WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.030 align:start position:0% This<00:00:00.800> is<00:00:01.520> Enceladus, 00:00:03.030 --> 00:00:03.040 align:start position:0% This is Enceladus, 00:00:03.040 --> 00:00:06.070 align:start position:0% This is Enceladus, Saturn's<00:00:03.760> sixth<00:00:04.440> largest<00:00:05.080> moon, 00:00:06.070 --> 00:00:06.080 align:start position:0% Saturn's sixth largest moon, 00:00:06.080 --> 00:00:09.160 align:start position:0% Saturn's sixth largest moon, a<00:00:06.160> tiny<00:00:06.640> world<00:00:07.400> orbiting<00:00:08.080> a<00:00:08.280> giant<00:00:09.000> planet. 00:00:09.160 --> 00:00:09.170 align:start position:0% a tiny world orbiting a giant planet. 00:00:09.170 --> 00:00:10.350 align:start position:0% a tiny world orbiting a giant planet. [music] 00:00:10.350 --> 00:00:10.360 align:start position:0% [music] 00:00:10.360 --> 00:00:12.110 align:start position:0% [music] But,<00:00:10.560> don't<00:00:10.880> let<00:00:11.240> its<00:00:11.440> seemingly 00:00:12.110 --> 00:00:12.120 align:start position:0% But, don't let its seemingly 00:00:12.120 --> 00:00:14.910 align:start position:0% But, don't let its seemingly unimpressive<00:00:13.040> size<00:00:13.600> fool<00:00:13.880> you. 00:00:14.910 --> 00:00:14.920 align:start position:0% unimpressive size fool you. 00:00:14.920 --> 00:00:16.430 align:start position:0% unimpressive size fool you. When<00:00:15.080> the<00:00:15.200> Cassini<00:00:15.640> space<00:00:16.040> probe<00:00:16.375> [music] 00:00:16.430 --> 00:00:16.440 align:start position:0% When the Cassini space probe [music] 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:19.430 align:start position:0% When the Cassini space probe [music] found<00:00:17.000> huge<00:00:17.680> cryovolcanic<00:00:18.520> plumes<00:00:18.880> erupting 00:00:19.430 --> 00:00:19.440 align:start position:0% found huge cryovolcanic plumes erupting 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:21.950 align:start position:0% found huge cryovolcanic plumes erupting from<00:00:19.600> its<00:00:19.760> south<00:00:20.080> pole,<00:00:20.880> this<00:00:21.160> little<00:00:21.520> world 00:00:21.950 --> 00:00:21.960 align:start position:0% from its south pole, this little world 00:00:21.960 --> 00:00:24.390 align:start position:0% from its south pole, this little world brought<00:00:22.280> the<00:00:22.360> entire<00:00:23.040> scientific<00:00:23.640> community 00:00:24.390 --> 00:00:24.400 align:start position:0% brought the entire scientific community 00:00:24.400 --> 00:00:26.230 align:start position:0% brought the entire scientific community to<00:00:24.560> a<00:00:24.600> standstill.<00:00:24.890> [music] 00:00:26.230 --> 00:00:26.240 align:start position:0% to a standstill. [music] 00:00:26.240 --> 00:00:28.830 align:start position:0% to a standstill. [music] What<00:00:26.800> was<00:00:26.960> going<00:00:27.320> on? 00:00:28.830 --> 00:00:28.840 align:start position:0% What was going on? 00:00:28.840 --> 00:00:31.070 align:start position:0% What was going on? Flying<00:00:29.240> through<00:00:29.560> these<00:00:29.880> icy<00:00:30.160> jets<00:00:30.600> got<00:00:30.920> us 00:00:31.070 --> 00:00:31.080 align:start position:0% Flying through these icy jets got us 00:00:31.080 --> 00:00:33.070 align:start position:0% Flying through these icy jets got us closer<00:00:31.600> to<00:00:31.720> an<00:00:31.840> answer. 00:00:33.070 --> 00:00:33.080 align:start position:0% closer to an answer. 00:00:33.080 --> 00:00:35.670 align:start position:0% closer to an answer. The<00:00:33.160> probe<00:00:33.560> discovered<00:00:34.200> water,<00:00:35.200> organic 00:00:35.670 --> 00:00:35.680 align:start position:0% The probe discovered water, organic 00:00:35.680 --> 00:00:38.870 align:start position:0% The probe discovered water, organic molecules,<00:00:36.800> and<00:00:37.000> hints<00:00:37.520> of<00:00:37.720> a<00:00:37.840> hidden<00:00:38.360> ocean 00:00:38.870 --> 00:00:38.880 align:start position:0% molecules, and hints of a hidden ocean 00:00:38.880 --> 00:00:42.270 align:start position:0% molecules, and hints of a hidden ocean filled<00:00:39.320> with<00:00:39.600> hydrothermal<00:00:40.720> vents. 00:00:42.270 --> 00:00:42.280 align:start position:0% filled with hydrothermal vents. 00:00:42.280 --> 00:00:46.590 align:start position:0% filled with hydrothermal vents. But,<00:00:43.120> in<00:00:43.360> 2017,<00:00:44.680> Cassini<00:00:45.080> ran<00:00:45.320> out<00:00:45.480> of<00:00:45.560> fuel. 00:00:46.590 --> 00:00:46.600 align:start position:0% But, in 2017, Cassini ran out of fuel. 00:00:46.600 --> 00:00:49.150 align:start position:0% But, in 2017, Cassini ran out of fuel. As<00:00:46.760> it<00:00:46.880> dived<00:00:47.200> into<00:00:47.440> Saturn,<00:00:48.240> it<00:00:48.400> took<00:00:48.680> with<00:00:48.880> it 00:00:49.150 --> 00:00:49.160 align:start position:0% As it dived into Saturn, it took with it 00:00:49.160 --> 00:00:52.150 align:start position:0% As it dived into Saturn, it took with it our<00:00:49.520> only<00:00:49.960> means<00:00:50.360> of<00:00:50.520> probing<00:00:51.000> Enceladus, 00:00:52.150 --> 00:00:52.160 align:start position:0% our only means of probing Enceladus, 00:00:52.160 --> 00:00:53.870 align:start position:0% our only means of probing Enceladus, leaving<00:00:52.480> us<00:00:52.960> with<00:00:53.200> countless<00:00:53.710> [music] 00:00:53.870 --> 00:00:53.880 align:start position:0% leaving us with countless [music] 00:00:53.880 --> 00:00:55.910 align:start position:0% leaving us with countless [music] unanswered<00:00:54.480> questions. 00:00:55.910 --> 00:00:55.920 align:start position:0% unanswered questions. 00:00:55.920 --> 00:00:58.510 align:start position:0% unanswered questions. Does<00:00:56.080> it<00:00:56.200> have<00:00:56.520> a<00:00:56.600> global<00:00:57.080> ocean?<00:00:58.160> What 00:00:58.510 --> 00:00:58.520 align:start position:0% Does it have a global ocean? What 00:00:58.520 --> 00:01:01.630 align:start position:0% Does it have a global ocean? What exactly<00:00:59.240> is<00:00:59.680> happening<00:01:00.160> below<00:01:00.440> the<00:01:00.560> surface? 00:01:01.630 --> 00:01:01.640 align:start position:0% exactly is happening below the surface? 00:01:01.640 --> 00:01:04.835 align:start position:0% exactly is happening below the surface? And<00:01:02.120> most<00:01:02.560> importantly,<00:01:03.960> could<00:01:04.320> it<00:01:04.640> be 00:01:04.835 --> 00:01:04.845 align:start position:0% And most importantly, could it be 00:01:04.845 --> 00:01:07.230 align:start position:0% And most importantly, could it be [music]<00:01:04.879> home<00:01:05.360> to<00:01:05.560> life? 00:01:07.230 --> 00:01:07.240 align:start position:0% [music] home to life? 00:01:07.240 --> 00:01:09.750 align:start position:0% [music] home to life? A<00:01:07.320> decade<00:01:07.840> on,<00:01:08.440> we've<00:01:08.680> not<00:01:09.000> yet<00:01:09.240> returned<00:01:09.640> to 00:01:09.750 --> 00:01:09.760 align:start position:0% A decade on, we've not yet returned to 00:01:09.760 --> 00:01:11.870 align:start position:0% A decade on, we've not yet returned to Enceladus,<00:01:10.840> but<00:01:11.280> the<00:01:11.395> [music]<00:01:11.400> science 00:01:11.870 --> 00:01:11.880 align:start position:0% Enceladus, but the [music] science 00:01:11.880 --> 00:01:13.310 align:start position:0% Enceladus, but the [music] science hasn't<00:01:12.200> stopped. 00:01:13.310 --> 00:01:13.320 align:start position:0% hasn't stopped. 00:01:13.320 --> 00:01:14.950 align:start position:0% hasn't stopped. The<00:01:13.400> James<00:01:13.720> Webb<00:01:13.920> Space<00:01:14.240> Telescope<00:01:14.760> has 00:01:14.950 --> 00:01:14.960 align:start position:0% The James Webb Space Telescope has 00:01:14.960 --> 00:01:17.150 align:start position:0% The James Webb Space Telescope has turned<00:01:15.320> its<00:01:15.440> attention<00:01:15.920> to<00:01:16.040> the<00:01:16.160> moon,<00:01:16.960> and 00:01:17.150 --> 00:01:17.160 align:start position:0% turned its attention to the moon, and 00:01:17.160 --> 00:01:19.110 align:start position:0% turned its attention to the moon, and researchers<00:01:17.800> are<00:01:17.960> still<00:01:18.600> [music]<00:01:18.680> mining<00:01:19.040> the 00:01:19.110 --> 00:01:19.120 align:start position:0% researchers are still [music] mining the 00:01:19.120 --> 00:01:21.510 align:start position:0% researchers are still [music] mining the data<00:01:19.480> that<00:01:19.600> Cassini<00:01:19.960> sent<00:01:20.240> back. 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:21.520 align:start position:0% data that Cassini sent back. 00:01:21.520 --> 00:01:24.150 align:start position:0% data that Cassini sent back. And<00:01:21.720> luckily,<00:01:22.680> we<00:01:22.880> found<00:01:23.160> more<00:01:23.400> answers<00:01:24.000> than 00:01:24.150 --> 00:01:24.160 align:start position:0% And luckily, we found more answers than 00:01:24.160 --> 00:01:25.830 align:start position:0% And luckily, we found more answers than you<00:01:24.280> might<00:01:24.600> think. 00:01:25.830 --> 00:01:25.840 align:start position:0% you might think. 00:01:25.840 --> 00:01:27.430 align:start position:0% you might think. I'm<00:01:26.080> Alex<00:01:26.360> McConaughey,<00:01:27.120> and<00:01:27.280> you're 00:01:27.430 --> 00:01:27.440 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McConaughey, and you're 00:01:27.440 --> 00:01:29.830 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McConaughey, and you're watching<00:01:27.800> Astrium.<00:01:28.640> Join<00:01:28.920> me<00:01:29.040> today<00:01:29.440> as<00:01:29.680> we 00:01:29.830 --> 00:01:29.840 align:start position:0% watching Astrium. Join me today as we 00:01:29.840 --> 00:01:31.750 align:start position:0% watching Astrium. Join me today as we return<00:01:30.560> to<00:01:30.720> this<00:01:30.960> surprise<00:01:31.045> [music]<00:01:31.560> in<00:01:31.680> the 00:01:31.750 --> 00:01:31.760 align:start position:0% return to this surprise [music] in the 00:01:31.760 --> 00:01:34.430 align:start position:0% return to this surprise [music] in the Saturn<00:01:32.120> system,<00:01:33.000> explore<00:01:33.560> the<00:01:33.720> incredible 00:01:34.430 --> 00:01:34.440 align:start position:0% Saturn system, explore the incredible 00:01:34.440 --> 00:01:36.430 align:start position:0% Saturn system, explore the incredible chemical<00:01:34.960> complexity<00:01:35.631> [music]<00:01:35.800> hiding<00:01:36.240> below 00:01:36.430 --> 00:01:36.440 align:start position:0% chemical complexity [music] hiding below 00:01:36.440 --> 00:01:39.670 align:start position:0% chemical complexity [music] hiding below its<00:01:36.640> surface,<00:01:37.720> and<00:01:37.920> reveal<00:01:38.360> how<00:01:38.920> 10-year-old 00:01:39.670 --> 00:01:39.680 align:start position:0% its surface, and reveal how 10-year-old 00:01:39.680 --> 00:01:42.870 align:start position:0% its surface, and reveal how 10-year-old data<00:01:40.480> is<00:01:40.720> still<00:01:41.160> shocking<00:01:41.640> us<00:01:42.160> all<00:01:42.640> in<00:01:42.800> the 00:01:42.870 --> 00:01:42.880 align:start position:0% data is still shocking us all in the 00:01:42.880 --> 00:01:48.070 align:start position:0% data is still shocking us all in the search<00:01:43.400> for<00:01:43.720> life<00:01:44.320> beyond<00:01:44.960> Earth. 00:01:48.070 --> 00:01:48.080 align:start position:0% 00:01:48.080 --> 00:01:52.870 align:start position:0% At<00:01:48.280> just<00:01:48.880> 500<00:01:50.000> km<00:01:50.520> across,<00:01:51.600> Enceladus<00:01:52.280> is<00:01:52.680> a 00:01:52.870 --> 00:01:52.880 align:start position:0% At just 500 km across, Enceladus is a 00:01:52.880 --> 00:01:54.670 align:start position:0% At just 500 km across, Enceladus is a tiny<00:01:53.560> world. 00:01:54.670 --> 00:01:54.680 align:start position:0% tiny world. 00:01:54.680 --> 00:01:56.630 align:start position:0% tiny world. It's<00:01:54.920> similar<00:01:55.280> in<00:01:55.440> size<00:01:55.920> to<00:01:56.000> the<00:01:56.160> state<00:01:56.520> of 00:01:56.630 --> 00:01:56.640 align:start position:0% It's similar in size to the state of 00:01:56.640 --> 00:01:58.430 align:start position:0% It's similar in size to the state of Arizona. 00:01:58.430 --> 00:01:58.440 align:start position:0% Arizona. 00:01:58.440 --> 00:02:01.030 align:start position:0% Arizona. It<00:01:58.640> orbits<00:01:59.040> 238,000 00:02:01.030 --> 00:02:01.040 align:start position:0% It orbits 238,000 00:02:01.040 --> 00:02:04.430 align:start position:0% It orbits 238,000 km<00:02:01.520> from<00:02:01.680> Saturn,<00:02:02.640> where<00:02:02.880> the<00:02:03.000> sun<00:02:03.479> is<00:02:03.720> a<00:02:03.880> mere 00:02:04.430 --> 00:02:04.440 align:start position:0% km from Saturn, where the sun is a mere 00:02:04.440 --> 00:02:06.150 align:start position:0% km from Saturn, where the sun is a mere distant<00:02:04.920> spark, 00:02:06.150 --> 00:02:06.160 align:start position:0% distant spark, 00:02:06.160 --> 00:02:07.990 align:start position:0% distant spark, and<00:02:06.360> surface<00:02:06.720> temperatures<00:02:07.320> average<00:02:07.840> a 00:02:07.990 --> 00:02:08.000 align:start position:0% and surface temperatures average a 00:02:08.000 --> 00:02:10.991 align:start position:0% and surface temperatures average a bone-chilling<00:02:09.000> -201° 00:02:10.991 --> 00:02:11.001 align:start position:0% bone-chilling -201° 00:02:11.001 --> 00:02:12.430 align:start position:0% bone-chilling -201° [music]<00:02:11.040> C. 00:02:12.430 --> 00:02:12.440 align:start position:0% [music] C. 00:02:12.440 --> 00:02:14.510 align:start position:0% [music] C. All<00:02:12.560> these<00:02:12.760> factors<00:02:13.200> make<00:02:13.560> Enceladus<00:02:14.360> an 00:02:14.510 --> 00:02:14.520 align:start position:0% All these factors make Enceladus an 00:02:14.520 --> 00:02:17.830 align:start position:0% All these factors make Enceladus an incredibly<00:02:15.440> difficult<00:02:16.040> target<00:02:16.480> to<00:02:16.600> track. 00:02:17.830 --> 00:02:17.840 align:start position:0% incredibly difficult target to track. 00:02:17.840 --> 00:02:19.750 align:start position:0% incredibly difficult target to track. It<00:02:17.920> was<00:02:18.080> finally<00:02:18.400> discovered<00:02:18.880> by<00:02:19.080> Sir<00:02:19.440> William 00:02:19.750 --> 00:02:19.760 align:start position:0% It was finally discovered by Sir William 00:02:19.760 --> 00:02:22.190 align:start position:0% It was finally discovered by Sir William Herschel<00:02:20.320> in<00:02:20.520> 1789, 00:02:22.190 --> 00:02:22.200 align:start position:0% Herschel in 1789, 00:02:22.200 --> 00:02:24.630 align:start position:0% Herschel in 1789, and<00:02:22.480> to<00:02:22.640> spot<00:02:23.080> it<00:02:23.400> required<00:02:23.920> the<00:02:24.120> largest 00:02:24.630 --> 00:02:24.640 align:start position:0% and to spot it required the largest 00:02:24.640 --> 00:02:27.870 align:start position:0% and to spot it required the largest telescope<00:02:25.280> the<00:02:25.440> world<00:02:26.000> had<00:02:26.280> ever<00:02:26.520> seen. 00:02:27.870 --> 00:02:27.880 align:start position:0% telescope the world had ever seen. 00:02:27.880 --> 00:02:30.070 align:start position:0% telescope the world had ever seen. The<00:02:27.959> instrument,<00:02:28.760> built<00:02:29.040> by<00:02:29.320> Herschel<00:02:29.959> and 00:02:30.070 --> 00:02:30.080 align:start position:0% The instrument, built by Herschel and 00:02:30.080 --> 00:02:33.310 align:start position:0% The instrument, built by Herschel and his<00:02:30.240> sister<00:02:30.640> Caroline,<00:02:31.560> was<00:02:31.840> so<00:02:32.160> pioneering 00:02:33.310 --> 00:02:33.320 align:start position:0% his sister Caroline, was so pioneering 00:02:33.320 --> 00:02:35.710 align:start position:0% his sister Caroline, was so pioneering that<00:02:33.480> its<00:02:33.640> half-ton<00:02:34.360> mirror<00:02:34.800> required<00:02:35.360> more 00:02:35.710 --> 00:02:35.720 align:start position:0% that its half-ton mirror required more 00:02:35.720 --> 00:02:39.070 align:start position:0% that its half-ton mirror required more than<00:02:35.920> a<00:02:36.000> year<00:02:36.680> of<00:02:36.880> painstaking<00:02:37.760> polishing. 00:02:39.070 --> 00:02:39.080 align:start position:0% than a year of painstaking polishing. 00:02:39.080 --> 00:02:42.710 align:start position:0% than a year of painstaking polishing. Yet,<00:02:39.840> even<00:02:40.200> through<00:02:40.920> this<00:02:41.200> behemoth<00:02:41.800> scope, 00:02:42.710 --> 00:02:42.720 align:start position:0% Yet, even through this behemoth scope, 00:02:42.720 --> 00:02:44.990 align:start position:0% Yet, even through this behemoth scope, Enceladus<00:02:43.400> still<00:02:43.520> looked<00:02:43.840> like<00:02:44.280> nothing<00:02:44.640> more 00:02:44.990 --> 00:02:45.000 align:start position:0% Enceladus still looked like nothing more 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:48.510 align:start position:0% Enceladus still looked like nothing more than<00:02:45.280> an<00:02:45.560> unremarkable<00:02:46.800> icy<00:02:47.240> rock. 00:02:48.510 --> 00:02:48.520 align:start position:0% than an unremarkable icy rock. 00:02:48.520 --> 00:02:50.470 align:start position:0% than an unremarkable icy rock. Herschel's<00:02:48.880> telescope<00:02:49.320> was<00:02:49.520> so<00:02:49.840> far<00:02:50.120> ahead<00:02:50.400> of 00:02:50.470 --> 00:02:50.480 align:start position:0% Herschel's telescope was so far ahead of 00:02:50.480 --> 00:02:52.830 align:start position:0% Herschel's telescope was so far ahead of its<00:02:50.640> time<00:02:51.360> that<00:02:51.520> this<00:02:51.760> remained<00:02:52.160> our<00:02:52.480> only 00:02:52.830 --> 00:02:52.840 align:start position:0% its time that this remained our only 00:02:52.840 --> 00:02:54.790 align:start position:0% its time that this remained our only perspective<00:02:53.440> of<00:02:53.520> the<00:02:53.640> Saturnian<00:02:54.240> satellite 00:02:54.790 --> 00:02:54.800 align:start position:0% perspective of the Saturnian satellite 00:02:54.800 --> 00:02:57.270 align:start position:0% perspective of the Saturnian satellite for<00:02:54.920> nearly<00:02:55.280> 200<00:02:56.120> years. 00:02:57.270 --> 00:02:57.280 align:start position:0% for nearly 200 years. 00:02:57.280 --> 00:03:00.430 align:start position:0% for nearly 200 years. It<00:02:57.360> wasn't<00:02:57.640> until<00:02:57.920> the<00:02:58.040> 1980s<00:02:59.360> when<00:02:59.560> Voyager<00:03:00.000> 1 00:03:00.430 --> 00:03:00.440 align:start position:0% It wasn't until the 1980s when Voyager 1 00:03:00.440 --> 00:03:03.350 align:start position:0% It wasn't until the 1980s when Voyager 1 and<00:03:00.600> 2<00:03:00.840> performed<00:03:01.239> their<00:03:01.440> swift<00:03:01.880> flybys<00:03:02.920> that 00:03:03.350 --> 00:03:03.360 align:start position:0% and 2 performed their swift flybys that 00:03:03.360 --> 00:03:05.750 align:start position:0% and 2 performed their swift flybys that our<00:03:03.560> perspective<00:03:04.200> shifted<00:03:04.640> forever. 00:03:05.750 --> 00:03:05.760 align:start position:0% our perspective shifted forever. 00:03:05.760 --> 00:03:07.470 align:start position:0% our perspective shifted forever. The<00:03:05.840> images<00:03:06.200> sent<00:03:06.400> back<00:03:06.760> didn't<00:03:07.080> show<00:03:07.320> the 00:03:07.470 --> 00:03:07.480 align:start position:0% The images sent back didn't show the 00:03:07.480 --> 00:03:09.830 align:start position:0% The images sent back didn't show the featureless<00:03:08.080> world<00:03:08.440> we<00:03:08.560> expected,<00:03:09.720> but 00:03:09.830 --> 00:03:09.840 align:start position:0% featureless world we expected, but 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:11.750 align:start position:0% featureless world we expected, but instead<00:03:10.400> revealed<00:03:10.880> regions<00:03:11.360> that<00:03:11.560> were 00:03:11.750 --> 00:03:11.760 align:start position:0% instead revealed regions that were 00:03:11.760 --> 00:03:14.470 align:start position:0% instead revealed regions that were remarkably<00:03:12.640> smooth<00:03:13.200> and<00:03:13.320> crater-free, 00:03:14.470 --> 00:03:14.480 align:start position:0% remarkably smooth and crater-free, 00:03:14.480 --> 00:03:17.229 align:start position:0% remarkably smooth and crater-free, suggesting<00:03:15.400> the<00:03:15.519> moon<00:03:15.800> had<00:03:16.000> been<00:03:16.440> recently 00:03:17.229 --> 00:03:17.239 align:start position:0% suggesting the moon had been recently 00:03:17.239 --> 00:03:19.509 align:start position:0% suggesting the moon had been recently seismically<00:03:18.000> active. 00:03:19.509 --> 00:03:19.519 align:start position:0% seismically active. 00:03:19.519 --> 00:03:22.190 align:start position:0% seismically active. Most<00:03:20.040> curiously,<00:03:21.080> Enceladus<00:03:21.720> was<00:03:21.880> found 00:03:22.190 --> 00:03:22.200 align:start position:0% Most curiously, Enceladus was found 00:03:22.200 --> 00:03:24.750 align:start position:0% Most curiously, Enceladus was found sitting<00:03:22.600> directly<00:03:23.480> in<00:03:23.640> the<00:03:23.720> densest<00:03:24.280> part<00:03:24.640> of 00:03:24.750 --> 00:03:24.760 align:start position:0% sitting directly in the densest part of 00:03:24.760 --> 00:03:27.590 align:start position:0% sitting directly in the densest part of Saturn's<00:03:25.320> E<00:03:25.640> ring,<00:03:26.440> leading<00:03:26.880> scientists<00:03:27.480> to 00:03:27.590 --> 00:03:27.600 align:start position:0% Saturn's E ring, leading scientists to 00:03:27.600 --> 00:03:30.949 align:start position:0% Saturn's E ring, leading scientists to suspect<00:03:28.680> the<00:03:28.800> moon<00:03:29.239> was<00:03:29.400> somehow<00:03:30.000> feeding<00:03:30.800> the 00:03:30.949 --> 00:03:30.959 align:start position:0% suspect the moon was somehow feeding the 00:03:30.959 --> 00:03:33.229 align:start position:0% suspect the moon was somehow feeding the ring<00:03:31.360> with<00:03:31.600> material. 00:03:33.229 --> 00:03:33.239 align:start position:0% ring with material. 00:03:33.239 --> 00:03:37.110 align:start position:0% ring with material. Was<00:03:33.720> Enceladus<00:03:34.560> alive? 00:03:37.110 --> 00:03:37.120 align:start position:0% Was Enceladus alive? 00:03:37.120 --> 00:03:38.750 align:start position:0% Was Enceladus alive? The<00:03:37.200> mysteries<00:03:37.680> raised<00:03:38.120> by<00:03:38.280> the<00:03:38.400> Voyager 00:03:38.750 --> 00:03:38.760 align:start position:0% The mysteries raised by the Voyager 00:03:38.760 --> 00:03:41.470 align:start position:0% The mysteries raised by the Voyager flybys<00:03:39.320> made<00:03:39.560> Enceladus<00:03:40.239> a<00:03:40.400> high-priority 00:03:41.470 --> 00:03:41.480 align:start position:0% flybys made Enceladus a high-priority 00:03:41.480 --> 00:03:44.070 align:start position:0% flybys made Enceladus a high-priority target<00:03:42.000> for<00:03:42.160> a<00:03:42.239> follow-up<00:03:43.200> and<00:03:43.440> directly 00:03:44.070 --> 00:03:44.080 align:start position:0% target for a follow-up and directly 00:03:44.080 --> 00:03:45.509 align:start position:0% target for a follow-up and directly fueled<00:03:44.519> the<00:03:44.640> planning<00:03:45.360> of<00:03:45.440> the 00:03:45.509 --> 00:03:45.519 align:start position:0% fueled the planning of the 00:03:45.519 --> 00:03:47.590 align:start position:0% fueled the planning of the Cassini-Huygens<00:03:46.440> mission. 00:03:47.590 --> 00:03:47.600 align:start position:0% Cassini-Huygens mission. 00:03:47.600 --> 00:03:51.030 align:start position:0% Cassini-Huygens mission. The<00:03:47.920> Titan<00:03:48.480> 4B<00:03:49.200> rocket<00:03:49.880> launched<00:03:50.320> Cassini<00:03:50.880> in 00:03:51.030 --> 00:03:51.040 align:start position:0% The Titan 4B rocket launched Cassini in 00:03:51.040 --> 00:03:52.670 align:start position:0% The Titan 4B rocket launched Cassini in 1997, 00:03:52.670 --> 00:03:52.680 align:start position:0% 1997, 00:03:52.680 --> 00:03:56.430 align:start position:0% 1997, and<00:03:53.040> in<00:03:53.280> late<00:03:53.680> 2004,<00:03:55.080> 6<00:03:55.400> years<00:03:55.720> after<00:03:56.080> its 00:03:56.430 --> 00:03:56.440 align:start position:0% and in late 2004, 6 years after its 00:03:56.440 --> 00:03:59.230 align:start position:0% and in late 2004, 6 years after its double<00:03:56.840> slingshot<00:03:57.400> maneuver<00:03:57.840> around<00:03:58.200> Venus, 00:03:59.230 --> 00:03:59.240 align:start position:0% double slingshot maneuver around Venus, 00:03:59.240 --> 00:04:01.870 align:start position:0% double slingshot maneuver around Venus, it<00:03:59.480> reached<00:03:59.760> Saturn<00:04:00.440> to<00:04:00.600> carry<00:04:01.080> on<00:04:01.360> Voyager's 00:04:01.870 --> 00:04:01.880 align:start position:0% it reached Saturn to carry on Voyager's 00:04:01.880 --> 00:04:03.270 align:start position:0% it reached Saturn to carry on Voyager's legacy. 00:04:03.270 --> 00:04:03.280 align:start position:0% legacy. 00:04:03.280 --> 00:04:05.430 align:start position:0% legacy. It<00:04:03.400> was<00:04:03.640> a<00:04:03.760> monumental<00:04:04.520> effort<00:04:05.200> that<00:04:05.320> has 00:04:05.430 --> 00:04:05.440 align:start position:0% It was a monumental effort that has 00:04:05.440 --> 00:04:07.710 align:start position:0% It was a monumental effort that has since<00:04:05.720> generated<00:04:06.280> more<00:04:06.440> than<00:04:06.640> 4,000 00:04:07.710 --> 00:04:07.720 align:start position:0% since generated more than 4,000 00:04:07.720 --> 00:04:09.390 align:start position:0% since generated more than 4,000 scientific<00:04:08.240> papers, 00:04:09.390 --> 00:04:09.400 align:start position:0% scientific papers, 00:04:09.400 --> 00:04:11.990 align:start position:0% scientific papers, but<00:04:09.600> no<00:04:09.800> discovery<00:04:10.360> caused<00:04:10.720> more<00:04:11.160> hype<00:04:11.840> than 00:04:11.990 --> 00:04:12.000 align:start position:0% but no discovery caused more hype than 00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:15.030 align:start position:0% but no discovery caused more hype than the<00:04:12.120> events<00:04:12.560> of<00:04:12.800> early<00:04:13.160> 2005. 00:04:15.030 --> 00:04:15.040 align:start position:0% the events of early 2005. 00:04:15.040 --> 00:04:17.509 align:start position:0% the events of early 2005. During<00:04:15.320> its<00:04:15.560> first<00:04:16.040> flybys,<00:04:17.000> Cassini's 00:04:17.509 --> 00:04:17.519 align:start position:0% During its first flybys, Cassini's 00:04:17.519 --> 00:04:21.069 align:start position:0% During its first flybys, Cassini's cameras<00:04:18.359> caught<00:04:18.760> sight<00:04:19.239> of<00:04:19.519> massive<00:04:20.200> geysers 00:04:21.069 --> 00:04:21.079 align:start position:0% cameras caught sight of massive geysers 00:04:21.079 --> 00:04:23.870 align:start position:0% cameras caught sight of massive geysers erupting<00:04:21.920> from<00:04:22.120> Enceladus<00:04:23.040> into<00:04:23.400> the<00:04:23.480> vacuum 00:04:23.870 --> 00:04:23.880 align:start position:0% erupting from Enceladus into the vacuum 00:04:23.880 --> 00:04:25.230 align:start position:0% erupting from Enceladus into the vacuum of<00:04:24.000> space. 00:04:25.230 --> 00:04:25.240 align:start position:0% of space. 00:04:25.240 --> 00:04:29.030 align:start position:0% of space. These<00:04:25.520> vents<00:04:26.120> were<00:04:26.280> ejecting<00:04:27.200> 250 00:04:29.030 --> 00:04:29.040 align:start position:0% These vents were ejecting 250 00:04:29.040 --> 00:04:33.030 align:start position:0% These vents were ejecting 250 kg<00:04:29.600> of<00:04:29.760> water<00:04:30.320> and<00:04:30.680> ice<00:04:31.360> every<00:04:31.840> second<00:04:32.840> at 00:04:33.030 --> 00:04:33.040 align:start position:0% kg of water and ice every second at 00:04:33.040 --> 00:04:37.350 align:start position:0% kg of water and ice every second at speeds<00:04:33.800> of<00:04:34.040> over<00:04:34.360> 1,000<00:04:35.480> km<00:04:36.080> per<00:04:36.280> hour. 00:04:37.350 --> 00:04:37.360 align:start position:0% speeds of over 1,000 km per hour. 00:04:37.360 --> 00:04:40.230 align:start position:0% speeds of over 1,000 km per hour. This<00:04:37.600> confirmed<00:04:38.120> it.<00:04:38.720> Enceladus<00:04:39.480> had<00:04:40.000> an 00:04:40.230 --> 00:04:40.240 align:start position:0% This confirmed it. Enceladus had an 00:04:40.240 --> 00:04:44.430 align:start position:0% This confirmed it. Enceladus had an atmosphere<00:04:41.280> and<00:04:42.040> active<00:04:42.520> geology. 00:04:44.430 --> 00:04:44.440 align:start position:0% atmosphere and active geology. 00:04:44.440 --> 00:04:46.510 align:start position:0% atmosphere and active geology. NASA<00:04:45.040> immediately<00:04:45.600> shifted<00:04:46.000> the<00:04:46.120> mission's 00:04:46.510 --> 00:04:46.520 align:start position:0% NASA immediately shifted the mission's 00:04:46.520 --> 00:04:49.390 align:start position:0% NASA immediately shifted the mission's course,<00:04:47.320> ordering<00:04:47.800> Cassini<00:04:48.240> to<00:04:48.360> perform<00:04:48.960> a 00:04:49.390 --> 00:04:49.400 align:start position:0% course, ordering Cassini to perform a 00:04:49.400 --> 00:04:53.310 align:start position:0% course, ordering Cassini to perform a maverick<00:04:50.080> maneuver,<00:04:51.080> passing<00:04:51.520> just<00:04:51.960> 50<00:04:52.520> km 00:04:53.310 --> 00:04:53.320 align:start position:0% maverick maneuver, passing just 50 km 00:04:53.320 --> 00:04:57.190 align:start position:0% maverick maneuver, passing just 50 km above<00:04:53.640> the<00:04:53.760> surface<00:04:54.320> to<00:04:55.000> taste<00:04:55.680> the<00:04:55.800> plumes. 00:04:57.190 --> 00:04:57.200 align:start position:0% above the surface to taste the plumes. 00:04:57.200 --> 00:04:58.990 align:start position:0% above the surface to taste the plumes. What<00:04:57.480> was<00:04:57.680> worth<00:04:58.000> such<00:04:58.240> a<00:04:58.320> risk,<00:04:58.680> you<00:04:58.760> might 00:04:58.990 --> 00:04:59.000 align:start position:0% What was worth such a risk, you might 00:04:59.000 --> 00:04:59.990 align:start position:0% What was worth such a risk, you might ask? 00:04:59.990 --> 00:05:00.000 align:start position:0% ask? 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:02.590 align:start position:0% ask? Well,<00:05:00.560> NASA<00:05:01.120> were<00:05:01.240> looking<00:05:01.680> for<00:05:01.840> signs<00:05:02.320> of 00:05:02.590 --> 00:05:02.600 align:start position:0% Well, NASA were looking for signs of 00:05:02.600 --> 00:05:05.390 align:start position:0% Well, NASA were looking for signs of extraterrestrial<00:05:03.680> life. 00:05:05.390 --> 00:05:05.400 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial life. 00:05:05.400 --> 00:05:07.750 align:start position:0% extraterrestrial life. A<00:05:05.480> major<00:05:05.800> motivator<00:05:06.440> of<00:05:06.760> our<00:05:06.960> exploration<00:05:07.640> of 00:05:07.750 --> 00:05:07.760 align:start position:0% A major motivator of our exploration of 00:05:07.760 --> 00:05:11.710 align:start position:0% A major motivator of our exploration of space<00:05:08.680> is<00:05:08.880> the<00:05:09.080> hope<00:05:09.760> that<00:05:09.919> we're<00:05:10.080> not<00:05:10.320> alone. 00:05:11.710 --> 00:05:11.720 align:start position:0% space is the hope that we're not alone. 00:05:11.720 --> 00:05:13.950 align:start position:0% space is the hope that we're not alone. To<00:05:11.840> define<00:05:12.200> life,<00:05:12.640> NASA<00:05:12.960> looks<00:05:13.280> for<00:05:13.560> a 00:05:13.950 --> 00:05:13.960 align:start position:0% To define life, NASA looks for a 00:05:13.960 --> 00:05:16.630 align:start position:0% To define life, NASA looks for a self-sustaining<00:05:15.080> chemical<00:05:15.560> system 00:05:16.630 --> 00:05:16.640 align:start position:0% self-sustaining chemical system 00:05:16.640 --> 00:05:19.390 align:start position:0% self-sustaining chemical system capable<00:05:17.160> of<00:05:17.360> Darwinian<00:05:18.040> evolution. 00:05:19.390 --> 00:05:19.400 align:start position:0% capable of Darwinian evolution. 00:05:19.400 --> 00:05:21.110 align:start position:0% capable of Darwinian evolution. But<00:05:19.520> what<00:05:19.680> does<00:05:19.840> that<00:05:20.160> mean<00:05:20.640> when<00:05:20.800> we<00:05:21.000> are 00:05:21.110 --> 00:05:21.120 align:start position:0% But what does that mean when we are 00:05:21.120 --> 00:05:23.270 align:start position:0% But what does that mean when we are searching<00:05:21.800> on<00:05:21.960> Enceladus? 00:05:23.270 --> 00:05:23.280 align:start position:0% searching on Enceladus? 00:05:23.280 --> 00:05:25.710 align:start position:0% searching on Enceladus? Well,<00:05:23.919> there<00:05:24.120> are<00:05:24.200> four<00:05:24.680> boxes<00:05:25.240> we<00:05:25.440> need<00:05:25.640> to 00:05:25.710 --> 00:05:25.720 align:start position:0% Well, there are four boxes we need to 00:05:25.720 --> 00:05:29.750 align:start position:0% Well, there are four boxes we need to check:<00:05:26.600> liquid<00:05:26.960> water,<00:05:27.840> energy,<00:05:28.680> chemicals, 00:05:29.750 --> 00:05:29.760 align:start position:0% check: liquid water, energy, chemicals, 00:05:29.760 --> 00:05:31.430 align:start position:0% check: liquid water, energy, chemicals, and<00:05:30.120> time. 00:05:31.430 --> 00:05:31.440 align:start position:0% and time. 00:05:31.440 --> 00:05:33.950 align:start position:0% and time. First<00:05:31.760> up,<00:05:32.040> liquid<00:05:32.440> water,<00:05:33.120> the<00:05:33.240> solvent<00:05:33.840> of 00:05:33.950 --> 00:05:33.960 align:start position:0% First up, liquid water, the solvent of 00:05:33.960 --> 00:05:35.110 align:start position:0% First up, liquid water, the solvent of life. 00:05:35.110 --> 00:05:35.120 align:start position:0% life. 00:05:35.120 --> 00:05:36.790 align:start position:0% life. The<00:05:35.200> question<00:05:35.640> here<00:05:36.160> isn't<00:05:36.520> whether 00:05:36.790 --> 00:05:36.800 align:start position:0% The question here isn't whether 00:05:36.800 --> 00:05:38.950 align:start position:0% The question here isn't whether Enceladus<00:05:37.400> has<00:05:37.760> it,<00:05:38.160> that's<00:05:38.360> abundantly 00:05:38.950 --> 00:05:38.960 align:start position:0% Enceladus has it, that's abundantly 00:05:38.960 --> 00:05:39.950 align:start position:0% Enceladus has it, that's abundantly clear, 00:05:39.950 --> 00:05:39.960 align:start position:0% clear, 00:05:39.960 --> 00:05:42.670 align:start position:0% clear, but<00:05:40.120> rather<00:05:40.600> we<00:05:40.760> need<00:05:40.960> to<00:05:41.040> ask,<00:05:41.760> how<00:05:42.040> much 00:05:42.670 --> 00:05:42.680 align:start position:0% but rather we need to ask, how much 00:05:42.680 --> 00:05:44.430 align:start position:0% but rather we need to ask, how much water<00:05:43.120> is<00:05:43.320> there? 00:05:44.430 --> 00:05:44.440 align:start position:0% water is there? 00:05:44.440 --> 00:05:47.110 align:start position:0% water is there? And<00:05:44.720> where<00:05:45.280> is<00:05:45.400> it<00:05:45.520> coming<00:05:45.800> from? 00:05:47.110 --> 00:05:47.120 align:start position:0% And where is it coming from? 00:05:47.120 --> 00:05:49.270 align:start position:0% And where is it coming from? Cassini's<00:05:47.720> initial<00:05:48.080> photos<00:05:48.560> and<00:05:48.800> infrared 00:05:49.270 --> 00:05:49.280 align:start position:0% Cassini's initial photos and infrared 00:05:49.280 --> 00:05:52.550 align:start position:0% Cassini's initial photos and infrared images<00:05:49.680> from<00:05:49.840> 2006<00:05:50.960> showed<00:05:51.400> significant<00:05:52.240> heat 00:05:52.550 --> 00:05:52.560 align:start position:0% images from 2006 showed significant heat 00:05:52.560 --> 00:05:55.070 align:start position:0% images from 2006 showed significant heat at<00:05:52.720> the<00:05:52.840> South<00:05:53.360> Pole. 00:05:55.070 --> 00:05:55.080 align:start position:0% at the South Pole. 00:05:55.080 --> 00:05:57.390 align:start position:0% at the South Pole. This<00:05:55.360> incredible<00:05:55.960> photo<00:05:56.400> shows<00:05:56.760> the<00:05:56.880> famous 00:05:57.390 --> 00:05:57.400 align:start position:0% This incredible photo shows the famous 00:05:57.400 --> 00:06:00.310 align:start position:0% This incredible photo shows the famous tiger<00:05:57.880> stripes,<00:05:58.760> long<00:05:59.080> fissures<00:05:59.640> in<00:05:59.840> the<00:06:00.040> icy 00:06:00.310 --> 00:06:00.320 align:start position:0% tiger stripes, long fissures in the icy 00:06:00.320 --> 00:06:03.750 align:start position:0% tiger stripes, long fissures in the icy crust,<00:06:01.200> hinting<00:06:01.800> at<00:06:02.000> the<00:06:02.080> activity<00:06:02.600> below. 00:06:03.750 --> 00:06:03.760 align:start position:0% crust, hinting at the activity below. 00:06:03.760 --> 00:06:06.110 align:start position:0% crust, hinting at the activity below. And<00:06:03.880> clearly<00:06:04.320> some<00:06:04.680> form<00:06:05.120> of<00:06:05.280> a<00:06:05.320> liquid<00:06:05.720> ocean 00:06:06.110 --> 00:06:06.120 align:start position:0% And clearly some form of a liquid ocean 00:06:06.120 --> 00:06:08.550 align:start position:0% And clearly some form of a liquid ocean exists<00:06:06.640> here,<00:06:07.360> potentially<00:06:08.080> with 00:06:08.550 --> 00:06:08.560 align:start position:0% exists here, potentially with 00:06:08.560 --> 00:06:10.830 align:start position:0% exists here, potentially with hydrothermal<00:06:09.360> activity<00:06:09.880> that<00:06:10.080> powers<00:06:10.680> the 00:06:10.830 --> 00:06:10.840 align:start position:0% hydrothermal activity that powers the 00:06:10.840 --> 00:06:12.990 align:start position:0% hydrothermal activity that powers the huge<00:06:11.400> ice<00:06:11.720> plumes. 00:06:12.990 --> 00:06:13.000 align:start position:0% huge ice plumes. 