WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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The<00:00:02.560><c> universe</c><00:00:03.040><c> is</c><00:00:03.439><c> full</c><00:00:03.679><c> of</c><00:00:03.840><c> secrets</c><00:00:04.720><c> and</c><00:00:04.960><c> some</c>

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The universe is full of secrets and some
 

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The universe is full of secrets and some
of<00:00:05.279><c> the</c><00:00:05.520><c> most</c><00:00:05.759><c> incredible</c><00:00:06.400><c> ones</c><00:00:06.799><c> are</c><00:00:07.120><c> hiding</c>

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of the most incredible ones are hiding
 

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of the most incredible ones are hiding
just<00:00:08.080><c> beyond</c><00:00:08.480><c> the</c><00:00:08.720><c> reach</c><00:00:09.120><c> of</c><00:00:09.360><c> visible</c><00:00:09.840><c> light.</c>

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just beyond the reach of visible light.
 

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just beyond the reach of visible light.
What<00:00:11.280><c> if</c><00:00:11.440><c> I</c><00:00:11.679><c> told</c><00:00:11.840><c> you</c><00:00:12.000><c> that</c><00:00:12.240><c> more</c><00:00:12.480><c> than</c><00:00:12.800><c> 1.5</c>

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What if I told you that more than 1.5
 

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What if I told you that more than 1.5
billion<00:00:14.480><c> unseen</c><00:00:15.040><c> objects</c><00:00:16.000><c> from</c><00:00:16.480><c> galaxies</c><00:00:17.359><c> and</c>

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billion unseen objects from galaxies and
 

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billion unseen objects from galaxies and
newborn<00:00:18.320><c> stars</c><00:00:19.199><c> to</c><00:00:19.520><c> some</c><00:00:19.760><c> of</c><00:00:19.840><c> the</c><00:00:20.160><c> oldest</c>

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newborn stars to some of the oldest
 

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newborn stars to some of the oldest
stars<00:00:21.039><c> in</c><00:00:21.359><c> our</c><00:00:21.600><c> entire</c><00:00:22.160><c> galaxy</c><00:00:23.119><c> are</c><00:00:23.359><c> sitting</c>

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stars in our entire galaxy are sitting
 

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stars in our entire galaxy are sitting
just<00:00:24.400><c> out</c><00:00:24.640><c> of</c><00:00:24.800><c> reach</c><00:00:25.039><c> of</c><00:00:25.199><c> us</c><00:00:26.000><c> cloaked</c><00:00:26.480><c> in</c>

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just out of reach of us cloaked in
 

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just out of reach of us cloaked in
cosmic<00:00:27.439><c> dust.</c>

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That's<00:00:31.760><c> a</c><00:00:32.000><c> little</c><00:00:32.320><c> frustrating</c><00:00:32.960><c> to</c><00:00:33.200><c> think</c>

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That's a little frustrating to think
 

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That's a little frustrating to think
about,<00:00:33.840><c> isn't</c><00:00:34.079><c> it?</c><00:00:34.960><c> Until</c><00:00:35.600><c> now,</c><00:00:36.079><c> that</c><00:00:36.320><c> is</c>

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about, isn't it? Until now, that is
 

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about, isn't it? Until now, that is
because<00:00:37.760><c> thanks</c><00:00:38.079><c> to</c><00:00:38.239><c> the</c><00:00:38.480><c> European</c><00:00:39.040><c> Southern</c>

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because thanks to the European Southern
 

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because thanks to the European Southern
Observatory's<00:00:40.320><c> Visible</c><00:00:40.879><c> and</c><00:00:41.120><c> Infrared</c>

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Observatory's Visible and Infrared
 

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Observatory's Visible and Infrared
Survey<00:00:42.160><c> Telescope</c><00:00:42.640><c> for</c><00:00:42.800><c> Astronomy,</c><00:00:43.760><c> better</c>

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Survey Telescope for Astronomy, better
 

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Survey Telescope for Astronomy, better
known<00:00:44.399><c> as</c><00:00:44.719><c> VISTA,</c><00:00:45.760><c> we</c><00:00:46.160><c> can</c><00:00:46.879><c> finally</c><00:00:47.360><c> lift</c><00:00:47.680><c> the</c>

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known as VISTA, we can finally lift the
 

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known as VISTA, we can finally lift the
veil<00:00:48.239><c> on</c><00:00:48.399><c> these</c><00:00:48.719><c> hidden</c><00:00:49.120><c> wonders.</c>

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&gt;&gt; [music]

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&gt;&gt; [music]
 

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&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; For<00:00:54.160><c> the</c><00:00:54.320><c> first</c><00:00:54.559><c> time</c><00:00:54.719><c> in</c><00:00:54.960><c> human</c><00:00:55.280><c> history,</c><00:00:56.000><c> we</c>

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&gt;&gt; For the first time in human history, we
 

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&gt;&gt; For the first time in human history, we
have<00:00:56.399><c> a</c><00:00:56.800><c> pretty</c><00:00:57.199><c> comprehensive</c><00:00:58.000><c> infrared</c><00:00:58.640><c> map</c>

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have a pretty comprehensive infrared map
 

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have a pretty comprehensive infrared map
of<00:00:59.120><c> the</c><00:00:59.280><c> Milky</c><00:00:59.680><c> Way.</c><00:01:00.480><c> One</c><00:01:00.640><c> that</c><00:01:00.960><c> pierces</c>

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of the Milky Way. One that pierces
 

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of the Milky Way. One that pierces
through<00:01:02.000><c> the</c><00:01:02.239><c> obscuring</c><00:01:02.879><c> fog</c><00:01:03.199><c> of</c><00:01:03.440><c> space</c><00:01:04.080><c> to</c>

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through the obscuring fog of space to
 

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through the obscuring fog of space to
reveal<00:01:04.799><c> an</c><00:01:05.040><c> unprecedented</c><00:01:05.840><c> view</c><00:01:06.080><c> of</c><00:01:06.320><c> our</c>

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reveal an unprecedented view of our
 

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reveal an unprecedented view of our
galaxy<00:01:07.520><c> and</c><00:01:07.920><c> what</c><00:01:08.159><c> lies</c><00:01:08.479><c> beyond.</c>

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galaxy and what lies beyond.
 

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galaxy and what lies beyond.
I'm<00:01:10.880><c> Alex</c><00:01:11.200><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:11.920><c> and</c><00:01:12.080><c> you're</c><00:01:12.320><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:13.520><c> Join</c><00:01:13.840><c> me</c><00:01:14.080><c> today</c><00:01:14.560><c> as</c><00:01:14.799><c> we</c><00:01:15.119><c> appreciate</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we appreciate
 

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Astramm. Join me today as we appreciate
how<00:01:16.240><c> this</c><00:01:16.560><c> firstofits-kind</c><00:01:16.635><c> [music]</c>

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how this firstofits-kind [music]
 

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how this firstofits-kind [music]
map<00:01:17.920><c> was</c><00:01:18.320><c> made</c><00:01:19.119><c> and</c><00:01:19.439><c> take</c><00:01:19.600><c> a</c><00:01:19.840><c> look</c><00:01:20.000><c> at</c><00:01:20.240><c> some</c>

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map was made and take a look at some
 

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map was made and take a look at some
stunning<00:01:21.280><c> images</c><00:01:21.875><c> [music]</c><00:01:22.000><c> that</c><00:01:22.240><c> reveal</c>

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stunning images [music] that reveal
 

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stunning images [music] that reveal
previously<00:01:23.600><c> unknown</c><00:01:24.159><c> stars</c><00:01:25.040><c> across</c><00:01:25.600><c> our</c>

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previously unknown stars across our
 

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previously unknown stars across our
galaxy.

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In<00:01:34.000><c> September</c><00:01:34.560><c> 2024,</c><00:01:35.600><c> VISTA</c><00:01:36.159><c> published</c><00:01:36.640><c> the</c>

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In September 2024, VISTA published the
 

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In September 2024, VISTA published the
largest<00:01:37.360><c> and</c><00:01:37.680><c> most</c><00:01:37.920><c> detailed</c><00:01:38.400><c> infrared</c>

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largest and most detailed infrared
 

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largest and most detailed infrared
survey<00:01:39.360><c> of</c><00:01:39.520><c> the</c><00:01:39.680><c> Milky</c><00:01:40.079><c> Way</c><00:01:40.479><c> ever</c><00:01:40.880><c> undertaken,</c>

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survey of the Milky Way ever undertaken,
 

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survey of the Milky Way ever undertaken,
encompassing<00:01:42.960><c> a</c><00:01:43.280><c> 13-year</c><00:01:43.920><c> period</c><00:01:44.479><c> from</c><00:01:44.799><c> 2010</c>

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encompassing a 13-year period from 2010
 

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encompassing a 13-year period from 2010
to<00:01:45.600><c> 2023</c><00:01:46.799><c> across</c><00:01:47.920><c> 140</c><00:01:48.399><c> nights</c><00:01:48.720><c> of</c>

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to 2023 across 140 nights of
 

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to 2023 across 140 nights of
observation.<00:01:50.000><c> This</c><00:01:50.240><c> project</c><00:01:50.640><c> has</c><00:01:50.880><c> captured</c>

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observation. This project has captured
 

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observation. This project has captured
around<00:01:52.159><c> 200,000</c><00:01:53.439><c> images</c><00:01:54.159><c> and</c><00:01:54.479><c> generated</c><00:01:55.600><c> 500</c>

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around 200,000 images and generated 500
 

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around 200,000 images and generated 500
terab<00:01:57.119><c> of</c><00:01:57.360><c> data.</c>

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terab of data.
 

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terab of data.
That's<00:01:59.280><c> the</c><00:01:59.520><c> same</c><00:01:59.759><c> amount</c><00:02:00.000><c> of</c><00:02:00.240><c> data</c><00:02:00.640><c> as</c><00:02:00.880><c> it</c>

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That's the same amount of data as it
 

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That's the same amount of data as it
would<00:02:01.280><c> take</c><00:02:01.520><c> to</c><00:02:01.759><c> stream</c><00:02:02.159><c> a</c><00:02:02.479><c> 4K</c><00:02:03.040><c> video</c><00:02:03.680><c> for</c>

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would take to stream a 4K video for
 

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would take to stream a 4K video for
nearly<00:02:04.479><c> three</c><00:02:05.040><c> years</c><00:02:05.439><c> straight.</c><00:02:06.799><c> VISTA</c><00:02:07.360><c> is</c>

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nearly three years straight. VISTA is
 

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nearly three years straight. VISTA is
part<00:02:07.840><c> of</c><00:02:08.080><c> ISO's</c><00:02:08.720><c> paranal</c><00:02:09.280><c> observatory</c>

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part of ISO's paranal observatory
 

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part of ISO's paranal observatory
located<00:02:10.399><c> in</c><00:02:10.640><c> Chile</c><00:02:11.520><c> with</c><00:02:11.760><c> its</c><00:02:12.000><c> main</c><00:02:12.239><c> focus</c>

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located in Chile with its main focus
 

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located in Chile with its main focus
being<00:02:13.040><c> to</c><00:02:13.280><c> map</c><00:02:13.760><c> large</c><00:02:14.319><c> areas</c><00:02:14.800><c> of</c><00:02:14.959><c> the</c><00:02:15.200><c> sky.</c>

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being to map large areas of the sky.
 

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being to map large areas of the sky.
Using<00:02:17.760><c> Vista's</c><00:02:18.319><c> infrared</c><00:02:18.879><c> camera,</c><00:02:19.520><c> known</c><00:02:19.840><c> as</c>

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Using Vista's infrared camera, known as
 

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Using Vista's infrared camera, known as
Veram,<00:02:21.280><c> the</c><00:02:21.440><c> team</c><00:02:21.680><c> was</c><00:02:21.920><c> able</c><00:02:22.080><c> to</c><00:02:22.319><c> peer</c><00:02:22.640><c> through</c>

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Veram, the team was able to peer through
 

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Veram, the team was able to peer through
the<00:02:23.120><c> dust</c><00:02:23.440><c> and</c><00:02:23.680><c> gas</c><00:02:23.920><c> that</c><00:02:24.239><c> permeates</c><00:02:24.800><c> our</c>

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the dust and gas that permeates our
 

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the dust and gas that permeates our
galaxy<00:02:26.000><c> and</c><00:02:26.319><c> uncover</c><00:02:26.879><c> some</c><00:02:27.040><c> of</c><00:02:27.120><c> the</c><00:02:27.280><c> Milky</c>

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galaxy and uncover some of the Milky
 

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galaxy and uncover some of the Milky
Way's<00:02:28.000><c> most</c><00:02:28.239><c> hidden</c><00:02:28.720><c> places.</c>

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Traditional<00:02:32.400><c> telescopes</c><00:02:33.040><c> allow</c><00:02:33.280><c> us</c><00:02:33.440><c> to</c><00:02:33.599><c> view</c>

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Traditional telescopes allow us to view
 

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Traditional telescopes allow us to view
[music]<00:02:34.000><c> space</c><00:02:34.480><c> in</c><00:02:34.879><c> visible</c><00:02:35.280><c> wavelengths,</c>

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[music] space in visible wavelengths,
 

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[music] space in visible wavelengths,
which<00:02:36.560><c> range</c><00:02:36.959><c> between</c><00:02:37.440><c> about</c><00:02:38.080><c> 380</c><00:02:39.200><c> to</c><00:02:39.680><c> 700</c>

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which range between about 380 to 700
 

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which range between about 380 to 700
nanome.<00:02:41.599><c> But</c><00:02:41.840><c> VISTA</c><00:02:42.400><c> isn't</c><00:02:42.800><c> like</c><00:02:43.200><c> traditional</c>

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nanome. But VISTA isn't like traditional
 

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nanome. But VISTA isn't like traditional
telescopes.

