55:39.680> would<00:55:39.920> look<00:55:40.160> like<00:55:40.400> it 54:14.089 --> 54:14.099 align:start position:0% perspective, the star would look like it 54:14.099 --> 54:16.569 align:start position:0% perspective, the star would look like it orbits<00:55:41.200> the<00:55:41.440> sun,<00:55:42.160> meaning<00:55:42.480> there<00:55:42.720> would<00:55:42.960> be 54:16.569 --> 54:16.579 align:start position:0% orbits the sun, meaning there would be 54:16.579 --> 54:18.649 align:start position:0% orbits the sun, meaning there would be times<00:55:43.520> when<00:55:43.760> it<00:55:44.000> transits<00:55:44.559> in<00:55:44.800> front<00:55:44.960> of<00:55:45.040> the 54:18.649 --> 54:18.659 align:start position:0% times when it transits in front of the 54:18.659 --> 54:21.049 align:start position:0% times when it transits in front of the sun<00:55:45.760> and<00:55:46.079> other<00:55:46.319> times<00:55:46.640> where<00:55:46.800> it<00:55:46.960> is<00:55:47.280> eclipsed 54:21.049 --> 54:21.059 align:start position:0% sun and other times where it is eclipsed 54:21.059 --> 54:23.609 align:start position:0% sun and other times where it is eclipsed by<00:55:47.743> [music]<00:55:47.839> the<00:55:48.000> sun.<00:55:48.559> Our<00:55:49.280> year<00:55:49.760> would<00:55:50.000> be 54:23.609 --> 54:23.619 align:start position:0% by [music] the sun. Our year would be 54:23.619 --> 54:26.329 align:start position:0% by [music] the sun. Our year would be shorter<00:55:50.799> if<00:55:51.119> we<00:55:51.280> stay<00:55:51.680> one<00:55:51.920> astronomical<00:55:52.640> unit 54:26.329 --> 54:26.339 align:start position:0% shorter if we stay one astronomical unit 54:26.339 --> 54:28.249 align:start position:0% shorter if we stay one astronomical unit from<00:55:53.119> the<00:55:53.280> stars<00:55:53.599> barrier<00:55:53.920> center.<00:55:54.640> Because 54:28.249 --> 54:28.259 align:start position:0% from the stars barrier center. Because 54:28.259 --> 54:30.249 align:start position:0% from the stars barrier center. Because of<00:55:55.040> the<00:55:55.280> increase<00:55:55.520> in<00:55:55.839> mass<00:55:56.160> and<00:55:56.400> gravity<00:55:56.720> of 54:30.249 --> 54:30.259 align:start position:0% of the increase in mass and gravity of 54:30.259 --> 54:32.569 align:start position:0% of the increase in mass and gravity of the<00:55:57.040> system<00:55:57.280> from<00:55:57.599> the<00:55:57.760> extra<00:55:58.079> star,<00:55:58.799> Earth's 54:32.569 --> 54:32.579 align:start position:0% the system from the extra star, Earth's 54:32.579 --> 54:34.728 align:start position:0% the system from the extra star, Earth's velocity<00:55:59.839> would<00:56:00.079> have<00:56:00.240> to<00:56:00.400> be<00:56:00.559> faster<00:56:01.119> in 54:34.728 --> 54:34.738 align:start position:0% velocity would have to be faster in 54:34.738 --> 54:37.369 align:start position:0% velocity would have to be faster in order<00:56:01.599> to<00:56:01.839> not<00:56:02.079> be<00:56:02.319> pulled<00:56:02.640> into<00:56:02.880> the<00:56:03.119> stars. 54:37.369 --> 54:37.379 align:start position:0% order to not be pulled into the stars. 54:37.379 --> 54:39.448 align:start position:0% order to not be pulled into the stars. Either<00:56:04.319> that<00:56:04.720> or<00:56:05.040> its<00:56:05.200> orbit<00:56:05.520> would<00:56:05.760> have<00:56:05.920> to 54:39.448 --> 54:39.458 align:start position:0% Either that or its orbit would have to 54:39.458 --> 54:41.448 align:start position:0% Either that or its orbit would have to be<00:56:06.240> slightly<00:56:06.559> further<00:56:06.960> out.<00:56:07.359> If<00:56:07.520> we<00:56:07.760> want<00:56:07.920> to 54:41.448 --> 54:41.458 align:start position:0% be slightly further out. If we want to 54:41.458 --> 54:43.769 align:start position:0% be slightly further out. If we want to maintain<00:56:08.480> our<00:56:08.720> current<00:56:08.960> velocity,<00:56:10.079> the 54:43.769 --> 54:43.779 align:start position:0% maintain our current velocity, the 54:43.779 --> 54:45.049 align:start position:0% maintain our current velocity, the increase<00:56:10.559> in<00:56:10.799> temperature<00:56:11.119> from<00:56:11.280> the<00:56:11.440> star 54:45.049 --> 54:45.059 align:start position:0% increase in temperature from the star 54:45.059 --> 54:47.208 align:start position:0% increase in temperature from the star would<00:56:11.839> be<00:56:11.920> noticeable<00:56:12.559> too,<00:56:13.200> definitely 54:47.208 --> 54:47.218 align:start position:0% would be noticeable too, definitely 54:47.218 --> 54:49.609 align:start position:0% would be noticeable too, definitely making<00:56:14.079> it<00:56:14.319> unbearable<00:56:14.880> for<00:56:15.119> humans.<00:56:16.000> But 54:49.609 --> 54:49.619 align:start position:0% making it unbearable for humans. But 54:49.619 --> 54:51.448 align:start position:0% making it unbearable for humans. But exactly<00:56:16.640> how<00:56:16.880> hot<00:56:17.200> would<00:56:17.520> depend<00:56:17.680> on<00:56:17.920> a 54:51.448 --> 54:51.458 align:start position:0% exactly how hot would depend on a 54:51.458 --> 54:53.688 align:start position:0% exactly how hot would depend on a variety<00:56:18.400> of<00:56:18.559> factors<00:56:19.280> like<00:56:19.599> a<00:56:19.839> runaway 54:53.688 --> 54:53.698 align:start position:0% variety of factors like a runaway 54:53.698 --> 54:56.329 align:start position:0% variety of factors like a runaway greenhouse<00:56:20.880> effect,<00:56:21.520> the<00:56:21.760> heat<00:56:21.920> of<00:56:22.079> the<00:56:22.319> star 54:56.329 --> 54:56.339 align:start position:0% greenhouse effect, the heat of the star 54:56.339 --> 54:59.369 align:start position:0% greenhouse effect, the heat of the star and<00:56:23.200> more.<00:56:24.319> But<00:56:24.559> let's<00:56:24.799> say<00:56:25.040> we<00:56:25.280> place<00:56:25.599> Earth's 54:59.369 --> 54:59.379 align:start position:0% and more. But let's say we place Earth's 54:59.379 --> 55:01.448 align:start position:0% and more. But let's say we place Earth's orbit<00:56:26.319> in<00:56:26.559> such<00:56:26.720> a<00:56:26.880> location<00:56:27.200> that<00:56:27.520> we<00:56:27.839> can 55:01.448 --> 55:01.458 align:start position:0% orbit in such a location that we can 55:01.458 --> 55:04.809 align:start position:0% orbit in such a location that we can survive.<00:56:29.440> Seasons<00:56:30.160> would<00:56:30.559> still<00:56:31.119> be 55:04.809 --> 55:04.819 align:start position:0% survive. Seasons would still be 55:04.819 --> 55:07.129 align:start position:0% survive. Seasons would still be massively<00:56:32.000> impacted<00:56:32.720> as<00:56:33.040> the<00:56:33.200> tilt<00:56:33.440> of<00:56:33.599> the 55:07.129 --> 55:07.139 align:start position:0% massively impacted as the tilt of the 55:07.139 --> 55:08.649 align:start position:0% massively impacted as the tilt of the planet<00:56:34.000> would<00:56:34.240> be<00:56:34.400> secondary<00:56:34.880> to<00:56:35.040> the 55:08.649 --> 55:08.659 align:start position:0% planet would be secondary to the 55:08.659 --> 55:10.728 align:start position:0% planet would be secondary to the distance<00:56:35.559> [music]<00:56:35.599> to<00:56:35.760> the<00:56:36.000> second<00:56:36.319> star. 55:10.728 --> 55:10.738 align:start position:0% distance [music] to the second star. 55:10.738 --> 55:12.728 align:start position:0% distance [music] to the second star. When<00:56:37.599> the<00:56:37.760> second<00:56:38.000> star<00:56:38.319> is<00:56:38.480> as<00:56:38.720> far<00:56:38.880> away<00:56:39.119> as 55:12.728 --> 55:12.738 align:start position:0% When the second star is as far away as 55:12.738 --> 55:15.369 align:start position:0% When the second star is as far away as possible<00:56:40.079> and<00:56:40.400> a<00:56:40.640> hemisphere<00:56:41.119> on<00:56:41.359> Earth<00:56:41.680> was 55:15.369 --> 55:15.379 align:start position:0% possible and a hemisphere on Earth was 55:15.379 --> 55:17.928 align:start position:0% possible and a hemisphere on Earth was also<00:56:42.400> experiencing<00:56:43.040> winter,<00:56:43.839> it<00:56:44.079> would<00:56:44.319> get 55:17.928 --> 55:17.938 align:start position:0% also experiencing winter, it would get 55:17.938 --> 55:20.728 align:start position:0% also experiencing winter, it would get extremely<00:56:45.280> cold.<00:56:46.240> On<00:56:46.400> the<00:56:46.559> other<00:56:46.720> hand, 55:20.728 --> 55:20.738 align:start position:0% extremely cold. On the other hand, 55:20.738 --> 55:23.369 align:start position:0% extremely cold. On the other hand, combine<00:56:47.839> a<00:56:48.160> summer<00:56:48.799> with<00:56:49.119> the<00:56:49.359> second<00:56:49.680> star 55:23.369 --> 55:23.379 align:start position:0% combine a summer with the second star 55:23.379 --> 55:25.928 align:start position:0% combine a summer with the second star passing<00:56:50.480> as<00:56:50.720> closely<00:56:51.119> as<00:56:51.359> possible<00:56:52.160> and<00:56:52.400> it 55:25.928 --> 55:25.938 align:start position:0% passing as closely as possible and it 55:25.938 --> 55:29.609 align:start position:0% passing as closely as possible and it will<00:56:52.799> be<00:56:53.119> incredibly<00:56:53.920> hot.<00:56:55.280> Additionally,<00:56:56.000> a 55:29.609 --> 55:29.619 align:start position:0% will be incredibly hot. Additionally, a 55:29.619 --> 55:31.609 align:start position:0% will be incredibly hot. Additionally, a curious<00:56:56.559> phenomenon<00:56:57.040> with<00:56:57.280> red<00:56:57.520> dwarfs<00:56:58.000> is 55:31.609 --> 55:31.619 align:start position:0% curious phenomenon with red dwarfs is 55:31.619 --> 55:34.889 align:start position:0% curious phenomenon with red dwarfs is that<00:56:58.400> they<00:56:58.640> also<00:56:58.960> produce<00:56:59.599> huge<00:57:00.079> flares,<00:57:01.119> much 55:34.889 --> 55:34.899 align:start position:0% that they also produce huge flares, much 55:34.899 --> 55:37.609 align:start position:0% that they also produce huge flares, much larger<00:57:01.920> than<00:57:02.079> the<00:57:02.240> ones<00:57:02.559> our<00:57:02.960> sun<00:57:03.200> produces. 55:37.609 --> 55:37.619 align:start position:0% larger than the ones our sun produces. 55:37.619 --> 55:39.769 align:start position:0% larger than the ones our sun produces. They<00:57:04.559> would<00:57:04.880> easily<00:57:05.440> knock<00:57:05.839> satellites 55:39.769 --> 55:39.779 align:start position:0% They would easily knock satellites 55:39.779 --> 55:42.249 align:start position:0% They would easily knock satellites offline<00:57:06.880> on<00:57:07.040> a<00:57:07.200> regular<00:57:07.520> basis<00:57:08.319> and<00:57:08.559> Earth 55:42.249 --> 55:42.259 align:start position:0% offline on a regular basis and Earth 55:42.259 --> 55:45.769 align:start position:0% offline on a regular basis and Earth would<00:57:09.119> have<00:57:09.520> spectacular<00:57:10.559> aurora.<00:57:11.760> Our<00:57:12.079> power 55:45.769 --> 55:45.779 align:start position:0% would have spectacular aurora. Our power 55:45.779 --> 55:47.609 align:start position:0% would have spectacular aurora. Our power grid<00:57:12.640> as<00:57:12.799> it<00:57:12.960> stands<00:57:13.280> would<00:57:13.520> also<00:57:13.760> be<00:57:13.920> under 55:47.609 --> 55:47.619 align:start position:0% grid as it stands would also be under 55:47.619 --> 55:49.928 align:start position:0% grid as it stands would also be under serious<00:57:14.720> threat<00:57:14.960> from<00:57:15.200> these<00:57:15.520> stellar<00:57:15.920> flares 55:49.928 --> 55:49.938 align:start position:0% serious threat from these stellar flares 55:49.938 --> 55:52.329 align:start position:0% serious threat from these stellar flares as<00:57:16.799> they<00:57:17.119> would<00:57:17.280> act<00:57:17.520> like<00:57:17.760> hemispherewide 55:52.329 --> 55:52.339 align:start position:0% as they would act like hemispherewide 55:52.339 --> 55:55.289 align:start position:0% as they would act like hemispherewide EMP<00:57:19.599> bombs.<00:57:20.720> The<00:57:20.960> interactions<00:57:21.520> with<00:57:21.760> the 55:55.289 --> 55:55.299 align:start position:0% EMP bombs. The interactions with the 55:55.299 --> 55:57.928 align:start position:0% EMP bombs. The interactions with the second<00:57:22.240> star<00:57:22.720> could<00:57:23.040> well<00:57:23.440> make<00:57:23.760> our<00:57:24.079> sun<00:57:24.319> more 55:57.928 --> 55:57.938 align:start position:0% second star could well make our sun more 55:57.938 --> 56:00.889 align:start position:0% second star could well make our sun more active<00:57:24.960> too,<00:57:25.680> meaning<00:57:26.000> it<00:57:26.400> too<00:57:26.880> may<00:57:27.119> produce 56:00.889 --> 56:00.899 align:start position:0% active too, meaning it too may produce 56:00.899 --> 56:03.609 align:start position:0% active too, meaning it too may produce more<00:57:27.760> flares.<00:57:28.799> So<00:57:29.119> even<00:57:29.269> [music]<00:57:29.440> with<00:57:29.839> the 56:03.609 --> 56:03.619 align:start position:0% more flares. So even [music] with the 56:03.619 --> 56:06.488 align:start position:0% more flares. So even [music] with the smallest<00:57:30.880> type<00:57:31.200> of<00:57:31.359> star,<00:57:32.160> our<00:57:32.480> habitability 56:06.488 --> 56:06.498 align:start position:0% smallest type of star, our habitability 56:06.498 --> 56:09.208 align:start position:0% smallest type of star, our habitability on<00:57:33.359> Earth<00:57:33.680> would<00:57:33.920> be<00:57:34.000> under<00:57:34.400> serious<00:57:34.880> threat. 56:09.208 --> 56:09.218 align:start position:0% on Earth would be under serious threat. 56:09.218 --> 56:11.529 align:start position:0% on Earth would be under serious threat. Increase<00:57:36.160> the<00:57:36.400> mass<00:57:36.640> of<00:57:36.799> the<00:57:37.040> second<00:57:37.280> star<00:57:37.839> and 56:11.529 --> 56:11.539 align:start position:0% Increase the mass of the second star and 56:11.539 --> 56:13.688 align:start position:0% Increase the mass of the second star and you'll<00:57:38.400> start<00:57:38.559> to<00:57:38.720> get<00:57:38.960> additional<00:57:39.520> problems 56:13.688 --> 56:13.698 align:start position:0% you'll start to get additional problems 56:13.698 --> 56:16.409 align:start position:0% you'll start to get additional problems like<00:57:40.640> increased<00:57:41.200> UV<00:57:41.599> radiation,<00:57:42.559> making 56:16.409 --> 56:16.419 align:start position:0% like increased UV radiation, making 56:16.419 --> 56:19.448 align:start position:0% like increased UV radiation, making going<00:57:43.359> outside<00:57:44.079> more<00:57:44.400> and<00:57:44.640> more<00:57:44.960> dangerous. 56:19.448 --> 56:19.458 align:start position:0% going outside more and more dangerous. 56:19.458 --> 56:21.688 align:start position:0% going outside more and more dangerous. You'll<00:57:46.400> also<00:57:46.720> have<00:57:47.119> two<00:57:47.440> shadows<00:57:47.920> a<00:57:48.160> lot<00:57:48.240> of 56:21.688 --> 56:21.698 align:start position:0% You'll also have two shadows a lot of 56:21.698 --> 56:24.889 align:start position:0% You'll also have two shadows a lot of the<00:57:48.559> time.<00:57:49.920> Once<00:57:50.240> you<00:57:50.400> turn<00:57:50.640> the<00:57:50.799> second<00:57:51.200> star 56:24.889 --> 56:24.899 align:start position:0% the time. Once you turn the second star 56:24.899 --> 56:27.849 align:start position:0% the time. Once you turn the second star into<00:57:51.839> something<00:57:52.160> like<00:57:52.480> a<00:57:52.799> blue<00:57:53.280> super<00:57:53.599> giant, 56:27.849 --> 56:27.859 align:start position:0% into something like a blue super giant, 56:27.859 --> 56:29.529 align:start position:0% into something like a blue super giant, there<00:57:54.720> really<00:57:55.040> won't<00:57:55.359> be<00:57:55.520> a<00:57:55.680> place<00:57:55.839> in<00:57:56.000> the 56:29.529 --> 56:29.539 align:start position:0% there really won't be a place in the 56:29.539 --> 56:31.529 align:start position:0% there really won't be a place in the solar<00:57:56.400> system<00:57:56.640> where<00:57:56.960> there<00:57:57.119> is<00:57:57.359> even<00:57:57.599> a<00:57:57.839> hope 56:31.529 --> 56:31.539 align:start position:0% solar system where there is even a hope 56:31.539 --> 56:33.289 align:start position:0% solar system where there is even a hope of<00:57:58.400> habitability. 56:33.289 --> 56:33.299 align:start position:0% of habitability. 56:33.299 --> 56:35.849 align:start position:0% of habitability. Blue<00:58:00.240> super<00:58:00.480> giants<00:58:00.960> can<00:58:01.200> be<00:58:01.599> many<00:58:02.000> times<00:58:02.319> the 56:35.849 --> 56:35.859 align:start position:0% Blue super giants can be many times the 56:35.859 --> 56:38.249 align:start position:0% Blue super giants can be many times the mass<00:58:02.640> of<00:58:02.799> our<00:58:03.040> sun.<00:58:03.520> The<00:58:03.680> theoretical<00:58:04.319> limit 56:38.249 --> 56:38.259 align:start position:0% mass of our sun. The theoretical limit 56:38.259 --> 56:41.769 align:start position:0% mass of our sun. The theoretical limit being<00:58:05.920> 150<00:58:06.240> solar<00:58:06.640> masses,<00:58:07.680> although<00:58:08.079> some 56:41.769 --> 56:41.779 align:start position:0% being 150 solar masses, although some 56:41.779 --> 56:44.728 align:start position:0% being 150 solar masses, although some argue<00:58:08.960> this<00:58:09.280> should<00:58:09.520> be<00:58:09.680> higher.<00:58:11.040> Their 56:44.728 --> 56:44.738 align:start position:0% argue this should be higher. Their 56:44.738 --> 56:47.529 align:start position:0% argue this should be higher. Their volume<00:58:11.839> is<00:58:12.240> also<00:58:12.640> big.<00:58:13.200> They<00:58:13.520> make<00:58:13.680> the<00:58:13.839> sun 56:47.529 --> 56:47.539 align:start position:0% volume is also big. They make the sun 56:47.539 --> 56:51.289 align:start position:0% volume is also big. They make the sun look<00:58:14.640> absolutely<00:58:15.680> puny<00:58:16.240> in<00:58:16.480> comparison.<00:58:17.599> They 56:51.289 --> 56:51.299 align:start position:0% look absolutely puny in comparison. They 56:51.299 --> 56:53.129 align:start position:0% look absolutely puny in comparison. They can<00:58:18.000> be<00:58:18.240> millions<00:58:18.640> of<00:58:18.799> times<00:58:19.119> more<00:58:19.359> luminous 56:53.129 --> 56:53.139 align:start position:0% can be millions of times more luminous 56:53.139 --> 56:55.448 align:start position:0% can be millions of times more luminous than<00:58:19.920> our<00:58:20.160> sun<00:58:20.480> too<00:58:20.960> with<00:58:21.359> devastating 56:55.448 --> 56:55.458 align:start position:0% than our sun too with devastating 56:55.458 --> 56:57.849 align:start position:0% than our sun too with devastating stellar<00:58:22.400> winds.<00:58:23.200> Enough<00:58:23.520> to<00:58:23.635> [music]<00:58:23.839> rip<00:58:24.160> our 56:57.849 --> 56:57.859 align:start position:0% stellar winds. Enough to [music] rip our 56:57.859 --> 57:00.249 align:start position:0% stellar winds. Enough to [music] rip our atmosphere<00:58:25.119> off<00:58:25.520> over<00:58:25.839> a<00:58:26.079> relatively<00:58:26.640> short 57:00.249 --> 57:00.259 align:start position:0% atmosphere off over a relatively short 57:00.259 --> 57:03.609 align:start position:0% atmosphere off over a relatively short time<00:58:27.119> frame.<00:58:28.319> Larger<00:58:28.799> again<00:58:29.520> are<00:58:29.839> yellow 57:03.609 --> 57:03.619 align:start position:0% time frame. Larger again are yellow 57:03.619 --> 57:05.609 align:start position:0% time frame. Larger again are yellow super<00:58:30.559> giants<00:58:31.200> and<00:58:31.440> then<00:58:31.495> [music] 57:05.609 --> 57:05.619 align:start position:0% super giants and then [music] 57:05.619 --> 57:08.968 align:start position:0% super giants and then [music] red<00:58:32.640> super<00:58:32.960> giants.<00:58:34.079> While<00:58:34.400> not<00:58:34.640> as<00:58:35.040> massive 57:08.968 --> 57:08.978 align:start position:0% red super giants. While not as massive 57:08.978 --> 57:11.849 align:start position:0% red super giants. While not as massive or<00:58:35.839> as<00:58:36.160> luminous<00:58:36.559> as<00:58:36.799> blue<00:58:37.119> super<00:58:37.359> giants,<00:58:38.160> red 57:11.849 --> 57:11.859 align:start position:0% or as luminous as blue super giants, red 57:11.859 --> 57:14.728 align:start position:0% or as luminous as blue super giants, red super<00:58:38.799> giants<00:58:39.359> are<00:58:39.599> the<00:58:40.079> largest<00:58:40.559> stars<00:58:41.040> in 57:14.728 --> 57:14.738 align:start position:0% super giants are the largest stars in 57:14.738 --> 57:17.769 align:start position:0% super giants are the largest stars in existence.<00:58:42.480> If<00:58:42.720> you<00:58:43.040> plop<00:58:43.359> the<00:58:43.680> largest<00:58:44.079> known 57:17.769 --> 57:17.779 align:start position:0% existence. If you plop the largest known 57:17.779 --> 57:20.089 align:start position:0% existence. If you plop the largest known of<00:58:44.640> these<00:58:44.880> stars<00:58:45.280> directly<00:58:45.839> into<00:58:46.160> the<00:58:46.400> center 57:20.089 --> 57:20.099 align:start position:0% of these stars directly into the center 57:20.099 --> 57:22.728 align:start position:0% of these stars directly into the center of<00:58:47.040> our<00:58:47.280> solar<00:58:47.680> system,<00:58:48.319> not<00:58:48.640> only<00:58:48.880> would<00:58:49.119> they 57:22.728 --> 57:22.738 align:start position:0% of our solar system, not only would they 57:22.738 --> 57:25.769 align:start position:0% of our solar system, not only would they easily<00:58:49.920> encompass<00:58:50.480> Earth,<00:58:51.280> but<00:58:51.760> everything 57:25.769 --> 57:25.779 align:start position:0% easily encompass Earth, but everything 57:25.779 --> 57:30.329 align:start position:0% easily encompass Earth, but everything up<00:58:52.720> until<00:58:53.440> Saturn.<00:58:54.640> That's<00:58:55.200> 10<00:58:55.920> billion<00:58:56.400> times 57:30.329 --> 57:30.339 align:start position:0% up until Saturn. That's 10 billion times 57:30.339 --> 57:34.409 align:start position:0% up until Saturn. That's 10 billion times the<00:58:57.280> volume<00:58:57.680> of<00:58:57.920> our<00:58:58.240> sun.<00:58:59.599> However,<00:59:00.480> there<00:59:00.799> is 57:34.409 --> 57:34.419 align:start position:0% the volume of our sun. However, there is 57:34.419 --> 57:37.129 align:start position:0% the volume of our sun. However, there is a<00:59:01.280> scenario<00:59:02.000> where<00:59:02.240> we<00:59:02.559> could<00:59:02.799> be<00:59:03.040> in<00:59:03.200> a<00:59:03.359> binary 57:37.129 --> 57:37.139 align:start position:0% a scenario where we could be in a binary 57:37.139 --> 57:39.769 align:start position:0% a scenario where we could be in a binary star<00:59:04.079> system<00:59:04.480> with<00:59:04.720> a<00:59:04.880> super<00:59:05.200> giant<00:59:05.839> and<00:59:06.160> still 57:39.769 --> 57:39.779 align:start position:0% star system with a super giant and still 57:39.779 --> 57:42.649 align:start position:0% star system with a super giant and still be<00:59:06.640> on<00:59:06.799> a<00:59:06.960> habitable<00:59:07.440> planet.<00:59:08.640> You<00:59:08.880> see, 57:42.649 --> 57:42.659 align:start position:0% be on a habitable planet. You see, 57:42.659 --> 57:45.849 align:start position:0% be on a habitable planet. You see, binary<00:59:09.760> stars<00:59:10.160> can<00:59:10.400> orbit<00:59:10.880> very<00:59:11.280> far<00:59:11.599> apart, 57:45.849 --> 57:45.859 align:start position:0% binary stars can orbit very far apart, 57:45.859 --> 57:47.928 align:start position:0% binary stars can orbit very far apart, taking<00:59:12.960> thousands<00:59:13.440> of<00:59:13.599> years<00:59:13.920> to<00:59:14.160> complete 57:47.928 --> 57:47.938 align:start position:0% taking thousands of years to complete 57:47.938 --> 57:51.289 align:start position:0% taking thousands of years to complete one<00:59:14.960> orbit.<00:59:16.000> The<00:59:16.319> most<00:59:16.559> extreme<00:59:17.040> cases<00:59:17.680> can 57:51.289 --> 57:51.299 align:start position:0% one orbit. The most extreme cases can 57:51.299 --> 57:53.049 align:start position:0% one orbit. The most extreme cases can see<00:59:18.000> [music]<00:59:18.079> a<00:59:18.319> binary<00:59:18.720> star<00:59:19.040> system<00:59:19.280> with<00:59:19.520> a 57:53.049 --> 57:53.059 align:start position:0% see [music] a binary star system with a 57:53.059 --> 57:55.769 align:start position:0% see [music] a binary star system with a separation<00:59:20.160> of<00:59:20.400> over<00:59:20.720> a<00:59:21.040> light<00:59:21.440> year.<00:59:22.160> And 57:55.769 --> 57:55.779 align:start position:0% separation of over a light year. And 57:55.779 --> 57:57.369 align:start position:0% separation of over a light year. And what<00:59:22.586> [music]<00:59:22.720> can<00:59:22.960> happen<00:59:23.520> is<00:59:23.760> that 57:57.369 --> 57:57.379 align:start position:0% what [music] can happen is that 57:57.379 --> 57:59.688 align:start position:0% what [music] can happen is that planetary<00:59:24.559> systems<00:59:24.880> will<00:59:25.119> form<00:59:25.599> around<00:59:26.079> each 57:59.688 --> 57:59.698 align:start position:0% planetary systems will form around each 57:59.698 --> 58:02.089 align:start position:0% planetary systems will form around each of<00:59:26.480> these<00:59:26.720> stars<00:59:27.119> separately.<00:59:28.160> Meaning<00:59:28.480> that 58:02.089 --> 58:02.099 align:start position:0% of these stars separately. Meaning that 58:02.099 --> 58:04.249 align:start position:0% of these stars separately. Meaning that if<00:59:29.040> Earth<00:59:29.440> was<00:59:29.599> in<00:59:29.839> one<00:59:30.079> of<00:59:30.160> these<00:59:30.400> planetary 58:04.249 --> 58:04.259 align:start position:0% if Earth was in one of these planetary 58:04.259 --> 58:06.649 align:start position:0% if Earth was in one of these planetary systems,<00:59:31.599> it<00:59:31.839> would<00:59:32.079> only<00:59:32.319> have<00:59:32.480> the<00:59:32.799> one 58:06.649 --> 58:06.659 align:start position:0% systems, it would only have the one 58:06.659 --> 58:09.369 align:start position:0% systems, it would only have the one parent<00:59:33.680> star,<00:59:34.559> even<00:59:34.799> if<00:59:34.960> that<00:59:35.200> star<00:59:35.599> was<00:59:35.839> part 58:09.369 --> 58:09.379 align:start position:0% parent star, even if that star was part 58:09.379 --> 58:11.849 align:start position:0% parent star, even if that star was part of<00:59:36.160> a<00:59:36.319> binary.<00:59:37.200> The<00:59:37.359> second<00:59:37.680> star<00:59:38.000> would<00:59:38.319> be 58:11.849 --> 58:11.859 align:start position:0% of a binary. The second star would be 58:11.859 --> 58:14.488 align:start position:0% of a binary. The second star would be easily<00:59:38.960> visible<00:59:39.280> in<00:59:39.520> the<00:59:39.599> night<00:59:39.839> sky,<00:59:40.559> but<00:59:40.880> may 58:14.488 --> 58:14.498 align:start position:0% easily visible in the night sky, but may 58:14.498 --> 58:16.168 align:start position:0% easily visible in the night sky, but may not<00:59:41.359> make<00:59:41.599> much<00:59:41.760> of<00:59:41.920> an<00:59:42.079> impact<00:59:42.400> during<00:59:42.640> the 58:16.168 --> 58:16.178 align:start position:0% not make much of an impact during the 58:16.178 --> 58:19.129 align:start position:0% not make much of an impact during the day<00:59:43.280> depending<00:59:43.680> on<00:59:43.839> its<00:59:44.000> luminosity.