00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:14.950 align:start position:0% huge ice plumes. For<00:06:13.080> years,<00:06:13.840> scientists<00:06:14.280> believed<00:06:14.720> this 00:06:14.950 --> 00:06:14.960 align:start position:0% For years, scientists believed this 00:06:14.960 --> 00:06:18.550 align:start position:0% For years, scientists believed this ocean<00:06:15.360> was<00:06:15.760> small<00:06:16.480> and<00:06:16.920> lens-shaped. 00:06:18.550 --> 00:06:18.560 align:start position:0% ocean was small and lens-shaped. 00:06:18.560 --> 00:06:20.990 align:start position:0% ocean was small and lens-shaped. However,<00:06:19.000> by<00:06:19.560> meticulously<00:06:20.440> tracking 00:06:20.990 --> 00:06:21.000 align:start position:0% However, by meticulously tracking 00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:23.630 align:start position:0% However, by meticulously tracking surface<00:06:21.400> features<00:06:21.840> over<00:06:22.160> 7<00:06:22.520> years,<00:06:23.520> they 00:06:23.630 --> 00:06:23.640 align:start position:0% surface features over 7 years, they 00:06:23.640 --> 00:06:28.270 align:start position:0% surface features over 7 years, they noticed<00:06:24.160> the<00:06:24.240> moon<00:06:25.040> librates,<00:06:26.480> or<00:06:26.960> wobbles,<00:06:28.200> a 00:06:28.270 --> 00:06:28.280 align:start position:0% noticed the moon librates, or wobbles, a 00:06:28.280 --> 00:06:30.230 align:start position:0% noticed the moon librates, or wobbles, a lot<00:06:28.640> more<00:06:28.960> than<00:06:29.160> would<00:06:29.320> be<00:06:29.440> possible<00:06:30.040> with 00:06:30.230 --> 00:06:30.240 align:start position:0% lot more than would be possible with 00:06:30.240 --> 00:06:33.830 align:start position:0% lot more than would be possible with just<00:06:30.680> a<00:06:30.760> small<00:06:31.360> polar<00:06:31.880> ocean. 00:06:33.830 --> 00:06:33.840 align:start position:0% just a small polar ocean. 00:06:33.840 --> 00:06:36.350 align:start position:0% just a small polar ocean. This<00:06:34.080> finding<00:06:34.720> led<00:06:35.160> to<00:06:35.520> an<00:06:35.680> astonishing 00:06:36.350 --> 00:06:36.360 align:start position:0% This finding led to an astonishing 00:06:36.360 --> 00:06:37.830 align:start position:0% This finding led to an astonishing realization. 00:06:37.830 --> 00:06:37.840 align:start position:0% realization. 00:06:37.840 --> 00:06:40.150 align:start position:0% realization. The<00:06:37.919> core<00:06:38.360> isn't<00:06:38.880> rigidly<00:06:39.520> connected<00:06:40.000> to<00:06:40.080> the 00:06:40.150 --> 00:06:40.160 align:start position:0% The core isn't rigidly connected to the 00:06:40.160 --> 00:06:41.909 align:start position:0% The core isn't rigidly connected to the surface. 00:06:41.909 --> 00:06:41.919 align:start position:0% surface. 00:06:41.919 --> 00:06:44.150 align:start position:0% surface. We<00:06:42.080> are<00:06:42.200> now<00:06:42.640> confident<00:06:43.320> that<00:06:43.480> the<00:06:43.680> ocean 00:06:44.150 --> 00:06:44.160 align:start position:0% We are now confident that the ocean 00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:47.670 align:start position:0% We are now confident that the ocean covers<00:06:44.880> a<00:06:44.960> rocky<00:06:45.320> core<00:06:45.919> across<00:06:46.800> its<00:06:46.960> entire 00:06:47.670 --> 00:06:47.680 align:start position:0% covers a rocky core across its entire 00:06:47.680 --> 00:06:49.350 align:start position:0% covers a rocky core across its entire surface. 00:06:49.350 --> 00:06:49.360 align:start position:0% surface. 00:06:49.360 --> 00:06:53.230 align:start position:0% surface. In<00:06:49.440> 2025,<00:06:50.640> there<00:06:50.800> was<00:06:51.520> another<00:06:51.960> breakthrough. 00:06:53.230 --> 00:06:53.240 align:start position:0% In 2025, there was another breakthrough. 00:06:53.240 --> 00:06:54.630 align:start position:0% In 2025, there was another breakthrough. Scientists<00:06:53.680> from<00:06:53.840> the<00:06:53.919> University<00:06:54.480> of 00:06:54.630 --> 00:06:54.640 align:start position:0% Scientists from the University of 00:06:54.640 --> 00:06:56.990 align:start position:0% Scientists from the University of Oxford,<00:06:55.360> Southwest<00:06:55.960> Research<00:06:56.320> Institute, 00:06:56.990 --> 00:06:57.000 align:start position:0% Oxford, Southwest Research Institute, 00:06:57.000 --> 00:06:58.990 align:start position:0% Oxford, Southwest Research Institute, and<00:06:57.200> the<00:06:57.280> Planetary<00:06:57.760> Science<00:06:58.120> Institute 00:06:58.990 --> 00:06:59.000 align:start position:0% and the Planetary Science Institute 00:06:59.000 --> 00:07:00.390 align:start position:0% and the Planetary Science Institute looked<00:06:59.320> back<00:06:59.640> through<00:06:59.880> the<00:06:59.960> Cassini 00:07:00.390 --> 00:07:00.400 align:start position:0% looked back through the Cassini 00:07:00.400 --> 00:07:02.470 align:start position:0% looked back through the Cassini observations<00:07:01.080> of<00:07:01.280> the<00:07:01.360> North<00:07:01.640> Pole<00:07:02.160> from<00:07:02.320> its 00:07:02.470 --> 00:07:02.480 align:start position:0% observations of the North Pole from its 00:07:02.480 --> 00:07:04.750 align:start position:0% observations of the North Pole from its winter<00:07:03.240> in<00:07:03.400> 2005<00:07:03.789> [music] 00:07:04.750 --> 00:07:04.760 align:start position:0% winter in 2005 [music] 00:07:04.760 --> 00:07:07.350 align:start position:0% winter in 2005 [music] and<00:07:05.000> summer<00:07:05.680> in<00:07:05.840> 2015. 00:07:07.350 --> 00:07:07.360 align:start position:0% and summer in 2015. 00:07:07.360 --> 00:07:09.310 align:start position:0% and summer in 2015. They<00:07:07.480> found<00:07:07.840> that<00:07:08.200> not<00:07:08.560> only<00:07:08.840> was<00:07:09.040> heat 00:07:09.310 --> 00:07:09.320 align:start position:0% They found that not only was heat 00:07:09.320 --> 00:07:12.190 align:start position:0% They found that not only was heat escaping<00:07:10.000> at<00:07:10.120> the<00:07:10.200> South<00:07:10.520> Pole,<00:07:11.120> but<00:07:11.440> also<00:07:12.040> at 00:07:12.190 --> 00:07:12.200 align:start position:0% escaping at the South Pole, but also at 00:07:12.200 --> 00:07:13.790 align:start position:0% escaping at the South Pole, but also at the<00:07:12.320> North<00:07:12.800> Pole. 00:07:13.790 --> 00:07:13.800 align:start position:0% the North Pole. 00:07:13.800 --> 00:07:17.230 align:start position:0% the North Pole. It<00:07:13.919> was<00:07:14.160> 7°<00:07:15.120> warmer<00:07:15.560> than<00:07:15.720> they<00:07:15.840> expected. 00:07:17.230 --> 00:07:17.240 align:start position:0% It was 7° warmer than they expected. 00:07:17.240 --> 00:07:19.830 align:start position:0% It was 7° warmer than they expected. This<00:07:17.400> result<00:07:18.160> tells<00:07:18.440> us<00:07:18.800> that<00:07:18.960> Enceladus<00:07:19.640> is 00:07:19.830 --> 00:07:19.840 align:start position:0% This result tells us that Enceladus is 00:07:19.840 --> 00:07:22.790 align:start position:0% This result tells us that Enceladus is generating<00:07:20.640> a<00:07:20.760> lot<00:07:21.360> more<00:07:21.760> internal<00:07:22.240> heat<00:07:22.680> than 00:07:22.790 --> 00:07:22.800 align:start position:0% generating a lot more internal heat than 00:07:22.800 --> 00:07:25.230 align:start position:0% generating a lot more internal heat than we<00:07:22.919> thought,<00:07:23.800> and<00:07:23.919> suggests<00:07:24.400> the<00:07:24.640> ocean<00:07:25.080> may 00:07:25.230 --> 00:07:25.240 align:start position:0% we thought, and suggests the ocean may 00:07:25.240 --> 00:07:27.470 align:start position:0% we thought, and suggests the ocean may have<00:07:25.360> been<00:07:25.560> there<00:07:25.800> for<00:07:26.000> a<00:07:26.120> while. 00:07:27.470 --> 00:07:27.480 align:start position:0% have been there for a while. 00:07:27.480 --> 00:07:29.990 align:start position:0% have been there for a while. But<00:07:28.080> this<00:07:28.360> far<00:07:28.600> from<00:07:28.760> the<00:07:28.840> sun,<00:07:29.560> it<00:07:29.720> is 00:07:29.990 --> 00:07:30.000 align:start position:0% But this far from the sun, it is 00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:31.790 align:start position:0% But this far from the sun, it is bitterly<00:07:30.560> cold. 00:07:31.790 --> 00:07:31.800 align:start position:0% bitterly cold. 00:07:31.800 --> 00:07:33.670 align:start position:0% bitterly cold. As<00:07:31.960> I<00:07:32.040> mentioned,<00:07:32.720> the<00:07:32.800> surface<00:07:33.200> temperature 00:07:33.670 --> 00:07:33.680 align:start position:0% As I mentioned, the surface temperature 00:07:33.680 --> 00:07:36.510 align:start position:0% As I mentioned, the surface temperature of<00:07:33.800> Enceladus<00:07:34.480> is<00:07:34.680> -201° 00:07:36.510 --> 00:07:36.520 align:start position:0% of Enceladus is -201° 00:07:36.520 --> 00:07:37.550 align:start position:0% of Enceladus is -201° C. 00:07:37.550 --> 00:07:37.560 align:start position:0% C. 00:07:37.560 --> 00:07:40.510 align:start position:0% C. There<00:07:37.640> is<00:07:37.720> no<00:07:37.919> way<00:07:38.560> water<00:07:38.880> should<00:07:39.040> be<00:07:39.160> liquid. 00:07:40.510 --> 00:07:40.520 align:start position:0% There is no way water should be liquid. 00:07:40.520 --> 00:07:42.670 align:start position:0% There is no way water should be liquid. So,<00:07:41.080> next<00:07:41.520> on<00:07:41.640> the<00:07:41.760> list<00:07:42.040> for<00:07:42.160> scientists<00:07:42.600> to 00:07:42.670 --> 00:07:42.680 align:start position:0% So, next on the list for scientists to 00:07:42.680 --> 00:07:46.230 align:start position:0% So, next on the list for scientists to check<00:07:43.000> out<00:07:43.360> was<00:07:43.760> energy.<00:07:44.760> Where<00:07:45.200> was<00:07:45.720> the<00:07:45.880> heat 00:07:46.230 --> 00:07:46.240 align:start position:0% check out was energy. Where was the heat 00:07:46.240 --> 00:07:47.790 align:start position:0% check out was energy. Where was the heat coming<00:07:46.600> from? 00:07:47.790 --> 00:07:47.800 align:start position:0% coming from? 00:07:47.800 --> 00:07:49.790 align:start position:0% coming from? If<00:07:47.960> Enceladus<00:07:48.640> generated<00:07:49.240> heat<00:07:49.480> by 00:07:49.790 --> 00:07:49.800 align:start position:0% If Enceladus generated heat by 00:07:49.800 --> 00:07:52.070 align:start position:0% If Enceladus generated heat by radioactive<00:07:50.480> decay<00:07:50.880> in<00:07:50.960> its<00:07:51.120> core<00:07:51.440> like<00:07:51.800> Earth 00:07:52.070 --> 00:07:52.080 align:start position:0% radioactive decay in its core like Earth 00:07:52.080 --> 00:07:54.750 align:start position:0% radioactive decay in its core like Earth does,<00:07:52.960> the<00:07:53.040> energy<00:07:53.400> produced<00:07:53.840> would<00:07:54.040> only<00:07:54.320> be 00:07:54.750 --> 00:07:54.760 align:start position:0% does, the energy produced would only be 00:07:54.760 --> 00:07:58.110 align:start position:0% does, the energy produced would only be 1%<00:07:55.880> of<00:07:56.040> what<00:07:56.280> Cassini<00:07:56.720> was<00:07:56.920> witnessing. 00:07:58.110 --> 00:07:58.120 align:start position:0% 1% of what Cassini was witnessing. 00:07:58.120 --> 00:08:02.910 align:start position:0% 1% of what Cassini was witnessing. So,<00:07:58.400> in<00:07:58.680> 2017,<00:08:00.080> a<00:08:00.200> team<00:08:00.640> led<00:08:00.920> by<00:08:01.600> Gaël<00:08:02.000> Choblet 00:08:02.910 --> 00:08:02.920 align:start position:0% So, in 2017, a team led by Gaël Choblet 00:08:02.920 --> 00:08:05.030 align:start position:0% So, in 2017, a team led by Gaël Choblet proposed<00:08:03.640> a<00:08:03.720> solution. 00:08:05.030 --> 00:08:05.040 align:start position:0% proposed a solution. 00:08:05.040 --> 00:08:08.230 align:start position:0% proposed a solution. Enceladus<00:08:05.640> is<00:08:06.080> tidally<00:08:06.760> locked<00:08:07.120> to<00:08:07.200> Saturn, 00:08:08.230 --> 00:08:08.240 align:start position:0% Enceladus is tidally locked to Saturn, 00:08:08.240 --> 00:08:10.870 align:start position:0% Enceladus is tidally locked to Saturn, meaning<00:08:08.600> the<00:08:08.720> moon<00:08:09.080> only<00:08:09.520> ever<00:08:10.120> shows<00:08:10.520> one 00:08:10.870 --> 00:08:10.880 align:start position:0% meaning the moon only ever shows one 00:08:10.880 --> 00:08:12.630 align:start position:0% meaning the moon only ever shows one face<00:08:11.320> to<00:08:11.440> the<00:08:11.560> planet. 00:08:12.630 --> 00:08:12.640 align:start position:0% face to the planet. 00:08:12.640 --> 00:08:15.470 align:start position:0% face to the planet. This<00:08:13.320> distorts<00:08:13.875> [music]<00:08:14.160> Enceladus,<00:08:15.240> which 00:08:15.470 --> 00:08:15.480 align:start position:0% This distorts [music] Enceladus, which 00:08:15.480 --> 00:08:18.070 align:start position:0% This distorts [music] Enceladus, which creates<00:08:15.919> heat<00:08:16.360> inside<00:08:16.840> the<00:08:16.960> moon<00:08:17.440> through 00:08:18.070 --> 00:08:18.080 align:start position:0% creates heat inside the moon through 00:08:18.080 --> 00:08:21.070 align:start position:0% creates heat inside the moon through internal<00:08:18.640> friction<00:08:19.640> and<00:08:19.880> powers<00:08:20.520> geological 00:08:21.070 --> 00:08:21.080 align:start position:0% internal friction and powers geological 00:08:21.080 --> 00:08:22.550 align:start position:0% internal friction and powers geological activity. 00:08:22.550 --> 00:08:22.560 align:start position:0% activity. 00:08:22.560 --> 00:08:24.345 align:start position:0% activity. But,<00:08:22.720> it's<00:08:23.080> not<00:08:23.440> enough<00:08:23.800> to<00:08:23.880> just<00:08:24.120> generate 00:08:24.345 --> 00:08:24.355 align:start position:0% But, it's not enough to just generate 00:08:24.355 --> 00:08:27.030 align:start position:0% But, it's not enough to just generate [music]<00:08:24.680> and<00:08:24.960> radiate<00:08:25.440> the<00:08:25.560> heat.<00:08:26.400> It<00:08:26.600> needs 00:08:27.030 --> 00:08:27.040 align:start position:0% [music] and radiate the heat. It needs 00:08:27.040 --> 00:08:29.110 align:start position:0% [music] and radiate the heat. It needs to<00:08:27.160> be<00:08:27.400> physically<00:08:28.000> transported<00:08:28.880> from<00:08:29.040> the 00:08:29.110 --> 00:08:29.120 align:start position:0% to be physically transported from the 00:08:29.120 --> 00:08:31.270 align:start position:0% to be physically transported from the core<00:08:29.440> to<00:08:29.560> the<00:08:29.680> ocean<00:08:29.960> above. 00:08:31.270 --> 00:08:31.280 align:start position:0% core to the ocean above. 00:08:31.280 --> 00:08:34.790 align:start position:0% core to the ocean above. How?<00:08:32.200> Well,<00:08:32.880> incredibly,<00:08:34.080> it<00:08:34.240> seems<00:08:34.560> that 00:08:34.790 --> 00:08:34.800 align:start position:0% How? Well, incredibly, it seems that 00:08:34.800 --> 00:08:37.350 align:start position:0% How? Well, incredibly, it seems that water<00:08:35.320> perfuses<00:08:36.000> the<00:08:36.120> silicate<00:08:36.560> mineral<00:08:36.919> core 00:08:37.350 --> 00:08:37.360 align:start position:0% water perfuses the silicate mineral core 00:08:37.360 --> 00:08:39.950 align:start position:0% water perfuses the silicate mineral core where<00:08:37.599> it<00:08:37.719> is<00:08:37.840> heated,<00:08:38.680> causing<00:08:39.159> it<00:08:39.320> to<00:08:39.479> rise 00:08:39.950 --> 00:08:39.960 align:start position:0% where it is heated, causing it to rise 00:08:39.960 --> 00:08:41.750 align:start position:0% where it is heated, causing it to rise in<00:08:40.159> focused<00:08:40.560> plumes<00:08:41.080> that<00:08:41.320> pepper<00:08:41.640> the 00:08:41.750 --> 00:08:41.760 align:start position:0% in focused plumes that pepper the 00:08:41.760 --> 00:08:44.790 align:start position:0% in focused plumes that pepper the seafloor<00:08:42.360> around<00:08:42.840> the<00:08:42.880> South<00:08:43.240> Pole. 00:08:44.790 --> 00:08:44.800 align:start position:0% seafloor around the South Pole. 00:08:44.800 --> 00:08:48.070 align:start position:0% seafloor around the South Pole. In<00:08:44.880> 2022,<00:08:45.839> a<00:08:45.920> study<00:08:46.240> led<00:08:46.560> by<00:08:46.800> Wang<00:08:47.080> Yan<00:08:47.320> Cai 00:08:48.070 --> 00:08:48.080 align:start position:0% In 2022, a study led by Wang Yan Cai 00:08:48.080 --> 00:08:50.270 align:start position:0% In 2022, a study led by Wang Yan Cai found<00:08:48.400> further<00:08:48.760> proof<00:08:49.040> of<00:08:49.120> these<00:08:49.360> vents. 00:08:50.270 --> 00:08:50.280 align:start position:0% found further proof of these vents. 00:08:50.280 --> 00:08:52.590 align:start position:0% found further proof of these vents. Based<00:08:50.760> on<00:08:50.920> Cassini's<00:08:51.360> data,<00:08:51.839> they<00:08:52.040> created 00:08:52.590 --> 00:08:52.600 align:start position:0% Based on Cassini's data, they created 00:08:52.600 --> 00:08:54.350 align:start position:0% Based on Cassini's data, they created models<00:08:53.000> for<00:08:53.120> Enceladus's<00:08:53.831> [music]<00:08:53.960> icy 00:08:54.350 --> 00:08:54.360 align:start position:0% models for Enceladus's [music] icy 00:08:54.360 --> 00:08:57.190 align:start position:0% models for Enceladus's [music] icy surface<00:08:55.280> to<00:08:55.400> try<00:08:55.760> and<00:08:56.040> work<00:08:56.360> out<00:08:56.520> the<00:08:56.640> salinity 00:08:57.190 --> 00:08:57.200 align:start position:0% surface to try and work out the salinity 00:08:57.200 --> 00:08:58.470 align:start position:0% surface to try and work out the salinity of<00:08:57.320> the<00:08:57.440> ocean. 00:08:58.470 --> 00:08:58.480 align:start position:0% of the ocean. 00:08:58.480 --> 00:09:01.030 align:start position:0% of the ocean. They<00:08:58.640> found<00:08:59.040> that<00:08:59.240> it's<00:08:59.640> just<00:09:00.120> a<00:09:00.240> little<00:09:00.720> less 00:09:01.030 --> 00:09:01.040 align:start position:0% They found that it's just a little less 00:09:01.040 --> 00:09:03.670 align:start position:0% They found that it's just a little less salty<00:09:01.560> than<00:09:01.800> we<00:09:01.960> find<00:09:02.280> here<00:09:02.520> on<00:09:02.680> Earth.<00:09:03.520> And 00:09:03.670 --> 00:09:03.680 align:start position:0% salty than we find here on Earth. And 00:09:03.680 --> 00:09:06.230 align:start position:0% salty than we find here on Earth. And that<00:09:03.839> means<00:09:04.160> that<00:09:04.320> there<00:09:04.520> must<00:09:04.880> be<00:09:05.280> or<00:09:05.880> have 00:09:06.230 --> 00:09:06.240 align:start position:0% that means that there must be or have 00:09:06.240 --> 00:09:09.550 align:start position:0% that means that there must be or have been<00:09:07.040> water-rock<00:09:08.120> reactions,<00:09:09.120> or<00:09:09.280> in<00:09:09.360> other 00:09:09.550 --> 00:09:09.560 align:start position:0% been water-rock reactions, or in other 00:09:09.560 --> 00:09:12.950 align:start position:0% been water-rock reactions, or in other words,<00:09:10.120> vents<00:09:10.880> at<00:09:11.040> some<00:09:11.240> point. 00:09:12.950 --> 00:09:12.960 align:start position:0% words, vents at some point. 00:09:12.960 --> 00:09:14.870 align:start position:0% words, vents at some point. Hydrothermal<00:09:13.680> vents<00:09:14.080> are<00:09:14.320> credited<00:09:14.791> [music] 00:09:14.870 --> 00:09:14.880 align:start position:0% Hydrothermal vents are credited [music] 00:09:14.880 --> 00:09:17.390 align:start position:0% Hydrothermal vents are credited [music] by<00:09:15.040> scientists<00:09:15.720> as<00:09:15.960> powering<00:09:16.680> the<00:09:16.839> origin<00:09:17.240> of 00:09:17.390 --> 00:09:17.400 align:start position:0% by scientists as powering the origin of 00:09:17.400 --> 00:09:20.150 align:start position:0% by scientists as powering the origin of life<00:09:17.760> on<00:09:17.960> Earth.<00:09:18.760> That<00:09:18.920> these<00:09:19.280> vents<00:09:19.640> may<00:09:19.880> also 00:09:20.150 --> 00:09:20.160 align:start position:0% life on Earth. That these vents may also 00:09:20.160 --> 00:09:22.641 align:start position:0% life on Earth. That these vents may also exist<00:09:20.480> on<00:09:20.600> a<00:09:20.680> small<00:09:21.080> moon<00:09:21.480> around<00:09:21.839> a<00:09:21.920> gas<00:09:22.320> giant 00:09:22.641 --> 00:09:22.651 align:start position:0% exist on a small moon around a gas giant 00:09:22.651 --> 00:09:24.870 align:start position:0% exist on a small moon around a gas giant [music]<00:09:23.000> is<00:09:23.120> an<00:09:23.240> electrifying<00:09:23.920> discovery, 00:09:24.870 --> 00:09:24.880 align:start position:0% [music] is an electrifying discovery, 00:09:24.880 --> 00:09:26.630 align:start position:0% [music] is an electrifying discovery, because<00:09:25.240> they<00:09:25.480> give<00:09:25.720> us<00:09:25.880> the<00:09:26.080> third 00:09:26.630 --> 00:09:26.640 align:start position:0% because they give us the third 00:09:26.640 --> 00:09:30.550 align:start position:0% because they give us the third requirement<00:09:27.236> [music]<00:09:27.320> for<00:09:27.440> life,<00:09:28.400> chemicals. 00:09:30.550 --> 00:09:30.560 align:start position:0% requirement [music] for life, chemicals. 00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:32.630 align:start position:0% requirement [music] for life, chemicals. Cassini<00:09:31.000> was<00:09:31.480> equipped<00:09:31.960> with<00:09:32.200> a<00:09:32.280> mass 00:09:32.630 --> 00:09:32.640 align:start position:0% Cassini was equipped with a mass 00:09:32.640 --> 00:09:34.670 align:start position:0% Cassini was equipped with a mass spectrometer,<00:09:33.760> an<00:09:33.880> instrument<00:09:34.320> that<00:09:34.480> can 00:09:34.670 --> 00:09:34.680 align:start position:0% spectrometer, an instrument that can 00:09:34.680 --> 00:09:36.790 align:start position:0% spectrometer, an instrument that can identify<00:09:35.320> individual<00:09:35.800> molecules<00:09:36.440> by<00:09:36.640> the 00:09:36.790 --> 00:09:36.800 align:start position:0% identify individual molecules by the 00:09:36.800 --> 00:09:38.670 align:start position:0% identify individual molecules by the mass<00:09:37.061> [music]<00:09:37.200> of<00:09:37.320> their<00:09:37.560> ions. 00:09:38.670 --> 00:09:38.680 align:start position:0% mass [music] of their ions. 00:09:38.680 --> 00:09:41.150 align:start position:0% mass [music] of their ions. On<00:09:38.840> its<00:09:39.000> flybys,<00:09:39.720> it<00:09:39.840> detected<00:09:40.360> hydrogen, 00:09:41.150 --> 00:09:41.160 align:start position:0% On its flybys, it detected hydrogen, 00:09:41.160 --> 00:09:42.950 align:start position:0% On its flybys, it detected hydrogen, believed<00:09:41.600> to<00:09:41.720> be<00:09:41.840> a<00:09:41.920> fuel<00:09:42.240> source<00:09:42.560> for<00:09:42.760> early 00:09:42.950 --> 00:09:42.960 align:start position:0% believed to be a fuel source for early 00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:45.790 align:start position:0% believed to be a fuel source for early life,<00:09:43.800> and<00:09:44.080> complicated<00:09:44.880> hydrocarbons 00:09:45.790 --> 00:09:45.800 align:start position:0% life, and complicated hydrocarbons 00:09:45.800 --> 00:09:49.230 align:start position:0% life, and complicated hydrocarbons containing<00:09:46.360> oxygen,<00:09:47.040> carbon,<00:09:47.680> and<00:09:47.840> nitrogen. 00:09:49.230 --> 00:09:49.240 align:start position:0% containing oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. 00:09:49.240 --> 00:09:51.070 align:start position:0% containing oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. But<00:09:49.400> scientists<00:09:49.880> racing<00:09:50.320> to<00:09:50.440> process<00:09:50.920> the 00:09:51.070 --> 00:09:51.080 align:start position:0% But scientists racing to process the 00:09:51.080 --> 00:09:53.430 align:start position:0% But scientists racing to process the huge<00:09:51.560> volume<00:09:51.960> and<00:09:52.120> richness<00:09:52.560> of<00:09:52.680> data 00:09:53.430 --> 00:09:53.440 align:start position:0% huge volume and richness of data 00:09:53.440 --> 00:09:55.670 align:start position:0% huge volume and richness of data couldn't<00:09:53.720> keep<00:09:54.000> up.<00:09:54.840> Before<00:09:55.120> they<00:09:55.280> could<00:09:55.440> get 00:09:55.670 --> 00:09:55.680 align:start position:0% couldn't keep up. Before they could get 00:09:55.680 --> 00:09:57.910 align:start position:0% couldn't keep up. Before they could get through<00:09:55.960> it<00:09:56.120> all,<00:09:56.800> the<00:09:56.880> Cassini<00:09:57.280> mission<00:09:57.680> came 00:09:57.910 --> 00:09:57.920 align:start position:0% through it all, the Cassini mission came 00:09:57.920 --> 00:10:00.510 align:start position:0% through it all, the Cassini mission came to<00:09:58.040> an<00:09:58.200> end,<00:09:58.720> and<00:09:58.880> on<00:09:58.960> the<00:09:59.080> 15th<00:09:59.520> of<00:09:59.640> September, 00:10:00.510 --> 00:10:00.520 align:start position:0% to an end, and on the 15th of September, 00:10:00.520 --> 00:10:02.110 align:start position:0% to an end, and on the 15th of September, 2017, 00:10:02.110 --> 00:10:02.120 align:start position:0% 2017, 00:10:02.120 --> 00:10:04.790 align:start position:0% 2017, it<00:10:02.240> was<00:10:02.400> sent<00:10:02.840> hurtling<00:10:03.400> towards<00:10:03.800> Saturn<00:10:04.680> and 00:10:04.790 --> 00:10:04.800 align:start position:0% it was sent hurtling towards Saturn and 00:10:04.800 --> 00:10:07.390 align:start position:0% it was sent hurtling towards Saturn and was<00:10:04.960> vaporized<00:10:05.720> by<00:10:05.840> the<00:10:05.960> planet's<00:10:06.320> atmosphere 00:10:07.390 --> 00:10:07.400 align:start position:0% was vaporized by the planet's atmosphere 00:10:07.400 --> 00:10:09.070 align:start position:0% was vaporized by the planet's atmosphere in<00:10:07.440> a<00:10:07.480> self-destructive<00:10:08.280> maneuver<00:10:08.680> designed 00:10:09.070 --> 00:10:09.080 align:start position:0% in a self-destructive maneuver designed 00:10:09.080 --> 00:10:11.270 align:start position:0% in a self-destructive maneuver designed to<00:10:09.160> protect<00:10:09.720> potential<00:10:10.280> habitable<00:10:10.720> life<00:10:11.040> on 00:10:11.270 --> 00:10:11.280 align:start position:0% to protect potential habitable life on 00:10:11.280 --> 00:10:13.710 align:start position:0% to protect potential habitable life on Enceladus<00:10:11.920> and<00:10:12.160> Titan<00:10:12.800> from<00:10:13.000> contamination 00:10:13.710 --> 00:10:13.720 align:start position:0% Enceladus and Titan from contamination 00:10:13.720 --> 00:10:17.230 align:start position:0% Enceladus and Titan from contamination by<00:10:14.000> Earth-borne<00:10:14.720> microbes. 00:10:17.230 --> 00:10:17.240 align:start position:0% by Earth-borne microbes. 00:10:17.240 --> 00:10:18.750 align:start position:0% by Earth-borne microbes. Though<00:10:17.440> Cassini's<00:10:17.880> mission<00:10:18.280> had<00:10:18.560> been 00:10:18.750 --> 00:10:18.760 align:start position:0% Though Cassini's mission had been 00:10:18.760 --> 00:10:20.190 align:start position:0% Though Cassini's mission had been completed, 00:10:20.190 --> 00:10:20.200 align:start position:0% completed, 00:10:20.200 --> 00:10:22.430 align:start position:0% completed, ours<00:10:20.800> had<00:10:21.000> not. 00:10:22.430 --> 00:10:22.440 align:start position:0% ours had not. 00:10:22.440 --> 00:10:24.830 align:start position:0% ours had not. An<00:10:22.560> analysis<00:10:23.200> in<00:10:23.440> 2018<00:10:24.200> had<00:10:24.360> confirmed<00:10:24.760> the 00:10:24.830 --> 00:10:24.840 align:start position:0% An analysis in 2018 had confirmed the 00:10:24.840 --> 00:10:27.110 align:start position:0% An analysis in 2018 had confirmed the existence<00:10:25.400> of<00:10:25.680> ring-shaped<00:10:26.600> organic 00:10:27.110 --> 00:10:27.120 align:start position:0% existence of ring-shaped organic 00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:29.590 align:start position:0% existence of ring-shaped organic molecules<00:10:28.120> and<00:10:28.280> simple<00:10:28.680> oxygen-containing 00:10:29.590 --> 00:10:29.600 align:start position:0% molecules and simple oxygen-containing 00:10:29.600 --> 00:10:32.430 align:start position:0% molecules and simple oxygen-containing molecules,<00:10:30.680> indicating<00:10:31.320> some<00:10:31.760> limited 00:10:32.430 --> 00:10:32.440 align:start position:0% molecules, indicating some limited 00:10:32.440 --> 00:10:34.990 align:start position:0% molecules, indicating some limited chemistry<00:10:33.160> was<00:10:33.480> occurring. 00:10:34.990 --> 00:10:35.000 align:start position:0% chemistry was occurring. 00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:36.990 align:start position:0% chemistry was occurring. Another<00:10:35.760> boost<00:10:36.160> to<00:10:36.240> the<00:10:36.320> search<00:10:36.640> for<00:10:36.760> life 00:10:36.990 --> 00:10:37.000 align:start position:0% Another boost to the search for life 00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:39.990 align:start position:0% Another boost to the search for life came<00:10:37.240> in<00:10:37.360> 2022<00:10:38.680> when<00:10:38.840> the<00:10:39.000> last<00:10:39.560> element 00:10:39.990 --> 00:10:40.000 align:start position:0% came in 2022 when the last element 00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:41.710 align:start position:0% came in 2022 when the last element crucial<00:10:40.480> to<00:10:40.600> life<00:10:40.880> was<00:10:41.000> observed<00:10:41.520> in<00:10:41.640> the 00:10:41.710 --> 00:10:41.720 align:start position:0% crucial to life was observed in the 00:10:41.720 --> 00:10:44.350 align:start position:0% crucial to life was observed in the data,<00:10:42.720> phosphorus. 00:10:44.350 --> 00:10:44.360 align:start position:0% data, phosphorus. 00:10:44.360 --> 00:10:48.030 align:start position:0% data, phosphorus. With<00:10:44.720> its<00:10:44.920> discovery,<00:10:45.920> we<00:10:46.080> now<00:10:46.400> had<00:10:46.880> all<00:10:47.520> six 00:10:48.030 --> 00:10:48.040 align:start position:0% With its discovery, we now had all six 00:10:48.040 --> 00:10:50.150 align:start position:0% With its discovery, we now had all six main<00:10:48.360> elements<00:10:48.920> believed<00:10:49.360> to<00:10:49.480> be<00:10:49.600> necessary 00:10:50.150 --> 00:10:50.160 align:start position:0% main elements believed to be necessary 00:10:50.160 --> 00:10:53.710 align:start position:0% main elements believed to be necessary for<00:10:50.320> life,<00:10:51.240> carbon,<00:10:52.000> hydrogen,<00:10:52.880> nitrogen, 00:10:53.710 --> 00:10:53.720 align:start position:0% for life, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, 00:10:53.720 --> 00:10:57.030 align:start position:0% for life, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,<00:10:54.600> phosphorus,<00:10:55.480> and<00:10:55.640> sulfur,<00:10:56.680> which 00:10:57.030 --> 00:10:57.040 align:start position:0% oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which 00:10:57.040 --> 00:11:00.670 align:start position:0% oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which scientists<00:10:57.520> know<00:10:58.000> by<00:10:58.120> the<00:10:58.240> acronym<00:10:59.120> CHNOPS. 00:11:00.670 --> 00:11:00.680 align:start position:0% scientists know by the acronym CHNOPS. 00:11:00.680 --> 00:11:03.110 align:start position:0% scientists know by the acronym CHNOPS. For<00:11:00.800> a<00:11:00.839> while,<00:11:01.640> this<00:11:02.000> felt<00:11:02.520> like<00:11:02.720> the<00:11:02.839> end<00:11:03.040> of 00:11:03.110 --> 00:11:03.120 align:start position:0% For a while, this felt like the end of 00:11:03.120 --> 00:11:04.470 align:start position:0% For a while, this felt like the end of the<00:11:03.240> story, 00:11:04.470 --> 00:11:04.480 align:start position:0% the story, 00:11:04.480 --> 00:11:06.310 align:start position:0% the story, but<00:11:04.520> it<00:11:04.600> turns<00:11:04.880> out<00:11:05.080> this<00:11:05.280> particular<00:11:05.880> book 00:11:06.310 --> 00:11:06.320 align:start position:0% but it turns out this particular book 00:11:06.320 --> 00:11:10.510 align:start position:0% but it turns out this particular book had<00:11:06.440> a<00:11:06.520> few<00:11:06.880> more<00:11:07.080> chapters<00:11:07.520> to<00:11:07.640> go. 00:11:10.510 --> 00:11:10.520 align:start position:0% 00:11:10.520 --> 00:11:12.590 align:start position:0% When<00:11:10.640> scientists<00:11:11.080> first<00:11:11.400> saw<00:11:11.720> the<00:11:11.920> mass<00:11:12.280> spec 00:11:12.590 --> 00:11:12.600 align:start position:0% When scientists first saw the mass spec 00:11:12.600 --> 00:11:14.790 align:start position:0% When scientists first saw the mass spec data<00:11:13.080> from<00:11:13.400> Cassini,<00:11:14.280> they<00:11:14.480> weren't 00:11:14.790 --> 00:11:14.800 align:start position:0% data from Cassini, they weren't 00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:17.030 align:start position:0% data from Cassini, they weren't confident<00:11:15.320> in<00:11:15.440> what<00:11:15.600> they<00:11:15.720> were<00:11:15.839> looking<00:11:16.120> at. 00:11:17.030 --> 00:11:17.040 align:start position:0% confident in what they were looking at. 00:11:17.040 --> 00:11:19.110 align:start position:0% confident in what they were looking at. It<00:11:17.120> turns<00:11:17.400> out<00:11:17.520> that<00:11:17.680> the<00:11:17.800> spectra<00:11:18.680> of<00:11:19.000> a 00:11:19.110 --> 00:11:19.120 align:start position:0% It turns out that the spectra of a 00:11:19.120 --> 00:11:21.950 align:start position:0% It turns out that the spectra of a carefully<00:11:19.760> prepared<00:11:20.160> sample<00:11:21.040> analyzed<00:11:21.680> while 00:11:21.950 --> 00:11:21.960 align:start position:0% carefully prepared sample analyzed while 00:11:21.960 --> 00:11:24.590 align:start position:0% carefully prepared sample analyzed while stationary<00:11:22.720> in<00:11:22.880> a<00:11:22.920> lab<00:11:23.720> looks<00:11:24.160> somewhat 00:11:24.590 --> 00:11:24.600 align:start position:0% stationary in a lab looks somewhat 00:11:24.600 --> 00:11:26.390 align:start position:0% stationary in a lab looks somewhat different<00:11:25.200> to<00:11:25.280> the<00:11:25.400> one<00:11:25.600> obtained<00:11:26.120> by 00:11:26.390 --> 00:11:26.400 align:start position:0% different to the one obtained by 00:11:26.400 --> 00:11:28.910 align:start position:0% different to the one obtained by crashing<00:11:27.000> the<00:11:27.120> detector<00:11:27.720> into<00:11:28.040> a<00:11:28.120> jet<00:11:28.440> that<00:11:28.680> at 00:11:28.910 --> 00:11:28.920 align:start position:0% crashing the detector into a jet that at 00:11:28.920 --> 00:11:33.670 align:start position:0% crashing the detector into a jet that at 64,000<00:11:30.240> km/h<00:11:31.320> in<00:11:31.720> space. 00:11:33.670 --> 00:11:33.680 align:start position:0% 64,000 km/h in space. 00:11:33.680 --> 00:11:35.950 align:start position:0% 64,000 km/h in space. A<00:11:33.760> mass<00:11:34.280> spectrum<00:11:34.840> analyzer<00:11:35.360> works<00:11:35.640> by 00:11:35.950 --> 00:11:35.960 align:start position:0% A mass spectrum analyzer works by 00:11:35.960 --> 00:11:38.430 align:start position:0% A mass spectrum analyzer works by ionizing<00:11:36.680> and<00:11:36.840> breaking<00:11:37.440> a<00:11:37.520> molecule<00:11:38.000> apart 00:11:38.430 --> 00:11:38.440 align:start position:0% ionizing and breaking a molecule apart 00:11:38.440 --> 00:11:40.070 align:start position:0% ionizing and breaking a molecule apart at<00:11:38.560> high<00:11:38.880> energy. 00:11:40.070 --> 00:11:40.080 align:start position:0% at high energy. 00:11:40.080 --> 00:11:43.030 align:start position:0% at high energy. How<00:11:40.280> the<00:11:40.440> molecule<00:11:40.880> breaks<00:11:41.160> apart<00:11:41.600> matters. 00:11:43.030 --> 00:11:43.040 align:start position:0% How the molecule breaks apart matters. 00:11:43.040 --> 00:11:44.790 align:start position:0% How the molecule breaks apart matters. A<00:11:43.120> molecule's<00:11:43.800> fingerprint<00:11:44.480> can<00:11:44.640> look 00:11:44.790 --> 00:11:44.800 align:start position:0% A molecule's fingerprint can look 00:11:44.800 --> 00:11:46.590 align:start position:0% A molecule's fingerprint can look different<00:11:45.200> depending<00:11:45.640> on<00:11:46.040> how<00:11:46.280> it<00:11:46.440> was 00:11:46.590 --> 00:11:46.600 align:start position:0% different depending on how it was 00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:48.630 align:start position:0% different depending on how it was fragmented<00:11:47.520> in<00:11:47.640> the<00:11:47.720> same<00:11:48.040> way<00:11:48.280> that<00:11:48.520> a 00:11:48.630 --> 00:11:48.640 align:start position:0% fragmented in the same way that a 00:11:48.640 --> 00:11:50.790 align:start position:0% fragmented in the same way that a watermelon<00:11:49.200> prepared<00:11:49.640> with<00:11:49.760> a<00:11:49.800> knife<00:11:50.560> looks 00:11:50.790 --> 00:11:50.800 align:start position:0% watermelon prepared with a knife looks 00:11:50.800 --> 00:11:52.590 align:start position:0% watermelon prepared with a knife looks different<00:11:51.200> from<00:11:51.720> one<00:11:51.960> prepared<00:11:52.360> with<00:11:52.520> a 00:11:52.590 --> 00:11:52.600 align:start position:0% different from one prepared with a 00:11:52.600 --> 00:11:54.270 align:start position:0% different from one prepared with a blender. 00:11:54.270 --> 00:11:54.280 align:start position:0% blender. 