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telescopes.
 

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telescopes.
Instead<00:02:45.680><c> of</c><00:02:45.920><c> relying</c><00:02:46.319><c> on</c><00:02:46.560><c> visible</c><00:02:46.959><c> light</c>

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Instead of relying on visible light
 

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Instead of relying on visible light
alone,<00:02:48.080><c> Vista</c><00:02:48.560><c> operates</c><00:02:49.040><c> at</c><00:02:49.280><c> infrared</c>

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alone, Vista operates at infrared
 

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alone, Vista operates at infrared
wavelengths<00:02:50.640><c> between</c><00:02:50.956><c> [music]</c><00:02:51.120><c> 900</c><00:02:51.840><c> and</c>

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wavelengths between [music] 900 and
 

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wavelengths between [music] 900 and
1,200<00:02:53.440><c> nanome,</c><00:02:54.640><c> allowing</c><00:02:54.959><c> it</c><00:02:55.200><c> to</c><00:02:55.360><c> detect</c>

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1,200 nanome, allowing it to detect
 

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1,200 nanome, allowing it to detect
otherwise<00:02:56.319><c> invisible</c><00:02:57.040><c> objects</c><00:02:57.519><c> like</c><00:02:57.840><c> stars</c>

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otherwise invisible objects like stars
 

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otherwise invisible objects like stars
obscured<00:02:58.879><c> by</c><00:02:59.040><c> dust</c><00:02:59.840><c> and</c><00:03:00.400><c> called</c><00:03:00.879><c> brown</c>

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obscured by dust and called brown
 

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obscured by dust and called brown
dwarfs,<00:03:02.000><c> also</c><00:03:02.319><c> known</c><00:03:02.480><c> as</c><00:03:02.640><c> failed</c><00:03:03.120><c> stars,</c>

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dwarfs, also known as failed stars,
 

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dwarfs, also known as failed stars,
which<00:03:04.159><c> don't</c><00:03:04.480><c> emit</c><00:03:04.879><c> enough</c><00:03:05.120><c> visible</c><00:03:05.519><c> light</c><00:03:05.840><c> to</c>

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which don't emit enough visible light to
 

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which don't emit enough visible light to
be<00:03:06.159><c> seen</c><00:03:06.400><c> with</c><00:03:06.640><c> a</c><00:03:06.879><c> traditional</c><00:03:07.360><c> telescope.</c>

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be seen with a traditional telescope.
 

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be seen with a traditional telescope.
To<00:03:09.360><c> get</c><00:03:09.519><c> an</c><00:03:09.760><c> idea</c><00:03:10.000><c> of</c><00:03:10.239><c> the</c><00:03:10.480><c> difference</c><00:03:10.879><c> between</c>

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To get an idea of the difference between
 

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To get an idea of the difference between
[music]<00:03:11.360><c> visible</c><00:03:11.760><c> and</c><00:03:12.000><c> infrared</c><00:03:12.480><c> light,</c><00:03:13.360><c> take</c>

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[music] visible and infrared light, take
 

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[music] visible and infrared light, take
a<00:03:13.760><c> look</c><00:03:14.000><c> at</c><00:03:14.239><c> these</c><00:03:14.640><c> two</c><00:03:14.879><c> images</c><00:03:15.360><c> of</c><00:03:15.599><c> the</c>

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a look at these two images of the
 

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a look at these two images of the
Lobster<00:03:16.400><c> Nebula</c><00:03:17.120><c> or</c><00:03:17.440><c> NGC</c><00:03:18.319><c> 6357.</c>

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Lobster Nebula or NGC 6357.
 

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Lobster Nebula or NGC 6357.
One<00:03:20.159><c> taken</c><00:03:20.560><c> in</c><00:03:20.720><c> visible</c><00:03:21.120><c> light</c><00:03:21.680><c> and</c><00:03:21.920><c> the</c><00:03:22.159><c> other</c>

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One taken in visible light and the other
 

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One taken in visible light and the other
with<00:03:22.879><c> Vista's</c><00:03:23.440><c> telescope.</c><00:03:24.800><c> We</c><00:03:25.120><c> can</c><00:03:25.280><c> see</c><00:03:25.440><c> that</c>

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with Vista's telescope. We can see that
 

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with Vista's telescope. We can see that
in<00:03:26.239><c> the</c><00:03:26.400><c> infrared,</c><00:03:27.200><c> the</c><00:03:27.440><c> dust</c><00:03:27.760><c> that</c><00:03:28.000><c> obscures</c>

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in the infrared, the dust that obscures
 

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in the infrared, the dust that obscures
our<00:03:28.800><c> field</c><00:03:29.040><c> of</c><00:03:29.280><c> view</c><00:03:29.599><c> seems</c><00:03:29.920><c> to</c><00:03:30.239><c> disappear,</c>

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our field of view seems to disappear,
 

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our field of view seems to disappear,
revealing<00:03:31.920><c> what</c><00:03:32.319><c> look</c><00:03:32.640><c> like</c><00:03:33.360><c> hundreds</c><00:03:33.920><c> of</c>

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revealing what look like hundreds of
 

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revealing what look like hundreds of
thousands<00:03:35.280><c> or</c><00:03:35.599><c> maybe</c><00:03:35.920><c> even</c><00:03:36.400><c> millions</c><00:03:37.280><c> of</c>

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thousands or maybe even millions of
 

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thousands or maybe even millions of
previously<00:03:38.239><c> invisible</c><00:03:38.879><c> stars.</c>

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The<00:03:42.400><c> map</c><00:03:42.720><c> was</c><00:03:42.959><c> created</c><00:03:43.360><c> through</c><00:03:43.760><c> Vista</c>

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The map was created through Vista
 

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The map was created through Vista
variables<00:03:44.959><c> in</c><00:03:45.200><c> the</c><00:03:45.360><c> Via</c><00:03:45.760><c> Lakia</c><00:03:46.879><c> or</c><00:03:47.200><c> VVV</c>

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variables in the Via Lakia or VVV
 

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variables in the Via Lakia or VVV
survey.<00:03:49.120><c> Via</c><00:03:49.519><c> Lakia</c><00:03:50.319><c> being</c><00:03:50.560><c> the</c><00:03:50.799><c> Latin</c><00:03:51.200><c> name</c>

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survey. Via Lakia being the Latin name
 

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survey. Via Lakia being the Latin name
for<00:03:51.519><c> the</c><00:03:51.680><c> Milky</c><00:03:52.000><c> Way</c><00:03:52.720><c> and</c><00:03:52.959><c> its</c><00:03:53.360><c> companion</c>

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for the Milky Way and its companion
 

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for the Milky Way and its companion
project,<00:03:54.400><c> the</c><00:03:54.640><c> VVV</c><00:03:55.680><c> Extended</c><00:03:56.319><c> Survey</c><00:03:57.040><c> or</c><00:03:57.439><c> VVX.</c>

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The<00:04:00.879><c> data</c><00:04:01.200><c> collected</c><00:04:01.599><c> from</c><00:04:01.760><c> these</c><00:04:02.159><c> two</c>

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The data collected from these two
 

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The data collected from these two
companion<00:04:02.959><c> projects</c><00:04:03.439><c> that</c><00:04:03.680><c> make</c><00:04:03.920><c> up</c><00:04:04.000><c> the</c>

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companion projects that make up the
 

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companion projects that make up the
Vista<00:04:04.640><c> Infrared</c><00:04:05.120><c> Survey</c><00:04:05.920><c> have</c><00:04:06.239><c> already</c><00:04:06.560><c> led</c>

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Vista Infrared Survey have already led
 

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Vista Infrared Survey have already led
to<00:04:06.959><c> the</c><00:04:07.200><c> publication</c><00:04:07.680><c> of</c><00:04:08.000><c> more</c><00:04:08.239><c> than</c><00:04:08.640><c> 300</c>

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to the publication of more than 300
 

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to the publication of more than 300
scientific<00:04:10.080><c> articles.</c>

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scientific articles.
 

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scientific articles.
Unlike<00:04:12.239><c> other</c><00:04:12.640><c> recent</c><00:04:13.040><c> space</c><00:04:13.360><c> maps,</c><00:04:14.080><c> this</c><00:04:14.319><c> is</c>

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Unlike other recent space maps, this is
 

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Unlike other recent space maps, this is
one<00:04:14.799><c> of</c><00:04:14.879><c> the</c><00:04:15.120><c> most</c><00:04:15.599><c> detailed</c><00:04:16.160><c> ones</c><00:04:16.720><c> ever</c><00:04:17.120><c> made.</c>

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It's<00:04:20.639><c> the</c><00:04:20.959><c> first</c><00:04:21.280><c> infrared</c><00:04:21.840><c> survey</c><00:04:22.240><c> to</c><00:04:22.400><c> cover</c>

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It's the first infrared survey to cover
 

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It's the first infrared survey to cover
nearly<00:04:23.280><c> 80%</c><00:04:24.240><c> of</c><00:04:24.479><c> the</c><00:04:24.720><c> Milky</c><00:04:25.040><c> Way's</c><00:04:25.520><c> luminous</c>

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nearly 80% of the Milky Way's luminous
 

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nearly 80% of the Milky Way's luminous
mass<00:04:26.880><c> and</c><00:04:27.199><c> provides</c><00:04:27.600><c> the</c><00:04:27.919><c> largest</c><00:04:28.320><c> infrared</c>

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mass and provides the largest infrared
 

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mass and provides the largest infrared
catalog<00:04:29.600><c> ever</c><00:04:29.919><c> made</c><00:04:30.400><c> of</c><00:04:30.720><c> our</c><00:04:30.960><c> galaxy's</c>

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catalog ever made of our galaxy's
 

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catalog ever made of our galaxy's
central<00:04:32.160><c> region.</c><00:04:33.280><c> It</c><00:04:33.520><c> allows</c><00:04:33.840><c> astronomers</c><00:04:34.560><c> to</c>

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central region. It allows astronomers to
 

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central region. It allows astronomers to
study<00:04:35.040><c> our</c><00:04:35.360><c> galaxy</c><00:04:35.840><c> in</c><00:04:36.080><c> finer</c><00:04:36.479><c> detail</c><00:04:36.880><c> than</c>

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study our galaxy in finer detail than
 

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study our galaxy in finer detail than
ever<00:04:37.360><c> before.</c><00:04:38.560><c> This</c><00:04:38.800><c> survey</c><00:04:39.199><c> gives</c><00:04:39.440><c> us</c><00:04:39.759><c> an</c>

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ever before. This survey gives us an
 

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ever before. This survey gives us an
accurate<00:04:40.800><c> 3D</c><00:04:41.360><c> view</c><00:04:41.840><c> of</c><00:04:42.080><c> the</c><00:04:42.320><c> inner</c><00:04:42.639><c> regions</c><00:04:42.960><c> of</c>

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accurate 3D view of the inner regions of
 

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accurate 3D view of the inner regions of
the<00:04:43.280><c> Milky</c><00:04:43.600><c> Way</c><00:04:44.160><c> which</c><00:04:44.479><c> were</c><00:04:44.800><c> previously</c>

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the Milky Way which were previously
 

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the Milky Way which were previously
hidden<00:04:45.840><c> by</c><00:04:46.080><c> dust.</c><00:04:47.040><c> It</c><00:04:47.280><c> covers</c><00:04:47.600><c> an</c><00:04:47.759><c> area</c><00:04:48.080><c> of</c><00:04:48.240><c> the</c>

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hidden by dust. It covers an area of the
 

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hidden by dust. It covers an area of the
sky<00:04:48.880><c> equivalent</c><00:04:49.360><c> to</c><00:04:49.600><c> 8,600</c>

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sky equivalent to 8,600
 

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sky equivalent to 8,600
full<00:04:51.840><c> moons</c><00:04:52.639><c> and</c><00:04:52.880><c> contains</c><00:04:53.440><c> about</c><00:04:53.919><c> 10</c><00:04:54.240><c> times</c>

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full moons and contains about 10 times
 

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full moons and contains about 10 times
more<00:04:54.960><c> objects</c><00:04:55.680><c> than</c><00:04:56.080><c> any</c><00:04:56.560><c> previously</c>

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more objects than any previously
 

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more objects than any previously
published<00:04:57.600><c> infrared</c><00:04:58.080><c> map</c><00:04:58.400><c> from</c><00:04:58.800><c> 2012.</c>

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Our<00:05:03.199><c> Milky</c><00:05:03.520><c> Way</c><00:05:03.919><c> consists</c><00:05:04.400><c> of</c><00:05:04.639><c> a</c><00:05:04.960><c> central</c>

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Our Milky Way consists of a central
 

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Our Milky Way consists of a central
bulge,<00:05:06.240><c> a</c><00:05:06.479><c> dense,</c><00:05:07.199><c> bright,</c><00:05:07.840><c> puffed</c><00:05:08.240><c> up</c>

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bulge, a dense, bright, puffed up
 

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bulge, a dense, bright, puffed up
collection<00:05:08.880><c> of</c><00:05:09.120><c> stars</c><00:05:09.840><c> with</c><00:05:10.080><c> a</c><00:05:10.240><c> flat</c><00:05:10.560><c> disc</c><00:05:10.880><c> of</c>

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collection of stars with a flat disc of
 

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collection of stars with a flat disc of
two<00:05:11.600><c> spiral</c><00:05:12.080><c> arms</c><00:05:12.560><c> wrapping</c><00:05:13.039><c> from</c><00:05:13.280><c> the</c><00:05:13.520><c> ends.</c>

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two spiral arms wrapping from the ends.
 