<00:59:45.359> Stella 58:19.129 --> 58:19.139 align:start position:0% day depending on its luminosity. Stella 58:19.139 --> 58:20.488 align:start position:0% day depending on its luminosity. Stella winds<00:59:46.079> from<00:59:46.160> the<00:59:46.319> other<00:59:46.480> star<00:59:46.799> would<00:59:46.821> [music] 58:20.488 --> 58:20.498 align:start position:0% winds from the other star would [music] 58:20.498 --> 58:23.289 align:start position:0% winds from the other star would [music] have<00:59:47.359> very<00:59:47.680> little<00:59:48.000> impact<00:59:48.400> on<00:59:48.640> Earth,<00:59:49.280> as<00:59:49.599> our 58:23.289 --> 58:23.299 align:start position:0% have very little impact on Earth, as our 58:23.299 --> 58:25.609 align:start position:0% have very little impact on Earth, as our sun's<00:59:50.319> powerful<00:59:50.799> magnetic<00:59:51.280> field<00:59:51.839> would 58:25.609 --> 58:25.619 align:start position:0% sun's powerful magnetic field would 58:25.619 --> 58:28.889 align:start position:0% sun's powerful magnetic field would redirect<00:59:52.880> most<00:59:53.119> of<00:59:53.280> it<00:59:53.440> away.<00:59:54.880> The<00:59:55.200> big 58:28.889 --> 58:28.899 align:start position:0% redirect most of it away. The big 58:28.899 --> 58:30.329 align:start position:0% redirect most of it away. The big problem<00:59:55.760> with<00:59:55.920> a<00:59:56.079> super<00:59:56.319> giant<00:59:56.640> on<00:59:56.799> your 58:30.329 --> 58:30.339 align:start position:0% problem with a super giant on your 58:30.339 --> 58:33.049 align:start position:0% problem with a super giant on your doorstep<00:59:57.760> is<00:59:58.000> that<00:59:58.240> it<00:59:58.559> is<00:59:58.720> a<00:59:58.960> ticking<00:59:59.440> time 58:33.049 --> 58:33.059 align:start position:0% doorstep is that it is a ticking time 58:33.059 --> 58:35.529 align:start position:0% doorstep is that it is a ticking time bomb.<01:00:00.480> Super<01:00:00.880> giants<01:00:01.200> tend<01:00:01.440> to<01:00:01.599> be<01:00:01.760> on<01:00:02.000> the 58:35.529 --> 58:35.539 align:start position:0% bomb. Super giants tend to be on the 58:35.539 --> 58:38.329 align:start position:0% bomb. Super giants tend to be on the verge<01:00:02.640> of<01:00:03.040> erupting<01:00:03.359> in<01:00:03.599> a<01:00:03.680> supernova.<01:00:04.720> A 58:38.329 --> 58:38.339 align:start position:0% verge of erupting in a supernova. A 58:38.339 --> 58:40.329 align:start position:0% verge of erupting in a supernova. A supernova<01:00:05.599> going<01:00:05.760> off<01:00:06.079> only<01:00:06.319> one<01:00:06.559> lightyear 58:40.329 --> 58:40.339 align:start position:0% supernova going off only one lightyear 58:40.339 --> 58:43.769 align:start position:0% supernova going off only one lightyear away<01:00:07.599> would<01:00:07.920> be<01:00:08.400> catastrophic,<01:00:09.839> probably 58:43.769 --> 58:43.779 align:start position:0% away would be catastrophic, probably 58:43.779 --> 58:46.089 align:start position:0% away would be catastrophic, probably sterilizing<01:00:11.119> the<01:00:11.440> entire<01:00:11.839> planet<01:00:12.319> as 58:46.089 --> 58:46.099 align:start position:0% sterilizing the entire planet as 58:46.099 --> 58:47.928 align:start position:0% sterilizing the entire planet as radiation<01:00:13.200> from<01:00:13.359> the<01:00:13.520> shock<01:00:13.839> wave<01:00:14.160> passes 58:47.928 --> 58:47.938 align:start position:0% radiation from the shock wave passes 58:47.938 --> 58:50.649 align:start position:0% radiation from the shock wave passes over.<01:00:15.440> And<01:00:15.839> that's<01:00:16.240> not<01:00:16.480> to<01:00:16.640> mention<01:00:17.040> the 58:50.649 --> 58:50.659 align:start position:0% over. And that's not to mention the 58:50.659 --> 58:52.285 align:start position:0% over. And that's not to mention the gammaray<01:00:17.839> burst<01:00:18.160> from<01:00:18.319> the<01:00:18.480> resulting 58:52.285 --> 58:52.295 align:start position:0% gammaray burst from the resulting 58:52.295 --> 58:55.129 align:start position:0% gammaray burst from the resulting [music]<01:00:18.960> neutron<01:00:19.520> star.<01:00:20.480> In<01:00:20.720> fact,<01:00:21.119> a<01:00:21.440> recent 58:55.129 --> 58:55.139 align:start position:0% [music] neutron star. In fact, a recent 58:55.139 --> 58:57.849 align:start position:0% [music] neutron star. In fact, a recent study<01:00:22.079> has<01:00:22.319> suggested<01:00:22.960> that<01:00:23.280> being<01:00:23.599> within<01:00:24.160> 50 58:57.849 --> 58:57.859 align:start position:0% study has suggested that being within 50 58:57.859 --> 59:00.009 align:start position:0% study has suggested that being within 50 lightyears<01:00:24.960> of<01:00:25.119> a<01:00:25.200> supernova<01:00:25.839> going<01:00:26.000> off 59:00.009 --> 59:00.019 align:start position:0% lightyears of a supernova going off 59:00.019 --> 59:02.488 align:start position:0% lightyears of a supernova going off would<01:00:26.960> be<01:00:27.119> close<01:00:27.359> enough<01:00:27.839> to<01:00:28.160> be<01:00:28.400> catastrophic 59:02.488 --> 59:02.498 align:start position:0% would be close enough to be catastrophic 59:02.498 --> 59:05.369 align:start position:0% would be close enough to be catastrophic in<01:00:29.440> nature.<01:00:30.319> However,<01:00:30.880> the<01:00:31.119> good<01:00:31.280> news<01:00:31.520> is 59:05.369 --> 59:05.379 align:start position:0% in nature. However, the good news is 59:05.379 --> 59:07.529 align:start position:0% in nature. However, the good news is that<01:00:32.240> we<01:00:32.480> don't<01:00:32.720> know<01:00:32.880> of<01:00:33.040> a<01:00:33.280> star<01:00:33.520> capable<01:00:33.920> of 59:07.529 --> 59:07.539 align:start position:0% that we don't know of a star capable of 59:07.539 --> 59:10.009 align:start position:0% that we don't know of a star capable of erupting<01:00:34.480> in<01:00:34.640> a<01:00:34.799> supernova<01:00:35.520> within<01:00:36.160> 100 59:10.009 --> 59:10.019 align:start position:0% erupting in a supernova within 100 59:10.019 --> 59:12.889 align:start position:0% erupting in a supernova within 100 lighty<01:00:36.880> years.<01:00:38.079> Going<01:00:38.400> back<01:00:38.559> to<01:00:38.720> the<01:00:39.040> single 59:12.889 --> 59:12.899 align:start position:0% lighty years. Going back to the single 59:12.899 --> 59:15.769 align:start position:0% lighty years. Going back to the single parent<01:00:39.920> star<01:00:40.240> binary<01:00:40.720> star<01:00:41.040> configuration<01:00:42.079> on 59:15.769 --> 59:15.779 align:start position:0% parent star binary star configuration on 59:15.779 --> 59:18.168 align:start position:0% parent star binary star configuration on Earth<01:00:42.720> with<01:00:42.960> a<01:00:43.200> single<01:00:43.520> sun,<01:00:44.079> we<01:00:44.319> have<01:00:44.400> a<01:00:44.559> set 59:18.168 --> 59:18.178 align:start position:0% Earth with a single sun, we have a set 59:18.178 --> 59:20.809 align:start position:0% Earth with a single sun, we have a set day<01:00:45.040> and<01:00:45.200> night<01:00:45.440> cycle.<01:00:46.400> However,<01:00:46.960> should<01:00:47.200> we 59:20.809 --> 59:20.819 align:start position:0% day and night cycle. However, should we 59:20.819 --> 59:23.609 align:start position:0% day and night cycle. However, should we have<01:00:47.680> a<01:00:48.000> second<01:00:48.319> sun<01:00:48.799> outside<01:00:49.200> of<01:00:49.359> our<01:00:49.599> orbit, 59:23.609 --> 59:23.619 align:start position:0% have a second sun outside of our orbit, 59:23.619 --> 59:26.249 align:start position:0% have a second sun outside of our orbit, but<01:00:50.640> still<01:00:50.960> pretty<01:00:51.280> close<01:00:51.520> to<01:00:51.680> us,<01:00:52.400> it's<01:00:52.720> going 59:26.249 --> 59:26.259 align:start position:0% but still pretty close to us, it's going 59:26.259 --> 59:28.168 align:start position:0% but still pretty close to us, it's going to<01:00:53.119> mess<01:00:53.440> with<01:00:53.599> our<01:00:53.839> day<01:00:54.000> and<01:00:54.240> night<01:00:54.400> cycle 59:28.168 --> 59:28.178 align:start position:0% to mess with our day and night cycle 59:28.178 --> 59:31.049 align:start position:0% to mess with our day and night cycle pretty<01:00:55.040> badly.<01:00:56.079> There<01:00:56.319> would<01:00:56.640> only<01:00:56.960> be<01:00:57.200> tiny 59:31.049 --> 59:31.059 align:start position:0% pretty badly. There would only be tiny 59:31.059 --> 59:32.968 align:start position:0% pretty badly. There would only be tiny parts<01:00:57.920> of<01:00:58.079> the<01:00:58.240> year<01:00:58.400> where<01:00:58.720> you<01:00:58.880> would<01:00:59.040> get<01:00:59.200> a 59:32.968 --> 59:32.978 align:start position:0% parts of the year where you would get a 59:32.978 --> 59:35.369 align:start position:0% parts of the year where you would get a proper<01:01:00.000> day<01:01:00.240> and<01:01:00.400> night<01:01:00.720> cycle.<01:01:01.520> And<01:01:01.680> as<01:01:01.839> the 59:35.369 --> 59:35.379 align:start position:0% proper day and night cycle. And as the 59:35.379 --> 59:37.688 align:start position:0% proper day and night cycle. And as the year<01:01:02.240> progresses,<01:01:03.040> you'd<01:01:03.359> get<01:01:03.520> less<01:01:03.839> and<01:01:04.160> less 59:37.688 --> 59:37.698 align:start position:0% year progresses, you'd get less and less 59:37.698 --> 59:40.488 align:start position:0% year progresses, you'd get less and less of<01:01:04.480> a<01:01:04.640> night<01:01:05.200> until<01:01:05.599> at<01:01:05.760> one<01:01:06.000> point<01:01:06.400> you'd<01:01:06.799> have 59:40.488 --> 59:40.498 align:start position:0% of a night until at one point you'd have 59:40.498 --> 59:44.089 align:start position:0% of a night until at one point you'd have no<01:01:07.440> night<01:01:07.760> at<01:01:08.000> all.<01:01:09.200> So<01:01:09.760> living<01:01:10.079> on<01:01:10.240> a<01:01:10.400> planet 59:44.089 --> 59:44.099 align:start position:0% no night at all. So living on a planet 59:44.099 --> 59:46.569 align:start position:0% no night at all. So living on a planet with<01:01:10.880> more<01:01:11.040> than<01:01:11.200> one<01:01:11.440> sun<01:01:11.760> is<01:01:12.160> no<01:01:12.559> walk<01:01:12.799> in<01:01:12.960> the 59:46.569 --> 59:46.579 align:start position:0% with more than one sun is no walk in the 59:46.579 --> 59:48.728 align:start position:0% with more than one sun is no walk in the park.<01:01:13.920> No<01:01:14.160> wonder<01:01:14.400> Luke<01:01:14.799> wanted<01:01:15.040> to<01:01:15.119> leave 59:48.728 --> 59:48.738 align:start position:0% park. No wonder Luke wanted to leave 59:48.738 --> 59:51.849 align:start position:0% park. No wonder Luke wanted to leave Tatooine.<01:01:16.559> Still,<01:01:17.119> they<01:01:17.440> are<01:01:17.680> likely<01:01:18.160> more 59:51.849 --> 59:51.859 align:start position:0% Tatooine. Still, they are likely more 59:51.859 --> 59:54.728 align:start position:0% Tatooine. Still, they are likely more hospitable<01:01:19.200> than<01:01:19.599> conditions<01:01:20.079> on<01:01:20.480> our<01:01:20.960> next 59:54.728 --> 59:54.738 align:start position:0% hospitable than conditions on our next 59:54.738 --> 59:57.688 align:start position:0% hospitable than conditions on our next category<01:01:21.839> of<01:01:22.079> strange<01:01:22.559> planets,<01:01:23.839> rogue 59:57.688 --> 59:57.698 align:start position:0% category of strange planets, rogue 59:57.698 --> 01:00:02.009 align:start position:0% category of strange planets, rogue planets.<01:01:24.417> [music] 01:00:02.009 --> 01:00:02.019 align:start position:0% 01:00:02.019 --> 01:00:04.336 align:start position:0% Rogue<01:01:29.040> planets<01:01:29.599> are<01:01:29.839> one<01:01:30.160> of<01:01:30.400> the<01:01:30.720> great 01:00:04.336 --> 01:00:04.346 align:start position:0% Rogue planets are one of the great 01:00:04.346 --> 01:00:06.488 align:start position:0% Rogue planets are one of the great [music]<01:01:31.119> mysteries<01:01:31.599> left<01:01:31.920> in<01:01:32.079> the<01:01:32.240> universe. 01:00:06.488 --> 01:00:06.498 align:start position:0% [music] mysteries left in the universe. 01:00:06.498 --> 01:00:08.649 align:start position:0% [music] mysteries left in the universe. They<01:01:33.359> are<01:01:33.599> planetary-sized<01:01:34.559> objects<01:01:35.040> that 01:00:08.649 --> 01:00:08.659 align:start position:0% They are planetary-sized objects that 01:00:08.659 --> 01:00:11.849 align:start position:0% They are planetary-sized objects that are<01:01:35.520> not<01:01:35.839> gravitationally<01:01:36.799> bound<01:01:37.119> to<01:01:37.280> a<01:01:37.520> star. 01:00:11.849 --> 01:00:11.859 align:start position:0% are not gravitationally bound to a star. 01:00:11.859 --> 01:00:14.009 align:start position:0% are not gravitationally bound to a star. We<01:01:38.720> don't<01:01:38.960> fully<01:01:39.440> understand<01:01:40.079> how<01:01:40.319> they 01:00:14.009 --> 01:00:14.019 align:start position:0% We don't fully understand how they 01:00:14.019 --> 01:00:16.649 align:start position:0% We don't fully understand how they formed.<01:01:41.839> Perhaps<01:01:42.240> they<01:01:42.480> were<01:01:42.640> born<01:01:42.880> in<01:01:43.119> a 01:00:16.649 --> 01:00:16.659 align:start position:0% formed. Perhaps they were born in a 01:00:16.659 --> 01:00:19.049 align:start position:0% formed. Perhaps they were born in a planetary<01:01:43.760> system<01:01:44.240> but<01:01:44.559> got<01:01:44.799> ejected<01:01:45.440> during 01:00:19.049 --> 01:00:19.059 align:start position:0% planetary system but got ejected during 01:00:19.059 --> 01:00:21.769 align:start position:0% planetary system but got ejected during the<01:01:45.920> systems<01:01:46.319> turbulent<01:01:46.960> beginnings. 01:00:21.769 --> 01:00:21.779 align:start position:0% the systems turbulent beginnings. 01:00:21.779 --> 01:00:24.168 align:start position:0% the systems turbulent beginnings. Following<01:01:48.880> that<01:01:49.119> thought,<01:01:49.839> perhaps<01:01:50.240> our<01:01:50.559> own 01:00:24.168 --> 01:00:24.178 align:start position:0% Following that thought, perhaps our own 01:00:24.178 --> 01:00:26.329 align:start position:0% Following that thought, perhaps our own solar<01:01:51.200> system<01:01:51.599> also<01:01:51.920> had<01:01:52.160> additional<01:01:52.640> planets 01:00:26.329 --> 01:00:26.339 align:start position:0% solar system also had additional planets 01:00:26.339 --> 01:00:28.409 align:start position:0% solar system also had additional planets at<01:01:53.119> the<01:01:53.280> beginning<01:01:53.839> before<01:01:54.160> they<01:01:54.400> were<01:01:54.640> cast 01:00:28.409 --> 01:00:28.419 align:start position:0% at the beginning before they were cast 01:00:28.419 --> 01:00:31.849 align:start position:0% at the beginning before they were cast away<01:01:55.359> to<01:01:55.680> forever<01:01:56.160> roam<01:01:56.400> the<01:01:56.640> galaxy<01:01:57.040> alone. 01:00:31.849 --> 01:00:31.859 align:start position:0% away to forever roam the galaxy alone. 01:00:31.859 --> 01:00:34.249 align:start position:0% away to forever roam the galaxy alone. Rogue<01:01:58.799> planets<01:01:59.200> could<01:01:59.440> also<01:01:59.760> be<01:02:00.000> protostars 01:00:34.249 --> 01:00:34.259 align:start position:0% Rogue planets could also be protostars 01:00:34.259 --> 01:00:36.409 align:start position:0% Rogue planets could also be protostars that<01:02:01.200> simply<01:02:01.599> fail<01:02:02.000> to<01:02:02.160> absorb<01:02:02.559> the<01:02:02.720> mass 01:00:36.409 --> 01:00:36.419 align:start position:0% that simply fail to absorb the mass 01:00:36.419 --> 01:00:38.649 align:start position:0% that simply fail to absorb the mass needed<01:02:03.440> to<01:02:03.599> become<01:02:03.920> a<01:02:04.079> star<01:02:04.480> or<01:02:04.720> even<01:02:04.880> a<01:02:05.040> brown 01:00:38.649 --> 01:00:38.659 align:start position:0% needed to become a star or even a brown 01:00:38.659 --> 01:00:40.488 align:start position:0% needed to become a star or even a brown dwarf. 01:00:40.488 --> 01:00:40.498 align:start position:0% dwarf. 01:00:40.498 --> 01:00:42.809 align:start position:0% dwarf. We<01:02:07.359> expect<01:02:07.680> there<01:02:07.920> to<01:02:08.079> be<01:02:08.400> billions<01:02:09.119> to 01:00:42.809 --> 01:00:42.819 align:start position:0% We expect there to be billions to 01:00:42.819 --> 01:00:45.208 align:start position:0% We expect there to be billions to trillions<01:02:10.000> of<01:02:10.160> them<01:02:10.400> out<01:02:10.640> there<01:02:10.880> in<01:02:11.200> just<01:02:11.440> our 01:00:45.208 --> 01:00:45.218 align:start position:0% trillions of them out there in just our 01:00:45.218 --> 01:00:48.249 align:start position:0% trillions of them out there in just our galaxy<01:02:12.319> alone.<01:02:13.599> Although<01:02:14.160> because<01:02:14.480> they<01:02:14.720> are 01:00:48.249 --> 01:00:48.259 align:start position:0% galaxy alone. Although because they are 01:00:48.259 --> 01:00:50.649 align:start position:0% galaxy alone. Although because they are hard<01:02:15.119> to<01:02:15.280> detect,<01:02:16.160> this<01:02:16.480> really<01:02:16.799> is<01:02:17.040> an 01:00:50.649 --> 01:00:50.659 align:start position:0% hard to detect, this really is an 01:00:50.659 --> 01:00:53.928 align:start position:0% hard to detect, this really is an educated<01:02:17.839> guess<01:02:18.160> at<01:02:18.400> best.<01:02:19.760> However,<01:02:20.240> since 01:00:53.928 --> 01:00:53.938 align:start position:0% educated guess at best. However, since 01:00:53.938 --> 01:00:56.009 align:start position:0% educated guess at best. However, since the<01:02:20.720> turn<01:02:20.880> of<01:02:21.040> the<01:02:21.200> century,<01:02:21.839> we<01:02:22.160> have<01:02:22.319> started 01:00:56.009 --> 01:00:56.019 align:start position:0% the turn of the century, we have started 01:00:56.019 --> 01:00:57.928 align:start position:0% the turn of the century, we have started to<01:02:22.880> detect<01:02:23.200> a<01:02:23.440> few<01:02:23.599> of<01:02:23.760> these<01:02:24.000> mysterious 01:00:57.928 --> 01:00:57.938 align:start position:0% to detect a few of these mysterious 01:00:57.938 --> 01:00:59.849 align:start position:0% to detect a few of these mysterious objects. 01:00:59.849 --> 01:00:59.859 align:start position:0% objects. 01:00:59.859 --> 01:01:02.009 align:start position:0% objects. How<01:02:26.720> can<01:02:26.880> that<01:02:27.040> be<01:02:27.359> when<01:02:27.599> there<01:02:27.760> are<01:02:27.920> no<01:02:28.160> stars 01:01:02.009 --> 01:01:02.019 align:start position:0% How can that be when there are no stars 01:01:02.019 --> 01:01:04.089 align:start position:0% How can that be when there are no stars lighting<01:02:29.040> them<01:02:29.200> up?<01:02:29.760> And<01:02:29.920> since<01:02:30.240> they<01:02:30.480> don't 01:01:04.089 --> 01:01:04.099 align:start position:0% lighting them up? And since they don't 01:01:04.099 --> 01:01:06.649 align:start position:0% lighting them up? And since they don't emit<01:02:31.119> their<01:02:31.359> own<01:02:31.520> light<01:02:32.400> if<01:02:32.640> they<01:02:32.799> are<01:02:32.960> pitch 01:01:06.649 --> 01:01:06.659 align:start position:0% emit their own light if they are pitch 01:01:06.659 --> 01:01:08.809 align:start position:0% emit their own light if they are pitch black,<01:02:34.079> how<01:02:34.319> do<01:02:34.400> we<01:02:34.640> have<01:02:34.799> any<01:02:35.040> hope<01:02:35.280> of 01:01:08.809 --> 01:01:08.819 align:start position:0% black, how do we have any hope of 01:01:08.819 --> 01:01:11.049 align:start position:0% black, how do we have any hope of detecting<01:02:35.839> them<01:02:36.079> at<01:02:36.319> all? 01:01:11.049 --> 01:01:11.059 align:start position:0% detecting them at all? 01:01:11.059 --> 01:01:13.769 align:start position:0% detecting them at all? Well,<01:02:38.319> this<01:02:38.480> is<01:02:38.640> where<01:02:38.880> a<01:02:39.200> very<01:02:39.760> interesting 01:01:13.769 --> 01:01:13.779 align:start position:0% Well, this is where a very interesting 01:01:13.779 --> 01:01:15.928 align:start position:0% Well, this is where a very interesting detection<01:02:40.960> technique<01:02:41.359> comes<01:02:41.599> in<01:02:42.160> called 01:01:15.928 --> 01:01:15.938 align:start position:0% detection technique comes in called 01:01:15.938 --> 01:01:19.129 align:start position:0% detection technique comes in called gravitational<01:02:43.440> microl<01:02:43.920> lensing. 01:01:19.129 --> 01:01:19.139 align:start position:0% gravitational microl lensing. 01:01:19.139 --> 01:01:21.049 align:start position:0% gravitational microl lensing. On<01:02:46.000> this<01:02:46.240> channel,<01:02:46.640> we<01:02:46.960> have<01:02:47.200> explored 01:01:21.049 --> 01:01:21.059 align:start position:0% On this channel, we have explored 01:01:21.059 --> 01:01:23.129 align:start position:0% On this channel, we have explored various<01:02:48.079> exoplanet<01:02:48.880> hunting<01:02:49.200> techniques<01:02:49.520> in 01:01:23.129 --> 01:01:23.139 align:start position:0% various exoplanet hunting techniques in 01:01:23.139 --> 01:01:25.529 align:start position:0% various exoplanet hunting techniques in the<01:02:49.839> past,<01:02:50.400> mainly<01:02:50.799> the<01:02:51.200> radial<01:02:51.680> velocity 01:01:25.529 --> 01:01:25.539 align:start position:0% the past, mainly the radial velocity 01:01:25.539 --> 01:01:28.329 align:start position:0% the past, mainly the radial velocity method<01:02:52.799> and<01:02:53.119> the<01:02:53.359> earlier<01:02:53.839> mentioned<01:02:54.480> transit 01:01:28.329 --> 01:01:28.339 align:start position:0% method and the earlier mentioned transit 01:01:28.339 --> 01:01:30.968 align:start position:0% method and the earlier mentioned transit method.<01:02:55.839> The<01:02:56.079> radial<01:02:56.480> velocity<01:02:57.040> method 01:01:30.968 --> 01:01:30.978 align:start position:0% method. The radial velocity method 01:01:30.978 --> 01:01:33.289 align:start position:0% method. The radial velocity method measures<01:02:58.000> the<01:02:58.160> wobble<01:02:58.559> of<01:02:58.640> a<01:02:58.880> star<01:02:59.280> caused<01:02:59.680> by 01:01:33.289 --> 01:01:33.299 align:start position:0% measures the wobble of a star caused by 01:01:33.299 --> 01:01:36.409 align:start position:0% measures the wobble of a star caused by the<01:03:00.160> gravity<01:03:00.640> of<01:03:00.960> orbiting<01:03:01.520> exoplanets. 01:01:36.409 --> 01:01:36.419 align:start position:0% the gravity of orbiting exoplanets. 01:01:36.419 --> 01:01:38.569 align:start position:0% the gravity of orbiting exoplanets. As<01:03:03.280> we<01:03:03.440> talked<01:03:03.680> about<01:03:03.920> earlier,<01:03:04.559> the<01:03:04.799> transit 01:01:38.569 --> 01:01:38.579 align:start position:0% As we talked about earlier, the transit 01:01:38.579 --> 01:01:40.809 align:start position:0% As we talked about earlier, the transit method<01:03:05.760> measures<01:03:06.160> the<01:03:06.319> brightness<01:03:06.720> of<01:03:06.880> a<01:03:07.040> star 01:01:40.809 --> 01:01:40.819 align:start position:0% method measures the brightness of a star 01:01:40.819 --> 01:01:42.968 align:start position:0% method measures the brightness of a star over<01:03:07.760> a<01:03:07.920> long<01:03:08.160> period<01:03:08.400> of<01:03:08.559> time<01:03:08.880> and<01:03:09.200> looks<01:03:09.520> for 01:01:42.968 --> 01:01:42.978 align:start position:0% over a long period of time and looks for 01:01:42.978 --> 01:01:44.889 align:start position:0% over a long period of time and looks for the<01:03:09.839> dips<01:03:10.079> in<01:03:10.240> the<01:03:10.319> stars<01:03:10.720> brightness<01:03:11.119> when<01:03:11.359> an 01:01:44.889 --> 01:01:44.899 align:start position:0% the dips in the stars brightness when an 01:01:44.899 --> 01:01:47.369 align:start position:0% the dips in the stars brightness when an exoplanet<01:03:12.240> passes<01:03:12.559> in<01:03:12.799> front<01:03:12.880> of<01:03:13.040> it. 01:01:47.369 --> 01:01:47.379 align:start position:0% exoplanet passes in front of it. 01:01:47.379 --> 01:01:49.369 align:start position:0% exoplanet passes in front of it. However,<01:03:14.400> these<01:03:14.720> methods<01:03:15.119> are<01:03:15.359> only<01:03:15.680> useful 01:01:49.369 --> 01:01:49.379 align:start position:0% However, these methods are only useful 01:01:49.379 --> 01:01:52.249 align:start position:0% However, these methods are only useful for<01:03:16.319> detecting<01:03:16.799> exoplanets<01:03:17.599> around<01:03:17.920> stars. 01:01:52.249 --> 01:01:52.259 align:start position:0% for detecting exoplanets around stars. 01:01:52.259 --> 01:01:54.728 align:start position:0% for detecting exoplanets around stars. And<01:03:19.119> generally,<01:03:19.920> these<01:03:20.240> exoplanets<01:03:20.960> tend<01:03:21.200> to 01:01:54.728 --> 01:01:54.738 align:start position:0% And generally, these exoplanets tend to 01:01:54.738 --> 01:01:57.769 align:start position:0% And generally, these exoplanets tend to be<01:03:21.520> large<01:03:21.839> and<01:03:22.079> have<01:03:22.319> very<01:03:22.559> close<01:03:22.880> orbits.<01:03:24.160> The 01:01:57.769 --> 01:01:57.779 align:start position:0% be large and have very close orbits. The 01:01:57.779 --> 01:02:00.089 align:start position:0% be large and have very close orbits. The gravitational<01:03:25.039> microl<01:03:25.520> lensing<01:03:25.920> method<01:03:26.400> is 01:02:00.089 --> 01:02:00.099 align:start position:0% gravitational microl lensing method is 01:02:00.099 --> 01:02:02.649 align:start position:0% gravitational microl lensing method is an<01:03:26.960> exciting<01:03:27.440> method<01:03:28.079> because<01:03:28.480> not<01:03:28.880> only<01:03:29.039> can 01:02:02.649 --> 01:02:02.659 align:start position:0% an exciting method because not only can 01:02:02.659 --> 01:02:04.809 align:start position:0% an exciting method because not only can it<01:03:29.440> find<01:03:29.760> exoplanets<01:03:30.559> much<01:03:30.880> further<01:03:31.200> away 01:02:04.809 --> 01:02:04.819 align:start position:0% it find exoplanets much further away 01:02:04.819 --> 01:02:07.129 align:start position:0% it find exoplanets much further away from<01:03:31.680> their<01:03:31.839> host<01:03:32.160> stars,<01:03:32.880> but<01:03:33.039> these<01:03:33.359> planets 01:02:07.129 --> 01:02:07.139 align:start position:0% from their host stars, but these planets 01:02:07.139 --> 01:02:09.849 align:start position:0% from their host stars, but these planets can<01:03:34.000> also<01:03:34.240> be<01:03:34.400> as<01:03:34.559> small<01:03:34.799> as<01:03:35.039> Mars<01:03:35.680> or<01:03:36.000> possibly 01:02:09.849 --> 01:02:09.859 align:start position:0% can also be as small as Mars or possibly 01:02:09.859 --> 01:02:12.089 align:start position:0% can also be as small as Mars or possibly even<01:03:36.880> smaller<01:03:37.280> than<01:03:37.440> that<01:03:37.920> and<01:03:38.240> still<01:03:38.480> be 01:02:12.089 --> 01:02:12.099 align:start position:0% even smaller than that and still be 01:02:12.099 --> 01:02:13.688 align:start position:0% even smaller than that and still be detected. 