WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:03.270 align:start position:0% You've<00:00:00.719> likely<00:00:01.280> all<00:00:01.520> seen<00:00:01.839> the<00:00:02.000> news<00:00:02.240> by<00:00:02.560> now. 00:00:03.270 --> 00:00:03.280 align:start position:0% You've likely all seen the news by now. 00:00:03.280 --> 00:00:06.950 align:start position:0% You've likely all seen the news by now. NASA<00:00:04.080> found<00:00:04.560> a<00:00:04.960> possible<00:00:05.440> sign<00:00:05.839> of<00:00:06.160> life<00:00:06.640> on 00:00:06.950 --> 00:00:06.960 align:start position:0% NASA found a possible sign of life on 00:00:06.960 --> 00:00:08.710 align:start position:0% NASA found a possible sign of life on Mars. 00:00:08.710 --> 00:00:08.720 align:start position:0% Mars. 00:00:08.720 --> 00:00:11.910 align:start position:0% Mars. These<00:00:09.360> tiny<00:00:09.920> spots,<00:00:10.719> barely<00:00:11.200> visible<00:00:11.599> to<00:00:11.759> the 00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:11.920 align:start position:0% These tiny spots, barely visible to the 00:00:11.920 --> 00:00:15.749 align:start position:0% These tiny spots, barely visible to the naked<00:00:12.240> eye,<00:00:12.960> are<00:00:13.360> the<00:00:13.840> biggest<00:00:14.559> space<00:00:14.960> news<00:00:15.440> in 00:00:15.749 --> 00:00:15.759 align:start position:0% naked eye, are the biggest space news in 00:00:15.759 --> 00:00:20.070 align:start position:0% naked eye, are the biggest space news in over<00:00:16.320> 50<00:00:16.800> years.<00:00:18.080> If<00:00:18.400> this<00:00:18.880> really<00:00:19.359> is<00:00:19.680> a<00:00:19.840> sign 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:20.080 align:start position:0% over 50 years. If this really is a sign 00:00:20.080 --> 00:00:22.710 align:start position:0% over 50 years. If this really is a sign of<00:00:20.320> life,<00:00:20.960> it<00:00:21.199> would<00:00:21.359> be<00:00:21.520> the<00:00:21.760> most<00:00:22.080> meaningful 00:00:22.710 --> 00:00:22.720 align:start position:0% of life, it would be the most meaningful 00:00:22.720 --> 00:00:26.230 align:start position:0% of life, it would be the most meaningful discovery<00:00:23.279> in<00:00:23.600> the<00:00:23.840> history<00:00:24.320> of<00:00:24.720> humanity. 00:00:26.230 --> 00:00:26.240 align:start position:0% discovery in the history of humanity. 00:00:26.240 --> 00:00:28.310 align:start position:0% discovery in the history of humanity. But<00:00:26.480> we've<00:00:26.880> been<00:00:27.039> burned<00:00:27.359> by<00:00:27.599> false<00:00:27.920> alarms 00:00:28.310 --> 00:00:28.320 align:start position:0% But we've been burned by false alarms 00:00:28.320 --> 00:00:31.589 align:start position:0% But we've been burned by false alarms before.<00:00:29.279> So,<00:00:29.599> have<00:00:29.840> we<00:00:30.400> really<00:00:30.880> done<00:00:31.119> it<00:00:31.359> this 00:00:31.589 --> 00:00:31.599 align:start position:0% before. So, have we really done it this 00:00:31.599 --> 00:00:33.430 align:start position:0% before. So, have we really done it this time? 00:00:33.430 --> 00:00:33.440 align:start position:0% time? 00:00:33.440 --> 00:00:35.430 align:start position:0% time? I'm<00:00:33.680> Alex<00:00:34.000> Mccoan<00:00:34.640> and<00:00:34.880> you're<00:00:35.120> watching 00:00:35.430 --> 00:00:35.440 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:00:35.440 --> 00:00:38.069 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:00:36.320> Join<00:00:36.640> me<00:00:36.800> today<00:00:37.040> as<00:00:37.360> we<00:00:37.600> dig<00:00:37.840> into 00:00:38.069 --> 00:00:38.079 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we dig into 00:00:38.079 --> 00:00:40.950 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we dig into the<00:00:38.320> details<00:00:38.719> of<00:00:38.960> what<00:00:39.360> Perseverance<00:00:40.160> found, 00:00:40.950 --> 00:00:40.960 align:start position:0% the details of what Perseverance found, 00:00:40.960 --> 00:00:43.910 align:start position:0% the details of what Perseverance found, why<00:00:41.280> scientists<00:00:41.920> are<00:00:42.160> excited,<00:00:43.200> and<00:00:43.440> what<00:00:43.680> it 00:00:43.910 --> 00:00:43.920 align:start position:0% why scientists are excited, and what it 00:00:43.920 --> 00:00:46.229 align:start position:0% why scientists are excited, and what it will<00:00:44.079> take<00:00:44.320> to<00:00:44.559> prove<00:00:45.040> we're<00:00:45.360> not<00:00:45.600> alone<00:00:46.000> in 00:00:46.229 --> 00:00:46.239 align:start position:0% will take to prove we're not alone in 00:00:46.239 --> 00:00:50.470 align:start position:0% will take to prove we're not alone in the<00:00:46.480> universe. 00:00:50.470 --> 00:00:50.480 align:start position:0% 00:00:50.480 --> 00:00:53.590 align:start position:0% In<00:00:50.800> February<00:00:51.200> of<00:00:51.440> 2021,<00:00:52.480> NASA's<00:00:52.960> Perseverance 00:00:53.590 --> 00:00:53.600 align:start position:0% In February of 2021, NASA's Perseverance 00:00:53.600 --> 00:00:56.389 align:start position:0% In February of 2021, NASA's Perseverance rover,<00:00:54.160> or<00:00:54.559> Percy<00:00:55.039> to<00:00:55.280> his<00:00:55.520> friends,<00:00:56.079> touched 00:00:56.389 --> 00:00:56.399 align:start position:0% rover, or Percy to his friends, touched 00:00:56.399 --> 00:01:00.229 align:start position:0% rover, or Percy to his friends, touched down<00:00:56.640> on<00:00:56.879> an<00:00:57.120> ancient<00:00:57.680> Martian<00:00:58.320> lake<00:00:58.640> bed.<00:01:00.000> The 00:01:00.229 --> 00:01:00.239 align:start position:0% down on an ancient Martian lake bed. The 00:01:00.239 --> 00:01:03.110 align:start position:0% down on an ancient Martian lake bed. The Yzero<00:01:00.879> Crater<00:01:01.359> was<00:01:01.680> once<00:01:02.000> home<00:01:02.239> to<00:01:02.480> a<00:01:02.800> large 00:01:03.110 --> 00:01:03.120 align:start position:0% Yzero Crater was once home to a large 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.830 align:start position:0% Yzero Crater was once home to a large body<00:01:03.359> of<00:01:03.520> water<00:01:04.239> with<00:01:04.559> rivers<00:01:05.040> flowing<00:01:05.439> in<00:01:05.600> and 00:01:05.830 --> 00:01:05.840 align:start position:0% body of water with rivers flowing in and 00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:08.390 align:start position:0% body of water with rivers flowing in and out,<00:01:06.400> carving<00:01:06.799> deltas,<00:01:07.600> and<00:01:07.920> carrying 00:01:08.390 --> 00:01:08.400 align:start position:0% out, carving deltas, and carrying 00:01:08.400 --> 00:01:11.750 align:start position:0% out, carving deltas, and carrying sediment.<00:01:09.680> The<00:01:09.920> soil<00:01:10.320> is<00:01:10.640> rich<00:01:10.960> in<00:01:11.360> clay 00:01:11.750 --> 00:01:11.760 align:start position:0% sediment. The soil is rich in clay 00:01:11.760 --> 00:01:13.830 align:start position:0% sediment. The soil is rich in clay minerals<00:01:12.240> that<00:01:12.479> can<00:01:12.720> only<00:01:12.960> form<00:01:13.439> in<00:01:13.680> the 00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:13.840 align:start position:0% minerals that can only form in the 00:01:13.840 --> 00:01:17.270 align:start position:0% minerals that can only form in the presence<00:01:14.240> of<00:01:14.560> water.<00:01:15.920> Percy<00:01:16.479> has<00:01:16.799> been<00:01:17.040> sent 00:01:17.270 --> 00:01:17.280 align:start position:0% presence of water. Percy has been sent 00:01:17.280 --> 00:01:20.469 align:start position:0% presence of water. Percy has been sent to<00:01:17.520> hunt<00:01:17.840> for<00:01:18.240> ancient<00:01:18.720> microbial<00:01:19.360> life.<00:01:20.240> If 00:01:20.469 --> 00:01:20.479 align:start position:0% to hunt for ancient microbial life. If 00:01:20.479 --> 00:01:22.310 align:start position:0% to hunt for ancient microbial life. If it's<00:01:20.720> going<00:01:20.799> to<00:01:20.960> find<00:01:21.200> them<00:01:21.360> anywhere,<00:01:22.080> the 00:01:22.310 --> 00:01:22.320 align:start position:0% it's going to find them anywhere, the 00:01:22.320 --> 00:01:26.070 align:start position:0% it's going to find them anywhere, the Yzero<00:01:22.880> crater<00:01:23.520> seems<00:01:24.000> like<00:01:24.320> a<00:01:24.560> good<00:01:24.799> bet.<00:01:25.840> You 00:01:26.070 --> 00:01:26.080 align:start position:0% Yzero crater seems like a good bet. You 00:01:26.080 --> 00:01:28.149 align:start position:0% Yzero crater seems like a good bet. You see,<00:01:26.400> ancient<00:01:26.799> legs<00:01:27.280> often<00:01:27.600> contain 00:01:28.149 --> 00:01:28.159 align:start position:0% see, ancient legs often contain 00:01:28.159 --> 00:01:30.950 align:start position:0% see, ancient legs often contain perclorate,<00:01:29.119> which<00:01:29.439> can<00:01:29.680> be<00:01:30.000> metabolized<00:01:30.720> by 00:01:30.950 --> 00:01:30.960 align:start position:0% perclorate, which can be metabolized by 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:32.469 align:start position:0% perclorate, which can be metabolized by microbes. 00:01:32.469 --> 00:01:32.479 align:start position:0% microbes. 00:01:32.479 --> 00:01:34.950 align:start position:0% microbes. Astrobiologists<00:01:33.520> on<00:01:33.680> Earth<00:01:34.079> study<00:01:34.400> microbes 00:01:34.950 --> 00:01:34.960 align:start position:0% Astrobiologists on Earth study microbes 00:01:34.960 --> 00:01:37.270 align:start position:0% Astrobiologists on Earth study microbes like<00:01:35.200> this<00:01:35.520> in<00:01:35.759> extreme<00:01:36.320> environments<00:01:36.960> to 00:01:37.270 --> 00:01:37.280 align:start position:0% like this in extreme environments to 00:01:37.280 --> 00:01:39.429 align:start position:0% like this in extreme environments to understand<00:01:37.680> if<00:01:38.000> life<00:01:38.400> could<00:01:38.720> survive<00:01:39.119> in 00:01:39.429 --> 00:01:39.439 align:start position:0% understand if life could survive in 00:01:39.439 --> 00:01:42.390 align:start position:0% understand if life could survive in similar<00:01:39.840> conditions<00:01:40.320> on<00:01:40.640> other<00:01:40.880> planets. 00:01:42.390 --> 00:01:42.400 align:start position:0% similar conditions on other planets. 00:01:42.400 --> 00:01:44.789 align:start position:0% similar conditions on other planets. The<00:01:42.560> rover's<00:01:43.119> job<00:01:43.360> is<00:01:43.600> to<00:01:43.840> look<00:01:44.159> for<00:01:44.400> these 00:01:44.789 --> 00:01:44.799 align:start position:0% The rover's job is to look for these 00:01:44.799 --> 00:01:47.270 align:start position:0% The rover's job is to look for these possible<00:01:45.280> signs<00:01:45.520> of<00:01:45.759> life,<00:01:46.560> identify<00:01:47.040> and 00:01:47.270 --> 00:01:47.280 align:start position:0% possible signs of life, identify and 00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:49.270 align:start position:0% possible signs of life, identify and store<00:01:47.520> the<00:01:47.759> most<00:01:48.000> interesting<00:01:48.479> samples<00:01:48.960> of 00:01:49.270 --> 00:01:49.280 align:start position:0% store the most interesting samples of 00:01:49.280 --> 00:01:51.429 align:start position:0% store the most interesting samples of Martian<00:01:49.759> rock,<00:01:50.399> and<00:01:50.640> prepare<00:01:50.960> them<00:01:51.119> to<00:01:51.360> be 00:01:51.429 --> 00:01:51.439 align:start position:0% Martian rock, and prepare them to be 00:01:51.439 --> 00:01:53.749 align:start position:0% Martian rock, and prepare them to be collected<00:01:51.920> by<00:01:52.240> another<00:01:52.640> space<00:01:52.960> mission<00:01:53.360> for 00:01:53.749 --> 00:01:53.759 align:start position:0% collected by another space mission for 00:01:53.759 --> 00:01:56.710 align:start position:0% collected by another space mission for an<00:01:54.079> eventual<00:01:54.720> return<00:01:54.960> to<00:01:55.200> Earth. 00:01:56.710 --> 00:01:56.720 align:start position:0% an eventual return to Earth. 00:01:56.720 --> 00:02:00.550 align:start position:0% an eventual return to Earth. One<00:01:56.960> day<00:01:57.439> in<00:01:57.680> July<00:01:58.240> 2024,<00:01:59.520> while<00:01:59.920> exploring 00:02:00.550 --> 00:02:00.560 align:start position:0% One day in July 2024, while exploring 00:02:00.560 --> 00:02:03.190 align:start position:0% One day in July 2024, while exploring the<00:02:00.799> edges<00:02:01.119> of<00:02:01.280> the<00:02:01.520> ancient<00:02:02.000> Naret<00:02:02.560> Vales 00:02:03.190 --> 00:02:03.200 align:start position:0% the edges of the ancient Naret Vales 00:02:03.200 --> 00:02:05.910 align:start position:0% the edges of the ancient Naret Vales River<00:02:03.520> channel,<00:02:04.240> Percy's<00:02:04.799> cameras<00:02:05.360> spotted 00:02:05.910 --> 00:02:05.920 align:start position:0% River channel, Percy's cameras spotted 00:02:05.920 --> 00:02:09.029 align:start position:0% River channel, Percy's cameras spotted something<00:02:06.399> unusual.<00:02:07.759> A<00:02:08.000> rock<00:02:08.560> from<00:02:08.800> the 00:02:09.029 --> 00:02:09.039 align:start position:0% something unusual. A rock from the 00:02:09.039 --> 00:02:11.510 align:start position:0% something unusual. A rock from the Bright<00:02:09.520> Angel<00:02:09.920> Formation. 00:02:11.510 --> 00:02:11.520 align:start position:0% Bright Angel Formation. 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:13.670 align:start position:0% Bright Angel Formation. two<00:02:11.760> of<00:02:12.000> the<00:02:12.160> rover's<00:02:12.560> instruments,<00:02:13.440> the 00:02:13.670 --> 00:02:13.680 align:start position:0% two of the rover's instruments, the 00:02:13.680 --> 00:02:15.350 align:start position:0% two of the rover's instruments, the planetary<00:02:14.160> instrument<00:02:14.560> for<00:02:14.800> X-ray 00:02:15.350 --> 00:02:15.360 align:start position:0% planetary instrument for X-ray 00:02:15.360 --> 00:02:18.630 align:start position:0% planetary instrument for X-ray lithocchemistry<00:02:16.800> or<00:02:17.120> pixel<00:02:18.160> and<00:02:18.400> the 00:02:18.630 --> 00:02:18.640 align:start position:0% lithocchemistry or pixel and the 00:02:18.640 --> 00:02:20.630 align:start position:0% lithocchemistry or pixel and the scanning<00:02:19.120> habitable<00:02:19.680> environments<00:02:20.319> with 00:02:20.630 --> 00:02:20.640 align:start position:0% scanning habitable environments with 00:02:20.640 --> 00:02:23.430 align:start position:0% scanning habitable environments with ramen<00:02:21.280> and<00:02:21.599> luminescence<00:02:22.400> for<00:02:22.720> organics<00:02:23.200> and 00:02:23.430 --> 00:02:23.440 align:start position:0% ramen and luminescence for organics and 00:02:23.440 --> 00:02:27.110 align:start position:0% ramen and luminescence for organics and chemicals<00:02:24.239> or<00:02:24.879> Sherlock<00:02:25.440> for<00:02:25.680> short<00:02:26.400> detected 00:02:27.110 --> 00:02:27.120 align:start position:0% chemicals or Sherlock for short detected 00:02:27.120 --> 00:02:31.190 align:start position:0% chemicals or Sherlock for short detected sedimentary<00:02:27.840> rocks<00:02:28.400> made<00:02:28.720> of<00:02:28.959> clay<00:02:29.599> and<00:02:29.920> silt. 00:02:31.190 --> 00:02:31.200 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks made of clay and silt. 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:33.916 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks made of clay and silt. On<00:02:31.520> Earth,<00:02:32.000> these<00:02:32.400> materials<00:02:32.959> are<00:02:33.360> excellent 00:02:33.916 --> 00:02:33.926 align:start position:0% On Earth, these materials are excellent 00:02:33.926 --> 00:02:36.790 align:start position:0% On Earth, these materials are excellent [music]<00:02:34.080> preservers<00:02:34.640> of<00:02:34.879> microbial<00:02:35.599> life.<00:02:36.480> So 00:02:36.790 --> 00:02:36.800 align:start position:0% [music] preservers of microbial life. So 00:02:36.800 --> 00:02:39.830 align:start position:0% [music] preservers of microbial life. So Percy<00:02:37.280> took<00:02:37.519> a<00:02:37.760> closer<00:02:38.160> look<00:02:39.040> and<00:02:39.280> it<00:02:39.519> saw 00:02:39.830 --> 00:02:39.840 align:start position:0% Percy took a closer look and it saw 00:02:39.840 --> 00:02:42.229 align:start position:0% Percy took a closer look and it saw something<00:02:40.720> amazing. 00:02:42.229 --> 00:02:42.239 align:start position:0% something amazing. 00:02:42.239 --> 00:02:45.350 align:start position:0% something amazing. The<00:02:42.560> rock,<00:02:43.120> also<00:02:43.440> known<00:02:43.680> as<00:02:44.000> Chiava<00:02:44.640> Falls, 00:02:45.350 --> 00:02:45.360 align:start position:0% The rock, also known as Chiava Falls, 00:02:45.360 --> 00:02:48.550 align:start position:0% The rock, also known as Chiava Falls, was<00:02:45.840> rich<00:02:46.239> in<00:02:46.640> organic<00:02:47.200> compounds<00:02:48.080> like 00:02:48.550 --> 00:02:48.560 align:start position:0% was rich in organic compounds like 00:02:48.560 --> 00:02:51.910 align:start position:0% was rich in organic compounds like carbon,<00:02:49.440> phosphorus,<00:02:50.239> and<00:02:50.480> iron<00:02:51.360> arranged 00:02:51.910 --> 00:02:51.920 align:start position:0% carbon, phosphorus, and iron arranged 00:02:51.920 --> 00:02:55.270 align:start position:0% carbon, phosphorus, and iron arranged into<00:02:52.319> rings.<00:02:53.519> Affectionately<00:02:54.239> named<00:02:54.800> leopard 00:02:55.270 --> 00:02:55.280 align:start position:0% into rings. Affectionately named leopard 00:02:55.280 --> 00:02:58.390 align:start position:0% into rings. Affectionately named leopard spots<00:02:55.680> and<00:02:56.000> poppy<00:02:56.400> seeds,<00:02:57.120> the<00:02:57.360> tiny<00:02:57.760> spots 00:02:58.390 --> 00:02:58.400 align:start position:0% spots and poppy seeds, the tiny spots 00:02:58.400 --> 00:03:02.390 align:start position:0% spots and poppy seeds, the tiny spots span<00:02:59.120> 200<00:02:59.840> micrometers<00:03:00.959> to<00:03:01.440> 1<00:03:01.680> millimeter<00:03:02.159> in 00:03:02.390 --> 00:03:02.400 align:start position:0% span 200 micrometers to 1 millimeter in 00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:05.750 align:start position:0% span 200 micrometers to 1 millimeter in diameter,<00:03:03.599> but<00:03:03.840> it<00:03:04.000> was<00:03:04.239> enough<00:03:04.800> to<00:03:05.120> raise<00:03:05.440> the 00:03:05.750 --> 00:03:05.760 align:start position:0% diameter, but it was enough to raise the 00:03:05.760 --> 00:03:08.070 align:start position:0% diameter, but it was enough to raise the blood<00:03:06.000> pressure<00:03:06.400> of<00:03:06.640> astrobiologists 00:03:08.070 --> 00:03:08.080 align:start position:0% blood pressure of astrobiologists 00:03:08.080 --> 00:03:09.589 align:start position:0% blood pressure of astrobiologists everywhere. 00:03:09.589 --> 00:03:09.599 align:start position:0% everywhere. 00:03:09.599 --> 00:03:11.910 align:start position:0% everywhere. The<00:03:09.840> light<00:03:10.319> inner<00:03:10.720> part<00:03:10.879> of<00:03:11.040> the<00:03:11.200> leopard<00:03:11.599> spot 00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:11.920 align:start position:0% The light inner part of the leopard spot 00:03:11.920 --> 00:03:14.149 align:start position:0% The light inner part of the leopard spot is<00:03:12.239> chemically<00:03:12.800> similar<00:03:13.200> to<00:03:13.440> the<00:03:13.599> surrounding 00:03:14.149 --> 00:03:14.159 align:start position:0% is chemically similar to the surrounding 00:03:14.159 --> 00:03:17.430 align:start position:0% is chemically similar to the surrounding rock,<00:03:14.959> but<00:03:15.200> the<00:03:15.440> dark<00:03:16.000> outer<00:03:16.400> rim<00:03:16.720> is<00:03:16.959> enriched 00:03:17.430 --> 00:03:17.440 align:start position:0% rock, but the dark outer rim is enriched 00:03:17.440 --> 00:03:20.630 align:start position:0% rock, but the dark outer rim is enriched with<00:03:17.760> iron<00:03:18.159> and<00:03:18.400> phosphorus.<00:03:19.760> It<00:03:20.000> seems<00:03:20.239> to<00:03:20.400> be 00:03:20.630 --> 00:03:20.640 align:start position:0% with iron and phosphorus. It seems to be 00:03:20.640 --> 00:03:24.229 align:start position:0% with iron and phosphorus. It seems to be evidence<00:03:21.120> of<00:03:21.519> localized<00:03:22.319> iron<00:03:22.879> reduction. 00:03:24.229 --> 00:03:24.239 align:start position:0% evidence of localized iron reduction. 00:03:24.239 --> 00:03:27.190 align:start position:0% evidence of localized iron reduction. Percy<00:03:24.800> also<00:03:25.120> detected<00:03:25.680> organic<00:03:26.480> carbon-based 00:03:27.190 --> 00:03:27.200 align:start position:0% Percy also detected organic carbon-based 00:03:27.200 --> 00:03:29.190 align:start position:0% Percy also detected organic carbon-based compounds<00:03:27.519> in<00:03:27.760> the<00:03:27.840> rock<00:03:28.239> and<00:03:28.560> based<00:03:28.800> on<00:03:28.959> its 00:03:29.190 --> 00:03:29.200 align:start position:0% compounds in the rock and based on its 00:03:29.200 --> 00:03:30.789 align:start position:0% compounds in the rock and based on its texture<00:03:29.602> [music]<00:03:29.680> and<00:03:30.000> geochemical 00:03:30.789 --> 00:03:30.799 align:start position:0% texture [music] and geochemical 00:03:30.799 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% texture [music] and geochemical composition,<00:03:31.920> we<00:03:32.400> strongly<00:03:33.040> suspect<00:03:33.519> this 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% composition, we strongly suspect this 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:36.789 align:start position:0% composition, we strongly suspect this rock<00:03:34.159> was<00:03:34.400> once<00:03:34.640> in<00:03:34.879> contact<00:03:35.200> with<00:03:35.519> water. 00:03:36.789 --> 00:03:36.799 align:start position:0% rock was once in contact with water. 00:03:36.799 --> 00:03:38.869 align:start position:0% rock was once in contact with water. Usually<00:03:37.440> when<00:03:37.680> we<00:03:37.840> see<00:03:38.080> such<00:03:38.239> a<00:03:38.480> combination 00:03:38.869 --> 00:03:38.879 align:start position:0% Usually when we see such a combination 00:03:38.879 --> 00:03:41.670 align:start position:0% Usually when we see such a combination of<00:03:39.120> organics,<00:03:40.000> water<00:03:40.400> and<00:03:40.640> iron<00:03:40.959> reduction<00:03:41.440> on 00:03:41.670 --> 00:03:41.680 align:start position:0% of organics, water and iron reduction on 00:03:41.680 --> 00:03:44.550 align:start position:0% of organics, water and iron reduction on Earth<00:03:42.480> is<00:03:42.720> interpreted<00:03:43.440> as<00:03:43.680> a<00:03:43.920> sign<00:03:44.239> of 00:03:44.550 --> 00:03:44.560 align:start position:0% Earth is interpreted as a sign of 00:03:44.560 --> 00:03:48.309 align:start position:0% Earth is interpreted as a sign of microbial<00:03:45.360> life.<00:03:46.560> Suddenly<00:03:47.519> NASA<00:03:48.000> had 00:03:48.309 --> 00:03:48.319 align:start position:0% microbial life. Suddenly NASA had 00:03:48.319 --> 00:03:50.309 align:start position:0% microbial life. Suddenly NASA had something<00:03:48.959> very<00:03:49.252> [music]<00:03:49.440> unique<00:03:49.840> on<00:03:50.080> its 00:03:50.309 --> 00:03:50.319 align:start position:0% something very [music] unique on its 00:03:50.319 --> 00:03:54.149 align:start position:0% something very [music] unique on its hands.<00:03:51.360> Could<00:03:51.760> this<00:03:52.159> mudstone<00:03:52.799> rock<00:03:53.440> hold<00:03:53.840> the 00:03:54.149 --> 00:03:54.159 align:start position:0% hands. Could this mudstone rock hold the 00:03:54.159 --> 00:04:00.869 align:start position:0% hands. Could this mudstone rock hold the first<00:03:54.720> alien<00:03:55.360> bio<00:03:55.760> signature<00:03:56.400> ever<00:03:56.799> found? 00:04:00.869 --> 00:04:00.879 align:start position:0% 00:04:00.879 --> 00:04:03.509 align:start position:0% At<00:04:01.120> the<00:04:01.280> center<00:04:01.519> of<00:04:01.680> this<00:04:01.920> story<00:04:02.400> are<00:04:02.720> two<00:04:03.120> very 00:04:03.509 --> 00:04:03.519 align:start position:0% At the center of this story are two very 00:04:03.519 --> 00:04:07.910 align:start position:0% At the center of this story are two very special<00:04:04.000> minerals,<00:04:04.959> vivionite<00:04:06.000> and<00:04:06.319> grey. 00:04:07.910 --> 00:04:07.920 align:start position:0% special minerals, vivionite and grey. 00:04:07.920 --> 00:04:10.869 align:start position:0% special minerals, vivionite and grey. Vivianite<00:04:08.720> is<00:04:08.959> an<00:04:09.120> iron<00:04:09.519> phosphate.<00:04:10.560> On 00:04:10.869 --> 00:04:10.879 align:start position:0% Vivianite is an iron phosphate. On 00:04:10.879 --> 00:04:13.030 align:start position:0% Vivianite is an iron phosphate. On Earth,<00:04:11.120> it<00:04:11.280> forms<00:04:11.680> near<00:04:12.080> metal<00:04:12.480> ores<00:04:12.799> and 00:04:13.030 --> 00:04:13.040 align:start position:0% Earth, it forms near metal ores and 00:04:13.040 --> 00:04:15.270 align:start position:0% Earth, it forms near metal ores and river<00:04:13.280> sediments<00:04:13.920> where<00:04:14.239> microbes<00:04:14.879> like 00:04:15.270 --> 00:04:15.280 align:start position:0% river sediments where microbes like 00:04:15.280 --> 00:04:17.909 align:start position:0% river sediments where microbes like geobacttor<00:04:16.239> metabolize<00:04:16.880> iron<00:04:17.440> instead<00:04:17.759> of 00:04:17.909 --> 00:04:17.919 align:start position:0% geobacttor metabolize iron instead of 00:04:17.919 --> 00:04:21.749 align:start position:0% geobacttor metabolize iron instead of oxygen.<00:04:19.120> They<00:04:19.359> take<00:04:19.600> in<00:04:19.919> iron<00:04:20.400> 3<00:04:20.720> oxide<00:04:21.440> and 00:04:21.749 --> 00:04:21.759 align:start position:0% oxygen. They take in iron 3 oxide and 00:04:21.759 --> 00:04:24.710 align:start position:0% oxygen. They take in iron 3 oxide and release<00:04:22.160> iron<00:04:22.639> 2<00:04:22.960> as<00:04:23.120> a<00:04:23.360> waste<00:04:23.680> product.<00:04:24.479> The 00:04:24.710 --> 00:04:24.720 align:start position:0% release iron 2 as a waste product. The 00:04:24.720 --> 00:04:26.550 align:start position:0% release iron 2 as a waste product. The energy<00:04:25.040> given<00:04:25.280> off<00:04:25.520> by<00:04:25.680> this<00:04:25.919> reaction<00:04:26.320> then 00:04:26.550 --> 00:04:26.560 align:start position:0% energy given off by this reaction then 00:04:26.560 --> 00:04:29.110 align:start position:0% energy given off by this reaction then powers<00:04:26.960> their<00:04:27.199> metabolism,<00:04:28.160> a<00:04:28.400> process<00:04:28.800> known 00:04:29.110 --> 00:04:29.120 align:start position:0% powers their metabolism, a process known 00:04:29.120 --> 00:04:31.510 align:start position:0% powers their metabolism, a process known as<00:04:29.680> chemosynthesis. 00:04:31.510 --> 00:04:31.520 align:start position:0% as chemosynthesis. 00:04:31.520 --> 00:04:33.909 align:start position:0% as chemosynthesis. When<00:04:31.680> the<00:04:31.919> expelled<00:04:32.400> iron<00:04:32.880> 2<00:04:33.199> reacts<00:04:33.520> with<00:04:33.680> the 00:04:33.909 --> 00:04:33.919 align:start position:0% When the expelled iron 2 reacts with the 00:04:33.919 --> 00:04:35.270 align:start position:0% When the expelled iron 2 reacts with the phosphate<00:04:34.320> and<00:04:34.479> the<00:04:34.639> water<00:04:34.880> in<00:04:35.040> the 00:04:35.270 --> 00:04:35.280 align:start position:0% phosphate and the water in the 00:04:35.280 --> 00:04:38.950 align:start position:0% phosphate and the water in the environment,<00:04:36.080> it<00:04:36.400> forms<00:04:37.040> vivionide. 00:04:38.950 --> 00:04:38.960 align:start position:0% environment, it forms vivionide. 00:04:38.960 --> 00:04:41.430 align:start position:0% environment, it forms vivionide. Greygite<00:04:39.680> follows<00:04:40.000> a<00:04:40.240> similar<00:04:40.560> story. 00:04:41.430 --> 00:04:41.440 align:start position:0% Greygite follows a similar story. 00:04:41.440 --> 00:04:43.990 align:start position:0% Greygite follows a similar story. Sulfate<00:04:42.000> reducing<00:04:42.400> microorganisms<00:04:43.280> on<00:04:43.520> Earth 00:04:43.990 --> 00:04:44.000 align:start position:0% Sulfate reducing microorganisms on Earth 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:47.030 align:start position:0% Sulfate reducing microorganisms on Earth break<00:04:44.240> down<00:04:44.560> sulfate<00:04:45.280> into<00:04:45.600> sulfide<00:04:46.720> which 00:04:47.030 --> 00:04:47.040 align:start position:0% break down sulfate into sulfide which 00:04:47.040 --> 00:04:50.550 align:start position:0% break down sulfate into sulfide which reacts<00:04:47.440> with<00:04:47.759> iron<00:04:48.240> to<00:04:48.479> make<00:04:48.800> Greygite. 00:04:50.550 --> 00:04:50.560 align:start position:0% reacts with iron to make Greygite. 00:04:50.560 --> 00:04:53.110 align:start position:0% reacts with iron to make Greygite. But<00:04:51.040> let's<00:04:51.360> be<00:04:51.600> skeptics<00:04:52.000> for<00:04:52.240> a<00:04:52.400> moment<00:04:52.800> and 00:04:53.110 --> 00:04:53.120 align:start position:0% But let's be skeptics for a moment and 00:04:53.120 --> 00:04:56.310 align:start position:0% But let's be skeptics for a moment and rule<00:04:53.520> out<00:04:53.919> microbes<00:04:54.479> for<00:04:54.720> now.<00:04:55.520> What<00:04:55.840> else 00:04:56.310 --> 00:04:56.320 align:start position:0% rule out microbes for now. What else 00:04:56.320 --> 00:04:58.390 align:start position:0% rule out microbes for now. What else could<00:04:56.720> have<00:04:57.040> caused<00:04:57.440> these<00:04:57.840> reduction 00:04:58.390 --> 00:04:58.400 align:start position:0% could have caused these reduction 00:04:58.400 --> 00:05:00.150 align:start position:0% could have caused these reduction reactions? 00:05:00.150 --> 00:05:00.160 align:start position:0% reactions? 00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:03.270 align:start position:0% reactions? Well,<00:05:00.639> one<00:05:00.960> explanation<00:05:01.759> could<00:05:02.080> be<00:05:02.639> very<00:05:02.960> high 00:05:03.270 --> 00:05:03.280 align:start position:0% Well, one explanation could be very high 00:05:03.280 --> 00:05:05.830 align:start position:0% Well, one explanation could be very high temperatures.<00:05:04.560> The<00:05:04.720> sulfide<00:05:05.360> needed<00:05:05.680> to 00:05:05.830 --> 00:05:05.840 align:start position:0% temperatures. The sulfide needed to 00:05:05.840 --> 00:05:07.990 align:start position:0% temperatures. The sulfide needed to produce<00:05:06.240> Greygite<00:05:07.039> could<00:05:07.360> have<00:05:07.520> come<00:05:07.759> from 00:05:07.990 --> 00:05:08.000 align:start position:0% produce Greygite could have come from 00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:11.430 align:start position:0% produce Greygite could have come from volcanic<00:05:08.560> gases<00:05:09.120> leaking<00:05:09.600> into<00:05:09.840> groundwater. 00:05:11.430 --> 00:05:11.440 align:start position:0% volcanic gases leaking into groundwater. 00:05:11.440 --> 00:05:13.430 align:start position:0% volcanic gases leaking into groundwater. But<00:05:11.600> that<00:05:11.840> means<00:05:12.160> the<00:05:12.400> sulfide<00:05:12.960> would<00:05:13.280> have 00:05:13.430 --> 00:05:13.440 align:start position:0% But that means the sulfide would have 00:05:13.440 --> 00:05:15.990 align:start position:0% But that means the sulfide would have had<00:05:13.759> to<00:05:14.000> migrate<00:05:14.479> from<00:05:14.800> a<00:05:15.039> hot<00:05:15.360> volcanic 00:05:15.990 --> 00:05:16.000 align:start position:0% had to migrate from a hot volcanic 00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:18.950 align:start position:0% had to migrate from a hot volcanic system<00:05:16.639> into<00:05:16.960> a<00:05:17.199> much<00:05:17.440> cooler<00:05:17.919> environment. 00:05:18.950 --> 00:05:18.960 align:start position:0% system into a much cooler environment. 00:05:18.960 --> 00:05:20.870 align:start position:0% system into a much cooler environment. And<00:05:19.120> there's<00:05:19.360> been<00:05:19.520> no<00:05:19.759> evidence<00:05:20.160> for<00:05:20.560> such 00:05:20.870 --> 00:05:20.880 align:start position:0% And there's been no evidence for such 00:05:20.880 --> 00:05:24.950 align:start position:0% And there's been no evidence for such volcanic<00:05:21.520> or<00:05:21.919> hydrothermal<00:05:22.800> sources<00:05:23.280> nearby. 00:05:24.950 --> 00:05:24.960 align:start position:0% volcanic or hydrothermal sources nearby. 00:05:24.960 --> 00:05:27.110 align:start position:0% volcanic or hydrothermal sources nearby. Another<00:05:25.280> possibility<00:05:25.840> is<00:05:26.080> that<00:05:26.400> sulfate<00:05:26.960> in 00:05:27.110 --> 00:05:27.120 align:start position:0% Another possibility is that sulfate in 00:05:27.120 --> 00:05:29.670 align:start position:0% Another possibility is that sulfate in the<00:05:27.280> rocks<00:05:27.600> was<00:05:27.919> reduced<00:05:28.240> to<00:05:28.400> sulfide<00:05:29.280> through 00:05:29.670 --> 00:05:29.680 align:start position:0% the rocks was reduced to sulfide through 00:05:29.680 --> 00:05:32.469 align:start position:0% the rocks was reduced to sulfide through reactions<00:05:30.240> with<00:05:30.560> organic<00:05:31.039> matter.<00:05:32.240> But 00:05:32.469 --> 00:05:32.479 align:start position:0% reactions with organic matter. But 00:05:32.479 --> 00:05:36.070 align:start position:0% reactions with organic matter. But unless<00:05:32.880> temperatures<00:05:33.440> exceed<00:05:34.560> 150<00:05:34.960> to<00:05:35.280> 200° 00:05:36.070 --> 00:05:36.080 align:start position:0% unless temperatures exceed 150 to 200° 00:05:36.080 --> 00:05:39.350 align:start position:0% unless temperatures exceed 150 to 200° C,<00:05:37.120> these<00:05:37.440> reactions<00:05:37.919> would<00:05:38.240> be<00:05:38.400> very<00:05:38.720> slow 00:05:39.350 --> 00:05:39.360 align:start position:0% C, these reactions would be very slow 00:05:39.360 --> 00:05:41.909 align:start position:0% C, these reactions would be very slow and<00:05:39.759> require<00:05:40.160> a<00:05:40.400> huge<00:05:40.720> amount<00:05:40.960> of<00:05:41.120> energy, 00:05:41.909 --> 00:05:41.919 align:start position:0% and require a huge amount of energy, 00:05:41.919 --> 00:05:44.710 align:start position:0% and require a huge amount of energy, making<00:05:42.240> them<00:05:42.479> unlikely.<00:05:43.759> And<00:05:44.000> studies<00:05:44.400> of<00:05:44.479> the 00:05:44.710 --> 00:05:44.720 align:start position:0% making them unlikely. And studies of the 00:05:44.720 --> 00:05:47.110 align:start position:0% making them unlikely. And studies of the rocks<00:05:45.039> around<00:05:45.360> this<00:05:45.600> area<00:05:45.919> have<00:05:46.240> shown<00:05:46.720> no 00:05:47.110 --> 00:05:47.120 align:start position:0% rocks around this area have shown no 00:05:47.120 --> 00:05:49.189 align:start position:0% rocks around this area have shown no evidence<00:05:47.520> of<00:05:47.759> high<00:05:48.080> temperatures.<00:05:49.118> [music] 00:05:49.189 --> 00:05:49.199 align:start position:0% evidence of high temperatures. [music] 00:05:49.199 --> 00:05:51.430 align:start position:0% evidence of high temperatures. [music] So<00:05:49.600> there's<00:05:50.080> no<00:05:50.400> way<00:05:50.720> the<00:05:51.039> surrounding 00:05:51.430 --> 00:05:51.440 align:start position:0% So there's no way the surrounding 00:05:51.440 --> 00:05:53.510 align:start position:0% So there's no way the surrounding environment<00:05:52.080> could<00:05:52.320> have<00:05:52.479> got<00:05:52.720> hot<00:05:53.039> enough<00:05:53.199> to 00:05:53.510 --> 00:05:53.520 align:start position:0% environment could have got hot enough to 00:05:53.520 --> 00:05:57.510 align:start position:0% environment could have got hot enough to reduce<00:05:54.000> sulfate<00:05:54.720> and<00:05:55.039> form<00:05:55.520> Greygite. 00:05:57.510 --> 00:05:57.520 align:start position:0% reduce sulfate and form Greygite. 00:05:57.520 --> 00:06:01.029 align:start position:0% reduce sulfate and form Greygite. Another<00:05:57.919> possible<00:05:58.479> explanation<00:05:59.280> is<00:05:59.680> acidity. 00:06:01.029 --> 00:06:01.039 align:start position:0% Another possible explanation is acidity. 00:06:01.039 --> 00:06:04.629 align:start position:0% Another possible explanation is acidity. Both<00:06:01.520> iron<00:06:02.080> 3<00:06:02.639> ions<00:06:03.039> and<00:06:03.360> sulfate<00:06:04.160> ions 00:06:04.629 --> 00:06:04.639 align:start position:0% Both iron 3 ions and sulfate ions 00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:06.870 align:start position:0% Both iron 3 ions and sulfate ions dissolve<00:06:05.280> much<00:06:05.600> more<00:06:05.840> readily<00:06:06.240> in<00:06:06.560> water 00:06:06.870 --> 00:06:06.880 align:start position:0% dissolve much more readily in water 00:06:06.880 --> 00:06:08.950 align:start position:0% dissolve much more readily in water under<00:06:07.199> acidic<00:06:07.759> conditions<00:06:08.240> than<00:06:08.479> they<00:06:08.720> do 00:06:08.950 --> 00:06:08.960 align:start position:0% under acidic conditions than they do 00:06:08.960 --> 00:06:11.270 align:start position:0% under acidic conditions than they do under<00:06:09.360> neutral<00:06:09.840> conditions,<00:06:10.720> making<00:06:11.039> them 00:06:11.270 --> 00:06:11.280 align:start position:0% under neutral conditions, making them 00:06:11.280 --> 00:06:13.110 align:start position:0% under neutral conditions, making them much<00:06:11.600> more<00:06:11.759> prone<00:06:12.080> to<00:06:12.319> reduction<00:06:12.720> through 00:06:13.110 --> 00:06:13.120 align:start position:0% much more prone to reduction through 00:06:13.120 --> 00:06:15.909 align:start position:0% much more prone to reduction through purely<00:06:13.600> chemical<00:06:14.000> reactions.<00:06:15.280> If<00:06:15.520> the<00:06:15.759> water 00:06:15.909 --> 00:06:15.919 align:start position:0% purely chemical reactions. If the water 00:06:15.919 --> 00:06:17.909 align:start position:0% purely chemical reactions. If the water on<00:06:16.160> Mars<00:06:16.479> was<00:06:16.639> more<00:06:16.960> acidic<00:06:17.520> than<00:06:17.680> we 00:06:17.909 --> 00:06:17.919 align:start position:0% on Mars was more acidic than we 00:06:17.919 --> 00:06:20.629 align:start position:0% on Mars was more acidic than we anticipated,<00:06:19.199> that<00:06:19.520> could<00:06:19.840> have<00:06:20.080> caused<00:06:20.400> the 00:06:20.629 --> 00:06:20.639 align:start position:0% anticipated, that could have caused the 00:06:20.639 --> 00:06:23.110 align:start position:0% anticipated, that could have caused the spots<00:06:21.039> Percy<00:06:21.600> saw. 00:06:23.110 --> 00:06:23.120 align:start position:0% spots Percy saw. 00:06:23.120 --> 00:06:24.870 align:start position:0% spots Percy saw. Perhaps<00:06:23.440> these<00:06:23.680> spots<00:06:24.080> were<00:06:24.240> just<00:06:24.400> the<00:06:24.639> result 00:06:24.870 --> 00:06:24.880 align:start position:0% Perhaps these spots were just the result 00:06:24.880 --> 00:06:27.350 align:start position:0% Perhaps these spots were just the result of<00:06:25.280> chemical<00:06:25.759> processes<00:06:26.400> on<00:06:26.639> an<00:06:26.880> alien 00:06:27.350 --> 00:06:27.360 align:start position:0% of chemical processes on an alien 00:06:27.360 --> 00:06:31.350 align:start position:0% of chemical processes on an alien planet,<00:06:28.240> nothing<00:06:28.639> more.<00:06:29.919> But<00:06:30.160> then<00:06:30.800> Percy 00:06:31.350 --> 00:06:31.360 align:start position:0% planet, nothing more. But then Percy 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:34.870 align:start position:0% planet, nothing more. But then Percy spotted<00:06:32.080> this<00:06:32.800> little<00:06:33.199> green<00:06:33.680> mineral 00:06:34.870 --> 00:06:34.880 align:start position:0% spotted this little green mineral 00:06:34.880 --> 00:06:37.670 align:start position:0% spotted this little green mineral nestled<00:06:35.440> near<00:06:35.759> the<00:06:36.000> sample<00:06:36.400> site.<00:06:37.120> A<00:06:37.360> small 00:06:37.670 --> 00:06:37.680 align:start position:0% nestled near the sample site. A small 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:41.110 align:start position:0% nestled near the sample site. A small rock<00:06:38.080> of<00:06:38.479> olivine<00:06:39.440> knocked<00:06:39.919> the<00:06:40.160> acidic<00:06:40.720> water 00:06:41.110 --> 00:06:41.120 align:start position:0% rock of olivine knocked the acidic water 00:06:41.120 --> 00:06:45.029 align:start position:0% rock of olivine knocked the acidic water hypothesis<00:06:42.000> on<00:06:42.319> its<00:06:42.560> head.<00:06:43.840> Olivine<00:06:44.560> is<00:06:44.800> the 00:06:45.029 --> 00:06:45.039 align:start position:0% hypothesis on its head. Olivine is the 00:06:45.039 --> 00:06:47.670 align:start position:0% hypothesis on its head. Olivine is the fastest<00:06:45.600> weathering<00:06:46.160> silicut<00:06:46.720> mineral. 00:06:47.670 --> 00:06:47.680 align:start position:0% fastest weathering silicut mineral. 00:06:47.680 --> 00:06:49.990 align:start position:0% fastest weathering silicut mineral. Unlike<00:06:48.160> other<00:06:48.479> silicone<00:06:49.039> structures<00:06:49.600> like 00:06:49.990 --> 00:06:50.000 align:start position:0% Unlike other silicone structures like 00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:52.870 align:start position:0% Unlike other silicone structures like silicon<00:06:50.479> dioxide<00:06:51.280> for<00:06:51.360> example,<00:06:52.319> olivine 00:06:52.870 --> 00:06:52.880 align:start position:0% silicon dioxide for example, olivine 00:06:52.880 --> 00:06:55.189 align:start position:0% silicon dioxide for example, olivine doesn't<00:06:53.280> have<00:06:53.600> strong<00:06:54.080> silicon<00:06:54.560> oxygen 00:06:55.189 --> 00:06:55.199 align:start position:0% doesn't have strong silicon oxygen 00:06:55.199 --> 00:06:57.909 align:start position:0% doesn't have strong silicon oxygen silicon<00:06:55.600> bonds.<00:06:56.560> Instead,<00:06:56.960> it's<00:06:57.280> made<00:06:57.440> up<00:06:57.600> of 00:06:57.909 --> 00:06:57.919 align:start position:0% silicon bonds. Instead, it's made up of 00:06:57.919 --> 00:07:00.950 align:start position:0% silicon bonds. Instead, it's made up of negatively<00:06:58.560> charged<00:06:59.120> silicut<00:07:00.160> ions<00:07:00.639> held 00:07:00.950 --> 00:07:00.960 align:start position:0% negatively charged silicut ions held 00:07:00.960 --> 00:07:03.029 align:start position:0% negatively charged silicut ions held together<00:07:01.199> by<00:07:01.440> the<00:07:01.680> electrostatic<00:07:02.400> attraction 00:07:03.029 --> 00:07:03.039 align:start position:0% together by the electrostatic attraction 00:07:03.039 --> 00:07:05.749 align:start position:0% together by the electrostatic attraction with<00:07:03.440> positively<00:07:04.160> charged<00:07:04.479> magnesium<00:07:05.440> and 00:07:05.749 --> 00:07:05.759 align:start position:0% with positively charged magnesium and 00:07:05.759 --> 00:07:09.430 align:start position:0% with positively charged magnesium and iron<00:07:06.560> ions.<00:07:07.520> In<00:07:07.759> acidic<00:07:08.319> conditions,<00:07:09.120> these 00:07:09.430 --> 00:07:09.440 align:start position:0% iron ions. In acidic conditions, these 00:07:09.440 --> 00:07:12.309 align:start position:0% iron ions. In acidic conditions, these are<00:07:09.680> displaced<00:07:10.160> by<00:07:10.400> hydrogen<00:07:11.120> ions,<00:07:11.759> breaking 00:07:12.309 --> 00:07:12.319 align:start position:0% are displaced by hydrogen ions, breaking 00:07:12.319 --> 00:07:15.270 align:start position:0% are displaced by hydrogen ions, breaking olivine<00:07:12.800> down<00:07:13.039> into<00:07:13.520> orthosic<00:07:14.319> acid<00:07:14.960> and 00:07:15.270 --> 00:07:15.280 align:start position:0% olivine down into orthosic acid and 00:07:15.280 --> 00:07:18.309 align:start position:0% olivine down into orthosic acid and magnesium<00:07:16.240> ions<00:07:16.479> in<00:07:16.720> solution.<00:07:17.840> The<00:07:18.080> more 00:07:18.309 --> 00:07:18.319 align:start position:0% magnesium ions in solution. The more 00:07:18.319 --> 00:07:20.230 align:start position:0% magnesium ions in solution. The more acidic<00:07:18.720> the<00:07:18.960> environment,<00:07:19.840> the<00:07:20.000> more 00:07:20.230 --> 00:07:20.240 align:start position:0% acidic the environment, the more 00:07:20.240 --> 00:07:22.629 align:start position:0% acidic the environment, the more hydrogen<00:07:20.960> ions<00:07:21.120> there<00:07:21.360> are<00:07:21.919> and<00:07:22.240> the<00:07:22.400> more 00:07:22.629 --> 00:07:22.639 align:start position:0% hydrogen ions there are and the more 00:07:22.639 --> 00:07:25.110 align:start position:0% hydrogen ions there are and the more aggressive<00:07:23.360> the<00:07:23.680> dissolution<00:07:24.240> of<00:07:24.560> olivine 00:07:25.110 --> 00:07:25.120 align:start position:0% aggressive the dissolution of olivine 00:07:25.120 --> 00:07:26.950 align:start position:0% aggressive the dissolution of olivine would<00:07:25.280> be. 00:07:26.950 --> 00:07:26.960 align:start position:0% would be. 00:07:26.960 --> 00:07:29.909 align:start position:0% would be. So<00:07:27.280> the<00:07:27.520> very<00:07:27.840> fact<00:07:28.000> that<00:07:28.319> it<00:07:28.560> exists<00:07:29.440> rules 00:07:29.909 --> 00:07:29.919 align:start position:0% So the very fact that it exists rules 00:07:29.919 --> 00:07:32.629 align:start position:0% So the very fact that it exists rules out<00:07:30.160> the<00:07:30.479> possibility<00:07:31.120> of<00:07:31.440> acidic<00:07:32.000> conditions 00:07:32.629 --> 00:07:32.639 align:start position:0% out the possibility of acidic conditions 00:07:32.639 --> 00:07:37.110 align:start position:0% out the possibility of acidic conditions causing<00:07:33.120> the<00:07:33.440> strange<00:07:33.840> spots. 00:07:37.110 --> 00:07:37.120 align:start position:0% 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:39.270 align:start position:0% Science<00:07:37.680> is<00:07:38.240> ultimately<00:07:38.880> about 00:07:39.270 --> 00:07:39.280 align:start position:0% Science is ultimately about 00:07:39.280 --> 00:07:42.469 align:start position:0% Science is ultimately about falsification.<00:07:40.720> It's<00:07:41.039> not<00:07:41.280> about<00:07:41.759> proving<00:07:42.160> a 00:07:42.469 --> 00:07:42.479 align:start position:0% falsification. It's not about proving a 00:07:42.479 --> 00:07:45.670 align:start position:0% falsification. It's not about proving a hypothesis<00:07:43.280> true.<00:07:44.479> Much<00:07:44.720> more<00:07:44.960> often<00:07:45.440> it's 00:07:45.670 --> 00:07:45.680 align:start position:0% hypothesis true. Much more often it's 00:07:45.680 --> 00:07:49.350 align:start position:0% hypothesis true. Much more often it's about<00:07:46.000> proving<00:07:46.400> a<00:07:46.720> hypothesis<00:07:47.520> false.<00:07:48.960> Over 00:07:49.350 --> 00:07:49.360 align:start position:0% about proving a hypothesis false. Over 00:07:49.360 --> 00:07:51.110 align:start position:0% about proving a hypothesis false. Over time<00:07:49.759> and<00:07:50.080> through<00:07:50.319> a<00:07:50.560> process<00:07:50.880> of 00:07:51.110 --> 00:07:51.120 align:start position:0% time and through a process of 00:07:51.120 --> 00:07:53.830 align:start position:0% time and through a process of elimination,<00:07:52.319> all<00:07:52.560> roads<00:07:52.960> seem<00:07:53.199> to<00:07:53.360> point<00:07:53.599> to 00:07:53.830 --> 00:07:53.840 align:start position:0% elimination, all roads seem to point to 00:07:53.840 --> 00:07:55.830 align:start position:0% elimination, all roads seem to point to the<00:07:54.080> same<00:07:54.400> explanation. 00:07:55.830 --> 00:07:55.840 align:start position:0% the same explanation. 00:07:55.840 --> 00:07:57.990 align:start position:0% the same explanation. And<00:07:56.080> if<00:07:56.240> that<00:07:56.560> explanation<00:07:57.120> holds<00:07:57.440> up<00:07:57.599> against 00:07:57.990 --> 00:07:58.000 align:start position:0% And if that explanation holds up against 00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:01.029 align:start position:0% And if that explanation holds up against enough<00:07:58.319> skepticism<00:07:59.280> for<00:07:59.599> long<00:07:59.840> enough,<00:08:00.720> it 00:08:01.029 --> 00:08:01.039 align:start position:0% enough skepticism for long enough, it 00:08:01.039 --> 00:08:04.230 align:start position:0% enough skepticism for long enough, it eventually<00:08:01.680> becomes<00:08:02.160> an<00:08:02.479> accepted<00:08:03.199> theory, 00:08:04.230 --> 00:08:04.240 align:start position:0% eventually becomes an accepted theory, 00:08:04.240 --> 00:08:07.670 align:start position:0% eventually becomes an accepted theory, testable,<00:08:05.280> reliable,<00:08:06.240> and<00:08:06.639> widely<00:08:07.199> accepted 00:08:07.670 --> 00:08:07.680 align:start position:0% testable, reliable, and widely accepted 00:08:07.680 --> 00:08:10.070 align:start position:0% testable, reliable, and widely accepted by<00:08:07.840> the<00:08:08.000> scientific<00:08:08.479> community. 00:08:10.070 --> 00:08:10.080 align:start position:0% by the scientific community. 00:08:10.080 --> 00:08:12.710 align:start position:0% by the scientific community. In<00:08:10.319> this<00:08:10.560> paper,<00:08:11.039> the<00:08:11.280> Mars<00:08:11.840> research<00:08:12.319> team 00:08:12.710 --> 00:08:12.720 align:start position:0% In this paper, the Mars research team 00:08:12.720 --> 00:08:14.950 align:start position:0% In this paper, the Mars research team tried<00:08:13.039> to<00:08:13.199> prove<00:08:13.520> that<00:08:13.759> these<00:08:14.000> minerals<00:08:14.639> were 00:08:14.950 --> 00:08:14.960 align:start position:0% tried to prove that these minerals were 00:08:14.960 --> 00:08:18.390 align:start position:0% tried to prove that these minerals were not<00:08:15.440> left<00:08:15.759> behind<00:08:16.160> by<00:08:16.560> ancient<00:08:16.960> alien<00:08:17.360> life. 00:08:18.390 --> 00:08:18.400 align:start position:0% not left behind by ancient alien life. 00:08:18.400 --> 00:08:21.350 align:start position:0% not left behind by ancient alien life. They<00:08:18.720> started<00:08:19.120> with<00:08:19.360> a<00:08:19.599> null<00:08:20.000> hypothesis<00:08:21.039> and 00:08:21.350 --> 00:08:21.360 align:start position:0% They started with a null hypothesis and 00:08:21.360 --> 00:08:23.749 align:start position:0% They started with a null hypothesis and systematically<00:08:22.400> investigated<00:08:23.199> all<00:08:23.520> the 00:08:23.749 --> 00:08:23.759 align:start position:0% systematically investigated all the 00:08:23.759 --> 00:08:26.070 align:start position:0% systematically investigated all the non-living<00:08:24.560> explanations<00:08:25.360> for<00:08:25.599> what<00:08:25.840> they 00:08:26.070 --> 00:08:26.080 align:start position:0% non-living explanations for what they 00:08:26.080 --> 00:08:29.830 align:start position:0% non-living explanations for what they found.<00:08:27.199> But<00:08:27.440> after<00:08:28.000> months<00:08:28.479> of<00:08:28.720> study,<00:08:29.520> they 00:08:29.830 --> 00:08:29.840 align:start position:0% found. But after months of study, they 00:08:29.840 --> 00:08:34.469 align:start position:0% found. But after months of study, they concluded<00:08:30.800> they<00:08:31.199> just<00:08:31.759> couldn't<00:08:32.240> do<00:08:32.479> it.<00:08:33.760> Now, 00:08:34.469 --> 00:08:34.479 align:start position:0% concluded they just couldn't do it. Now, 00:08:34.479 --> 00:08:36.870 align:start position:0% concluded they just couldn't do it. Now, saying<00:08:35.120> we<00:08:35.360> can't<00:08:35.680> explain<00:08:36.159> how<00:08:36.399> this<00:08:36.640> was 00:08:36.870 --> 00:08:36.880 align:start position:0% saying we can't explain how this was 00:08:36.880 --> 00:08:39.190 align:start position:0% saying we can't explain how this was done<00:08:37.039> by<00:08:37.279> something<00:08:37.599> non-living<00:08:38.560> is<00:08:38.880> very 00:08:39.190 --> 00:08:39.200 align:start position:0% done by something non-living is very 00:08:39.200 --> 00:08:41.350 align:start position:0% done by something non-living is very different<00:08:39.519> from<00:08:39.760> saying<00:08:40.479> this<00:08:40.800> is<00:08:41.039> a 00:08:41.350 --> 00:08:41.360 align:start position:0% different from saying this is a 00:08:41.360 --> 00:08:44.230 align:start position:0% different from saying this is a definitive<00:08:41.919> sign<00:08:42.159> of<00:08:42.320> life.<00:08:43.200> For<00:08:43.519> one<00:08:43.680> thing, 00:08:44.230 --> 00:08:44.240 align:start position:0% definitive sign of life. For one thing, 00:08:44.240 --> 00:08:46.230 align:start position:0% definitive sign of life. For one thing, all<00:08:44.480> our<00:08:44.800> speculation<00:08:45.519> and<00:08:45.839> contained 00:08:46.230 --> 00:08:46.240 align:start position:0% all our speculation and contained 00:08:46.240 --> 00:08:48.389 align:start position:0% all our speculation and contained excitement<00:08:46.959> is<00:08:47.200> based<00:08:47.519> on<00:08:47.760> what<00:08:47.920> we<00:08:48.160> know 00:08:48.389 --> 00:08:48.399 align:start position:0% excitement is based on what we know 00:08:48.399 --> 00:08:51.670 align:start position:0% excitement is based on what we know about<00:08:48.640> biochemistry<00:08:49.519> on<00:08:49.839> Earth.<00:08:51.040> And<00:08:51.519> no 00:08:51.670 --> 00:08:51.680 align:start position:0% about biochemistry on Earth. And no 00:08:51.680 --> 00:08:55.030 align:start position:0% about biochemistry on Earth. And no matter<00:08:52.080> how<00:08:52.480> tempting<00:08:52.959> it<00:08:53.279> may<00:08:53.440> be,<00:08:54.240> we<00:08:54.560> cannot 00:08:55.030 --> 00:08:55.040 align:start position:0% matter how tempting it may be, we cannot 00:08:55.040 --> 00:08:57.030 align:start position:0% matter how tempting it may be, we cannot allow<00:08:55.360> ourselves<00:08:55.760> to<00:08:56.000> assume<00:08:56.399> that<00:08:56.720> just 00:08:57.030 --> 00:08:57.040 align:start position:0% allow ourselves to assume that just 00:08:57.040 --> 00:08:58.710 align:start position:0% allow ourselves to assume that just because<00:08:57.279> something<00:08:57.680> happens<00:08:58.080> one<00:08:58.320> way<00:08:58.560> on 00:08:58.710 --> 00:08:58.720 align:start position:0% because something happens one way on 00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:01.110 align:start position:0% because something happens one way on Earth,<00:08:59.600> it<00:08:59.839> would<00:09:00.000> happen<00:09:00.320> the<00:09:00.560> same<00:09:00.720> way<00:09:00.880> on 00:09:01.110 --> 00:09:01.120 align:start position:0% Earth, it would happen the same way on 00:09:01.120 --> 00:09:04.310 align:start position:0% Earth, it would happen the same way on Mars.<00:09:02.160> Maybe<00:09:02.480> it<00:09:02.800> has<00:09:03.040> a<00:09:03.360> totally<00:09:03.920> different 00:09:04.310 --> 00:09:04.320 align:start position:0% Mars. Maybe it has a totally different 00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:07.670 align:start position:0% Mars. Maybe it has a totally different biochemistry<00:09:05.519> we<00:09:05.839> know<00:09:06.080> nothing<00:09:06.399> about. 00:09:07.670 --> 00:09:07.680 align:start position:0% biochemistry we know nothing about. 00:09:07.680 --> 00:09:10.550 align:start position:0% biochemistry we know nothing about. NASA's<00:09:08.320> being<00:09:08.720> extra<00:09:09.200> careful<00:09:09.760> not<00:09:10.000> to<00:09:10.240> say 00:09:10.550 --> 00:09:10.560 align:start position:0% NASA's being extra careful not to say 00:09:10.560 --> 00:09:13.990 align:start position:0% NASA's being extra careful not to say too<00:09:10.880> much<00:09:11.279> too<00:09:11.600> soon.<00:09:12.560> After<00:09:12.880> all,<00:09:13.360> we've<00:09:13.760> been 00:09:13.990 --> 00:09:14.000 align:start position:0% too much too soon. After all, we've been 00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:16.230 align:start position:0% too much too soon. After all, we've been wrong<00:09:14.320> about<00:09:14.640> potential<00:09:15.120> bio<00:09:15.440> signatures<00:09:16.000> on 00:09:16.230 --> 00:09:16.240 align:start position:0% wrong about potential bio signatures on 00:09:16.240 --> 00:09:19.269 align:start position:0% wrong about potential bio signatures on Mars<00:09:16.640> before. 00:09:19.269 --> 00:09:19.279 align:start position:0% Mars before. 00:09:19.279 --> 00:09:23.269 align:start position:0% Mars before. Back<00:09:19.600> in<00:09:19.920> 1976,<00:09:21.360> the<00:09:21.600> Viking<00:09:22.160> lander<00:09:22.880> tested 00:09:23.269 --> 00:09:23.279 align:start position:0% Back in 1976, the Viking lander tested 00:09:23.279 --> 00:09:25.670 align:start position:0% Back in 1976, the Viking lander tested Martian<00:09:23.760> soil<00:09:24.080> for<00:09:24.320> life<00:09:24.720> by<00:09:25.040> squirting<00:09:25.519> it 00:09:25.670 --> 00:09:25.680 align:start position:0% Martian soil for life by squirting it 00:09:25.680 --> 00:09:28.470 align:start position:0% Martian soil for life by squirting it with<00:09:26.000> nutrients<00:09:26.640> labeled<00:09:27.040> with<00:09:27.440> radioactive 00:09:28.470 --> 00:09:28.480 align:start position:0% with nutrients labeled with radioactive 00:09:28.480 --> 00:09:31.811 align:start position:0% with nutrients labeled with radioactive carbon<00:09:29.120> 14.<00:09:30.240> If<00:09:30.560> microbes<00:09:31.120> were<00:09:31.279> present, 00:09:31.811 --> 00:09:31.821 align:start position:0% carbon 14. If microbes were present, 00:09:31.821 --> 00:09:33.670 align:start position:0% carbon 14. If microbes were present, [music]<00:09:32.000> they'd<00:09:32.320> metabolize<00:09:32.959> the<00:09:33.120> nutrients 00:09:33.670 --> 00:09:33.680 align:start position:0% [music] they'd metabolize the nutrients 00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:36.396 align:start position:0% [music] they'd metabolize the nutrients into<00:09:34.160> radioactive<00:09:34.959> carbon<00:09:35.360> dioxide<00:09:36.000> we<00:09:36.240> could 00:09:36.396 --> 00:09:36.406 align:start position:0% into radioactive carbon dioxide we could 00:09:36.406 --> 00:09:39.430 align:start position:0% into radioactive carbon dioxide we could [music]<00:09:36.480> detect.<00:09:37.519> And<00:09:37.760> to<00:09:38.160> everyone's<00:09:38.720> shock, 00:09:39.430 --> 00:09:39.440 align:start position:0% [music] detect. And to everyone's shock, 00:09:39.440 --> 00:09:42.230 align:start position:0% [music] detect. And to everyone's shock, that's<00:09:39.760> exactly<00:09:40.240> what<00:09:40.560> happened.<00:09:41.519> Excited 00:09:42.230 --> 00:09:42.240 align:start position:0% that's exactly what happened. Excited 00:09:42.240 --> 00:09:44.150 align:start position:0% that's exactly what happened. Excited scientists<00:09:42.720> thought<00:09:42.959> they<00:09:43.279> had<00:09:43.519> proof<00:09:43.839> of 00:09:44.150 --> 00:09:44.160 align:start position:0% scientists thought they had proof of 00:09:44.160 --> 00:09:48.230 align:start position:0% scientists thought they had proof of alien<00:09:44.640> life.<00:09:45.680> But<00:09:45.839> in<00:09:46.240> 2008,<00:09:47.279> NASA's<00:09:47.839> Phoenix 00:09:48.230 --> 00:09:48.240 align:start position:0% alien life. But in 2008, NASA's Phoenix 00:09:48.240 --> 00:09:50.630 align:start position:0% alien life. But in 2008, NASA's Phoenix Lander<00:09:48.720> found<00:09:48.959> Martian<00:09:49.440> soil<00:09:49.760> to<00:09:49.920> be<00:09:50.080> rich<00:09:50.399> in 00:09:50.630 --> 00:09:50.640 align:start position:0% Lander found Martian soil to be rich in 00:09:50.640 --> 00:09:53.350 align:start position:0% Lander found Martian soil to be rich in plecchlorate,<00:09:51.920> a<00:09:52.160> powerful<00:09:52.640> oxidant<00:09:53.120> that 00:09:53.350 --> 00:09:53.360 align:start position:0% plecchlorate, a powerful oxidant that 00:09:53.360 --> 00:09:56.150 align:start position:0% plecchlorate, a powerful oxidant that destroys<00:09:53.920> organics<00:09:54.720> and<00:09:55.040> releases<00:09:55.519> gas<00:09:55.839> when 00:09:56.150 --> 00:09:56.160 align:start position:0% destroys organics and releases gas when 00:09:56.160 --> 00:09:59.430 align:start position:0% destroys organics and releases gas when heated.<00:09:57.360> What<00:09:57.760> looked<00:09:58.080> like<00:09:58.399> a<00:09:58.720> biological 00:09:59.430 --> 00:09:59.440 align:start position:0% heated. What looked like a biological 00:09:59.440 --> 00:10:02.550 align:start position:0% heated. What looked like a biological reason<00:10:00.320> was<00:10:00.560> really<00:10:00.959> just<00:10:01.360> chemistry,<00:10:02.320> a 00:10:02.550 --> 00:10:02.560 align:start position:0% reason was really just chemistry, a 00:10:02.560 --> 00:10:04.710 align:start position:0% reason was really just chemistry, a false<00:10:02.959> positive. 00:10:04.710 --> 00:10:04.720 align:start position:0% false positive. 00:10:04.720 --> 00:10:08.630 align:start position:0% false positive. Still,<00:10:05.279> Mars<00:10:05.680> kept<00:10:06.160> dangling<00:10:06.720> hope.<00:10:07.600> In<00:10:07.920> 1996, 00:10:08.630 --> 00:10:08.640 align:start position:0% Still, Mars kept dangling hope. In 1996, 00:10:08.640 --> 00:10:13.430 align:start position:0% Still, Mars kept dangling hope. In 1996, a<00:10:08.880> photo<00:10:09.200> of<00:10:09.519> meteorite<00:10:10.399> Alh84001 00:10:13.430 --> 00:10:13.440 align:start position:0% 00:10:13.440 --> 00:10:16.470 align:start position:0% made<00:10:13.760> headlines.<00:10:15.040> The<00:10:15.279> rock<00:10:15.519> itself<00:10:15.920> was<00:10:16.079> over 00:10:16.470 --> 00:10:16.480 align:start position:0% made headlines. The rock itself was over 00:10:16.480 --> 00:10:18.949 align:start position:0% made headlines. The rock itself was over 4<00:10:16.720> billion<00:10:17.120> years<00:10:17.360> old<00:10:17.920> from<00:10:18.160> a<00:10:18.399> time<00:10:18.560> when 00:10:18.949 --> 00:10:18.959 align:start position:0% 4 billion years old from a time when 00:10:18.959 --> 00:10:22.150 align:start position:0% 4 billion years old from a time when Mars<00:10:19.440> had<00:10:19.920> liquid<00:10:20.320> water<00:10:20.640> on<00:10:20.800> its<00:10:21.040> surface. 00:10:22.150 --> 00:10:22.160 align:start position:0% Mars had liquid water on its surface. 00:10:22.160 --> 00:10:24.790 align:start position:0% Mars had liquid water on its surface. Under<00:10:22.480> the<00:10:22.720> electron<00:10:23.279> microscope,<00:10:24.320> tiny 00:10:24.790 --> 00:10:24.800 align:start position:0% Under the electron microscope, tiny 00:10:24.800 --> 00:10:27.590 align:start position:0% Under the electron microscope, tiny structures<00:10:25.279> emerged,<00:10:26.160> resembling<00:10:26.880> bacterial 00:10:27.590 --> 00:10:27.600 align:start position:0% structures emerged, resembling bacterial 00:10:27.600 --> 00:10:30.790 align:start position:0% structures emerged, resembling bacterial colonies.<00:10:28.800> The<00:10:29.040> world<00:10:29.440> stood<00:10:29.760> still. 00:10:30.790 --> 00:10:30.800 align:start position:0% colonies. The world stood still. 00:10:30.800 --> 00:10:32.470 align:start position:0% colonies. The world stood still. Researchers<00:10:31.440> thought<00:10:31.680> they<00:10:31.920> were<00:10:32.000> on<00:10:32.240> to 00:10:32.470 --> 00:10:32.480 align:start position:0% Researchers thought they were on to 00:10:32.480 --> 00:10:35.269 align:start position:0% Researchers thought they were on to something<00:10:32.880> big.<00:10:33.760> so<00:10:34.079> big<00:10:34.560> that<00:10:34.880> President 00:10:35.269 --> 00:10:35.279 align:start position:0% something big. so big that President 00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:37.750 align:start position:0% something big. so big that President Bill<00:10:35.600> Clinton<00:10:36.079> gave<00:10:36.399> a<00:10:36.640> formal<00:10:37.200> announcement 00:10:37.750 --> 00:10:37.760 align:start position:0% Bill Clinton gave a formal announcement 00:10:37.760 --> 00:10:40.470 align:start position:0% Bill Clinton gave a formal announcement about<00:10:38.079> the<00:10:38.320> discovery.<00:10:39.440> Sounds<00:10:39.760> a<00:10:40.000> lot<00:10:40.160> like 00:10:40.470 --> 00:10:40.480 align:start position:0% about the discovery. Sounds a lot like 00:10:40.480 --> 00:10:42.630 align:start position:0% about the discovery. Sounds a lot like NASA's<00:10:41.040> recent<00:10:41.440> statement<00:10:41.839> of<00:10:42.079> Percy's 00:10:42.630 --> 00:10:42.640 align:start position:0% NASA's recent statement of Percy's 00:10:42.640 --> 00:10:46.470 align:start position:0% NASA's recent statement of Percy's discovery,<00:10:43.279> doesn't<00:10:43.519> it?<00:10:44.560> But<00:10:44.800> in<00:10:45.120> 2022, 00:10:46.470 --> 00:10:46.480 align:start position:0% discovery, doesn't it? But in 2022, 00:10:46.480 --> 00:10:47.990 align:start position:0% discovery, doesn't it? But in 2022, those<00:10:46.720> squiggles<00:10:47.279> were<00:10:47.519> ruled 00:10:47.990 --> 00:10:48.000 align:start position:0% those squiggles were ruled 00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:49.590 align:start position:0% those squiggles were ruled non-biological, 00:10:49.590 --> 00:10:49.600 align:start position:0% non-biological, 00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:52.389 align:start position:0% non-biological, explained<00:10:50.240> instead<00:10:50.720> by<00:10:51.120> a<00:10:51.519> water<00:10:52.000> rock 00:10:52.389 --> 00:10:52.399 align:start position:0% explained instead by a water rock 00:10:52.399 --> 00:10:55.350 align:start position:0% explained instead by a water rock reaction<00:10:53.040> called<00:10:53.519> serpentinization. 00:10:55.350 --> 00:10:55.360 align:start position:0% reaction called serpentinization. 00:10:55.360 --> 00:10:59.269 align:start position:0% reaction called serpentinization. Another<00:10:55.839> false<00:10:56.240> alarm.<00:10:57.680> So,<00:10:58.240> is<00:10:58.640> our<00:10:58.959> recent 00:10:59.269 --> 00:10:59.279 align:start position:0% Another false alarm. So, is our recent 00:10:59.279 --> 00:11:01.430 align:start position:0% Another false alarm. So, is our recent finding<00:10:59.600> in<00:10:59.760> the<00:10:59.920> Yzero<00:11:00.480> crater<00:11:01.040> another 00:11:01.430 --> 00:11:01.440 align:start position:0% finding in the Yzero crater another 00:11:01.440 --> 00:11:04.150 align:start position:0% finding in the Yzero crater another close<00:11:01.760> call?<00:11:02.560> Or<00:11:02.720> is<00:11:02.880> it<00:11:03.120> proof<00:11:03.680> that<00:11:03.920> the 00:11:04.150 --> 00:11:04.160 align:start position:0% close call? Or is it proof that the 00:11:04.160 --> 00:11:07.750 align:start position:0% close call? Or is it proof that the third<00:11:04.480> time<00:11:05.120> really<00:11:05.519> is<00:11:05.760> the<00:11:06.000> charm?<00:11:07.360> There's 00:11:07.750 --> 00:11:07.760 align:start position:0% third time really is the charm? There's 00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:10.310 align:start position:0% third time really is the charm? There's only<00:11:08.079> one<00:11:08.320> way<00:11:08.480> to<00:11:08.640> find<00:11:08.880> out.<00:11:09.680> We<00:11:10.000> have<00:11:10.160> to 00:11:10.310 --> 00:11:10.320 align:start position:0% only one way to find out. We have to 00:11:10.320 --> 00:11:12.230 align:start position:0% only one way to find out. We have to bring<00:11:10.560> the<00:11:10.800> sample<00:11:11.200> home<00:11:11.600> for<00:11:11.839> further 00:11:12.230 --> 00:11:12.240 align:start position:0% bring the sample home for further 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:14.949 align:start position:0% bring the sample home for further testing. 00:11:14.949 --> 00:11:14.959 align:start position:0% testing. 00:11:14.959 --> 00:11:17.430 align:start position:0% testing. That's<00:11:15.279> where<00:11:15.680> the<00:11:16.000> Mars<00:11:16.560> sample<00:11:16.959> return 00:11:17.430 --> 00:11:17.440 align:start position:0% That's where the Mars sample return 00:11:17.440 --> 00:11:20.470 align:start position:0% That's where the Mars sample return mission<00:11:17.839> comes<00:11:18.079> in.<00:11:18.959> It's<00:11:19.200> a<00:11:19.440> complex<00:11:19.839> mission 00:11:20.470 --> 00:11:20.480 align:start position:0% mission comes in. It's a complex mission 00:11:20.480 --> 00:11:23.030 align:start position:0% mission comes in. It's a complex mission which<00:11:20.800> requires<00:11:21.440> sending<00:11:22.079> three<00:11:22.560> separate 00:11:23.030 --> 00:11:23.040 align:start position:0% which requires sending three separate 00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:25.990 align:start position:0% which requires sending three separate spacecraft<00:11:23.600> to<00:11:23.760> Mars.<00:11:24.880> Percy<00:11:25.360> has<00:11:25.600> already 00:11:25.990 --> 00:11:26.000 align:start position:0% spacecraft to Mars. Percy has already 00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:28.470 align:start position:0% spacecraft to Mars. Percy has already completed<00:11:26.399> phase<00:11:26.800> one.<00:11:27.519> It's<00:11:27.760> drilled<00:11:28.160> into 00:11:28.470 --> 00:11:28.480 align:start position:0% completed phase one. It's drilled into 00:11:28.480 --> 00:11:31.190 align:start position:0% completed phase one. It's drilled into Chiava<00:11:29.120> Falls<00:11:29.600> and<00:11:29.839> tucked<00:11:30.160> away<00:11:30.480> a<00:11:30.720> precious 00:11:31.190 --> 00:11:31.200 align:start position:0% Chiava Falls and tucked away a precious 00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:33.590 align:start position:0% Chiava Falls and tucked away a precious core<00:11:31.519> sample<00:11:31.920> of<00:11:32.079> the<00:11:32.240> mudstone<00:11:32.800> rock<00:11:33.279> mission 00:11:33.590 --> 00:11:33.600 align:start position:0% core sample of the mudstone rock mission 00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:36.870 align:start position:0% core sample of the mudstone rock mission scientists<00:11:34.079> named<00:11:34.720> Sapphire<00:11:35.360> Canyon. 00:11:36.870 --> 00:11:36.880 align:start position:0% scientists named Sapphire Canyon. 00:11:36.880 --> 00:11:38.790 align:start position:0% scientists named Sapphire Canyon. Phase<00:11:37.279> two<00:11:37.600> would<00:11:37.839> be<00:11:38.000> to<00:11:38.240> send<00:11:38.480> another 00:11:38.790 --> 00:11:38.800 align:start position:0% Phase two would be to send another 00:11:38.800 --> 00:11:40.848 align:start position:0% Phase two would be to send another spacecraft<00:11:39.279> to<00:11:39.519> land<00:11:39.760> near<00:11:40.079> Perseverance, 00:11:40.848 --> 00:11:40.858 align:start position:0% spacecraft to land near Perseverance, 00:11:40.858 --> 00:11:43.110 align:start position:0% spacecraft to land near Perseverance, [music]<00:11:41.200> collect<00:11:41.519> those<00:11:41.839> tubes,<00:11:42.480> and<00:11:42.720> launch 00:11:43.110 --> 00:11:43.120 align:start position:0% [music] collect those tubes, and launch 00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:46.069 align:start position:0% [music] collect those tubes, and launch them<00:11:43.360> into<00:11:43.680> orbit<00:11:44.160> around<00:11:44.480> Mars.<00:11:45.519> The<00:11:45.760> third 00:11:46.069 --> 00:11:46.079 align:start position:0% them into orbit around Mars. The third 00:11:46.079 --> 00:11:47.750 align:start position:0% them into orbit around Mars. The third and<00:11:46.399> final<00:11:46.720> craft<00:11:47.120> would<00:11:47.360> collect<00:11:47.600> the 00:11:47.750 --> 00:11:47.760 align:start position:0% and final craft would collect the 00:11:47.760 --> 00:11:50.069 align:start position:0% and final craft would collect the samples<00:11:48.160> from<00:11:48.320> the<00:11:48.480> orbiter<00:11:49.200> and<00:11:49.440> ferry<00:11:49.839> them 00:11:50.069 --> 00:11:50.079 align:start position:0% samples from the orbiter and ferry them 00:11:50.079 --> 00:11:52.550 align:start position:0% samples from the orbiter and ferry them all<00:11:50.320> the<00:11:50.480> way<00:11:50.560> back<00:11:50.800> to<00:11:50.959> Earth.<00:11:51.760> It's<00:11:52.079> a<00:11:52.240> huge 00:11:52.550 --> 00:11:52.560 align:start position:0% all the way back to Earth. It's a huge 00:11:52.560 --> 00:11:55.430 align:start position:0% all the way back to Earth. It's a huge task<00:11:53.200> with<00:11:53.360> an<00:11:53.600> estimated<00:11:54.160> price<00:11:54.480> tag<00:11:54.720> of<00:11:55.120> 11 00:11:55.430 --> 00:11:55.440 align:start position:0% task with an estimated price tag of 11 00:11:55.440 --> 00:11:57.190 align:start position:0% task with an estimated price tag of 11 billion. 00:11:57.190 --> 00:11:57.200 align:start position:0% billion. 00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:59.430 align:start position:0% billion. The<00:11:57.440> Mars<00:11:57.920> sample<00:11:58.399> return<00:11:58.720> mission<00:11:59.040> was<00:11:59.200> first 00:11:59.430 --> 00:11:59.440 align:start position:0% The Mars sample return mission was first 00:11:59.440 --> 00:12:01.430 align:start position:0% The Mars sample return mission was first announced<00:11:59.760> in<00:12:00.000> 2022<00:12:00.720> as<00:12:00.959> a<00:12:01.200> joint 00:12:01.430 --> 00:12:01.440 align:start position:0% announced in 2022 as a joint 00:12:01.440 --> 00:12:04.389 align:start position:0% announced in 2022 as a joint collaboration<00:12:02.079> between<00:12:02.480> NASA<00:12:02.959> and<00:12:03.360> issa. 00:12:04.389 --> 00:12:04.399 align:start position:0% collaboration between NASA and issa. 00:12:04.399 --> 00:12:06.230 align:start position:0% collaboration between NASA and issa. Since<00:12:04.640> then,<00:12:04.959> it<00:12:05.200> has<00:12:05.360> been<00:12:05.600> fraught<00:12:06.000> with 00:12:06.230 --> 00:12:06.240 align:start position:0% Since then, it has been fraught with 00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:08.710 align:start position:0% Since then, it has been fraught with financial<00:12:06.800> struggles<00:12:07.279> and<00:12:07.519> uncertainties, 00:12:08.710 --> 00:12:08.720 align:start position:0% financial struggles and uncertainties, 00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:12.470 align:start position:0% financial struggles and uncertainties, delaying<00:12:09.200> the<00:12:09.440> project<00:12:09.760> from<00:12:10.160> 2033<00:12:11.120> to<00:12:11.440> 2040 00:12:12.470 --> 00:12:12.480 align:start position:0% delaying the project from 2033 to 2040 00:12:12.480 --> 00:12:15.190 align:start position:0% delaying the project from 2033 to 2040 before<00:12:13.120> ultimately<00:12:13.920> being<00:12:14.320> suspended 00:12:15.190 --> 00:12:15.200 align:start position:0% before ultimately being suspended 00:12:15.200 --> 00:12:16.949 align:start position:0% before ultimately being suspended indefinitely.