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two spiral arms wrapping from the ends.
This<00:05:14.800><c> image</c><00:05:15.280><c> shows</c><00:05:15.600><c> the</c><00:05:15.919><c> area</c><00:05:16.240><c> of</c><00:05:16.400><c> our</c><00:05:16.639><c> galaxy</c>

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This image shows the area of our galaxy
 

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This image shows the area of our galaxy
that<00:05:17.280><c> was</c><00:05:17.440><c> mapped</c><00:05:17.680><c> in</c><00:05:17.840><c> the</c><00:05:18.000><c> survey.</c><00:05:18.800><c> The</c><00:05:19.039><c> red</c>

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that was mapped in the survey. The red
 

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that was mapped in the survey. The red
squares<00:05:19.680><c> mark</c><00:05:19.919><c> the</c><00:05:20.080><c> central</c><00:05:20.479><c> regions</c><00:05:20.800><c> of</c><00:05:20.880><c> the</c>

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squares mark the central regions of the
 

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squares mark the central regions of the
galaxy<00:05:21.759><c> which</c><00:05:22.000><c> were</c><00:05:22.240><c> observed</c><00:05:22.639><c> by</c><00:05:22.800><c> the</c>

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galaxy which were observed by the
 

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galaxy which were observed by the
original<00:05:23.440><c> survey</c><00:05:24.080><c> and</c><00:05:24.320><c> then</c><00:05:24.720><c> reobserved</c>

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original survey and then reobserved
 

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original survey and then reobserved
again<00:05:25.840><c> by</c><00:05:26.080><c> the</c><00:05:26.320><c> extended</c><00:05:26.720><c> survey.</c><00:05:27.919><c> And</c><00:05:28.080><c> the</c>

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again by the extended survey. And the
 

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again by the extended survey. And the
other<00:05:28.479><c> square</c><00:05:28.800><c> colors</c><00:05:29.120><c> show</c><00:05:29.440><c> areas</c><00:05:29.759><c> that</c><00:05:30.000><c> were</c>

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other square colors show areas that were
 

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other square colors show areas that were
only<00:05:30.560><c> observed</c><00:05:31.120><c> as</c><00:05:31.360><c> part</c><00:05:31.600><c> of</c><00:05:31.759><c> the</c><00:05:32.000><c> extended</c>

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only observed as part of the extended
 

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only observed as part of the extended
survey.<00:05:33.680><c> From</c><00:05:34.000><c> this</c><00:05:34.240><c> image,</c><00:05:34.720><c> you</c><00:05:35.039><c> can</c><00:05:35.199><c> see</c>

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survey. From this image, you can see
 

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survey. From this image, you can see
that<00:05:35.600><c> these</c><00:05:36.000><c> surveys</c><00:05:36.479><c> have</c><00:05:36.800><c> focused</c><00:05:37.360><c> right</c><00:05:37.759><c> on</c>

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that these surveys have focused right on
 

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that these surveys have focused right on
the<00:05:38.240><c> central</c><00:05:38.639><c> plane</c><00:05:39.039><c> of</c><00:05:39.199><c> our</c><00:05:39.520><c> galaxy,</c>

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the central plane of our galaxy,
 

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the central plane of our galaxy,
spanning<00:05:41.120><c> part</c><00:05:41.440><c> of</c><00:05:41.600><c> the</c><00:05:41.759><c> disc</c><00:05:42.400><c> and</c><00:05:42.639><c> most</c><00:05:42.960><c> of</c>

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spanning part of the disc and most of
 

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spanning part of the disc and most of
the<00:05:43.360><c> nuclear</c><00:05:43.840><c> bulge.</c><00:05:45.039><c> But</c><00:05:45.680><c> what</c><00:05:46.000><c> has</c><00:05:46.560><c> Vista</c>

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the nuclear bulge. But what has Vista
 

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the nuclear bulge. But what has Vista
revealed?

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revealed?
 

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revealed?
Argentinian<00:05:50.080><c> astrophysicist</c><00:05:50.960><c> Dante</c><00:05:51.440><c> Maniti,</c>

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Argentinian astrophysicist Dante Maniti,
 

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Argentinian astrophysicist Dante Maniti,
who<00:05:52.320><c> led</c><00:05:52.479><c> the</c><00:05:52.639><c> survey</c><00:05:53.039><c> project,</c><00:05:53.440><c> said,</c><00:05:53.919><c> "We've</c>

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who led the survey project, said, "We've
 

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who led the survey project, said, "We've
made<00:05:54.800><c> so</c><00:05:55.199><c> many</c><00:05:55.600><c> discoveries,</c><00:05:56.479><c> we</c><00:05:56.720><c> have</c>

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made so many discoveries, we have
 

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made so many discoveries, we have
changed<00:05:57.280><c> the</c><00:05:57.600><c> view</c><00:05:57.840><c> of</c><00:05:58.080><c> our</c><00:05:58.400><c> galaxy</c><00:05:59.039><c> forever."</c>

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changed the view of our galaxy forever."
 

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changed the view of our galaxy forever."
And<00:06:00.800><c> as</c><00:06:01.039><c> much</c><00:06:01.199><c> as</c><00:06:01.360><c> I'd</c><00:06:01.600><c> love</c><00:06:01.759><c> to</c><00:06:01.919><c> talk</c><00:06:02.160><c> about</c>

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And as much as I'd love to talk about
 

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And as much as I'd love to talk about
all<00:06:02.720><c> of</c><00:06:02.880><c> them</c><00:06:03.120><c> in</c><00:06:03.360><c> this</c><00:06:03.520><c> video,</c><00:06:04.240><c> it's</c><00:06:04.560><c> probably</c>

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all of them in this video, it's probably
 

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all of them in this video, it's probably
best<00:06:05.199><c> I</c><00:06:05.440><c> stick</c><00:06:05.600><c> to</c><00:06:05.840><c> some</c><00:06:06.000><c> of</c><00:06:06.080><c> the</c><00:06:06.240><c> highlights.</c>

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best I stick to some of the highlights.
 

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best I stick to some of the highlights.
As<00:06:08.080><c> part</c><00:06:08.240><c> of</c><00:06:08.319><c> the</c><00:06:08.479><c> survey</c><00:06:08.880><c> in</c><00:06:09.120><c> 2015,</c><00:06:10.080><c> Vista</c>

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As part of the survey in 2015, Vista
 

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As part of the survey in 2015, Vista
turned<00:06:10.800><c> its</c><00:06:11.039><c> attention</c><00:06:11.360><c> to</c><00:06:11.600><c> the</c><00:06:11.759><c> star</c>

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turned its attention to the star
 

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turned its attention to the star
formation<00:06:12.639><c> region</c><00:06:13.199><c> of</c><00:06:13.520><c> Messia</c><00:06:14.160><c> 20,</c><00:06:14.960><c> also</c>

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formation region of Messia 20, also
 

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formation region of Messia 20, also
known<00:06:15.600><c> as</c><00:06:15.840><c> the</c><00:06:16.080><c> Trifford</c><00:06:16.639><c> Nebula,</c><00:06:17.360><c> which</c><00:06:17.680><c> lies</c>

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known as the Trifford Nebula, which lies
 

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known as the Trifford Nebula, which lies
about<00:06:18.400><c> 9,000</c><00:06:19.120><c> lighty</c><00:06:19.360><c> years</c><00:06:19.600><c> from</c><00:06:19.759><c> Earth.</c>

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about 9,000 lighty years from Earth.
 

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about 9,000 lighty years from Earth.
Viewed<00:06:21.360><c> in</c><00:06:21.520><c> visible</c><00:06:21.919><c> light</c><00:06:22.240><c> in</c><00:06:22.479><c> this</c><00:06:22.639><c> image,</c>

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Viewed in visible light in this image,
 

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Viewed in visible light in this image,
we<00:06:23.360><c> can</c><00:06:23.520><c> see</c><00:06:23.759><c> a</c><00:06:24.240><c> beautiful</c><00:06:24.720><c> nebula</c><00:06:25.600><c> glowing</c>

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we can see a beautiful nebula glowing
 

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we can see a beautiful nebula glowing
pink<00:06:26.400><c> from</c><00:06:26.639><c> the</c><00:06:26.800><c> emission</c><00:06:27.199><c> of</c><00:06:27.600><c> ionized</c>

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pink from the emission of ionized
 

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pink from the emission of ionized
hydrogen<00:06:28.880><c> and</c><00:06:29.199><c> surrounded</c><00:06:29.680><c> by</c><00:06:29.919><c> a</c><00:06:30.240><c> blue</c><00:06:30.560><c> haze</c>

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hydrogen and surrounded by a blue haze
 

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hydrogen and surrounded by a blue haze
of<00:06:31.199><c> scattered</c><00:06:31.600><c> light</c><00:06:31.919><c> from</c><00:06:32.240><c> young</c><00:06:32.720><c> hot</c><00:06:33.120><c> stars.</c>

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of scattered light from young hot stars.
 

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of scattered light from young hot stars.
The<00:06:34.319><c> cloud</c><00:06:34.639><c> of</c><00:06:34.800><c> gas</c><00:06:35.120><c> and</c><00:06:35.360><c> dust</c><00:06:36.000><c> is</c><00:06:36.240><c> obscuring</c>

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The cloud of gas and dust is obscuring
 

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The cloud of gas and dust is obscuring
the<00:06:36.960><c> star-filled</c><00:06:37.680><c> space</c><00:06:38.000><c> behind</c><00:06:38.319><c> it.</c><00:06:39.360><c> Now</c>

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the star-filled space behind it. Now
 

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the star-filled space behind it. Now
look<00:06:40.000><c> at</c><00:06:40.240><c> this</c><00:06:40.479><c> second</c><00:06:40.800><c> image</c><00:06:41.199><c> taken</c><00:06:41.520><c> by</c>

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look at this second image taken by
 

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look at this second image taken by
Vista's<00:06:42.240><c> infrared</c><00:06:42.880><c> camera.</c>

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Vista's infrared camera.
 

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Vista's infrared camera.
Peering<00:06:44.960><c> beyond</c><00:06:45.440><c> the</c><00:06:45.759><c> clouds</c><00:06:46.240><c> reveals</c><00:06:47.199><c> a</c>

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Peering beyond the clouds reveals a
 

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Peering beyond the clouds reveals a
whole<00:06:48.240><c> swarm</c><00:06:48.800><c> of</c><00:06:49.039><c> new</c><00:06:49.360><c> stars.</c>

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whole swarm of new stars.
 

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whole swarm of new stars.
This<00:06:51.680><c> image</c><00:06:52.080><c> not</c><00:06:52.319><c> only</c><00:06:52.479><c> allows</c><00:06:52.800><c> us</c><00:06:52.960><c> to</c><00:06:53.120><c> see</c>

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This image not only allows us to see
 

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This image not only allows us to see
through<00:06:53.680><c> the</c><00:06:53.840><c> Triid</c><00:06:54.400><c> Nebula,</c><00:06:55.600><c> but</c><00:06:56.000><c> by</c><00:06:56.400><c> chance</c>

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through the Triid Nebula, but by chance
 

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through the Triid Nebula, but by chance
it<00:06:57.360><c> revealed</c><00:06:57.840><c> objects</c><00:06:58.319><c> on</c><00:06:58.639><c> the</c><00:06:58.800><c> far</c><00:06:59.199><c> side</c><00:06:59.520><c> of</c>

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it revealed objects on the far side of
 

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it revealed objects on the far side of
our<00:06:59.919><c> galaxy</c><00:07:00.800><c> that</c><00:07:01.199><c> had</c><00:07:01.599><c> never</c><00:07:02.160><c> been</c><00:07:02.400><c> seen</c>

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our galaxy that had never been seen
 

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our galaxy that had never been seen
before.<00:07:04.000><c> To</c><00:07:04.240><c> their</c><00:07:04.479><c> surprise,</c><00:07:05.039><c> astronomers</c>

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before. To their surprise, astronomers
 

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before. To their surprise, astronomers
identified<00:07:06.560><c> two</c><00:07:06.880><c> faint</c><00:07:07.680><c> reened</c><00:07:08.240><c> objects</c><00:07:08.880><c> as</c>

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identified two faint reened objects as
 

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identified two faint reened objects as
seafed<00:07:10.479><c> variable</c><00:07:11.120><c> stars.</c><00:07:12.400><c> While</c><00:07:12.720><c> they</c><00:07:12.960><c> appear</c>

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seafed variable stars. While they appear
 

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seafed variable stars. While they appear
in<00:07:13.599><c> the</c><00:07:13.759><c> image</c><00:07:14.080><c> to</c><00:07:14.319><c> be</c><00:07:14.639><c> just</c><00:07:14.960><c> behind</c><00:07:15.440><c> the</c><00:07:15.759><c> edge</c>

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in the image to be just behind the edge
 

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in the image to be just behind the edge
of<00:07:16.080><c> the</c><00:07:16.240><c> Triford</c><00:07:16.800><c> Nebula,</c><00:07:17.680><c> in</c><00:07:17.919><c> reality</c><00:07:18.479><c> they</c>

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of the Triford Nebula, in reality they
 

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of the Triford Nebula, in reality they
are<00:07:19.039><c> very</c><00:07:19.440><c> distant</c><00:07:20.240><c> about</c><00:07:20.800><c> seven</c><00:07:21.199><c> times</c>

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are very distant about seven times
 

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are very distant about seven times
farther<00:07:22.000><c> than</c><00:07:22.160><c> the</c><00:07:22.319><c> nebula</c><00:07:22.800><c> that</c><00:07:23.199><c> once</c><00:07:23.599><c> helped</c>

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farther than the nebula that once helped
 

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farther than the nebula that once helped
to<00:07:24.160><c> block</c><00:07:24.479><c> them</c><00:07:24.720><c> from</c><00:07:24.960><c> our</c><00:07:25.199><c> view.</c><00:07:26.560><c> Seafooded</c>

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to block them from our view. Seafooded
 

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to block them from our view. Seafooded
variables<00:07:27.680><c> are</c><00:07:27.919><c> a</c><00:07:28.160><c> type</c><00:07:28.400><c> of</c><00:07:28.560><c> bright</c><00:07:28.880><c> star</c><00:07:29.280><c> that</c>

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variables are a type of bright star that
 

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variables are a type of bright star that
is<00:07:29.759><c> unstable.</c><00:07:31.120><c> They</c><00:07:31.440><c> brighten</c><00:07:31.919><c> and</c><00:07:32.240><c> fade</c><00:07:32.720><c> over</c>

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is unstable. They brighten and fade over
 

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is unstable. They brighten and fade over
a<00:07:33.280><c> period</c><00:07:33.520><c> of</c><00:07:33.759><c> a</c><00:07:34.000><c> few</c><00:07:34.160><c> days</c><00:07:34.720><c> or</c><00:07:34.960><c> a</c><00:07:35.120><c> few</c><00:07:35.280><c> months</c>

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a period of a few days or a few months
 

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a period of a few days or a few months
depending<00:07:36.400><c> on</c><00:07:36.560><c> their</c><00:07:36.800><c> brightness.</c>

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depending on their brightness.
 