01:02:13.688 --> 01:02:13.698 align:start position:0% detected. 01:02:13.698 --> 01:02:16.809 align:start position:0% detected. Additionally,<01:03:41.359> rogue<01:03:41.760> planets<01:03:42.400> with<01:03:42.720> no<01:03:43.119> star 01:02:16.809 --> 01:02:16.819 align:start position:0% Additionally, rogue planets with no star 01:02:16.819 --> 01:02:20.249 align:start position:0% Additionally, rogue planets with no star at<01:03:43.599> all<01:03:44.079> can<01:03:44.480> be<01:03:44.640> detected<01:03:45.200> with<01:03:45.520> this<01:03:45.760> method. 01:02:20.249 --> 01:02:20.259 align:start position:0% at all can be detected with this method. 01:02:20.259 --> 01:02:22.569 align:start position:0% at all can be detected with this method. Sounds<01:03:47.280> almost<01:03:47.599> too<01:03:47.839> good<01:03:48.079> to<01:03:48.240> be<01:03:48.400> true,<01:03:48.960> but 01:02:22.569 --> 01:02:22.579 align:start position:0% Sounds almost too good to be true, but 01:02:22.579 --> 01:02:25.369 align:start position:0% Sounds almost too good to be true, but there<01:03:49.440> is<01:03:49.680> one<01:03:49.920> catch.<01:03:51.200> So,<01:03:51.440> how<01:03:51.680> does<01:03:51.839> it 01:02:25.369 --> 01:02:25.379 align:start position:0% there is one catch. So, how does it 01:02:25.379 --> 01:02:26.809 align:start position:0% there is one catch. So, how does it work? 01:02:26.809 --> 01:02:26.819 align:start position:0% work? 01:02:26.819 --> 01:02:28.649 align:start position:0% work? Gravitational<01:03:54.079> lensing<01:03:54.480> is<01:03:54.640> a<01:03:54.799> well-known 01:02:28.649 --> 01:02:28.659 align:start position:0% Gravitational lensing is a well-known 01:02:28.659 --> 01:02:30.649 align:start position:0% Gravitational lensing is a well-known phenomenon<01:03:55.760> in<01:03:55.920> astronomy<01:03:56.640> and<01:03:56.880> has<01:03:57.119> been 01:02:30.649 --> 01:02:30.659 align:start position:0% phenomenon in astronomy and has been 01:02:30.659 --> 01:02:32.488 align:start position:0% phenomenon in astronomy and has been used<01:03:57.520> for<01:03:57.760> years<01:03:58.000> to<01:03:58.319> detect<01:03:58.640> some<01:03:58.880> of<01:03:58.960> the 01:02:32.488 --> 01:02:32.498 align:start position:0% used for years to detect some of the 01:02:32.498 --> 01:02:34.968 align:start position:0% used for years to detect some of the most<01:03:59.280> distant<01:03:59.760> galaxies<01:04:00.160> that<01:04:00.400> we<01:04:00.559> know<01:04:00.640> of. 01:02:34.968 --> 01:02:34.978 align:start position:0% most distant galaxies that we know of. 01:02:34.978 --> 01:02:37.129 align:start position:0% most distant galaxies that we know of. Einstein<01:04:02.240> predicted<01:04:02.640> this<01:04:02.880> phenomenon<01:04:03.520> back 01:02:37.129 --> 01:02:37.139 align:start position:0% Einstein predicted this phenomenon back 01:02:37.139 --> 01:02:40.009 align:start position:0% Einstein predicted this phenomenon back in<01:04:04.160> 1936.<01:04:05.440> And<01:04:05.680> with<01:04:05.839> the<01:04:06.079> development<01:04:06.480> of 01:02:40.009 --> 01:02:40.019 align:start position:0% in 1936. And with the development of 01:02:40.019 --> 01:02:41.928 align:start position:0% in 1936. And with the development of telescope<01:04:07.200> technology,<01:04:08.000> it<01:04:08.240> has<01:04:08.400> been 01:02:41.928 --> 01:02:41.938 align:start position:0% telescope technology, it has been 01:02:41.938 --> 01:02:44.968 align:start position:0% telescope technology, it has been confirmed<01:04:09.039> by<01:04:09.359> observation. 01:02:44.968 --> 01:02:44.978 align:start position:0% confirmed by observation. 01:02:44.978 --> 01:02:47.129 align:start position:0% confirmed by observation. Basically,<01:04:12.480> the<01:04:12.640> further<01:04:12.960> away<01:04:13.280> a<01:04:13.520> light 01:02:47.129 --> 01:02:47.139 align:start position:0% Basically, the further away a light 01:02:47.139 --> 01:02:49.769 align:start position:0% Basically, the further away a light source<01:04:14.079> is<01:04:14.319> from<01:04:14.559> us,<01:04:15.119> the<01:04:15.359> dimmer<01:04:15.760> it<01:04:15.920> becomes 01:02:49.769 --> 01:02:49.779 align:start position:0% source is from us, the dimmer it becomes 01:02:49.779 --> 01:02:52.649 align:start position:0% source is from us, the dimmer it becomes thanks<01:04:16.720> to<01:04:16.880> the<01:04:17.039> inverse<01:04:17.520> square<01:04:17.920> law.<01:04:19.039> The 01:02:52.649 --> 01:02:52.659 align:start position:0% thanks to the inverse square law. The 01:02:52.659 --> 01:02:54.809 align:start position:0% thanks to the inverse square law. The reason<01:04:19.599> objects<01:04:20.079> get<01:04:20.240> dimmer<01:04:20.640> with<01:04:20.880> distance 01:02:54.809 --> 01:02:54.819 align:start position:0% reason objects get dimmer with distance 01:02:54.819 --> 01:02:56.968 align:start position:0% reason objects get dimmer with distance is<01:04:21.680> that<01:04:22.000> photons<01:04:22.559> spread<01:04:22.880> out<01:04:23.119> as<01:04:23.359> they 01:02:56.968 --> 01:02:56.978 align:start position:0% is that photons spread out as they 01:02:56.978 --> 01:02:59.049 align:start position:0% is that photons spread out as they travel.<01:04:24.400> Meaning,<01:04:24.640> the<01:04:24.880> further<01:04:25.200> away<01:04:25.440> you 01:02:59.049 --> 01:02:59.059 align:start position:0% travel. Meaning, the further away you 01:02:59.059 --> 01:03:01.208 align:start position:0% travel. Meaning, the further away you are<01:04:25.839> from<01:04:26.000> the<01:04:26.240> object,<01:04:26.799> the<01:04:27.039> fewer<01:04:27.359> photons 01:03:01.208 --> 01:03:01.218 align:start position:0% are from the object, the fewer photons 01:03:01.218 --> 01:03:03.849 align:start position:0% are from the object, the fewer photons that<01:04:28.079> reach<01:04:28.319> your<01:04:28.480> eyes.<01:04:29.760> However,<01:04:30.240> when 01:03:03.849 --> 01:03:03.859 align:start position:0% that reach your eyes. However, when 01:03:03.859 --> 01:03:05.688 align:start position:0% that reach your eyes. However, when there<01:04:30.640> is<01:04:30.720> a<01:04:30.960> body<01:04:31.200> with<01:04:31.359> a<01:04:31.599> large<01:04:31.839> amount<01:04:32.160> of 01:03:05.688 --> 01:03:05.698 align:start position:0% there is a body with a large amount of 01:03:05.698 --> 01:03:08.728 align:start position:0% there is a body with a large amount of mass,<01:04:32.799> like<01:04:33.039> a<01:04:33.280> galaxy<01:04:33.760> or<01:04:34.000> galaxy<01:04:34.480> cluster, 01:03:08.728 --> 01:03:08.738 align:start position:0% mass, like a galaxy or galaxy cluster, 01:03:08.738 --> 01:03:10.728 align:start position:0% mass, like a galaxy or galaxy cluster, the<01:04:35.599> mass<01:04:35.839> of<01:04:36.000> the<01:04:36.160> object<01:04:36.720> warps<01:04:37.119> the 01:03:10.728 --> 01:03:10.738 align:start position:0% the mass of the object warps the 01:03:10.738 --> 01:03:12.968 align:start position:0% the mass of the object warps the curvature<01:04:37.760> of<01:04:38.000> spaceime<01:04:38.880> depending<01:04:39.200> on<01:04:39.440> how 01:03:12.968 --> 01:03:12.978 align:start position:0% curvature of spaceime depending on how 01:03:12.978 --> 01:03:15.609 align:start position:0% curvature of spaceime depending on how massive<01:04:40.000> it<01:04:40.160> is.<01:04:41.280> Light<01:04:41.680> follows<01:04:42.079> the 01:03:15.609 --> 01:03:15.619 align:start position:0% massive it is. Light follows the 01:03:15.619 --> 01:03:18.089 align:start position:0% massive it is. Light follows the curvature<01:04:42.720> of<01:04:42.880> spaceime.<01:04:43.839> Meaning<01:04:44.160> that<01:04:44.400> if 01:03:18.089 --> 01:03:18.099 align:start position:0% curvature of spaceime. Meaning that if 01:03:18.099 --> 01:03:20.249 align:start position:0% curvature of spaceime. Meaning that if light<01:04:45.039> emitted<01:04:45.520> by<01:04:45.680> a<01:04:45.839> distant<01:04:46.240> object 01:03:20.249 --> 01:03:20.259 align:start position:0% light emitted by a distant object 01:03:20.259 --> 01:03:23.129 align:start position:0% light emitted by a distant object travels<01:04:47.359> past<01:04:47.680> a<01:04:48.000> massive<01:04:48.400> object,<01:04:49.280> the<01:04:49.520> light 01:03:23.129 --> 01:03:23.139 align:start position:0% travels past a massive object, the light 01:03:23.139 --> 01:03:24.809 align:start position:0% travels past a massive object, the light photons<01:04:50.240> that<01:04:50.400> would<01:04:50.559> have<01:04:50.799> otherwise<01:04:51.200> gone 01:03:24.809 --> 01:03:24.819 align:start position:0% photons that would have otherwise gone 01:03:24.819 --> 01:03:27.849 align:start position:0% photons that would have otherwise gone off<01:04:51.599> in<01:04:51.839> these<01:04:52.240> directions<01:04:53.200> bend<01:04:53.599> back<01:04:53.920> around 01:03:27.849 --> 01:03:27.859 align:start position:0% off in these directions bend back around 01:03:27.859 --> 01:03:30.168 align:start position:0% off in these directions bend back around thanks<01:04:54.720> to<01:04:54.880> the<01:04:55.039> object's<01:04:55.520> gravity,<01:04:56.480> making 01:03:30.168 --> 01:03:30.178 align:start position:0% thanks to the object's gravity, making 01:03:30.178 --> 01:03:32.408 align:start position:0% thanks to the object's gravity, making the<01:04:57.119> background<01:04:57.520> object<01:04:58.000> appear<01:04:58.480> brighter<01:04:58.880> to 01:03:32.408 --> 01:03:32.418 align:start position:0% the background object appear brighter to 01:03:32.418 --> 01:03:34.809 align:start position:0% the background object appear brighter to an<01:04:59.280> observer<01:04:59.760> here<01:05:00.319> than<01:05:00.559> it<01:05:00.799> otherwise<01:05:01.200> would 01:03:34.809 --> 01:03:34.819 align:start position:0% an observer here than it otherwise would 01:03:34.819 --> 01:03:37.208 align:start position:0% an observer here than it otherwise would have<01:05:01.599> done<01:05:02.160> as<01:05:02.559> more<01:05:02.880> light<01:05:03.119> photons<01:05:03.599> are 01:03:37.208 --> 01:03:37.218 align:start position:0% have done as more light photons are 01:03:37.218 --> 01:03:39.688 align:start position:0% have done as more light photons are reaching<01:05:04.160> them.<01:05:04.400> Now,<01:05:05.599> gravitational 01:03:39.688 --> 01:03:39.698 align:start position:0% reaching them. Now, gravitational 01:03:39.698 --> 01:03:41.928 align:start position:0% reaching them. Now, gravitational lensing<01:05:06.799> is<01:05:07.039> very<01:05:07.440> obvious<01:05:07.839> when<01:05:08.079> we<01:05:08.240> look<01:05:08.400> at 01:03:41.928 --> 01:03:41.938 align:start position:0% lensing is very obvious when we look at 01:03:41.938 --> 01:03:44.408 align:start position:0% lensing is very obvious when we look at the<01:05:08.799> biggest<01:05:09.200> types<01:05:09.440> of<01:05:09.680> objects,<01:05:10.480> galaxy 01:03:44.408 --> 01:03:44.418 align:start position:0% the biggest types of objects, galaxy 01:03:44.418 --> 01:03:46.968 align:start position:0% the biggest types of objects, galaxy clusters,<01:05:12.079> because<01:05:12.319> these<01:05:12.640> objects<01:05:13.200> warp 01:03:46.968 --> 01:03:46.978 align:start position:0% clusters, because these objects warp 01:03:46.978 --> 01:03:50.089 align:start position:0% clusters, because these objects warp spaceime<01:05:14.079> the<01:05:14.400> most.<01:05:15.599> This<01:05:15.839> means<01:05:16.079> that<01:05:16.319> if<01:05:16.559> we 01:03:50.089 --> 01:03:50.099 align:start position:0% spaceime the most. This means that if we 01:03:50.099 --> 01:03:52.089 align:start position:0% spaceime the most. This means that if we are<01:05:16.880> aligned<01:05:17.359> just<01:05:17.680> right<01:05:17.920> with<01:05:18.160> a<01:05:18.400> galaxy 01:03:52.089 --> 01:03:52.099 align:start position:0% are aligned just right with a galaxy 01:03:52.099 --> 01:03:54.728 align:start position:0% are aligned just right with a galaxy cluster<01:05:19.359> and<01:05:19.599> a<01:05:19.760> distant<01:05:20.160> galaxy,<01:05:21.119> the 01:03:54.728 --> 01:03:54.738 align:start position:0% cluster and a distant galaxy, the 01:03:54.738 --> 01:03:56.488 align:start position:0% cluster and a distant galaxy, the distant<01:05:21.680> galaxy<01:05:22.160> would<01:05:22.400> appear<01:05:22.799> much 01:03:56.488 --> 01:03:56.498 align:start position:0% distant galaxy would appear much 01:03:56.498 --> 01:03:59.049 align:start position:0% distant galaxy would appear much brighter.<01:05:24.480> The<01:05:24.720> light<01:05:24.960> from<01:05:25.119> the<01:05:25.280> distant 01:03:59.049 --> 01:03:59.059 align:start position:0% brighter. The light from the distant 01:03:59.059 --> 01:04:01.849 align:start position:0% brighter. The light from the distant galaxy<01:05:26.240> bending<01:05:26.799> around<01:05:27.039> the<01:05:27.359> nearer<01:05:27.760> galaxy 01:04:01.849 --> 01:04:01.859 align:start position:0% galaxy bending around the nearer galaxy 01:04:01.859 --> 01:04:04.009 align:start position:0% galaxy bending around the nearer galaxy would<01:05:28.880> also<01:05:29.359> actually<01:05:29.760> make<01:05:30.000> the<01:05:30.160> galaxy 01:04:04.009 --> 01:04:04.019 align:start position:0% would also actually make the galaxy 01:04:04.019 --> 01:04:06.329 align:start position:0% would also actually make the galaxy appear<01:05:31.039> stretched,<01:05:32.000> sometimes<01:05:32.480> into<01:05:32.799> the 01:04:06.329 --> 01:04:06.339 align:start position:0% appear stretched, sometimes into the 01:04:06.339 --> 01:04:08.889 align:start position:0% appear stretched, sometimes into the form<01:05:33.200> of<01:05:33.359> a<01:05:33.520> ring.<01:05:34.640> You<01:05:34.799> may<01:05:34.960> have<01:05:35.119> seen<01:05:35.280> these 01:04:08.889 --> 01:04:08.899 align:start position:0% form of a ring. You may have seen these 01:04:08.899 --> 01:04:10.968 align:start position:0% form of a ring. You may have seen these Hubble<01:05:35.920> images<01:05:36.240> before<01:05:36.880> where<01:05:37.200> distant 01:04:10.968 --> 01:04:10.978 align:start position:0% Hubble images before where distant 01:04:10.978 --> 01:04:13.529 align:start position:0% Hubble images before where distant galaxies<01:05:38.160> appear<01:05:38.559> totally<01:05:39.119> distorted<01:05:39.920> thanks 01:04:13.529 --> 01:04:13.539 align:start position:0% galaxies appear totally distorted thanks 01:04:13.539 --> 01:04:16.488 align:start position:0% galaxies appear totally distorted thanks to<01:05:40.319> this<01:05:40.559> gravitational<01:05:41.200> lensing<01:05:41.680> effect. 01:04:16.488 --> 01:04:16.498 align:start position:0% to this gravitational lensing effect. 01:04:16.498 --> 01:04:18.968 align:start position:0% to this gravitational lensing effect. And<01:05:43.359> here<01:05:43.599> is<01:05:43.760> a<01:05:44.000> CGI<01:05:44.640> example<01:05:45.039> of<01:05:45.200> what<01:05:45.440> you 01:04:18.968 --> 01:04:18.978 align:start position:0% And here is a CGI example of what you 01:04:18.978 --> 01:04:21.049 align:start position:0% And here is a CGI example of what you are<01:05:45.760> seeing<01:05:46.319> which<01:05:46.640> may<01:05:46.799> help<01:05:46.960> you<01:05:47.200> understand 01:04:21.049 --> 01:04:21.059 align:start position:0% are seeing which may help you understand 01:04:21.059 --> 01:04:26.968 align:start position:0% are seeing which may help you understand why<01:05:48.000> this<01:05:48.319> happens. 01:04:26.968 --> 01:04:26.978 align:start position:0% 01:04:26.978 --> 01:04:29.688 align:start position:0% Now,<01:05:54.000> as<01:05:54.240> I<01:05:54.480> mentioned,<01:05:55.280> more<01:05:55.520> recently,<01:05:56.079> the 01:04:29.688 --> 01:04:29.698 align:start position:0% Now, as I mentioned, more recently, the 01:04:29.698 --> 01:04:31.688 align:start position:0% Now, as I mentioned, more recently, the use<01:05:56.400> of<01:05:56.559> gravitational<01:05:57.200> lensing<01:05:57.760> has<01:05:58.079> also 01:04:31.688 --> 01:04:31.698 align:start position:0% use of gravitational lensing has also 01:04:31.698 --> 01:04:33.688 align:start position:0% use of gravitational lensing has also been<01:05:58.559> used<01:05:58.720> to<01:05:58.880> help<01:05:59.119> astronomers<01:05:59.839> detect 01:04:33.688 --> 01:04:33.698 align:start position:0% been used to help astronomers detect 01:04:33.698 --> 01:04:35.289 align:start position:0% been used to help astronomers detect exoplanets. 01:04:35.289 --> 01:04:35.299 align:start position:0% exoplanets. 01:04:35.299 --> 01:04:37.849 align:start position:0% exoplanets. Stars<01:06:02.319> and<01:06:02.559> planets<01:06:03.039> are<01:06:03.280> much<01:06:03.680> less<01:06:04.079> massive 01:04:37.849 --> 01:04:37.859 align:start position:0% Stars and planets are much less massive 01:04:37.859 --> 01:04:40.488 align:start position:0% Stars and planets are much less massive than<01:06:04.720> galaxy<01:06:05.119> clusters,<01:06:06.000> but<01:06:06.400> gravitational 01:04:40.488 --> 01:04:40.498 align:start position:0% than galaxy clusters, but gravitational 01:04:40.498 --> 01:04:44.009 align:start position:0% than galaxy clusters, but gravitational lensing<01:06:07.760> still<01:06:08.079> happens<01:06:08.480> to<01:06:08.720> a<01:06:08.960> small<01:06:09.200> degree. 01:04:44.009 --> 01:04:44.019 align:start position:0% lensing still happens to a small degree. 01:04:44.019 --> 01:04:46.089 align:start position:0% lensing still happens to a small degree. When<01:06:10.880> a<01:06:11.119> star<01:06:11.520> transits<01:06:12.000> in<01:06:12.240> front<01:06:12.400> of<01:06:12.480> a 01:04:46.089 --> 01:04:46.099 align:start position:0% When a star transits in front of a 01:04:46.099 --> 01:04:48.569 align:start position:0% When a star transits in front of a distant<01:06:13.200> star,<01:06:13.920> the<01:06:14.160> distant<01:06:14.559> star<01:06:14.880> will 01:04:48.569 --> 01:04:48.579 align:start position:0% distant star, the distant star will 01:04:48.579 --> 01:04:51.049 align:start position:0% distant star, the distant star will become<01:06:15.599> brighter<01:06:16.240> as<01:06:16.559> its<01:06:16.799> light<01:06:17.119> follows<01:06:17.440> the 01:04:51.049 --> 01:04:51.059 align:start position:0% become brighter as its light follows the 01:04:51.059 --> 01:04:52.968 align:start position:0% become brighter as its light follows the curvature<01:06:18.079> in<01:06:18.319> spaceime<01:06:18.960> around<01:06:19.359> the 01:04:52.968 --> 01:04:52.978 align:start position:0% curvature in spaceime around the 01:04:52.978 --> 01:04:55.849 align:start position:0% curvature in spaceime around the foreground<01:06:20.079> star.<01:06:21.200> Additionally,<01:06:22.240> should 01:04:55.849 --> 01:04:55.859 align:start position:0% foreground star. Additionally, should 01:04:55.859 --> 01:04:58.649 align:start position:0% foreground star. Additionally, should the<01:06:22.640> foreground<01:06:23.200> star<01:06:23.520> have<01:06:23.680> an<01:06:23.920> exoplanet<01:06:24.880> or 01:04:58.649 --> 01:04:58.659 align:start position:0% the foreground star have an exoplanet or 01:04:58.659 --> 01:05:00.249 align:start position:0% the foreground star have an exoplanet or exoplanets, 01:05:00.249 --> 01:05:00.259 align:start position:0% exoplanets, 01:05:00.259 --> 01:05:02.249 align:start position:0% exoplanets, the<01:06:27.119> distant<01:06:27.440> star<01:06:27.680> will<01:06:28.000> also<01:06:28.240> get<01:06:28.480> slightly 01:05:02.249 --> 01:05:02.259 align:start position:0% the distant star will also get slightly 01:05:02.259 --> 01:05:04.249 align:start position:0% the distant star will also get slightly brighter<01:06:29.280> when<01:06:29.680> these<01:06:30.079> transit<01:06:30.559> in<01:06:30.720> front<01:06:30.799> of 01:05:04.249 --> 01:05:04.259 align:start position:0% brighter when these transit in front of 01:05:04.259 --> 01:05:07.049 align:start position:0% brighter when these transit in front of the<01:06:31.039> distant<01:06:31.359> star<01:06:31.760> too.<01:06:32.960> This<01:06:33.280> is<01:06:33.440> the 01:05:07.049 --> 01:05:07.059 align:start position:0% the distant star too. This is the 01:05:07.059 --> 01:05:10.089 align:start position:0% the distant star too. This is the process<01:06:34.000> of<01:06:34.319> gravitational<01:06:35.039> microl<01:06:35.520> lensing. 01:05:10.089 --> 01:05:10.099 align:start position:0% process of gravitational microl lensing. 01:05:10.099 --> 01:05:12.889 align:start position:0% process of gravitational microl lensing. This<01:06:36.960> process<01:06:37.359> is<01:06:37.599> so<01:06:37.920> accurate<01:06:38.720> that<01:06:39.119> small 01:05:12.889 --> 01:05:12.899 align:start position:0% This process is so accurate that small 01:05:12.899 --> 01:05:15.289 align:start position:0% This process is so accurate that small earth<01:06:39.839> or<01:06:40.079> Mars-ized<01:06:40.799> exoplanets<01:06:41.520> can<01:06:41.760> be 01:05:15.289 --> 01:05:15.299 align:start position:0% earth or Mars-ized exoplanets can be 01:05:15.299 --> 01:05:17.928 align:start position:0% earth or Mars-ized exoplanets can be detected<01:06:42.720> and<01:06:43.039> potentially<01:06:43.839> even<01:06:44.160> large 01:05:17.928 --> 01:05:17.938 align:start position:0% detected and potentially even large 01:05:17.938 --> 01:05:19.529 align:start position:0% detected and potentially even large exomoons. 01:05:19.529 --> 01:05:19.539 align:start position:0% exomoons. 01:05:19.539 --> 01:05:21.609 align:start position:0% exomoons. Astronomers<01:06:46.880> simply<01:06:47.280> need<01:06:47.520> to<01:06:47.760> measure<01:06:48.000> the 01:05:21.609 --> 01:05:21.619 align:start position:0% Astronomers simply need to measure the 01:05:21.619 --> 01:05:23.049 align:start position:0% Astronomers simply need to measure the little<01:06:48.480> peaks<01:06:48.799> in<01:06:48.960> brightness<01:06:49.359> to 01:05:23.049 --> 01:05:23.059 align:start position:0% little peaks in brightness to 01:05:23.059 --> 01:05:24.649 align:start position:0% little peaks in brightness to distinguish<01:06:50.160> between<01:06:50.559> the<01:06:50.799> individual 01:05:24.649 --> 01:05:24.659 align:start position:0% distinguish between the individual 01:05:24.659 --> 01:05:27.769 align:start position:0% distinguish between the individual bodies<01:06:51.680> orbiting<01:06:52.160> the<01:06:52.319> foreground<01:06:52.880> star. 01:05:27.769 --> 01:05:27.779 align:start position:0% bodies orbiting the foreground star. 01:05:27.779 --> 01:05:30.009 align:start position:0% bodies orbiting the foreground star. Now,<01:06:54.720> as<01:06:54.960> I<01:06:55.119> mentioned,<01:06:55.680> there<01:06:55.920> is<01:06:56.160> a<01:06:56.319> catch 01:05:30.009 --> 01:05:30.019 align:start position:0% Now, as I mentioned, there is a catch 01:05:30.019 --> 01:05:32.728 align:start position:0% Now, as I mentioned, there is a catch with<01:06:56.880> this<01:06:57.039> method,<01:06:58.000> and<01:06:58.240> that<01:06:58.559> is<01:06:58.720> that<01:06:59.039> star 01:05:32.728 --> 01:05:32.738 align:start position:0% with this method, and that is that star 01:05:32.738 --> 01:05:36.089 align:start position:0% with this method, and that is that star transits<01:07:00.240> are<01:07:00.640> actually<01:07:01.119> quite<01:07:01.599> rare<01:07:02.400> because 01:05:36.089 --> 01:05:36.099 align:start position:0% transits are actually quite rare because 01:05:36.099 --> 01:05:38.249 align:start position:0% transits are actually quite rare because they<01:07:03.039> really<01:07:03.440> need<01:07:03.680> to<01:07:03.839> be<01:07:04.000> aligned<01:07:04.559> just 01:05:38.249 --> 01:05:38.259 align:start position:0% they really need to be aligned just 01:05:38.259 --> 01:05:40.488 align:start position:0% they really need to be aligned just right<01:07:05.200> from<01:07:05.440> our<01:07:05.839> perspective.<01:07:06.799> And<01:07:06.960> the 01:05:40.488 --> 01:05:40.498 align:start position:0% right from our perspective. And the 01:05:40.498 --> 01:05:43.448 align:start position:0% right from our perspective. And the galaxy<01:07:07.599> is<01:07:07.920> simply<01:07:08.319> huge.<01:07:09.280> There's<01:07:09.599> so<01:07:09.839> much 01:05:43.448 --> 01:05:43.458 align:start position:0% galaxy is simply huge. There's so much 01:05:43.458 --> 01:05:46.408 align:start position:0% galaxy is simply huge. There's so much space<01:07:10.400> in<01:07:10.640> between<01:07:10.960> stars.<01:07:12.160> This<01:07:12.400> is<01:07:12.559> why<01:07:12.799> up 01:05:46.408 --> 01:05:46.418 align:start position:0% space in between stars. This is why up 01:05:46.418 --> 01:05:48.809 align:start position:0% space in between stars. This is why up until<01:07:13.359> now,<01:07:13.920> the<01:07:14.160> transit<01:07:14.559> method<01:07:14.880> has<01:07:15.039> had<01:07:15.200> a 01:05:48.809 --> 01:05:48.819 align:start position:0% until now, the transit method has had a 01:05:48.819 --> 01:05:50.649 align:start position:0% until now, the transit method has had a far<01:07:15.680> better<01:07:15.920> success<01:07:16.319> rate<01:07:16.559> at<01:07:16.799> detecting 01:05:50.649 --> 01:05:50.659 align:start position:0% far better success rate at detecting 01:05:50.659 --> 01:05:53.448 align:start position:0% far better success rate at detecting exoplanets<01:07:18.400> because<01:07:18.720> exoplanets<01:07:19.440> orbit<01:07:19.839> and 01:05:53.448 --> 01:05:53.458 align:start position:0% exoplanets because exoplanets orbit and 01:05:53.458 --> 01:05:55.849 align:start position:0% exoplanets because exoplanets orbit and transit<01:07:20.480> their<01:07:20.720> stars<01:07:21.200> a<01:07:21.440> lot<01:07:21.599> quicker<01:07:22.240> than 01:05:55.849 --> 01:05:55.859 align:start position:0% transit their stars a lot quicker than 01:05:55.859 --> 01:05:58.968 align:start position:0% transit their stars a lot quicker than stars<01:07:22.880> transit<01:07:23.359> other<01:07:23.599> stars. 01:05:58.968 --> 01:05:58.978 align:start position:0% stars transit other stars. 01:05:58.978 --> 01:06:01.529 align:start position:0% stars transit other stars. So,<01:07:26.079> in<01:07:26.319> order<01:07:26.480> to<01:07:26.720> spot<01:07:26.960> these<01:07:27.280> events,<01:07:27.920> what 01:06:01.529 --> 01:06:01.539 align:start position:0% So, in order to spot these events, what 01:06:01.539 --> 01:06:03.849 align:start position:0% So, in order to spot these events, what we<01:07:28.319> need<01:07:28.559> is<01:07:28.799> to<01:07:29.039> observe<01:07:29.440> a<01:07:29.680> huge<01:07:30.000> swath<01:07:30.319> of 01:06:03.849 --> 01:06:03.859 align:start position:0% we need is to observe a huge swath of 01:06:03.859 --> 01:06:06.889 align:start position:0% we need is to observe a huge swath of sky<01:07:30.799> in<01:07:31.039> one<01:07:31.280> go.<01:07:32.160> Enter<01:07:32.559> the<01:07:32.799> Nancy<01:07:33.200> Grace 01:06:06.889 --> 01:06:06.899 align:start position:0% sky in one go. Enter the Nancy Grace 01:06:06.899 --> 01:06:09.448 align:start position:0% sky in one go. Enter the Nancy Grace Roman<01:07:34.079> Space<01:07:34.400> Telescope,<01:07:35.359> previously<01:07:35.839> known 01:06:09.448 --> 01:06:09.458 align:start position:0% Roman Space Telescope, previously known 01:06:09.458 --> 01:06:12.408 align:start position:0% Roman Space Telescope, previously known as<01:07:36.240> the<01:07:36.480> W<01:07:36.880> First<01:07:37.280> Observatory.