<00:12:15.573> [music] 00:12:16.949 --> 00:12:16.959 align:start position:0% indefinitely. [music] 00:12:16.959 --> 00:12:19.430 align:start position:0% indefinitely. [music] This<00:12:17.200> is<00:12:17.360> despite<00:12:18.000> the<00:12:18.320> National<00:12:18.800> Academy<00:12:19.279> of 00:12:19.430 --> 00:12:19.440 align:start position:0% This is despite the National Academy of 00:12:19.440 --> 00:12:22.310 align:start position:0% This is despite the National Academy of Sciences<00:12:20.079> decadel<00:12:20.720> survey,<00:12:21.440> a<00:12:21.680> meeting<00:12:22.000> of 00:12:22.310 --> 00:12:22.320 align:start position:0% Sciences decadel survey, a meeting of 00:12:22.320 --> 00:12:23.990 align:start position:0% Sciences decadel survey, a meeting of leading<00:12:22.720> scientists<00:12:23.200> who<00:12:23.440> get<00:12:23.680> together 00:12:23.990 --> 00:12:24.000 align:start position:0% leading scientists who get together 00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:26.069 align:start position:0% leading scientists who get together every<00:12:24.399> 10<00:12:24.720> years<00:12:25.120> to<00:12:25.360> decide<00:12:25.600> the<00:12:25.839> future 00:12:26.069 --> 00:12:26.079 align:start position:0% every 10 years to decide the future 00:12:26.079 --> 00:12:29.030 align:start position:0% every 10 years to decide the future priorities<00:12:26.560> for<00:12:26.880> progress<00:12:27.200> in<00:12:27.519> STEM,<00:12:28.480> naming 00:12:29.030 --> 00:12:29.040 align:start position:0% priorities for progress in STEM, naming 00:12:29.040 --> 00:12:31.829 align:start position:0% priorities for progress in STEM, naming the<00:12:29.279> Mars<00:12:29.760> sample<00:12:30.240> return<00:12:30.880> as<00:12:31.120> the<00:12:31.360> highest 00:12:31.829 --> 00:12:31.839 align:start position:0% the Mars sample return as the highest 00:12:31.839 --> 00:12:35.910 align:start position:0% the Mars sample return as the highest priority<00:12:32.320> for<00:12:32.639> NASA<00:12:33.600> two<00:12:34.000> decades<00:12:34.480> in<00:12:34.720> a<00:12:34.959> row. 00:12:35.910 --> 00:12:35.920 align:start position:0% priority for NASA two decades in a row. 00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.150 align:start position:0% priority for NASA two decades in a row. And<00:12:36.160> that<00:12:36.399> was<00:12:36.560> before<00:12:37.200> we<00:12:37.519> discovered<00:12:37.920> this 00:12:38.150 --> 00:12:38.160 align:start position:0% And that was before we discovered this 00:12:38.160 --> 00:12:40.310 align:start position:0% And that was before we discovered this potential<00:12:38.720> bio<00:12:39.120> signature<00:12:39.680> on<00:12:40.000> our 00:12:40.310 --> 00:12:40.320 align:start position:0% potential bio signature on our 00:12:40.320 --> 00:12:42.230 align:start position:0% potential bio signature on our neighboring<00:12:40.800> planet. 00:12:42.230 --> 00:12:42.240 align:start position:0% neighboring planet. 00:12:42.240 --> 00:12:44.470 align:start position:0% neighboring planet. All<00:12:42.560> we<00:12:42.720> can<00:12:42.880> do<00:12:43.040> is<00:12:43.279> hope<00:12:43.760> this<00:12:44.079> puts 00:12:44.470 --> 00:12:44.480 align:start position:0% All we can do is hope this puts 00:12:44.480 --> 00:12:46.550 align:start position:0% All we can do is hope this puts political<00:12:44.959> pressure<00:12:45.279> on<00:12:45.519> leaders<00:12:46.240> to 00:12:46.550 --> 00:12:46.560 align:start position:0% political pressure on leaders to 00:12:46.560 --> 00:12:48.949 align:start position:0% political pressure on leaders to mobilize<00:12:47.120> the<00:12:47.360> necessary<00:12:47.920> resources<00:12:48.480> to<00:12:48.800> pull 00:12:48.949 --> 00:12:48.959 align:start position:0% mobilize the necessary resources to pull 00:12:48.959 --> 00:12:50.710 align:start position:0% mobilize the necessary resources to pull it<00:12:49.200> off. 00:12:50.710 --> 00:12:50.720 align:start position:0% it off. 00:12:50.720 --> 00:12:53.670 align:start position:0% it off. So<00:12:51.120> if<00:12:51.360> we<00:12:51.600> ever<00:12:52.000> do<00:12:52.320> get<00:12:52.480> the<00:12:52.720> Sapphire<00:12:53.279> Canyon 00:12:53.670 --> 00:12:53.680 align:start position:0% So if we ever do get the Sapphire Canyon 00:12:53.680 --> 00:12:55.670 align:start position:0% So if we ever do get the Sapphire Canyon sample<00:12:54.160> back<00:12:54.320> home,<00:12:55.040> what<00:12:55.360> kind<00:12:55.519> of 00:12:55.670 --> 00:12:55.680 align:start position:0% sample back home, what kind of 00:12:55.680 --> 00:12:58.550 align:start position:0% sample back home, what kind of experiments<00:12:56.320> might<00:12:56.560> scientists<00:12:57.120> run? 00:12:58.550 --> 00:12:58.560 align:start position:0% experiments might scientists run? 00:12:58.560 --> 00:13:00.710 align:start position:0% experiments might scientists run? There's<00:12:58.720> a<00:12:58.959> good<00:12:59.120> chance<00:12:59.440> that<00:13:00.000> among<00:13:00.399> other 00:13:00.710 --> 00:13:00.720 align:start position:0% There's a good chance that among other 00:13:00.720 --> 00:13:03.110 align:start position:0% There's a good chance that among other things,<00:13:01.200> they'll<00:13:01.600> be<00:13:01.760> looking<00:13:01.920> for<00:13:02.240> two<00:13:02.720> key 00:13:03.110 --> 00:13:03.120 align:start position:0% things, they'll be looking for two key 00:13:03.120 --> 00:13:05.910 align:start position:0% things, they'll be looking for two key fingerprints<00:13:03.760> of<00:13:03.920> life.<00:13:04.880> The<00:13:05.120> first<00:13:05.440> is 00:13:05.910 --> 00:13:05.920 align:start position:0% fingerprints of life. The first is 00:13:05.920 --> 00:13:09.829 align:start position:0% fingerprints of life. The first is kirality.<00:13:07.120> Amino<00:13:07.680> acids<00:13:08.160> come<00:13:08.480> in<00:13:08.880> two<00:13:09.440> mirror 00:13:09.829 --> 00:13:09.839 align:start position:0% kirality. Amino acids come in two mirror 00:13:09.839 --> 00:13:11.910 align:start position:0% kirality. Amino acids come in two mirror image<00:13:10.320> versions.<00:13:11.040> right-handed<00:13:11.680> and 00:13:11.910 --> 00:13:11.920 align:start position:0% image versions. right-handed and 00:13:11.920 --> 00:13:15.590 align:start position:0% image versions. right-handed and left-handed,<00:13:12.880> also<00:13:13.200> known<00:13:13.519> as<00:13:14.000> D<00:13:14.480> and<00:13:14.800> L<00:13:15.200> amino 00:13:15.590 --> 00:13:15.600 align:start position:0% left-handed, also known as D and L amino 00:13:15.600 --> 00:13:19.110 align:start position:0% left-handed, also known as D and L amino acids.<00:13:16.800> On<00:13:17.120> Earth,<00:13:17.680> life<00:13:18.160> overwhelmingly 00:13:19.110 --> 00:13:19.120 align:start position:0% acids. On Earth, life overwhelmingly 00:13:19.120 --> 00:13:21.910 align:start position:0% acids. On Earth, life overwhelmingly prefers<00:13:19.600> the<00:13:19.920> L<00:13:20.240> version<00:13:20.480> of<00:13:20.720> things,<00:13:21.440> while 00:13:21.910 --> 00:13:21.920 align:start position:0% prefers the L version of things, while 00:13:21.920 --> 00:13:24.710 align:start position:0% prefers the L version of things, while non-living<00:13:22.639> materials<00:13:23.279> show<00:13:23.680> more<00:13:24.000> of<00:13:24.320> a 00:13:24.710 --> 00:13:24.720 align:start position:0% non-living materials show more of a 00:13:24.720 --> 00:13:28.710 align:start position:0% non-living materials show more of a 50/50<00:13:25.440> split.<00:13:26.880> If<00:13:27.120> the<00:13:27.360> Martian<00:13:27.839> sample<00:13:28.399> shows 00:13:28.710 --> 00:13:28.720 align:start position:0% 50/50 split. If the Martian sample shows 00:13:28.720 --> 00:13:31.670 align:start position:0% 50/50 split. If the Martian sample shows a<00:13:29.040> significant<00:13:29.839> chyro<00:13:30.320> preference,<00:13:31.120> either 00:13:31.670 --> 00:13:31.680 align:start position:0% a significant chyro preference, either 00:13:31.680 --> 00:13:34.389 align:start position:0% a significant chyro preference, either right<00:13:32.000> or<00:13:32.320> left-handed,<00:13:33.440> that<00:13:33.760> could<00:13:34.000> be<00:13:34.160> a 00:13:34.389 --> 00:13:34.399 align:start position:0% right or left-handed, that could be a 00:13:34.399 --> 00:13:37.990 align:start position:0% right or left-handed, that could be a smoking<00:13:34.800> gun.<00:13:36.160> The<00:13:36.480> second<00:13:36.800> fingerprint<00:13:37.440> is 00:13:37.990 --> 00:13:38.000 align:start position:0% smoking gun. The second fingerprint is 00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:40.949 align:start position:0% smoking gun. The second fingerprint is carbon<00:13:38.480> isotopes.<00:13:39.760> Carbon<00:13:40.160> comes<00:13:40.399> in<00:13:40.639> a<00:13:40.800> few 00:13:40.949 --> 00:13:40.959 align:start position:0% carbon isotopes. Carbon comes in a few 00:13:40.959 --> 00:13:43.190 align:start position:0% carbon isotopes. Carbon comes in a few different<00:13:41.200> flavors,<00:13:42.000> most<00:13:42.320> commonly<00:13:42.800> carbon 00:13:43.190 --> 00:13:43.200 align:start position:0% different flavors, most commonly carbon 00:13:43.200 --> 00:13:46.790 align:start position:0% different flavors, most commonly carbon 12<00:13:43.519> and<00:13:43.760> carbon<00:13:44.240> 13.<00:13:45.360> Again,<00:13:45.839> life<00:13:46.240> prefers 00:13:46.790 --> 00:13:46.800 align:start position:0% 12 and carbon 13. Again, life prefers 00:13:46.800 --> 00:13:49.590 align:start position:0% 12 and carbon 13. Again, life prefers one<00:13:47.200> over<00:13:47.440> the<00:13:47.680> other.<00:13:48.320> The<00:13:48.639> ratio<00:13:48.959> of<00:13:49.200> carbon 00:13:49.590 --> 00:13:49.600 align:start position:0% one over the other. The ratio of carbon 00:13:49.600 --> 00:13:52.550 align:start position:0% one over the other. The ratio of carbon 12<00:13:49.920> to<00:13:50.079> carbon<00:13:50.480> 13<00:13:50.959> in<00:13:51.200> living<00:13:51.519> things<00:13:51.920> is<00:13:52.240> much 00:13:52.550 --> 00:13:52.560 align:start position:0% 12 to carbon 13 in living things is much 00:13:52.560 --> 00:13:55.190 align:start position:0% 12 to carbon 13 in living things is much higher<00:13:52.880> than<00:13:53.040> in<00:13:53.360> non-living<00:13:53.920> things.<00:13:54.800> If<00:13:55.040> we 00:13:55.190 --> 00:13:55.200 align:start position:0% higher than in non-living things. If we 00:13:55.200 --> 00:13:57.030 align:start position:0% higher than in non-living things. If we see<00:13:55.279> a<00:13:55.519> similar<00:13:55.839> pattern<00:13:56.160> in<00:13:56.320> the<00:13:56.480> Sapphire 00:13:57.030 --> 00:13:57.040 align:start position:0% see a similar pattern in the Sapphire 00:13:57.040 --> 00:13:59.269 align:start position:0% see a similar pattern in the Sapphire Canyon<00:13:57.519> sample,<00:13:58.240> that<00:13:58.480> could<00:13:58.639> be<00:13:58.880> another 00:13:59.269 --> 00:13:59.279 align:start position:0% Canyon sample, that could be another 00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:02.790 align:start position:0% Canyon sample, that could be another clue<00:13:59.760> that<00:14:00.079> its<00:14:00.240> origin<00:14:00.720> is<00:14:01.120> biological. 00:14:02.790 --> 00:14:02.800 align:start position:0% clue that its origin is biological. 00:14:02.800 --> 00:14:05.509 align:start position:0% clue that its origin is biological. You<00:14:03.040> see,<00:14:03.680> you<00:14:03.839> and<00:14:04.079> I<00:14:04.320> may<00:14:04.639> often<00:14:05.040> think<00:14:05.199> of 00:14:05.509 --> 00:14:05.519 align:start position:0% You see, you and I may often think of 00:14:05.519 --> 00:14:07.910 align:start position:0% You see, you and I may often think of discoveries<00:14:06.079> like<00:14:06.240> these<00:14:06.560> in<00:14:06.880> quite<00:14:07.120> a<00:14:07.360> binary 00:14:07.910 --> 00:14:07.920 align:start position:0% discoveries like these in quite a binary 00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:10.710 align:start position:0% discoveries like these in quite a binary way.<00:14:08.720> Either<00:14:09.040> they're<00:14:09.279> a<00:14:09.519> sign<00:14:09.680> of<00:14:09.920> life<00:14:10.480> or 00:14:10.710 --> 00:14:10.720 align:start position:0% way. Either they're a sign of life or 00:14:10.720 --> 00:14:13.509 align:start position:0% way. Either they're a sign of life or they're<00:14:11.040> not.<00:14:11.839> But<00:14:12.079> NASA<00:14:12.560> has<00:14:12.800> a<00:14:13.040> much<00:14:13.279> more 00:14:13.509 --> 00:14:13.519 align:start position:0% they're not. But NASA has a much more 00:14:13.519 --> 00:14:16.389 align:start position:0% they're not. But NASA has a much more nuanced<00:14:14.079> take.<00:14:14.959> They<00:14:15.279> recently<00:14:15.680> proposed<00:14:16.160> the 00:14:16.389 --> 00:14:16.399 align:start position:0% nuanced take. They recently proposed the 00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:19.030 align:start position:0% nuanced take. They recently proposed the confidence<00:14:16.880> of<00:14:17.120> life<00:14:17.519> detection<00:14:18.079> scale,<00:14:18.800> a 00:14:19.030 --> 00:14:19.040 align:start position:0% confidence of life detection scale, a 00:14:19.040 --> 00:14:20.629 align:start position:0% confidence of life detection scale, a framework<00:14:19.440> for<00:14:19.760> ordering<00:14:20.024> [music]<00:14:20.320> how 00:14:20.629 --> 00:14:20.639 align:start position:0% framework for ordering [music] how 00:14:20.639 --> 00:14:23.269 align:start position:0% framework for ordering [music] how likely<00:14:21.199> discoveries<00:14:21.920> actually<00:14:22.399> are<00:14:22.959> to<00:14:23.120> be 00:14:23.269 --> 00:14:23.279 align:start position:0% likely discoveries actually are to be 00:14:23.279 --> 00:14:25.430 align:start position:0% likely discoveries actually are to be signs<00:14:23.600> of<00:14:23.839> life<00:14:24.399> based<00:14:24.720> on<00:14:24.880> a<00:14:25.040> set<00:14:25.199> of 00:14:25.430 --> 00:14:25.440 align:start position:0% signs of life based on a set of 00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:28.470 align:start position:0% signs of life based on a set of criteria.<00:14:26.639> It<00:14:26.880> has<00:14:27.120> seven<00:14:27.440> levels<00:14:28.079> ranging 00:14:28.470 --> 00:14:28.480 align:start position:0% criteria. It has seven levels ranging 00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:30.310 align:start position:0% criteria. It has seven levels ranging from<00:14:29.040> we<00:14:29.279> found<00:14:29.519> something<00:14:29.760> that<00:14:30.000> could<00:14:30.160> be 00:14:30.310 --> 00:14:30.320 align:start position:0% from we found something that could be 00:14:30.320 --> 00:14:33.189 align:start position:0% from we found something that could be caused<00:14:30.639> by<00:14:30.800> life<00:14:31.440> all<00:14:31.600> the<00:14:31.760> way<00:14:32.000> to<00:14:32.720> multiple 00:14:33.189 --> 00:14:33.199 align:start position:0% caused by life all the way to multiple 00:14:33.199 --> 00:14:35.990 align:start position:0% caused by life all the way to multiple teams<00:14:33.600> have<00:14:33.920> independently<00:14:34.800> confirmed<00:14:35.519> life 00:14:35.990 --> 00:14:36.000 align:start position:0% teams have independently confirmed life 00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:38.069 align:start position:0% teams have independently confirmed life more<00:14:36.320> than<00:14:36.480> once. 00:14:38.069 --> 00:14:38.079 align:start position:0% more than once. 00:14:38.079 --> 00:14:40.470 align:start position:0% more than once. NASA<00:14:38.639> hasn't<00:14:39.040> stated<00:14:39.519> where<00:14:39.839> the<00:14:40.079> discovery 00:14:40.470 --> 00:14:40.480 align:start position:0% NASA hasn't stated where the discovery 00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:43.750 align:start position:0% NASA hasn't stated where the discovery in<00:14:40.639> the<00:14:40.800> Ezero<00:14:41.360> crater<00:14:41.760> falls,<00:14:42.720> but<00:14:42.959> I'd<00:14:43.279> guess 00:14:43.750 --> 00:14:43.760 align:start position:0% in the Ezero crater falls, but I'd guess 00:14:43.760 --> 00:14:46.150 align:start position:0% in the Ezero crater falls, but I'd guess probably<00:14:44.240> somewhere<00:14:44.720> between<00:14:45.120> levels<00:14:45.760> three 00:14:46.150 --> 00:14:46.160 align:start position:0% probably somewhere between levels three 00:14:46.160 --> 00:14:49.509 align:start position:0% probably somewhere between levels three and<00:14:46.480> four.<00:14:47.680> If<00:14:47.920> the<00:14:48.079> samples<00:14:48.560> come<00:14:48.720> back<00:14:49.120> and 00:14:49.509 --> 00:14:49.519 align:start position:0% and four. If the samples come back and 00:14:49.519 --> 00:14:51.670 align:start position:0% and four. If the samples come back and independent<00:14:50.160> labs<00:14:50.480> around<00:14:50.720> the<00:14:50.959> world<00:14:51.360> all 00:14:51.670 --> 00:14:51.680 align:start position:0% independent labs around the world all 00:14:51.680 --> 00:14:54.150 align:start position:0% independent labs around the world all confirm<00:14:52.320> that<00:14:52.720> what<00:14:52.959> we<00:14:53.120> are<00:14:53.360> seeing<00:14:53.839> really 00:14:54.150 --> 00:14:54.160 align:start position:0% confirm that what we are seeing really 00:14:54.160 --> 00:14:56.790 align:start position:0% confirm that what we are seeing really did<00:14:54.399> come<00:14:54.639> from<00:14:54.800> a<00:14:55.040> biological<00:14:55.680> origin,<00:14:56.560> that 00:14:56.790 --> 00:14:56.800 align:start position:0% did come from a biological origin, that 00:14:56.800 --> 00:14:59.910 align:start position:0% did come from a biological origin, that would<00:14:56.959> push<00:14:57.120> us<00:14:57.360> up<00:14:57.519> to<00:14:57.760> a<00:14:58.000> level<00:14:58.399> six.<00:14:59.519> Level 00:14:59.910 --> 00:14:59.920 align:start position:0% would push us up to a level six. Level 00:14:59.920 --> 00:15:02.470 align:start position:0% would push us up to a level six. Level seven<00:15:00.480> might<00:15:00.800> even<00:15:01.199> require<00:15:01.680> going<00:15:02.000> back<00:15:02.240> to 00:15:02.470 --> 00:15:02.480 align:start position:0% seven might even require going back to 00:15:02.480 --> 00:15:05.350 align:start position:0% seven might even require going back to Mars<00:15:03.120> and<00:15:03.440> finding<00:15:03.760> the<00:15:04.079> same<00:15:04.240> evidence<00:15:04.880> in<00:15:05.120> a 00:15:05.350 --> 00:15:05.360 align:start position:0% Mars and finding the same evidence in a 00:15:05.360 --> 00:15:07.910 align:start position:0% Mars and finding the same evidence in a completely<00:15:05.920> different<00:15:06.320> location. 00:15:07.910 --> 00:15:07.920 align:start position:0% completely different location. 00:15:07.920 --> 00:15:10.629 align:start position:0% completely different location. So,<00:15:08.480> when<00:15:08.720> NASA<00:15:09.120> says<00:15:09.440> this<00:15:09.680> discovery<00:15:10.240> could 00:15:10.629 --> 00:15:10.639 align:start position:0% So, when NASA says this discovery could 00:15:10.639 --> 00:15:12.710 align:start position:0% So, when NASA says this discovery could be<00:15:10.800> the<00:15:10.959> clearest<00:15:11.360> sign<00:15:11.600> of<00:15:11.760> life<00:15:12.079> we've<00:15:12.399> ever 00:15:12.710 --> 00:15:12.720 align:start position:0% be the clearest sign of life we've ever 00:15:12.720 --> 00:15:15.750 align:start position:0% be the clearest sign of life we've ever found<00:15:12.959> on<00:15:13.199> Mars,<00:15:14.320> they<00:15:14.639> don't<00:15:14.880> mean<00:15:15.040> to<00:15:15.199> say<00:15:15.519> it 00:15:15.750 --> 00:15:15.760 align:start position:0% found on Mars, they don't mean to say it 00:15:15.760 --> 00:15:19.110 align:start position:0% found on Mars, they don't mean to say it is<00:15:16.160> clearly<00:15:16.720> life.<00:15:17.680> But<00:15:17.839> the<00:15:18.079> Mars<00:15:18.560> sample 00:15:19.110 --> 00:15:19.120 align:start position:0% is clearly life. But the Mars sample 00:15:19.120 --> 00:15:21.590 align:start position:0% is clearly life. But the Mars sample return<00:15:19.519> mission<00:15:20.000> could<00:15:20.480> finally<00:15:20.959> reveal 00:15:21.590 --> 00:15:21.600 align:start position:0% return mission could finally reveal 00:15:21.600 --> 00:15:23.590 align:start position:0% return mission could finally reveal whether<00:15:22.000> we've<00:15:22.399> always<00:15:22.800> been<00:15:22.959> alone<00:15:23.279> in<00:15:23.440> the 00:15:23.590 --> 00:15:23.600 align:start position:0% whether we've always been alone in the 00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:27.030 align:start position:0% whether we've always been alone in the universe<00:15:24.399> or<00:15:24.880> did<00:15:25.120> we<00:15:25.360> once<00:15:25.760> have<00:15:26.240> a<00:15:26.480> cosmic 00:15:27.030 --> 00:15:27.040 align:start position:0% universe or did we once have a cosmic 00:15:27.040 --> 00:15:30.389 align:start position:0% universe or did we once have a cosmic neighbor? 00:15:30.389 --> 00:15:30.399 align:start position:0% 00:15:30.399 --> 00:15:33.350 align:start position:0% Even<00:15:30.720> if<00:15:31.040> our<00:15:31.440> sample<00:15:32.079> turns<00:15:32.399> out<00:15:32.639> to<00:15:32.880> not<00:15:33.120> be 00:15:33.350 --> 00:15:33.360 align:start position:0% Even if our sample turns out to not be 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:35.509 align:start position:0% Even if our sample turns out to not be life,<00:15:34.079> it's<00:15:34.320> still<00:15:34.560> an<00:15:34.800> extraordinary 00:15:35.509 --> 00:15:35.519 align:start position:0% life, it's still an extraordinary 00:15:35.519 --> 00:15:37.509 align:start position:0% life, it's still an extraordinary discovery<00:15:36.000> that<00:15:36.240> will<00:15:36.399> help<00:15:36.639> us<00:15:36.880> understand 00:15:37.509 --> 00:15:37.519 align:start position:0% discovery that will help us understand 00:15:37.519 --> 00:15:40.629 align:start position:0% discovery that will help us understand our<00:15:37.920> own<00:15:38.320> origins<00:15:39.040> even<00:15:39.280> [music]<00:15:39.440> better. 00:15:40.629 --> 00:15:40.639 align:start position:0% our own origins even [music] better. 00:15:40.639 --> 00:15:42.870 align:start position:0% our own origins even [music] better. See,<00:15:40.959> we<00:15:41.199> think<00:15:41.440> Mars<00:15:41.839> is<00:15:42.079> like<00:15:42.320> a<00:15:42.480> time 00:15:42.870 --> 00:15:42.880 align:start position:0% See, we think Mars is like a time 00:15:42.880 --> 00:15:46.629 align:start position:0% See, we think Mars is like a time capsule<00:15:43.440> of<00:15:43.680> an<00:15:43.920> early<00:15:44.320> Earth.<00:15:45.360> Unlike<00:15:45.839> Earth, 00:15:46.629 --> 00:15:46.639 align:start position:0% capsule of an early Earth. Unlike Earth, 00:15:46.639 --> 00:15:48.949 align:start position:0% capsule of an early Earth. Unlike Earth, Mars<00:15:47.040> doesn't<00:15:47.360> have<00:15:47.600> any<00:15:47.920> continental<00:15:48.480> drift 00:15:48.949 --> 00:15:48.959 align:start position:0% Mars doesn't have any continental drift 00:15:48.959 --> 00:15:51.990 align:start position:0% Mars doesn't have any continental drift or<00:15:49.279> an<00:15:49.519> active<00:15:49.920> plate<00:15:50.240> tectonic<00:15:50.800> system.<00:15:51.759> Its 00:15:51.990 --> 00:15:52.000 align:start position:0% or an active plate tectonic system. Its 00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:53.990 align:start position:0% or an active plate tectonic system. Its crust<00:15:52.399> has<00:15:52.639> been<00:15:52.800> frozen<00:15:53.199> in<00:15:53.440> place<00:15:53.680> for 00:15:53.990 --> 00:15:54.000 align:start position:0% crust has been frozen in place for 00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:56.470 align:start position:0% crust has been frozen in place for billions<00:15:54.399> of<00:15:54.560> years,<00:15:55.360> preserved<00:15:55.839> in<00:15:56.000> a<00:15:56.160> way 00:15:56.470 --> 00:15:56.480 align:start position:0% billions of years, preserved in a way 00:15:56.480 --> 00:15:58.870 align:start position:0% billions of years, preserved in a way Earth's<00:15:56.800> crust<00:15:57.199> could<00:15:57.519> never<00:15:57.839> be. 00:15:58.870 --> 00:15:58.880 align:start position:0% Earth's crust could never be. 00:15:58.880 --> 00:16:00.710 align:start position:0% Earth's crust could never be. The<00:15:59.120> ancient<00:15:59.440> landscapes<00:15:59.920> on<00:16:00.079> our<00:16:00.399> planet 00:16:00.710 --> 00:16:00.720 align:start position:0% The ancient landscapes on our planet 00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:03.350 align:start position:0% The ancient landscapes on our planet have<00:16:00.959> been<00:16:01.279> erased<00:16:01.920> through<00:16:02.240> tectonics, 00:16:03.350 --> 00:16:03.360 align:start position:0% have been erased through tectonics, 00:16:03.360 --> 00:16:06.550 align:start position:0% have been erased through tectonics, erosion,<00:16:04.240> oceans,<00:16:04.880> and<00:16:05.199> volcanism.<00:16:06.160> So,<00:16:06.320> when 00:16:06.550 --> 00:16:06.560 align:start position:0% erosion, oceans, and volcanism. So, when 00:16:06.560 --> 00:16:08.550 align:start position:0% erosion, oceans, and volcanism. So, when we<00:16:06.720> study<00:16:07.040> Mars,<00:16:07.440> we're<00:16:07.680> not<00:16:07.839> just<00:16:08.160> asking 00:16:08.550 --> 00:16:08.560 align:start position:0% we study Mars, we're not just asking 00:16:08.560 --> 00:16:11.110 align:start position:0% we study Mars, we're not just asking whether<00:16:08.880> it<00:16:09.120> once<00:16:09.440> carried<00:16:09.759> life.<00:16:10.560> We're<00:16:10.800> also 00:16:11.110 --> 00:16:11.120 align:start position:0% whether it once carried life. We're also 00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:13.269 align:start position:0% whether it once carried life. We're also peering<00:16:11.600> into<00:16:11.839> a<00:16:12.079> record<00:16:12.399> of<00:16:12.720> planetary 00:16:13.269 --> 00:16:13.279 align:start position:0% peering into a record of planetary 00:16:13.279 --> 00:16:15.350 align:start position:0% peering into a record of planetary conditions<00:16:13.680> that<00:16:14.000> resemble<00:16:14.560> Earth<00:16:14.959> at<00:16:15.199> the 00:16:15.350 --> 00:16:15.360 align:start position:0% conditions that resemble Earth at the 00:16:15.360 --> 00:16:18.150 align:start position:0% conditions that resemble Earth at the dawn<00:16:15.680> of<00:16:15.839> biology.<00:16:17.040> In<00:16:17.271> [music]<00:16:17.279> that<00:16:17.440> sense, 00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:18.160 align:start position:0% dawn of biology. In [music] that sense, 00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:21.509 align:start position:0% dawn of biology. In [music] that sense, Mars<00:16:18.560> is<00:16:18.800> a<00:16:19.120> window<00:16:19.519> into<00:16:19.920> our<00:16:20.240> own<00:16:20.560> origins, 00:16:21.509 --> 00:16:21.519 align:start position:0% Mars is a window into our own origins, 00:16:21.519 --> 00:16:23.749 align:start position:0% Mars is a window into our own origins, offering<00:16:22.000> clues<00:16:22.399> to<00:16:22.639> what<00:16:22.959> Earth<00:16:23.360> might<00:16:23.600> have 00:16:23.749 --> 00:16:23.759 align:start position:0% offering clues to what Earth might have 00:16:23.759 --> 00:16:26.470 align:start position:0% offering clues to what Earth might have looked<00:16:24.079> and<00:16:24.320> felt<00:16:24.639> like<00:16:25.199> before<00:16:25.759> life<00:16:26.160> left 00:16:26.470 --> 00:16:26.480 align:start position:0% looked and felt like before life left 00:16:26.480 --> 00:16:28.150 align:start position:0% looked and felt like before life left its<00:16:26.800> mark. 00:16:28.150 --> 00:16:28.160 align:start position:0% its mark. 00:16:28.160 --> 00:16:30.870 align:start position:0% its mark. But<00:16:28.399> let's<00:16:28.800> dream<00:16:29.120> for<00:16:29.360> a<00:16:29.519> moment,<00:16:29.839> shall<00:16:30.079> we? 00:16:30.870 --> 00:16:30.880 align:start position:0% But let's dream for a moment, shall we? 00:16:30.880 --> 00:16:33.829 align:start position:0% But let's dream for a moment, shall we? What<00:16:31.120> if<00:16:31.360> the<00:16:31.519> sample<00:16:32.240> does<00:16:32.959> turn<00:16:33.199> out<00:16:33.440> to<00:16:33.600> be 00:16:33.829 --> 00:16:33.839 align:start position:0% What if the sample does turn out to be 00:16:33.839 --> 00:16:37.670 align:start position:0% What if the sample does turn out to be life?<00:16:35.279> Well,<00:16:36.000> most<00:16:36.320> immediately<00:16:37.279> it<00:16:37.519> would 00:16:37.670 --> 00:16:37.680 align:start position:0% life? Well, most immediately it would 00:16:37.680 --> 00:16:40.550 align:start position:0% life? Well, most immediately it would indicate<00:16:38.000> that<00:16:38.320> Mars<00:16:38.800> was<00:16:39.199> habitable<00:16:40.160> far 00:16:40.550 --> 00:16:40.560 align:start position:0% indicate that Mars was habitable far 00:16:40.560 --> 00:16:42.806 align:start position:0% indicate that Mars was habitable far longer<00:16:40.880> than<00:16:41.120> we<00:16:41.279> imagined<00:16:42.160> since<00:16:42.399> the<00:16:42.639> sample 00:16:42.806 --> 00:16:42.816 align:start position:0% longer than we imagined since the sample 00:16:42.816 --> 00:16:44.870 align:start position:0% longer than we imagined since the sample [music]<00:16:43.120> comes<00:16:43.440> from<00:16:43.839> relatively<00:16:44.480> young 00:16:44.870 --> 00:16:44.880 align:start position:0% [music] comes from relatively young 00:16:44.880 --> 00:16:47.829 align:start position:0% [music] comes from relatively young sediment.<00:16:46.160> But<00:16:46.399> more<00:16:46.639> importantly,<00:16:47.440> we'd 00:16:47.829 --> 00:16:47.839 align:start position:0% sediment. But more importantly, we'd 00:16:47.839 --> 00:16:50.710 align:start position:0% sediment. But more importantly, we'd finally<00:16:48.399> answer<00:16:48.720> the<00:16:48.959> question,<00:16:49.839> can<00:16:50.320> life 00:16:50.710 --> 00:16:50.720 align:start position:0% finally answer the question, can life 00:16:50.720 --> 00:16:53.269 align:start position:0% finally answer the question, can life exist<00:16:51.120> on<00:16:51.360> other<00:16:51.680> planets?<00:16:52.560> and<00:16:52.800> in<00:16:52.959> the<00:16:53.120> same 00:16:53.269 --> 00:16:53.279 align:start position:0% exist on other planets? and in the same 00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:56.069 align:start position:0% exist on other planets? and in the same breath<00:16:54.000> open<00:16:54.320> a<00:16:54.560> Pandora's<00:16:55.440> box<00:16:55.839> of 00:16:56.069 --> 00:16:56.079 align:start position:0% breath open a Pandora's box of 00:16:56.079 --> 00:16:59.030 align:start position:0% breath open a Pandora's box of follow-ups.<00:16:57.279> Did<00:16:57.519> life<00:16:57.839> on<00:16:58.079> Earth<00:16:58.480> start<00:16:58.800> on 00:16:59.030 --> 00:16:59.040 align:start position:0% follow-ups. Did life on Earth start on 00:16:59.040 --> 00:17:01.430 align:start position:0% follow-ups. Did life on Earth start on Mars<00:16:59.440> or<00:16:59.680> the<00:16:59.839> other<00:17:00.000> way<00:17:00.160> round?<00:17:01.040> Did<00:17:01.279> a 00:17:01.430 --> 00:17:01.440 align:start position:0% Mars or the other way round? Did a 00:17:01.440 --> 00:17:04.069 align:start position:0% Mars or the other way round? Did a meteor<00:17:02.079> from<00:17:02.399> interstellar<00:17:03.040> space<00:17:03.440> seed<00:17:03.839> life 00:17:04.069 --> 00:17:04.079 align:start position:0% meteor from interstellar space seed life 00:17:04.079 --> 00:17:07.270 align:start position:0% meteor from interstellar space seed life on<00:17:04.400> both<00:17:04.640> our<00:17:04.959> planets<00:17:06.000> or<00:17:06.400> did<00:17:06.559> it<00:17:06.799> arise 00:17:07.270 --> 00:17:07.280 align:start position:0% on both our planets or did it arise 00:17:07.280 --> 00:17:10.549 align:start position:0% on both our planets or did it arise spontaneously<00:17:08.319> twice?<00:17:09.679> Where<00:17:09.919> else<00:17:10.319> could 00:17:10.549 --> 00:17:10.559 align:start position:0% spontaneously twice? Where else could 00:17:10.559 --> 00:17:13.669 align:start position:0% spontaneously twice? Where else could life<00:17:10.880> exist<00:17:11.199> in<00:17:11.439> the<00:17:11.600> universe?<00:17:12.559> How<00:17:13.120> common 00:17:13.669 --> 00:17:13.679 align:start position:0% life exist in the universe? How common 00:17:13.679 --> 00:17:16.549 align:start position:0% life exist in the universe? How common is<00:17:13.919> it<00:17:14.240> really?<00:17:15.520> It<00:17:15.839> would<00:17:16.000> also<00:17:16.319> have 00:17:16.549 --> 00:17:16.559 align:start position:0% is it really? It would also have 00:17:16.559 --> 00:17:19.110 align:start position:0% is it really? It would also have implications<00:17:17.120> on<00:17:17.360> the<00:17:17.520> Drake<00:17:18.000> equation,<00:17:18.880> a 00:17:19.110 --> 00:17:19.120 align:start position:0% implications on the Drake equation, a 00:17:19.120 --> 00:17:21.350 align:start position:0% implications on the Drake equation, a probabilistic<00:17:19.919> formula<00:17:20.480> used<00:17:20.720> to<00:17:20.959> estimate 00:17:21.350 --> 00:17:21.360 align:start position:0% probabilistic formula used to estimate 00:17:21.360 --> 00:17:23.990 align:start position:0% probabilistic formula used to estimate the<00:17:21.679> number<00:17:21.919> of<00:17:22.160> alien<00:17:22.640> civilizations<00:17:23.360> in<00:17:23.679> our 00:17:23.990 --> 00:17:24.000 align:start position:0% the number of alien civilizations in our 00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:25.510 align:start position:0% the number of alien civilizations in our galaxy. 00:17:25.510 --> 00:17:25.520 align:start position:0% galaxy. 00:17:25.520 --> 00:17:28.549 align:start position:0% galaxy. The<00:17:26.079> L<00:17:26.720> value<00:17:27.039> here,<00:17:27.600> which<00:17:27.919> stands<00:17:28.160> for<00:17:28.319> the 00:17:28.549 --> 00:17:28.559 align:start position:0% The L value here, which stands for the 00:17:28.559 --> 00:17:30.630 align:start position:0% The L value here, which stands for the fraction<00:17:29.039> of<00:17:29.440> potentially<00:17:30.080> habitable 00:17:30.630 --> 00:17:30.640 align:start position:0% fraction of potentially habitable 00:17:30.640 --> 00:17:33.110 align:start position:0% fraction of potentially habitable planets<00:17:31.039> that<00:17:31.360> go<00:17:31.520> on<00:17:31.679> to<00:17:31.919> develop<00:17:32.320> life, 00:17:33.110 --> 00:17:33.120 align:start position:0% planets that go on to develop life, 00:17:33.120 --> 00:17:35.990 align:start position:0% planets that go on to develop life, would<00:17:33.360> jump<00:17:33.679> from<00:17:34.160> vanishingly<00:17:34.960> small<00:17:35.679> to 00:17:35.990 --> 00:17:36.000 align:start position:0% would jump from vanishingly small to 00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:39.990 align:start position:0% would jump from vanishingly small to closer<00:17:36.480> to<00:17:36.960> one.<00:17:37.840> Since<00:17:38.400> two<00:17:38.960> out<00:17:39.280> of<00:17:39.440> two 00:17:39.990 --> 00:17:40.000 align:start position:0% closer to one. Since two out of two 00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:42.549 align:start position:0% closer to one. Since two out of two neighboring<00:17:40.480> planets<00:17:41.120> would<00:17:41.440> then<00:17:41.760> have<00:17:42.240> or 00:17:42.549 --> 00:17:42.559 align:start position:0% neighboring planets would then have or 00:17:42.559 --> 00:17:45.350 align:start position:0% neighboring planets would then have or have<00:17:42.799> had<00:17:43.039> life<00:17:43.360> at<00:17:43.600> some<00:17:43.840> point,<00:17:44.799> an<00:17:45.120> increase 00:17:45.350 --> 00:17:45.360 align:start position:0% have had life at some point, an increase 00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:47.110 align:start position:0% have had life at some point, an increase in<00:17:45.600> this<00:17:45.840> value<00:17:46.160> causes<00:17:46.559> the<00:17:46.799> number<00:17:46.960> of 00:17:47.110 --> 00:17:47.120 align:start position:0% in this value causes the number of 00:17:47.120 --> 00:17:49.350 align:start position:0% in this value causes the number of civilizations<00:17:47.840> in<00:17:48.080> the<00:17:48.240> universe<00:17:48.640> to<00:17:48.960> shoot 00:17:49.350 --> 00:17:49.360 align:start position:0% civilizations in the universe to shoot 00:17:49.360 --> 00:17:52.549 align:start position:0% civilizations in the universe to shoot up.<00:17:50.320> But<00:17:50.559> crucially,<00:17:51.360> this<00:17:51.600> coefficient<00:17:52.240> only 00:17:52.549 --> 00:17:52.559 align:start position:0% up. But crucially, this coefficient only 00:17:52.559 --> 00:17:55.190 align:start position:0% up. But crucially, this coefficient only changes<00:17:52.960> if<00:17:53.280> life<00:17:53.600> on<00:17:53.840> Earth<00:17:54.160> and<00:17:54.400> Mars<00:17:54.799> rose 00:17:55.190 --> 00:17:55.200 align:start position:0% changes if life on Earth and Mars rose 00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:56.710 align:start position:0% changes if life on Earth and Mars rose independently. 00:17:56.710 --> 00:17:56.720 align:start position:0% independently. 00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:59.029 align:start position:0% independently. If<00:17:57.039> we're<00:17:57.360> related,<00:17:58.160> the<00:17:58.480> products<00:17:58.799> of 00:17:59.029 --> 00:17:59.039 align:start position:0% If we're related, the products of 00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:01.590 align:start position:0% If we're related, the products of panspermia,<00:18:00.080> that<00:18:00.400> still<00:18:00.640> represents<00:18:01.200> just 00:18:01.590 --> 00:18:01.600 align:start position:0% panspermia, that still represents just 00:18:01.600 --> 00:18:04.150 align:start position:0% panspermia, that still represents just one<00:18:02.080> biogenesis<00:18:02.880> event,<00:18:03.382> [music]<00:18:03.679> and<00:18:03.919> the 00:18:04.150 --> 00:18:04.160 align:start position:0% one biogenesis event, [music] and the 00:18:04.160 --> 00:18:05.990 align:start position:0% one biogenesis event, [music] and the outcome<00:18:04.480> of<00:18:04.640> the<00:18:04.799> equation<00:18:05.600> remains 00:18:05.990 --> 00:18:06.000 align:start position:0% outcome of the equation remains 00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:09.110 align:start position:0% outcome of the equation remains unchanged. 00:18:09.110 --> 00:18:09.120 align:start position:0% 00:18:09.120 --> 00:18:11.830 align:start position:0% There's<00:18:09.440> a<00:18:09.679> concept<00:18:10.080> known<00:18:10.480> as<00:18:10.720> the<00:18:11.039> 01 00:18:11.830 --> 00:18:11.840 align:start position:0% There's a concept known as the 01 00:18:11.840 --> 00:18:14.710 align:start position:0% There's a concept known as the 01 infinity<00:18:12.400> rule<00:18:13.280> in<00:18:13.520> astrobiology.<00:18:14.480> It 00:18:14.710 --> 00:18:14.720 align:start position:0% infinity rule in astrobiology. It 00:18:14.720 --> 00:18:17.110 align:start position:0% infinity rule in astrobiology. It represents<00:18:15.200> the<00:18:15.440> idea<00:18:15.760> that<00:18:16.000> life<00:18:16.400> can<00:18:16.640> only 00:18:17.110 --> 00:18:17.120 align:start position:0% represents the idea that life can only 00:18:17.120 --> 00:18:22.070 align:start position:0% represents the idea that life can only exist<00:18:17.600> in<00:18:18.000> zero,<00:18:19.039> one,<00:18:19.919> or<00:18:20.400> infinite<00:18:20.960> places. 00:18:22.070 --> 00:18:22.080 align:start position:0% exist in zero, one, or infinite places. 00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.870 align:start position:0% exist in zero, one, or infinite places. We<00:18:22.400> already<00:18:22.720> know<00:18:22.880> it's<00:18:23.120> not<00:18:23.360> zero.<00:18:24.400> If<00:18:24.640> it's 00:18:24.870 --> 00:18:24.880 align:start position:0% We already know it's not zero. If it's 00:18:24.880 --> 00:18:27.350 align:start position:0% We already know it's not zero. If it's just<00:18:25.200> one,<00:18:25.760> then<00:18:26.000> we're<00:18:26.240> alone.<00:18:26.880> A<00:18:27.120> single 00:18:27.350 --> 00:18:27.360 align:start position:0% just one, then we're alone. A single 00:18:27.360 --> 00:18:30.870 align:start position:0% just one, then we're alone. A single spark<00:18:27.760> in<00:18:28.000> the<00:18:28.160> dark.<00:18:29.120> But<00:18:29.360> if<00:18:29.520> it's<00:18:29.840> two, 00:18:30.870 --> 00:18:30.880 align:start position:0% spark in the dark. But if it's two, 00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:33.830 align:start position:0% spark in the dark. But if it's two, Earth<00:18:31.200> and<00:18:31.520> Mars,<00:18:32.400> then<00:18:32.640> why<00:18:32.880> not<00:18:33.200> five, 00:18:33.830 --> 00:18:33.840 align:start position:0% Earth and Mars, then why not five, 00:18:33.840 --> 00:18:37.270 align:start position:0% Earth and Mars, then why not five, 5,000,<00:18:34.799> 5<00:18:35.200> million,<00:18:36.000> or<00:18:36.240> even<00:18:36.720> infinite 00:18:37.270 --> 00:18:37.280 align:start position:0% 5,000, 5 million, or even infinite 00:18:37.280 --> 00:18:40.549 align:start position:0% 5,000, 5 million, or even infinite places<00:18:37.840> in<00:18:38.160> the<00:18:38.400> universe?<00:18:39.600> Suddenly,<00:18:40.320> life 00:18:40.549 --> 00:18:40.559 align:start position:0% places in the universe? Suddenly, life 00:18:40.559 --> 00:18:42.549 align:start position:0% places in the universe? Suddenly, life isn't<00:18:40.717> [music]<00:18:40.880> rare.<00:18:41.679> We're<00:18:41.919> not<00:18:42.240> special 00:18:42.549 --> 00:18:42.559 align:start position:0% isn't [music] rare. We're not special 00:18:42.559 --> 00:18:45.909 align:start position:0% isn't [music] rare. We're not special anymore.<00:18:43.760> And<00:18:44.000> personally,<00:18:44.880> I<00:18:45.200> hope<00:18:45.360> that<00:18:45.679> if 00:18:45.909 --> 00:18:45.919 align:start position:0% anymore. And personally, I hope that if 00:18:45.919 --> 00:18:48.710 align:start position:0% anymore. And personally, I hope that if we<00:18:46.160> ever<00:18:46.480> discover<00:18:46.960> life<00:18:47.360> out<00:18:47.600> there,<00:18:48.480> it 00:18:48.710 --> 00:18:48.720 align:start position:0% we ever discover life out there, it 00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:53.750 align:start position:0% we ever discover life out there, it brings<00:18:48.960> us<00:18:49.200> closer<00:18:49.600> together<00:18:50.320> down<00:18:50.720> here. 00:18:53.750 --> 00:18:53.760 align:start position:0% 00:18:53.760 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0% For<00:18:54.160> centuries,<00:18:54.960> we<00:18:55.200> wondered<00:18:55.760> what<00:18:56.080> was<00:18:56.320> on 00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0% For centuries, we wondered what was on 00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:59.750 align:start position:0% For centuries, we wondered what was on the<00:18:56.960> surface<00:18:57.360> of<00:18:57.600> Mars.<00:18:58.720> But<00:18:58.960> today,<00:18:59.360> with<00:18:59.520> a 00:18:59.750 --> 00:18:59.760 align:start position:0% the surface of Mars. But today, with a 00:18:59.760 --> 00:19:02.230 align:start position:0% the surface of Mars. But today, with a fleet<00:19:00.000> of<00:19:00.160> spacecraft<00:19:00.720> in<00:19:00.960> orbit<00:19:01.280> and<00:19:01.679> rovers 00:19:02.230 --> 00:19:02.240 align:start position:0% fleet of spacecraft in orbit and rovers 00:19:02.240 --> 00:19:04.710 align:start position:0% fleet of spacecraft in orbit and rovers active<00:19:02.640> on<00:19:02.799> the<00:19:02.960> ground,<00:19:03.600> we<00:19:03.840> know<00:19:04.080> more<00:19:04.400> about 00:19:04.710 --> 00:19:04.720 align:start position:0% active on the ground, we know more about 00:19:04.720 --> 00:19:08.630 align:start position:0% active on the ground, we know more about Mars<00:19:05.120> than<00:19:05.520> any<00:19:05.919> other<00:19:06.240> planet<00:19:06.640> beyond<00:19:07.039> Earth. 00:19:08.630 --> 00:19:08.640 align:start position:0% Mars than any other planet beyond Earth. 00:19:08.640 --> 00:19:11.029 align:start position:0% Mars than any other planet beyond Earth. We've<00:19:08.960> seen<00:19:09.280> huge<00:19:09.760> canyons<00:19:10.240> that<00:19:10.400> once<00:19:10.720> held 00:19:11.029 --> 00:19:11.039 align:start position:0% We've seen huge canyons that once held 00:19:11.039 --> 00:19:13.990 align:start position:0% We've seen huge canyons that once held water,<00:19:11.919> observed<00:19:12.480> distant<00:19:12.880> dust<00:19:13.120> storms,<00:19:13.600> and 00:19:13.990 --> 00:19:14.000 align:start position:0% water, observed distant dust storms, and 00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.630 align:start position:0% water, observed distant dust storms, and even<00:19:14.320> found<00:19:14.559> some<00:19:14.799> intriguing<00:19:15.440> signs<00:19:15.760> of<00:19:15.919> life 00:19:16.630 --> 00:19:16.640 align:start position:0% even found some intriguing signs of life 00:19:16.640 --> 00:19:19.830 align:start position:0% even found some intriguing signs of life that<00:19:16.960> may<00:19:17.360> once<00:19:17.679> have<00:19:17.919> existed<00:19:18.320> there.<00:19:19.520> These 00:19:19.830 --> 00:19:19.840 align:start position:0% that may once have existed there. These 00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:21.669 align:start position:0% that may once have existed there. These discoveries<00:19:20.400> were<00:19:20.640> all<00:19:20.960> things<00:19:21.200> we<00:19:21.440> were 00:19:21.669 --> 00:19:21.679 align:start position:0% discoveries were all things we were 00:19:21.679 --> 00:19:24.310 align:start position:0% discoveries were all things we were actually<00:19:22.080> looking<00:19:22.400> for.<00:19:23.120> And<00:19:23.360> yet,<00:19:23.840> the<00:19:24.080> red 00:19:24.310 --> 00:19:24.320 align:start position:0% actually looking for. And yet, the red 00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:27.669 align:start position:0% actually looking for. And yet, the red planet<00:19:24.880> continues<00:19:25.280> to<00:19:25.520> surprise<00:19:26.000> us,<00:19:26.320> too. 00:19:27.669 --> 00:19:27.679 align:start position:0% planet continues to surprise us, too. 00:19:27.679 --> 00:19:29.909 align:start position:0% planet continues to surprise us, too. Recently,<00:19:28.320> NASA's<00:19:28.880> Perseverance<00:19:29.520> rover 00:19:29.909 --> 00:19:29.919 align:start position:0% Recently, NASA's Perseverance rover 00:19:29.919 --> 00:19:31.430 align:start position:0% Recently, NASA's Perseverance rover detected<00:19:30.400> something<00:19:30.880> completely 00:19:31.430 --> 00:19:31.440 align:start position:0% detected something completely 00:19:31.440 --> 00:19:33.110 align:start position:0% detected something completely unexpected, 00:19:33.110 --> 00:19:33.120 align:start position:0% unexpected, 00:19:33.120 --> 00:19:34.630 align:start position:0% unexpected, something<00:19:33.520> it<00:19:33.760> wasn't<00:19:34.080> designed<00:19:34.480> to 00:19:34.630 --> 00:19:34.640 align:start position:0% something it wasn't designed to 00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:37.909 align:start position:0% something it wasn't designed to investigate,<00:19:35.919> something<00:19:36.320> we'd<00:19:37.120> almost<00:19:37.520> lost 00:19:37.909 --> 00:19:37.919 align:start position:0% investigate, something we'd almost lost 00:19:37.919 --> 00:19:42.710 align:start position:0% investigate, something we'd almost lost hope<00:19:38.240> of<00:19:38.480> finding. 00:19:42.710 --> 00:19:42.720 align:start position:0% 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:45.669 align:start position:0% That<00:19:43.280> tiny<00:19:43.760> crackle,<00:19:44.480> like<00:19:44.720> a<00:19:44.960> jack<00:19:45.280> cable 00:19:45.669 --> 00:19:45.679 align:start position:0% That tiny crackle, like a jack cable 00:19:45.679 --> 00:19:48.470 align:start position:0% That tiny crackle, like a jack cable being<00:19:46.000> pulled<00:19:46.400> out<00:19:46.559> of<00:19:46.720> a<00:19:46.960> speaker,<00:19:47.840> could<00:19:48.240> be 00:19:48.470 --> 00:19:48.480 align:start position:0% being pulled out of a speaker, could be 00:19:48.480 --> 00:19:52.150 align:start position:0% being pulled out of a speaker, could be the<00:19:48.880> first<00:19:49.520> ever<00:19:50.240> evidence<00:19:50.799> of<00:19:51.120> lightning<00:19:51.840> on 00:19:52.150 --> 00:19:52.160 align:start position:0% the first ever evidence of lightning on 00:19:52.160 --> 00:19:54.070 align:start position:0% the first ever evidence of lightning on Mars. 00:19:54.070 --> 00:19:54.080 align:start position:0% Mars. 00:19:54.080 --> 00:19:56.390 align:start position:0% Mars. a<00:19:54.400> phenomenon<00:19:54.880> that<00:19:55.360> no<00:19:55.440> matter<00:19:55.840> how<00:19:56.160> hard 00:19:56.390 --> 00:19:56.400 align:start position:0% a phenomenon that no matter how hard 00:19:56.400 --> 00:19:59.029 align:start position:0% a phenomenon that no matter how hard we've<00:19:56.720> surged,<00:19:57.600> even<00:19:57.919> with<00:19:58.480> specially 00:19:59.029 --> 00:19:59.039 align:start position:0% we've surged, even with specially 00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:01.590 align:start position:0% we've surged, even with specially designed<00:19:59.440> missions,<00:20:00.400> we<00:20:00.720> have<00:20:01.039> never 00:20:01.590 --> 00:20:01.600 align:start position:0% designed missions, we have never 00:20:01.600 --> 00:20:03.909 align:start position:0% designed missions, we have never detected<00:20:02.240> before. 00:20:03.909 --> 00:20:03.919 align:start position:0% detected before. 00:20:03.919 --> 00:20:06.070 align:start position:0% detected before. So,<00:20:04.160> why<00:20:04.320> is<00:20:04.480> it<00:20:04.720> only<00:20:05.039> now<00:20:05.440> that<00:20:05.679> we've<00:20:06.000> been 00:20:06.070 --> 00:20:06.080 align:start position:0% So, why is it only now that we've been 00:20:06.080 --> 00:20:08.310 align:start position:0% So, why is it only now that we've been able<00:20:06.240> to<00:20:06.400> hear<00:20:06.640> it?<00:20:07.280> What<00:20:07.520> does<00:20:07.679> this<00:20:07.919> mean<00:20:08.160> for 00:20:08.310 --> 00:20:08.320 align:start position:0% able to hear it? What does this mean for 00:20:08.320 --> 00:20:10.390 align:start position:0% able to hear it? What does this mean for the<00:20:08.480> red<00:20:08.799> planet?<00:20:09.600> And<00:20:09.840> could<00:20:10.080> there<00:20:10.240> be 00:20:10.390 --> 00:20:10.400 align:start position:0% the red planet? And could there be 00:20:10.400 --> 00:20:13.909 align:start position:0% the red planet? And could there be implications<00:20:11.120> for<00:20:11.440> future<00:20:12.000> manned<00:20:12.400> missions? 00:20:13.909 --> 00:20:13.919 align:start position:0% implications for future manned missions? 00:20:13.919 --> 00:20:15.990 align:start position:0% implications for future manned missions? I'm<00:20:14.160> Alex<00:20:14.480> Mccoan<00:20:15.280> and<00:20:15.520> you're<00:20:15.760> watching 00:20:15.990 --> 00:20:16.000 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:19.029 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:20:16.960> Today,<00:20:17.440> we're<00:20:17.919> traveling<00:20:18.320> to<00:20:18.559> Mars 00:20:19.029 --> 00:20:19.039 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today, we're traveling to Mars 00:20:19.039 --> 00:20:21.990 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today, we're traveling to Mars to<00:20:19.360> investigate<00:20:19.840> a<00:20:20.080> sound<00:20:20.400> so<00:20:20.799> small<00:20:21.440> it<00:20:21.760> was 00:20:21.990 --> 00:20:22.000 align:start position:0% to investigate a sound so small it was 00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:25.029 align:start position:0% to investigate a sound so small it was almost<00:20:22.559> ignored.<00:20:23.360> a<00:20:23.679> tiny<00:20:24.080> crackle<00:20:24.720> that 00:20:25.029 --> 00:20:25.039 align:start position:0% almost ignored. a tiny crackle that 00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:26.950 align:start position:0% almost ignored. a tiny crackle that could<00:20:25.200> hold<00:20:25.440> the<00:20:25.600> key<00:20:25.840> to<00:20:26.080> how<00:20:26.320> Mars's 00:20:26.950 --> 00:20:26.960 align:start position:0% could hold the key to how Mars's 00:20:26.960 --> 00:20:30.230 align:start position:0% could hold the key to how Mars's atmosphere<00:20:27.600> works,<00:20:28.320> how<00:20:28.559> its<00:20:28.880> storms<00:20:29.440> form, 00:20:30.230 --> 00:20:30.240 align:start position:0% atmosphere works, how its storms form, 00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:32.630 align:start position:0% atmosphere works, how its storms form, its<00:20:30.480> surface<00:20:30.960> chemistry,<00:20:32.000> and<00:20:32.240> whether 00:20:32.630 --> 00:20:32.640 align:start position:0% its surface chemistry, and whether 00:20:32.640 --> 00:20:35.270 align:start position:0% its surface chemistry, and whether humans<00:20:33.120> could<00:20:33.360> one<00:20:33.600> day<00:20:33.919> safely<00:20:34.559> walk<00:20:34.960> its 00:20:35.270 --> 00:20:35.280 align:start position:0% humans could one day safely walk its 00:20:35.280 --> 00:20:37.909 align:start position:0% humans could one day safely walk its surface. 00:20:37.909 --> 00:20:37.919 align:start position:0% surface. 00:20:37.919 --> 00:20:39.669 align:start position:0% surface. The<00:20:38.159> first<00:20:38.400> lander<00:20:38.799> to<00:20:38.960> touch<00:20:39.200> down<00:20:39.360> on<00:20:39.520> the 00:20:39.669 --> 00:20:39.679 align:start position:0% The first lander to touch down on the 00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:42.630 align:start position:0% The first lander to touch down on the Martian<00:20:40.159> surface<00:20:40.559> was<00:20:40.880> NASA's<00:20:41.440> Viking<00:20:42.000> 1<00:20:42.400> in 00:20:42.630 --> 00:20:42.640 align:start position:0% Martian surface was NASA's Viking 1 in 00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:44.149 align:start position:0% Martian surface was NASA's Viking 1 in 1976, 00:20:44.149 --> 00:20:44.159 align:start position:0% 1976, 00:20:44.159 --> 00:20:46.149 align:start position:0% 1976, shortly<00:20:44.559> followed<00:20:44.880> by<00:20:45.039> its<00:20:45.280> sister<00:20:45.600> probe, 00:20:46.149 --> 00:20:46.159 align:start position:0% shortly followed by its sister probe, 00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:49.430 align:start position:0% shortly followed by its sister probe, Viking<00:20:46.640> 2,<00:20:47.039> a<00:20:47.280> few<00:20:47.440> months<00:20:47.679> later.<00:20:48.720> These<00:20:49.120> two 00:20:49.430 --> 00:20:49.440 align:start position:0% Viking 2, a few months later. These two 00:20:49.440 --> 00:20:51.990 align:start position:0% Viking 2, a few months later. These two landers<00:20:50.000> provided<00:20:50.480> the<00:20:50.799> first<00:20:51.280> close-up 00:20:51.990 --> 00:20:52.000 align:start position:0% landers provided the first close-up 00:20:52.000 --> 00:20:53.909 align:start position:0% landers provided the first close-up color<00:20:52.400> images<00:20:52.799> of<00:20:52.960> the<00:20:53.120> Martian<00:20:53.520> surface 00:20:53.909 --> 00:20:53.919 align:start position:0% color images of the Martian surface 00:20:53.919 --> 00:20:57.430 align:start position:0% color images of the Martian surface we've<00:20:54.240> ever<00:20:54.559> seen,<00:20:55.440> revealing<00:20:56.000> a<00:20:56.480> red<00:20:56.960> brown 00:20:57.430 --> 00:20:57.440 align:start position:0% we've ever seen, revealing a red brown 00:20:57.440 --> 00:21:01.110 align:start position:0% we've ever seen, revealing a red brown landscape<00:20:58.240> under<00:20:58.559> a<00:20:58.880> dusty<00:20:59.440> orange<00:20:59.840> sky. 00:21:01.110 --> 00:21:01.120 align:start position:0% landscape under a dusty orange sky. 00:21:01.120 --> 00:21:03.270 align:start position:0% landscape under a dusty orange sky. Since<00:21:01.440> then,<00:21:02.000> we've<00:21:02.320> successfully<00:21:02.880> sent 00:21:03.270 --> 00:21:03.280 align:start position:0% Since then, we've successfully sent 00:21:03.280 --> 00:21:05.270 align:start position:0% Since then, we've successfully sent eight<00:21:03.600> more<00:21:03.840> landers<00:21:04.320> and<00:21:04.559> rovers<00:21:05.039> to<00:21:05.200> the 00:21:05.270 --> 00:21:05.280 align:start position:0% eight more landers and rovers to the 00:21:05.280 --> 00:21:07.750 align:start position:0% eight more landers and rovers to the surface,<00:21:06.080> two<00:21:06.240> of<00:21:06.400> which<00:21:06.640> are<00:21:06.960> still<00:21:07.360> active 00:21:07.750 --> 00:21:07.760 align:start position:0% surface, two of which are still active 00:21:07.760 --> 00:21:09.830 align:start position:0% surface, two of which are still active at<00:21:08.000> the<00:21:08.159> time<00:21:08.320> of<00:21:08.559> publishing<00:21:08.960> this<00:21:09.200> video. 00:21:09.830 --> 00:21:09.840 align:start position:0% at the time of publishing this video. 00:21:09.840 --> 00:21:12.390 align:start position:0% at the time of publishing this video. NASA's<00:21:10.320> Curiosity<00:21:11.280> and<00:21:11.600> Perseverance 00:21:12.390 --> 00:21:12.400 align:start position:0% NASA's Curiosity and Perseverance 00:21:12.400 --> 00:21:15.830 align:start position:0% NASA's Curiosity and Perseverance rovers.<00:21:13.840> Between<00:21:14.240> them,<00:21:14.720> these<00:21:15.120> remarkable 00:21:15.830 --> 00:21:15.840 align:start position:0% rovers. Between them, these remarkable 00:21:15.840 --> 00:21:18.230 align:start position:0% rovers. Between them, these remarkable robotic<00:21:16.400> explorers<00:21:16.960> have<00:21:17.280> dramatically 00:21:18.230 --> 00:21:18.240 align:start position:0% robotic explorers have dramatically 00:21:18.240 --> 00:21:20.630 align:start position:0% robotic explorers have dramatically increased<00:21:18.720> our<00:21:19.039> understanding<00:21:19.520> of<00:21:19.679> Mars. 00:21:20.630 --> 00:21:20.640 align:start position:0% increased our understanding of Mars. 00:21:20.640 --> 00:21:22.710 align:start position:0% increased our understanding of Mars. They've<00:21:20.960> shown<00:21:21.200> that<00:21:21.360> the<00:21:21.600> planet<00:21:22.000> was<00:21:22.320> once 00:21:22.710 --> 00:21:22.720 align:start position:0% They've shown that the planet was once 00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:25.830 align:start position:0% They've shown that the planet was once covered<00:21:23.120> in<00:21:23.360> liquid<00:21:23.840> water<00:21:24.640> and<00:21:24.880> that<00:21:25.280> vast 00:21:25.830 --> 00:21:25.840 align:start position:0% covered in liquid water and that vast 00:21:25.840 --> 00:21:28.470 align:start position:0% covered in liquid water and that vast reservoirs<00:21:26.480> are<00:21:26.799> still<00:21:27.039> hidden,<00:21:27.919> locked<00:21:28.320> up 00:21:28.470 --> 00:21:28.480 align:start position:0% reservoirs are still hidden, locked up 00:21:28.480 --> 00:21:31.830 align:start position:0% reservoirs are still hidden, locked up in<00:21:28.799> ice<00:21:29.280> just<00:21:29.600> below<00:21:30.000> the<00:21:30.240> surface.<00:21:31.520> Our 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:31.840 align:start position:0% in ice just below the surface. Our 00:21:31.840 --> 00:21:33.510 align:start position:0% in ice just below the surface. Our intrepid<00:21:32.320> rovers<00:21:32.720> have<00:21:32.799> had<00:21:32.960> to<00:21:33.120> deal<00:21:33.280> with 00:21:33.510 --> 00:21:33.520 align:start position:0% intrepid rovers have had to deal with 00:21:33.520 --> 00:21:35.510 align:start position:0% intrepid rovers have had to deal with all<00:21:33.760> kinds<00:21:34.080> of<00:21:34.320> Martian<00:21:34.720> weather,<00:21:35.280> from 00:21:35.510 --> 00:21:35.520 align:start position:0% all kinds of Martian weather, from 00:21:35.520 --> 00:21:38.470 align:start position:0% all kinds of Martian weather, from glaring<00:21:36.159> sunshine<00:21:36.960> to<00:21:37.280> fierce<00:21:37.760> winds<00:21:38.159> and 00:21:38.470 --> 00:21:38.480 align:start position:0% glaring sunshine to fierce winds and 00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:42.230 align:start position:0% glaring sunshine to fierce winds and raging<00:21:38.960> dust<00:21:39.200> storms.<00:21:40.480> But<00:21:40.799> one<00:21:41.039> thing's<00:21:41.600> long 00:21:42.230 --> 00:21:42.240 align:start position:0% raging dust storms. But one thing's long 00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:45.909 align:start position:0% raging dust storms. But one thing's long been<00:21:42.640> missing.<00:21:43.840> Lightning.<00:21:45.200> We've<00:21:45.520> seen<00:21:45.760> it 00:21:45.909 --> 00:21:45.919 align:start position:0% been missing. Lightning. We've seen it 00:21:45.919 --> 00:21:48.230 align:start position:0% been missing. Lightning. We've seen it on<00:21:46.080> other<00:21:46.320> planets.<00:21:47.039> Voyager<00:21:47.600> 1<00:21:47.840> spotted 00:21:48.230 --> 00:21:48.240 align:start position:0% on other planets. Voyager 1 spotted 00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:50.070 align:start position:0% on other planets. Voyager 1 spotted bright<00:21:48.559> flashes<00:21:48.960> on<00:21:49.120> Jupiter<00:21:49.600> when<00:21:49.760> it<00:21:49.919> flew 00:21:50.070 --> 00:21:50.080 align:start position:0% bright flashes on Jupiter when it flew 00:21:50.080 --> 00:21:53.669 align:start position:0% bright flashes on Jupiter when it flew past<00:21:50.400> in<00:21:50.640> 1979.<00:21:52.080> And<00:21:52.320> more<00:21:52.559> recently,<00:21:53.200> NASA's 00:21:53.669 --> 00:21:53.679 align:start position:0% past in 1979. And more recently, NASA's 00:21:53.679 --> 00:21:56.070 align:start position:0% past in 1979. And more recently, NASA's Juno<00:21:54.159> probe<00:21:54.559> captured<00:21:55.039> stunning<00:21:55.520> images<00:21:55.840> of 00:21:56.070 --> 00:21:56.080 align:start position:0% Juno probe captured stunning images of 00:21:56.080 --> 00:21:59.350 align:start position:0% Juno probe captured stunning images of Jovian<00:21:56.720> lightning<00:21:57.120> up<00:21:57.440> close.<00:21:58.640> On<00:21:58.880> Saturn, 00:21:59.350 --> 00:21:59.360 align:start position:0% Jovian lightning up close. On Saturn, 00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:01.110 align:start position:0% Jovian lightning up close. On Saturn, storms<00:21:59.760> can<00:22:00.000> stretch<00:22:00.240> for<00:22:00.480> thousands<00:22:00.960> of 00:22:01.110 --> 00:22:01.120 align:start position:0% storms can stretch for thousands of 00:22:01.120 --> 00:22:04.630 align:start position:0% storms can stretch for thousands of kilome<00:22:02.000> and<00:22:02.240> unleash<00:22:02.799> lightning<00:22:03.440> 10,000 00:22:04.630 --> 00:22:04.640 align:start position:0% kilome and unleash lightning 10,000 00:22:04.640 --> 00:22:07.590 align:start position:0% kilome and unleash lightning 10,000 times<00:22:05.039> more<00:22:05.280> powerful<00:22:05.679> than<00:22:06.000> Earth's.<00:22:07.200> One 00:22:07.590 --> 00:22:07.600 align:start position:0% times more powerful than Earth's. One 00:22:07.600 --> 00:22:10.070 align:start position:0% times more powerful than Earth's. One colossal<00:22:08.320> lightning<00:22:08.799> storm<00:22:09.280> observed<00:22:09.760> in 00:22:10.070 --> 00:22:10.080 align:start position:0% colossal lightning storm observed in 00:22:10.080 --> 00:22:13.430 align:start position:0% colossal lightning storm observed in 2009<00:22:10.720> by<00:22:10.960> the<00:22:11.039> Cassini<00:22:11.600> spacecraft<00:22:12.720> raged<00:22:13.200> for 00:22:13.430 --> 00:22:13.440 align:start position:0% 2009 by the Cassini spacecraft raged for 00:22:13.440 --> 00:22:17.110 align:start position:0% 2009 by the Cassini spacecraft raged for a<00:22:13.760> full<00:22:14.240> 8<00:22:14.720> months.<00:22:15.919> But<00:22:16.080> lightning<00:22:16.559> has<00:22:16.880> never 00:22:17.110 --> 00:22:17.120 align:start position:0% a full 8 months. But lightning has never 00:22:17.120 --> 00:22:19.029 align:start position:0% a full 8 months. But lightning has never been<00:22:17.280> detected<00:22:17.679> on<00:22:17.919> our<00:22:18.159> planetary<00:22:18.559> neighbor 00:22:19.029 --> 00:22:19.039 align:start position:0% been detected on our planetary neighbor 00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:23.190 align:start position:0% been detected on our planetary neighbor Mars<00:22:20.240> until<00:22:20.640> now.<00:22:21.760> And<00:22:22.000> that<00:22:22.240> discovery<00:22:22.720> is<00:22:22.880> a 00:22:23.190 --> 00:22:23.200 align:start position:0% Mars until now. And that discovery is a 00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:25.990 align:start position:0% Mars until now. And that discovery is a really<00:22:23.440> big<00:22:23.679> deal<00:22:24.240> because<00:22:24.640> lightning<00:22:25.200> is<00:22:25.600> far 00:22:25.990 --> 00:22:26.000 align:start position:0% really big deal because lightning is far 00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:29.029 align:start position:0% really big deal because lightning is far more<00:22:26.240> than<00:22:26.480> a<00:22:26.720> simple<00:22:26.960> weather<00:22:27.280> event. 00:22:29.029 --> 00:22:29.039 align:start position:0% more than a simple weather event. 00:22:29.039 --> 00:22:31.270 align:start position:0% more than a simple weather event. On<00:22:29.360> Earth,<00:22:29.760> lightning<00:22:30.240> plays<00:22:30.480> a<00:22:30.720> vital<00:22:31.120> role 00:22:31.270 --> 00:22:31.280 align:start position:0% On Earth, lightning plays a vital role 00:22:31.280 --> 00:22:33.669 align:start position:0% On Earth, lightning plays a vital role in<00:22:31.440> the<00:22:31.679> chemistry<00:22:32.000> of<00:22:32.159> our<00:22:32.320> atmosphere.<00:22:33.440> It 00:22:33.669 --> 00:22:33.679 align:start position:0% in the chemistry of our atmosphere. It 00:22:33.679 --> 00:22:35.750 align:start position:0% in the chemistry of our atmosphere. It forms<00:22:33.900> [music]<00:22:34.080> when<00:22:34.400> ice<00:22:34.720> particles<00:22:35.360> collide 00:22:35.750 --> 00:22:35.760 align:start position:0% forms [music] when ice particles collide 00:22:35.760 --> 00:22:38.070 align:start position:0% forms [music] when ice particles collide inside<00:22:36.240> storm<00:22:36.640> clouds,<00:22:37.440> causing<00:22:37.760> them<00:22:37.919> to 00:22:38.070 --> 00:22:38.080 align:start position:0% inside storm clouds, causing them to 00:22:38.080 --> 00:22:40.630 align:start position:0% inside storm clouds, causing them to gain<00:22:38.400> or<00:22:38.640> lose<00:22:38.960> electrons<00:22:39.919> and<00:22:40.159> become 00:22:40.630 --> 00:22:40.640 align:start position:0% gain or lose electrons and become 00:22:40.640 --> 00:22:43.830 align:start position:0% gain or lose electrons and become positively<00:22:41.360> or<00:22:41.679> negatively<00:22:42.320> charged. 00:22:43.830 --> 00:22:43.840 align:start position:0% positively or negatively charged. 00:22:43.840 --> 00:22:46.390 align:start position:0% positively or negatively charged. As<00:22:44.159> that<00:22:44.480> electrical<00:22:45.039> charge<00:22:45.440> keeps<00:22:45.760> growing, 00:22:46.390 --> 00:22:46.400 align:start position:0% As that electrical charge keeps growing, 00:22:46.400 --> 00:22:48.390 align:start position:0% As that electrical charge keeps growing, the<00:22:46.640> air<00:22:46.880> between<00:22:47.200> the<00:22:47.360> cloud<00:22:47.679> and<00:22:47.840> the<00:22:48.080> ground 00:22:48.390 --> 00:22:48.400 align:start position:0% the air between the cloud and the ground 00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:50.870 align:start position:0% the air between the cloud and the ground can<00:22:48.640> no<00:22:48.880> longer<00:22:49.280> hold<00:22:49.440> it<00:22:49.679> back.<00:22:50.480> And<00:22:50.640> the 00:22:50.870 --> 00:22:50.880 align:start position:0% can no longer hold it back. And the 00:22:50.880 --> 00:22:53.350 align:start position:0% can no longer hold it back. And the electricity<00:22:51.600> suddenly<00:22:52.080> discharges<00:22:52.960> as<00:22:53.200> a 00:22:53.350 --> 00:22:53.360 align:start position:0% electricity suddenly discharges as a 00:22:53.360 --> 00:22:55.669 align:start position:0% electricity suddenly discharges as a lightning<00:22:53.679> bolt,<00:22:54.400> releasing<00:22:55.039> so<00:22:55.440> much 00:22:55.669 --> 00:22:55.679 align:start position:0% lightning bolt, releasing so much 00:22:55.679 --> 00:22:57.990 align:start position:0% lightning bolt, releasing so much energy,<00:22:56.400> the<00:22:56.640> surrounding<00:22:57.039> air<00:22:57.280> is<00:22:57.520> briefly 00:22:57.990 --> 00:22:58.000 align:start position:0% energy, the surrounding air is briefly 00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:01.669 align:start position:0% energy, the surrounding air is briefly heated<00:22:58.400> to<00:22:58.640> over<00:22:59.039> 27,000°. 00:23:01.669 --> 00:23:01.679 align:start position:0% heated to over 27,000°. 00:23:01.679 --> 00:23:03.510 align:start position:0% heated to over 27,000°. That's<00:23:02.000> hotter<00:23:02.480> than<00:23:02.640> the<00:23:02.880> surface<00:23:03.200> of<00:23:03.360> the 00:23:03.510 --> 00:23:03.520 align:start position:0% That's hotter than the surface of the 00:23:03.520 --> 00:23:06.710 align:start position:0% That's hotter than the surface of the sun.<00:23:04.480> The<00:23:04.720> burst<00:23:05.039> of<00:23:05.200> energy<00:23:05.520> is<00:23:05.760> so<00:23:06.000> intense 00:23:06.710 --> 00:23:06.720 align:start position:0% sun. The burst of energy is so intense 00:23:06.720 --> 00:23:09.430 align:start position:0% sun. The burst of energy is so intense it<00:23:06.960> can<00:23:07.200> break<00:23:07.520> apart<00:23:08.080> nitrogen<00:23:08.640> and<00:23:08.880> oxygen 00:23:09.430 --> 00:23:09.440 align:start position:0% it can break apart nitrogen and oxygen 00:23:09.440 --> 00:23:11.510 align:start position:0% it can break apart nitrogen and oxygen molecules<00:23:09.919> in<00:23:10.159> the<00:23:10.320> air<00:23:10.960> which<00:23:11.200> then 00:23:11.510 --> 00:23:11.520 align:start position:0% molecules in the air which then 00:23:11.520 --> 00:23:14.789 align:start position:0% molecules in the air which then recombine<00:23:12.159> into<00:23:12.640> nitrogen<00:23:13.200> oxides.<00:23:14.480> These 00:23:14.789 --> 00:23:14.799 align:start position:0% recombine into nitrogen oxides. These 00:23:14.799 --> 00:23:17.590 align:start position:0% recombine into nitrogen oxides. These dissolve<00:23:15.280> in<00:23:15.520> rainwater<00:23:16.159> and<00:23:16.559> enter<00:23:16.880> the<00:23:17.120> soil 00:23:17.590 --> 00:23:17.600 align:start position:0% dissolve in rainwater and enter the soil 00:23:17.600 --> 00:23:20.070 align:start position:0% dissolve in rainwater and enter the soil where<00:23:17.919> they<00:23:18.080> act<00:23:18.320> as<00:23:18.640> natural<00:23:19.120> fertilizer 00:23:20.070 --> 00:23:20.080 align:start position:0% where they act as natural fertilizer 00:23:20.080 --> 00:23:23.270 align:start position:0% where they act as natural fertilizer helping<00:23:20.559> plants<00:23:20.880> to<00:23:21.120> grow.<00:23:22.559> As<00:23:22.799> well<00:23:22.880> as<00:23:23.039> its 00:23:23.270 --> 00:23:23.280 align:start position:0% helping plants to grow. As well as its 00:23:23.280 --> 00:23:25.669 align:start position:0% helping plants to grow. As well as its role<00:23:23.440> in<00:23:23.600> the<00:23:23.760> nitrogen<00:23:24.240> cycle,<00:23:25.120> lightning 00:23:25.669 --> 00:23:25.679 align:start position:0% role in the nitrogen cycle, lightning 00:23:25.679 --> 00:23:27.909 align:start position:0% role in the nitrogen cycle, lightning produces<00:23:26.159> ozone<00:23:26.880> which<00:23:27.120> helps<00:23:27.360> shield<00:23:27.679> our 00:23:27.909 --> 00:23:27.919 align:start position:0% produces ozone which helps shield our 00:23:27.919 --> 00:23:30.710 align:start position:0% produces ozone which helps shield our planet<00:23:28.159> from<00:23:28.480> dangerous<00:23:28.960> UV<00:23:29.360> rays.<00:23:30.240> It's<00:23:30.480> even 00:23:30.710 --> 00:23:30.720 align:start position:0% planet from dangerous UV rays. It's even 00:23:30.720 --> 00:23:32.789 align:start position:0% planet from dangerous UV rays. It's even possible<00:23:31.120> that<00:23:31.440> lightning<00:23:31.919> played<00:23:32.159> a<00:23:32.400> role<00:23:32.559> in 00:23:32.789 --> 00:23:32.799 align:start position:0% possible that lightning played a role in 00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:35.510 align:start position:0% possible that lightning played a role in the<00:23:33.039> origin<00:23:33.360> of<00:23:33.520> life<00:23:33.840> itself<00:23:34.720> by<00:23:35.039> converting 00:23:35.510 --> 00:23:35.520 align:start position:0% the origin of life itself by converting 00:23:35.520 --> 00:23:38.310 align:start position:0% the origin of life itself by converting atmospheric<00:23:36.159> gases<00:23:36.880> into<00:23:37.360> vital<00:23:37.760> organic 00:23:38.310 --> 00:23:38.320 align:start position:0% atmospheric gases into vital organic 00:23:38.320 --> 00:23:42.310 align:start position:0% atmospheric gases into vital organic molecules<00:23:38.960> such<00:23:39.200> as<00:23:39.600> RNA<00:23:40.159> and<00:23:40.480> amino<00:23:41.039> acids. 00:23:42.310 --> 00:23:42.320 align:start position:0% molecules such as RNA and amino acids. 00:23:42.320 --> 00:23:45.270 align:start position:0% molecules such as RNA and amino acids. So<00:23:42.559> in<00:23:42.799> other<00:23:42.960> words,<00:23:43.679> lightning<00:23:44.240> is<00:23:44.640> far<00:23:44.880> more 00:23:45.270 --> 00:23:45.280 align:start position:0% So in other words, lightning is far more 00:23:45.280 --> 00:23:47.750 align:start position:0% So in other words, lightning is far more than<00:23:45.520> a<00:23:45.679> flash<00:23:45.919> of<00:23:46.080> light<00:23:46.240> in<00:23:46.400> the<00:23:46.559> sky.<00:23:47.440> It<00:23:47.600> is 00:23:47.750 --> 00:23:47.760 align:start position:0% than a flash of light in the sky. It is 00:23:47.760 --> 00:23:49.909 align:start position:0% than a flash of light in the sky. It is a<00:23:48.080> critical<00:23:48.640> part<00:23:48.880> of<00:23:49.120> Earth's<00:23:49.520> natural 00:23:49.909 --> 00:23:49.919 align:start position:0% a critical part of Earth's natural 00:23:49.919 --> 00:23:52.070 align:start position:0% a critical part of Earth's natural systems.<00:23:50.880> And<00:23:51.039> if<00:23:51.200> lightning<00:23:51.679> plays<00:23:51.919> an 00:23:52.070 --> 00:23:52.080 align:start position:0% systems. And if lightning plays an 00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:53.990 align:start position:0% systems. And if lightning plays an important<00:23:52.400> role<00:23:52.640> in<00:23:52.880> atmospheric<00:23:53.520> chemistry 00:23:53.990 --> 00:23:54.000 align:start position:0% important role in atmospheric chemistry 00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:56.470 align:start position:0% important role in atmospheric chemistry on<00:23:54.240> Earth,<00:23:55.120> it's<00:23:55.440> likely<00:23:55.760> the<00:23:56.000> same<00:23:56.159> will<00:23:56.320> be 00:23:56.470 --> 00:23:56.480 align:start position:0% on Earth, it's likely the same will be 00:23:56.480 --> 00:23:59.430 align:start position:0% on Earth, it's likely the same will be true<00:23:56.640> on<00:23:56.880> Mars.