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depending on their brightness.
The<00:07:38.880><c> first</c><00:07:39.120><c> variable</c><00:07:39.680><c> star</c><00:07:39.919><c> we</c><00:07:40.240><c> ever</c>

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The first variable star we ever
 

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The first variable star we ever
identified<00:07:40.960><c> in</c><00:07:41.120><c> modern</c><00:07:41.440><c> times</c><00:07:41.759><c> was</c><00:07:42.080><c> Omrichon</c>

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identified in modern times was Omrichon
 

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identified in modern times was Omrichon
SETI,<00:07:43.919><c> also</c><00:07:44.240><c> known</c><00:07:44.560><c> as</c><00:07:44.960><c> Mirror.</c><00:07:46.080><c> It</c><00:07:46.319><c> had</c><00:07:46.560><c> been</c>

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SETI, also known as Mirror. It had been
 

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SETI, also known as Mirror. It had been
described<00:07:47.120><c> as</c><00:07:47.280><c> a</c><00:07:47.520><c> nova</c><00:07:48.000><c> until</c><00:07:48.479><c> 1638</c><00:07:49.759><c> when</c>

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described as a nova until 1638 when
 

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described as a nova until 1638 when
Johanna's<00:07:50.639><c> Halwoods</c><00:07:51.599><c> observed</c><00:07:52.080><c> it</c><00:07:52.319><c> getting</c>

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Johanna's Halwoods observed it getting
 

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Johanna's Halwoods observed it getting
brighter<00:07:53.199><c> and</c><00:07:53.440><c> dimmer</c><00:07:54.080><c> in</c><00:07:54.319><c> a</c><00:07:54.479><c> cycle</c><00:07:54.800><c> that</c>

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brighter and dimmer in a cycle that
 

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brighter and dimmer in a cycle that
lasted<00:07:55.599><c> 11</c><00:07:56.000><c> months.</c>

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lasted 11 months.
 

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lasted 11 months.
As<00:07:57.680><c> for</c><00:07:58.080><c> this</c><00:07:58.400><c> pair</c><00:07:58.720><c> of</c><00:07:58.879><c> newly</c><00:07:59.280><c> discovered</c>

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As for this pair of newly discovered
 

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As for this pair of newly discovered
stars,<00:08:00.560><c> they</c><00:08:00.879><c> are</c><00:08:01.039><c> the</c><00:08:01.360><c> only</c><00:08:01.680><c> seafood</c>

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stars, they are the only seafood
 

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stars, they are the only seafood
variables<00:08:02.720><c> that</c><00:08:02.960><c> we</c><00:08:03.199><c> have</c><00:08:03.599><c> identified</c><00:08:04.240><c> so</c><00:08:04.560><c> far</c>

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variables that we have identified so far
 

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variables that we have identified so far
in<00:08:05.120><c> this</c><00:08:05.360><c> location</c><00:08:06.479><c> which</c><00:08:06.879><c> lies</c><00:08:07.360><c> beyond</c><00:08:08.080><c> the</c>

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in this location which lies beyond the
 

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in this location which lies beyond the
central<00:08:08.800><c> bulge</c><00:08:09.360><c> on</c><00:08:09.680><c> the</c><00:08:09.840><c> far</c><00:08:10.240><c> side</c><00:08:10.479><c> of</c><00:08:10.639><c> our</c>

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central bulge on the far side of our
 

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central bulge on the far side of our
galaxy.<00:08:12.240><c> And</c><00:08:12.479><c> they</c><00:08:12.800><c> can</c><00:08:12.960><c> be</c><00:08:13.120><c> really</c><00:08:13.520><c> useful</c>

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galaxy. And they can be really useful
 

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galaxy. And they can be really useful
too.<00:08:14.720><c> You</c><00:08:14.960><c> can</c><00:08:15.039><c> think</c><00:08:15.199><c> of</c><00:08:15.360><c> them</c><00:08:15.599><c> as</c><00:08:15.840><c> a</c><00:08:16.160><c> kind</c><00:08:16.319><c> of</c>

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too. You can think of them as a kind of
 

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too. You can think of them as a kind of
cosmic<00:08:17.120><c> yard</c><00:08:17.520><c> stick</c><00:08:17.919><c> that</c><00:08:18.160><c> can</c><00:08:18.319><c> be</c><00:08:18.479><c> used</c><00:08:18.800><c> up</c><00:08:19.039><c> to</c>

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cosmic yard stick that can be used up to
 

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cosmic yard stick that can be used up to
distances<00:08:19.759><c> of</c><00:08:20.160><c> tens</c><00:08:20.560><c> of</c><00:08:20.960><c> millions</c><00:08:21.360><c> of</c><00:08:21.520><c> light</c>

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distances of tens of millions of light
 

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distances of tens of millions of light
years.<00:08:22.879><c> If</c><00:08:23.120><c> you</c><00:08:23.280><c> know</c><00:08:23.520><c> how</c><00:08:23.759><c> long</c><00:08:24.000><c> the</c><00:08:24.319><c> stars</c>

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years. If you know how long the stars
 

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years. If you know how long the stars
pulsation<00:08:25.360><c> period</c><00:08:25.759><c> from</c><00:08:26.240><c> bright</c><00:08:26.560><c> to</c><00:08:26.800><c> dim</c><00:08:27.120><c> is,</c>

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pulsation period from bright to dim is,
 

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pulsation period from bright to dim is,
then<00:08:27.919><c> you</c><00:08:28.160><c> can</c><00:08:28.240><c> infer</c><00:08:28.720><c> its</c><00:08:29.039><c> absolute</c>

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then you can infer its absolute
 

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then you can infer its absolute
brightness<00:08:30.400><c> as</c><00:08:30.720><c> well</c><00:08:30.879><c> as</c><00:08:31.120><c> its</c><00:08:31.360><c> age,</c><00:08:32.719><c> you</c><00:08:33.039><c> can</c>

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brightness as well as its age, you can
 

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brightness as well as its age, you can
compare<00:08:33.680><c> absolute</c><00:08:34.159><c> brightness</c><00:08:34.719><c> to</c><00:08:34.959><c> the</c>

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compare absolute brightness to the
 

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compare absolute brightness to the
apparent<00:08:35.680><c> brightness,</c><00:08:36.560><c> that</c><00:08:36.800><c> is</c><00:08:37.120><c> the</c><00:08:37.360><c> amount</c>

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apparent brightness, that is the amount
 

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apparent brightness, that is the amount
of<00:08:37.760><c> light</c><00:08:38.000><c> that</c><00:08:38.110><c> [music]</c><00:08:38.320><c> reaches</c><00:08:38.719><c> Earth.</c><00:08:39.440><c> So</c>

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of light that [music] reaches Earth. So
 

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of light that [music] reaches Earth. So
you<00:08:39.839><c> have</c><00:08:40.000><c> a</c><00:08:40.240><c> measure</c><00:08:40.479><c> of</c><00:08:40.719><c> how</c><00:08:41.120><c> distant</c><00:08:41.519><c> the</c>

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you have a measure of how distant the
 

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you have a measure of how distant the
star<00:08:42.080><c> is.</c><00:08:42.959><c> With</c><00:08:43.120><c> a</c><00:08:43.360><c> few</c><00:08:43.599><c> reference</c><00:08:44.000><c> points</c>

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star is. With a few reference points
 

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star is. With a few reference points
like<00:08:44.640><c> these,</c><00:08:45.279><c> we</c><00:08:45.519><c> can</c><00:08:45.680><c> build</c><00:08:45.920><c> up</c><00:08:46.160><c> a</c><00:08:46.480><c> real</c>

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like these, we can build up a real
 

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like these, we can build up a real
picture<00:08:47.440><c> of</c><00:08:47.760><c> the</c><00:08:48.080><c> scale</c><00:08:48.480><c> of</c><00:08:48.720><c> our</c><00:08:48.959><c> galaxy</c><00:08:49.760><c> and</c>

00:08:50.070 --> 00:08:50.080 align:start position:0%
picture of the scale of our galaxy and
 

00:08:50.080 --> 00:08:53.750 align:start position:0%
picture of the scale of our galaxy and
beyond.

00:08:53.750 --> 00:08:53.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:08:53.760 --> 00:08:56.310 align:start position:0%
 
Looking<00:08:54.240><c> toward</c><00:08:54.640><c> the</c><00:08:54.800><c> galactic</c><00:08:55.360><c> center,</c><00:08:56.160><c> a</c>

00:08:56.310 --> 00:08:56.320 align:start position:0%
Looking toward the galactic center, a
 

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Looking toward the galactic center, a
team<00:08:56.480><c> of</c><00:08:56.640><c> astronomers</c><00:08:57.200><c> and</c><00:08:57.360><c> data</c><00:08:57.680><c> scientists</c>

00:08:58.150 --> 00:08:58.160 align:start position:0%
team of astronomers and data scientists
 

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team of astronomers and data scientists
found<00:08:58.480><c> even</c><00:08:58.800><c> more</c><00:08:59.279><c> candidate</c><00:08:59.839><c> seed</c><00:09:00.399><c> stars,</c>

00:09:01.590 --> 00:09:01.600 align:start position:0%
found even more candidate seed stars,
 

00:09:01.600 --> 00:09:03.829 align:start position:0%
found even more candidate seed stars,
655

00:09:03.829 --> 00:09:03.839 align:start position:0%
655
 

00:09:03.839 --> 00:09:06.949 align:start position:0%
655
in<00:09:04.000><c> fact.</c><00:09:05.040><c> They</c><00:09:05.360><c> then</c><00:09:05.600><c> sorted</c><00:09:06.000><c> these</c><00:09:06.320><c> into</c><00:09:06.640><c> one</c>

00:09:06.949 --> 00:09:06.959 align:start position:0%
in fact. They then sorted these into one
 

00:09:06.959 --> 00:09:10.310 align:start position:0%
in fact. They then sorted these into one
of<00:09:07.279><c> two</c><00:09:07.680><c> classes,</c><00:09:08.720><c> and</c><00:09:08.959><c> found</c><00:09:09.120><c> that</c><00:09:09.519><c> 35</c><00:09:10.080><c> of</c>

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of two classes, and found that 35 of
 

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of two classes, and found that 35 of
these<00:09:10.720><c> 655</c><00:09:11.760><c> stars</c><00:09:12.240><c> were</c><00:09:12.720><c> classical</c><00:09:13.200><c> seafs,</c>

00:09:14.070 --> 00:09:14.080 align:start position:0%
these 655 stars were classical seafs,
 

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these 655 stars were classical seafs,
the<00:09:14.320><c> younger</c><00:09:14.720><c> of</c><00:09:14.880><c> the</c><00:09:15.040><c> two.</c><00:09:15.920><c> This</c><00:09:16.160><c> was</c><00:09:16.480><c> really</c>

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the younger of the two. This was really
 

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the younger of the two. This was really
exciting,<00:09:17.760><c> especially</c><00:09:18.240><c> since</c><00:09:18.480><c> the</c><00:09:18.720><c> galactic</c>

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exciting, especially since the galactic
 

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exciting, especially since the galactic
bulge<00:09:19.519><c> was</c><00:09:19.680><c> thought</c><00:09:19.839><c> to</c><00:09:20.080><c> contain</c><00:09:20.399><c> mostly</c>

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bulge was thought to contain mostly
 

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bulge was thought to contain mostly
elderly<00:09:21.519><c> stars</c><00:09:22.080><c> that</c><00:09:22.320><c> are</c><00:09:22.480><c> at</c><00:09:22.480><c> least</c><00:09:23.040><c> 8</c>

00:09:23.430 --> 00:09:23.440 align:start position:0%
elderly stars that are at least 8
 

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elderly stars that are at least 8
billion<00:09:23.920><c> years</c><00:09:24.160><c> old.</c>

00:09:26.870 --> 00:09:26.880 align:start position:0%
billion years old.
 