<01:07:38.720> This 01:06:12.408 --> 01:06:12.418 align:start position:0% as the W First Observatory. This 01:06:12.418 --> 01:06:14.728 align:start position:0% as the W First Observatory. This telescope,<01:07:39.760> due<01:07:40.000> to<01:07:40.160> be<01:07:40.319> launched<01:07:40.799> no<01:07:41.119> later 01:06:14.728 --> 01:06:14.738 align:start position:0% telescope, due to be launched no later 01:06:14.738 --> 01:06:18.089 align:start position:0% telescope, due to be launched no later than<01:07:41.680> 2027,<01:07:43.039> is<01:07:43.280> comparable<01:07:43.839> in<01:07:44.079> size<01:07:44.480> and 01:06:18.089 --> 01:06:18.099 align:start position:0% than 2027, is comparable in size and 01:06:18.099 --> 01:06:20.168 align:start position:0% than 2027, is comparable in size and will<01:07:45.039> provide<01:07:45.440> images<01:07:45.920> with<01:07:46.079> a<01:07:46.319> sharpness 01:06:20.168 --> 01:06:20.178 align:start position:0% will provide images with a sharpness 01:06:20.178 --> 01:06:22.329 align:start position:0% will provide images with a sharpness similar<01:07:47.119> to<01:07:47.200> the<01:07:47.359> Hubble<01:07:47.760> Space<01:07:48.000> Telescope, 01:06:22.329 --> 01:06:22.339 align:start position:0% similar to the Hubble Space Telescope, 01:06:22.339 --> 01:06:24.649 align:start position:0% similar to the Hubble Space Telescope, except<01:07:49.359> the<01:07:49.680> Roman<01:07:50.160> Space<01:07:50.400> Telescope<01:07:50.880> will<01:07:51.119> be 01:06:24.649 --> 01:06:24.659 align:start position:0% except the Roman Space Telescope will be 01:06:24.659 --> 01:06:27.609 align:start position:0% except the Roman Space Telescope will be equipped<01:07:51.680> with<01:07:52.000> a<01:07:52.480> 228 01:06:27.609 --> 01:06:27.619 align:start position:0% equipped with a 228 01:06:27.619 --> 01:06:31.609 align:start position:0% equipped with a 228 megapixel<01:07:55.119> camera<01:07:55.920> and<01:07:56.160> a<01:07:56.400> 2.8<01:07:57.760> squared 01:06:31.609 --> 01:06:31.619 align:start position:0% megapixel camera and a 2.8 squared 01:06:31.619 --> 01:06:35.208 align:start position:0% megapixel camera and a 2.8 squared degree<01:07:58.720> field<01:07:59.039> of<01:07:59.200> view,<01:07:59.760> which<01:08:00.079> is<01:08:00.720> 100<01:08:01.440> times 01:06:35.208 --> 01:06:35.218 align:start position:0% degree field of view, which is 100 times 01:06:35.218 --> 01:06:37.688 align:start position:0% degree field of view, which is 100 times larger<01:08:02.160> than<01:08:02.319> Hubble.<01:08:03.440> With<01:08:03.680> this<01:08:03.920> field<01:08:04.160> of 01:06:37.688 --> 01:06:37.698 align:start position:0% larger than Hubble. With this field of 01:06:37.698 --> 01:06:39.769 align:start position:0% larger than Hubble. With this field of view,<01:08:04.799> it<01:08:04.960> will<01:08:05.119> be<01:08:05.280> able<01:08:05.440> to<01:08:05.520> keep<01:08:05.760> track<01:08:06.000> of<01:08:06.160> a 01:06:39.769 --> 01:06:39.779 align:start position:0% view, it will be able to keep track of a 01:06:39.779 --> 01:06:42.168 align:start position:0% view, it will be able to keep track of a much<01:08:06.640> larger<01:08:07.119> section<01:08:07.440> of<01:08:07.599> the<01:08:07.760> sky<01:08:08.400> and 01:06:42.168 --> 01:06:42.178 align:start position:0% much larger section of the sky and 01:06:42.178 --> 01:06:45.688 align:start position:0% much larger section of the sky and monitor<01:08:09.200> for<01:08:09.440> micro<01:08:09.839> lensing<01:08:10.319> events. 01:06:45.688 --> 01:06:45.698 align:start position:0% monitor for micro lensing events. 01:06:45.698 --> 01:06:47.928 align:start position:0% monitor for micro lensing events. How<01:08:12.640> does<01:08:12.880> this<01:08:13.119> all<01:08:13.359> fit<01:08:13.599> in<01:08:13.760> with<01:08:14.079> rogue 01:06:47.928 --> 01:06:47.938 align:start position:0% How does this all fit in with rogue 01:06:47.938 --> 01:06:51.449 align:start position:0% How does this all fit in with rogue planets?<01:08:15.839> Well,<01:08:16.319> much<01:08:16.560> like<01:08:16.880> stars,<01:08:17.759> rogue 01:06:51.449 --> 01:06:51.459 align:start position:0% planets? Well, much like stars, rogue 01:06:51.459 --> 01:06:52.969 align:start position:0% planets? Well, much like stars, rogue planets<01:08:18.400> that<01:08:18.640> transit<01:08:19.040> in<01:08:19.199> front<01:08:19.279> of<01:08:19.359> a 01:06:52.969 --> 01:06:52.979 align:start position:0% planets that transit in front of a 01:06:52.979 --> 01:06:55.528 align:start position:0% planets that transit in front of a distant<01:08:19.920> star<01:08:20.480> will<01:08:20.880> also<01:08:21.359> make<01:08:21.520> that<01:08:21.839> star 01:06:55.528 --> 01:06:55.538 align:start position:0% distant star will also make that star 01:06:55.538 --> 01:06:58.009 align:start position:0% distant star will also make that star slightly<01:08:22.719> brighter.<01:08:23.679> And<01:08:23.839> if<01:08:24.000> the<01:08:24.159> Roman 01:06:58.009 --> 01:06:58.019 align:start position:0% slightly brighter. And if the Roman 01:06:58.019 --> 01:06:59.769 align:start position:0% slightly brighter. And if the Roman space<01:08:24.880> telescope<01:08:25.440> is<01:08:25.679> looking<01:08:25.920> at<01:08:26.159> that 01:06:59.769 --> 01:06:59.779 align:start position:0% space telescope is looking at that 01:06:59.779 --> 01:07:02.168 align:start position:0% space telescope is looking at that section<01:08:26.640> of<01:08:26.799> the<01:08:26.960> sky,<01:08:27.679> it<01:08:27.920> should<01:08:28.159> be<01:08:28.400> able<01:08:28.560> to 01:07:02.168 --> 01:07:02.178 align:start position:0% section of the sky, it should be able to 01:07:02.178 --> 01:07:04.969 align:start position:0% section of the sky, it should be able to detect<01:08:29.120> it.<01:08:30.159> In<01:08:30.400> fact,<01:08:30.880> throughout<01:08:31.279> its 01:07:04.969 --> 01:07:04.979 align:start position:0% detect it. In fact, throughout its 01:07:04.979 --> 01:07:07.528 align:start position:0% detect it. In fact, throughout its 5-year<01:08:32.159> initial<01:08:32.560> mission,<01:08:33.359> scientists<01:08:34.000> hope 01:07:07.528 --> 01:07:07.538 align:start position:0% 5-year initial mission, scientists hope 01:07:07.538 --> 01:07:09.369 align:start position:0% 5-year initial mission, scientists hope that<01:08:34.319> the<01:08:34.480> Roman<01:08:34.799> Space<01:08:35.120> Telescope<01:08:35.679> can<01:08:35.839> give 01:07:09.369 --> 01:07:09.379 align:start position:0% that the Roman Space Telescope can give 01:07:09.379 --> 01:07:11.608 align:start position:0% that the Roman Space Telescope can give us<01:08:36.159> a<01:08:36.319> much<01:08:36.640> better<01:08:36.960> indication<01:08:37.520> of<01:08:37.759> how<01:08:38.000> many 01:07:11.608 --> 01:07:11.618 align:start position:0% us a much better indication of how many 01:07:11.618 --> 01:07:14.088 align:start position:0% us a much better indication of how many rogue<01:08:38.640> planets<01:08:39.120> and<01:08:39.359> Earth-sized<01:08:40.000> exoplanets 01:07:14.088 --> 01:07:14.098 align:start position:0% rogue planets and Earth-sized exoplanets 01:07:14.098 --> 01:07:17.608 align:start position:0% rogue planets and Earth-sized exoplanets there<01:08:40.960> are<01:08:41.120> out<01:08:41.359> there.<01:08:42.799> Now,<01:08:43.440> while<01:08:43.759> it<01:08:44.000> is 01:07:17.608 --> 01:07:17.618 align:start position:0% there are out there. Now, while it is 01:07:17.618 --> 01:07:19.608 align:start position:0% there are out there. Now, while it is possible<01:08:44.560> that<01:08:44.880> rogue<01:08:45.199> planets<01:08:45.520> are<01:08:45.759> in<01:08:46.000> any 01:07:19.608 --> 01:07:19.618 align:start position:0% possible that rogue planets are in any 01:07:19.618 --> 01:07:21.688 align:start position:0% possible that rogue planets are in any section<01:08:46.560> of<01:08:46.719> the<01:08:46.880> sky,<01:08:47.520> the<01:08:47.759> Roman<01:08:48.080> Space 01:07:21.688 --> 01:07:21.698 align:start position:0% section of the sky, the Roman Space 01:07:21.698 --> 01:07:23.688 align:start position:0% section of the sky, the Roman Space Telescope<01:08:48.960> will<01:08:49.199> focus<01:08:49.520> its<01:08:49.759> time<01:08:50.000> looking 01:07:23.688 --> 01:07:23.698 align:start position:0% Telescope will focus its time looking 01:07:23.698 --> 01:07:26.809 align:start position:0% Telescope will focus its time looking towards<01:08:50.799> the<01:08:51.040> center<01:08:51.279> of<01:08:51.520> our<01:08:51.839> galaxy.<01:08:53.199> There 01:07:26.809 --> 01:07:26.819 align:start position:0% towards the center of our galaxy. There 01:07:26.819 --> 01:07:29.449 align:start position:0% towards the center of our galaxy. There are<01:08:53.679> a<01:08:53.920> lot<01:08:54.080> more<01:08:54.400> stars<01:08:54.799> here,<01:08:55.279> so<01:08:55.600> transit 01:07:29.449 --> 01:07:29.459 align:start position:0% are a lot more stars here, so transit 01:07:29.459 --> 01:07:31.608 align:start position:0% are a lot more stars here, so transit should<01:08:56.319> be<01:08:56.480> more<01:08:56.719> frequent.<01:08:57.600> And<01:08:57.759> this<01:08:58.000> will 01:07:31.608 --> 01:07:31.618 align:start position:0% should be more frequent. And this will 01:07:31.618 --> 01:07:33.449 align:start position:0% should be more frequent. And this will increase<01:08:58.480> the<01:08:58.719> chances<01:08:59.040> of<01:08:59.199> spotting<01:08:59.679> microl 01:07:33.449 --> 01:07:33.459 align:start position:0% increase the chances of spotting microl 01:07:33.459 --> 01:07:36.249 align:start position:0% increase the chances of spotting microl lensing<01:09:00.400> events.<01:09:01.440> It<01:09:01.679> is<01:09:01.839> amazing<01:09:02.239> to<01:09:02.480> me<01:09:02.640> that 01:07:36.249 --> 01:07:36.259 align:start position:0% lensing events. It is amazing to me that 01:07:36.259 --> 01:07:38.168 align:start position:0% lensing events. It is amazing to me that there<01:09:03.120> are<01:09:03.279> ways<01:09:03.520> to<01:09:03.679> detect<01:09:04.000> these<01:09:04.319> otherwise 01:07:38.168 --> 01:07:38.178 align:start position:0% there are ways to detect these otherwise 01:07:38.178 --> 01:07:40.969 align:start position:0% there are ways to detect these otherwise invisible<01:09:05.440> objects<01:09:05.839> that<01:09:06.000> emit<01:09:06.480> no<01:09:06.799> light. 01:07:40.969 --> 01:07:40.979 align:start position:0% invisible objects that emit no light. 01:07:40.979 --> 01:07:42.648 align:start position:0% invisible objects that emit no light. And<01:09:07.759> all<01:09:07.920> you<01:09:08.080> need<01:09:08.239> to<01:09:08.319> do<01:09:08.480> is<01:09:08.719> look<01:09:08.880> at<01:09:09.040> the 01:07:42.648 --> 01:07:42.658 align:start position:0% And all you need to do is look at the 01:07:42.658 --> 01:07:44.889 align:start position:0% And all you need to do is look at the brightness<01:09:09.600> of<01:09:09.679> a<01:09:09.920> background<01:09:10.400> star.<01:09:11.120> And<01:09:11.279> as 01:07:44.889 --> 01:07:44.899 align:start position:0% brightness of a background star. And as 01:07:44.899 --> 01:07:46.969 align:start position:0% brightness of a background star. And as a<01:09:11.600> rogue<01:09:11.920> planet<01:09:12.239> passes<01:09:12.640> in<01:09:12.880> front<01:09:12.960> of<01:09:13.040> it, 01:07:46.969 --> 01:07:46.979 align:start position:0% a rogue planet passes in front of it, 01:07:46.979 --> 01:07:49.208 align:start position:0% a rogue planet passes in front of it, the<01:09:13.839> gravitational<01:09:14.480> microl<01:09:14.880> lensing<01:09:15.279> event 01:07:49.208 --> 01:07:49.218 align:start position:0% the gravitational microl lensing event 01:07:49.218 --> 01:07:51.369 align:start position:0% the gravitational microl lensing event will<01:09:16.159> reveal<01:09:16.640> key<01:09:16.960> details<01:09:17.359> about<01:09:17.520> the<01:09:17.679> rogue 01:07:51.369 --> 01:07:51.379 align:start position:0% will reveal key details about the rogue 01:07:51.379 --> 01:07:54.648 align:start position:0% will reveal key details about the rogue planet<01:09:18.480> like<01:09:18.719> its<01:09:18.960> mass. 01:07:54.648 --> 01:07:54.658 align:start position:0% planet like its mass. 01:07:54.658 --> 01:07:57.289 align:start position:0% planet like its mass. So,<01:09:21.920> have<01:09:22.159> we<01:09:22.319> detected<01:09:22.880> any<01:09:23.199> rogue<01:09:23.520> planets 01:07:57.289 --> 01:07:57.299 align:start position:0% So, have we detected any rogue planets 01:07:57.299 --> 01:08:00.568 align:start position:0% So, have we detected any rogue planets this<01:09:24.239> way<01:09:24.400> at<01:09:24.719> all?<01:09:25.520> As<01:09:25.839> it<01:09:26.000> happens,<01:09:26.640> yes,<01:09:26.880> we 01:08:00.568 --> 01:08:00.578 align:start position:0% this way at all? As it happens, yes, we 01:08:00.578 --> 01:08:03.048 align:start position:0% this way at all? As it happens, yes, we have.<01:09:28.159> There<01:09:28.400> are<01:09:28.560> a<01:09:28.799> few<01:09:29.040> groundbased 01:08:03.048 --> 01:08:03.058 align:start position:0% have. There are a few groundbased 01:08:03.058 --> 01:08:04.889 align:start position:0% have. There are a few groundbased programs<01:09:30.159> on<01:09:30.319> the<01:09:30.480> hunt<01:09:30.640> for<01:09:30.799> rogue<01:09:31.120> planets 01:08:04.889 --> 01:08:04.899 align:start position:0% programs on the hunt for rogue planets 01:08:04.899 --> 01:08:08.409 align:start position:0% programs on the hunt for rogue planets operating<01:09:32.159> right<01:09:32.400> now,<01:09:33.199> like<01:09:33.520> Ouggle,<01:09:34.400> MOA, 01:08:08.409 --> 01:08:08.419 align:start position:0% operating right now, like Ouggle, MOA, 01:08:08.419 --> 01:08:11.369 align:start position:0% operating right now, like Ouggle, MOA, and<01:09:35.359> Super<01:09:35.679> Macho.<01:09:36.960> At<01:09:37.279> present,<01:09:37.600> they<01:09:37.839> have 01:08:11.369 --> 01:08:11.379 align:start position:0% and Super Macho. At present, they have 01:08:11.379 --> 01:08:14.009 align:start position:0% and Super Macho. At present, they have found<01:09:38.319> 22<01:09:38.799> rogue<01:09:39.120> planet<01:09:39.440> candidates<01:09:39.839> in<01:09:40.159> all, 01:08:14.009 --> 01:08:14.019 align:start position:0% found 22 rogue planet candidates in all, 01:08:14.019 --> 01:08:16.969 align:start position:0% found 22 rogue planet candidates in all, with<01:09:40.880> the<01:09:41.120> most<01:09:41.359> exciting<01:09:41.839> one<01:09:42.239> being<01:09:42.960> Ouggle 01:08:16.969 --> 01:08:16.979 align:start position:0% with the most exciting one being Ouggle 01:08:16.979 --> 01:08:20.728 align:start position:0% with the most exciting one being Ouggle 2012<01:09:44.480> BLG1323. 01:08:20.728 --> 01:08:20.738 align:start position:0% 2012 BLG1323. 01:08:20.738 --> 01:08:23.208 align:start position:0% 2012 BLG1323. If<01:09:47.600> this<01:09:47.839> rogue<01:09:48.159> planet<01:09:48.480> gets<01:09:48.719> confirmed,<01:09:49.679> it 01:08:23.208 --> 01:08:23.218 align:start position:0% If this rogue planet gets confirmed, it 01:08:23.218 --> 01:08:25.208 align:start position:0% If this rogue planet gets confirmed, it will<01:09:50.000> be<01:09:50.159> the<01:09:50.480> smallest<01:09:51.040> rogue<01:09:51.440> planet 01:08:25.208 --> 01:08:25.218 align:start position:0% will be the smallest rogue planet 01:08:25.218 --> 01:08:27.689 align:start position:0% will be the smallest rogue planet discovered<01:09:52.400> by<01:09:52.719> some<01:09:52.960> ways,<01:09:53.679> being<01:09:54.000> roughly 01:08:27.689 --> 01:08:27.699 align:start position:0% discovered by some ways, being roughly 01:08:27.699 --> 01:08:30.649 align:start position:0% discovered by some ways, being roughly the<01:09:54.560> mass<01:09:54.800> of<01:09:54.960> Earth.<01:09:56.000> How<01:09:56.239> a<01:09:56.480> body<01:09:56.719> like<01:09:56.960> this 01:08:30.649 --> 01:08:30.659 align:start position:0% the mass of Earth. How a body like this 01:08:30.659 --> 01:08:33.369 align:start position:0% the mass of Earth. How a body like this comes<01:09:57.600> to<01:09:57.760> be<01:09:57.920> free<01:09:58.239> floating<01:09:58.640> in<01:09:58.880> space,<01:09:59.600> we 01:08:33.369 --> 01:08:33.379 align:start position:0% comes to be free floating in space, we 01:08:33.379 --> 01:08:37.289 align:start position:0% comes to be free floating in space, we don't<01:10:00.320> really<01:10:00.719> know<01:10:00.960> yet. 01:08:37.289 --> 01:08:37.299 align:start position:0% don't really know yet. 01:08:37.299 --> 01:08:39.449 align:start position:0% don't really know yet. What<01:10:04.159> might<01:10:04.640> conditions<01:10:05.120> be<01:10:05.280> like<01:10:05.520> on<01:10:05.679> a<01:10:05.760> rogue 01:08:39.449 --> 01:08:39.459 align:start position:0% What might conditions be like on a rogue 01:08:39.459 --> 01:08:42.009 align:start position:0% What might conditions be like on a rogue planet?<01:10:07.120> The<01:10:07.360> first<01:10:07.600> fact<01:10:07.840> to<01:10:08.080> consider<01:10:08.480> is 01:08:42.009 --> 01:08:42.019 align:start position:0% planet? The first fact to consider is 01:08:42.019 --> 01:08:44.809 align:start position:0% planet? The first fact to consider is that<01:10:08.880> they<01:10:09.120> would<01:10:09.360> be<01:10:09.760> incredibly<01:10:10.880> dark 01:08:44.809 --> 01:08:44.819 align:start position:0% that they would be incredibly dark 01:08:44.819 --> 01:08:47.929 align:start position:0% that they would be incredibly dark places.<01:10:12.560> No<01:10:12.880> nearby<01:10:13.360> star<01:10:14.080> means<01:10:14.320> that 01:08:47.929 --> 01:08:47.939 align:start position:0% places. No nearby star means that 01:08:47.939 --> 01:08:50.729 align:start position:0% places. No nearby star means that conditions<01:10:15.040> there<01:10:15.280> would<01:10:15.520> be<01:10:15.840> pitch<01:10:16.320> black. 01:08:50.729 --> 01:08:50.739 align:start position:0% conditions there would be pitch black. 01:08:50.739 --> 01:08:52.088 align:start position:0% conditions there would be pitch black. You<01:10:17.520> might<01:10:17.679> think<01:10:17.840> that<01:10:18.080> this<01:10:18.320> might<01:10:18.560> mean 01:08:52.088 --> 01:08:52.098 align:start position:0% You might think that this might mean 01:08:52.098 --> 01:08:54.169 align:start position:0% You might think that this might mean that<01:10:18.880> they<01:10:19.120> would<01:10:19.280> be<01:10:19.440> extremely<01:10:20.000> cold<01:10:20.400> places 01:08:54.169 --> 01:08:54.179 align:start position:0% that they would be extremely cold places 01:08:54.179 --> 01:08:56.889 align:start position:0% that they would be extremely cold places too,<01:10:21.600> but<01:10:21.920> this<01:10:22.239> might<01:10:22.400> not<01:10:22.719> actually<01:10:23.120> be<01:10:23.280> the 01:08:56.889 --> 01:08:56.899 align:start position:0% too, but this might not actually be the 01:08:56.899 --> 01:08:59.449 align:start position:0% too, but this might not actually be the case.<01:10:24.320> No<01:10:24.560> nearby<01:10:25.040> star<01:10:25.360> also<01:10:25.679> means<01:10:25.840> that 01:08:59.449 --> 01:08:59.459 align:start position:0% case. No nearby star also means that 01:08:59.459 --> 01:09:01.769 align:start position:0% case. No nearby star also means that there<01:10:26.239> is<01:10:26.400> no<01:10:26.640> nearby<01:10:27.199> source<01:10:27.440> of<01:10:27.679> atmosphere 01:09:01.769 --> 01:09:01.779 align:start position:0% there is no nearby source of atmosphere 01:09:01.779 --> 01:09:03.929 align:start position:0% there is no nearby source of atmosphere stripping<01:10:28.800> solar<01:10:29.199> winds,<01:10:29.920> which<01:10:30.239> might 01:09:03.929 --> 01:09:03.939 align:start position:0% stripping solar winds, which might 01:09:03.939 --> 01:09:06.568 align:start position:0% stripping solar winds, which might actually<01:10:31.120> help<01:10:31.520> a<01:10:31.840> rogue<01:10:32.159> planet<01:10:32.560> retain<01:10:32.880> any 01:09:06.568 --> 01:09:06.578 align:start position:0% actually help a rogue planet retain any 01:09:06.578 --> 01:09:09.849 align:start position:0% actually help a rogue planet retain any atmosphere<01:10:33.760> it<01:10:34.080> started<01:10:34.400> out<01:10:34.560> with.<01:10:35.360> A<01:10:35.679> 1999 01:09:09.849 --> 01:09:09.859 align:start position:0% atmosphere it started out with. A 1999 01:09:09.859 --> 01:09:11.449 align:start position:0% atmosphere it started out with. A 1999 research<01:10:36.800> paper<01:10:37.199> suggested<01:10:37.243> [music]<01:10:37.600> that<01:10:37.840> a 01:09:11.449 --> 01:09:11.459 align:start position:0% research paper suggested [music] that a 01:09:11.459 --> 01:09:13.769 align:start position:0% research paper suggested [music] that a hydrogen-rich<01:10:38.960> atmosphere<01:10:39.600> around<01:10:39.840> a<01:10:40.080> rogue 01:09:13.769 --> 01:09:13.779 align:start position:0% hydrogen-rich atmosphere around a rogue 01:09:13.779 --> 01:09:16.169 align:start position:0% hydrogen-rich atmosphere around a rogue planet<01:10:41.040> could<01:10:41.520> actually<01:10:41.920> allow<01:10:42.159> it<01:10:42.320> to<01:10:42.560> trap 01:09:16.169 --> 01:09:16.179 align:start position:0% planet could actually allow it to trap 01:09:16.179 --> 01:09:18.329 align:start position:0% planet could actually allow it to trap in<01:10:43.120> enough<01:10:43.440> of<01:10:43.600> its<01:10:43.840> heat<01:10:44.320> that<01:10:44.560> it<01:10:44.800> could 01:09:18.329 --> 01:09:18.339 align:start position:0% in enough of its heat that it could 01:09:18.339 --> 01:09:22.329 align:start position:0% in enough of its heat that it could sustain<01:10:45.840> Earthlike<01:10:46.719> oceans.<01:10:48.080> Still,<01:10:48.719> any 01:09:22.329 --> 01:09:22.339 align:start position:0% sustain Earthlike oceans. Still, any 01:09:22.339 --> 01:09:24.169 align:start position:0% sustain Earthlike oceans. Still, any life<01:10:49.199> that<01:10:49.440> wanted<01:10:49.760> to<01:10:49.920> live<01:10:50.159> on<01:10:50.400> such<01:10:50.560> a 01:09:24.169 --> 01:09:24.179 align:start position:0% life that wanted to live on such a 01:09:24.179 --> 01:09:26.809 align:start position:0% life that wanted to live on such a planet<01:10:51.280> would<01:10:51.520> have<01:10:51.679> to<01:10:51.840> be<01:10:52.000> more<01:10:52.239> akin<01:10:52.640> to<01:10:52.880> our 01:09:26.809 --> 01:09:26.819 align:start position:0% planet would have to be more akin to our 01:09:26.819 --> 01:09:29.289 align:start position:0% planet would have to be more akin to our chemosynthetic<01:10:54.560> species<01:10:54.960> on<01:10:55.199> Earth<01:10:55.600> that 01:09:29.289 --> 01:09:29.299 align:start position:0% chemosynthetic species on Earth that 01:09:29.299 --> 01:09:31.849 align:start position:0% chemosynthetic species on Earth that survive<01:10:56.320> next<01:10:56.560> to<01:10:56.719> deep<01:10:57.040> sea<01:10:57.360> vents,<01:10:58.080> relying 01:09:31.849 --> 01:09:31.859 align:start position:0% survive next to deep sea vents, relying 01:09:31.859 --> 01:09:34.009 align:start position:0% survive next to deep sea vents, relying on<01:10:58.640> the<01:10:58.800> planet's<01:10:59.280> molten<01:10:59.679> core<01:11:00.000> to<01:11:00.239> provide 01:09:34.009 --> 01:09:34.019 align:start position:0% on the planet's molten core to provide 01:09:34.019 --> 01:09:37.449 align:start position:0% on the planet's molten core to provide heat<01:11:00.960> and<01:11:01.280> nutrients.<01:11:02.480> Photosynthesis<01:11:03.679> would 01:09:37.449 --> 01:09:37.459 align:start position:0% heat and nutrients. Photosynthesis would 01:09:37.459 --> 01:09:39.608 align:start position:0% heat and nutrients. Photosynthesis would obviously<01:11:04.560> be<01:11:04.800> a<01:11:05.040> nogo<01:11:05.409> [music]<01:11:05.600> on<01:11:05.760> a<01:11:05.920> rogue 01:09:39.608 --> 01:09:39.618 align:start position:0% obviously be a nogo [music] on a rogue 01:09:39.618 --> 01:09:42.409 align:start position:0% obviously be a nogo [music] on a rogue planet.<01:11:07.600> Other<01:11:07.840> than<01:11:08.000> that,<01:11:08.400> rogue<01:11:08.719> planets 01:09:42.409 --> 01:09:42.419 align:start position:0% planet. Other than that, rogue planets 01:09:42.419 --> 01:09:44.489 align:start position:0% planet. Other than that, rogue planets could<01:11:09.360> potentially<01:11:09.920> come<01:11:10.159> in<01:11:10.400> all<01:11:10.640> shapes<01:11:10.960> and 01:09:44.489 --> 01:09:44.499 align:start position:0% could potentially come in all shapes and 01:09:44.499 --> 01:09:47.048 align:start position:0% could potentially come in all shapes and sizes.<01:11:12.159> Any<01:11:12.480> planet<01:11:12.800> that<01:11:12.960> was<01:11:13.120> flung<01:11:13.440> out<01:11:13.600> of 01:09:47.048 --> 01:09:47.058 align:start position:0% sizes. Any planet that was flung out of 01:09:47.058 --> 01:09:50.169 align:start position:0% sizes. Any planet that was flung out of its<01:11:13.840> home<01:11:14.080> system<01:11:14.560> would<01:11:15.040> by<01:11:15.360> definition<01:11:16.320> be<01:11:16.560> a 01:09:50.169 --> 01:09:50.179 align:start position:0% its home system would by definition be a 01:09:50.179 --> 01:09:53.129 align:start position:0% its home system would by definition be a rogue<01:11:17.199> planet.<01:11:18.080> They<01:11:18.400> could<01:11:18.560> be<01:11:18.719> gas<01:11:19.040> giants 01:09:53.129 --> 01:09:53.139 align:start position:0% rogue planet. They could be gas giants 01:09:53.139 --> 01:09:56.889 align:start position:0% rogue planet. They could be gas giants or<01:11:20.159> rocky<01:11:20.640> planets.<01:11:21.840> So,<01:11:22.320> the<01:11:22.719> context<01:11:23.280> of 01:09:56.889 --> 01:09:56.899 align:start position:0% or rocky planets. So, the context of 01:09:56.899 --> 01:09:59.769 align:start position:0% or rocky planets. So, the context of where<01:11:23.840> a<01:11:24.080> planet<01:11:24.480> is<01:11:25.040> can<01:11:25.600> make<01:11:25.840> it<01:11:26.080> pretty 01:09:59.769 --> 01:09:59.779 align:start position:0% where a planet is can make it pretty 01:09:59.779 --> 01:10:02.009 align:start position:0% where a planet is can make it pretty strange.<01:11:27.360> But<01:11:27.600> what<01:11:27.760> about<01:11:28.000> the<01:11:28.239> planet 01:10:02.009 --> 01:10:02.019 align:start position:0% strange. But what about the planet 01:10:02.019 --> 01:10:04.088 align:start position:0% strange. But what about the planet themselves?<01:11:29.920> What<01:11:30.159> are<01:11:30.320> some<01:11:30.480> of<01:11:30.560> the 01:10:04.088 --> 01:10:04.098 align:start position:0% themselves? What are some of the 01:10:04.098 --> 01:10:07.209 align:start position:0% themselves? What are some of the weirdest,<01:11:31.760> strangest<01:11:32.480> phenomena<01:11:33.120> we<01:11:33.520> might 01:10:07.209 --> 01:10:07.219 align:start position:0% weirdest, strangest phenomena we might 01:10:07.219 --> 01:10:10.088 align:start position:0% weirdest, strangest phenomena we might encounter<01:11:34.480> on<01:11:34.800> an<01:11:35.040> exoplanet? 01:10:10.088 --> 01:10:10.098 align:start position:0% encounter on an exoplanet? 