<00:23:57.840> Right. 00:23:59.430 --> 00:23:59.440 align:start position:0% true on Mars. Right. 00:23:59.440 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0% true on Mars. Right. Well,<00:24:00.080> unlike<00:24:00.640> Earth,<00:24:01.360> Saturn,<00:24:01.919> or<00:24:02.240> Jupiter, 00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0% Well, unlike Earth, Saturn, or Jupiter, 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:04.870 align:start position:0% Well, unlike Earth, Saturn, or Jupiter, with<00:24:03.280> their<00:24:03.520> dense<00:24:03.919> atmospheres<00:24:04.480> and 00:24:04.870 --> 00:24:04.880 align:start position:0% with their dense atmospheres and 00:24:04.880 --> 00:24:07.990 align:start position:0% with their dense atmospheres and towering<00:24:05.520> storm<00:24:05.840> systems,<00:24:06.799> Mars'<00:24:07.280> atmosphere 00:24:07.990 --> 00:24:08.000 align:start position:0% towering storm systems, Mars' atmosphere 00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:11.350 align:start position:0% towering storm systems, Mars' atmosphere is<00:24:08.480> incredibly<00:24:09.120> thin,<00:24:09.840> more<00:24:10.080> than<00:24:10.480> 100<00:24:10.960> times 00:24:11.350 --> 00:24:11.360 align:start position:0% is incredibly thin, more than 100 times 00:24:11.360 --> 00:24:13.430 align:start position:0% is incredibly thin, more than 100 times lighter<00:24:11.760> than<00:24:11.919> Earth's.<00:24:12.880> This<00:24:13.120> makes 00:24:13.430 --> 00:24:13.440 align:start position:0% lighter than Earth's. This makes 00:24:13.440 --> 00:24:16.390 align:start position:0% lighter than Earth's. This makes lightning,<00:24:13.919> as<00:24:14.159> we<00:24:14.400> know<00:24:14.559> it,<00:24:14.880> unlikely.<00:24:16.159> But 00:24:16.390 --> 00:24:16.400 align:start position:0% lightning, as we know it, unlikely. But 00:24:16.400 --> 00:24:18.230 align:start position:0% lightning, as we know it, unlikely. But storm<00:24:16.720> clouds<00:24:17.039> aren't<00:24:17.279> the<00:24:17.520> only<00:24:17.679> place<00:24:17.919> where 00:24:18.230 --> 00:24:18.240 align:start position:0% storm clouds aren't the only place where 00:24:18.240 --> 00:24:20.870 align:start position:0% storm clouds aren't the only place where lightning<00:24:18.640> occurs.<00:24:19.760> Here<00:24:20.000> on<00:24:20.159> Earth,<00:24:20.559> under 00:24:20.870 --> 00:24:20.880 align:start position:0% lightning occurs. Here on Earth, under 00:24:20.880 --> 00:24:23.190 align:start position:0% lightning occurs. Here on Earth, under the<00:24:21.039> right<00:24:21.360> conditions,<00:24:22.240> lightning<00:24:22.720> can<00:24:22.960> also 00:24:23.190 --> 00:24:23.200 align:start position:0% the right conditions, lightning can also 00:24:23.200 --> 00:24:26.710 align:start position:0% the right conditions, lightning can also be<00:24:23.360> generated<00:24:23.840> by<00:24:24.400> volcanic<00:24:25.120> eruptions. 00:24:26.710 --> 00:24:26.720 align:start position:0% be generated by volcanic eruptions. 00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:29.190 align:start position:0% be generated by volcanic eruptions. This<00:24:27.360> incredible<00:24:28.000> footage<00:24:28.400> was<00:24:28.640> captured<00:24:29.039> by 00:24:29.190 --> 00:24:29.200 align:start position:0% This incredible footage was captured by 00:24:29.200 --> 00:24:32.710 align:start position:0% This incredible footage was captured by a<00:24:29.440> tour<00:24:29.760> guide<00:24:30.320> in<00:24:30.720> 2023<00:24:31.760> of<00:24:32.000> Guatemala's 00:24:32.710 --> 00:24:32.720 align:start position:0% a tour guide in 2023 of Guatemala's 00:24:32.720 --> 00:24:36.070 align:start position:0% a tour guide in 2023 of Guatemala's Fuego<00:24:33.279> volcano.<00:24:34.480> As<00:24:34.799> ash<00:24:35.120> and<00:24:35.279> dust<00:24:35.600> particles 00:24:36.070 --> 00:24:36.080 align:start position:0% Fuego volcano. As ash and dust particles 00:24:36.080 --> 00:24:38.630 align:start position:0% Fuego volcano. As ash and dust particles swirl<00:24:36.559> around<00:24:36.880> inside<00:24:37.200> the<00:24:37.440> volcanic<00:24:37.919> cloud, 00:24:38.630 --> 00:24:38.640 align:start position:0% swirl around inside the volcanic cloud, 00:24:38.640 --> 00:24:41.269 align:start position:0% swirl around inside the volcanic cloud, they<00:24:38.880> collide,<00:24:39.760> generating<00:24:40.400> an<00:24:40.720> electrical 00:24:41.269 --> 00:24:41.279 align:start position:0% they collide, generating an electrical 00:24:41.279 --> 00:24:44.149 align:start position:0% they collide, generating an electrical charge,<00:24:42.080> just<00:24:42.400> like<00:24:42.960> ice<00:24:43.279> particles<00:24:43.760> in<00:24:44.000> a 00:24:44.149 --> 00:24:44.159 align:start position:0% charge, just like ice particles in a 00:24:44.159 --> 00:24:46.710 align:start position:0% charge, just like ice particles in a storm<00:24:44.480> cloud.<00:24:45.440> And<00:24:45.600> if<00:24:45.840> there's<00:24:46.159> one<00:24:46.400> thing 00:24:46.710 --> 00:24:46.720 align:start position:0% storm cloud. And if there's one thing 00:24:46.720 --> 00:24:49.990 align:start position:0% storm cloud. And if there's one thing Mars<00:24:47.120> has<00:24:47.360> a<00:24:47.600> lot<00:24:47.760> of,<00:24:48.320> it's<00:24:48.720> dust.<00:24:49.520> Martian 00:24:49.990 --> 00:24:50.000 align:start position:0% Mars has a lot of, it's dust. Martian 00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:52.070 align:start position:0% Mars has a lot of, it's dust. Martian winds<00:24:50.400> whip<00:24:50.720> it<00:24:50.880> up<00:24:51.039> into<00:24:51.279> towering<00:24:51.840> dust 00:24:52.070 --> 00:24:52.080 align:start position:0% winds whip it up into towering dust 00:24:52.080 --> 00:24:56.149 align:start position:0% winds whip it up into towering dust devils<00:24:52.559> up<00:24:52.799> to<00:24:53.200> 19<00:24:53.760> km<00:24:54.320> tall.<00:24:55.440> Some<00:24:55.679> scientists 00:24:56.149 --> 00:24:56.159 align:start position:0% devils up to 19 km tall. Some scientists 00:24:56.159 --> 00:24:59.590 align:start position:0% devils up to 19 km tall. Some scientists estimate<00:24:56.640> that<00:24:56.960> there<00:24:57.200> could<00:24:57.360> be<00:24:57.520> as<00:24:57.760> many<00:24:58.000> as 00:24:59.590 --> 00:24:59.600 align:start position:0% estimate that there could be as many as 00:24:59.600 --> 00:25:02.950 align:start position:0% estimate that there could be as many as 145<00:25:00.720> million<00:25:01.120> of<00:25:01.360> them<00:25:01.840> racing<00:25:02.320> across<00:25:02.720> the 00:25:02.950 --> 00:25:02.960 align:start position:0% 145 million of them racing across the 00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:05.350 align:start position:0% 145 million of them racing across the surface<00:25:03.279> of<00:25:03.440> the<00:25:03.600> red<00:25:03.840> planet<00:25:04.240> on<00:25:04.559> any<00:25:04.880> given 00:25:05.350 --> 00:25:05.360 align:start position:0% surface of the red planet on any given 00:25:05.360 --> 00:25:09.350 align:start position:0% surface of the red planet on any given day.<00:25:06.640> And<00:25:07.039> that's<00:25:07.279> not<00:25:07.520> all.<00:25:08.480> Giant<00:25:09.039> dust 00:25:09.350 --> 00:25:09.360 align:start position:0% day. And that's not all. Giant dust 00:25:09.360 --> 00:25:12.070 align:start position:0% day. And that's not all. Giant dust storms<00:25:09.840> also<00:25:10.240> occur,<00:25:10.960> occasionally<00:25:11.600> growing 00:25:12.070 --> 00:25:12.080 align:start position:0% storms also occur, occasionally growing 00:25:12.080 --> 00:25:15.830 align:start position:0% storms also occur, occasionally growing so<00:25:12.480> large<00:25:13.039> they<00:25:13.360> engulf<00:25:13.840> the<00:25:14.159> entire<00:25:14.799> planet. 00:25:15.830 --> 00:25:15.840 align:start position:0% so large they engulf the entire planet. 00:25:15.840 --> 00:25:17.909 align:start position:0% so large they engulf the entire planet. The<00:25:16.000> two<00:25:16.240> Viking<00:25:16.640> probes<00:25:17.039> saw<00:25:17.360> two<00:25:17.600> of<00:25:17.679> these 00:25:17.909 --> 00:25:17.919 align:start position:0% The two Viking probes saw two of these 00:25:17.919 --> 00:25:19.990 align:start position:0% The two Viking probes saw two of these global<00:25:18.240> dust<00:25:18.480> storms<00:25:18.880> in<00:25:19.039> their<00:25:19.279> first<00:25:19.600> year 00:25:19.990 --> 00:25:20.000 align:start position:0% global dust storms in their first year 00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:23.190 align:start position:0% global dust storms in their first year alone.<00:25:21.039> Driven<00:25:21.440> by<00:25:21.840> seasonal<00:25:22.320> heating, 00:25:23.190 --> 00:25:23.200 align:start position:0% alone. Driven by seasonal heating, 00:25:23.200 --> 00:25:25.430 align:start position:0% alone. Driven by seasonal heating, rising<00:25:23.679> plumes<00:25:24.080> of<00:25:24.320> warm<00:25:24.559> air<00:25:24.880> create 00:25:25.430 --> 00:25:25.440 align:start position:0% rising plumes of warm air create 00:25:25.440 --> 00:25:28.310 align:start position:0% rising plumes of warm air create continentsized<00:25:26.480> storms.<00:25:27.600> But<00:25:27.760> once<00:25:28.000> every 00:25:28.310 --> 00:25:28.320 align:start position:0% continentsized storms. But once every 00:25:28.320 --> 00:25:31.029 align:start position:0% continentsized storms. But once every three<00:25:28.559> Mars<00:25:28.960> years,<00:25:29.600> about<00:25:30.080> 5<00:25:30.320> and<00:25:30.480> 1/2<00:25:30.799> Earth 00:25:31.029 --> 00:25:31.039 align:start position:0% three Mars years, about 5 and 1/2 Earth 00:25:31.039 --> 00:25:34.070 align:start position:0% three Mars years, about 5 and 1/2 Earth years,<00:25:31.760> they<00:25:32.080> combine<00:25:33.039> and<00:25:33.360> become<00:25:33.760> large 00:25:34.070 --> 00:25:34.080 align:start position:0% years, they combine and become large 00:25:34.080 --> 00:25:37.590 align:start position:0% years, they combine and become large enough<00:25:34.320> to<00:25:34.640> cover<00:25:34.960> the<00:25:35.360> entire<00:25:36.080> planet. 00:25:37.590 --> 00:25:37.600 align:start position:0% enough to cover the entire planet. 00:25:37.600 --> 00:25:40.390 align:start position:0% enough to cover the entire planet. Scientists<00:25:38.240> aren't<00:25:38.799> really<00:25:39.200> sure<00:25:39.600> why<00:25:39.919> these 00:25:40.390 --> 00:25:40.400 align:start position:0% Scientists aren't really sure why these 00:25:40.400 --> 00:25:43.909 align:start position:0% Scientists aren't really sure why these yearsong<00:25:41.360> gaps<00:25:41.919> between<00:25:42.320> storms<00:25:42.720> exist,<00:25:43.679> but 00:25:43.909 --> 00:25:43.919 align:start position:0% yearsong gaps between storms exist, but 00:25:43.919 --> 00:25:45.350 align:start position:0% yearsong gaps between storms exist, but they<00:25:44.080> suspect<00:25:44.480> it's<00:25:44.720> to<00:25:44.799> do<00:25:44.960> with<00:25:45.120> the<00:25:45.279> fact 00:25:45.350 --> 00:25:45.360 align:start position:0% they suspect it's to do with the fact 00:25:45.360 --> 00:25:47.430 align:start position:0% they suspect it's to do with the fact that<00:25:45.520> Mars'<00:25:46.000> orbit<00:25:46.320> is<00:25:46.559> less<00:25:46.799> circular<00:25:47.279> than 00:25:47.430 --> 00:25:47.440 align:start position:0% that Mars' orbit is less circular than 00:25:47.440 --> 00:25:49.750 align:start position:0% that Mars' orbit is less circular than Earth's.<00:25:48.400> It<00:25:48.640> means<00:25:48.880> that<00:25:49.200> during<00:25:49.520> the 00:25:49.750 --> 00:25:49.760 align:start position:0% Earth's. It means that during the 00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:51.750 align:start position:0% Earth's. It means that during the southern<00:25:50.080> hemisphere<00:25:50.720> summer,<00:25:51.279> the<00:25:51.440> planet 00:25:51.750 --> 00:25:51.760 align:start position:0% southern hemisphere summer, the planet 00:25:51.760 --> 00:25:53.510 align:start position:0% southern hemisphere summer, the planet is<00:25:52.000> close<00:25:52.240> to<00:25:52.400> the<00:25:52.559> sun<00:25:52.799> and<00:25:53.120> therefore 00:25:53.510 --> 00:25:53.520 align:start position:0% is close to the sun and therefore 00:25:53.520 --> 00:25:56.070 align:start position:0% is close to the sun and therefore significantly<00:25:54.159> hotter.<00:25:55.360> Although<00:25:55.840> wind 00:25:56.070 --> 00:25:56.080 align:start position:0% significantly hotter. Although wind 00:25:56.080 --> 00:25:59.190 align:start position:0% significantly hotter. Although wind speeds<00:25:56.400> here<00:25:56.720> only<00:25:56.960> reach<00:25:57.279> about<00:25:57.600> 100<00:25:58.000> km/h, 00:25:59.190 --> 00:25:59.200 align:start position:0% speeds here only reach about 100 km/h, 00:25:59.200 --> 00:26:01.029 align:start position:0% speeds here only reach about 100 km/h, about<00:25:59.520> half<00:25:59.760> the<00:26:00.000> maximum<00:26:00.320> we<00:26:00.559> see<00:26:00.720> here<00:26:00.880> on 00:26:01.029 --> 00:26:01.039 align:start position:0% about half the maximum we see here on 00:26:01.039 --> 00:26:04.230 align:start position:0% about half the maximum we see here on Earth,<00:26:01.679> the<00:26:01.919> dust<00:26:02.240> is<00:26:02.559> so<00:26:02.960> fine<00:26:03.600> that<00:26:03.919> this<00:26:04.080> is 00:26:04.230 --> 00:26:04.240 align:start position:0% Earth, the dust is so fine that this is 00:26:04.240 --> 00:26:06.149 align:start position:0% Earth, the dust is so fine that this is enough<00:26:04.480> to<00:26:04.720> almost<00:26:05.120> completely<00:26:05.760> block<00:26:06.000> out 00:26:06.149 --> 00:26:06.159 align:start position:0% enough to almost completely block out 00:26:06.159 --> 00:26:08.789 align:start position:0% enough to almost completely block out the<00:26:06.400> sun.<00:26:07.120> Not<00:26:07.360> good<00:26:07.520> for<00:26:08.000> solar<00:26:08.400> powered 00:26:08.789 --> 00:26:08.799 align:start position:0% the sun. Not good for solar powered 00:26:08.799 --> 00:26:11.430 align:start position:0% the sun. Not good for solar powered rovers<00:26:09.200> on<00:26:09.360> the<00:26:09.520> surface.<00:26:10.559> In<00:26:10.799> fact,<00:26:11.039> on<00:26:11.279> the 00:26:11.430 --> 00:26:11.440 align:start position:0% rovers on the surface. In fact, on the 00:26:11.440 --> 00:26:14.310 align:start position:0% rovers on the surface. In fact, on the 10th<00:26:11.760> of<00:26:11.919> June<00:26:12.320> 2018,<00:26:13.440> this<00:26:13.679> spelled<00:26:14.000> the<00:26:14.159> end 00:26:14.310 --> 00:26:14.320 align:start position:0% 10th of June 2018, this spelled the end 00:26:14.320 --> 00:26:16.470 align:start position:0% 10th of June 2018, this spelled the end for<00:26:14.480> the<00:26:14.640> Opportunity<00:26:15.200> rover,<00:26:15.840> who<00:26:16.159> never 00:26:16.470 --> 00:26:16.480 align:start position:0% for the Opportunity rover, who never 00:26:16.480 --> 00:26:18.870 align:start position:0% for the Opportunity rover, who never managed<00:26:16.799> to<00:26:16.960> power<00:26:17.360> back<00:26:17.600> on<00:26:18.000> after<00:26:18.240> a<00:26:18.480> global 00:26:18.870 --> 00:26:18.880 align:start position:0% managed to power back on after a global 00:26:18.880 --> 00:26:20.549 align:start position:0% managed to power back on after a global storm. 00:26:20.549 --> 00:26:20.559 align:start position:0% storm. 00:26:20.559 --> 00:26:22.950 align:start position:0% storm. But<00:26:20.799> whilst<00:26:21.200> bad<00:26:21.440> for<00:26:21.679> mission<00:26:22.000> planners,<00:26:22.720> all 00:26:22.950 --> 00:26:22.960 align:start position:0% But whilst bad for mission planners, all 00:26:22.960 --> 00:26:25.590 align:start position:0% But whilst bad for mission planners, all that<00:26:23.360> swirling<00:26:23.919> dust<00:26:24.320> provides<00:26:24.799> the<00:26:25.120> perfect 00:26:25.590 --> 00:26:25.600 align:start position:0% that swirling dust provides the perfect 00:26:25.600 --> 00:26:27.909 align:start position:0% that swirling dust provides the perfect conditions<00:26:26.000> for<00:26:26.320> lightning<00:26:26.720> to<00:26:26.960> occur.<00:26:27.760> And 00:26:27.909 --> 00:26:27.919 align:start position:0% conditions for lightning to occur. And 00:26:27.919 --> 00:26:30.310 align:start position:0% conditions for lightning to occur. And for<00:26:28.159> decades,<00:26:28.960> scientists<00:26:29.440> have<00:26:29.679> been<00:26:29.919> trying 00:26:30.310 --> 00:26:30.320 align:start position:0% for decades, scientists have been trying 00:26:30.320 --> 00:26:33.510 align:start position:0% for decades, scientists have been trying to<00:26:30.559> detect<00:26:30.880> it.<00:26:31.919> The<00:26:32.159> European<00:26:32.640> Space<00:26:32.960> Ay's 00:26:33.510 --> 00:26:33.520 align:start position:0% to detect it. The European Space Ay's 00:26:33.520 --> 00:26:36.310 align:start position:0% to detect it. The European Space Ay's Mars<00:26:33.919> Express<00:26:34.480> spent<00:26:35.039> 5<00:26:35.360> years<00:26:35.919> scanning 00:26:36.310 --> 00:26:36.320 align:start position:0% Mars Express spent 5 years scanning 00:26:36.320 --> 00:26:38.310 align:start position:0% Mars Express spent 5 years scanning Martian<00:26:36.720> dust<00:26:36.960> storms<00:26:37.360> for<00:26:37.600> any<00:26:37.840> hint<00:26:38.080> of 00:26:38.310 --> 00:26:38.320 align:start position:0% Martian dust storms for any hint of 00:26:38.320 --> 00:26:42.070 align:start position:0% Martian dust storms for any hint of electrical<00:26:38.799> activity<00:26:39.679> and<00:26:40.000> found<00:26:40.960> nothing. 00:26:42.070 --> 00:26:42.080 align:start position:0% electrical activity and found nothing. 00:26:42.080 --> 00:26:45.350 align:start position:0% electrical activity and found nothing. The<00:26:42.320> Scaperelli<00:26:43.120> module,<00:26:43.679> also<00:26:44.000> sent<00:26:44.240> by<00:26:45.200> was 00:26:45.350 --> 00:26:45.360 align:start position:0% The Scaperelli module, also sent by was 00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:47.190 align:start position:0% The Scaperelli module, also sent by was equipped<00:26:45.679> with<00:26:45.919> a<00:26:46.159> special<00:26:46.480> instrument<00:26:46.960> to 00:26:47.190 --> 00:26:47.200 align:start position:0% equipped with a special instrument to 00:26:47.200 --> 00:26:48.789 align:start position:0% equipped with a special instrument to measure<00:26:47.600> electrical<00:26:48.159> activity<00:26:48.480> in<00:26:48.720> the 00:26:48.789 --> 00:26:48.799 align:start position:0% measure electrical activity in the 00:26:48.799 --> 00:26:51.669 align:start position:0% measure electrical activity in the Martian<00:26:49.200> atmosphere,<00:26:50.320> but<00:26:50.640> sadly<00:26:51.200> it<00:26:51.440> never 00:26:51.669 --> 00:26:51.679 align:start position:0% Martian atmosphere, but sadly it never 00:26:51.679 --> 00:26:53.830 align:start position:0% Martian atmosphere, but sadly it never got<00:26:51.840> the<00:26:52.080> chance.<00:26:52.799> As<00:26:53.039> it<00:26:53.200> approached<00:26:53.600> the 00:26:53.830 --> 00:26:53.840 align:start position:0% got the chance. As it approached the 00:26:53.840 --> 00:26:56.950 align:start position:0% got the chance. As it approached the surface<00:26:54.240> in<00:26:54.480> October<00:26:55.120> 2016,<00:26:56.240> a<00:26:56.480> software 00:26:56.950 --> 00:26:56.960 align:start position:0% surface in October 2016, a software 00:26:56.960 --> 00:26:58.950 align:start position:0% surface in October 2016, a software malfunction<00:26:57.600> caused<00:26:57.919> its<00:26:58.240> parachute<00:26:58.720> to 00:26:58.950 --> 00:26:58.960 align:start position:0% malfunction caused its parachute to 00:26:58.960 --> 00:27:01.830 align:start position:0% malfunction caused its parachute to jettison<00:26:59.520> too<00:26:59.840> early<00:27:00.720> and<00:27:01.039> the<00:27:01.279> module 00:27:01.830 --> 00:27:01.840 align:start position:0% jettison too early and the module 00:27:01.840 --> 00:27:05.029 align:start position:0% jettison too early and the module crashed.<00:27:03.279> The<00:27:03.360> high-rise<00:27:04.000> camera<00:27:04.320> on<00:27:04.559> NASA's 00:27:05.029 --> 00:27:05.039 align:start position:0% crashed. The high-rise camera on NASA's 00:27:05.039 --> 00:27:07.190 align:start position:0% crashed. The high-rise camera on NASA's Mars<00:27:05.360> Reconnaissance<00:27:06.000> Orbiter<00:27:06.720> captured 00:27:07.190 --> 00:27:07.200 align:start position:0% Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured 00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:10.149 align:start position:0% Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured this<00:27:07.440> view<00:27:07.679> of<00:27:07.840> the<00:27:08.080> crash<00:27:08.400> site. 00:27:10.149 --> 00:27:10.159 align:start position:0% this view of the crash site. 00:27:10.159 --> 00:27:12.470 align:start position:0% this view of the crash site. But<00:27:10.320> now,<00:27:10.640> finally,<00:27:11.440> after<00:27:11.760> decades<00:27:12.240> of 00:27:12.470 --> 00:27:12.480 align:start position:0% But now, finally, after decades of 00:27:12.480 --> 00:27:15.190 align:start position:0% But now, finally, after decades of searching,<00:27:13.279> the<00:27:13.440> Perseverance<00:27:14.320> rover<00:27:14.880> has 00:27:15.190 --> 00:27:15.200 align:start position:0% searching, the Perseverance rover has 00:27:15.200 --> 00:27:17.269 align:start position:0% searching, the Perseverance rover has found<00:27:15.520> tantalizing<00:27:16.320> evidence<00:27:16.640> of<00:27:16.880> lightning 00:27:17.269 --> 00:27:17.279 align:start position:0% found tantalizing evidence of lightning 00:27:17.279 --> 00:27:20.070 align:start position:0% found tantalizing evidence of lightning on<00:27:17.440> the<00:27:17.520> red<00:27:17.760> planet.<00:27:18.640> And<00:27:18.880> it<00:27:19.200> was<00:27:19.360> a<00:27:19.679> lucky 00:27:20.070 --> 00:27:20.080 align:start position:0% on the red planet. And it was a lucky 00:27:20.080 --> 00:27:22.390 align:start position:0% on the red planet. And it was a lucky break<00:27:20.640> because<00:27:20.960> as<00:27:21.120> I<00:27:21.279> mentioned<00:27:21.600> earlier, 00:27:22.390 --> 00:27:22.400 align:start position:0% break because as I mentioned earlier, 00:27:22.400 --> 00:27:23.669 align:start position:0% break because as I mentioned earlier, Perseverance<00:27:23.039> wasn't<00:27:23.360> looking<00:27:23.520> for 00:27:23.669 --> 00:27:23.679 align:start position:0% Perseverance wasn't looking for 00:27:23.679 --> 00:27:26.149 align:start position:0% Perseverance wasn't looking for lightning<00:27:24.159> at<00:27:24.400> all.<00:27:25.279> Its<00:27:25.520> super<00:27:25.840> cam 00:27:26.149 --> 00:27:26.159 align:start position:0% lightning at all. Its super cam 00:27:26.159 --> 00:27:27.590 align:start position:0% lightning at all. Its super cam instrument<00:27:26.559> is<00:27:26.799> designed<00:27:27.039> to<00:27:27.200> analyze 00:27:27.590 --> 00:27:27.600 align:start position:0% instrument is designed to analyze 00:27:27.600 --> 00:27:29.350 align:start position:0% instrument is designed to analyze Martian<00:27:28.000> rocks<00:27:28.320> by<00:27:28.480> zapping<00:27:28.880> them<00:27:29.039> with<00:27:29.120> a 00:27:29.350 --> 00:27:29.360 align:start position:0% Martian rocks by zapping them with a 00:27:29.360 --> 00:27:31.669 align:start position:0% Martian rocks by zapping them with a laser<00:27:29.919> and<00:27:30.159> analyzing<00:27:30.720> the<00:27:30.960> light<00:27:31.200> and<00:27:31.440> sound 00:27:31.669 --> 00:27:31.679 align:start position:0% laser and analyzing the light and sound 00:27:31.679 --> 00:27:34.070 align:start position:0% laser and analyzing the light and sound produced<00:27:32.080> by<00:27:32.240> the<00:27:32.400> blast.<00:27:33.360> But<00:27:33.600> along<00:27:33.919> with 00:27:34.070 --> 00:27:34.080 align:start position:0% produced by the blast. But along with 00:27:34.080 --> 00:27:36.310 align:start position:0% produced by the blast. But along with the<00:27:34.240> sounds<00:27:34.559> that<00:27:34.799> bounce<00:27:35.200> back<00:27:35.360> from<00:27:35.679> rocks, 00:27:36.310 --> 00:27:36.320 align:start position:0% the sounds that bounce back from rocks, 00:27:36.320 --> 00:27:38.630 align:start position:0% the sounds that bounce back from rocks, the<00:27:36.640> super<00:27:36.960> cam<00:27:37.279> microphone<00:27:37.840> detected<00:27:38.320> a 00:27:38.630 --> 00:27:38.640 align:start position:0% the super cam microphone detected a 00:27:38.640 --> 00:27:42.149 align:start position:0% the super cam microphone detected a strange<00:27:39.200> crackle<00:27:39.840> and<00:27:40.159> pop. 00:27:42.149 --> 00:27:42.159 align:start position:0% strange crackle and pop. 00:27:42.159 --> 00:27:44.710 align:start position:0% strange crackle and pop. The<00:27:42.400> finding<00:27:42.720> was<00:27:42.960> so<00:27:43.200> intriguing,<00:27:44.080> a<00:27:44.320> team<00:27:44.480> of 00:27:44.710 --> 00:27:44.720 align:start position:0% The finding was so intriguing, a team of 00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:47.590 align:start position:0% The finding was so intriguing, a team of Mars<00:27:45.039> scientists<00:27:45.440> led<00:27:45.760> by<00:27:46.159> Batiste<00:27:46.799> Shed<00:27:47.279> from 00:27:47.590 --> 00:27:47.600 align:start position:0% Mars scientists led by Batiste Shed from 00:27:47.600 --> 00:27:49.430 align:start position:0% Mars scientists led by Batiste Shed from France's<00:27:48.159> Institute<00:27:48.640> of<00:27:48.880> Research<00:27:49.200> in 00:27:49.430 --> 00:27:49.440 align:start position:0% France's Institute of Research in 00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:51.350 align:start position:0% France's Institute of Research in Astrophysics<00:27:50.000> and<00:27:50.240> Planettology 00:27:51.350 --> 00:27:51.360 align:start position:0% Astrophysics and Planettology 00:27:51.360 --> 00:27:54.230 align:start position:0% Astrophysics and Planettology painstakingly<00:27:52.320> trolled<00:27:52.720> through<00:27:52.960> nearly<00:27:53.520> 45 00:27:54.230 --> 00:27:54.240 align:start position:0% painstakingly trolled through nearly 45 00:27:54.240 --> 00:27:56.149 align:start position:0% painstakingly trolled through nearly 45 months<00:27:54.559> worth<00:27:54.799> of<00:27:55.039> data<00:27:55.279> from<00:27:55.440> the<00:27:55.600> Super<00:27:55.840> Cam 00:27:56.149 --> 00:27:56.159 align:start position:0% months worth of data from the Super Cam 00:27:56.159 --> 00:27:59.590 align:start position:0% months worth of data from the Super Cam microphone.<00:27:57.120> In<00:27:57.360> total,<00:27:58.000> they<00:27:58.320> found<00:27:58.960> 55 00:27:59.590 --> 00:27:59.600 align:start position:0% microphone. In total, they found 55 00:27:59.600 --> 00:28:02.230 align:start position:0% microphone. In total, they found 55 acoustic<00:28:00.159> pops<00:28:00.799> recorded<00:28:01.279> over<00:28:01.520> two<00:28:01.760> Martian 00:28:02.230 --> 00:28:02.240 align:start position:0% acoustic pops recorded over two Martian 00:28:02.240 --> 00:28:05.750 align:start position:0% acoustic pops recorded over two Martian years,<00:28:03.039> and<00:28:03.279> most<00:28:04.000> occurred<00:28:04.559> during<00:28:04.960> storms 00:28:05.750 --> 00:28:05.760 align:start position:0% years, and most occurred during storms 00:28:05.760 --> 00:28:08.710 align:start position:0% years, and most occurred during storms or<00:28:06.000> within<00:28:06.480> dust<00:28:06.720> devils.<00:28:07.919> It<00:28:08.159> was<00:28:08.320> looking 00:28:08.710 --> 00:28:08.720 align:start position:0% or within dust devils. It was looking 00:28:08.720 --> 00:28:10.870 align:start position:0% or within dust devils. It was looking more<00:28:09.039> and<00:28:09.279> more<00:28:09.600> like<00:28:09.840> this<00:28:10.159> could<00:28:10.480> be<00:28:10.640> the 00:28:10.870 --> 00:28:10.880 align:start position:0% more and more like this could be the 00:28:10.880 --> 00:28:13.590 align:start position:0% more and more like this could be the sound<00:28:11.120> of<00:28:11.360> Martian<00:28:11.840> lightning.<00:28:12.960> But<00:28:13.360> are 00:28:13.590 --> 00:28:13.600 align:start position:0% sound of Martian lightning. But are 00:28:13.600 --> 00:28:16.549 align:start position:0% sound of Martian lightning. But are these<00:28:13.840> tiny<00:28:14.159> pops<00:28:14.880> really<00:28:15.360> evidence?<00:28:16.399> Could 00:28:16.549 --> 00:28:16.559 align:start position:0% these tiny pops really evidence? Could 00:28:16.559 --> 00:28:19.830 align:start position:0% these tiny pops really evidence? Could there<00:28:16.799> be<00:28:17.200> another<00:28:17.600> explanation? 00:28:19.830 --> 00:28:19.840 align:start position:0% there be another explanation? 00:28:19.840 --> 00:28:21.830 align:start position:0% there be another explanation? In<00:28:20.080> their<00:28:20.320> paper<00:28:20.640> published<00:28:20.960> in<00:28:21.200> Nature<00:28:21.600> in 00:28:21.830 --> 00:28:21.840 align:start position:0% In their paper published in Nature in 00:28:21.840 --> 00:28:24.950 align:start position:0% In their paper published in Nature in November<00:28:22.399> 2025,<00:28:23.600> Sheed<00:28:24.080> and<00:28:24.240> the<00:28:24.480> team 00:28:24.950 --> 00:28:24.960 align:start position:0% November 2025, Sheed and the team 00:28:24.960 --> 00:28:26.870 align:start position:0% November 2025, Sheed and the team systematically<00:28:25.840> assessed<00:28:26.320> possible 00:28:26.870 --> 00:28:26.880 align:start position:0% systematically assessed possible 00:28:26.880 --> 00:28:28.470 align:start position:0% systematically assessed possible alternatives. 00:28:28.470 --> 00:28:28.480 align:start position:0% alternatives. 00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:30.230 align:start position:0% alternatives. Perhaps<00:28:28.880> the<00:28:29.120> lightning<00:28:29.520> discharge<00:28:30.080> came 00:28:30.230 --> 00:28:30.240 align:start position:0% Perhaps the lightning discharge came 00:28:30.240 --> 00:28:32.470 align:start position:0% Perhaps the lightning discharge came from<00:28:30.399> the<00:28:30.559> rover<00:28:30.960> itself,<00:28:31.840> but<00:28:32.080> the<00:28:32.240> sound 00:28:32.470 --> 00:28:32.480 align:start position:0% from the rover itself, but the sound 00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:35.110 align:start position:0% from the rover itself, but the sound doesn't<00:28:32.720> match<00:28:32.960> any<00:28:33.200> known<00:28:33.520> rover<00:28:33.919> noises. 00:28:35.110 --> 00:28:35.120 align:start position:0% doesn't match any known rover noises. 00:28:35.120 --> 00:28:37.110 align:start position:0% doesn't match any known rover noises. Maybe<00:28:35.360> a<00:28:35.600> grain<00:28:35.840> of<00:28:36.000> dust<00:28:36.240> hit<00:28:36.480> the<00:28:36.640> microphone 00:28:37.110 --> 00:28:37.120 align:start position:0% Maybe a grain of dust hit the microphone 00:28:37.120 --> 00:28:40.470 align:start position:0% Maybe a grain of dust hit the microphone or<00:28:37.279> his<00:28:37.600> housing<00:28:38.159> causing<00:28:38.559> the<00:28:38.799> unusual<00:28:39.440> pop, 00:28:40.470 --> 00:28:40.480 align:start position:0% or his housing causing the unusual pop, 00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:41.990 align:start position:0% or his housing causing the unusual pop, but<00:28:40.720> that<00:28:41.039> can't<00:28:41.279> account<00:28:41.600> for<00:28:41.840> the 00:28:41.990 --> 00:28:42.000 align:start position:0% but that can't account for the 00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:44.310 align:start position:0% but that can't account for the electrical<00:28:42.559> interference. 00:28:44.310 --> 00:28:44.320 align:start position:0% electrical interference. 00:28:44.320 --> 00:28:46.070 align:start position:0% electrical interference. What<00:28:44.559> else<00:28:44.720> could<00:28:44.960> the<00:28:45.120> team<00:28:45.440> do<00:28:45.600> to<00:28:45.840> test 00:28:46.070 --> 00:28:46.080 align:start position:0% What else could the team do to test 00:28:46.080 --> 00:28:48.310 align:start position:0% What else could the team do to test whether<00:28:46.480> what<00:28:46.880> Perseverance<00:28:47.520> recorded 00:28:48.310 --> 00:28:48.320 align:start position:0% whether what Perseverance recorded 00:28:48.320 --> 00:28:51.590 align:start position:0% whether what Perseverance recorded really<00:28:48.799> could<00:28:49.039> be<00:28:49.200> lightning?<00:28:50.640> Well,<00:28:51.279> they 00:28:51.590 --> 00:28:51.600 align:start position:0% really could be lightning? Well, they 00:28:51.600 --> 00:28:53.590 align:start position:0% really could be lightning? Well, they decided<00:28:52.000> to<00:28:52.159> recreate<00:28:52.559> the<00:28:52.880> conditions<00:28:53.200> of<00:28:53.360> a 00:28:53.590 --> 00:28:53.600 align:start position:0% decided to recreate the conditions of a 00:28:53.600 --> 00:28:57.110 align:start position:0% decided to recreate the conditions of a Martian<00:28:54.080> storm<00:28:54.799> here<00:28:55.039> on<00:28:55.279> Earth.<00:28:56.559> Using<00:28:56.880> a 00:28:57.110 --> 00:28:57.120 align:start position:0% Martian storm here on Earth. Using a 00:28:57.120 --> 00:28:59.269 align:start position:0% Martian storm here on Earth. Using a replica<00:28:57.520> of<00:28:57.679> the<00:28:57.919> super<00:28:58.240> cam<00:28:58.559> instrument, 00:28:59.269 --> 00:28:59.279 align:start position:0% replica of the super cam instrument, 00:28:59.279 --> 00:29:01.110 align:start position:0% replica of the super cam instrument, they<00:28:59.600> generated<00:29:00.000> a<00:29:00.240> static<00:29:00.640> charge<00:29:00.960> by 00:29:01.110 --> 00:29:01.120 align:start position:0% they generated a static charge by 00:29:01.120 --> 00:29:03.110 align:start position:0% they generated a static charge by rubbing<00:29:01.600> particles<00:29:02.080> together<00:29:02.640> and<00:29:02.880> then 00:29:03.110 --> 00:29:03.120 align:start position:0% rubbing particles together and then 00:29:03.120 --> 00:29:05.590 align:start position:0% rubbing particles together and then recorded<00:29:03.600> what<00:29:03.840> the<00:29:04.000> microphone<00:29:04.480> detected. 00:29:05.590 --> 00:29:05.600 align:start position:0% recorded what the microphone detected. 00:29:05.600 --> 00:29:08.470 align:start position:0% recorded what the microphone detected. The<00:29:05.919> result<00:29:06.320> was<00:29:07.039> incredibly<00:29:07.840> similar<00:29:08.159> to<00:29:08.320> the 00:29:08.470 --> 00:29:08.480 align:start position:0% The result was incredibly similar to the 00:29:08.480 --> 00:29:10.389 align:start position:0% The result was incredibly similar to the electromagnetic<00:29:09.360> spike<00:29:09.840> heard<00:29:10.159> by 00:29:10.389 --> 00:29:10.399 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spike heard by 00:29:10.399 --> 00:29:13.190 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spike heard by Perseverance.<00:29:11.679> After<00:29:12.000> analyzing<00:29:12.640> all<00:29:12.880> this 00:29:13.190 --> 00:29:13.200 align:start position:0% Perseverance. After analyzing all this 00:29:13.200 --> 00:29:15.750 align:start position:0% Perseverance. After analyzing all this data,<00:29:13.840> the<00:29:14.080> team<00:29:14.320> concluded<00:29:14.720> that<00:29:14.960> the<00:29:15.120> 55 00:29:15.750 --> 00:29:15.760 align:start position:0% data, the team concluded that the 55 00:29:15.760 --> 00:29:17.909 align:start position:0% data, the team concluded that the 55 mysterious<00:29:16.240> pops<00:29:16.720> were<00:29:16.880> best<00:29:17.200> explained<00:29:17.760> by 00:29:17.909 --> 00:29:17.919 align:start position:0% mysterious pops were best explained by 00:29:17.919 --> 00:29:20.549 align:start position:0% mysterious pops were best explained by the<00:29:18.159> electrical<00:29:18.720> discharge<00:29:19.360> of<00:29:19.760> lightning<00:29:20.240> on 00:29:20.549 --> 00:29:20.559 align:start position:0% the electrical discharge of lightning on 00:29:20.559 --> 00:29:22.230 align:start position:0% the electrical discharge of lightning on Mars. 00:29:22.230 --> 00:29:22.240 align:start position:0% Mars. 00:29:22.240 --> 00:29:24.580 align:start position:0% Mars. And<00:29:22.559> that's<00:29:22.880> not<00:29:23.120> all.<00:29:23.679> In<00:29:23.919> February<00:29:24.399> 2026, 00:29:24.580 --> 00:29:24.590 align:start position:0% And that's not all. In February 2026, 00:29:24.590 --> 00:29:25.669 align:start position:0% And that's not all. In February 2026, [music] 00:29:25.669 --> 00:29:25.679 align:start position:0% [music] 00:29:25.679 --> 00:29:27.590 align:start position:0% [music] another<00:29:26.080> team<00:29:26.480> added<00:29:26.880> weight<00:29:27.200> to<00:29:27.360> the 00:29:27.590 --> 00:29:27.600 align:start position:0% another team added weight to the 00:29:27.600 --> 00:29:29.990 align:start position:0% another team added weight to the argument.<00:29:28.559> While<00:29:28.880> sifting<00:29:29.279> through<00:29:29.679> a 00:29:29.990 --> 00:29:30.000 align:start position:0% argument. While sifting through a 00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:32.230 align:start position:0% argument. While sifting through a decade's<00:29:30.559> worth<00:29:30.720> of<00:29:30.880> data<00:29:31.120> from<00:29:31.360> NASA's<00:29:31.919> Mars 00:29:32.230 --> 00:29:32.240 align:start position:0% decade's worth of data from NASA's Mars 00:29:32.240 --> 00:29:33.750 align:start position:0% decade's worth of data from NASA's Mars Atmosphere<00:29:32.880> and<00:29:33.105> [music]<00:29:33.200> Volatile 00:29:33.750 --> 00:29:33.760 align:start position:0% Atmosphere and [music] Volatile 00:29:33.760 --> 00:29:36.710 align:start position:0% Atmosphere and [music] Volatile Evolution,<00:29:34.720> or<00:29:35.120> Maven<00:29:35.679> spacecraft, 00:29:36.710 --> 00:29:36.720 align:start position:0% Evolution, or Maven spacecraft, 00:29:36.720 --> 00:29:38.630 align:start position:0% Evolution, or Maven spacecraft, scientists<00:29:37.200> from<00:29:37.440> Charles<00:29:37.840> University<00:29:38.399> in 00:29:38.630 --> 00:29:38.640 align:start position:0% scientists from Charles University in 00:29:38.640 --> 00:29:40.870 align:start position:0% scientists from Charles University in the<00:29:38.799> Czech<00:29:39.000> [music]<00:29:39.120> Republic<00:29:40.000> found<00:29:40.480> one 00:29:40.870 --> 00:29:40.880 align:start position:0% the Czech [music] Republic found one 00:29:40.880 --> 00:29:43.830 align:start position:0% the Czech [music] Republic found one other<00:29:41.279> tiny<00:29:41.679> piece<00:29:41.919> of<00:29:42.080> evidence,<00:29:43.039> a<00:29:43.279> whistler 00:29:43.830 --> 00:29:43.840 align:start position:0% other tiny piece of evidence, a whistler 00:29:43.840 --> 00:29:46.549 align:start position:0% other tiny piece of evidence, a whistler wave.<00:29:44.960> On<00:29:45.200> Earth,<00:29:45.520> whistler<00:29:46.000> waves<00:29:46.320> are 00:29:46.549 --> 00:29:46.559 align:start position:0% wave. On Earth, whistler waves are 00:29:46.559 --> 00:29:48.870 align:start position:0% wave. On Earth, whistler waves are low-frequency<00:29:47.440> radio<00:29:47.840> signals<00:29:48.240> that<00:29:48.559> travel 00:29:48.870 --> 00:29:48.880 align:start position:0% low-frequency radio signals that travel 00:29:48.880 --> 00:29:50.789 align:start position:0% low-frequency radio signals that travel along<00:29:49.279> the<00:29:49.520> magnetic<00:29:49.919> field<00:29:50.159> lines<00:29:50.399> of<00:29:50.559> our 00:29:50.789 --> 00:29:50.799 align:start position:0% along the magnetic field lines of our 00:29:50.799 --> 00:29:52.470 align:start position:0% along the magnetic field lines of our planet's<00:29:51.120> magneettosphere<00:29:52.080> before 00:29:52.470 --> 00:29:52.480 align:start position:0% planet's magneettosphere before 00:29:52.480 --> 00:29:55.110 align:start position:0% planet's magneettosphere before dispersing.<00:29:53.679> But<00:29:53.840> what's<00:29:54.240> most<00:29:54.640> interesting 00:29:55.110 --> 00:29:55.120 align:start position:0% dispersing. But what's most interesting 00:29:55.120 --> 00:29:58.149 align:start position:0% dispersing. But what's most interesting about<00:29:55.360> them<00:29:55.919> is<00:29:56.240> what<00:29:56.559> creates<00:29:56.880> them.<00:29:57.840> They 00:29:58.149 --> 00:29:58.159 align:start position:0% about them is what creates them. They 00:29:58.159 --> 00:30:02.149 align:start position:0% about them is what creates them. They are<00:29:58.399> a<00:29:58.799> telltale<00:29:59.520> sign<00:30:00.159> and<00:30:00.640> arguably<00:30:01.360> proof 00:30:02.149 --> 00:30:02.159 align:start position:0% are a telltale sign and arguably proof 00:30:02.159 --> 00:30:04.149 align:start position:0% are a telltale sign and arguably proof of<00:30:02.559> lightning. 00:30:04.149 --> 00:30:04.159 align:start position:0% of lightning. 00:30:04.159 --> 00:30:05.750 align:start position:0% of lightning. We've<00:30:04.480> seen<00:30:04.720> them<00:30:04.880> on<00:30:05.200> other<00:30:05.220> [music]<00:30:05.440> planets 00:30:05.750 --> 00:30:05.760 align:start position:0% We've seen them on other [music] planets 00:30:05.760 --> 00:30:07.909 align:start position:0% We've seen them on other [music] planets with<00:30:06.000> both<00:30:06.399> strong<00:30:06.720> magnetic<00:30:07.200> fields<00:30:07.600> and 00:30:07.909 --> 00:30:07.919 align:start position:0% with both strong magnetic fields and 00:30:07.919 --> 00:30:10.149 align:start position:0% with both strong magnetic fields and atmospheric<00:30:08.640> electrical<00:30:09.120> discharges, 00:30:10.149 --> 00:30:10.159 align:start position:0% atmospheric electrical discharges, 00:30:10.159 --> 00:30:12.470 align:start position:0% atmospheric electrical discharges, Jupiter,<00:30:10.880> Saturn,<00:30:11.095> [music]<00:30:11.200> and<00:30:11.440> Neptune, 00:30:12.470 --> 00:30:12.480 align:start position:0% Jupiter, Saturn, [music] and Neptune, 00:30:12.480 --> 00:30:16.630 align:start position:0% Jupiter, Saturn, [music] and Neptune, but<00:30:12.799> never<00:30:13.120> before<00:30:13.600> on<00:30:13.919> Mars.<00:30:15.120> Why?<00:30:16.000> Well, 00:30:16.630 --> 00:30:16.640 align:start position:0% but never before on Mars. Why? Well, 00:30:16.640 --> 00:30:18.310 align:start position:0% but never before on Mars. Why? Well, Mars<00:30:17.039> doesn't<00:30:17.360> have<00:30:17.679> a<00:30:17.919> global 00:30:18.310 --> 00:30:18.320 align:start position:0% Mars doesn't have a global 00:30:18.320 --> 00:30:20.549 align:start position:0% Mars doesn't have a global magneettosphere<00:30:19.120> like<00:30:19.360> these<00:30:19.679> other<00:30:19.840> planets 00:30:20.549 --> 00:30:20.559 align:start position:0% magneettosphere like these other planets 00:30:20.559 --> 00:30:22.149 align:start position:0% magneettosphere like these other planets because<00:30:20.880> the<00:30:21.039> internal<00:30:21.520> activity<00:30:21.919> that 00:30:22.149 --> 00:30:22.159 align:start position:0% because the internal activity that 00:30:22.159 --> 00:30:24.549 align:start position:0% because the internal activity that creates<00:30:22.559> them<00:30:23.120> stopped<00:30:23.679> billions<00:30:24.159> of<00:30:24.320> years 00:30:24.549 --> 00:30:24.559 align:start position:0% creates them stopped billions of years 00:30:24.559 --> 00:30:27.830 align:start position:0% creates them stopped billions of years ago.<00:30:25.679> What<00:30:25.840> it<00:30:26.080> does<00:30:26.240> have,<00:30:26.640> however,<00:30:27.279> is 00:30:27.830 --> 00:30:27.840 align:start position:0% ago. What it does have, however, is 00:30:27.840 --> 00:30:31.750 align:start position:0% ago. What it does have, however, is localized<00:30:28.640> custic<00:30:29.679> fields.<00:30:30.720> These<00:30:31.120> are<00:30:31.440> much 00:30:31.750 --> 00:30:31.760 align:start position:0% localized custic fields. These are much 00:30:31.760 --> 00:30:33.430 align:start position:0% localized custic fields. These are much stronger<00:30:32.080> in<00:30:32.320> the<00:30:32.399> southern<00:30:32.720> hemisphere<00:30:33.200> than 00:30:33.430 --> 00:30:33.440 align:start position:0% stronger in the southern hemisphere than 00:30:33.440 --> 00:30:35.830 align:start position:0% stronger in the southern hemisphere than the<00:30:33.600> north.<00:30:34.320> And<00:30:34.480> it's<00:30:34.720> now<00:30:34.960> thought<00:30:35.360> whistler 00:30:35.830 --> 00:30:35.840 align:start position:0% the north. And it's now thought whistler 00:30:35.840 --> 00:30:38.230 align:start position:0% the north. And it's now thought whistler waves<00:30:36.240> can<00:30:36.399> travel<00:30:36.799> along<00:30:37.120> these<00:30:37.440> field<00:30:37.679> lines 00:30:38.230 --> 00:30:38.240 align:start position:0% waves can travel along these field lines 00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:40.549 align:start position:0% waves can travel along these field lines when<00:30:38.640> lightning<00:30:39.279> like<00:30:39.520> activity<00:30:40.000> in<00:30:40.320> dust 00:30:40.549 --> 00:30:40.559 align:start position:0% when lightning like activity in dust 00:30:40.559 --> 00:30:43.190 align:start position:0% when lightning like activity in dust storms<00:30:41.279> takes<00:30:41.679> place. 00:30:43.190 --> 00:30:43.200 align:start position:0% storms takes place. 00:30:43.200 --> 00:30:45.990 align:start position:0% storms takes place. The<00:30:43.440> question<00:30:43.760> now<00:30:44.000> becomes,<00:30:45.039> is<00:30:45.279> this<00:30:45.600> a 00:30:45.990 --> 00:30:46.000 align:start position:0% The question now becomes, is this a 00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:48.070 align:start position:0% The question now becomes, is this a common<00:30:46.480> occurrence? 00:30:48.070 --> 00:30:48.080 align:start position:0% common occurrence? 00:30:48.080 --> 00:30:51.750 align:start position:0% common occurrence? So<00:30:48.320> far,<00:30:48.880> out<00:30:49.120> of<00:30:49.279> more<00:30:49.520> than<00:30:50.080> 100,000<00:30:51.279> MVA 00:30:51.750 --> 00:30:51.760 align:start position:0% So far, out of more than 100,000 MVA 00:30:51.760 --> 00:30:54.549 align:start position:0% So far, out of more than 100,000 MVA data<00:30:52.080> points,<00:30:52.720> the<00:30:52.960> team<00:30:53.200> has<00:30:53.440> only<00:30:53.679> found<00:30:54.159> one 00:30:54.549 --> 00:30:54.559 align:start position:0% data points, the team has only found one 00:30:54.559 --> 00:30:57.510 align:start position:0% data points, the team has only found one whistler<00:30:55.039> wave<00:30:55.360> in<00:30:55.600> Mars's<00:30:56.320> ionosphere,<00:30:57.360> and 00:30:57.510 --> 00:30:57.520 align:start position:0% whistler wave in Mars's ionosphere, and 00:30:57.520 --> 00:31:01.990 align:start position:0% whistler wave in Mars's ionosphere, and it<00:30:57.760> lasted<00:30:58.480> just<00:30:59.039> 0.4<00:30:59.840> 4<00:31:00.159> seconds.<00:31:01.440> It's<00:31:01.760> only 00:31:01.990 --> 00:31:02.000 align:start position:0% it lasted just 0.4 4 seconds. It's only 00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:03.990 align:start position:0% it lasted just 0.4 4 seconds. It's only in<00:31:02.240> very<00:31:02.640> specific<00:31:03.120> conditions<00:31:03.520> that<00:31:03.760> these 00:31:03.990 --> 00:31:04.000 align:start position:0% in very specific conditions that these 00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:06.470 align:start position:0% in very specific conditions that these waves<00:31:04.320> can<00:31:04.559> be<00:31:04.720> created<00:31:05.360> given<00:31:05.679> the<00:31:05.919> transient 00:31:06.470 --> 00:31:06.480 align:start position:0% waves can be created given the transient 00:31:06.480 --> 00:31:08.950 align:start position:0% waves can be created given the transient nature<00:31:06.799> of<00:31:07.039> Mars's<00:31:07.520> magnetic<00:31:08.000> fields.<00:31:08.720> And 00:31:08.950 --> 00:31:08.960 align:start position:0% nature of Mars's magnetic fields. And 00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:11.110 align:start position:0% nature of Mars's magnetic fields. And Maven<00:31:09.360> has<00:31:09.600> to<00:31:09.760> be<00:31:09.840> in<00:31:10.159> exactly<00:31:10.720> the<00:31:10.960> right 00:31:11.110 --> 00:31:11.120 align:start position:0% Maven has to be in exactly the right 00:31:11.120 --> 00:31:13.909 align:start position:0% Maven has to be in exactly the right place<00:31:11.520> at<00:31:11.840> the<00:31:12.000> right<00:31:12.240> time,<00:31:12.799> which<00:31:13.120> is<00:31:13.279> hard 00:31:13.909 --> 00:31:13.919 align:start position:0% place at the right time, which is hard 00:31:13.919 --> 00:31:17.029 align:start position:0% place at the right time, which is hard if<00:31:14.240> not<00:31:14.559> impossible<00:31:15.200> to<00:31:15.440> predict. 00:31:17.029 --> 00:31:17.039 align:start position:0% if not impossible to predict. 00:31:17.039 --> 00:31:19.029 align:start position:0% if not impossible to predict. But<00:31:17.200> just<00:31:17.440> because<00:31:17.760> we<00:31:18.000> don't<00:31:18.240> see<00:31:18.399> it<00:31:18.640> all<00:31:18.799> the 00:31:19.029 --> 00:31:19.039 align:start position:0% But just because we don't see it all the 00:31:19.039 --> 00:31:22.149 align:start position:0% But just because we don't see it all the time<00:31:19.440> doesn't<00:31:19.840> mean<00:31:20.000> it's<00:31:20.320> not<00:31:20.559> there.<00:31:21.679> This 00:31:22.149 --> 00:31:22.159 align:start position:0% time doesn't mean it's not there. This 00:31:22.159 --> 00:31:24.549 align:start position:0% time doesn't mean it's not there. This fleeting<00:31:22.880> signal<00:31:23.760> combined<00:31:24.159> with<00:31:24.456> [music] 00:31:24.549 --> 00:31:24.559 align:start position:0% fleeting signal combined with [music] 00:31:24.559 --> 00:31:27.269 align:start position:0% fleeting signal combined with [music] Perseverance's<00:31:25.440> discoveries<00:31:26.399> is<00:31:26.640> telling<00:31:26.960> us 00:31:27.269 --> 00:31:27.279 align:start position:0% Perseverance's discoveries is telling us 00:31:27.279 --> 00:31:30.070 align:start position:0% Perseverance's discoveries is telling us that<00:31:27.520> there<00:31:27.840> is<00:31:28.159> almost<00:31:28.720> certainly<00:31:29.600> lightning 00:31:30.070 --> 00:31:30.080 align:start position:0% that there is almost certainly lightning 00:31:30.080 --> 00:31:33.029 align:start position:0% that there is almost certainly lightning there.<00:31:31.360> Martian<00:31:31.840> lightning<00:31:32.399> may<00:31:32.640> not<00:31:32.799> be 00:31:33.029 --> 00:31:33.039 align:start position:0% there. Martian lightning may not be 00:31:33.039 --> 00:31:35.669 align:start position:0% there. Martian lightning may not be powerful<00:31:33.440> bolts<00:31:33.919> like<00:31:34.080> those<00:31:34.320> seen<00:31:34.559> on<00:31:34.799> Earth. 00:31:35.669 --> 00:31:35.679 align:start position:0% powerful bolts like those seen on Earth. 00:31:35.679 --> 00:31:38.710 align:start position:0% powerful bolts like those seen on Earth. It's<00:31:36.080> closer<00:31:36.480> to<00:31:36.720> a<00:31:36.960> static<00:31:37.440> charge,<00:31:38.240> the<00:31:38.480> kind 00:31:38.710 --> 00:31:38.720 align:start position:0% It's closer to a static charge, the kind 00:31:38.720 --> 00:31:40.950 align:start position:0% It's closer to a static charge, the kind you<00:31:38.960> get<00:31:39.200> when<00:31:39.440> you<00:31:39.600> walk<00:31:39.840> across<00:31:40.159> a<00:31:40.399> carpet<00:31:40.720> in 00:31:40.950 --> 00:31:40.960 align:start position:0% you get when you walk across a carpet in 00:31:40.960 --> 00:31:43.830 align:start position:0% you get when you walk across a carpet in socks<00:31:41.279> and<00:31:41.519> then<00:31:41.760> touch<00:31:42.000> a<00:31:42.240> metal<00:31:42.559> doornob. 00:31:43.830 --> 00:31:43.840 align:start position:0% socks and then touch a metal doornob. 00:31:43.840 --> 00:31:46.310 align:start position:0% socks and then touch a metal doornob. But<00:31:44.000> with<00:31:44.320> so<00:31:44.640> many<00:31:44.880> storms<00:31:45.360> and<00:31:45.600> dust<00:31:45.919> devils 00:31:46.310 --> 00:31:46.320 align:start position:0% But with so many storms and dust devils 00:31:46.320 --> 00:31:48.950 align:start position:0% But with so many storms and dust devils raging<00:31:46.880> across<00:31:47.279> the<00:31:47.519> surface,<00:31:48.320> it's<00:31:48.640> likely 00:31:48.950 --> 00:31:48.960 align:start position:0% raging across the surface, it's likely 00:31:48.960 --> 00:31:51.509 align:start position:0% raging across the surface, it's likely that<00:31:49.440> millions<00:31:50.000> of<00:31:50.159> these<00:31:50.559> tiny<00:31:51.039> static 00:31:51.509 --> 00:31:51.519 align:start position:0% that millions of these tiny static 00:31:51.519 --> 00:31:54.630 align:start position:0% that millions of these tiny static charges<00:31:52.000> occur,<00:31:53.039> and<00:31:53.279> that<00:31:53.600> has<00:31:54.320> big 00:31:54.630 --> 00:31:54.640 align:start position:0% charges occur, and that has big 00:31:54.640 --> 00:31:56.549 align:start position:0% charges occur, and that has big implications<00:31:55.279> for<00:31:55.519> our<00:31:55.840> understanding<00:31:56.320> of 00:31:56.549 --> 00:31:56.559 align:start position:0% implications for our understanding of 00:31:56.559 --> 00:31:59.750 align:start position:0% implications for our understanding of Mars.<00:31:57.600> You<00:31:57.840> see,<00:31:58.159> when<00:31:58.399> dust<00:31:58.799> is<00:31:59.120> electrically 00:31:59.750 --> 00:31:59.760 align:start position:0% Mars. You see, when dust is electrically 00:31:59.760 --> 00:32:02.549 align:start position:0% Mars. You see, when dust is electrically charged,<00:32:00.720> it's<00:32:01.039> easier<00:32:01.440> for<00:32:01.760> wind<00:32:02.000> to<00:32:02.159> lift<00:32:02.399> it 00:32:02.549 --> 00:32:02.559 align:start position:0% charged, it's easier for wind to lift it 00:32:02.559 --> 00:32:05.669 align:start position:0% charged, it's easier for wind to lift it up,<00:32:03.120> and<00:32:03.279> it<00:32:03.600> also<00:32:04.000> alters<00:32:04.559> how<00:32:04.799> the<00:32:05.120> particles 00:32:05.669 --> 00:32:05.679 align:start position:0% up, and it also alters how the particles 00:32:05.679 --> 00:32:08.230 align:start position:0% up, and it also alters how the particles clump<00:32:06.080> together.<00:32:07.039> So,<00:32:07.200> the<00:32:07.360> lightning<00:32:07.840> isn't 00:32:08.230 --> 00:32:08.240 align:start position:0% clump together. So, the lightning isn't 00:32:08.240 --> 00:32:10.950 align:start position:0% clump together. So, the lightning isn't just<00:32:08.480> a<00:32:08.799> product<00:32:09.200> of<00:32:09.519> Martian<00:32:09.919> weather.<00:32:10.720> It 00:32:10.950 --> 00:32:10.960 align:start position:0% just a product of Martian weather. It 00:32:10.960 --> 00:32:14.230 align:start position:0% just a product of Martian weather. It helps<00:32:11.440> drive<00:32:11.919> the<00:32:12.159> storms<00:32:12.559> themselves. 00:32:14.230 --> 00:32:14.240 align:start position:0% helps drive the storms themselves. 00:32:14.240 --> 00:32:15.830 align:start position:0% helps drive the storms themselves. The<00:32:14.480> presence<00:32:14.720> of<00:32:14.880> lightning<00:32:15.360> could<00:32:15.600> also 00:32:15.830 --> 00:32:15.840 align:start position:0% The presence of lightning could also 00:32:15.840 --> 00:32:18.230 align:start position:0% The presence of lightning could also solve<00:32:16.240> a<00:32:16.559> long-standing<00:32:17.279> mystery.<00:32:18.000> The 00:32:18.230 --> 00:32:18.240 align:start position:0% solve a long-standing mystery. The 00:32:18.240 --> 00:32:21.990 align:start position:0% solve a long-standing mystery. The origin<00:32:18.640> of<00:32:18.960> Mars's<00:32:19.600> oxidizing<00:32:20.399> chemicals. 00:32:21.990 --> 00:32:22.000 align:start position:0% origin of Mars's oxidizing chemicals. 00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:23.990 align:start position:0% origin of Mars's oxidizing chemicals. Mars<00:32:22.320> is<00:32:22.559> full<00:32:22.880> of<00:32:23.120> highly<00:32:23.519> reactive 00:32:23.990 --> 00:32:24.000 align:start position:0% Mars is full of highly reactive 00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:26.630 align:start position:0% Mars is full of highly reactive substances<00:32:24.640> known<00:32:24.880> as<00:32:25.279> oxidants.<00:32:26.399> For 00:32:26.630 --> 00:32:26.640 align:start position:0% substances known as oxidants. For 00:32:26.640 --> 00:32:28.149 align:start position:0% substances known as oxidants. For decades,<00:32:27.039> scientists<00:32:27.519> have<00:32:27.679> been<00:32:27.840> detecting 00:32:28.149 --> 00:32:28.159 align:start position:0% decades, scientists have been detecting 00:32:28.159 --> 00:32:30.789 align:start position:0% decades, scientists have been detecting them<00:32:28.399> in<00:32:28.559> Martian<00:32:29.039> soil<00:32:29.360> and<00:32:29.679> atmosphere.<00:32:30.640> But 00:32:30.789 --> 00:32:30.799 align:start position:0% them in Martian soil and atmosphere. But 00:32:30.799 --> 00:32:32.789 align:start position:0% them in Martian soil and atmosphere. But until<00:32:31.120> now,<00:32:31.360> they<00:32:31.600> couldn't<00:32:31.840> fully<00:32:32.240> explain 00:32:32.789 --> 00:32:32.799 align:start position:0% until now, they couldn't fully explain 00:32:32.799 --> 00:32:35.269 align:start position:0% until now, they couldn't fully explain how<00:32:33.120> they<00:32:33.360> were<00:32:33.519> being<00:32:33.840> produced.<00:32:34.799> These 00:32:35.269 --> 00:32:35.279 align:start position:0% how they were being produced. These 00:32:35.279 --> 00:32:37.830 align:start position:0% how they were being produced. These newly<00:32:35.679> discovered<00:32:36.159> electrical<00:32:36.720> discharges 00:32:37.830 --> 00:32:37.840 align:start position:0% newly discovered electrical discharges 00:32:37.840 --> 00:32:40.789 align:start position:0% newly discovered electrical discharges may<00:32:38.240> provide<00:32:38.640> the<00:32:38.880> missing<00:32:39.279> mechanism.<00:32:40.480> Even 00:32:40.789 --> 00:32:40.799 align:start position:0% may provide the missing mechanism. Even 00:32:40.799 --> 00:32:42.710 align:start position:0% may provide the missing mechanism. Even though<00:32:41.039> Martian<00:32:41.440> lightning<00:32:41.840> is<00:32:42.080> far<00:32:42.320> weaker 00:32:42.710 --> 00:32:42.720 align:start position:0% though Martian lightning is far weaker 00:32:42.720 --> 00:32:44.789 align:start position:0% though Martian lightning is far weaker than<00:32:42.880> Earth's,<00:32:43.600> it<00:32:43.840> still<00:32:44.159> carries<00:32:44.480> enough 00:32:44.789 --> 00:32:44.799 align:start position:0% than Earth's, it still carries enough 00:32:44.799 --> 00:32:47.110 align:start position:0% than Earth's, it still carries enough energy<00:32:45.200> to<00:32:45.440> break<00:32:45.760> molecules<00:32:46.320> apart<00:32:46.799> and 00:32:47.110 --> 00:32:47.120 align:start position:0% energy to break molecules apart and 00:32:47.120 --> 00:32:49.509 align:start position:0% energy to break molecules apart and create<00:32:47.440> new<00:32:47.679> ones,<00:32:48.399> including<00:32:48.960> hydrogen 00:32:49.509 --> 00:32:49.519 align:start position:0% create new ones, including hydrogen 00:32:49.519 --> 00:32:52.870 align:start position:0% create new ones, including hydrogen peroxide<00:32:50.559> and<00:32:51.039> perchlorates,<00:32:52.159> both<00:32:52.399> of<00:32:52.559> which 00:32:52.870 --> 00:32:52.880 align:start position:0% peroxide and perchlorates, both of which 00:32:52.880 --> 00:32:56.389 align:start position:0% peroxide and perchlorates, both of which are<00:32:53.200> found<00:32:53.519> in<00:32:53.840> abundance<00:32:54.480> on<00:32:54.799> Mars.<00:32:55.840> This<00:32:56.080> has 00:32:56.389 --> 00:32:56.399 align:start position:0% are found in abundance on Mars. This has 00:32:56.399 --> 00:32:58.230 align:start position:0% are found in abundance on Mars. This has important<00:32:56.960> implications<00:32:57.519> for<00:32:57.760> the<00:32:57.919> search<00:32:58.080> of 00:32:58.230 --> 00:32:58.240 align:start position:0% important implications for the search of 00:32:58.240 --> 00:33:00.950 align:start position:0% important implications for the search of life<00:32:58.799> because<00:32:59.200> these<00:32:59.679> harsh<00:33:00.080> oxidants 00:33:00.950 --> 00:33:00.960 align:start position:0% life because these harsh oxidants 00:33:00.960 --> 00:33:03.509 align:start position:0% life because these harsh oxidants rapidly<00:33:01.519> destroy<00:33:02.000> organic<00:33:02.480> molecules, 00:33:03.509 --> 00:33:03.519 align:start position:0% rapidly destroy organic molecules, 00:33:03.519 --> 00:33:06.470 align:start position:0% rapidly destroy organic molecules, effectively<00:33:04.159> sterilizing<00:33:04.880> the<00:33:05.120> surface.<00:33:06.159> So, 00:33:06.470 --> 00:33:06.480 align:start position:0% effectively sterilizing the surface. So, 00:33:06.480 --> 00:33:09.110 align:start position:0% effectively sterilizing the surface. So, even<00:33:06.799> if<00:33:07.200> Mars<00:33:07.600> once<00:33:07.919> hosted<00:33:08.320> life,<00:33:08.880> the 00:33:09.110 --> 00:33:09.120 align:start position:0% even if Mars once hosted life, the 00:33:09.120 --> 00:33:11.509 align:start position:0% even if Mars once hosted life, the chemical<00:33:09.519> traces<00:33:10.000> it<00:33:10.320> left<00:33:10.559> behind<00:33:11.279> could 00:33:11.509 --> 00:33:11.519 align:start position:0% chemical traces it left behind could 00:33:11.519 --> 00:33:14.950 align:start position:0% chemical traces it left behind could have<00:33:11.760> been<00:33:11.919> altered<00:33:12.480> or<00:33:12.880> erased.<00:33:14.240> To<00:33:14.399> have<00:33:14.640> any 00:33:14.950 --> 00:33:14.960 align:start position:0% have been altered or erased. To have any 00:33:14.960 --> 00:33:16.870 align:start position:0% have been altered or erased. To have any realistic<00:33:15.679> chance<00:33:15.919> of<00:33:16.080> finding<00:33:16.399> evidence<00:33:16.720> of 00:33:16.870 --> 00:33:16.880 align:start position:0% realistic chance of finding evidence of 00:33:16.880 --> 00:33:19.110 align:start position:0% realistic chance of finding evidence of life<00:33:17.120> on<00:33:17.279> Mars,<00:33:18.000> future<00:33:18.399> missions<00:33:18.720> will<00:33:18.960> need 00:33:19.110 --> 00:33:19.120 align:start position:0% life on Mars, future missions will need 00:33:19.120 --> 00:33:21.669 align:start position:0% life on Mars, future missions will need to<00:33:19.360> look<00:33:19.679> below<00:33:20.159> the<00:33:20.399> surface,<00:33:21.120> targeting 00:33:21.669 --> 00:33:21.679 align:start position:0% to look below the surface, targeting 00:33:21.679 --> 00:33:24.389 align:start position:0% to look below the surface, targeting rocks<00:33:22.159> and<00:33:22.480> sediments<00:33:22.960> that<00:33:23.120> are<00:33:23.360> protected, 00:33:24.389 --> 00:33:24.399 align:start position:0% rocks and sediments that are protected, 00:33:24.399 --> 00:33:27.110 align:start position:0% rocks and sediments that are protected, buried,<00:33:24.960> or<00:33:25.440> shielded<00:33:26.080> from<00:33:26.320> the<00:33:26.559> harsh 00:33:27.110 --> 00:33:27.120 align:start position:0% buried, or shielded from the harsh 00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:30.230 align:start position:0% buried, or shielded from the harsh oxidizing<00:33:28.000> environment<00:33:28.559> on<00:33:28.799> the<00:33:28.960> surface. 00:33:30.230 --> 00:33:30.240 align:start position:0% oxidizing environment on the surface. 00:33:30.240 --> 00:33:33.190 align:start position:0% oxidizing environment on the surface. But<00:33:30.720> that's<00:33:31.039> not<00:33:31.279> all.<00:33:32.080> The<00:33:32.320> discovery<00:33:32.880> also 00:33:33.190 --> 00:33:33.200 align:start position:0% But that's not all. The discovery also 00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:35.750 align:start position:0% But that's not all. The discovery also has<00:33:33.440> implications<00:33:34.000> for<00:33:34.399> Perseverance<00:33:35.519> as 00:33:35.750 --> 00:33:35.760 align:start position:0% has implications for Perseverance as 00:33:35.760 --> 00:33:37.830 align:start position:0% has implications for Perseverance as well<00:33:35.919> as<00:33:36.240> other<00:33:36.640> rovers<00:33:37.200> active<00:33:37.519> on<00:33:37.679> the 00:33:37.830 --> 00:33:37.840 align:start position:0% well as other rovers active on the 00:33:37.840 --> 00:33:40.310 align:start position:0% well as other rovers active on the surface<00:33:38.880> because<00:33:39.200> when<00:33:39.519> dust<00:33:39.919> is 00:33:40.310 --> 00:33:40.320 align:start position:0% surface because when dust is 00:33:40.320 --> 00:33:43.830 align:start position:0% surface because when dust is electrically<00:33:41.039> charged,<00:33:42.000> it<00:33:42.240> becomes<00:33:42.720> clingy. 00:33:43.830 --> 00:33:43.840 align:start position:0% electrically charged, it becomes clingy. 00:33:43.840 --> 00:33:45.590 align:start position:0% electrically charged, it becomes clingy. If<00:33:44.000> you've<00:33:44.240> ever<00:33:44.480> accidentally<00:33:45.039> spilt<00:33:45.440> the 00:33:45.590 --> 00:33:45.600 align:start position:0% If you've ever accidentally spilt the 00:33:45.600 --> 00:33:47.830 align:start position:0% If you've ever accidentally spilt the contents<00:33:45.919> of<00:33:46.000> a<00:33:46.240> bean<00:33:46.480> bag,<00:33:47.039> you'll<00:33:47.279> know<00:33:47.519> how 00:33:47.830 --> 00:33:47.840 align:start position:0% contents of a bean bag, you'll know how 00:33:47.840 --> 00:33:50.230 align:start position:0% contents of a bean bag, you'll know how clingy<00:33:48.320> those<00:33:48.559> tiny<00:33:48.880> polyyrene<00:33:49.679> beads<00:33:50.000> can 00:33:50.230 --> 00:33:50.240 align:start position:0% clingy those tiny polyyrene beads can 00:33:50.240 --> 00:33:52.630 align:start position:0% clingy those tiny polyyrene beads can be.<00:33:50.960> As<00:33:51.279> the<00:33:51.440> beads<00:33:51.840> collide<00:33:52.240> with<00:33:52.480> each 00:33:52.630 --> 00:33:52.640 align:start position:0% be. As the beads collide with each 00:33:52.640 --> 00:33:55.110 align:start position:0% be. As the beads collide with each other,<00:33:53.120> they<00:33:53.360> generate<00:33:53.760> a<00:33:53.919> static<00:33:54.320> charge, 00:33:55.110 --> 00:33:55.120 align:start position:0% other, they generate a static charge, 00:33:55.120 --> 00:33:56.950 align:start position:0% other, they generate a static charge, causing<00:33:55.440> them<00:33:55.600> to<00:33:55.760> cling<00:33:56.080> to<00:33:56.240> your<00:33:56.480> hands, 00:33:56.950 --> 00:33:56.960 align:start position:0% causing them to cling to your hands, 00:33:56.960 --> 00:34:00.470 align:start position:0% causing them to cling to your hands, your<00:33:57.440> clothes,<00:33:57.919> the<00:33:58.240> broom,<00:33:58.960> everything.<00:34:00.159> On 00:34:00.470 --> 00:34:00.480 align:start position:0% your clothes, the broom, everything. On 00:34:00.480 --> 00:34:02.389 align:start position:0% your clothes, the broom, everything. On Mars,<00:34:00.960> electrically<00:34:01.519> charged<00:34:01.840> dust<00:34:02.240> can 00:34:02.389 --> 00:34:02.399 align:start position:0% Mars, electrically charged dust can 00:34:02.399 --> 00:34:04.870 align:start position:0% Mars, electrically charged dust can cling<00:34:02.799> to<00:34:02.960> the<00:34:03.120> surface<00:34:03.440> of<00:34:03.600> the<00:34:03.840> rovers, 00:34:04.870 --> 00:34:04.880 align:start position:0% cling to the surface of the rovers, 00:34:04.880 --> 00:34:06.789 align:start position:0% cling to the surface of the rovers, persistently<00:34:05.679> coating<00:34:06.080> their<00:34:06.320> instruments 00:34:06.789 --> 00:34:06.799 align:start position:0% persistently coating their instruments 00:34:06.799 --> 00:34:10.069 align:start position:0% persistently coating their instruments and<00:34:06.960> solar<00:34:07.279> panels.<00:34:08.240> In<00:34:08.480> December<00:34:08.960> 2022, 00:34:10.069 --> 00:34:10.079 align:start position:0% and solar panels. In December 2022, 00:34:10.079 --> 00:34:12.069 align:start position:0% and solar panels. In December 2022, NASA's<00:34:10.639> poor<00:34:10.960> Insight<00:34:11.440> lander<00:34:11.839> had 00:34:12.069 --> 00:34:12.079 align:start position:0% NASA's poor Insight lander had 00:34:12.079 --> 00:34:14.149 align:start position:0% NASA's poor Insight lander had accumulated<00:34:12.800> so<00:34:13.119> much<00:34:13.280> dust<00:34:13.520> on<00:34:13.679> its<00:34:13.919> solar 00:34:14.149 --> 00:34:14.159 align:start position:0% accumulated so much dust on its solar 00:34:14.159 --> 00:34:17.030 align:start position:0% accumulated so much dust on its solar panels,<00:34:14.800> it<00:34:15.040> lost<00:34:15.359> power<00:34:15.839> completely<00:34:16.720> and 00:34:17.030 --> 00:34:17.040 align:start position:0% panels, it lost power completely and 00:34:17.040 --> 00:34:19.510 align:start position:0% panels, it lost power completely and never<00:34:17.359> powered<00:34:17.760> back<00:34:17.919> up<00:34:18.159> again. 00:34:19.510 --> 00:34:19.520 align:start position:0% never powered back up again. 00:34:19.520 --> 00:34:21.030 align:start position:0% never powered back up again. Thankfully,<00:34:20.079> the<00:34:20.240> next<00:34:20.480> generation<00:34:20.879> of 00:34:21.030 --> 00:34:21.040 align:start position:0% Thankfully, the next generation of 00:34:21.040 --> 00:34:23.669 align:start position:0% Thankfully, the next generation of landers<00:34:21.599> are<00:34:21.919> already<00:34:22.399> in<00:34:22.560> the<00:34:22.720> works<00:34:22.960> with 00:34:23.669 --> 00:34:23.679 align:start position:0% landers are already in the works with 00:34:23.679 --> 00:34:25.909 align:start position:0% landers are already in the works with Rosalyn<00:34:24.159> Franklin<00:34:24.639> rover<00:34:25.119> currently<00:34:25.520> due<00:34:25.760> to 00:34:25.909 --> 00:34:25.919 align:start position:0% Rosalyn Franklin rover currently due to 00:34:25.919 --> 00:34:29.589 align:start position:0% Rosalyn Franklin rover currently due to launch<00:34:26.240> in<00:34:26.480> 2028<00:34:27.839> and<00:34:28.079> ISRO<00:34:28.800> developing<00:34:29.280> the 00:34:29.589 --> 00:34:29.599 align:start position:0% launch in 2028 and ISRO developing the 00:34:29.599 --> 00:34:31.990 align:start position:0% launch in 2028 and ISRO developing the Mars<00:34:30.000> lander<00:34:30.480> mission,<00:34:31.200> also<00:34:31.440> known<00:34:31.679> as 00:34:31.990 --> 00:34:32.000 align:start position:0% Mars lander mission, also known as 00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:34.869 align:start position:0% Mars lander mission, also known as Mangalian<00:34:32.720> 2,<00:34:33.440> which<00:34:33.760> will<00:34:34.000> set<00:34:34.240> off<00:34:34.480> for<00:34:34.720> the 00:34:34.869 --> 00:34:34.879 align:start position:0% Mangalian 2, which will set off for the 00:34:34.879 --> 00:34:37.430 align:start position:0% Mangalian 2, which will set off for the red<00:34:35.040> planet<00:34:35.520> in<00:34:35.919> 2030. 00:34:37.430 --> 00:34:37.440 align:start position:0% red planet in 2030. 00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:39.990 align:start position:0% red planet in 2030. And<00:34:37.760> what's<00:34:38.159> arguably<00:34:38.879> more<00:34:39.119> exciting<00:34:39.520> is<00:34:39.760> the 00:34:39.990 --> 00:34:40.000 align:start position:0% And what's arguably more exciting is the 00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:42.230 align:start position:0% And what's arguably more exciting is the fact<00:34:40.079> that<00:34:40.399> in<00:34:40.560> the<00:34:40.800> future,<00:34:41.599> rovers<00:34:42.079> and 00:34:42.230 --> 00:34:42.240 align:start position:0% fact that in the future, rovers and 00:34:42.240 --> 00:34:44.389 align:start position:0% fact that in the future, rovers and landers<00:34:43.040> might<00:34:43.359> not<00:34:43.599> be<00:34:43.760> alone<00:34:44.079> on<00:34:44.240> the 00:34:44.389 --> 00:34:44.399 align:start position:0% landers might not be alone on the 00:34:44.399 --> 00:34:47.909 align:start position:0% landers might not be alone on the surface.<00:34:45.760> Both<00:34:46.159> NASA<00:34:46.639> and<00:34:47.040> SpaceX<00:34:47.599> have 00:34:47.909 --> 00:34:47.919 align:start position:0% surface. Both NASA and SpaceX have 00:34:47.919 --> 00:34:50.310 align:start position:0% surface. Both NASA and SpaceX have ambitious<00:34:48.639> plans<00:34:48.960> to<00:34:49.200> send<00:34:49.440> humans<00:34:49.839> to<00:34:50.000> Mars 00:34:50.310 --> 00:34:50.320 align:start position:0% ambitious plans to send humans to Mars 00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:53.510 align:start position:0% ambitious plans to send humans to Mars within<00:34:50.720> the<00:34:50.879> next<00:34:51.040> decade.<00:34:52.399> In<00:34:52.639> fact,<00:34:52.960> SpaceX 00:34:53.510 --> 00:34:53.520 align:start position:0% within the next decade. In fact, SpaceX 00:34:53.520 --> 00:34:55.430 align:start position:0% within the next decade. In fact, SpaceX is<00:34:53.760> planning<00:34:54.000> to<00:34:54.159> send<00:34:54.320> its<00:34:54.639> first<00:34:54.960> Starships 00:34:55.430 --> 00:34:55.440 align:start position:0% is planning to send its first Starships 00:34:55.440 --> 00:34:58.790 align:start position:0% is planning to send its first Starships to<00:34:55.599> the<00:34:55.760> red<00:34:55.919> planet<00:34:56.240> at<00:34:56.480> some<00:34:56.720> point<00:34:56.879> in<00:34:57.280> 2026. 00:34:58.790 --> 00:34:58.800 align:start position:0% to the red planet at some point in 2026. 00:34:58.800 --> 00:35:00.630 align:start position:0% to the red planet at some point in 2026. And<00:34:59.040> that's<00:34:59.119> his<00:34:59.359> Arteimus<00:34:59.920> missions<00:35:00.320> to<00:35:00.480> the 00:35:00.630 --> 00:35:00.640 align:start position:0% And that's his Arteimus missions to the 00:35:00.640 --> 00:35:04.150 align:start position:0% And that's his Arteimus missions to the moon<00:35:01.200> are<00:35:01.440> well<00:35:01.760> underway.<00:35:02.960> Yes,<00:35:03.599> it's<00:35:03.920> not 00:35:04.150 --> 00:35:04.160 align:start position:0% moon are well underway. Yes, it's not 00:35:04.160 --> 00:35:06.230 align:start position:0% moon are well underway. Yes, it's not Mars,<00:35:04.800> but<00:35:05.040> their<00:35:05.280> success<00:35:05.599> will<00:35:05.839> be<00:35:05.920> vital 00:35:06.230 --> 00:35:06.240 align:start position:0% Mars, but their success will be vital 00:35:06.240 --> 00:35:08.550 align:start position:0% Mars, but their success will be vital for<00:35:06.560> testing<00:35:06.960> technologies<00:35:07.680> needed<00:35:08.079> to<00:35:08.240> send 00:35:08.550 --> 00:35:08.560 align:start position:0% for testing technologies needed to send 00:35:08.560 --> 00:35:10.710 align:start position:0% for testing technologies needed to send humans<00:35:08.960> further.