00:11:54.280 --> 00:11:56.150 align:start position:0% blender. By<00:11:54.440> understanding<00:11:55.080> the<00:11:55.200> typical<00:11:55.600> pattern<00:11:55.960> of 00:11:56.150 --> 00:11:56.160 align:start position:0% By understanding the typical pattern of 00:11:56.160 --> 00:11:58.230 align:start position:0% By understanding the typical pattern of how<00:11:56.480> an<00:11:56.680> object<00:11:57.120> breaks<00:11:57.600> under<00:11:57.840> certain 00:11:58.230 --> 00:11:58.240 align:start position:0% how an object breaks under certain 00:11:58.240 --> 00:12:00.990 align:start position:0% how an object breaks under certain conditions,<00:11:59.240> we<00:11:59.360> can<00:11:59.480> be<00:11:59.640> more<00:12:00.000> confident<00:12:00.720> of 00:12:00.990 --> 00:12:01.000 align:start position:0% conditions, we can be more confident of 00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:03.110 align:start position:0% conditions, we can be more confident of what<00:12:01.360> it<00:12:01.560> used<00:12:01.800> to<00:12:01.920> be. 00:12:03.110 --> 00:12:03.120 align:start position:0% what it used to be. 00:12:03.120 --> 00:12:05.390 align:start position:0% what it used to be. Improved<00:12:03.680> analytical<00:12:04.400> tools<00:12:05.000> helped<00:12:05.320> the 00:12:05.390 --> 00:12:05.400 align:start position:0% Improved analytical tools helped the 00:12:05.400 --> 00:12:08.830 align:start position:0% Improved analytical tools helped the team,<00:12:06.120> led<00:12:06.440> by<00:12:07.040> Nozair<00:12:07.800> Khawaja<00:12:08.400> from<00:12:08.640> the 00:12:08.830 --> 00:12:08.840 align:start position:0% team, led by Nozair Khawaja from the 00:12:08.840 --> 00:12:10.470 align:start position:0% team, led by Nozair Khawaja from the Institute<00:12:09.440> of<00:12:09.560> Space<00:12:09.678> [music]<00:12:09.960> Systems<00:12:10.360> in 00:12:10.470 --> 00:12:10.480 align:start position:0% Institute of Space [music] Systems in 00:12:10.480 --> 00:12:13.670 align:start position:0% Institute of Space [music] Systems in Stuttgart,<00:12:11.640> do<00:12:11.760> exactly<00:12:12.240> that. 00:12:13.670 --> 00:12:13.680 align:start position:0% Stuttgart, do exactly that. 00:12:13.680 --> 00:12:15.830 align:start position:0% Stuttgart, do exactly that. After<00:12:13.920> more<00:12:14.160> than<00:12:14.320> a<00:12:14.400> decade<00:12:15.040> of<00:12:15.160> studying<00:12:15.680> the 00:12:15.830 --> 00:12:15.840 align:start position:0% After more than a decade of studying the 00:12:15.840 --> 00:12:18.790 align:start position:0% After more than a decade of studying the plume<00:12:16.280> flybys,<00:12:17.320> Khawaja's<00:12:17.920> team<00:12:18.360> published 00:12:18.790 --> 00:12:18.800 align:start position:0% plume flybys, Khawaja's team published 00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:21.190 align:start position:0% plume flybys, Khawaja's team published their<00:12:18.920> results<00:12:19.360> last<00:12:19.720> year<00:12:20.440> using<00:12:20.720> samples 00:12:21.190 --> 00:12:21.200 align:start position:0% their results last year using samples 00:12:21.200 --> 00:12:23.110 align:start position:0% their results last year using samples that<00:12:21.320> were<00:12:21.440> collected<00:12:21.920> when<00:12:22.080> Cassini<00:12:22.600> passed 00:12:23.110 --> 00:12:23.120 align:start position:0% that were collected when Cassini passed 00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:26.070 align:start position:0% that were collected when Cassini passed just<00:12:23.360> 20<00:12:23.800> km<00:12:24.320> from<00:12:24.480> the<00:12:24.560> moon's<00:12:24.840> surface. 00:12:26.070 --> 00:12:26.080 align:start position:0% just 20 km from the moon's surface. 00:12:26.080 --> 00:12:28.550 align:start position:0% just 20 km from the moon's surface. Unlike<00:12:26.560> others<00:12:27.000> the<00:12:27.120> probe<00:12:27.440> collected,<00:12:28.360> they 00:12:28.550 --> 00:12:28.560 align:start position:0% Unlike others the probe collected, they 00:12:28.560 --> 00:12:31.270 align:start position:0% Unlike others the probe collected, they were<00:12:28.680> just<00:12:29.240> minutes<00:12:29.720> old<00:12:30.520> and<00:12:30.640> therefore 00:12:31.270 --> 00:12:31.280 align:start position:0% were just minutes old and therefore 00:12:31.280 --> 00:12:33.830 align:start position:0% were just minutes old and therefore unchanged<00:12:32.120> by<00:12:32.440> ionizing<00:12:33.000> radiation<00:12:33.600> from<00:12:33.760> the 00:12:33.830 --> 00:12:33.840 align:start position:0% unchanged by ionizing radiation from the 00:12:33.840 --> 00:12:36.950 align:start position:0% unchanged by ionizing radiation from the sun<00:12:34.160> like<00:12:34.520> other<00:12:34.720> particles<00:12:35.320> in<00:12:35.400> the<00:12:35.520> E<00:12:35.680> ring. 00:12:36.950 --> 00:12:36.960 align:start position:0% sun like other particles in the E ring. 00:12:36.960 --> 00:12:40.310 align:start position:0% sun like other particles in the E ring. These<00:12:37.200> samples<00:12:38.000> were<00:12:38.240> a<00:12:38.400> pristine<00:12:39.200> example<00:12:40.080> of 00:12:40.310 --> 00:12:40.320 align:start position:0% These samples were a pristine example of 00:12:40.320 --> 00:12:43.630 align:start position:0% These samples were a pristine example of what's<00:12:40.839> in<00:12:41.280> the<00:12:41.480> oceans<00:12:42.000> of<00:12:42.120> Enceladus. 00:12:43.630 --> 00:12:43.640 align:start position:0% what's in the oceans of Enceladus. 00:12:43.640 --> 00:12:45.750 align:start position:0% what's in the oceans of Enceladus. In<00:12:43.720> the<00:12:43.800> most<00:12:44.080> extreme<00:12:44.560> examples,<00:12:45.320> they<00:12:45.480> found 00:12:45.750 --> 00:12:45.760 align:start position:0% In the most extreme examples, they found 00:12:45.760 --> 00:12:47.870 align:start position:0% In the most extreme examples, they found molecules<00:12:46.320> more<00:12:46.680> closely<00:12:47.120> related<00:12:47.560> to<00:12:47.640> life 00:12:47.870 --> 00:12:47.880 align:start position:0% molecules more closely related to life 00:12:47.880 --> 00:12:50.870 align:start position:0% molecules more closely related to life than<00:12:48.160> ever<00:12:48.400> before.<00:12:49.520> Carbon<00:12:49.920> dioxide, 00:12:50.870 --> 00:12:50.880 align:start position:0% than ever before. Carbon dioxide, 00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:54.630 align:start position:0% than ever before. Carbon dioxide, carbon-rich<00:12:51.720> alkanes<00:12:52.360> and<00:12:52.640> alkenes,<00:12:54.040> cyclic 00:12:54.630 --> 00:12:54.640 align:start position:0% carbon-rich alkanes and alkenes, cyclic 00:12:54.640 --> 00:12:58.230 align:start position:0% carbon-rich alkanes and alkenes, cyclic esters<00:12:55.320> and<00:12:55.640> ethers,<00:12:56.839> acetals,<00:12:57.493> [music]<00:12:57.760> and 00:12:58.230 --> 00:12:58.240 align:start position:0% esters and ethers, acetals, [music] and 00:12:58.240 --> 00:13:00.230 align:start position:0% esters and ethers, acetals, [music] and other<00:12:58.560> nitrogen<00:12:59.160> and<00:12:59.440> oxygen-bearing 00:13:00.230 --> 00:13:00.240 align:start position:0% other nitrogen and oxygen-bearing 00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:01.710 align:start position:0% other nitrogen and oxygen-bearing compounds. 00:13:01.710 --> 00:13:01.720 align:start position:0% compounds. 00:13:01.720 --> 00:13:04.590 align:start position:0% compounds. In<00:13:01.839> other<00:13:02.040> words,<00:13:02.760> complex<00:13:03.520> chemistry 00:13:04.590 --> 00:13:04.600 align:start position:0% In other words, complex chemistry 00:13:04.600 --> 00:13:06.750 align:start position:0% In other words, complex chemistry potentially<00:13:05.320> powered<00:13:05.720> by<00:13:05.920> hydrothermal 00:13:06.750 --> 00:13:06.760 align:start position:0% potentially powered by hydrothermal 00:13:06.760 --> 00:13:07.990 align:start position:0% potentially powered by hydrothermal vents. 00:13:07.990 --> 00:13:08.000 align:start position:0% vents. 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:09.750 align:start position:0% vents. These<00:13:08.160> molecules<00:13:08.629> [music]<00:13:08.839> are<00:13:09.080> the<00:13:09.320> LEGO 00:13:09.750 --> 00:13:09.760 align:start position:0% These molecules [music] are the LEGO 00:13:09.760 --> 00:13:11.870 align:start position:0% These molecules [music] are the LEGO blocks<00:13:10.080> of<00:13:10.200> chemistry.<00:13:11.120> More<00:13:11.400> functional 00:13:11.870 --> 00:13:11.880 align:start position:0% blocks of chemistry. More functional 00:13:11.880 --> 00:13:14.510 align:start position:0% blocks of chemistry. More functional groups<00:13:12.200> allow<00:13:12.520> for<00:13:12.640> more<00:13:12.960> complex<00:13:13.560> reactions. 00:13:14.510 --> 00:13:14.520 align:start position:0% groups allow for more complex reactions. 00:13:14.520 --> 00:13:16.750 align:start position:0% groups allow for more complex reactions. In<00:13:14.600> the<00:13:14.720> lab,<00:13:15.240> these<00:13:15.480> can<00:13:15.640> become<00:13:16.000> so<00:13:16.200> complex 00:13:16.750 --> 00:13:16.760 align:start position:0% In the lab, these can become so complex 00:13:16.760 --> 00:13:18.750 align:start position:0% In the lab, these can become so complex that<00:13:16.880> they<00:13:17.080> even<00:13:17.360> demonstrate<00:13:18.080> Darwinian 00:13:18.750 --> 00:13:18.760 align:start position:0% that they even demonstrate Darwinian 00:13:18.760 --> 00:13:21.990 align:start position:0% that they even demonstrate Darwinian evolution.<00:13:20.000> And<00:13:20.120> once<00:13:20.360> you<00:13:20.520> have<00:13:21.000> evolution, 00:13:21.990 --> 00:13:22.000 align:start position:0% evolution. And once you have evolution, 00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:25.470 align:start position:0% evolution. And once you have evolution, there's<00:13:22.240> just<00:13:22.839> one<00:13:23.160> last<00:13:23.520> requirement. 00:13:25.470 --> 00:13:25.480 align:start position:0% there's just one last requirement. 00:13:25.480 --> 00:13:27.670 align:start position:0% there's just one last requirement. Time. 00:13:27.670 --> 00:13:27.680 align:start position:0% Time. 00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:30.590 align:start position:0% Time. What<00:13:27.800> we<00:13:27.920> need<00:13:28.200> to<00:13:28.280> know<00:13:28.560> is<00:13:29.360> how<00:13:29.640> stable<00:13:30.400> and 00:13:30.590 --> 00:13:30.600 align:start position:0% What we need to know is how stable and 00:13:30.600 --> 00:13:34.270 align:start position:0% What we need to know is how stable and frequent<00:13:31.240> is<00:13:31.760> this<00:13:32.120> geothermal<00:13:33.080> activity. 00:13:34.270 --> 00:13:34.280 align:start position:0% frequent is this geothermal activity. 00:13:34.280 --> 00:13:36.510 align:start position:0% frequent is this geothermal activity. Would<00:13:34.520> life<00:13:34.960> have<00:13:35.200> had<00:13:35.680> enough<00:13:35.960> time<00:13:36.360> to 00:13:36.510 --> 00:13:36.520 align:start position:0% Would life have had enough time to 00:13:36.520 --> 00:13:39.550 align:start position:0% Would life have had enough time to emerge<00:13:37.080> on<00:13:37.200> Enceladus? 00:13:39.550 --> 00:13:39.560 align:start position:0% emerge on Enceladus? 00:13:39.560 --> 00:13:42.110 align:start position:0% emerge on Enceladus? Although<00:13:39.840> Cassini<00:13:40.400> was<00:13:40.720> at<00:13:40.880> Saturn<00:13:41.360> for<00:13:41.520> 13 00:13:42.110 --> 00:13:42.120 align:start position:0% Although Cassini was at Saturn for 13 00:13:42.120 --> 00:13:45.150 align:start position:0% Although Cassini was at Saturn for 13 years,<00:13:43.040> that<00:13:43.320> was,<00:13:43.800> of<00:13:43.920> course,<00:13:44.560> too<00:13:44.840> short<00:13:45.120> a 00:13:45.150 --> 00:13:45.160 align:start position:0% years, that was, of course, too short a 00:13:45.160 --> 00:13:47.030 align:start position:0% years, that was, of course, too short a time<00:13:45.400> to<00:13:45.520> be<00:13:45.640> conclusive. 00:13:47.030 --> 00:13:47.040 align:start position:0% time to be conclusive. 00:13:47.040 --> 00:13:52.670 align:start position:0% time to be conclusive. Enter<00:13:47.880> the<00:13:48.000> James<00:13:48.400> Webb<00:13:48.800> Space<00:13:49.200> Telescope. 00:13:52.670 --> 00:13:52.680 align:start position:0% 00:13:52.680 --> 00:13:56.870 align:start position:0% A<00:13:52.760> team<00:13:53.080> led<00:13:53.560> by<00:13:53.800> Dr.<00:13:54.520> Geronimo<00:13:55.480> Villanueva 00:13:56.870 --> 00:13:56.880 align:start position:0% A team led by Dr. Geronimo Villanueva 00:13:56.880 --> 00:13:59.790 align:start position:0% A team led by Dr. Geronimo Villanueva used<00:13:57.480> 10<00:13:57.920> hours<00:13:58.320> of<00:13:58.440> the<00:13:58.520> James<00:13:58.840> Webb's<00:13:59.120> time 00:13:59.790 --> 00:13:59.800 align:start position:0% used 10 hours of the James Webb's time 00:13:59.800 --> 00:14:02.310 align:start position:0% used 10 hours of the James Webb's time to<00:13:59.920> check<00:14:00.320> in<00:14:00.520> on<00:14:00.680> Enceladus.<00:14:01.800> And<00:14:02.000> what<00:14:02.160> they 00:14:02.310 --> 00:14:02.320 align:start position:0% to check in on Enceladus. And what they 00:14:02.320 --> 00:14:04.230 align:start position:0% to check in on Enceladus. And what they saw<00:14:02.680> was<00:14:02.880> shocking. 00:14:04.230 --> 00:14:04.240 align:start position:0% saw was shocking. 00:14:04.240 --> 00:14:07.190 align:start position:0% saw was shocking. The<00:14:04.360> moon<00:14:04.640> had<00:14:04.880> an<00:14:05.280> even<00:14:05.720> more<00:14:05.960> enormous<00:14:06.800> plume 00:14:07.190 --> 00:14:07.200 align:start position:0% The moon had an even more enormous plume 00:14:07.200 --> 00:14:09.630 align:start position:0% The moon had an even more enormous plume erupting<00:14:07.720> from<00:14:07.880> its<00:14:08.000> South<00:14:08.280> Pole,<00:14:08.960> expanding 00:14:09.630 --> 00:14:09.640 align:start position:0% erupting from its South Pole, expanding 00:14:09.640 --> 00:14:13.110 align:start position:0% erupting from its South Pole, expanding to<00:14:09.880> 20<00:14:10.600> times<00:14:11.200> the<00:14:11.320> size<00:14:11.720> of<00:14:11.800> the<00:14:11.880> moon<00:14:12.120> itself. 00:14:13.110 --> 00:14:13.120 align:start position:0% to 20 times the size of the moon itself. 00:14:13.120 --> 00:14:15.630 align:start position:0% to 20 times the size of the moon itself. That<00:14:13.400> is<00:14:13.760> significantly<00:14:14.840> larger<00:14:15.280> than<00:14:15.440> what 00:14:15.630 --> 00:14:15.640 align:start position:0% That is significantly larger than what 00:14:15.640 --> 00:14:17.230 align:start position:0% That is significantly larger than what Cassini<00:14:16.080> saw. 00:14:17.230 --> 00:14:17.240 align:start position:0% Cassini saw. 00:14:17.240 --> 00:14:19.430 align:start position:0% Cassini saw. These<00:14:17.440> observations<00:14:18.160> widened<00:14:18.960> the<00:14:19.080> known 00:14:19.430 --> 00:14:19.440 align:start position:0% These observations widened the known 00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:22.110 align:start position:0% These observations widened the known window<00:14:19.880> of<00:14:20.040> Enceladus's<00:14:20.720> activity,<00:14:21.880> and<00:14:22.000> they 00:14:22.110 --> 00:14:22.120 align:start position:0% window of Enceladus's activity, and they 00:14:22.120 --> 00:14:24.990 align:start position:0% window of Enceladus's activity, and they solved<00:14:22.520> another<00:14:23.120> massive<00:14:23.720> mystery. 00:14:24.990 --> 00:14:25.000 align:start position:0% solved another massive mystery. 00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:27.830 align:start position:0% solved another massive mystery. Where<00:14:25.360> does<00:14:25.840> Saturn's<00:14:26.440> atmospheric<00:14:27.400> water 00:14:27.830 --> 00:14:27.840 align:start position:0% Where does Saturn's atmospheric water 00:14:27.840 --> 00:14:29.510 align:start position:0% Where does Saturn's atmospheric water come<00:14:28.200> from? 00:14:29.510 --> 00:14:29.520 align:start position:0% come from? 00:14:29.520 --> 00:14:32.510 align:start position:0% come from? The<00:14:29.640> images<00:14:30.040> show<00:14:30.880> that<00:14:31.040> Enceladus<00:14:31.800> feeds<00:14:32.320> a 00:14:32.510 --> 00:14:32.520 align:start position:0% The images show that Enceladus feeds a 00:14:32.520 --> 00:14:35.150 align:start position:0% The images show that Enceladus feeds a large<00:14:33.240> torus<00:14:33.760> of<00:14:33.920> ice<00:14:34.120> particles<00:14:34.680> around 00:14:35.150 --> 00:14:35.160 align:start position:0% large torus of ice particles around 00:14:35.160 --> 00:14:37.670 align:start position:0% large torus of ice particles around Saturn,<00:14:36.080> making<00:14:36.400> it<00:14:36.560> the<00:14:36.800> only<00:14:37.160> moon<00:14:37.480> in<00:14:37.600> the 00:14:37.670 --> 00:14:37.680 align:start position:0% Saturn, making it the only moon in the 00:14:37.680 --> 00:14:39.190 align:start position:0% Saturn, making it the only moon in the solar<00:14:37.960> system<00:14:38.360> that<00:14:38.520> affects<00:14:39.000> the 00:14:39.190 --> 00:14:39.200 align:start position:0% solar system that affects the 00:14:39.200 --> 00:14:41.430 align:start position:0% solar system that affects the atmospheric<00:14:39.839> chemistry<00:14:40.480> of<00:14:40.600> its<00:14:40.960> host 00:14:41.430 --> 00:14:41.440 align:start position:0% atmospheric chemistry of its host 00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:43.590 align:start position:0% atmospheric chemistry of its host planet. 00:14:43.590 --> 00:14:43.600 align:start position:0% planet. 00:14:43.600 --> 00:14:46.390 align:start position:0% planet. But<00:14:43.760> these<00:14:44.240> water<00:14:44.680> ice<00:14:44.880> particles<00:14:45.600> also<00:14:46.000> have 00:14:46.390 --> 00:14:46.400 align:start position:0% But these water ice particles also have 00:14:46.400 --> 00:14:48.750 align:start position:0% But these water ice particles also have another<00:14:46.920> impact<00:14:47.360> on<00:14:47.440> the<00:14:47.520> planet.<00:14:48.480> As<00:14:48.640> they 00:14:48.750 --> 00:14:48.760 align:start position:0% another impact on the planet. As they 00:14:48.760 --> 00:14:50.910 align:start position:0% another impact on the planet. As they travel<00:14:49.280> through<00:14:49.600> the<00:14:49.720> Saturn<00:14:50.080> system, 00:14:50.910 --> 00:14:50.920 align:start position:0% travel through the Saturn system, 00:14:50.920 --> 00:14:53.390 align:start position:0% travel through the Saturn system, they're<00:14:51.200> stripped<00:14:51.600> of<00:14:51.720> electrons,<00:14:52.760> becoming 00:14:53.390 --> 00:14:53.400 align:start position:0% they're stripped of electrons, becoming 00:14:53.400 --> 00:14:55.790 align:start position:0% they're stripped of electrons, becoming ionized.<00:14:54.560> This<00:14:55.160> then<00:14:55.360> creates<00:14:55.720> an 00:14:55.790 --> 00:14:55.800 align:start position:0% ionized. This then creates an 00:14:55.800 --> 00:14:57.750 align:start position:0% ionized. This then creates an electrically<00:14:56.360> charged<00:14:56.640> plasma,<00:14:57.600> which 00:14:57.750 --> 00:14:57.760 align:start position:0% electrically charged plasma, which 00:14:57.760 --> 00:14:59.630 align:start position:0% electrically charged plasma, which scientists<00:14:58.280> have<00:14:58.520> recently<00:14:59.000> discovered 00:14:59.630 --> 00:14:59.640 align:start position:0% scientists have recently discovered 00:14:59.640 --> 00:15:01.310 align:start position:0% scientists have recently discovered interacts<00:15:00.240> with<00:15:00.320> the<00:15:00.440> planet's<00:15:00.839> magnetic 00:15:01.310 --> 00:15:01.320 align:start position:0% interacts with the planet's magnetic 00:15:01.320 --> 00:15:04.990 align:start position:0% interacts with the planet's magnetic field.<00:15:02.360> Plasma<00:15:02.760> waves<00:15:03.360> 504,000 00:15:04.990 --> 00:15:05.000 align:start position:0% field. Plasma waves 504,000 00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:08.430 align:start position:0% field. Plasma waves 504,000 km<00:15:05.680> long,<00:15:06.280> that's<00:15:06.839> 1,000<00:15:07.640> times<00:15:08.080> the<00:15:08.160> moon's 00:15:08.430 --> 00:15:08.440 align:start position:0% km long, that's 1,000 times the moon's 00:15:08.440 --> 00:15:11.430 align:start position:0% km long, that's 1,000 times the moon's diameter,<00:15:09.520> known<00:15:09.880> as<00:15:10.080> the<00:15:10.360> Alfven<00:15:10.880> wings, 00:15:11.430 --> 00:15:11.440 align:start position:0% diameter, known as the Alfven wings, 00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:13.350 align:start position:0% diameter, known as the Alfven wings, stream<00:15:12.080> from<00:15:12.280> the<00:15:12.360> moon. 00:15:13.350 --> 00:15:13.360 align:start position:0% stream from the moon. 00:15:13.360 --> 00:15:15.430 align:start position:0% stream from the moon. The<00:15:13.440> main<00:15:13.680> ones<00:15:13.920> that<00:15:14.040> go<00:15:14.360> from<00:15:14.720> Enceladus<00:15:15.320> to 00:15:15.430 --> 00:15:15.440 align:start position:0% The main ones that go from Enceladus to 00:15:15.440 --> 00:15:17.910 align:start position:0% The main ones that go from Enceladus to the<00:15:15.520> planet,<00:15:16.360> but<00:15:16.680> others<00:15:17.080> are<00:15:17.360> reflected 00:15:17.910 --> 00:15:17.920 align:start position:0% the planet, but others are reflected 00:15:17.920 --> 00:15:20.710 align:start position:0% the planet, but others are reflected back,<00:15:18.520> creating<00:15:19.080> an<00:15:19.200> intriguing<00:15:20.040> lattice<00:15:20.520> of 00:15:20.710 --> 00:15:20.720 align:start position:0% back, creating an intriguing lattice of 00:15:20.720 --> 00:15:23.150 align:start position:0% back, creating an intriguing lattice of plasma<00:15:21.400> around<00:15:22.000> Saturn. 00:15:23.150 --> 00:15:23.160 align:start position:0% plasma around Saturn. 00:15:23.160 --> 00:15:25.550 align:start position:0% plasma around Saturn. We<00:15:23.280> still<00:15:23.600> don't<00:15:24.000> fully<00:15:24.440> understand<00:15:24.920> them, 00:15:25.550 --> 00:15:25.560 align:start position:0% We still don't fully understand them, 00:15:25.560 --> 00:15:27.510 align:start position:0% We still don't fully understand them, but<00:15:25.720> they're<00:15:25.880> a<00:15:25.960> surprising<00:15:26.760> consequence<00:15:27.400> of 00:15:27.510 --> 00:15:27.520 align:start position:0% but they're a surprising consequence of 00:15:27.520 --> 00:15:30.270 align:start position:0% but they're a surprising consequence of Enceladus'<00:15:28.360> great<00:15:28.880> geysers. 00:15:30.270 --> 00:15:30.280 align:start position:0% Enceladus' great geysers. 00:15:30.280 --> 00:15:33.870 align:start position:0% Enceladus' great geysers. But,<00:15:30.440> how<00:15:30.640> long<00:15:30.960> will<00:15:31.240> this<00:15:31.440> activity<00:15:31.920> last? 00:15:33.870 --> 00:15:33.880 align:start position:0% But, how long will this activity last? 00:15:33.880 --> 00:15:36.470 align:start position:0% But, how long will this activity last? Within<00:15:34.160> the<00:15:34.240> last<00:15:34.600> year,<00:15:35.360> decade-old<00:15:36.080> data 00:15:36.470 --> 00:15:36.480 align:start position:0% Within the last year, decade-old data 00:15:36.480 --> 00:15:38.270 align:start position:0% Within the last year, decade-old data from<00:15:36.680> the<00:15:36.760> Cassini<00:15:37.160> composite<00:15:37.720> infrared 00:15:38.270 --> 00:15:38.280 align:start position:0% from the Cassini composite infrared 00:15:38.280 --> 00:15:40.870 align:start position:0% from the Cassini composite infrared spectrometer<00:15:39.440> was<00:15:39.680> compared<00:15:40.160> to<00:15:40.280> models<00:15:40.720> of 00:15:40.870 --> 00:15:40.880 align:start position:0% spectrometer was compared to models of 00:15:40.880 --> 00:15:43.110 align:start position:0% spectrometer was compared to models of Enceladus'<00:15:41.245> [music]<00:15:41.640> surface<00:15:42.000> temperature. 00:15:43.110 --> 00:15:43.120 align:start position:0% Enceladus' [music] surface temperature. 00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:46.150 align:start position:0% Enceladus' [music] surface temperature. The<00:15:43.200> team,<00:15:43.960> comprising<00:15:44.760> Georgina<00:15:45.320> Miles<00:15:45.880> and 00:15:46.150 --> 00:15:46.160 align:start position:0% The team, comprising Georgina Miles and 00:15:46.160 --> 00:15:48.630 align:start position:0% The team, comprising Georgina Miles and Kali<00:15:46.560> Howett,<00:15:47.440> were<00:15:47.600> able<00:15:47.880> to<00:15:48.000> show<00:15:48.320> that<00:15:48.520> the 00:15:48.630 --> 00:15:48.640 align:start position:0% Kali Howett, were able to show that the 00:15:48.640 --> 00:15:51.030 align:start position:0% Kali Howett, were able to show that the total<00:15:49.040> thermal<00:15:49.440> output<00:15:49.920> from<00:15:50.080> the<00:15:50.160> surface<00:15:50.760> is 00:15:51.030 --> 00:15:51.040 align:start position:0% total thermal output from the surface is 00:15:51.040 --> 00:15:52.710 align:start position:0% total thermal output from the surface is very<00:15:51.480> well<00:15:51.720> matched<00:15:52.040> with<00:15:52.160> the<00:15:52.240> predicted 00:15:52.710 --> 00:15:52.720 align:start position:0% very well matched with the predicted 00:15:52.720 --> 00:15:54.590 align:start position:0% very well matched with the predicted heat<00:15:52.880> generation<00:15:53.400> in<00:15:53.480> the<00:15:53.600> core. 00:15:54.590 --> 00:15:54.600 align:start position:0% heat generation in the core. 00:15:54.600 --> 00:15:57.150 align:start position:0% heat generation in the core. This<00:15:54.760> suggests<00:15:55.680> the<00:15:55.800> moon's<00:15:56.120> current<00:15:56.720> ocean 00:15:57.150 --> 00:15:57.160 align:start position:0% This suggests the moon's current ocean 00:15:57.160 --> 00:16:00.390 align:start position:0% This suggests the moon's current ocean epoch<00:15:58.000> will<00:15:58.200> be<00:15:58.400> long-lived,<00:15:59.680> and<00:15:59.840> that<00:16:00.000> it<00:16:00.160> is 00:16:00.390 --> 00:16:00.400 align:start position:0% epoch will be long-lived, and that it is 00:16:00.400 --> 00:16:04.430 align:start position:0% epoch will be long-lived, and that it is exactly<00:16:01.200> what<00:16:01.480> life<00:16:01.800> needs<00:16:02.240> to<00:16:02.400> emerge. 00:16:04.430 --> 00:16:04.440 align:start position:0% exactly what life needs to emerge. 00:16:04.440 --> 00:16:07.270 align:start position:0% exactly what life needs to emerge. It<00:16:04.600> is<00:16:04.920> incredible<00:16:05.800> how<00:16:05.960> much<00:16:06.280> more<00:16:06.680> has<00:16:07.000> been 00:16:07.270 --> 00:16:07.280 align:start position:0% It is incredible how much more has been 00:16:07.280 --> 00:16:09.870 align:start position:0% It is incredible how much more has been learned<00:16:07.760> simply<00:16:08.320> from<00:16:08.720> reanalyzing<00:16:09.600> old 00:16:09.870 --> 00:16:09.880 align:start position:0% learned simply from reanalyzing old 00:16:09.880 --> 00:16:12.390 align:start position:0% learned simply from reanalyzing old Cassini<00:16:10.320> data<00:16:10.720> with<00:16:10.920> new<00:16:11.120> techniques. 00:16:12.390 --> 00:16:12.400 align:start position:0% Cassini data with new techniques. 00:16:12.400 --> 00:16:13.990 align:start position:0% Cassini data with new techniques. And<00:16:12.480> it's<00:16:12.600> not<00:16:12.800> just<00:16:13.000> the<00:16:13.080> professionals<00:16:13.880> who 00:16:13.990 --> 00:16:14.000 align:start position:0% And it's not just the professionals who 00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:15.910 align:start position:0% And it's not just the professionals who are<00:16:14.080> making<00:16:14.400> discoveries. 00:16:15.910 --> 00:16:15.920 align:start position:0% are making discoveries. 00:16:15.920 --> 00:16:19.190 align:start position:0% are making discoveries. In<00:16:16.040> 2017,<00:16:17.320> amateur<00:16:17.680> astronomer<00:16:18.240> Ted<00:16:18.600> Stryk 00:16:19.190 --> 00:16:19.200 align:start position:0% In 2017, amateur astronomer Ted Stryk 00:16:19.200 --> 00:16:21.710 align:start position:0% In 2017, amateur astronomer Ted Stryk looked<00:16:19.440> back<00:16:19.800> at<00:16:20.080> old<00:16:20.400> Voyager<00:16:20.800> images<00:16:21.640> of 00:16:21.710 --> 00:16:21.720 align:start position:0% looked back at old Voyager images of 00:16:21.720 --> 00:16:23.630 align:start position:0% looked back at old Voyager images of Enceladus<00:16:22.120> and<00:16:22.280> found<00:16:22.520> a<00:16:22.560> feature<00:16:22.960> that<00:16:23.360> could 00:16:23.630 --> 00:16:23.640 align:start position:0% Enceladus and found a feature that could 00:16:23.640 --> 00:16:25.550 align:start position:0% Enceladus and found a feature that could have<00:16:23.800> changed<00:16:24.320> the<00:16:24.440> course<00:16:24.880> of<00:16:25.000> the<00:16:25.120> original 00:16:25.550 --> 00:16:25.560 align:start position:0% have changed the course of the original 00:16:25.560 --> 00:16:28.670 align:start position:0% have changed the course of the original Cassini<00:16:25.960> mission,<00:16:26.920> a<00:16:27.040> water<00:16:27.520> plume. 00:16:28.670 --> 00:16:28.680 align:start position:0% Cassini mission, a water plume. 00:16:28.680 --> 00:16:30.710 align:start position:0% Cassini mission, a water plume. Can<00:16:28.800> you<00:16:28.920> spot<00:16:29.280> it? 00:16:30.710 --> 00:16:30.720 align:start position:0% Can you spot it? 00:16:30.720 --> 00:16:32.150 align:start position:0% Can you spot it? If<00:16:30.880> we<00:16:31.000> had<00:16:31.160> known<00:16:31.440> about<00:16:31.800> it<00:16:31.920> when<00:16:32.080> the 00:16:32.150 --> 00:16:32.160 align:start position:0% If we had known about it when the 00:16:32.160 --> 00:16:34.950 align:start position:0% If we had known about it when the mission<00:16:32.480> was<00:16:32.720> in<00:16:32.880> planning,<00:16:33.960> how<00:16:34.360> different 00:16:34.950 --> 00:16:34.960 align:start position:0% mission was in planning, how different 00:16:34.960 --> 00:16:37.870 align:start position:0% mission was in planning, how different might<00:16:35.360> the<00:16:35.480> design<00:16:35.920> of<00:16:36.040> Cassini<00:16:36.440> be? 00:16:37.870 --> 00:16:37.880 align:start position:0% might the design of Cassini be? 00:16:37.880 --> 00:16:40.030 align:start position:0% might the design of Cassini be? Well,<00:16:38.680> whatever<00:16:39.080> changes<00:16:39.440> scientists<00:16:39.920> and 00:16:40.030 --> 00:16:40.040 align:start position:0% Well, whatever changes scientists and 00:16:40.040 --> 00:16:42.550 align:start position:0% Well, whatever changes scientists and engineers<00:16:40.560> might<00:16:40.839> have<00:16:40.960> made,<00:16:41.640> they<00:16:41.839> now<00:16:42.360> have 00:16:42.550 --> 00:16:42.560 align:start position:0% engineers might have made, they now have 00:16:42.560 --> 00:16:44.790 align:start position:0% engineers might have made, they now have a<00:16:42.600> chance<00:16:42.960> to<00:16:43.040> be<00:16:43.200> realized<00:16:43.839> as<00:16:44.120> new<00:16:44.440> missions 00:16:44.790 --> 00:16:44.800 align:start position:0% a chance to be realized as new missions 00:16:44.800 --> 00:16:46.630 align:start position:0% a chance to be realized as new missions are<00:16:44.880> being<00:16:45.160> planned<00:16:45.480> to<00:16:45.600> continue<00:16:46.160> the<00:16:46.320> work 00:16:46.630 --> 00:16:46.640 align:start position:0% are being planned to continue the work 00:16:46.640 --> 00:16:48.030 align:start position:0% are being planned to continue the work of<00:16:46.760> Cassini. 00:16:48.030 --> 00:16:48.040 align:start position:0% of Cassini. 00:16:48.040 --> 00:16:49.950 align:start position:0% of Cassini. The<00:16:48.080> European<00:16:48.480> Space<00:16:48.800> Agency<00:16:49.200> is<00:16:49.400> racing 00:16:49.950 --> 00:16:49.960 align:start position:0% The European Space Agency is racing 00:16:49.960 --> 00:16:51.750 align:start position:0% The European Space Agency is racing forward<00:16:50.320> with<00:16:50.480> a<00:16:50.520> mission<00:16:50.880> set<00:16:51.120> to<00:16:51.200> launch<00:16:51.520> in 00:16:51.750 --> 00:16:51.760 align:start position:0% forward with a mission set to launch in 00:16:51.760 --> 00:16:53.510 align:start position:0% forward with a mission set to launch in 2042 00:16:53.510 --> 00:16:53.520 align:start position:0% 2042 00:16:53.520 --> 00:16:56.390 align:start position:0% 2042 to<00:16:53.640> arrive<00:16:54.000> at<00:16:54.120> Saturn<00:16:54.480> in<00:16:54.720> 2053 00:16:56.390 --> 00:16:56.400 align:start position:0% to arrive at Saturn in 2053 00:16:56.400 --> 00:16:59.190 align:start position:0% to arrive at Saturn in 2053 with<00:16:56.520> a<00:16:56.560> potential<00:16:57.280> landing<00:16:58.120> on<00:16:58.240> Enceladus<00:16:59.040> in 00:16:59.190 --> 00:16:59.200 align:start position:0% with a potential landing on Enceladus in 00:16:59.200 --> 00:17:01.270 align:start position:0% with a potential landing on Enceladus in 2058. 00:17:01.270 --> 00:17:01.280 align:start position:0% 2058. 00:17:01.280 --> 00:17:03.030 align:start position:0% 2058. We<00:17:01.400> already<00:17:01.680> know<00:17:01.880> Enceladus<00:17:02.440> has<00:17:02.760> all<00:17:02.960> the 00:17:03.030 --> 00:17:03.040 align:start position:0% We already know Enceladus has all the 00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:05.309 align:start position:0% We already know Enceladus has all the conditions<00:17:03.560> to<00:17:03.680> kickstart<00:17:04.199> life,<00:17:04.959> so<00:17:05.120> it's 00:17:05.309 --> 00:17:05.319 align:start position:0% conditions to kickstart life, so it's 00:17:05.319 --> 00:17:07.910 align:start position:0% conditions to kickstart life, so it's exciting<00:17:05.920> to<00:17:06.040> think,<00:17:06.839> what<00:17:07.199> will<00:17:07.439> we<00:17:07.600> be<00:17:07.720> able 00:17:07.910 --> 00:17:07.920 align:start position:0% exciting to think, what will we be able 00:17:07.920 --> 00:17:11.309 align:start position:0% exciting to think, what will we be able to<00:17:08.040> find<00:17:08.480> when<00:17:08.680> we<00:17:08.880> look<00:17:09.319> below<00:17:09.720> the<00:17:09.959> ice? 00:17:11.309 --> 00:17:11.319 align:start position:0% to find when we look below the ice? 00:17:11.319 --> 00:17:13.630 align:start position:0% to find when we look below the ice? Fortunately,<00:17:12.240> we<00:17:12.360> won't<00:17:12.640> have<00:17:12.800> to<00:17:12.920> wait<00:17:13.160> quite 00:17:13.630 --> 00:17:13.640 align:start position:0% Fortunately, we won't have to wait quite 00:17:13.640 --> 00:17:15.870 align:start position:0% Fortunately, we won't have to wait quite that<00:17:13.839> long<00:17:14.120> to<00:17:14.240> get<00:17:14.480> some<00:17:14.680> answers<00:17:15.120> on<00:17:15.280> life<00:17:15.520> on 00:17:15.870 --> 00:17:15.880 align:start position:0% that long to get some answers on life on 00:17:15.880 --> 00:17:17.829 align:start position:0% that long to get some answers on life on icy<00:17:16.240> moons<00:17:16.560> generally. 00:17:17.829 --> 00:17:17.839 align:start position:0% icy moons generally. 00:17:17.839 --> 00:17:20.030 align:start position:0% icy moons generally. Another<00:17:18.199> ESA<00:17:18.439> mission<00:17:18.839> called<00:17:19.120> JUICE,<00:17:19.680> or 00:17:20.030 --> 00:17:20.040 align:start position:0% Another ESA mission called JUICE, or 00:17:20.040 --> 00:17:22.990 align:start position:0% Another ESA mission called JUICE, or Jupiter<00:17:20.560> Icy<00:17:20.880> Moons<00:17:21.240> Explorer,<00:17:22.240> is<00:17:22.520> already 00:17:22.990 --> 00:17:23.000 align:start position:0% Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, is already 00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:25.270 align:start position:0% Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, is already on<00:17:23.120> its<00:17:23.280> way<00:17:23.880> and<00:17:24.000> expected<00:17:24.560> to<00:17:24.640> arrive<00:17:25.120> at 00:17:25.270 --> 00:17:25.280 align:start position:0% on its way and expected to arrive at 00:17:25.280 --> 00:17:28.870 align:start position:0% on its way and expected to arrive at Jupiter<00:17:26.079> in<00:17:26.199> 2031<00:17:27.439> to<00:17:27.560> study<00:17:27.880> Callisto, 00:17:28.870 --> 00:17:28.880 align:start position:0% Jupiter in 2031 to study Callisto, 00:17:28.880 --> 00:17:31.110 align:start position:0% Jupiter in 2031 to study Callisto, Europa,<00:17:29.680> and<00:17:29.840> Ganymede. 00:17:31.110 --> 00:17:31.120 align:start position:0% Europa, and Ganymede. 00:17:31.120 --> 00:17:33.190 align:start position:0% Europa, and Ganymede. Its<00:17:31.240> mission<00:17:31.600> purpose<00:17:32.120> is<00:17:32.280> to<00:17:32.520> investigate 00:17:33.190 --> 00:17:33.200 align:start position:0% Its mission purpose is to investigate 00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:34.710 align:start position:0% Its mission purpose is to investigate the<00:17:33.320> emergence<00:17:34.000> of<00:17:34.160> habitable<00:17:34.562> [music] 00:17:34.710 --> 00:17:34.720 align:start position:0% the emergence of habitable [music] 00:17:34.720 --> 00:17:37.310 align:start position:0% the emergence of habitable [music] worlds<00:17:35.120> around<00:17:35.560> gas<00:17:35.840> giants. 00:17:37.310 --> 00:17:37.320 align:start position:0% worlds around gas giants. 00:17:37.320 --> 00:17:38.990 align:start position:0% worlds around gas giants. Two<00:17:37.480> other<00:17:37.680> proposed<00:17:38.040> missions<00:17:38.400> will<00:17:38.520> explore 00:17:38.990 --> 00:17:39.000 align:start position:0% Two other proposed missions will explore 00:17:39.000 --> 00:17:41.270 align:start position:0% Two other proposed missions will explore Saturn's<00:17:39.440> moons<00:17:39.760> in<00:17:40.000> new<00:17:40.240> ways. 00:17:41.270 --> 00:17:41.280 align:start position:0% Saturn's moons in new ways. 00:17:41.280 --> 00:17:43.150 align:start position:0% Saturn's moons in new ways. The<00:17:41.320> Dragonfly<00:17:41.920> mission<00:17:42.200> to<00:17:42.320> Titan<00:17:42.760> will<00:17:42.880> take 00:17:43.150 --> 00:17:43.160 align:start position:0% The Dragonfly mission to Titan will take 00:17:43.160 --> 00:17:44.830 align:start position:0% The Dragonfly mission to Titan will take advantage<00:17:43.640> of<00:17:43.760> the<00:17:43.880> thick<00:17:44.360> nitrogen 00:17:44.830 --> 00:17:44.840 align:start position:0% advantage of the thick nitrogen 00:17:44.840 --> 00:17:47.310 align:start position:0% advantage of the thick nitrogen atmosphere<00:17:45.800> and<00:17:45.960> use<00:17:46.120> a<00:17:46.160> drone<00:17:46.720> for<00:17:46.840> the<00:17:46.960> first 00:17:47.310 --> 00:17:47.320 align:start position:0% atmosphere and use a drone for the first 00:17:47.320 --> 00:17:50.430 align:start position:0% atmosphere and use a drone for the first time<00:17:47.840> on<00:17:48.000> a<00:17:48.040> natural<00:17:48.640> satellite. 