01:10:10.098 --> 01:10:12.809 align:start position:0% encounter on an exoplanet? Well,<01:11:37.280> let's<01:11:37.679> step<01:11:37.920> away<01:11:38.239> from<01:11:38.640> dark,<01:11:39.040> chilly 01:10:12.809 --> 01:10:12.819 align:start position:0% Well, let's step away from dark, chilly 01:10:12.819 --> 01:10:14.969 align:start position:0% Well, let's step away from dark, chilly rogue<01:11:39.760> planets<01:11:40.239> to<01:11:40.560> something<01:11:40.880> at<01:11:41.120> the<01:11:41.360> other 01:10:14.969 --> 01:10:14.979 align:start position:0% rogue planets to something at the other 01:10:14.979 --> 01:10:19.129 align:start position:0% rogue planets to something at the other extreme. 01:10:19.129 --> 01:10:19.139 align:start position:0% 01:10:19.139 --> 01:10:22.809 align:start position:0% WASP<01:11:46.560> 76b<01:11:47.679> is<01:11:47.920> an<01:11:48.080> exoplanet<01:11:48.800> discovered<01:11:49.199> in 01:10:22.809 --> 01:10:22.819 align:start position:0% WASP 76b is an exoplanet discovered in 01:10:22.819 --> 01:10:25.528 align:start position:0% WASP 76b is an exoplanet discovered in 2013<01:11:50.239> as<01:11:50.560> part<01:11:50.719> of<01:11:50.880> the<01:11:51.120> wide<01:11:51.440> angle<01:11:51.920> search 01:10:25.528 --> 01:10:25.538 align:start position:0% 2013 as part of the wide angle search 01:10:25.538 --> 01:10:27.769 align:start position:0% 2013 as part of the wide angle search for<01:11:52.320> planets<01:11:52.800> program.<01:11:53.679> Since<01:11:53.920> its<01:11:54.239> first 01:10:27.769 --> 01:10:27.779 align:start position:0% for planets program. Since its first 01:10:27.779 --> 01:10:30.729 align:start position:0% for planets program. Since its first discovery,<01:11:55.360> it<01:11:55.600> has<01:11:56.080> fascinated<01:11:56.800> scientists 01:10:30.729 --> 01:10:30.739 align:start position:0% discovery, it has fascinated scientists 01:10:30.739 --> 01:10:34.169 align:start position:0% discovery, it has fascinated scientists due<01:11:57.679> to<01:11:57.840> its<01:11:58.080> unusual<01:11:58.800> properties.<01:12:00.000> ESO's 01:10:34.169 --> 01:10:34.179 align:start position:0% due to its unusual properties. ESO's 01:10:34.179 --> 01:10:36.889 align:start position:0% due to its unusual properties. ESO's very<01:12:01.120> large<01:12:01.440> telescope<01:12:02.320> recently<01:12:02.800> found<01:12:03.199> one 01:10:36.889 --> 01:10:36.899 align:start position:0% very large telescope recently found one 01:10:36.899 --> 01:10:39.689 align:start position:0% very large telescope recently found one special<01:12:03.920> characteristic<01:12:04.640> in<01:12:04.880> particular.<01:12:06.080> On 01:10:39.689 --> 01:10:39.699 align:start position:0% special characteristic in particular. On 01:10:39.699 --> 01:10:42.649 align:start position:0% special characteristic in particular. On this<01:12:06.560> planet,<01:12:07.280> temperatures<01:12:07.920> are<01:12:08.320> so<01:12:08.640> hot 01:10:42.649 --> 01:10:42.659 align:start position:0% this planet, temperatures are so hot 01:10:42.659 --> 01:10:45.528 align:start position:0% this planet, temperatures are so hot that<01:12:09.600> instead<01:12:09.920> of<01:12:10.159> water<01:12:10.480> rain,<01:12:11.280> it<01:12:11.600> rains 01:10:45.528 --> 01:10:45.538 align:start position:0% that instead of water rain, it rains 01:10:45.538 --> 01:10:50.489 align:start position:0% that instead of water rain, it rains molten<01:12:12.960> iron.<01:12:14.159> How<01:12:14.400> can<01:12:14.640> this<01:12:14.960> be?<01:12:16.400> Exoplanets 01:10:50.489 --> 01:10:50.499 align:start position:0% molten iron. How can this be? Exoplanets 01:10:50.499 --> 01:10:52.649 align:start position:0% molten iron. How can this be? Exoplanets that<01:12:17.280> are<01:12:17.440> very<01:12:17.679> close<01:12:17.920> to<01:12:18.080> their<01:12:18.320> stars<01:12:18.960> with 01:10:52.649 --> 01:10:52.659 align:start position:0% that are very close to their stars with 01:10:52.659 --> 01:10:55.209 align:start position:0% that are very close to their stars with very<01:12:19.679> small<01:12:20.000> orbits<01:12:20.719> are<01:12:20.960> the<01:12:21.199> easiest<01:12:21.600> to 01:10:55.209 --> 01:10:55.219 align:start position:0% very small orbits are the easiest to 01:10:55.219 --> 01:10:57.689 align:start position:0% very small orbits are the easiest to discover<01:12:22.640> because<01:12:22.960> we<01:12:23.199> can<01:12:23.360> see<01:12:23.520> a<01:12:23.760> very<01:12:24.000> clear 01:10:57.689 --> 01:10:57.699 align:start position:0% discover because we can see a very clear 01:10:57.699 --> 01:10:59.849 align:start position:0% discover because we can see a very clear pattern<01:12:24.640> on<01:12:24.880> the<01:12:25.040> stars<01:12:25.360> light<01:12:25.679> curve<01:12:26.000> over<01:12:26.239> a 01:10:59.849 --> 01:10:59.859 align:start position:0% pattern on the stars light curve over a 01:10:59.859 --> 01:11:03.849 align:start position:0% pattern on the stars light curve over a short<01:12:26.719> period<01:12:27.040> of<01:12:27.199> time.<01:12:28.400> WASP<01:12:28.960> 76b<01:12:29.920> is<01:12:30.159> one 01:11:03.849 --> 01:11:03.859 align:start position:0% short period of time. WASP 76b is one 01:11:03.859 --> 01:11:06.889 align:start position:0% short period of time. WASP 76b is one such<01:12:30.560> [music]<01:12:30.800> planet.<01:12:31.679> Plus,<01:12:32.239> it<01:12:32.480> is<01:12:32.640> huge, 01:11:06.889 --> 01:11:06.899 align:start position:0% such [music] planet. Plus, it is huge, 01:11:06.899 --> 01:11:09.209 align:start position:0% such [music] planet. Plus, it is huge, way<01:12:33.840> bigger<01:12:34.080> than<01:12:34.320> Jupiter.<01:12:35.199> And<01:12:35.360> combine 01:11:09.209 --> 01:11:09.219 align:start position:0% way bigger than Jupiter. And combine 01:11:09.219 --> 01:11:11.048 align:start position:0% way bigger than Jupiter. And combine this<01:12:36.080> with<01:12:36.239> the<01:12:36.480> fact<01:12:36.560> that<01:12:36.800> it<01:12:37.040> only<01:12:37.199> takes 01:11:11.048 --> 01:11:11.058 align:start position:0% this with the fact that it only takes 01:11:11.058 --> 01:11:14.649 align:start position:0% this with the fact that it only takes 1.8<01:12:38.560> Earth<01:12:38.880> days<01:12:39.199> to<01:12:39.360> make<01:12:39.679> one<01:12:40.080> orbit.<01:12:41.040> It 01:11:14.649 --> 01:11:14.659 align:start position:0% 1.8 Earth days to make one orbit. It 01:11:14.659 --> 01:11:17.769 align:start position:0% 1.8 Earth days to make one orbit. It made<01:12:41.440> it<01:12:41.600> comparatively<01:12:42.400> easy<01:12:42.719> to<01:12:42.960> detect. 01:11:17.769 --> 01:11:17.779 align:start position:0% made it comparatively easy to detect. 01:11:17.779 --> 01:11:19.289 align:start position:0% made it comparatively easy to detect. But<01:12:44.640> detecting<01:12:45.120> the<01:12:45.360> presence<01:12:45.600> of<01:12:45.760> an 01:11:19.289 --> 01:11:19.299 align:start position:0% But detecting the presence of an 01:11:19.299 --> 01:11:21.369 align:start position:0% But detecting the presence of an exoplanet<01:12:46.560> is<01:12:46.719> one<01:12:46.960> thing.<01:12:47.679> How<01:12:47.840> do 01:11:21.369 --> 01:11:21.379 align:start position:0% exoplanet is one thing. How do 01:11:21.379 --> 01:11:23.449 align:start position:0% exoplanet is one thing. How do astronomers<01:12:48.640> know<01:12:48.960> anything<01:12:49.440> about<01:12:49.760> its 01:11:23.449 --> 01:11:23.459 align:start position:0% astronomers know anything about its 01:11:23.459 --> 01:11:25.769 align:start position:0% astronomers know anything about its physical<01:12:50.480> characteristics? 01:11:25.769 --> 01:11:25.779 align:start position:0% physical characteristics? 01:11:25.779 --> 01:11:27.449 align:start position:0% physical characteristics? Interestingly,<01:12:53.440> the<01:12:53.679> first<01:12:53.920> thing 01:11:27.449 --> 01:11:27.459 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the first thing 01:11:27.459 --> 01:11:29.528 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the first thing astronomers<01:12:54.800> do<01:12:54.960> is<01:12:55.199> find<01:12:55.440> out<01:12:55.600> the<01:12:55.760> physical 01:11:29.528 --> 01:11:29.538 align:start position:0% astronomers do is find out the physical 01:11:29.538 --> 01:11:32.169 align:start position:0% astronomers do is find out the physical characteristics<01:12:56.880> of<01:12:57.040> the<01:12:57.280> parent<01:12:57.600> star,<01:12:58.239> WASP 01:11:32.169 --> 01:11:32.179 align:start position:0% characteristics of the parent star, WASP 01:11:32.179 --> 01:11:34.889 align:start position:0% characteristics of the parent star, WASP 76.<01:13:00.000> The<01:13:00.320> distance<01:13:00.640> to<01:13:00.800> the<01:13:00.960> star<01:13:01.280> is 01:11:34.889 --> 01:11:34.899 align:start position:0% 76. The distance to the star is 01:11:34.899 --> 01:11:37.209 align:start position:0% 76. The distance to the star is determined<01:13:02.560> and<01:13:02.800> then<01:13:03.040> the<01:13:03.280> star<01:13:03.520> is 01:11:37.209 --> 01:11:37.219 align:start position:0% determined and then the star is 01:11:37.219 --> 01:11:39.289 align:start position:0% determined and then the star is classified<01:13:04.480> based<01:13:04.800> on<01:13:04.960> its<01:13:05.280> brightness<01:13:05.600> and 01:11:39.289 --> 01:11:39.299 align:start position:0% classified based on its brightness and 01:11:39.299 --> 01:11:42.329 align:start position:0% classified based on its brightness and color.<01:13:07.360> Knowing<01:13:07.679> the<01:13:07.920> distance<01:13:08.400> helps<01:13:08.719> us 01:11:42.329 --> 01:11:42.339 align:start position:0% color. Knowing the distance helps us 01:11:42.339 --> 01:11:44.489 align:start position:0% color. Knowing the distance helps us determine<01:13:09.440> how<01:13:09.760> bright<01:13:10.000> it<01:13:10.239> is<01:13:10.719> and<01:13:10.960> we 01:11:44.489 --> 01:11:44.499 align:start position:0% determine how bright it is and we 01:11:44.499 --> 01:11:47.048 align:start position:0% determine how bright it is and we measure<01:13:11.440> its<01:13:11.679> color<01:13:12.000> simply<01:13:12.320> by<01:13:12.560> observing<01:13:13.040> it 01:11:47.048 --> 01:11:47.058 align:start position:0% measure its color simply by observing it 01:11:47.058 --> 01:11:49.769 align:start position:0% measure its color simply by observing it which<01:13:13.920> helps<01:13:14.159> us<01:13:14.400> determine<01:13:14.800> how<01:13:15.120> hot<01:13:15.360> it<01:13:15.520> is. 01:11:49.769 --> 01:11:49.779 align:start position:0% which helps us determine how hot it is. 01:11:49.779 --> 01:11:52.088 align:start position:0% which helps us determine how hot it is. If<01:13:16.560> the<01:13:16.800> star<01:13:17.040> is<01:13:17.199> on<01:13:17.360> the<01:13:17.520> main<01:13:17.760> sequence<01:13:18.480> then 01:11:52.088 --> 01:11:52.098 align:start position:0% If the star is on the main sequence then 01:11:52.098 --> 01:11:54.489 align:start position:0% If the star is on the main sequence then this<01:13:18.960> chart<01:13:19.360> also<01:13:19.679> helps<01:13:19.920> us<01:13:20.159> know<01:13:20.400> the<01:13:20.719> radius 01:11:54.489 --> 01:11:54.499 align:start position:0% this chart also helps us know the radius 01:11:54.499 --> 01:11:56.889 align:start position:0% this chart also helps us know the radius and<01:13:21.360> mass<01:13:21.600> of<01:13:21.760> the<01:13:21.920> star<01:13:22.480> as<01:13:22.719> they<01:13:22.960> all<01:13:23.120> tend<01:13:23.360> to 01:11:56.889 --> 01:11:56.899 align:start position:0% and mass of the star as they all tend to 01:11:56.899 --> 01:11:59.689 align:start position:0% and mass of the star as they all tend to follow<01:13:23.760> a<01:13:24.000> pattern.<01:13:25.360> Once<01:13:25.679> we<01:13:25.840> have<01:13:26.000> that 01:11:59.689 --> 01:11:59.699 align:start position:0% follow a pattern. Once we have that 01:11:59.699 --> 01:12:01.608 align:start position:0% follow a pattern. Once we have that information<01:13:27.199> we<01:13:27.440> can<01:13:27.600> determine<01:13:28.000> the 01:12:01.608 --> 01:12:01.618 align:start position:0% information we can determine the 01:12:01.618 --> 01:12:03.608 align:start position:0% information we can determine the characteristics<01:13:28.880> of<01:13:29.040> the<01:13:29.280> orbiting<01:13:29.840> planet 01:12:03.608 --> 01:12:03.618 align:start position:0% characteristics of the orbiting planet 01:12:03.618 --> 01:12:06.489 align:start position:0% characteristics of the orbiting planet itself.<01:13:31.600> Knowing<01:13:31.920> the<01:13:32.159> mass<01:13:32.400> and<01:13:32.640> radius<01:13:33.040> of 01:12:06.489 --> 01:12:06.499 align:start position:0% itself. Knowing the mass and radius of 01:12:06.499 --> 01:12:08.969 align:start position:0% itself. Knowing the mass and radius of the<01:13:33.360> star<01:13:34.000> means<01:13:34.480> we<01:13:34.719> can<01:13:34.880> measure<01:13:35.120> the<01:13:35.360> mass 01:12:08.969 --> 01:12:08.979 align:start position:0% the star means we can measure the mass 01:12:08.979 --> 01:12:11.608 align:start position:0% the star means we can measure the mass of<01:13:35.840> the<01:13:36.000> orbiting<01:13:36.560> planet<01:13:37.120> using<01:13:37.520> some<01:13:37.840> clever 01:12:11.608 --> 01:12:11.618 align:start position:0% of the orbiting planet using some clever 01:12:11.618 --> 01:12:14.169 align:start position:0% of the orbiting planet using some clever equations<01:13:39.040> based<01:13:39.360> on<01:13:39.520> the<01:13:39.760> law<01:13:40.000> of<01:13:40.239> universal 01:12:14.169 --> 01:12:14.179 align:start position:0% equations based on the law of universal 01:12:14.179 --> 01:12:18.729 align:start position:0% equations based on the law of universal gravitation.<01:13:42.159> As<01:13:42.400> it<01:13:42.640> happens,<01:13:43.440> WASP<01:13:44.000> 76b<01:13:45.120> is 01:12:18.729 --> 01:12:18.739 align:start position:0% gravitation. As it happens, WASP 76b is 01:12:18.739 --> 01:12:21.209 align:start position:0% gravitation. As it happens, WASP 76b is a<01:13:45.600> super<01:13:46.000> Jupiter,<01:13:46.880> way<01:13:47.120> bigger<01:13:47.360> than<01:13:47.600> our 01:12:21.209 --> 01:12:21.219 align:start position:0% a super Jupiter, way bigger than our 01:12:21.219 --> 01:12:24.009 align:start position:0% a super Jupiter, way bigger than our Jupiter.<01:13:49.040> That<01:13:49.360> means<01:13:49.679> that<01:13:49.920> although<01:13:50.239> it<01:13:50.480> is 01:12:24.009 --> 01:12:24.019 align:start position:0% Jupiter. That means that although it is 01:12:24.019 --> 01:12:26.409 align:start position:0% Jupiter. That means that although it is massive,<01:13:51.520> this<01:13:51.760> mass<01:13:52.080> is<01:13:52.239> spread<01:13:52.480> out<01:13:52.719> across 01:12:26.409 --> 01:12:26.419 align:start position:0% massive, this mass is spread out across 01:12:26.419 --> 01:12:29.209 align:start position:0% massive, this mass is spread out across a<01:13:53.280> large<01:13:53.600> volume,<01:13:54.320> likely<01:13:54.800> making<01:13:55.040> it<01:13:55.280> a<01:13:55.520> gas 01:12:29.209 --> 01:12:29.219 align:start position:0% a large volume, likely making it a gas 01:12:29.219 --> 01:12:32.088 align:start position:0% a large volume, likely making it a gas giant.<01:13:57.199> Orbiting<01:13:57.600> this<01:13:57.840> close<01:13:58.080> to<01:13:58.239> the<01:13:58.400> star 01:12:32.088 --> 01:12:32.098 align:start position:0% giant. Orbiting this close to the star 01:12:32.098 --> 01:12:34.249 align:start position:0% giant. Orbiting this close to the star means<01:13:58.960> the<01:13:59.120> planet<01:13:59.440> is<01:13:59.760> probably<01:14:00.320> tidily 01:12:34.249 --> 01:12:34.259 align:start position:0% means the planet is probably tidily 01:12:34.259 --> 01:12:37.048 align:start position:0% means the planet is probably tidily locked.<01:14:01.760> Only<01:14:02.080> one<01:14:02.320> side<01:14:02.640> faces<01:14:03.040> the<01:14:03.199> star<01:14:03.440> at 01:12:37.048 --> 01:12:37.058 align:start position:0% locked. Only one side faces the star at 01:12:37.058 --> 01:12:39.608 align:start position:0% locked. Only one side faces the star at any<01:14:03.920> given<01:14:04.239> time.<01:14:05.280> Also,<01:14:05.679> due<01:14:05.920> to<01:14:06.080> the 01:12:39.608 --> 01:12:39.618 align:start position:0% any given time. Also, due to the 01:12:39.618 --> 01:12:41.528 align:start position:0% any given time. Also, due to the proximity<01:14:06.640> of<01:14:06.800> the<01:14:06.960> planet,<01:14:07.520> it<01:14:07.760> orbits 01:12:41.528 --> 01:12:41.538 align:start position:0% proximity of the planet, it orbits 01:12:41.538 --> 01:12:44.088 align:start position:0% proximity of the planet, it orbits within<01:14:08.480> the<01:14:08.640> stars<01:14:09.040> atmosphere,<01:14:10.159> the<01:14:10.400> physics 01:12:44.088 --> 01:12:44.098 align:start position:0% within the stars atmosphere, the physics 01:12:44.098 --> 01:12:47.289 align:start position:0% within the stars atmosphere, the physics of<01:14:10.880> which<01:14:11.199> we<01:14:11.440> really<01:14:11.840> don't<01:14:12.159> understand<01:14:12.640> yet. 01:12:47.289 --> 01:12:47.299 align:start position:0% of which we really don't understand yet. 01:12:47.299 --> 01:12:50.329 align:start position:0% of which we really don't understand yet. However,<01:14:14.719> the<01:14:14.960> star-facing<01:14:15.679> side<01:14:16.239> will<01:14:16.640> be 01:12:50.329 --> 01:12:50.339 align:start position:0% However, the star-facing side will be 01:12:50.339 --> 01:12:53.369 align:start position:0% However, the star-facing side will be extremely<01:14:17.600> hot,<01:14:18.400> estimated<01:14:18.960> to<01:14:19.199> be<01:14:19.440> around 01:12:53.369 --> 01:12:53.379 align:start position:0% extremely hot, estimated to be around 01:12:53.379 --> 01:12:54.969 align:start position:0% extremely hot, estimated to be around 2,400° 01:12:54.969 --> 01:12:54.979 align:start position:0% 2,400° 01:12:54.979 --> 01:12:59.048 align:start position:0% 2,400° C,<01:14:22.560> easily<01:14:23.040> hot<01:14:23.280> enough<01:14:23.520> to<01:14:23.760> vaporize<01:14:24.320> metals. 01:12:59.048 --> 01:12:59.058 align:start position:0% C, easily hot enough to vaporize metals. 01:12:59.058 --> 01:13:01.209 align:start position:0% C, easily hot enough to vaporize metals. Models<01:14:26.080> go<01:14:26.239> on<01:14:26.400> to<01:14:26.560> suggest<01:14:26.960> the<01:14:27.199> night<01:14:27.440> side 01:13:01.209 --> 01:13:01.219 align:start position:0% Models go on to suggest the night side 01:13:01.219 --> 01:13:03.449 align:start position:0% Models go on to suggest the night side is<01:14:28.080> about<01:14:28.480> 1,500° 01:13:03.449 --> 01:13:03.459 align:start position:0% is about 1,500° 01:13:03.459 --> 01:13:06.969 align:start position:0% is about 1,500° C.<01:14:30.960> Still<01:14:31.440> blisteringly<01:14:32.239> hot,<01:14:32.960> but<01:14:33.280> much 01:13:06.969 --> 01:13:06.979 align:start position:0% C. Still blisteringly hot, but much 01:13:06.979 --> 01:13:10.568 align:start position:0% C. Still blisteringly hot, but much cooler.<01:14:34.880> To<01:14:35.120> find<01:14:35.280> out<01:14:35.440> what<01:14:35.600> WASP<01:14:36.159> 76b<01:14:37.040> is 01:13:10.568 --> 01:13:10.578 align:start position:0% cooler. To find out what WASP 76b is 01:13:10.578 --> 01:13:12.729 align:start position:0% cooler. To find out what WASP 76b is made<01:14:37.440> of,<01:14:37.679> though,<01:14:38.239> we<01:14:38.480> need<01:14:38.640> to<01:14:38.800> go<01:14:38.960> back<01:14:39.199> to 01:13:12.729 --> 01:13:12.739 align:start position:0% made of, though, we need to go back to 01:13:12.739 --> 01:13:15.449 align:start position:0% made of, though, we need to go back to the<01:14:39.520> light<01:14:39.840> curve<01:14:40.159> of<01:14:40.320> the<01:14:40.480> transit. 01:13:15.449 --> 01:13:15.459 align:start position:0% the light curve of the transit. 01:13:15.459 --> 01:13:17.209 align:start position:0% the light curve of the transit. Scientists<01:14:42.640> look<01:14:42.880> for<01:14:43.120> differences<01:14:43.520> in<01:14:43.679> the 01:13:17.209 --> 01:13:17.219 align:start position:0% Scientists look for differences in the 01:13:17.219 --> 01:13:18.969 align:start position:0% Scientists look for differences in the light<01:14:44.080> when<01:14:44.239> the<01:14:44.400> planet<01:14:44.719> passes<01:14:45.120> in<01:14:45.360> front<01:14:45.520> of 01:13:18.969 --> 01:13:18.979 align:start position:0% light when the planet passes in front of 01:13:18.979 --> 01:13:21.209 align:start position:0% light when the planet passes in front of the<01:14:45.840> star.<01:14:46.480> As<01:14:46.800> light<01:14:47.040> from<01:14:47.199> the<01:14:47.360> star<01:14:47.600> will 01:13:21.209 --> 01:13:21.219 align:start position:0% the star. As light from the star will 01:13:21.219 --> 01:13:23.849 align:start position:0% the star. As light from the star will shine<01:14:48.159> through<01:14:48.480> the<01:14:48.719> planet's<01:14:49.120> atmosphere, 01:13:23.849 --> 01:13:23.859 align:start position:0% shine through the planet's atmosphere, 01:13:23.859 --> 01:13:26.249 align:start position:0% shine through the planet's atmosphere, certain<01:14:50.960> atoms<01:14:51.600> block<01:14:52.000> certain<01:14:52.320> wavelengths 01:13:26.249 --> 01:13:26.259 align:start position:0% certain atoms block certain wavelengths 01:13:26.259 --> 01:13:28.969 align:start position:0% certain atoms block certain wavelengths of<01:14:53.040> light.<01:14:53.679> So<01:14:53.920> any<01:14:54.159> reduced<01:14:54.719> wavelengths 01:13:28.969 --> 01:13:28.979 align:start position:0% of light. So any reduced wavelengths 01:13:28.979 --> 01:13:31.929 align:start position:0% of light. So any reduced wavelengths help<01:14:55.840> us<01:14:56.080> know<01:14:56.320> what<01:14:56.560> is<01:14:56.719> in<01:14:56.960> the<01:14:57.040> atmosphere. 01:13:31.929 --> 01:13:31.939 align:start position:0% help us know what is in the atmosphere. 01:13:31.939 --> 01:13:34.969 align:start position:0% help us know what is in the atmosphere. This<01:14:58.800> is<01:14:59.040> known<01:14:59.360> as<01:14:59.679> spectroscopy. 01:13:34.969 --> 01:13:34.979 align:start position:0% This is known as spectroscopy. 01:13:34.979 --> 01:13:38.249 align:start position:0% This is known as spectroscopy. For<01:15:01.840> WASP<01:15:02.320> 76b,<01:15:03.600> the<01:15:03.840> biggest<01:15:04.239> surprise<01:15:04.640> that 01:13:38.249 --> 01:13:38.259 align:start position:0% For WASP 76b, the biggest surprise that 01:13:38.259 --> 01:13:40.729 align:start position:0% For WASP 76b, the biggest surprise that scientists<01:15:05.440> detected<01:15:06.159> was<01:15:06.400> an<01:15:06.640> abundance<01:15:07.040> of 01:13:40.729 --> 01:13:40.739 align:start position:0% scientists detected was an abundance of 01:13:40.739 --> 01:13:43.769 align:start position:0% scientists detected was an abundance of iron<01:15:07.760> in<01:15:08.000> the<01:15:08.159> atmosphere.<01:15:09.520> Based<01:15:09.840> on<01:15:10.000> what<01:15:10.159> we 01:13:43.769 --> 01:13:43.779 align:start position:0% iron in the atmosphere. Based on what we 01:13:43.779 --> 01:13:45.929 align:start position:0% iron in the atmosphere. Based on what we know<01:15:10.560> about<01:15:10.719> the<01:15:10.880> planet<01:15:11.280> so<01:15:11.520> far,<01:15:12.080> it<01:15:12.320> seems 01:13:45.929 --> 01:13:45.939 align:start position:0% know about the planet so far, it seems 01:13:45.939 --> 01:13:47.929 align:start position:0% know about the planet so far, it seems like<01:15:12.719> iron<01:15:13.120> exposed<01:15:13.520> to<01:15:13.679> the<01:15:13.840> day<01:15:14.080> side<01:15:14.239> of<01:15:14.400> the 01:13:47.929 --> 01:13:47.939 align:start position:0% like iron exposed to the day side of the 01:13:47.939 --> 01:13:50.249 align:start position:0% like iron exposed to the day side of the planet<01:15:14.880> is<01:15:15.120> vaporized<01:15:16.159> where<01:15:16.400> it<01:15:16.560> is 01:13:50.249 --> 01:13:50.259 align:start position:0% planet is vaporized where it is 01:13:50.259 --> 01:13:52.169 align:start position:0% planet is vaporized where it is transported<01:15:17.600> through<01:15:18.000> strong<01:15:18.400> wind 01:13:52.169 --> 01:13:52.179 align:start position:0% transported through strong wind 01:13:52.179 --> 01:13:54.489 align:start position:0% transported through strong wind processes<01:15:19.520> to<01:15:19.760> the<01:15:19.920> terminator<01:15:20.560> line<01:15:20.880> between 01:13:54.489 --> 01:13:54.499 align:start position:0% processes to the terminator line between 01:13:54.499 --> 01:13:56.088 align:start position:0% processes to the terminator line between the<01:15:21.280> day<01:15:21.520> and<01:15:21.760> the<01:15:21.920> night<01:15:22.159> side<01:15:22.400> of<01:15:22.560> the 01:13:56.088 --> 01:13:56.098 align:start position:0% the day and the night side of the 01:13:56.098 --> 01:13:58.568 align:start position:0% the day and the night side of the planet.<01:15:23.679> Here<01:15:24.080> the<01:15:24.320> temperature<01:15:24.719> is<01:15:24.960> low 01:13:58.568 --> 01:13:58.578 align:start position:0% planet. Here the temperature is low 01:13:58.578 --> 01:14:00.729 align:start position:0% planet. Here the temperature is low enough<01:15:25.440> for<01:15:25.679> the<01:15:25.840> iron<01:15:26.159> to<01:15:26.320> start<01:15:26.480> to<01:15:26.719> cool<01:15:27.040> and 01:14:00.729 --> 01:14:00.739 align:start position:0% enough for the iron to start to cool and 01:14:00.739 --> 01:14:03.689 align:start position:0% enough for the iron to start to cool and condense,<01:15:28.239> producing<01:15:28.880> iron<01:15:29.360> raindrops<01:15:30.080> which 01:14:03.689 --> 01:14:03.699 align:start position:0% condense, producing iron raindrops which 01:14:03.699 --> 01:14:06.088 align:start position:0% condense, producing iron raindrops which fall<01:15:30.640> deep<01:15:30.880> into<01:15:31.120> the<01:15:31.280> atmosphere.<01:15:32.239> By<01:15:32.480> the 01:14:06.088 --> 01:14:06.098 align:start position:0% fall deep into the atmosphere. By the 01:14:06.098 --> 01:14:07.769 align:start position:0% fall deep into the atmosphere. By the time<01:15:32.800> the<01:15:33.040> wind<01:15:33.360> has<01:15:33.520> reached<01:15:33.840> the<01:15:34.080> morning 01:14:07.769 --> 01:14:07.779 align:start position:0% time the wind has reached the morning 01:14:07.779 --> 01:14:10.088 align:start position:0% time the wind has reached the morning side<01:15:34.640> of<01:15:34.800> the<01:15:34.960> planet,<01:15:35.679> iron<01:15:36.080> can<01:15:36.320> no<01:15:36.480> longer 01:14:10.088 --> 01:14:10.098 align:start position:0% side of the planet, iron can no longer 01:14:10.098 --> 01:14:13.209 align:start position:0% side of the planet, iron can no longer be<01:15:36.960> detected.