<00:35:09.920> They<00:35:10.160> will<00:35:10.400> allow 00:35:10.710 --> 00:35:10.720 align:start position:0% humans further. They will allow 00:35:10.720 --> 00:35:12.950 align:start position:0% humans further. They will allow scientists<00:35:11.200> to<00:35:11.359> iron<00:35:11.680> out<00:35:11.920> any<00:35:12.240> kinks<00:35:12.640> in 00:35:12.950 --> 00:35:12.960 align:start position:0% scientists to iron out any kinks in 00:35:12.960 --> 00:35:15.589 align:start position:0% scientists to iron out any kinks in setting<00:35:13.280> up<00:35:13.680> long-term<00:35:14.480> settlements<00:35:15.280> and 00:35:15.589 --> 00:35:15.599 align:start position:0% setting up long-term settlements and 00:35:15.599 --> 00:35:18.150 align:start position:0% setting up long-term settlements and life<00:35:15.920> support<00:35:16.240> systems<00:35:16.720> on<00:35:16.960> a<00:35:17.200> world<00:35:17.680> beyond 00:35:18.150 --> 00:35:18.160 align:start position:0% life support systems on a world beyond 00:35:18.160 --> 00:35:21.349 align:start position:0% life support systems on a world beyond our<00:35:18.560> planet.<00:35:19.839> But<00:35:20.000> one<00:35:20.160> thing<00:35:20.320> the<00:35:20.560> moon<00:35:21.040> can't 00:35:21.349 --> 00:35:21.359 align:start position:0% our planet. But one thing the moon can't 00:35:21.359 --> 00:35:23.829 align:start position:0% our planet. But one thing the moon can't help<00:35:21.599> us<00:35:21.839> plan<00:35:22.160> for<00:35:22.400> is<00:35:22.800> dealing<00:35:23.200> with<00:35:23.440> this 00:35:23.829 --> 00:35:23.839 align:start position:0% help us plan for is dealing with this 00:35:23.839 --> 00:35:26.550 align:start position:0% help us plan for is dealing with this new<00:35:24.320> found<00:35:24.800> Martian<00:35:25.359> lightning.<00:35:26.240> Is<00:35:26.400> it 00:35:26.550 --> 00:35:26.560 align:start position:0% new found Martian lightning. Is it 00:35:26.560 --> 00:35:27.910 align:start position:0% new found Martian lightning. Is it something<00:35:26.800> astronauts<00:35:27.440> need<00:35:27.599> to<00:35:27.760> worry 00:35:27.910 --> 00:35:27.920 align:start position:0% something astronauts need to worry 00:35:27.920 --> 00:35:30.550 align:start position:0% something astronauts need to worry about?<00:35:28.720> The<00:35:28.960> good<00:35:29.119> news<00:35:29.359> first.<00:35:30.079> The<00:35:30.320> first 00:35:30.550 --> 00:35:30.560 align:start position:0% about? The good news first. The first 00:35:30.560 --> 00:35:33.030 align:start position:0% about? The good news first. The first human<00:35:30.880> to<00:35:31.040> set<00:35:31.200> foot<00:35:31.440> on<00:35:31.599> Mars<00:35:31.920> is<00:35:32.240> unlikely<00:35:32.800> to 00:35:33.030 --> 00:35:33.040 align:start position:0% human to set foot on Mars is unlikely to 00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:35.190 align:start position:0% human to set foot on Mars is unlikely to be<00:35:33.119> struck<00:35:33.440> down<00:35:33.599> by<00:35:33.760> a<00:35:33.839> bolt<00:35:34.079> of<00:35:34.240> lightning<00:35:34.960> as 00:35:35.190 --> 00:35:35.200 align:start position:0% be struck down by a bolt of lightning as 00:35:35.200 --> 00:35:38.310 align:start position:0% be struck down by a bolt of lightning as it<00:35:35.440> is<00:35:35.760> far<00:35:36.000> too<00:35:36.240> weak.<00:35:37.119> But<00:35:37.359> frequent<00:35:37.920> small 00:35:38.310 --> 00:35:38.320 align:start position:0% it is far too weak. But frequent small 00:35:38.320 --> 00:35:40.870 align:start position:0% it is far too weak. But frequent small electrical<00:35:38.880> discharges<00:35:39.760> could<00:35:40.240> interfere 00:35:40.870 --> 00:35:40.880 align:start position:0% electrical discharges could interfere 00:35:40.880 --> 00:35:43.589 align:start position:0% electrical discharges could interfere with<00:35:41.200> astronaut's<00:35:41.839> equipment.<00:35:43.040> So<00:35:43.280> while 00:35:43.589 --> 00:35:43.599 align:start position:0% with astronaut's equipment. So while 00:35:43.599 --> 00:35:45.349 align:start position:0% with astronaut's equipment. So while Martian<00:35:44.079> lightning<00:35:44.480> may<00:35:44.720> not<00:35:44.960> be<00:35:45.119> as 00:35:45.349 --> 00:35:45.359 align:start position:0% Martian lightning may not be as 00:35:45.359 --> 00:35:47.270 align:start position:0% Martian lightning may not be as impressively<00:35:46.000> powerful<00:35:46.400> as<00:35:46.560> the<00:35:46.720> bolts<00:35:47.119> we 00:35:47.270 --> 00:35:47.280 align:start position:0% impressively powerful as the bolts we 00:35:47.280 --> 00:35:49.430 align:start position:0% impressively powerful as the bolts we get<00:35:47.440> to<00:35:47.599> witness<00:35:47.920> here<00:35:48.079> on<00:35:48.320> Earth,<00:35:49.119> the 00:35:49.430 --> 00:35:49.440 align:start position:0% get to witness here on Earth, the 00:35:49.440 --> 00:35:51.910 align:start position:0% get to witness here on Earth, the discovery<00:35:50.240> represents<00:35:50.800> a<00:35:51.200> genuine 00:35:51.910 --> 00:35:51.920 align:start position:0% discovery represents a genuine 00:35:51.920 --> 00:35:53.430 align:start position:0% discovery represents a genuine engineering<00:35:52.480> challenge<00:35:52.880> for<00:35:53.119> future 00:35:53.430 --> 00:35:53.440 align:start position:0% engineering challenge for future 00:35:53.440 --> 00:35:55.910 align:start position:0% engineering challenge for future missions.<00:35:54.240> To<00:35:54.480> truly<00:35:54.960> understand<00:35:55.440> Martian 00:35:55.910 --> 00:35:55.920 align:start position:0% missions. To truly understand Martian 00:35:55.920 --> 00:35:57.990 align:start position:0% missions. To truly understand Martian lightning,<00:35:56.640> much<00:35:56.960> more<00:35:57.200> research<00:35:57.599> will<00:35:57.839> be 00:35:57.990 --> 00:35:58.000 align:start position:0% lightning, much more research will be 00:35:58.000 --> 00:36:00.630 align:start position:0% lightning, much more research will be needed.<00:35:58.880> But<00:35:59.119> this<00:35:59.280> chance<00:35:59.760> discovery<00:36:00.240> by<00:36:00.480> the 00:36:00.630 --> 00:36:00.640 align:start position:0% needed. But this chance discovery by the 00:36:00.640 --> 00:36:03.349 align:start position:0% needed. But this chance discovery by the Perseverance<00:36:01.200> rover<00:36:01.920> is<00:36:02.320> enough<00:36:02.560> to<00:36:02.800> open<00:36:03.040> up 00:36:03.349 --> 00:36:03.359 align:start position:0% Perseverance rover is enough to open up 00:36:03.359 --> 00:36:06.470 align:start position:0% Perseverance rover is enough to open up new<00:36:03.680> avenues<00:36:04.160> of<00:36:04.400> research<00:36:05.200> and<00:36:05.520> show<00:36:05.760> that 00:36:06.470 --> 00:36:06.480 align:start position:0% new avenues of research and show that 00:36:06.480 --> 00:36:09.510 align:start position:0% new avenues of research and show that even<00:36:06.880> after<00:36:07.280> decades<00:36:07.760> of<00:36:08.000> close<00:36:08.320> observation, 00:36:09.510 --> 00:36:09.520 align:start position:0% even after decades of close observation, 00:36:09.520 --> 00:36:12.950 align:start position:0% even after decades of close observation, Mars<00:36:10.079> keeps<00:36:10.640> surprising<00:36:11.119> us.<00:36:12.079> Who<00:36:12.400> knows<00:36:12.720> what 00:36:12.950 --> 00:36:12.960 align:start position:0% Mars keeps surprising us. Who knows what 00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:17.030 align:start position:0% Mars keeps surprising us. Who knows what the<00:36:13.119> rovers<00:36:13.520> will<00:36:13.760> discover<00:36:14.160> next? 00:36:17.030 --> 00:36:17.040 align:start position:0% the rovers will discover next? 00:36:17.040 --> 00:36:19.270 align:start position:0% the rovers will discover next? It<00:36:17.280> is<00:36:17.520> one<00:36:17.839> of<00:36:17.920> the<00:36:18.160> oldest<00:36:18.720> questions 00:36:19.270 --> 00:36:19.280 align:start position:0% It is one of the oldest questions 00:36:19.280 --> 00:36:22.230 align:start position:0% It is one of the oldest questions mankind<00:36:19.865> [music]<00:36:19.920> has<00:36:20.160> ever<00:36:20.480> asked.<00:36:21.680> Are<00:36:21.920> we 00:36:22.230 --> 00:36:22.240 align:start position:0% mankind [music] has ever asked. Are we 00:36:22.240 --> 00:36:24.950 align:start position:0% mankind [music] has ever asked. Are we alone<00:36:22.720> in<00:36:22.960> the<00:36:23.200> universe? 00:36:24.950 --> 00:36:24.960 align:start position:0% alone in the universe? 00:36:24.960 --> 00:36:27.589 align:start position:0% alone in the universe? With<00:36:25.119> a<00:36:25.359> universe<00:36:25.760> as<00:36:26.079> vast<00:36:26.400> as<00:36:26.640> ours,<00:36:27.359> could 00:36:27.589 --> 00:36:27.599 align:start position:0% With a universe as vast as ours, could 00:36:27.599 --> 00:36:29.990 align:start position:0% With a universe as vast as ours, could it<00:36:27.920> really<00:36:28.320> be<00:36:28.560> true<00:36:28.880> that<00:36:29.200> we<00:36:29.440> are<00:36:29.599> the<00:36:29.839> only 00:36:29.990 --> 00:36:30.000 align:start position:0% it really be true that we are the only 00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:33.030 align:start position:0% it really be true that we are the only ones<00:36:30.240> in<00:36:30.480> it?<00:36:31.280> Surely<00:36:31.680> there<00:36:31.920> was<00:36:32.160> some<00:36:32.480> other 00:36:33.030 --> 00:36:33.040 align:start position:0% ones in it? Surely there was some other 00:36:33.040 --> 00:36:36.150 align:start position:0% ones in it? Surely there was some other inhabited<00:36:33.760> world<00:36:34.000> out<00:36:34.240> there.<00:36:35.359> In<00:36:35.599> the<00:36:35.760> 19th 00:36:36.150 --> 00:36:36.160 align:start position:0% inhabited world out there. In the 19th 00:36:36.160 --> 00:36:37.990 align:start position:0% inhabited world out there. In the 19th century,<00:36:36.800> the<00:36:37.119> question<00:36:37.359> became<00:36:37.760> more 00:36:37.990 --> 00:36:38.000 align:start position:0% century, the question became more 00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:41.589 align:start position:0% century, the question became more specific.<00:36:39.040> How<00:36:39.359> common<00:36:39.760> was<00:36:40.079> life<00:36:40.480> exactly? 00:36:41.589 --> 00:36:41.599 align:start position:0% specific. How common was life exactly? 00:36:41.599 --> 00:36:43.670 align:start position:0% specific. How common was life exactly? Could<00:36:41.839> it<00:36:42.000> be<00:36:42.160> common<00:36:42.480> enough<00:36:42.720> to<00:36:42.960> have<00:36:43.119> arisen 00:36:43.670 --> 00:36:43.680 align:start position:0% Could it be common enough to have arisen 00:36:43.680 --> 00:36:46.550 align:start position:0% Could it be common enough to have arisen multiple<00:36:44.160> times<00:36:44.480> in<00:36:44.720> our<00:36:44.960> own<00:36:45.200> solar<00:36:45.599> system? 00:36:46.550 --> 00:36:46.560 align:start position:0% multiple times in our own solar system? 00:36:46.560 --> 00:36:49.349 align:start position:0% multiple times in our own solar system? Could<00:36:46.800> it<00:36:47.040> exist,<00:36:47.680> say,<00:36:48.320> on<00:36:48.560> the<00:36:48.800> planet<00:36:49.119> the 00:36:49.349 --> 00:36:49.359 align:start position:0% Could it exist, say, on the planet the 00:36:49.359 --> 00:36:51.910 align:start position:0% Could it exist, say, on the planet the most<00:36:49.520> similar<00:36:49.839> to<00:36:50.079> our<00:36:50.400> own?<00:36:51.280> Could<00:36:51.520> there<00:36:51.760> be 00:36:51.910 --> 00:36:51.920 align:start position:0% most similar to our own? Could there be 00:36:51.920 --> 00:36:54.630 align:start position:0% most similar to our own? Could there be life<00:36:52.320> on<00:36:52.560> Mars? 00:36:54.630 --> 00:36:54.640 align:start position:0% life on Mars? 00:36:54.640 --> 00:36:57.349 align:start position:0% life on Mars? Speculation<00:36:55.440> raged.<00:36:56.400> Sci-fi<00:36:56.880> writers 00:36:57.349 --> 00:36:57.359 align:start position:0% Speculation raged. Sci-fi writers 00:36:57.359 --> 00:36:59.670 align:start position:0% Speculation raged. Sci-fi writers imagined<00:36:57.920> entire<00:36:58.400> alien<00:36:58.880> civilizations<00:36:59.440> on 00:36:59.670 --> 00:36:59.680 align:start position:0% imagined entire alien civilizations on 00:36:59.680 --> 00:37:02.390 align:start position:0% imagined entire alien civilizations on the<00:36:59.760> red<00:37:00.000> planet.<00:37:01.119> Although<00:37:01.520> this<00:37:01.760> has<00:37:02.000> calmed 00:37:02.390 --> 00:37:02.400 align:start position:0% the red planet. Although this has calmed 00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:04.870 align:start position:0% the red planet. Although this has calmed down<00:37:02.640> in<00:37:02.880> the<00:37:03.040> last<00:37:03.200> century<00:37:03.920> as<00:37:04.160> our<00:37:04.560> first 00:37:04.870 --> 00:37:04.880 align:start position:0% down in the last century as our first 00:37:04.880 --> 00:37:06.950 align:start position:0% down in the last century as our first probes<00:37:05.280> and<00:37:05.520> satellites<00:37:06.160> went<00:37:06.400> there<00:37:06.720> and 00:37:06.950 --> 00:37:06.960 align:start position:0% probes and satellites went there and 00:37:06.960 --> 00:37:09.190 align:start position:0% probes and satellites went there and sent<00:37:07.200> back<00:37:07.440> photos<00:37:07.839> of<00:37:08.160> nothing<00:37:08.480> but<00:37:08.800> barren 00:37:09.190 --> 00:37:09.200 align:start position:0% sent back photos of nothing but barren 00:37:09.200 --> 00:37:11.829 align:start position:0% sent back photos of nothing but barren deserts,<00:37:10.079> the<00:37:10.400> question<00:37:10.880> didn't<00:37:11.280> entirely 00:37:11.829 --> 00:37:11.839 align:start position:0% deserts, the question didn't entirely 00:37:11.839 --> 00:37:15.670 align:start position:0% deserts, the question didn't entirely vanish.<00:37:12.800> It<00:37:13.119> simply<00:37:13.599> reframed<00:37:14.079> itself.<00:37:15.440> Could 00:37:15.670 --> 00:37:15.680 align:start position:0% vanish. It simply reframed itself. Could 00:37:15.680 --> 00:37:19.589 align:start position:0% vanish. It simply reframed itself. Could life<00:37:16.079> have<00:37:16.320> once<00:37:16.880> existed<00:37:17.440> on<00:37:17.680> Mars?<00:37:18.800> Not<00:37:19.040> now, 00:37:19.589 --> 00:37:19.599 align:start position:0% life have once existed on Mars? Not now, 00:37:19.599 --> 00:37:22.150 align:start position:0% life have once existed on Mars? Not now, but<00:37:19.839> in<00:37:20.000> the<00:37:20.160> ancient<00:37:20.640> past.<00:37:21.435> [music]<00:37:21.760> And<00:37:21.920> for 00:37:22.150 --> 00:37:22.160 align:start position:0% but in the ancient past. [music] And for 00:37:22.160 --> 00:37:25.030 align:start position:0% but in the ancient past. [music] And for all<00:37:22.400> of<00:37:22.640> our<00:37:22.960> inquiring,<00:37:24.000> to<00:37:24.240> this<00:37:24.400> day,<00:37:24.720> it<00:37:24.960> is 00:37:25.030 --> 00:37:25.040 align:start position:0% all of our inquiring, to this day, it is 00:37:25.040 --> 00:37:28.150 align:start position:0% all of our inquiring, to this day, it is a<00:37:25.280> question<00:37:25.520> that<00:37:25.839> only<00:37:26.240> has<00:37:26.560> one<00:37:26.880> answer. 00:37:28.150 --> 00:37:28.160 align:start position:0% a question that only has one answer. 00:37:28.160 --> 00:37:30.870 align:start position:0% a question that only has one answer. Maybe.<00:37:29.599> Thanks<00:37:29.920> to<00:37:30.079> probes<00:37:30.400> that<00:37:30.560> have<00:37:30.720> gone 00:37:30.870 --> 00:37:30.880 align:start position:0% Maybe. Thanks to probes that have gone 00:37:30.880 --> 00:37:33.030 align:start position:0% Maybe. Thanks to probes that have gone on<00:37:31.119> before,<00:37:31.680> we<00:37:31.839> know<00:37:32.000> that<00:37:32.240> liquid<00:37:32.640> water 00:37:33.030 --> 00:37:33.040 align:start position:0% on before, we know that liquid water 00:37:33.040 --> 00:37:35.750 align:start position:0% on before, we know that liquid water once<00:37:33.440> existed<00:37:33.839> on<00:37:34.079> Mars.<00:37:34.960> And<00:37:35.200> where<00:37:35.440> there<00:37:35.599> is 00:37:35.750 --> 00:37:35.760 align:start position:0% once existed on Mars. And where there is 00:37:35.760 --> 00:37:38.069 align:start position:0% once existed on Mars. And where there is liquid<00:37:36.160> water,<00:37:36.880> there<00:37:37.119> is<00:37:37.200> the<00:37:37.440> possibility 00:37:38.069 --> 00:37:38.079 align:start position:0% liquid water, there is the possibility 00:37:38.079 --> 00:37:40.710 align:start position:0% liquid water, there is the possibility for<00:37:38.400> life.<00:37:39.520> This<00:37:39.760> was<00:37:39.920> an<00:37:40.160> incredible 00:37:40.710 --> 00:37:40.720 align:start position:0% for life. This was an incredible 00:37:40.720 --> 00:37:43.589 align:start position:0% for life. This was an incredible discovery<00:37:41.200> when<00:37:41.440> it<00:37:41.599> was<00:37:41.760> made<00:37:41.920> in<00:37:42.160> the<00:37:42.320> 1970s, 00:37:43.589 --> 00:37:43.599 align:start position:0% discovery when it was made in the 1970s, 00:37:43.599 --> 00:37:46.790 align:start position:0% discovery when it was made in the 1970s, but<00:37:43.920> it<00:37:44.160> is<00:37:44.320> not<00:37:44.640> proof.<00:37:46.079> It's<00:37:46.400> a<00:37:46.560> question 00:37:46.790 --> 00:37:46.800 align:start position:0% but it is not proof. It's a question 00:37:46.800 --> 00:37:49.589 align:start position:0% but it is not proof. It's a question that<00:37:47.440> if<00:37:47.680> it<00:37:47.839> were<00:37:48.079> proved<00:37:48.480> positive<00:37:49.359> would 00:37:49.589 --> 00:37:49.599 align:start position:0% that if it were proved positive would 00:37:49.599 --> 00:37:52.390 align:start position:0% that if it were proved positive would forever<00:37:50.320> alter<00:37:50.800> our<00:37:51.200> entire<00:37:51.599> view<00:37:51.920> of<00:37:52.160> the 00:37:52.390 --> 00:37:52.400 align:start position:0% forever alter our entire view of the 00:37:52.400 --> 00:37:55.430 align:start position:0% forever alter our entire view of the whole<00:37:52.640> universe.<00:37:53.920> Because<00:37:54.400> if<00:37:54.640> life<00:37:54.960> arose 00:37:55.430 --> 00:37:55.440 align:start position:0% whole universe. Because if life arose 00:37:55.440 --> 00:37:58.390 align:start position:0% whole universe. Because if life arose twice<00:37:55.839> here<00:37:56.480> in<00:37:56.800> our<00:37:57.119> solar<00:37:57.440> system,<00:37:58.079> it 00:37:58.390 --> 00:37:58.400 align:start position:0% twice here in our solar system, it 00:37:58.400 --> 00:38:01.270 align:start position:0% twice here in our solar system, it almost<00:37:58.800> certainly<00:37:59.359> arose<00:37:59.839> elsewhere.<00:38:01.119> But 00:38:01.270 --> 00:38:01.280 align:start position:0% almost certainly arose elsewhere. But 00:38:01.280 --> 00:38:03.109 align:start position:0% almost certainly arose elsewhere. But until<00:38:01.599> we<00:38:01.920> find<00:38:02.240> that<00:38:02.560> first<00:38:02.701> [music] 00:38:03.109 --> 00:38:03.119 align:start position:0% until we find that first [music] 00:38:03.119 --> 00:38:05.349 align:start position:0% until we find that first [music] fossilized<00:38:03.839> example<00:38:04.320> of<00:38:04.560> life<00:38:04.800> on<00:38:05.040> another 00:38:05.349 --> 00:38:05.359 align:start position:0% fossilized example of life on another 00:38:05.359 --> 00:38:08.390 align:start position:0% fossilized example of life on another planet,<00:38:06.079> we<00:38:06.320> will<00:38:06.480> not<00:38:06.640> know<00:38:06.800> for<00:38:07.119> sure.<00:38:08.160> So 00:38:08.390 --> 00:38:08.400 align:start position:0% planet, we will not know for sure. So 00:38:08.400 --> 00:38:11.829 align:start position:0% planet, we will not know for sure. So NASA<00:38:08.880> said,<00:38:09.359> "Let's<00:38:09.839> become<00:38:10.240> sure."<00:38:11.359> This<00:38:11.680> is 00:38:11.829 --> 00:38:11.839 align:start position:0% NASA said, "Let's become sure." This is 00:38:11.839 --> 00:38:14.390 align:start position:0% NASA said, "Let's become sure." This is a<00:38:12.079> video<00:38:12.400> about<00:38:12.720> the<00:38:12.960> rover<00:38:13.440> that<00:38:13.680> went<00:38:13.920> to<00:38:14.079> go 00:38:14.390 --> 00:38:14.400 align:start position:0% a video about the rover that went to go 00:38:14.400 --> 00:38:16.069 align:start position:0% a video about the rover that went to go check 00:38:16.069 --> 00:38:16.079 align:start position:0% check 00:38:16.079 --> 00:38:18.230 align:start position:0% check I'm<00:38:16.320> Alex<00:38:16.720> Mccoan<00:38:17.440> and<00:38:17.680> you're<00:38:17.920> watching 00:38:18.230 --> 00:38:18.240 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:38:18.240 --> 00:38:20.550 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:38:19.200> Join<00:38:19.520> with<00:38:19.680> me<00:38:19.920> today<00:38:20.160> in<00:38:20.400> this 00:38:20.550 --> 00:38:20.560 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today in this 00:38:20.560 --> 00:38:22.710 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today in this super<00:38:20.880> cut<00:38:21.200> as<00:38:21.359> we<00:38:21.599> delve<00:38:22.000> into<00:38:22.240> the<00:38:22.480> first 00:38:22.710 --> 00:38:22.720 align:start position:0% super cut as we delve into the first 00:38:22.720 --> 00:38:25.190 align:start position:0% super cut as we delve into the first campaign<00:38:23.200> of<00:38:23.359> the<00:38:23.520> Perseverance<00:38:24.240> rover,<00:38:24.960> the 00:38:25.190 --> 00:38:25.200 align:start position:0% campaign of the Perseverance rover, the 00:38:25.200 --> 00:38:27.349 align:start position:0% campaign of the Perseverance rover, the NASA<00:38:25.599> machine<00:38:26.079> tasked<00:38:26.560> with<00:38:26.960> actually 00:38:27.349 --> 00:38:27.359 align:start position:0% NASA machine tasked with actually 00:38:27.359 --> 00:38:29.589 align:start position:0% NASA machine tasked with actually collecting<00:38:27.920> samples<00:38:28.400> of<00:38:28.720> fossilized 00:38:29.589 --> 00:38:29.599 align:start position:0% collecting samples of fossilized 00:38:29.599 --> 00:38:32.710 align:start position:0% collecting samples of fossilized microbial<00:38:30.320> life<00:38:30.640> on<00:38:30.880> Mars<00:38:31.599> to<00:38:31.839> return<00:38:32.160> to<00:38:32.400> us 00:38:32.710 --> 00:38:32.720 align:start position:0% microbial life on Mars to return to us 00:38:32.720 --> 00:38:35.030 align:start position:0% microbial life on Mars to return to us before<00:38:32.960> the<00:38:33.200> decade<00:38:33.486> [music]<00:38:33.599> is<00:38:33.760> out.<00:38:34.720> This 00:38:35.030 --> 00:38:35.040 align:start position:0% before the decade [music] is out. This 00:38:35.040 --> 00:38:37.990 align:start position:0% before the decade [music] is out. This could<00:38:35.359> be<00:38:35.599> the<00:38:35.839> rover<00:38:36.400> that<00:38:36.800> finally<00:38:37.520> lays<00:38:37.760> the 00:38:37.990 --> 00:38:38.000 align:start position:0% could be the rover that finally lays the 00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:40.630 align:start position:0% could be the rover that finally lays the ancient<00:38:38.400> question<00:38:38.880> of<00:38:39.359> are<00:38:39.520> we<00:38:39.760> alone<00:38:40.400> to 00:38:40.630 --> 00:38:40.640 align:start position:0% ancient question of are we alone to 00:38:40.640 --> 00:38:42.230 align:start position:0% ancient question of are we alone to rest. 00:38:42.230 --> 00:38:42.240 align:start position:0% rest. 00:38:42.240 --> 00:38:44.470 align:start position:0% rest. So,<00:38:42.880> how<00:38:43.200> did<00:38:43.311> [music]<00:38:43.359> that<00:38:43.599> first<00:38:43.920> campaign 00:38:44.470 --> 00:38:44.480 align:start position:0% So, how did [music] that first campaign 00:38:44.480 --> 00:38:46.710 align:start position:0% So, how did [music] that first campaign go? 00:38:46.710 --> 00:38:46.720 align:start position:0% go? 00:38:46.720 --> 00:38:48.630 align:start position:0% go? Perseverance<00:38:47.440> launched<00:38:47.760> on<00:38:47.920> the<00:38:48.079> 30th<00:38:48.480> of 00:38:48.630 --> 00:38:48.640 align:start position:0% Perseverance launched on the 30th of 00:38:48.640 --> 00:38:51.589 align:start position:0% Perseverance launched on the 30th of July<00:38:49.200> 2020<00:38:49.760> on<00:38:49.920> an<00:38:50.079> Atlas<00:38:50.516> [music]<00:38:50.560> 5<00:38:50.800> rocket. 00:38:51.589 --> 00:38:51.599 align:start position:0% July 2020 on an Atlas [music] 5 rocket. 00:38:51.599 --> 00:38:53.430 align:start position:0% July 2020 on an Atlas [music] 5 rocket. There<00:38:51.839> was<00:38:51.920> a<00:38:52.160> great<00:38:52.400> launch<00:38:52.720> window<00:38:53.119> around 00:38:53.430 --> 00:38:53.440 align:start position:0% There was a great launch window around 00:38:53.440 --> 00:38:55.349 align:start position:0% There was a great launch window around this<00:38:53.599> time<00:38:54.000> where<00:38:54.320> Earth<00:38:54.640> and<00:38:54.800> Mars<00:38:55.119> were 00:38:55.349 --> 00:38:55.359 align:start position:0% this time where Earth and Mars were 00:38:55.359 --> 00:38:56.950 align:start position:0% this time where Earth and Mars were aligned<00:38:55.760> just<00:38:56.079> right<00:38:56.320> for<00:38:56.560> a<00:38:56.720> quick 00:38:56.950 --> 00:38:56.960 align:start position:0% aligned just right for a quick 00:38:56.960 --> 00:38:58.630 align:start position:0% aligned just right for a quick rendevous. 00:38:58.630 --> 00:38:58.640 align:start position:0% rendevous. 00:38:58.640 --> 00:39:01.589 align:start position:0% rendevous. In<00:38:58.880> fact,<00:38:59.359> China<00:38:59.839> and<00:39:00.079> the<00:39:00.320> UAE<00:39:00.960> also<00:39:01.280> launched 00:39:01.589 --> 00:39:01.599 align:start position:0% In fact, China and the UAE also launched 00:39:01.599 --> 00:39:03.750 align:start position:0% In fact, China and the UAE also launched a<00:39:01.760> rover<00:39:02.079> and<00:39:02.320> probe<00:39:02.720> respectively<00:39:03.440> during 00:39:03.750 --> 00:39:03.760 align:start position:0% a rover and probe respectively during 00:39:03.760 --> 00:39:05.990 align:start position:0% a rover and probe respectively during this<00:39:04.000> same<00:39:04.240> launch<00:39:04.560> window. 00:39:05.990 --> 00:39:06.000 align:start position:0% this same launch window. 00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:08.390 align:start position:0% this same launch window. The<00:39:06.160> cruise<00:39:06.560> took<00:39:06.800> 7<00:39:07.119> months<00:39:07.599> and<00:39:07.920> checks<00:39:08.240> on 00:39:08.390 --> 00:39:08.400 align:start position:0% The cruise took 7 months and checks on 00:39:08.400 --> 00:39:10.150 align:start position:0% The cruise took 7 months and checks on the<00:39:08.560> system<00:39:08.880> showed<00:39:09.200> that<00:39:09.440> Perseverance<00:39:10.000> was 00:39:10.150 --> 00:39:10.160 align:start position:0% the system showed that Perseverance was 00:39:10.160 --> 00:39:12.470 align:start position:0% the system showed that Perseverance was in<00:39:10.400> good<00:39:10.560> shape<00:39:10.800> for<00:39:10.960> the<00:39:11.040> atmospheric<00:39:11.680> entry. 00:39:12.470 --> 00:39:12.480 align:start position:0% in good shape for the atmospheric entry. 00:39:12.480 --> 00:39:14.790 align:start position:0% in good shape for the atmospheric entry. Landing<00:39:12.960> is<00:39:13.200> the<00:39:13.440> most<00:39:13.760> nerve-wracking<00:39:14.560> part 00:39:14.790 --> 00:39:14.800 align:start position:0% Landing is the most nerve-wracking part 00:39:14.800 --> 00:39:17.270 align:start position:0% Landing is the most nerve-wracking part of<00:39:14.960> the<00:39:15.119> whole<00:39:15.359> journey.<00:39:16.079> The<00:39:16.320> extremes<00:39:16.800> in 00:39:17.270 --> 00:39:17.280 align:start position:0% of the whole journey. The extremes in 00:39:17.280 --> 00:39:19.430 align:start position:0% of the whole journey. The extremes in temperatures<00:39:17.760> and<00:39:18.079> speed<00:39:18.400> involved<00:39:19.040> make<00:39:19.200> it 00:39:19.430 --> 00:39:19.440 align:start position:0% temperatures and speed involved make it 00:39:19.440 --> 00:39:22.550 align:start position:0% temperatures and speed involved make it very<00:39:19.760> dangerous.<00:39:21.119> NASA<00:39:21.599> have<00:39:21.839> had<00:39:22.000> a<00:39:22.240> lot<00:39:22.400> of 00:39:22.550 --> 00:39:22.560 align:start position:0% very dangerous. NASA have had a lot of 00:39:22.560 --> 00:39:24.470 align:start position:0% very dangerous. NASA have had a lot of practice<00:39:22.880> at<00:39:23.119> it<00:39:23.359> though<00:39:23.599> and<00:39:23.920> seem<00:39:24.160> to<00:39:24.320> be 00:39:24.470 --> 00:39:24.480 align:start position:0% practice at it though and seem to be 00:39:24.480 --> 00:39:27.349 align:start position:0% practice at it though and seem to be getting<00:39:24.800> better<00:39:25.040> and<00:39:25.359> better<00:39:25.680> every<00:39:26.000> time. 00:39:27.349 --> 00:39:27.359 align:start position:0% getting better and better every time. 00:39:27.359 --> 00:39:29.430 align:start position:0% getting better and better every time. NASA<00:39:27.839> have<00:39:28.000> this<00:39:28.160> cool<00:39:28.480> visualization<00:39:29.200> on 00:39:29.430 --> 00:39:29.440 align:start position:0% NASA have this cool visualization on 00:39:29.440 --> 00:39:31.190 align:start position:0% NASA have this cool visualization on their<00:39:29.599> website<00:39:29.839> that<00:39:30.079> I<00:39:30.240> want<00:39:30.400> to<00:39:30.560> show<00:39:30.640> you 00:39:31.190 --> 00:39:31.200 align:start position:0% their website that I want to show you 00:39:31.200 --> 00:39:33.190 align:start position:0% their website that I want to show you because<00:39:31.520> I<00:39:31.839> want<00:39:31.920> you<00:39:32.160> to<00:39:32.320> appreciate<00:39:32.880> that 00:39:33.190 --> 00:39:33.200 align:start position:0% because I want you to appreciate that 00:39:33.200 --> 00:39:35.349 align:start position:0% because I want you to appreciate that landing<00:39:33.599> a<00:39:33.839> car-sized<00:39:34.480> rover<00:39:34.800> on<00:39:35.040> another 00:39:35.349 --> 00:39:35.359 align:start position:0% landing a car-sized rover on another 00:39:35.359 --> 00:39:39.030 align:start position:0% landing a car-sized rover on another planet<00:39:35.839> is<00:39:36.240> no<00:39:36.560> mean<00:39:36.880> feat.<00:39:37.920> First,<00:39:38.640> about 00:39:39.030 --> 00:39:39.040 align:start position:0% planet is no mean feat. First, about 00:39:39.040 --> 00:39:41.270 align:start position:0% planet is no mean feat. First, about 4,000<00:39:39.599> km<00:39:40.000> from<00:39:40.160> the<00:39:40.320> landing<00:39:40.640> site<00:39:40.960> and 00:39:41.270 --> 00:39:41.280 align:start position:0% 4,000 km from the landing site and 00:39:41.280 --> 00:39:45.030 align:start position:0% 4,000 km from the landing site and traveling<00:39:41.760> over<00:39:42.320> 16,000<00:39:43.200> kmh,<00:39:44.400> the<00:39:44.640> cruise 00:39:45.030 --> 00:39:45.040 align:start position:0% traveling over 16,000 kmh, the cruise 00:39:45.040 --> 00:39:47.510 align:start position:0% traveling over 16,000 kmh, the cruise stage<00:39:45.359> is<00:39:45.599> detached<00:39:46.320> and<00:39:46.640> thrusters<00:39:47.119> are<00:39:47.280> used 00:39:47.510 --> 00:39:47.520 align:start position:0% stage is detached and thrusters are used 00:39:47.520 --> 00:39:49.910 align:start position:0% stage is detached and thrusters are used to<00:39:47.680> stop<00:39:47.920> the<00:39:48.079> craft<00:39:48.157> [music]<00:39:48.400> from<00:39:48.640> spinning. 00:39:49.910 --> 00:39:49.920 align:start position:0% to stop the craft [music] from spinning. 00:39:49.920 --> 00:39:53.589 align:start position:0% to stop the craft [music] from spinning. At<00:39:50.160> an<00:39:50.320> altitude<00:39:50.800> of<00:39:51.599> 120<00:39:52.000> km,<00:39:52.800> the<00:39:53.040> craft<00:39:53.359> has 00:39:53.589 --> 00:39:53.599 align:start position:0% At an altitude of 120 km, the craft has 00:39:53.599 --> 00:39:57.349 align:start position:0% At an altitude of 120 km, the craft has sped<00:39:53.839> up<00:39:54.000> to<00:39:54.240> over<00:39:54.720> 19,000<00:39:55.520> km/h.<00:39:56.960> But<00:39:57.119> it's 00:39:57.349 --> 00:39:57.359 align:start position:0% sped up to over 19,000 km/h. But it's 00:39:57.359 --> 00:39:59.510 align:start position:0% sped up to over 19,000 km/h. But it's here<00:39:57.599> that<00:39:57.839> the<00:39:58.000> Martian<00:39:58.400> atmosphere<00:39:59.040> begins 00:39:59.510 --> 00:39:59.520 align:start position:0% here that the Martian atmosphere begins 00:39:59.520 --> 00:40:02.150 align:start position:0% here that the Martian atmosphere begins slowing<00:39:59.920> Perseverance<00:40:00.640> down.<00:40:01.680> Due<00:40:02.000> to 00:40:02.150 --> 00:40:02.160 align:start position:0% slowing Perseverance down. Due to 00:40:02.160 --> 00:40:04.230 align:start position:0% slowing Perseverance down. Due to turbulence<00:40:02.720> in<00:40:02.960> the<00:40:03.040> atmosphere,<00:40:03.680> thrusters 00:40:04.230 --> 00:40:04.240 align:start position:0% turbulence in the atmosphere, thrusters 00:40:04.240 --> 00:40:06.230 align:start position:0% turbulence in the atmosphere, thrusters are<00:40:04.480> being<00:40:04.720> used<00:40:04.960> to<00:40:05.200> keep<00:40:05.359> the<00:40:05.599> spacecraft 00:40:06.230 --> 00:40:06.240 align:start position:0% are being used to keep the spacecraft 00:40:06.240 --> 00:40:08.069 align:start position:0% are being used to keep the spacecraft steady<00:40:06.497> [music]<00:40:06.880> and<00:40:07.119> to<00:40:07.280> keep<00:40:07.520> this<00:40:07.760> heat 00:40:08.069 --> 00:40:08.079 align:start position:0% steady [music] and to keep this heat 00:40:08.079 --> 00:40:10.550 align:start position:0% steady [music] and to keep this heat shield<00:40:08.480> facing<00:40:08.800> forward<00:40:09.680> as<00:40:10.000> friction<00:40:10.320> from 00:40:10.550 --> 00:40:10.560 align:start position:0% shield facing forward as friction from 00:40:10.560 --> 00:40:12.470 align:start position:0% shield facing forward as friction from the<00:40:10.640> atmosphere<00:40:11.200> is<00:40:11.440> heating<00:40:11.839> the<00:40:12.000> shield<00:40:12.320> up 00:40:12.470 --> 00:40:12.480 align:start position:0% the atmosphere is heating the shield up 00:40:12.480 --> 00:40:16.710 align:start position:0% the atmosphere is heating the shield up to<00:40:12.640> over<00:40:13.040> 1,300°. 00:40:16.710 --> 00:40:16.720 align:start position:0% 00:40:16.720 --> 00:40:19.030 align:start position:0% Computers<00:40:17.200> on<00:40:17.440> board<00:40:17.839> are<00:40:18.160> autonomously 00:40:19.030 --> 00:40:19.040 align:start position:0% Computers on board are autonomously 00:40:19.040 --> 00:40:21.109 align:start position:0% Computers on board are autonomously monitoring<00:40:19.520> its<00:40:19.839> position,<00:40:20.560> keeping<00:40:20.880> it 00:40:21.109 --> 00:40:21.119 align:start position:0% monitoring its position, keeping it 00:40:21.119 --> 00:40:24.630 align:start position:0% monitoring its position, keeping it aimed<00:40:21.440> at<00:40:21.599> its<00:40:21.839> final<00:40:22.160> landing<00:40:22.560> goal.<00:40:24.000> At<00:40:24.320> 60 00:40:24.630 --> 00:40:24.640 align:start position:0% aimed at its final landing goal. At 60 00:40:24.640 --> 00:40:28.230 align:start position:0% aimed at its final landing goal. At 60 km<00:40:25.200> up<00:40:25.599> and<00:40:26.079> 16<00:40:26.480> km<00:40:27.040> from<00:40:27.200> the<00:40:27.440> target,<00:40:28.000> the 00:40:28.230 --> 00:40:28.240 align:start position:0% km up and 16 km from the target, the 00:40:28.240 --> 00:40:30.150 align:start position:0% km up and 16 km from the target, the atmosphere<00:40:28.720> has<00:40:28.960> slowed<00:40:29.280> Perseverance<00:40:29.920> down 00:40:30.150 --> 00:40:30.160 align:start position:0% atmosphere has slowed Perseverance down 00:40:30.160 --> 00:40:32.870 align:start position:0% atmosphere has slowed Perseverance down to<00:40:30.480> 3,000<00:40:31.040> km/h. 00:40:32.870 --> 00:40:32.880 align:start position:0% to 3,000 km/h. 00:40:32.880 --> 00:40:34.652 align:start position:0% to 3,000 km/h. Now,<00:40:33.280> this<00:40:33.440> is<00:40:33.599> where<00:40:33.839> things<00:40:34.160> start<00:40:34.400> to<00:40:34.640> get 00:40:34.652 --> 00:40:34.662 align:start position:0% Now, this is where things start to get 00:40:34.662 --> 00:40:36.710 align:start position:0% Now, this is where things start to get [music]<00:40:34.880> interesting<00:40:35.760> as<00:40:36.000> the<00:40:36.160> spacecraft 00:40:36.710 --> 00:40:36.720 align:start position:0% [music] interesting as the spacecraft 00:40:36.720 --> 00:40:38.470 align:start position:0% [music] interesting as the spacecraft was<00:40:36.960> fitted<00:40:37.280> with<00:40:37.520> a<00:40:37.760> number<00:40:37.920> of<00:40:38.079> video 00:40:38.470 --> 00:40:38.480 align:start position:0% was fitted with a number of video 00:40:38.480 --> 00:40:40.870 align:start position:0% was fitted with a number of video cameras,<00:40:39.119> giving<00:40:39.440> us<00:40:39.599> an<00:40:39.839> unprecedented<00:40:40.640> view 00:40:40.870 --> 00:40:40.880 align:start position:0% cameras, giving us an unprecedented view 00:40:40.880 --> 00:40:44.069 align:start position:0% cameras, giving us an unprecedented view of<00:40:41.040> the<00:40:41.280> landing<00:40:41.680> sequence.<00:40:42.800> First,<00:40:43.359> a<00:40:43.599> huge 00:40:44.069 --> 00:40:44.079 align:start position:0% of the landing sequence. First, a huge 00:40:44.079 --> 00:40:47.430 align:start position:0% of the landing sequence. First, a huge 21<00:40:44.720> m<00:40:45.040> parachute<00:40:45.599> was<00:40:45.839> deployed.<00:40:47.040> You<00:40:47.200> may 00:40:47.430 --> 00:40:47.440 align:start position:0% 21 m parachute was deployed. You may 00:40:47.440 --> 00:40:50.550 align:start position:0% 21 m parachute was deployed. You may notice<00:40:47.760> the<00:40:48.000> odd<00:40:48.400> pattern<00:40:48.800> in<00:40:49.119> red<00:40:49.359> and<00:40:49.680> white. 00:40:50.550 --> 00:40:50.560 align:start position:0% notice the odd pattern in red and white. 00:40:50.560 --> 00:40:52.550 align:start position:0% notice the odd pattern in red and white. This<00:40:50.800> is<00:40:50.960> useful<00:40:51.280> for<00:40:51.520> scientists<00:40:52.000> to<00:40:52.160> see<00:40:52.320> the 00:40:52.550 --> 00:40:52.560 align:start position:0% This is useful for scientists to see the 00:40:52.560 --> 00:40:54.870 align:start position:0% This is useful for scientists to see the orientation<00:40:53.200> of<00:40:53.359> the<00:40:53.520> parachute.<00:40:54.560> But 00:40:54.870 --> 00:40:54.880 align:start position:0% orientation of the parachute. But 00:40:54.880 --> 00:40:57.109 align:start position:0% orientation of the parachute. But there's<00:40:55.280> also<00:40:55.520> a<00:40:55.760> hidden<00:40:56.000> code<00:40:56.240> in<00:40:56.480> there, 00:40:57.109 --> 00:40:57.119 align:start position:0% there's also a hidden code in there, 00:40:57.119 --> 00:40:59.510 align:start position:0% there's also a hidden code in there, dare<00:40:57.520> mighty<00:40:57.920> things.<00:40:58.243> [music]<00:40:58.720> The<00:40:58.880> NASA<00:40:59.280> Jet 00:40:59.510 --> 00:40:59.520 align:start position:0% dare mighty things. [music] The NASA Jet 00:40:59.520 --> 00:41:01.510 align:start position:0% dare mighty things. [music] The NASA Jet Propulsion<00:41:00.000> Laboratory's<00:41:00.560> motto<00:41:01.040> written<00:41:01.359> in 00:41:01.510 --> 00:41:01.520 align:start position:0% Propulsion Laboratory's motto written in 00:41:01.520 --> 00:41:04.710 align:start position:0% Propulsion Laboratory's motto written in binary<00:41:02.000> code<00:41:02.640> with<00:41:02.800> the<00:41:02.960> GPS<00:41:03.520> location<00:41:03.839> of<00:41:04.079> JPL 00:41:04.710 --> 00:41:04.720 align:start position:0% binary code with the GPS location of JPL 00:41:04.720 --> 00:41:06.790 align:start position:0% binary code with the GPS location of JPL on<00:41:04.880> the<00:41:05.040> outside. 00:41:06.790 --> 00:41:06.800 align:start position:0% on the outside. 00:41:06.800 --> 00:41:10.069 align:start position:0% on the outside. At<00:41:07.119> 10<00:41:07.359> km<00:41:07.839> up<00:41:08.319> and<00:41:08.560> having<00:41:08.960> slowed<00:41:09.359> to<00:41:09.599> 600 00:41:10.069 --> 00:41:10.079 align:start position:0% At 10 km up and having slowed to 600 00:41:10.079 --> 00:41:12.870 align:start position:0% At 10 km up and having slowed to 600 km/h,<00:41:11.280> the<00:41:11.520> heat<00:41:11.760> shield<00:41:12.000> is<00:41:12.240> released, 00:41:12.870 --> 00:41:12.880 align:start position:0% km/h, the heat shield is released, 00:41:12.880 --> 00:41:14.790 align:start position:0% km/h, the heat shield is released, reducing<00:41:13.280> the<00:41:13.520> weight<00:41:13.920> and<00:41:13.963> [music]<00:41:14.240> exposing 00:41:14.790 --> 00:41:14.800 align:start position:0% reducing the weight and [music] exposing 00:41:14.800 --> 00:41:16.710 align:start position:0% reducing the weight and [music] exposing Perseverance<00:41:15.520> to<00:41:15.680> the<00:41:15.839> Martian<00:41:16.160> atmosphere 00:41:16.710 --> 00:41:16.720 align:start position:0% Perseverance to the Martian atmosphere 00:41:16.720 --> 00:41:20.390 align:start position:0% Perseverance to the Martian atmosphere for<00:41:16.960> the<00:41:17.119> first<00:41:17.359> time. 00:41:20.390 --> 00:41:20.400 align:start position:0% 00:41:20.400 --> 00:41:23.589 align:start position:0% At<00:41:20.640> around<00:41:21.040> 4<00:41:21.280> km<00:41:21.839> up,<00:41:22.319> the<00:41:22.560> spacecraft<00:41:23.200> begins 00:41:23.589 --> 00:41:23.599 align:start position:0% At around 4 km up, the spacecraft begins 00:41:23.599 --> 00:41:25.829 align:start position:0% At around 4 km up, the spacecraft begins imaging<00:41:24.079> the<00:41:24.319> surface<00:41:24.720> to<00:41:25.040> search<00:41:25.280> for<00:41:25.440> a<00:41:25.599> safe 00:41:25.829 --> 00:41:25.839 align:start position:0% imaging the surface to search for a safe 00:41:25.839 --> 00:41:29.109 align:start position:0% imaging the surface to search for a safe place<00:41:26.079> to<00:41:26.319> land. 00:41:29.109 --> 00:41:29.119 align:start position:0% place to land. 00:41:29.119 --> 00:41:31.589 align:start position:0% place to land. At<00:41:29.359> 2<00:41:29.599> km<00:41:30.079> up,<00:41:30.480> once<00:41:30.720> it's<00:41:30.960> happy<00:41:31.200> with<00:41:31.359> the 00:41:31.589 --> 00:41:31.599 align:start position:0% At 2 km up, once it's happy with the 00:41:31.599 --> 00:41:33.670 align:start position:0% At 2 km up, once it's happy with the landing<00:41:31.920> spot,<00:41:32.480> the<00:41:32.720> upper<00:41:33.040> casing<00:41:33.359> of<00:41:33.520> the 00:41:33.670 --> 00:41:33.680 align:start position:0% landing spot, the upper casing of the 00:41:33.680 --> 00:41:35.910 align:start position:0% landing spot, the upper casing of the spacecraft<00:41:34.240> separates,<00:41:35.200> leaving<00:41:35.520> just 00:41:35.910 --> 00:41:35.920 align:start position:0% spacecraft separates, leaving just 00:41:35.920 --> 00:41:37.670 align:start position:0% spacecraft separates, leaving just Perseverance<00:41:36.560> and<00:41:36.800> the<00:41:36.960> rocket<00:41:37.280> propelled 00:41:37.670 --> 00:41:37.680 align:start position:0% Perseverance and the rocket propelled 00:41:37.680 --> 00:41:40.630 align:start position:0% Perseverance and the rocket propelled descent<00:41:38.160> stage.<00:41:39.040> Rockets<00:41:39.599> are<00:41:39.760> necessary<00:41:40.319> as 00:41:40.630 --> 00:41:40.640 align:start position:0% descent stage. Rockets are necessary as 00:41:40.640 --> 00:41:42.309 align:start position:0% descent stage. Rockets are necessary as the<00:41:40.800> parachute<00:41:41.359> can't<00:41:41.599> slow<00:41:41.839> the<00:41:42.000> fall 00:41:42.309 --> 00:41:42.319 align:start position:0% the parachute can't slow the fall 00:41:42.319 --> 00:41:44.710 align:start position:0% the parachute can't slow the fall anymore.<00:41:42.960> Mars's<00:41:43.440> atmosphere<00:41:43.920> is<00:41:44.160> simply<00:41:44.480> too 00:41:44.710 --> 00:41:44.720 align:start position:0% anymore. Mars's atmosphere is simply too 00:41:44.720 --> 00:41:47.270 align:start position:0% anymore. Mars's atmosphere is simply too thin.<00:41:45.599> The<00:41:45.839> rocket<00:41:46.160> stage<00:41:46.480> slows<00:41:46.800> the<00:41:47.040> fall 00:41:47.270 --> 00:41:47.280 align:start position:0% thin. The rocket stage slows the fall 00:41:47.280 --> 00:41:50.870 align:start position:0% thin. The rocket stage slows the fall from<00:41:47.760> 300<00:41:48.160> km<00:41:48.640> an<00:41:48.880> hour<00:41:49.280> to<00:41:49.680> zero,<00:41:50.480> and<00:41:50.720> it 00:41:50.870 --> 00:41:50.880 align:start position:0% from 300 km an hour to zero, and it 00:41:50.880 --> 00:41:54.390 align:start position:0% from 300 km an hour to zero, and it hovers<00:41:51.440> 20<00:41:51.680> m<00:41:52.000> above<00:41:52.319> the<00:41:52.560> surface. 00:41:54.390 --> 00:41:54.400 align:start position:0% hovers 20 m above the surface. 00:41:54.400 --> 00:41:56.950 align:start position:0% hovers 20 m above the surface. The<00:41:54.640> rover<00:41:55.040> itself<00:41:55.520> is<00:41:55.839> then<00:41:56.079> lowered<00:41:56.560> using 00:41:56.950 --> 00:41:56.960 align:start position:0% The rover itself is then lowered using 00:41:56.960 --> 00:41:58.630 align:start position:0% The rover itself is then lowered using cabling, 00:41:58.630 --> 00:41:58.640 align:start position:0% cabling, 00:41:58.640 --> 00:42:01.030 align:start position:0% cabling, suspended<00:41:59.280> by<00:41:59.520> what<00:41:59.760> is<00:41:59.920> known<00:42:00.160> as<00:42:00.400> the<00:42:00.640> sky 00:42:01.030 --> 00:42:01.040 align:start position:0% suspended by what is known as the sky 00:42:01.040 --> 00:42:04.790 align:start position:0% suspended by what is known as the sky crane. 00:42:04.790 --> 00:42:04.800 align:start position:0% 00:42:04.800 --> 00:42:06.790 align:start position:0% And<00:42:04.960> once<00:42:05.200> it's<00:42:05.520> safely<00:42:05.839> on<00:42:06.000> the<00:42:06.160> ground,<00:42:06.640> the 00:42:06.790 --> 00:42:06.800 align:start position:0% And once it's safely on the ground, the 00:42:06.800 --> 00:42:09.270 align:start position:0% And once it's safely on the ground, the rocket<00:42:07.200> stage<00:42:07.520> cuts<00:42:07.839> loose<00:42:08.160> to<00:42:08.400> crash<00:42:08.800> a<00:42:09.040> safe 00:42:09.270 --> 00:42:09.280 align:start position:0% rocket stage cuts loose to crash a safe 00:42:09.280 --> 00:42:11.750 align:start position:0% rocket stage cuts loose to crash a safe distance<00:42:09.680> away. 00:42:11.750 --> 00:42:11.760 align:start position:0% distance away. 00:42:11.760 --> 00:42:14.790 align:start position:0% distance away. How<00:42:12.160> amazing<00:42:12.560> is<00:42:12.800> that?<00:42:13.599> And<00:42:13.920> actually<00:42:14.560> being 00:42:14.790 --> 00:42:14.800 align:start position:0% How amazing is that? And actually being 00:42:14.800 --> 00:42:19.349 align:start position:0% How amazing is that? And actually being able<00:42:15.040> to<00:42:15.280> really<00:42:15.599> see<00:42:15.839> it<00:42:16.079> is<00:42:16.480> incredible. 00:42:19.349 --> 00:42:19.359 align:start position:0% able to really see it is incredible. 00:42:19.359 --> 00:42:22.150 align:start position:0% able to really see it is incredible. After<00:42:19.680> a<00:42:20.000> 7-month<00:42:20.720> journey,<00:42:21.359> Perseverance 00:42:22.150 --> 00:42:22.160 align:start position:0% After a 7-month journey, Perseverance 00:42:22.160 --> 00:42:24.150 align:start position:0% After a 7-month journey, Perseverance landed<00:42:22.560> on<00:42:22.720> the<00:42:22.880> surface<00:42:23.200> of<00:42:23.359> Mars<00:42:23.760> on<00:42:23.920> the 00:42:24.150 --> 00:42:24.160 align:start position:0% landed on the surface of Mars on the 00:42:24.160 --> 00:42:27.430 align:start position:0% landed on the surface of Mars on the 18th<00:42:24.560> of<00:42:24.720> February,<00:42:25.440> 2021. 00:42:27.430 --> 00:42:27.440 align:start position:0% 18th of February, 2021. 00:42:27.440 --> 00:42:29.829 align:start position:0% 18th of February, 2021. Perseverance<00:42:28.160> is<00:42:28.400> NASA's<00:42:28.960> most<00:42:29.200> ambitious 00:42:29.829 --> 00:42:29.839 align:start position:0% Perseverance is NASA's most ambitious 00:42:29.839 --> 00:42:32.790 align:start position:0% Perseverance is NASA's most ambitious rover<00:42:30.319> yet.<00:42:31.040> To<00:42:31.280> give<00:42:31.440> you<00:42:31.520> a<00:42:31.760> sense<00:42:31.920> of<00:42:32.079> scale, 00:42:32.790 --> 00:42:32.800 align:start position:0% rover yet. To give you a sense of scale, 00:42:32.800 --> 00:42:35.109 align:start position:0% rover yet. To give you a sense of scale, the<00:42:33.040> thing<00:42:33.280> is<00:42:33.599> massive.<00:42:34.480> NASA<00:42:34.880> have 00:42:35.109 --> 00:42:35.119 align:start position:0% the thing is massive. NASA have 00:42:35.119 --> 00:42:37.829 align:start position:0% the thing is massive. NASA have basically<00:42:35.599> sent<00:42:35.839> a<00:42:36.000> car<00:42:36.240> to<00:42:36.480> Mars.<00:42:37.520> You<00:42:37.680> may 00:42:37.829 --> 00:42:37.839 align:start position:0% basically sent a car to Mars. You may 00:42:37.839 --> 00:42:39.990 align:start position:0% basically sent a car to Mars. You may notice<00:42:38.240> though<00:42:38.400> that<00:42:38.640> its<00:42:38.960> looks<00:42:39.359> are<00:42:39.520> heavily 00:42:39.990 --> 00:42:40.000 align:start position:0% notice though that its looks are heavily 00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:41.829 align:start position:0% notice though that its looks are heavily based<00:42:40.240> on<00:42:40.400> its<00:42:40.640> famous<00:42:41.040> predecessor, 00:42:41.829 --> 00:42:41.839 align:start position:0% based on its famous predecessor, 00:42:41.839 --> 00:42:43.349 align:start position:0% based on its famous predecessor, Curiosity. 00:42:43.349 --> 00:42:43.359 align:start position:0% Curiosity. 00:42:43.359 --> 00:42:45.430 align:start position:0% Curiosity. While<00:42:43.599> it<00:42:43.839> may<00:42:44.000> appear<00:42:44.319> almost<00:42:44.880> identical, 00:42:45.430 --> 00:42:45.440 align:start position:0% While it may appear almost identical, 00:42:45.440 --> 00:42:47.109 align:start position:0% While it may appear almost identical, there<00:42:45.680> have<00:42:45.839> been<00:42:46.079> some<00:42:46.319> major<00:42:46.640> improvements 00:42:47.109 --> 00:42:47.119 align:start position:0% there have been some major improvements 00:42:47.119 --> 00:42:49.109 align:start position:0% there have been some major improvements of<00:42:47.280> the<00:42:47.520> design<00:42:47.920> based<00:42:48.240> on<00:42:48.400> what<00:42:48.720> didn't<00:42:48.960> work 00:42:49.109 --> 00:42:49.119 align:start position:0% of the design based on what didn't work 00:42:49.119 --> 00:42:51.750 align:start position:0% of the design based on what didn't work so<00:42:49.359> well<00:42:49.520> on<00:42:49.760> Curiosity.<00:42:50.880> One<00:42:51.200> noticeable 00:42:51.750 --> 00:42:51.760 align:start position:0% so well on Curiosity. One noticeable 00:42:51.760 --> 00:42:54.150 align:start position:0% so well on Curiosity. One noticeable difference<00:42:52.079> is<00:42:52.319> the<00:42:52.560> wheels.<00:42:53.440> Curiosity's 00:42:54.150 --> 00:42:54.160 align:start position:0% difference is the wheels. Curiosity's 00:42:54.160 --> 00:42:56.230 align:start position:0% difference is the wheels. Curiosity's wheels<00:42:54.400> have<00:42:54.640> shown<00:42:54.880> some<00:42:55.119> serious<00:42:55.599> wear<00:42:56.000> so 00:42:56.230 --> 00:42:56.240 align:start position:0% wheels have shown some serious wear so 00:42:56.240 --> 00:42:59.030 align:start position:0% wheels have shown some serious wear so far.<00:42:57.359> So,<00:42:57.680> Perseverance's<00:42:58.480> wheels<00:42:58.800> are 00:42:59.030 --> 00:42:59.040 align:start position:0% far. So, Perseverance's wheels are 00:42:59.040 --> 00:43:01.910 align:start position:0% far. So, Perseverance's wheels are thicker<00:42:59.440> and<00:42:59.680> more<00:42:59.920> durable.<00:43:01.200> They<00:43:01.440> are<00:43:01.599> also 00:43:01.910 --> 00:43:01.920 align:start position:0% thicker and more durable. They are also 00:43:01.920 --> 00:43:05.430 align:start position:0% thicker and more durable. They are also less<00:43:02.240> wide,<00:43:02.720> but<00:43:03.119> have<00:43:03.280> a<00:43:03.520> larger<00:43:03.920> diameter. 00:43:05.430 --> 00:43:05.440 align:start position:0% less wide, but have a larger diameter. 00:43:05.440 --> 00:43:07.829 align:start position:0% less wide, but have a larger diameter. Another<00:43:05.920> improvement<00:43:06.400> is<00:43:06.640> its<00:43:06.960> robotic<00:43:07.440> arm, 00:43:07.829 --> 00:43:07.839 align:start position:0% Another improvement is its robotic arm, 00:43:07.839 --> 00:43:09.510 align:start position:0% Another improvement is its robotic arm, which<00:43:08.079> is<00:43:08.319> longer<00:43:08.640> and<00:43:08.880> stronger<00:43:09.200> than<00:43:09.359> the 00:43:09.510 --> 00:43:09.520 align:start position:0% which is longer and stronger than the 00:43:09.520 --> 00:43:12.230 align:start position:0% which is longer and stronger than the one<00:43:09.680> on<00:43:09.839> Curiosity.<00:43:11.200> But<00:43:11.359> the<00:43:11.520> most<00:43:11.760> notable 00:43:12.230 --> 00:43:12.240 align:start position:0% one on Curiosity. But the most notable 00:43:12.240 --> 00:43:14.550 align:start position:0% one on Curiosity. But the most notable differences<00:43:12.880> are,<00:43:13.200> unsurprisingly,<00:43:14.319> the 00:43:14.550 --> 00:43:14.560 align:start position:0% differences are, unsurprisingly, the 00:43:14.560 --> 00:43:16.870 align:start position:0% differences are, unsurprisingly, the scientific<00:43:15.119> instruments<00:43:15.599> on<00:43:15.760> board.<00:43:16.560> Because 00:43:16.870 --> 00:43:16.880 align:start position:0% scientific instruments on board. Because 00:43:16.880 --> 00:43:18.630 align:start position:0% scientific instruments on board. Because while<00:43:17.200> Curiosity<00:43:17.920> was<00:43:18.160> designed<00:43:18.400> to 00:43:18.630 --> 00:43:18.640 align:start position:0% while Curiosity was designed to 00:43:18.640 --> 00:43:20.470 align:start position:0% while Curiosity was designed to investigate<00:43:19.119> whether<00:43:19.440> Mars<00:43:19.839> was<00:43:20.079> once<00:43:20.319> a 00:43:20.470 --> 00:43:20.480 align:start position:0% investigate whether Mars was once a 00:43:20.480 --> 00:43:23.030 align:start position:0% investigate whether Mars was once a place<00:43:20.720> conducive<00:43:21.200> to<00:43:21.359> life,<00:43:22.079> Perseverance<00:43:22.800> is 00:43:23.030 --> 00:43:23.040 align:start position:0% place conducive to life, Perseverance is 00:43:23.040 --> 00:43:24.710 align:start position:0% place conducive to life, Perseverance is looking<00:43:23.359> for<00:43:23.599> actual<00:43:24.160> evidence<00:43:24.560> of 00:43:24.710 --> 00:43:24.720 align:start position:0% looking for actual evidence of 00:43:24.720 --> 00:43:27.030 align:start position:0% looking for actual evidence of fossilized<00:43:25.440> life. 00:43:27.030 --> 00:43:27.040 align:start position:0% fossilized life. 00:43:27.040 --> 00:43:29.109 align:start position:0% fossilized life. The<00:43:27.280> first<00:43:27.520> step<00:43:27.760> for<00:43:27.920> it<00:43:28.160> will<00:43:28.400> be<00:43:28.560> to<00:43:28.800> find 00:43:29.109 --> 00:43:29.119 align:start position:0% The first step for it will be to find 00:43:29.119 --> 00:43:31.829 align:start position:0% The first step for it will be to find compelling<00:43:29.680> rocks,<00:43:30.640> and<00:43:30.880> it<00:43:31.040> has<00:43:31.200> an<00:43:31.440> advanced 00:43:31.829 --> 00:43:31.839 align:start position:0% compelling rocks, and it has an advanced 00:43:31.839 --> 00:43:33.589 align:start position:0% compelling rocks, and it has an advanced suite<00:43:32.079> of<00:43:32.240> instruments<00:43:32.640> to<00:43:32.800> help<00:43:32.960> it<00:43:33.200> do<00:43:33.359> just 00:43:33.589 --> 00:43:33.599 align:start position:0% suite of instruments to help it do just 00:43:33.599 --> 00:43:36.630 align:start position:0% suite of instruments to help it do just that.<00:43:34.560> On<00:43:34.800> the<00:43:34.960> mast<00:43:35.359> is<00:43:35.520> a<00:43:35.680> powerful<00:43:36.079> camera 00:43:36.630 --> 00:43:36.640 align:start position:0% that. On the mast is a powerful camera 00:43:36.640 --> 00:43:39.109 align:start position:0% that. On the mast is a powerful camera called<00:43:36.800> the<00:43:37.040> super<00:43:37.440> cam,<00:43:37.920> which<00:43:38.240> uses<00:43:38.560> a<00:43:38.720> laser 00:43:39.109 --> 00:43:39.119 align:start position:0% called the super cam, which uses a laser 00:43:39.119 --> 00:43:42.069 align:start position:0% called the super cam, which uses a laser to<00:43:39.440> identify<00:43:39.839> the<00:43:40.079> composition<00:43:40.480> of<00:43:40.640> rocks. 00:43:42.069 --> 00:43:42.079 align:start position:0% to identify the composition of rocks. 00:43:42.079 --> 00:43:44.230 align:start position:0% to identify the composition of rocks. The<00:43:42.319> camera<00:43:42.640> itself<00:43:43.200> takes<00:43:43.520> a<00:43:43.760> photo<00:43:44.000> to 00:43:44.230 --> 00:43:44.240 align:start position:0% The camera itself takes a photo to 00:43:44.240 --> 00:43:46.069 align:start position:0% The camera itself takes a photo to visually<00:43:44.880> identify<00:43:45.200> what<00:43:45.440> the<00:43:45.599> laser<00:43:45.920> is 00:43:46.069 --> 00:43:46.079 align:start position:0% visually identify what the laser is 00:43:46.079 --> 00:43:48.550 align:start position:0% visually identify what the laser is pointing<00:43:46.319> at.<00:43:47.040> So,<00:43:47.280> it's<00:43:47.599> not<00:43:47.920> actually<00:43:48.319> this 00:43:48.550 --> 00:43:48.560 align:start position:0% pointing at. So, it's not actually this 00:43:48.560 --> 00:43:49.910 align:start position:0% pointing at. So, it's not actually this camera<00:43:48.880> that<00:43:49.119> takes<00:43:49.280> the<00:43:49.520> impressive 00:43:49.910 --> 00:43:49.920 align:start position:0% camera that takes the impressive 00:43:49.920 --> 00:43:52.309 align:start position:0% camera that takes the impressive panoramas<00:43:50.640> you'll<00:43:50.800> see<00:43:51.040> later.<00:43:51.920> However, 00:43:52.309 --> 00:43:52.319 align:start position:0% panoramas you'll see later. However, 00:43:52.319 --> 00:43:54.790 align:start position:0% panoramas you'll see later. However, this<00:43:52.480> instrument<00:43:52.960> is<00:43:53.280> really<00:43:53.680> important.<00:43:54.560> It 00:43:54.790 --> 00:43:54.800 align:start position:0% this instrument is really important. It 00:43:54.800 --> 00:43:56.630 align:start position:0% this instrument is really important. It can<00:43:54.960> analyze<00:43:55.280> a<00:43:55.440> rock<00:43:55.680> from<00:43:55.920> several<00:43:56.319> meters 00:43:56.630 --> 00:43:56.640 align:start position:0% can analyze a rock from several meters 00:43:56.640 --> 00:43:58.550 align:start position:0% can analyze a rock from several meters away,<00:43:57.200> which<00:43:57.440> means<00:43:57.599> the<00:43:57.839> rover<00:43:58.160> itself 00:43:58.550 --> 00:43:58.560 align:start position:0% away, which means the rover itself 00:43:58.560 --> 00:44:00.150 align:start position:0% away, which means the rover itself doesn't<00:43:58.800> need<00:43:58.960> to<00:43:59.040> move<00:43:59.280> within<00:43:59.599> arms<00:43:59.920> reach 00:44:00.150 --> 00:44:00.160 align:start position:0% doesn't need to move within arms reach 00:44:00.160 --> 00:44:02.470 align:start position:0% doesn't need to move within arms reach of<00:44:00.240> a<00:44:00.400> rock<00:44:00.640> it<00:44:00.880> wants<00:44:01.040> to<00:44:01.280> identify,<00:44:02.160> allowing 00:44:02.470 --> 00:44:02.480 align:start position:0% of a rock it wants to identify, allowing 00:44:02.480 --> 00:44:05.670 align:start position:0% of a rock it wants to identify, allowing it<00:44:02.640> to<00:44:02.800> move<00:44:02.960> on<00:44:03.200> to<00:44:03.359> a<00:44:03.520> new<00:44:03.680> region<00:44:04.000> quicker. 00:44:05.670 --> 00:44:05.680 align:start position:0% it to move on to a new region quicker. 00:44:05.680 --> 00:44:08.630 align:start position:0% it to move on to a new region quicker. The<00:44:05.920> 3D<00:44:06.480> panorama<00:44:07.119> cameras<00:44:07.680> are<00:44:07.920> also<00:44:08.319> located 00:44:08.630 --> 00:44:08.640 align:start position:0% The 3D panorama cameras are also located 00:44:08.640 --> 00:44:10.790 align:start position:0% The 3D panorama cameras are also located in<00:44:08.800> the<00:44:08.960> mast,<00:44:09.505> [music]<00:44:09.520> and<00:44:09.760> they<00:44:10.000> can<00:44:10.160> zoom, 00:44:10.790 --> 00:44:10.800 align:start position:0% in the mast, [music] and they can zoom, 00:44:10.800 --> 00:44:14.309 align:start position:0% in the mast, [music] and they can zoom, focus,<00:44:11.440> and<00:44:11.839> take<00:44:12.160> video.<00:44:13.359> Once<00:44:13.680> intriguing 00:44:14.309 --> 00:44:14.319 align:start position:0% focus, and take video. Once intriguing 00:44:14.319 --> 00:44:15.829 align:start position:0% focus, and take video. Once intriguing rocks<00:44:14.640> have<00:44:14.800> been<00:44:15.040> identified<00:44:15.440> with<00:44:15.680> the 00:44:15.829 --> 00:44:15.839 align:start position:0% rocks have been identified with the 00:44:15.839 --> 00:44:18.309 align:start position:0% rocks have been identified with the cameras,<00:44:16.560> Perseverance<00:44:17.200> can<00:44:17.440> move<00:44:17.599> in<00:44:17.839> closer 00:44:18.309 --> 00:44:18.319 align:start position:0% cameras, Perseverance can move in closer 00:44:18.319 --> 00:44:20.230 align:start position:0% cameras, Perseverance can move in closer and<00:44:18.560> examine<00:44:18.960> them<00:44:19.119> with<00:44:19.359> the<00:44:19.520> spectrometers 00:44:20.230 --> 00:44:20.240 align:start position:0% and examine them with the spectrometers 00:44:20.240 --> 00:44:23.270 align:start position:0% and examine them with the spectrometers in<00:44:20.400> his<00:44:20.640> arm.<00:44:22.079> There<00:44:22.240> are<00:44:22.400> two<00:44:22.640> cameras<00:44:22.960> in<00:44:23.119> the 00:44:23.270 --> 00:44:23.280 align:start position:0% in his arm. There are two cameras in the 00:44:23.280 --> 00:44:24.390 align:start position:0% in his arm. There are two cameras in the arm. 00:44:24.390 --> 00:44:24.400 align:start position:0% arm. 00:44:24.400 --> 00:44:27.589 align:start position:0% arm. a<00:44:24.720> normal<00:44:25.119> color<00:44:25.440> camera<00:44:25.920> called<00:44:26.160> Watson<00:44:27.200> and 00:44:27.589 --> 00:44:27.599 align:start position:0% a normal color camera called Watson and 00:44:27.599 --> 00:44:29.990 align:start position:0% a normal color camera called Watson and another<00:44:28.000> laser<00:44:28.480> camera<00:44:28.960> which<00:44:29.280> can<00:44:29.440> also<00:44:29.680> take 00:44:29.990 --> 00:44:30.000 align:start position:0% another laser camera which can also take 00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:33.589 align:start position:0% another laser camera which can also take microscopic<00:44:30.800> images<00:44:31.359> called<00:44:31.680> Sherlock. 00:44:33.589 --> 00:44:33.599 align:start position:0% microscopic images called Sherlock. 00:44:33.599 --> 00:44:35.670 align:start position:0% microscopic images called Sherlock. Interestingly,<00:44:34.480> I<00:44:34.720> found<00:44:34.880> these<00:44:35.200> images<00:44:35.520> in 00:44:35.670 --> 00:44:35.680 align:start position:0% Interestingly, I found these images in 00:44:35.680 --> 00:44:37.990 align:start position:0% Interestingly, I found these images in the<00:44:35.839> raw<00:44:36.079> files<00:44:36.400> of<00:44:36.560> the<00:44:36.720> cameras.<00:44:37.440> And<00:44:37.599> upon 00:44:37.990 --> 00:44:38.000 align:start position:0% the raw files of the cameras. And upon 00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:39.829 align:start position:0% the raw files of the cameras. And upon investigation,<00:44:38.800> it<00:44:39.040> turns<00:44:39.280> out<00:44:39.440> they<00:44:39.680> brought 00:44:39.829 --> 00:44:39.839 align:start position:0% investigation, it turns out they brought 00:44:39.839 --> 00:44:41.430 align:start position:0% investigation, it turns out they brought this<00:44:40.000> along<00:44:40.319> to<00:44:40.560> test<00:44:40.800> the<00:44:40.960> cameras<00:44:41.280> are 00:44:41.430 --> 00:44:41.440 align:start position:0% this along to test the cameras are 00:44:41.440 --> 00:44:43.750 align:start position:0% this along to test the cameras are focusing<00:44:41.920> well<00:44:42.400> and<00:44:42.640> that<00:44:42.880> the<00:44:43.040> laser<00:44:43.440> reads 00:44:43.750 --> 00:44:43.760 align:start position:0% focusing well and that the laser reads 00:44:43.760 --> 00:44:46.069 align:start position:0% focusing well and that the laser reads the<00:44:44.000> material<00:44:44.400> correctly.<00:44:45.599> There<00:44:45.839> are 00:44:46.069 --> 00:44:46.079 align:start position:0% the material correctly. There are 00:44:46.079 --> 00:44:47.750 align:start position:0% the material correctly. There are various<00:44:46.480> materials<00:44:46.960> on<00:44:47.119> the<00:44:47.280> rover, 00:44:47.750 --> 00:44:47.760 align:start position:0% various materials on the rover, 00:44:47.760 --> 00:44:50.390 align:start position:0% various materials on the rover, including<00:44:48.319> spaceacuit<00:44:48.960> fabric<00:44:49.920> and<00:44:50.160> some 00:44:50.390 --> 00:44:50.400 align:start position:0% including spaceacuit fabric and some 00:44:50.400 --> 00:44:52.790 align:start position:0% including spaceacuit fabric and some with<00:44:50.640> Sherlock<00:44:51.040> Holmes<00:44:51.440> Easter<00:44:51.760> eggs.<00:44:52.640> For 00:44:52.790 --> 00:44:52.800 align:start position:0% with Sherlock Holmes Easter eggs. For 00:44:52.800 --> 00:44:55.109 align:start position:0% with Sherlock Holmes Easter eggs. For example,<00:44:53.520> this<00:44:53.760> has<00:44:54.000> a<00:44:54.160> maze<00:44:54.400> on<00:44:54.560> it<00:44:54.720> with<00:44:54.960> a 00:44:55.109 --> 00:44:55.119 align:start position:0% example, this has a maze on it with a 00:44:55.119 --> 00:44:56.870 align:start position:0% example, this has a maze on it with a tiny<00:44:55.440> Sherlock<00:44:55.920> Holmes<00:44:56.319> image<00:44:56.640> in<00:44:56.800> the 00:44:56.870 --> 00:44:56.880 align:start position:0% tiny Sherlock Holmes image in the 00:44:56.880 --> 00:45:00.230 align:start position:0% tiny Sherlock Holmes image in the middle.<00:44:57.520> And<00:44:57.760> this<00:44:57.920> rock<00:44:58.160> sample<00:44:58.560> has<00:44:58.960> 221B 00:45:00.230 --> 00:45:00.240 align:start position:0% middle. And this rock sample has 221B 00:45:00.240 --> 00:45:02.470 align:start position:0% middle. And this rock sample has 221B Baker<00:45:00.720> written<00:45:00.960> on<00:45:01.119> it,<00:45:01.520> the<00:45:01.760> famous<00:45:02.160> address 00:45:02.470 --> 00:45:02.480 align:start position:0% Baker written on it, the famous address 00:45:02.480 --> 00:45:05.030 align:start position:0% Baker written on it, the famous address in<00:45:02.720> the<00:45:02.880> books.<00:45:03.839> Apparently,<00:45:04.560> one<00:45:04.720> of<00:45:04.800> these 00:45:05.030 --> 00:45:05.040 align:start position:0% in the books. Apparently, one of these 00:45:05.040 --> 00:45:07.270 align:start position:0% in the books. Apparently, one of these rock<00:45:05.359> cross-sections<00:45:06.079> is<00:45:06.480> actually<00:45:06.800> from<00:45:07.119> a 00:45:07.270 --> 00:45:07.280 align:start position:0% rock cross-sections is actually from a 00:45:07.280 --> 00:45:10.470 align:start position:0% rock cross-sections is actually from a suspected<00:45:07.839> Mars<00:45:08.160> meteorite.<00:45:09.359> If<00:45:09.680> true,<00:45:10.240> it 00:45:10.470 --> 00:45:10.480 align:start position:0% suspected Mars meteorite. If true, it 00:45:10.480 --> 00:45:12.069 align:start position:0% suspected Mars meteorite. If true, it would<00:45:10.640> be<00:45:10.720> the<00:45:10.960> first<00:45:11.119> known<00:45:11.440> instance<00:45:11.760> of<00:45:11.920> a 00:45:12.069 --> 00:45:12.079 align:start position:0% would be the first known instance of a 00:45:12.079 --> 00:45:14.309 align:start position:0% would be the first known instance of a rock<00:45:12.319> from<00:45:12.560> Mars<00:45:13.119> doing<00:45:13.359> a<00:45:13.520> full<00:45:13.839> round<00:45:14.079> trip 00:45:14.309 --> 00:45:14.319 align:start position:0% rock from Mars doing a full round trip 00:45:14.319 --> 00:45:16.950 align:start position:0% rock from Mars doing a full round trip to<00:45:14.480> Earth<00:45:14.800> and<00:45:15.119> back.<00:45:15.839> Another<00:45:16.640> of<00:45:16.800> the 00:45:16.950 --> 00:45:16.960 align:start position:0% to Earth and back. Another of the 00:45:16.960 --> 00:45:18.870 align:start position:0% to Earth and back. Another of the instruments<00:45:17.440> is<00:45:17.839> basically<00:45:18.319> a<00:45:18.560> weather 00:45:18.870 --> 00:45:18.880 align:start position:0% instruments is basically a weather 00:45:18.880 --> 00:45:20.630 align:start position:0% instruments is basically a weather station,<00:45:19.520> an<00:45:19.760> instrument<00:45:20.079> that<00:45:20.319> will<00:45:20.480> keep 00:45:20.630 --> 00:45:20.640 align:start position:0% station, an instrument that will keep 00:45:20.640 --> 00:45:22.390 align:start position:0% station, an instrument that will keep track<00:45:20.880> of<00:45:21.040> the<00:45:21.200> wind,<00:45:21.760> temperature, 00:45:22.390 --> 00:45:22.400 align:start position:0% track of the wind, temperature, 00:45:22.400 --> 00:45:25.349 align:start position:0% track of the wind, temperature, humidity,<00:45:23.040> pressure,<00:45:23.359> and<00:45:23.599> dust<00:45:23.839> levels. 00:45:25.349 --> 00:45:25.359 align:start position:0% humidity, pressure, and dust levels. 00:45:25.359 --> 00:45:27.270 align:start position:0% humidity, pressure, and dust levels. Towards<00:45:25.760> the<00:45:25.920> back<00:45:26.160> of<00:45:26.240> the<00:45:26.400> rover,<00:45:26.960> there<00:45:27.200> is 00:45:27.270 --> 00:45:27.280 align:start position:0% Towards the back of the rover, there is 00:45:27.280 --> 00:45:29.589 align:start position:0% Towards the back of the rover, there is a<00:45:27.440> ground<00:45:27.839> penetrating<00:45:28.480> radar<00:45:28.880> instrument, 00:45:29.589 --> 00:45:29.599 align:start position:0% a ground penetrating radar instrument, 00:45:29.599 --> 00:45:31.430 align:start position:0% a ground penetrating radar instrument, which<00:45:29.839> will<00:45:30.079> be<00:45:30.240> used<00:45:30.400> to<00:45:30.560> see<00:45:30.640> the<00:45:30.880> geological 00:45:31.430 --> 00:45:31.440 align:start position:0% which will be used to see the geological 00:45:31.440 --> 00:45:33.910 align:start position:0% which will be used to see the geological features<00:45:31.839> under<00:45:32.160> the<00:45:32.319> surface.<00:45:33.280> And<00:45:33.520> there<00:45:33.760> is 00:45:33.910 --> 00:45:33.920 align:start position:0% features under the surface. And there is 00:45:33.920 --> 00:45:36.630 align:start position:0% features under the surface. And there is also<00:45:34.160> a<00:45:34.400> rather<00:45:34.800> special<00:45:35.280> experiment<00:45:35.920> module, 00:45:36.630 --> 00:45:36.640 align:start position:0% also a rather special experiment module, 00:45:36.640 --> 00:45:39.510 align:start position:0% also a rather special experiment module, Moxy,<00:45:37.440> that<00:45:37.680> will<00:45:37.839> be<00:45:38.000> used<00:45:38.240> to<00:45:38.400> see<00:45:38.640> if<00:45:38.960> oxygen 00:45:39.510 --> 00:45:39.520 align:start position:0% Moxy, that will be used to see if oxygen 00:45:39.520 --> 00:45:41.030 align:start position:0% Moxy, that will be used to see if oxygen can<00:45:39.760> be<00:45:39.839> extracted<00:45:40.319> from<00:45:40.480> the<00:45:40.640> Martian 00:45:41.030 --> 00:45:41.040 align:start position:0% can be extracted from the Martian 00:45:41.040 --> 00:45:43.750 align:start position:0% can be extracted from the Martian atmosphere.<00:45:42.160> A<00:45:42.319> crucial<00:45:42.720> necessity<00:45:43.359> for<00:45:43.520> the 00:45:43.750 --> 00:45:43.760 align:start position:0% atmosphere. A crucial necessity for the 00:45:43.760 --> 00:45:46.390 align:start position:0% atmosphere. A crucial necessity for the survival<00:45:44.160> of<00:45:44.400> future<00:45:44.800> human<00:45:45.200> colonies<00:45:46.160> and 00:45:46.390 --> 00:45:46.400 align:start position:0% survival of future human colonies and 00:45:46.400 --> 00:45:49.030 align:start position:0% survival of future human colonies and surprisingly<00:45:47.520> even<00:45:47.760> a<00:45:48.079> way<00:45:48.240> to<00:45:48.480> produce 00:45:49.030 --> 00:45:49.040 align:start position:0% surprisingly even a way to produce 00:45:49.040 --> 00:45:52.309 align:start position:0% surprisingly even a way to produce rocket<00:45:49.440> fuel.<00:45:50.880> Leaving<00:45:51.200> a<00:45:51.440> planet's<00:45:51.839> gravity 00:45:52.309 --> 00:45:52.319 align:start position:0% rocket fuel. Leaving a planet's gravity 00:45:52.319 --> 00:45:54.550 align:start position:0% rocket fuel. Leaving a planet's gravity naturally<00:45:52.880> takes<00:45:53.119> a<00:45:53.359> lot<00:45:53.440> of<00:45:53.599> fuel.<00:45:54.319> For 00:45:54.550 --> 00:45:54.560 align:start position:0% naturally takes a lot of fuel. For 00:45:54.560 --> 00:45:56.470 align:start position:0% naturally takes a lot of fuel. For Mars's<00:45:55.040> lighter<00:45:55.440> gravity,<00:45:56.000> it<00:45:56.240> still 00:45:56.470 --> 00:45:56.480 align:start position:0% Mars's lighter gravity, it still 00:45:56.480 --> 00:45:58.950 align:start position:0% Mars's lighter gravity, it still requires<00:45:57.040> 30<00:45:57.359> to<00:45:57.680> 40<00:45:58.079> metric<00:45:58.480> tons<00:45:58.720> of 00:45:58.950 --> 00:45:58.960 align:start position:0% requires 30 to 40 metric tons of 00:45:58.960 --> 00:46:01.589 align:start position:0% requires 30 to 40 metric tons of propellant.