00:17:50.430 --> 00:17:50.440 align:start position:0% time on a natural satellite. 00:17:50.440 --> 00:17:52.990 align:start position:0% time on a natural satellite. Outside<00:17:50.880> of<00:17:51.000> the<00:17:51.080> national<00:17:51.520> space<00:17:51.840> agencies, 00:17:52.990 --> 00:17:53.000 align:start position:0% Outside of the national space agencies, 00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:54.630 align:start position:0% Outside of the national space agencies, a<00:17:53.080> privately<00:17:53.560> funded<00:17:53.880> mission<00:17:54.240> called 00:17:54.630 --> 00:17:54.640 align:start position:0% a privately funded mission called 00:17:54.640 --> 00:17:57.070 align:start position:0% a privately funded mission called Breakthrough<00:17:55.160> Enceladus<00:17:55.800> is<00:17:56.000> also<00:17:56.360> planned, 00:17:57.070 --> 00:17:57.080 align:start position:0% Breakthrough Enceladus is also planned, 00:17:57.080 --> 00:17:59.110 align:start position:0% Breakthrough Enceladus is also planned, though<00:17:57.400> currently<00:17:57.880> this<00:17:58.080> project<00:17:58.560> appears<00:17:59.040> to 00:17:59.110 --> 00:17:59.120 align:start position:0% though currently this project appears to 00:17:59.120 --> 00:18:00.870 align:start position:0% though currently this project appears to be<00:17:59.240> dormant. 00:18:00.870 --> 00:18:00.880 align:start position:0% be dormant. 00:18:00.880 --> 00:18:03.150 align:start position:0% be dormant. But,<00:18:01.360> the<00:18:01.440> mission<00:18:01.760> I'm<00:18:01.880> most<00:18:02.120> excited<00:18:02.560> about 00:18:03.150 --> 00:18:03.160 align:start position:0% But, the mission I'm most excited about 00:18:03.160 --> 00:18:05.830 align:start position:0% But, the mission I'm most excited about is<00:18:03.400> the<00:18:03.600> Enceladus<00:18:04.240> Explorer,<00:18:05.280> a<00:18:05.360> project 00:18:05.830 --> 00:18:05.840 align:start position:0% is the Enceladus Explorer, a project 00:18:05.840 --> 00:18:08.670 align:start position:0% is the Enceladus Explorer, a project funded<00:18:06.320> by<00:18:06.560> the<00:18:06.720> German<00:18:07.280> Aerospace<00:18:07.880> Center 00:18:08.670 --> 00:18:08.680 align:start position:0% funded by the German Aerospace Center 00:18:08.680 --> 00:18:10.830 align:start position:0% funded by the German Aerospace Center that<00:18:08.760> proposes<00:18:09.280> to<00:18:09.400> send<00:18:09.800> a<00:18:09.920> nuclear<00:18:10.560> ice 00:18:10.830 --> 00:18:10.840 align:start position:0% that proposes to send a nuclear ice 00:18:10.840 --> 00:18:13.990 align:start position:0% that proposes to send a nuclear ice mole.<00:18:11.560> Yes,<00:18:12.120> you<00:18:12.280> heard<00:18:12.560> that<00:18:12.760> correctly,<00:18:13.800> to 00:18:13.990 --> 00:18:14.000 align:start position:0% mole. Yes, you heard that correctly, to 00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:16.990 align:start position:0% mole. Yes, you heard that correctly, to melt<00:18:14.520> its<00:18:14.800> way<00:18:15.360> deep<00:18:15.760> into<00:18:16.040> the<00:18:16.160> crust<00:18:16.880> and 00:18:16.990 --> 00:18:17.000 align:start position:0% melt its way deep into the crust and 00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:20.070 align:start position:0% melt its way deep into the crust and expose<00:18:17.800> untouched<00:18:18.520> niches<00:18:19.360> within<00:18:19.640> the<00:18:19.840> ice 00:18:20.070 --> 00:18:20.080 align:start position:0% expose untouched niches within the ice 00:18:20.080 --> 00:18:22.230 align:start position:0% expose untouched niches within the ice to<00:18:20.200> search<00:18:20.680> for<00:18:20.840> life. 00:18:22.230 --> 00:18:22.240 align:start position:0% to search for life. 00:18:22.240 --> 00:18:24.350 align:start position:0% to search for life. If<00:18:22.560> any<00:18:22.840> of<00:18:22.960> these<00:18:23.280> even<00:18:23.560> hint<00:18:24.200> that 00:18:24.350 --> 00:18:24.360 align:start position:0% If any of these even hint that 00:18:24.360 --> 00:18:26.350 align:start position:0% If any of these even hint that proto-life<00:18:24.960> processes<00:18:25.600> are<00:18:25.760> active<00:18:26.120> on<00:18:26.240> an 00:18:26.350 --> 00:18:26.360 align:start position:0% proto-life processes are active on an 00:18:26.360 --> 00:18:28.910 align:start position:0% proto-life processes are active on an object<00:18:26.800> outside<00:18:27.240> the<00:18:27.360> usual<00:18:27.720> habitable<00:18:28.200> zone, 00:18:28.910 --> 00:18:28.920 align:start position:0% object outside the usual habitable zone, 00:18:28.920 --> 00:18:31.510 align:start position:0% object outside the usual habitable zone, we<00:18:29.080> will<00:18:29.280> have<00:18:29.560> opened<00:18:29.960> up<00:18:30.280> a<00:18:30.360> whole<00:18:30.880> new<00:18:31.160> realm 00:18:31.510 --> 00:18:31.520 align:start position:0% we will have opened up a whole new realm 00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:34.510 align:start position:0% we will have opened up a whole new realm of<00:18:31.720> possible<00:18:32.280> places<00:18:32.920> life<00:18:33.280> could<00:18:33.640> take<00:18:33.880> hold 00:18:34.510 --> 00:18:34.520 align:start position:0% of possible places life could take hold 00:18:34.520 --> 00:18:36.470 align:start position:0% of possible places life could take hold across<00:18:35.000> the<00:18:35.120> galaxy. 00:18:36.470 --> 00:18:36.480 align:start position:0% across the galaxy. 00:18:36.480 --> 00:18:40.150 align:start position:0% across the galaxy. Maybe<00:18:36.880> life<00:18:37.280> isn't<00:18:37.680> rare<00:18:38.040> after<00:18:38.440> all. 00:18:40.150 --> 00:18:40.160 align:start position:0% Maybe life isn't rare after all. 00:18:40.160 --> 00:18:42.390 align:start position:0% Maybe life isn't rare after all. I'm<00:18:40.320> always<00:18:40.600> reminded<00:18:41.120> of<00:18:41.320> a<00:18:41.400> fantastic<00:18:42.080> line 00:18:42.390 --> 00:18:42.400 align:start position:0% I'm always reminded of a fantastic line 00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:44.910 align:start position:0% I'm always reminded of a fantastic line from<00:18:42.680> Jeremy<00:18:43.120> England.<00:18:44.120> You<00:18:44.240> start<00:18:44.600> with<00:18:44.800> a 00:18:44.910 --> 00:18:44.920 align:start position:0% from Jeremy England. You start with a 00:18:44.920 --> 00:18:47.670 align:start position:0% from Jeremy England. You start with a random<00:18:45.520> clump<00:18:45.840> of<00:18:46.440> atoms,<00:18:46.960> and<00:18:47.040> if<00:18:47.160> you<00:18:47.280> shine 00:18:47.670 --> 00:18:47.680 align:start position:0% random clump of atoms, and if you shine 00:18:47.680 --> 00:18:49.870 align:start position:0% random clump of atoms, and if you shine a<00:18:47.720> light<00:18:48.080> on<00:18:48.200> it<00:18:48.320> for<00:18:48.440> long<00:18:48.640> enough,<00:18:49.480> it<00:18:49.600> should 00:18:49.870 --> 00:18:49.880 align:start position:0% a light on it for long enough, it should 00:18:49.880 --> 00:18:51.950 align:start position:0% a light on it for long enough, it should not<00:18:50.240> be<00:18:50.440> so<00:18:50.680> surprising<00:18:51.440> that<00:18:51.640> you<00:18:51.720> get<00:18:51.920> a 00:18:51.950 --> 00:18:51.960 align:start position:0% not be so surprising that you get a 00:18:51.960 --> 00:18:54.030 align:start position:0% not be so surprising that you get a plant. 00:18:54.030 --> 00:18:54.040 align:start position:0% plant. 00:18:54.040 --> 00:18:55.470 align:start position:0% plant. Perhaps<00:18:54.360> scientists<00:18:54.800> didn't<00:18:55.000> see<00:18:55.200> those 00:18:55.470 --> 00:18:55.480 align:start position:0% Perhaps scientists didn't see those 00:18:55.480 --> 00:18:57.510 align:start position:0% Perhaps scientists didn't see those plumes<00:18:55.920> on<00:18:56.080> the<00:18:56.200> original<00:18:56.640> Voyager<00:18:57.040> images 00:18:57.510 --> 00:18:57.520 align:start position:0% plumes on the original Voyager images 00:18:57.520 --> 00:18:59.630 align:start position:0% plumes on the original Voyager images because<00:18:57.880> they<00:18:58.080> simply<00:18:58.640> weren't<00:18:59.000> expecting<00:18:59.520> to 00:18:59.630 --> 00:18:59.640 align:start position:0% because they simply weren't expecting to 00:18:59.640 --> 00:19:00.750 align:start position:0% because they simply weren't expecting to see<00:18:59.800> them. 00:19:00.750 --> 00:19:00.760 align:start position:0% see them. 00:19:00.760 --> 00:19:02.710 align:start position:0% see them. But<00:19:00.880> now<00:19:01.120> that<00:19:01.280> we<00:19:01.440> know<00:19:02.000> what<00:19:02.200> we're<00:19:02.360> looking 00:19:02.710 --> 00:19:02.720 align:start position:0% But now that we know what we're looking 00:19:02.720 --> 00:19:05.670 align:start position:0% But now that we know what we're looking for,<00:19:03.440> there<00:19:03.600> is<00:19:03.720> no<00:19:04.120> doubt<00:19:04.840> more<00:19:05.080> discoveries 00:19:05.670 --> 00:19:05.680 align:start position:0% for, there is no doubt more discoveries 00:19:05.680 --> 00:19:07.110 align:start position:0% for, there is no doubt more discoveries are<00:19:05.760> on<00:19:05.880> the<00:19:05.960> way. 00:19:07.110 --> 00:19:07.120 align:start position:0% are on the way. 00:19:07.120 --> 00:19:09.550 align:start position:0% are on the way. There<00:19:07.240> is<00:19:07.360> also<00:19:07.840> almost<00:19:08.240> certainly<00:19:08.880> yet<00:19:09.240> more 00:19:09.550 --> 00:19:09.560 align:start position:0% There is also almost certainly yet more 00:19:09.560 --> 00:19:12.550 align:start position:0% There is also almost certainly yet more to<00:19:09.720> find<00:19:10.120> within<00:19:10.400> Cassini's<00:19:10.880> data<00:19:11.400> even<00:19:11.800> now, 00:19:12.550 --> 00:19:12.560 align:start position:0% to find within Cassini's data even now, 00:19:12.560 --> 00:19:14.950 align:start position:0% to find within Cassini's data even now, a<00:19:12.680> decade<00:19:13.320> after<00:19:13.760> his<00:19:14.000> mission<00:19:14.360> ended<00:19:14.800> in 00:19:14.950 --> 00:19:14.960 align:start position:0% a decade after his mission ended in 00:19:14.960 --> 00:19:17.790 align:start position:0% a decade after his mission ended in spectacular<00:19:15.720> style.<00:19:16.680> And<00:19:16.840> I<00:19:16.920> am<00:19:17.160> as<00:19:17.360> excited 00:19:17.790 --> 00:19:17.800 align:start position:0% spectacular style. And I am as excited 00:19:17.800 --> 00:19:20.950 align:start position:0% spectacular style. And I am as excited now<00:19:18.200> as<00:19:18.360> I<00:19:18.440> was<00:19:18.680> in<00:19:18.760> 2004<00:19:20.120> when<00:19:20.320> the<00:19:20.400> probe 00:19:20.950 --> 00:19:20.960 align:start position:0% now as I was in 2004 when the probe 00:19:20.960 --> 00:19:24.590 align:start position:0% now as I was in 2004 when the probe first<00:19:21.360> reached<00:19:21.600> Saturn<00:19:22.280> and<00:19:22.400> its<00:19:22.560> moons. 00:19:24.590 --> 00:19:24.600 align:start position:0% first reached Saturn and its moons. 00:19:24.600 --> 00:19:26.510 align:start position:0% first reached Saturn and its moons. >> Out<00:19:24.760> of<00:19:24.920> all<00:19:25.200> of<00:19:25.280> the<00:19:25.400> terrestrial<00:19:26.000> planets 00:19:26.510 --> 00:19:26.520 align:start position:0% >> Out of all of the terrestrial planets 00:19:26.520 --> 00:19:28.630 align:start position:0% >> Out of all of the terrestrial planets other<00:19:26.760> than<00:19:27.000> Earth,<00:19:27.600> it<00:19:27.720> seems<00:19:27.920> like<00:19:28.120> Mars<00:19:28.520> is 00:19:28.630 --> 00:19:28.640 align:start position:0% other than Earth, it seems like Mars is 00:19:28.640 --> 00:19:32.110 align:start position:0% other than Earth, it seems like Mars is the<00:19:28.720> most<00:19:28.960> likely<00:19:29.360> place<00:19:29.680> to<00:19:29.800> harbor<00:19:30.120> life. 00:19:32.110 --> 00:19:32.120 align:start position:0% the most likely place to harbor life. 00:19:32.120 --> 00:19:34.550 align:start position:0% the most likely place to harbor life. Going<00:19:32.360> beyond<00:19:32.920> Mars,<00:19:33.640> we<00:19:33.760> start<00:19:34.080> to<00:19:34.200> leave<00:19:34.440> the 00:19:34.550 --> 00:19:34.560 align:start position:0% Going beyond Mars, we start to leave the 00:19:34.560 --> 00:19:37.150 align:start position:0% Going beyond Mars, we start to leave the Goldilocks<00:19:35.200> zone,<00:19:35.760> or<00:19:35.920> the<00:19:36.040> theoretical<00:19:36.800> zone 00:19:37.150 --> 00:19:37.160 align:start position:0% Goldilocks zone, or the theoretical zone 00:19:37.160 --> 00:19:38.830 align:start position:0% Goldilocks zone, or the theoretical zone in<00:19:37.280> our<00:19:37.400> solar<00:19:37.720> system<00:19:38.120> where<00:19:38.320> life<00:19:38.640> could 00:19:38.830 --> 00:19:38.840 align:start position:0% in our solar system where life could 00:19:38.840 --> 00:19:40.590 align:start position:0% in our solar system where life could survive<00:19:39.280> on<00:19:39.400> the<00:19:39.480> surface. 00:19:40.590 --> 00:19:40.600 align:start position:0% survive on the surface. 00:19:40.600 --> 00:19:42.390 align:start position:0% survive on the surface. We<00:19:40.720> are<00:19:40.800> now<00:19:41.040> heading<00:19:41.400> towards<00:19:41.760> the<00:19:41.880> gas<00:19:42.240> and 00:19:42.390 --> 00:19:42.400 align:start position:0% We are now heading towards the gas and 00:19:42.400 --> 00:19:44.990 align:start position:0% We are now heading towards the gas and ice<00:19:42.640> giants,<00:19:43.400> each<00:19:43.760> with<00:19:43.960> many<00:19:44.280> unique<00:19:44.880> and 00:19:44.990 --> 00:19:45.000 align:start position:0% ice giants, each with many unique and 00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:46.710 align:start position:0% ice giants, each with many unique and interesting<00:19:45.600> moons. 00:19:46.710 --> 00:19:46.720 align:start position:0% interesting moons. 00:19:46.720 --> 00:19:49.710 align:start position:0% interesting moons. But<00:19:46.800> can<00:19:46.960> life<00:19:47.280> be<00:19:47.440> found<00:19:47.920> this<00:19:48.160> far<00:19:48.520> out? 00:19:49.710 --> 00:19:49.720 align:start position:0% But can life be found this far out? 00:19:49.720 --> 00:19:51.390 align:start position:0% But can life be found this far out? I'm<00:19:49.880> Alex<00:19:50.120> McColgan<00:19:50.760> and<00:19:50.920> you're<00:19:51.040> watching 00:19:51.390 --> 00:19:51.400 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McColgan and you're watching 00:19:51.400 --> 00:19:53.390 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McColgan and you're watching Astrum,<00:19:52.160> and<00:19:52.280> together<00:19:52.600> we<00:19:52.680> will<00:19:52.800> go<00:19:53.040> through 00:19:53.390 --> 00:19:53.400 align:start position:0% Astrum, and together we will go through 00:19:53.400 --> 00:19:55.630 align:start position:0% Astrum, and together we will go through the<00:19:53.600> outer<00:19:53.880> solar<00:19:54.200> system<00:19:54.760> and<00:19:54.840> explore<00:19:55.440> where 00:19:55.630 --> 00:19:55.640 align:start position:0% the outer solar system and explore where 00:19:55.640 --> 00:19:57.750 align:start position:0% the outer solar system and explore where scientists<00:19:56.200> think<00:19:56.520> the<00:19:56.600> most<00:19:56.880> likely<00:19:57.240> places 00:19:57.750 --> 00:19:57.760 align:start position:0% scientists think the most likely places 00:19:57.760 --> 00:20:00.510 align:start position:0% scientists think the most likely places to<00:19:57.840> find<00:19:58.080> life<00:19:58.400> could<00:19:58.600> be. 00:20:00.510 --> 00:20:00.520 align:start position:0% to find life could be. 00:20:00.520 --> 00:20:03.390 align:start position:0% to find life could be. The<00:20:00.600> first<00:20:00.920> planet<00:20:01.320> after<00:20:01.640> Mars<00:20:02.040> is<00:20:02.400> Jupiter. 00:20:03.390 --> 00:20:03.400 align:start position:0% The first planet after Mars is Jupiter. 00:20:03.400 --> 00:20:06.310 align:start position:0% The first planet after Mars is Jupiter. Jupiter<00:20:03.840> itself<00:20:04.440> is<00:20:04.680> not<00:20:05.040> at<00:20:05.240> all<00:20:05.480> hospitable 00:20:06.310 --> 00:20:06.320 align:start position:0% Jupiter itself is not at all hospitable 00:20:06.320 --> 00:20:08.630 align:start position:0% Jupiter itself is not at all hospitable to<00:20:06.480> life<00:20:06.800> as<00:20:06.960> we<00:20:07.080> know<00:20:07.280> it. 00:20:08.630 --> 00:20:08.640 align:start position:0% to life as we know it. 00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:10.750 align:start position:0% to life as we know it. It<00:20:08.760> barely<00:20:09.080> has<00:20:09.320> any<00:20:09.560> form<00:20:09.840> of<00:20:10.000> water.<00:20:10.640> It 00:20:10.750 --> 00:20:10.760 align:start position:0% It barely has any form of water. It 00:20:10.760 --> 00:20:12.910 align:start position:0% It barely has any form of water. It doesn't<00:20:11.040> have<00:20:11.200> a<00:20:11.240> solid<00:20:11.640> surface,<00:20:12.640> and<00:20:12.800> the 00:20:12.910 --> 00:20:12.920 align:start position:0% doesn't have a solid surface, and the 00:20:12.920 --> 00:20:14.750 align:start position:0% doesn't have a solid surface, and the winds<00:20:13.320> and<00:20:13.440> convection<00:20:14.080> forces<00:20:14.560> on<00:20:14.680> the 00:20:14.750 --> 00:20:14.760 align:start position:0% winds and convection forces on the 00:20:14.760 --> 00:20:16.590 align:start position:0% winds and convection forces on the planet<00:20:15.320> would<00:20:15.480> drag<00:20:15.960> down<00:20:16.400> any 00:20:16.590 --> 00:20:16.600 align:start position:0% planet would drag down any 00:20:16.600 --> 00:20:19.070 align:start position:0% planet would drag down any microorganisms<00:20:17.800> that<00:20:17.960> try<00:20:18.200> to<00:20:18.400> form<00:20:18.840> in<00:20:18.960> the 00:20:19.070 --> 00:20:19.080 align:start position:0% microorganisms that try to form in the 00:20:19.080 --> 00:20:21.350 align:start position:0% microorganisms that try to form in the tops<00:20:19.400> of<00:20:19.520> the<00:20:19.640> cloud<00:20:19.960> layer. 00:20:21.350 --> 00:20:21.360 align:start position:0% tops of the cloud layer. 00:20:21.360 --> 00:20:23.510 align:start position:0% tops of the cloud layer. The<00:20:21.400> deeper<00:20:21.760> you<00:20:21.920> go<00:20:22.120> into<00:20:22.360> Jupiter,<00:20:23.120> the<00:20:23.240> more 00:20:23.510 --> 00:20:23.520 align:start position:0% The deeper you go into Jupiter, the more 00:20:23.520 --> 00:20:25.509 align:start position:0% The deeper you go into Jupiter, the more the<00:20:23.640> pressure<00:20:24.200> and<00:20:24.400> heat<00:20:24.720> increases. 00:20:25.509 --> 00:20:25.519 align:start position:0% the pressure and heat increases. 00:20:25.519 --> 00:20:25.750 align:start position:0% the pressure and heat increases. >> [music] 00:20:25.750 --> 00:20:25.760 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:20:25.760 --> 00:20:27.630 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> The<00:20:25.880> chances<00:20:26.320> are<00:20:26.400> very<00:20:26.760> slim<00:20:27.160> that<00:20:27.320> life 00:20:27.630 --> 00:20:27.640 align:start position:0% >> The chances are very slim that life 00:20:27.640 --> 00:20:30.310 align:start position:0% >> The chances are very slim that life could<00:20:27.800> exist<00:20:28.240> here<00:20:28.560> in<00:20:28.760> these<00:20:28.960> extremes. 00:20:30.310 --> 00:20:30.320 align:start position:0% could exist here in these extremes. 00:20:30.320 --> 00:20:32.470 align:start position:0% could exist here in these extremes. However,<00:20:31.080> Jupiter<00:20:31.480> has<00:20:31.760> some<00:20:31.960> moons<00:20:32.360> where 00:20:32.470 --> 00:20:32.480 align:start position:0% However, Jupiter has some moons where 00:20:32.480 --> 00:20:35.030 align:start position:0% However, Jupiter has some moons where the<00:20:32.600> conditions<00:20:33.160> are<00:20:33.320> much<00:20:33.800> better. 00:20:35.030 --> 00:20:35.040 align:start position:0% the conditions are much better. 00:20:35.040 --> 00:20:37.110 align:start position:0% the conditions are much better. The<00:20:35.080> biggest<00:20:35.480> of<00:20:35.600> Jupiter's<00:20:36.040> moons,<00:20:36.880> called 00:20:37.110 --> 00:20:37.120 align:start position:0% The biggest of Jupiter's moons, called 00:20:37.120 --> 00:20:39.390 align:start position:0% The biggest of Jupiter's moons, called the<00:20:37.200> Galilean<00:20:37.840> moons,<00:20:38.480> are<00:20:38.640> big<00:20:38.920> enough<00:20:39.240> to 00:20:39.390 --> 00:20:39.400 align:start position:0% the Galilean moons, are big enough to 00:20:39.400 --> 00:20:42.590 align:start position:0% the Galilean moons, are big enough to have<00:20:39.840> differentiated<00:20:40.960> interiors. 00:20:42.590 --> 00:20:42.600 align:start position:0% have differentiated interiors. 00:20:42.600 --> 00:20:44.510 align:start position:0% have differentiated interiors. Small<00:20:42.960> moons<00:20:43.280> and<00:20:43.400> asteroids<00:20:44.000> tend<00:20:44.200> to<00:20:44.320> be 00:20:44.510 --> 00:20:44.520 align:start position:0% Small moons and asteroids tend to be 00:20:44.520 --> 00:20:47.830 align:start position:0% Small moons and asteroids tend to be just<00:20:44.880> the<00:20:44.960> same<00:20:45.320> throughout,<00:20:45.960> like<00:20:46.360> a<00:20:46.440> rock. 00:20:47.830 --> 00:20:47.840 align:start position:0% just the same throughout, like a rock. 00:20:47.840 --> 00:20:49.950 align:start position:0% just the same throughout, like a rock. However,<00:20:48.200> bigger<00:20:48.600> moons<00:20:48.960> will<00:20:49.160> often<00:20:49.560> have 00:20:49.950 --> 00:20:49.960 align:start position:0% However, bigger moons will often have 00:20:49.960 --> 00:20:52.830 align:start position:0% However, bigger moons will often have layers<00:20:50.840> and<00:20:51.040> cores.<00:20:51.064> [music] 00:20:52.830 --> 00:20:52.840 align:start position:0% layers and cores. [music] 00:20:52.840 --> 00:20:54.950 align:start position:0% layers and cores. [music] The<00:20:52.920> second<00:20:53.240> of<00:20:53.360> Jupiter's<00:20:53.760> Galilean<00:20:54.320> moons, 00:20:54.950 --> 00:20:54.960 align:start position:0% The second of Jupiter's Galilean moons, 00:20:54.960 --> 00:20:57.110 align:start position:0% The second of Jupiter's Galilean moons, Europa,<00:20:55.800> is<00:20:56.000> actually<00:20:56.360> one<00:20:56.560> of<00:20:56.640> the<00:20:56.760> most 00:20:57.110 --> 00:20:57.120 align:start position:0% Europa, is actually one of the most 00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:59.550 align:start position:0% Europa, is actually one of the most likely<00:20:57.640> places<00:20:58.240> to<00:20:58.360> find<00:20:58.680> life<00:20:59.000> in<00:20:59.160> the<00:20:59.240> whole 00:20:59.550 --> 00:20:59.560 align:start position:0% likely places to find life in the whole 00:20:59.560 --> 00:21:03.110 align:start position:0% likely places to find life in the whole solar<00:20:59.880> system,<00:21:00.680> but<00:21:01.200> not<00:21:01.600> on<00:21:01.720> its<00:21:01.920> surface. 00:21:03.110 --> 00:21:03.120 align:start position:0% solar system, but not on its surface. 00:21:03.120 --> 00:21:05.150 align:start position:0% solar system, but not on its surface. The<00:21:03.200> crust<00:21:03.560> of<00:21:03.680> Europa<00:21:04.160> looks<00:21:04.400> extremely 00:21:05.150 --> 00:21:05.160 align:start position:0% The crust of Europa looks extremely 00:21:05.160 --> 00:21:07.550 align:start position:0% The crust of Europa looks extremely unusual<00:21:05.920> with<00:21:06.080> these<00:21:06.360> fault<00:21:06.720> lines<00:21:07.160> running 00:21:07.550 --> 00:21:07.560 align:start position:0% unusual with these fault lines running 00:21:07.560 --> 00:21:10.230 align:start position:0% unusual with these fault lines running all<00:21:07.920> over.<00:21:08.760> This<00:21:08.960> is<00:21:09.040> because<00:21:09.440> the<00:21:09.520> crust<00:21:10.000> is 00:21:10.230 --> 00:21:10.240 align:start position:0% all over. This is because the crust is 00:21:10.240 --> 00:21:13.150 align:start position:0% all over. This is because the crust is actually<00:21:10.640> made<00:21:11.040> of<00:21:11.280> water<00:21:11.760> ice,<00:21:12.560> and<00:21:12.720> beneath 00:21:13.150 --> 00:21:13.160 align:start position:0% actually made of water ice, and beneath 00:21:13.160 --> 00:21:14.990 align:start position:0% actually made of water ice, and beneath this<00:21:13.440> ice<00:21:13.680> sheet<00:21:14.040> is<00:21:14.240> believed<00:21:14.600> to<00:21:14.680> be<00:21:14.880> a 00:21:14.990 --> 00:21:15.000 align:start position:0% this ice sheet is believed to be a 00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:18.270 align:start position:0% this ice sheet is believed to be a liquid<00:21:15.760> water<00:21:16.240> ocean<00:21:17.000> that<00:21:17.200> spans<00:21:17.720> the<00:21:17.840> entire 00:21:18.270 --> 00:21:18.280 align:start position:0% liquid water ocean that spans the entire 00:21:18.280 --> 00:21:20.790 align:start position:0% liquid water ocean that spans the entire moon. 00:21:20.790 --> 00:21:20.800 align:start position:0% 00:21:20.800 --> 00:21:22.750 align:start position:0% Evidence<00:21:21.320> of<00:21:21.440> this<00:21:21.640> can<00:21:21.800> be<00:21:21.920> seen<00:21:22.280> through<00:21:22.640> the 00:21:22.750 --> 00:21:22.760 align:start position:0% Evidence of this can be seen through the 00:21:22.760 --> 00:21:24.870 align:start position:0% Evidence of this can be seen through the rotation<00:21:23.400> of<00:21:23.520> the<00:21:23.640> crust, 00:21:24.870 --> 00:21:24.880 align:start position:0% rotation of the crust, 00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:26.750 align:start position:0% rotation of the crust, which<00:21:25.040> is<00:21:25.200> thought<00:21:25.560> to<00:21:25.680> have<00:21:25.840> moved<00:21:26.200> by<00:21:26.400> up<00:21:26.560> to 00:21:26.750 --> 00:21:26.760 align:start position:0% which is thought to have moved by up to 00:21:26.760 --> 00:21:30.190 align:start position:0% which is thought to have moved by up to 80°.<00:21:28.200> Very<00:21:28.480> unlikely<00:21:29.120> to<00:21:29.280> have<00:21:29.480> happened<00:21:30.080> if 00:21:30.190 --> 00:21:30.200 align:start position:0% 80°. Very unlikely to have happened if 00:21:30.200 --> 00:21:31.910 align:start position:0% 80°. Very unlikely to have happened if the<00:21:30.320> crust<00:21:30.720> and<00:21:30.840> core<00:21:31.160> were<00:21:31.320> solidly 00:21:31.910 --> 00:21:31.920 align:start position:0% the crust and core were solidly 00:21:31.920 --> 00:21:33.550 align:start position:0% the crust and core were solidly attached. 00:21:33.550 --> 00:21:33.560 align:start position:0% attached. 00:21:33.560 --> 00:21:35.350 align:start position:0% attached. Another<00:21:33.880> piece<00:21:34.120> of<00:21:34.240> evidence<00:21:34.720> is<00:21:34.880> something 00:21:35.350 --> 00:21:35.360 align:start position:0% Another piece of evidence is something 00:21:35.360 --> 00:21:37.590 align:start position:0% Another piece of evidence is something that<00:21:35.560> has<00:21:35.800> only<00:21:36.120> just<00:21:36.400> been<00:21:36.600> confirmed<00:21:37.320> in<00:21:37.440> the 00:21:37.590 --> 00:21:37.600 align:start position:0% that has only just been confirmed in the 00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:40.990 align:start position:0% that has only just been confirmed in the old<00:21:37.960> Galileo<00:21:38.600> spacecraft<00:21:39.440> data.<00:21:40.400> Galileo 00:21:40.990 --> 00:21:41.000 align:start position:0% old Galileo spacecraft data. Galileo 00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:42.990 align:start position:0% old Galileo spacecraft data. Galileo actually<00:21:41.400> detected<00:21:42.040> water<00:21:42.400> plumes<00:21:42.840> or 00:21:42.990 --> 00:21:43.000 align:start position:0% actually detected water plumes or 00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:45.790 align:start position:0% actually detected water plumes or geysers<00:21:43.920> shooting<00:21:44.280> water<00:21:44.640> far<00:21:45.080> into<00:21:45.320> space 00:21:45.790 --> 00:21:45.800 align:start position:0% geysers shooting water far into space 00:21:45.800 --> 00:21:49.910 align:start position:0% geysers shooting water far into space when<00:21:45.920> it<00:21:46.040> passed<00:21:46.440> by<00:21:46.680> the<00:21:46.800> moon<00:21:47.120> very<00:21:47.440> closely. 00:21:49.910 --> 00:21:49.920 align:start position:0% when it passed by the moon very closely. 00:21:49.920 --> 00:21:52.470 align:start position:0% when it passed by the moon very closely. In<00:21:50.040> 2016,<00:21:50.880> the<00:21:51.000> Hubble<00:21:51.360> team<00:21:51.680> suspected<00:21:52.280> they 00:21:52.470 --> 00:21:52.480 align:start position:0% In 2016, the Hubble team suspected they 00:21:52.480 --> 00:21:54.270 align:start position:0% In 2016, the Hubble team suspected they might<00:21:52.720> have<00:21:52.880> imaged<00:21:53.320> water<00:21:53.600> plume<00:21:53.880> shooting 00:21:54.270 --> 00:21:54.280 align:start position:0% might have imaged water plume shooting 00:21:54.280 --> 00:21:57.710 align:start position:0% might have imaged water plume shooting 200<00:21:54.920> km<00:21:55.480> into<00:21:55.760> space,<00:21:56.600> and<00:21:56.800> this<00:21:57.040> rediscovered 00:21:57.710 --> 00:21:57.720 align:start position:0% 200 km into space, and this rediscovered 00:21:57.720 --> 00:22:01.070 align:start position:0% 200 km into space, and this rediscovered Galileo<00:21:58.240> data<00:21:58.720> has<00:21:58.960> confirmed<00:21:59.440> it. 00:22:01.070 --> 00:22:01.080 align:start position:0% Galileo data has confirmed it. 00:22:01.080 --> 00:22:03.150 align:start position:0% Galileo data has confirmed it. NASA<00:22:01.400> considers<00:22:01.920> the<00:22:02.040> prospect<00:22:02.600> of<00:22:02.720> life<00:22:02.960> here 00:22:03.150 --> 00:22:03.160 align:start position:0% NASA considers the prospect of life here 00:22:03.160 --> 00:22:05.230 align:start position:0% NASA considers the prospect of life here so<00:22:03.520> intriguing<00:22:04.440> that<00:22:04.640> there<00:22:04.840> will<00:22:05.040> be<00:22:05.160> a 00:22:05.230 --> 00:22:05.240 align:start position:0% so intriguing that there will be a 00:22:05.240 --> 00:22:08.150 align:start position:0% so intriguing that there will be a dedicated<00:22:06.000> Europa<00:22:06.880> Clipper<00:22:07.080> mission<00:22:07.800> due<00:22:08.040> to 00:22:08.150 --> 00:22:08.160 align:start position:0% dedicated Europa Clipper mission due to 00:22:08.160 --> 00:22:10.830 align:start position:0% dedicated Europa Clipper mission due to be<00:22:08.320> launched<00:22:08.720> in<00:22:08.800> about<00:22:09.160> 4<00:22:09.480> years<00:22:09.840> time. 00:22:10.830 --> 00:22:10.840 align:start position:0% be launched in about 4 years time. 00:22:10.840 --> 00:22:13.150 align:start position:0% be launched in about 4 years time. The<00:22:10.920> Europa<00:22:11.320> Clipper<00:22:11.800> will<00:22:12.080> orbit<00:22:12.440> Europa 00:22:13.150 --> 00:22:13.160 align:start position:0% The Europa Clipper will orbit Europa 00:22:13.160 --> 00:22:15.030 align:start position:0% The Europa Clipper will orbit Europa passing<00:22:13.480> through<00:22:13.840> the<00:22:13.960> water<00:22:14.280> plumes 00:22:15.030 --> 00:22:15.040 align:start position:0% passing through the water plumes 00:22:15.040 --> 00:22:18.190 align:start position:0% passing through the water plumes sampling<00:22:15.600> the<00:22:15.720> water<00:22:16.120> that<00:22:16.320> is<00:22:16.440> ejected. 00:22:18.190 --> 00:22:18.200 align:start position:0% sampling the water that is ejected. 00:22:18.200 --> 00:22:19.990 align:start position:0% sampling the water that is ejected. We<00:22:18.240> are<00:22:18.320> not<00:22:18.480> expecting<00:22:19.080> to<00:22:19.160> find<00:22:19.560> fish 00:22:19.990 --> 00:22:20.000 align:start position:0% We are not expecting to find fish 00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:22.470 align:start position:0% We are not expecting to find fish blasted<00:22:20.560> into<00:22:20.800> space<00:22:21.120> by<00:22:21.280> these<00:22:21.480> geysers,<00:22:22.360> but 00:22:22.470 --> 00:22:22.480 align:start position:0% blasted into space by these geysers, but 00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:24.270 align:start position:0% blasted into space by these geysers, but the<00:22:22.600> water<00:22:22.960> samples<00:22:23.400> will<00:22:23.520> tell<00:22:23.760> us<00:22:24.000> what<00:22:24.200> the 00:22:24.270 --> 00:22:24.280 align:start position:0% the water samples will tell us what the 00:22:24.280 --> 00:22:27.070 align:start position:0% the water samples will tell us what the conditions<00:22:24.920> are<00:22:25.000> like<00:22:25.440> under<00:22:25.720> the<00:22:25.840> crust. 00:22:27.070 --> 00:22:27.080 align:start position:0% conditions are like under the crust. 00:22:27.080 --> 00:22:29.110 align:start position:0% conditions are like under the crust. And<00:22:27.200> if<00:22:27.320> there<00:22:27.520> really<00:22:27.920> is<00:22:28.200> a<00:22:28.240> possibility<00:22:28.960> of 00:22:29.110 --> 00:22:29.120 align:start position:0% And if there really is a possibility of 00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:31.230 align:start position:0% And if there really is a possibility of life<00:22:29.480> down<00:22:29.800> there. 00:22:31.230 --> 00:22:31.240 align:start position:0% life down there. 00:22:31.240 --> 00:22:33.270 align:start position:0% life down there. Future<00:22:31.560> robotic<00:22:32.120> missions<00:22:32.640> that<00:22:32.880> aim<00:22:33.120> to 00:22:33.270 --> 00:22:33.280 align:start position:0% Future robotic missions that aim to 00:22:33.280 --> 00:22:35.390 align:start position:0% Future robotic missions that aim to reach<00:22:33.640> and<00:22:33.760> traverse<00:22:34.160> this<00:22:34.400> ocean<00:22:34.920> are<00:22:35.040> still 00:22:35.390 --> 00:22:35.400 align:start position:0% reach and traverse this ocean are still 00:22:35.400 --> 00:22:37.870 align:start position:0% reach and traverse this ocean are still in<00:22:35.520> the<00:22:35.640> planning<00:22:36.000> stages. 00:22:37.870 --> 00:22:37.880 align:start position:0% in the planning stages. 00:22:37.880 --> 00:22:40.390 align:start position:0% in the planning stages. Interestingly,<00:22:38.880> while<00:22:39.080> Europa<00:22:39.680> is<00:22:40.040> the<00:22:40.120> most 00:22:40.390 --> 00:22:40.400 align:start position:0% Interestingly, while Europa is the most 00:22:40.400 --> 00:22:42.110 align:start position:0% Interestingly, while Europa is the most likely<00:22:40.760> place<00:22:41.040> to<00:22:41.160> harbor<00:22:41.520> life<00:22:41.800> around 00:22:42.110 --> 00:22:42.120 align:start position:0% likely place to harbor life around 00:22:42.120 --> 00:22:45.030 align:start position:0% likely place to harbor life around Jupiter,<00:22:43.040> it<00:22:43.240> is<00:22:43.480> not<00:22:43.920> the<00:22:44.120> only<00:22:44.360> moon<00:22:44.840> that 00:22:45.030 --> 00:22:45.040 align:start position:0% Jupiter, it is not the only moon that 00:22:45.040 --> 00:22:47.870 align:start position:0% Jupiter, it is not the only moon that probably<00:22:45.640> has<00:22:45.880> an<00:22:46.040> underground<00:22:46.880> liquid<00:22:47.480> ocean 00:22:47.870 --> 00:22:47.880 align:start position:0% probably has an underground liquid ocean 00:22:47.880 --> 00:22:49.430 align:start position:0% probably has an underground liquid ocean layer. 00:22:49.430 --> 00:22:49.440 align:start position:0% layer. 00:22:49.440 --> 00:22:51.070 align:start position:0% layer. Three<00:22:49.800> of<00:22:49.880> the<00:22:50.000> four<00:22:50.320> biggest<00:22:50.720> moons<00:22:50.960> of 00:22:51.070 --> 00:22:51.080 align:start position:0% Three of the four biggest moons of 00:22:51.080 --> 00:22:54.990 align:start position:0% Three of the four biggest moons of Jupiter,<00:22:52.000> Europa,<00:22:53.000> Callisto,<00:22:53.880> and<00:22:54.000> Ganymede 00:22:54.990 --> 00:22:55.000 align:start position:0% Jupiter, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede 00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:56.710 align:start position:0% Jupiter, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede all<00:22:55.280> could<00:22:55.480> have<00:22:55.760> life<00:22:56.200> under<00:22:56.520> their 00:22:56.710 --> 00:22:56.720 align:start position:0% all could have life under their 00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:58.390 align:start position:0% all could have life under their surfaces. 00:22:58.390 --> 00:22:58.400 align:start position:0% surfaces. 00:22:58.400 --> 00:23:00.950 align:start position:0% surfaces. Callisto<00:22:59.040> may<00:22:59.360> have<00:22:59.600> a<00:22:59.720> water<00:23:00.200> or<00:23:00.440> ice<00:23:00.680> layer 00:23:00.950 --> 00:23:00.960 align:start position:0% Callisto may have a water or ice layer 00:23:00.960 --> 00:23:04.790 align:start position:0% Callisto may have a water or ice layer up<00:23:01.240> to<00:23:01.360> 300<00:23:02.000> km<00:23:02.480> thick. 00:23:04.790 --> 00:23:04.800 align:start position:0% up to 300 km thick. 