<01:15:38.239> This<01:15:38.560> remarkable<01:15:39.280> measurement 01:14:13.209 --> 01:14:13.219 align:start position:0% be detected. This remarkable measurement 01:14:13.219 --> 01:14:15.528 align:start position:0% be detected. This remarkable measurement taken<01:15:40.239> by<01:15:40.400> the<01:15:40.719> Espresso<01:15:41.440> instrument<01:15:41.920> on 01:14:15.528 --> 01:14:15.538 align:start position:0% taken by the Espresso instrument on 01:14:15.538 --> 01:14:18.169 align:start position:0% taken by the Espresso instrument on ISO's<01:15:42.719> Very<01:15:42.960> Large<01:15:43.280> Telescope<01:15:44.080> is<01:15:44.320> the<01:15:44.560> first 01:14:18.169 --> 01:14:18.179 align:start position:0% ISO's Very Large Telescope is the first 01:14:18.179 --> 01:14:20.088 align:start position:0% ISO's Very Large Telescope is the first time<01:15:45.120> variations<01:15:45.679> have<01:15:45.920> been<01:15:46.080> spotted<01:15:46.480> like 01:14:20.088 --> 01:14:20.098 align:start position:0% time variations have been spotted like 01:14:20.098 --> 01:14:23.129 align:start position:0% time variations have been spotted like this<01:15:46.880> on<01:15:47.120> an<01:15:47.440> ultra<01:15:47.679> hot<01:15:48.000> gas<01:15:48.320> giant.<01:15:49.199> Although 01:14:23.129 --> 01:14:23.139 align:start position:0% this on an ultra hot gas giant. Although 01:14:23.139 --> 01:14:26.088 align:start position:0% this on an ultra hot gas giant. Although it<01:15:50.080> probably<01:15:50.480> won't<01:15:50.800> be<01:15:50.960> the<01:15:51.199> last<01:15:51.360> time. 01:14:26.088 --> 01:14:26.098 align:start position:0% it probably won't be the last time. 01:14:26.098 --> 01:14:28.729 align:start position:0% it probably won't be the last time. Planets<01:15:53.199> hot<01:15:53.440> enough<01:15:53.679> that<01:15:53.920> they<01:15:54.159> rain<01:15:54.719> molten 01:14:28.729 --> 01:14:28.739 align:start position:0% Planets hot enough that they rain molten 01:14:28.739 --> 01:14:32.088 align:start position:0% Planets hot enough that they rain molten iron<01:15:55.920> are<01:15:56.239> certainly<01:15:56.640> hot<01:15:56.880> places<01:15:57.199> to<01:15:57.440> be,<01:15:58.480> but 01:14:32.088 --> 01:14:32.098 align:start position:0% iron are certainly hot places to be, but 01:14:32.098 --> 01:14:34.249 align:start position:0% iron are certainly hot places to be, but they<01:15:58.960> are<01:15:59.040> not<01:15:59.280> the<01:15:59.440> hottest<01:15:59.840> exoplanet<01:16:00.560> we've 01:14:34.249 --> 01:14:34.259 align:start position:0% they are not the hottest exoplanet we've 01:14:34.259 --> 01:14:41.048 align:start position:0% they are not the hottest exoplanet we've seen.<01:16:02.239> So,<01:16:02.800> how<01:16:03.199> hot<01:16:03.679> can<01:16:04.000> a<01:16:04.239> planet<01:16:04.640> get? 01:14:41.048 --> 01:14:41.058 align:start position:0% 01:14:41.058 --> 01:14:43.929 align:start position:0% Nestled<01:16:08.159> in<01:16:08.320> a<01:16:08.480> tight<01:16:08.880> orbit<01:16:09.280> only<01:16:09.760> 5<01:16:10.239> million 01:14:43.929 --> 01:14:43.939 align:start position:0% Nestled in a tight orbit only 5 million 01:14:43.939 --> 01:14:46.649 align:start position:0% Nestled in a tight orbit only 5 million km<01:16:11.040> from<01:16:11.280> its<01:16:11.440> parent<01:16:11.760> star,<01:16:12.480> roughly<01:16:12.960> 10 01:14:46.649 --> 01:14:46.659 align:start position:0% km from its parent star, roughly 10 01:14:46.659 --> 01:14:48.729 align:start position:0% km from its parent star, roughly 10 times<01:16:13.600> closer<01:16:14.000> than<01:16:14.159> Mercury<01:16:14.640> orbits<01:16:15.040> our 01:14:48.729 --> 01:14:48.739 align:start position:0% times closer than Mercury orbits our 01:14:48.739 --> 01:14:52.088 align:start position:0% times closer than Mercury orbits our sun,<01:16:16.000> sits<01:16:16.320> a<01:16:16.560> planet<01:16:16.960> that<01:16:17.280> is<01:16:17.600> a<01:16:18.000> raging 01:14:52.088 --> 01:14:52.098 align:start position:0% sun, sits a planet that is a raging 01:14:52.098 --> 01:14:53.769 align:start position:0% sun, sits a planet that is a raging inferno. 01:14:53.769 --> 01:14:53.779 align:start position:0% inferno. 01:14:53.779 --> 01:14:57.929 align:start position:0% inferno. Kelt<01:16:21.040> 9<01:16:21.760> is<01:16:22.080> a<01:16:22.320> mercilessly<01:16:23.040> hot<01:16:23.360> star.<01:16:24.159> At 01:14:57.929 --> 01:14:57.939 align:start position:0% Kelt 9 is a mercilessly hot star. At 01:14:57.939 --> 01:14:59.769 align:start position:0% Kelt 9 is a mercilessly hot star. At 9,700° 01:14:59.769 --> 01:14:59.779 align:start position:0% 9,700° 01:14:59.779 --> 01:15:03.129 align:start position:0% 9,700° C<01:16:27.199> is<01:16:27.440> almost<01:16:27.920> twice<01:16:28.320> the<01:16:28.640> temperature<01:16:29.040> of<01:16:29.440> our 01:15:03.129 --> 01:15:03.139 align:start position:0% C is almost twice the temperature of our 01:15:03.139 --> 01:15:06.489 align:start position:0% C is almost twice the temperature of our own<01:16:30.159> sun.<01:16:31.199> The<01:16:31.440> lone<01:16:31.760> planet<01:16:32.080> that<01:16:32.320> orbits<01:16:32.719> it 01:15:06.489 --> 01:15:06.499 align:start position:0% own sun. The lone planet that orbits it 01:15:06.499 --> 01:15:10.088 align:start position:0% own sun. The lone planet that orbits it known<01:16:33.440> as<01:16:33.679> Kelt<01:16:34.239> 9b<01:16:35.199> is<01:16:35.440> a<01:16:35.600> gas<01:16:35.920> giant<01:16:36.320> almost 01:15:10.088 --> 01:15:10.098 align:start position:0% known as Kelt 9b is a gas giant almost 01:15:10.098 --> 01:15:12.809 align:start position:0% known as Kelt 9b is a gas giant almost twice<01:16:37.120> Jupiter's<01:16:37.600> size<01:16:38.159> and<01:16:38.560> three<01:16:38.880> times<01:16:39.120> its 01:15:12.809 --> 01:15:12.819 align:start position:0% twice Jupiter's size and three times its 01:15:12.819 --> 01:15:16.088 align:start position:0% twice Jupiter's size and three times its mass.<01:16:40.400> And<01:16:40.640> orbiting<01:16:41.280> that<01:16:41.600> close<01:16:41.920> to<01:16:42.159> such<01:16:42.480> a 01:15:16.088 --> 01:15:16.098 align:start position:0% mass. And orbiting that close to such a 01:15:16.098 --> 01:15:18.729 align:start position:0% mass. And orbiting that close to such a blaze,<01:16:43.440> its<01:16:43.760> daytime<01:16:44.239> temperature<01:16:44.719> surpasses 01:15:18.729 --> 01:15:18.739 align:start position:0% blaze, its daytime temperature surpasses 01:15:18.739 --> 01:15:22.889 align:start position:0% blaze, its daytime temperature surpasses that<01:16:45.600> of<01:16:45.920> some<01:16:46.320> stars.<01:16:47.760> Kelt<01:16:48.239> 9b<01:16:48.880> was<01:16:49.120> recorded 01:15:22.889 --> 01:15:22.899 align:start position:0% that of some stars. Kelt 9b was recorded 01:15:22.899 --> 01:15:26.969 align:start position:0% that of some stars. Kelt 9b was recorded to<01:16:49.760> have<01:16:49.920> a<01:16:50.159> temperature<01:16:50.880> of<01:16:51.360> 4,300° 01:15:26.969 --> 01:15:26.979 align:start position:0% to have a temperature of 4,300° 01:15:26.979 --> 01:15:29.929 align:start position:0% to have a temperature of 4,300° C,<01:16:54.560> making<01:16:54.800> it<01:16:55.120> hotter<01:16:55.520> than<01:16:55.760> your<01:16:56.080> average 01:15:29.929 --> 01:15:29.939 align:start position:0% C, making it hotter than your average 01:15:29.939 --> 01:15:33.289 align:start position:0% C, making it hotter than your average red<01:16:56.880> dwarf<01:16:57.360> star.<01:16:58.480> Unsurprisingly,<01:16:59.679> its 01:15:33.289 --> 01:15:33.299 align:start position:0% red dwarf star. Unsurprisingly, its 01:15:33.299 --> 01:15:36.009 align:start position:0% red dwarf star. Unsurprisingly, its hydrogen<01:17:00.480> atmosphere<01:17:01.040> is<01:17:01.440> boiling<01:17:02.000> off<01:17:02.239> into 01:15:36.009 --> 01:15:36.019 align:start position:0% hydrogen atmosphere is boiling off into 01:15:36.019 --> 01:15:38.729 align:start position:0% hydrogen atmosphere is boiling off into space,<01:17:03.360> but<01:17:03.600> is<01:17:03.840> then<01:17:04.159> being<01:17:04.560> dragged<01:17:05.040> back 01:15:38.729 --> 01:15:38.739 align:start position:0% space, but is then being dragged back 01:15:38.739 --> 01:15:41.849 align:start position:0% space, but is then being dragged back into<01:17:05.679> its<01:17:06.080> star<01:17:06.640> at<01:17:06.880> a<01:17:07.040> predicted<01:17:07.520> rate<01:17:07.920> of 01:15:41.849 --> 01:15:41.859 align:start position:0% into its star at a predicted rate of 01:15:41.859 --> 01:15:46.729 align:start position:0% into its star at a predicted rate of 100,000<01:17:09.920> tons<01:17:10.400> of<01:17:10.640> hydrogen<01:17:11.360> per<01:17:11.840> second. 01:15:46.729 --> 01:15:46.739 align:start position:0% 100,000 tons of hydrogen per second. 01:15:46.739 --> 01:15:49.849 align:start position:0% 100,000 tons of hydrogen per second. In<01:17:13.600> time,<01:17:14.400> all<01:17:14.640> of<01:17:14.880> Kelt<01:17:15.360> 9b's<01:17:15.840> atmosphere 01:15:49.849 --> 01:15:49.859 align:start position:0% In time, all of Kelt 9b's atmosphere 01:15:49.859 --> 01:15:52.088 align:start position:0% In time, all of Kelt 9b's atmosphere will<01:17:16.800> be<01:17:17.040> drained<01:17:17.520> away,<01:17:18.239> leaving<01:17:18.480> the 01:15:52.088 --> 01:15:52.098 align:start position:0% will be drained away, leaving the 01:15:52.098 --> 01:15:54.329 align:start position:0% will be drained away, leaving the planet's<01:17:19.120> core<01:17:19.440> exposed<01:17:19.920> to<01:17:20.080> that<01:17:20.320> blistering 01:15:54.329 --> 01:15:54.339 align:start position:0% planet's core exposed to that blistering 01:15:54.339 --> 01:15:57.289 align:start position:0% planet's core exposed to that blistering heat.<01:17:21.840> Kelt<01:17:22.239> 9b's<01:17:22.719> core<01:17:23.040> will<01:17:23.280> either<01:17:23.679> be 01:15:57.289 --> 01:15:57.299 align:start position:0% heat. Kelt 9b's core will either be 01:15:57.299 --> 01:16:00.568 align:start position:0% heat. Kelt 9b's core will either be eaten<01:17:24.320> then<01:17:24.960> or<01:17:25.360> the<01:17:25.600> planet<01:17:25.920> as<01:17:26.159> a<01:17:26.320> whole<01:17:26.880> will 01:16:00.568 --> 01:16:00.578 align:start position:0% eaten then or the planet as a whole will 01:16:00.578 --> 01:16:03.849 align:start position:0% eaten then or the planet as a whole will be<01:17:27.360> consumed<01:17:27.840> when<01:17:28.080> the<01:17:28.239> star<01:17:28.640> Kelt<01:17:29.120> 9<01:17:29.840> expands 01:16:03.849 --> 01:16:03.859 align:start position:0% be consumed when the star Kelt 9 expands 01:16:03.859 --> 01:16:07.608 align:start position:0% be consumed when the star Kelt 9 expands in<01:17:30.880> 300<01:17:31.520> million<01:17:31.920> years.<01:17:33.199> In<01:17:33.360> the<01:17:33.520> meantime, 01:16:07.608 --> 01:16:07.618 align:start position:0% in 300 million years. In the meantime, 01:16:07.618 --> 01:16:10.969 align:start position:0% in 300 million years. In the meantime, the<01:17:34.480> surface<01:17:34.880> of<01:17:35.120> Kelt<01:17:35.520> 9b<01:17:36.080> is<01:17:36.480> hot.<01:17:37.360> Hot 01:16:10.969 --> 01:16:10.979 align:start position:0% the surface of Kelt 9b is hot. Hot 01:16:10.979 --> 01:16:13.048 align:start position:0% the surface of Kelt 9b is hot. Hot enough<01:17:37.840> that<01:17:38.239> molecules<01:17:38.800> on<01:17:38.960> its<01:17:39.199> surface 01:16:13.048 --> 01:16:13.058 align:start position:0% enough that molecules on its surface 01:16:13.058 --> 01:16:15.849 align:start position:0% enough that molecules on its surface break<01:17:40.000> down,<01:17:40.800> ripped<01:17:41.199> apart<01:17:41.600> by<01:17:41.920> all<01:17:42.239> that 01:16:15.849 --> 01:16:15.859 align:start position:0% break down, ripped apart by all that 01:16:15.859 --> 01:16:19.129 align:start position:0% break down, ripped apart by all that energy.<01:17:43.520> All<01:17:43.760> in<01:17:43.920> all,<01:17:44.560> it<01:17:44.880> would<01:17:45.040> not<01:17:45.360> be<01:17:45.520> a 01:16:19.129 --> 01:16:19.139 align:start position:0% energy. All in all, it would not be a 01:16:19.139 --> 01:16:21.129 align:start position:0% energy. All in all, it would not be a nice<01:17:45.920> place<01:17:46.159> to<01:17:46.400> live. 01:16:21.129 --> 01:16:21.139 align:start position:0% nice place to live. 01:16:21.139 --> 01:16:22.809 align:start position:0% nice place to live. On<01:17:48.000> the<01:17:48.080> note<01:17:48.320> of<01:17:48.560> planets<01:17:48.960> hotter<01:17:49.280> than 01:16:22.809 --> 01:16:22.819 align:start position:0% On the note of planets hotter than 01:16:22.819 --> 01:16:25.289 align:start position:0% On the note of planets hotter than stars,<01:17:50.239> is<01:17:50.400> it<01:17:50.560> possible<01:17:50.960> for<01:17:51.360> planets<01:17:51.760> to 01:16:25.289 --> 01:16:25.299 align:start position:0% stars, is it possible for planets to 01:16:25.299 --> 01:16:28.009 align:start position:0% stars, is it possible for planets to exist<01:17:52.239> that<01:17:52.480> are<01:17:53.040> larger<01:17:53.760> than<01:17:54.000> their<01:17:54.239> parent 01:16:28.009 --> 01:16:28.019 align:start position:0% exist that are larger than their parent 01:16:28.019 --> 01:16:31.528 align:start position:0% exist that are larger than their parent stars,<01:17:55.120> too? 01:16:31.528 --> 01:16:31.538 align:start position:0% 01:16:31.538 --> 01:16:34.249 align:start position:0% If<01:17:58.400> you<01:17:58.640> were<01:17:58.800> to<01:17:58.960> imagine<01:17:59.360> a<01:17:59.679> star<01:18:00.000> system, 01:16:34.249 --> 01:16:34.259 align:start position:0% If you were to imagine a star system, 01:16:34.259 --> 01:16:36.649 align:start position:0% If you were to imagine a star system, you'd<01:18:01.199> probably<01:18:01.679> think<01:18:01.920> of<01:18:02.159> a<01:18:02.400> giant<01:18:02.800> star 01:16:36.649 --> 01:16:36.659 align:start position:0% you'd probably think of a giant star 01:16:36.659 --> 01:16:39.608 align:start position:0% you'd probably think of a giant star being<01:18:03.600> orbited<01:18:04.159> by<01:18:04.480> smaller<01:18:04.880> planets.<01:18:06.000> And 01:16:39.608 --> 01:16:39.618 align:start position:0% being orbited by smaller planets. And 01:16:39.618 --> 01:16:42.169 align:start position:0% being orbited by smaller planets. And generally<01:18:06.880> speaking,<01:18:07.760> this<01:18:08.000> is<01:18:08.159> the<01:18:08.400> standard 01:16:42.169 --> 01:16:42.179 align:start position:0% generally speaking, this is the standard 01:16:42.179 --> 01:16:45.129 align:start position:0% generally speaking, this is the standard for<01:18:09.040> star<01:18:09.360> systems<01:18:09.760> across<01:18:10.080> the<01:18:10.320> universe. 01:16:45.129 --> 01:16:45.139 align:start position:0% for star systems across the universe. 01:16:45.139 --> 01:16:47.689 align:start position:0% for star systems across the universe. However,<01:18:12.480> solar<01:18:12.880> systems<01:18:13.360> come<01:18:13.679> in<01:18:14.000> many 01:16:47.689 --> 01:16:47.699 align:start position:0% However, solar systems come in many 01:16:47.699 --> 01:16:50.568 align:start position:0% However, solar systems come in many shapes<01:18:14.719> and<01:18:14.960> sizes.<01:18:15.920> Could<01:18:16.239> it<01:18:16.480> be<01:18:16.640> that<01:18:16.960> there 01:16:50.568 --> 01:16:50.578 align:start position:0% shapes and sizes. Could it be that there 01:16:50.578 --> 01:16:52.649 align:start position:0% shapes and sizes. Could it be that there are<01:18:17.360> planets<01:18:17.760> out<01:18:18.000> there<01:18:18.239> that<01:18:18.560> are<01:18:18.719> bigger 01:16:52.649 --> 01:16:52.659 align:start position:0% are planets out there that are bigger 01:16:52.659 --> 01:16:54.969 align:start position:0% are planets out there that are bigger than<01:18:19.440> the<01:18:19.679> star<01:18:20.000> they<01:18:20.239> are<01:18:20.400> orbiting?<01:18:21.360> And 01:16:54.969 --> 01:16:54.979 align:start position:0% than the star they are orbiting? And 01:16:54.979 --> 01:16:57.289 align:start position:0% than the star they are orbiting? And leading<01:18:21.920> on<01:18:22.080> from<01:18:22.239> that,<01:18:22.960> how<01:18:23.280> big<01:18:23.679> can 01:16:57.289 --> 01:16:57.299 align:start position:0% leading on from that, how big can 01:16:57.299 --> 01:16:59.608 align:start position:0% leading on from that, how big can planets<01:18:24.400> get?<01:18:25.199> What's<01:18:25.440> the<01:18:25.600> biggest<01:18:25.920> one<01:18:26.080> that 01:16:59.608 --> 01:16:59.618 align:start position:0% planets get? What's the biggest one that 01:16:59.618 --> 01:17:01.528 align:start position:0% planets get? What's the biggest one that we<01:18:26.400> know<01:18:26.560> of? 01:17:01.528 --> 01:17:01.538 align:start position:0% we know of? 01:17:01.538 --> 01:17:04.249 align:start position:0% we know of? First<01:18:28.400> of<01:18:28.560> all,<01:18:28.880> let's<01:18:29.199> define<01:18:29.760> one<01:18:30.080> point. 01:17:04.249 --> 01:17:04.259 align:start position:0% First of all, let's define one point. 01:17:04.259 --> 01:17:06.809 align:start position:0% First of all, let's define one point. When<01:18:31.120> we<01:18:31.360> talk<01:18:31.600> of<01:18:31.920> big,<01:18:32.719> what<01:18:32.960> we<01:18:33.120> are 01:17:06.809 --> 01:17:06.819 align:start position:0% When we talk of big, what we are 01:17:06.819 --> 01:17:09.289 align:start position:0% When we talk of big, what we are actually<01:18:34.000> referring<01:18:34.480> to<01:18:34.880> is<01:18:35.120> the<01:18:35.360> volume<01:18:35.679> of 01:17:09.289 --> 01:17:09.299 align:start position:0% actually referring to is the volume of 01:17:09.299 --> 01:17:12.489 align:start position:0% actually referring to is the volume of an<01:18:36.080> object,<01:18:36.640> not<01:18:36.880> its<01:18:37.199> mass.<01:18:38.320> In<01:18:38.560> order<01:18:38.800> for<01:18:38.960> a 01:17:12.489 --> 01:17:12.499 align:start position:0% an object, not its mass. In order for a 01:17:12.499 --> 01:17:14.969 align:start position:0% an object, not its mass. In order for a star<01:18:39.360> to<01:18:39.600> be<01:18:39.679> a<01:18:39.920> star,<01:18:40.400> it<01:18:40.640> has<01:18:40.800> to<01:18:40.960> be<01:18:41.120> over<01:18:41.360> a 01:17:14.969 --> 01:17:14.979 align:start position:0% star to be a star, it has to be over a 01:17:14.979 --> 01:17:18.088 align:start position:0% star to be a star, it has to be over a certain<01:18:41.920> mass,<01:18:42.560> namely<01:18:43.040> 0.08<01:18:43.679> 08<01:18:44.320> solar 01:17:18.088 --> 01:17:18.098 align:start position:0% certain mass, namely 0.08 08 solar 01:17:18.098 --> 01:17:22.009 align:start position:0% certain mass, namely 0.08 08 solar masses<01:18:45.440> or<01:18:45.679> 8%<01:18:46.159> of<01:18:46.400> our<01:18:46.719> sun's<01:18:47.040> mass. 01:17:22.009 --> 01:17:22.019 align:start position:0% masses or 8% of our sun's mass. 01:17:22.019 --> 01:17:24.169 align:start position:0% masses or 8% of our sun's mass. Below<01:18:49.040> this<01:18:49.280> threshold,<01:18:50.000> the<01:18:50.239> object<01:18:50.560> is 01:17:24.169 --> 01:17:24.179 align:start position:0% Below this threshold, the object is 01:17:24.179 --> 01:17:26.729 align:start position:0% Below this threshold, the object is classified<01:18:51.280> as<01:18:51.440> a<01:18:51.679> brown<01:18:51.920> dwarf<01:18:52.880> because<01:18:53.120> it 01:17:26.729 --> 01:17:26.739 align:start position:0% classified as a brown dwarf because it 01:17:26.739 --> 01:17:28.568 align:start position:0% classified as a brown dwarf because it didn't<01:18:53.600> become<01:18:53.920> massive<01:18:54.239> enough<01:18:54.480> for<01:18:54.719> nuclear 01:17:28.568 --> 01:17:28.578 align:start position:0% didn't become massive enough for nuclear 01:17:28.578 --> 01:17:31.689 align:start position:0% didn't become massive enough for nuclear fusion<01:18:55.600> to<01:18:55.760> take<01:18:55.920> place<01:18:56.159> in<01:18:56.320> its<01:18:56.560> core. 01:17:31.689 --> 01:17:31.699 align:start position:0% fusion to take place in its core. 01:17:31.699 --> 01:17:33.608 align:start position:0% fusion to take place in its core. Lower<01:18:58.719> masses<01:18:59.040> than<01:18:59.280> brown<01:18:59.520> dwarfs<01:19:00.080> are 01:17:33.608 --> 01:17:33.618 align:start position:0% Lower masses than brown dwarfs are 01:17:33.618 --> 01:17:37.369 align:start position:0% Lower masses than brown dwarfs are simply<01:19:00.640> planets,<01:19:01.280> asteroids,<01:19:02.159> and<01:19:02.480> dust. 01:17:37.369 --> 01:17:37.379 align:start position:0% simply planets, asteroids, and dust. 01:17:37.379 --> 01:17:40.329 align:start position:0% simply planets, asteroids, and dust. So,<01:19:04.320> the<01:19:04.560> minimum<01:19:04.960> mass<01:19:05.199> of<01:19:05.360> a<01:19:05.520> star<01:19:05.760> is<01:19:06.000> 0.08 01:17:40.329 --> 01:17:40.339 align:start position:0% So, the minimum mass of a star is 0.08 01:17:40.339 --> 01:17:42.969 align:start position:0% So, the minimum mass of a star is 0.08 solar<01:19:07.360> masses.<01:19:08.239> Is<01:19:08.480> there<01:19:08.719> also<01:19:09.040> an<01:19:09.280> upper 01:17:42.969 --> 01:17:42.979 align:start position:0% solar masses. Is there also an upper 01:17:42.979 --> 01:17:46.088 align:start position:0% solar masses. Is there also an upper limit?<01:19:10.800> Theoretically,<01:19:11.760> the<01:19:12.000> most<01:19:12.320> amount<01:19:12.560> of 01:17:46.088 --> 01:17:46.098 align:start position:0% limit? Theoretically, the most amount of 01:17:46.098 --> 01:17:49.129 align:start position:0% limit? Theoretically, the most amount of mass<01:19:12.960> a<01:19:13.199> star<01:19:13.440> can<01:19:13.600> attain<01:19:14.320> is<01:19:14.560> about<01:19:15.360> 150 01:17:49.129 --> 01:17:49.139 align:start position:0% mass a star can attain is about 150 01:17:49.139 --> 01:17:51.608 align:start position:0% mass a star can attain is about 150 solar<01:19:16.159> masses<01:19:16.800> before<01:19:17.199> models<01:19:17.600> suggest<01:19:18.000> it 01:17:51.608 --> 01:17:51.618 align:start position:0% solar masses before models suggest it 01:17:51.618 --> 01:17:54.088 align:start position:0% solar masses before models suggest it would<01:19:18.400> lose<01:19:18.640> its<01:19:18.880> stability. 01:17:54.088 --> 01:17:54.098 align:start position:0% would lose its stability. 01:17:54.098 --> 01:17:56.649 align:start position:0% would lose its stability. Although,<01:19:21.520> interestingly<01:19:22.239> enough,<01:19:23.040> there 01:17:56.649 --> 01:17:56.659 align:start position:0% Although, interestingly enough, there 01:17:56.659 --> 01:17:58.409 align:start position:0% Although, interestingly enough, there are<01:19:23.440> some<01:19:23.679> stars<01:19:24.000> in<01:19:24.159> existence<01:19:24.640> that 01:17:58.409 --> 01:17:58.419 align:start position:0% are some stars in existence that 01:17:58.419 --> 01:18:01.048 align:start position:0% are some stars in existence that seemingly<01:19:25.679> contradict<01:19:26.239> that<01:19:26.480> theory<01:19:27.360> with 01:18:01.048 --> 01:18:01.058 align:start position:0% seemingly contradict that theory with 01:18:01.058 --> 01:18:03.608 align:start position:0% seemingly contradict that theory with masses<01:19:28.159> that<01:19:28.400> are<01:19:28.640> estimated<01:19:29.120> to<01:19:29.360> be<01:19:29.600> around 01:18:03.608 --> 01:18:03.618 align:start position:0% masses that are estimated to be around 01:18:03.618 --> 01:18:06.329 align:start position:0% masses that are estimated to be around 300<01:19:30.880> solar<01:19:31.280> masses. 01:18:06.329 --> 01:18:06.339 align:start position:0% 300 solar masses. 01:18:06.339 --> 01:18:08.489 align:start position:0% 300 solar masses. Regardless,<01:19:33.840> just<01:19:34.080> because<01:19:34.320> a<01:19:34.560> star<01:19:34.880> is 01:18:08.489 --> 01:18:08.499 align:start position:0% Regardless, just because a star is 01:18:08.499 --> 01:18:11.608 align:start position:0% Regardless, just because a star is massive<01:19:35.840> doesn't<01:19:36.239> mean<01:19:36.400> that<01:19:36.640> it's<01:19:36.960> big.<01:19:38.000> Some 01:18:11.608 --> 01:18:11.618 align:start position:0% massive doesn't mean that it's big. Some 01:18:11.618 --> 01:18:13.769 align:start position:0% massive doesn't mean that it's big. Some of<01:19:38.320> the<01:19:38.480> densest<01:19:38.960> stars<01:19:39.280> in<01:19:39.520> existence, 01:18:13.769 --> 01:18:13.779 align:start position:0% of the densest stars in existence, 01:18:13.779 --> 01:18:16.969 align:start position:0% of the densest stars in existence, neutron<01:19:40.880> stars,<01:19:41.679> are<01:19:41.920> 1<01:19:42.159> to<01:19:42.480> two<01:19:42.719> solar<01:19:43.040> masses 01:18:16.969 --> 01:18:16.979 align:start position:0% neutron stars, are 1 to two solar masses 01:18:16.979 --> 01:18:20.809 align:start position:0% neutron stars, are 1 to two solar masses and<01:19:43.840> can<01:19:44.080> be<01:19:44.239> only<01:19:44.719> 30<01:19:45.040> km<01:19:45.600> across.<01:19:47.040> Imagine 01:18:20.809 --> 01:18:20.819 align:start position:0% and can be only 30 km across. Imagine 01:18:20.819 --> 01:18:23.769 align:start position:0% and can be only 30 km across. Imagine fitting<01:19:47.920> the<01:19:48.159> vast<01:19:48.560> mass<01:19:48.880> of<01:19:49.120> our<01:19:49.440> star,<01:19:50.080> an 01:18:23.769 --> 01:18:23.779 align:start position:0% fitting the vast mass of our star, an 01:18:23.779 --> 01:18:26.489 align:start position:0% fitting the vast mass of our star, an object<01:19:50.880> so<01:19:51.280> huge<01:19:51.600> that<01:19:51.840> it<01:19:52.000> dwarfs<01:19:52.480> Jupiter 01:18:26.489 --> 01:18:26.499 align:start position:0% object so huge that it dwarfs Jupiter 01:18:26.499 --> 01:18:29.449 align:start position:0% object so huge that it dwarfs Jupiter considerably,<01:19:54.000> let<01:19:54.159> alone<01:19:54.560> us,<01:19:55.280> and<01:19:55.600> squeeze 01:18:29.449 --> 01:18:29.459 align:start position:0% considerably, let alone us, and squeeze 01:18:29.459 --> 01:18:31.769 align:start position:0% considerably, let alone us, and squeeze up<01:19:56.239> to<01:19:56.400> two<01:19:56.640> of<01:19:56.800> these<01:19:57.199> in<01:19:57.360> a<01:19:57.600> space<01:19:57.840> the<01:19:58.159> size 01:18:31.769 --> 01:18:31.779 align:start position:0% up to two of these in a space the size 01:18:31.779 --> 01:18:35.048 align:start position:0% up to two of these in a space the size of<01:19:58.560> a<01:19:58.719> large<01:19:59.040> city.<01:20:00.400> While<01:20:00.719> these<01:20:01.040> stars<01:20:01.440> are 01:18:35.048 --> 01:18:35.058 align:start position:0% of a large city. While these stars are 01:18:35.058 --> 01:18:38.169 align:start position:0% of a large city. While these stars are tiny<01:20:02.159> volumewise,<01:20:03.440> they<01:20:03.840> easily<01:20:04.320> have<01:20:04.560> enough 01:18:38.169 --> 01:18:38.179 align:start position:0% tiny volumewise, they easily have enough 01:18:38.179 --> 01:18:40.809 align:start position:0% tiny volumewise, they easily have enough mass<01:20:05.120> to<01:20:05.360> host<01:20:05.679> a<01:20:05.920> grand<01:20:06.320> solar<01:20:06.719> system<01:20:07.120> that 01:18:40.809 --> 01:18:40.819 align:start position:0% mass to host a grand solar system that 01:18:40.819 --> 01:18:43.849 align:start position:0% mass to host a grand solar system that could<01:20:07.600> stretch<01:20:08.000> far<01:20:08.320> beyond<01:20:08.640> our<01:20:08.960> own.