<00:46:00.160> It's<00:46:00.480> even<00:46:00.720> harder<00:46:01.119> to<00:46:01.280> do<00:46:01.440> on 00:46:01.589 --> 00:46:01.599 align:start position:0% propellant. It's even harder to do on 00:46:01.599 --> 00:46:04.230 align:start position:0% propellant. It's even harder to do on Earth<00:46:02.000> and<00:46:02.319> becomes<00:46:02.720> harder<00:46:03.119> still<00:46:03.760> if<00:46:04.000> you 00:46:04.230 --> 00:46:04.240 align:start position:0% Earth and becomes harder still if you 00:46:04.240 --> 00:46:06.470 align:start position:0% Earth and becomes harder still if you have<00:46:04.400> to<00:46:04.560> also<00:46:04.960> carry<00:46:05.359> all<00:46:05.520> the<00:46:05.760> fuel<00:46:06.079> you<00:46:06.240> will 00:46:06.470 --> 00:46:06.480 align:start position:0% have to also carry all the fuel you will 00:46:06.480 --> 00:46:09.109 align:start position:0% have to also carry all the fuel you will need<00:46:06.720> to<00:46:06.960> make<00:46:07.119> the<00:46:07.280> trip<00:46:07.520> home<00:46:07.839> again. 00:46:09.109 --> 00:46:09.119 align:start position:0% need to make the trip home again. 00:46:09.119 --> 00:46:11.349 align:start position:0% need to make the trip home again. However,<00:46:10.000> knowing<00:46:10.400> that<00:46:10.560> we<00:46:10.800> might<00:46:11.040> be<00:46:11.200> able 00:46:11.349 --> 00:46:11.359 align:start position:0% However, knowing that we might be able 00:46:11.359 --> 00:46:13.990 align:start position:0% However, knowing that we might be able to<00:46:11.599> make<00:46:11.920> most<00:46:12.400> or<00:46:12.800> all<00:46:13.040> of<00:46:13.200> that<00:46:13.440> fuel<00:46:13.760> from 00:46:13.990 --> 00:46:14.000 align:start position:0% to make most or all of that fuel from 00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:16.390 align:start position:0% to make most or all of that fuel from liquid<00:46:14.400> oxygen<00:46:14.960> found<00:46:15.200> on<00:46:15.359> the<00:46:15.520> planet<00:46:16.079> makes 00:46:16.390 --> 00:46:16.400 align:start position:0% liquid oxygen found on the planet makes 00:46:16.400 --> 00:46:19.109 align:start position:0% liquid oxygen found on the planet makes space<00:46:16.720> travel<00:46:17.119> much<00:46:17.440> more<00:46:17.680> feasible.<00:46:18.880> The 00:46:19.109 --> 00:46:19.119 align:start position:0% space travel much more feasible. The 00:46:19.119 --> 00:46:21.030 align:start position:0% space travel much more feasible. The last<00:46:19.359> experiment<00:46:19.839> on<00:46:20.079> board<00:46:20.400> relates<00:46:20.800> to 00:46:21.030 --> 00:46:21.040 align:start position:0% last experiment on board relates to 00:46:21.040 --> 00:46:23.430 align:start position:0% last experiment on board relates to Perseverance's<00:46:22.000> primary<00:46:22.480> objective, 00:46:23.430 --> 00:46:23.440 align:start position:0% Perseverance's primary objective, 00:46:23.440 --> 00:46:25.670 align:start position:0% Perseverance's primary objective, finding<00:46:23.920> compelling<00:46:24.400> rocks<00:46:24.800> that<00:46:25.040> may<00:46:25.280> host 00:46:25.670 --> 00:46:25.680 align:start position:0% finding compelling rocks that may host 00:46:25.680 --> 00:46:28.950 align:start position:0% finding compelling rocks that may host microbial<00:46:26.319> fossils.<00:46:27.760> Once<00:46:28.079> the<00:46:28.240> cameras<00:46:28.720> and 00:46:28.950 --> 00:46:28.960 align:start position:0% microbial fossils. Once the cameras and 00:46:28.960 --> 00:46:31.030 align:start position:0% microbial fossils. Once the cameras and spectrometers<00:46:29.760> have<00:46:30.160> identified<00:46:30.560> promising 00:46:31.030 --> 00:46:31.040 align:start position:0% spectrometers have identified promising 00:46:31.040 --> 00:46:33.190 align:start position:0% spectrometers have identified promising candidates,<00:46:31.839> the<00:46:32.000> arm<00:46:32.319> is<00:46:32.480> equipped<00:46:32.800> with<00:46:32.960> a 00:46:33.190 --> 00:46:33.200 align:start position:0% candidates, the arm is equipped with a 00:46:33.200 --> 00:46:35.030 align:start position:0% candidates, the arm is equipped with a drill<00:46:33.440> that<00:46:33.680> can<00:46:33.839> either<00:46:34.160> araid<00:46:34.560> the<00:46:34.720> top 00:46:35.030 --> 00:46:35.040 align:start position:0% drill that can either araid the top 00:46:35.040 --> 00:46:36.710 align:start position:0% drill that can either araid the top layer<00:46:35.200> of<00:46:35.280> a<00:46:35.440> rock<00:46:35.839> to<00:46:36.160> expose<00:46:36.560> the 00:46:36.710 --> 00:46:36.720 align:start position:0% layer of a rock to expose the 00:46:36.720 --> 00:46:39.349 align:start position:0% layer of a rock to expose the unweathered<00:46:37.359> surface<00:46:37.680> beneath<00:46:38.640> or<00:46:38.960> if<00:46:39.200> the 00:46:39.349 --> 00:46:39.359 align:start position:0% unweathered surface beneath or if the 00:46:39.359 --> 00:46:41.430 align:start position:0% unweathered surface beneath or if the mission<00:46:39.680> team<00:46:39.920> wants<00:46:40.160> to<00:46:40.400> extract<00:46:40.880> a<00:46:41.119> sample 00:46:41.430 --> 00:46:41.440 align:start position:0% mission team wants to extract a sample 00:46:41.440 --> 00:46:43.910 align:start position:0% mission team wants to extract a sample from<00:46:41.599> the<00:46:41.839> rock,<00:46:42.400> the<00:46:42.640> drill<00:46:42.960> can<00:46:43.200> also<00:46:43.599> core 00:46:43.910 --> 00:46:43.920 align:start position:0% from the rock, the drill can also core 00:46:43.920 --> 00:46:46.550 align:start position:0% from the rock, the drill can also core out<00:46:44.160> a<00:46:44.319> chunk.<00:46:45.440> The<00:46:45.680> arm<00:46:46.000> will<00:46:46.160> feed<00:46:46.400> the 00:46:46.550 --> 00:46:46.560 align:start position:0% out a chunk. The arm will feed the 00:46:46.560 --> 00:46:48.470 align:start position:0% out a chunk. The arm will feed the sample<00:46:46.880> through<00:46:47.119> to<00:46:47.280> the<00:46:47.440> body<00:46:47.599> of<00:46:47.760> the<00:46:47.920> rover 00:46:48.470 --> 00:46:48.480 align:start position:0% sample through to the body of the rover 00:46:48.480 --> 00:46:50.870 align:start position:0% sample through to the body of the rover where<00:46:48.800> a<00:46:49.119> second<00:46:49.359> arm<00:46:49.760> will<00:46:50.000> move<00:46:50.160> the<00:46:50.400> core<00:46:50.720> to 00:46:50.870 --> 00:46:50.880 align:start position:0% where a second arm will move the core to 00:46:50.880 --> 00:46:53.190 align:start position:0% where a second arm will move the core to a<00:46:51.040> place<00:46:51.280> where<00:46:51.440> it<00:46:51.680> is<00:46:51.839> sealed<00:46:52.480> and<00:46:52.720> then<00:46:52.960> a 00:46:53.190 --> 00:46:53.200 align:start position:0% a place where it is sealed and then a 00:46:53.200 --> 00:46:55.349 align:start position:0% a place where it is sealed and then a place<00:46:53.359> where<00:46:53.599> it<00:46:53.760> gets<00:46:54.000> stored<00:46:54.400> in<00:46:54.720> one<00:46:54.880> of<00:46:55.040> 20 00:46:55.349 --> 00:46:55.359 align:start position:0% place where it gets stored in one of 20 00:46:55.359 --> 00:46:57.430 align:start position:0% place where it gets stored in one of 20 caches<00:46:55.760> that<00:46:55.920> will<00:46:56.160> be<00:46:56.240> on<00:46:56.400> board. 00:46:57.430 --> 00:46:57.440 align:start position:0% caches that will be on board. 00:46:57.440 --> 00:46:59.829 align:start position:0% caches that will be on board. Interestingly,<00:46:58.560> although<00:46:58.880> Perseverance<00:46:59.599> was 00:46:59.829 --> 00:46:59.839 align:start position:0% Interestingly, although Perseverance was 00:46:59.839 --> 00:47:01.510 align:start position:0% Interestingly, although Perseverance was cleaned<00:47:00.160> as<00:47:00.400> much<00:47:00.560> as<00:47:00.720> possible<00:47:01.119> before 00:47:01.510 --> 00:47:01.520 align:start position:0% cleaned as much as possible before 00:47:01.520 --> 00:47:03.829 align:start position:0% cleaned as much as possible before launch<00:47:01.839> to<00:47:02.079> avoid<00:47:02.400> contaminating<00:47:03.119> Mars<00:47:03.599> and 00:47:03.829 --> 00:47:03.839 align:start position:0% launch to avoid contaminating Mars and 00:47:03.839 --> 00:47:06.710 align:start position:0% launch to avoid contaminating Mars and also<00:47:04.160> these<00:47:04.480> samples,<00:47:05.359> even<00:47:05.760> tiny<00:47:06.160> traces<00:47:06.560> of 00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:06.720 align:start position:0% also these samples, even tiny traces of 00:47:06.720 --> 00:47:08.950 align:start position:0% also these samples, even tiny traces of gases<00:47:07.119> from<00:47:07.280> the<00:47:07.440> rover<00:47:07.760> itself<00:47:08.240> could<00:47:08.560> skew 00:47:08.950 --> 00:47:08.960 align:start position:0% gases from the rover itself could skew 00:47:08.960 --> 00:47:11.589 align:start position:0% gases from the rover itself could skew readings.<00:47:09.920> To<00:47:10.240> combat<00:47:10.560> this,<00:47:10.960> there<00:47:11.200> are<00:47:11.359> also 00:47:11.589 --> 00:47:11.599 align:start position:0% readings. To combat this, there are also 00:47:11.599 --> 00:47:13.670 align:start position:0% readings. To combat this, there are also some<00:47:11.839> witness<00:47:12.240> tubes<00:47:12.720> that<00:47:12.960> are<00:47:13.119> preloaded 00:47:13.670 --> 00:47:13.680 align:start position:0% some witness tubes that are preloaded 00:47:13.680 --> 00:47:15.910 align:start position:0% some witness tubes that are preloaded with<00:47:13.920> witness<00:47:14.319> materials<00:47:15.040> that<00:47:15.280> can<00:47:15.440> capture 00:47:15.910 --> 00:47:15.920 align:start position:0% with witness materials that can capture 00:47:15.920 --> 00:47:19.510 align:start position:0% with witness materials that can capture molecular<00:47:16.560> and<00:47:16.880> particulate<00:47:17.599> contaminants. 00:47:19.510 --> 00:47:19.520 align:start position:0% molecular and particulate contaminants. 00:47:19.520 --> 00:47:21.589 align:start position:0% molecular and particulate contaminants. Each<00:47:19.760> witness<00:47:20.160> tube<00:47:20.480> will<00:47:20.720> be<00:47:20.800> opened<00:47:21.119> on<00:47:21.280> Mars 00:47:21.589 --> 00:47:21.599 align:start position:0% Each witness tube will be opened on Mars 00:47:21.599 --> 00:47:22.870 align:start position:0% Each witness tube will be opened on Mars to<00:47:21.839> capture<00:47:22.077> [music]<00:47:22.160> the<00:47:22.400> ambient 00:47:22.870 --> 00:47:22.880 align:start position:0% to capture [music] the ambient 00:47:22.880 --> 00:47:24.950 align:start position:0% to capture [music] the ambient environment.<00:47:23.839> They<00:47:24.079> will<00:47:24.240> then<00:47:24.400> be<00:47:24.640> sealed 00:47:24.950 --> 00:47:24.960 align:start position:0% environment. They will then be sealed 00:47:24.960 --> 00:47:27.589 align:start position:0% environment. They will then be sealed like<00:47:25.119> the<00:47:25.359> normal<00:47:25.599> sample<00:47:26.000> tubes.<00:47:27.200> Comparing 00:47:27.589 --> 00:47:27.599 align:start position:0% like the normal sample tubes. Comparing 00:47:27.599 --> 00:47:29.430 align:start position:0% like the normal sample tubes. Comparing the<00:47:27.760> witness<00:47:28.160> tubes<00:47:28.560> with<00:47:28.720> the<00:47:28.960> cached 00:47:29.430 --> 00:47:29.440 align:start position:0% the witness tubes with the cached 00:47:29.440 --> 00:47:31.670 align:start position:0% the witness tubes with the cached samples<00:47:30.079> will<00:47:30.400> allow<00:47:30.720> scientists<00:47:31.200> to<00:47:31.440> know 00:47:31.670 --> 00:47:31.680 align:start position:0% samples will allow scientists to know 00:47:31.680 --> 00:47:34.069 align:start position:0% samples will allow scientists to know what<00:47:31.920> the<00:47:32.079> contaminants<00:47:32.720> are<00:47:33.200> and<00:47:33.520> eliminate 00:47:34.069 --> 00:47:34.079 align:start position:0% what the contaminants are and eliminate 00:47:34.079 --> 00:47:37.349 align:start position:0% what the contaminants are and eliminate them.<00:47:34.960> But<00:47:35.200> sadly,<00:47:36.000> Perseverance<00:47:36.800> will<00:47:37.040> not 00:47:37.349 --> 00:47:37.359 align:start position:0% them. But sadly, Perseverance will not 00:47:37.359 --> 00:47:39.030 align:start position:0% them. But sadly, Perseverance will not be<00:47:37.520> able<00:47:37.680> to<00:47:37.839> confirm<00:47:38.240> the<00:47:38.480> existence<00:47:38.800> of 00:47:39.030 --> 00:47:39.040 align:start position:0% be able to confirm the existence of 00:47:39.040 --> 00:47:41.990 align:start position:0% be able to confirm the existence of microbial<00:47:39.599> life<00:47:39.920> by<00:47:40.160> itself.<00:47:41.119> It<00:47:41.359> is<00:47:41.599> actually 00:47:41.990 --> 00:47:42.000 align:start position:0% microbial life by itself. It is actually 00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:44.550 align:start position:0% microbial life by itself. It is actually designed<00:47:42.400> as<00:47:42.640> a<00:47:42.800> forerunner<00:47:43.440> mission.<00:47:44.240> Once 00:47:44.550 --> 00:47:44.560 align:start position:0% designed as a forerunner mission. Once 00:47:44.560 --> 00:47:46.630 align:start position:0% designed as a forerunner mission. Once Perseverance<00:47:45.200> has<00:47:45.440> filled<00:47:45.680> all<00:47:45.839> the<00:47:46.000> caches, 00:47:46.630 --> 00:47:46.640 align:start position:0% Perseverance has filled all the caches, 00:47:46.640 --> 00:47:48.309 align:start position:0% Perseverance has filled all the caches, it<00:47:46.880> will<00:47:47.040> place<00:47:47.280> them<00:47:47.440> for<00:47:47.680> another<00:47:48.000> mission 00:47:48.309 --> 00:47:48.319 align:start position:0% it will place them for another mission 00:47:48.319 --> 00:47:51.030 align:start position:0% it will place them for another mission to<00:47:48.560> pick<00:47:48.800> up.<00:47:49.599> NASA<00:47:50.000> wants<00:47:50.319> this<00:47:50.480> to<00:47:50.640> be<00:47:50.880> a 00:47:51.030 --> 00:47:51.040 align:start position:0% to pick up. NASA wants this to be a 00:47:51.040 --> 00:47:53.349 align:start position:0% to pick up. NASA wants this to be a sambble<00:47:51.520> return<00:47:52.000> mission.<00:47:52.800> However,<00:47:53.200> the 00:47:53.349 --> 00:47:53.359 align:start position:0% sambble return mission. However, the 00:47:53.359 --> 00:47:55.109 align:start position:0% sambble return mission. However, the means<00:47:53.599> of<00:47:53.760> collecting<00:47:54.079> these<00:47:54.319> samples<00:47:54.800> has 00:47:55.109 --> 00:47:55.119 align:start position:0% means of collecting these samples has 00:47:55.119 --> 00:47:57.990 align:start position:0% means of collecting these samples has not<00:47:55.359> been<00:47:55.599> finalized<00:47:56.240> yet.<00:47:57.280> A<00:47:57.520> launch<00:47:57.839> is 00:47:57.990 --> 00:47:58.000 align:start position:0% not been finalized yet. A launch is 00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:01.430 align:start position:0% not been finalized yet. A launch is currently<00:47:58.400> slated<00:47:58.800> for<00:47:59.119> 2026<00:48:00.480> using<00:48:00.880> a<00:48:01.119> rover 00:48:01.430 --> 00:48:01.440 align:start position:0% currently slated for 2026 using a rover 00:48:01.440 --> 00:48:03.270 align:start position:0% currently slated for 2026 using a rover to<00:48:01.680> pick<00:48:01.839> up<00:48:02.000> the<00:48:02.160> samples<00:48:02.560> and<00:48:02.800> deliver<00:48:03.119> them 00:48:03.270 --> 00:48:03.280 align:start position:0% to pick up the samples and deliver them 00:48:03.280 --> 00:48:05.829 align:start position:0% to pick up the samples and deliver them back<00:48:03.440> to<00:48:03.599> a<00:48:03.839> rocket<00:48:04.640> where<00:48:04.960> this<00:48:05.200> rocket<00:48:05.599> will 00:48:05.829 --> 00:48:05.839 align:start position:0% back to a rocket where this rocket will 00:48:05.839 --> 00:48:08.390 align:start position:0% back to a rocket where this rocket will rendevous<00:48:06.480> with<00:48:06.640> an<00:48:06.800> orbiter<00:48:07.839> which<00:48:08.079> will 00:48:08.390 --> 00:48:08.400 align:start position:0% rendevous with an orbiter which will 00:48:08.400 --> 00:48:10.390 align:start position:0% rendevous with an orbiter which will make<00:48:08.560> the<00:48:08.720> journey<00:48:09.040> back<00:48:09.200> to<00:48:09.440> Earth<00:48:09.920> with<00:48:10.160> the 00:48:10.390 --> 00:48:10.400 align:start position:0% make the journey back to Earth with the 00:48:10.400 --> 00:48:13.589 align:start position:0% make the journey back to Earth with the samples<00:48:10.880> in<00:48:11.119> our<00:48:11.359> hands<00:48:11.760> come<00:48:12.079> 2028. 00:48:13.589 --> 00:48:13.599 align:start position:0% samples in our hands come 2028. 00:48:13.599 --> 00:48:15.990 align:start position:0% samples in our hands come 2028. It's<00:48:13.839> a<00:48:14.079> very<00:48:14.400> complicated<00:48:15.119> system,<00:48:15.599> so<00:48:15.839> let's 00:48:15.990 --> 00:48:16.000 align:start position:0% It's a very complicated system, so let's 00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:17.750 align:start position:0% It's a very complicated system, so let's hope<00:48:16.160> the<00:48:16.319> mission<00:48:16.640> teams<00:48:16.960> will<00:48:17.200> really<00:48:17.520> get 00:48:17.750 --> 00:48:17.760 align:start position:0% hope the mission teams will really get 00:48:17.760 --> 00:48:21.750 align:start position:0% hope the mission teams will really get everything<00:48:18.079> right<00:48:18.319> in<00:48:18.560> the<00:48:18.720> coming<00:48:18.880> years. 00:48:21.750 --> 00:48:21.760 align:start position:0% everything right in the coming years. 00:48:21.760 --> 00:48:23.990 align:start position:0% everything right in the coming years. As<00:48:22.000> the<00:48:22.160> rover<00:48:22.640> turned<00:48:22.880> on<00:48:23.040> its<00:48:23.280> cameras<00:48:23.760> and 00:48:23.990 --> 00:48:24.000 align:start position:0% As the rover turned on its cameras and 00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:25.829 align:start position:0% As the rover turned on its cameras and took<00:48:24.240> in<00:48:24.480> its<00:48:24.720> surroundings<00:48:25.200> for<00:48:25.440> the<00:48:25.599> first 00:48:25.829 --> 00:48:25.839 align:start position:0% took in its surroundings for the first 00:48:25.839 --> 00:48:27.910 align:start position:0% took in its surroundings for the first time,<00:48:26.268> [music]<00:48:26.400> it<00:48:26.640> found<00:48:26.960> itself<00:48:27.440> staring 00:48:27.910 --> 00:48:27.920 align:start position:0% time, [music] it found itself staring 00:48:27.920 --> 00:48:31.190 align:start position:0% time, [music] it found itself staring out<00:48:28.160> across<00:48:28.559> the<00:48:28.800> red,<00:48:29.599> arid,<00:48:30.240> and<00:48:30.640> solitary 00:48:31.190 --> 00:48:31.200 align:start position:0% out across the red, arid, and solitary 00:48:31.200 --> 00:48:33.030 align:start position:0% out across the red, arid, and solitary landscape<00:48:31.680> that<00:48:31.920> we<00:48:32.079> have<00:48:32.319> come<00:48:32.480> to<00:48:32.720> expect 00:48:33.030 --> 00:48:33.040 align:start position:0% landscape that we have come to expect 00:48:33.040 --> 00:48:35.589 align:start position:0% landscape that we have come to expect from<00:48:33.280> Mars.<00:48:34.319> The<00:48:34.559> terrain<00:48:34.880> around<00:48:35.119> it<00:48:35.359> was 00:48:35.589 --> 00:48:35.599 align:start position:0% from Mars. The terrain around it was 00:48:35.599 --> 00:48:38.069 align:start position:0% from Mars. The terrain around it was mostly<00:48:36.000> flat,<00:48:36.720> albeit<00:48:37.280> interspersed<00:48:37.920> with 00:48:38.069 --> 00:48:38.079 align:start position:0% mostly flat, albeit interspersed with 00:48:38.079 --> 00:48:40.230 align:start position:0% mostly flat, albeit interspersed with rocky<00:48:38.480> outcrops.<00:48:39.368> [music]<00:48:39.839> This<00:48:40.000> was 00:48:40.230 --> 00:48:40.240 align:start position:0% rocky outcrops. [music] This was 00:48:40.240 --> 00:48:42.630 align:start position:0% rocky outcrops. [music] This was intentional.<00:48:41.200> Scientists<00:48:41.760> had<00:48:42.000> deliberately 00:48:42.630 --> 00:48:42.640 align:start position:0% intentional. Scientists had deliberately 00:48:42.640 --> 00:48:44.309 align:start position:0% intentional. Scientists had deliberately brought<00:48:42.960> Perseverance<00:48:43.520> to<00:48:43.760> a<00:48:43.920> place<00:48:44.079> where 00:48:44.309 --> 00:48:44.319 align:start position:0% brought Perseverance to a place where 00:48:44.319 --> 00:48:46.790 align:start position:0% brought Perseverance to a place where its<00:48:44.559> wheels<00:48:44.880> could<00:48:45.119> transport<00:48:45.599> it<00:48:45.839> freely<00:48:46.559> and 00:48:46.790 --> 00:48:46.800 align:start position:0% its wheels could transport it freely and 00:48:46.800 --> 00:48:48.710 align:start position:0% its wheels could transport it freely and where<00:48:47.040> it<00:48:47.280> could<00:48:47.359> find<00:48:47.599> sites<00:48:48.000> of<00:48:48.240> particular 00:48:48.710 --> 00:48:48.720 align:start position:0% where it could find sites of particular 00:48:48.720 --> 00:48:51.190 align:start position:0% where it could find sites of particular scientific<00:48:49.359> interest.<00:48:50.720> To<00:48:50.960> that<00:48:51.158> [music] 00:48:51.190 --> 00:48:51.200 align:start position:0% scientific interest. To that [music] 00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:54.549 align:start position:0% scientific interest. To that [music] end,<00:48:51.599> they<00:48:51.839> had<00:48:52.000> chosen<00:48:52.400> Yzero<00:48:53.040> Crater. 00:48:54.549 --> 00:48:54.559 align:start position:0% end, they had chosen Yzero Crater. 00:48:54.559 --> 00:48:56.309 align:start position:0% end, they had chosen Yzero Crater. Thanks<00:48:54.880> to<00:48:54.960> the<00:48:55.119> outcroppings<00:48:55.680> of<00:48:55.839> rock<00:48:56.079> that 00:48:56.309 --> 00:48:56.319 align:start position:0% Thanks to the outcroppings of rock that 00:48:56.319 --> 00:48:58.230 align:start position:0% Thanks to the outcroppings of rock that surround<00:48:56.559> the<00:48:56.720> crater,<00:48:57.359> Perseverance<00:48:58.079> would 00:48:58.230 --> 00:48:58.240 align:start position:0% surround the crater, Perseverance would 00:48:58.240 --> 00:49:00.230 align:start position:0% surround the crater, Perseverance would be<00:48:58.400> able<00:48:58.559> to<00:48:58.720> collect<00:48:59.119> rock<00:48:59.440> samples<00:48:59.920> from 00:49:00.230 --> 00:49:00.240 align:start position:0% be able to collect rock samples from 00:49:00.240 --> 00:49:02.069 align:start position:0% be able to collect rock samples from many<00:49:00.559> different<00:49:00.800> geological<00:49:01.520> periods 00:49:02.069 --> 00:49:02.079 align:start position:0% many different geological periods 00:49:02.079 --> 00:49:04.248 align:start position:0% many different geological periods without<00:49:02.559> needing<00:49:02.960> to<00:49:03.119> do<00:49:03.280> major<00:49:03.680> drilling, 00:49:04.248 --> 00:49:04.258 align:start position:0% without needing to do major drilling, 00:49:04.258 --> 00:49:05.589 align:start position:0% without needing to do major drilling, [music]<00:49:04.480> helping<00:49:04.800> scientists<00:49:05.359> piece 00:49:05.589 --> 00:49:05.599 align:start position:0% [music] helping scientists piece 00:49:05.599 --> 00:49:07.349 align:start position:0% [music] helping scientists piece together<00:49:05.920> the<00:49:06.240> geological<00:49:06.880> history<00:49:07.119> of<00:49:07.200> the 00:49:07.349 --> 00:49:07.359 align:start position:0% together the geological history of the 00:49:07.359 --> 00:49:09.750 align:start position:0% together the geological history of the Yzero<00:49:07.920> Crater<00:49:08.559> and<00:49:08.720> to<00:49:08.960> get<00:49:09.119> a<00:49:09.280> better<00:49:09.520> picture 00:49:09.750 --> 00:49:09.760 align:start position:0% Yzero Crater and to get a better picture 00:49:09.760 --> 00:49:11.990 align:start position:0% Yzero Crater and to get a better picture of<00:49:10.000> the<00:49:10.240> most<00:49:10.400> likely<00:49:10.880> locations<00:49:11.520> to<00:49:11.760> find 00:49:11.990 --> 00:49:12.000 align:start position:0% of the most likely locations to find 00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:14.309 align:start position:0% of the most likely locations to find life. 00:49:14.309 --> 00:49:14.319 align:start position:0% life. 00:49:14.319 --> 00:49:16.309 align:start position:0% life. It<00:49:14.559> would<00:49:14.720> spend<00:49:15.119> some<00:49:15.359> time<00:49:15.599> investigating 00:49:16.309 --> 00:49:16.319 align:start position:0% It would spend some time investigating 00:49:16.319 --> 00:49:18.790 align:start position:0% It would spend some time investigating the<00:49:16.559> sections<00:49:16.960> of<00:49:17.119> Yzero<00:49:17.680> Crater<00:49:18.160> near<00:49:18.480> its 00:49:18.790 --> 00:49:18.800 align:start position:0% the sections of Yzero Crater near its 00:49:18.800 --> 00:49:21.030 align:start position:0% the sections of Yzero Crater near its landing<00:49:19.119> site<00:49:19.680> in<00:49:19.920> what<00:49:20.160> is<00:49:20.319> known<00:49:20.640> as<00:49:20.800> the 00:49:21.030 --> 00:49:21.040 align:start position:0% landing site in what is known as the 00:49:21.040 --> 00:49:23.430 align:start position:0% landing site in what is known as the crater<00:49:21.440> floor<00:49:21.839> campaign<00:49:22.559> before<00:49:22.960> moving<00:49:23.280> on 00:49:23.430 --> 00:49:23.440 align:start position:0% crater floor campaign before moving on 00:49:23.440 --> 00:49:26.309 align:start position:0% crater floor campaign before moving on to<00:49:23.599> the<00:49:23.760> Yzero<00:49:24.319> Delta<00:49:24.880> as<00:49:25.200> part<00:49:25.440> of<00:49:25.599> the<00:49:25.839> Delta 00:49:26.309 --> 00:49:26.319 align:start position:0% to the Yzero Delta as part of the Delta 00:49:26.319 --> 00:49:29.270 align:start position:0% to the Yzero Delta as part of the Delta Front<00:49:26.720> campaign. 00:49:29.270 --> 00:49:29.280 align:start position:0% Front campaign. 00:49:29.280 --> 00:49:31.190 align:start position:0% Front campaign. You<00:49:29.520> would<00:49:29.760> think<00:49:30.079> that<00:49:30.400> Perseverance<00:49:31.040> would 00:49:31.190 --> 00:49:31.200 align:start position:0% You would think that Perseverance would 00:49:31.200 --> 00:49:33.589 align:start position:0% You would think that Perseverance would be<00:49:31.359> on<00:49:31.440> the<00:49:31.599> move<00:49:31.920> almost<00:49:32.319> immediately,<00:49:33.280> eager 00:49:33.589 --> 00:49:33.599 align:start position:0% be on the move almost immediately, eager 00:49:33.599 --> 00:49:35.589 align:start position:0% be on the move almost immediately, eager to<00:49:33.839> begin<00:49:34.000> its<00:49:34.319> mission.<00:49:35.044> [music]<00:49:35.200> Thanks<00:49:35.440> to 00:49:35.589 --> 00:49:35.599 align:start position:0% to begin its mission. [music] Thanks to 00:49:35.599 --> 00:49:37.270 align:start position:0% to begin its mission. [music] Thanks to the<00:49:35.760> outcroppings<00:49:36.480> of<00:49:36.640> rock<00:49:36.800> that<00:49:37.040> surround 00:49:37.270 --> 00:49:37.280 align:start position:0% the outcroppings of rock that surround 00:49:37.280 --> 00:49:39.190 align:start position:0% the outcroppings of rock that surround the<00:49:37.440> crater,<00:49:38.079> Perseverance<00:49:38.720> would<00:49:38.880> be<00:49:39.040> able 00:49:39.190 --> 00:49:39.200 align:start position:0% the crater, Perseverance would be able 00:49:39.200 --> 00:49:40.870 align:start position:0% the crater, Perseverance would be able to<00:49:39.280> collect<00:49:39.599> rock<00:49:39.920> samples<00:49:40.319> from<00:49:40.559> many 00:49:40.870 --> 00:49:40.880 align:start position:0% to collect rock samples from many 00:49:40.880 --> 00:49:42.950 align:start position:0% to collect rock samples from many different<00:49:41.200> geological<00:49:41.839> periods,<00:49:42.480> giving<00:49:42.800> it 00:49:42.950 --> 00:49:42.960 align:start position:0% different geological periods, giving it 00:49:42.960 --> 00:49:44.870 align:start position:0% different geological periods, giving it plenty<00:49:43.280> of<00:49:43.440> opportunity<00:49:43.920> to<00:49:44.160> get<00:49:44.400> started<00:49:44.720> on 00:49:44.870 --> 00:49:44.880 align:start position:0% plenty of opportunity to get started on 00:49:44.880 --> 00:49:48.630 align:start position:0% plenty of opportunity to get started on its<00:49:45.119> search.<00:49:46.319> However,<00:49:47.040> you<00:49:47.280> would<00:49:47.520> be<00:49:47.680> wrong. 00:49:48.630 --> 00:49:48.640 align:start position:0% its search. However, you would be wrong. 00:49:48.640 --> 00:49:51.109 align:start position:0% its search. However, you would be wrong. Despite<00:49:49.119> landing<00:49:49.520> on<00:49:49.680> Mars<00:49:50.000> in<00:49:50.240> February,<00:49:50.880> it 00:49:51.109 --> 00:49:51.119 align:start position:0% Despite landing on Mars in February, it 00:49:51.119 --> 00:49:53.670 align:start position:0% Despite landing on Mars in February, it wasn't<00:49:51.359> until<00:49:51.760> nearly<00:49:52.240> 5<00:49:52.559> months<00:49:52.960> later<00:49:53.359> that 00:49:53.670 --> 00:49:53.680 align:start position:0% wasn't until nearly 5 months later that 00:49:53.680 --> 00:49:55.829 align:start position:0% wasn't until nearly 5 months later that Perseverance<00:49:54.400> made<00:49:54.640> any<00:49:54.960> major<00:49:55.359> effort<00:49:55.599> to 00:49:55.829 --> 00:49:55.839 align:start position:0% Perseverance made any major effort to 00:49:55.839 --> 00:49:57.349 align:start position:0% Perseverance made any major effort to leave<00:49:56.000> its<00:49:56.240> landing<00:49:56.559> site<00:49:56.659> [music]<00:49:56.880> and<00:49:57.119> begin 00:49:57.349 --> 00:49:57.359 align:start position:0% leave its landing site [music] and begin 00:49:57.359 --> 00:50:00.230 align:start position:0% leave its landing site [music] and begin its<00:49:57.680> journey.<00:49:58.960> And<00:49:59.200> this<00:49:59.440> was<00:49:59.599> not<00:49:59.920> just 00:50:00.230 --> 00:50:00.240 align:start position:0% its journey. And this was not just 00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:02.309 align:start position:0% its journey. And this was not just because<00:50:00.559> scientists<00:50:01.040> took<00:50:01.359> time<00:50:01.680> carefully 00:50:02.309 --> 00:50:02.319 align:start position:0% because scientists took time carefully 00:50:02.319 --> 00:50:04.470 align:start position:0% because scientists took time carefully testing<00:50:02.720> every<00:50:03.119> single<00:50:03.440> piece<00:50:03.680> of<00:50:03.920> scientific 00:50:04.470 --> 00:50:04.480 align:start position:0% testing every single piece of scientific 00:50:04.480 --> 00:50:06.630 align:start position:0% testing every single piece of scientific equipment<00:50:04.960> and<00:50:05.200> its<00:50:05.520> software<00:50:05.920> to<00:50:06.160> make<00:50:06.400> sure 00:50:06.630 --> 00:50:06.640 align:start position:0% equipment and its software to make sure 00:50:06.640 --> 00:50:09.030 align:start position:0% equipment and its software to make sure everything<00:50:07.040> was<00:50:07.280> working<00:50:07.599> smoothly.<00:50:08.880> You 00:50:09.030 --> 00:50:09.040 align:start position:0% everything was working smoothly. You 00:50:09.040 --> 00:50:12.549 align:start position:0% everything was working smoothly. You see,<00:50:09.599> Perseverance<00:50:10.559> was<00:50:10.880> not<00:50:11.119> alone.<00:50:12.319> In 00:50:12.549 --> 00:50:12.559 align:start position:0% see, Perseverance was not alone. In 00:50:12.559 --> 00:50:15.190 align:start position:0% see, Perseverance was not alone. In fact,<00:50:12.960> it<00:50:13.200> may<00:50:13.440> surprise<00:50:13.920> you<00:50:14.079> to<00:50:14.319> discover, 00:50:15.190 --> 00:50:15.200 align:start position:0% fact, it may surprise you to discover, 00:50:15.200 --> 00:50:16.790 align:start position:0% fact, it may surprise you to discover, but<00:50:15.359> you<00:50:15.599> might<00:50:15.839> say<00:50:16.079> it<00:50:16.319> was<00:50:16.400> because 00:50:16.790 --> 00:50:16.800 align:start position:0% but you might say it was because 00:50:16.800 --> 00:50:19.910 align:start position:0% but you might say it was because Perseverance<00:50:17.520> was<00:50:17.839> pregnant.<00:50:19.200> Cradled<00:50:19.680> in 00:50:19.910 --> 00:50:19.920 align:start position:0% Perseverance was pregnant. Cradled in 00:50:19.920 --> 00:50:22.230 align:start position:0% Perseverance was pregnant. Cradled in Perseverance's<00:50:20.720> undercarriage,<00:50:21.680> hidden<00:50:22.079> by 00:50:22.230 --> 00:50:22.240 align:start position:0% Perseverance's undercarriage, hidden by 00:50:22.240 --> 00:50:24.069 align:start position:0% Perseverance's undercarriage, hidden by a<00:50:22.400> dust<00:50:22.720> shield<00:50:22.960> from<00:50:23.119> the<00:50:23.200> Martian<00:50:23.599> winds<00:50:23.920> and 00:50:24.069 --> 00:50:24.079 align:start position:0% a dust shield from the Martian winds and 00:50:24.079 --> 00:50:26.124 align:start position:0% a dust shield from the Martian winds and atmosphere,<00:50:24.960> Perseverance<00:50:25.680> had<00:50:26.000> brought 00:50:26.124 --> 00:50:26.134 align:start position:0% atmosphere, Perseverance had brought 00:50:26.134 --> 00:50:28.150 align:start position:0% atmosphere, Perseverance had brought [music]<00:50:26.240> with<00:50:26.480> it<00:50:26.720> a<00:50:27.040> second,<00:50:27.680> smaller 00:50:28.150 --> 00:50:28.160 align:start position:0% [music] with it a second, smaller 00:50:28.160 --> 00:50:31.190 align:start position:0% [music] with it a second, smaller passenger<00:50:28.640> to<00:50:28.800> Mars.<00:50:30.240> And<00:50:30.559> much<00:50:30.800> of<00:50:30.960> the 00:50:31.190 --> 00:50:31.200 align:start position:0% passenger to Mars. And much of the 00:50:31.200 --> 00:50:32.950 align:start position:0% passenger to Mars. And much of the initial<00:50:31.520> few<00:50:31.760> months<00:50:31.920> of<00:50:32.160> Perseverance's 00:50:32.950 --> 00:50:32.960 align:start position:0% initial few months of Perseverance's 00:50:32.960 --> 00:50:35.295 align:start position:0% initial few months of Perseverance's time<00:50:33.440> was<00:50:33.760> spent<00:50:34.079> helping<00:50:34.559> bring<00:50:34.880> that<00:50:35.119> second 00:50:35.295 --> 00:50:35.305 align:start position:0% time was spent helping bring that second 00:50:35.305 --> 00:50:37.910 align:start position:0% time was spent helping bring that second [music]<00:50:35.520> passenger<00:50:36.000> into<00:50:36.319> the<00:50:36.559> world.<00:50:37.599> This 00:50:37.910 --> 00:50:37.920 align:start position:0% [music] passenger into the world. This 00:50:37.920 --> 00:50:39.430 align:start position:0% [music] passenger into the world. This second<00:50:38.319> passenger<00:50:38.800> was<00:50:39.040> to<00:50:39.200> be 00:50:39.430 --> 00:50:39.440 align:start position:0% second passenger was to be 00:50:39.440 --> 00:50:41.349 align:start position:0% second passenger was to be Perseverance's<00:50:40.319> companion<00:50:40.800> for<00:50:40.960> the<00:50:41.119> journey 00:50:41.349 --> 00:50:41.359 align:start position:0% Perseverance's companion for the journey 00:50:41.359 --> 00:50:43.670 align:start position:0% Perseverance's companion for the journey ahead,<00:50:42.160> as<00:50:42.400> well<00:50:42.480> as<00:50:42.720> an<00:50:42.960> interesting<00:50:43.440> tech 00:50:43.670 --> 00:50:43.680 align:start position:0% ahead, as well as an interesting tech 00:50:43.680 --> 00:50:44.870 align:start position:0% ahead, as well as an interesting tech demo.<00:50:43.819> [music] 00:50:44.870 --> 00:50:44.880 align:start position:0% demo. [music] 00:50:44.880 --> 00:50:47.829 align:start position:0% demo. [music] This<00:50:45.200> smaller<00:50:45.680> robot<00:50:46.079> was<00:50:46.319> not<00:50:46.480> a<00:50:46.720> rover.<00:50:47.599> Its 00:50:47.829 --> 00:50:47.839 align:start position:0% This smaller robot was not a rover. Its 00:50:47.839 --> 00:50:50.470 align:start position:0% This smaller robot was not a rover. Its name<00:50:48.000> was<00:50:48.319> Ingenuity<00:50:49.200> and<00:50:49.440> it<00:50:49.680> was<00:50:49.839> the<00:50:50.079> first 00:50:50.470 --> 00:50:50.480 align:start position:0% name was Ingenuity and it was the first 00:50:50.480 --> 00:50:52.549 align:start position:0% name was Ingenuity and it was the first ever<00:50:50.880> attempt<00:50:51.025> [music]<00:50:51.280> at<00:50:51.520> a<00:50:51.760> helicopter<00:50:52.319> on 00:50:52.549 --> 00:50:52.559 align:start position:0% ever attempt [music] at a helicopter on 00:50:52.559 --> 00:50:54.230 align:start position:0% ever attempt [music] at a helicopter on Mars. 00:50:54.230 --> 00:50:54.240 align:start position:0% Mars. 00:50:54.240 --> 00:50:56.230 align:start position:0% Mars. After<00:50:54.720> performing<00:50:55.359> several<00:50:55.760> tests<00:50:56.079> on 00:50:56.230 --> 00:50:56.240 align:start position:0% After performing several tests on 00:50:56.240 --> 00:50:57.829 align:start position:0% After performing several tests on Perseverance's<00:50:57.119> own<00:50:57.280> software<00:50:57.599> and 00:50:57.829 --> 00:50:57.839 align:start position:0% Perseverance's own software and 00:50:57.839 --> 00:50:59.750 align:start position:0% Perseverance's own software and hardware,<00:50:58.640> scientists<00:50:58.885> [music]<00:50:59.200> turn<00:50:59.440> their 00:50:59.750 --> 00:50:59.760 align:start position:0% hardware, scientists [music] turn their 00:50:59.760 --> 00:51:04.069 align:start position:0% hardware, scientists [music] turn their attention<00:51:00.160> to<00:51:00.400> this<00:51:00.720> smaller<00:51:01.280> 1.8<00:51:02.000> kg<00:51:02.480> drone. 00:51:04.069 --> 00:51:04.079 align:start position:0% attention to this smaller 1.8 kg drone. 00:51:04.079 --> 00:51:06.470 align:start position:0% attention to this smaller 1.8 kg drone. The<00:51:04.319> atmosphere<00:51:04.720> on<00:51:04.960> Mars<00:51:05.280> is<00:51:05.440> about<00:51:05.920> 100 00:51:06.470 --> 00:51:06.480 align:start position:0% The atmosphere on Mars is about 100 00:51:06.480 --> 00:51:08.549 align:start position:0% The atmosphere on Mars is about 100 times<00:51:06.800> thinner<00:51:07.200> than<00:51:07.359> Earth's,<00:51:08.000> making<00:51:08.319> it 00:51:08.549 --> 00:51:08.559 align:start position:0% times thinner than Earth's, making it 00:51:08.559 --> 00:51:10.390 align:start position:0% times thinner than Earth's, making it uncertain<00:51:09.200> whether<00:51:09.599> a<00:51:09.760> helicopter's 00:51:10.390 --> 00:51:10.400 align:start position:0% uncertain whether a helicopter's 00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:11.990 align:start position:0% uncertain whether a helicopter's spinning<00:51:10.800> blades<00:51:11.200> would<00:51:11.440> even<00:51:11.760> work<00:51:11.985> [music] 00:51:11.990 --> 00:51:12.000 align:start position:0% spinning blades would even work [music] 00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:14.549 align:start position:0% spinning blades would even work [music] there.<00:51:12.960> It<00:51:13.200> would<00:51:13.359> be<00:51:13.520> difficult<00:51:13.839> to<00:51:14.079> displace 00:51:14.549 --> 00:51:14.559 align:start position:0% there. It would be difficult to displace 00:51:14.559 --> 00:51:17.910 align:start position:0% there. It would be difficult to displace enough<00:51:14.880> air<00:51:15.119> to<00:51:15.359> create<00:51:15.599> lift.<00:51:16.800> Ingenuity<00:51:17.599> was 00:51:17.910 --> 00:51:17.920 align:start position:0% enough air to create lift. Ingenuity was 00:51:17.920 --> 00:51:19.910 align:start position:0% enough air to create lift. Ingenuity was incredibly<00:51:18.640> lightweight<00:51:19.119> to<00:51:19.280> compensate<00:51:19.760> for 00:51:19.910 --> 00:51:19.920 align:start position:0% incredibly lightweight to compensate for 00:51:19.920 --> 00:51:22.150 align:start position:0% incredibly lightweight to compensate for this,<00:51:20.400> and<00:51:20.559> its<00:51:20.800> rotor<00:51:21.119> could<00:51:21.359> spin<00:51:21.599> at<00:51:21.760> revs 00:51:22.150 --> 00:51:22.160 align:start position:0% this, and its rotor could spin at revs 00:51:22.160 --> 00:51:25.670 align:start position:0% this, and its rotor could spin at revs of<00:51:22.319> over<00:51:22.640> 2,000<00:51:23.359> RPM.<00:51:24.640> Its<00:51:24.880> only<00:51:25.200> scientific 00:51:25.670 --> 00:51:25.680 align:start position:0% of over 2,000 RPM. Its only scientific 00:51:25.680 --> 00:51:27.910 align:start position:0% of over 2,000 RPM. Its only scientific equipment<00:51:26.160> was<00:51:26.400> a<00:51:26.559> camera,<00:51:27.200> but<00:51:27.520> this<00:51:27.680> would 00:51:27.910 --> 00:51:27.920 align:start position:0% equipment was a camera, but this would 00:51:27.920 --> 00:51:29.990 align:start position:0% equipment was a camera, but this would be<00:51:28.000> invaluable<00:51:28.640> in<00:51:28.960> helping<00:51:29.280> Perseverance 00:51:29.990 --> 00:51:30.000 align:start position:0% be invaluable in helping Perseverance 00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:31.589 align:start position:0% be invaluable in helping Perseverance find<00:51:30.240> the<00:51:30.480> best<00:51:30.640> routes<00:51:31.119> through<00:51:31.359> the 00:51:31.589 --> 00:51:31.599 align:start position:0% find the best routes through the 00:51:31.599 --> 00:51:34.870 align:start position:0% find the best routes through the potentially<00:51:32.160> tricky<00:51:32.559> Martian<00:51:33.040> terrain. 00:51:34.870 --> 00:51:34.880 align:start position:0% potentially tricky Martian terrain. 00:51:34.880 --> 00:51:38.069 align:start position:0% potentially tricky Martian terrain. So,<00:51:35.280> on<00:51:35.440> the<00:51:35.680> 21st<00:51:36.240> of<00:51:36.480> March,<00:51:37.200> nearly<00:51:37.520> a<00:51:37.839> month 00:51:38.069 --> 00:51:38.079 align:start position:0% So, on the 21st of March, nearly a month 00:51:38.079 --> 00:51:41.349 align:start position:0% So, on the 21st of March, nearly a month after<00:51:38.480> landing,<00:51:39.359> the<00:51:39.520> birthing<00:51:40.079> began. 00:51:41.349 --> 00:51:41.359 align:start position:0% after landing, the birthing began. 00:51:41.359 --> 00:51:43.510 align:start position:0% after landing, the birthing began. Perseverance<00:51:42.079> started<00:51:42.559> by<00:51:42.880> removing<00:51:43.280> its 00:51:43.510 --> 00:51:43.520 align:start position:0% Perseverance started by removing its 00:51:43.520 --> 00:51:45.910 align:start position:0% Perseverance started by removing its dust<00:51:43.839> shield,<00:51:44.400> allowing<00:51:44.800> Ingenuity<00:51:45.440> to<00:51:45.599> taste 00:51:45.910 --> 00:51:45.920 align:start position:0% dust shield, allowing Ingenuity to taste 00:51:45.920 --> 00:51:48.630 align:start position:0% dust shield, allowing Ingenuity to taste the<00:51:46.079> Martian<00:51:46.480> air.<00:51:47.520> Mechanical<00:51:48.079> birthing<00:51:48.480> is 00:51:48.630 --> 00:51:48.640 align:start position:0% the Martian air. Mechanical birthing is 00:51:48.640 --> 00:51:51.190 align:start position:0% the Martian air. Mechanical birthing is a<00:51:48.880> slow<00:51:49.200> process,<00:51:49.760> however,<00:51:50.319> with<00:51:50.640> scientists 00:51:51.190 --> 00:51:51.200 align:start position:0% a slow process, however, with scientists 00:51:51.200 --> 00:51:53.109 align:start position:0% a slow process, however, with scientists constantly<00:51:51.839> checking<00:51:52.240> every<00:51:52.640> single<00:51:52.880> piece 00:51:53.109 --> 00:51:53.119 align:start position:0% constantly checking every single piece 00:51:53.119 --> 00:51:54.790 align:start position:0% constantly checking every single piece of<00:51:53.280> data<00:51:53.599> to<00:51:53.839> make<00:51:54.000> sure<00:51:54.240> everything<00:51:54.559> is 00:51:54.790 --> 00:51:54.800 align:start position:0% of data to make sure everything is 00:51:54.800 --> 00:51:57.030 align:start position:0% of data to make sure everything is functioning<00:51:55.280> as<00:51:55.520> it<00:51:55.680> should.<00:51:56.559> It<00:51:56.800> wasn't 00:51:57.030 --> 00:51:57.040 align:start position:0% functioning as it should. It wasn't 00:51:57.040 --> 00:51:59.430 align:start position:0% functioning as it should. It wasn't until<00:51:57.280> the<00:51:57.520> 3rd<00:51:57.839> of<00:51:58.000> April<00:51:58.400> that<00:51:58.720> Perseverance 00:51:59.430 --> 00:51:59.440 align:start position:0% until the 3rd of April that Perseverance 00:51:59.440 --> 00:52:01.670 align:start position:0% until the 3rd of April that Perseverance finally<00:51:59.920> placed<00:52:00.319> Ingenuity<00:52:00.960> on<00:52:01.200> the<00:52:01.359> hard 00:52:01.670 --> 00:52:01.680 align:start position:0% finally placed Ingenuity on the hard 00:52:01.680 --> 00:52:03.670 align:start position:0% finally placed Ingenuity on the hard Martian<00:52:02.160> soil<00:52:02.720> and<00:52:02.960> allowed<00:52:03.280> it<00:52:03.520> to 00:52:03.670 --> 00:52:03.680 align:start position:0% Martian soil and allowed it to 00:52:03.680 --> 00:52:06.390 align:start position:0% Martian soil and allowed it to experience<00:52:04.160> its<00:52:04.480> first<00:52:04.720> cold<00:52:05.040> night<00:52:05.280> on<00:52:05.440> Mars. 00:52:06.390 --> 00:52:06.400 align:start position:0% experience its first cold night on Mars. 00:52:06.400 --> 00:52:09.190 align:start position:0% experience its first cold night on Mars. Temperatures<00:52:07.359> on<00:52:07.599> Mars<00:52:07.920> reach<00:52:08.160> lows<00:52:08.480> of<00:52:08.640> - 00:52:09.190 --> 00:52:09.200 align:start position:0% Temperatures on Mars reach lows of - 00:52:09.200 --> 00:52:12.549 align:start position:0% Temperatures on Mars reach lows of - 100°<00:52:10.000> C.<00:52:11.040> So<00:52:11.359> outside<00:52:11.760> of<00:52:11.920> the<00:52:12.079> protective 00:52:12.549 --> 00:52:12.559 align:start position:0% 100° C. So outside of the protective 00:52:12.559 --> 00:52:14.950 align:start position:0% 100° C. So outside of the protective heaters<00:52:12.960> of<00:52:13.119> Perseverance,<00:52:14.160> it's<00:52:14.400> no<00:52:14.640> small 00:52:14.950 --> 00:52:14.960 align:start position:0% heaters of Perseverance, it's no small 00:52:14.960 --> 00:52:16.950 align:start position:0% heaters of Perseverance, it's no small thing<00:52:15.119> that<00:52:15.359> Ingenuity<00:52:16.079> survived<00:52:16.480> the<00:52:16.720> night 00:52:16.950 --> 00:52:16.960 align:start position:0% thing that Ingenuity survived the night 00:52:16.960 --> 00:52:19.589 align:start position:0% thing that Ingenuity survived the night with<00:52:17.200> no<00:52:17.440> problems.<00:52:18.720> But<00:52:18.960> scientists<00:52:19.440> were 00:52:19.589 --> 00:52:19.599 align:start position:0% with no problems. But scientists were 00:52:19.599 --> 00:52:21.349 align:start position:0% with no problems. But scientists were delighted<00:52:20.079> that<00:52:20.400> this<00:52:20.640> part<00:52:20.800> of<00:52:20.880> the<00:52:21.040> mission 00:52:21.349 --> 00:52:21.359 align:start position:0% delighted that this part of the mission 00:52:21.359 --> 00:52:23.109 align:start position:0% delighted that this part of the mission went<00:52:21.599> smoothly. 00:52:23.109 --> 00:52:23.119 align:start position:0% went smoothly. 00:52:23.119 --> 00:52:24.950 align:start position:0% went smoothly. During<00:52:23.440> this<00:52:23.680> stage<00:52:23.920> of<00:52:24.160> Perseverance's 00:52:24.950 --> 00:52:24.960 align:start position:0% During this stage of Perseverance's 00:52:24.960 --> 00:52:26.870 align:start position:0% During this stage of Perseverance's mission,<00:52:25.520> it<00:52:25.760> looked<00:52:26.000> on<00:52:26.240> like<00:52:26.400> a<00:52:26.640> proud 00:52:26.870 --> 00:52:26.880 align:start position:0% mission, it looked on like a proud 00:52:26.880 --> 00:52:28.870 align:start position:0% mission, it looked on like a proud parent<00:52:27.280> as<00:52:27.520> Ingenuity<00:52:28.079> began<00:52:28.319> to<00:52:28.480> take<00:52:28.640> its 00:52:28.870 --> 00:52:28.880 align:start position:0% parent as Ingenuity began to take its 00:52:28.880 --> 00:52:31.270 align:start position:0% parent as Ingenuity began to take its first<00:52:29.119> wobbling<00:52:29.599> steps.<00:52:30.400> Although<00:52:30.800> just<00:52:31.040> like 00:52:31.270 --> 00:52:31.280 align:start position:0% first wobbling steps. Although just like 00:52:31.280 --> 00:52:33.349 align:start position:0% first wobbling steps. Although just like a<00:52:31.440> parent,<00:52:32.000> Perseverance<00:52:32.720> couldn't<00:52:33.040> resist 00:52:33.349 --> 00:52:33.359 align:start position:0% a parent, Perseverance couldn't resist 00:52:33.359 --> 00:52:35.190 align:start position:0% a parent, Perseverance couldn't resist taking<00:52:33.599> a<00:52:33.760> selfie<00:52:34.160> or<00:52:34.319> two<00:52:34.480> to<00:52:34.720> show<00:52:34.880> off<00:52:35.040> to 00:52:35.190 --> 00:52:35.200 align:start position:0% taking a selfie or two to show off to 00:52:35.200 --> 00:52:37.670 align:start position:0% taking a selfie or two to show off to its<00:52:35.440> friends<00:52:35.680> on<00:52:35.920> Earth, 00:52:37.670 --> 00:52:37.680 align:start position:0% its friends on Earth, 00:52:37.680 --> 00:52:39.750 align:start position:0% its friends on Earth, Ingenuity's<00:52:38.400> first<00:52:38.640> flights<00:52:39.040> did<00:52:39.280> not<00:52:39.440> go 00:52:39.750 --> 00:52:39.760 align:start position:0% Ingenuity's first flights did not go 00:52:39.760 --> 00:52:42.309 align:start position:0% Ingenuity's first flights did not go completely<00:52:40.319> without<00:52:40.640> a<00:52:40.800> hitch.<00:52:41.599> After<00:52:41.920> taking 00:52:42.309 --> 00:52:42.319 align:start position:0% completely without a hitch. After taking 00:52:42.319 --> 00:52:44.150 align:start position:0% completely without a hitch. After taking time<00:52:42.480> to<00:52:42.720> test<00:52:42.880> its<00:52:43.119> rotors<00:52:43.520> at<00:52:43.760> varying 00:52:44.150 --> 00:52:44.160 align:start position:0% time to test its rotors at varying 00:52:44.160 --> 00:52:46.790 align:start position:0% time to test its rotors at varying speeds,<00:52:44.960> Ingenuity<00:52:45.680> did<00:52:46.000> run<00:52:46.240> into<00:52:46.559> some 00:52:46.790 --> 00:52:46.800 align:start position:0% speeds, Ingenuity did run into some 00:52:46.800 --> 00:52:48.470 align:start position:0% speeds, Ingenuity did run into some software<00:52:47.200> issues<00:52:47.680> that<00:52:48.000> worried<00:52:48.319> the 00:52:48.470 --> 00:52:48.480 align:start position:0% software issues that worried the 00:52:48.480 --> 00:52:50.950 align:start position:0% software issues that worried the engineers<00:52:48.960> who'd<00:52:49.280> worked<00:52:49.520> on<00:52:49.680> it. 00:52:50.950 --> 00:52:50.960 align:start position:0% engineers who'd worked on it. 00:52:50.960 --> 00:52:53.349 align:start position:0% engineers who'd worked on it. However,<00:52:51.680> by<00:52:51.920> the<00:52:52.079> 19th<00:52:52.559> of<00:52:52.720> April, 00:52:53.349 --> 00:52:53.359 align:start position:0% However, by the 19th of April, 00:52:53.359 --> 00:52:55.510 align:start position:0% However, by the 19th of April, Perseverance<00:52:54.000> was<00:52:54.160> able<00:52:54.400> to<00:52:54.559> record<00:52:55.040> as<00:52:55.280> the 00:52:55.510 --> 00:52:55.520 align:start position:0% Perseverance was able to record as the 00:52:55.520 --> 00:52:58.150 align:start position:0% Perseverance was able to record as the solar<00:52:55.920> powered<00:52:56.240> drone<00:52:56.720> attempted<00:52:57.440> the<00:52:57.760> first 00:52:58.150 --> 00:52:58.160 align:start position:0% solar powered drone attempted the first 00:52:58.160 --> 00:53:00.069 align:start position:0% solar powered drone attempted the first ever<00:52:58.720> controlled<00:52:59.200> flight<00:52:59.520> on<00:52:59.760> another 00:53:00.069 --> 00:53:00.079 align:start position:0% ever controlled flight on another 00:53:00.079 --> 00:53:02.390 align:start position:0% ever controlled flight on another planet.<00:53:01.440> The<00:53:01.680> flight<00:53:01.920> was<00:53:02.160> done 00:53:02.390 --> 00:53:02.400 align:start position:0% planet. The flight was done 00:53:02.400 --> 00:53:04.470 align:start position:0% planet. The flight was done autonomously,<00:53:03.359> as<00:53:03.599> the<00:53:03.839> time<00:53:04.000> it<00:53:04.160> would<00:53:04.319> take 00:53:04.470 --> 00:53:04.480 align:start position:0% autonomously, as the time it would take 00:53:04.480 --> 00:53:06.230 align:start position:0% autonomously, as the time it would take for<00:53:04.640> a<00:53:04.800> signal<00:53:05.040> to<00:53:05.200> travel<00:53:05.520> from<00:53:05.760> Earth<00:53:06.000> to 00:53:06.230 --> 00:53:06.240 align:start position:0% for a signal to travel from Earth to 00:53:06.240 --> 00:53:08.309 align:start position:0% for a signal to travel from Earth to Mars<00:53:06.720> would<00:53:06.960> create<00:53:07.280> too<00:53:07.520> much<00:53:07.680> lag<00:53:08.000> to<00:53:08.160> try 00:53:08.309 --> 00:53:08.319 align:start position:0% Mars would create too much lag to try 00:53:08.319 --> 00:53:11.030 align:start position:0% Mars would create too much lag to try and<00:53:08.480> fly<00:53:08.800> remotely,<00:53:09.920> and<00:53:10.160> there<00:53:10.480> were<00:53:10.720> a<00:53:10.960> lot 00:53:11.030 --> 00:53:11.040 align:start position:0% and fly remotely, and there were a lot 00:53:11.040 --> 00:53:13.670 align:start position:0% and fly remotely, and there were a lot of<00:53:11.200> unknowns.<00:53:12.400> Mars<00:53:12.720> has<00:53:12.880> a<00:53:12.960> lighter<00:53:13.280> gravity 00:53:13.670 --> 00:53:13.680 align:start position:0% of unknowns. Mars has a lighter gravity 00:53:13.680 --> 00:53:15.829 align:start position:0% of unknowns. Mars has a lighter gravity compared<00:53:14.000> to<00:53:14.240> us<00:53:14.640> as<00:53:14.800> well<00:53:14.960> as<00:53:15.119> having<00:53:15.440> thinner 00:53:15.829 --> 00:53:15.839 align:start position:0% compared to us as well as having thinner 00:53:15.839 --> 00:53:17.990 align:start position:0% compared to us as well as having thinner air,<00:53:16.400> which<00:53:16.640> meant<00:53:16.880> that<00:53:17.119> testing<00:53:17.440> the<00:53:17.599> rotor 00:53:17.990 --> 00:53:18.000 align:start position:0% air, which meant that testing the rotor 00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:20.069 align:start position:0% air, which meant that testing the rotor on<00:53:18.160> Earth<00:53:18.480> didn't<00:53:18.880> necessarily<00:53:19.599> mean<00:53:19.839> it 00:53:20.069 --> 00:53:20.079 align:start position:0% on Earth didn't necessarily mean it 00:53:20.079 --> 00:53:22.549 align:start position:0% on Earth didn't necessarily mean it would<00:53:20.240> work<00:53:20.400> on<00:53:20.640> Mars.<00:53:21.760> It's<00:53:22.000> hard<00:53:22.240> to 00:53:22.549 --> 00:53:22.559 align:start position:0% would work on Mars. It's hard to 00:53:22.559 --> 00:53:24.470 align:start position:0% would work on Mars. It's hard to properly<00:53:23.040> replicate<00:53:23.599> lower<00:53:23.920> gravity<00:53:24.240> on 00:53:24.470 --> 00:53:24.480 align:start position:0% properly replicate lower gravity on 00:53:24.480 --> 00:53:27.589 align:start position:0% properly replicate lower gravity on Earth,<00:53:24.880> for<00:53:24.960> example.<00:53:26.240> But<00:53:26.480> fortunately,<00:53:27.359> and 00:53:27.589 --> 00:53:27.599 align:start position:0% Earth, for example. But fortunately, and 00:53:27.599 --> 00:53:30.150 align:start position:0% Earth, for example. But fortunately, and with<00:53:27.920> incredible<00:53:28.480> smoothness.<00:53:29.599> Ingenuity 00:53:30.150 --> 00:53:30.160 align:start position:0% with incredible smoothness. Ingenuity 00:53:30.160 --> 00:53:33.030 align:start position:0% with incredible smoothness. Ingenuity rose<00:53:30.480> to<00:53:30.640> an<00:53:30.800> altitude<00:53:31.280> of<00:53:31.520> 3<00:53:31.760> m<00:53:32.400> and<00:53:32.720> remained 00:53:33.030 --> 00:53:33.040 align:start position:0% rose to an altitude of 3 m and remained 00:53:33.040 --> 00:53:36.150 align:start position:0% rose to an altitude of 3 m and remained hovering<00:53:33.440> there<00:53:33.680> for<00:53:34.000> 39.1<00:53:35.040> seconds,<00:53:35.680> just<00:53:35.920> as 00:53:36.150 --> 00:53:36.160 align:start position:0% hovering there for 39.1 seconds, just as 00:53:36.160 --> 00:53:37.510 align:start position:0% hovering there for 39.1 seconds, just as planned. 00:53:37.510 --> 00:53:37.520 align:start position:0% planned. 00:53:37.520 --> 00:53:39.670 align:start position:0% planned. Scientists<00:53:38.079> were<00:53:38.400> very<00:53:38.800> excited<00:53:39.200> when<00:53:39.440> the 00:53:39.670 --> 00:53:39.680 align:start position:0% Scientists were very excited when the 00:53:39.680 --> 00:53:41.829 align:start position:0% Scientists were very excited when the tech<00:53:39.920> demo<00:53:40.240> that<00:53:40.480> had<00:53:40.640> been<00:53:40.800> proposed<00:53:41.200> just<00:53:41.520> 6 00:53:41.829 --> 00:53:41.839 align:start position:0% tech demo that had been proposed just 6 00:53:41.839 --> 00:53:43.990 align:start position:0% tech demo that had been proposed just 6 years<00:53:42.079> earlier<00:53:42.720> had<00:53:43.040> proved<00:53:43.280> itself<00:53:43.680> a 00:53:43.990 --> 00:53:44.000 align:start position:0% years earlier had proved itself a 00:53:44.000 --> 00:53:46.069 align:start position:0% years earlier had proved itself a success. 00:53:46.069 --> 00:53:46.079 align:start position:0% success. 00:53:46.079 --> 00:53:48.390 align:start position:0% success. Ingenuity<00:53:46.720> was<00:53:47.040> not<00:53:47.280> expected<00:53:47.760> to<00:53:47.920> last<00:53:48.240> long 00:53:48.390 --> 00:53:48.400 align:start position:0% Ingenuity was not expected to last long 00:53:48.400 --> 00:53:51.190 align:start position:0% Ingenuity was not expected to last long on<00:53:48.640> Mars,<00:53:49.280> but<00:53:49.440> it<00:53:49.599> kept<00:53:49.920> going<00:53:50.240> and<00:53:50.559> going, 00:53:51.190 --> 00:53:51.200 align:start position:0% on Mars, but it kept going and going, 00:53:51.200 --> 00:53:53.190 align:start position:0% on Mars, but it kept going and going, flying<00:53:51.680> further<00:53:52.079> and<00:53:52.319> higher<00:53:52.640> than<00:53:52.880> every 00:53:53.190 --> 00:53:53.200 align:start position:0% flying further and higher than every 00:53:53.200 --> 00:53:56.069 align:start position:0% flying further and higher than every previous<00:53:53.599> attempt.<00:53:54.800> didn't<00:53:55.119> crash,<00:53:55.760> didn't 00:53:56.069 --> 00:53:56.079 align:start position:0% previous attempt. didn't crash, didn't 00:53:56.079 --> 00:53:59.030 align:start position:0% previous attempt. didn't crash, didn't break,<00:53:56.880> and<00:53:57.200> actually<00:53:57.760> has<00:53:58.000> become<00:53:58.319> a<00:53:58.559> useful 00:53:59.030 --> 00:53:59.040 align:start position:0% break, and actually has become a useful 00:53:59.040 --> 00:54:01.430 align:start position:0% break, and actually has become a useful scout<00:53:59.440> for<00:53:59.680> Perseverance<00:54:00.640> to<00:54:00.880> find<00:54:01.119> good 00:54:01.430 --> 00:54:01.440 align:start position:0% scout for Perseverance to find good 00:54:01.440 --> 00:54:03.349 align:start position:0% scout for Perseverance to find good routes<00:54:01.680> for<00:54:01.839> the<00:54:02.000> rover<00:54:02.319> to<00:54:02.480> take<00:54:02.880> or<00:54:03.119> to 00:54:03.349 --> 00:54:03.359 align:start position:0% routes for the rover to take or to 00:54:03.359 --> 00:54:05.430 align:start position:0% routes for the rover to take or to search<00:54:03.599> for<00:54:03.839> points<00:54:04.160> of<00:54:04.319> interest<00:54:04.800> too<00:54:05.200> small 00:54:05.430 --> 00:54:05.440 align:start position:0% search for points of interest too small 00:54:05.440 --> 00:54:08.470 align:start position:0% search for points of interest too small for<00:54:05.680> satellites<00:54:06.160> to<00:54:06.319> detect.<00:54:07.599> Ingenuity<00:54:08.240> went 00:54:08.470 --> 00:54:08.480 align:start position:0% for satellites to detect. Ingenuity went 00:54:08.480 --> 00:54:10.630 align:start position:0% for satellites to detect. Ingenuity went from<00:54:08.720> a<00:54:09.040> disposable<00:54:09.760> tech<00:54:10.000> demo<00:54:10.319> at<00:54:10.480> the 00:54:10.630 --> 00:54:10.640 align:start position:0% from a disposable tech demo at the 00:54:10.640 --> 00:54:12.630 align:start position:0% from a disposable tech demo at the beginning<00:54:10.800> of<00:54:10.960> the<00:54:11.119> mission<00:54:11.680> to<00:54:11.920> a<00:54:12.160> valuable 00:54:12.630 --> 00:54:12.640 align:start position:0% beginning of the mission to a valuable 00:54:12.640 --> 00:54:14.630 align:start position:0% beginning of the mission to a valuable aid<00:54:13.040> and<00:54:13.200> accomplice<00:54:13.680> for<00:54:13.839> the<00:54:14.000> Perseverance 00:54:14.630 --> 00:54:14.640 align:start position:0% aid and accomplice for the Perseverance 00:54:14.640 --> 00:54:16.870 align:start position:0% aid and accomplice for the Perseverance rover. 00:54:16.870 --> 00:54:16.880 align:start position:0% rover. 00:54:16.880 --> 00:54:18.950 align:start position:0% rover. What<00:54:17.200> about<00:54:17.440> Perseverance? 00:54:18.950 --> 00:54:18.960 align:start position:0% What about Perseverance? 00:54:18.960 --> 00:54:21.190 align:start position:0% What about Perseverance? The<00:54:19.119> Martian<00:54:19.520> rover<00:54:19.920> was<00:54:20.240> not<00:54:20.559> completely 00:54:21.190 --> 00:54:21.200 align:start position:0% The Martian rover was not completely 00:54:21.200 --> 00:54:23.670 align:start position:0% The Martian rover was not completely idle<00:54:21.440> during<00:54:21.680> this<00:54:21.920> time.<00:54:22.800> Perseverance<00:54:23.440> was 00:54:23.670 --> 00:54:23.680 align:start position:0% idle during this time. Perseverance was 00:54:23.680 --> 00:54:25.829 align:start position:0% idle during this time. Perseverance was able<00:54:23.839> to<00:54:24.079> test<00:54:24.319> out<00:54:24.559> a<00:54:24.880> lot<00:54:24.960> of<00:54:25.119> its<00:54:25.359> own<00:54:25.520> gear 00:54:25.829 --> 00:54:25.839 align:start position:0% able to test out a lot of its own gear 00:54:25.839 --> 00:54:28.630 align:start position:0% able to test out a lot of its own gear while<00:54:26.000> it<00:54:26.160> waited<00:54:26.480> for<00:54:26.640> Ingenuity. 00:54:28.630 --> 00:54:28.640 align:start position:0% while it waited for Ingenuity. 00:54:28.640 --> 00:54:30.069 align:start position:0% while it waited for Ingenuity. Perseverance<00:54:29.280> was<00:54:29.440> equipped<00:54:29.760> with<00:54:29.920> a 00:54:30.069 --> 00:54:30.079 align:start position:0% Perseverance was equipped with a 00:54:30.079 --> 00:54:32.150 align:start position:0% Perseverance was equipped with a microphone,<00:54:30.880> and<00:54:31.119> scientists<00:54:31.599> hoped<00:54:31.839> to<00:54:32.000> get 00:54:32.150 --> 00:54:32.160 align:start position:0% microphone, and scientists hoped to get 00:54:32.160 --> 00:54:34.069 align:start position:0% microphone, and scientists hoped to get the<00:54:32.400> first<00:54:32.640> ever<00:54:32.960> audio<00:54:33.440> sample<00:54:33.760> from<00:54:33.920> the 00:54:34.069 --> 00:54:34.079 align:start position:0% the first ever audio sample from the 00:54:34.079 --> 00:54:36.150 align:start position:0% the first ever audio sample from the Martian<00:54:34.480> surface. 00:54:36.150 --> 00:54:36.160 align:start position:0% Martian surface. 00:54:36.160 --> 00:54:38.390 align:start position:0% Martian surface. Soon<00:54:36.319> after<00:54:36.640> landing<00:54:36.960> on<00:54:37.119> Mars,<00:54:37.760> Perseverance 00:54:38.390 --> 00:54:38.400 align:start position:0% Soon after landing on Mars, Perseverance 00:54:38.400 --> 00:54:41.030 align:start position:0% Soon after landing on Mars, Perseverance was<00:54:38.640> able<00:54:38.880> to<00:54:39.040> do<00:54:39.280> just<00:54:39.520> that,<00:54:40.240> giving<00:54:40.559> us<00:54:40.720> our 00:54:41.030 --> 00:54:41.040 align:start position:0% was able to do just that, giving us our 00:54:41.040 --> 00:54:43.270 align:start position:0% was able to do just that, giving us our first<00:54:41.440> idea<00:54:41.839> of<00:54:42.000> what<00:54:42.160> the<00:54:42.400> wind<00:54:42.640> on<00:54:42.880> Mars 00:54:43.270 --> 00:54:43.280 align:start position:0% first idea of what the wind on Mars 00:54:43.280 --> 00:54:49.990 align:start position:0% first idea of what the wind on Mars sounds<00:54:43.599> like. 00:54:49.990 --> 00:54:50.000 align:start position:0% 00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:51.670 align:start position:0% It<00:54:50.319> certainly<00:54:51.040> adds<00:54:51.359> to<00:54:51.412> [music]<00:54:51.520> the 00:54:51.670 --> 00:54:51.680 align:start position:0% It certainly adds to [music] the 00:54:51.680 --> 00:54:54.069 align:start position:0% It certainly adds to [music] the desolate<00:54:52.240> feel<00:54:52.480> of<00:54:52.640> the<00:54:52.800> landscape. 00:54:54.069 --> 00:54:54.079 align:start position:0% desolate feel of the landscape. 00:54:54.079 --> 00:54:56.150 align:start position:0% desolate feel of the landscape. Perseverance<00:54:54.880> also<00:54:55.119> spent<00:54:55.440> time<00:54:55.760> driving 00:54:56.150 --> 00:54:56.160 align:start position:0% Perseverance also spent time driving 00:54:56.160 --> 00:54:58.790 align:start position:0% Perseverance also spent time driving short<00:54:56.559> distances<00:54:57.040> to<00:54:57.200> test<00:54:57.440> its<00:54:57.680> motors,<00:54:58.559> took 00:54:58.790 --> 00:54:58.800 align:start position:0% short distances to test its motors, took 00:54:58.800 --> 00:55:01.270 align:start position:0% short distances to test its motors, took panoramas<00:54:59.440> of<00:54:59.599> the<00:54:59.760> surrounding<00:55:00.160> landscape, 00:55:01.270 --> 00:55:01.280 align:start position:0% panoramas of the surrounding landscape, 00:55:01.280 --> 00:55:03.829 align:start position:0% panoramas of the surrounding landscape, and<00:55:01.599> even<00:55:02.079> successfully<00:55:02.800> extracted<00:55:03.359> oxygen 00:55:03.829 --> 00:55:03.839 align:start position:0% and even successfully extracted oxygen 00:55:03.839 --> 00:55:05.829 align:start position:0% and even successfully extracted oxygen from<00:55:04.079> carbon<00:55:04.480> dioxide<00:55:05.119> out<00:55:05.359> of<00:55:05.440> the<00:55:05.599> red 00:55:05.829 --> 00:55:05.839 align:start position:0% from carbon dioxide out of the red 00:55:05.839 --> 00:55:07.990 align:start position:0% from carbon dioxide out of the red planet's<00:55:06.240> atmosphere<00:55:06.880> using<00:55:07.200> its<00:55:07.440> Moxy 00:55:07.990 --> 00:55:08.000 align:start position:0% planet's atmosphere using its Moxy 00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:10.870 align:start position:0% planet's atmosphere using its Moxy instrument.<00:55:09.280> Moxy,<00:55:10.079> which<00:55:10.319> stands<00:55:10.559> for<00:55:10.720> the 00:55:10.870 --> 00:55:10.880 align:start position:0% instrument. Moxy, which stands for the 00:55:10.880 --> 00:55:13.109 align:start position:0% instrument. Moxy, which stands for the Mars<00:55:11.359> Oxygen<00:55:11.920> Institute<00:55:12.559> Resource 00:55:13.109 --> 00:55:13.119 align:start position:0% Mars Oxygen Institute Resource 00:55:13.119 --> 00:55:15.670 align:start position:0% Mars Oxygen Institute Resource Utilization<00:55:14.000> Experiment,<00:55:15.119> managed<00:55:15.520> to 00:55:15.670 --> 00:55:15.680 align:start position:0% Utilization Experiment, managed to 00:55:15.680 --> 00:55:18.230 align:start position:0% Utilization Experiment, managed to produce<00:55:16.000> about<00:55:16.319> 10<00:55:16.640> gram<00:55:17.040> of<00:55:17.200> oxygen<00:55:17.680> in<00:55:17.920> 1 00:55:18.230 --> 00:55:18.240 align:start position:0% produce about 10 gram of oxygen in 1 00:55:18.240 --> 00:55:20.950 align:start position:0% produce about 10 gram of oxygen in 1 hour,<00:55:19.040> which<00:55:19.280> is<00:55:19.440> not<00:55:19.680> that<00:55:19.920> much.<00:55:20.480> But<00:55:20.640> to<00:55:20.800> be 00:55:20.950 --> 00:55:20.960 align:start position:0% hour, which is not that much. But to be 00:55:20.960 --> 00:55:23.750 align:start position:0% hour, which is not that much. But to be fair,<00:55:21.599> Moxy<00:55:22.160> is<00:55:22.319> only<00:55:22.559> a<00:55:22.800> prototype<00:55:23.359> about<00:55:23.599> the 00:55:23.750 --> 00:55:23.760 align:start position:0% fair, Moxy is only a prototype about the 00:55:23.760 --> 00:55:26.069 align:start position:0% fair, Moxy is only a prototype about the size<00:55:24.000> of<00:55:24.079> a<00:55:24.319> car<00:55:24.559> battery.<00:55:25.440> It<00:55:25.680> would<00:55:25.760> need<00:55:25.920> to 00:55:26.069 --> 00:55:26.079 align:start position:0% size of a car battery. It would need to 00:55:26.079 --> 00:55:28.950 align:start position:0% size of a car battery. It would need to be<00:55:26.400> 100<00:55:26.800> times<00:55:27.119> larger<00:55:27.599> if<00:55:27.920> we<00:55:28.240> to<00:55:28.640> actually 00:55:28.950 --> 00:55:28.960 align:start position:0% be 100 times larger if we to actually 00:55:28.960 --> 00:55:30.703 align:start position:0% be 100 times larger if we to actually use<00:55:29.119> it<00:55:29.280> on<00:55:29.440> the<00:55:29.599> red<00:55:29.760> planet<00:55:30.079> to<00:55:30.319> support 00:55:30.703 --> 00:55:30.713 align:start position:0% use it on the red planet to support 00:55:30.713 --> 00:55:33.349 align:start position:0% use it on the red planet to support [music]<00:55:30.720> human<00:55:31.119> interests.<00:55:32.319> However,<00:55:32.960> just 00:55:33.349 --> 00:55:33.359 align:start position:0% [music] human interests. However, just 00:55:33.359 --> 00:55:35.430 align:start position:0% [music] human interests. However, just knowing<00:55:33.599> that<00:55:33.839> it<00:55:34.079> works<00:55:34.400> is<00:55:34.640> an<00:55:34.880> exciting 00:55:35.430 --> 00:55:35.440 align:start position:0% knowing that it works is an exciting 00:55:35.440 --> 00:55:37.430 align:start position:0% knowing that it works is an exciting step<00:55:35.680> forward. 00:55:37.430 --> 00:55:37.440 align:start position:0% step forward. 00:55:37.440 --> 00:55:39.829 align:start position:0% step forward. But<00:55:37.760> as<00:55:38.000> fascinating<00:55:38.640> as<00:55:38.960> all<00:55:39.200> these<00:55:39.520> things 00:55:39.829 --> 00:55:39.839 align:start position:0% But as fascinating as all these things 00:55:39.839 --> 00:55:41.589 align:start position:0% But as fascinating as all these things are,<00:55:40.480> there<00:55:40.640> was<00:55:40.880> one<00:55:41.119> thing<00:55:41.359> that 00:55:41.589 --> 00:55:41.599 align:start position:0% are, there was one thing that 00:55:41.599 --> 00:55:44.230 align:start position:0% are, there was one thing that Perseverance<00:55:42.319> still<00:55:42.559> needed<00:55:42.800> to<00:55:43.040> do.<00:55:43.839> It<00:55:44.000> had 00:55:44.230 --> 00:55:44.240 align:start position:0% Perseverance still needed to do. It had 00:55:44.240 --> 00:55:46.230 align:start position:0% Perseverance still needed to do. It had come<00:55:44.480> here<00:55:44.640> to<00:55:44.880> discover<00:55:45.280> one<00:55:45.520> very<00:55:45.839> important 00:55:46.230 --> 00:55:46.240 align:start position:0% come here to discover one very important 00:55:46.240 --> 00:55:49.510 align:start position:0% come here to discover one very important thing.<00:55:47.119> Was<00:55:47.359> there<00:55:47.520> ever<00:55:47.839> life<00:55:48.079> on<00:55:48.319> Mars?<00:55:49.359> And 00:55:49.510 --> 00:55:49.520 align:start position:0% thing. Was there ever life on Mars? And 00:55:49.520 --> 00:55:51.910 align:start position:0% thing. Was there ever life on Mars? And so<00:55:50.079> during<00:55:50.400> this<00:55:50.640> period<00:55:50.960> of<00:55:51.119> downtime, 00:55:51.910 --> 00:55:51.920 align:start position:0% so during this period of downtime, 00:55:51.920 --> 00:55:54.150 align:start position:0% so during this period of downtime, scientists<00:55:52.480> were<00:55:52.720> busily<00:55:53.280> plotting<00:55:53.680> the<00:55:54.000> best 00:55:54.150 --> 00:55:54.160 align:start position:0% scientists were busily plotting the best 00:55:54.160 --> 00:55:55.589 align:start position:0% scientists were busily plotting the best possible<00:55:54.293> [music]<00:55:54.559> route<00:55:54.799> for<00:55:55.040> Perseverance 00:55:55.589 --> 00:55:55.599 align:start position:0% possible [music] route for Perseverance 00:55:55.599 --> 00:55:58.630 align:start position:0% possible [music] route for Perseverance to<00:55:55.839> take.<00:55:57.119> Although<00:55:57.520> Perseverance's<00:55:58.319> landing 00:55:58.630 --> 00:55:58.640 align:start position:0% to take. Although Perseverance's landing 00:55:58.640 --> 00:56:00.470 align:start position:0% to take. Although Perseverance's landing was<00:55:58.880> one<00:55:59.040> of<00:55:59.119> the<00:55:59.359> most<00:55:59.599> accurate<00:56:00.160> Mars 00:56:00.470 --> 00:56:00.480 align:start position:0% was one of the most accurate Mars 00:56:00.480 --> 00:56:02.950 align:start position:0% was one of the most accurate Mars landings<00:56:00.880> NASA<00:56:01.280> had<00:56:01.440> achieved<00:56:01.760> so<00:56:02.000> far,<00:56:02.720> it 00:56:02.950 --> 00:56:02.960 align:start position:0% landings NASA had achieved so far, it 00:56:02.960 --> 00:56:05.109 align:start position:0% landings NASA had achieved so far, it was<00:56:03.119> still<00:56:03.440> many<00:56:03.839> days<00:56:04.160> travel<00:56:04.559> from<00:56:04.799> some<00:56:05.040> of 00:56:05.109 --> 00:56:05.119 align:start position:0% was still many days travel from some of 00:56:05.119 --> 00:56:07.589 align:start position:0% was still many days travel from some of the<00:56:05.359> 40<00:56:05.760> m<00:56:06.000> tall<00:56:06.319> outcroppings<00:56:06.960> of<00:56:07.119> a<00:56:07.280> rock<00:56:07.440> at 00:56:07.589 --> 00:56:07.599 align:start position:0% the 40 m tall outcroppings of a rock at 00:56:07.599 --> 00:56:09.430 align:start position:0% the 40 m tall outcroppings of a rock at the<00:56:07.680> edge<00:56:07.839> of<00:56:07.920> a<00:56:08.079> crater<00:56:08.559> known<00:56:08.799> as<00:56:09.040> South 00:56:09.430 --> 00:56:09.440 align:start position:0% the edge of a crater known as South 00:56:09.440 --> 00:56:11.510 align:start position:0% the edge of a crater known as South Saitar<00:56:10.319> that<00:56:10.480> scientists<00:56:10.960> are<00:56:11.119> wanted<00:56:11.359> to 00:56:11.510 --> 00:56:11.520 align:start position:0% Saitar that scientists are wanted to 00:56:11.520 --> 00:56:14.150 align:start position:0% Saitar that scientists are wanted to investigate.