00:23:04.800 --> 00:23:07.070 align:start position:0% up to 300 km thick. Ganymede<00:23:05.440> has<00:23:05.600> at<00:23:05.680> least<00:23:05.960> one<00:23:06.320> water<00:23:06.720> ocean 00:23:07.070 --> 00:23:07.080 align:start position:0% Ganymede has at least one water ocean 00:23:07.080 --> 00:23:08.270 align:start position:0% Ganymede has at least one water ocean layer, 00:23:08.270 --> 00:23:08.280 align:start position:0% layer, 00:23:08.280 --> 00:23:10.350 align:start position:0% layer, but<00:23:08.440> could<00:23:08.720> also<00:23:09.080> have<00:23:09.280> several,<00:23:10.200> all 00:23:10.350 --> 00:23:10.360 align:start position:0% but could also have several, all 00:23:10.360 --> 00:23:13.270 align:start position:0% but could also have several, all separated<00:23:11.000> by<00:23:11.160> sheets<00:23:11.600> of<00:23:11.800> ice. 00:23:13.270 --> 00:23:13.280 align:start position:0% separated by sheets of ice. 00:23:13.280 --> 00:23:15.110 align:start position:0% separated by sheets of ice. Ganymede<00:23:13.680> is<00:23:13.800> probably<00:23:14.240> the<00:23:14.360> second<00:23:14.880> most 00:23:15.110 --> 00:23:15.120 align:start position:0% Ganymede is probably the second most 00:23:15.120 --> 00:23:17.270 align:start position:0% Ganymede is probably the second most promising<00:23:15.640> moon<00:23:15.880> of<00:23:16.000> Jupiter 00:23:17.270 --> 00:23:17.280 align:start position:0% promising moon of Jupiter 00:23:17.280 --> 00:23:19.710 align:start position:0% promising moon of Jupiter as<00:23:17.400> the<00:23:17.520> bottom-most<00:23:18.280> water<00:23:18.680> layer<00:23:19.280> could<00:23:19.600> be 00:23:19.710 --> 00:23:19.720 align:start position:0% as the bottom-most water layer could be 00:23:19.720 --> 00:23:22.350 align:start position:0% as the bottom-most water layer could be touching<00:23:20.120> rock.<00:23:21.000> Water<00:23:21.280> to<00:23:21.440> rock<00:23:21.720> contact 00:23:22.350 --> 00:23:22.360 align:start position:0% touching rock. Water to rock contact 00:23:22.360 --> 00:23:24.230 align:start position:0% touching rock. Water to rock contact could<00:23:22.640> be<00:23:22.800> an<00:23:22.920> important<00:23:23.400> factor<00:23:23.760> for<00:23:23.880> life<00:23:24.120> to 00:23:24.230 --> 00:23:24.240 align:start position:0% could be an important factor for life to 00:23:24.240 --> 00:23:27.750 align:start position:0% could be an important factor for life to exist<00:23:24.960> as<00:23:25.160> the<00:23:25.280> rock<00:23:25.600> provides<00:23:26.080> minerals. 00:23:27.750 --> 00:23:27.760 align:start position:0% exist as the rock provides minerals. 00:23:27.760 --> 00:23:29.430 align:start position:0% exist as the rock provides minerals. Ganymede<00:23:28.160> is<00:23:28.320> already<00:23:28.760> the<00:23:28.840> biggest<00:23:29.160> moon<00:23:29.360> in 00:23:29.430 --> 00:23:29.440 align:start position:0% Ganymede is already the biggest moon in 00:23:29.440 --> 00:23:31.990 align:start position:0% Ganymede is already the biggest moon in the<00:23:29.520> solar<00:23:29.800> system,<00:23:30.400> but<00:23:30.520> data<00:23:30.920> also<00:23:31.320> suggests 00:23:31.990 --> 00:23:32.000 align:start position:0% the solar system, but data also suggests 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:34.670 align:start position:0% the solar system, but data also suggests that<00:23:32.160> its<00:23:32.360> underground<00:23:32.960> ocean<00:23:33.760> could<00:23:34.080> also<00:23:34.480> be 00:23:34.670 --> 00:23:34.680 align:start position:0% that its underground ocean could also be 00:23:34.680 --> 00:23:36.230 align:start position:0% that its underground ocean could also be the<00:23:34.840> largest. 00:23:36.230 --> 00:23:36.240 align:start position:0% the largest. 00:23:36.240 --> 00:23:37.950 align:start position:0% the largest. Ganymede<00:23:36.600> will<00:23:36.840> also<00:23:37.200> be<00:23:37.320> getting<00:23:37.640> its<00:23:37.800> own 00:23:37.950 --> 00:23:37.960 align:start position:0% Ganymede will also be getting its own 00:23:37.960 --> 00:23:40.390 align:start position:0% Ganymede will also be getting its own mission,<00:23:38.520> this<00:23:38.720> time<00:23:39.040> from<00:23:39.400> ESA<00:23:40.080> or<00:23:40.240> the 00:23:40.390 --> 00:23:40.400 align:start position:0% mission, this time from ESA or the 00:23:40.400 --> 00:23:42.630 align:start position:0% mission, this time from ESA or the European<00:23:40.960> Space<00:23:41.360> Agency,<00:23:42.320> and<00:23:42.440> it<00:23:42.520> will 00:23:42.630 --> 00:23:42.640 align:start position:0% European Space Agency, and it will 00:23:42.640 --> 00:23:44.870 align:start position:0% European Space Agency, and it will arrive<00:23:43.000> about<00:23:43.280> the<00:23:43.360> same<00:23:43.720> time<00:23:44.160> as<00:23:44.320> the<00:23:44.440> Europa 00:23:44.870 --> 00:23:44.880 align:start position:0% arrive about the same time as the Europa 00:23:44.880 --> 00:23:47.030 align:start position:0% arrive about the same time as the Europa Clipper. 00:23:47.030 --> 00:23:47.040 align:start position:0% Clipper. 00:23:47.040 --> 00:23:49.110 align:start position:0% Clipper. You<00:23:47.080> may<00:23:47.200> be<00:23:47.400> asking,<00:23:48.120> why<00:23:48.320> do<00:23:48.480> these<00:23:48.720> liquid 00:23:49.110 --> 00:23:49.120 align:start position:0% You may be asking, why do these liquid 00:23:49.120 --> 00:23:51.110 align:start position:0% You may be asking, why do these liquid oceans<00:23:49.640> form<00:23:50.040> under<00:23:50.240> the<00:23:50.360> surface<00:23:50.800> of<00:23:50.920> these 00:23:51.110 --> 00:23:51.120 align:start position:0% oceans form under the surface of these 00:23:51.120 --> 00:23:52.190 align:start position:0% oceans form under the surface of these moons? 00:23:52.190 --> 00:23:52.200 align:start position:0% moons? 00:23:52.200 --> 00:23:54.270 align:start position:0% moons? Surely<00:23:52.520> being<00:23:52.800> so<00:23:53.040> far<00:23:53.320> from<00:23:53.480> the<00:23:53.600> Sun<00:23:54.000> means 00:23:54.270 --> 00:23:54.280 align:start position:0% Surely being so far from the Sun means 00:23:54.280 --> 00:23:55.510 align:start position:0% Surely being so far from the Sun means these<00:23:54.480> moons<00:23:54.760> should<00:23:54.880> be<00:23:55.040> frozen<00:23:55.121> [music] 00:23:55.510 --> 00:23:55.520 align:start position:0% these moons should be frozen [music] 00:23:55.520 --> 00:23:56.710 align:start position:0% these moons should be frozen [music] solid. 00:23:56.710 --> 00:23:56.720 align:start position:0% solid. 00:23:56.720 --> 00:23:58.710 align:start position:0% solid. Well,<00:23:57.200> along<00:23:57.560> with<00:23:57.720> tidal<00:23:58.160> forces<00:23:58.560> from 00:23:58.710 --> 00:23:58.720 align:start position:0% Well, along with tidal forces from 00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:00.750 align:start position:0% Well, along with tidal forces from Jupiter,<00:23:59.440> a<00:23:59.520> predominant<00:24:00.240> thought<00:24:00.600> at<00:24:00.680> the 00:24:00.750 --> 00:24:00.760 align:start position:0% Jupiter, a predominant thought at the 00:24:00.760 --> 00:24:03.110 align:start position:0% Jupiter, a predominant thought at the moment<00:24:01.400> is<00:24:01.560> that<00:24:01.680> the<00:24:01.800> moons<00:24:02.160> generate<00:24:02.600> heat 00:24:03.110 --> 00:24:03.120 align:start position:0% moment is that the moons generate heat 00:24:03.120 --> 00:24:05.670 align:start position:0% moment is that the moons generate heat through<00:24:03.360> something<00:24:03.800> called<00:24:04.320> Rossby<00:24:04.880> waves, 00:24:05.670 --> 00:24:05.680 align:start position:0% through something called Rossby waves, 00:24:05.680 --> 00:24:09.230 align:start position:0% through something called Rossby waves, also<00:24:06.040> known<00:24:06.520> as<00:24:06.720> planetary<00:24:07.400> waves. 00:24:09.230 --> 00:24:09.240 align:start position:0% also known as planetary waves. 00:24:09.240 --> 00:24:11.270 align:start position:0% also known as planetary waves. Rossby<00:24:09.640> waves<00:24:10.040> exist<00:24:10.480> on<00:24:10.640> Earth<00:24:10.960> in<00:24:11.040> its 00:24:11.270 --> 00:24:11.280 align:start position:0% Rossby waves exist on Earth in its 00:24:11.280 --> 00:24:14.110 align:start position:0% Rossby waves exist on Earth in its atmosphere<00:24:12.080> and<00:24:12.440> oceans<00:24:13.200> and<00:24:13.320> are<00:24:13.400> caused<00:24:13.960> by 00:24:14.110 --> 00:24:14.120 align:start position:0% atmosphere and oceans and are caused by 00:24:14.120 --> 00:24:16.590 align:start position:0% atmosphere and oceans and are caused by the<00:24:14.240> inertia<00:24:14.800> generated<00:24:15.520> by<00:24:15.680> the<00:24:15.800> rotation<00:24:16.480> of 00:24:16.590 --> 00:24:16.600 align:start position:0% the inertia generated by the rotation of 00:24:16.600 --> 00:24:19.470 align:start position:0% the inertia generated by the rotation of the<00:24:16.720> planet.<00:24:17.720> They<00:24:17.840> are<00:24:17.920> slow-moving<00:24:18.960> kinetic 00:24:19.470 --> 00:24:19.480 align:start position:0% the planet. They are slow-moving kinetic 00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:22.470 align:start position:0% the planet. They are slow-moving kinetic waves,<00:24:20.200> but<00:24:20.400> over<00:24:20.640> a<00:24:20.760> whole<00:24:21.080> planet<00:24:21.560> or<00:24:21.680> moon, 00:24:22.470 --> 00:24:22.480 align:start position:0% waves, but over a whole planet or moon, 00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:26.190 align:start position:0% waves, but over a whole planet or moon, they<00:24:22.640> can<00:24:22.840> store<00:24:23.120> a<00:24:23.200> huge<00:24:23.640> amount<00:24:24.000> of<00:24:24.120> energy. 00:24:26.190 --> 00:24:26.200 align:start position:0% they can store a huge amount of energy. 00:24:26.200 --> 00:24:28.430 align:start position:0% they can store a huge amount of energy. This<00:24:26.480> means<00:24:27.040> the<00:24:27.120> subsurface<00:24:27.760> oceans<00:24:28.240> on<00:24:28.360> the 00:24:28.430 --> 00:24:28.440 align:start position:0% This means the subsurface oceans on the 00:24:28.440 --> 00:24:30.910 align:start position:0% This means the subsurface oceans on the moons<00:24:29.120> could<00:24:29.520> have<00:24:29.840> a<00:24:29.920> lot<00:24:30.200> more<00:24:30.400> energy<00:24:30.760> than 00:24:30.910 --> 00:24:30.920 align:start position:0% moons could have a lot more energy than 00:24:30.920 --> 00:24:32.470 align:start position:0% moons could have a lot more energy than first<00:24:31.360> thought 00:24:32.470 --> 00:24:32.480 align:start position:0% first thought 00:24:32.480 --> 00:24:34.870 align:start position:0% first thought and<00:24:32.720> may<00:24:33.240> have<00:24:33.480> currents<00:24:34.080> and<00:24:34.240> streams<00:24:34.760> in 00:24:34.870 --> 00:24:34.880 align:start position:0% and may have currents and streams in 00:24:34.880 --> 00:24:36.950 align:start position:0% and may have currents and streams in them<00:24:35.120> just<00:24:35.400> like<00:24:35.680> in<00:24:35.880> Earth's<00:24:36.240> atmosphere<00:24:36.800> and 00:24:36.950 --> 00:24:36.960 align:start position:0% them just like in Earth's atmosphere and 00:24:36.960 --> 00:24:39.070 align:start position:0% them just like in Earth's atmosphere and ocean. 00:24:39.070 --> 00:24:39.080 align:start position:0% ocean. 00:24:39.080 --> 00:24:40.990 align:start position:0% ocean. Why<00:24:39.240> do<00:24:39.400> scientists<00:24:39.920> think<00:24:40.240> life<00:24:40.520> could<00:24:40.680> exist 00:24:40.990 --> 00:24:41.000 align:start position:0% Why do scientists think life could exist 00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:43.350 align:start position:0% Why do scientists think life could exist in<00:24:41.080> these<00:24:41.280> oceans<00:24:41.800> away<00:24:42.240> from<00:24:42.520> sunlight<00:24:43.240> and 00:24:43.350 --> 00:24:43.360 align:start position:0% in these oceans away from sunlight and 00:24:43.360 --> 00:24:44.830 align:start position:0% in these oceans away from sunlight and the<00:24:43.400> Goldilocks<00:24:43.960> zone? 00:24:44.830 --> 00:24:44.840 align:start position:0% the Goldilocks zone? 00:24:44.840 --> 00:24:46.830 align:start position:0% the Goldilocks zone? Well,<00:24:45.240> let's<00:24:45.520> remind<00:24:45.960> ourselves<00:24:46.560> of<00:24:46.720> the 00:24:46.830 --> 00:24:46.840 align:start position:0% Well, let's remind ourselves of the 00:24:46.840 --> 00:24:49.230 align:start position:0% Well, let's remind ourselves of the factors<00:24:47.360> needed<00:24:47.760> for<00:24:47.880> life. 00:24:49.230 --> 00:24:49.240 align:start position:0% factors needed for life. 00:24:49.240 --> 00:24:52.030 align:start position:0% factors needed for life. Liquid<00:24:49.840> water<00:24:50.280> is<00:24:50.480> present<00:24:50.880> in<00:24:50.960> these<00:24:51.160> moons. 00:24:52.030 --> 00:24:52.040 align:start position:0% Liquid water is present in these moons. 00:24:52.040 --> 00:24:53.870 align:start position:0% Liquid water is present in these moons. Liquid<00:24:52.480> water<00:24:52.760> is<00:24:52.880> essential<00:24:53.440> because 00:24:53.870 --> 00:24:53.880 align:start position:0% Liquid water is essential because 00:24:53.880 --> 00:24:56.670 align:start position:0% Liquid water is essential because biochemical<00:24:54.720> reactions<00:24:55.360> can<00:24:55.640> take<00:24:55.960> place<00:24:56.400> in 00:24:56.670 --> 00:24:56.680 align:start position:0% biochemical reactions can take place in 00:24:56.680 --> 00:24:58.710 align:start position:0% biochemical reactions can take place in water. 00:24:58.710 --> 00:24:58.720 align:start position:0% water. 00:24:58.720 --> 00:25:01.230 align:start position:0% water. Water<00:24:59.080> is<00:24:59.320> also<00:24:59.680> an<00:24:59.840> excellent<00:25:00.320> solvent<00:25:01.040> that 00:25:01.230 --> 00:25:01.240 align:start position:0% Water is also an excellent solvent that 00:25:01.240 --> 00:25:03.350 align:start position:0% Water is also an excellent solvent that easily<00:25:01.640> dissolves<00:25:02.200> and<00:25:02.320> carries<00:25:02.680> nutrients 00:25:03.350 --> 00:25:03.360 align:start position:0% easily dissolves and carries nutrients 00:25:03.360 --> 00:25:06.430 align:start position:0% easily dissolves and carries nutrients and<00:25:03.520> other<00:25:03.720> compounds<00:25:04.440> in<00:25:04.720> and<00:25:04.960> out<00:25:05.160> of<00:25:05.280> cells. 00:25:06.430 --> 00:25:06.440 align:start position:0% and other compounds in and out of cells. 00:25:06.440 --> 00:25:08.990 align:start position:0% and other compounds in and out of cells. Life<00:25:06.720> forms<00:25:07.160> are<00:25:07.400> made<00:25:07.680> primarily<00:25:08.320> of<00:25:08.440> water. 00:25:08.990 --> 00:25:09.000 align:start position:0% Life forms are made primarily of water. 00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:11.350 align:start position:0% Life forms are made primarily of water. In<00:25:09.160> fact,<00:25:09.600> our<00:25:09.840> human<00:25:10.320> bodies<00:25:10.840> are<00:25:10.960> more<00:25:11.160> than 00:25:11.350 --> 00:25:11.360 align:start position:0% In fact, our human bodies are more than 00:25:11.360 --> 00:25:13.350 align:start position:0% In fact, our human bodies are more than 60%<00:25:12.200> water. 00:25:13.350 --> 00:25:13.360 align:start position:0% 60% water. 00:25:13.360 --> 00:25:15.550 align:start position:0% 60% water. Conditions<00:25:13.880> in<00:25:14.000> the<00:25:14.120> moons<00:25:14.520> oceans<00:25:15.200> would<00:25:15.400> be 00:25:15.550 --> 00:25:15.560 align:start position:0% Conditions in the moons oceans would be 00:25:15.560 --> 00:25:18.670 align:start position:0% Conditions in the moons oceans would be cold,<00:25:16.560> but<00:25:16.720> not<00:25:17.000> too<00:25:17.280> cold<00:25:17.680> as<00:25:17.840> water<00:25:18.120> is<00:25:18.360> able 00:25:18.670 --> 00:25:18.680 align:start position:0% cold, but not too cold as water is able 00:25:18.680 --> 00:25:20.830 align:start position:0% cold, but not too cold as water is able to<00:25:18.800> be<00:25:19.080> in<00:25:19.200> a<00:25:19.240> liquid<00:25:19.600> state<00:25:20.000> there. 00:25:20.830 --> 00:25:20.840 align:start position:0% to be in a liquid state there. 00:25:20.840 --> 00:25:22.710 align:start position:0% to be in a liquid state there. Being<00:25:21.040> this<00:25:21.280> deep<00:25:21.560> under<00:25:21.760> the<00:25:21.880> surface<00:25:22.400> means 00:25:22.710 --> 00:25:22.720 align:start position:0% Being this deep under the surface means 00:25:22.720 --> 00:25:24.830 align:start position:0% Being this deep under the surface means it<00:25:22.880> is<00:25:23.040> also<00:25:23.400> a<00:25:23.440> protected<00:25:24.000> environment<00:25:24.640> from 00:25:24.830 --> 00:25:24.840 align:start position:0% it is also a protected environment from 00:25:24.840 --> 00:25:27.910 align:start position:0% it is also a protected environment from cosmic<00:25:25.480> and<00:25:25.640> solar<00:25:25.960> radiation.<00:25:27.120> However, 00:25:27.910 --> 00:25:27.920 align:start position:0% cosmic and solar radiation. However, 00:25:27.920 --> 00:25:29.830 align:start position:0% cosmic and solar radiation. However, there<00:25:28.080> needs<00:25:28.400> to<00:25:28.520> be<00:25:28.720> also<00:25:29.240> essential 00:25:29.830 --> 00:25:29.840 align:start position:0% there needs to be also essential 00:25:29.840 --> 00:25:32.710 align:start position:0% there needs to be also essential chemicals<00:25:30.720> and<00:25:31.080> an<00:25:31.200> energy<00:25:31.600> source,<00:25:32.400> which<00:25:32.600> we 00:25:32.710 --> 00:25:32.720 align:start position:0% chemicals and an energy source, which we 00:25:32.720 --> 00:25:34.910 align:start position:0% chemicals and an energy source, which we can't<00:25:33.040> guarantee<00:25:33.560> exists<00:25:34.240> at<00:25:34.400> the<00:25:34.480> bottom<00:25:34.800> of 00:25:34.910 --> 00:25:34.920 align:start position:0% can't guarantee exists at the bottom of 00:25:34.920 --> 00:25:37.110 align:start position:0% can't guarantee exists at the bottom of these<00:25:35.160> oceans. 00:25:37.110 --> 00:25:37.120 align:start position:0% these oceans. 00:25:37.120 --> 00:25:39.030 align:start position:0% these oceans. Let's<00:25:37.280> compare<00:25:37.640> these<00:25:37.880> moons<00:25:38.240> to<00:25:38.520> life<00:25:38.840> on 00:25:39.030 --> 00:25:39.040 align:start position:0% Let's compare these moons to life on 00:25:39.040 --> 00:25:41.190 align:start position:0% Let's compare these moons to life on Earth.<00:25:39.800> Previously,<00:25:40.400> scientists<00:25:40.880> believed 00:25:41.190 --> 00:25:41.200 align:start position:0% Earth. Previously, scientists believed 00:25:41.200 --> 00:25:43.070 align:start position:0% Earth. Previously, scientists believed that<00:25:41.360> the<00:25:41.440> Sun<00:25:41.840> was<00:25:42.000> the<00:25:42.120> source<00:25:42.480> of<00:25:42.760> all 00:25:43.070 --> 00:25:43.080 align:start position:0% that the Sun was the source of all 00:25:43.080 --> 00:25:44.830 align:start position:0% that the Sun was the source of all energy<00:25:43.480> for<00:25:43.600> life<00:25:43.880> on<00:25:44.040> Earth, 00:25:44.830 --> 00:25:44.840 align:start position:0% energy for life on Earth, 00:25:44.840 --> 00:25:46.790 align:start position:0% energy for life on Earth, but<00:25:44.960> as<00:25:45.120> we<00:25:45.200> explored<00:25:45.720> the<00:25:45.800> bottom<00:25:46.120> of<00:25:46.280> our<00:25:46.480> own 00:25:46.790 --> 00:25:46.800 align:start position:0% but as we explored the bottom of our own 00:25:46.800 --> 00:25:49.150 align:start position:0% but as we explored the bottom of our own oceans,<00:25:47.520> we<00:25:47.640> found<00:25:48.040> ecosystems<00:25:48.920> that<00:25:49.040> were 00:25:49.150 --> 00:25:49.160 align:start position:0% oceans, we found ecosystems that were 00:25:49.160 --> 00:25:51.710 align:start position:0% oceans, we found ecosystems that were completely<00:25:49.840> independent<00:25:50.520> from<00:25:50.640> the<00:25:50.760> Sun. 00:25:51.710 --> 00:25:51.720 align:start position:0% completely independent from the Sun. 00:25:51.720 --> 00:25:54.350 align:start position:0% completely independent from the Sun. The<00:25:51.840> organisms<00:25:52.520> there<00:25:53.080> relied<00:25:53.480> on<00:25:53.640> chemicals 00:25:54.350 --> 00:25:54.360 align:start position:0% The organisms there relied on chemicals 00:25:54.360 --> 00:25:56.550 align:start position:0% The organisms there relied on chemicals and<00:25:54.560> energy<00:25:54.960> released<00:25:55.440> by<00:25:55.600> hydrothermal 00:25:56.550 --> 00:25:56.560 align:start position:0% and energy released by hydrothermal 00:25:56.560 --> 00:25:58.910 align:start position:0% and energy released by hydrothermal vents.<00:25:57.440> Bacteria<00:25:58.120> there<00:25:58.560> use 00:25:58.910 --> 00:25:58.920 align:start position:0% vents. Bacteria there use 00:25:58.920 --> 00:26:01.950 align:start position:0% vents. Bacteria there use chemosynthesis,<00:26:00.400> not<00:26:00.800> photosynthesis,<00:26:01.840> to 00:26:01.950 --> 00:26:01.960 align:start position:0% chemosynthesis, not photosynthesis, to 00:26:01.960 --> 00:26:03.870 align:start position:0% chemosynthesis, not photosynthesis, to create<00:26:02.320> energy<00:26:02.680> for<00:26:02.800> themselves. 00:26:03.870 --> 00:26:03.880 align:start position:0% create energy for themselves. 00:26:03.880 --> 00:26:06.350 align:start position:0% create energy for themselves. These<00:26:04.040> bacteria<00:26:04.680> coat<00:26:05.160> the<00:26:05.280> vent<00:26:05.880> where 00:26:06.350 --> 00:26:06.360 align:start position:0% These bacteria coat the vent where 00:26:06.360 --> 00:26:09.350 align:start position:0% These bacteria coat the vent where amphipods<00:26:07.440> and<00:26:07.680> copepods<00:26:08.640> graze<00:26:09.040> on<00:26:09.160> them 00:26:09.350 --> 00:26:09.360 align:start position:0% amphipods and copepods graze on them 00:26:09.360 --> 00:26:10.550 align:start position:0% amphipods and copepods graze on them directly. 00:26:10.550 --> 00:26:10.560 align:start position:0% directly. 00:26:10.560 --> 00:26:13.270 align:start position:0% directly. Above<00:26:11.000> them<00:26:11.280> in<00:26:11.400> the<00:26:11.480> food<00:26:11.800> chain<00:26:12.280> are<00:26:12.440> snails, 00:26:13.270 --> 00:26:13.280 align:start position:0% Above them in the food chain are snails, 00:26:13.280 --> 00:26:17.510 align:start position:0% Above them in the food chain are snails, shrimps,<00:26:14.280> crabs,<00:26:15.280> fish,<00:26:16.080> eels,<00:26:16.920> and<00:26:17.080> a<00:26:17.160> host 00:26:17.510 --> 00:26:17.520 align:start position:0% shrimps, crabs, fish, eels, and a host 00:26:17.520 --> 00:26:19.270 align:start position:0% shrimps, crabs, fish, eels, and a host more. 00:26:19.270 --> 00:26:19.280 align:start position:0% more. 00:26:19.280 --> 00:26:21.190 align:start position:0% more. Here,<00:26:19.600> the<00:26:19.760> temperature<00:26:20.200> is<00:26:20.360> hot<00:26:20.840> and<00:26:21.000> the 00:26:21.190 --> 00:26:21.200 align:start position:0% Here, the temperature is hot and the 00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:24.110 align:start position:0% Here, the temperature is hot and the pressure<00:26:21.680> is<00:26:21.880> enormous,<00:26:22.840> but<00:26:23.560> if<00:26:23.720> something 00:26:24.110 --> 00:26:24.120 align:start position:0% pressure is enormous, but if something 00:26:24.120 --> 00:26:26.550 align:start position:0% pressure is enormous, but if something similar<00:26:24.560> to<00:26:24.680> hydrothermal<00:26:25.520> vents<00:26:25.920> exists<00:26:26.480> at 00:26:26.550 --> 00:26:26.560 align:start position:0% similar to hydrothermal vents exists at 00:26:26.560 --> 00:26:29.070 align:start position:0% similar to hydrothermal vents exists at the<00:26:26.640> bottom<00:26:27.040> of<00:26:27.160> these<00:26:27.480> moons<00:26:27.840> oceans,<00:26:28.840> and 00:26:29.070 --> 00:26:29.080 align:start position:0% the bottom of these moons oceans, and 00:26:29.080 --> 00:26:31.510 align:start position:0% the bottom of these moons oceans, and that<00:26:29.240> life<00:26:29.520> isn't<00:26:29.840> unique<00:26:30.160> to<00:26:30.320> only<00:26:30.680> Earth, 00:26:31.510 --> 00:26:31.520 align:start position:0% that life isn't unique to only Earth, 00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:33.510 align:start position:0% that life isn't unique to only Earth, this<00:26:31.800> is<00:26:32.000> as<00:26:32.160> good<00:26:32.320> a<00:26:32.400> place<00:26:32.680> as<00:26:32.840> any<00:26:33.160> to<00:26:33.320> look 00:26:33.510 --> 00:26:33.520 align:start position:0% this is as good a place as any to look 00:26:33.520 --> 00:26:35.390 align:start position:0% this is as good a place as any to look for<00:26:33.640> life. 00:26:35.390 --> 00:26:35.400 align:start position:0% for life. 00:26:35.400 --> 00:26:37.190 align:start position:0% for life. Beyond<00:26:35.680> Jupiter,<00:26:36.320> there<00:26:36.480> are<00:26:36.600> three<00:26:36.960> more 00:26:37.190 --> 00:26:37.200 align:start position:0% Beyond Jupiter, there are three more 00:26:37.200 --> 00:26:40.470 align:start position:0% Beyond Jupiter, there are three more planets<00:26:37.680> and<00:26:37.840> their<00:26:38.000> moons. 00:26:40.470 --> 00:26:40.480 align:start position:0% planets and their moons. 00:26:40.480 --> 00:26:42.150 align:start position:0% planets and their moons. Like<00:26:40.720> Jupiter,<00:26:41.240> the<00:26:41.400> planets<00:26:41.760> are<00:26:41.840> very 00:26:42.150 --> 00:26:42.160 align:start position:0% Like Jupiter, the planets are very 00:26:42.160 --> 00:26:44.510 align:start position:0% Like Jupiter, the planets are very unlikely<00:26:42.640> to<00:26:42.760> contain<00:26:43.160> life<00:26:43.360> themselves. 00:26:44.510 --> 00:26:44.520 align:start position:0% unlikely to contain life themselves. 00:26:44.520 --> 00:26:46.910 align:start position:0% unlikely to contain life themselves. However,<00:26:45.120> some<00:26:45.400> of<00:26:45.520> their<00:26:45.720> moons<00:26:46.200> also<00:26:46.640> share 00:26:46.910 --> 00:26:46.920 align:start position:0% However, some of their moons also share 00:26:46.920 --> 00:26:48.910 align:start position:0% However, some of their moons also share the<00:26:47.040> same<00:26:47.360> characteristics<00:26:48.400> with<00:26:48.520> the<00:26:48.640> moons 00:26:48.910 --> 00:26:48.920 align:start position:0% the same characteristics with the moons 00:26:48.920 --> 00:26:50.710 align:start position:0% the same characteristics with the moons of<00:26:49.000> Jupiter. 00:26:50.710 --> 00:26:50.720 align:start position:0% of Jupiter. 00:26:50.720 --> 00:26:53.390 align:start position:0% of Jupiter. Particular<00:26:51.240> moons<00:26:51.560> of<00:26:51.640> note<00:26:52.080> are<00:26:52.640> Rhea,<00:26:53.280> the 00:26:53.390 --> 00:26:53.400 align:start position:0% Particular moons of note are Rhea, the 00:26:53.400 --> 00:26:55.550 align:start position:0% Particular moons of note are Rhea, the second<00:26:53.800> largest<00:26:54.120> moon<00:26:54.280> of<00:26:54.400> Saturn, 00:26:55.550 --> 00:26:55.560 align:start position:0% second largest moon of Saturn, 00:26:55.560 --> 00:26:59.470 align:start position:0% second largest moon of Saturn, Titania,<00:26:56.600> the<00:26:56.720> largest<00:26:57.120> moon<00:26:57.320> of<00:26:57.480> Uranus, 00:26:59.470 --> 00:26:59.480 align:start position:0% Titania, the largest moon of Uranus, 00:26:59.480 --> 00:27:01.630 align:start position:0% Titania, the largest moon of Uranus, Oberon,<00:27:00.400> the<00:27:00.520> second<00:27:00.960> largest<00:27:01.320> moon<00:27:01.520> of 00:27:01.630 --> 00:27:01.640 align:start position:0% Oberon, the second largest moon of 00:27:01.640 --> 00:27:03.550 align:start position:0% Oberon, the second largest moon of Uranus, 00:27:03.550 --> 00:27:03.560 align:start position:0% Uranus, 00:27:03.560 --> 00:27:07.990 align:start position:0% Uranus, and<00:27:04.040> Triton,<00:27:04.680> the<00:27:04.800> largest<00:27:05.240> moon<00:27:05.560> of<00:27:05.720> Neptune. 00:27:07.990 --> 00:27:08.000 align:start position:0% and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. 00:27:08.000 --> 00:27:09.310 align:start position:0% and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. The<00:27:08.040> most<00:27:08.200> exciting<00:27:08.760> moon<00:27:08.960> with<00:27:09.080> these 00:27:09.310 --> 00:27:09.320 align:start position:0% The most exciting moon with these 00:27:09.320 --> 00:27:12.350 align:start position:0% The most exciting moon with these characteristics<00:27:10.120> though,<00:27:10.720> is<00:27:10.880> Enceladus,<00:27:12.240> a 00:27:12.350 --> 00:27:12.360 align:start position:0% characteristics though, is Enceladus, a 00:27:12.360 --> 00:27:15.070 align:start position:0% characteristics though, is Enceladus, a moon<00:27:12.760> of<00:27:12.960> Saturn. 00:27:15.070 --> 00:27:15.080 align:start position:0% moon of Saturn. 00:27:15.080 --> 00:27:17.830 align:start position:0% moon of Saturn. It<00:27:15.240> has<00:27:15.440> extremely<00:27:16.360> active<00:27:16.840> geysers,<00:27:17.520> which 00:27:17.830 --> 00:27:17.840 align:start position:0% It has extremely active geysers, which 00:27:17.840 --> 00:27:21.790 align:start position:0% It has extremely active geysers, which spew<00:27:18.480> 250<00:27:19.640> kg<00:27:20.280> of<00:27:20.360> minerals<00:27:20.800> and<00:27:20.960> water<00:27:21.480> into 00:27:21.790 --> 00:27:21.800 align:start position:0% spew 250 kg of minerals and water into 00:27:21.800 --> 00:27:27.030 align:start position:0% spew 250 kg of minerals and water into space<00:27:22.320> per<00:27:22.600> second,<00:27:23.480> at<00:27:23.680> over<00:27:23.920> 2,000<00:27:24.960> km/h. 00:27:27.030 --> 00:27:27.040 align:start position:0% space per second, at over 2,000 km/h. 00:27:27.040 --> 00:27:29.430 align:start position:0% space per second, at over 2,000 km/h. It<00:27:27.120> ejects<00:27:27.560> so<00:27:27.760> much<00:27:28.040> material,<00:27:28.960> that<00:27:29.120> it<00:27:29.240> has 00:27:29.430 --> 00:27:29.440 align:start position:0% It ejects so much material, that it has 00:27:29.440 --> 00:27:31.790 align:start position:0% It ejects so much material, that it has formed<00:27:29.880> a<00:27:30.000> ring<00:27:30.360> around<00:27:30.760> Saturn,<00:27:31.360> called<00:27:31.640> the 00:27:31.790 --> 00:27:31.800 align:start position:0% formed a ring around Saturn, called the 00:27:31.800 --> 00:27:34.510 align:start position:0% formed a ring around Saturn, called the E<00:27:32.000> ring. 00:27:34.510 --> 00:27:34.520 align:start position:0% 00:27:34.520 --> 00:27:36.990 align:start position:0% Cassini,<00:27:35.360> a<00:27:35.440> spacecraft<00:27:36.160> that<00:27:36.320> used<00:27:36.560> to<00:27:36.640> orbit 00:27:36.990 --> 00:27:37.000 align:start position:0% Cassini, a spacecraft that used to orbit 00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:37.910 align:start position:0% Cassini, a spacecraft that used to orbit Saturn,<00:27:37.169> [music] 00:27:37.910 --> 00:27:37.920 align:start position:0% Saturn, [music] 00:27:37.920 --> 00:27:39.630 align:start position:0% Saturn, [music] was<00:27:38.120> able<00:27:38.360> to<00:27:38.480> pass<00:27:38.840> through<00:27:39.120> these<00:27:39.320> water 00:27:39.630 --> 00:27:39.640 align:start position:0% was able to pass through these water 00:27:39.640 --> 00:27:42.590 align:start position:0% was able to pass through these water plumes,<00:27:40.120> and<00:27:40.280> detected<00:27:40.840> carbon,<00:27:41.800> hydrogen, 00:27:42.590 --> 00:27:42.600 align:start position:0% plumes, and detected carbon, hydrogen, 00:27:42.600 --> 00:27:45.510 align:start position:0% plumes, and detected carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,<00:27:43.200> and<00:27:43.360> oxygen,<00:27:44.200> all<00:27:44.560> key<00:27:44.880> components 00:27:45.510 --> 00:27:45.520 align:start position:0% nitrogen, and oxygen, all key components 00:27:45.520 --> 00:27:47.070 align:start position:0% nitrogen, and oxygen, all key components of<00:27:45.640> life. 00:27:47.070 --> 00:27:47.080 align:start position:0% of life. 00:27:47.080 --> 00:27:48.990 align:start position:0% of life. There<00:27:47.240> is<00:27:47.400> definitely<00:27:47.880> heat<00:27:48.200> being<00:27:48.400> generated 00:27:48.990 --> 00:27:49.000 align:start position:0% There is definitely heat being generated 00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:51.110 align:start position:0% There is definitely heat being generated under<00:27:49.200> the<00:27:49.360> ice<00:27:49.600> crust,<00:27:50.320> as<00:27:50.480> can<00:27:50.640> be<00:27:50.760> seen<00:27:51.040> in 00:27:51.110 --> 00:27:51.120 align:start position:0% under the ice crust, as can be seen in 00:27:51.120 --> 00:27:52.550 align:start position:0% under the ice crust, as can be seen in this<00:27:51.360> heat<00:27:51.600> map. 00:27:52.550 --> 00:27:52.560 align:start position:0% this heat map. 00:27:52.560 --> 00:27:54.230 align:start position:0% this heat map. These<00:27:52.800> are<00:27:52.880> the<00:27:53.040> tiger<00:27:53.600> stripes<00:27:54.120> of 00:27:54.230 --> 00:27:54.240 align:start position:0% These are the tiger stripes of 00:27:54.240 --> 00:27:56.550 align:start position:0% These are the tiger stripes of Enceladus. 00:27:56.550 --> 00:27:56.560 align:start position:0% Enceladus. 00:27:56.560 --> 00:27:58.950 align:start position:0% Enceladus. The<00:27:56.680> evidence<00:27:57.080> of<00:27:57.200> hydrothermal<00:27:57.920> activity, 00:27:58.950 --> 00:27:58.960 align:start position:0% The evidence of hydrothermal activity, 00:27:58.960 --> 00:28:01.550 align:start position:0% The evidence of hydrothermal activity, water,<00:27:59.800> and<00:28:00.040> essential<00:28:00.480> chemicals,<00:28:01.240> means 00:28:01.550 --> 00:28:01.560 align:start position:0% water, and essential chemicals, means 00:28:01.560 --> 00:28:03.950 align:start position:0% water, and essential chemicals, means that<00:28:01.720> this<00:28:01.960> tiny<00:28:02.400> moon<00:28:03.040> could<00:28:03.360> be<00:28:03.560> the<00:28:03.680> most 00:28:03.950 --> 00:28:03.960 align:start position:0% that this tiny moon could be the most 00:28:03.960 --> 00:28:05.990 align:start position:0% that this tiny moon could be the most likely<00:28:04.320> place<00:28:04.640> in<00:28:04.760> the<00:28:04.880> whole<00:28:05.200> solar<00:28:05.480> system 00:28:05.990 --> 00:28:06.000 align:start position:0% likely place in the whole solar system 00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:08.110 align:start position:0% likely place in the whole solar system to<00:28:06.120> find<00:28:06.440> life. 00:28:08.110 --> 00:28:08.120 align:start position:0% to find life. 00:28:08.120 --> 00:28:10.310 align:start position:0% to find life. Sadly<00:28:08.560> though,<00:28:08.840> we<00:28:09.080> are<00:28:09.200> far<00:28:09.560> from<00:28:09.800> proving 00:28:10.310 --> 00:28:10.320 align:start position:0% Sadly though, we are far from proving 00:28:10.320 --> 00:28:12.910 align:start position:0% Sadly though, we are far from proving any<00:28:10.560> of<00:28:10.680> this.<00:28:11.200> Enceladus<00:28:12.040> does<00:28:12.240> not<00:28:12.520> have<00:28:12.720> its 00:28:12.910 --> 00:28:12.920 align:start position:0% any of this. Enceladus does not have its 00:28:12.920 --> 00:28:14.950 align:start position:0% any of this. Enceladus does not have its own<00:28:13.120> approved<00:28:13.520> mission,<00:28:14.240> and<00:28:14.360> it<00:28:14.480> will<00:28:14.680> be<00:28:14.800> at 00:28:14.950 --> 00:28:14.960 align:start position:0% own approved mission, and it will be at 00:28:14.960 --> 00:28:17.590 align:start position:0% own approved mission, and it will be at least<00:28:15.320> 4<00:28:15.720> years<00:28:16.320> until<00:28:16.720> we<00:28:16.880> get<00:28:17.160> orbiters 00:28:17.590 --> 00:28:17.600 align:start position:0% least 4 years until we get orbiters 00:28:17.600 --> 00:28:19.030 align:start position:0% least 4 years until we get orbiters launched<00:28:18.000> that<00:28:18.160> will<00:28:18.280> go<00:28:18.520> to<00:28:18.640> Jupiter's 00:28:19.030 --> 00:28:19.040 align:start position:0% launched that will go to Jupiter's 00:28:19.040 --> 00:28:20.630 align:start position:0% launched that will go to Jupiter's moons. 00:28:20.630 --> 00:28:20.640 align:start position:0% moons. 00:28:20.640 --> 00:28:22.990 align:start position:0% moons. Actually<00:28:21.040> exploring<00:28:21.640> the<00:28:21.760> oceans<00:28:22.200> is<00:28:22.400> still<00:28:22.880> a 00:28:22.990 --> 00:28:23.000 align:start position:0% Actually exploring the oceans is still a 00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:25.710 align:start position:0% Actually exploring the oceans is still a long<00:28:23.560> way<00:28:23.760> off. 00:28:25.710 --> 00:28:25.720 align:start position:0% long way off. 00:28:25.720 --> 00:28:27.190 align:start position:0% long way off. I<00:28:25.800> can<00:28:25.960> understand<00:28:26.400> the<00:28:26.480> problem<00:28:26.880> though,<00:28:27.080> of 00:28:27.190 --> 00:28:27.200 align:start position:0% I can understand the problem though, of 00:28:27.200 --> 00:28:29.430 align:start position:0% I can understand the problem though, of getting<00:28:27.480> a<00:28:27.560> robot<00:28:28.040> that<00:28:28.280> deep<00:28:28.520> into<00:28:28.800> a<00:28:28.880> moon, 00:28:29.430 --> 00:28:29.440 align:start position:0% getting a robot that deep into a moon, 00:28:29.440 --> 00:28:31.470 align:start position:0% getting a robot that deep into a moon, but<00:28:29.560> it's<00:28:29.720> a<00:28:29.760> little<00:28:30.080> disheartening<00:28:30.800> to<00:28:30.920> think 00:28:31.470 --> 00:28:31.480 align:start position:0% but it's a little disheartening to think 00:28:31.480 --> 00:28:32.910 align:start position:0% but it's a little disheartening to think that<00:28:31.600> we<00:28:31.720> won't<00:28:32.000> see<00:28:32.120> it<00:28:32.320> happen<00:28:32.680> for<00:28:32.800> at 00:28:32.910 --> 00:28:32.920 align:start position:0% that we won't see it happen for at 00:28:32.920 --> 00:28:34.799 align:start position:0% that we won't see it happen for at least,<00:28:33.200> I<00:28:33.280> would<00:28:33.440> guess,<00:28:33.720> 30<00:28:34.160> years. 