<01:20:10.239> We 01:18:43.849 --> 01:18:43.859 align:start position:0% could stretch far beyond our own. We 01:18:43.859 --> 01:18:45.769 align:start position:0% could stretch far beyond our own. We have<01:20:10.719> discovered<01:20:11.280> exoplanets<01:20:12.000> around 01:18:45.769 --> 01:18:45.779 align:start position:0% have discovered exoplanets around 01:18:45.779 --> 01:18:48.409 align:start position:0% have discovered exoplanets around neutron<01:20:12.880> stars.<01:20:13.840> However,<01:20:14.480> due<01:20:14.719> to<01:20:14.880> the 01:18:48.409 --> 01:18:48.419 align:start position:0% neutron stars. However, due to the 01:18:48.419 --> 01:18:50.729 align:start position:0% neutron stars. However, due to the detection<01:20:15.520> method<01:20:15.920> used<01:20:16.239> to<01:20:16.400> discover<01:20:16.800> them, 01:18:50.729 --> 01:18:50.739 align:start position:0% detection method used to discover them, 01:18:50.739 --> 01:18:53.048 align:start position:0% detection method used to discover them, we<01:20:17.600> can<01:20:17.760> only<01:20:18.080> really<01:20:18.400> define<01:20:18.800> their<01:20:19.040> mass, 01:18:53.048 --> 01:18:53.058 align:start position:0% we can only really define their mass, 01:18:53.058 --> 01:18:55.048 align:start position:0% we can only really define their mass, not<01:20:19.920> their<01:20:20.159> radius. 01:18:55.048 --> 01:18:55.058 align:start position:0% not their radius. 01:18:55.058 --> 01:18:56.649 align:start position:0% not their radius. It<01:20:21.920> would<01:20:22.080> make<01:20:22.239> sense<01:20:22.560> though<01:20:22.800> that<01:20:22.960> these 01:18:56.649 --> 01:18:56.659 align:start position:0% It would make sense though that these 01:18:56.659 --> 01:18:58.729 align:start position:0% It would make sense though that these planets<01:20:23.760> are<01:20:24.080> many<01:20:24.480> times<01:20:24.800> bigger<01:20:25.040> than<01:20:25.199> the 01:18:58.729 --> 01:18:58.739 align:start position:0% planets are many times bigger than the 01:18:58.739 --> 01:19:01.689 align:start position:0% planets are many times bigger than the tiny<01:20:25.679> star<01:20:26.480> as<01:20:26.719> we<01:20:26.960> have<01:20:27.280> asteroids<01:20:27.840> in<01:20:28.080> our 01:19:01.689 --> 01:19:01.699 align:start position:0% tiny star as we have asteroids in our 01:19:01.699 --> 01:19:03.449 align:start position:0% tiny star as we have asteroids in our solar<01:20:28.640> system<01:20:29.040> which<01:20:29.280> can<01:20:29.440> be<01:20:29.600> hundreds<01:20:29.920> of 01:19:03.449 --> 01:19:03.459 align:start position:0% solar system which can be hundreds of 01:19:03.459 --> 01:19:05.769 align:start position:0% solar system which can be hundreds of kilome<01:20:30.560> across,<01:20:31.360> let<01:20:31.520> alone<01:20:31.920> planets 01:19:05.769 --> 01:19:05.779 align:start position:0% kilome across, let alone planets 01:19:05.779 --> 01:19:08.489 align:start position:0% kilome across, let alone planets thousands<01:20:32.880> of<01:20:33.040> km<01:20:33.520> across. 01:19:08.489 --> 01:19:08.499 align:start position:0% thousands of km across. 01:19:08.499 --> 01:19:11.369 align:start position:0% thousands of km across. White<01:20:35.440> dwarfs<01:20:36.080> are<01:20:36.400> another<01:20:36.880> example<01:20:37.280> of<01:20:37.520> tiny 01:19:11.369 --> 01:19:11.379 align:start position:0% White dwarfs are another example of tiny 01:19:11.379 --> 01:19:13.689 align:start position:0% White dwarfs are another example of tiny stars<01:20:38.560> that<01:20:38.880> likely<01:20:39.199> have<01:20:39.520> larger<01:20:39.920> planets 01:19:13.689 --> 01:19:13.699 align:start position:0% stars that likely have larger planets 01:19:13.699 --> 01:19:16.009 align:start position:0% stars that likely have larger planets orbiting<01:20:40.719> them.<01:20:41.520> White<01:20:41.840> dwarfs<01:20:42.320> are<01:20:42.480> the 01:19:16.009 --> 01:19:16.019 align:start position:0% orbiting them. White dwarfs are the 01:19:16.019 --> 01:19:18.729 align:start position:0% orbiting them. White dwarfs are the remnants<01:20:43.120> of<01:20:43.360> red<01:20:43.679> giant<01:20:44.159> stars<01:20:44.719> that<01:20:45.040> weren't 01:19:18.729 --> 01:19:18.739 align:start position:0% remnants of red giant stars that weren't 01:19:18.739 --> 01:19:20.729 align:start position:0% remnants of red giant stars that weren't massive<01:20:45.760> enough<01:20:46.000> to<01:20:46.239> become<01:20:46.640> neutron<01:20:47.120> stars 01:19:20.729 --> 01:19:20.739 align:start position:0% massive enough to become neutron stars 01:19:20.739 --> 01:19:22.649 align:start position:0% massive enough to become neutron stars in<01:20:47.520> a<01:20:47.679> supernova<01:20:48.320> explosion<01:20:48.880> when<01:20:49.120> they 01:19:22.649 --> 01:19:22.659 align:start position:0% in a supernova explosion when they 01:19:22.659 --> 01:19:24.489 align:start position:0% in a supernova explosion when they reached<01:20:49.520> the<01:20:49.679> end<01:20:49.840> of<01:20:49.920> their<01:20:50.159> lives. 01:19:24.489 --> 01:19:24.499 align:start position:0% reached the end of their lives. 01:19:24.499 --> 01:19:26.889 align:start position:0% reached the end of their lives. Instead,<01:20:51.840> they<01:20:52.159> shed<01:20:52.480> their<01:20:52.640> outer<01:20:53.120> layers<01:20:53.360> in 01:19:26.889 --> 01:19:26.899 align:start position:0% Instead, they shed their outer layers in 01:19:26.899 --> 01:19:29.528 align:start position:0% Instead, they shed their outer layers in a<01:20:53.679> planetary<01:20:54.159> nebula,<01:20:55.120> leaving<01:20:55.440> behind<01:20:55.920> the 01:19:29.528 --> 01:19:29.538 align:start position:0% a planetary nebula, leaving behind the 01:19:29.538 --> 01:19:31.769 align:start position:0% a planetary nebula, leaving behind the core<01:20:56.400> of<01:20:56.560> the<01:20:56.719> star,<01:20:57.199> or<01:20:57.440> what<01:20:57.600> is<01:20:57.760> known<01:20:58.000> as<01:20:58.239> a 01:19:31.769 --> 01:19:31.779 align:start position:0% core of the star, or what is known as a 01:19:31.779 --> 01:19:34.729 align:start position:0% core of the star, or what is known as a white<01:20:58.640> dwarf.<01:20:59.920> Nuclear<01:21:00.480> fusion<01:21:00.880> does<01:21:01.120> not 01:19:34.729 --> 01:19:34.739 align:start position:0% white dwarf. Nuclear fusion does not 01:19:34.739 --> 01:19:36.809 align:start position:0% white dwarf. Nuclear fusion does not take<01:21:01.600> place<01:21:01.760> in<01:21:01.920> the<01:21:02.080> white<01:21:02.320> dwarf,<01:21:03.120> meaning 01:19:36.809 --> 01:19:36.819 align:start position:0% take place in the white dwarf, meaning 01:19:36.819 --> 01:19:38.889 align:start position:0% take place in the white dwarf, meaning their<01:21:03.760> luminosity<01:21:04.480> comes<01:21:04.800> solely<01:21:05.199> from 01:19:38.889 --> 01:19:38.899 align:start position:0% their luminosity comes solely from 01:19:38.899 --> 01:19:41.209 align:start position:0% their luminosity comes solely from stored<01:21:05.920> thermal<01:21:06.320> radiation. 01:19:41.209 --> 01:19:41.219 align:start position:0% stored thermal radiation. 01:19:41.219 --> 01:19:43.929 align:start position:0% stored thermal radiation. This<01:21:08.239> makes<01:21:08.480> them<01:21:08.800> quite<01:21:09.199> dim<01:21:09.600> stars,<01:21:10.320> and 01:19:43.929 --> 01:19:43.939 align:start position:0% This makes them quite dim stars, and 01:19:43.939 --> 01:19:46.729 align:start position:0% This makes them quite dim stars, and they<01:21:10.800> only<01:21:10.960> get<01:21:11.199> dimmer<01:21:11.600> over<01:21:11.840> time. 01:19:46.729 --> 01:19:46.739 align:start position:0% they only get dimmer over time. 01:19:46.739 --> 01:19:48.249 align:start position:0% they only get dimmer over time. Planets<01:21:13.760> that<01:21:14.000> would<01:21:14.159> have<01:21:14.320> survived<01:21:14.640> the 01:19:48.249 --> 01:19:48.259 align:start position:0% Planets that would have survived the 01:19:48.259 --> 01:19:50.409 align:start position:0% Planets that would have survived the stars<01:21:15.280> evolution<01:21:15.760> from<01:21:16.000> main<01:21:16.320> sequence<01:21:16.800> to 01:19:50.409 --> 01:19:50.419 align:start position:0% stars evolution from main sequence to 01:19:50.419 --> 01:19:53.289 align:start position:0% stars evolution from main sequence to red<01:21:17.280> giant<01:21:17.760> to<01:21:18.080> white<01:21:18.320> dwarf<01:21:19.199> could<01:21:19.440> well<01:21:19.679> be 01:19:53.289 --> 01:19:53.299 align:start position:0% red giant to white dwarf could well be 01:19:53.299 --> 01:19:55.289 align:start position:0% red giant to white dwarf could well be larger<01:21:20.239> than<01:21:20.400> the<01:21:20.719> small<01:21:21.120> remnant<01:21:21.679> white 01:19:55.289 --> 01:19:55.299 align:start position:0% larger than the small remnant white 01:19:55.299 --> 01:19:57.608 align:start position:0% larger than the small remnant white dwarf<01:21:22.560> which<01:21:22.719> is<01:21:22.960> typically<01:21:23.360> the<01:21:23.600> radius<01:21:24.000> of 01:19:57.608 --> 01:19:57.618 align:start position:0% dwarf which is typically the radius of 01:19:57.618 --> 01:19:59.449 align:start position:0% dwarf which is typically the radius of earth. 01:19:59.449 --> 01:19:59.459 align:start position:0% earth. 01:19:59.459 --> 01:20:01.209 align:start position:0% earth. There<01:21:26.320> came<01:21:26.560> a<01:21:26.880> confirmation<01:21:27.360> of<01:21:27.520> such<01:21:27.679> a 01:20:01.209 --> 01:20:01.219 align:start position:0% There came a confirmation of such a 01:20:01.219 --> 01:20:04.249 align:start position:0% There came a confirmation of such a planetary<01:21:28.320> system<01:21:28.640> in<01:21:29.040> 2020<01:21:30.159> thanks<01:21:30.480> to<01:21:30.640> the 01:20:04.249 --> 01:20:04.259 align:start position:0% planetary system in 2020 thanks to the 01:20:04.259 --> 01:20:07.608 align:start position:0% planetary system in 2020 thanks to the test<01:21:31.199> observatory<01:21:32.560> an<01:21:32.719> exoplanet<01:21:33.440> known<01:21:33.840> as 01:20:07.608 --> 01:20:07.618 align:start position:0% test observatory an exoplanet known as 01:20:07.618 --> 01:20:11.129 align:start position:0% test observatory an exoplanet known as WD1856b.<01:21:35.526> [music] 01:20:11.129 --> 01:20:11.139 align:start position:0% 01:20:11.139 --> 01:20:13.369 align:start position:0% What's<01:21:38.159> remarkable<01:21:38.800> about<01:21:39.120> this<01:21:39.360> system<01:21:39.760> is 01:20:13.369 --> 01:20:13.379 align:start position:0% What's remarkable about this system is 01:20:13.379 --> 01:20:15.369 align:start position:0% What's remarkable about this system is that<01:21:40.159> the<01:21:40.400> planet<01:21:40.719> orbits<01:21:41.120> the<01:21:41.360> white<01:21:41.520> dwarf 01:20:15.369 --> 01:20:15.379 align:start position:0% that the planet orbits the white dwarf 01:20:15.379 --> 01:20:17.929 align:start position:0% that the planet orbits the white dwarf relatively<01:21:42.560> closely,<01:21:43.520> meaning<01:21:43.920> it<01:21:44.159> survived 01:20:17.929 --> 01:20:17.939 align:start position:0% relatively closely, meaning it survived 01:20:17.939 --> 01:20:19.929 align:start position:0% relatively closely, meaning it survived the<01:21:44.800> star<01:21:45.120> going<01:21:45.360> through<01:21:45.600> its<01:21:45.920> red<01:21:46.159> giant 01:20:19.929 --> 01:20:19.939 align:start position:0% the star going through its red giant 01:20:19.939 --> 01:20:22.409 align:start position:0% the star going through its red giant phase.<01:21:47.520> The<01:21:47.679> red<01:21:47.920> giant<01:21:48.239> phase<01:21:48.640> would<01:21:48.880> have 01:20:22.409 --> 01:20:22.419 align:start position:0% phase. The red giant phase would have 01:20:22.419 --> 01:20:24.169 align:start position:0% phase. The red giant phase would have easily<01:21:49.440> enveloped<01:21:49.920> where<01:21:50.159> the<01:21:50.320> planet<01:21:50.560> now 01:20:24.169 --> 01:20:24.179 align:start position:0% easily enveloped where the planet now 01:20:24.179 --> 01:20:26.568 align:start position:0% easily enveloped where the planet now resides.<01:21:51.760> So,<01:21:52.000> this<01:21:52.159> means<01:21:52.400> the<01:21:52.639> planet<01:21:52.960> must 01:20:26.568 --> 01:20:26.578 align:start position:0% resides. So, this means the planet must 01:20:26.578 --> 01:20:28.969 align:start position:0% resides. So, this means the planet must have<01:21:53.360> fallen<01:21:53.840> or<01:21:54.239> scattered<01:21:54.639> into<01:21:54.880> this<01:21:55.120> orbit 01:20:28.969 --> 01:20:28.979 align:start position:0% have fallen or scattered into this orbit 01:20:28.979 --> 01:20:31.289 align:start position:0% have fallen or scattered into this orbit after<01:21:55.920> the<01:21:56.159> event,<01:21:56.880> perhaps<01:21:57.360> thanks<01:21:57.600> to<01:21:57.760> the 01:20:31.289 --> 01:20:31.299 align:start position:0% after the event, perhaps thanks to the 01:20:31.299 --> 01:20:33.528 align:start position:0% after the event, perhaps thanks to the gravitational<01:21:58.560> influences<01:21:59.360> of<01:21:59.520> the<01:21:59.760> stars 01:20:33.528 --> 01:20:33.538 align:start position:0% gravitational influences of the stars 01:20:33.538 --> 01:20:36.249 align:start position:0% gravitational influences of the stars other<01:22:00.400> undiscovered<01:22:01.120> planets<01:22:01.920> or<01:22:02.239> even<01:22:02.480> from 01:20:36.249 --> 01:20:36.259 align:start position:0% other undiscovered planets or even from 01:20:36.259 --> 01:20:38.249 align:start position:0% other undiscovered planets or even from nearby<01:22:03.440> stars<01:22:03.840> that<01:22:04.080> the<01:22:04.159> white<01:22:04.400> dwarf<01:22:04.719> is 01:20:38.249 --> 01:20:38.259 align:start position:0% nearby stars that the white dwarf is 01:20:38.259 --> 01:20:41.608 align:start position:0% nearby stars that the white dwarf is gravitationally<01:22:05.600> bound<01:22:05.920> to.<01:22:07.120> In<01:22:07.360> any<01:22:07.600> case, 01:20:41.608 --> 01:20:41.618 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound to. In any case, 01:20:41.618 --> 01:20:44.649 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound to. In any case, it's<01:22:08.480> an<01:22:08.639> incredible<01:22:09.120> system<01:22:09.600> indeed. 01:20:44.649 --> 01:20:44.659 align:start position:0% it's an incredible system indeed. 01:20:44.659 --> 01:20:46.969 align:start position:0% it's an incredible system indeed. When<01:22:11.520> it<01:22:11.679> comes<01:22:11.840> to<01:22:12.080> main<01:22:12.480> sequence<01:22:12.880> stars, 01:20:46.969 --> 01:20:46.979 align:start position:0% When it comes to main sequence stars, 01:20:46.979 --> 01:20:49.048 align:start position:0% When it comes to main sequence stars, planets<01:22:14.080> larger<01:22:14.400> than<01:22:14.639> them<01:22:14.960> are<01:22:15.199> tricky<01:22:15.520> to 01:20:49.048 --> 01:20:49.058 align:start position:0% planets larger than them are tricky to 01:20:49.058 --> 01:20:51.689 align:start position:0% planets larger than them are tricky to find,<01:22:16.000> too.<01:22:16.880> We<01:22:17.120> believe<01:22:17.360> that<01:22:17.679> main<01:22:18.000> sequence 01:20:51.689 --> 01:20:51.699 align:start position:0% find, too. We believe that main sequence 01:20:51.699 --> 01:20:53.769 align:start position:0% find, too. We believe that main sequence stars<01:22:18.719> make<01:22:18.960> up<01:22:19.120> the<01:22:19.360> majority<01:22:19.679> of<01:22:19.920> stars<01:22:20.239> in 01:20:53.769 --> 01:20:53.779 align:start position:0% stars make up the majority of stars in 01:20:53.779 --> 01:20:56.249 align:start position:0% stars make up the majority of stars in the<01:22:20.560> universe.<01:22:21.440> These<01:22:21.760> can<01:22:21.920> be<01:22:22.159> very<01:22:22.560> big 01:20:56.249 --> 01:20:56.259 align:start position:0% the universe. These can be very big 01:20:56.259 --> 01:20:58.809 align:start position:0% the universe. These can be very big objects,<01:22:23.760> as<01:22:24.080> internal<01:22:24.560> pressure<01:22:25.040> from<01:22:25.199> the 01:20:58.809 --> 01:20:58.819 align:start position:0% objects, as internal pressure from the 01:20:58.819 --> 01:21:00.809 align:start position:0% objects, as internal pressure from the reactions<01:22:25.840> in<01:22:26.000> the<01:22:26.159> core<01:22:26.560> keeps<01:22:26.800> the<01:22:27.040> radius 01:21:00.809 --> 01:21:00.819 align:start position:0% reactions in the core keeps the radius 01:21:00.819 --> 01:21:03.689 align:start position:0% reactions in the core keeps the radius large.<01:22:28.639> We'd<01:22:28.960> have<01:22:29.040> to<01:22:29.120> look<01:22:29.280> for<01:22:29.440> stars<01:22:30.000> right 01:21:03.689 --> 01:21:03.699 align:start position:0% large. We'd have to look for stars right 01:21:03.699 --> 01:21:05.689 align:start position:0% large. We'd have to look for stars right around<01:22:30.719> the<01:22:30.960> dividing<01:22:31.440> line<01:22:31.679> between<01:22:32.080> brown 01:21:05.689 --> 01:21:05.699 align:start position:0% around the dividing line between brown 01:21:05.699 --> 01:21:08.008 align:start position:0% around the dividing line between brown dwarfs<01:22:32.800> and<01:22:33.040> red<01:22:33.280> dwarfs<01:22:33.920> to<01:22:34.159> find<01:22:34.239> a<01:22:34.480> main 01:21:08.008 --> 01:21:08.018 align:start position:0% dwarfs and red dwarfs to find a main 01:21:08.018 --> 01:21:10.329 align:start position:0% dwarfs and red dwarfs to find a main sequence<01:22:35.040> star<01:22:35.360> small<01:22:35.760> enough<01:22:36.159> to<01:22:36.400> host<01:22:36.719> a 01:21:10.329 --> 01:21:10.339 align:start position:0% sequence star small enough to host a 01:21:10.339 --> 01:21:12.329 align:start position:0% sequence star small enough to host a larger<01:22:37.440> planet. 01:21:12.329 --> 01:21:12.339 align:start position:0% larger planet. 01:21:12.339 --> 01:21:14.329 align:start position:0% larger planet. Remember<01:22:39.440> the<01:22:39.760> difference<01:22:40.159> between<01:22:40.480> a<01:22:40.719> brown 01:21:14.329 --> 01:21:14.339 align:start position:0% Remember the difference between a brown 01:21:14.339 --> 01:21:16.088 align:start position:0% Remember the difference between a brown dwarf<01:22:41.360> and<01:22:41.440> a<01:22:41.600> main<01:22:41.840> sequence<01:22:42.239> star<01:22:42.560> is 01:21:16.088 --> 01:21:16.098 align:start position:0% dwarf and a main sequence star is 01:21:16.098 --> 01:21:18.169 align:start position:0% dwarf and a main sequence star is whether<01:22:43.199> nuclear<01:22:43.679> fusion<01:22:44.159> takes<01:22:44.400> place<01:22:44.639> in 01:21:18.169 --> 01:21:18.179 align:start position:0% whether nuclear fusion takes place in 01:21:18.179 --> 01:21:20.649 align:start position:0% whether nuclear fusion takes place in the<01:22:44.960> stars<01:22:45.360> core<01:22:46.080> which<01:22:46.320> we<01:22:46.560> believe<01:22:46.880> happens 01:21:20.649 --> 01:21:20.659 align:start position:0% the stars core which we believe happens 01:21:20.659 --> 01:21:24.649 align:start position:0% the stars core which we believe happens above<01:22:47.679> 0.08<01:22:48.960> solar<01:22:49.280> masses.<01:22:50.480> And<01:22:50.719> we<01:22:50.960> also 01:21:24.649 --> 01:21:24.659 align:start position:0% above 0.08 solar masses. And we also 01:21:24.659 --> 01:21:26.409 align:start position:0% above 0.08 solar masses. And we also believe<01:22:51.520> the<01:22:51.840> dividing<01:22:52.239> line<01:22:52.480> between<01:22:52.800> a 01:21:26.409 --> 01:21:26.419 align:start position:0% believe the dividing line between a 01:21:26.419 --> 01:21:29.369 align:start position:0% believe the dividing line between a planet<01:22:53.440> and<01:22:53.679> a<01:22:53.840> brown<01:22:54.080> dwarf<01:22:54.719> is<01:22:55.040> around<01:22:55.520> 13 01:21:29.369 --> 01:21:29.379 align:start position:0% planet and a brown dwarf is around 13 01:21:29.379 --> 01:21:31.369 align:start position:0% planet and a brown dwarf is around 13 Jupiter<01:22:56.560> masses. 01:21:31.369 --> 01:21:31.379 align:start position:0% Jupiter masses. 01:21:31.379 --> 01:21:34.329 align:start position:0% Jupiter masses. So,<01:22:58.719> one<01:22:58.880> of<01:22:59.040> our<01:22:59.280> best<01:22:59.600> bets<01:23:00.000> to<01:23:00.239> find<01:23:00.400> a<01:23:00.560> tiny 01:21:34.329 --> 01:21:34.339 align:start position:0% So, one of our best bets to find a tiny 01:21:34.339 --> 01:21:36.649 align:start position:0% So, one of our best bets to find a tiny star<01:23:01.280> with<01:23:01.440> a<01:23:01.679> large<01:23:02.000> planet<01:23:02.719> is<01:23:03.040> looking 01:21:36.649 --> 01:21:36.659 align:start position:0% star with a large planet is looking 01:21:36.659 --> 01:21:43.289 align:start position:0% star with a large planet is looking around<01:23:03.600> the<01:23:03.760> red<01:23:04.000> dwarf<01:23:04.800> VHS1256-1257. 01:21:43.289 --> 01:21:43.299 align:start position:0% 01:21:43.299 --> 01:21:45.209 align:start position:0% Its<01:23:10.239> exoplanet<01:23:11.040> is<01:23:11.280> one<01:23:11.440> of<01:23:11.520> the<01:23:11.679> few 01:21:45.209 --> 01:21:45.219 align:start position:0% Its exoplanet is one of the few 01:21:45.219 --> 01:21:47.689 align:start position:0% Its exoplanet is one of the few exoplanets<01:23:12.480> to<01:23:12.639> be<01:23:12.719> discovered<01:23:13.440> using<01:23:13.840> direct 01:21:47.689 --> 01:21:47.699 align:start position:0% exoplanets to be discovered using direct 01:21:47.699 --> 01:21:50.809 align:start position:0% exoplanets to be discovered using direct imaging.<01:23:15.520> Its<01:23:15.760> host<01:23:16.080> star<01:23:16.320> is<01:23:16.560> dim<01:23:16.800> enough. 01:21:50.809 --> 01:21:50.819 align:start position:0% imaging. Its host star is dim enough. 01:21:50.819 --> 01:21:52.969 align:start position:0% imaging. Its host star is dim enough. The<01:23:17.679> exoplanet<01:23:18.400> is<01:23:18.639> far<01:23:18.800> enough<01:23:19.120> away<01:23:19.360> from 01:21:52.969 --> 01:21:52.979 align:start position:0% The exoplanet is far enough away from 01:21:52.979 --> 01:21:55.528 align:start position:0% The exoplanet is far enough away from the<01:23:19.760> star<01:23:20.400> and<01:23:20.639> big<01:23:20.880> enough<01:23:21.360> to<01:23:21.600> be<01:23:21.760> seen 01:21:55.528 --> 01:21:55.538 align:start position:0% the star and big enough to be seen 01:21:55.538 --> 01:21:58.729 align:start position:0% the star and big enough to be seen simply<01:23:22.719> by<01:23:23.040> using<01:23:23.280> a<01:23:23.520> powerful<01:23:23.920> telescope. 01:21:58.729 --> 01:21:58.739 align:start position:0% simply by using a powerful telescope. 01:21:58.739 --> 01:22:00.729 align:start position:0% simply by using a powerful telescope. Unfortunately<01:23:26.159> though,<01:23:26.639> this<01:23:26.880> means<01:23:27.120> that 01:22:00.729 --> 01:22:00.739 align:start position:0% Unfortunately though, this means that 01:22:00.739 --> 01:22:02.809 align:start position:0% Unfortunately though, this means that while<01:23:27.600> the<01:23:27.840> mass<01:23:28.000> of<01:23:28.159> the<01:23:28.320> exoplanet<01:23:29.040> has<01:23:29.280> been 01:22:02.809 --> 01:22:02.819 align:start position:0% while the mass of the exoplanet has been 01:22:02.819 --> 01:22:05.689 align:start position:0% while the mass of the exoplanet has been determined,<01:23:30.480> we<01:23:30.800> can't<01:23:31.040> know<01:23:31.280> of<01:23:31.520> its<01:23:31.760> radius 01:22:05.689 --> 01:22:05.699 align:start position:0% determined, we can't know of its radius 01:22:05.699 --> 01:22:08.409 align:start position:0% determined, we can't know of its radius for<01:23:32.480> sure.<01:23:33.520> However,<01:23:34.159> this<01:23:34.400> is<01:23:34.560> one<01:23:34.800> of<01:23:34.880> the 01:22:08.409 --> 01:22:08.419 align:start position:0% for sure. However, this is one of the 01:22:08.419 --> 01:22:10.969 align:start position:0% for sure. However, this is one of the most<01:23:35.280> likely<01:23:35.679> candidates<01:23:36.159> that<01:23:36.320> we<01:23:36.480> know<01:23:36.639> of. 01:22:10.969 --> 01:22:10.979 align:start position:0% most likely candidates that we know of. 01:22:10.979 --> 01:22:13.048 align:start position:0% most likely candidates that we know of. Also,<01:23:38.159> because<01:23:38.400> of<01:23:38.560> the<01:23:38.800> margins<01:23:39.199> of<01:23:39.440> error 01:22:13.048 --> 01:22:13.058 align:start position:0% Also, because of the margins of error 01:22:13.058 --> 01:22:15.608 align:start position:0% Also, because of the margins of error involved,<01:23:40.480> it<01:23:40.719> could<01:23:40.880> well<01:23:41.120> be<01:23:41.360> that<01:23:41.760> either 01:22:15.608 --> 01:22:15.618 align:start position:0% involved, it could well be that either 01:22:15.618 --> 01:22:18.329 align:start position:0% involved, it could well be that either or<01:23:42.560> both<01:23:42.960> objects<01:23:43.520> are<01:23:43.760> brown<01:23:44.000> dwarfs, 01:22:18.329 --> 01:22:18.339 align:start position:0% or both objects are brown dwarfs, 01:22:18.339 --> 01:22:20.889 align:start position:0% or both objects are brown dwarfs, meaning<01:23:45.280> we<01:23:45.520> can't<01:23:45.760> say<01:23:46.080> if<01:23:46.320> this<01:23:46.560> is<01:23:46.800> truly<01:23:47.199> a 01:22:20.889 --> 01:22:20.899 align:start position:0% meaning we can't say if this is truly a 01:22:20.899 --> 01:22:23.369 align:start position:0% meaning we can't say if this is truly a star<01:23:47.840> and<01:23:48.080> planet<01:23:48.480> system. 01:22:23.369 --> 01:22:23.379 align:start position:0% star and planet system. 01:22:23.379 --> 01:22:25.528 align:start position:0% star and planet system. So,<01:23:50.239> while<01:23:50.480> we<01:23:50.719> don't<01:23:50.880> have<01:23:51.199> definitive<01:23:51.840> proof 01:22:25.528 --> 01:22:25.538 align:start position:0% So, while we don't have definitive proof 01:22:25.538 --> 01:22:27.528 align:start position:0% So, while we don't have definitive proof of<01:23:52.320> a<01:23:52.560> planet<01:23:52.960> being<01:23:53.199> bigger<01:23:53.520> than<01:23:53.679> its<01:23:53.920> host 01:22:27.528 --> 01:22:27.538 align:start position:0% of a planet being bigger than its host 01:22:27.538 --> 01:22:29.929 align:start position:0% of a planet being bigger than its host star,<01:23:54.960> we<01:23:55.280> have<01:23:55.440> found<01:23:55.760> some<01:23:56.000> promising 01:22:29.929 --> 01:22:29.939 align:start position:0% star, we have found some promising 01:22:29.939 --> 01:22:32.329 align:start position:0% star, we have found some promising candidates,<01:23:57.520> and<01:23:57.760> there's<01:23:58.080> almost<01:23:58.400> certainly 01:22:32.329 --> 01:22:32.339 align:start position:0% candidates, and there's almost certainly 01:22:32.339 --> 01:22:34.169 align:start position:0% candidates, and there's almost certainly cases<01:23:59.360> out<01:23:59.520> there<01:23:59.760> that<01:24:00.000> we<01:24:00.239> haven't<01:24:00.480> found 01:22:34.169 --> 01:22:34.179 align:start position:0% cases out there that we haven't found 01:22:34.179 --> 01:22:36.969 align:start position:0% cases out there that we haven't found yet.