<00:56:12.720> And<00:56:12.960> between<00:56:13.440> South<00:56:13.680> Saitar 00:56:14.150 --> 00:56:14.160 align:start position:0% investigate. And between South Saitar 00:56:14.160 --> 00:56:16.710 align:start position:0% investigate. And between South Saitar and<00:56:14.400> Perseverance's<00:56:15.200> landing<00:56:15.520> site,<00:56:16.240> there 00:56:16.710 --> 00:56:16.720 align:start position:0% and Perseverance's landing site, there 00:56:16.720 --> 00:56:18.870 align:start position:0% and Perseverance's landing site, there lay<00:56:16.880> a<00:56:17.119> dangerous<00:56:17.680> June<00:56:18.079> field<00:56:18.319> filled<00:56:18.640> with 00:56:18.870 --> 00:56:18.880 align:start position:0% lay a dangerous June field filled with 00:56:18.880 --> 00:56:21.190 align:start position:0% lay a dangerous June field filled with loose<00:56:19.280> sand,<00:56:19.920> impossible<00:56:20.400> for<00:56:20.559> the<00:56:20.720> rover<00:56:21.040> to 00:56:21.190 --> 00:56:21.200 align:start position:0% loose sand, impossible for the rover to 00:56:21.200 --> 00:56:23.103 align:start position:0% loose sand, impossible for the rover to cross<00:56:21.680> without<00:56:22.000> risking<00:56:22.480> getting<00:56:22.799> stuck 00:56:23.103 --> 00:56:23.113 align:start position:0% cross without risking getting stuck 00:56:23.113 --> 00:56:24.630 align:start position:0% cross without risking getting stuck [music]<00:56:23.119> forever,<00:56:23.760> which<00:56:24.000> would<00:56:24.160> spell<00:56:24.400> an 00:56:24.630 --> 00:56:24.640 align:start position:0% [music] forever, which would spell an 00:56:24.640 --> 00:56:26.870 align:start position:0% [music] forever, which would spell an end<00:56:24.799> to<00:56:24.960> the<00:56:25.200> mission. 00:56:26.870 --> 00:56:26.880 align:start position:0% end to the mission. 00:56:26.880 --> 00:56:28.630 align:start position:0% end to the mission. Scientists<00:56:27.359> would<00:56:27.520> need<00:56:27.680> to<00:56:27.839> decide<00:56:28.160> the<00:56:28.400> best 00:56:28.630 --> 00:56:28.640 align:start position:0% Scientists would need to decide the best 00:56:28.640 --> 00:56:31.349 align:start position:0% Scientists would need to decide the best possible<00:56:29.119> route<00:56:29.440> around<00:56:29.680> the<00:56:29.920> dunes.<00:56:30.960> Was<00:56:31.119> it 00:56:31.349 --> 00:56:31.359 align:start position:0% possible route around the dunes. Was it 00:56:31.359 --> 00:56:33.270 align:start position:0% possible route around the dunes. Was it better<00:56:31.599> to<00:56:31.760> travel<00:56:32.160> anticlockwise<00:56:32.960> around 00:56:33.270 --> 00:56:33.280 align:start position:0% better to travel anticlockwise around 00:56:33.280 --> 00:56:35.030 align:start position:0% better to travel anticlockwise around the<00:56:33.440> crater,<00:56:33.920> which<00:56:34.160> would<00:56:34.319> get<00:56:34.480> Perseverance 00:56:35.030 --> 00:56:35.040 align:start position:0% the crater, which would get Perseverance 00:56:35.040 --> 00:56:37.349 align:start position:0% the crater, which would get Perseverance to<00:56:35.200> the<00:56:35.359> outcroppings<00:56:36.000> faster,<00:56:36.799> or<00:56:37.040> would<00:56:37.200> it 00:56:37.349 --> 00:56:37.359 align:start position:0% to the outcroppings faster, or would it 00:56:37.359 --> 00:56:39.270 align:start position:0% to the outcroppings faster, or would it be<00:56:37.520> better<00:56:37.680> to<00:56:37.920> travel<00:56:38.240> clockwise,<00:56:39.040> which 00:56:39.270 --> 00:56:39.280 align:start position:0% be better to travel clockwise, which 00:56:39.280 --> 00:56:41.270 align:start position:0% be better to travel clockwise, which would<00:56:39.520> take<00:56:39.760> longer,<00:56:40.319> but<00:56:40.559> would<00:56:40.799> allow<00:56:41.040> the 00:56:41.270 --> 00:56:41.280 align:start position:0% would take longer, but would allow the 00:56:41.280 --> 00:56:43.430 align:start position:0% would take longer, but would allow the rover<00:56:41.599> to<00:56:41.760> stop<00:56:42.000> by<00:56:42.319> more<00:56:42.559> interesting<00:56:43.119> rocks 00:56:43.430 --> 00:56:43.440 align:start position:0% rover to stop by more interesting rocks 00:56:43.440 --> 00:56:46.549 align:start position:0% rover to stop by more interesting rocks along<00:56:43.760> the<00:56:43.920> way?<00:56:44.960> In<00:56:45.200> the<00:56:45.359> end,<00:56:45.760> as<00:56:46.000> is<00:56:46.240> often 00:56:46.549 --> 00:56:46.559 align:start position:0% along the way? In the end, as is often 00:56:46.559 --> 00:56:49.109 align:start position:0% along the way? In the end, as is often the<00:56:46.799> case<00:56:46.960> in<00:56:47.280> space<00:56:47.599> exploration,<00:56:48.640> it<00:56:48.880> came 00:56:49.109 --> 00:56:49.119 align:start position:0% the case in space exploration, it came 00:56:49.119 --> 00:56:52.069 align:start position:0% the case in space exploration, it came down<00:56:49.280> to<00:56:49.520> efficiency.<00:56:50.960> Scientists<00:56:51.520> chose<00:56:51.839> the 00:56:52.069 --> 00:56:52.079 align:start position:0% down to efficiency. Scientists chose the 00:56:52.079 --> 00:56:54.390 align:start position:0% down to efficiency. Scientists chose the second<00:56:52.319> option<00:56:52.880> to<00:56:53.119> allow<00:56:53.359> it<00:56:53.520> to<00:56:53.680> do<00:56:53.920> as<00:56:54.160> much 00:56:54.390 --> 00:56:54.400 align:start position:0% second option to allow it to do as much 00:56:54.400 --> 00:56:56.870 align:start position:0% second option to allow it to do as much science<00:56:54.720> as<00:56:54.960> possible<00:56:55.359> in<00:56:55.680> as<00:56:55.920> many<00:56:56.160> areas<00:56:56.640> as 00:56:56.870 --> 00:56:56.880 align:start position:0% science as possible in as many areas as 00:56:56.880 --> 00:56:58.870 align:start position:0% science as possible in as many areas as possible<00:56:57.359> in<00:56:57.599> the<00:56:57.760> limited<00:56:58.079> time<00:56:58.319> the<00:56:58.480> rover 00:56:58.870 --> 00:56:58.880 align:start position:0% possible in the limited time the rover 00:56:58.880 --> 00:57:01.510 align:start position:0% possible in the limited time the rover had<00:56:59.119> available<00:56:59.440> to<00:56:59.680> it.<00:57:00.480> Perseverance<00:57:01.200> was 00:57:01.510 --> 00:57:01.520 align:start position:0% had available to it. Perseverance was 00:57:01.520 --> 00:57:04.150 align:start position:0% had available to it. Perseverance was finally<00:57:02.000> given<00:57:02.319> the<00:57:02.559> go-ahad. 00:57:04.150 --> 00:57:04.160 align:start position:0% finally given the go-ahad. 00:57:04.160 --> 00:57:06.870 align:start position:0% finally given the go-ahad. And<00:57:04.400> so<00:57:04.720> on<00:57:04.960> the<00:57:05.119> 1st<00:57:05.359> of<00:57:05.520> June,<00:57:06.240> almost<00:57:06.640> five 00:57:06.870 --> 00:57:06.880 align:start position:0% And so on the 1st of June, almost five 00:57:06.880 --> 00:57:09.270 align:start position:0% And so on the 1st of June, almost five months<00:57:07.200> after<00:57:07.599> arriving<00:57:08.000> on<00:57:08.240> the<00:57:08.400> red<00:57:08.640> planet, 00:57:09.270 --> 00:57:09.280 align:start position:0% months after arriving on the red planet, 00:57:09.280 --> 00:57:11.829 align:start position:0% months after arriving on the red planet, Perseverance's<00:57:10.079> wheels<00:57:10.559> trundled<00:57:11.119> into<00:57:11.359> life 00:57:11.829 --> 00:57:11.839 align:start position:0% Perseverance's wheels trundled into life 00:57:11.839 --> 00:57:13.829 align:start position:0% Perseverance's wheels trundled into life and<00:57:12.000> the<00:57:12.240> rover<00:57:12.640> finally<00:57:13.040> left<00:57:13.280> the<00:57:13.440> safety<00:57:13.760> of 00:57:13.829 --> 00:57:13.839 align:start position:0% and the rover finally left the safety of 00:57:13.839 --> 00:57:15.670 align:start position:0% and the rover finally left the safety of its<00:57:14.079> landing<00:57:14.400> site<00:57:14.720> and<00:57:14.859> [music]<00:57:15.040> set<00:57:15.280> out<00:57:15.440> on 00:57:15.670 --> 00:57:15.680 align:start position:0% its landing site and [music] set out on 00:57:15.680 --> 00:57:18.309 align:start position:0% its landing site and [music] set out on its<00:57:15.920> primary<00:57:16.400> mission<00:57:17.119> to<00:57:17.359> collect<00:57:17.680> core<00:57:18.000> rock 00:57:18.309 --> 00:57:18.319 align:start position:0% its primary mission to collect core rock 00:57:18.319 --> 00:57:20.309 align:start position:0% its primary mission to collect core rock samples<00:57:18.799> from<00:57:19.119> locations<00:57:19.760> life<00:57:20.079> could 00:57:20.309 --> 00:57:20.319 align:start position:0% samples from locations life could 00:57:20.319 --> 00:57:22.549 align:start position:0% samples from locations life could potentially<00:57:20.799> have<00:57:21.040> flourished<00:57:21.839> for<00:57:22.160> ultimate 00:57:22.549 --> 00:57:22.559 align:start position:0% potentially have flourished for ultimate 00:57:22.559 --> 00:57:25.270 align:start position:0% potentially have flourished for ultimate return<00:57:22.880> for<00:57:23.200> analysis<00:57:23.680> to<00:57:23.920> Earth.<00:57:24.799> The<00:57:25.040> search 00:57:25.270 --> 00:57:25.280 align:start position:0% return for analysis to Earth. The search 00:57:25.280 --> 00:57:27.589 align:start position:0% return for analysis to Earth. The search for<00:57:25.520> alien<00:57:26.000> life<00:57:26.400> could<00:57:26.720> now<00:57:27.040> begin<00:57:27.280> in 00:57:27.589 --> 00:57:27.599 align:start position:0% for alien life could now begin in 00:57:27.599 --> 00:57:30.470 align:start position:0% for alien life could now begin in earnest,<00:57:28.799> with<00:57:29.040> Ingenuity<00:57:29.760> following<00:57:30.160> along 00:57:30.470 --> 00:57:30.480 align:start position:0% earnest, with Ingenuity following along 00:57:30.480 --> 00:57:34.870 align:start position:0% earnest, with Ingenuity following along to<00:57:30.720> keep<00:57:30.880> Perseverance<00:57:31.599> company,<00:57:32.079> of<00:57:32.319> course. 00:57:34.870 --> 00:57:34.880 align:start position:0% to keep Perseverance company, of course. 00:57:34.880 --> 00:57:37.510 align:start position:0% to keep Perseverance company, of course. Millions<00:57:35.359> of<00:57:35.520> years<00:57:35.680> ago,<00:57:36.240> a<00:57:36.559> massive<00:57:37.040> object 00:57:37.510 --> 00:57:37.520 align:start position:0% Millions of years ago, a massive object 00:57:37.520 --> 00:57:39.910 align:start position:0% Millions of years ago, a massive object had<00:57:37.760> crashed<00:57:38.079> into<00:57:38.319> the<00:57:38.559> surface<00:57:38.799> of<00:57:39.040> Mars. 00:57:39.910 --> 00:57:39.920 align:start position:0% had crashed into the surface of Mars. 00:57:39.920 --> 00:57:41.750 align:start position:0% had crashed into the surface of Mars. The<00:57:40.160> resulting<00:57:40.559> crater<00:57:40.960> was<00:57:41.280> hundreds<00:57:41.599> of 00:57:41.750 --> 00:57:41.760 align:start position:0% The resulting crater was hundreds of 00:57:41.760 --> 00:57:45.349 align:start position:0% The resulting crater was hundreds of meters<00:57:42.079> deep<00:57:42.480> and<00:57:42.880> 40<00:57:43.280> km<00:57:43.839> in<00:57:44.079> diameter.<00:57:45.200> And 00:57:45.349 --> 00:57:45.359 align:start position:0% meters deep and 40 km in diameter. And 00:57:45.359 --> 00:57:47.030 align:start position:0% meters deep and 40 km in diameter. And due<00:57:45.680> to<00:57:45.839> the<00:57:46.079> different<00:57:46.319> geological 00:57:47.030 --> 00:57:47.040 align:start position:0% due to the different geological 00:57:47.040 --> 00:57:49.430 align:start position:0% due to the different geological conditions<00:57:47.440> that<00:57:47.680> existed<00:57:48.160> back<00:57:48.400> then,<00:57:49.119> it 00:57:49.430 --> 00:57:49.440 align:start position:0% conditions that existed back then, it 00:57:49.440 --> 00:57:52.549 align:start position:0% conditions that existed back then, it soon<00:57:49.839> began<00:57:50.160> to<00:57:50.319> fill<00:57:50.559> up<00:57:50.720> with<00:57:50.960> water. 00:57:52.549 --> 00:57:52.559 align:start position:0% soon began to fill up with water. 00:57:52.559 --> 00:57:54.950 align:start position:0% soon began to fill up with water. In<00:57:52.880> time,<00:57:53.280> this<00:57:53.520> crater<00:57:54.000> became<00:57:54.319> a<00:57:54.559> massive 00:57:54.950 --> 00:57:54.960 align:start position:0% In time, this crater became a massive 00:57:54.960 --> 00:57:58.150 align:start position:0% In time, this crater became a massive lake<00:57:55.440> and<00:57:55.760> earned<00:57:56.000> the<00:57:56.160> name<00:57:56.480> Yzero,<00:57:57.680> which 00:57:58.150 --> 00:57:58.160 align:start position:0% lake and earned the name Yzero, which 00:57:58.160 --> 00:58:00.870 align:start position:0% lake and earned the name Yzero, which somewhat<00:57:58.559> unimaginatively<00:58:00.000> literally<00:58:00.480> means 00:58:00.870 --> 00:58:00.880 align:start position:0% somewhat unimaginatively literally means 00:58:00.880 --> 00:58:03.589 align:start position:0% somewhat unimaginatively literally means lake<00:58:01.280> in<00:58:01.520> some<00:58:01.680> of<00:58:01.760> the<00:58:01.920> Slavic<00:58:02.400> languages. 00:58:03.589 --> 00:58:03.599 align:start position:0% lake in some of the Slavic languages. 00:58:03.599 --> 00:58:05.750 align:start position:0% lake in some of the Slavic languages. Massive<00:58:04.160> rivers<00:58:04.640> began<00:58:04.960> to<00:58:05.200> run<00:58:05.359> into<00:58:05.599> the 00:58:05.750 --> 00:58:05.760 align:start position:0% Massive rivers began to run into the 00:58:05.760 --> 00:58:08.390 align:start position:0% Massive rivers began to run into the Yzero<00:58:06.319> crater,<00:58:07.200> carving<00:58:07.680> valleys<00:58:08.160> through 00:58:08.390 --> 00:58:08.400 align:start position:0% Yzero crater, carving valleys through 00:58:08.400 --> 00:58:10.390 align:start position:0% Yzero crater, carving valleys through the<00:58:08.640> terrain<00:58:09.119> and<00:58:09.359> depositing<00:58:10.000> all<00:58:10.160> the 00:58:10.390 --> 00:58:10.400 align:start position:0% the terrain and depositing all the 00:58:10.400 --> 00:58:13.510 align:start position:0% the terrain and depositing all the resulting<00:58:10.799> silt<00:58:11.280> over<00:58:11.599> huge<00:58:12.000> deltas. 00:58:13.510 --> 00:58:13.520 align:start position:0% resulting silt over huge deltas. 00:58:13.520 --> 00:58:15.750 align:start position:0% resulting silt over huge deltas. This<00:58:13.760> is<00:58:13.920> why<00:58:14.160> Yzero<00:58:14.799> was<00:58:14.960> selected<00:58:15.359> as<00:58:15.599> the 00:58:15.750 --> 00:58:15.760 align:start position:0% This is why Yzero was selected as the 00:58:15.760 --> 00:58:18.549 align:start position:0% This is why Yzero was selected as the site<00:58:16.000> for<00:58:16.160> Perseverance's<00:58:17.040> mission.<00:58:17.920> If<00:58:18.240> life 00:58:18.549 --> 00:58:18.559 align:start position:0% site for Perseverance's mission. If life 00:58:18.559 --> 00:58:20.630 align:start position:0% site for Perseverance's mission. If life worked<00:58:18.880> the<00:58:19.119> same<00:58:19.280> way<00:58:19.520> here<00:58:19.839> as<00:58:20.079> it<00:58:20.240> does<00:58:20.400> on 00:58:20.630 --> 00:58:20.640 align:start position:0% worked the same way here as it does on 00:58:20.640 --> 00:58:23.589 align:start position:0% worked the same way here as it does on Earth,<00:58:21.520> this<00:58:21.760> location<00:58:22.400> could<00:58:22.720> be<00:58:22.960> rife<00:58:23.359> with 00:58:23.589 --> 00:58:23.599 align:start position:0% Earth, this location could be rife with 00:58:23.599 --> 00:58:25.510 align:start position:0% Earth, this location could be rife with possibilities<00:58:24.240> for<00:58:24.480> the<00:58:24.640> emergence<00:58:25.200> and 00:58:25.510 --> 00:58:25.520 align:start position:0% possibilities for the emergence and 00:58:25.520 --> 00:58:28.230 align:start position:0% possibilities for the emergence and propagation<00:58:26.160> of<00:58:26.400> life. 00:58:28.230 --> 00:58:28.240 align:start position:0% propagation of life. 00:58:28.240 --> 00:58:30.870 align:start position:0% propagation of life. As<00:58:28.480> Mars<00:58:28.799> is<00:58:29.040> now<00:58:29.200> a<00:58:29.440> barren<00:58:29.839> wasteland,<00:58:30.640> the 00:58:30.870 --> 00:58:30.880 align:start position:0% As Mars is now a barren wasteland, the 00:58:30.880 --> 00:58:32.549 align:start position:0% As Mars is now a barren wasteland, the kinds<00:58:31.119> of<00:58:31.280> things<00:58:31.520> Perseverance<00:58:32.160> is<00:58:32.400> looking 00:58:32.549 --> 00:58:32.559 align:start position:0% kinds of things Perseverance is looking 00:58:32.559 --> 00:58:35.990 align:start position:0% kinds of things Perseverance is looking for<00:58:33.200> would<00:58:33.520> not<00:58:33.760> be<00:58:34.000> immediately<00:58:34.640> obvious. 00:58:35.990 --> 00:58:36.000 align:start position:0% for would not be immediately obvious. 00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:38.630 align:start position:0% for would not be immediately obvious. Any<00:58:36.319> life<00:58:36.559> that<00:58:36.880> swam<00:58:37.200> in<00:58:37.440> Yzero's<00:58:38.079> Lake<00:58:38.400> would 00:58:38.630 --> 00:58:38.640 align:start position:0% Any life that swam in Yzero's Lake would 00:58:38.640 --> 00:58:41.430 align:start position:0% Any life that swam in Yzero's Lake would have<00:58:38.880> lived,<00:58:39.599> died,<00:58:40.160> and<00:58:40.480> fallen<00:58:40.880> to<00:58:41.040> the<00:58:41.119> lake 00:58:41.430 --> 00:58:41.440 align:start position:0% have lived, died, and fallen to the lake 00:58:41.440 --> 00:58:43.589 align:start position:0% have lived, died, and fallen to the lake bed,<00:58:41.920> where<00:58:42.240> accumulated<00:58:42.960> silt<00:58:43.280> from<00:58:43.440> the 00:58:43.589 --> 00:58:43.599 align:start position:0% bed, where accumulated silt from the 00:58:43.599 --> 00:58:46.470 align:start position:0% bed, where accumulated silt from the river<00:58:43.920> would<00:58:44.079> have<00:58:44.240> buried<00:58:44.559> it<00:58:44.720> in<00:58:45.040> hard<00:58:45.359> rock. 00:58:46.470 --> 00:58:46.480 align:start position:0% river would have buried it in hard rock. 00:58:46.480 --> 00:58:48.470 align:start position:0% river would have buried it in hard rock. Perseverance<00:58:47.200> would<00:58:47.359> need<00:58:47.599> to<00:58:47.760> make<00:58:48.000> good<00:58:48.240> use 00:58:48.470 --> 00:58:48.480 align:start position:0% Perseverance would need to make good use 00:58:48.480 --> 00:58:51.190 align:start position:0% Perseverance would need to make good use of<00:58:48.720> all<00:58:48.960> the<00:58:49.119> tools<00:58:49.440> at<00:58:49.680> its<00:58:49.920> disposal.<00:58:50.960> Its 00:58:51.190 --> 00:58:51.200 align:start position:0% of all the tools at its disposal. Its 00:58:51.200 --> 00:58:53.670 align:start position:0% of all the tools at its disposal. Its drill-mounted<00:58:51.920> arm,<00:58:52.720> its<00:58:53.040> ultraviolet 00:58:53.670 --> 00:58:53.680 align:start position:0% drill-mounted arm, its ultraviolet 00:58:53.680 --> 00:58:56.390 align:start position:0% drill-mounted arm, its ultraviolet spectrometer,<00:58:54.400> Sherlock,<00:58:55.280> and<00:58:55.520> its<00:58:55.839> X-ray 00:58:56.390 --> 00:58:56.400 align:start position:0% spectrometer, Sherlock, and its X-ray 00:58:56.400 --> 00:58:59.190 align:start position:0% spectrometer, Sherlock, and its X-ray fluorescent<00:58:57.040> spectrometer,<00:58:57.920> Pixel,<00:58:58.720> to<00:58:58.960> find 00:58:59.190 --> 00:58:59.200 align:start position:0% fluorescent spectrometer, Pixel, to find 00:58:59.200 --> 00:59:01.030 align:start position:0% fluorescent spectrometer, Pixel, to find this<00:58:59.520> evidence. 00:59:01.030 --> 00:59:01.040 align:start position:0% this evidence. 00:59:01.040 --> 00:59:02.630 align:start position:0% this evidence. However,<00:59:01.440> it<00:59:01.680> is<00:59:01.839> important<00:59:02.160> to<00:59:02.400> choose 00:59:02.630 --> 00:59:02.640 align:start position:0% However, it is important to choose 00:59:02.640 --> 00:59:05.349 align:start position:0% However, it is important to choose targets<00:59:03.119> carefully.<00:59:04.240> Perseverance<00:59:04.960> has 00:59:05.349 --> 00:59:05.359 align:start position:0% targets carefully. Perseverance has 00:59:05.359 --> 00:59:08.069 align:start position:0% targets carefully. Perseverance has limited<00:59:05.760> resources<00:59:06.319> available<00:59:06.799> to<00:59:07.040> it.<00:59:07.760> It 00:59:08.069 --> 00:59:08.079 align:start position:0% limited resources available to it. It 00:59:08.079 --> 00:59:10.630 align:start position:0% limited resources available to it. It only<00:59:08.319> has<00:59:08.559> just<00:59:08.880> over<00:59:09.200> 30<00:59:09.520> sample<00:59:09.920> tubes<00:59:10.319> for 00:59:10.630 --> 00:59:10.640 align:start position:0% only has just over 30 sample tubes for 00:59:10.640 --> 00:59:12.470 align:start position:0% only has just over 30 sample tubes for storing<00:59:11.119> rock<00:59:11.440> cores<00:59:11.760> for<00:59:11.920> the<00:59:12.079> return 00:59:12.470 --> 00:59:12.480 align:start position:0% storing rock cores for the return 00:59:12.480 --> 00:59:15.510 align:start position:0% storing rock cores for the return journey<00:59:12.799> home.<00:59:14.079> Tempting<00:59:14.480> as<00:59:14.720> it<00:59:14.880> might<00:59:15.040> be<00:59:15.280> to 00:59:15.510 --> 00:59:15.520 align:start position:0% journey home. Tempting as it might be to 00:59:15.520 --> 00:59:17.589 align:start position:0% journey home. Tempting as it might be to just<00:59:15.839> grab<00:59:16.079> a<00:59:16.319> sample<00:59:16.640> from<00:59:16.960> right<00:59:17.200> where<00:59:17.440> it 00:59:17.589 --> 00:59:17.599 align:start position:0% just grab a sample from right where it 00:59:17.599 --> 00:59:19.990 align:start position:0% just grab a sample from right where it landed,<00:59:18.400> Perseverance<00:59:19.040> needed<00:59:19.359> to<00:59:19.599> only 00:59:19.990 --> 00:59:20.000 align:start position:0% landed, Perseverance needed to only 00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:22.230 align:start position:0% landed, Perseverance needed to only collect<00:59:20.319> samples<00:59:20.799> from<00:59:21.119> the<00:59:21.280> locations<00:59:21.920> most 00:59:22.230 --> 00:59:22.240 align:start position:0% collect samples from the locations most 00:59:22.240 --> 00:59:24.390 align:start position:0% collect samples from the locations most likely<00:59:22.640> to<00:59:22.880> provide<00:59:23.280> evidence<00:59:23.680> of<00:59:23.920> signs<00:59:24.240> of 00:59:24.390 --> 00:59:24.400 align:start position:0% likely to provide evidence of signs of 00:59:24.400 --> 00:59:27.190 align:start position:0% likely to provide evidence of signs of life<00:59:25.200> or<00:59:25.599> offer<00:59:26.000> particular<00:59:26.480> insight<00:59:26.960> into 00:59:27.190 --> 00:59:27.200 align:start position:0% life or offer particular insight into 00:59:27.200 --> 00:59:30.069 align:start position:0% life or offer particular insight into the<00:59:27.440> formation<00:59:28.079> and<00:59:28.319> age<00:59:28.559> of<00:59:28.720> Yzero<00:59:29.280> Crater<00:59:29.839> to 00:59:30.069 --> 00:59:30.079 align:start position:0% the formation and age of Yzero Crater to 00:59:30.079 --> 00:59:32.309 align:start position:0% the formation and age of Yzero Crater to pinpoint<00:59:30.640> better<00:59:30.960> possible<00:59:31.359> locations<00:59:32.000> for 00:59:32.309 --> 00:59:32.319 align:start position:0% pinpoint better possible locations for 00:59:32.319 --> 00:59:35.430 align:start position:0% pinpoint better possible locations for later.<00:59:33.520> As<00:59:33.760> such,<00:59:34.319> Perseverance<00:59:35.040> did<00:59:35.280> not 00:59:35.430 --> 00:59:35.440 align:start position:0% later. As such, Perseverance did not 00:59:35.440 --> 00:59:38.069 align:start position:0% later. As such, Perseverance did not start<00:59:35.760> drilling<00:59:36.240> immediately,<00:59:37.119> but<00:59:37.440> instead 00:59:38.069 --> 00:59:38.079 align:start position:0% start drilling immediately, but instead 00:59:38.079 --> 00:59:40.069 align:start position:0% start drilling immediately, but instead began<00:59:38.480> traveling<00:59:38.960> south<00:59:39.280> from<00:59:39.520> its<00:59:39.680> landing 00:59:40.069 --> 00:59:40.079 align:start position:0% began traveling south from its landing 00:59:40.079 --> 00:59:43.589 align:start position:0% began traveling south from its landing location<00:59:40.640> at<00:59:41.119> Octavia<00:59:41.920> E.<00:59:42.160> Butler<00:59:42.720> landing, 00:59:43.589 --> 00:59:43.599 align:start position:0% location at Octavia E. Butler landing, 00:59:43.599 --> 00:59:45.829 align:start position:0% location at Octavia E. Butler landing, named<00:59:44.000> after<00:59:44.240> the<00:59:44.400> science<00:59:44.720> fiction<00:59:45.040> author, 00:59:45.829 --> 00:59:45.839 align:start position:0% named after the science fiction author, 00:59:45.839 --> 00:59:48.549 align:start position:0% named after the science fiction author, to<00:59:46.079> the<00:59:46.240> area<00:59:46.640> known<00:59:46.960> as<00:59:47.440> cratered<00:59:48.079> floor 00:59:48.549 --> 00:59:48.559 align:start position:0% to the area known as cratered floor 00:59:48.559 --> 00:59:50.870 align:start position:0% to the area known as cratered floor fractured<00:59:49.119> rough. 00:59:50.870 --> 00:59:50.880 align:start position:0% fractured rough. 00:59:50.880 --> 00:59:52.710 align:start position:0% fractured rough. Although<00:59:51.280> this<00:59:51.520> location<00:59:51.920> was<00:59:52.160> less<00:59:52.400> than<00:59:52.559> a 00:59:52.710 --> 00:59:52.720 align:start position:0% Although this location was less than a 00:59:52.720 --> 00:59:54.630 align:start position:0% Although this location was less than a mile<00:59:52.960> away<00:59:53.200> from<00:59:53.520> Perseverance's<00:59:54.319> landing 00:59:54.630 --> 00:59:54.640 align:start position:0% mile away from Perseverance's landing 00:59:54.640 --> 00:59:57.109 align:start position:0% mile away from Perseverance's landing site,<00:59:55.359> Perseverance<00:59:56.079> would<00:59:56.319> not<00:59:56.559> arrive<00:59:56.880> at 00:59:57.109 --> 00:59:57.119 align:start position:0% site, Perseverance would not arrive at 00:59:57.119 --> 01:00:00.150 align:start position:0% site, Perseverance would not arrive at this<00:59:57.359> new<00:59:57.599> location<00:59:58.079> for<00:59:58.319> nearly<00:59:58.720> 60<00:59:59.040> days. 01:00:00.150 --> 01:00:00.160 align:start position:0% this new location for nearly 60 days. 01:00:00.160 --> 01:00:02.630 align:start position:0% this new location for nearly 60 days. This<01:00:00.400> is<01:00:00.559> because<01:00:00.960> the<01:00:01.280> unfamiliar<01:00:02.240> rocky 01:00:02.630 --> 01:00:02.640 align:start position:0% This is because the unfamiliar rocky 01:00:02.640 --> 01:00:05.190 align:start position:0% This is because the unfamiliar rocky surface<01:00:03.040> of<01:00:03.200> Mars<01:00:03.599> is<01:00:04.000> strewn<01:00:04.400> with<01:00:04.720> obstacles 01:00:05.190 --> 01:00:05.200 align:start position:0% surface of Mars is strewn with obstacles 01:00:05.200 --> 01:00:07.910 align:start position:0% surface of Mars is strewn with obstacles for<01:00:05.440> a<01:00:05.599> rover.<01:00:06.799> You'll<01:00:07.119> notice<01:00:07.359> the<01:00:07.599> rocks 01:00:07.910 --> 01:00:07.920 align:start position:0% for a rover. You'll notice the rocks 01:00:07.920 --> 01:00:09.589 align:start position:0% for a rover. You'll notice the rocks that<01:00:08.079> are<01:00:08.319> scattered<01:00:08.720> over<01:00:08.960> the<01:00:09.119> Martian 01:00:09.589 --> 01:00:09.599 align:start position:0% that are scattered over the Martian 01:00:09.599 --> 01:00:11.030 align:start position:0% that are scattered over the Martian surface. 01:00:11.030 --> 01:00:11.040 align:start position:0% surface. 01:00:11.040 --> 01:00:13.030 align:start position:0% surface. Perseverance<01:00:11.680> would<01:00:11.839> need<01:00:12.079> to<01:00:12.240> pick<01:00:12.480> its<01:00:12.720> path 01:00:13.030 --> 01:00:13.040 align:start position:0% Perseverance would need to pick its path 01:00:13.040 --> 01:00:15.510 align:start position:0% Perseverance would need to pick its path carefully<01:00:13.520> around<01:00:13.760> these,<01:00:14.400> as<01:00:14.720> the<01:00:14.880> rover's 01:00:15.510 --> 01:00:15.520 align:start position:0% carefully around these, as the rover's 01:00:15.520 --> 01:00:19.430 align:start position:0% carefully around these, as the rover's 52.5<01:00:16.799> cm<01:00:17.440> diameter<01:00:18.000> wheels<01:00:18.640> can<01:00:18.880> only<01:00:19.119> drive 01:00:19.430 --> 01:00:19.440 align:start position:0% 52.5 cm diameter wheels can only drive 01:00:19.440 --> 01:00:22.390 align:start position:0% 52.5 cm diameter wheels can only drive over<01:00:19.680> objects<01:00:20.000> that<01:00:20.160> are<01:00:20.319> so<01:00:20.559> large. 01:00:22.390 --> 01:00:22.400 align:start position:0% over objects that are so large. 01:00:22.400 --> 01:00:25.589 align:start position:0% over objects that are so large. Soft<01:00:22.720> terrain<01:00:23.119> poses<01:00:23.680> just<01:00:23.920> as<01:00:24.160> many<01:00:24.400> dangers. 01:00:25.589 --> 01:00:25.599 align:start position:0% Soft terrain poses just as many dangers. 01:00:25.599 --> 01:00:27.829 align:start position:0% Soft terrain poses just as many dangers. The<01:00:25.839> previous<01:00:26.240> Martian<01:00:26.640> rover,<01:00:27.040> Spirit,<01:00:27.680> came 01:00:27.829 --> 01:00:27.839 align:start position:0% The previous Martian rover, Spirit, came 01:00:27.839 --> 01:00:29.829 align:start position:0% The previous Martian rover, Spirit, came to<01:00:28.000> an<01:00:28.240> unfortunate<01:00:28.880> end<01:00:29.200> after<01:00:29.520> getting 01:00:29.829 --> 01:00:29.839 align:start position:0% to an unfortunate end after getting 01:00:29.839 --> 01:00:32.789 align:start position:0% to an unfortunate end after getting stuck<01:00:30.079> in<01:00:30.319> a<01:00:30.480> sandune.<01:00:31.760> So,<01:00:32.160> choosing<01:00:32.480> its 01:00:32.789 --> 01:00:32.799 align:start position:0% stuck in a sandune. So, choosing its 01:00:32.799 --> 01:00:35.030 align:start position:0% stuck in a sandune. So, choosing its path<01:00:33.040> is<01:00:33.200> a<01:00:33.359> balancing<01:00:33.760> act.<01:00:34.480> Not<01:00:34.640> too<01:00:34.799> hard 01:00:35.030 --> 01:00:35.040 align:start position:0% path is a balancing act. Not too hard 01:00:35.040 --> 01:00:38.630 align:start position:0% path is a balancing act. Not too hard and<01:00:35.280> rocky,<01:00:36.000> but<01:00:36.319> also<01:00:36.559> not<01:00:36.799> too<01:00:37.040> soft.<01:00:38.240> And<01:00:38.480> in 01:00:38.630 --> 01:00:38.640 align:start position:0% and rocky, but also not too soft. And in 01:00:38.640 --> 01:00:40.470 align:start position:0% and rocky, but also not too soft. And in the<01:00:38.799> past,<01:00:39.359> these<01:00:39.680> decisions<01:00:40.079> would<01:00:40.319> have 01:00:40.470 --> 01:00:40.480 align:start position:0% the past, these decisions would have 01:00:40.480 --> 01:00:42.549 align:start position:0% the past, these decisions would have been<01:00:40.640> made<01:00:40.880> on<01:00:41.119> Earth<01:00:41.520> with<01:00:41.760> a<01:00:42.000> 20minute 01:00:42.549 --> 01:00:42.559 align:start position:0% been made on Earth with a 20minute 01:00:42.559 --> 01:00:44.950 align:start position:0% been made on Earth with a 20minute average<01:00:42.960> signal<01:00:43.280> delay.<01:00:44.240> No<01:00:44.480> wonder<01:00:44.640> the 01:00:44.950 --> 01:00:44.960 align:start position:0% average signal delay. No wonder the 01:00:44.960 --> 01:00:48.309 align:start position:0% average signal delay. No wonder the previous<01:00:45.280> rovers<01:00:45.680> had<01:00:45.920> traveled<01:00:46.240> so<01:00:46.559> slowly. 01:00:48.309 --> 01:00:48.319 align:start position:0% previous rovers had traveled so slowly. 01:00:48.319 --> 01:00:50.069 align:start position:0% previous rovers had traveled so slowly. However,<01:00:48.720> Perseverance<01:00:49.280> had<01:00:49.520> gotten<01:00:49.760> an 01:00:50.069 --> 01:00:50.079 align:start position:0% However, Perseverance had gotten an 01:00:50.079 --> 01:00:51.750 align:start position:0% However, Perseverance had gotten an upgrade<01:00:50.559> compared<01:00:50.880> to<01:00:51.119> Spirit<01:00:51.520> and 01:00:51.750 --> 01:00:51.760 align:start position:0% upgrade compared to Spirit and 01:00:51.760 --> 01:00:54.789 align:start position:0% upgrade compared to Spirit and Opportunity.<01:00:53.040> Advanced<01:00:53.520> AI<01:00:53.920> software<01:00:54.400> called 01:00:54.789 --> 01:00:54.799 align:start position:0% Opportunity. Advanced AI software called 01:00:54.799 --> 01:00:57.589 align:start position:0% Opportunity. Advanced AI software called AutoNAV<01:00:55.599> on<01:00:55.760> the<01:00:55.920> Perseverance<01:00:56.480> rover<01:00:57.280> allows 01:00:57.589 --> 01:00:57.599 align:start position:0% AutoNAV on the Perseverance rover allows 01:00:57.599 --> 01:00:59.270 align:start position:0% AutoNAV on the Perseverance rover allows it<01:00:57.839> to<01:00:58.000> map<01:00:58.319> out<01:00:58.480> its<01:00:58.799> surrounding 01:00:59.270 --> 01:00:59.280 align:start position:0% it to map out its surrounding 01:00:59.280 --> 01:01:01.430 align:start position:0% it to map out its surrounding environment<01:01:00.000> and<01:01:00.240> choose<01:01:00.559> for<01:01:00.720> itself<01:01:01.119> the 01:01:01.430 --> 01:01:01.440 align:start position:0% environment and choose for itself the 01:01:01.440 --> 01:01:03.750 align:start position:0% environment and choose for itself the best<01:01:01.680> path<01:01:01.920> through<01:01:02.160> it.<01:01:03.040> Although<01:01:03.359> there<01:01:03.599> is 01:01:03.750 --> 01:01:03.760 align:start position:0% best path through it. Although there is 01:01:03.760 --> 01:01:06.230 align:start position:0% best path through it. Although there is still<01:01:04.000> some<01:01:04.319> oversight<01:01:04.880> from<01:01:05.200> Earth,<01:01:05.920> this 01:01:06.230 --> 01:01:06.240 align:start position:0% still some oversight from Earth, this 01:01:06.240 --> 01:01:08.309 align:start position:0% still some oversight from Earth, this greater<01:01:06.640> degree<01:01:06.880> of<01:01:07.119> independence,<01:01:08.000> which 01:01:08.309 --> 01:01:08.319 align:start position:0% greater degree of independence, which 01:01:08.319 --> 01:01:11.030 align:start position:0% greater degree of independence, which Perseverance<01:01:08.960> can<01:01:09.200> do<01:01:09.440> on<01:01:09.680> the<01:01:09.920> fly<01:01:10.559> while 01:01:11.030 --> 01:01:11.040 align:start position:0% Perseverance can do on the fly while 01:01:11.040 --> 01:01:13.589 align:start position:0% Perseverance can do on the fly while driving,<01:01:12.079> allows<01:01:12.400> the<01:01:12.559> Perseverance<01:01:13.200> rover 01:01:13.589 --> 01:01:13.599 align:start position:0% driving, allows the Perseverance rover 01:01:13.599 --> 01:01:15.750 align:start position:0% driving, allows the Perseverance rover to<01:01:13.760> travel<01:01:14.160> much<01:01:14.559> faster<01:01:14.960> than<01:01:15.119> the<01:01:15.359> rovers 01:01:15.750 --> 01:01:15.760 align:start position:0% to travel much faster than the rovers 01:01:15.760 --> 01:01:17.990 align:start position:0% to travel much faster than the rovers before<01:01:16.000> it,<01:01:16.640> allowing<01:01:17.040> for<01:01:17.280> more<01:01:17.440> science<01:01:17.839> to 01:01:17.990 --> 01:01:18.000 align:start position:0% before it, allowing for more science to 01:01:18.000 --> 01:01:21.109 align:start position:0% before it, allowing for more science to get<01:01:18.160> done.<01:01:19.359> And<01:01:19.599> speaking<01:01:19.920> of<01:01:20.079> science,<01:01:20.880> on 01:01:21.109 --> 01:01:21.119 align:start position:0% get done. And speaking of science, on 01:01:21.119 --> 01:01:23.430 align:start position:0% get done. And speaking of science, on the<01:01:21.359> 20th<01:01:21.839> of<01:01:22.000> July,<01:01:22.640> Perseverance 01:01:23.430 --> 01:01:23.440 align:start position:0% the 20th of July, Perseverance 01:01:23.440 --> 01:01:25.589 align:start position:0% the 20th of July, Perseverance successfully<01:01:24.079> managed<01:01:24.480> to<01:01:24.640> navigate<01:01:25.119> its<01:01:25.359> way 01:01:25.589 --> 01:01:25.599 align:start position:0% successfully managed to navigate its way 01:01:25.599 --> 01:01:28.710 align:start position:0% successfully managed to navigate its way to<01:01:25.839> cratered<01:01:26.319> floor<01:01:26.640> fractured<01:01:27.119> rough. 01:01:28.710 --> 01:01:28.720 align:start position:0% to cratered floor fractured rough. 01:01:28.720 --> 01:01:30.870 align:start position:0% to cratered floor fractured rough. Taking<01:01:29.040> things<01:01:29.359> slowly,<01:01:30.079> scientists<01:01:30.559> picked 01:01:30.870 --> 01:01:30.880 align:start position:0% Taking things slowly, scientists picked 01:01:30.880 --> 01:01:33.109 align:start position:0% Taking things slowly, scientists picked out<01:01:31.040> a<01:01:31.200> rock<01:01:31.520> to<01:01:31.680> first<01:01:31.920> test<01:01:32.319> Perseverance's 01:01:33.109 --> 01:01:33.119 align:start position:0% out a rock to first test Perseverance's 01:01:33.119 --> 01:01:35.589 align:start position:0% out a rock to first test Perseverance's arraiding<01:01:33.760> drill<01:01:34.079> systems. 01:01:35.589 --> 01:01:35.599 align:start position:0% arraiding drill systems. 01:01:35.599 --> 01:01:37.670 align:start position:0% arraiding drill systems. The<01:01:35.760> araid<01:01:36.240> attempt<01:01:36.559> took<01:01:36.799> place<01:01:36.960> on<01:01:37.119> a<01:01:37.280> paving 01:01:37.670 --> 01:01:37.680 align:start position:0% The araid attempt took place on a paving 01:01:37.680 --> 01:01:40.470 align:start position:0% The araid attempt took place on a paving stone<01:01:38.000> nicknamed<01:01:38.559> Giam,<01:01:39.599> and<01:01:39.920> it<01:01:40.079> was<01:01:40.240> a 01:01:40.470 --> 01:01:40.480 align:start position:0% stone nicknamed Giam, and it was a 01:01:40.480 --> 01:01:43.030 align:start position:0% stone nicknamed Giam, and it was a simple<01:01:40.720> success.<01:01:41.760> The<01:01:42.000> drill<01:01:42.319> cut<01:01:42.559> away<01:01:42.799> the 01:01:43.030 --> 01:01:43.040 align:start position:0% simple success. The drill cut away the 01:01:43.040 --> 01:01:45.430 align:start position:0% simple success. The drill cut away the top<01:01:43.359> and<01:01:43.520> gave<01:01:43.839> scientists<01:01:44.480> insight<01:01:44.880> into<01:01:45.200> the 01:01:45.430 --> 01:01:45.440 align:start position:0% top and gave scientists insight into the 01:01:45.440 --> 01:01:47.270 align:start position:0% top and gave scientists insight into the kind<01:01:45.599> of<01:01:45.760> stones<01:01:46.160> that<01:01:46.319> Perseverance<01:01:46.960> was 01:01:47.270 --> 01:01:47.280 align:start position:0% kind of stones that Perseverance was 01:01:47.280 --> 01:01:50.390 align:start position:0% kind of stones that Perseverance was driving<01:01:47.520> on.<01:01:48.480> By<01:01:48.799> examining<01:01:49.359> grain<01:01:49.760> sizes, 01:01:50.390 --> 01:01:50.400 align:start position:0% driving on. By examining grain sizes, 01:01:50.400 --> 01:01:53.030 align:start position:0% driving on. By examining grain sizes, chemical<01:01:50.960> composition,<01:01:51.680> and<01:01:51.920> other<01:01:52.160> details, 01:01:53.030 --> 01:01:53.040 align:start position:0% chemical composition, and other details, 01:01:53.040 --> 01:01:54.870 align:start position:0% chemical composition, and other details, scientists<01:01:53.520> would<01:01:53.680> gain<01:01:53.920> insights<01:01:54.400> into<01:01:54.640> the 01:01:54.870 --> 01:01:54.880 align:start position:0% scientists would gain insights into the 01:01:54.880 --> 01:01:56.789 align:start position:0% scientists would gain insights into the type<01:01:55.040> of<01:01:55.200> rocks<01:01:55.599> these<01:01:55.839> were.<01:01:56.480> Either 01:01:56.789 --> 01:01:56.799 align:start position:0% type of rocks these were. Either 01:01:56.799 --> 01:01:59.270 align:start position:0% type of rocks these were. Either sedimentary,<01:01:57.839> the<01:01:58.079> kind<01:01:58.319> likely<01:01:58.720> to<01:01:58.880> contain 01:01:59.270 --> 01:01:59.280 align:start position:0% sedimentary, the kind likely to contain 01:01:59.280 --> 01:02:01.829 align:start position:0% sedimentary, the kind likely to contain fossilized<01:01:59.839> remains<01:02:00.319> and<01:02:00.559> other<01:02:00.799> artifacts, 01:02:01.829 --> 01:02:01.839 align:start position:0% fossilized remains and other artifacts, 01:02:01.839 --> 01:02:06.069 align:start position:0% fossilized remains and other artifacts, or<01:02:02.319> ignous<01:02:02.799> rock<01:02:03.119> formed<01:02:03.440> from<01:02:03.680> magma. 01:02:06.069 --> 01:02:06.079 align:start position:0% or ignous rock formed from magma. 01:02:06.079 --> 01:02:08.390 align:start position:0% or ignous rock formed from magma. What<01:02:06.400> they<01:02:06.559> saw<01:02:06.880> hardened<01:02:07.359> them,<01:02:07.839> and<01:02:08.079> on<01:02:08.240> the 01:02:08.390 --> 01:02:08.400 align:start position:0% What they saw hardened them, and on the 01:02:08.400 --> 01:02:10.549 align:start position:0% What they saw hardened them, and on the 6th<01:02:08.640> of<01:02:08.880> August,<01:02:09.440> scientists<01:02:10.000> picked<01:02:10.319> out 01:02:10.549 --> 01:02:10.559 align:start position:0% 6th of August, scientists picked out 01:02:10.559 --> 01:02:13.510 align:start position:0% 6th of August, scientists picked out another<01:02:10.960> target<01:02:11.359> rock,<01:02:11.839> nicknamed<01:02:12.480> Rubon,<01:02:13.280> to 01:02:13.510 --> 01:02:13.520 align:start position:0% another target rock, nicknamed Rubon, to 01:02:13.520 --> 01:02:17.109 align:start position:0% another target rock, nicknamed Rubon, to take<01:02:13.760> their<01:02:14.000> first<01:02:14.400> actual<01:02:14.880> core<01:02:15.280> sample. 01:02:17.109 --> 01:02:17.119 align:start position:0% take their first actual core sample. 01:02:17.119 --> 01:02:19.510 align:start position:0% take their first actual core sample. Due<01:02:17.440> to<01:02:17.520> the<01:02:17.760> time<01:02:17.920> zones<01:02:18.400> involved,<01:02:19.119> it<01:02:19.359> was 01:02:19.510 --> 01:02:19.520 align:start position:0% Due to the time zones involved, it was 01:02:19.520 --> 01:02:22.069 align:start position:0% Due to the time zones involved, it was only<01:02:19.839> 2:00<01:02:20.160> a.m.<01:02:20.559> Pacific<01:02:21.040> Daylight<01:02:21.520> Time 01:02:22.069 --> 01:02:22.079 align:start position:0% only 2:00 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time 01:02:22.079 --> 01:02:24.309 align:start position:0% only 2:00 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time when<01:02:22.319> over<01:02:22.640> 90<01:02:23.040> engineers<01:02:23.520> and<01:02:23.760> scientists 01:02:24.309 --> 01:02:24.319 align:start position:0% when over 90 engineers and scientists 01:02:24.319 --> 01:02:26.549 align:start position:0% when over 90 engineers and scientists gathered<01:02:24.799> online<01:02:25.280> to<01:02:25.520> witness<01:02:25.839> the<01:02:26.079> fruits<01:02:26.400> of 01:02:26.549 --> 01:02:26.559 align:start position:0% gathered online to witness the fruits of 01:02:26.559 --> 01:02:29.109 align:start position:0% gathered online to witness the fruits of their<01:02:26.799> years<01:02:27.040> of<01:02:27.280> labor.<01:02:28.319> Perseverance 01:02:29.109 --> 01:02:29.119 align:start position:0% their years of labor. Perseverance 01:02:29.119 --> 01:02:31.990 align:start position:0% their years of labor. Perseverance caught<01:02:29.520> successfully<01:02:30.400> down<01:02:30.640> to<01:02:30.880> the<01:02:31.040> 7<01:02:31.440> cm 01:02:31.990 --> 01:02:32.000 align:start position:0% caught successfully down to the 7 cm 01:02:32.000 --> 01:02:34.549 align:start position:0% caught successfully down to the 7 cm depth<01:02:32.400> it<01:02:32.640> had<01:02:32.880> been<01:02:33.040> programmed<01:02:33.440> to<01:02:33.599> reach. 01:02:34.549 --> 01:02:34.559 align:start position:0% depth it had been programmed to reach. 01:02:34.559 --> 01:02:36.789 align:start position:0% depth it had been programmed to reach. It<01:02:34.880> photographed<01:02:35.359> the<01:02:35.520> hole<01:02:35.760> afterwards,<01:02:36.559> and 01:02:36.789 --> 01:02:36.799 align:start position:0% It photographed the hole afterwards, and 01:02:36.799 --> 01:02:39.349 align:start position:0% It photographed the hole afterwards, and everything<01:02:37.200> seemed<01:02:37.520> to<01:02:37.680> be<01:02:37.760> going<01:02:38.000> fine.<01:02:39.040> Over 01:02:39.349 --> 01:02:39.359 align:start position:0% everything seemed to be going fine. Over 01:02:39.359 --> 01:02:41.510 align:start position:0% everything seemed to be going fine. Over the<01:02:39.520> next<01:02:39.760> 6<01:02:40.079> hours,<01:02:40.720> Perseverance 01:02:41.510 --> 01:02:41.520 align:start position:0% the next 6 hours, Perseverance 01:02:41.520 --> 01:02:44.150 align:start position:0% the next 6 hours, Perseverance painstakingly<01:02:42.480> took<01:02:42.720> the<01:02:42.960> core,<01:02:43.680> placed<01:02:44.000> it 01:02:44.150 --> 01:02:44.160 align:start position:0% painstakingly took the core, placed it 01:02:44.160 --> 01:02:47.030 align:start position:0% painstakingly took the core, placed it in<01:02:44.400> one<01:02:44.559> of<01:02:44.640> its<01:02:44.880> tubes,<01:02:45.680> and<01:02:45.920> moved<01:02:46.240> it<01:02:46.480> to<01:02:46.720> its 01:02:47.030 --> 01:02:47.040 align:start position:0% in one of its tubes, and moved it to its 01:02:47.040 --> 01:02:49.510 align:start position:0% in one of its tubes, and moved it to its adaptive<01:02:47.680> caching<01:02:48.160> assembly,<01:02:49.119> the<01:02:49.359> place 01:02:49.510 --> 01:02:49.520 align:start position:0% adaptive caching assembly, the place 01:02:49.520 --> 01:02:52.230 align:start position:0% adaptive caching assembly, the place where<01:02:49.839> core<01:02:50.160> samples<01:02:50.559> are<01:02:50.720> processed. 01:02:52.230 --> 01:02:52.240 align:start position:0% where core samples are processed. 01:02:52.240 --> 01:02:54.150 align:start position:0% where core samples are processed. Due<01:02:52.480> to<01:02:52.559> the<01:02:52.799> nature<01:02:52.960> of<01:02:53.119> the<01:02:53.280> mission,<01:02:53.839> it's 01:02:54.150 --> 01:02:54.160 align:start position:0% Due to the nature of the mission, it's 01:02:54.160 --> 01:02:56.150 align:start position:0% Due to the nature of the mission, it's vitally<01:02:54.640> important<01:02:55.040> that<01:02:55.280> no<01:02:55.599> contaminants 01:02:56.150 --> 01:02:56.160 align:start position:0% vitally important that no contaminants 01:02:56.160 --> 01:02:58.470 align:start position:0% vitally important that no contaminants be<01:02:56.319> allowed<01:02:56.640> to<01:02:56.799> enter<01:02:57.040> the<01:02:57.200> tube,<01:02:57.760> or<01:02:58.000> else<01:02:58.240> it 01:02:58.470 --> 01:02:58.480 align:start position:0% be allowed to enter the tube, or else it 01:02:58.480 --> 01:03:01.190 align:start position:0% be allowed to enter the tube, or else it might<01:02:58.640> invalidate<01:02:59.280> the<01:02:59.520> entire<01:02:59.920> process. 01:03:01.190 --> 01:03:01.200 align:start position:0% might invalidate the entire process. 01:03:01.200 --> 01:03:03.190 align:start position:0% might invalidate the entire process. Finally,<01:03:01.920> Perseverance<01:03:02.640> transferred<01:03:03.040> the 01:03:03.190 --> 01:03:03.200 align:start position:0% Finally, Perseverance transferred the 01:03:03.200 --> 01:03:05.910 align:start position:0% Finally, Perseverance transferred the now<01:03:03.520> sealed<01:03:03.839> tube<01:03:04.240> to<01:03:04.400> its<01:03:04.640> storage<01:03:04.960> unit. 01:03:05.910 --> 01:03:05.920 align:start position:0% now sealed tube to its storage unit. 01:03:05.920 --> 01:03:08.230 align:start position:0% now sealed tube to its storage unit. Scientists<01:03:06.480> were<01:03:06.720> elated<01:03:07.200> at<01:03:07.440> this<01:03:07.760> perfect 01:03:08.230 --> 01:03:08.240 align:start position:0% Scientists were elated at this perfect 01:03:08.240 --> 01:03:11.109 align:start position:0% Scientists were elated at this perfect first<01:03:08.640> time<01:03:08.880> success. 01:03:11.109 --> 01:03:11.119 align:start position:0% first time success. 01:03:11.119 --> 01:03:13.670 align:start position:0% first time success. But<01:03:11.359> then<01:03:11.839> more<01:03:12.160> data<01:03:12.559> came<01:03:12.799> through<01:03:13.440> and 01:03:13.670 --> 01:03:13.680 align:start position:0% But then more data came through and 01:03:13.680 --> 01:03:15.670 align:start position:0% But then more data came through and scientists<01:03:14.240> realized<01:03:14.640> that<01:03:14.880> there<01:03:15.200> was<01:03:15.359> a 01:03:15.670 --> 01:03:15.680 align:start position:0% scientists realized that there was a 01:03:15.680 --> 01:03:19.829 align:start position:0% scientists realized that there was a problem.<01:03:16.799> The<01:03:17.119> sealed<01:03:17.520> tube<01:03:18.000> was<01:03:18.319> empty. 01:03:19.829 --> 01:03:19.839 align:start position:0% problem. The sealed tube was empty. 01:03:19.839 --> 01:03:22.230 align:start position:0% problem. The sealed tube was empty. Confusion<01:03:20.400> filled<01:03:20.799> them.<01:03:21.520> Where<01:03:21.839> had<01:03:22.079> the 01:03:22.230 --> 01:03:22.240 align:start position:0% Confusion filled them. Where had the 01:03:22.240 --> 01:03:24.230 align:start position:0% Confusion filled them. Where had the sample<01:03:22.640> gone? 01:03:24.230 --> 01:03:24.240 align:start position:0% sample gone? 01:03:24.240 --> 01:03:25.910 align:start position:0% sample gone? Due<01:03:24.480> to<01:03:24.559> the<01:03:24.720> limits<01:03:25.039> of<01:03:25.200> technology, 01:03:25.910 --> 01:03:25.920 align:start position:0% Due to the limits of technology, 01:03:25.920 --> 01:03:28.069 align:start position:0% Due to the limits of technology, scientists<01:03:26.480> could<01:03:26.720> not<01:03:26.960> record<01:03:27.280> on<01:03:27.599> camera 01:03:28.069 --> 01:03:28.079 align:start position:0% scientists could not record on camera 01:03:28.079 --> 01:03:30.710 align:start position:0% scientists could not record on camera every<01:03:28.480> movement<01:03:28.880> of<01:03:29.119> Perseverance.<01:03:30.160> It<01:03:30.400> only 01:03:30.710 --> 01:03:30.720 align:start position:0% every movement of Perseverance. It only 01:03:30.720 --> 01:03:33.510 align:start position:0% every movement of Perseverance. It only has<01:03:30.960> so<01:03:31.200> many<01:03:31.359> cameras.<01:03:32.559> So<01:03:32.799> they<01:03:32.960> had<01:03:33.119> to<01:03:33.280> rely 01:03:33.510 --> 01:03:33.520 align:start position:0% has so many cameras. So they had to rely 01:03:33.520 --> 01:03:35.270 align:start position:0% has so many cameras. So they had to rely on<01:03:33.760> Perseverance<01:03:34.400> to<01:03:34.559> follow<01:03:34.799> the<01:03:34.960> orders 01:03:35.270 --> 01:03:35.280 align:start position:0% on Perseverance to follow the orders 01:03:35.280 --> 01:03:37.990 align:start position:0% on Perseverance to follow the orders they<01:03:35.520> sent<01:03:35.760> it.<01:03:36.799> But<01:03:37.039> here<01:03:37.359> it<01:03:37.599> seemed<01:03:37.839> that 01:03:37.990 --> 01:03:38.000 align:start position:0% they sent it. But here it seemed that 01:03:38.000 --> 01:03:40.230 align:start position:0% they sent it. But here it seemed that Perseverance<01:03:38.640> had<01:03:38.960> followed<01:03:39.280> its<01:03:39.520> orders. 01:03:40.230 --> 01:03:40.240 align:start position:0% Perseverance had followed its orders. 01:03:40.240 --> 01:03:41.829 align:start position:0% Perseverance had followed its orders. And<01:03:40.400> yet<01:03:40.640> the<01:03:40.880> weight<01:03:41.200> sensors<01:03:41.520> in<01:03:41.680> the 01:03:41.829 --> 01:03:41.839 align:start position:0% And yet the weight sensors in the 01:03:41.839 --> 01:03:43.910 align:start position:0% And yet the weight sensors in the storage<01:03:42.160> unit<01:03:42.640> informed<01:03:43.039> them<01:03:43.200> that<01:03:43.440> the<01:03:43.599> tube 01:03:43.910 --> 01:03:43.920 align:start position:0% storage unit informed them that the tube 01:03:43.920 --> 01:03:46.950 align:start position:0% storage unit informed them that the tube was<01:03:44.160> missing<01:03:44.559> any<01:03:44.880> additional<01:03:45.359> weight.<01:03:46.720> The 01:03:46.950 --> 01:03:46.960 align:start position:0% was missing any additional weight. The 01:03:46.960 --> 01:03:49.670 align:start position:0% was missing any additional weight. The core<01:03:47.280> was<01:03:47.440> gone. 01:03:49.670 --> 01:03:49.680 align:start position:0% core was gone. 01:03:49.680 --> 01:03:52.069 align:start position:0% core was gone. Perseverance<01:03:50.400> drove<01:03:50.720> backwards<01:03:51.440> and<01:03:51.760> looked 01:03:52.069 --> 01:03:52.079 align:start position:0% Perseverance drove backwards and looked 01:03:52.079 --> 01:03:54.549 align:start position:0% Perseverance drove backwards and looked between<01:03:52.480> its<01:03:52.720> tracks,<01:03:53.680> but<01:03:53.920> there<01:03:54.079> was<01:03:54.319> no 01:03:54.549 --> 01:03:54.559 align:start position:0% between its tracks, but there was no 01:03:54.559 --> 01:03:57.510 align:start position:0% between its tracks, but there was no sign<01:03:54.799> of<01:03:54.960> a<01:03:55.119> dropped<01:03:55.520> core.<01:03:56.640> In<01:03:56.960> time, 01:03:57.510 --> 01:03:57.520 align:start position:0% sign of a dropped core. In time, 01:03:57.520 --> 01:03:59.510 align:start position:0% sign of a dropped core. In time, scientists<01:03:58.079> arrived<01:03:58.480> at<01:03:58.640> a<01:03:58.880> bittersweet 01:03:59.510 --> 01:03:59.520 align:start position:0% scientists arrived at a bittersweet 01:03:59.520 --> 01:04:01.750 align:start position:0% scientists arrived at a bittersweet conclusion.<01:04:00.720> Perseverance<01:04:01.359> had<01:04:01.599> not 01:04:01.750 --> 01:04:01.760 align:start position:0% conclusion. Perseverance had not 01:04:01.760 --> 01:04:04.789 align:start position:0% conclusion. Perseverance had not malfunctioned<01:04:02.720> or<01:04:03.119> done<01:04:03.359> anything<01:04:03.680> wrong.<01:04:04.559> It 01:04:04.789 --> 01:04:04.799 align:start position:0% malfunctioned or done anything wrong. It 01:04:04.799 --> 01:04:08.390 align:start position:0% malfunctioned or done anything wrong. It was<01:04:04.880> the<01:04:05.119> rock<01:04:05.440> itself<01:04:05.839> that<01:04:06.079> was<01:04:06.240> to<01:04:06.480> blame. 01:04:08.390 --> 01:04:08.400 align:start position:0% was the rock itself that was to blame. 01:04:08.400 --> 01:04:10.390 align:start position:0% was the rock itself that was to blame. In<01:04:08.640> the<01:04:08.799> act<01:04:08.960> of<01:04:09.119> drilling,<01:04:09.760> the<01:04:10.079> unique 01:04:10.390 --> 01:04:10.400 align:start position:0% In the act of drilling, the unique 01:04:10.400 --> 01:04:12.789 align:start position:0% In the act of drilling, the unique nature<01:04:10.720> of<01:04:10.799> the<01:04:11.039> Rubon<01:04:11.599> rock<01:04:12.079> meant<01:04:12.400> that<01:04:12.559> it 01:04:12.789 --> 01:04:12.799 align:start position:0% nature of the Rubon rock meant that it 01:04:12.799 --> 01:04:15.349 align:start position:0% nature of the Rubon rock meant that it was<01:04:13.039> so<01:04:13.359> crumbly<01:04:14.160> that<01:04:14.480> when<01:04:14.720> Perseverance 01:04:15.349 --> 01:04:15.359 align:start position:0% was so crumbly that when Perseverance 01:04:15.359 --> 01:04:17.910 align:start position:0% was so crumbly that when Perseverance had<01:04:15.599> gone<01:04:15.760> to<01:04:16.000> pick<01:04:16.160> the<01:04:16.319> core<01:04:16.640> sample<01:04:17.039> up,<01:04:17.680> it 01:04:17.910 --> 01:04:17.920 align:start position:0% had gone to pick the core sample up, it 01:04:17.920 --> 01:04:20.470 align:start position:0% had gone to pick the core sample up, it had<01:04:18.160> completely<01:04:18.799> turned<01:04:19.039> to<01:04:19.280> dust. 01:04:20.470 --> 01:04:20.480 align:start position:0% had completely turned to dust. 01:04:20.480 --> 01:04:22.309 align:start position:0% had completely turned to dust. Perseverance<01:04:21.200> could<01:04:21.440> not<01:04:21.680> collect<01:04:22.000> it<01:04:22.160> in 01:04:22.309 --> 01:04:22.319 align:start position:0% Perseverance could not collect it in 01:04:22.319 --> 01:04:25.029 align:start position:0% Perseverance could not collect it in that<01:04:22.559> state.<01:04:23.839> Scientists<01:04:24.400> had<01:04:24.640> tested 01:04:25.029 --> 01:04:25.039 align:start position:0% that state. Scientists had tested 01:04:25.039 --> 01:04:27.589 align:start position:0% that state. Scientists had tested Perseverance's<01:04:25.920> cing<01:04:26.400> on<01:04:26.720> a<01:04:26.880> 100<01:04:27.280> different 01:04:27.589 --> 01:04:27.599 align:start position:0% Perseverance's cing on a 100 different 01:04:27.599 --> 01:04:30.069 align:start position:0% Perseverance's cing on a 100 different types<01:04:27.839> of<01:04:28.000> rock<01:04:28.240> on<01:04:28.480> Earth,<01:04:29.119> and<01:04:29.280> it<01:04:29.520> had<01:04:29.760> never 01:04:30.069 --> 01:04:30.079 align:start position:0% types of rock on Earth, and it had never 01:04:30.079 --> 01:04:32.470 align:start position:0% types of rock on Earth, and it had never encountered<01:04:30.559> a<01:04:30.799> problem<01:04:31.039> like<01:04:31.280> this<01:04:31.520> before. 01:04:32.470 --> 01:04:32.480 align:start position:0% encountered a problem like this before. 01:04:32.480 --> 01:04:34.230 align:start position:0% encountered a problem like this before. Every<01:04:32.799> other<01:04:33.119> rock<01:04:33.440> had<01:04:33.680> been<01:04:33.839> ced 01:04:34.230 --> 01:04:34.240 align:start position:0% Every other rock had been ced 01:04:34.240 --> 01:04:37.270 align:start position:0% Every other rock had been ced successfully.<01:04:35.520> So,<01:04:35.920> while<01:04:36.319> this<01:04:36.559> was<01:04:36.799> good 01:04:37.270 --> 01:04:37.280 align:start position:0% successfully. So, while this was good 01:04:37.280 --> 01:04:38.870 align:start position:0% successfully. So, while this was good because<01:04:37.520> it<01:04:37.760> meant<01:04:37.920> that<01:04:38.160> Perseverance<01:04:38.720> was 01:04:38.870 --> 01:04:38.880 align:start position:0% because it meant that Perseverance was 01:04:38.880 --> 01:04:41.430 align:start position:0% because it meant that Perseverance was not<01:04:39.119> broken,<01:04:39.920> it<01:04:40.160> cast<01:04:40.400> a<01:04:40.640> shadow<01:04:41.039> over<01:04:41.280> the 01:04:41.430 --> 01:04:41.440 align:start position:0% not broken, it cast a shadow over the 01:04:41.440 --> 01:04:43.750 align:start position:0% not broken, it cast a shadow over the rest<01:04:41.599> of<01:04:41.680> the<01:04:41.920> mission.<01:04:42.720> Would<01:04:43.039> all<01:04:43.200> the<01:04:43.359> rocks 01:04:43.750 --> 01:04:43.760 align:start position:0% rest of the mission. Would all the rocks 01:04:43.760 --> 01:04:46.069 align:start position:0% rest of the mission. Would all the rocks Perseverance<01:04:44.400> encounters<01:04:45.119> be<01:04:45.359> failures<01:04:45.839> like 01:04:46.069 --> 01:04:46.079 align:start position:0% Perseverance encounters be failures like 01:04:46.079 --> 01:04:47.670 align:start position:0% Perseverance encounters be failures like this? 01:04:47.670 --> 01:04:47.680 align:start position:0% this? 01:04:47.680 --> 01:04:50.150 align:start position:0% this? However,<01:04:48.160> NASA<01:04:48.720> was<01:04:49.039> not<01:04:49.359> about<01:04:49.599> to<01:04:49.760> give<01:04:49.920> up 01:04:50.150 --> 01:04:50.160 align:start position:0% However, NASA was not about to give up 01:04:50.160 --> 01:04:52.789 align:start position:0% However, NASA was not about to give up without<01:04:50.559> trying.<01:04:51.680> They<01:04:52.000> reasoned<01:04:52.400> that<01:04:52.640> the 01:04:52.789 --> 01:04:52.799 align:start position:0% without trying. They reasoned that the 01:04:52.799 --> 01:04:54.870 align:start position:0% without trying. They reasoned that the rocks<01:04:53.119> in<01:04:53.280> this<01:04:53.520> area<01:04:53.920> were<01:04:54.240> likely 01:04:54.870 --> 01:04:54.880 align:start position:0% rocks in this area were likely 01:04:54.880 --> 01:04:57.029 align:start position:0% rocks in this area were likely particularly<01:04:55.520> weathered<01:04:56.240> and<01:04:56.480> other<01:04:56.799> rocks 01:04:57.029 --> 01:04:57.039 align:start position:0% particularly weathered and other rocks 01:04:57.039 --> 01:04:59.029 align:start position:0% particularly weathered and other rocks on<01:04:57.280> Mars<01:04:57.680> might<01:04:57.920> hold<01:04:58.160> themselves<01:04:58.640> together 01:04:59.029 --> 01:04:59.039 align:start position:0% on Mars might hold themselves together 01:04:59.039 --> 01:05:01.270 align:start position:0% on Mars might hold themselves together better.<01:05:00.000> It<01:05:00.240> was<01:05:00.480> with<01:05:00.799> renewed 01:05:01.270 --> 01:05:01.280 align:start position:0% better. It was with renewed 01:05:01.280 --> 01:05:03.190 align:start position:0% better. It was with renewed determination<01:05:02.000> that<01:05:02.319> Perseverance<01:05:02.960> had 01:05:03.190 --> 01:05:03.200 align:start position:0% determination that Perseverance had 01:05:03.200 --> 01:05:06.630 align:start position:0% determination that Perseverance had another<01:05:03.599> go.<01:05:04.880> Casting<01:05:05.280> its<01:05:05.599> camera<01:05:06.000> around, 01:05:06.630 --> 01:05:06.640 align:start position:0% another go. Casting its camera around, 01:05:06.640 --> 01:05:09.589 align:start position:0% another go. Casting its camera around, Perseverance<01:05:07.359> spotted<01:05:07.680> some<01:05:07.920> rocks<01:05:08.880> 150<01:05:09.200> m 01:05:09.589 --> 01:05:09.599 align:start position:0% Perseverance spotted some rocks 150 m 01:05:09.599 --> 01:05:11.589 align:start position:0% Perseverance spotted some rocks 150 m away<01:05:10.079> that<01:05:10.400> were<01:05:10.640> as<01:05:10.960> different<01:05:11.200> from<01:05:11.359> the 01:05:11.589 --> 01:05:11.599 align:start position:0% away that were as different from the 01:05:11.599 --> 01:05:14.230 align:start position:0% away that were as different from the crumbly<01:05:12.079> paving<01:05:12.480> stones<01:05:12.799> as<01:05:13.039> possible. 01:05:14.230 --> 01:05:14.240 align:start position:0% crumbly paving stones as possible. 01:05:14.240 --> 01:05:16.150 align:start position:0% crumbly paving stones as possible. Scientists<01:05:14.799> nicknamed<01:05:15.280> these<01:05:15.520> new<01:05:15.680> rocks 01:05:16.150 --> 01:05:16.160 align:start position:0% Scientists nicknamed these new rocks 01:05:16.160 --> 01:05:19.190 align:start position:0% Scientists nicknamed these new rocks Citadel,<01:05:17.119> which<01:05:17.359> is<01:05:17.520> French<01:05:17.920> for<01:05:18.319> castle, 01:05:19.190 --> 01:05:19.200 align:start position:0% Citadel, which is French for castle, 01:05:19.200 --> 01:05:21.349 align:start position:0% Citadel, which is French for castle, possibly<01:05:19.680> hoping<01:05:20.079> for<01:05:20.319> something<01:05:20.640> a<01:05:20.960> bit<01:05:21.119> more 01:05:21.349 --> 01:05:21.359 align:start position:0% possibly hoping for something a bit more 01:05:21.359 --> 01:05:23.990 align:start position:0% possibly hoping for something a bit more fortified<01:05:22.000> this<01:05:22.240> time. 01:05:23.990 --> 01:05:24.000 align:start position:0% fortified this time. 01:05:24.000 --> 01:05:25.829 align:start position:0% fortified this time. As<01:05:24.160> these<01:05:24.480> rocks<01:05:24.720> were<01:05:24.960> sticking<01:05:25.280> up<01:05:25.440> from<01:05:25.599> the 01:05:25.829 --> 01:05:25.839 align:start position:0% As these rocks were sticking up from the 01:05:25.839 --> 01:05:27.750 align:start position:0% As these rocks were sticking up from the landscape,<01:05:26.559> it<01:05:26.799> seemed<01:05:27.039> reasonable<01:05:27.520> that 01:05:27.750 --> 01:05:27.760 align:start position:0% landscape, it seemed reasonable that 01:05:27.760 --> 01:05:29.910 align:start position:0% landscape, it seemed reasonable that they<01:05:28.000> were<01:05:28.160> made<01:05:28.400> from<01:05:28.640> sturdier<01:05:29.200> stuff<01:05:29.680> than 01:05:29.910 --> 01:05:29.920 align:start position:0% they were made from sturdier stuff than 01:05:29.920 --> 01:05:33.510 align:start position:0% they were made from sturdier stuff than the<01:05:30.160> flat<01:05:30.640> paving<01:05:31.119> stones.<01:05:32.400> If<01:05:32.640> they<01:05:32.880> resisted 01:05:33.510 --> 01:05:33.520 align:start position:0% the flat paving stones. If they resisted 01:05:33.520 --> 01:05:35.589 align:start position:0% the flat paving stones. If they resisted erosion,<01:05:34.240> they<01:05:34.480> might<01:05:34.720> do<01:05:34.799> a<01:05:35.039> better<01:05:35.200> job<01:05:35.440> of 01:05:35.589 --> 01:05:35.599 align:start position:0% erosion, they might do a better job of 01:05:35.599 --> 01:05:37.270 align:start position:0% erosion, they might do a better job of holding<01:05:35.920> themselves<01:05:36.400> together<01:05:36.799> under<01:05:37.039> a 01:05:37.270 --> 01:05:37.280 align:start position:0% holding themselves together under a 01:05:37.280 --> 01:05:40.230 align:start position:0% holding themselves together under a drill.<01:05:38.480> Perseverance<01:05:39.200> trundled<01:05:39.760> over<01:05:39.920> to<01:05:40.079> the 01:05:40.230 --> 01:05:40.240 align:start position:0% drill. Perseverance trundled over to the 01:05:40.240 --> 01:05:42.390 align:start position:0% drill. Perseverance trundled over to the ridge<01:05:40.720> and<01:05:41.039> primed<01:05:41.359> itself<01:05:41.760> for<01:05:42.079> another 01:05:42.390 --> 01:05:42.400 align:start position:0% ridge and primed itself for another 01:05:42.400 --> 01:05:43.910 align:start position:0% ridge and primed itself for another attempt. 01:05:43.910 --> 01:05:43.920 align:start position:0% attempt. 01:05:43.920 --> 01:05:46.710 align:start position:0% attempt. On<01:05:44.160> the<01:05:44.240> 1st<01:05:44.559> of<01:05:44.720> September,<01:05:45.520> NASA<01:05:46.079> once<01:05:46.400> again 01:05:46.710 --> 01:05:46.720 align:start position:0% On the 1st of September, NASA once again 01:05:46.720 --> 01:05:48.470 align:start position:0% On the 1st of September, NASA once again held<01:05:47.039> its<01:05:47.280> breath<01:05:47.599> as<01:05:47.839> Perseverance 01:05:48.470 --> 01:05:48.480 align:start position:0% held its breath as Perseverance 01:05:48.480 --> 01:05:51.190 align:start position:0% held its breath as Perseverance attempted<01:05:48.960> its<01:05:49.200> second<01:05:49.520> core<01:05:49.839> attempt.<01:05:50.960> You 01:05:51.190 --> 01:05:51.200 align:start position:0% attempted its second core attempt. You 01:05:51.200 --> 01:05:53.349 align:start position:0% attempted its second core attempt. You really<01:05:51.440> get<01:05:51.599> a<01:05:51.839> sense<01:05:52.079> of<01:05:52.319> how<01:05:52.640> painstaking 01:05:53.349 --> 01:05:53.359 align:start position:0% really get a sense of how painstaking 01:05:53.359 --> 01:05:56.150 align:start position:0% really get a sense of how painstaking this<01:05:53.680> process<01:05:54.160> is<01:05:54.640> given<01:05:54.960> the<01:05:55.200> month-long<01:05:55.839> gap 01:05:56.150 --> 01:05:56.160 align:start position:0% this process is given the month-long gap 01:05:56.160 --> 01:05:58.549 align:start position:0% this process is given the month-long gap between<01:05:56.480> each<01:05:56.799> attempt.<01:05:57.920> Everything<01:05:58.319> on 01:05:58.549 --> 01:05:58.559 align:start position:0% between each attempt. Everything on 01:05:58.559 --> 01:05:59.990 align:start position:0% between each attempt. Everything on Earth<01:05:58.799> has<01:05:59.039> to<01:05:59.200> be<01:05:59.359> checked<01:05:59.680> and 01:05:59.990 --> 01:06:00.000 align:start position:0% Earth has to be checked and 01:06:00.000 --> 01:06:02.230 align:start position:0% Earth has to be checked and double-cheed.<01:06:01.039> Every<01:06:01.359> scrap<01:06:01.680> of<01:06:01.920> data 01:06:02.230 --> 01:06:02.240 align:start position:0% double-cheed. Every scrap of data 01:06:02.240 --> 01:06:05.029 align:start position:0% double-cheed. Every scrap of data analyzed<01:06:02.799> for<01:06:03.039> the<01:06:03.280> perfect<01:06:03.680> conditions. 01:06:05.029 --> 01:06:05.039 align:start position:0% analyzed for the perfect conditions. 01:06:05.039 --> 01:06:07.029 align:start position:0% analyzed for the perfect conditions. Every<01:06:05.359> decision<01:06:05.760> is<01:06:06.079> carefully<01:06:06.559> thought<01:06:06.799> out 01:06:07.029 --> 01:06:07.039 align:start position:0% Every decision is carefully thought out 01:06:07.039 --> 01:06:09.910 align:start position:0% Every decision is carefully thought out and<01:06:07.359> discussed.<01:06:08.720> Would<01:06:08.960> it<01:06:09.200> work<01:06:09.440> on<01:06:09.680> the 01:06:09.910 --> 01:06:09.920 align:start position:0% and discussed. Would it work on the 01:06:09.920 --> 01:06:12.309 align:start position:0% and discussed. Would it work on the second<01:06:10.160> attempt? 01:06:12.309 --> 01:06:12.319 align:start position:0% second attempt? 01:06:12.319 --> 01:06:14.710 align:start position:0% second attempt? Perseverance's<01:06:13.200> drill<01:06:13.680> collected<01:06:14.160> a<01:06:14.400> core 01:06:14.710 --> 01:06:14.720 align:start position:0% Perseverance's drill collected a core 01:06:14.720 --> 01:06:18.710 align:start position:0% Perseverance's drill collected a core that<01:06:14.960> was<01:06:15.200> 6<01:06:15.520> cm<01:06:16.079> long<01:06:16.880> and<01:06:17.599> possibly<01:06:18.079> with<01:06:18.400> ry 01:06:18.710 --> 01:06:18.720 align:start position:0% that was 6 cm long and possibly with ry 01:06:18.720 --> 01:06:21.430 align:start position:0% that was 6 cm long and possibly with ry exasperation<01:06:20.079> before<01:06:20.480> sealing<01:06:20.880> the<01:06:21.039> core<01:06:21.280> in 01:06:21.430 --> 01:06:21.440 align:start position:0% exasperation before sealing the core in 01:06:21.440 --> 01:06:23.990 align:start position:0% exasperation before sealing the core in a<01:06:21.599> tube.<01:06:22.240> Perseverance<01:06:23.039> brought<01:06:23.280> it<01:06:23.520> round 01:06:23.990 --> 01:06:24.000 align:start position:0% a tube. Perseverance brought it round 01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:26.549 align:start position:0% a tube. Perseverance brought it round and<01:06:24.319> added<01:06:24.640> an<01:06:24.880> additional<01:06:25.280> step.<01:06:25.920> It<01:06:26.160> took<01:06:26.319> a 01:06:26.549 --> 01:06:26.559 align:start position:0% and added an additional step. It took a 01:06:26.559 --> 01:06:28.549 align:start position:0% and added an additional step. It took a photo<01:06:26.720> of<01:06:26.880> what<01:06:27.119> it<01:06:27.280> held<01:06:27.760> to<01:06:28.000> confirm<01:06:28.400> to 01:06:28.549 --> 01:06:28.559 align:start position:0% photo of what it held to confirm to 01:06:28.559 --> 01:06:30.470 align:start position:0% photo of what it held to confirm to everyone<01:06:28.960> on<01:06:29.200> Earth<01:06:29.440> that<01:06:29.680> it<01:06:29.920> was<01:06:30.079> actually 01:06:30.470 --> 01:06:30.480 align:start position:0% everyone on Earth that it was actually 01:06:30.480 --> 01:06:33.190 align:start position:0% everyone on Earth that it was actually holding<01:06:30.880> a<01:06:31.119> core<01:06:31.440> this<01:06:31.680> time. 01:06:33.190 --> 01:06:33.200 align:start position:0% holding a core this time. 01:06:33.200 --> 01:06:35.510 align:start position:0% holding a core this time. Scientists<01:06:33.760> must<01:06:34.000> have<01:06:34.160> felt<01:06:34.400> a<01:06:34.720> huge<01:06:35.039> relief 01:06:35.510 --> 01:06:35.520 align:start position:0% Scientists must have felt a huge relief 01:06:35.520 --> 01:06:37.670 align:start position:0% Scientists must have felt a huge relief as<01:06:35.839> data<01:06:36.160> came<01:06:36.319> back<01:06:36.640> that<01:06:36.799> Perseverance<01:06:37.440> had 01:06:37.670 --> 01:06:37.680 align:start position:0% as data came back that Perseverance had 01:06:37.680 --> 01:06:39.270 align:start position:0% as data came back that Perseverance had successfully<01:06:38.160> taken<01:06:38.480> the<01:06:38.640> core<01:06:38.960> and 01:06:39.270 --> 01:06:39.280 align:start position:0% successfully taken the core and 01:06:39.280 --> 01:06:42.230 align:start position:0% successfully taken the core and transferred<01:06:39.760> it<01:06:39.920> to<01:06:40.000> its<01:06:40.240> storage<01:06:40.559> area.<01:06:42.000> The 01:06:42.230 --> 01:06:42.240 align:start position:0% transferred it to its storage area. The 01:06:42.240 --> 01:06:45.750 align:start position:0% transferred it to its storage area. The core,<01:06:42.880> nicknamed<01:06:43.599> Mondier,<01:06:44.880> was<01:06:45.200> ready<01:06:45.440> to<01:06:45.599> be 01:06:45.750 --> 01:06:45.760 align:start position:0% core, nicknamed Mondier, was ready to be 01:06:45.760 --> 01:06:48.150 align:start position:0% core, nicknamed Mondier, was ready to be taken<01:06:46.079> back<01:06:46.240> to<01:06:46.480> Earth<01:06:46.720> on<01:06:46.960> a<01:06:47.119> future<01:06:47.440> mission 01:06:48.150 --> 01:06:48.160 align:start position:0% taken back to Earth on a future mission 01:06:48.160 --> 01:06:50.630 align:start position:0% taken back to Earth on a future mission where<01:06:48.480> in<01:06:48.720> a<01:06:48.880> larger<01:06:49.200> lab,<01:06:49.680> its<01:06:50.000> secrets<01:06:50.400> could 01:06:50.630 --> 01:06:50.640 align:start position:0% where in a larger lab, its secrets could 01:06:50.640 --> 01:06:53.190 align:start position:0% where in a larger lab, its secrets could be<01:06:50.799> better<01:06:51.039> analyzed. 01:06:53.190 --> 01:06:53.200 align:start position:0% be better analyzed. 01:06:53.200 --> 01:06:55.109 align:start position:0% be better analyzed. Perseverance<01:06:53.839> took<01:06:54.079> another<01:06:54.480> core<01:06:54.799> sample 01:06:55.109 --> 01:06:55.119 align:start position:0% Perseverance took another core sample 01:06:55.119 --> 01:06:58.150 align:start position:0% Perseverance took another core sample that<01:06:55.359> day<01:06:55.760> just<01:06:56.000> to<01:06:56.240> be<01:06:56.480> absolutely<01:06:57.280> certain 01:06:58.150 --> 01:06:58.160 align:start position:0% that day just to be absolutely certain 01:06:58.160 --> 01:07:00.150 align:start position:0% that day just to be absolutely certain they<01:06:58.480> were<01:06:58.640> possibly<01:06:59.039> feeling<01:06:59.440> on<01:06:59.599> a<01:06:59.760> bit<01:06:59.839> of<01:06:59.920> a 01:07:00.150 --> 01:07:00.160 align:start position:0% they were possibly feeling on a bit of a 01:07:00.160 --> 01:07:02.789 align:start position:0% they were possibly feeling on a bit of a roll.<01:07:01.039> And<01:07:01.200> who<01:07:01.440> could<01:07:01.599> blame<01:07:01.920> them?