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billion years old.
Recording<00:09:27.360><c> their</c><00:09:27.600><c> pulsation</c><00:09:28.160><c> periods,</c><00:09:28.880><c> the</c>

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Recording their pulsation periods, the
 

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Recording their pulsation periods, the
team<00:09:29.279><c> revealed</c><00:09:29.680><c> that</c><00:09:30.000><c> all</c><00:09:30.320><c> 35</c><00:09:30.880><c> of</c><00:09:31.040><c> these</c><00:09:31.200><c> seafs</c>

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team revealed that all 35 of these seafs
 

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team revealed that all 35 of these seafs
were<00:09:32.240><c> less</c><00:09:32.480><c> than</c><00:09:32.959><c> 100</c><00:09:33.600><c> million</c><00:09:33.920><c> years</c><00:09:34.160><c> old</c><00:09:34.800><c> and</c>

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were less than 100 million years old and
 

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were less than 100 million years old and
some<00:09:35.200><c> of</c><00:09:35.360><c> them</c><00:09:35.600><c> may</c><00:09:35.760><c> be</c><00:09:35.920><c> as</c><00:09:36.080><c> young</c><00:09:36.320><c> as</c><00:09:36.720><c> 25</c>

00:09:37.350 --> 00:09:37.360 align:start position:0%
some of them may be as young as 25
 

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some of them may be as young as 25
million<00:09:37.760><c> years</c><00:09:38.000><c> old.</c><00:09:38.880><c> To</c><00:09:39.200><c> put</c><00:09:39.360><c> that</c><00:09:39.600><c> in</c>

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million years old. To put that in
 

00:09:39.920 --> 00:09:42.870 align:start position:0%
million years old. To put that in
context,<00:09:40.800><c> our</c><00:09:41.040><c> own</c><00:09:41.360><c> son</c><00:09:41.600><c> is</c><00:09:41.760><c> about</c><00:09:42.080><c> 4.5</c>

00:09:42.870 --> 00:09:42.880 align:start position:0%
context, our own son is about 4.5
 

00:09:42.880 --> 00:09:44.949 align:start position:0%
context, our own son is about 4.5
billion<00:09:43.279><c> years</c><00:09:43.440><c> old.</c><00:09:44.080><c> So,</c><00:09:44.320><c> the</c><00:09:44.480><c> youngest</c>

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billion years old. So, the youngest
 

00:09:44.959 --> 00:09:49.190 align:start position:0%
billion years old. So, the youngest
seafooded<00:09:45.839><c> has</c><00:09:46.160><c> only</c><00:09:46.480><c> been</c><00:09:46.720><c> around</c><00:09:47.279><c> for</c><00:09:47.680><c> 0.6%</c>

00:09:49.190 --> 00:09:49.200 align:start position:0%
seafooded has only been around for 0.6%
 

00:09:49.200 --> 00:09:52.870 align:start position:0%
seafooded has only been around for 0.6%
of<00:09:49.519><c> our</c><00:09:49.839><c> son's</c><00:09:50.160><c> lifespan.</c>

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of our son's lifespan.
 

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of our son's lifespan.
The<00:09:53.120><c> team's</c><00:09:53.519><c> exploration</c><00:09:54.000><c> of</c><00:09:54.240><c> seafoods</c>

00:09:54.870 --> 00:09:54.880 align:start position:0%
The team's exploration of seafoods
 

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The team's exploration of seafoods
culminated<00:09:55.600><c> in</c><00:09:56.080><c> another</c><00:09:56.480><c> major</c><00:09:56.880><c> discovery</c><00:09:58.000><c> by</c>

00:09:58.310 --> 00:09:58.320 align:start position:0%
culminated in another major discovery by
 

00:09:58.320 --> 00:10:00.790 align:start position:0%
culminated in another major discovery by
mapping<00:09:58.720><c> the</c><00:09:58.959><c> 35</c><00:09:59.519><c> classical</c><00:10:00.000><c> seafoods</c><00:10:00.560><c> they</c>

00:10:00.790 --> 00:10:00.800 align:start position:0%
mapping the 35 classical seafoods they
 

00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:03.190 align:start position:0%
mapping the 35 classical seafoods they
found.<00:10:01.440><c> The</c><00:10:01.680><c> team</c><00:10:01.920><c> was</c><00:10:02.080><c> able</c><00:10:02.320><c> to</c><00:10:02.480><c> trace</c><00:10:02.880><c> a</c>

00:10:03.190 --> 00:10:03.200 align:start position:0%
found. The team was able to trace a
 

00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:05.670 align:start position:0%
found. The team was able to trace a
completely<00:10:03.680><c> new</c><00:10:04.000><c> feature</c><00:10:04.240><c> in</c><00:10:04.399><c> the</c><00:10:04.560><c> Milky</c><00:10:04.800><c> Way.</c>

00:10:05.670 --> 00:10:05.680 align:start position:0%
completely new feature in the Milky Way.
 

00:10:05.680 --> 00:10:08.310 align:start position:0%
completely new feature in the Milky Way.
a<00:10:05.920><c> thin</c><00:10:06.480><c> disc</c><00:10:06.959><c> of</c><00:10:07.200><c> young</c><00:10:07.600><c> stars</c><00:10:08.000><c> that</c>

00:10:08.310 --> 00:10:08.320 align:start position:0%
a thin disc of young stars that
 

00:10:08.320 --> 00:10:10.470 align:start position:0%
a thin disc of young stars that
stretches<00:10:09.040><c> right</c><00:10:09.360><c> across</c><00:10:09.760><c> the</c><00:10:09.920><c> galactic</c>

00:10:10.470 --> 00:10:10.480 align:start position:0%
stretches right across the galactic
 

00:10:10.480 --> 00:10:13.190 align:start position:0%
stretches right across the galactic
bulge

00:10:13.190 --> 00:10:13.200 align:start position:0%
bulge
 

00:10:13.200 --> 00:10:15.750 align:start position:0%
bulge
buried<00:10:13.680><c> behind</c><00:10:14.160><c> thick</c><00:10:14.560><c> clouds.</c><00:10:15.279><c> It</c><00:10:15.519><c> had</c>

00:10:15.750 --> 00:10:15.760 align:start position:0%
buried behind thick clouds. It had
 

00:10:15.760 --> 00:10:18.230 align:start position:0%
buried behind thick clouds. It had
remained<00:10:16.160><c> unknown</c><00:10:16.720><c> in</c><00:10:17.040><c> all</c><00:10:17.360><c> previous</c><00:10:17.839><c> surveys</c>

00:10:18.230 --> 00:10:18.240 align:start position:0%
remained unknown in all previous surveys
 

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remained unknown in all previous surveys
of<00:10:18.399><c> the</c><00:10:18.560><c> region.</c><00:10:19.680><c> In</c><00:10:19.920><c> revealing</c><00:10:20.399><c> this</c>

00:10:20.630 --> 00:10:20.640 align:start position:0%
of the region. In revealing this
 

00:10:20.640 --> 00:10:23.030 align:start position:0%
of the region. In revealing this
structure<00:10:21.440><c> combined</c><00:10:21.920><c> with</c><00:10:22.079><c> the</c><00:10:22.320><c> discovery</c><00:10:22.720><c> of</c>

00:10:23.030 --> 00:10:23.040 align:start position:0%
structure combined with the discovery of
 

00:10:23.040 --> 00:10:24.870 align:start position:0%
structure combined with the discovery of
all<00:10:23.200><c> the</c><00:10:23.360><c> sea</c><00:10:23.680><c> feeds</c><00:10:24.079><c> as</c><00:10:24.240><c> I</c><00:10:24.480><c> mentioned</c>

00:10:24.870 --> 00:10:24.880 align:start position:0%
all the sea feeds as I mentioned
 

00:10:24.880 --> 00:10:27.269 align:start position:0%
all the sea feeds as I mentioned
earlier,<00:10:25.839><c> scientists</c><00:10:26.399><c> have</c><00:10:26.560><c> inferred</c><00:10:27.040><c> that</c>

00:10:27.269 --> 00:10:27.279 align:start position:0%
earlier, scientists have inferred that
 

00:10:27.279 --> 00:10:29.910 align:start position:0%
earlier, scientists have inferred that
there<00:10:27.600><c> has</c><00:10:27.839><c> been</c><00:10:28.399><c> continuous</c><00:10:29.040><c> star</c><00:10:29.360><c> formation</c>

00:10:29.910 --> 00:10:29.920 align:start position:0%
there has been continuous star formation
 

00:10:29.920 --> 00:10:32.230 align:start position:0%
there has been continuous star formation
along<00:10:30.240><c> the</c><00:10:30.480><c> midplane</c><00:10:31.040><c> of</c><00:10:31.120><c> the</c><00:10:31.279><c> galaxy</c><00:10:31.760><c> for</c><00:10:32.000><c> the</c>

00:10:32.230 --> 00:10:32.240 align:start position:0%
along the midplane of the galaxy for the
 

00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:35.750 align:start position:0%
along the midplane of the galaxy for the
past<00:10:32.720><c> 100</c><00:10:33.279><c> million</c><00:10:33.680><c> years.</c><00:10:34.720><c> There</c><00:10:35.040><c> might</c><00:10:35.360><c> also</c>

00:10:35.750 --> 00:10:35.760 align:start position:0%
past 100 million years. There might also
 

00:10:35.760 --> 00:10:37.829 align:start position:0%
past 100 million years. There might also
be<00:10:35.920><c> even</c><00:10:36.240><c> younger</c><00:10:36.640><c> seaw</c><00:10:36.959><c> feeds</c><00:10:37.360><c> that</c><00:10:37.519><c> we</c>

00:10:37.829 --> 00:10:37.839 align:start position:0%
be even younger seaw feeds that we
 

00:10:37.839 --> 00:10:40.230 align:start position:0%
be even younger seaw feeds that we
haven't<00:10:38.079><c> seen</c><00:10:38.320><c> yet</c><00:10:38.959><c> as</c><00:10:39.200><c> these</c><00:10:39.519><c> stars</c><00:10:39.839><c> would</c><00:10:40.079><c> be</c>

00:10:40.230 --> 00:10:40.240 align:start position:0%
haven't seen yet as these stars would be
 

00:10:40.240 --> 00:10:42.630 align:start position:0%
haven't seen yet as these stars would be
so<00:10:40.560><c> bright</c><00:10:41.200><c> that</c><00:10:41.360><c> they</c><00:10:41.600><c> would</c><00:10:41.760><c> be</c><00:10:41.920><c> saturated</c>

00:10:42.630 --> 00:10:42.640 align:start position:0%
so bright that they would be saturated
 

00:10:42.640 --> 00:10:46.470 align:start position:0%
so bright that they would be saturated
in<00:10:42.800><c> the</c><00:10:42.959><c> VV</c><00:10:43.680><c> survey.</c><00:10:45.040><c> The</c><00:10:45.360><c> fact</c><00:10:45.519><c> that</c><00:10:45.760><c> we</c><00:10:46.079><c> found</c>

00:10:46.470 --> 00:10:46.480 align:start position:0%
in the VV survey. The fact that we found
 

00:10:46.480 --> 00:10:49.190 align:start position:0%
in the VV survey. The fact that we found
this<00:10:46.880><c> thin</c><00:10:47.279><c> disc</c><00:10:47.600><c> of</c><00:10:47.760><c> young</c><00:10:48.079><c> stars</c><00:10:48.560><c> within</c><00:10:48.959><c> the</c>

00:10:49.190 --> 00:10:49.200 align:start position:0%
this thin disc of young stars within the
 

00:10:49.200 --> 00:10:52.550 align:start position:0%
this thin disc of young stars within the
galactic<00:10:49.760><c> bulge</c><00:10:50.480><c> is</c><00:10:50.880><c> incredible.</c>

00:10:52.550 --> 00:10:52.560 align:start position:0%
galactic bulge is incredible.
 

00:10:52.560 --> 00:10:54.710 align:start position:0%
galactic bulge is incredible.
We<00:10:52.880><c> used</c><00:10:53.120><c> to</c><00:10:53.279><c> think</c><00:10:53.440><c> that</c><00:10:53.680><c> the</c><00:10:53.839><c> galactic</c><00:10:54.320><c> bulge</c>

00:10:54.710 --> 00:10:54.720 align:start position:0%
We used to think that the galactic bulge
 

00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:57.190 align:start position:0%
We used to think that the galactic bulge
was<00:10:54.959><c> an</c><00:10:55.200><c> ancient</c><00:10:55.760><c> feature</c><00:10:56.160><c> of</c><00:10:56.320><c> our</c><00:10:56.640><c> galaxy's</c>

00:10:57.190 --> 00:10:57.200 align:start position:0%
was an ancient feature of our galaxy's
 

00:10:57.200 --> 00:11:00.470 align:start position:0%
was an ancient feature of our galaxy's
past<00:10:57.839><c> where</c><00:10:58.320><c> exclusively</c><00:10:59.440><c> old</c><00:10:59.839><c> stars</c><00:11:00.240><c> had</c>

00:11:00.470 --> 00:11:00.480 align:start position:0%
past where exclusively old stars had
 

00:11:00.480 --> 00:11:01.829 align:start position:0%
past where exclusively old stars had
formed<00:11:00.902><c> [music]</c><00:11:00.959><c> separately</c><00:11:01.440><c> from</c><00:11:01.680><c> the</c>

00:11:01.829 --> 00:11:01.839 align:start position:0%
formed [music] separately from the
 

00:11:01.839 --> 00:11:04.949 align:start position:0%
formed [music] separately from the
stellar<00:11:02.240><c> disc.</c><00:11:03.279><c> But</c><00:11:03.519><c> this</c><00:11:03.839><c> finding</c><00:11:04.240><c> reveals</c>

00:11:04.949 --> 00:11:04.959 align:start position:0%
stellar disc. But this finding reveals
 

00:11:04.959 --> 00:11:07.442 align:start position:0%
stellar disc. But this finding reveals
that<00:11:05.279><c> things</c><00:11:05.760><c> aren't</c><00:11:06.160><c> so</c><00:11:06.480><c> black</c><00:11:06.720><c> and</c><00:11:06.959><c> white</c>

00:11:07.442 --> 00:11:07.452 align:start position:0%
that things aren't so black and white
 

00:11:07.452 --> 00:11:09.350 align:start position:0%
that things aren't so black and white
[music]<00:11:07.600><c> and</c><00:11:07.839><c> that</c><00:11:08.000><c> the</c><00:11:08.240><c> formation</c><00:11:08.720><c> of</c><00:11:08.959><c> newer</c>

00:11:09.350 --> 00:11:09.360 align:start position:0%
[music] and that the formation of newer
 

00:11:09.360 --> 00:11:12.069 align:start position:0%
[music] and that the formation of newer
stars<00:11:09.839><c> within</c><00:11:10.320><c> the</c><00:11:10.560><c> bulge</c><00:11:11.360><c> could</c><00:11:11.600><c> be</c><00:11:11.760><c> a</c>

00:11:12.069 --> 00:11:12.079 align:start position:0%
stars within the bulge could be a
 

00:11:12.079 --> 00:11:14.470 align:start position:0%
stars within the bulge could be a
natural<00:11:12.480><c> progression</c><00:11:13.200><c> of</c><00:11:13.519><c> our</c><00:11:13.839><c> galaxy's</c>

00:11:14.470 --> 00:11:14.480 align:start position:0%
natural progression of our galaxy's
 

00:11:14.480 --> 00:11:16.550 align:start position:0%
natural progression of our galaxy's
evolution.