<01:24:02.080> Some<01:24:02.239> of<01:24:02.400> the<01:24:02.560> smallest<01:24:02.960> stars<01:24:03.360> out 01:22:36.969 --> 01:22:36.979 align:start position:0% yet. Some of the smallest stars out 01:22:36.979 --> 01:22:39.369 align:start position:0% yet. Some of the smallest stars out there<01:24:03.840> have<01:24:04.000> a<01:24:04.239> radius<01:24:04.560> of<01:24:04.800> roughly<01:24:05.280> 70,000 01:22:39.369 --> 01:22:39.379 align:start position:0% there have a radius of roughly 70,000 01:22:39.379 --> 01:22:42.409 align:start position:0% there have a radius of roughly 70,000 km.<01:24:07.440> Some<01:24:07.679> of<01:24:07.760> the<01:24:07.920> biggest<01:24:08.320> planets<01:24:08.800> out 01:22:42.409 --> 01:22:42.419 align:start position:0% km. Some of the biggest planets out 01:22:42.419 --> 01:22:45.528 align:start position:0% km. Some of the biggest planets out there<01:24:09.600> can<01:24:09.760> be<01:24:10.000> double<01:24:10.320> or<01:24:10.639> triple<01:24:10.960> that. 01:22:45.528 --> 01:22:45.538 align:start position:0% there can be double or triple that. 01:22:45.538 --> 01:22:47.528 align:start position:0% there can be double or triple that. Which<01:24:12.400> leads<01:24:12.719> on<01:24:12.880> to<01:24:13.040> the<01:24:13.199> final<01:24:13.600> question<01:24:13.920> I 01:22:47.528 --> 01:22:47.538 align:start position:0% Which leads on to the final question I 01:22:47.538 --> 01:22:49.769 align:start position:0% Which leads on to the final question I wanted<01:24:14.400> to<01:24:14.560> cover<01:24:14.800> here.<01:24:15.520> What<01:24:15.840> is<01:24:16.080> the 01:22:49.769 --> 01:22:49.779 align:start position:0% wanted to cover here. What is the 01:22:49.779 --> 01:22:52.649 align:start position:0% wanted to cover here. What is the biggest<01:24:16.719> exoplanet<01:24:17.440> that<01:24:17.600> we<01:24:17.760> know<01:24:17.840> of? 01:22:52.649 --> 01:22:52.659 align:start position:0% biggest exoplanet that we know of? 01:22:52.659 --> 01:22:54.612 align:start position:0% biggest exoplanet that we know of? Unfortunately,<01:24:20.560> it<01:24:20.800> is<01:24:20.960> not<01:24:21.199> clear-cut. 01:22:54.612 --> 01:22:54.622 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, it is not clear-cut. 01:22:54.622 --> 01:22:55.929 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, it is not clear-cut. [music] 01:22:55.929 --> 01:22:55.939 align:start position:0% [music] 01:22:55.939 --> 01:23:00.649 align:start position:0% [music] One<01:24:22.880> possible<01:24:23.440> answer<01:24:24.000> is<01:24:24.480> GQ<01:24:25.199> Loopy<01:24:25.840> B.<01:24:26.800> It<01:24:27.040> is 01:23:00.649 --> 01:23:00.659 align:start position:0% One possible answer is GQ Loopy B. It is 01:23:00.659 --> 01:23:03.127 align:start position:0% One possible answer is GQ Loopy B. It is another<01:24:28.000> directly<01:24:28.719> imaged<01:24:29.120> exoplanet, 01:23:03.127 --> 01:23:03.137 align:start position:0% another directly imaged exoplanet, 01:23:03.137 --> 01:23:05.048 align:start position:0% another directly imaged exoplanet, [music]<01:24:30.080> which<01:24:30.320> again<01:24:30.639> means<01:24:30.960> we<01:24:31.280> don't<01:24:31.520> have 01:23:05.048 --> 01:23:05.058 align:start position:0% [music] which again means we don't have 01:23:05.058 --> 01:23:06.969 align:start position:0% [music] which again means we don't have a<01:24:32.000> good<01:24:32.320> grasp<01:24:32.639> on<01:24:32.880> its<01:24:33.120> physical 01:23:06.969 --> 01:23:06.979 align:start position:0% a good grasp on its physical 01:23:06.979 --> 01:23:09.209 align:start position:0% a good grasp on its physical characteristics.<01:24:34.800> From<01:24:35.040> the<01:24:35.199> margins<01:24:35.600> of 01:23:09.209 --> 01:23:09.219 align:start position:0% characteristics. From the margins of 01:23:09.219 --> 01:23:11.449 align:start position:0% characteristics. From the margins of area<01:24:36.159> involved,<01:24:36.960> it<01:24:37.280> could<01:24:37.520> be<01:24:37.679> a<01:24:37.840> brown 01:23:11.449 --> 01:23:11.459 align:start position:0% area involved, it could be a brown 01:23:11.459 --> 01:23:14.568 align:start position:0% area involved, it could be a brown dwarf,<01:24:38.880> but<01:24:39.120> it's<01:24:39.440> probably<01:24:40.320> the<01:24:40.719> largest 01:23:14.568 --> 01:23:14.578 align:start position:0% dwarf, but it's probably the largest 01:23:14.578 --> 01:23:16.882 align:start position:0% dwarf, but it's probably the largest exoplanet<01:24:41.920> that<01:24:42.080> we<01:24:42.239> know<01:24:42.400> of.<01:24:43.199> Scientists 01:23:16.882 --> 01:23:16.892 align:start position:0% exoplanet that we know of. Scientists 01:23:16.892 --> 01:23:18.969 align:start position:0% exoplanet that we know of. Scientists [music]<01:24:43.760> have<01:24:44.000> estimated<01:24:44.560> its<01:24:44.800> radius<01:24:45.120> to<01:24:45.360> be 01:23:18.969 --> 01:23:18.979 align:start position:0% [music] have estimated its radius to be 01:23:18.979 --> 01:23:21.849 align:start position:0% [music] have estimated its radius to be three<01:24:46.000> times<01:24:46.400> the<01:24:46.719> size<01:24:46.880> of<01:24:47.120> Jupiter,<01:24:48.159> but 01:23:21.849 --> 01:23:21.859 align:start position:0% three times the size of Jupiter, but 01:23:21.859 --> 01:23:24.008 align:start position:0% three times the size of Jupiter, but again<01:24:49.120> there<01:24:49.360> are<01:24:49.679> margins<01:24:50.080> of<01:24:50.320> error 01:23:24.008 --> 01:23:24.018 align:start position:0% again there are margins of error 01:23:24.018 --> 01:23:26.329 align:start position:0% again there are margins of error involved.<01:24:51.920> Other<01:24:52.159> contenders<01:24:52.639> to<01:24:52.800> this 01:23:26.329 --> 01:23:26.339 align:start position:0% involved. Other contenders to this 01:23:26.339 --> 01:23:29.289 align:start position:0% involved. Other contenders to this throne<01:24:53.360> would<01:24:53.600> be<01:24:53.840> DH<01:24:53.993> [music]<01:24:54.320> Tori<01:24:54.800> B<01:24:55.440> and 01:23:29.289 --> 01:23:29.299 align:start position:0% throne would be DH [music] Tori B and 01:23:29.299 --> 01:23:32.602 align:start position:0% throne would be DH [music] Tori B and rocks<01:24:56.560> 42BB. 01:23:32.602 --> 01:23:32.612 align:start position:0% rocks 42BB. 01:23:32.612 --> 01:23:34.809 align:start position:0% rocks 42BB. [music] 01:23:34.809 --> 01:23:34.819 align:start position:0% 01:23:34.819 --> 01:23:37.209 align:start position:0% We've<01:25:01.840> looked<01:25:02.080> at<01:25:02.400> a<01:25:02.719> lot<01:25:02.880> of<01:25:03.040> exoplanets<01:25:03.679> in 01:23:37.209 --> 01:23:37.219 align:start position:0% We've looked at a lot of exoplanets in 01:23:37.219 --> 01:23:39.209 align:start position:0% We've looked at a lot of exoplanets in the<01:25:04.000> course<01:25:04.159> of<01:25:04.320> this<01:25:04.480> video<01:25:04.719> today.<01:25:05.520> some<01:25:05.760> of 01:23:39.209 --> 01:23:39.219 align:start position:0% the course of this video today. some of 01:23:39.219 --> 01:23:41.369 align:start position:0% the course of this video today. some of the<01:25:06.000> hottest,<01:25:06.880> the<01:25:07.094> [music]<01:25:07.120> coldest, 01:23:41.369 --> 01:23:41.379 align:start position:0% the hottest, the [music] coldest, 01:23:41.379 --> 01:23:43.849 align:start position:0% the hottest, the [music] coldest, planets<01:25:08.480> with<01:25:08.800> multiple<01:25:09.280> stars,<01:25:10.080> planets 01:23:43.849 --> 01:23:43.859 align:start position:0% planets with multiple stars, planets 01:23:43.859 --> 01:23:46.729 align:start position:0% planets with multiple stars, planets with<01:25:10.719> none,<01:25:11.360> the<01:25:11.600> fastest<01:25:12.159> orbits,<01:25:12.960> and<01:25:13.199> the 01:23:46.729 --> 01:23:46.739 align:start position:0% with none, the fastest orbits, and the 01:23:46.739 --> 01:23:49.289 align:start position:0% with none, the fastest orbits, and the longest.<01:25:14.560> But<01:25:14.719> I<01:25:14.960> want<01:25:15.120> to<01:25:15.280> finish<01:25:15.520> with<01:25:15.760> an 01:23:49.289 --> 01:23:49.299 align:start position:0% longest. But I want to finish with an 01:23:49.299 --> 01:23:51.689 align:start position:0% longest. But I want to finish with an exoplanet<01:25:16.719> that<01:25:16.960> would<01:25:17.199> be<01:25:17.600> visually 01:23:51.689 --> 01:23:51.699 align:start position:0% exoplanet that would be visually 01:23:51.699 --> 01:23:53.608 align:start position:0% exoplanet that would be visually stunning<01:25:18.884> [music]<01:25:18.960> if<01:25:19.199> its<01:25:19.520> existence<01:25:20.000> were 01:23:53.608 --> 01:23:53.618 align:start position:0% stunning [music] if its existence were 01:23:53.618 --> 01:23:58.088 align:start position:0% stunning [music] if its existence were to<01:25:20.400> be<01:25:20.560> confirmed.<01:25:22.000> J1407b 01:23:58.088 --> 01:23:58.098 align:start position:0% to be confirmed. J1407b 01:23:58.098 --> 01:24:00.649 align:start position:0% to be confirmed. J1407b touted<01:25:25.280> as<01:25:25.434> [music]<01:25:25.600> the<01:25:26.000> first<01:25:26.400> exoplanet 01:24:00.649 --> 01:24:00.659 align:start position:0% touted as [music] the first exoplanet 01:24:00.659 --> 01:24:03.048 align:start position:0% touted as [music] the first exoplanet discovered<01:25:27.920> with<01:25:28.080> a<01:25:28.320> ring<01:25:28.719> system<01:25:29.360> like 01:24:03.048 --> 01:24:03.058 align:start position:0% discovered with a ring system like 01:24:03.058 --> 01:24:06.489 align:start position:0% discovered with a ring system like Saturn.<01:25:31.120> Sometimes<01:25:31.840> it<01:25:32.080> is<01:25:32.320> surprisingly 01:24:06.489 --> 01:24:06.499 align:start position:0% Saturn. Sometimes it is surprisingly 01:24:06.499 --> 01:24:08.409 align:start position:0% Saturn. Sometimes it is surprisingly tricky<01:25:33.520> to<01:25:33.760> spot<01:25:34.080> ring<01:25:34.400> systems<01:25:34.719> around 01:24:08.409 --> 01:24:08.419 align:start position:0% tricky to spot ring systems around 01:24:08.419 --> 01:24:11.369 align:start position:0% tricky to spot ring systems around planets.<01:25:36.000> It<01:25:36.159> was<01:25:36.239> only<01:25:36.480> in<01:25:36.800> 1977<01:25:37.760> that 01:24:11.369 --> 01:24:11.379 align:start position:0% planets. It was only in 1977 that 01:24:11.379 --> 01:24:13.528 align:start position:0% planets. It was only in 1977 that Uranus's<01:25:38.639> rings<01:25:38.960> were<01:25:39.120> discovered. 01:24:13.528 --> 01:24:13.538 align:start position:0% Uranus's rings were discovered. 01:24:13.538 --> 01:24:15.528 align:start position:0% Uranus's rings were discovered. Jupiter's<01:25:40.719> rings<01:25:41.040> were<01:25:41.199> only<01:25:41.520> spotted<01:25:41.840> in 01:24:15.528 --> 01:24:15.538 align:start position:0% Jupiter's rings were only spotted in 01:24:15.538 --> 01:24:18.329 align:start position:0% Jupiter's rings were only spotted in 1979<01:25:43.600> when<01:25:43.840> they<01:25:44.080> were<01:25:44.239> imaged<01:25:44.639> by<01:25:44.800> the 01:24:18.329 --> 01:24:18.339 align:start position:0% 1979 when they were imaged by the 01:24:18.339 --> 01:24:20.809 align:start position:0% 1979 when they were imaged by the passing<01:25:45.360> Voyager<01:25:45.920> probe<01:25:46.560> and<01:25:46.880> Neptune's 01:24:20.809 --> 01:24:20.819 align:start position:0% passing Voyager probe and Neptune's 01:24:20.819 --> 01:24:22.889 align:start position:0% passing Voyager probe and Neptune's rings<01:25:47.840> weren't<01:25:48.159> seen<01:25:48.400> until<01:25:48.800> the<01:25:49.040> early 01:24:22.889 --> 01:24:22.899 align:start position:0% rings weren't seen until the early 01:24:22.899 --> 01:24:26.249 align:start position:0% rings weren't seen until the early 1980s.<01:25:50.880> This<01:25:51.199> is<01:25:51.360> because<01:25:51.840> in<01:25:52.159> the<01:25:52.320> absence<01:25:52.639> of 01:24:26.249 --> 01:24:26.259 align:start position:0% 1980s. This is because in the absence of 01:24:26.259 --> 01:24:28.729 align:start position:0% 1980s. This is because in the absence of nearby<01:25:53.360> probes<01:25:53.760> to<01:25:53.920> photograph<01:25:54.400> them,<01:25:54.960> rings 01:24:28.729 --> 01:24:28.739 align:start position:0% nearby probes to photograph them, rings 01:24:28.739 --> 01:24:31.289 align:start position:0% nearby probes to photograph them, rings are<01:25:55.760> usually<01:25:56.320> discovered<01:25:56.880> via<01:25:57.360> either<01:25:57.679> the 01:24:31.289 --> 01:24:31.299 align:start position:0% are usually discovered via either the 01:24:31.299 --> 01:24:33.849 align:start position:0% are usually discovered via either the transit<01:25:58.320> method<01:25:58.880> or<01:25:59.199> stellar<01:25:59.600> occultation 01:24:33.849 --> 01:24:33.859 align:start position:0% transit method or stellar occultation 01:24:33.859 --> 01:24:35.769 align:start position:0% transit method or stellar occultation when<01:26:00.719> they<01:26:00.880> pass<01:26:01.120> in<01:26:01.360> front<01:26:01.440> of<01:26:01.600> a<01:26:01.840> near<01:26:02.080> or 01:24:35.769 --> 01:24:35.779 align:start position:0% when they pass in front of a near or 01:24:35.779 --> 01:24:38.249 align:start position:0% when they pass in front of a near or distant<01:26:02.800> star<01:26:03.520> causing<01:26:03.920> the<01:26:04.159> light<01:26:04.560> reaching 01:24:38.249 --> 01:24:38.259 align:start position:0% distant star causing the light reaching 01:24:38.259 --> 01:24:41.849 align:start position:0% distant star causing the light reaching us<01:26:05.120> to<01:26:05.440> momentarily<01:26:06.239> dim.<01:26:07.520> Usually,<01:26:08.080> you<01:26:08.320> have 01:24:41.849 --> 01:24:41.859 align:start position:0% us to momentarily dim. Usually, you have 01:24:41.859 --> 01:24:45.689 align:start position:0% us to momentarily dim. Usually, you have to<01:26:08.639> be<01:26:08.880> looking<01:26:09.280> carefully.<01:26:10.560> However,<01:26:11.520> not<01:26:11.840> so 01:24:45.689 --> 01:24:45.699 align:start position:0% to be looking carefully. However, not so 01:24:45.699 --> 01:24:49.048 align:start position:0% to be looking carefully. However, not so with<01:26:12.639> J1407b. 01:24:49.048 --> 01:24:49.058 align:start position:0% 01:24:49.058 --> 01:24:50.969 align:start position:0% When<01:26:16.000> planets<01:26:16.400> like<01:26:16.560> Jupiter<01:26:17.040> pass<01:26:17.280> in<01:26:17.520> front 01:24:50.969 --> 01:24:50.979 align:start position:0% When planets like Jupiter pass in front 01:24:50.979 --> 01:24:52.489 align:start position:0% When planets like Jupiter pass in front of<01:26:17.679> its<01:26:17.920> neighboring<01:26:18.320> star,<01:26:18.719> they<01:26:18.960> can 01:24:52.489 --> 01:24:52.499 align:start position:0% of its neighboring star, they can 01:24:52.499 --> 01:24:55.769 align:start position:0% of its neighboring star, they can sometimes<01:26:19.520> block<01:26:19.840> as<01:26:20.239> little<01:26:20.800> as<01:26:21.280> 1%<01:26:22.000> of<01:26:22.239> the 01:24:55.769 --> 01:24:55.779 align:start position:0% sometimes block as little as 1% of the 01:24:55.779 --> 01:24:59.129 align:start position:0% sometimes block as little as 1% of the stars<01:26:22.880> light.<01:26:23.679> Their<01:26:23.920> rings<01:26:24.960> much<01:26:25.280> less<01:26:25.600> than 01:24:59.129 --> 01:24:59.139 align:start position:0% stars light. Their rings much less than 01:24:59.139 --> 01:25:03.289 align:start position:0% stars light. Their rings much less than that.<01:26:26.880> When<01:26:27.440> J1407b 01:25:03.289 --> 01:25:03.299 align:start position:0% that. When J1407b 01:25:03.299 --> 01:25:06.489 align:start position:0% that. When J1407b passed<01:26:30.320> in<01:26:30.480> front<01:26:30.639> of<01:26:30.880> its<01:26:31.280> star,<01:26:32.320> it<01:26:32.639> blocked 01:25:06.489 --> 01:25:06.499 align:start position:0% passed in front of its star, it blocked 01:25:06.499 --> 01:25:09.689 align:start position:0% passed in front of its star, it blocked an<01:26:33.360> incredible<01:26:34.480> 95% 01:25:09.689 --> 01:25:09.699 align:start position:0% an incredible 95% 01:25:09.699 --> 01:25:13.449 align:start position:0% an incredible 95% of<01:26:36.560> the<01:26:36.800> stars<01:26:37.199> light.<01:26:38.159> Why<01:26:38.480> was<01:26:38.639> this?<01:26:39.840> In 01:25:13.449 --> 01:25:13.459 align:start position:0% of the stars light. Why was this? In 01:25:13.459 --> 01:25:15.769 align:start position:0% of the stars light. Why was this? In 2012,<01:26:40.880> researchers<01:26:41.440> who<01:26:41.760> noticed<01:26:42.159> this 01:25:15.769 --> 01:25:15.779 align:start position:0% 2012, researchers who noticed this 01:25:15.779 --> 01:25:18.568 align:start position:0% 2012, researchers who noticed this phenomenon<01:26:42.960> in<01:26:43.199> the<01:26:43.360> super<01:26:43.679> wasp<01:26:44.080> data<01:26:44.880> came 01:25:18.568 --> 01:25:18.578 align:start position:0% phenomenon in the super wasp data came 01:25:18.578 --> 01:25:22.649 align:start position:0% phenomenon in the super wasp data came up<01:26:45.440> with<01:26:45.760> the<01:26:46.080> answer.<01:26:47.120> J1407b 01:25:22.649 --> 01:25:22.659 align:start position:0% up with the answer. J1407b 01:25:22.659 --> 01:25:26.409 align:start position:0% up with the answer. J1407b had<01:26:49.600> rings,<01:26:50.960> massive<01:26:51.520> ones. 01:25:26.409 --> 01:25:26.419 align:start position:0% had rings, massive ones. 01:25:26.419 --> 01:25:28.729 align:start position:0% had rings, massive ones. By<01:26:53.280> evaluating<01:26:53.920> the<01:26:54.159> dips<01:26:54.480> in<01:26:54.639> the<01:26:54.800> light, 01:25:28.729 --> 01:25:28.739 align:start position:0% By evaluating the dips in the light, 01:25:28.739 --> 01:25:30.568 align:start position:0% By evaluating the dips in the light, astronomers<01:26:55.920> were<01:26:56.159> able<01:26:56.320> to<01:26:56.560> detect<01:26:56.960> a 01:25:30.568 --> 01:25:30.578 align:start position:0% astronomers were able to detect a 01:25:30.578 --> 01:25:32.729 align:start position:0% astronomers were able to detect a complex<01:26:57.760> ring<01:26:58.080> structure<01:26:58.560> around<01:26:58.800> the<01:26:59.040> planet 01:25:32.729 --> 01:25:32.739 align:start position:0% complex ring structure around the planet 01:25:32.739 --> 01:25:35.289 align:start position:0% complex ring structure around the planet that<01:26:59.679> covers<01:27:00.159> more<01:27:00.400> than<01:27:00.800> 40,000<01:27:01.720> [music] 01:25:35.289 --> 01:25:35.299 align:start position:0% that covers more than 40,000 [music] 01:25:35.299 --> 01:25:38.409 align:start position:0% that covers more than 40,000 [music] times<01:27:02.239> the<01:27:02.560> area<01:27:03.040> of<01:27:03.280> Saturn's<01:27:03.840> rings.<01:27:04.719> For 01:25:38.409 --> 01:25:38.419 align:start position:0% times the area of Saturn's rings. For 01:25:38.419 --> 01:25:40.649 align:start position:0% times the area of Saturn's rings. For point<01:27:05.199> of<01:27:05.440> reference,<01:27:06.320> this<01:27:06.639> represented 01:25:40.649 --> 01:25:40.659 align:start position:0% point of reference, this represented 01:25:40.659 --> 01:25:43.769 align:start position:0% point of reference, this represented rings<01:27:07.679> as<01:27:08.000> large<01:27:08.320> as<01:27:08.560> the<01:27:08.880> orbit<01:27:09.280> of<01:27:09.600> Venus 01:25:43.769 --> 01:25:43.779 align:start position:0% rings as large as the orbit of Venus 01:25:43.779 --> 01:25:47.209 align:start position:0% rings as large as the orbit of Venus around<01:27:10.960> our<01:27:11.360> sun.<01:27:12.400> Just<01:27:12.639> like<01:27:12.880> with<01:27:13.120> Saturn, 01:25:47.209 --> 01:25:47.219 align:start position:0% around our sun. Just like with Saturn, 01:25:47.219 --> 01:25:49.689 align:start position:0% around our sun. Just like with Saturn, at<01:27:13.920> least<01:27:14.480> one<01:27:14.800> small<01:27:15.120> moon<01:27:15.520> had<01:27:15.840> begun<01:27:16.159> to 01:25:49.689 --> 01:25:49.699 align:start position:0% at least one small moon had begun to 01:25:49.699 --> 01:25:52.568 align:start position:0% at least one small moon had begun to form<01:27:16.560> within<01:27:16.880> the<01:27:17.040> rings,<01:27:17.760> creating<01:27:18.239> gaps<01:27:18.880> and 01:25:52.568 --> 01:25:52.578 align:start position:0% form within the rings, creating gaps and 01:25:52.578 --> 01:25:54.329 align:start position:0% form within the rings, creating gaps and indicating<01:27:19.600> that<01:27:19.840> the<01:27:20.000> planet's<01:27:20.400> rings<01:27:20.719> will 01:25:54.329 --> 01:25:54.339 align:start position:0% indicating that the planet's rings will 01:25:54.339 --> 01:25:57.449 align:start position:0% indicating that the planet's rings will not<01:27:21.199> last<01:27:21.520> forever.<01:27:22.719> However,<01:27:23.199> right<01:27:23.440> now,<01:27:23.840> if 01:25:57.449 --> 01:25:57.459 align:start position:0% not last forever. However, right now, if 01:25:57.459 --> 01:25:59.048 align:start position:0% not last forever. However, right now, if this<01:27:24.320> interpretation<01:27:24.800> of<01:27:24.960> the<01:27:25.120> data<01:27:25.440> is 01:25:59.048 --> 01:25:59.058 align:start position:0% this interpretation of the data is 01:25:59.058 --> 01:26:02.008 align:start position:0% this interpretation of the data is correct,<01:27:26.800> they<01:27:27.280> would<01:27:27.679> be<01:27:27.920> a<01:27:28.159> sight<01:27:28.400> to 01:26:02.008 --> 01:26:02.018 align:start position:0% correct, they would be a sight to 01:26:02.018 --> 01:26:03.689 align:start position:0% correct, they would be a sight to behold. 01:26:03.689 --> 01:26:03.699 align:start position:0% behold. 01:26:03.699 --> 01:26:06.329 align:start position:0% behold. Sadly,<01:27:31.360> there<01:27:31.520> is<01:27:31.679> a<01:27:31.920> reason<01:27:32.159> to<01:27:32.480> look<01:27:32.639> at<01:27:32.800> this 01:26:06.329 --> 01:26:06.339 align:start position:0% Sadly, there is a reason to look at this 01:26:06.339 --> 01:26:10.008 align:start position:0% Sadly, there is a reason to look at this answer<01:27:33.199> with<01:27:33.440> suspicion.<01:27:34.560> J1407b 01:26:10.008 --> 01:26:10.018 align:start position:0% answer with suspicion. J1407b 01:26:10.018 --> 01:26:12.008 align:start position:0% answer with suspicion. J1407b supposedly<01:27:37.199> travels<01:27:37.600> around<01:27:37.760> a<01:27:38.000> star<01:27:38.320> once 01:26:12.008 --> 01:26:12.018 align:start position:0% supposedly travels around a star once 01:26:12.018 --> 01:26:14.969 align:start position:0% supposedly travels around a star once every<01:27:38.960> 10<01:27:39.199> years,<01:27:40.080> but<01:27:40.320> since<01:27:40.719> that<01:27:41.120> initial 01:26:14.969 --> 01:26:14.979 align:start position:0% every 10 years, but since that initial 01:26:14.979 --> 01:26:17.769 align:start position:0% every 10 years, but since that initial eclipse,<01:27:42.639> no<01:27:42.960> equivalent<01:27:43.520> dimming<01:27:44.000> events 01:26:17.769 --> 01:26:17.779 align:start position:0% eclipse, no equivalent dimming events 01:26:17.779 --> 01:26:19.929 align:start position:0% eclipse, no equivalent dimming events have<01:27:44.639> been<01:27:44.800> cited.<01:27:45.920> Scientists<01:27:46.400> are 01:26:19.929 --> 01:26:19.939 align:start position:0% have been cited. Scientists are 01:26:19.939 --> 01:26:22.249 align:start position:0% have been cited. Scientists are attempting<01:27:47.120> to<01:27:47.360> explain<01:27:47.760> whether<01:27:48.159> this<01:27:48.320> means 01:26:22.249 --> 01:26:22.259 align:start position:0% attempting to explain whether this means 01:26:22.259 --> 01:26:24.088 align:start position:0% attempting to explain whether this means J1407b 01:26:24.088 --> 01:26:24.098 align:start position:0% J1407b 01:26:24.098 --> 01:26:26.489 align:start position:0% J1407b was<01:27:50.960> actually<01:27:51.280> just<01:27:51.440> a<01:27:51.679> one-off<01:27:52.159> event,<01:27:52.880> a 01:26:26.489 --> 01:26:26.499 align:start position:0% was actually just a one-off event, a 01:26:26.499 --> 01:26:28.729 align:start position:0% was actually just a one-off event, a free<01:27:53.440> floating<01:27:54.080> brown<01:27:54.400> dwarf<01:27:54.800> with<01:27:54.960> its<01:27:55.199> own 01:26:28.729 --> 01:26:28.739 align:start position:0% free floating brown dwarf with its own 01:26:28.739 --> 01:26:31.369 align:start position:0% free floating brown dwarf with its own protolanetary<01:27:56.159> disc<01:27:56.560> that<01:27:56.960> just<01:27:57.280> so<01:27:57.600> happen 01:26:31.369 --> 01:26:31.379 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc that just so happen 01:26:31.379 --> 01:26:33.929 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc that just so happen to<01:27:58.159> pass<01:27:58.400> by<01:27:58.639> the<01:27:58.800> star<01:27:59.040> by<01:27:59.360> coincidence,<01:28:00.320> or 01:26:33.929 --> 01:26:33.939 align:start position:0% to pass by the star by coincidence, or 01:26:33.939 --> 01:26:36.329 align:start position:0% to pass by the star by coincidence, or whether<01:28:00.960> J1407b 01:26:36.329 --> 01:26:36.339 align:start position:0% whether J1407b 01:26:36.339 --> 01:26:38.169 align:start position:0% whether J1407b could<01:28:03.280> still<01:28:03.520> be<01:28:03.679> an<01:28:03.840> orbiting<01:28:04.320> planet<01:28:04.639> with 01:26:38.169 --> 01:26:38.179 align:start position:0% could still be an orbiting planet with 01:26:38.179 --> 01:26:40.809 align:start position:0% could still be an orbiting planet with massive<01:28:05.199> rings,<01:28:05.840> albeit<01:28:06.239> ones<01:28:06.560> that<01:28:06.800> are<01:28:07.120> much 01:26:40.809 --> 01:26:40.819 align:start position:0% massive rings, albeit ones that are much 01:26:40.819 --> 01:26:43.849 align:start position:0% massive rings, albeit ones that are much thinner<01:28:07.920> than<01:28:08.239> first<01:28:08.560> anticipated. 01:26:43.849 --> 01:26:43.859 align:start position:0% thinner than first anticipated. 01:26:43.859 --> 01:26:47.209 align:start position:0% thinner than first anticipated. So,<01:28:11.199> there<01:28:11.440> we<01:28:11.760> have<01:28:11.920> it.<01:28:12.800> some<01:28:13.199> of<01:28:13.440> the 01:26:47.209 --> 01:26:47.219 align:start position:0% So, there we have it. some of the 01:26:47.219 --> 01:26:50.249 align:start position:0% So, there we have it. some of the strangest<01:28:14.560> exoplanets<01:28:15.440> out<01:28:15.679> there.<01:28:16.639> Are 01:26:50.249 --> 01:26:50.259 align:start position:0% strangest exoplanets out there. Are 01:26:50.259 --> 01:26:52.568 align:start position:0% strangest exoplanets out there. Are there<01:28:17.040> any<01:28:17.360> you<01:28:17.679> feel<01:28:17.920> I've<01:28:18.239> missed?<01:28:18.960> What 01:26:52.568 --> 01:26:52.578 align:start position:0% there any you feel I've missed? What 01:26:52.578 --> 01:26:55.449 align:start position:0% there any you feel I've missed? What were<01:28:19.440> your<01:28:19.679> favorites?<01:28:20.800> Let<01:28:21.040> me<01:28:21.199> know<01:28:21.600> in<01:28:21.920> the 01:26:55.449 --> 01:26:55.459 align:start position:0% were your favorites? Let me know in the 01:26:55.459 --> 01:26:59.449 align:start position:0% were your favorites? Let me know in the comments<01:28:22.400> below. 01:26:55.459 --> 01:26:55.469 align:start position:0% everywhere else, they're all gone 01:26:55.459 --> 01:26:58.459 align:start position:0% everywhere else, they're all gone already.