<01:07:02.559> They 01:07:02.789 --> 01:07:02.799 align:start position:0% roll. And who could blame them? They 01:07:02.799 --> 01:07:04.789 align:start position:0% roll. And who could blame them? They were<01:07:02.960> now<01:07:03.280> one<01:07:03.599> step<01:07:03.920> closer<01:07:04.240> to<01:07:04.480> knowing 01:07:04.789 --> 01:07:04.799 align:start position:0% were now one step closer to knowing 01:07:04.799 --> 01:07:07.829 align:start position:0% were now one step closer to knowing whether<01:07:05.200> life<01:07:05.599> ever<01:07:05.920> existed<01:07:06.400> on<01:07:06.640> Mars. 01:07:07.829 --> 01:07:07.839 align:start position:0% whether life ever existed on Mars. 01:07:07.839 --> 01:07:09.589 align:start position:0% whether life ever existed on Mars. Although<01:07:08.160> this<01:07:08.400> sample<01:07:08.880> was<01:07:09.119> just<01:07:09.359> the 01:07:09.589 --> 01:07:09.599 align:start position:0% Although this sample was just the 01:07:09.599 --> 01:07:11.829 align:start position:0% Although this sample was just the beginning<01:07:10.240> and<01:07:10.480> may<01:07:10.720> not<01:07:10.960> have<01:07:11.119> any<01:07:11.359> signs<01:07:11.680> of 01:07:11.829 --> 01:07:11.839 align:start position:0% beginning and may not have any signs of 01:07:11.839 --> 01:07:13.990 align:start position:0% beginning and may not have any signs of life<01:07:12.000> in<01:07:12.240> it,<01:07:12.799> they<01:07:13.039> had<01:07:13.280> stepped<01:07:13.536> [music]<01:07:13.680> a 01:07:13.990 --> 01:07:14.000 align:start position:0% life in it, they had stepped [music] a 01:07:14.000 --> 01:07:17.510 align:start position:0% life in it, they had stepped [music] a little<01:07:14.160> further<01:07:14.640> into<01:07:14.880> the<01:07:15.039> Uncharted. 01:07:17.510 --> 01:07:17.520 align:start position:0% little further into the Uncharted. 01:07:17.520 --> 01:07:20.390 align:start position:0% little further into the Uncharted. A<01:07:17.760> week<01:07:17.920> or<01:07:18.160> so<01:07:18.400> went<01:07:18.640> by.<01:07:19.520> A<01:07:19.680> first<01:07:20.000> success 01:07:20.390 --> 01:07:20.400 align:start position:0% A week or so went by. A first success 01:07:20.400 --> 01:07:22.549 align:start position:0% A week or so went by. A first success was<01:07:20.640> swiftly<01:07:21.039> followed<01:07:21.440> by<01:07:21.599> a<01:07:21.760> third<01:07:22.160> and<01:07:22.400> a 01:07:22.549 --> 01:07:22.559 align:start position:0% was swiftly followed by a third and a 01:07:22.559 --> 01:07:24.870 align:start position:0% was swiftly followed by a third and a fourth,<01:07:23.440> both<01:07:23.680> taken<01:07:24.079> from<01:07:24.240> the<01:07:24.400> rock<01:07:24.640> named 01:07:24.870 --> 01:07:24.880 align:start position:0% fourth, both taken from the rock named 01:07:24.880 --> 01:07:28.230 align:start position:0% fourth, both taken from the rock named Rashette<01:07:25.599> in<01:07:25.839> early<01:07:26.160> September.<01:07:27.599> The<01:07:27.760> crater 01:07:28.230 --> 01:07:28.240 align:start position:0% Rashette in early September. The crater 01:07:28.240 --> 01:07:31.430 align:start position:0% Rashette in early September. The crater floor<01:07:28.559> campaign<01:07:29.119> was<01:07:29.440> going<01:07:29.680> well. 01:07:31.430 --> 01:07:31.440 align:start position:0% floor campaign was going well. 01:07:31.440 --> 01:07:33.750 align:start position:0% floor campaign was going well. At<01:07:31.760> that<01:07:31.920> point,<01:07:32.240> sadly,<01:07:32.799> it<01:07:33.119> had<01:07:33.280> to<01:07:33.440> take<01:07:33.599> a 01:07:33.750 --> 01:07:33.760 align:start position:0% At that point, sadly, it had to take a 01:07:33.760 --> 01:07:36.549 align:start position:0% At that point, sadly, it had to take a pause<01:07:34.079> for<01:07:34.319> solar<01:07:34.640> conjunction.<01:07:36.000> Due<01:07:36.240> to<01:07:36.319> the 01:07:36.549 --> 01:07:36.559 align:start position:0% pause for solar conjunction. Due to the 01:07:36.559 --> 01:07:38.630 align:start position:0% pause for solar conjunction. Due to the arrangement<01:07:36.960> of<01:07:37.119> our<01:07:37.440> solar<01:07:37.760> system,<01:07:38.319> Mars 01:07:38.630 --> 01:07:38.640 align:start position:0% arrangement of our solar system, Mars 01:07:38.640 --> 01:07:40.630 align:start position:0% arrangement of our solar system, Mars and<01:07:38.799> Earth<01:07:39.119> do<01:07:39.359> not<01:07:39.520> always<01:07:39.839> have<01:07:40.000> a<01:07:40.240> line<01:07:40.400> of 01:07:40.630 --> 01:07:40.640 align:start position:0% and Earth do not always have a line of 01:07:40.640 --> 01:07:42.950 align:start position:0% and Earth do not always have a line of sight<01:07:40.880> on<01:07:41.039> each<01:07:41.280> other.<01:07:42.160> Sometimes<01:07:42.559> they<01:07:42.799> are 01:07:42.950 --> 01:07:42.960 align:start position:0% sight on each other. Sometimes they are 01:07:42.960 --> 01:07:45.589 align:start position:0% sight on each other. Sometimes they are on<01:07:43.280> opposite<01:07:43.680> sides<01:07:44.000> of<01:07:44.160> the<01:07:44.319> solar<01:07:44.640> system. 01:07:45.589 --> 01:07:45.599 align:start position:0% on opposite sides of the solar system. 01:07:45.599 --> 01:07:47.670 align:start position:0% on opposite sides of the solar system. This<01:07:45.839> increases<01:07:46.319> the<01:07:46.480> lag<01:07:46.799> time<01:07:47.039> it<01:07:47.280> takes<01:07:47.440> for 01:07:47.670 --> 01:07:47.680 align:start position:0% This increases the lag time it takes for 01:07:47.680 --> 01:07:49.990 align:start position:0% This increases the lag time it takes for NASA<01:07:48.079> to<01:07:48.240> send<01:07:48.559> and<01:07:48.799> receive<01:07:49.280> messages<01:07:49.680> from 01:07:49.990 --> 01:07:50.000 align:start position:0% NASA to send and receive messages from 01:07:50.000 --> 01:07:51.190 align:start position:0% NASA to send and receive messages from Perseverance.<01:07:50.216> [music] 01:07:51.190 --> 01:07:51.200 align:start position:0% Perseverance. [music] 01:07:51.200 --> 01:07:53.990 align:start position:0% Perseverance. [music] But<01:07:51.440> that<01:07:51.680> is<01:07:51.839> not<01:07:52.079> the<01:07:52.240> worst<01:07:52.559> problem.<01:07:53.680> When 01:07:53.990 --> 01:07:54.000 align:start position:0% But that is not the worst problem. When 01:07:54.000 --> 01:07:56.230 align:start position:0% But that is not the worst problem. When Mars<01:07:54.319> and<01:07:54.480> Earth<01:07:54.880> are<01:07:55.200> perfectly<01:07:55.760> opposite 01:07:56.230 --> 01:07:56.240 align:start position:0% Mars and Earth are perfectly opposite 01:07:56.240 --> 01:07:58.150 align:start position:0% Mars and Earth are perfectly opposite each<01:07:56.400> other,<01:07:57.039> communication<01:07:57.680> between<01:07:58.000> the 01:07:58.150 --> 01:07:58.160 align:start position:0% each other, communication between the 01:07:58.160 --> 01:08:00.630 align:start position:0% each other, communication between the planets<01:07:58.640> becomes<01:07:59.200> completely<01:07:59.680> impossible 01:08:00.630 --> 01:08:00.640 align:start position:0% planets becomes completely impossible 01:08:00.640 --> 01:08:04.390 align:start position:0% planets becomes completely impossible for<01:08:00.880> one<01:08:01.119> simple<01:08:01.440> reason,<01:08:02.160> the<01:08:02.480> sun.<01:08:03.760> No<01:08:04.000> radio 01:08:04.390 --> 01:08:04.400 align:start position:0% for one simple reason, the sun. No radio 01:08:04.400 --> 01:08:06.470 align:start position:0% for one simple reason, the sun. No radio signal<01:08:04.720> can<01:08:04.960> penetrate<01:08:05.440> this<01:08:05.680> cosmological 01:08:06.470 --> 01:08:06.480 align:start position:0% signal can penetrate this cosmological 01:08:06.480 --> 01:08:09.029 align:start position:0% signal can penetrate this cosmological giant.<01:08:07.520> As<01:08:07.760> such,<01:08:08.319> there<01:08:08.559> was<01:08:08.720> little 01:08:09.029 --> 01:08:09.039 align:start position:0% giant. As such, there was little 01:08:09.039 --> 01:08:10.950 align:start position:0% giant. As such, there was little scientists<01:08:09.520> could<01:08:09.760> do<01:08:10.000> but<01:08:10.319> wait<01:08:10.559> for<01:08:10.720> these 01:08:10.950 --> 01:08:10.960 align:start position:0% scientists could do but wait for these 01:08:10.960 --> 01:08:14.230 align:start position:0% scientists could do but wait for these orbital<01:08:11.440> bodies<01:08:11.839> to<01:08:12.000> move<01:08:12.240> apart. 01:08:14.230 --> 01:08:14.240 align:start position:0% orbital bodies to move apart. 01:08:14.240 --> 01:08:17.030 align:start position:0% orbital bodies to move apart. Perseverance<01:08:15.039> has<01:08:15.359> advanced<01:08:15.920> AI<01:08:16.319> on<01:08:16.480> board, 01:08:17.030 --> 01:08:17.040 align:start position:0% Perseverance has advanced AI on board, 01:08:17.040 --> 01:08:18.870 align:start position:0% Perseverance has advanced AI on board, but<01:08:17.199> it<01:08:17.440> still<01:08:17.600> needs<01:08:17.839> to<01:08:18.000> check<01:08:18.159> in<01:08:18.319> with<01:08:18.480> NASA 01:08:18.870 --> 01:08:18.880 align:start position:0% but it still needs to check in with NASA 01:08:18.880 --> 01:08:21.030 align:start position:0% but it still needs to check in with NASA from<01:08:19.120> time<01:08:19.279> to<01:08:19.520> time<01:08:19.679> to<01:08:19.920> plan<01:08:20.159> its<01:08:20.400> route, 01:08:21.030 --> 01:08:21.040 align:start position:0% from time to time to plan its route, 01:08:21.040 --> 01:08:23.430 align:start position:0% from time to time to plan its route, update<01:08:21.440> its<01:08:21.679> mission,<01:08:22.159> and<01:08:22.480> report<01:08:22.880> back<01:08:23.120> its 01:08:23.430 --> 01:08:23.440 align:start position:0% update its mission, and report back its 01:08:23.440 --> 01:08:26.229 align:start position:0% update its mission, and report back its findings.<01:08:24.480> So,<01:08:24.719> it<01:08:24.880> wasn't<01:08:25.199> until<01:08:25.600> November 01:08:26.229 --> 01:08:26.239 align:start position:0% findings. So, it wasn't until November 01:08:26.239 --> 01:08:28.950 align:start position:0% findings. So, it wasn't until November 2021<01:08:27.199> that<01:08:27.520> things<01:08:27.839> could<01:08:28.080> really<01:08:28.480> get<01:08:28.640> going 01:08:28.950 --> 01:08:28.960 align:start position:0% 2021 that things could really get going 01:08:28.960 --> 01:08:32.470 align:start position:0% 2021 that things could really get going again.<01:08:30.239> But<01:08:30.480> NASA<01:08:31.040> was<01:08:31.279> not<01:08:31.759> idle<01:08:32.000> during<01:08:32.239> this 01:08:32.470 --> 01:08:32.480 align:start position:0% again. But NASA was not idle during this 01:08:32.480 --> 01:08:34.470 align:start position:0% again. But NASA was not idle during this solar<01:08:32.799> conjunction.<01:08:33.920> By<01:08:34.159> the<01:08:34.319> time 01:08:34.470 --> 01:08:34.480 align:start position:0% solar conjunction. By the time 01:08:34.480 --> 01:08:36.390 align:start position:0% solar conjunction. By the time Perseverance<01:08:35.120> was<01:08:35.279> powered<01:08:35.600> up<01:08:35.839> again,<01:08:36.239> the 01:08:36.390 --> 01:08:36.400 align:start position:0% Perseverance was powered up again, the 01:08:36.400 --> 01:08:38.789 align:start position:0% Perseverance was powered up again, the NASA<01:08:36.799> scientists<01:08:37.359> had<01:08:37.759> already<01:08:38.239> thoroughly 01:08:38.789 --> 01:08:38.799 align:start position:0% NASA scientists had already thoroughly 01:08:38.799 --> 01:08:41.349 align:start position:0% NASA scientists had already thoroughly worked<01:08:39.120> out<01:08:39.359> its<01:08:39.600> next<01:08:39.839> objective. 01:08:41.349 --> 01:08:41.359 align:start position:0% worked out its next objective. 01:08:41.359 --> 01:08:43.990 align:start position:0% worked out its next objective. In<01:08:41.600> Yzero<01:08:42.239> Crater,<01:08:42.880> there<01:08:43.120> is<01:08:43.199> a<01:08:43.359> June<01:08:43.679> field 01:08:43.990 --> 01:08:44.000 align:start position:0% In Yzero Crater, there is a June field 01:08:44.000 --> 01:08:45.910 align:start position:0% In Yzero Crater, there is a June field known<01:08:44.319> as<01:08:44.480> Saitar.<01:08:44.582> [music] 01:08:45.910 --> 01:08:45.920 align:start position:0% known as Saitar. [music] 01:08:45.920 --> 01:08:47.829 align:start position:0% known as Saitar. [music] In<01:08:46.159> amongst<01:08:46.560> these<01:08:46.719> dunes,<01:08:47.279> there<01:08:47.440> is<01:08:47.600> a 01:08:47.829 --> 01:08:47.839 align:start position:0% In amongst these dunes, there is a 01:08:47.839 --> 01:08:49.829 align:start position:0% In amongst these dunes, there is a series<01:08:48.080> of<01:08:48.319> outcroppings<01:08:49.040> that<01:08:49.279> were<01:08:49.520> of 01:08:49.829 --> 01:08:49.839 align:start position:0% series of outcroppings that were of 01:08:49.839 --> 01:08:51.910 align:start position:0% series of outcroppings that were of particular<01:08:50.400> interest<01:08:50.880> to<01:08:51.040> Perseverance's 01:08:51.910 --> 01:08:51.920 align:start position:0% particular interest to Perseverance's 01:08:51.920 --> 01:08:53.990 align:start position:0% particular interest to Perseverance's mission<01:08:52.560> due<01:08:52.799> to<01:08:52.880> the<01:08:53.120> many<01:08:53.359> different<01:08:53.839> layers 01:08:53.990 --> 01:08:54.000 align:start position:0% mission due to the many different layers 01:08:54.000 --> 01:08:57.030 align:start position:0% mission due to the many different layers of<01:08:54.239> exposed<01:08:54.719> rock<01:08:55.040> they<01:08:55.279> gave<01:08:55.520> access<01:08:55.920> to. 01:08:57.030 --> 01:08:57.040 align:start position:0% of exposed rock they gave access to. 01:08:57.040 --> 01:08:58.550 align:start position:0% of exposed rock they gave access to. These<01:08:57.359> different<01:08:57.759> layers<01:08:58.080> likely 01:08:58.550 --> 01:08:58.560 align:start position:0% These different layers likely 01:08:58.560 --> 01:09:01.030 align:start position:0% These different layers likely represented<01:08:59.120> different<01:08:59.440> geological<01:09:00.239> eras, 01:09:01.030 --> 01:09:01.040 align:start position:0% represented different geological eras, 01:09:01.040 --> 01:09:03.110 align:start position:0% represented different geological eras, which<01:09:01.279> would<01:09:01.520> give<01:09:01.839> scientists<01:09:02.319> the<01:09:02.560> clearest 01:09:03.110 --> 01:09:03.120 align:start position:0% which would give scientists the clearest 01:09:03.120 --> 01:09:05.510 align:start position:0% which would give scientists the clearest picture<01:09:03.440> of<01:09:03.679> the<01:09:03.839> history<01:09:04.080> of<01:09:04.319> Yzero,<01:09:05.199> as<01:09:05.440> well 01:09:05.510 --> 01:09:05.520 align:start position:0% picture of the history of Yzero, as well 01:09:05.520 --> 01:09:07.510 align:start position:0% picture of the history of Yzero, as well as<01:09:05.759> giving<01:09:06.080> them<01:09:06.239> an<01:09:06.560> opportunity<01:09:07.040> to<01:09:07.279> find 01:09:07.510 --> 01:09:07.520 align:start position:0% as giving them an opportunity to find 01:09:07.520 --> 01:09:09.669 align:start position:0% as giving them an opportunity to find life<01:09:07.920> itself. 01:09:09.669 --> 01:09:09.679 align:start position:0% life itself. 01:09:09.679 --> 01:09:12.309 align:start position:0% life itself. Outcroppings<01:09:10.480> are<01:09:10.719> of<01:09:11.040> particular<01:09:11.759> interest 01:09:12.309 --> 01:09:12.319 align:start position:0% Outcroppings are of particular interest 01:09:12.319 --> 01:09:14.070 align:start position:0% Outcroppings are of particular interest because<01:09:12.719> Perseverance's<01:09:13.600> drilling 01:09:14.070 --> 01:09:14.080 align:start position:0% because Perseverance's drilling 01:09:14.080 --> 01:09:16.309 align:start position:0% because Perseverance's drilling equipment<01:09:14.719> only<01:09:15.040> allows<01:09:15.359> it<01:09:15.520> to<01:09:15.600> dig<01:09:15.920> several 01:09:16.309 --> 01:09:16.319 align:start position:0% equipment only allows it to dig several 01:09:16.319 --> 01:09:18.709 align:start position:0% equipment only allows it to dig several centimeters<01:09:16.880> deep.<01:09:17.759> If<01:09:18.000> it<01:09:18.159> wasn't<01:09:18.400> for 01:09:18.709 --> 01:09:18.719 align:start position:0% centimeters deep. If it wasn't for 01:09:18.719 --> 01:09:21.269 align:start position:0% centimeters deep. If it wasn't for outcroppings,<01:09:19.600> where<01:09:20.080> erosion<01:09:20.480> had<01:09:20.799> exposed 01:09:21.269 --> 01:09:21.279 align:start position:0% outcroppings, where erosion had exposed 01:09:21.279 --> 01:09:23.590 align:start position:0% outcroppings, where erosion had exposed these<01:09:21.679> layers<01:09:21.839> to<01:09:22.000> the<01:09:22.159> Martian<01:09:22.560> atmosphere, 01:09:23.590 --> 01:09:23.600 align:start position:0% these layers to the Martian atmosphere, 01:09:23.600 --> 01:09:25.430 align:start position:0% these layers to the Martian atmosphere, Perseverance<01:09:24.239> would<01:09:24.480> not<01:09:24.719> have<01:09:24.960> access<01:09:25.199> to 01:09:25.430 --> 01:09:25.440 align:start position:0% Perseverance would not have access to 01:09:25.440 --> 01:09:28.789 align:start position:0% Perseverance would not have access to them.<01:09:26.560> However,<01:09:27.157> [music]<01:09:27.520> sandjunes<01:09:28.239> are<01:09:28.480> of 01:09:28.789 --> 01:09:28.799 align:start position:0% them. However, [music] sandjunes are of 01:09:28.799 --> 01:09:30.789 align:start position:0% them. However, [music] sandjunes are of particular<01:09:29.440> danger<01:09:29.839> to<01:09:30.080> a<01:09:30.239> rover<01:09:30.640> like 01:09:30.789 --> 01:09:30.799 align:start position:0% particular danger to a rover like 01:09:30.799 --> 01:09:32.470 align:start position:0% particular danger to a rover like Perseverance. 01:09:32.470 --> 01:09:32.480 align:start position:0% Perseverance. 01:09:32.480 --> 01:09:35.110 align:start position:0% Perseverance. with<01:09:32.719> help<01:09:32.960> an<01:09:33.279> entire<01:09:33.679> solar<01:09:34.000> system<01:09:34.400> away. 01:09:35.110 --> 01:09:35.120 align:start position:0% with help an entire solar system away. 01:09:35.120 --> 01:09:37.349 align:start position:0% with help an entire solar system away. If<01:09:35.359> Perseverance<01:09:36.080> was<01:09:36.319> to<01:09:36.640> start<01:09:36.960> wheel 01:09:37.349 --> 01:09:37.359 align:start position:0% If Perseverance was to start wheel 01:09:37.359 --> 01:09:39.269 align:start position:0% If Perseverance was to start wheel spinning<01:09:37.679> in<01:09:37.920> a<01:09:38.080> section<01:09:38.319> of<01:09:38.640> particularly 01:09:39.269 --> 01:09:39.279 align:start position:0% spinning in a section of particularly 01:09:39.279 --> 01:09:41.669 align:start position:0% spinning in a section of particularly loose<01:09:39.679> June,<01:09:40.400> it<01:09:40.640> would<01:09:40.799> likely<01:09:41.120> spell<01:09:41.440> the 01:09:41.669 --> 01:09:41.679 align:start position:0% loose June, it would likely spell the 01:09:41.679 --> 01:09:44.309 align:start position:0% loose June, it would likely spell the end<01:09:41.920> of<01:09:42.080> its<01:09:42.319> mission.<01:09:43.440> As<01:09:43.759> such, 01:09:44.309 --> 01:09:44.319 align:start position:0% end of its mission. As such, 01:09:44.319 --> 01:09:47.110 align:start position:0% end of its mission. As such, Perseverance's<01:09:45.199> trusty<01:09:45.679> sidekick<01:09:46.239> Ingenuity 01:09:47.110 --> 01:09:47.120 align:start position:0% Perseverance's trusty sidekick Ingenuity 01:09:47.120 --> 01:09:49.430 align:start position:0% Perseverance's trusty sidekick Ingenuity was<01:09:47.440> sent<01:09:47.679> in<01:09:47.920> to<01:09:48.080> conduct<01:09:48.480> some<01:09:48.799> preliminary 01:09:49.430 --> 01:09:49.440 align:start position:0% was sent in to conduct some preliminary 01:09:49.440 --> 01:09:51.189 align:start position:0% was sent in to conduct some preliminary reconnaissance. 01:09:51.189 --> 01:09:51.199 align:start position:0% reconnaissance. 01:09:51.199 --> 01:09:53.030 align:start position:0% reconnaissance. If<01:09:51.440> it<01:09:51.679> could<01:09:51.839> find<01:09:52.080> a<01:09:52.319> route<01:09:52.640> through<01:09:52.880> the 01:09:53.030 --> 01:09:53.040 align:start position:0% If it could find a route through the 01:09:53.040 --> 01:09:55.430 align:start position:0% If it could find a route through the sandjunes<01:09:53.679> that<01:09:53.839> look<01:09:54.080> safe,<01:09:54.800> Perseverance 01:09:55.430 --> 01:09:55.440 align:start position:0% sandjunes that look safe, Perseverance 01:09:55.440 --> 01:09:57.910 align:start position:0% sandjunes that look safe, Perseverance could<01:09:55.679> get<01:09:55.920> its<01:09:56.239> sample<01:09:56.640> tubes<01:09:57.120> to<01:09:57.360> the<01:09:57.520> vital 01:09:57.910 --> 01:09:57.920 align:start position:0% could get its sample tubes to the vital 01:09:57.920 --> 01:10:00.470 align:start position:0% could get its sample tubes to the vital outcroppings<01:09:58.560> of<01:09:58.800> Saitar. 01:10:00.470 --> 01:10:00.480 align:start position:0% outcroppings of Saitar. 01:10:00.480 --> 01:10:02.709 align:start position:0% outcroppings of Saitar. Ingenuity<01:10:01.120> began<01:10:01.440> its<01:10:01.679> scouting<01:10:02.239> before<01:10:02.480> the 01:10:02.709 --> 01:10:02.719 align:start position:0% Ingenuity began its scouting before the 01:10:02.719 --> 01:10:05.110 align:start position:0% Ingenuity began its scouting before the solar<01:10:03.040> conjunction<01:10:03.840> and<01:10:04.159> flew<01:10:04.480> for<01:10:04.719> several 01:10:05.110 --> 01:10:05.120 align:start position:0% solar conjunction and flew for several 01:10:05.120 --> 01:10:06.870 align:start position:0% solar conjunction and flew for several flights<01:10:05.520> from<01:10:05.840> September<01:10:06.400> through<01:10:06.640> to 01:10:06.870 --> 01:10:06.880 align:start position:0% flights from September through to 01:10:06.880 --> 01:10:10.070 align:start position:0% flights from September through to December.<01:10:08.000> Flying<01:10:08.320> at<01:10:08.560> a<01:10:08.719> height<01:10:08.880> of<01:10:09.120> 10<01:10:09.360> m, 01:10:10.070 --> 01:10:10.080 align:start position:0% December. Flying at a height of 10 m, 01:10:10.080 --> 01:10:12.229 align:start position:0% December. Flying at a height of 10 m, these<01:10:10.400> reconnaissance<01:10:11.120> expeditions<01:10:11.840> allowed 01:10:12.229 --> 01:10:12.239 align:start position:0% these reconnaissance expeditions allowed 01:10:12.239 --> 01:10:14.070 align:start position:0% these reconnaissance expeditions allowed scientists<01:10:12.800> to<01:10:12.960> pick<01:10:13.199> out<01:10:13.440> the<01:10:13.679> perfect 01:10:14.070 --> 01:10:14.080 align:start position:0% scientists to pick out the perfect 01:10:14.080 --> 01:10:15.830 align:start position:0% scientists to pick out the perfect route. 01:10:15.830 --> 01:10:15.840 align:start position:0% route. 01:10:15.840 --> 01:10:18.310 align:start position:0% route. Perseverance<01:10:16.560> set<01:10:16.800> off<01:10:17.040> in<01:10:17.360> early<01:10:17.679> November 01:10:18.310 --> 01:10:18.320 align:start position:0% Perseverance set off in early November 01:10:18.320 --> 01:10:21.189 align:start position:0% Perseverance set off in early November 2021,<01:10:19.600> beginning<01:10:20.000> its<01:10:20.320> exploration<01:10:20.880> of<01:10:21.040> the 01:10:21.189 --> 01:10:21.199 align:start position:0% 2021, beginning its exploration of the 01:10:21.199 --> 01:10:24.229 align:start position:0% 2021, beginning its exploration of the dunes.<01:10:22.159> It<01:10:22.480> picked<01:10:22.719> its<01:10:23.040> way<01:10:23.280> carefully, 01:10:24.229 --> 01:10:24.239 align:start position:0% dunes. It picked its way carefully, 01:10:24.239 --> 01:10:26.630 align:start position:0% dunes. It picked its way carefully, being<01:10:24.480> sure<01:10:24.800> not<01:10:25.040> to<01:10:25.199> travel<01:10:25.520> too<01:10:25.840> fast<01:10:26.400> in 01:10:26.630 --> 01:10:26.640 align:start position:0% being sure not to travel too fast in 01:10:26.640 --> 01:10:29.030 align:start position:0% being sure not to travel too fast in case<01:10:26.800> it<01:10:27.040> fell<01:10:27.360> into<01:10:27.600> any<01:10:27.920> unforeseen<01:10:28.640> sand 01:10:29.030 --> 01:10:29.040 align:start position:0% case it fell into any unforeseen sand 01:10:29.040 --> 01:10:31.830 align:start position:0% case it fell into any unforeseen sand trap.<01:10:30.000> It<01:10:30.239> moved<01:10:30.640> between<01:10:30.960> dunes<01:10:31.360> that<01:10:31.520> were<01:10:31.679> a 01:10:31.830 --> 01:10:31.840 align:start position:0% trap. It moved between dunes that were a 01:10:31.840 --> 01:10:35.189 align:start position:0% trap. It moved between dunes that were a meter<01:10:32.159> high,<01:10:32.960> finding<01:10:33.360> the<01:10:33.600> flattest<01:10:34.159> path. 01:10:35.189 --> 01:10:35.199 align:start position:0% meter high, finding the flattest path. 01:10:35.199 --> 01:10:37.430 align:start position:0% meter high, finding the flattest path. But<01:10:35.440> thankfully,<01:10:36.080> Ingenuity<01:10:36.719> had<01:10:36.960> led<01:10:37.199> it 01:10:37.430 --> 01:10:37.440 align:start position:0% But thankfully, Ingenuity had led it 01:10:37.440 --> 01:10:39.510 align:start position:0% But thankfully, Ingenuity had led it through.<01:10:38.080> Perseverance<01:10:38.719> was<01:10:38.960> able<01:10:39.199> to<01:10:39.360> make 01:10:39.510 --> 01:10:39.520 align:start position:0% through. Perseverance was able to make 01:10:39.520 --> 01:10:41.510 align:start position:0% through. Perseverance was able to make it<01:10:39.760> to<01:10:39.840> the<01:10:40.000> protruding<01:10:40.640> rock<01:10:41.040> known<01:10:41.280> as 01:10:41.510 --> 01:10:41.520 align:start position:0% it to the protruding rock known as 01:10:41.520 --> 01:10:43.350 align:start position:0% it to the protruding rock known as Brack. 01:10:43.350 --> 01:10:43.360 align:start position:0% Brack. 01:10:43.360 --> 01:10:45.430 align:start position:0% Brack. Now<01:10:43.600> that<01:10:43.840> it<01:10:44.000> had<01:10:44.159> its<01:10:44.480> technique<01:10:44.880> down, 01:10:45.430 --> 01:10:45.440 align:start position:0% Now that it had its technique down, 01:10:45.440 --> 01:10:47.669 align:start position:0% Now that it had its technique down, Perseverance<01:10:46.159> quickly<01:10:46.560> was<01:10:46.800> able<01:10:47.040> to<01:10:47.280> obtain 01:10:47.669 --> 01:10:47.679 align:start position:0% Perseverance quickly was able to obtain 01:10:47.679 --> 01:10:49.669 align:start position:0% Perseverance quickly was able to obtain new<01:10:48.000> samples. 01:10:49.669 --> 01:10:49.679 align:start position:0% new samples. 01:10:49.679 --> 01:10:51.910 align:start position:0% new samples. Deciding<01:10:50.080> to<01:10:50.320> call<01:10:50.560> the<01:10:50.800> first<01:10:51.040> empty<01:10:51.440> sample 01:10:51.910 --> 01:10:51.920 align:start position:0% Deciding to call the first empty sample 01:10:51.920 --> 01:10:54.870 align:start position:0% Deciding to call the first empty sample container<01:10:52.400> at<01:10:52.560> Brack<01:10:52.960> an<01:10:53.280> atmosphere<01:10:53.920> sample. 01:10:54.870 --> 01:10:54.880 align:start position:0% container at Brack an atmosphere sample. 01:10:54.880 --> 01:10:57.110 align:start position:0% container at Brack an atmosphere sample. These<01:10:55.280> next<01:10:55.520> two<01:10:55.840> samples<01:10:56.320> were<01:10:56.560> officially 01:10:57.110 --> 01:10:57.120 align:start position:0% These next two samples were officially 01:10:57.120 --> 01:10:59.430 align:start position:0% These next two samples were officially Perseverance's<01:10:58.000> fifth<01:10:58.320> and<01:10:58.640> sixth<01:10:59.040> sample 01:10:59.430 --> 01:10:59.440 align:start position:0% Perseverance's fifth and sixth sample 01:10:59.440 --> 01:11:01.750 align:start position:0% Perseverance's fifth and sixth sample tubes<01:11:00.000> and<01:11:00.239> their<01:11:00.480> third<01:11:00.800> and<01:11:01.040> fourth<01:11:01.440> rock 01:11:01.750 --> 01:11:01.760 align:start position:0% tubes and their third and fourth rock 01:11:01.760 --> 01:11:04.950 align:start position:0% tubes and their third and fourth rock samples.<01:11:03.120> From<01:11:03.440> these<01:11:03.679> accumulated<01:11:04.320> samples, 01:11:04.950 --> 01:11:04.960 align:start position:0% samples. From these accumulated samples, 01:11:04.960 --> 01:11:06.470 align:start position:0% samples. From these accumulated samples, scientists<01:11:05.440> were<01:11:05.679> able<01:11:05.840> to<01:11:06.000> make<01:11:06.239> an 01:11:06.470 --> 01:11:06.480 align:start position:0% scientists were able to make an 01:11:06.480 --> 01:11:09.110 align:start position:0% scientists were able to make an unexpected<01:11:07.280> discovery.<01:11:08.400> These<01:11:08.719> were<01:11:08.880> not 01:11:09.110 --> 01:11:09.120 align:start position:0% unexpected discovery. These were not 01:11:09.120 --> 01:11:11.189 align:start position:0% unexpected discovery. These were not sedimentary<01:11:09.840> rocks<01:11:10.239> as<01:11:10.480> had<01:11:10.800> first<01:11:11.040> been 01:11:11.189 --> 01:11:11.199 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks as had first been 01:11:11.199 --> 01:11:14.149 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks as had first been anticipated.<01:11:12.640> Instead,<01:11:13.360> Perseverance<01:11:14.000> had 01:11:14.149 --> 01:11:14.159 align:start position:0% anticipated. Instead, Perseverance had 01:11:14.159 --> 01:11:17.510 align:start position:0% anticipated. Instead, Perseverance had discovered<01:11:14.640> the<01:11:15.040> ignous<01:11:15.440> rock<01:11:16.080> olivine. 01:11:17.510 --> 01:11:17.520 align:start position:0% discovered the ignous rock olivine. 01:11:17.520 --> 01:11:20.070 align:start position:0% discovered the ignous rock olivine. Olivine<01:11:18.159> is<01:11:18.320> a<01:11:18.560> type<01:11:18.719> of<01:11:18.960> mineral<01:11:19.520> that<01:11:19.840> can 01:11:20.070 --> 01:11:20.080 align:start position:0% Olivine is a type of mineral that can 01:11:20.080 --> 01:11:22.229 align:start position:0% Olivine is a type of mineral that can actually<01:11:20.480> be<01:11:20.719> found<01:11:20.960> here<01:11:21.199> on<01:11:21.520> Earth.<01:11:22.080> For 01:11:22.229 --> 01:11:22.239 align:start position:0% actually be found here on Earth. For 01:11:22.239 --> 01:11:24.950 align:start position:0% actually be found here on Earth. For instance,<01:11:22.640> in<01:11:22.880> parts<01:11:23.120> of<01:11:23.280> Australia,<01:11:24.480> unlike 01:11:24.950 --> 01:11:24.960 align:start position:0% instance, in parts of Australia, unlike 01:11:24.960 --> 01:11:26.950 align:start position:0% instance, in parts of Australia, unlike sedimentary<01:11:25.679> rocks,<01:11:26.159> which<01:11:26.400> are<01:11:26.560> made<01:11:26.719> by 01:11:26.950 --> 01:11:26.960 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks, which are made by 01:11:26.960 --> 01:11:29.189 align:start position:0% sedimentary rocks, which are made by particles<01:11:27.360> of<01:11:27.600> sand<01:11:27.920> and<01:11:28.080> other<01:11:28.320> detritus 01:11:29.189 --> 01:11:29.199 align:start position:0% particles of sand and other detritus 01:11:29.199 --> 01:11:31.189 align:start position:0% particles of sand and other detritus slowly<01:11:29.679> accumulating<01:11:30.320> on<01:11:30.560> top<01:11:30.719> of<01:11:30.880> each<01:11:31.040> other 01:11:31.189 --> 01:11:31.199 align:start position:0% slowly accumulating on top of each other 01:11:31.199 --> 01:11:34.070 align:start position:0% slowly accumulating on top of each other over<01:11:31.520> time,<01:11:32.239> an<01:11:32.560> ignous<01:11:32.960> rock<01:11:33.199> like<01:11:33.520> olivine 01:11:34.070 --> 01:11:34.080 align:start position:0% over time, an ignous rock like olivine 01:11:34.080 --> 01:11:37.030 align:start position:0% over time, an ignous rock like olivine is<01:11:34.239> formed<01:11:34.560> by<01:11:34.800> the<01:11:35.120> cooling<01:11:35.440> of<01:11:35.679> magma.<01:11:36.800> As 01:11:37.030 --> 01:11:37.040 align:start position:0% is formed by the cooling of magma. As 01:11:37.040 --> 01:11:39.030 align:start position:0% is formed by the cooling of magma. As such,<01:11:37.520> it<01:11:37.760> seems<01:11:37.920> that<01:11:38.159> at<01:11:38.400> one<01:11:38.640> time<01:11:38.800> or 01:11:39.030 --> 01:11:39.040 align:start position:0% such, it seems that at one time or 01:11:39.040 --> 01:11:41.110 align:start position:0% such, it seems that at one time or another,<01:11:39.520> Yzero<01:11:40.080> crater<01:11:40.480> must<01:11:40.719> have<01:11:40.880> been 01:11:41.110 --> 01:11:41.120 align:start position:0% another, Yzero crater must have been 01:11:41.120 --> 01:11:44.149 align:start position:0% another, Yzero crater must have been witnessed<01:11:41.520> to<01:11:41.679> some<01:11:41.920> volcanic<01:11:42.560> activity. 01:11:44.149 --> 01:11:44.159 align:start position:0% witnessed to some volcanic activity. 01:11:44.159 --> 01:11:46.310 align:start position:0% witnessed to some volcanic activity. While<01:11:44.480> this<01:11:44.719> might<01:11:45.040> initially<01:11:45.679> seem<01:11:45.920> to<01:11:46.080> be 01:11:46.310 --> 01:11:46.320 align:start position:0% While this might initially seem to be 01:11:46.320 --> 01:11:48.950 align:start position:0% While this might initially seem to be bad<01:11:46.640> news,<01:11:47.520> you<01:11:47.760> might<01:11:48.080> correctly<01:11:48.560> conclude 01:11:48.950 --> 01:11:48.960 align:start position:0% bad news, you might correctly conclude 01:11:48.960 --> 01:11:50.550 align:start position:0% bad news, you might correctly conclude that<01:11:49.199> not<01:11:49.360> much<01:11:49.600> life<01:11:49.840> could<01:11:50.080> be<01:11:50.159> found<01:11:50.320> in 01:11:50.550 --> 01:11:50.560 align:start position:0% that not much life could be found in 01:11:50.560 --> 01:11:53.590 align:start position:0% that not much life could be found in magma.<01:11:51.600> Scientists<01:11:52.239> could<01:11:52.560> discern<01:11:53.040> signs<01:11:53.360> of 01:11:53.590 --> 01:11:53.600 align:start position:0% magma. Scientists could discern signs of 01:11:53.600 --> 01:11:56.470 align:start position:0% magma. Scientists could discern signs of water<01:11:54.159> erosion<01:11:54.480> on<01:11:54.640> the<01:11:54.800> rocks.<01:11:55.840> The<01:11:56.080> ridges 01:11:56.470 --> 01:11:56.480 align:start position:0% water erosion on the rocks. The ridges 01:11:56.480 --> 01:11:58.390 align:start position:0% water erosion on the rocks. The ridges at<01:11:56.640> the<01:11:56.800> ends<01:11:56.960> of<01:11:57.120> the<01:11:57.199> crater<01:11:57.679> showed<01:11:58.080> signs 01:11:58.390 --> 01:11:58.400 align:start position:0% at the ends of the crater showed signs 01:11:58.400 --> 01:12:01.270 align:start position:0% at the ends of the crater showed signs of<01:11:58.640> water<01:11:58.960> motion.<01:12:00.320> Whatever<01:12:00.719> volcanic 01:12:01.270 --> 01:12:01.280 align:start position:0% of water motion. Whatever volcanic 01:12:01.280 --> 01:12:03.350 align:start position:0% of water motion. Whatever volcanic activity<01:12:01.760> had<01:12:02.000> happened<01:12:02.320> here,<01:12:02.880> the<01:12:03.120> water 01:12:03.350 --> 01:12:03.360 align:start position:0% activity had happened here, the water 01:12:03.360 --> 01:12:05.750 align:start position:0% activity had happened here, the water that<01:12:03.679> created<01:12:04.080> Yzero's<01:12:04.719> delta<01:12:05.280> must<01:12:05.600> have 01:12:05.750 --> 01:12:05.760 align:start position:0% that created Yzero's delta must have 01:12:05.760 --> 01:12:09.030 align:start position:0% that created Yzero's delta must have come<01:12:06.159> after<01:12:06.640> it<01:12:06.880> had<01:12:07.120> already<01:12:07.440> cooled.<01:12:08.719> As 01:12:09.030 --> 01:12:09.040 align:start position:0% come after it had already cooled. As 01:12:09.040 --> 01:12:11.270 align:start position:0% come after it had already cooled. As such,<01:12:09.520> the<01:12:09.760> presence<01:12:10.000> of<01:12:10.320> ignous<01:12:10.640> rocks<01:12:10.960> was 01:12:11.270 --> 01:12:11.280 align:start position:0% such, the presence of ignous rocks was 01:12:11.280 --> 01:12:13.830 align:start position:0% such, the presence of ignous rocks was actually<01:12:11.760> good<01:12:12.000> news.<01:12:12.880> Ignous<01:12:13.280> rock<01:12:13.600> is 01:12:13.830 --> 01:12:13.840 align:start position:0% actually good news. Ignous rock is 01:12:13.840 --> 01:12:16.390 align:start position:0% actually good news. Ignous rock is usually<01:12:14.400> very<01:12:14.719> high<01:12:14.960> in<01:12:15.120> minerals.<01:12:16.080> This<01:12:16.239> is 01:12:16.390 --> 01:12:16.400 align:start position:0% usually very high in minerals. This is 01:12:16.400 --> 01:12:18.630 align:start position:0% usually very high in minerals. This is why<01:12:16.640> the<01:12:16.880> areas<01:12:17.280> around<01:12:17.600> volcanoes<01:12:18.239> are<01:12:18.400> so 01:12:18.630 --> 01:12:18.640 align:start position:0% why the areas around volcanoes are so 01:12:18.640 --> 01:12:20.149 align:start position:0% why the areas around volcanoes are so fertile. 01:12:20.149 --> 01:12:20.159 align:start position:0% fertile. 01:12:20.159 --> 01:12:22.229 align:start position:0% fertile. The<01:12:20.400> presence<01:12:20.719> of<01:12:20.960> water<01:12:21.280> and<01:12:21.520> high<01:12:21.840> mineral 01:12:22.229 --> 01:12:22.239 align:start position:0% The presence of water and high mineral 01:12:22.239 --> 01:12:24.310 align:start position:0% The presence of water and high mineral count<01:12:22.480> rocks<01:12:23.040> could<01:12:23.280> have<01:12:23.440> been<01:12:23.600> the<01:12:23.840> perfect 01:12:24.310 --> 01:12:24.320 align:start position:0% count rocks could have been the perfect 01:12:24.320 --> 01:12:27.350 align:start position:0% count rocks could have been the perfect conditions<01:12:24.800> for<01:12:25.040> life.<01:12:26.400> All<01:12:26.640> in<01:12:26.800> all, 01:12:27.350 --> 01:12:27.360 align:start position:0% conditions for life. All in all, 01:12:27.360 --> 01:12:29.030 align:start position:0% conditions for life. All in all, Perseverance's<01:12:28.239> mission<01:12:28.480> seemed<01:12:28.719> to<01:12:28.880> be 01:12:29.030 --> 01:12:29.040 align:start position:0% Perseverance's mission seemed to be 01:12:29.040 --> 01:12:31.910 align:start position:0% Perseverance's mission seemed to be going<01:12:29.280> well.<01:12:30.400> But<01:12:30.719> Mars<01:12:31.120> was<01:12:31.360> not<01:12:31.520> done<01:12:31.679> with 01:12:31.910 --> 01:12:31.920 align:start position:0% going well. But Mars was not done with 01:12:31.920 --> 01:12:34.310 align:start position:0% going well. But Mars was not done with it.<01:12:32.480> The<01:12:32.719> desert<01:12:33.040> does<01:12:33.280> not<01:12:33.440> give<01:12:33.600> up<01:12:33.760> its<01:12:33.920> prey 01:12:34.310 --> 01:12:34.320 align:start position:0% it. The desert does not give up its prey 01:12:34.320 --> 01:12:37.590 align:start position:0% it. The desert does not give up its prey quite<01:12:34.640> so<01:12:34.800> easily.<01:12:36.159> On<01:12:36.480> Wednesday<01:12:36.880> the<01:12:37.120> 29th 01:12:37.590 --> 01:12:37.600 align:start position:0% quite so easily. On Wednesday the 29th 01:12:37.600 --> 01:12:39.990 align:start position:0% quite so easily. On Wednesday the 29th of<01:12:37.760> December,<01:12:38.640> on<01:12:38.800> the<01:12:39.040> return<01:12:39.440> journey<01:12:39.840> out 01:12:39.990 --> 01:12:40.000 align:start position:0% of December, on the return journey out 01:12:40.000 --> 01:12:42.630 align:start position:0% of December, on the return journey out of<01:12:40.239> Saitar,<01:12:41.120> Perseverance<01:12:41.840> stopped<01:12:42.239> to<01:12:42.480> take 01:12:42.630 --> 01:12:42.640 align:start position:0% of Saitar, Perseverance stopped to take 01:12:42.640 --> 01:12:44.149 align:start position:0% of Saitar, Perseverance stopped to take another<01:12:42.960> sample<01:12:43.440> from<01:12:43.600> another<01:12:43.840> rock 01:12:44.149 --> 01:12:44.159 align:start position:0% another sample from another rock 01:12:44.159 --> 01:12:47.030 align:start position:0% another sample from another rock outcropping<01:12:44.800> known<01:12:45.040> as<01:12:45.280> Isol,<01:12:46.320> specifically 01:12:47.030 --> 01:12:47.040 align:start position:0% outcropping known as Isol, specifically 01:12:47.040 --> 01:12:50.470 align:start position:0% outcropping known as Isol, specifically from<01:12:47.360> a<01:12:47.600> small<01:12:47.920> stone<01:12:48.400> known<01:12:48.640> as<01:12:48.960> Rubon. 01:12:50.470 --> 01:12:50.480 align:start position:0% from a small stone known as Rubon. 01:12:50.480 --> 01:12:52.709 align:start position:0% from a small stone known as Rubon. Initially,<01:12:51.040> things<01:12:51.360> seemed<01:12:51.679> to<01:12:51.840> go<01:12:52.000> well. 01:12:52.709 --> 01:12:52.719 align:start position:0% Initially, things seemed to go well. 01:12:52.719 --> 01:12:54.870 align:start position:0% Initially, things seemed to go well. Perseverance<01:12:53.440> caugh<01:12:53.760> its<01:12:54.000> target<01:12:54.320> rock<01:12:54.640> with 01:12:54.870 --> 01:12:54.880 align:start position:0% Perseverance caugh its target rock with 01:12:54.880 --> 01:12:57.669 align:start position:0% Perseverance caugh its target rock with no<01:12:55.120> issue.<01:12:56.000> It<01:12:56.239> placed<01:12:56.560> its<01:12:56.800> core<01:12:57.120> in<01:12:57.280> a<01:12:57.440> test 01:12:57.669 --> 01:12:57.679 align:start position:0% no issue. It placed its core in a test 01:12:57.679 --> 01:13:00.070 align:start position:0% no issue. It placed its core in a test tube.<01:12:58.560> But<01:12:58.800> when<01:12:58.960> it<01:12:59.120> came<01:12:59.280> to<01:12:59.440> transferring 01:13:00.070 --> 01:13:00.080 align:start position:0% tube. But when it came to transferring 01:13:00.080 --> 01:13:02.229 align:start position:0% tube. But when it came to transferring the<01:13:00.239> test<01:13:00.480> tube<01:13:00.800> into<01:13:01.040> the<01:13:01.199> bit<01:13:01.520> carousel<01:13:02.080> on 01:13:02.229 --> 01:13:02.239 align:start position:0% the test tube into the bit carousel on 01:13:02.239 --> 01:13:04.950 align:start position:0% the test tube into the bit carousel on the<01:13:02.320> rover<01:13:02.719> chassis,<01:13:03.520> it<01:13:03.679> hit<01:13:03.920> an<01:13:04.159> unexpected 01:13:04.950 --> 01:13:04.960 align:start position:0% the rover chassis, it hit an unexpected 01:13:04.960 --> 01:13:07.669 align:start position:0% the rover chassis, it hit an unexpected resistance.<01:13:06.320> Something<01:13:06.719> was<01:13:07.040> blocking<01:13:07.440> the 01:13:07.669 --> 01:13:07.679 align:start position:0% resistance. Something was blocking the 01:13:07.679 --> 01:13:10.870 align:start position:0% resistance. Something was blocking the tube<01:13:08.080> from<01:13:08.320> entering<01:13:08.719> the<01:13:08.960> carousel. 01:13:10.870 --> 01:13:10.880 align:start position:0% tube from entering the carousel. 01:13:10.880 --> 01:13:12.630 align:start position:0% tube from entering the carousel. Perseverance<01:13:11.600> immediately<01:13:12.159> stopped<01:13:12.400> its 01:13:12.630 --> 01:13:12.640 align:start position:0% Perseverance immediately stopped its 01:13:12.640 --> 01:13:14.870 align:start position:0% Perseverance immediately stopped its process<01:13:13.040> when<01:13:13.199> it<01:13:13.360> detected<01:13:13.760> the<01:13:13.920> anomaly<01:13:14.560> and 01:13:14.870 --> 01:13:14.880 align:start position:0% process when it detected the anomaly and 01:13:14.880 --> 01:13:16.790 align:start position:0% process when it detected the anomaly and sent<01:13:15.040> a<01:13:15.100> [music]<01:13:15.280> request<01:13:15.600> to<01:13:15.760> NASA<01:13:16.320> asking 01:13:16.790 --> 01:13:16.800 align:start position:0% sent a [music] request to NASA asking 01:13:16.800 --> 01:13:19.110 align:start position:0% sent a [music] request to NASA asking what<01:13:16.960> it<01:13:17.199> should<01:13:17.360> do<01:13:17.520> next.<01:13:18.640> Through 01:13:19.110 --> 01:13:19.120 align:start position:0% what it should do next. Through 01:13:19.120 --> 01:13:21.669 align:start position:0% what it should do next. Through week-long<01:13:19.760> exchanges,<01:13:20.640> NASA<01:13:21.120> was<01:13:21.280> able<01:13:21.520> to 01:13:21.669 --> 01:13:21.679 align:start position:0% week-long exchanges, NASA was able to 01:13:21.679 --> 01:13:23.750 align:start position:0% week-long exchanges, NASA was able to use<01:13:22.000> Perseverance's<01:13:22.800> cameras<01:13:23.120> to<01:13:23.360> peer 01:13:23.750 --> 01:13:23.760 align:start position:0% use Perseverance's cameras to peer 01:13:23.760 --> 01:13:26.550 align:start position:0% use Perseverance's cameras to peer inside<01:13:24.080> the<01:13:24.320> carousel.<01:13:25.679> Staring<01:13:26.080> back<01:13:26.320> at 01:13:26.550 --> 01:13:26.560 align:start position:0% inside the carousel. Staring back at 01:13:26.560 --> 01:13:30.229 align:start position:0% inside the carousel. Staring back at them<01:13:26.880> were<01:13:27.280> four<01:13:27.760> small<01:13:28.159> pebbles. 01:13:30.229 --> 01:13:30.239 align:start position:0% them were four small pebbles. 01:13:30.239 --> 01:13:32.149 align:start position:0% them were four small pebbles. Now,<01:13:30.640> this<01:13:30.960> might<01:13:31.199> not<01:13:31.360> seem<01:13:31.600> like<01:13:31.760> a<01:13:32.000> big 01:13:32.149 --> 01:13:32.159 align:start position:0% Now, this might not seem like a big 01:13:32.159 --> 01:13:34.709 align:start position:0% Now, this might not seem like a big deal,<01:13:32.800> but<01:13:33.120> pebbles<01:13:33.520> that<01:13:33.760> stop<01:13:34.080> samples<01:13:34.480> from 01:13:34.709 --> 01:13:34.719 align:start position:0% deal, but pebbles that stop samples from 01:13:34.719 --> 01:13:36.709 align:start position:0% deal, but pebbles that stop samples from being<01:13:34.960> stored<01:13:35.280> inside<01:13:35.600> the<01:13:35.840> rover<01:13:36.320> would<01:13:36.560> put 01:13:36.709 --> 01:13:36.719 align:start position:0% being stored inside the rover would put 01:13:36.719 --> 01:13:39.030 align:start position:0% being stored inside the rover would put a<01:13:36.880> halt<01:13:37.120> to<01:13:37.360> Perseverance's<01:13:38.159> entire<01:13:38.640> sample 01:13:39.030 --> 01:13:39.040 align:start position:0% a halt to Perseverance's entire sample 01:13:39.040 --> 01:13:41.510 align:start position:0% a halt to Perseverance's entire sample collection<01:13:39.520> mission.<01:13:40.640> It<01:13:40.880> was<01:13:41.040> likely<01:13:41.280> that 01:13:41.510 --> 01:13:41.520 align:start position:0% collection mission. It was likely that 01:13:41.520 --> 01:13:43.510 align:start position:0% collection mission. It was likely that these<01:13:41.760> rocks<01:13:42.080> had<01:13:42.320> somehow<01:13:42.800> fallen<01:13:43.199> out<01:13:43.360> of 01:13:43.510 --> 01:13:43.520 align:start position:0% these rocks had somehow fallen out of 01:13:43.520 --> 01:13:45.350 align:start position:0% these rocks had somehow fallen out of the<01:13:43.679> tube<01:13:44.000> during<01:13:44.239> that<01:13:44.560> specific<01:13:44.960> sample 01:13:45.350 --> 01:13:45.360 align:start position:0% the tube during that specific sample 01:13:45.360 --> 01:13:47.910 align:start position:0% the tube during that specific sample collection,<01:13:46.400> possibly<01:13:46.880> once<01:13:47.199> again<01:13:47.679> because 01:13:47.910 --> 01:13:47.920 align:start position:0% collection, possibly once again because 01:13:47.920 --> 01:13:50.310 align:start position:0% collection, possibly once again because of<01:13:48.080> the<01:13:48.320> unexpectedly<01:13:49.199> crumbly<01:13:49.760> nature<01:13:50.080> of 01:13:50.310 --> 01:13:50.320 align:start position:0% of the unexpectedly crumbly nature of 01:13:50.320 --> 01:13:52.390 align:start position:0% of the unexpectedly crumbly nature of Martian<01:13:50.800> rocks. 01:13:52.390 --> 01:13:52.400 align:start position:0% Martian rocks. 01:13:52.400 --> 01:13:54.709 align:start position:0% Martian rocks. Rocks<01:13:52.800> falling<01:13:53.199> apart<01:13:53.600> had<01:13:54.000> already<01:13:54.400> cost 01:13:54.709 --> 01:13:54.719 align:start position:0% Rocks falling apart had already cost 01:13:54.719 --> 01:13:57.590 align:start position:0% Rocks falling apart had already cost Perseverance<01:13:55.440> one<01:13:55.679> sample.<01:13:56.719> Now<01:13:57.120> they<01:13:57.360> might 01:13:57.590 --> 01:13:57.600 align:start position:0% Perseverance one sample. Now they might 01:13:57.600 --> 01:14:00.550 align:start position:0% Perseverance one sample. Now they might spell<01:13:57.920> the<01:13:58.159> end<01:13:58.320> of<01:13:58.480> the<01:13:58.719> whole<01:13:58.960> mission. 01:14:00.550 --> 01:14:00.560 align:start position:0% spell the end of the whole mission. 01:14:00.560 --> 01:14:03.270 align:start position:0% spell the end of the whole mission. But<01:14:00.960> the<01:14:01.199> Perseverance<01:14:01.840> team<01:14:02.239> had<01:14:02.560> a<01:14:02.800> plan<01:14:03.040> for 01:14:03.270 --> 01:14:03.280 align:start position:0% But the Perseverance team had a plan for 01:14:03.280 --> 01:14:05.910 align:start position:0% But the Perseverance team had a plan for situations<01:14:03.840> like<01:14:04.080> this.<01:14:04.880> And<01:14:05.120> carefully<01:14:05.679> the 01:14:05.910 --> 01:14:05.920 align:start position:0% situations like this. And carefully the 01:14:05.920 --> 01:14:09.110 align:start position:0% situations like this. And carefully the rover<01:14:06.320> began<01:14:06.640> to<01:14:06.800> enact<01:14:07.199> it.<01:14:08.400> Firstly, 01:14:09.110 --> 01:14:09.120 align:start position:0% rover began to enact it. Firstly, 01:14:09.120 --> 01:14:11.270 align:start position:0% rover began to enact it. Firstly, Perseverance<01:14:09.840> started<01:14:10.159> by<01:14:10.400> taking<01:14:10.719> photos<01:14:11.120> of 01:14:11.270 --> 01:14:11.280 align:start position:0% Perseverance started by taking photos of 01:14:11.280 --> 01:14:13.669 align:start position:0% Perseverance started by taking photos of the<01:14:11.440> ground<01:14:11.679> below<01:14:12.000> it.<01:14:12.719> It<01:14:12.960> wanted<01:14:13.199> to<01:14:13.360> see 01:14:13.669 --> 01:14:13.679 align:start position:0% the ground below it. It wanted to see 01:14:13.679 --> 01:14:15.990 align:start position:0% the ground below it. It wanted to see what<01:14:13.920> was<01:14:14.080> there<01:14:14.400> already<01:14:15.199> so<01:14:15.360> that<01:14:15.600> once<01:14:15.840> the 01:14:15.990 --> 01:14:16.000 align:start position:0% what was there already so that once the 01:14:16.000 --> 01:14:18.310 align:start position:0% what was there already so that once the pebbles<01:14:16.480> were<01:14:16.640> spilled<01:14:17.040> out<01:14:17.280> onto<01:14:17.600> the<01:14:17.760> floor, 01:14:18.310 --> 01:14:18.320 align:start position:0% pebbles were spilled out onto the floor, 01:14:18.320 --> 01:14:20.149 align:start position:0% pebbles were spilled out onto the floor, scientists<01:14:18.800> could<01:14:18.960> count<01:14:19.199> the<01:14:19.360> new<01:14:19.520> arrivals 01:14:20.149 --> 01:14:20.159 align:start position:0% scientists could count the new arrivals 01:14:20.159 --> 01:14:21.830 align:start position:0% scientists could count the new arrivals and<01:14:20.480> make<01:14:20.640> sure<01:14:20.800> that<01:14:21.040> they<01:14:21.199> matched<01:14:21.520> up<01:14:21.679> with 01:14:21.830 --> 01:14:21.840 align:start position:0% and make sure that they matched up with 01:14:21.840 --> 01:14:23.910 align:start position:0% and make sure that they matched up with what<01:14:22.080> had<01:14:22.320> previously<01:14:22.719> been<01:14:22.960> seen<01:14:23.280> inside<01:14:23.679> the 01:14:23.910 --> 01:14:23.920 align:start position:0% what had previously been seen inside the 01:14:23.920 --> 01:14:26.070 align:start position:0% what had previously been seen inside the carousel. 01:14:26.070 --> 01:14:26.080 align:start position:0% carousel. 01:14:26.080 --> 01:14:28.390 align:start position:0% carousel. Secondly,<01:14:26.719> it<01:14:27.040> did<01:14:27.199> something<01:14:27.520> it<01:14:27.840> had<01:14:28.080> never 01:14:28.390 --> 01:14:28.400 align:start position:0% Secondly, it did something it had never 01:14:28.400 --> 01:14:31.110 align:start position:0% Secondly, it did something it had never been<01:14:28.560> designed<01:14:28.880> to<01:14:29.120> do.<01:14:29.920> It<01:14:30.239> emptied<01:14:30.640> out<01:14:30.880> its 01:14:31.110 --> 01:14:31.120 align:start position:0% been designed to do. It emptied out its 01:14:31.120 --> 01:14:34.229 align:start position:0% been designed to do. It emptied out its core<01:14:31.440> sample<01:14:31.840> tube<01:14:32.239> onto<01:14:32.640> the<01:14:32.800> floor.<01:14:33.840> It<01:14:34.080> must 01:14:34.229 --> 01:14:34.239 align:start position:0% core sample tube onto the floor. It must 01:14:34.239 --> 01:14:35.910 align:start position:0% core sample tube onto the floor. It must have<01:14:34.400> been<01:14:34.560> with<01:14:34.880> regret<01:14:35.280> that<01:14:35.520> this<01:14:35.760> was 01:14:35.910 --> 01:14:35.920 align:start position:0% have been with regret that this was 01:14:35.920 --> 01:14:38.470 align:start position:0% have been with regret that this was done.<01:14:36.719> However,<01:14:37.199> it<01:14:37.440> was<01:14:37.679> important<01:14:38.000> to<01:14:38.239> know 01:14:38.470 --> 01:14:38.480 align:start position:0% done. However, it was important to know 01:14:38.480 --> 01:14:40.790 align:start position:0% done. However, it was important to know how<01:14:38.800> much<01:14:38.960> was<01:14:39.199> left<01:14:39.440> inside<01:14:39.679> the<01:14:39.920> tube<01:14:40.400> to<01:14:40.640> see 01:14:40.790 --> 01:14:40.800 align:start position:0% how much was left inside the tube to see 01:14:40.800 --> 01:14:43.669 align:start position:0% how much was left inside the tube to see how<01:14:41.120> much<01:14:41.360> was<01:14:41.600> likely<01:14:41.920> in<01:14:42.080> the<01:14:42.239> carousel. 01:14:43.669 --> 01:14:43.679 align:start position:0% how much was likely in the carousel. 01:14:43.679 --> 01:14:47.030 align:start position:0% how much was likely in the carousel. Also,<01:14:44.400> this<01:14:44.719> would<01:14:45.040> allow<01:14:45.440> a<01:14:45.679> fresh<01:14:46.480> sample<01:14:46.880> to 01:14:47.030 --> 01:14:47.040 align:start position:0% Also, this would allow a fresh sample to 01:14:47.040 --> 01:14:49.669 align:start position:0% Also, this would allow a fresh sample to be<01:14:47.199> taken<01:14:47.520> later,<01:14:48.239> maximizing<01:14:48.960> its<01:14:49.280> sample 01:14:49.669 --> 01:14:49.679 align:start position:0% be taken later, maximizing its sample 01:14:49.679 --> 01:14:51.830 align:start position:0% be taken later, maximizing its sample space<01:14:50.000> efficiency. 01:14:51.830 --> 01:14:51.840 align:start position:0% space efficiency. 01:14:51.840 --> 01:14:54.470 align:start position:0% space efficiency. Thirdly,<01:14:52.640> Perseverance<01:14:53.360> began<01:14:53.679> to<01:14:53.840> do<01:14:54.159> the 01:14:54.470 --> 01:14:54.480 align:start position:0% Thirdly, Perseverance began to do the 01:14:54.480 --> 01:14:56.790 align:start position:0% Thirdly, Perseverance began to do the only<01:14:54.719> thing<01:14:54.880> remaining<01:14:55.360> it<01:14:55.679> could<01:14:55.840> do.<01:14:56.560> It 01:14:56.790 --> 01:14:56.800 align:start position:0% only thing remaining it could do. It 01:14:56.800 --> 01:14:59.830 align:start position:0% only thing remaining it could do. It started<01:14:57.199> to<01:14:57.440> wiggle.<01:14:58.880> By<01:14:59.199> rotating<01:14:59.600> its 01:14:59.830 --> 01:14:59.840 align:start position:0% started to wiggle. By rotating its 01:14:59.840 --> 01:15:02.390 align:start position:0% started to wiggle. By rotating its carousel,<01:15:00.560> it<01:15:00.800> was<01:15:00.880> able<01:15:01.120> to<01:15:01.280> dislodge<01:15:01.920> two<01:15:02.239> of 01:15:02.390 --> 01:15:02.400 align:start position:0% carousel, it was able to dislodge two of 01:15:02.400 --> 01:15:04.310 align:start position:0% carousel, it was able to dislodge two of the<01:15:02.640> four<01:15:02.880> offending<01:15:03.360> pebbles<01:15:03.920> right<01:15:04.159> then 01:15:04.310 --> 01:15:04.320 align:start position:0% the four offending pebbles right then 01:15:04.320 --> 01:15:06.950 align:start position:0% the four offending pebbles right then and<01:15:04.640> there.<01:15:05.600> By<01:15:05.840> double-checking<01:15:06.480> the<01:15:06.640> floor 01:15:06.950 --> 01:15:06.960 align:start position:0% and there. By double-checking the floor 01:15:06.960 --> 01:15:08.870 align:start position:0% and there. By double-checking the floor afterwards,<01:15:07.760> scientists<01:15:08.320> were<01:15:08.480> able<01:15:08.719> to 01:15:08.870 --> 01:15:08.880 align:start position:0% afterwards, scientists were able to 01:15:08.880 --> 01:15:11.590 align:start position:0% afterwards, scientists were able to detect<01:15:09.360> both<01:15:09.679> pebbles<01:15:10.400> now<01:15:10.719> no<01:15:10.960> longer<01:15:11.280> along 01:15:11.590 --> 01:15:11.600 align:start position:0% detect both pebbles now no longer along 01:15:11.600 --> 01:15:14.390 align:start position:0% detect both pebbles now no longer along for<01:15:11.760> the<01:15:11.920> ride.<01:15:12.960> But<01:15:13.199> this<01:15:13.520> still<01:15:13.840> left<01:15:14.159> two 01:15:14.390 --> 01:15:14.400 align:start position:0% for the ride. But this still left two 01:15:14.400 --> 01:15:16.310 align:start position:0% for the ride. But this still left two pebbles<01:15:14.960> remaining,<01:15:15.679> and<01:15:15.840> these<01:15:16.159> were 01:15:16.310 --> 01:15:16.320 align:start position:0% pebbles remaining, and these were 01:15:16.320 --> 01:15:18.630 align:start position:0% pebbles remaining, and these were proving<01:15:16.640> to<01:15:16.880> be<01:15:17.040> stubborn,<01:15:17.760> not<01:15:18.080> falling<01:15:18.400> out 01:15:18.630 --> 01:15:18.640 align:start position:0% proving to be stubborn, not falling out 01:15:18.640 --> 01:15:21.270 align:start position:0% proving to be stubborn, not falling out with<01:15:18.800> the<01:15:18.960> carousel's<01:15:19.600> rotation.<01:15:20.800> So, 01:15:21.270 --> 01:15:21.280 align:start position:0% with the carousel's rotation. So, 01:15:21.280 --> 01:15:24.070 align:start position:0% with the carousel's rotation. So, Perseverance<01:15:22.000> took<01:15:22.239> things<01:15:22.480> up<01:15:22.640> a<01:15:22.800> notch.<01:15:23.760> It 01:15:24.070 --> 01:15:24.080 align:start position:0% Perseverance took things up a notch. It 01:15:24.080 --> 01:15:26.709 align:start position:0% Perseverance took things up a notch. It began<01:15:24.560> driving<01:15:24.960> away,<01:15:25.679> searching<01:15:26.080> for<01:15:26.239> a<01:15:26.480> spot 01:15:26.709 --> 01:15:26.719 align:start position:0% began driving away, searching for a spot 01:15:26.719 --> 01:15:29.110 align:start position:0% began driving away, searching for a spot where<01:15:26.880> the<01:15:27.120> slope<01:15:27.440> was<01:15:27.600> steeper.<01:15:28.719> The<01:15:28.960> plan 01:15:29.110 --> 01:15:29.120 align:start position:0% where the slope was steeper. The plan 01:15:29.120 --> 01:15:31.030 align:start position:0% where the slope was steeper. The plan was<01:15:29.360> to<01:15:29.520> position<01:15:29.920> Perseverance<01:15:30.640> at<01:15:30.800> an 01:15:31.030 --> 01:15:31.040 align:start position:0% was to position Perseverance at an 01:15:31.040 --> 01:15:33.430 align:start position:0% was to position Perseverance at an angle,<01:15:31.760> leaning<01:15:32.159> forward<01:15:32.560> so<01:15:32.719> that<01:15:32.960> gravity 01:15:33.430 --> 01:15:33.440 align:start position:0% angle, leaning forward so that gravity 01:15:33.440 --> 01:15:35.110 align:start position:0% angle, leaning forward so that gravity could<01:15:33.679> start<01:15:33.840> to<01:15:34.000> pull<01:15:34.320> on<01:15:34.480> the<01:15:34.719> last<01:15:34.880> two 01:15:35.110 --> 01:15:35.120 align:start position:0% could start to pull on the last two 01:15:35.120 --> 01:15:37.910 align:start position:0% could start to pull on the last two pebbles.<01:15:36.320> Its<01:15:36.640> sturdy<01:15:36.960> base<01:15:37.280> meant<01:15:37.520> that<01:15:37.760> this 01:15:37.910 --> 01:15:37.920 align:start position:0% pebbles. Its sturdy base meant that this 01:15:37.920 --> 01:15:39.910 align:start position:0% pebbles. Its sturdy base meant that this could<01:15:38.080> be<01:15:38.159> done<01:15:38.320> with<01:15:38.640> relative<01:15:39.040> safety, 01:15:39.910 --> 01:15:39.920 align:start position:0% could be done with relative safety, 01:15:39.920 --> 01:15:41.750 align:start position:0% could be done with relative safety, although<01:15:40.320> tipping<01:15:40.800> over<01:15:41.040> would<01:15:41.280> have<01:15:41.440> been<01:15:41.520> a 01:15:41.750 --> 01:15:41.760 align:start position:0% although tipping over would have been a 01:15:41.760 --> 01:15:44.310 align:start position:0% although tipping over would have been a disaster,<01:15:42.800> so<01:15:43.120> scientists<01:15:43.520> would<01:15:43.760> be<01:15:43.920> careful 01:15:44.310 --> 01:15:44.320 align:start position:0% disaster, so scientists would be careful 01:15:44.320 --> 01:15:47.430 align:start position:0% disaster, so scientists would be careful not<01:15:44.560> to<01:15:44.640> pick<01:15:44.880> a<01:15:45.040> place<01:15:45.199> that<01:15:45.440> was<01:15:45.679> too<01:15:46.000> steep. 01:15:47.430 --> 01:15:47.440 align:start position:0% not to pick a place that was too steep. 01:15:47.440 --> 01:15:50.229 align:start position:0% not to pick a place that was too steep. A<01:15:47.679> suitable<01:15:48.159> location<01:15:48.560> was<01:15:48.880> just<01:15:49.040> a<01:15:49.280> short<01:15:49.600> 5<01:15:49.840> m 01:15:50.229 --> 01:15:50.239 align:start position:0% A suitable location was just a short 5 m 01:15:50.239 --> 01:15:52.870 align:start position:0% A suitable location was just a short 5 m away.<01:15:51.120> Perseverance<01:15:51.920> drove<01:15:52.239> there<01:15:52.640> and 01:15:52.870 --> 01:15:52.880 align:start position:0% away. Perseverance drove there and 01:15:52.880 --> 01:15:55.430 align:start position:0% away. Perseverance drove there and arrived<01:15:53.199> at<01:15:53.360> its<01:15:53.679> location,<01:15:54.480> only<01:15:54.719> to<01:15:54.960> make<01:15:55.199> a 01:15:55.430 --> 01:15:55.440 align:start position:0% arrived at its location, only to make a 01:15:55.440 --> 01:15:57.750 align:start position:0% arrived at its location, only to make a surprising<01:15:56.000> discovery.<01:15:57.120> The<01:15:57.360> other<01:15:57.600> two 01:15:57.750 --> 01:15:57.760 align:start position:0% surprising discovery. The other two 01:15:57.760 --> 01:15:59.990 align:start position:0% surprising discovery. The other two rocks<01:15:58.159> had<01:15:58.400> vanished. 01:15:59.990 --> 01:16:00.000 align:start position:0% rocks had vanished. 01:16:00.000 --> 01:16:02.790 align:start position:0% rocks had vanished. Initially<01:16:00.560> cautious<01:16:01.199> and<01:16:01.520> then<01:16:01.760> elated,<01:16:02.640> the 01:16:02.790 --> 01:16:02.800 align:start position:0% Initially cautious and then elated, the 01:16:02.800 --> 01:16:05.030 align:start position:0% Initially cautious and then elated, the NASA<01:16:03.280> team<01:16:03.440> deduced<01:16:03.920> that<01:16:04.159> the<01:16:04.320> rumbling<01:16:04.800> of 01:16:05.030 --> 01:16:05.040 align:start position:0% NASA team deduced that the rumbling of 01:16:05.040 --> 01:16:07.430 align:start position:0% NASA team deduced that the rumbling of perseverance<01:16:05.679> across<01:16:06.000> the<01:16:06.159> situs<01:16:06.640> sands<01:16:07.120> had 01:16:07.430 --> 01:16:07.440 align:start position:0% perseverance across the situs sands had 01:16:07.440 --> 01:16:09.510 align:start position:0% perseverance across the situs sands had caused<01:16:07.679> the<01:16:07.840> rocks<01:16:08.159> to<01:16:08.400> shift<01:16:08.719> and<01:16:08.960> then<01:16:09.280> fall 01:16:09.510 --> 01:16:09.520 align:start position:0% caused the rocks to shift and then fall 01:16:09.520 --> 01:16:12.149 align:start position:0% caused the rocks to shift and then fall out.<01:16:10.560> They<01:16:10.800> made<01:16:11.040> sure<01:16:11.280> to<01:16:11.520> carefully<01:16:11.920> test 01:16:12.149 --> 01:16:12.159 align:start position:0% out. They made sure to carefully test 01:16:12.159 --> 01:16:14.070 align:start position:0% out. They made sure to carefully test their<01:16:12.400> equipment,<01:16:13.199> making<01:16:13.520> sure<01:16:13.679> that<01:16:13.840> the 01:16:14.070 --> 01:16:14.080 align:start position:0% their equipment, making sure that the 01:16:14.080 --> 01:16:16.390 align:start position:0% their equipment, making sure that the tubes<01:16:14.480> could<01:16:14.719> be<01:16:14.880> correctly<01:16:15.280> docked<01:16:15.679> again. 01:16:16.390 --> 01:16:16.400 align:start position:0% tubes could be correctly docked again. 01:16:16.400 --> 01:16:18.229 align:start position:0% tubes could be correctly docked again. And<01:16:16.640> only<01:16:16.880> once<01:16:17.199> everything<01:16:17.520> was<01:16:17.760> proven<01:16:18.080> to 01:16:18.229 --> 01:16:18.239 align:start position:0% And only once everything was proven to 01:16:18.239 --> 01:16:20.709 align:start position:0% And only once everything was proven to be<01:16:18.400> functional<01:16:18.960> did<01:16:19.199> they<01:16:19.360> claim<01:16:19.760> success. 01:16:20.709 --> 01:16:20.719 align:start position:0% be functional did they claim success. 01:16:20.719 --> 01:16:23.910 align:start position:0% be functional did they claim success. Perseverance<01:16:21.520> was<01:16:21.760> ready<01:16:21.920> to<01:16:22.159> go<01:16:22.320> again. 01:16:23.910 --> 01:16:23.920 align:start position:0% Perseverance was ready to go again. 01:16:23.920 --> 01:16:26.470 align:start position:0% Perseverance was ready to go again. This<01:16:24.159> may<01:16:24.400> seem<01:16:24.640> like<01:16:24.800> a<01:16:25.040> short<01:16:25.280> drama,<01:16:26.000> but<01:16:26.239> my 01:16:26.470 --> 01:16:26.480 align:start position:0% This may seem like a short drama, but my 01:16:26.480 --> 01:16:27.990 align:start position:0% This may seem like a short drama, but my telling<01:16:26.800> of<01:16:26.960> the<01:16:27.120> story<01:16:27.440> might<01:16:27.679> have<01:16:27.840> been 01:16:27.990 --> 01:16:28.000 align:start position:0% telling of the story might have been 01:16:28.000 --> 01:16:29.510 align:start position:0% telling of the story might have been misleading. 01:16:29.510 --> 01:16:29.520 align:start position:0% misleading. 01:16:29.520 --> 01:16:31.270 align:start position:0% misleading. It<01:16:29.679> was<01:16:29.840> the<01:16:30.080> 29th<01:16:30.560> of<01:16:30.719> December<01:16:31.040> that 01:16:31.270 --> 01:16:31.280 align:start position:0% It was the 29th of December that 01:16:31.280 --> 01:16:32.950 align:start position:0% It was the 29th of December that Perseverance<01:16:32.000> first<01:16:32.320> picked<01:16:32.560> up<01:16:32.719> these 01:16:32.950 --> 01:16:32.960 align:start position:0% Perseverance first picked up these 01:16:32.960 --> 01:16:36.070 align:start position:0% Perseverance first picked up these stoways.<01:16:34.080> It<01:16:34.320> was<01:16:34.480> only<01:16:34.719> on<01:16:34.960> the<01:16:35.199> 27th<01:16:35.920> of 01:16:36.070 --> 01:16:36.080 align:start position:0% stoways. It was only on the 27th of 01:16:36.080 --> 01:16:38.950 align:start position:0% stoways. It was only on the 27th of January,<01:16:36.719> 2022,<01:16:37.497> [music]<01:16:37.920> an<01:16:38.159> entire<01:16:38.560> month 01:16:38.950 --> 01:16:38.960 align:start position:0% January, 2022, [music] an entire month 01:16:38.960 --> 01:16:40.950 align:start position:0% January, 2022, [music] an entire month later,<01:16:39.520> that<01:16:39.760> the<01:16:39.920> rocks<01:16:40.239> were<01:16:40.480> completely 01:16:40.950 --> 01:16:40.960 align:start position:0% later, that the rocks were completely 01:16:40.960 --> 01:16:43.669 align:start position:0% later, that the rocks were completely confirmed<01:16:41.360> to<01:16:41.520> be<01:16:41.679> gone.<01:16:42.880> This<01:16:43.120> is<01:16:43.280> because 01:16:43.669 --> 01:16:43.679 align:start position:0% confirmed to be gone. This is because 01:16:43.679 --> 01:16:45.510 align:start position:0% confirmed to be gone. This is because when<01:16:44.000> you've<01:16:44.239> spent<01:16:44.560> millions<01:16:44.960> of<01:16:45.120> dollars 01:16:45.510 --> 01:16:45.520 align:start position:0% when you've spent millions of dollars 01:16:45.520 --> 01:16:47.270 align:start position:0% when you've spent millions of dollars getting<01:16:45.760> a<01:16:46.000> piece<01:16:46.159> of<01:16:46.320> hardware<01:16:46.719> to<01:16:46.960> another 01:16:47.270 --> 01:16:47.280 align:start position:0% getting a piece of hardware to another 01:16:47.280 --> 01:16:50.070 align:start position:0% getting a piece of hardware to another planet,<01:16:48.080> care<01:16:48.400> is<01:16:48.800> always<01:16:49.199> the<01:16:49.440> watch<01:16:49.679> word<01:16:49.920> of 01:16:50.070 --> 01:16:50.080 align:start position:0% planet, care is always the watch word of 01:16:50.080 --> 01:16:52.630 align:start position:0% planet, care is always the watch word of the<01:16:50.320> day.<01:16:51.360> Although<01:16:51.760> it<01:16:51.920> sometimes<01:16:52.320> takes 01:16:52.630 --> 01:16:52.640 align:start position:0% the day. Although it sometimes takes 01:16:52.640 --> 01:16:54.550 align:start position:0% the day. Although it sometimes takes weeks<01:16:52.960> to<01:16:53.120> plot<01:16:53.360> out<01:16:53.600> how<01:16:53.840> to<01:16:54.000> overcome<01:16:54.320> a 01:16:54.550 --> 01:16:54.560 align:start position:0% weeks to plot out how to overcome a 01:16:54.560 --> 01:16:56.630 align:start position:0% weeks to plot out how to overcome a challenge,<01:16:55.199> it's<01:16:55.520> usually<01:16:55.840> worth<01:16:56.080> it<01:16:56.239> for<01:16:56.480> the 01:16:56.630 --> 01:16:56.640 align:start position:0% challenge, it's usually worth it for the 01:16:56.640 --> 01:16:59.590 align:start position:0% challenge, it's usually worth it for the longevity<01:16:57.120> of<01:16:57.280> the<01:16:57.520> mission.<01:16:58.719> Thanks<01:16:59.040> to<01:16:59.280> some 01:16:59.590 --> 01:16:59.600 align:start position:0% longevity of the mission. Thanks to some 01:16:59.600 --> 01:17:01.430 align:start position:0% longevity of the mission. Thanks to some careful<01:17:00.080> decision-making<01:17:00.800> and<01:17:01.120> moving 01:17:01.430 --> 01:17:01.440 align:start position:0% careful decision-making and moving 01:17:01.440 --> 01:17:03.189 align:start position:0% careful decision-making and moving correctly<01:17:01.920> across<01:17:02.239> the<01:17:02.480> desert, 01:17:03.189 --> 01:17:03.199 align:start position:0% correctly across the desert, 01:17:03.199 --> 01:17:05.110 align:start position:0% correctly across the desert, Perseverance's<01:17:04.080> mission<01:17:04.560> could<01:17:04.800> now 01:17:05.110 --> 01:17:05.120 align:start position:0% Perseverance's mission could now 01:17:05.120 --> 01:17:07.590 align:start position:0% Perseverance's mission could now continue.<01:17:06.159> Having<01:17:06.480> successfully<01:17:07.199> collected 01:17:07.590 --> 01:17:07.600 align:start position:0% continue. Having successfully collected 01:17:07.600 --> 01:17:09.910 align:start position:0% continue. Having successfully collected its<01:17:07.760> samples<01:17:08.400> and<01:17:08.640> overcome<01:17:09.120> yet<01:17:09.440> another 01:17:09.910 --> 01:17:09.920 align:start position:0% its samples and overcome yet another 01:17:09.920 --> 01:17:12.310 align:start position:0% its samples and overcome yet another challenge,<01:17:10.880> it<01:17:11.120> made<01:17:11.280> its<01:17:11.600> way<01:17:11.760> out<01:17:12.080> from 01:17:12.310 --> 01:17:12.320 align:start position:0% challenge, it made its way out from 01:17:12.320 --> 01:17:15.750 align:start position:0% challenge, it made its way out from among<01:17:12.719> the<01:17:12.960> sands.<01:17:14.320> With<01:17:14.719> Zaitar<01:17:15.280> Sands 01:17:15.750 --> 01:17:15.760 align:start position:0% among the sands. With Zaitar Sands 01:17:15.760 --> 01:17:17.990 align:start position:0% among the sands. With Zaitar Sands behind<01:17:16.080> Perseverance,<01:17:17.199> Perseverance's 01:17:17.990 --> 01:17:18.000 align:start position:0% behind Perseverance, Perseverance's 01:17:18.000 --> 01:17:20.070 align:start position:0% behind Perseverance, Perseverance's crater<01:17:18.400> floor<01:17:18.719> campaign<01:17:19.199> was<01:17:19.520> coming<01:17:19.760> to<01:17:19.920> a 01:17:20.070 --> 01:17:20.080 align:start position:0% crater floor campaign was coming to a 01:17:20.080 --> 01:17:22.630 align:start position:0% crater floor campaign was coming to a close.<01:17:20.960> It<01:17:21.199> would<01:17:21.440> finally<01:17:21.840> be<01:17:22.080> time<01:17:22.239> for<01:17:22.480> the 01:17:22.630 --> 01:17:22.640 align:start position:0% close. It would finally be time for the 01:17:22.640 --> 01:17:24.550 align:start position:0% close. It would finally be time for the delta<01:17:23.040> itself. 01:17:24.550 --> 01:17:24.560 align:start position:0% delta itself. 01:17:24.560 --> 01:17:27.270 align:start position:0% delta itself. If<01:17:24.880> life<01:17:25.199> ever<01:17:25.520> existed<01:17:26.080> in<01:17:26.320> the<01:17:26.480> now<01:17:26.880> dry 01:17:27.270 --> 01:17:27.280 align:start position:0% If life ever existed in the now dry 01:17:27.280 --> 01:17:29.750 align:start position:0% If life ever existed in the now dry waters<01:17:27.520> of<01:17:27.679> Yzro,<01:17:28.560> it<01:17:28.800> was<01:17:28.960> most<01:17:29.199> likely<01:17:29.520> the 01:17:29.750 --> 01:17:29.760 align:start position:0% waters of Yzro, it was most likely the 01:17:29.760 --> 01:17:32.070 align:start position:0% waters of Yzro, it was most likely the proof<01:17:30.000> of<01:17:30.080> it<01:17:30.480> lay<01:17:30.719> in<01:17:30.960> those<01:17:31.280> ancient<01:17:31.760> river 01:17:32.070 --> 01:17:32.080 align:start position:0% proof of it lay in those ancient river 01:17:32.080 --> 01:17:34.630 align:start position:0% proof of it lay in those ancient river deposits,<01:17:33.199> which<01:17:33.440> was<01:17:33.600> why<01:17:33.920> it<01:17:34.159> was<01:17:34.239> time<01:17:34.400> for 01:17:34.630 --> 01:17:34.640 align:start position:0% deposits, which was why it was time for 01:17:34.640 --> 01:17:36.229 align:start position:0% deposits, which was why it was time for Perseverance<01:17:35.138> [music]<01:17:35.280> to<01:17:35.520> really<01:17:35.920> start 01:17:36.229 --> 01:17:36.239 align:start position:0% Perseverance [music] to really start 01:17:36.239 --> 01:17:39.189 align:start position:0% Perseverance [music] to really start booking<01:17:36.640> it.