00:28:34.799 --> 00:28:34.809 align:start position:0% least, I would guess, 30 years. 00:28:34.809 --> 00:28:36.070 align:start position:0% least, I would guess, 30 years. >> [music] 00:28:36.070 --> 00:28:36.080 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:28:36.080 --> 00:28:38.070 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> Beyond<00:28:36.360> the<00:28:36.440> planets<00:28:36.880> and<00:28:37.000> their<00:28:37.160> moons,<00:28:37.840> we 00:28:38.070 --> 00:28:38.080 align:start position:0% >> Beyond the planets and their moons, we 00:28:38.080 --> 00:28:40.694 align:start position:0% >> Beyond the planets and their moons, we have<00:28:38.360> dwarf<00:28:38.760> planets<00:28:39.200> like<00:28:39.720> Pluto,<00:28:40.560> Eris, 00:28:40.694 --> 00:28:40.704 align:start position:0% have dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, 00:28:40.704 --> 00:28:42.310 align:start position:0% have dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, [music]<00:28:41.040> and<00:28:41.200> Sedna. 00:28:42.310 --> 00:28:42.320 align:start position:0% [music] and Sedna. 00:28:42.320 --> 00:28:43.990 align:start position:0% [music] and Sedna. If<00:28:42.480> they<00:28:42.680> follow<00:28:43.000> the<00:28:43.160> patterns<00:28:43.600> we<00:28:43.720> see<00:28:43.880> in 00:28:43.990 --> 00:28:44.000 align:start position:0% If they follow the patterns we see in 00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:45.590 align:start position:0% If they follow the patterns we see in the<00:28:44.120> larger<00:28:44.480> moons, 00:28:45.590 --> 00:28:45.600 align:start position:0% the larger moons, 00:28:45.600 --> 00:28:48.150 align:start position:0% the larger moons, they<00:28:45.880> too<00:28:46.280> could<00:28:46.520> have<00:28:46.760> liquid<00:28:47.280> water<00:28:47.640> oceans 00:28:48.150 --> 00:28:48.160 align:start position:0% they too could have liquid water oceans 00:28:48.160 --> 00:28:50.830 align:start position:0% they too could have liquid water oceans under<00:28:48.400> their<00:28:48.600> surface,<00:28:49.680> but<00:28:50.160> again,<00:28:50.560> we<00:28:50.760> are 00:28:50.830 --> 00:28:50.840 align:start position:0% under their surface, but again, we are 00:28:50.840 --> 00:28:52.910 align:start position:0% under their surface, but again, we are very<00:28:51.200> far<00:28:51.480> from<00:28:51.680> being<00:28:51.920> able<00:28:52.120> to<00:28:52.240> prove<00:28:52.560> that, 00:28:52.910 --> 00:28:52.920 align:start position:0% very far from being able to prove that, 00:28:52.920 --> 00:28:54.510 align:start position:0% very far from being able to prove that, too. 00:28:54.510 --> 00:28:54.520 align:start position:0% too. 00:28:54.520 --> 00:28:56.710 align:start position:0% too. There<00:28:54.640> are<00:28:54.720> just<00:28:55.080> two<00:28:55.360> more<00:28:55.680> curious<00:28:56.240> places 00:28:56.710 --> 00:28:56.720 align:start position:0% There are just two more curious places 00:28:56.720 --> 00:28:59.270 align:start position:0% There are just two more curious places to<00:28:56.800> look<00:28:57.000> for<00:28:57.120> life<00:28:57.400> in<00:28:57.520> the<00:28:57.600> solar<00:28:57.880> system. 00:28:59.270 --> 00:28:59.280 align:start position:0% to look for life in the solar system. 00:28:59.280 --> 00:29:01.870 align:start position:0% to look for life in the solar system. The<00:28:59.400> first<00:28:59.880> is<00:29:00.040> Titan,<00:29:00.880> the<00:29:01.000> largest<00:29:01.440> moon<00:29:01.720> of 00:29:01.870 --> 00:29:01.880 align:start position:0% The first is Titan, the largest moon of 00:29:01.880 --> 00:29:03.030 align:start position:0% The first is Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. 00:29:03.030 --> 00:29:03.040 align:start position:0% Saturn. 00:29:03.040 --> 00:29:05.910 align:start position:0% Saturn. It<00:29:03.160> is<00:29:03.280> extremely<00:29:04.040> cold<00:29:04.560> and<00:29:04.760> so<00:29:05.120> is<00:29:05.320> dismissed 00:29:05.910 --> 00:29:05.920 align:start position:0% It is extremely cold and so is dismissed 00:29:05.920 --> 00:29:08.750 align:start position:0% It is extremely cold and so is dismissed by<00:29:06.120> some<00:29:06.560> as<00:29:06.920> uninhabitable. 00:29:08.750 --> 00:29:08.760 align:start position:0% by some as uninhabitable. 00:29:08.760 --> 00:29:10.870 align:start position:0% by some as uninhabitable. However,<00:29:09.280> it<00:29:09.440> is<00:29:09.560> unusual<00:29:10.200> from<00:29:10.440> any<00:29:10.680> other 00:29:10.870 --> 00:29:10.880 align:start position:0% However, it is unusual from any other 00:29:10.880 --> 00:29:12.790 align:start position:0% However, it is unusual from any other moon<00:29:11.120> in<00:29:11.200> the<00:29:11.280> solar<00:29:11.560> system<00:29:12.280> in<00:29:12.480> that<00:29:12.640> it<00:29:12.760> has 00:29:12.790 --> 00:29:12.800 align:start position:0% moon in the solar system in that it has 00:29:12.800 --> 00:29:15.150 align:start position:0% moon in the solar system in that it has [music]<00:29:13.040> a<00:29:13.160> thick<00:29:13.720> atmosphere<00:29:14.360> with<00:29:14.600> methane 00:29:15.150 --> 00:29:15.160 align:start position:0% [music] a thick atmosphere with methane 00:29:15.160 --> 00:29:17.710 align:start position:0% [music] a thick atmosphere with methane in<00:29:15.320> it.<00:29:16.040> In<00:29:16.200> fact,<00:29:16.560> the<00:29:16.680> temperature<00:29:17.160> is<00:29:17.360> just 00:29:17.710 --> 00:29:17.720 align:start position:0% in it. In fact, the temperature is just 00:29:17.720 --> 00:29:19.950 align:start position:0% in it. In fact, the temperature is just right<00:29:18.120> that<00:29:18.360> liquid<00:29:18.760> methane<00:29:19.200> can<00:29:19.400> form<00:29:19.840> on 00:29:19.950 --> 00:29:19.960 align:start position:0% right that liquid methane can form on 00:29:19.960 --> 00:29:21.510 align:start position:0% right that liquid methane can form on the<00:29:20.080> surface. 00:29:21.510 --> 00:29:21.520 align:start position:0% the surface. 00:29:21.520 --> 00:29:23.790 align:start position:0% the surface. The<00:29:21.600> moon<00:29:21.920> actually<00:29:22.360> has<00:29:22.720> a<00:29:22.800> methane<00:29:23.320> cycle 00:29:23.790 --> 00:29:23.800 align:start position:0% The moon actually has a methane cycle 00:29:23.800 --> 00:29:26.350 align:start position:0% The moon actually has a methane cycle similar<00:29:24.280> to<00:29:24.520> Earth's<00:29:24.920> water<00:29:25.280> cycle. 00:29:26.350 --> 00:29:26.360 align:start position:0% similar to Earth's water cycle. 00:29:26.360 --> 00:29:28.630 align:start position:0% similar to Earth's water cycle. There<00:29:26.480> is<00:29:26.640> evidence<00:29:27.080> of<00:29:27.200> seas,<00:29:27.840> lakes,<00:29:28.480> and 00:29:28.630 --> 00:29:28.640 align:start position:0% There is evidence of seas, lakes, and 00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:30.550 align:start position:0% There is evidence of seas, lakes, and rivers<00:29:28.960> of<00:29:29.080> methane<00:29:29.560> and<00:29:29.800> ethane<00:29:30.320> on<00:29:30.440> the 00:29:30.550 --> 00:29:30.560 align:start position:0% rivers of methane and ethane on the 00:29:30.560 --> 00:29:32.150 align:start position:0% rivers of methane and ethane on the surface<00:29:30.920> of<00:29:31.040> Titan. 00:29:32.150 --> 00:29:32.160 align:start position:0% surface of Titan. 00:29:32.160 --> 00:29:34.030 align:start position:0% surface of Titan. Other<00:29:32.400> factors<00:29:32.800> essential<00:29:33.360> to<00:29:33.480> life<00:29:33.760> also 00:29:34.030 --> 00:29:34.040 align:start position:0% Other factors essential to life also 00:29:34.040 --> 00:29:36.150 align:start position:0% Other factors essential to life also exist<00:29:34.400> there,<00:29:34.840> including<00:29:35.280> chemicals<00:29:35.960> and 00:29:36.150 --> 00:29:36.160 align:start position:0% exist there, including chemicals and 00:29:36.160 --> 00:29:38.870 align:start position:0% exist there, including chemicals and minerals<00:29:36.640> on<00:29:36.760> the<00:29:36.840> surface,<00:29:37.840> plus<00:29:38.360> the<00:29:38.520> moon 00:29:38.870 --> 00:29:38.880 align:start position:0% minerals on the surface, plus the moon 00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:41.230 align:start position:0% minerals on the surface, plus the moon orbits<00:29:39.360> mostly<00:29:39.880> within<00:29:40.280> Saturn's<00:29:40.720> magnetic 00:29:41.230 --> 00:29:41.240 align:start position:0% orbits mostly within Saturn's magnetic 00:29:41.240 --> 00:29:43.390 align:start position:0% orbits mostly within Saturn's magnetic field,<00:29:41.960> which<00:29:42.160> means<00:29:42.400> it<00:29:42.520> is<00:29:42.640> protected<00:29:43.200> from 00:29:43.390 --> 00:29:43.400 align:start position:0% field, which means it is protected from 00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:46.270 align:start position:0% field, which means it is protected from solar<00:29:43.800> and<00:29:43.920> cosmic<00:29:44.360> radiation. 00:29:46.270 --> 00:29:46.280 align:start position:0% solar and cosmic radiation. 00:29:46.280 --> 00:29:49.430 align:start position:0% solar and cosmic radiation. Theoretically,<00:29:47.600> life<00:29:47.880> forms<00:29:48.240> could<00:29:48.720> exist 00:29:49.430 --> 00:29:49.440 align:start position:0% Theoretically, life forms could exist 00:29:49.440 --> 00:29:51.430 align:start position:0% Theoretically, life forms could exist that<00:29:49.600> replace<00:29:50.200> water<00:29:50.800> with<00:29:51.000> liquid 00:29:51.430 --> 00:29:51.440 align:start position:0% that replace water with liquid 00:29:51.440 --> 00:29:52.950 align:start position:0% that replace water with liquid hydrocarbons. 00:29:52.950 --> 00:29:52.960 align:start position:0% hydrocarbons. 00:29:52.960 --> 00:29:55.150 align:start position:0% hydrocarbons. Such<00:29:53.160> hypothetical<00:29:53.880> creatures<00:29:54.720> would<00:29:54.880> take 00:29:55.150 --> 00:29:55.160 align:start position:0% Such hypothetical creatures would take 00:29:55.160 --> 00:29:58.510 align:start position:0% Such hypothetical creatures would take in<00:29:55.480> H2<00:29:56.120> instead<00:29:56.480> of<00:29:56.680> O2,<00:29:57.720> react<00:29:58.120> it<00:29:58.280> with 00:29:58.510 --> 00:29:58.520 align:start position:0% in H2 instead of O2, react it with 00:29:58.520 --> 00:30:01.150 align:start position:0% in H2 instead of O2, react it with acetylene<00:29:59.360> instead<00:29:59.840> of<00:30:00.000> glucose,<00:30:01.000> and 00:30:01.150 --> 00:30:01.160 align:start position:0% acetylene instead of glucose, and 00:30:01.160 --> 00:30:03.190 align:start position:0% acetylene instead of glucose, and produce<00:30:01.600> methane<00:30:02.280> instead<00:30:02.680> of<00:30:02.800> carbon 00:30:03.190 --> 00:30:03.200 align:start position:0% produce methane instead of carbon 00:30:03.200 --> 00:30:06.150 align:start position:0% produce methane instead of carbon dioxide. 00:30:06.150 --> 00:30:06.160 align:start position:0% 00:30:06.160 --> 00:30:07.990 align:start position:0% NASA<00:30:06.680> had<00:30:06.920> proposed<00:30:07.440> a<00:30:07.480> mission<00:30:07.880> to 00:30:07.990 --> 00:30:08.000 align:start position:0% NASA had proposed a mission to 00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:09.870 align:start position:0% NASA had proposed a mission to investigate<00:30:08.720> the<00:30:08.800> lakes<00:30:09.080> of<00:30:09.200> Titan<00:30:09.640> in<00:30:09.760> the 00:30:09.870 --> 00:30:09.880 align:start position:0% investigate the lakes of Titan in the 00:30:09.880 --> 00:30:11.910 align:start position:0% investigate the lakes of Titan in the form<00:30:10.160> of<00:30:10.280> a<00:30:10.320> boat. 00:30:11.910 --> 00:30:11.920 align:start position:0% form of a boat. 00:30:11.920 --> 00:30:15.150 align:start position:0% form of a boat. But<00:30:12.080> again,<00:30:12.480> this<00:30:12.800> was<00:30:13.000> sadly<00:30:13.400> turned<00:30:13.720> down. 00:30:15.150 --> 00:30:15.160 align:start position:0% But again, this was sadly turned down. 00:30:15.160 --> 00:30:16.830 align:start position:0% But again, this was sadly turned down. Personally,<00:30:15.640> I<00:30:15.760> think<00:30:16.040> the<00:30:16.160> lakes<00:30:16.400> of<00:30:16.480> Titan 00:30:16.830 --> 00:30:16.840 align:start position:0% Personally, I think the lakes of Titan 00:30:16.840 --> 00:30:18.310 align:start position:0% Personally, I think the lakes of Titan would<00:30:17.040> be<00:30:17.160> the<00:30:17.280> most<00:30:17.560> interesting<00:30:18.240> to 00:30:18.310 --> 00:30:18.320 align:start position:0% would be the most interesting to 00:30:18.320 --> 00:30:20.630 align:start position:0% would be the most interesting to investigate,<00:30:19.400> and<00:30:19.520> the<00:30:19.600> mission<00:30:20.000> even<00:30:20.240> seems 00:30:20.630 --> 00:30:20.640 align:start position:0% investigate, and the mission even seems 00:30:20.640 --> 00:30:22.590 align:start position:0% investigate, and the mission even seems a<00:30:20.680> lot<00:30:21.000> easier<00:30:21.400> than<00:30:21.560> burrowing<00:30:22.080> several 00:30:22.590 --> 00:30:22.600 align:start position:0% a lot easier than burrowing several 00:30:22.600 --> 00:30:25.430 align:start position:0% a lot easier than burrowing several kilometers<00:30:23.240> to<00:30:23.360> reach<00:30:23.760> a<00:30:23.800> subsurface<00:30:24.560> ocean. 00:30:25.430 --> 00:30:25.440 align:start position:0% kilometers to reach a subsurface ocean. 00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:27.310 align:start position:0% kilometers to reach a subsurface ocean. Maybe<00:30:25.720> a<00:30:25.760> space<00:30:26.120> agency<00:30:26.520> in<00:30:26.600> the<00:30:26.680> future<00:30:27.080> will 00:30:27.310 --> 00:30:27.320 align:start position:0% Maybe a space agency in the future will 00:30:27.320 --> 00:30:30.190 align:start position:0% Maybe a space agency in the future will revisit<00:30:27.760> this<00:30:27.960> idea. 00:30:30.190 --> 00:30:30.200 align:start position:0% revisit this idea. 00:30:30.200 --> 00:30:31.470 align:start position:0% revisit this idea. The<00:30:30.240> last<00:30:30.520> place<00:30:30.760> to<00:30:30.880> look<00:30:31.040> in<00:30:31.120> the<00:30:31.200> solar 00:30:31.470 --> 00:30:31.480 align:start position:0% The last place to look in the solar 00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:34.150 align:start position:0% The last place to look in the solar system<00:30:31.840> for<00:30:31.960> life<00:30:32.520> is<00:30:32.760> on<00:30:32.960> comets.<00:30:34.080> A 00:30:34.150 --> 00:30:34.160 align:start position:0% system for life is on comets. A 00:30:34.160 --> 00:30:36.470 align:start position:0% system for life is on comets. A long-standing<00:30:34.680> theory<00:30:35.160> is<00:30:35.520> that<00:30:35.800> life<00:30:36.240> has 00:30:36.470 --> 00:30:36.480 align:start position:0% long-standing theory is that life has 00:30:36.480 --> 00:30:38.510 align:start position:0% long-standing theory is that life has propagated<00:30:37.240> through<00:30:37.520> the<00:30:37.600> galaxy<00:30:38.240> on<00:30:38.440> the 00:30:38.510 --> 00:30:38.520 align:start position:0% propagated through the galaxy on the 00:30:38.520 --> 00:30:41.230 align:start position:0% propagated through the galaxy on the backs<00:30:38.880> of<00:30:39.040> comets,<00:30:40.000> although<00:30:40.400> it<00:30:40.520> is<00:30:40.680> quite<00:30:41.000> an 00:30:41.230 --> 00:30:41.240 align:start position:0% backs of comets, although it is quite an 00:30:41.240 --> 00:30:43.270 align:start position:0% backs of comets, although it is quite an outside<00:30:41.720> possibility. 00:30:43.270 --> 00:30:43.280 align:start position:0% outside possibility. 00:30:43.280 --> 00:30:45.510 align:start position:0% outside possibility. The<00:30:43.440> Philae<00:30:43.880> lander<00:30:44.360> that<00:30:44.560> visited<00:30:44.960> the<00:30:45.080> comet 00:30:45.510 --> 00:30:45.520 align:start position:0% The Philae lander that visited the comet 00:30:45.520 --> 00:30:48.870 align:start position:0% The Philae lander that visited the comet 67P<00:30:46.800> Churyumov-Gerasimenko 00:30:48.870 --> 00:30:48.880 align:start position:0% 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko 00:30:48.880 --> 00:30:52.070 align:start position:0% 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko in<00:30:49.000> 2004<00:30:50.200> was<00:30:50.360> originally<00:30:50.960> proposed<00:30:51.680> to<00:30:51.800> have 00:30:52.070 --> 00:30:52.080 align:start position:0% in 2004 was originally proposed to have 00:30:52.080 --> 00:30:55.030 align:start position:0% in 2004 was originally proposed to have life<00:30:52.400> detecting<00:30:53.000> instrumentation<00:30:53.920> on<00:30:54.120> board. 00:30:55.030 --> 00:30:55.040 align:start position:0% life detecting instrumentation on board. 00:30:55.040 --> 00:30:57.030 align:start position:0% life detecting instrumentation on board. Sadly,<00:30:55.640> this<00:30:55.880> idea<00:30:56.280> was<00:30:56.480> laughed<00:30:56.840> out<00:30:56.960> of 00:30:57.030 --> 00:30:57.040 align:start position:0% Sadly, this idea was laughed out of 00:30:57.040 --> 00:30:59.990 align:start position:0% Sadly, this idea was laughed out of court.<00:30:57.920> But<00:30:58.040> as<00:30:58.160> it<00:30:58.280> turns<00:30:58.680> out,<00:30:59.280> the<00:30:59.400> comet<00:30:59.760> is 00:30:59.990 --> 00:31:00.000 align:start position:0% court. But as it turns out, the comet is 00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:02.230 align:start position:0% court. But as it turns out, the comet is rich<00:31:00.440> with<00:31:00.640> organic<00:31:01.040> material<00:31:01.800> and<00:31:01.960> there<00:31:02.120> are 00:31:02.230 --> 00:31:02.240 align:start position:0% rich with organic material and there are 00:31:02.240 --> 00:31:05.070 align:start position:0% rich with organic material and there are clumps<00:31:02.720> that<00:31:02.840> resemble<00:31:03.320> viral<00:31:03.800> particles. 00:31:05.070 --> 00:31:05.080 align:start position:0% clumps that resemble viral particles. 00:31:05.080 --> 00:31:07.230 align:start position:0% clumps that resemble viral particles. These<00:31:05.320> findings<00:31:05.800> are<00:31:06.000> difficult<00:31:06.520> to<00:31:06.640> explain 00:31:07.230 --> 00:31:07.240 align:start position:0% These findings are difficult to explain 00:31:07.240 --> 00:31:09.590 align:start position:0% These findings are difficult to explain with<00:31:07.440> prebiotic<00:31:08.160> chemistry.<00:31:09.240> For<00:31:09.320> now 00:31:09.590 --> 00:31:09.600 align:start position:0% with prebiotic chemistry. For now 00:31:09.600 --> 00:31:11.710 align:start position:0% with prebiotic chemistry. For now though,<00:31:09.960> the<00:31:10.080> concept<00:31:10.560> of<00:31:10.680> life<00:31:11.000> on<00:31:11.120> comets<00:31:11.560> is 00:31:11.710 --> 00:31:11.720 align:start position:0% though, the concept of life on comets is 00:31:11.720 --> 00:31:15.230 align:start position:0% though, the concept of life on comets is heavily<00:31:12.120> disputed<00:31:13.360> and<00:31:13.760> so<00:31:14.000> it<00:31:14.200> will<00:31:14.320> remain<00:31:15.120> a 00:31:15.230 --> 00:31:15.240 align:start position:0% heavily disputed and so it will remain a 00:31:15.240 --> 00:31:21.470 align:start position:0% heavily disputed and so it will remain a remote<00:31:15.840> possibility. 00:31:21.470 --> 00:31:21.480 align:start position:0% 00:31:21.480 --> 00:31:23.670 align:start position:0% Enceladus. 00:31:23.670 --> 00:31:23.680 align:start position:0% Enceladus. 00:31:23.680 --> 00:31:25.750 align:start position:0% Enceladus. Perhaps<00:31:24.240> one<00:31:24.440> of<00:31:24.520> the<00:31:24.600> most<00:31:24.960> intriguing 00:31:25.750 --> 00:31:25.760 align:start position:0% Perhaps one of the most intriguing 00:31:25.760 --> 00:31:28.990 align:start position:0% Perhaps one of the most intriguing objects<00:31:26.280> in<00:31:26.400> the<00:31:26.520> entire<00:31:26.960> solar<00:31:27.240> system. 00:31:28.990 --> 00:31:29.000 align:start position:0% objects in the entire solar system. 00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:31.510 align:start position:0% objects in the entire solar system. And<00:31:29.200> yet,<00:31:29.520> it<00:31:29.680> is<00:31:29.920> only<00:31:30.320> the<00:31:30.480> sixth<00:31:31.080> largest 00:31:31.510 --> 00:31:31.520 align:start position:0% And yet, it is only the sixth largest 00:31:31.520 --> 00:31:34.390 align:start position:0% And yet, it is only the sixth largest moon<00:31:31.760> of<00:31:31.880> Saturn<00:31:32.840> and<00:31:33.040> in<00:31:33.200> natural<00:31:33.680> light,<00:31:34.280> it 00:31:34.390 --> 00:31:34.400 align:start position:0% moon of Saturn and in natural light, it 00:31:34.400 --> 00:31:37.150 align:start position:0% moon of Saturn and in natural light, it looks<00:31:34.640> very<00:31:35.000> unassuming. 00:31:37.150 --> 00:31:37.160 align:start position:0% looks very unassuming. 00:31:37.160 --> 00:31:39.630 align:start position:0% looks very unassuming. However,<00:31:37.840> there's<00:31:38.160> a<00:31:38.280> lot<00:31:38.680> more<00:31:38.880> to<00:31:39.040> Enceladus 00:31:39.630 --> 00:31:39.640 align:start position:0% However, there's a lot more to Enceladus 00:31:39.640 --> 00:31:41.476 align:start position:0% However, there's a lot more to Enceladus than<00:31:39.800> meets<00:31:40.040> the<00:31:40.240> eye. 00:31:41.476 --> 00:31:41.486 align:start position:0% than meets the eye. 00:31:41.486 --> 00:31:41.710 align:start position:0% than meets the eye. >> [music] 00:31:41.710 --> 00:31:41.720 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:31:41.720 --> 00:31:44.470 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> It's<00:31:41.880> an<00:31:42.080> active<00:31:42.880> icy<00:31:43.280> world<00:31:43.880> with<00:31:44.080> jets<00:31:44.320> of 00:31:44.470 --> 00:31:44.480 align:start position:0% >> It's an active icy world with jets of 00:31:44.480 --> 00:31:46.310 align:start position:0% >> It's an active icy world with jets of water<00:31:44.760> vapor<00:31:45.200> pouring<00:31:45.680> out<00:31:46.000> from<00:31:46.160> its 00:31:46.310 --> 00:31:46.320 align:start position:0% water vapor pouring out from its 00:31:46.320 --> 00:31:48.470 align:start position:0% water vapor pouring out from its southern<00:31:46.600> hemisphere. 00:31:48.470 --> 00:31:48.480 align:start position:0% southern hemisphere. 00:31:48.480 --> 00:31:50.190 align:start position:0% southern hemisphere. Thanks<00:31:48.840> to<00:31:48.920> the<00:31:49.040> remarkable<00:31:49.760> Cassini 00:31:50.190 --> 00:31:50.200 align:start position:0% Thanks to the remarkable Cassini 00:31:50.200 --> 00:31:52.390 align:start position:0% Thanks to the remarkable Cassini mission,<00:31:50.880> we<00:31:51.000> have<00:31:51.160> studied<00:31:51.800> and<00:31:51.920> observed 00:31:52.390 --> 00:31:52.400 align:start position:0% mission, we have studied and observed 00:31:52.400 --> 00:31:53.830 align:start position:0% mission, we have studied and observed Enceladus<00:31:53.040> in<00:31:53.200> exquisite<00:31:53.277> [music] 00:31:53.830 --> 00:31:53.840 align:start position:0% Enceladus in exquisite [music] 00:31:53.840 --> 00:31:56.630 align:start position:0% Enceladus in exquisite [music] detail<00:31:54.840> and<00:31:54.960> perhaps<00:31:55.400> know<00:31:55.560> more<00:31:55.800> about<00:31:56.160> it 00:31:56.630 --> 00:31:56.640 align:start position:0% detail and perhaps know more about it 00:31:56.640 --> 00:31:58.510 align:start position:0% detail and perhaps know more about it than<00:31:56.840> some<00:31:57.080> of<00:31:57.200> the<00:31:57.320> closer<00:31:57.920> and<00:31:58.120> bigger 00:31:58.510 --> 00:31:58.520 align:start position:0% than some of the closer and bigger 00:31:58.520 --> 00:32:00.870 align:start position:0% than some of the closer and bigger Jovian<00:31:59.000> moons. 00:32:00.870 --> 00:32:00.880 align:start position:0% Jovian moons. 00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:03.230 align:start position:0% Jovian moons. However,<00:32:01.720> although<00:32:02.120> we've<00:32:02.360> seen<00:32:02.680> a<00:32:02.760> lot<00:32:03.080> from 00:32:03.230 --> 00:32:03.240 align:start position:0% However, although we've seen a lot from 00:32:03.240 --> 00:32:05.990 align:start position:0% However, although we've seen a lot from the<00:32:03.400> outside,<00:32:04.360> it's<00:32:04.600> the<00:32:04.840> inside<00:32:05.360> of<00:32:05.440> the<00:32:05.560> moon 00:32:05.990 --> 00:32:06.000 align:start position:0% the outside, it's the inside of the moon 00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:10.150 align:start position:0% the outside, it's the inside of the moon that<00:32:06.120> still<00:32:06.400> holds<00:32:06.840> so<00:32:07.080> many<00:32:07.320> mysteries. 00:32:10.150 --> 00:32:10.160 align:start position:0% 00:32:10.160 --> 00:32:12.230 align:start position:0% I'm<00:32:10.480> Alex<00:32:10.760> McConaughey<00:32:11.320> and<00:32:11.640> you're<00:32:11.840> watching 00:32:12.230 --> 00:32:12.240 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McConaughey and you're watching 00:32:12.240 --> 00:32:14.630 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McConaughey and you're watching Astrium<00:32:13.160> and<00:32:13.360> together<00:32:13.760> we<00:32:13.960> will<00:32:14.120> explore 00:32:14.630 --> 00:32:14.640 align:start position:0% Astrium and together we will explore 00:32:14.640 --> 00:32:16.750 align:start position:0% Astrium and together we will explore some<00:32:14.880> of<00:32:14.960> the<00:32:15.080> most<00:32:15.440> fascinating<00:32:16.200> details<00:32:16.680> of 00:32:16.750 --> 00:32:16.760 align:start position:0% some of the most fascinating details of 00:32:16.760 --> 00:32:19.390 align:start position:0% some of the most fascinating details of Enceladus,<00:32:17.720> piecing<00:32:18.080> together<00:32:18.480> photos<00:32:19.200> and 00:32:19.390 --> 00:32:19.400 align:start position:0% Enceladus, piecing together photos and 00:32:19.400 --> 00:32:22.270 align:start position:0% Enceladus, piecing together photos and data<00:32:19.477> [music]<00:32:19.880> from<00:32:20.080> a<00:32:20.160> variety<00:32:20.720> of<00:32:20.840> missions 00:32:22.270 --> 00:32:22.280 align:start position:0% data [music] from a variety of missions 00:32:22.280 --> 00:32:24.110 align:start position:0% data [music] from a variety of missions to<00:32:22.400> find<00:32:22.640> out<00:32:22.840> almost<00:32:23.240> everything<00:32:23.760> you<00:32:23.920> could 00:32:24.110 --> 00:32:24.120 align:start position:0% to find out almost everything you could 00:32:24.120 --> 00:32:26.950 align:start position:0% to find out almost everything you could want<00:32:24.360> to<00:32:24.440> know<00:32:24.720> about<00:32:25.080> this<00:32:25.280> special<00:32:25.680> moon. 00:32:26.950 --> 00:32:26.960 align:start position:0% want to know about this special moon. 00:32:26.960 --> 00:32:29.070 align:start position:0% want to know about this special moon. So,<00:32:27.400> stick<00:32:27.720> with<00:32:27.920> me<00:32:28.160> on<00:32:28.320> this<00:32:28.520> journey<00:32:28.960> of 00:32:29.070 --> 00:32:29.080 align:start position:0% So, stick with me on this journey of 00:32:29.080 --> 00:32:33.590 align:start position:0% So, stick with me on this journey of discovery. 00:32:33.590 --> 00:32:33.600 align:start position:0% 00:32:33.600 --> 00:32:35.270 align:start position:0% Let's<00:32:33.960> first<00:32:34.240> of<00:32:34.360> all<00:32:34.480> discuss<00:32:35.000> where 00:32:35.270 --> 00:32:35.280 align:start position:0% Let's first of all discuss where 00:32:35.280 --> 00:32:39.390 align:start position:0% Let's first of all discuss where Enceladus<00:32:35.960> fits<00:32:36.320> into<00:32:36.840> our<00:32:36.920> solar<00:32:37.200> system. 00:32:39.390 --> 00:32:39.400 align:start position:0% Enceladus fits into our solar system. 00:32:39.400 --> 00:32:41.190 align:start position:0% Enceladus fits into our solar system. Enceladus<00:32:39.960> is<00:32:40.120> currently<00:32:40.680> Saturn's<00:32:41.092> [music] 00:32:41.190 --> 00:32:41.200 align:start position:0% Enceladus is currently Saturn's [music] 00:32:41.200 --> 00:32:44.630 align:start position:0% Enceladus is currently Saturn's [music] 14th<00:32:41.960> closest<00:32:42.480> moon.<00:32:43.320> I<00:32:43.440> say<00:32:43.680> currently<00:32:44.480> as 00:32:44.630 --> 00:32:44.640 align:start position:0% 14th closest moon. I say currently as 00:32:44.640 --> 00:32:46.990 align:start position:0% 14th closest moon. I say currently as Saturn<00:32:45.040> has<00:32:45.280> some<00:32:45.480> tiny<00:32:46.000> moonlets<00:32:46.520> hidden<00:32:46.880> in 00:32:46.990 --> 00:32:47.000 align:start position:0% Saturn has some tiny moonlets hidden in 00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:48.870 align:start position:0% Saturn has some tiny moonlets hidden in its<00:32:47.200> rings<00:32:47.600> that<00:32:47.800> may<00:32:48.120> or<00:32:48.280> may<00:32:48.440> not<00:32:48.720> be 00:32:48.870 --> 00:32:48.880 align:start position:0% its rings that may or may not be 00:32:48.880 --> 00:32:51.350 align:start position:0% its rings that may or may not be classified<00:32:49.480> as<00:32:49.600> moons<00:32:49.920> in<00:32:50.000> the<00:32:50.080> future. 00:32:51.350 --> 00:32:51.360 align:start position:0% classified as moons in the future. 00:32:51.360 --> 00:32:53.310 align:start position:0% classified as moons in the future. It<00:32:51.520> is<00:32:51.760> the<00:32:51.880> second<00:32:52.240> closest<00:32:52.640> major<00:32:53.040> moon 00:32:53.310 --> 00:32:53.320 align:start position:0% It is the second closest major moon 00:32:53.320 --> 00:32:56.190 align:start position:0% It is the second closest major moon though,<00:32:53.880> second<00:32:54.280> only<00:32:54.600> to<00:32:54.760> Mimas. 00:32:56.190 --> 00:32:56.200 align:start position:0% though, second only to Mimas. 00:32:56.200 --> 00:32:58.190 align:start position:0% though, second only to Mimas. That<00:32:56.400> means<00:32:56.720> that<00:32:56.840> its<00:32:57.000> orbit<00:32:57.320> takes<00:32:57.600> it<00:32:57.760> just 00:32:58.190 --> 00:32:58.200 align:start position:0% That means that its orbit takes it just 00:32:58.200 --> 00:33:00.790 align:start position:0% That means that its orbit takes it just outside<00:32:58.840> of<00:32:58.920> Saturn's<00:32:59.360> major<00:32:59.760> rings. 00:33:00.790 --> 00:33:00.800 align:start position:0% outside of Saturn's major rings. 00:33:00.800 --> 00:33:02.270 align:start position:0% outside of Saturn's major rings. Its<00:33:00.920> orbit<00:33:01.240> follows<00:33:01.640> the<00:33:01.720> planes<00:33:02.080> of<00:33:02.160> the 00:33:02.270 --> 00:33:02.280 align:start position:0% Its orbit follows the planes of the 00:33:02.280 --> 00:33:04.710 align:start position:0% Its orbit follows the planes of the rings<00:33:02.520> very<00:33:02.760> precisely<00:33:03.920> and<00:33:04.040> it<00:33:04.200> only<00:33:04.400> takes 00:33:04.710 --> 00:33:04.720 align:start position:0% rings very precisely and it only takes 00:33:04.720 --> 00:33:08.270 align:start position:0% rings very precisely and it only takes 33<00:33:05.400> hours<00:33:05.800> to<00:33:05.920> orbit<00:33:06.240> Saturn<00:33:06.520> once. 00:33:08.270 --> 00:33:08.280 align:start position:0% 33 hours to orbit Saturn once. 00:33:08.280 --> 00:33:10.790 align:start position:0% 33 hours to orbit Saturn once. Interestingly,<00:33:09.160> it<00:33:09.320> is<00:33:09.480> in<00:33:09.600> a<00:33:09.680> 2:1<00:33:10.360> orbital 00:33:10.790 --> 00:33:10.800 align:start position:0% Interestingly, it is in a 2:1 orbital 00:33:10.800 --> 00:33:13.070 align:start position:0% Interestingly, it is in a 2:1 orbital resonance<00:33:11.280> with<00:33:11.440> Dione,<00:33:12.200> Saturn's<00:33:12.720> fourth 00:33:13.070 --> 00:33:13.080 align:start position:0% resonance with Dione, Saturn's fourth 00:33:13.080 --> 00:33:14.487 align:start position:0% resonance with Dione, Saturn's fourth closest<00:33:13.520> major<00:33:13.800> moon. 00:33:14.487 --> 00:33:14.497 align:start position:0% closest major moon. 00:33:14.497 --> 00:33:14.550 align:start position:0% closest major moon. >> [music] 00:33:14.550 --> 00:33:14.560 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:33:14.560 --> 00:33:16.790 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> In<00:33:14.720> other<00:33:14.920> words,<00:33:15.440> it<00:33:15.680> orbits<00:33:16.080> twice<00:33:16.440> around 00:33:16.790 --> 00:33:16.800 align:start position:0% >> In other words, it orbits twice around 00:33:16.800 --> 00:33:19.990 align:start position:0% >> In other words, it orbits twice around Saturn<00:33:17.280> in<00:33:17.400> the<00:33:17.520> time<00:33:17.840> Dione<00:33:18.320> orbits<00:33:18.760> once. 00:33:19.990 --> 00:33:20.000 align:start position:0% Saturn in the time Dione orbits once. 00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:21.710 align:start position:0% Saturn in the time Dione orbits once. This<00:33:20.160> orbital<00:33:20.560> resonance<00:33:21.040> is<00:33:21.280> believed<00:33:21.640> to 00:33:21.710 --> 00:33:21.720 align:start position:0% This orbital resonance is believed to 00:33:21.720 --> 00:33:23.870 align:start position:0% This orbital resonance is believed to prevent<00:33:22.120> Enceladus's<00:33:22.920> orbit<00:33:23.280> from<00:33:23.600> ever 00:33:23.870 --> 00:33:23.880 align:start position:0% prevent Enceladus's orbit from ever 00:33:23.880 --> 00:33:25.622 align:start position:0% prevent Enceladus's orbit from ever becoming<00:33:24.400> perfectly<00:33:24.880> circular, 00:33:25.622 --> 00:33:25.632 align:start position:0% becoming perfectly circular, 00:33:25.632 --> 00:33:25.910 align:start position:0% becoming perfectly circular, >> [music] 00:33:25.910 --> 00:33:25.920 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:33:25.920 --> 00:33:28.190 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> which<00:33:26.120> causes<00:33:26.520> Enceladus<00:33:27.200> to<00:33:27.360> undergo<00:33:27.760> tidal 00:33:28.190 --> 00:33:28.200 align:start position:0% >> which causes Enceladus to undergo tidal 00:33:28.200 --> 00:33:29.710 align:start position:0% >> which causes Enceladus to undergo tidal deformation. 00:33:29.710 --> 00:33:29.720 align:start position:0% deformation. 00:33:29.720 --> 00:33:31.990 align:start position:0% deformation. This<00:33:29.960> is<00:33:30.160> significant<00:33:31.240> as<00:33:31.440> these<00:33:31.680> tidal 00:33:31.990 --> 00:33:32.000 align:start position:0% This is significant as these tidal 00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:35.510 align:start position:0% This is significant as these tidal forces<00:33:32.400> heat<00:33:32.720> up<00:33:32.960> Enceladus's<00:33:33.493> [music]<00:33:33.720> core. 00:33:35.510 --> 00:33:35.520 align:start position:0% forces heat up Enceladus's [music] core. 00:33:35.520 --> 00:33:37.630 align:start position:0% forces heat up Enceladus's [music] core. You<00:33:35.680> see,<00:33:36.240> as<00:33:36.440> far<00:33:36.600> as<00:33:36.720> we<00:33:36.840> can<00:33:37.000> tell, 00:33:37.630 --> 00:33:37.640 align:start position:0% You see, as far as we can tell, 00:33:37.640 --> 00:33:39.830 align:start position:0% You see, as far as we can tell, Enceladus's<00:33:38.520> surface<00:33:39.080> is<00:33:39.240> predominantly 00:33:39.830 --> 00:33:39.840 align:start position:0% Enceladus's surface is predominantly 00:33:39.840 --> 00:33:42.230 align:start position:0% Enceladus's surface is predominantly made<00:33:40.200> of<00:33:40.360> clean<00:33:40.760> water,<00:33:41.600> certainly<00:33:42.040> with 00:33:42.230 --> 00:33:42.240 align:start position:0% made of clean water, certainly with 00:33:42.240 --> 00:33:45.510 align:start position:0% made of clean water, certainly with little<00:33:42.600> to<00:33:42.760> no<00:33:43.040> rocks<00:33:43.560> or<00:33:43.720> much<00:33:44.000> else<00:33:44.240> there. 00:33:45.510 --> 00:33:45.520 align:start position:0% little to no rocks or much else there. 