00:11:16.550 --> 00:11:16.560 align:start position:0%
evolution.
 

00:11:16.560 --> 00:11:19.750 align:start position:0%
evolution.
But<00:11:17.279><c> even</c><00:11:17.680><c> more</c><00:11:18.000><c> inspiring</c><00:11:18.640><c> perhaps</c><00:11:19.279><c> is</c><00:11:19.519><c> a</c>

00:11:19.750 --> 00:11:19.760 align:start position:0%
But even more inspiring perhaps is a
 

00:11:19.760 --> 00:11:21.670 align:start position:0%
But even more inspiring perhaps is a
discovery<00:11:20.079><c> by</c><00:11:20.320><c> the</c><00:11:20.399><c> Vista</c><00:11:20.800><c> Infrared</c><00:11:21.279><c> Survey</c>

00:11:21.670 --> 00:11:21.680 align:start position:0%
discovery by the Vista Infrared Survey
 

00:11:21.680 --> 00:11:24.069 align:start position:0%
discovery by the Vista Infrared Survey
that<00:11:21.920><c> lies</c><00:11:22.240><c> at</c><00:11:22.480><c> the</c><00:11:22.640><c> ancient</c><00:11:23.120><c> heart</c><00:11:23.600><c> of</c><00:11:23.839><c> our</c>

00:11:24.069 --> 00:11:24.079 align:start position:0%
that lies at the ancient heart of our
 

00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:30.310 align:start position:0%
that lies at the ancient heart of our
Milky<00:11:24.399><c> Way</c><00:11:24.640><c> galaxy.</c>

00:11:30.310 --> 00:11:30.320 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:11:30.320 --> 00:11:34.069 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:11:30.880><c> 2016,</c><00:11:31.839><c> for</c><00:11:32.079><c> the</c><00:11:32.240><c> first</c><00:11:32.560><c> time,</c><00:11:33.279><c> a</c><00:11:33.600><c> type</c><00:11:33.760><c> of</c>

00:11:34.069 --> 00:11:34.079 align:start position:0%
In 2016, for the first time, a type of
 

00:11:34.079 --> 00:11:38.150 align:start position:0%
In 2016, for the first time, a type of
ancient<00:11:34.480><c> star</c><00:11:35.040><c> known</c><00:11:35.360><c> as</c><00:11:35.839><c> RR</c><00:11:36.480><c> Lay,</c><00:11:37.680><c> another</c>

00:11:38.150 --> 00:11:38.160 align:start position:0%
ancient star known as RR Lay, another
 

00:11:38.160 --> 00:11:40.630 align:start position:0%
ancient star known as RR Lay, another
variable<00:11:38.800><c> star</c><00:11:39.279><c> was</c><00:11:39.680><c> discovered</c><00:11:40.240><c> in</c><00:11:40.480><c> the</c>

00:11:40.630 --> 00:11:40.640 align:start position:0%
variable star was discovered in the
 

00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:43.030 align:start position:0%
variable star was discovered in the
center<00:11:40.880><c> of</c><00:11:41.040><c> the</c><00:11:41.200><c> Milky</c><00:11:41.519><c> Way</c><00:11:41.760><c> galaxy</c><00:11:42.240><c> by</c><00:11:42.560><c> a</c><00:11:42.800><c> team</c>

00:11:43.030 --> 00:11:43.040 align:start position:0%
center of the Milky Way galaxy by a team
 

00:11:43.040 --> 00:11:45.990 align:start position:0%
center of the Milky Way galaxy by a team
led<00:11:43.360><c> by</c><00:11:43.600><c> astrophysicists</c><00:11:44.560><c> Dante</c><00:11:45.040><c> Maniti</c><00:11:45.760><c> and</c>

00:11:45.990 --> 00:11:46.000 align:start position:0%
led by astrophysicists Dante Maniti and
 

00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:49.670 align:start position:0%
led by astrophysicists Dante Maniti and
Rodrigo<00:11:46.640><c> Andreas</c><00:11:47.279><c> Ramos.</c><00:11:48.720><c> This</c><00:11:48.959><c> type</c><00:11:49.120><c> of</c><00:11:49.279><c> star</c>

00:11:49.670 --> 00:11:49.680 align:start position:0%
Rodrigo Andreas Ramos. This type of star
 

00:11:49.680 --> 00:11:52.630 align:start position:0%
Rodrigo Andreas Ramos. This type of star
is<00:11:50.000><c> usually</c><00:11:50.560><c> found</c><00:11:50.800><c> in</c><00:11:51.120><c> globular</c><00:11:51.760><c> clusters,</c>

00:11:52.630 --> 00:11:52.640 align:start position:0%
is usually found in globular clusters,
 

00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:55.030 align:start position:0%
is usually found in globular clusters,
which<00:11:52.959><c> tend</c><00:11:53.200><c> to</c><00:11:53.440><c> orbit</c><00:11:53.920><c> the</c><00:11:54.160><c> outer</c><00:11:54.560><c> regions</c><00:11:54.880><c> of</c>

00:11:55.030 --> 00:11:55.040 align:start position:0%
which tend to orbit the outer regions of
 

00:11:55.040 --> 00:11:57.990 align:start position:0%
which tend to orbit the outer regions of
the<00:11:55.200><c> galaxy.</c><00:11:56.240><c> A</c><00:11:56.560><c> globular</c><00:11:57.120><c> cluster</c><00:11:57.519><c> is</c><00:11:57.760><c> a</c>

00:11:57.990 --> 00:11:58.000 align:start position:0%
the galaxy. A globular cluster is a
 

00:11:58.000 --> 00:11:59.829 align:start position:0%
the galaxy. A globular cluster is a
tightly<00:11:58.480><c> packed</c><00:11:58.880><c> group</c><00:11:59.040><c> of</c><00:11:59.200><c> stars</c><00:11:59.600><c> that</c>

00:11:59.829 --> 00:11:59.839 align:start position:0%
tightly packed group of stars that
 

00:11:59.839 --> 00:12:03.110 align:start position:0%
tightly packed group of stars that
contains<00:12:00.399><c> tens</c><00:12:00.800><c> of</c><00:12:01.120><c> thousands</c><00:12:01.920><c> to</c><00:12:02.640><c> millions</c>

00:12:03.110 --> 00:12:03.120 align:start position:0%
contains tens of thousands to millions
 

00:12:03.120 --> 00:12:06.310 align:start position:0%
contains tens of thousands to millions
of<00:12:03.360><c> stars</c><00:12:04.079><c> bound</c><00:12:04.399><c> together</c><00:12:04.800><c> by</c><00:12:05.120><c> gravity.</c>

00:12:06.310 --> 00:12:06.320 align:start position:0%
of stars bound together by gravity.
 

00:12:06.320 --> 00:12:08.949 align:start position:0%
of stars bound together by gravity.
They're<00:12:06.720><c> also</c><00:12:07.279><c> really</c><00:12:07.680><c> ancient,</c><00:12:08.560><c> containing</c>

00:12:08.949 --> 00:12:08.959 align:start position:0%
They're also really ancient, containing
 

00:12:08.959 --> 00:12:11.590 align:start position:0%
They're also really ancient, containing
a<00:12:09.200><c> stellar</c><00:12:09.600><c> population</c><00:12:10.000><c> that</c><00:12:10.240><c> can</c><00:12:10.480><c> be</c><00:12:10.639><c> over</c><00:12:11.120><c> 10</c>

00:12:11.590 --> 00:12:11.600 align:start position:0%
a stellar population that can be over 10
 

00:12:11.600 --> 00:12:16.150 align:start position:0%
a stellar population that can be over 10
billion<00:12:12.079><c> years</c><00:12:12.399><c> old.</c><00:12:13.680><c> The</c><00:12:13.920><c> team</c><00:12:14.160><c> found</c><00:12:14.800><c> 12</c><00:12:15.680><c> R</c>

00:12:16.150 --> 00:12:16.160 align:start position:0%
billion years old. The team found 12 R
 

00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:19.750 align:start position:0%
billion years old. The team found 12 R
LRA<00:12:16.720><c> stars</c><00:12:17.360><c> during</c><00:12:17.680><c> the</c><00:12:17.920><c> V</c><00:12:18.000><c> VVV</c><00:12:18.720><c> survey,</c><00:12:19.519><c> which</c>

00:12:19.750 --> 00:12:19.760 align:start position:0%
LRA stars during the V VVV survey, which
 

00:12:19.760 --> 00:12:22.150 align:start position:0%
LRA stars during the V VVV survey, which
suggests<00:12:20.480><c> that</c><00:12:20.720><c> they</c><00:12:21.040><c> might</c><00:12:21.279><c> be</c><00:12:21.440><c> the</c><00:12:21.680><c> remnants</c>

00:12:22.150 --> 00:12:22.160 align:start position:0%
suggests that they might be the remnants
 

00:12:22.160 --> 00:12:25.030 align:start position:0%
suggests that they might be the remnants
of<00:12:22.320><c> an</c><00:12:22.560><c> ancient</c><00:12:23.040><c> globular</c><00:12:23.680><c> cluster</c><00:12:24.560><c> right</c><00:12:24.880><c> at</c>

00:12:25.030 --> 00:12:25.040 align:start position:0%
of an ancient globular cluster right at
 

00:12:25.040 --> 00:12:28.069 align:start position:0%
of an ancient globular cluster right at
the<00:12:25.279><c> heart</c><00:12:25.519><c> of</c><00:12:25.760><c> our</c><00:12:26.079><c> galaxy.</c><00:12:27.440><c> This</c><00:12:27.680><c> finding</c>

00:12:28.069 --> 00:12:28.079 align:start position:0%
the heart of our galaxy. This finding
 

00:12:28.079 --> 00:12:29.990 align:start position:0%
the heart of our galaxy. This finding
also<00:12:28.399><c> provides</c><00:12:28.800><c> evidence</c><00:12:29.200><c> that</c><00:12:29.519><c> might</c><00:12:29.839><c> help</c>

00:12:29.990 --> 00:12:30.000 align:start position:0%
also provides evidence that might help
 

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:31.910 align:start position:0%
also provides evidence that might help
astronomers<00:12:30.639><c> to</c><00:12:30.800><c> decide</c><00:12:31.120><c> between</c><00:12:31.440><c> the</c><00:12:31.680><c> two</c>

00:12:31.910 --> 00:12:31.920 align:start position:0%
astronomers to decide between the two
 

00:12:31.920 --> 00:12:34.470 align:start position:0%
astronomers to decide between the two
competing<00:12:32.320><c> theories</c><00:12:32.800><c> of</c><00:12:33.040><c> how</c><00:12:33.440><c> nuclear</c><00:12:33.920><c> bulges</c>

00:12:34.470 --> 00:12:34.480 align:start position:0%
competing theories of how nuclear bulges
 

00:12:34.480 --> 00:12:36.870 align:start position:0%
competing theories of how nuclear bulges
form.<00:12:35.440><c> While</c><00:12:35.839><c> some</c><00:12:36.160><c> scientists</c><00:12:36.560><c> think</c><00:12:36.720><c> that</c>

00:12:36.870 --> 00:12:36.880 align:start position:0%
form. While some scientists think that
 

00:12:36.880 --> 00:12:39.269 align:start position:0%
form. While some scientists think that
the<00:12:37.040><c> nuclear</c><00:12:37.519><c> bulge</c><00:12:38.000><c> forms</c><00:12:38.560><c> early</c><00:12:38.880><c> in</c><00:12:39.120><c> the</c>

00:12:39.269 --> 00:12:39.279 align:start position:0%
the nuclear bulge forms early in the
 

00:12:39.279 --> 00:12:41.990 align:start position:0%
the nuclear bulge forms early in the
galaxy's<00:12:39.760><c> evolution</c><00:12:40.639><c> when</c><00:12:41.040><c> multiple</c><00:12:41.600><c> smaller</c>

00:12:41.990 --> 00:12:42.000 align:start position:0%
galaxy's evolution when multiple smaller
 

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:44.870 align:start position:0%
galaxy's evolution when multiple smaller
galaxies<00:12:42.560><c> violently</c><00:12:43.200><c> collide,</c><00:12:44.240><c> others</c><00:12:44.639><c> say</c>

00:12:44.870 --> 00:12:44.880 align:start position:0%
galaxies violently collide, others say
 

00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.829 align:start position:0%
galaxies violently collide, others say
that<00:12:45.120><c> it</c><00:12:45.279><c> forms</c><00:12:45.839><c> gradually</c><00:12:46.399><c> over</c><00:12:46.720><c> time</c><00:12:47.519><c> where</c>

00:12:47.829 --> 00:12:47.839 align:start position:0%
that it forms gradually over time where
 

00:12:47.839 --> 00:12:50.470 align:start position:0%
that it forms gradually over time where
gas<00:12:48.160><c> is</c><00:12:48.399><c> funneled</c><00:12:48.800><c> inwards</c><00:12:49.519><c> to</c><00:12:49.760><c> trigger</c><00:12:50.160><c> star</c>

00:12:50.470 --> 00:12:50.480 align:start position:0%
gas is funneled inwards to trigger star
 

00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:52.150 align:start position:0%
gas is funneled inwards to trigger star
formation.