<01:17:37.840> The<01:17:38.080> sands<01:17:38.320> of<01:17:38.480> Saitar<01:17:38.960> had 01:17:39.189 --> 01:17:39.199 align:start position:0% booking it. The sands of Saitar had 01:17:39.199 --> 01:17:41.669 align:start position:0% booking it. The sands of Saitar had forced<01:17:39.520> Perseverance<01:17:40.159> to<01:17:40.320> travel<01:17:40.560> with<01:17:40.880> care, 01:17:41.669 --> 01:17:41.679 align:start position:0% forced Perseverance to travel with care, 01:17:41.679 --> 01:17:43.510 align:start position:0% forced Perseverance to travel with care, picking<01:17:42.000> its<01:17:42.239> route<01:17:42.480> carefully<01:17:42.960> to<01:17:43.199> avoid 01:17:43.510 --> 01:17:43.520 align:start position:0% picking its route carefully to avoid 01:17:43.520 --> 01:17:45.750 align:start position:0% picking its route carefully to avoid getting<01:17:43.840> trapped<01:17:44.159> in<01:17:44.320> any<01:17:44.560> loose<01:17:44.880> sand. 01:17:45.750 --> 01:17:45.760 align:start position:0% getting trapped in any loose sand. 01:17:45.760 --> 01:17:48.149 align:start position:0% getting trapped in any loose sand. However,<01:17:46.159> the<01:17:46.400> terrain<01:17:46.719> outside<01:17:47.280> Saitar<01:17:47.840> is 01:17:48.149 --> 01:17:48.159 align:start position:0% However, the terrain outside Saitar is 01:17:48.159 --> 01:17:50.550 align:start position:0% However, the terrain outside Saitar is much<01:17:48.400> smoother.<01:17:49.360> This<01:17:49.600> allowed<01:17:49.920> Perseverance 01:17:50.550 --> 01:17:50.560 align:start position:0% much smoother. This allowed Perseverance 01:17:50.560 --> 01:17:53.430 align:start position:0% much smoother. This allowed Perseverance to<01:17:50.719> unleash<01:17:51.199> its<01:17:51.520> full<01:17:51.760> potential.<01:17:53.040> As<01:17:53.280> it 01:17:53.430 --> 01:17:53.440 align:start position:0% to unleash its full potential. As it 01:17:53.440 --> 01:17:55.270 align:start position:0% to unleash its full potential. As it traveled<01:17:53.840> up<01:17:54.080> and<01:17:54.320> around<01:17:54.560> the<01:17:54.800> outside<01:17:55.199> of 01:17:55.270 --> 01:17:55.280 align:start position:0% traveled up and around the outside of 01:17:55.280 --> 01:17:57.830 align:start position:0% traveled up and around the outside of the<01:17:55.440> dunes<01:17:55.840> of<01:17:55.920> Saitar,<01:17:56.800> Perseverance<01:17:57.520> proved 01:17:57.830 --> 01:17:57.840 align:start position:0% the dunes of Saitar, Perseverance proved 01:17:57.840 --> 01:18:00.229 align:start position:0% the dunes of Saitar, Perseverance proved itself<01:17:58.320> by<01:17:58.560> setting<01:17:58.880> the<01:17:59.120> land<01:17:59.520> speed<01:17:59.840> record 01:18:00.229 --> 01:18:00.239 align:start position:0% itself by setting the land speed record 01:18:00.239 --> 01:18:04.070 align:start position:0% itself by setting the land speed record for<01:18:00.400> a<01:18:00.640> rover<01:18:00.960> on<01:18:01.199> Mars.<01:18:02.239> 319.8 01:18:04.070 --> 01:18:04.080 align:start position:0% for a rover on Mars. 319.8 01:18:04.080 --> 01:18:07.750 align:start position:0% for a rover on Mars. 319.8 m<01:18:04.480> traveled<01:18:04.960> in<01:18:05.199> a<01:18:05.360> single<01:18:05.679> day.<01:18:06.960> Admittedly, 01:18:07.750 --> 01:18:07.760 align:start position:0% m traveled in a single day. Admittedly, 01:18:07.760 --> 01:18:10.229 align:start position:0% m traveled in a single day. Admittedly, that<01:18:08.000> does<01:18:08.239> not<01:18:08.400> sound<01:18:08.800> very<01:18:09.120> fast.<01:18:10.000> The 01:18:10.229 --> 01:18:10.239 align:start position:0% that does not sound very fast. The 01:18:10.239 --> 01:18:11.990 align:start position:0% that does not sound very fast. The distance<01:18:10.560> is<01:18:10.880> only<01:18:11.120> about<01:18:11.360> the<01:18:11.520> length<01:18:11.760> of 01:18:11.990 --> 01:18:12.000 align:start position:0% distance is only about the length of 01:18:12.000 --> 01:18:13.990 align:start position:0% distance is only about the length of three<01:18:12.320> football<01:18:12.640> pitches,<01:18:13.129> [music]<01:18:13.520> but<01:18:13.760> this 01:18:13.990 --> 01:18:14.000 align:start position:0% three football pitches, [music] but this 01:18:14.000 --> 01:18:16.870 align:start position:0% three football pitches, [music] but this is<01:18:14.239> impressive<01:18:14.719> for<01:18:14.960> a<01:18:15.040> Mars<01:18:15.440> rover.<01:18:16.480> This<01:18:16.719> was 01:18:16.870 --> 01:18:16.880 align:start position:0% is impressive for a Mars rover. This was 01:18:16.880 --> 01:18:19.750 align:start position:0% is impressive for a Mars rover. This was roughly<01:18:17.360> 50%<01:18:18.080> further<01:18:18.480> in<01:18:18.719> one<01:18:18.960> day<01:18:19.280> than<01:18:19.520> the 01:18:19.750 --> 01:18:19.760 align:start position:0% roughly 50% further in one day than the 01:18:19.760 --> 01:18:22.790 align:start position:0% roughly 50% further in one day than the previous<01:18:20.239> record<01:18:20.640> of<01:18:21.040> 220<01:18:21.840> m<01:18:22.239> set<01:18:22.480> by<01:18:22.640> the 01:18:22.790 --> 01:18:22.800 align:start position:0% previous record of 220 m set by the 01:18:22.800 --> 01:18:25.510 align:start position:0% previous record of 220 m set by the Opportunity<01:18:23.360> rover<01:18:23.760> in<01:18:24.000> 2005. 01:18:25.510 --> 01:18:25.520 align:start position:0% Opportunity rover in 2005. 01:18:25.520 --> 01:18:27.990 align:start position:0% Opportunity rover in 2005. And<01:18:25.760> bear<01:18:26.080> in<01:18:26.239> mind,<01:18:26.880> it<01:18:27.120> did<01:18:27.280> all<01:18:27.520> this<01:18:27.760> by 01:18:27.990 --> 01:18:28.000 align:start position:0% And bear in mind, it did all this by 01:18:28.000 --> 01:18:28.950 align:start position:0% And bear in mind, it did all this by itself,<01:18:28.194> [music] 01:18:28.950 --> 01:18:28.960 align:start position:0% itself, [music] 01:18:28.960 --> 01:18:30.709 align:start position:0% itself, [music] choosing<01:18:29.360> its<01:18:29.600> route<01:18:29.840> with<01:18:30.000> its<01:18:30.239> autonomous 01:18:30.709 --> 01:18:30.719 align:start position:0% choosing its route with its autonomous 01:18:30.719 --> 01:18:33.270 align:start position:0% choosing its route with its autonomous AI<01:18:31.120> system,<01:18:31.679> Autonav. 01:18:33.270 --> 01:18:33.280 align:start position:0% AI system, Autonav. 01:18:33.280 --> 01:18:35.270 align:start position:0% AI system, Autonav. Being<01:18:33.520> able<01:18:33.840> to<01:18:34.080> assess<01:18:34.400> the<01:18:34.640> terrain<01:18:34.960> around 01:18:35.270 --> 01:18:35.280 align:start position:0% Being able to assess the terrain around 01:18:35.280 --> 01:18:38.470 align:start position:0% Being able to assess the terrain around it<01:18:35.760> on<01:18:36.000> the<01:18:36.159> fly<01:18:36.480> and<01:18:36.719> by<01:18:36.960> itself,<01:18:37.920> the<01:18:38.080> fact<01:18:38.320> it 01:18:38.470 --> 01:18:38.480 align:start position:0% it on the fly and by itself, the fact it 01:18:38.480 --> 01:18:40.390 align:start position:0% it on the fly and by itself, the fact it could<01:18:38.719> pick<01:18:38.880> out<01:18:39.120> the<01:18:39.360> best<01:18:39.520> route<01:18:39.840> to<01:18:40.000> avoid 01:18:40.390 --> 01:18:40.400 align:start position:0% could pick out the best route to avoid 01:18:40.400 --> 01:18:42.390 align:start position:0% could pick out the best route to avoid obstacles<01:18:40.960> and<01:18:41.280> rough<01:18:41.600> patches<01:18:42.159> is 01:18:42.390 --> 01:18:42.400 align:start position:0% obstacles and rough patches is 01:18:42.400 --> 01:18:44.070 align:start position:0% obstacles and rough patches is incredible. 01:18:44.070 --> 01:18:44.080 align:start position:0% incredible. 01:18:44.080 --> 01:18:46.070 align:start position:0% incredible. And<01:18:44.239> given<01:18:44.480> that<01:18:44.719> Perseverance's<01:18:45.520> top<01:18:45.760> speed 01:18:46.070 --> 01:18:46.080 align:start position:0% And given that Perseverance's top speed 01:18:46.080 --> 01:18:49.350 align:start position:0% And given that Perseverance's top speed is<01:18:46.320> believed<01:18:46.560> to<01:18:46.719> be<01:18:47.360> 120<01:18:47.679> mph, 01:18:49.350 --> 01:18:49.360 align:start position:0% is believed to be 120 mph, 01:18:49.360 --> 01:18:51.430 align:start position:0% is believed to be 120 mph, Perseverance<01:18:50.080> still<01:18:50.320> has<01:18:50.560> a<01:18:50.800> lot<01:18:50.880> of<01:18:51.040> reserves 01:18:51.430 --> 01:18:51.440 align:start position:0% Perseverance still has a lot of reserves 01:18:51.440 --> 01:18:54.470 align:start position:0% Perseverance still has a lot of reserves to<01:18:51.679> tap<01:18:51.920> into.<01:18:53.199> And<01:18:53.520> Perseverance<01:18:54.080> was<01:18:54.320> not 01:18:54.470 --> 01:18:54.480 align:start position:0% to tap into. And Perseverance was not 01:18:54.480 --> 01:18:57.030 align:start position:0% to tap into. And Perseverance was not done<01:18:54.640> there.<01:18:55.360> It<01:18:55.600> also<01:18:55.920> completed<01:18:56.320> the<01:18:56.640> first 01:18:57.030 --> 01:18:57.040 align:start position:0% done there. It also completed the first 01:18:57.040 --> 01:18:59.750 align:start position:0% done there. It also completed the first multi-day<01:18:57.840> drive<01:18:58.080> on<01:18:58.320> Mars,<01:18:59.120> managing<01:18:59.520> to 01:18:59.750 --> 01:18:59.760 align:start position:0% multi-day drive on Mars, managing to 01:18:59.760 --> 01:19:01.910 align:start position:0% multi-day drive on Mars, managing to keep<01:19:00.080> driving<01:19:00.480> without<01:19:00.960> any<01:19:01.199> input<01:19:01.679> from 01:19:01.910 --> 01:19:01.920 align:start position:0% keep driving without any input from 01:19:01.920 --> 01:19:05.189 align:start position:0% keep driving without any input from Earth<01:19:02.320> over<01:19:02.560> a<01:19:02.800> 3-day<01:19:03.520> period.<01:19:04.719> This<01:19:04.960> has 01:19:05.189 --> 01:19:05.199 align:start position:0% Earth over a 3-day period. This has 01:19:05.199 --> 01:19:07.669 align:start position:0% Earth over a 3-day period. This has always<01:19:05.600> proved<01:19:06.000> challenging<01:19:06.400> for<01:19:06.640> rovers. 01:19:07.669 --> 01:19:07.679 align:start position:0% always proved challenging for rovers. 01:19:07.679 --> 01:19:10.310 align:start position:0% always proved challenging for rovers. Usually,<01:19:08.320> human<01:19:08.640> intervention<01:19:09.360> is<01:19:09.679> required, 01:19:10.310 --> 01:19:10.320 align:start position:0% Usually, human intervention is required, 01:19:10.320 --> 01:19:12.310 align:start position:0% Usually, human intervention is required, and<01:19:10.640> regular<01:19:11.040> updates<01:19:11.520> are<01:19:11.679> needed<01:19:11.920> to<01:19:12.080> help 01:19:12.310 --> 01:19:12.320 align:start position:0% and regular updates are needed to help 01:19:12.320 --> 01:19:14.070 align:start position:0% and regular updates are needed to help negate<01:19:12.640> the<01:19:12.880> uncertainty<01:19:13.440> that<01:19:13.760> always 01:19:14.070 --> 01:19:14.080 align:start position:0% negate the uncertainty that always 01:19:14.080 --> 01:19:16.010 align:start position:0% negate the uncertainty that always creeps<01:19:14.400> into<01:19:14.719> a<01:19:14.880> rover's<01:19:15.360> awareness<01:19:15.760> of<01:19:16.000> where 01:19:16.010 --> 01:19:16.020 align:start position:0% creeps into a rover's awareness of where 01:19:16.020 --> 01:19:17.910 align:start position:0% creeps into a rover's awareness of where [music]<01:19:16.239> it<01:19:16.400> is.<01:19:17.280> Without<01:19:17.679> this 01:19:17.910 --> 01:19:17.920 align:start position:0% [music] it is. Without this 01:19:17.920 --> 01:19:20.709 align:start position:0% [music] it is. Without this intervention,<01:19:18.719> it<01:19:18.960> may<01:19:19.199> get<01:19:19.440> lost,<01:19:20.239> possibly 01:19:20.709 --> 01:19:20.719 align:start position:0% intervention, it may get lost, possibly 01:19:20.719 --> 01:19:23.510 align:start position:0% intervention, it may get lost, possibly leading<01:19:21.120> into<01:19:21.440> dangerous<01:19:21.920> areas.<01:19:23.199> But 01:19:23.510 --> 01:19:23.520 align:start position:0% leading into dangerous areas. But 01:19:23.520 --> 01:19:25.590 align:start position:0% leading into dangerous areas. But Perseverance's<01:19:24.320> autonav<01:19:24.960> was<01:19:25.120> able<01:19:25.360> to 01:19:25.590 --> 01:19:25.600 align:start position:0% Perseverance's autonav was able to 01:19:25.600 --> 01:19:28.310 align:start position:0% Perseverance's autonav was able to circumvent<01:19:26.239> this<01:19:26.480> issue.<01:19:27.679> Although<01:19:28.080> some 01:19:28.310 --> 01:19:28.320 align:start position:0% circumvent this issue. Although some 01:19:28.320 --> 01:19:30.390 align:start position:0% circumvent this issue. Although some uncertainty<01:19:28.960> does<01:19:29.280> still<01:19:29.520> creep<01:19:29.840> in, 01:19:30.390 --> 01:19:30.400 align:start position:0% uncertainty does still creep in, 01:19:30.400 --> 01:19:32.149 align:start position:0% uncertainty does still creep in, Perseverance<01:19:30.960> is<01:19:31.199> able<01:19:31.360> to<01:19:31.520> keep<01:19:31.760> track<01:19:32.000> of 01:19:32.149 --> 01:19:32.159 align:start position:0% Perseverance is able to keep track of 01:19:32.159 --> 01:19:34.149 align:start position:0% Perseverance is able to keep track of its<01:19:32.400> own<01:19:32.560> location<01:19:33.120> well<01:19:33.360> enough<01:19:33.600> that<01:19:33.840> it<01:19:34.080> can 01:19:34.149 --> 01:19:34.159 align:start position:0% its own location well enough that it can 01:19:34.159 --> 01:19:36.070 align:start position:0% its own location well enough that it can be<01:19:34.320> left<01:19:34.560> to<01:19:34.719> run<01:19:35.040> without<01:19:35.360> these<01:19:35.679> regular 01:19:36.070 --> 01:19:36.080 align:start position:0% be left to run without these regular 01:19:36.080 --> 01:19:38.390 align:start position:0% be left to run without these regular updates.<01:19:37.040> potentially<01:19:37.600> meaning<01:19:37.920> it<01:19:38.159> can<01:19:38.239> be 01:19:38.390 --> 01:19:38.400 align:start position:0% updates. potentially meaning it can be 01:19:38.400 --> 01:19:40.550 align:start position:0% updates. potentially meaning it can be left<01:19:38.560> to<01:19:38.719> run<01:19:38.880> over<01:19:39.199> weekends<01:19:39.679> or<01:19:39.920> holidays 01:19:40.550 --> 01:19:40.560 align:start position:0% left to run over weekends or holidays 01:19:40.560 --> 01:19:43.270 align:start position:0% left to run over weekends or holidays without<01:19:40.960> any<01:19:41.199> supervision<01:19:41.760> from<01:19:42.000> Earth.<01:19:43.040> This 01:19:43.270 --> 01:19:43.280 align:start position:0% without any supervision from Earth. This 01:19:43.280 --> 01:19:45.350 align:start position:0% without any supervision from Earth. This allows<01:19:43.600> it<01:19:43.840> to<01:19:44.000> travel<01:19:44.320> much<01:19:44.640> faster<01:19:45.120> and 01:19:45.350 --> 01:19:45.360 align:start position:0% allows it to travel much faster and 01:19:45.360 --> 01:19:47.590 align:start position:0% allows it to travel much faster and further,<01:19:46.239> getting<01:19:46.480> to<01:19:46.640> the<01:19:46.880> places<01:19:47.199> where<01:19:47.360> the 01:19:47.590 --> 01:19:47.600 align:start position:0% further, getting to the places where the 01:19:47.600 --> 01:19:49.910 align:start position:0% further, getting to the places where the best<01:19:47.840> science<01:19:48.105> [music]<01:19:48.239> can<01:19:48.400> happen.<01:19:49.679> Not 01:19:49.910 --> 01:19:49.920 align:start position:0% best science [music] can happen. Not 01:19:49.920 --> 01:19:51.669 align:start position:0% best science [music] can happen. Not that<01:19:50.159> Perseverance<01:19:50.800> wasn't<01:19:51.120> doing<01:19:51.360> science 01:19:51.669 --> 01:19:51.679 align:start position:0% that Perseverance wasn't doing science 01:19:51.679 --> 01:19:54.149 align:start position:0% that Perseverance wasn't doing science along<01:19:52.000> the<01:19:52.159> way<01:19:52.239> to<01:19:52.400> the<01:19:52.560> Delta.<01:19:53.440> It<01:19:53.679> just<01:19:53.920> did 01:19:54.149 --> 01:19:54.159 align:start position:0% along the way to the Delta. It just did 01:19:54.159 --> 01:19:57.590 align:start position:0% along the way to the Delta. It just did some<01:19:54.320> of<01:19:54.480> it<01:19:54.719> autonomously,<01:19:55.520> too.<01:19:56.800> Oh,<01:19:57.199> and<01:19:57.440> I 01:19:57.590 --> 01:19:57.600 align:start position:0% some of it autonomously, too. Oh, and I 01:19:57.600 --> 01:19:58.870 align:start position:0% some of it autonomously, too. Oh, and I think<01:19:57.760> it's<01:19:57.920> time<01:19:58.080> we<01:19:58.320> talked<01:19:58.560> about 01:19:58.870 --> 01:19:58.880 align:start position:0% think it's time we talked about 01:19:58.880 --> 01:20:01.270 align:start position:0% think it's time we talked about Perseverance's<01:19:59.679> heat<01:20:00.000> ray,<01:20:00.640> which<01:20:00.880> it<01:20:01.120> can 01:20:01.270 --> 01:20:01.280 align:start position:0% Perseverance's heat ray, which it can 01:20:01.280 --> 01:20:04.950 align:start position:0% Perseverance's heat ray, which it can use,<01:20:02.080> you<01:20:02.320> guessed<01:20:02.560> it,<01:20:03.120> autonomously. 01:20:04.950 --> 01:20:04.960 align:start position:0% use, you guessed it, autonomously. 01:20:04.960 --> 01:20:07.350 align:start position:0% use, you guessed it, autonomously. Yes,<01:20:05.135> [music]<01:20:05.360> Perseverance<01:20:06.159> has<01:20:06.400> a<01:20:06.640> heat<01:20:06.960> ray 01:20:07.350 --> 01:20:07.360 align:start position:0% Yes, [music] Perseverance has a heat ray 01:20:07.360 --> 01:20:09.510 align:start position:0% Yes, [music] Perseverance has a heat ray which<01:20:07.600> it<01:20:07.840> can<01:20:08.000> decide<01:20:08.320> for<01:20:08.560> itself<01:20:08.960> when<01:20:09.280> to 01:20:09.510 --> 01:20:09.520 align:start position:0% which it can decide for itself when to 01:20:09.520 --> 01:20:11.020 align:start position:0% which it can decide for itself when to deploy. 01:20:11.020 --> 01:20:11.030 align:start position:0% deploy. 01:20:11.030 --> 01:20:12.470 align:start position:0% deploy. [music]<01:20:11.120> I've<01:20:11.440> mentioned<01:20:11.760> this<01:20:12.000> laser 01:20:12.470 --> 01:20:12.480 align:start position:0% [music] I've mentioned this laser 01:20:12.480 --> 01:20:13.910 align:start position:0% [music] I've mentioned this laser earlier<01:20:12.960> when<01:20:13.199> I<01:20:13.440> spoke<01:20:13.679> about 01:20:13.910 --> 01:20:13.920 align:start position:0% earlier when I spoke about 01:20:13.920 --> 01:20:16.790 align:start position:0% earlier when I spoke about Perseverance's<01:20:14.800> super<01:20:15.040> cam.<01:20:15.920> What<01:20:16.159> I<01:20:16.320> did<01:20:16.560> not 01:20:16.790 --> 01:20:16.800 align:start position:0% Perseverance's super cam. What I did not 01:20:16.800 --> 01:20:19.110 align:start position:0% Perseverance's super cam. What I did not mention<01:20:17.440> was<01:20:17.679> that<01:20:17.840> this<01:20:18.080> laser<01:20:18.560> didn't<01:20:18.880> just 01:20:19.110 --> 01:20:19.120 align:start position:0% mention was that this laser didn't just 01:20:19.120 --> 01:20:21.350 align:start position:0% mention was that this laser didn't just point<01:20:19.360> to<01:20:19.600> interesting<01:20:20.080> targets,<01:20:21.040> it 01:20:21.350 --> 01:20:21.360 align:start position:0% point to interesting targets, it 01:20:21.360 --> 01:20:22.810 align:start position:0% point to interesting targets, it vaporizes<01:20:22.159> them. 01:20:22.810 --> 01:20:22.820 align:start position:0% vaporizes them. 01:20:22.820 --> 01:20:23.189 align:start position:0% vaporizes them. >> [music] 01:20:23.189 --> 01:20:23.199 align:start position:0% >> [music] 01:20:23.199 --> 01:20:25.270 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> When<01:20:23.440> I<01:20:23.679> first<01:20:23.840> heard<01:20:24.080> about<01:20:24.320> this,<01:20:24.800> I<01:20:25.040> began 01:20:25.270 --> 01:20:25.280 align:start position:0% >> When I first heard about this, I began 01:20:25.280 --> 01:20:26.790 align:start position:0% >> When I first heard about this, I began to<01:20:25.440> suspect<01:20:25.840> that<01:20:26.080> whoever<01:20:26.480> designed 01:20:26.790 --> 01:20:26.800 align:start position:0% to suspect that whoever designed 01:20:26.800 --> 01:20:29.270 align:start position:0% to suspect that whoever designed Perseverance<01:20:27.520> had<01:20:27.679> read<01:20:28.080> War<01:20:28.320> of<01:20:28.480> the<01:20:28.640> Worlds 01:20:29.270 --> 01:20:29.280 align:start position:0% Perseverance had read War of the Worlds 01:20:29.280 --> 01:20:31.510 align:start position:0% Perseverance had read War of the Worlds and<01:20:29.520> wanted<01:20:29.840> to<01:20:30.000> circumvent<01:20:30.640> any<01:20:31.040> possible 01:20:31.510 --> 01:20:31.520 align:start position:0% and wanted to circumvent any possible 01:20:31.520 --> 01:20:33.510 align:start position:0% and wanted to circumvent any possible invasion<01:20:31.920> of<01:20:32.080> Earth<01:20:32.480> by<01:20:32.800> getting<01:20:33.040> the<01:20:33.280> first 01:20:33.510 --> 01:20:33.520 align:start position:0% invasion of Earth by getting the first 01:20:33.520 --> 01:20:36.550 align:start position:0% invasion of Earth by getting the first hit<01:20:33.760> in.<01:20:34.800> And<01:20:35.040> while<01:20:35.360> this<01:20:35.600> isn't<01:20:35.920> likely<01:20:36.239> the 01:20:36.550 --> 01:20:36.560 align:start position:0% hit in. And while this isn't likely the 01:20:36.560 --> 01:20:39.830 align:start position:0% hit in. And while this isn't likely the case,<01:20:37.120> Perseverance's<01:20:38.000> laser<01:20:38.560> is<01:20:38.880> no<01:20:39.120> joke. 01:20:39.830 --> 01:20:39.840 align:start position:0% case, Perseverance's laser is no joke. 01:20:39.840 --> 01:20:41.990 align:start position:0% case, Perseverance's laser is no joke. It<01:20:40.080> can<01:20:40.239> heat<01:20:40.480> rocks<01:20:40.800> to<01:20:40.960> a<01:20:41.199> temperature<01:20:41.600> of 01:20:41.990 --> 01:20:42.000 align:start position:0% It can heat rocks to a temperature of 01:20:42.000 --> 01:20:45.990 align:start position:0% It can heat rocks to a temperature of 10,000°<01:20:43.360> C,<01:20:44.400> melting<01:20:44.800> them<01:20:44.960> to<01:20:45.199> plasma<01:20:45.760> and 01:20:45.990 --> 01:20:46.000 align:start position:0% 10,000° C, melting them to plasma and 01:20:46.000 --> 01:20:49.030 align:start position:0% 10,000° C, melting them to plasma and vaporizing<01:20:46.719> them.<01:20:47.760> Before<01:20:48.080> you<01:20:48.320> ask,<01:20:48.800> this 01:20:49.030 --> 01:20:49.040 align:start position:0% vaporizing them. Before you ask, this 01:20:49.040 --> 01:20:50.630 align:start position:0% vaporizing them. Before you ask, this incredible<01:20:49.600> tool<01:20:49.920> is<01:20:50.080> designed<01:20:50.330> [music]<01:20:50.400> for 01:20:50.630 --> 01:20:50.640 align:start position:0% incredible tool is designed [music] for 01:20:50.640 --> 01:20:52.229 align:start position:0% incredible tool is designed [music] for use<01:20:50.800> in<01:20:51.040> evaluating<01:20:51.600> the<01:20:51.840> chemical 01:20:52.229 --> 01:20:52.239 align:start position:0% use in evaluating the chemical 01:20:52.239 --> 01:20:54.550 align:start position:0% use in evaluating the chemical composition<01:20:52.640> of<01:20:52.880> rocks,<01:20:53.600> not<01:20:53.920> vaporizing 01:20:54.550 --> 01:20:54.560 align:start position:0% composition of rocks, not vaporizing 01:20:54.560 --> 01:20:57.669 align:start position:0% composition of rocks, not vaporizing aliens.<01:20:55.840> By<01:20:56.159> heating<01:20:56.560> rocks<01:20:56.880> up<01:20:57.040> to<01:20:57.280> such<01:20:57.440> a 01:20:57.669 --> 01:20:57.679 align:start position:0% aliens. By heating rocks up to such a 01:20:57.679 --> 01:20:59.350 align:start position:0% aliens. By heating rocks up to such a temperature,<01:20:58.320> the<01:20:58.560> light<01:20:58.800> they<01:20:59.040> start<01:20:59.199> to 01:20:59.350 --> 01:20:59.360 align:start position:0% temperature, the light they start to 01:20:59.360 --> 01:21:01.430 align:start position:0% temperature, the light they start to emit<01:20:59.760> can<01:21:00.000> be<01:21:00.159> evaluated<01:21:00.719> to<01:21:00.960> see<01:21:01.199> which 01:21:01.430 --> 01:21:01.440 align:start position:0% emit can be evaluated to see which 01:21:01.440 --> 01:21:03.990 align:start position:0% emit can be evaluated to see which chemical<01:21:01.920> markers<01:21:02.320> it<01:21:02.560> carries.<01:21:03.600> Different 01:21:03.990 --> 01:21:04.000 align:start position:0% chemical markers it carries. Different 01:21:04.000 --> 01:21:05.990 align:start position:0% chemical markers it carries. Different elements<01:21:04.400> and<01:21:04.640> compounds<01:21:05.199> release<01:21:05.520> light<01:21:05.760> at 01:21:05.990 --> 01:21:06.000 align:start position:0% elements and compounds release light at 01:21:06.000 --> 01:21:08.470 align:start position:0% elements and compounds release light at different<01:21:06.239> wavelengths.<01:21:07.679> By<01:21:07.920> seeing<01:21:08.159> what 01:21:08.470 --> 01:21:08.480 align:start position:0% different wavelengths. By seeing what 01:21:08.480 --> 01:21:11.189 align:start position:0% different wavelengths. By seeing what light<01:21:08.800> a<01:21:09.040> rock<01:21:09.280> emits<01:21:09.840> or<01:21:10.080> doesn't<01:21:10.400> emit<01:21:10.880> when 01:21:11.189 --> 01:21:11.199 align:start position:0% light a rock emits or doesn't emit when 01:21:11.199 --> 01:21:13.910 align:start position:0% light a rock emits or doesn't emit when superheated<01:21:12.239> can<01:21:12.560> be<01:21:12.719> key<01:21:12.960> in<01:21:13.440> identifying 01:21:13.910 --> 01:21:13.920 align:start position:0% superheated can be key in identifying 01:21:13.920 --> 01:21:16.149 align:start position:0% superheated can be key in identifying its<01:21:14.239> chemical<01:21:14.640> composition<01:21:15.600> for<01:21:15.920> some 01:21:16.149 --> 01:21:16.159 align:start position:0% its chemical composition for some 01:21:16.159 --> 01:21:18.870 align:start position:0% its chemical composition for some on-site<01:21:16.800> scientific<01:21:17.360> analysis. 01:21:18.870 --> 01:21:18.880 align:start position:0% on-site scientific analysis. 01:21:18.880 --> 01:21:21.189 align:start position:0% on-site scientific analysis. Also,<01:21:19.440> it<01:21:19.679> should<01:21:19.920> be<01:21:20.159> noted<01:21:20.480> that<01:21:20.800> this<01:21:21.040> is 01:21:21.189 --> 01:21:21.199 align:start position:0% Also, it should be noted that this is 01:21:21.199 --> 01:21:25.030 align:start position:0% Also, it should be noted that this is done<01:21:21.440> on<01:21:21.679> a<01:21:22.000> very<01:21:22.560> very<01:21:23.040> tiny<01:21:23.440> scale.<01:21:24.640> On<01:21:24.880> the 01:21:25.030 --> 01:21:25.040 align:start position:0% done on a very very tiny scale. On the 01:21:25.040 --> 01:21:28.390 align:start position:0% done on a very very tiny scale. On the 11th<01:21:25.440> of<01:21:25.600> March<01:21:26.000> 2022,<01:21:27.120> Perseverance<01:21:27.840> zapped 01:21:28.390 --> 01:21:28.400 align:start position:0% 11th of March 2022, Perseverance zapped 01:21:28.400 --> 01:21:31.189 align:start position:0% 11th of March 2022, Perseverance zapped one<01:21:28.719> fascinatingly<01:21:29.760> purple<01:21:30.159> colored<01:21:30.480> rock<01:21:30.960> a 01:21:31.189 --> 01:21:31.199 align:start position:0% one fascinatingly purple colored rock a 01:21:31.199 --> 01:21:34.206 align:start position:0% one fascinatingly purple colored rock a total<01:21:31.520> of<01:21:32.320> 150<01:21:32.719> times<01:21:33.040> in<01:21:33.280> the<01:21:33.440> same<01:21:33.600> spot, 01:21:34.206 --> 01:21:34.216 align:start position:0% total of 150 times in the same spot, 01:21:34.216 --> 01:21:36.390 align:start position:0% total of 150 times in the same spot, [music]<01:21:34.480> vaporizing<01:21:35.120> its<01:21:35.360> outer<01:21:35.840> layers<01:21:36.159> to 01:21:36.390 --> 01:21:36.400 align:start position:0% [music] vaporizing its outer layers to 01:21:36.400 --> 01:21:39.110 align:start position:0% [music] vaporizing its outer layers to see<01:21:36.560> what<01:21:36.960> lay<01:21:37.120> behind<01:21:37.440> the<01:21:37.679> surface. 01:21:39.110 --> 01:21:39.120 align:start position:0% see what lay behind the surface. 01:21:39.120 --> 01:21:40.470 align:start position:0% see what lay behind the surface. However,<01:21:39.600> all<01:21:39.760> these<01:21:40.080> repeated 01:21:40.470 --> 01:21:40.480 align:start position:0% However, all these repeated 01:21:40.480 --> 01:21:43.030 align:start position:0% However, all these repeated vaporizations<01:21:41.600> only<01:21:41.920> bored<01:21:42.239> a<01:21:42.400> hole<01:21:42.640> into<01:21:42.880> the 01:21:43.030 --> 01:21:43.040 align:start position:0% vaporizations only bored a hole into the 01:21:43.040 --> 01:21:45.590 align:start position:0% vaporizations only bored a hole into the rock<01:21:43.280> that<01:21:43.440> was<01:21:43.600> a<01:21:43.920> single<01:21:44.320> millimeter<01:21:44.880> deep, 01:21:45.590 --> 01:21:45.600 align:start position:0% rock that was a single millimeter deep, 01:21:45.600 --> 01:21:47.961 align:start position:0% rock that was a single millimeter deep, hardly<01:21:46.000> a<01:21:46.239> weapon<01:21:46.480> for<01:21:46.719> fighting<01:21:47.120> Martians. 01:21:47.961 --> 01:21:47.971 align:start position:0% hardly a weapon for fighting Martians. 01:21:47.971 --> 01:21:48.870 align:start position:0% hardly a weapon for fighting Martians. [music] 01:21:48.870 --> 01:21:48.880 align:start position:0% [music] 01:21:48.880 --> 01:21:50.790 align:start position:0% [music] But<01:21:49.120> these<01:21:49.440> are<01:21:49.600> the<01:21:49.760> tools<01:21:50.159> Perseverance 01:21:50.790 --> 01:21:50.800 align:start position:0% But these are the tools Perseverance 01:21:50.800 --> 01:21:53.110 align:start position:0% But these are the tools Perseverance employs<01:21:51.280> as<01:21:51.520> it<01:21:51.679> continues<01:21:52.080> its<01:21:52.320> journey, 01:21:53.110 --> 01:21:53.120 align:start position:0% employs as it continues its journey, 01:21:53.120 --> 01:21:55.110 align:start position:0% employs as it continues its journey, working<01:21:53.440> with<01:21:53.679> scientists<01:21:54.159> along<01:21:54.480> the<01:21:54.719> way<01:21:54.880> to 01:21:55.110 --> 01:21:55.120 align:start position:0% working with scientists along the way to 01:21:55.120 --> 01:21:58.229 align:start position:0% working with scientists along the way to araid<01:21:55.679> and<01:21:56.000> laser<01:21:56.639> various<01:21:57.120> samples<01:21:57.840> for<01:21:58.080> a 01:21:58.229 --> 01:21:58.239 align:start position:0% araid and laser various samples for a 01:21:58.239 --> 01:22:01.270 align:start position:0% araid and laser various samples for a little<01:21:58.400> on<01:21:58.719> route<01:21:59.040> science.<01:22:00.320> It<01:22:00.719> even 01:22:01.270 --> 01:22:01.280 align:start position:0% little on route science. It even 01:22:01.280 --> 01:22:03.350 align:start position:0% little on route science. It even accidentally<01:22:01.920> picked<01:22:02.159> up<01:22:02.320> a<01:22:02.560> pet<01:22:02.800> rock<01:22:03.120> along 01:22:03.350 --> 01:22:03.360 align:start position:0% accidentally picked up a pet rock along 01:22:03.360 --> 01:22:05.430 align:start position:0% accidentally picked up a pet rock along the<01:22:03.520> way<01:22:03.760> in<01:22:04.000> one<01:22:04.159> of<01:22:04.239> its<01:22:04.346> [music]<01:22:04.480> wheels. 01:22:05.430 --> 01:22:05.440 align:start position:0% the way in one of its [music] wheels. 01:22:05.440 --> 01:22:07.350 align:start position:0% the way in one of its [music] wheels. This<01:22:05.679> small<01:22:05.920> stone<01:22:06.320> was<01:22:06.480> deemed<01:22:06.880> not<01:22:07.120> to 01:22:07.350 --> 01:22:07.360 align:start position:0% This small stone was deemed not to 01:22:07.360 --> 01:22:09.590 align:start position:0% This small stone was deemed not to hinder<01:22:07.600> the<01:22:07.760> rover's<01:22:08.239> movements<01:22:08.639> in<01:22:08.880> any<01:22:09.040> way, 01:22:09.590 --> 01:22:09.600 align:start position:0% hinder the rover's movements in any way, 01:22:09.600 --> 01:22:12.390 align:start position:0% hinder the rover's movements in any way, so<01:22:09.920> scientists<01:22:10.400> have<01:22:10.560> left<01:22:10.800> it<01:22:10.960> be.<01:22:12.000> So<01:22:12.159> far, 01:22:12.390 --> 01:22:12.400 align:start position:0% so scientists have left it be. So far, 01:22:12.400 --> 01:22:14.070 align:start position:0% so scientists have left it be. So far, the<01:22:12.560> rock<01:22:12.800> has<01:22:12.960> accompanied<01:22:13.440> Perseverance 01:22:14.070 --> 01:22:14.080 align:start position:0% the rock has accompanied Perseverance 01:22:14.080 --> 01:22:16.950 align:start position:0% the rock has accompanied Perseverance over<01:22:14.320> a<01:22:14.560> distance<01:22:14.800> of<01:22:15.040> 8.5<01:22:15.679> km<01:22:16.480> over<01:22:16.719> the 01:22:16.950 --> 01:22:16.960 align:start position:0% over a distance of 8.5 km over the 01:22:16.960 --> 01:22:19.030 align:start position:0% over a distance of 8.5 km over the course<01:22:17.120> of<01:22:17.280> four<01:22:17.520> months<01:22:18.159> and<01:22:18.400> has<01:22:18.639> proved<01:22:18.880> to 01:22:19.030 --> 01:22:19.040 align:start position:0% course of four months and has proved to 01:22:19.040 --> 01:22:21.030 align:start position:0% course of four months and has proved to be<01:22:19.280> far<01:22:19.520> less<01:22:19.679> of<01:22:19.840> a<01:22:20.000> danger<01:22:20.239> to<01:22:20.400> its<01:22:20.639> mission 01:22:21.030 --> 01:22:21.040 align:start position:0% be far less of a danger to its mission 01:22:21.040 --> 01:22:22.790 align:start position:0% be far less of a danger to its mission than<01:22:21.280> the<01:22:21.440> last<01:22:21.679> rocks<01:22:21.920> that<01:22:22.080> it<01:22:22.320> accidentally 01:22:22.790 --> 01:22:22.800 align:start position:0% than the last rocks that it accidentally 01:22:22.800 --> 01:22:24.629 align:start position:0% than the last rocks that it accidentally acquired. 01:22:24.629 --> 01:22:24.639 align:start position:0% acquired. 01:22:24.639 --> 01:22:27.110 align:start position:0% acquired. But<01:22:24.960> with<01:22:25.199> the<01:22:25.440> arrival<01:22:25.840> of<01:22:26.080> one<01:22:26.400> friend, 01:22:27.110 --> 01:22:27.120 align:start position:0% But with the arrival of one friend, 01:22:27.120 --> 01:22:29.830 align:start position:0% But with the arrival of one friend, another<01:22:27.600> would<01:22:27.920> begin<01:22:28.320> to<01:22:28.560> depart. 01:22:29.830 --> 01:22:29.840 align:start position:0% another would begin to depart. 01:22:29.840 --> 01:22:32.629 align:start position:0% another would begin to depart. Technology,<01:22:30.800> although<01:22:31.199> impressive,<01:22:32.159> is<01:22:32.400> not 01:22:32.629 --> 01:22:32.639 align:start position:0% Technology, although impressive, is not 01:22:32.639 --> 01:22:36.550 align:start position:0% Technology, although impressive, is not infallible.<01:22:33.840> On<01:22:34.080> the<01:22:34.239> 3rd<01:22:34.480> of<01:22:34.719> May<01:22:35.120> 2022,<01:22:36.239> as 01:22:36.550 --> 01:22:36.560 align:start position:0% infallible. On the 3rd of May 2022, as 01:22:36.560 --> 01:22:38.470 align:start position:0% infallible. On the 3rd of May 2022, as Perseverance<01:22:37.280> was<01:22:37.520> reaching<01:22:37.840> the<01:22:38.080> end<01:22:38.159> of<01:22:38.320> its 01:22:38.470 --> 01:22:38.480 align:start position:0% Perseverance was reaching the end of its 01:22:38.480 --> 01:22:40.709 align:start position:0% Perseverance was reaching the end of its journey<01:22:38.800> towards<01:22:39.120> Yzro's<01:22:39.760> Delta, 01:22:40.709 --> 01:22:40.719 align:start position:0% journey towards Yzro's Delta, 01:22:40.719 --> 01:22:42.550 align:start position:0% journey towards Yzro's Delta, communications<01:22:41.600> dropped<01:22:42.000> out<01:22:42.320> with 01:22:42.550 --> 01:22:42.560 align:start position:0% communications dropped out with 01:22:42.560 --> 01:22:44.310 align:start position:0% communications dropped out with Ingenuity. 01:22:44.310 --> 01:22:44.320 align:start position:0% Ingenuity. 01:22:44.320 --> 01:22:46.390 align:start position:0% Ingenuity. The<01:22:44.480> Ingenuity<01:22:45.120> helicopter<01:22:45.679> had<01:22:45.920> accompanied 01:22:46.390 --> 01:22:46.400 align:start position:0% The Ingenuity helicopter had accompanied 01:22:46.400 --> 01:22:48.149 align:start position:0% The Ingenuity helicopter had accompanied Perseverance<01:22:46.960> since<01:22:47.199> the<01:22:47.440> beginning<01:22:47.679> of<01:22:47.920> its 01:22:48.149 --> 01:22:48.159 align:start position:0% Perseverance since the beginning of its 01:22:48.159 --> 01:22:50.310 align:start position:0% Perseverance since the beginning of its journey.<01:22:48.960> The<01:22:49.120> two<01:22:49.360> machines<01:22:49.840> traveling 01:22:50.310 --> 01:22:50.320 align:start position:0% journey. The two machines traveling 01:22:50.320 --> 01:22:52.550 align:start position:0% journey. The two machines traveling together<01:22:50.639> to<01:22:50.880> the<01:22:51.040> red<01:22:51.280> planet<01:22:51.920> and<01:22:52.239> helping 01:22:52.550 --> 01:22:52.560 align:start position:0% together to the red planet and helping 01:22:52.560 --> 01:22:54.229 align:start position:0% together to the red planet and helping each<01:22:52.800> other<01:22:53.040> perform<01:22:53.520> their<01:22:53.920> different 01:22:54.229 --> 01:22:54.239 align:start position:0% each other perform their different 01:22:54.239 --> 01:22:57.350 align:start position:0% each other perform their different missions.<01:22:55.440> Ingenuity<01:22:56.159> had<01:22:56.480> already<01:22:56.880> amazed 01:22:57.350 --> 01:22:57.360 align:start position:0% missions. Ingenuity had already amazed 01:22:57.360 --> 01:22:59.270 align:start position:0% missions. Ingenuity had already amazed the<01:22:57.520> world<01:22:57.760> by<01:22:58.080> being<01:22:58.320> the<01:22:58.560> first<01:22:58.880> flying 01:22:59.270 --> 01:22:59.280 align:start position:0% the world by being the first flying 01:22:59.280 --> 01:23:01.910 align:start position:0% the world by being the first flying machine<01:22:59.600> on<01:22:59.840> Mars.<01:23:00.800> It<01:23:00.960> had<01:23:01.199> scouted<01:23:01.600> out<01:23:01.760> the 01:23:01.910 --> 01:23:01.920 align:start position:0% machine on Mars. It had scouted out the 01:23:01.920 --> 01:23:03.590 align:start position:0% machine on Mars. It had scouted out the route<01:23:02.159> for<01:23:02.320> Perseverance<01:23:02.960> during<01:23:03.280> most<01:23:03.520> of 01:23:03.590 --> 01:23:03.600 align:start position:0% route for Perseverance during most of 01:23:03.600 --> 01:23:06.229 align:start position:0% route for Perseverance during most of its<01:23:03.840> mission,<01:23:04.560> spotting<01:23:04.960> hazards<01:23:05.440> in<01:23:05.679> advance 01:23:06.229 --> 01:23:06.239 align:start position:0% its mission, spotting hazards in advance 01:23:06.239 --> 01:23:09.030 align:start position:0% its mission, spotting hazards in advance so<01:23:06.480> Perseverance<01:23:07.199> could<01:23:07.360> avoid<01:23:07.760> them.<01:23:08.800> But 01:23:09.030 --> 01:23:09.040 align:start position:0% so Perseverance could avoid them. But 01:23:09.040 --> 01:23:11.990 align:start position:0% so Perseverance could avoid them. But Ingenuity's<01:23:09.920> intended<01:23:10.400> lifespan<01:23:10.960> of<01:23:11.199> 30<01:23:11.520> days 01:23:11.990 --> 01:23:12.000 align:start position:0% Ingenuity's intended lifespan of 30 days 01:23:12.000 --> 01:23:15.270 align:start position:0% Ingenuity's intended lifespan of 30 days was<01:23:12.320> already<01:23:12.719> long<01:23:13.120> past.<01:23:14.560> Every<01:23:14.800> day<01:23:15.040> the 01:23:15.270 --> 01:23:15.280 align:start position:0% was already long past. Every day the 01:23:15.280 --> 01:23:17.590 align:start position:0% was already long past. Every day the helicopter<01:23:15.840> still<01:23:16.080> functioned<01:23:16.560> was<01:23:16.800> a<01:23:16.960> gift 01:23:17.590 --> 01:23:17.600 align:start position:0% helicopter still functioned was a gift 01:23:17.600 --> 01:23:19.350 align:start position:0% helicopter still functioned was a gift and<01:23:17.840> one<01:23:18.080> that<01:23:18.320> could<01:23:18.560> not<01:23:18.800> keep<01:23:19.040> giving 01:23:19.350 --> 01:23:19.360 align:start position:0% and one that could not keep giving 01:23:19.360 --> 01:23:20.950 align:start position:0% and one that could not keep giving forever. 01:23:20.950 --> 01:23:20.960 align:start position:0% forever. 01:23:20.960 --> 01:23:23.270 align:start position:0% forever. When<01:23:21.199> Ingenuity<01:23:21.920> first<01:23:22.239> started<01:23:22.639> off<01:23:22.800> on<01:23:23.040> its 01:23:23.270 --> 01:23:23.280 align:start position:0% When Ingenuity first started off on its 01:23:23.280 --> 01:23:25.430 align:start position:0% When Ingenuity first started off on its routine<01:23:23.760> flight,<01:23:24.400> Perseverance<01:23:25.120> thought 01:23:25.430 --> 01:23:25.440 align:start position:0% routine flight, Perseverance thought 01:23:25.440 --> 01:23:27.830 align:start position:0% routine flight, Perseverance thought nothing<01:23:25.679> of<01:23:25.920> it.<01:23:26.639> The<01:23:26.880> two<01:23:27.120> machines<01:23:27.440> weren't 01:23:27.830 --> 01:23:27.840 align:start position:0% nothing of it. The two machines weren't 01:23:27.840 --> 01:23:29.750 align:start position:0% nothing of it. The two machines weren't always<01:23:28.080> in<01:23:28.320> line<01:23:28.480> of<01:23:28.639> sight<01:23:28.880> with<01:23:29.040> each<01:23:29.199> other. 01:23:29.750 --> 01:23:29.760 align:start position:0% always in line of sight with each other. 01:23:29.760 --> 01:23:31.750 align:start position:0% always in line of sight with each other. instead<01:23:30.159> keeping<01:23:30.560> contact<01:23:30.880> with<01:23:31.199> frequent 01:23:31.750 --> 01:23:31.760 align:start position:0% instead keeping contact with frequent 01:23:31.760 --> 01:23:34.629 align:start position:0% instead keeping contact with frequent radio<01:23:32.159> check-ins.<01:23:33.600> However,<01:23:33.920> when<01:23:34.159> the<01:23:34.400> next 01:23:34.629 --> 01:23:34.639 align:start position:0% radio check-ins. However, when the next 01:23:34.639 --> 01:23:37.110 align:start position:0% radio check-ins. However, when the next scheduled<01:23:35.199> call<01:23:35.600> should<01:23:35.840> have<01:23:36.000> come<01:23:36.239> along, 01:23:37.110 --> 01:23:37.120 align:start position:0% scheduled call should have come along, 01:23:37.120 --> 01:23:40.229 align:start position:0% scheduled call should have come along, Ingenuity<01:23:37.840> failed<01:23:38.320> to<01:23:38.560> check<01:23:38.800> in. 01:23:40.229 --> 01:23:40.239 align:start position:0% Ingenuity failed to check in. 01:23:40.239 --> 01:23:42.629 align:start position:0% Ingenuity failed to check in. Perseverance<01:23:40.960> froze<01:23:41.280> in<01:23:41.440> its<01:23:41.600> tracks. 01:23:42.629 --> 01:23:42.639 align:start position:0% Perseverance froze in its tracks. 01:23:42.639 --> 01:23:44.310 align:start position:0% Perseverance froze in its tracks. Scientists<01:23:43.120> thought<01:23:43.440> desperately<01:23:44.000> about 01:23:44.310 --> 01:23:44.320 align:start position:0% Scientists thought desperately about 01:23:44.320 --> 01:23:45.830 align:start position:0% Scientists thought desperately about what<01:23:44.639> might<01:23:44.800> have<01:23:44.960> happened<01:23:45.199> to<01:23:45.360> the<01:23:45.600> small 01:23:45.830 --> 01:23:45.840 align:start position:0% what might have happened to the small 01:23:45.840 --> 01:23:48.709 align:start position:0% what might have happened to the small helicopter.<01:23:47.040> They<01:23:47.280> theorized<01:23:48.000> that<01:23:48.239> if<01:23:48.480> some 01:23:48.709 --> 01:23:48.719 align:start position:0% helicopter. They theorized that if some 01:23:48.719 --> 01:23:50.950 align:start position:0% helicopter. They theorized that if some kind<01:23:48.880> of<01:23:49.040> fault<01:23:49.360> had<01:23:49.520> occurred<01:23:49.840> on<01:23:50.000> Ingenuity, 01:23:50.950 --> 01:23:50.960 align:start position:0% kind of fault had occurred on Ingenuity, 01:23:50.960 --> 01:23:53.030 align:start position:0% kind of fault had occurred on Ingenuity, it<01:23:51.199> was<01:23:51.360> possible<01:23:51.679> that<01:23:51.920> it<01:23:52.080> had<01:23:52.320> gone<01:23:52.560> into<01:23:52.800> a 01:23:53.030 --> 01:23:53.040 align:start position:0% it was possible that it had gone into a 01:23:53.040 --> 01:23:55.830 align:start position:0% it was possible that it had gone into a safe,<01:23:53.440> lowowered<01:23:54.159> mode<01:23:54.480> to<01:23:54.639> preserve<01:23:55.040> itself, 01:23:55.830 --> 01:23:55.840 align:start position:0% safe, lowowered mode to preserve itself, 01:23:55.840 --> 01:23:58.310 align:start position:0% safe, lowowered mode to preserve itself, thus<01:23:56.159> missing<01:23:56.480> its<01:23:56.800> communications<01:23:57.520> window 01:23:58.310 --> 01:23:58.320 align:start position:0% thus missing its communications window 01:23:58.320 --> 01:24:00.470 align:start position:0% thus missing its communications window or<01:23:58.560> possibly<01:23:59.040> desyncing<01:23:59.520> its<01:23:59.760> onboard<01:24:00.239> clock 01:24:00.470 --> 01:24:00.480 align:start position:0% or possibly desyncing its onboard clock 01:24:00.480 --> 01:24:02.550 align:start position:0% or possibly desyncing its onboard clock from<01:24:00.719> Perseverances. 01:24:02.550 --> 01:24:02.560 align:start position:0% from Perseverances. 01:24:02.560 --> 01:24:05.590 align:start position:0% from Perseverances. As<01:24:02.800> such,<01:24:03.199> Perseverance<01:24:03.920> waited<01:24:04.239> a<01:24:04.480> full<01:24:04.800> day, 01:24:05.590 --> 01:24:05.600 align:start position:0% As such, Perseverance waited a full day, 01:24:05.600 --> 01:24:07.430 align:start position:0% As such, Perseverance waited a full day, listening<01:24:06.080> all<01:24:06.320> the<01:24:06.480> while<01:24:06.800> to<01:24:07.040> see<01:24:07.199> if 01:24:07.430 --> 01:24:07.440 align:start position:0% listening all the while to see if 01:24:07.440 --> 01:24:09.270 align:start position:0% listening all the while to see if Ingenuity<01:24:08.080> would<01:24:08.320> wake<01:24:08.560> up<01:24:08.719> and<01:24:08.960> start 01:24:09.270 --> 01:24:09.280 align:start position:0% Ingenuity would wake up and start 01:24:09.280 --> 01:24:11.510 align:start position:0% Ingenuity would wake up and start communications<01:24:10.000> again. 01:24:11.510 --> 01:24:11.520 align:start position:0% communications again. 01:24:11.520 --> 01:24:14.790 align:start position:0% communications again. And<01:24:11.840> thankfully,<01:24:12.639> it<01:24:12.960> did.<01:24:14.320> The<01:24:14.560> little 01:24:14.790 --> 01:24:14.800 align:start position:0% And thankfully, it did. The little 01:24:14.800 --> 01:24:17.350 align:start position:0% And thankfully, it did. The little helicopter<01:24:15.440> was<01:24:15.760> all<01:24:15.920> right,<01:24:16.639> reporting<01:24:17.040> no 01:24:17.350 --> 01:24:17.360 align:start position:0% helicopter was all right, reporting no 01:24:17.360 --> 01:24:20.229 align:start position:0% helicopter was all right, reporting no major<01:24:17.679> faults.<01:24:18.719> However,<01:24:19.199> its<01:24:19.520> silence<01:24:19.920> had 01:24:20.229 --> 01:24:20.239 align:start position:0% major faults. However, its silence had 01:24:20.239 --> 01:24:22.790 align:start position:0% major faults. However, its silence had been<01:24:20.480> extremely<01:24:21.120> worrying.<01:24:22.159> It<01:24:22.400> turned<01:24:22.639> out 01:24:22.790 --> 01:24:22.800 align:start position:0% been extremely worrying. It turned out 01:24:22.800 --> 01:24:24.629 align:start position:0% been extremely worrying. It turned out that<01:24:22.960> the<01:24:23.199> problem<01:24:23.440> was<01:24:23.679> the<01:24:23.920> levels<01:24:24.159> of<01:24:24.320> dust 01:24:24.629 --> 01:24:24.639 align:start position:0% that the problem was the levels of dust 01:24:24.639 --> 01:24:26.870 align:start position:0% that the problem was the levels of dust in<01:24:24.880> Mars's<01:24:25.173> [music]<01:24:25.360> air.<01:24:26.320> Over<01:24:26.560> time, 01:24:26.870 --> 01:24:26.880 align:start position:0% in Mars's [music] air. Over time, 01:24:26.880 --> 01:24:28.870 align:start position:0% in Mars's [music] air. Over time, Ingenuity<01:24:27.520> solar<01:24:27.840> panels<01:24:28.159> that<01:24:28.400> kept<01:24:28.639> its 01:24:28.870 --> 01:24:28.880 align:start position:0% Ingenuity solar panels that kept its 01:24:28.880 --> 01:24:31.350 align:start position:0% Ingenuity solar panels that kept its battery<01:24:29.280> topped<01:24:29.600> up<01:24:30.080> had<01:24:30.320> received<01:24:30.800> less<01:24:31.040> and 01:24:31.350 --> 01:24:31.360 align:start position:0% battery topped up had received less and 01:24:31.360 --> 01:24:33.590 align:start position:0% battery topped up had received less and less<01:24:31.600> sunlight,<01:24:32.480> causing<01:24:32.800> the<01:24:33.040> batteries<01:24:33.440> to 01:24:33.590 --> 01:24:33.600 align:start position:0% less sunlight, causing the batteries to 01:24:33.600 --> 01:24:36.470 align:start position:0% less sunlight, causing the batteries to dip<01:24:34.000> dangerously<01:24:34.639> low.<01:24:35.760> It<01:24:35.920> had<01:24:36.159> entered 01:24:36.470 --> 01:24:36.480 align:start position:0% dip dangerously low. It had entered 01:24:36.480 --> 01:24:38.390 align:start position:0% dip dangerously low. It had entered safety<01:24:36.880> mode<01:24:37.199> to<01:24:37.440> keep<01:24:37.600> itself<01:24:37.920> from<01:24:38.159> losing 01:24:38.390 --> 01:24:38.400 align:start position:0% safety mode to keep itself from losing 01:24:38.400 --> 01:24:40.310 align:start position:0% safety mode to keep itself from losing the<01:24:38.639> heaters<01:24:39.040> that<01:24:39.280> kept<01:24:39.520> it<01:24:39.679> from<01:24:39.920> freezing 01:24:40.310 --> 01:24:40.320 align:start position:0% the heaters that kept it from freezing 01:24:40.320 --> 01:24:43.750 align:start position:0% the heaters that kept it from freezing to<01:24:40.480> death<01:24:40.880> in<01:24:41.040> the<01:24:41.280> cold<01:24:41.600> Martian<01:24:42.080> nights. 01:24:43.750 --> 01:24:43.760 align:start position:0% to death in the cold Martian nights. 01:24:43.760 --> 01:24:45.910 align:start position:0% to death in the cold Martian nights. Ingenuity<01:24:44.480> was<01:24:44.639> given<01:24:45.040> several<01:24:45.440> days<01:24:45.760> of 01:24:45.910 --> 01:24:45.920 align:start position:0% Ingenuity was given several days of 01:24:45.920 --> 01:24:48.149 align:start position:0% Ingenuity was given several days of lessened<01:24:46.400> work<01:24:46.800> to<01:24:47.040> give<01:24:47.199> its<01:24:47.440> batteries<01:24:47.920> more 01:24:48.149 --> 01:24:48.159 align:start position:0% lessened work to give its batteries more 01:24:48.159 --> 01:24:50.790 align:start position:0% lessened work to give its batteries more time<01:24:48.320> to<01:24:48.560> charge<01:24:48.800> up<01:24:49.040> to<01:24:49.199> operational<01:24:49.760> levels. 01:24:50.790 --> 01:24:50.800 align:start position:0% time to charge up to operational levels. 01:24:50.800 --> 01:24:53.430 align:start position:0% time to charge up to operational levels. However,<01:24:51.360> this<01:24:51.679> came<01:24:51.920> at<01:24:52.080> a<01:24:52.320> cost.<01:24:53.120> It<01:24:53.280> would 01:24:53.430 --> 01:24:53.440 align:start position:0% However, this came at a cost. It would 01:24:53.440 --> 01:24:56.149 align:start position:0% However, this came at a cost. It would use<01:24:53.600> its<01:24:53.840> heaters<01:24:54.239> less<01:24:54.560> from<01:24:54.719> here<01:24:54.960> on. 01:24:56.149 --> 01:24:56.159 align:start position:0% use its heaters less from here on. 01:24:56.159 --> 01:24:57.830 align:start position:0% use its heaters less from here on. Instead<01:24:56.480> of<01:24:56.639> turning<01:24:56.960> its<01:24:57.120> heaters<01:24:57.440> on<01:24:57.600> when 01:24:57.830 --> 01:24:57.840 align:start position:0% Instead of turning its heaters on when 01:24:57.840 --> 01:25:00.470 align:start position:0% Instead of turning its heaters on when temperatures<01:24:58.239> reach<01:24:58.560> -15°, 01:25:00.470 --> 01:25:00.480 align:start position:0% temperatures reach -15°, 01:25:00.480 --> 01:25:02.310 align:start position:0% temperatures reach -15°, Ingenuity<01:25:01.120> would<01:25:01.360> only<01:25:01.600> turn<01:25:01.760> them<01:25:01.920> on<01:25:02.080> at 01:25:02.310 --> 01:25:02.320 align:start position:0% Ingenuity would only turn them on at 01:25:02.320 --> 01:25:04.629 align:start position:0% Ingenuity would only turn them on at -40°. 01:25:04.629 --> 01:25:04.639 align:start position:0% -40°. 01:25:04.639 --> 01:25:06.470 align:start position:0% -40°. And<01:25:04.880> nights<01:25:05.199> on<01:25:05.360> Mars<01:25:05.760> were<01:25:06.000> about<01:25:06.159> to<01:25:06.320> get 01:25:06.470 --> 01:25:06.480 align:start position:0% And nights on Mars were about to get 01:25:06.480 --> 01:25:09.669 align:start position:0% And nights on Mars were about to get colder.<01:25:07.600> Eventually,<01:25:08.400> that<01:25:08.719> cold<01:25:09.040> will<01:25:09.360> prove 01:25:09.669 --> 01:25:09.679 align:start position:0% colder. Eventually, that cold will prove 01:25:09.679 --> 01:25:12.390 align:start position:0% colder. Eventually, that cold will prove to<01:25:09.920> be<01:25:10.080> too<01:25:10.400> much. 01:25:12.390 --> 01:25:12.400 align:start position:0% to be too much. 01:25:12.400 --> 01:25:14.950 align:start position:0% to be too much. wearily.<01:25:13.360> Perseverance<01:25:13.920> and<01:25:14.239> ingenuity 01:25:14.950 --> 01:25:14.960 align:start position:0% wearily. Perseverance and ingenuity 01:25:14.960 --> 01:25:17.990 align:start position:0% wearily. Perseverance and ingenuity continued<01:25:15.440> on.<01:25:16.400> But<01:25:16.560> now<01:25:17.040> their<01:25:17.280> goal<01:25:17.600> was<01:25:17.760> in 01:25:17.990 --> 01:25:18.000 align:start position:0% continued on. But now their goal was in 01:25:18.000 --> 01:25:20.550 align:start position:0% continued on. But now their goal was in sight.<01:25:18.880> The<01:25:19.120> sands<01:25:19.440> of<01:25:19.600> the<01:25:19.679> Yzero<01:25:20.239> crater 01:25:20.550 --> 01:25:20.560 align:start position:0% sight. The sands of the Yzero crater 01:25:20.560 --> 01:25:22.950 align:start position:0% sight. The sands of the Yzero crater floor<01:25:20.880> were<01:25:21.040> behind<01:25:21.360> them.<01:25:22.000> They<01:25:22.159> had<01:25:22.400> finally 01:25:22.950 --> 01:25:22.960 align:start position:0% floor were behind them. They had finally 01:25:22.960 --> 01:25:25.750 align:start position:0% floor were behind them. They had finally entered<01:25:23.199> the<01:25:23.360> Delta.<01:25:24.400> With<01:25:24.639> that,<01:25:25.199> a<01:25:25.520> whole 01:25:25.750 --> 01:25:25.760 align:start position:0% entered the Delta. With that, a whole 01:25:25.760 --> 01:25:28.390 align:start position:0% entered the Delta. With that, a whole new<01:25:26.080> campaign<01:25:26.560> would<01:25:26.880> begin. 01:25:28.390 --> 01:25:28.400 align:start position:0% new campaign would begin. 01:25:28.400 --> 01:25:30.470 align:start position:0% new campaign would begin. Perseverance<01:25:29.040> had<01:25:29.280> done<01:25:29.600> so<01:25:29.920> much<01:25:30.159> in<01:25:30.320> the 01:25:30.470 --> 01:25:30.480 align:start position:0% Perseverance had done so much in the 01:25:30.480 --> 01:25:32.229 align:start position:0% Perseverance had done so much in the first<01:25:30.719> year<01:25:30.880> and<01:25:31.040> a<01:25:31.199> half<01:25:31.360> of<01:25:31.520> its<01:25:31.760> time<01:25:32.000> on 01:25:32.229 --> 01:25:32.239 align:start position:0% first year and a half of its time on 01:25:32.239 --> 01:25:35.270 align:start position:0% first year and a half of its time on Mars.<01:25:33.040> It<01:25:33.280> had<01:25:33.440> performed<01:25:33.840> science,<01:25:34.880> traveled 01:25:35.270 --> 01:25:35.280 align:start position:0% Mars. It had performed science, traveled 01:25:35.280 --> 01:25:37.750 align:start position:0% Mars. It had performed science, traveled through<01:25:35.520> dunes,<01:25:36.320> and<01:25:36.560> overcome<01:25:37.120> challenges 01:25:37.750 --> 01:25:37.760 align:start position:0% through dunes, and overcome challenges 01:25:37.760 --> 01:25:40.709 align:start position:0% through dunes, and overcome challenges through<01:25:38.159> careful<01:25:38.800> problem<01:25:39.120> solving.<01:25:40.320> But<01:25:40.560> did 01:25:40.709 --> 01:25:40.719 align:start position:0% through careful problem solving. But did 01:25:40.719 --> 01:25:43.830 align:start position:0% through careful problem solving. But did it<01:25:40.960> already<01:25:41.360> succeed<01:25:41.840> in<01:25:42.159> finding<01:25:42.480> life? 01:25:43.830 --> 01:25:43.840 align:start position:0% it already succeed in finding life? 01:25:43.840 --> 01:25:46.390 align:start position:0% it already succeed in finding life? Ultimately,<01:25:44.719> we<01:25:44.960> will<01:25:45.199> only<01:25:45.520> truly<01:25:46.000> know<01:25:46.159> for 01:25:46.390 --> 01:25:46.400 align:start position:0% Ultimately, we will only truly know for 01:25:46.400 --> 01:25:49.110 align:start position:0% Ultimately, we will only truly know for sure<01:25:46.719> when<01:25:46.960> those<01:25:47.199> samples<01:25:47.679> return<01:25:48.000> to<01:25:48.159> Earth. 01:25:49.110 --> 01:25:49.120 align:start position:0% sure when those samples return to Earth. 01:25:49.120 --> 01:25:51.270 align:start position:0% sure when those samples return to Earth. Once<01:25:49.360> that<01:25:49.679> happens,<01:25:50.239> it<01:25:50.480> will<01:25:50.639> hopefully<01:25:51.120> be 01:25:51.270 --> 01:25:51.280 align:start position:0% Once that happens, it will hopefully be 01:25:51.280 --> 01:25:53.590 align:start position:0% Once that happens, it will hopefully be clear<01:25:51.679> how<01:25:52.000> influential<01:25:52.639> the<01:25:52.880> crater<01:25:53.280> floor 01:25:53.590 --> 01:25:53.600 align:start position:0% clear how influential the crater floor 01:25:53.600 --> 01:25:55.990 align:start position:0% clear how influential the crater floor campaign<01:25:54.000> has<01:25:54.239> been.<01:25:55.120> Even<01:25:55.360> if<01:25:55.520> it<01:25:55.679> finds 01:25:55.990 --> 01:25:56.000 align:start position:0% campaign has been. Even if it finds 01:25:56.000 --> 01:25:58.709 align:start position:0% campaign has been. Even if it finds nothing,<01:25:56.719> that<01:25:57.040> in<01:25:57.280> itself<01:25:57.760> will<01:25:58.080> hint<01:25:58.320> at<01:25:58.480> an 01:25:58.709 --> 01:25:58.719 align:start position:0% nothing, that in itself will hint at an 01:25:58.719 --> 01:26:01.350 align:start position:0% nothing, that in itself will hint at an answer.<01:25:59.760> But<01:26:00.000> for<01:26:00.159> me,<01:26:00.639> it's<01:26:00.960> much<01:26:01.199> more 01:26:01.350 --> 01:26:01.360 align:start position:0% answer. But for me, it's much more 01:26:01.360 --> 01:26:03.830 align:start position:0% answer. But for me, it's much more tantalizing<01:26:02.080> to<01:26:02.320> imagine<01:26:02.800> that<01:26:03.040> even<01:26:03.360> now, 01:26:03.830 --> 01:26:03.840 align:start position:0% tantalizing to imagine that even now, 01:26:03.840 --> 01:26:06.070 align:start position:0% tantalizing to imagine that even now, the<01:26:04.080> irrefutable<01:26:04.880> answer<01:26:05.199> to<01:26:05.360> whether<01:26:05.760> life 01:26:06.070 --> 01:26:06.080 align:start position:0% the irrefutable answer to whether life 01:26:06.080 --> 01:26:09.030 align:start position:0% the irrefutable answer to whether life once<01:26:06.400> flourished<01:26:06.880> on<01:26:07.040> Mars<01:26:07.760> might<01:26:08.159> lie<01:26:08.560> in<01:26:08.800> a 01:26:09.030 --> 01:26:09.040 align:start position:0% once flourished on Mars might lie in a 01:26:09.040 --> 01:26:11.669 align:start position:0% once flourished on Mars might lie in a little<01:26:09.360> transparent<01:26:10.000> cache<01:26:10.719> safely<01:26:11.199> nestled 01:26:11.669 --> 01:26:11.679 align:start position:0% little transparent cache safely nestled 01:26:11.679 --> 01:26:14.709 align:start position:0% little transparent cache safely nestled inside<01:26:12.080> Perseverance's<01:26:12.880> casing.<01:26:14.239> It<01:26:14.560> might 01:26:14.709 --> 01:26:14.719 align:start position:0% inside Perseverance's casing. It might 01:26:14.719 --> 01:26:17.189 align:start position:0% inside Perseverance's casing. It might be<01:26:14.880> in<01:26:15.120> the<01:26:15.280> next<01:26:15.440> decade<01:26:16.000> we<01:26:16.320> find<01:26:16.560> out<01:26:16.880> that 01:26:17.189 --> 01:26:17.199 align:start position:0% be in the next decade we find out that 01:26:17.199 --> 01:26:19.990 align:start position:0% be in the next decade we find out that answer,<01:26:18.159> but<01:26:18.400> until<01:26:18.800> then,<01:26:19.360> Perseverance 01:26:19.990 --> 01:26:20.000 align:start position:0% answer, but until then, Perseverance 01:26:20.000 --> 01:26:22.149 align:start position:0% answer, but until then, Perseverance will<01:26:20.239> remain<01:26:20.560> true<01:26:20.800> to<01:26:20.960> its<01:26:21.199> namesake<01:26:21.920> and 01:26:22.149 --> 01:26:22.159 align:start position:0% will remain true to its namesake and 01:26:22.159 --> 01:26:27.830 align:start position:0% will remain true to its namesake and will<01:26:22.480> keep<01:26:22.719> on<01:26:23.040> going<01:26:23.280> with<01:26:23.520> its<01:26:23.760> mission. 01:26:27.830 --> 01:26:27.840 align:start position:0% 01:26:27.840 --> 01:26:31.270 align:start position:0% In<01:26:28.159> this<01:26:28.320> incredible<01:26:29.199> realtime<01:26:29.920> video,<01:26:31.040> we 01:26:31.270 --> 01:26:31.280 align:start position:0% In this incredible realtime video, we 01:26:31.280 --> 01:26:32.790 align:start position:0% In this incredible realtime video, we can<01:26:31.440> see<01:26:31.679> different<01:26:32.000> stages<01:26:32.400> of<01:26:32.639> the 01:26:32.790 --> 01:26:32.800 align:start position:0% can see different stages of the 01:26:32.800 --> 01:26:36.950 align:start position:0% can see different stages of the Perseverance<01:26:33.600> rover's<01:26:34.159> descent<01:26:34.560> onto<01:26:34.960> Mars. 01:26:36.950 --> 01:26:36.960 align:start position:0% Perseverance rover's descent onto Mars. 01:26:36.960 --> 01:26:40.629 align:start position:0% Perseverance rover's descent onto Mars. The<01:26:37.199> parachute<01:26:37.760> deploys<01:26:38.320> successfully 01:26:40.629 --> 01:26:40.639 align:start position:0% The parachute deploys successfully 01:26:40.639 --> 01:26:42.709 align:start position:0% The parachute deploys successfully and<01:26:40.800> the<01:26:40.960> heat<01:26:41.199> shield<01:26:41.600> separates<01:26:42.080> to<01:26:42.320> reduce 01:26:42.709 --> 01:26:42.719 align:start position:0% and the heat shield separates to reduce 01:26:42.719 --> 01:26:45.110 align:start position:0% and the heat shield separates to reduce weight. 01:26:45.110 --> 01:26:45.120 align:start position:0% weight. 01:26:45.120 --> 01:26:48.870 align:start position:0% weight. It<01:26:45.360> starts<01:26:45.600> hurtling<01:26:46.159> towards<01:26:46.560> Mars 01:26:48.870 --> 01:26:48.880 align:start position:0% It starts hurtling towards Mars 01:26:48.880 --> 01:26:51.110 align:start position:0% It starts hurtling towards Mars while<01:26:49.199> Perseverance's<01:26:50.080> descent<01:26:50.639> remains 01:26:51.110 --> 01:26:51.120 align:start position:0% while Perseverance's descent remains 01:26:51.120 --> 01:26:52.790 align:start position:0% while Perseverance's descent remains controlled. 01:26:52.790 --> 01:26:52.800 align:start position:0% controlled. 01:26:52.800 --> 01:26:55.510 align:start position:0% controlled. Perseverance<01:26:53.520> is<01:26:53.840> currently<01:26:54.400> about<01:26:54.719> 10<01:26:55.040> km 01:26:55.510 --> 01:26:55.520 align:start position:0% Perseverance is currently about 10 km 01:26:55.520 --> 01:27:00.790 align:start position:0% Perseverance is currently about 10 km from<01:26:55.760> the<01:26:55.920> surface<01:26:56.639> traveling<01:26:57.199> about<01:26:57.600> 90<01:26:57.920> m/s. 01:27:00.790 --> 01:27:00.800 align:start position:0% from the surface traveling about 90 m/s. 01:27:00.800 --> 01:27:03.189 align:start position:0% from the surface traveling about 90 m/s. It<01:27:01.120> blows<01:27:01.520> my<01:27:01.760> mind<01:27:02.000> that<01:27:02.320> we<01:27:02.480> now<01:27:02.800> have<01:27:02.960> the 01:27:03.189 --> 01:27:03.199 align:start position:0% It blows my mind that we now have the 01:27:03.199 --> 01:27:05.590 align:start position:0% It blows my mind that we now have the technology<01:27:03.600> to<01:27:03.840> view<01:27:04.080> a<01:27:04.320> video<01:27:04.560> of<01:27:04.719> this<01:27:05.120> on<01:27:05.360> a 01:27:05.590 --> 01:27:05.600 align:start position:0% technology to view a video of this on a 01:27:05.600 --> 01:27:10.870 align:start position:0% technology to view a video of this on a different<01:27:06.000> planet<01:27:06.560> in<01:27:06.880> real<01:27:07.199> time. 01:27:10.870 --> 01:27:10.880 align:start position:0% 01:27:10.880 --> 01:27:12.950 align:start position:0% I'm<01:27:11.120> Alex<01:27:11.440> Mccoan<01:27:12.159> and<01:27:12.400> you're<01:27:12.560> watching<01:27:12.800> the 01:27:12.950 --> 01:27:12.960 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching the 01:27:12.960 --> 01:27:15.910 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching the Astramm<01:27:13.440> channel.<01:27:14.800> Join<01:27:15.120> me<01:27:15.280> in<01:27:15.520> the<01:27:15.679> next 01:27:15.910 --> 01:27:15.920 align:start position:0% Astramm channel. Join me in the next 01:27:15.920 --> 01:27:17.830 align:start position:0% Astramm channel. Join me in the next short<01:27:16.400> where<01:27:16.639> we<01:27:16.880> will<01:27:17.040> see<01:27:17.280> the<01:27:17.520> final 01:27:17.830 --> 01:27:17.840 align:start position:0% short where we will see the final 01:27:17.840 --> 01:27:26.310 align:start position:0% short where we will see the final touchdown. 01:27:26.310 --> 01:27:26.320 align:start position:0% 01:27:26.320 --> 01:27:29.030 align:start position:0% In<01:27:26.560> this<01:27:26.880> incredible<01:27:27.600> realtime<01:27:28.159> video,<01:27:28.800> we 01:27:29.030 --> 01:27:29.040 align:start position:0% In this incredible realtime video, we 01:27:29.040 --> 01:27:30.709 align:start position:0% In this incredible realtime video, we can<01:27:29.120> see<01:27:29.280> the<01:27:29.520> final<01:27:29.840> touchdown<01:27:30.320> of<01:27:30.480> the 01:27:30.709 --> 01:27:30.719 align:start position:0% can see the final touchdown of the 01:27:30.719 --> 01:27:41.990 align:start position:0% can see the final touchdown of the Perseverance<01:27:31.360> rover's<01:27:31.920> descent<01:27:32.320> onto<01:27:32.719> Mars. 01:27:41.990 --> 01:27:42.000 align:start position:0% 01:27:42.000 --> 01:27:44.470 align:start position:0% At<01:27:42.320> this<01:27:42.480> point,<01:27:42.880> the<01:27:43.199> sky<01:27:43.520> crane<01:27:43.920> lowers<01:27:44.239> the 01:27:44.470 --> 01:27:44.480 align:start position:0% At this point, the sky crane lowers the 01:27:44.480 --> 01:27:47.430 align:start position:0% At this point, the sky crane lowers the rover,<01:27:45.199> holding<01:27:45.520> it<01:27:45.760> up<01:27:46.080> only<01:27:46.320> by<01:27:46.639> cables<01:27:47.199> as 01:27:47.430 --> 01:27:47.440 align:start position:0% rover, holding it up only by cables as 01:27:47.440 --> 01:27:50.149 align:start position:0% rover, holding it up only by cables as it<01:27:47.600> descends<01:27:48.080> very<01:27:48.400> gradually<01:27:49.360> using<01:27:49.840> small 01:27:50.149 --> 01:27:50.159 align:start position:0% it descends very gradually using small 01:27:50.159 --> 01:27:53.030 align:start position:0% it descends very gradually using small rockets<01:27:50.719> seen<01:27:50.960> on<01:27:51.199> the<01:27:51.280> edge<01:27:51.600> here.<01:27:52.800> The 01:27:53.030 --> 01:27:53.040 align:start position:0% rockets seen on the edge here. The 01:27:53.040 --> 01:27:55.350 align:start position:0% rockets seen on the edge here. The rockets<01:27:53.520> kick<01:27:53.760> up<01:27:53.920> more<01:27:54.159> and<01:27:54.480> more<01:27:54.639> dust<01:27:55.040> the 01:27:55.350 --> 01:27:55.360 align:start position:0% rockets kick up more and more dust the 01:27:55.360 --> 01:27:58.149 align:start position:0% rockets kick up more and more dust the closer<01:27:55.600> they<01:27:55.840> get<01:27:56.000> to<01:27:56.159> the<01:27:56.400> surface.<01:27:57.760> Once 01:27:58.149 --> 01:27:58.159 align:start position:0% closer they get to the surface. Once 01:27:58.159 --> 01:28:00.709 align:start position:0% closer they get to the surface. Once Perseverance<01:27:58.880> hits<01:27:59.199> the<01:27:59.360> surface,<01:28:00.159> the<01:28:00.400> sky 01:28:00.709 --> 01:28:00.719 align:start position:0% Perseverance hits the surface, the sky 01:28:00.719 --> 01:28:03.350 align:start position:0% Perseverance hits the surface, the sky crane<01:28:01.040> detaches<01:28:01.600> completely<01:28:02.480> and<01:28:02.800> shoots<01:28:03.120> off 01:28:03.350 --> 01:28:03.360 align:start position:0% crane detaches completely and shoots off 01:28:03.360 --> 01:28:05.910 align:start position:0% crane detaches completely and shoots off to<01:28:03.600> avoid<01:28:04.000> colliding<01:28:04.400> with<01:28:04.560> the<01:28:04.719> rover.<01:28:05.760> The 01:28:05.910 --> 01:28:05.920 align:start position:0% to avoid colliding with the rover. The 01:28:05.920 --> 01:28:08.070 align:start position:0% to avoid colliding with the rover. The Sky<01:28:06.320> Crane's<01:28:06.639> mission<01:28:06.960> is<01:28:07.120> done,<01:28:07.760> but 01:28:08.070 --> 01:28:08.080 align:start position:0% Sky Crane's mission is done, but 01:28:08.080 --> 01:28:12.310 align:start position:0% Sky Crane's mission is done, but Perseverances<01:28:09.040> is<01:28:09.280> only<01:28:09.600> just<01:28:09.920> beginning. 01:28:12.310 --> 01:28:12.320 align:start position:0% Perseverances is only just beginning. 01:28:12.320 --> 01:28:14.149 align:start position:0% Perseverances is only just beginning. I'm<01:28:12.560> Alex<01:28:12.880> McCoen<01:28:13.520> and<01:28:13.679> you're<01:28:13.840> watching<01:28:14.000> the 01:28:14.149 --> 01:28:14.159 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McCoen and you're watching the 01:28:14.159 --> 01:28:16.149 align:start position:0% I'm Alex McCoen and you're watching the Astramm<01:28:14.639> channel. 01:28:16.149 --> 01:28:16.159 align:start position:0% Astramm channel. 01:28:16.159 --> 01:28:18.629 align:start position:0% Astramm channel. Want<01:28:16.400> more<01:28:16.639> space<01:28:17.040> videos?<01:28:17.840> Don't<01:28:18.080> forget<01:28:18.400> to 01:28:18.629 --> 01:28:18.639 align:start position:0% Want more space videos? Don't forget to 01:28:18.639 --> 01:28:25.590 align:start position:0% Want more space videos? Don't forget to subscribe. 01:28:25.590 --> 01:28:25.600 align:start position:0% 01:28:25.600 --> 01:28:27.750 align:start position:0% I'm<01:28:25.840> happy<01:28:26.080> to<01:28:26.320> announce<01:28:26.639> we<01:28:26.880> have<01:28:27.040> a<01:28:27.360> weekly 01:28:27.750 --> 01:28:27.760 align:start position:0% I'm happy to announce we have a weekly 01:28:27.760 --> 01:28:29.750 align:start position:0% I'm happy to announce we have a weekly newsletter<01:28:28.320> to<01:28:28.639> keep<01:28:28.800> up<01:28:29.040> with<01:28:29.280> all<01:28:29.520> the 01:28:29.750 --> 01:28:29.760 align:start position:0% newsletter to keep up with all the 01:28:29.760 --> 01:28:31.910 align:start position:0% newsletter to keep up with all the discoveries<01:28:30.239> in<01:28:30.480> our<01:28:30.719> cosmos.<01:28:31.520> And<01:28:31.679> our 01:28:31.910 --> 01:28:31.920 align:start position:0% discoveries in our cosmos. And our 01:28:31.920 --> 01:28:33.910 align:start position:0% discoveries in our cosmos. And our designer,<01:28:32.400> Peter,<01:28:33.040> has<01:28:33.280> made<01:28:33.520> the<01:28:33.679> most 01:28:33.910 --> 01:28:33.920 align:start position:0% designer, Peter, has made the most 01:28:33.920 --> 01:28:36.149 align:start position:0% designer, Peter, has made the most beautiful<01:28:34.320> email<01:28:34.639> you'll<01:28:35.040> ever<01:28:35.199> receive. 01:28:36.149 --> 01:28:36.159 align:start position:0% beautiful email you'll ever receive. 01:28:36.159 --> 01:28:38.629 align:start position:0% beautiful email you'll ever receive. Sign<01:28:36.400> up<01:28:36.639> with<01:28:36.880> the<01:28:37.040> link<01:28:37.280> down<01:28:37.520> below.<01:28:38.400> It's 01:28:38.629 --> 01:28:38.639 align:start position:0% Sign up with the link down below. It's 01:28:38.639 --> 01:28:40.390 align:start position:0% Sign up with the link down below. It's the<01:28:38.800> best<01:28:38.960> way<01:28:39.120> to<01:28:39.360> stay<01:28:39.520> connected<01:28:40.000> between 01:28:40.390 --> 01:28:40.400 align:start position:0% the best way to stay connected between 01:28:40.400 --> 01:28:43.350 align:start position:0% the best way to stay connected between videos.<01:28:41.360> Short,<01:28:41.920> focused<01:28:42.320> updates<01:28:42.800> on<01:28:43.040> what's 01:28:43.350 --> 01:28:43.360 align:start position:0% videos. Short, focused updates on what's 01:28:43.360 --> 01:28:45.990 align:start position:0% videos. Short, focused updates on what's new<01:28:43.679> and<01:28:43.920> fascinating<01:28:44.480> in<01:28:44.719> space<01:28:45.040> each<01:28:45.360> week. 01:28:45.990 --> 01:28:46.000 align:start position:0% new and fascinating in space each week. 01:28:46.000 --> 01:28:49.270 align:start position:0% new and fascinating in space each week. No<01:28:46.239> spam,<01:28:46.960> no<01:28:47.199> filler,<01:28:47.920> just<01:28:48.080> the<01:28:48.320> good<01:28:48.560> stuff. 01:28:49.270 --> 01:28:49.280 align:start position:0% No spam, no filler, just the good stuff. 01:28:49.280 --> 01:28:51.750 align:start position:0% No spam, no filler, just the good stuff. You'll<01:28:49.520> get<01:28:49.679> the<01:28:49.840> latest<01:28:50.159> news,<01:28:50.800> visuals,<01:28:51.440> and 01:28:51.750 --> 01:28:51.760 align:start position:0% You'll get the latest news, visuals, and 01:28:51.760 --> 01:28:53.590 align:start position:0% You'll get the latest news, visuals, and insights<01:28:52.239> delivered<01:28:52.719> straight<01:28:53.120> into<01:28:53.440> your 01:28:53.590 --> 01:28:53.600 align:start position:0% insights delivered straight into your 01:28:53.600 --> 01:28:56.310 align:start position:0% insights delivered straight into your inbox.<01:28:54.639> If<01:28:54.800> you<01:28:54.960> enjoy<01:28:55.280> Astramm<01:28:55.840> videos, 01:28:56.310 --> 01:28:56.320 align:start position:0% inbox. If you enjoy Astramm videos, 01:28:56.320 --> 01:28:58.550 align:start position:0% inbox. 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