00:33:45.520 --> 00:33:47.590 align:start position:0% little to no rocks or much else there. Because<00:33:45.840> Saturn<00:33:46.200> is<00:33:46.360> situated<00:33:46.920> so<00:33:47.120> far<00:33:47.360> away 00:33:47.590 --> 00:33:47.600 align:start position:0% Because Saturn is situated so far away 00:33:47.600 --> 00:33:48.548 align:start position:0% Because Saturn is situated so far away from<00:33:47.760> the<00:33:47.880> sun, 00:33:48.548 --> 00:33:48.558 align:start position:0% from the sun, 00:33:48.558 --> 00:33:48.670 align:start position:0% from the sun, >> [music] 00:33:48.670 --> 00:33:48.680 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:33:48.680 --> 00:33:50.510 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> it<00:33:48.840> means<00:33:49.080> the<00:33:49.280> outer<00:33:49.600> layer<00:33:49.880> of<00:33:50.040> water<00:33:50.360> on 00:33:50.510 --> 00:33:50.520 align:start position:0% >> it means the outer layer of water on 00:33:50.520 --> 00:33:53.030 align:start position:0% >> it means the outer layer of water on Enceladus<00:33:51.200> has<00:33:51.480> frozen<00:33:52.040> over. 00:33:53.030 --> 00:33:53.040 align:start position:0% Enceladus has frozen over. 00:33:53.040 --> 00:33:55.430 align:start position:0% Enceladus has frozen over. Enceladus<00:33:53.600> is<00:33:53.760> essentially<00:33:54.320> a<00:33:54.440> frozen<00:33:55.040> ocean 00:33:55.430 --> 00:33:55.440 align:start position:0% Enceladus is essentially a frozen ocean 00:33:55.440 --> 00:33:59.470 align:start position:0% Enceladus is essentially a frozen ocean world,<00:33:56.240> a<00:33:56.320> giant<00:33:56.720> ball<00:33:57.040> of<00:33:57.200> water<00:33:57.560> ice. 00:33:59.470 --> 00:33:59.480 align:start position:0% world, a giant ball of water ice. 00:33:59.480 --> 00:34:01.310 align:start position:0% world, a giant ball of water ice. Because<00:33:59.760> it<00:33:59.880> is<00:34:00.040> free<00:34:00.360> from<00:34:00.560> other<00:34:00.760> materials 00:34:01.310 --> 00:34:01.320 align:start position:0% Because it is free from other materials 00:34:01.320 --> 00:34:03.270 align:start position:0% Because it is free from other materials on<00:34:01.440> the<00:34:01.520> surface,<00:34:02.360> the<00:34:02.480> moon<00:34:02.760> is<00:34:02.920> one<00:34:03.040> of<00:34:03.120> the 00:34:03.270 --> 00:34:03.280 align:start position:0% on the surface, the moon is one of the 00:34:03.280 --> 00:34:05.630 align:start position:0% on the surface, the moon is one of the whitest<00:34:03.840> objects<00:34:04.280> in<00:34:04.400> the<00:34:04.480> solar<00:34:04.760> system<00:34:05.480> with 00:34:05.630 --> 00:34:05.640 align:start position:0% whitest objects in the solar system with 00:34:05.640 --> 00:34:08.510 align:start position:0% whitest objects in the solar system with a<00:34:05.680> bond<00:34:06.000> albedo<00:34:06.600> of<00:34:06.840> 0.81, 00:34:08.510 --> 00:34:08.520 align:start position:0% a bond albedo of 0.81, 00:34:08.520 --> 00:34:11.310 align:start position:0% a bond albedo of 0.81, which<00:34:08.760> is<00:34:08.960> pretty<00:34:09.280> much<00:34:09.639> as<00:34:09.760> high<00:34:09.960> as<00:34:10.120> snow. 00:34:11.310 --> 00:34:11.320 align:start position:0% which is pretty much as high as snow. 00:34:11.320 --> 00:34:13.310 align:start position:0% which is pretty much as high as snow. As<00:34:11.520> such,<00:34:12.000> it<00:34:12.200> is<00:34:12.399> one<00:34:12.560> of<00:34:12.639> the<00:34:12.760> coldest 00:34:13.310 --> 00:34:13.320 align:start position:0% As such, it is one of the coldest 00:34:13.320 --> 00:34:15.030 align:start position:0% As such, it is one of the coldest satellites<00:34:13.448> [music]<00:34:13.840> of<00:34:13.919> Saturn<00:34:14.560> with<00:34:14.720> a<00:34:14.760> noon 00:34:15.030 --> 00:34:15.040 align:start position:0% satellites [music] of Saturn with a noon 00:34:15.040 --> 00:34:18.590 align:start position:0% satellites [music] of Saturn with a noon temperature<00:34:15.600> of<00:34:15.760> minus<00:34:16.159> 200°<00:34:17.159> C<00:34:18.120> as<00:34:18.280> the<00:34:18.399> white 00:34:18.590 --> 00:34:18.600 align:start position:0% temperature of minus 200° C as the white 00:34:18.600 --> 00:34:20.669 align:start position:0% temperature of minus 200° C as the white color<00:34:18.919> of<00:34:19.040> its<00:34:19.200> surface<00:34:19.679> reflects<00:34:20.200> a<00:34:20.280> large 00:34:20.669 --> 00:34:20.679 align:start position:0% color of its surface reflects a large 00:34:20.679 --> 00:34:21.909 align:start position:0% color of its surface reflects a large percentage<00:34:21.200> of<00:34:21.308> [music]<00:34:21.320> the<00:34:21.399> sunlight 00:34:21.909 --> 00:34:21.919 align:start position:0% percentage of [music] the sunlight 00:34:21.919 --> 00:34:24.909 align:start position:0% percentage of [music] the sunlight reaching<00:34:22.280> it<00:34:22.600> back<00:34:22.919> into<00:34:23.200> space. 00:34:24.909 --> 00:34:24.919 align:start position:0% reaching it back into space. 00:34:24.919 --> 00:34:28.310 align:start position:0% reaching it back into space. However,<00:34:25.760> about<00:34:26.200> 30<00:34:26.600> to<00:34:26.760> 40<00:34:27.080> km<00:34:27.600> down<00:34:28.080> under 00:34:28.310 --> 00:34:28.320 align:start position:0% However, about 30 to 40 km down under 00:34:28.320 --> 00:34:30.750 align:start position:0% However, about 30 to 40 km down under the<00:34:28.440> surface<00:34:28.879> of<00:34:29.000> Enceladus,<00:34:30.000> pressure<00:34:30.360> start 00:34:30.750 --> 00:34:30.760 align:start position:0% the surface of Enceladus, pressure start 00:34:30.760 --> 00:34:33.310 align:start position:0% the surface of Enceladus, pressure start building<00:34:31.639> and<00:34:31.800> heat<00:34:32.080> energy<00:34:32.440> generated<00:34:33.200> from 00:34:33.310 --> 00:34:33.320 align:start position:0% building and heat energy generated from 00:34:33.320 --> 00:34:35.710 align:start position:0% building and heat energy generated from the<00:34:33.440> tidal<00:34:33.840> deformation<00:34:34.480> of<00:34:34.600> its<00:34:34.800> orbit<00:34:35.560> has 00:34:35.710 --> 00:34:35.720 align:start position:0% the tidal deformation of its orbit has 00:34:35.720 --> 00:34:37.230 align:start position:0% the tidal deformation of its orbit has increased<00:34:36.159> the<00:34:36.280> temperature<00:34:36.679> of<00:34:36.760> the<00:34:36.879> water 00:34:37.230 --> 00:34:37.240 align:start position:0% increased the temperature of the water 00:34:37.240 --> 00:34:37.673 align:start position:0% increased the temperature of the water ice 00:34:37.673 --> 00:34:37.683 align:start position:0% ice 00:34:37.683 --> 00:34:37.750 align:start position:0% ice >> [music] 00:34:37.750 --> 00:34:37.760 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:34:37.760 --> 00:34:39.470 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> to<00:34:37.879> the<00:34:38.000> point<00:34:38.399> where<00:34:38.600> the<00:34:38.720> water<00:34:39.080> at<00:34:39.240> this 00:34:39.470 --> 00:34:39.480 align:start position:0% >> to the point where the water at this 00:34:39.480 --> 00:34:42.629 align:start position:0% >> to the point where the water at this depth<00:34:40.080> can<00:34:40.240> exist<00:34:40.720> in<00:34:40.879> a<00:34:41.000> liquid<00:34:41.520> form. 00:34:42.629 --> 00:34:42.639 align:start position:0% depth can exist in a liquid form. 00:34:42.639 --> 00:34:44.669 align:start position:0% depth can exist in a liquid form. It<00:34:42.879> could<00:34:43.080> well<00:34:43.320> be<00:34:43.560> that<00:34:43.760> there<00:34:43.960> is<00:34:44.120> an<00:34:44.200> entire 00:34:44.669 --> 00:34:44.679 align:start position:0% It could well be that there is an entire 00:34:44.679 --> 00:34:45.510 align:start position:0% It could well be that there is an entire mantle<00:34:44.888> [music] 00:34:45.510 --> 00:34:45.520 align:start position:0% mantle [music] 00:34:45.520 --> 00:34:47.629 align:start position:0% mantle [music] or<00:34:45.639> a<00:34:45.720> global<00:34:46.200> ocean<00:34:46.480> of<00:34:46.639> water<00:34:47.040> that<00:34:47.200> the<00:34:47.399> ice 00:34:47.629 --> 00:34:47.639 align:start position:0% or a global ocean of water that the ice 00:34:47.639 --> 00:34:49.990 align:start position:0% or a global ocean of water that the ice crust<00:34:48.000> is<00:34:48.159> resting<00:34:48.520> upon,<00:34:49.320> very<00:34:49.520> much<00:34:49.800> like 00:34:49.990 --> 00:34:50.000 align:start position:0% crust is resting upon, very much like 00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:52.430 align:start position:0% crust is resting upon, very much like the<00:34:50.080> magma<00:34:50.520> mantle<00:34:51.000> that<00:34:51.280> our<00:34:51.520> rocky<00:34:51.840> crust<00:34:52.240> on 00:34:52.430 --> 00:34:52.440 align:start position:0% the magma mantle that our rocky crust on 00:34:52.440 --> 00:34:54.070 align:start position:0% the magma mantle that our rocky crust on Earth<00:34:52.720> rests<00:34:53.000> upon. 00:34:54.070 --> 00:34:54.080 align:start position:0% Earth rests upon. 00:34:54.080 --> 00:34:55.669 align:start position:0% Earth rests upon. At<00:34:54.240> the<00:34:54.320> very<00:34:54.560> least,<00:34:54.714> [music]<00:34:55.080> scientists 00:34:55.669 --> 00:34:55.679 align:start position:0% At the very least, [music] scientists 00:34:55.679 --> 00:34:57.510 align:start position:0% At the very least, [music] scientists expect<00:34:56.120> there<00:34:56.240> to<00:34:56.399> be<00:34:56.600> a<00:34:56.720> huge<00:34:57.120> pocket<00:34:57.440> of 00:34:57.510 --> 00:34:57.520 align:start position:0% expect there to be a huge pocket of 00:34:57.520 --> 00:35:00.150 align:start position:0% expect there to be a huge pocket of water<00:34:57.920> under<00:34:58.160> the<00:34:58.280> moon's<00:34:58.600> South<00:34:58.920> Pole. 00:35:00.150 --> 00:35:00.160 align:start position:0% water under the moon's South Pole. 00:35:00.160 --> 00:35:01.710 align:start position:0% water under the moon's South Pole. How<00:35:00.400> do<00:35:00.520> we<00:35:00.640> know<00:35:00.840> this? 00:35:01.710 --> 00:35:01.720 align:start position:0% How do we know this? 00:35:01.720 --> 00:35:03.874 align:start position:0% How do we know this? Well,<00:35:02.240> the<00:35:02.360> most<00:35:02.800> obvious<00:35:03.240> indication 00:35:03.874 --> 00:35:03.884 align:start position:0% Well, the most obvious indication 00:35:03.884 --> 00:35:05.790 align:start position:0% Well, the most obvious indication [music]<00:35:04.280> are<00:35:04.400> the<00:35:04.520> huge<00:35:04.920> plumes<00:35:05.320> of<00:35:05.480> water 00:35:05.790 --> 00:35:05.800 align:start position:0% [music] are the huge plumes of water 00:35:05.800 --> 00:35:07.350 align:start position:0% [music] are the huge plumes of water being<00:35:06.040> ejected<00:35:06.560> from<00:35:06.680> the<00:35:06.760> cracks<00:35:07.160> in<00:35:07.240> the 00:35:07.350 --> 00:35:07.360 align:start position:0% being ejected from the cracks in the 00:35:07.360 --> 00:35:10.390 align:start position:0% being ejected from the cracks in the crust,<00:35:08.080> something<00:35:08.520> referred<00:35:08.920> to<00:35:09.200> as<00:35:09.520> water<00:35:10.080> or 00:35:10.390 --> 00:35:10.400 align:start position:0% crust, something referred to as water or 00:35:10.400 --> 00:35:12.590 align:start position:0% crust, something referred to as water or cryovolcanism. 00:35:12.590 --> 00:35:12.600 align:start position:0% cryovolcanism. 00:35:12.600 --> 00:35:14.630 align:start position:0% cryovolcanism. These<00:35:12.920> jets<00:35:13.280> are<00:35:13.480> really<00:35:13.880> active,<00:35:14.364> [music] 00:35:14.630 --> 00:35:14.640 align:start position:0% These jets are really active, [music] 00:35:14.640 --> 00:35:17.790 align:start position:0% These jets are really active, [music] consistently<00:35:15.480> blasting<00:35:16.000> around<00:35:16.360> 250<00:35:17.120> kg<00:35:17.680> of 00:35:17.790 --> 00:35:17.800 align:start position:0% consistently blasting around 250 kg of 00:35:17.800 --> 00:35:20.270 align:start position:0% consistently blasting around 250 kg of water<00:35:18.160> into<00:35:18.440> space<00:35:18.960> every<00:35:19.360> second<00:35:19.604> [music] 00:35:20.270 --> 00:35:20.280 align:start position:0% water into space every second [music] 00:35:20.280 --> 00:35:24.470 align:start position:0% water into space every second [music] at<00:35:20.440> speeds<00:35:20.960> exceeding<00:35:21.480> 2,000<00:35:22.320> km/h. 00:35:24.470 --> 00:35:24.480 align:start position:0% at speeds exceeding 2,000 km/h. 00:35:24.480 --> 00:35:25.990 align:start position:0% at speeds exceeding 2,000 km/h. This<00:35:24.720> is<00:35:24.844> [music]<00:35:24.880> powerful<00:35:25.400> enough<00:35:25.840> that 00:35:25.990 --> 00:35:26.000 align:start position:0% This is [music] powerful enough that 00:35:26.000 --> 00:35:28.230 align:start position:0% This is [music] powerful enough that most<00:35:26.240> of<00:35:26.320> the<00:35:26.440> water<00:35:26.720> vapor<00:35:27.000> particles<00:35:27.680> escape 00:35:28.230 --> 00:35:28.240 align:start position:0% most of the water vapor particles escape 00:35:28.240 --> 00:35:30.870 align:start position:0% most of the water vapor particles escape Enceladus's<00:35:29.000> weak<00:35:29.200> gravity<00:35:30.120> and<00:35:30.280> they<00:35:30.440> end<00:35:30.720> up 00:35:30.870 --> 00:35:30.880 align:start position:0% Enceladus's weak gravity and they end up 00:35:30.880 --> 00:35:33.470 align:start position:0% Enceladus's weak gravity and they end up in<00:35:31.080> orbit<00:35:31.400> around<00:35:31.720> Saturn,<00:35:32.400> forming<00:35:32.960> Saturn's 00:35:33.470 --> 00:35:33.480 align:start position:0% in orbit around Saturn, forming Saturn's 00:35:33.480 --> 00:35:35.430 align:start position:0% in orbit around Saturn, forming Saturn's E<00:35:33.720> ring. 00:35:35.430 --> 00:35:35.440 align:start position:0% E ring. 00:35:35.440 --> 00:35:38.270 align:start position:0% E ring. This<00:35:35.680> ring<00:35:35.920> around<00:35:36.240> Saturn<00:35:36.600> is<00:35:36.800> very<00:35:37.120> diffuse 00:35:38.270 --> 00:35:38.280 align:start position:0% This ring around Saturn is very diffuse 00:35:38.280 --> 00:35:40.590 align:start position:0% This ring around Saturn is very diffuse and<00:35:38.480> so<00:35:38.720> isn't<00:35:39.160> really<00:35:39.520> visible<00:35:40.040> unless<00:35:40.360> it<00:35:40.480> is 00:35:40.590 --> 00:35:40.600 align:start position:0% and so isn't really visible unless it is 00:35:40.600 --> 00:35:44.390 align:start position:0% and so isn't really visible unless it is backlit<00:35:41.080> by<00:35:41.219> [music]<00:35:41.240> the<00:35:41.360> Sun. 00:35:44.390 --> 00:35:44.400 align:start position:0% 00:35:44.400 --> 00:35:46.030 align:start position:0% From<00:35:44.640> this<00:35:44.960> angle,<00:35:45.680> the<00:35:45.800> light<00:35:45.820> [music] 00:35:46.030 --> 00:35:46.040 align:start position:0% From this angle, the light [music] 00:35:46.040 --> 00:35:47.870 align:start position:0% From this angle, the light [music] shining<00:35:46.360> through<00:35:46.600> the<00:35:46.680> water<00:35:47.000> particles<00:35:47.640> make 00:35:47.870 --> 00:35:47.880 align:start position:0% shining through the water particles make 00:35:47.880 --> 00:35:50.470 align:start position:0% shining through the water particles make the<00:35:48.040> ring<00:35:48.320> appear<00:35:48.720> exceptionally<00:35:49.600> blue.<00:35:50.360> In 00:35:50.470 --> 00:35:50.480 align:start position:0% the ring appear exceptionally blue. In 00:35:50.480 --> 00:35:52.870 align:start position:0% the ring appear exceptionally blue. In fact,<00:35:51.080> this<00:35:51.320> ring<00:35:51.680> is<00:35:51.840> considered<00:35:52.280> the<00:35:52.360> bluest 00:35:52.870 --> 00:35:52.880 align:start position:0% fact, this ring is considered the bluest 00:35:52.880 --> 00:35:55.390 align:start position:0% fact, this ring is considered the bluest object<00:35:53.320> in<00:35:53.440> the<00:35:53.520> solar<00:35:53.840> system,<00:35:54.600> even<00:35:54.920> more<00:35:55.120> so 00:35:55.390 --> 00:35:55.400 align:start position:0% object in the solar system, even more so 00:35:55.400 --> 00:35:57.070 align:start position:0% object in the solar system, even more so than<00:35:55.600> Neptune<00:35:56.320> due<00:35:56.520> to<00:35:56.640> the<00:35:56.760> ring's 00:35:57.070 --> 00:35:57.080 align:start position:0% than Neptune due to the ring's 00:35:57.080 --> 00:36:00.150 align:start position:0% than Neptune due to the ring's uniformity. 00:36:00.150 --> 00:36:00.160 align:start position:0% 00:36:00.160 --> 00:36:02.430 align:start position:0% The<00:36:00.360> E<00:36:00.520> ring<00:36:00.760> is<00:36:00.920> Saturn's<00:36:01.400> second<00:36:01.920> outermost 00:36:02.430 --> 00:36:02.440 align:start position:0% The E ring is Saturn's second outermost 00:36:02.440 --> 00:36:06.030 align:start position:0% The E ring is Saturn's second outermost ring<00:36:03.000> and<00:36:03.360> it<00:36:03.489> [music]<00:36:03.520> is<00:36:03.720> 2,000<00:36:04.520> km<00:36:05.000> wide. 00:36:06.030 --> 00:36:06.040 align:start position:0% ring and it [music] is 2,000 km wide. 00:36:06.040 --> 00:36:08.590 align:start position:0% ring and it [music] is 2,000 km wide. Its<00:36:06.280> shape<00:36:06.640> is<00:36:06.960> also<00:36:07.360> heavily<00:36:07.840> influenced<00:36:08.480> by 00:36:08.590 --> 00:36:08.600 align:start position:0% Its shape is also heavily influenced by 00:36:08.600 --> 00:36:11.230 align:start position:0% Its shape is also heavily influenced by the<00:36:08.840> orbit<00:36:09.200> of<00:36:09.320> Enceladus.<00:36:10.440> Enceladus's 00:36:11.230 --> 00:36:11.240 align:start position:0% the orbit of Enceladus. Enceladus's 00:36:11.240 --> 00:36:13.110 align:start position:0% the orbit of Enceladus. Enceladus's plumes<00:36:11.720> create<00:36:12.080> tendril<00:36:12.560> shapes<00:36:12.920> in<00:36:13.040> the 00:36:13.110 --> 00:36:13.120 align:start position:0% plumes create tendril shapes in the 00:36:13.120 --> 00:36:16.710 align:start position:0% plumes create tendril shapes in the rings<00:36:13.560> as<00:36:13.760> more<00:36:14.000> material<00:36:14.600> erupts<00:36:15.040> out<00:36:15.240> of<00:36:15.320> it. 00:36:16.710 --> 00:36:16.720 align:start position:0% rings as more material erupts out of it. 00:36:16.720 --> 00:36:18.630 align:start position:0% rings as more material erupts out of it. However,<00:36:17.160> these<00:36:17.440> sections<00:36:17.880> of<00:36:18.000> the<00:36:18.120> ring<00:36:18.440> tend 00:36:18.630 --> 00:36:18.640 align:start position:0% However, these sections of the ring tend 00:36:18.640 --> 00:36:20.870 align:start position:0% However, these sections of the ring tend to<00:36:18.720> smooth<00:36:19.040> off<00:36:19.400> as<00:36:19.560> Enceladus<00:36:20.160> moves<00:36:20.520> further 00:36:20.870 --> 00:36:20.880 align:start position:0% to smooth off as Enceladus moves further 00:36:20.880 --> 00:36:23.990 align:start position:0% to smooth off as Enceladus moves further away<00:36:21.280> along<00:36:21.600> its<00:36:21.760> orbit. 00:36:23.990 --> 00:36:24.000 align:start position:0% away along its orbit. 00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:26.030 align:start position:0% away along its orbit. During<00:36:24.240> the<00:36:24.360> course<00:36:24.720> of<00:36:24.840> Cassini's<00:36:25.320> mission, 00:36:26.030 --> 00:36:26.040 align:start position:0% During the course of Cassini's mission, 00:36:26.040 --> 00:36:28.070 align:start position:0% During the course of Cassini's mission, Cassini<00:36:26.440> was<00:36:26.800> able<00:36:27.040> to<00:36:27.160> pass<00:36:27.600> through<00:36:27.880> these 00:36:28.070 --> 00:36:28.080 align:start position:0% Cassini was able to pass through these 00:36:28.080 --> 00:36:30.230 align:start position:0% Cassini was able to pass through these plumes<00:36:28.520> to<00:36:28.640> detect<00:36:29.120> the<00:36:29.200> substances<00:36:29.880> being 00:36:30.230 --> 00:36:30.240 align:start position:0% plumes to detect the substances being 00:36:30.240 --> 00:36:32.590 align:start position:0% plumes to detect the substances being ejected<00:36:30.760> from<00:36:31.000> them. 00:36:32.590 --> 00:36:32.600 align:start position:0% ejected from them. 00:36:32.600 --> 00:36:34.350 align:start position:0% ejected from them. Cassini<00:36:33.080> wasn't<00:36:33.480> designed<00:36:33.920> with<00:36:34.040> this<00:36:34.200> in 00:36:34.350 --> 00:36:34.360 align:start position:0% Cassini wasn't designed with this in 00:36:34.360 --> 00:36:36.550 align:start position:0% Cassini wasn't designed with this in mind.<00:36:35.160> Scientists<00:36:35.680> didn't<00:36:36.040> know<00:36:36.200> about<00:36:36.480> the 00:36:36.550 --> 00:36:36.560 align:start position:0% mind. Scientists didn't know about the 00:36:36.560 --> 00:36:39.390 align:start position:0% mind. Scientists didn't know about the plumes<00:36:36.920> until<00:36:37.280> Cassini<00:36:37.680> got<00:36:37.920> there.<00:36:38.680> However, 00:36:39.390 --> 00:36:39.400 align:start position:0% plumes until Cassini got there. However, 00:36:39.400 --> 00:36:41.550 align:start position:0% plumes until Cassini got there. However, Cassini<00:36:39.840> was<00:36:40.200> equipped<00:36:40.720> with<00:36:40.920> an<00:36:41.040> instrument 00:36:41.550 --> 00:36:41.560 align:start position:0% Cassini was equipped with an instrument 00:36:41.560 --> 00:36:44.270 align:start position:0% Cassini was equipped with an instrument called<00:36:41.880> the<00:36:41.960> cosmic<00:36:42.440> dust<00:36:42.800> analyzer<00:36:43.800> designed 00:36:44.270 --> 00:36:44.280 align:start position:0% called the cosmic dust analyzer designed 00:36:44.280 --> 00:36:45.910 align:start position:0% called the cosmic dust analyzer designed to<00:36:44.400> detect<00:36:44.755> [music]<00:36:45.000> what<00:36:45.120> the<00:36:45.240> tiny<00:36:45.600> dust 00:36:45.910 --> 00:36:45.920 align:start position:0% to detect [music] what the tiny dust 00:36:45.920 --> 00:36:47.750 align:start position:0% to detect [music] what the tiny dust grains<00:36:46.240> in<00:36:46.400> orbit<00:36:46.720> around<00:36:47.000> Saturn<00:36:47.360> are<00:36:47.480> made 00:36:47.750 --> 00:36:47.760 align:start position:0% grains in orbit around Saturn are made 00:36:47.760 --> 00:36:49.750 align:start position:0% grains in orbit around Saturn are made of,<00:36:48.440> and<00:36:48.560> it<00:36:48.640> was<00:36:48.840> able<00:36:49.160> to<00:36:49.280> use<00:36:49.480> it<00:36:49.640> for 00:36:49.750 --> 00:36:49.760 align:start position:0% of, and it was able to use it for 00:36:49.760 --> 00:36:52.630 align:start position:0% of, and it was able to use it for Enceladus'<00:36:49.995> [music]<00:36:50.480> plumes,<00:36:50.880> too. 00:36:52.630 --> 00:36:52.640 align:start position:0% Enceladus' [music] plumes, too. 00:36:52.640 --> 00:36:54.550 align:start position:0% Enceladus' [music] plumes, too. As<00:36:52.800> it<00:36:52.960> wasn't<00:36:53.280> specifically<00:36:53.960> designed<00:36:54.440> with 00:36:54.550 --> 00:36:54.560 align:start position:0% As it wasn't specifically designed with 00:36:54.560 --> 00:36:56.670 align:start position:0% As it wasn't specifically designed with this<00:36:54.760> in<00:36:54.920> mind,<00:36:55.520> it<00:36:55.680> might<00:36:55.880> not<00:36:56.080> have<00:36:56.240> given<00:36:56.560> us 00:36:56.670 --> 00:36:56.680 align:start position:0% this in mind, it might not have given us 00:36:56.680 --> 00:36:58.270 align:start position:0% this in mind, it might not have given us the<00:36:56.800> full<00:36:57.120> picture<00:36:57.520> of<00:36:57.640> what's<00:36:57.920> in<00:36:58.080> these 00:36:58.270 --> 00:36:58.280 align:start position:0% the full picture of what's in these 00:36:58.280 --> 00:36:59.390 align:start position:0% the full picture of what's in these particles,<00:36:58.510> [music] 00:36:59.390 --> 00:36:59.400 align:start position:0% particles, [music] 00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:01.110 align:start position:0% particles, [music] but<00:36:59.640> while<00:37:00.040> water<00:37:00.320> was<00:37:00.520> the<00:37:00.600> predominant 00:37:01.110 --> 00:37:01.120 align:start position:0% but while water was the predominant 00:37:01.120 --> 00:37:04.150 align:start position:0% but while water was the predominant substance<00:37:01.600> detected,<00:37:02.600> amino<00:37:03.040> acids,<00:37:03.760> carbon 00:37:04.150 --> 00:37:04.160 align:start position:0% substance detected, amino acids, carbon 00:37:04.160 --> 00:37:06.870 align:start position:0% substance detected, amino acids, carbon dioxide,<00:37:05.080> nitrogen,<00:37:05.720> and<00:37:05.960> methane<00:37:06.440> were<00:37:06.600> also 00:37:06.870 --> 00:37:06.880 align:start position:0% dioxide, nitrogen, and methane were also 00:37:06.880 --> 00:37:08.230 align:start position:0% dioxide, nitrogen, and methane were also found. 00:37:08.230 --> 00:37:08.240 align:start position:0% found. 00:37:08.240 --> 00:37:10.750 align:start position:0% found. Amino<00:37:08.680> acids<00:37:09.160> are<00:37:09.400> significant<00:37:10.360> as<00:37:10.520> they<00:37:10.680> are 00:37:10.750 --> 00:37:10.760 align:start position:0% Amino acids are significant as they are 00:37:10.760 --> 00:37:12.830 align:start position:0% Amino acids are significant as they are the<00:37:10.920> building<00:37:11.400> blocks<00:37:11.720> of<00:37:11.880> life<00:37:12.480> and<00:37:12.600> can<00:37:12.720> be 00:37:12.830 --> 00:37:12.840 align:start position:0% the building blocks of life and can be 00:37:12.840 --> 00:37:14.390 align:start position:0% the building blocks of life and can be found<00:37:13.160> around<00:37:13.440> the<00:37:13.520> thermal<00:37:13.880> vents<00:37:14.240> at<00:37:14.320> the 00:37:14.390 --> 00:37:14.400 align:start position:0% found around the thermal vents at the 00:37:14.400 --> 00:37:16.630 align:start position:0% found around the thermal vents at the bottom<00:37:14.760> of<00:37:14.960> Earth's<00:37:15.320> oceans. 00:37:16.630 --> 00:37:16.640 align:start position:0% bottom of Earth's oceans. 00:37:16.640 --> 00:37:18.190 align:start position:0% bottom of Earth's oceans. Does<00:37:16.840> this<00:37:17.040> mean<00:37:17.320> Enceladus<00:37:17.505> [music]<00:37:17.920> has 00:37:18.190 --> 00:37:18.200 align:start position:0% Does this mean Enceladus [music] has 00:37:18.200 --> 00:37:20.190 align:start position:0% Does this mean Enceladus [music] has thermal<00:37:18.680> vents<00:37:19.080> of<00:37:19.200> its<00:37:19.360> own? 00:37:20.190 --> 00:37:20.200 align:start position:0% thermal vents of its own? 00:37:20.200 --> 00:37:22.670 align:start position:0% thermal vents of its own? And<00:37:20.320> if<00:37:20.480> so,<00:37:21.120> do<00:37:21.280> they<00:37:21.520> have<00:37:21.800> ecosystems<00:37:22.520> of 00:37:22.670 --> 00:37:22.680 align:start position:0% And if so, do they have ecosystems of 00:37:22.680 --> 00:37:25.030 align:start position:0% And if so, do they have ecosystems of life<00:37:22.960> around<00:37:23.360> them? 00:37:25.030 --> 00:37:25.040 align:start position:0% life around them? 00:37:25.040 --> 00:37:26.990 align:start position:0% life around them? While<00:37:25.320> evidence<00:37:25.800> for<00:37:26.040> an<00:37:26.160> underground<00:37:26.640> ocean 00:37:26.990 --> 00:37:27.000 align:start position:0% While evidence for an underground ocean 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:27.975 align:start position:0% While evidence for an underground ocean is<00:37:27.120> abundant, 00:37:27.975 --> 00:37:27.985 align:start position:0% is abundant, 00:37:27.985 --> 00:37:28.230 align:start position:0% is abundant, >> [music] 00:37:28.230 --> 00:37:28.240 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:37:28.240 --> 00:37:30.670 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> scientists<00:37:29.000> still<00:37:29.480> aren't<00:37:29.720> completely<00:37:30.280> sure 00:37:30.670 --> 00:37:30.680 align:start position:0% >> scientists still aren't completely sure 00:37:30.680 --> 00:37:33.390 align:start position:0% >> scientists still aren't completely sure about<00:37:31.000> Enceladus'<00:37:31.680> internal<00:37:32.120> structure. 00:37:33.390 --> 00:37:33.400 align:start position:0% about Enceladus' internal structure. 00:37:33.400 --> 00:37:35.470 align:start position:0% about Enceladus' internal structure. At<00:37:33.560> some<00:37:33.760> points<00:37:34.080> in<00:37:34.200> the<00:37:34.280> past,<00:37:34.920> scientists 00:37:35.470 --> 00:37:35.480 align:start position:0% At some points in the past, scientists 00:37:35.480 --> 00:37:37.590 align:start position:0% At some points in the past, scientists believed<00:37:35.920> that<00:37:36.080> Enceladus<00:37:36.680> was<00:37:36.920> water<00:37:37.360> all 00:37:37.590 --> 00:37:37.600 align:start position:0% believed that Enceladus was water all 00:37:37.600 --> 00:37:39.830 align:start position:0% believed that Enceladus was water all the<00:37:37.680> way<00:37:37.880> through.<00:37:38.840> However,<00:37:39.200> data<00:37:39.600> from 00:37:39.830 --> 00:37:39.840 align:start position:0% the way through. However, data from 00:37:39.840 --> 00:37:42.390 align:start position:0% the way through. However, data from Cassini<00:37:40.320> suggests<00:37:40.960> that<00:37:41.120> Enceladus'<00:37:41.840> mass<00:37:42.280> is 00:37:42.390 --> 00:37:42.400 align:start position:0% Cassini suggests that Enceladus' mass is 00:37:42.400 --> 00:37:44.750 align:start position:0% Cassini suggests that Enceladus' mass is in<00:37:42.520> fact<00:37:42.880> greater<00:37:43.280> than<00:37:43.440> previously<00:37:43.920> thought, 00:37:44.750 --> 00:37:44.760 align:start position:0% in fact greater than previously thought, 00:37:44.760 --> 00:37:46.750 align:start position:0% in fact greater than previously thought, meaning<00:37:45.120> it<00:37:45.280> must<00:37:45.600> have<00:37:45.800> some<00:37:46.120> amounts<00:37:46.520> of 00:37:46.750 --> 00:37:46.760 align:start position:0% meaning it must have some amounts of 00:37:46.760 --> 00:37:50.110 align:start position:0% meaning it must have some amounts of iron<00:37:47.200> or<00:37:47.400> silicate<00:37:47.840> material<00:37:48.440> in<00:37:48.560> its<00:37:48.720> core. 00:37:50.110 --> 00:37:50.120 align:start position:0% iron or silicate material in its core. 00:37:50.120 --> 00:37:51.950 align:start position:0% iron or silicate material in its core. Scientists<00:37:50.640> are<00:37:50.720> starting<00:37:51.160> to<00:37:51.280> lean<00:37:51.520> towards 00:37:51.950 --> 00:37:51.960 align:start position:0% Scientists are starting to lean towards 00:37:51.960 --> 00:37:53.670 align:start position:0% Scientists are starting to lean towards the<00:37:52.040> theory<00:37:52.400> that<00:37:52.560> the<00:37:52.640> internal<00:37:53.080> structure 00:37:53.670 --> 00:37:53.680 align:start position:0% the theory that the internal structure 00:37:53.680 --> 00:37:55.486 align:start position:0% the theory that the internal structure is<00:37:54.000> differentiated, 00:37:55.486 --> 00:37:55.496 align:start position:0% is differentiated, 00:37:55.496 --> 00:37:55.510 align:start position:0% is differentiated, >> [music] 00:37:55.510 --> 00:37:55.520 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:37:55.520 --> 00:37:57.190 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> meaning<00:37:55.920> it's<00:37:56.080> a<00:37:56.160> celestial<00:37:56.600> body<00:37:56.960> with 00:37:57.190 --> 00:37:57.200 align:start position:0% >> meaning it's a celestial body with 00:37:57.200 --> 00:37:59.190 align:start position:0% >> meaning it's a celestial body with defined<00:37:57.600> layers<00:37:58.000> within<00:37:58.240> it. 00:37:59.190 --> 00:37:59.200 align:start position:0% defined layers within it. 00:37:59.200 --> 00:38:01.310 align:start position:0% defined layers within it. An<00:37:59.360> object<00:37:59.760> of<00:37:59.840> this<00:38:00.040> size<00:38:00.600> really<00:38:00.880> doesn't 00:38:01.310 --> 00:38:01.320 align:start position:0% An object of this size really doesn't 00:38:01.320 --> 00:38:04.070 align:start position:0% An object of this size really doesn't have<00:38:01.560> to<00:38:01.680> be<00:38:01.840> differentiated.<00:38:03.200> In<00:38:03.400> fact,<00:38:03.840> it's 00:38:04.070 --> 00:38:04.080 align:start position:0% have to be differentiated. In fact, it's 00:38:04.080 --> 00:38:06.910 align:start position:0% have to be differentiated. In fact, it's so<00:38:04.320> small<00:38:05.000> at<00:38:05.200> only<00:38:05.440> about<00:38:05.840> 500<00:38:06.520> km<00:38:06.631> [music] 00:38:06.910 --> 00:38:06.920 align:start position:0% so small at only about 500 km [music] 00:38:06.920 --> 00:38:08.870 align:start position:0% so small at only about 500 km [music] across<00:38:07.840> that<00:38:08.040> it<00:38:08.160> is<00:38:08.360> right<00:38:08.680> on<00:38:08.800> the 00:38:08.870 --> 00:38:08.880 align:start position:0% across that it is right on the 00:38:08.880 --> 00:38:10.910 align:start position:0% across that it is right on the borderline<00:38:09.520> of<00:38:09.640> being<00:38:10.000> in<00:38:10.160> hydrostatic 00:38:10.910 --> 00:38:10.920 align:start position:0% borderline of being in hydrostatic 00:38:10.920 --> 00:38:13.171 align:start position:0% borderline of being in hydrostatic equilibrium,<00:38:12.080> or<00:38:12.320> in<00:38:12.440> other<00:38:12.640> words,<00:38:13.120> being 00:38:13.171 --> 00:38:13.181 align:start position:0% equilibrium, or in other words, being 00:38:13.181 --> 00:38:15.710 align:start position:0% equilibrium, or in other words, being [music]<00:38:13.440> rounded<00:38:13.880> by<00:38:14.000> its<00:38:14.160> own<00:38:14.320> gravity. 00:38:15.710 --> 00:38:15.720 align:start position:0% [music] rounded by its own gravity. 00:38:15.720 --> 00:38:17.830 align:start position:0% [music] rounded by its own gravity. There<00:38:15.960> are<00:38:16.120> a<00:38:16.160> number<00:38:16.520> of<00:38:16.680> objects<00:38:17.200> out<00:38:17.360> there 00:38:17.830 --> 00:38:17.840 align:start position:0% There are a number of objects out there 00:38:17.840 --> 00:38:20.750 align:start position:0% There are a number of objects out there of<00:38:18.040> similar<00:38:18.680> or<00:38:18.960> smaller<00:38:19.440> sizes<00:38:20.200> that<00:38:20.360> are<00:38:20.440> not 00:38:20.750 --> 00:38:20.760 align:start position:0% of similar or smaller sizes that are not 00:38:20.760 --> 00:38:22.950 align:start position:0% of similar or smaller sizes that are not in<00:38:20.920> hydrostatic<00:38:21.600> equilibrium,<00:38:22.560> like 00:38:22.950 --> 00:38:22.960 align:start position:0% in hydrostatic equilibrium, like 00:38:22.960 --> 00:38:24.910 align:start position:0% in hydrostatic equilibrium, like Neptune's<00:38:23.006> [music]<00:38:23.480> Proteus. 00:38:24.910 --> 00:38:24.920 align:start position:0% Neptune's [music] Proteus. 00:38:24.920 --> 00:38:27.190 align:start position:0% Neptune's [music] Proteus. In<00:38:25.200> any<00:38:25.440> case,<00:38:26.120> assuming<00:38:26.640> it<00:38:26.760> does<00:38:27.000> have<00:38:27.160> a 00:38:27.190 --> 00:38:27.200 align:start position:0% In any case, assuming it does have a 00:38:27.200 --> 00:38:29.910 align:start position:0% In any case, assuming it does have a differentiated<00:38:28.040> interior,<00:38:29.000> this<00:38:29.240> core<00:38:29.680> is 00:38:29.910 --> 00:38:29.920 align:start position:0% differentiated interior, this core is 00:38:29.920 --> 00:38:32.710 align:start position:0% differentiated interior, this core is likely<00:38:30.400> to<00:38:30.520> be<00:38:30.720> predominantly<00:38:31.400> rocky. 00:38:32.710 --> 00:38:32.720 align:start position:0% likely to be predominantly rocky. 00:38:32.720 --> 00:38:35.110 align:start position:0% likely to be predominantly rocky. This<00:38:32.880> is<00:38:33.000> important<00:38:34.080> as<00:38:34.320> thermal<00:38:34.680> vents<00:38:35.000> in 00:38:35.110 --> 00:38:35.120 align:start position:0% This is important as thermal vents in 00:38:35.120 --> 00:38:37.390 align:start position:0% This is important as thermal vents in Enceladus's<00:38:35.840> water<00:38:36.200> ocean<00:38:36.880> would<00:38:37.080> have<00:38:37.280> to 00:38:37.390 --> 00:38:37.400 align:start position:0% Enceladus's water ocean would have to 00:38:37.400 --> 00:38:39.230 align:start position:0% Enceladus's water ocean would have to come<00:38:37.640> from<00:38:37.800> a<00:38:37.880> rocky<00:38:38.200> core. 00:38:39.230 --> 00:38:39.240 align:start position:0% come from a rocky core. 00:38:39.240 --> 00:38:41.830 align:start position:0% come from a rocky core. A<00:38:39.360> rocky<00:38:39.720> ocean<00:38:40.080> floor<00:38:40.680> would<00:38:40.880> also<00:38:41.240> provide 00:38:41.830 --> 00:38:41.840 align:start position:0% A rocky ocean floor would also provide 00:38:41.840 --> 00:38:43.990 align:start position:0% A rocky ocean floor would also provide nutrients<00:38:42.520> and<00:38:42.720> minerals<00:38:43.320> essential<00:38:43.840> for 00:38:43.990 --> 00:38:44.000 align:start position:0% nutrients and minerals essential for 00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:45.990 align:start position:0% nutrients and minerals essential for what<00:38:44.160> we<00:38:44.280> believe<00:38:44.680> life<00:38:45.000> would<00:38:45.200> need<00:38:45.480> to<00:38:45.600> form 00:38:45.990 --> 00:38:46.000 align:start position:0% what we believe life would need to form 00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:47.550 align:start position:0% what we believe life would need to form and<00:38:46.120> evolve. 00:38:47.550 --> 00:38:47.560 align:start position:0% and evolve. 00:38:47.560 --> 00:38:49.851 align:start position:0% and evolve. Thermal<00:38:47.880> activity<00:38:48.360> clearly<00:38:48.720> does<00:38:49.000> exist<00:38:49.720> due 00:38:49.851 --> 00:38:49.861 align:start position:0% Thermal activity clearly does exist due 00:38:49.861 --> 00:38:51.670 align:start position:0% Thermal activity clearly does exist due [music]<00:38:49.960> to<00:38:50.120> the<00:38:50.200> way<00:38:50.440> Enceladus<00:38:51.080> has<00:38:51.320> plumes 00:38:51.670 --> 00:38:51.680 align:start position:0% [music] to the way Enceladus has plumes 00:38:51.680 --> 00:38:54.190 align:start position:0% [music] to the way Enceladus has plumes in<00:38:51.800> the<00:38:51.880> first<00:38:52.160> place.<00:38:53.120> And<00:38:53.240> the<00:38:53.320> amino<00:38:53.760> acids 00:38:54.190 --> 00:38:54.200 align:start position:0% in the first place. And the amino acids 00:38:54.200 --> 00:38:56.350 align:start position:0% in the first place. And the amino acids detected<00:38:54.720> in<00:38:54.800> the<00:38:54.880> plumes<00:38:55.440> suggest<00:38:56.000> a<00:38:56.080> rocky 00:38:56.350 --> 00:38:56.360 align:start position:0% detected in the plumes suggest a rocky 00:38:56.360 --> 00:38:58.230 align:start position:0% detected in the plumes suggest a rocky core. 00:38:58.230 --> 00:38:58.240 align:start position:0% core. 00:38:58.240 --> 00:39:00.710 align:start position:0% core. As<00:38:58.440> Cassini<00:38:58.880> passed<00:38:59.320> over<00:38:59.560> Enceladus,<00:39:00.520> it 00:39:00.710 --> 00:39:00.720 align:start position:0% As Cassini passed over Enceladus, it 00:39:00.720 --> 00:39:02.630 align:start position:0% As Cassini passed over Enceladus, it also<00:39:01.040> mapped<00:39:01.360> out<00:39:01.520> the<00:39:01.640> thermal<00:39:02.120> emissions 00:39:02.630 --> 00:39:02.640 align:start position:0% also mapped out the thermal emissions 00:39:02.640 --> 00:39:05.070 align:start position:0% also mapped out the thermal emissions from<00:39:02.800> the<00:39:02.880> moon.