00:12:52.150 --> 00:12:52.160 align:start position:0%
formation.
 

00:12:52.160 --> 00:12:54.230 align:start position:0%
formation.
Finding<00:12:52.560><c> these</c><00:12:52.959><c> ancient</c><00:12:53.360><c> stars</c><00:12:53.839><c> here</c>

00:12:54.230 --> 00:12:54.240 align:start position:0%
Finding these ancient stars here
 

00:12:54.240 --> 00:12:56.150 align:start position:0%
Finding these ancient stars here
suggests<00:12:54.639><c> that</c><00:12:54.880><c> the</c><00:12:55.040><c> bulging</c><00:12:55.600><c> center</c><00:12:55.839><c> of</c><00:12:56.000><c> the</c>

00:12:56.150 --> 00:12:56.160 align:start position:0%
suggests that the bulging center of the
 

00:12:56.160 --> 00:12:58.150 align:start position:0%
suggests that the bulging center of the
Milky<00:12:56.480><c> Way</c><00:12:56.959><c> likely</c><00:12:57.440><c> grew</c><00:12:57.760><c> through</c><00:12:58.000><c> the</c>

00:12:58.150 --> 00:12:58.160 align:start position:0%
Milky Way likely grew through the
 

00:12:58.160 --> 00:13:01.430 align:start position:0%
Milky Way likely grew through the
merging<00:12:58.560><c> of</c><00:12:58.880><c> primordial</c><00:12:59.839><c> globular</c><00:13:00.399><c> clusters,</c>

00:13:01.430 --> 00:13:01.440 align:start position:0%
merging of primordial globular clusters,
 

00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:04.470 align:start position:0%
merging of primordial globular clusters,
therefore<00:13:02.160><c> supporting</c><00:13:02.720><c> the</c><00:13:03.040><c> first</c><00:13:03.279><c> theory.</c>

00:13:04.470 --> 00:13:04.480 align:start position:0%
therefore supporting the first theory.
 

00:13:04.480 --> 00:13:06.629 align:start position:0%
therefore supporting the first theory.
So,<00:13:05.040><c> not</c><00:13:05.279><c> only</c><00:13:05.440><c> does</c><00:13:05.600><c> it</c><00:13:05.760><c> hint</c><00:13:06.000><c> at</c><00:13:06.160><c> our</c><00:13:06.480><c> own</c>

00:13:06.629 --> 00:13:06.639 align:start position:0%
So, not only does it hint at our own
 

00:13:06.639 --> 00:13:09.269 align:start position:0%
So, not only does it hint at our own
galaxy's<00:13:07.200><c> beginnings,</c><00:13:08.160><c> but</c><00:13:08.320><c> it</c><00:13:08.560><c> also</c><00:13:08.880><c> offers</c>

00:13:09.269 --> 00:13:09.279 align:start position:0%
galaxy's beginnings, but it also offers
 

00:13:09.279 --> 00:13:11.110 align:start position:0%
galaxy's beginnings, but it also offers
compelling<00:13:09.760><c> evidence</c><00:13:10.240><c> into</c><00:13:10.560><c> how</c><00:13:10.720><c> these</c>

00:13:11.110 --> 00:13:11.120 align:start position:0%
compelling evidence into how these
 

00:13:11.120 --> 00:13:13.990 align:start position:0%
compelling evidence into how these
galactic<00:13:11.680><c> bulges</c><00:13:12.480><c> might</c><00:13:12.720><c> form</c><00:13:13.040><c> in</c><00:13:13.360><c> other</c>

00:13:13.990 --> 00:13:14.000 align:start position:0%
galactic bulges might form in other
 

00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:20.550 align:start position:0%
galactic bulges might form in other
similar<00:13:14.560><c> galaxies.</c>

00:13:20.550 --> 00:13:20.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:22.710 align:start position:0%
 
Speaking<00:13:20.880><c> of</c><00:13:21.120><c> ancient</c><00:13:21.440><c> stars,</c><00:13:22.079><c> Vista</c><00:13:22.560><c> was</c>

00:13:22.710 --> 00:13:22.720 align:start position:0%
Speaking of ancient stars, Vista was
 

00:13:22.720 --> 00:13:25.269 align:start position:0%
Speaking of ancient stars, Vista was
able<00:13:22.880><c> to</c><00:13:23.040><c> find</c><00:13:23.519><c> two</c><00:13:24.000><c> new</c><00:13:24.320><c> globular</c><00:13:24.880><c> clusters</c>

00:13:25.269 --> 00:13:25.279 align:start position:0%
able to find two new globular clusters
 

00:13:25.279 --> 00:13:28.150 align:start position:0%
able to find two new globular clusters
as<00:13:25.519><c> part</c><00:13:25.680><c> of</c><00:13:25.839><c> the</c><00:13:26.000><c> infrared</c><00:13:26.399><c> survey</c><00:13:26.800><c> in</c><00:13:27.040><c> 2011.</c>

00:13:28.150 --> 00:13:28.160 align:start position:0%
as part of the infrared survey in 2011.
 

00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:30.710 align:start position:0%
as part of the infrared survey in 2011.
In<00:13:28.399><c> this</c><00:13:28.639><c> visible</c><00:13:29.040><c> light</c><00:13:29.279><c> image,</c><00:13:30.079><c> a</c><00:13:30.320><c> known</c>

00:13:30.710 --> 00:13:30.720 align:start position:0%
In this visible light image, a known
 

00:13:30.720 --> 00:13:34.389 align:start position:0%
In this visible light image, a known
globular<00:13:31.360><c> cluster</c><00:13:32.160><c> UKS1</c><00:13:33.519><c> can</c><00:13:33.760><c> be</c><00:13:33.920><c> seen</c><00:13:34.079><c> on</c><00:13:34.240><c> the</c>

00:13:34.389 --> 00:13:34.399 align:start position:0%
globular cluster UKS1 can be seen on the
 

00:13:34.399 --> 00:13:37.829 align:start position:0%
globular cluster UKS1 can be seen on the
right<00:13:34.880><c> as</c><00:13:35.200><c> a</c><00:13:35.440><c> hazy</c><00:13:36.000><c> red</c><00:13:36.399><c> splotch.</c><00:13:37.519><c> This</c>

00:13:37.829 --> 00:13:37.839 align:start position:0%
right as a hazy red splotch. This
 

00:13:37.839 --> 00:13:40.389 align:start position:0%
right as a hazy red splotch. This
cluster<00:13:38.399><c> had</c><00:13:38.720><c> been</c><00:13:38.959><c> the</c><00:13:39.279><c> dimmest</c><00:13:39.920><c> known</c>

00:13:40.389 --> 00:13:40.399 align:start position:0%
cluster had been the dimmest known
 

00:13:40.399 --> 00:13:42.550 align:start position:0%
cluster had been the dimmest known
globular<00:13:40.959><c> cluster</c><00:13:41.680><c> until</c><00:13:42.079><c> the</c><00:13:42.320><c> new</c>

00:13:42.550 --> 00:13:42.560 align:start position:0%
globular cluster until the new
 

00:13:42.560 --> 00:13:44.790 align:start position:0%
globular cluster until the new
discoveries.

00:13:44.790 --> 00:13:44.800 align:start position:0%
discoveries.
 

00:13:44.800 --> 00:13:48.069 align:start position:0%
discoveries.
Now<00:13:45.519><c> compare</c><00:13:46.000><c> this</c><00:13:46.240><c> same</c><00:13:46.480><c> patch</c><00:13:46.800><c> of</c><00:13:47.040><c> sky,</c><00:13:47.760><c> but</c>

00:13:48.069 --> 00:13:48.079 align:start position:0%
Now compare this same patch of sky, but
 

00:13:48.079 --> 00:13:51.110 align:start position:0%
Now compare this same patch of sky, but
this<00:13:48.240><c> time</c><00:13:48.480><c> in</c><00:13:48.880><c> vista's</c><00:13:49.440><c> infrared</c><00:13:50.000><c> light.</c>

00:13:51.110 --> 00:13:51.120 align:start position:0%
this time in vista's infrared light.
 

00:13:51.120 --> 00:13:53.670 align:start position:0%
this time in vista's infrared light.
Suddenly,<00:13:51.839><c> we</c><00:13:52.160><c> can</c><00:13:52.320><c> see</c><00:13:52.639><c> what</c><00:13:52.959><c> we</c><00:13:53.200><c> have</c><00:13:53.440><c> been</c>

00:13:53.670 --> 00:13:53.680 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, we can see what we have been
 

00:13:53.680 --> 00:13:57.030 align:start position:0%
Suddenly, we can see what we have been
missing.<00:13:55.120><c> much</c><00:13:55.519><c> more</c><00:13:55.760><c> faint</c><00:13:56.160><c> than</c><00:13:56.399><c> the</c><00:13:56.560><c> known</c>

00:13:57.030 --> 00:13:57.040 align:start position:0%
missing. much more faint than the known
 

00:13:57.040 --> 00:14:00.949 align:start position:0%
missing. much more faint than the known
UKS1.<00:13:58.480><c> We</c><00:13:58.720><c> can</c><00:13:58.880><c> make</c><00:13:59.040><c> out</c><00:13:59.360><c> a</c><00:13:59.760><c> second</c><00:14:00.320><c> globular</c>

00:14:00.949 --> 00:14:00.959 align:start position:0%
UKS1. We can make out a second globular
 

00:14:00.959 --> 00:14:03.350 align:start position:0%
UKS1. We can make out a second globular
cluster,<00:14:01.760><c> this</c><00:14:02.000><c> time</c><00:14:02.240><c> in</c><00:14:02.480><c> the</c><00:14:02.639><c> upper</c><00:14:02.959><c> left</c><00:14:03.199><c> of</c>

00:14:03.350 --> 00:14:03.360 align:start position:0%
cluster, this time in the upper left of
 

00:14:03.360 --> 00:14:06.310 align:start position:0%
cluster, this time in the upper left of
the<00:14:03.519><c> image,</c><00:14:04.079><c> which</c><00:14:04.320><c> has</c><00:14:04.560><c> been</c><00:14:04.720><c> named</c><00:14:05.199><c> VVV</c>

00:14:06.310 --> 00:14:06.320 align:start position:0%
the image, which has been named VVV
 

00:14:06.320 --> 00:14:10.150 align:start position:0%
the image, which has been named VVV
CL00001.

00:14:10.150 --> 00:14:10.160 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:14:10.160 --> 00:14:13.189 align:start position:0%
 
Another<00:14:10.560><c> globular</c><00:14:11.120><c> cluster,</c><00:14:11.680><c> aptly</c><00:14:12.079><c> named</c><00:14:12.480><c> VV</c>

00:14:13.189 --> 00:14:13.199 align:start position:0%
Another globular cluster, aptly named VV
 

00:14:13.199 --> 00:14:15.110 align:start position:0%
Another globular cluster, aptly named VV
CL00002,

00:14:15.110 --> 00:14:15.120 align:start position:0%
CL00002,
 

00:14:15.120 --> 00:14:17.829 align:start position:0%
CL00002,
was<00:14:15.360><c> found</c><00:14:15.600><c> soon</c><00:14:15.920><c> after,</c><00:14:16.800><c> and</c><00:14:17.040><c> this</c><00:14:17.360><c> small</c>

00:14:17.829 --> 00:14:17.839 align:start position:0%
was found soon after, and this small
 

00:14:17.839 --> 00:14:20.629 align:start position:0%
was found soon after, and this small
faint<00:14:18.320><c> group</c><00:14:18.560><c> of</c><00:14:18.720><c> stars</c><00:14:19.199><c> may</c><00:14:19.519><c> be</c><00:14:19.680><c> the</c><00:14:20.000><c> closest</c>

00:14:20.629 --> 00:14:20.639 align:start position:0%
faint group of stars may be the closest
 

00:14:20.639 --> 00:14:23.269 align:start position:0%
faint group of stars may be the closest
known<00:14:21.120><c> globular</c><00:14:21.680><c> cluster</c><00:14:22.240><c> to</c><00:14:22.560><c> the</c><00:14:22.800><c> center</c><00:14:23.120><c> of</c>

00:14:23.269 --> 00:14:23.279 align:start position:0%
known globular cluster to the center of
 

00:14:23.279 --> 00:14:25.990 align:start position:0%
known globular cluster to the center of
the<00:14:23.519><c> Milky</c><00:14:23.839><c> Way.</c><00:14:24.800><c> Did</c><00:14:25.040><c> you</c><00:14:25.279><c> know</c><00:14:25.440><c> that</c><00:14:25.680><c> there</c>

00:14:25.990 --> 00:14:26.000 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way. Did you know that there
 

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:29.750 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way. Did you know that there
were<00:14:26.160><c> only</c><00:14:27.360><c> 158</c><00:14:28.079><c> known</c><00:14:28.639><c> globular</c><00:14:29.199><c> clusters</c><00:14:29.600><c> in</c>

00:14:29.750 --> 00:14:29.760 align:start position:0%
were only 158 known globular clusters in
 

00:14:29.760 --> 00:14:31.750 align:start position:0%
were only 158 known globular clusters in
the<00:14:29.839><c> Milky</c><00:14:30.160><c> Way</c><00:14:30.480><c> before</c><00:14:30.880><c> these</c><00:14:31.120><c> new</c><00:14:31.360><c> ones</c><00:14:31.600><c> were</c>

00:14:31.750 --> 00:14:31.760 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way before these new ones were
 

00:14:31.760 --> 00:14:34.949 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way before these new ones were
found<00:14:31.920><c> by</c><00:14:32.160><c> Vista?</c>

00:14:34.949 --> 00:14:34.959 align:start position:0%
found by Vista?
 