<00:39:03.800> It<00:39:04.000> turned<00:39:04.400> out<00:39:04.760> that<00:39:04.960> the 00:39:05.070 --> 00:39:05.080 align:start position:0% from the moon. It turned out that the 00:39:05.080 --> 00:39:06.750 align:start position:0% from the moon. It turned out that the jets<00:39:05.520> line<00:39:05.581> [music]<00:39:05.840> up<00:39:06.080> with<00:39:06.280> what<00:39:06.440> has<00:39:06.560> come 00:39:06.750 --> 00:39:06.760 align:start position:0% jets line [music] up with what has come 00:39:06.760 --> 00:39:08.790 align:start position:0% jets line [music] up with what has come to<00:39:06.880> be<00:39:07.000> known<00:39:07.400> as<00:39:07.560> Enceladus's<00:39:08.320> tiger 00:39:08.790 --> 00:39:08.800 align:start position:0% to be known as Enceladus's tiger 00:39:08.800 --> 00:39:10.150 align:start position:0% to be known as Enceladus's tiger stripes. 00:39:10.150 --> 00:39:10.160 align:start position:0% stripes. 00:39:10.160 --> 00:39:13.070 align:start position:0% stripes. These<00:39:10.520> are<00:39:10.640> large<00:39:10.960> depressions,<00:39:11.920> roughly<00:39:12.280> 130 00:39:13.070 --> 00:39:13.080 align:start position:0% These are large depressions, roughly 130 00:39:13.080 --> 00:39:17.870 align:start position:0% These are large depressions, roughly 130 km<00:39:13.560> long,<00:39:14.280> 2<00:39:14.520> km<00:39:15.040> wide,<00:39:15.760> and<00:39:15.920> 500<00:39:16.520> m<00:39:16.840> deep. 00:39:17.870 --> 00:39:17.880 align:start position:0% km long, 2 km wide, and 500 m deep. 00:39:17.880 --> 00:39:19.830 align:start position:0% km long, 2 km wide, and 500 m deep. It<00:39:18.000> is<00:39:18.160> believed<00:39:18.560> that<00:39:18.720> these<00:39:19.080> are<00:39:19.200> tectonic 00:39:19.830 --> 00:39:19.840 align:start position:0% It is believed that these are tectonic 00:39:19.840 --> 00:39:21.190 align:start position:0% It is believed that these are tectonic fractures<00:39:19.992> [music]<00:39:20.440> in<00:39:20.560> the<00:39:20.640> moon's<00:39:20.960> icy 00:39:21.190 --> 00:39:21.200 align:start position:0% fractures [music] in the moon's icy 00:39:21.200 --> 00:39:23.350 align:start position:0% fractures [music] in the moon's icy crust. 00:39:23.350 --> 00:39:23.360 align:start position:0% crust. 00:39:23.360 --> 00:39:25.230 align:start position:0% crust. What<00:39:23.560> is<00:39:23.760> really<00:39:24.240> interesting<00:39:24.880> about<00:39:25.120> the 00:39:25.230 --> 00:39:25.240 align:start position:0% What is really interesting about the 00:39:25.240 --> 00:39:27.590 align:start position:0% What is really interesting about the surface<00:39:25.720> features<00:39:26.040> of<00:39:26.160> Enceladus<00:39:27.320> is<00:39:27.440> that 00:39:27.590 --> 00:39:27.600 align:start position:0% surface features of Enceladus is that 00:39:27.600 --> 00:39:29.830 align:start position:0% surface features of Enceladus is that there<00:39:27.760> are<00:39:27.880> virtually<00:39:28.400> no<00:39:28.720> impact<00:39:29.160> craters<00:39:29.600> at 00:39:29.830 --> 00:39:29.840 align:start position:0% there are virtually no impact craters at 00:39:29.840 --> 00:39:32.190 align:start position:0% there are virtually no impact craters at all<00:39:30.200> over<00:39:30.440> the<00:39:30.560> southern<00:39:30.960> hemisphere. 00:39:32.190 --> 00:39:32.200 align:start position:0% all over the southern hemisphere. 00:39:32.200 --> 00:39:35.790 align:start position:0% all over the southern hemisphere. And<00:39:32.400> not<00:39:32.680> many<00:39:33.160> anywhere<00:39:33.600> else. 00:39:35.790 --> 00:39:35.800 align:start position:0% And not many anywhere else. 00:39:35.800 --> 00:39:37.990 align:start position:0% And not many anywhere else. This<00:39:36.000> implies<00:39:36.480> that<00:39:36.640> Enceladus's<00:39:37.360> surface<00:39:37.800> is 00:39:37.990 --> 00:39:38.000 align:start position:0% This implies that Enceladus's surface is 00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:39.910 align:start position:0% This implies that Enceladus's surface is very<00:39:38.360> young.<00:39:39.080> As<00:39:39.280> while<00:39:39.520> it<00:39:39.642> [music]<00:39:39.680> does 00:39:39.910 --> 00:39:39.920 align:start position:0% very young. As while it [music] does 00:39:39.920 --> 00:39:41.910 align:start position:0% very young. As while it [music] does have<00:39:40.120> a<00:39:40.160> thin<00:39:40.560> atmosphere<00:39:41.160> made<00:39:41.480> up<00:39:41.640> from<00:39:41.800> the 00:39:41.910 --> 00:39:41.920 align:start position:0% have a thin atmosphere made up from the 00:39:41.920 --> 00:39:44.310 align:start position:0% have a thin atmosphere made up from the ejected<00:39:42.440> water<00:39:42.800> from<00:39:43.000> the<00:39:43.120> plumes,<00:39:44.040> this 00:39:44.310 --> 00:39:44.320 align:start position:0% ejected water from the plumes, this 00:39:44.320 --> 00:39:46.550 align:start position:0% ejected water from the plumes, this isn't<00:39:44.720> nearly<00:39:45.080> enough<00:39:45.440> to<00:39:45.560> burn<00:39:45.800> up<00:39:46.000> asteroids 00:39:46.550 --> 00:39:46.560 align:start position:0% isn't nearly enough to burn up asteroids 00:39:46.560 --> 00:39:48.470 align:start position:0% isn't nearly enough to burn up asteroids before<00:39:46.840> they<00:39:46.960> hit<00:39:47.120> the<00:39:47.200> surface.<00:39:47.502> [music] 00:39:48.470 --> 00:39:48.480 align:start position:0% before they hit the surface. [music] 00:39:48.480 --> 00:39:50.310 align:start position:0% before they hit the surface. [music] Some<00:39:48.800> water<00:39:49.080> from<00:39:49.280> the<00:39:49.400> plumes<00:39:49.840> obviously 00:39:50.310 --> 00:39:50.320 align:start position:0% Some water from the plumes obviously 00:39:50.320 --> 00:39:52.190 align:start position:0% Some water from the plumes obviously settles<00:39:50.720> again<00:39:51.120> on<00:39:51.240> the<00:39:51.360> surface,<00:39:51.920> which 00:39:52.190 --> 00:39:52.200 align:start position:0% settles again on the surface, which 00:39:52.200 --> 00:39:54.310 align:start position:0% settles again on the surface, which smooths<00:39:52.600> it<00:39:52.760> off<00:39:53.000> over<00:39:53.240> time. 00:39:54.310 --> 00:39:54.320 align:start position:0% smooths it off over time. 00:39:54.320 --> 00:39:56.350 align:start position:0% smooths it off over time. This<00:39:54.480> is<00:39:54.600> another<00:39:54.920> reason<00:39:55.360> why<00:39:55.560> Enceladus<00:39:56.200> is 00:39:56.350 --> 00:39:56.360 align:start position:0% This is another reason why Enceladus is 00:39:56.360 --> 00:39:57.950 align:start position:0% This is another reason why Enceladus is so<00:39:56.600> round<00:39:56.672> [music]<00:39:57.080> for<00:39:57.200> such<00:39:57.440> a<00:39:57.480> small 00:39:57.950 --> 00:39:57.960 align:start position:0% so round [music] for such a small 00:39:57.960 --> 00:40:00.110 align:start position:0% so round [music] for such a small celestial<00:39:58.480> body. 00:40:00.110 --> 00:40:00.120 align:start position:0% celestial body. 00:40:00.120 --> 00:40:02.030 align:start position:0% celestial body. In<00:40:00.280> fact,<00:40:00.880> apart<00:40:01.280> from<00:40:01.400> the<00:40:01.520> tectonic 00:40:02.030 --> 00:40:02.040 align:start position:0% In fact, apart from the tectonic 00:40:02.040 --> 00:40:04.350 align:start position:0% In fact, apart from the tectonic fractures<00:40:02.567> [music]<00:40:02.680> and<00:40:02.920> few<00:40:03.240> craters, 00:40:04.350 --> 00:40:04.360 align:start position:0% fractures [music] and few craters, 00:40:04.360 --> 00:40:06.870 align:start position:0% fractures [music] and few craters, Enceladus's<00:40:05.160> topographical<00:40:05.840> variation<00:40:06.640> is 00:40:06.870 --> 00:40:06.880 align:start position:0% Enceladus's topographical variation is 00:40:06.880 --> 00:40:08.710 align:start position:0% Enceladus's topographical variation is really<00:40:07.200> quite<00:40:07.560> minimal. 00:40:08.710 --> 00:40:08.720 align:start position:0% really quite minimal. 00:40:08.720 --> 00:40:10.417 align:start position:0% really quite minimal. There<00:40:08.920> are<00:40:09.040> no<00:40:09.240> mountain<00:40:09.640> ranges<00:40:10.040> to<00:40:10.160> speak 00:40:10.417 --> 00:40:10.427 align:start position:0% There are no mountain ranges to speak 00:40:10.427 --> 00:40:12.430 align:start position:0% There are no mountain ranges to speak [music]<00:40:10.480> of,<00:40:11.160> although<00:40:11.520> there<00:40:11.760> is<00:40:12.120> what<00:40:12.320> you 00:40:12.430 --> 00:40:12.440 align:start position:0% [music] of, although there is what you 00:40:12.440 --> 00:40:14.310 align:start position:0% [music] of, although there is what you might<00:40:12.680> call<00:40:13.080> a<00:40:13.160> rough<00:40:13.480> terrain<00:40:13.920> around<00:40:14.240> the 00:40:14.310 --> 00:40:14.320 align:start position:0% might call a rough terrain around the 00:40:14.320 --> 00:40:17.190 align:start position:0% might call a rough terrain around the South<00:40:14.640> Pole<00:40:15.080> if<00:40:15.240> you<00:40:15.360> zoom<00:40:15.680> in<00:40:15.840> far<00:40:16.120> enough. 00:40:17.190 --> 00:40:17.200 align:start position:0% South Pole if you zoom in far enough. 00:40:17.200 --> 00:40:18.932 align:start position:0% South Pole if you zoom in far enough. This<00:40:17.400> is<00:40:17.520> perhaps<00:40:17.960> the<00:40:18.120> highest<00:40:18.600> resolution 00:40:18.932 --> 00:40:18.942 align:start position:0% This is perhaps the highest resolution 00:40:18.942 --> 00:40:21.110 align:start position:0% This is perhaps the highest resolution [music]<00:40:19.160> image<00:40:19.480> we<00:40:19.640> have<00:40:19.880> of<00:40:20.000> its<00:40:20.160> surface, 00:40:21.110 --> 00:40:21.120 align:start position:0% [music] image we have of its surface, 00:40:21.120 --> 00:40:23.190 align:start position:0% [music] image we have of its surface, and<00:40:21.280> as<00:40:21.400> you<00:40:21.520> can<00:40:21.680> see,<00:40:22.280> it<00:40:22.520> really<00:40:22.880> does 00:40:23.190 --> 00:40:23.200 align:start position:0% and as you can see, it really does 00:40:23.200 --> 00:40:25.750 align:start position:0% and as you can see, it really does appear<00:40:23.640> like<00:40:23.880> a<00:40:23.920> giant<00:40:24.360> glacier. 00:40:25.750 --> 00:40:25.760 align:start position:0% appear like a giant glacier. 00:40:25.760 --> 00:40:27.750 align:start position:0% appear like a giant glacier. It's<00:40:25.880> interesting<00:40:26.440> to<00:40:26.560> note<00:40:26.880> that<00:40:27.200> even<00:40:27.560> in 00:40:27.750 --> 00:40:27.760 align:start position:0% It's interesting to note that even in 00:40:27.760 --> 00:40:29.950 align:start position:0% It's interesting to note that even in this<00:40:28.000> small<00:40:28.360> view,<00:40:29.000> there<00:40:29.120> are<00:40:29.240> some<00:40:29.520> smooth 00:40:29.950 --> 00:40:29.960 align:start position:0% this small view, there are some smooth 00:40:29.960 --> 00:40:32.150 align:start position:0% this small view, there are some smooth sections<00:40:30.400> of<00:40:30.560> ice,<00:40:31.120> but<00:40:31.320> also<00:40:31.720> jagged 00:40:32.150 --> 00:40:32.160 align:start position:0% sections of ice, but also jagged 00:40:32.160 --> 00:40:33.870 align:start position:0% sections of ice, but also jagged regions. 00:40:33.870 --> 00:40:33.880 align:start position:0% regions. 00:40:33.880 --> 00:40:35.550 align:start position:0% regions. Over<00:40:34.120> the<00:40:34.240> North<00:40:34.680> Pole,<00:40:35.160> the<00:40:35.320> clear 00:40:35.550 --> 00:40:35.560 align:start position:0% Over the North Pole, the clear 00:40:35.560 --> 00:40:37.390 align:start position:0% Over the North Pole, the clear difference<00:40:36.080> is<00:40:36.360> the<00:40:36.480> number<00:40:36.800> of<00:40:36.920> craters 00:40:37.390 --> 00:40:37.400 align:start position:0% difference is the number of craters 00:40:37.400 --> 00:40:38.670 align:start position:0% difference is the number of craters present<00:40:37.800> there. 00:40:38.670 --> 00:40:38.680 align:start position:0% present there. 00:40:38.680 --> 00:40:40.470 align:start position:0% present there. While<00:40:38.880> there<00:40:39.120> are<00:40:39.240> tectonic<00:40:39.760> fractures<00:40:40.200> here, 00:40:40.470 --> 00:40:40.480 align:start position:0% While there are tectonic fractures here, 00:40:40.480 --> 00:40:42.710 align:start position:0% While there are tectonic fractures here, too,<00:40:41.240> there<00:40:41.400> are<00:40:41.520> no<00:40:41.720> plumes<00:40:42.160> on<00:40:42.280> this<00:40:42.400> side<00:40:42.640> of 00:40:42.710 --> 00:40:42.720 align:start position:0% too, there are no plumes on this side of 00:40:42.720 --> 00:40:44.950 align:start position:0% too, there are no plumes on this side of the<00:40:42.800> moon,<00:40:43.440> so<00:40:43.560> the<00:40:43.680> surface<00:40:44.080> here<00:40:44.320> is<00:40:44.480> clearly 00:40:44.950 --> 00:40:44.960 align:start position:0% the moon, so the surface here is clearly 00:40:44.960 --> 00:40:47.150 align:start position:0% the moon, so the surface here is clearly a<00:40:45.040> lot<00:40:45.360> older<00:40:45.840> than<00:40:46.000> around<00:40:46.280> the<00:40:46.360> South<00:40:46.640> Pole, 00:40:47.150 --> 00:40:47.160 align:start position:0% a lot older than around the South Pole, 00:40:47.160 --> 00:40:48.870 align:start position:0% a lot older than around the South Pole, which<00:40:47.360> is<00:40:47.520> why<00:40:47.763> [music]<00:40:47.800> it<00:40:48.000> has<00:40:48.400> more<00:40:48.720> of<00:40:48.840> a 00:40:48.870 --> 00:40:48.880 align:start position:0% which is why [music] it has more of a 00:40:48.880 --> 00:40:50.870 align:start position:0% which is why [music] it has more of a cratered<00:40:49.400> surface. 00:40:50.870 --> 00:40:50.880 align:start position:0% cratered surface. 00:40:50.880 --> 00:40:52.750 align:start position:0% cratered surface. As<00:40:51.000> Cassini<00:40:51.440> flew<00:40:51.800> through<00:40:52.160> the<00:40:52.280> plumes 00:40:52.750 --> 00:40:52.760 align:start position:0% As Cassini flew through the plumes 00:40:52.760 --> 00:40:54.910 align:start position:0% As Cassini flew through the plumes around<00:40:53.120> the<00:40:53.200> South<00:40:53.480> Pole,<00:40:54.240> it<00:40:54.400> also<00:40:54.640> took<00:40:54.840> the 00:40:54.910 --> 00:40:54.920 align:start position:0% around the South Pole, it also took the 00:40:54.920 --> 00:40:56.590 align:start position:0% around the South Pole, it also took the opportunity<00:40:55.560> to<00:40:55.720> image<00:40:56.080> the<00:40:56.200> surface<00:40:56.278> [music] 00:40:56.590 --> 00:40:56.600 align:start position:0% opportunity to image the surface [music] 00:40:56.600 --> 00:41:00.190 align:start position:0% opportunity to image the surface [music] closely<00:40:57.200> around<00:40:57.520> the<00:40:57.600> tiger<00:40:57.920> stripes. 00:41:00.190 --> 00:41:00.200 align:start position:0% closely around the tiger stripes. 00:41:00.200 --> 00:41:02.830 align:start position:0% closely around the tiger stripes. The<00:41:00.240> surface<00:41:00.640> here<00:41:01.000> is<00:41:01.280> pretty<00:41:01.840> incredible, 00:41:02.830 --> 00:41:02.840 align:start position:0% The surface here is pretty incredible, 00:41:02.840 --> 00:41:03.990 align:start position:0% The surface here is pretty incredible, unlike<00:41:03.240> anything<00:41:03.483> [music]<00:41:03.680> you<00:41:03.760> would<00:41:03.880> have 00:41:03.990 --> 00:41:04.000 align:start position:0% unlike anything [music] you would have 00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:05.590 align:start position:0% unlike anything [music] you would have seen<00:41:04.320> on<00:41:04.520> Earth. 00:41:05.590 --> 00:41:05.600 align:start position:0% seen on Earth. 00:41:05.600 --> 00:41:07.590 align:start position:0% seen on Earth. It's<00:41:05.720> like<00:41:05.880> the<00:41:06.000> surface<00:41:06.440> has<00:41:06.600> been<00:41:06.840> folded, 00:41:07.590 --> 00:41:07.600 align:start position:0% It's like the surface has been folded, 00:41:07.600 --> 00:41:10.270 align:start position:0% It's like the surface has been folded, squashed,<00:41:08.400> and<00:41:08.600> shifted<00:41:09.000> around,<00:41:09.920> leaving 00:41:10.270 --> 00:41:10.280 align:start position:0% squashed, and shifted around, leaving 00:41:10.280 --> 00:41:12.350 align:start position:0% squashed, and shifted around, leaving these<00:41:10.520> remarkable<00:41:11.200> fracture<00:41:11.600> lines<00:41:12.200> and 00:41:12.350 --> 00:41:12.360 align:start position:0% these remarkable fracture lines and 00:41:12.360 --> 00:41:15.270 align:start position:0% these remarkable fracture lines and formations<00:41:13.120> in<00:41:13.280> the<00:41:13.360> surface<00:41:13.800> ice. 00:41:15.270 --> 00:41:15.280 align:start position:0% formations in the surface ice. 00:41:15.280 --> 00:41:17.110 align:start position:0% formations in the surface ice. The<00:41:15.320> fact<00:41:15.600> that<00:41:15.720> Cassini<00:41:16.080> was<00:41:16.320> able<00:41:16.520> to<00:41:16.680> get<00:41:16.960> so 00:41:17.110 --> 00:41:17.120 align:start position:0% The fact that Cassini was able to get so 00:41:17.120 --> 00:41:19.630 align:start position:0% The fact that Cassini was able to get so close<00:41:17.440> to<00:41:17.560> Enceladus<00:41:18.400> is<00:41:18.560> a<00:41:18.640> feat<00:41:19.080> in<00:41:19.360> and<00:41:19.520> of 00:41:19.630 --> 00:41:19.640 align:start position:0% close to Enceladus is a feat in and of 00:41:19.640 --> 00:41:20.670 align:start position:0% close to Enceladus is a feat in and of itself. 00:41:20.670 --> 00:41:20.680 align:start position:0% itself. 00:41:20.680 --> 00:41:22.270 align:start position:0% itself. It's<00:41:20.840> fantastic<00:41:21.168> [music]<00:41:21.600> that<00:41:21.720> we<00:41:21.800> can<00:41:22.000> have 00:41:22.270 --> 00:41:22.280 align:start position:0% It's fantastic [music] that we can have 00:41:22.280 --> 00:41:24.670 align:start position:0% It's fantastic [music] that we can have such<00:41:22.520> a<00:41:22.560> close<00:41:23.000> up<00:41:23.160> view<00:41:23.480> of<00:41:23.600> something<00:41:24.000> so<00:41:24.400> far 00:41:24.670 --> 00:41:24.680 align:start position:0% such a close up view of something so far 00:41:24.680 --> 00:41:25.870 align:start position:0% such a close up view of something so far away. 00:41:25.870 --> 00:41:25.880 align:start position:0% away. 00:41:25.880 --> 00:41:28.110 align:start position:0% away. Unfortunately,<00:41:26.560> though,<00:41:27.360> since<00:41:27.640> the<00:41:27.720> Cassini 00:41:28.110 --> 00:41:28.120 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, though, since the Cassini 00:41:28.120 --> 00:41:30.510 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, though, since the Cassini mission<00:41:28.440> has<00:41:28.680> ended,<00:41:29.520> we<00:41:29.640> no<00:41:29.840> longer<00:41:30.200> have 00:41:30.510 --> 00:41:30.520 align:start position:0% mission has ended, we no longer have 00:41:30.520 --> 00:41:32.430 align:start position:0% mission has ended, we no longer have anything<00:41:30.880> in<00:41:31.000> orbit<00:41:31.280> around<00:41:31.680> Saturn<00:41:32.160> that<00:41:32.320> can 00:41:32.430 --> 00:41:32.440 align:start position:0% anything in orbit around Saturn that can 00:41:32.440 --> 00:41:35.070 align:start position:0% anything in orbit around Saturn that can study<00:41:32.800> Enceladus<00:41:33.400> further. 00:41:35.070 --> 00:41:35.080 align:start position:0% study Enceladus further. 00:41:35.080 --> 00:41:36.310 align:start position:0% study Enceladus further. There<00:41:35.200> have<00:41:35.440> been<00:41:35.640> plenty<00:41:36.000> of<00:41:36.080> mission 00:41:36.310 --> 00:41:36.320 align:start position:0% There have been plenty of mission 00:41:36.320 --> 00:41:38.630 align:start position:0% There have been plenty of mission proposals<00:41:36.880> in<00:41:37.000> the<00:41:37.080> past,<00:41:37.960> but<00:41:38.200> all<00:41:38.400> of<00:41:38.480> them 00:41:38.630 --> 00:41:38.640 align:start position:0% proposals in the past, but all of them 00:41:38.640 --> 00:41:40.070 align:start position:0% proposals in the past, but all of them were<00:41:38.760> canceled<00:41:39.240> before<00:41:39.520> they<00:41:39.640> came<00:41:39.920> to 00:41:40.070 --> 00:41:40.080 align:start position:0% were canceled before they came to 00:41:40.080 --> 00:41:41.510 align:start position:0% were canceled before they came to fruition. 00:41:41.510 --> 00:41:41.520 align:start position:0% fruition. 00:41:41.520 --> 00:41:43.990 align:start position:0% fruition. What<00:41:41.800> would<00:41:41.960> be<00:41:42.160> incredible<00:41:43.120> is<00:41:43.240> a<00:41:43.320> probe<00:41:43.840> that 00:41:43.990 --> 00:41:44.000 align:start position:0% What would be incredible is a probe that 00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:45.430 align:start position:0% What would be incredible is a probe that could<00:41:44.200> either<00:41:44.440> make<00:41:44.720> its<00:41:44.920> way<00:41:45.200> into 00:41:45.430 --> 00:41:45.440 align:start position:0% could either make its way into 00:41:45.440 --> 00:41:48.030 align:start position:0% could either make its way into Enceladus's<00:41:46.160> ocean<00:41:46.560> somehow,<00:41:47.440> or<00:41:47.840> at<00:41:47.960> the 00:41:48.030 --> 00:41:48.040 align:start position:0% Enceladus's ocean somehow, or at the 00:41:48.040 --> 00:41:50.630 align:start position:0% Enceladus's ocean somehow, or at the very<00:41:48.400> least,<00:41:49.200> search<00:41:49.520> the<00:41:49.640> plumes<00:41:50.120> for<00:41:50.240> signs 00:41:50.630 --> 00:41:50.640 align:start position:0% very least, search the plumes for signs 00:41:50.640 --> 00:41:52.030 align:start position:0% very least, search the plumes for signs of<00:41:50.760> life. 00:41:52.030 --> 00:41:52.040 align:start position:0% of life. 00:41:52.040 --> 00:41:53.550 align:start position:0% of life. There<00:41:52.200> is<00:41:52.360> already<00:41:52.720> a<00:41:52.800> mission<00:41:53.280> called 00:41:53.550 --> 00:41:53.560 align:start position:0% There is already a mission called 00:41:53.560 --> 00:41:55.870 align:start position:0% There is already a mission called Dragonfly<00:41:54.560> going<00:41:54.880> to<00:41:55.000> the<00:41:55.120> nearby<00:41:55.480> moon<00:41:55.760> of 00:41:55.870 --> 00:41:55.880 align:start position:0% Dragonfly going to the nearby moon of 00:41:55.880 --> 00:41:57.070 align:start position:0% Dragonfly going to the nearby moon of Titan. 00:41:57.070 --> 00:41:57.080 align:start position:0% Titan. 00:41:57.080 --> 00:41:58.830 align:start position:0% Titan. However,<00:41:57.400> this<00:41:57.720> won't<00:41:57.960> have<00:41:58.200> anything<00:41:58.560> to<00:41:58.680> do 00:41:58.830 --> 00:41:58.840 align:start position:0% However, this won't have anything to do 00:41:58.840 --> 00:42:01.510 align:start position:0% However, this won't have anything to do with<00:41:59.000> Enceladus. 00:42:01.510 --> 00:42:01.520 align:start position:0% with Enceladus. 00:42:01.520 --> 00:42:03.350 align:start position:0% with Enceladus. So,<00:42:02.040> although<00:42:02.520> a<00:42:02.600> couple<00:42:02.960> of<00:42:03.080> mission 00:42:03.350 --> 00:42:03.360 align:start position:0% So, although a couple of mission 00:42:03.360 --> 00:42:05.350 align:start position:0% So, although a couple of mission proposals<00:42:03.960> are<00:42:04.080> currently<00:42:04.640> under<00:42:04.880> review<00:42:05.240> to 00:42:05.350 --> 00:42:05.360 align:start position:0% proposals are currently under review to 00:42:05.360 --> 00:42:06.390 align:start position:0% proposals are currently under review to go<00:42:05.520> there, 00:42:06.390 --> 00:42:06.400 align:start position:0% go there, 00:42:06.400 --> 00:42:08.550 align:start position:0% go there, that<00:42:06.560> means<00:42:06.920> we<00:42:07.040> are<00:42:07.120> unfortunately<00:42:08.200> still<00:42:08.480> a 00:42:08.550 --> 00:42:08.560 align:start position:0% that means we are unfortunately still a 00:42:08.560 --> 00:42:10.990 align:start position:0% that means we are unfortunately still a couple<00:42:08.920> of<00:42:09.000> decades<00:42:09.440> away,<00:42:09.760> at<00:42:09.920> least,<00:42:10.800> which 00:42:10.990 --> 00:42:11.000 align:start position:0% couple of decades away, at least, which 00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:13.270 align:start position:0% couple of decades away, at least, which is<00:42:11.120> a<00:42:11.160> shame,<00:42:12.000> because<00:42:12.360> who<00:42:12.640> knows<00:42:13.080> what 00:42:13.270 --> 00:42:13.280 align:start position:0% is a shame, because who knows what 00:42:13.280 --> 00:42:15.190 align:start position:0% is a shame, because who knows what secrets<00:42:13.760> lie<00:42:14.080> in<00:42:14.240> wait<00:42:14.680> under<00:42:14.879> [music]<00:42:14.920> that 00:42:15.190 --> 00:42:15.200 align:start position:0% secrets lie in wait under [music] that 00:42:15.200 --> 00:42:16.790 align:start position:0% secrets lie in wait under [music] that crust. 00:42:16.790 --> 00:42:16.800 align:start position:0% crust. 00:42:16.800 --> 00:42:19.710 align:start position:0% crust. So,<00:42:17.560> there<00:42:17.760> we<00:42:17.920> have<00:42:18.120> it,<00:42:18.840> a<00:42:18.960> look<00:42:19.440> at<00:42:19.560> the 00:42:19.710 --> 00:42:19.720 align:start position:0% So, there we have it, a look at the 00:42:19.720 --> 00:42:24.950 align:start position:0% So, there we have it, a look at the intriguing<00:42:20.440> little<00:42:20.720> moon<00:42:21.120> of<00:42:21.240> Enceladus. 00:42:24.950 --> 00:42:24.960 align:start position:0% 00:42:24.960 --> 00:42:27.030 align:start position:0% Cassini<00:42:25.440> is<00:42:25.680> one<00:42:25.840> of<00:42:25.920> my<00:42:26.160> favorite<00:42:26.680> space 00:42:27.030 --> 00:42:27.040 align:start position:0% Cassini is one of my favorite space 00:42:27.040 --> 00:42:29.230 align:start position:0% Cassini is one of my favorite space missions<00:42:27.480> of<00:42:27.760> all<00:42:27.960> time,<00:42:28.680> thanks<00:42:29.000> to<00:42:29.120> the 00:42:29.230 --> 00:42:29.240 align:start position:0% missions of all time, thanks to the 00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:31.430 align:start position:0% missions of all time, thanks to the remarkable<00:42:29.920> perspective<00:42:30.640> it's<00:42:30.840> given<00:42:31.120> us<00:42:31.280> of 00:42:31.430 --> 00:42:31.440 align:start position:0% remarkable perspective it's given us of 00:42:31.440 --> 00:42:33.470 align:start position:0% remarkable perspective it's given us of the<00:42:31.520> Saturnian<00:42:31.909> [music]<00:42:32.120> system. 00:42:33.470 --> 00:42:33.480 align:start position:0% the Saturnian [music] system. 00:42:33.480 --> 00:42:35.950 align:start position:0% the Saturnian [music] system. It<00:42:33.720> spent<00:42:34.080> a<00:42:34.160> lot<00:42:34.560> of<00:42:34.680> time<00:42:35.040> imaging<00:42:35.520> Saturn's 00:42:35.950 --> 00:42:35.960 align:start position:0% It spent a lot of time imaging Saturn's 00:42:35.960 --> 00:42:36.484 align:start position:0% It spent a lot of time imaging Saturn's moons, 00:42:36.484 --> 00:42:36.494 align:start position:0% moons, 00:42:36.494 --> 00:42:36.670 align:start position:0% moons, >> [music] 00:42:36.670 --> 00:42:36.680 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:42:36.680 --> 00:42:38.590 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> including<00:42:37.360> the<00:42:37.480> mysterious<00:42:38.120> moon<00:42:38.440> of 00:42:38.590 --> 00:42:38.600 align:start position:0% >> including the mysterious moon of 00:42:38.600 --> 00:42:40.470 align:start position:0% >> including the mysterious moon of Enceladus. 00:42:40.470 --> 00:42:40.480 align:start position:0% Enceladus. 00:42:40.480 --> 00:42:42.270 align:start position:0% Enceladus. From<00:42:40.640> the<00:42:40.760> raw<00:42:41.000> images,<00:42:41.640> we<00:42:41.760> can<00:42:41.920> string 00:42:42.270 --> 00:42:42.280 align:start position:0% From the raw images, we can string 00:42:42.280 --> 00:42:44.070 align:start position:0% From the raw images, we can string together<00:42:42.640> a<00:42:42.680> time-lapse<00:42:43.400> from<00:42:43.600> one<00:42:43.760> of<00:42:43.880> its 00:42:44.070 --> 00:42:44.080 align:start position:0% together a time-lapse from one of its 00:42:44.080 --> 00:42:46.790 align:start position:0% together a time-lapse from one of its first<00:42:44.480> ever<00:42:44.680> flybys<00:42:45.280> of<00:42:45.400> the<00:42:45.560> icy<00:42:45.800> moon. 00:42:46.790 --> 00:42:46.800 align:start position:0% first ever flybys of the icy moon. 00:42:46.800 --> 00:42:48.910 align:start position:0% first ever flybys of the icy moon. Watch<00:42:46.960> how<00:42:47.080> Cassini<00:42:47.600> systematically<00:42:48.560> scanned 00:42:48.910 --> 00:42:48.920 align:start position:0% Watch how Cassini systematically scanned 00:42:48.920 --> 00:42:51.590 align:start position:0% Watch how Cassini systematically scanned the<00:42:49.000> surface<00:42:49.440> at<00:42:49.560> first,<00:42:50.400> taking<00:42:50.800> photos<00:42:51.360> in 00:42:51.590 --> 00:42:51.600 align:start position:0% the surface at first, taking photos in 00:42:51.600 --> 00:42:53.910 align:start position:0% the surface at first, taking photos in various<00:42:52.120> wavelengths<00:42:52.640> of<00:42:52.760> light,<00:42:53.680> before 00:42:53.910 --> 00:42:53.920 align:start position:0% various wavelengths of light, before 00:42:53.920 --> 00:42:55.910 align:start position:0% various wavelengths of light, before eventually<00:42:54.560> really<00:42:55.160> zooming<00:42:55.560> in<00:42:55.720> on<00:42:55.840> the 00:42:55.910 --> 00:42:55.920 align:start position:0% eventually really zooming in on the 00:42:55.920 --> 00:42:58.190 align:start position:0% eventually really zooming in on the surface. 00:42:58.190 --> 00:42:58.200 align:start position:0% surface. 00:42:58.200 --> 00:43:00.430 align:start position:0% surface. From<00:42:58.400> this<00:42:58.560> view,<00:42:59.080> we<00:42:59.200> can<00:42:59.400> fully<00:42:59.760> appreciate 00:43:00.430 --> 00:43:00.440 align:start position:0% From this view, we can fully appreciate 00:43:00.440 --> 00:43:04.430 align:start position:0% From this view, we can fully appreciate just<00:43:00.640> how<00:43:00.800> fractured<00:43:01.480> Enceladus<00:43:02.160> really<00:43:02.640> is. 00:43:04.430 --> 00:43:04.440 align:start position:0% just how fractured Enceladus really is. 00:43:04.440 --> 00:43:06.910 align:start position:0% just how fractured Enceladus really is. As<00:43:04.600> Cassini<00:43:05.000> flew<00:43:05.240> by,<00:43:05.920> it<00:43:06.120> looked<00:43:06.400> back<00:43:06.800> at 00:43:06.910 --> 00:43:06.920 align:start position:0% As Cassini flew by, it looked back at 00:43:06.920 --> 00:43:09.670 align:start position:0% As Cassini flew by, it looked back at this<00:43:07.160> beautiful<00:43:07.720> view<00:43:07.960> of<00:43:08.040> its<00:43:08.240> crescent. 00:43:09.670 --> 00:43:09.680 align:start position:0% this beautiful view of its crescent. 00:43:09.680 --> 00:43:11.510 align:start position:0% this beautiful view of its crescent. As<00:43:09.800> the<00:43:09.920> images<00:43:10.280> got<00:43:10.480> sent<00:43:10.720> back<00:43:10.880> to<00:43:11.040> Earth, 00:43:11.510 --> 00:43:11.520 align:start position:0% As the images got sent back to Earth, 00:43:11.520 --> 00:43:12.910 align:start position:0% As the images got sent back to Earth, scientists<00:43:12.000> were<00:43:12.120> able<00:43:12.360> to<00:43:12.480> piece<00:43:12.760> them 00:43:12.910 --> 00:43:12.920 align:start position:0% scientists were able to piece them 00:43:12.920 --> 00:43:15.070 align:start position:0% scientists were able to piece them together<00:43:13.600> to<00:43:13.680> produce<00:43:14.120> this<00:43:14.560> beautiful 00:43:15.070 --> 00:43:15.080 align:start position:0% together to produce this beautiful 00:43:15.080 --> 00:43:17.350 align:start position:0% together to produce this beautiful mosaic. 00:43:17.350 --> 00:43:17.360 align:start position:0% mosaic. 00:43:17.360 --> 00:43:19.430 align:start position:0% mosaic. One<00:43:17.560> more<00:43:17.760> of<00:43:17.880> Enceladus?<00:43:18.840> Check<00:43:19.080> the<00:43:19.200> pinned 00:43:19.430 --> 00:43:19.440 align:start position:0% One more of Enceladus? Check the pinned 00:43:19.440 --> 00:43:21.150 align:start position:0% One more of Enceladus? Check the pinned comment<00:43:19.800> to<00:43:19.920> watch<00:43:20.160> my<00:43:20.320> long-form<00:43:20.840> video 00:43:21.150 --> 00:43:21.160 align:start position:0% comment to watch my long-form video 00:43:21.160 --> 00:43:23.070 align:start position:0% comment to watch my long-form video about<00:43:21.480> it,<00:43:21.920> and<00:43:22.040> subscribe<00:43:22.520> for<00:43:22.600> more<00:43:22.760> space 00:43:23.070 --> 00:43:23.080 align:start position:0% about it, and subscribe for more space 00:43:23.080 --> 00:43:26.230 align:start position:0% about it, and subscribe for more space videos. 00:43:26.230 --> 00:43:26.240 align:start position:0% 00:43:26.240 --> 00:43:28.270 align:start position:0% I'm<00:43:26.400> happy<00:43:26.680> to<00:43:26.800> announce<00:43:27.160> we<00:43:27.320> have<00:43:27.640> a<00:43:27.800> weekly 00:43:28.270 --> 00:43:28.280 align:start position:0% I'm happy to announce we have a weekly 00:43:28.280 --> 00:43:30.230 align:start position:0% I'm happy to announce we have a weekly newsletter<00:43:28.880> to<00:43:29.000> keep<00:43:29.360> up<00:43:29.560> with<00:43:29.880> all<00:43:30.120> the 00:43:30.230 --> 00:43:30.240 align:start position:0% newsletter to keep up with all the 00:43:30.240 --> 00:43:32.350 align:start position:0% newsletter to keep up with all the discoveries<00:43:30.880> in<00:43:31.000> our<00:43:31.160> cosmos,<00:43:32.160> and<00:43:32.280> our 00:43:32.350 --> 00:43:32.360 align:start position:0% discoveries in our cosmos, and our 00:43:32.360 --> 00:43:34.350 align:start position:0% discoveries in our cosmos, and our designer<00:43:32.840> Peter<00:43:33.680> has<00:43:33.840> made<00:43:34.040> the<00:43:34.080> most 00:43:34.350 --> 00:43:34.360 align:start position:0% designer Peter has made the most 00:43:34.360 --> 00:43:36.670 align:start position:0% designer Peter has made the most beautiful<00:43:34.840> email<00:43:35.200> you'll<00:43:35.440> ever<00:43:35.680> receive. 00:43:36.670 --> 00:43:36.680 align:start position:0% beautiful email you'll ever receive. 00:43:36.680 --> 00:43:38.990 align:start position:0% beautiful email you'll ever receive. Sign<00:43:37.040> up<00:43:37.240> with<00:43:37.440> the<00:43:37.520> link<00:43:37.760> down<00:43:38.000> below. 00:43:38.990 --> 00:43:39.000 align:start position:0% Sign up with the link down below. 00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:40.470 align:start position:0% Sign up with the link down below. It's<00:43:39.120> the<00:43:39.200> best<00:43:39.480> way<00:43:39.680> to<00:43:39.800> stay<00:43:40.000> connected 00:43:40.470 --> 00:43:40.480 align:start position:0% It's the best way to stay connected 00:43:40.480 --> 00:43:43.430 align:start position:0% It's the best way to stay connected between<00:43:40.840> videos.<00:43:41.760> Short,<00:43:42.360> focused<00:43:42.800> updates 00:43:43.430 --> 00:43:43.440 align:start position:0% between videos. Short, focused updates 00:43:43.440 --> 00:43:45.550 align:start position:0% between videos. Short, focused updates on<00:43:43.560> what's<00:43:43.800> new<00:43:44.200> and<00:43:44.440> fascinating<00:43:45.040> in<00:43:45.160> space 00:43:45.550 --> 00:43:45.560 align:start position:0% on what's new and fascinating in space 00:43:45.560 --> 00:43:48.750 align:start position:0% on what's new and fascinating in space each<00:43:45.760> week.<00:43:46.560> No<00:43:46.720> spam,<00:43:47.440> no<00:43:47.640> filler,<00:43:48.400> just<00:43:48.680> the 00:43:48.750 --> 00:43:48.760 align:start position:0% each week. No spam, no filler, just the 00:43:48.760 --> 00:43:49.870 align:start position:0% each week. No spam, no filler, just the good<00:43:48.960> stuff. 00:43:49.870 --> 00:43:49.880 align:start position:0% good stuff. 00:43:49.880 --> 00:43:52.230 align:start position:0% good stuff. You'll<00:43:50.040> get<00:43:50.200> the<00:43:50.280> latest<00:43:50.640> news,<00:43:51.240> visuals,<00:43:52.000> and 00:43:52.230 --> 00:43:52.240 align:start position:0% You'll get the latest news, visuals, and 00:43:52.240 --> 00:43:54.110 align:start position:0% You'll get the latest news, visuals, and insights<00:43:52.720> delivered<00:43:53.120> straight<00:43:53.640> into<00:43:53.920> your 00:43:54.110 --> 00:43:54.120 align:start position:0% insights delivered straight into your 00:43:54.120 --> 00:43:55.230 align:start position:0% insights delivered straight into your inbox. 00:43:55.230 --> 00:43:55.240 align:start position:0% inbox. 00:43:55.240 --> 00:43:57.430 align:start position:0% inbox. If<00:43:55.360> you<00:43:55.480> enjoy<00:43:55.800> Astrum<00:43:56.200> videos,<00:43:56.800> you'll<00:43:57.120> love 00:43:57.430 --> 00:43:57.440 align:start position:0% If you enjoy Astrum videos, you'll love 00:43:57.440 --> 00:43:59.550 align:start position:0% If you enjoy Astrum videos, you'll love this.<00:43:58.120> Join<00:43:58.360> the<00:43:58.440> newsletter<00:43:59.240> and<00:43:59.360> stay 00:43:59.550 --> 00:43:59.560 align:start position:0% this. Join the newsletter and stay 00:43:59.560 --> 00:44:02.600 align:start position:0% this. Join the newsletter and stay curious<00:44:00.080> with<00:44:00.320> us.