00:14:34.959 --> 00:14:37.910 align:start position:0%
found by Vista?
For<00:14:35.199><c> the</c><00:14:35.360><c> survey</c><00:14:35.760><c> to</c><00:14:36.160><c> identify</c><00:14:36.959><c> two</c><00:14:37.440><c> more</c><00:14:37.680><c> of</c>

00:14:37.910 --> 00:14:37.920 align:start position:0%
For the survey to identify two more of
 

00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:40.949 align:start position:0%
For the survey to identify two more of
these<00:14:38.240><c> rare</c><00:14:38.639><c> stellar</c><00:14:39.040><c> objects</c><00:14:40.079><c> is</c><00:14:40.399><c> quite</c><00:14:40.720><c> a</c>

00:14:40.949 --> 00:14:40.959 align:start position:0%
these rare stellar objects is quite a
 

00:14:40.959 --> 00:14:43.189 align:start position:0%
these rare stellar objects is quite a
significant<00:14:41.519><c> accomplishment.</c>

00:14:43.189 --> 00:14:43.199 align:start position:0%
significant accomplishment.
 

00:14:43.199 --> 00:14:44.949 align:start position:0%
significant accomplishment.
Within<00:14:43.600><c> this</c><00:14:43.920><c> central</c><00:14:44.399><c> region</c><00:14:44.639><c> of</c><00:14:44.800><c> the</c>

00:14:44.949 --> 00:14:44.959 align:start position:0%
Within this central region of the
 

00:14:44.959 --> 00:14:47.670 align:start position:0%
Within this central region of the
galaxy,<00:14:45.760><c> it's</c><00:14:46.160><c> easy</c><00:14:46.399><c> for</c><00:14:46.720><c> younger</c><00:14:47.120><c> stars</c><00:14:47.440><c> and</c>

00:14:47.670 --> 00:14:47.680 align:start position:0%
galaxy, it's easy for younger stars and
 

00:14:47.680 --> 00:14:49.670 align:start position:0%
galaxy, it's easy for younger stars and
cosmic<00:14:48.079><c> dust</c><00:14:48.320><c> to</c><00:14:48.560><c> obscure</c><00:14:49.120><c> globular</c>

00:14:49.670 --> 00:14:49.680 align:start position:0%
cosmic dust to obscure globular
 

00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:51.829 align:start position:0%
cosmic dust to obscure globular
clusters,<00:14:50.560><c> especially</c><00:14:50.959><c> since</c><00:14:51.279><c> their</c><00:14:51.519><c> age</c>

00:14:51.829 --> 00:14:51.839 align:start position:0%
clusters, especially since their age
 

00:14:51.839 --> 00:14:54.389 align:start position:0%
clusters, especially since their age
prevents<00:14:52.240><c> them</c><00:14:52.399><c> from</c><00:14:52.639><c> shining</c><00:14:53.040><c> as</c><00:14:53.279><c> brightly.</c>

00:14:54.389 --> 00:14:54.399 align:start position:0%
prevents them from shining as brightly.
 

00:14:54.399 --> 00:14:56.470 align:start position:0%
prevents them from shining as brightly.
But<00:14:54.639><c> now</c><00:14:54.880><c> that</c><00:14:55.120><c> they've</c><00:14:55.519><c> been</c><00:14:55.680><c> revealed,</c>

00:14:56.470 --> 00:14:56.480 align:start position:0%
But now that they've been revealed,
 

00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:58.389 align:start position:0%
But now that they've been revealed,
these<00:14:56.800><c> features</c><00:14:57.279><c> bring</c><00:14:57.760><c> exciting</c>

00:14:58.389 --> 00:14:58.399 align:start position:0%
these features bring exciting
 

00:14:58.399 --> 00:15:01.030 align:start position:0%
these features bring exciting
possibilities<00:14:59.120><c> for</c><00:14:59.360><c> further</c><00:14:59.680><c> study.</c><00:15:00.800><c> It</c>

00:15:01.030 --> 00:15:01.040 align:start position:0%
possibilities for further study. It
 

00:15:01.040 --> 00:15:02.550 align:start position:0%
possibilities for further study. It
could<00:15:01.360><c> just</c><00:15:01.600><c> be</c><00:15:01.839><c> an</c><00:15:02.160><c> illusion</c><00:15:02.399><c> of</c>

00:15:02.550 --> 00:15:02.560 align:start position:0%
could just be an illusion of
 

00:15:02.560 --> 00:15:04.949 align:start position:0%
could just be an illusion of
perspective.<00:15:04.000><c> But</c><00:15:04.160><c> scientists</c><00:15:04.720><c> have</c>

00:15:04.949 --> 00:15:04.959 align:start position:0%
perspective. But scientists have
 

00:15:04.959 --> 00:15:08.389 align:start position:0%
perspective. But scientists have
wondered<00:15:05.279><c> whether</c><00:15:05.680><c> VVV</c><00:15:06.560><c> CL001</c><00:15:08.000><c> is</c>

00:15:08.389 --> 00:15:08.399 align:start position:0%
wondered whether VVV CL001 is
 

00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:11.509 align:start position:0%
wondered whether VVV CL001 is
gravitationally<00:15:09.279><c> bound</c><00:15:09.600><c> to</c><00:15:09.839><c> UKS1.</c>

00:15:11.509 --> 00:15:11.519 align:start position:0%
gravitationally bound to UKS1.
 

00:15:11.519 --> 00:15:13.750 align:start position:0%
gravitationally bound to UKS1.
If<00:15:11.760><c> this</c><00:15:12.000><c> is</c><00:15:12.079><c> the</c><00:15:12.320><c> case,</c><00:15:12.800><c> then</c><00:15:13.120><c> they</c><00:15:13.360><c> would</c><00:15:13.600><c> be</c>

00:15:13.750 --> 00:15:13.760 align:start position:0%
If this is the case, then they would be
 

00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:17.189 align:start position:0%
If this is the case, then they would be
the<00:15:14.079><c> Milky</c><00:15:14.399><c> Way's</c><00:15:15.120><c> first</c><00:15:15.680><c> known</c><00:15:16.320><c> binary</c>

00:15:17.189 --> 00:15:17.199 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way's first known binary
 

00:15:17.199 --> 00:15:20.870 align:start position:0%
the Milky Way's first known binary
globular<00:15:17.839><c> cluster</c><00:15:18.240><c> pair.</c><00:15:19.680><c> We</c><00:15:20.000><c> found</c><00:15:20.399><c> binary</c>

00:15:20.870 --> 00:15:20.880 align:start position:0%
globular cluster pair. We found binary
 

00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:23.269 align:start position:0%
globular cluster pair. We found binary
clusters<00:15:21.279><c> in</c><00:15:21.440><c> other</c><00:15:21.680><c> galaxies</c><00:15:22.480><c> like</c><00:15:22.800><c> in</c>

00:15:23.269 --> 00:15:23.279 align:start position:0%
clusters in other galaxies like in
 

00:15:23.279 --> 00:15:26.150 align:start position:0%
clusters in other galaxies like in
Centurus<00:15:24.160><c> A</c><00:15:24.800><c> and</c><00:15:25.040><c> the</c><00:15:25.199><c> large</c><00:15:25.519><c> Magelanic</c>

00:15:26.150 --> 00:15:26.160 align:start position:0%
Centurus A and the large Magelanic
 

00:15:26.160 --> 00:15:28.710 align:start position:0%
Centurus A and the large Magelanic
cloud,<00:15:27.040><c> but</c><00:15:27.360><c> scientists</c><00:15:27.839><c> think</c><00:15:28.079><c> it</c><00:15:28.399><c> might</c><00:15:28.560><c> be</c>

00:15:28.710 --> 00:15:28.720 align:start position:0%
cloud, but scientists think it might be
 

00:15:28.720 --> 00:15:30.870 align:start position:0%
cloud, but scientists think it might be
when<00:15:28.959><c> these</c><00:15:29.440><c> gravitationally</c><00:15:30.480><c> bound</c>

00:15:30.870 --> 00:15:30.880 align:start position:0%
when these gravitationally bound
 

00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:33.590 align:start position:0%
when these gravitationally bound
clusters<00:15:31.440><c> collide</c><00:15:32.399><c> that</c><00:15:32.639><c> we</c><00:15:32.800><c> get</c><00:15:32.959><c> the</c><00:15:33.279><c> most</c>

00:15:33.590 --> 00:15:33.600 align:start position:0%
clusters collide that we get the most
 

00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:36.069 align:start position:0%
clusters collide that we get the most
massive<00:15:34.079><c> globular</c><00:15:34.639><c> clusters</c><00:15:35.279><c> like</c><00:15:35.600><c> Omega</c>

00:15:36.069 --> 00:15:36.079 align:start position:0%
massive globular clusters like Omega
 

00:15:36.079 --> 00:15:37.590 align:start position:0%
massive globular clusters like Omega
Centuri.

00:15:37.590 --> 00:15:37.600 align:start position:0%
Centuri.
 

00:15:37.600 --> 00:15:40.230 align:start position:0%
Centuri.
So<00:15:38.000><c> studying</c><00:15:38.480><c> a</c><00:15:38.720><c> binary</c><00:15:39.120><c> cluster</c><00:15:39.680><c> right</c><00:15:40.000><c> in</c>

00:15:40.230 --> 00:15:40.240 align:start position:0%
So studying a binary cluster right in
 

00:15:40.240 --> 00:15:42.790 align:start position:0%
So studying a binary cluster right in
our<00:15:40.560><c> own</c><00:15:40.959><c> galaxy</c><00:15:41.839><c> could</c><00:15:42.160><c> produce</c><00:15:42.480><c> some</c>

00:15:42.790 --> 00:15:42.800 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy could produce some
 

00:15:42.800 --> 00:15:45.990 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy could produce some
amazing<00:15:43.360><c> insights</c><00:15:43.839><c> into</c><00:15:44.160><c> this</c><00:15:44.480><c> process.</c><00:15:45.600><c> It's</c>

00:15:45.990 --> 00:15:46.000 align:start position:0%
amazing insights into this process. It's
 

00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:48.230 align:start position:0%
amazing insights into this process. It's
all<00:15:46.320><c> speculation</c><00:15:46.880><c> at</c><00:15:47.120><c> the</c><00:15:47.199><c> moment,</c><00:15:47.760><c> but</c><00:15:48.000><c> it's</c>

00:15:48.230 --> 00:15:48.240 align:start position:0%
all speculation at the moment, but it's
 

00:15:48.240 --> 00:15:51.189 align:start position:0%
all speculation at the moment, but it's
definitely<00:15:48.639><c> cool</c><00:15:48.880><c> to</c><00:15:49.120><c> think</c><00:15:49.279><c> about.</c>

00:15:51.189 --> 00:15:51.199 align:start position:0%
definitely cool to think about.
 

00:15:51.199 --> 00:15:53.430 align:start position:0%
definitely cool to think about.
In<00:15:51.440><c> addition</c><00:15:51.680><c> to</c><00:15:51.920><c> globular</c><00:15:52.480><c> clusters,</c><00:15:53.279><c> the</c>

00:15:53.430 --> 00:15:53.440 align:start position:0%
In addition to globular clusters, the
 

00:15:53.440 --> 00:15:55.829 align:start position:0%
In addition to globular clusters, the
Vista<00:15:53.920><c> Infrared</c><00:15:54.399><c> Survey</c><00:15:55.040><c> identified</c><00:15:55.519><c> a</c>

00:15:55.829 --> 00:15:55.839 align:start position:0%
Vista Infrared Survey identified a
 

00:15:55.839 --> 00:15:57.749 align:start position:0%
Vista Infrared Survey identified a
multitude<00:15:56.480><c> of</c><00:15:56.720><c> other</c><00:15:57.040><c> types</c><00:15:57.279><c> of</c><00:15:57.519><c> star</c>

00:15:57.749 --> 00:15:57.759 align:start position:0%
multitude of other types of star
 

00:15:57.759 --> 00:16:01.269 align:start position:0%
multitude of other types of star
clusters.<00:15:58.800><c> At</c><00:15:58.800><c> least</c><00:15:59.120><c> 96</c><00:15:59.680><c> new</c><00:16:00.160><c> open</c><00:16:00.800><c> or</c>

00:16:01.269 --> 00:16:01.279 align:start position:0%
clusters. At least 96 new open or
 

00:16:01.279 --> 00:16:04.069 align:start position:0%
clusters. At least 96 new open or
galactic<00:16:01.839><c> clusters</c><00:16:02.320><c> have</c><00:16:02.560><c> been</c><00:16:02.800><c> found,</c><00:16:03.600><c> which</c>

00:16:04.069 --> 00:16:04.079 align:start position:0%
galactic clusters have been found, which
 

00:16:04.079 --> 00:16:07.189 align:start position:0%
galactic clusters have been found, which
typically<00:16:04.639><c> contain</c><00:16:05.199><c> fewer,</c><00:16:06.079><c> younger</c><00:16:06.480><c> stars</c>

00:16:07.189 --> 00:16:07.199 align:start position:0%
typically contain fewer, younger stars
 

00:16:07.199 --> 00:16:09.030 align:start position:0%
typically contain fewer, younger stars
and<00:16:07.519><c> are</c><00:16:07.759><c> much</c><00:16:08.079><c> more</c><00:16:08.320><c> common</c><00:16:08.639><c> than</c><00:16:08.880><c> the</c>

00:16:09.030 --> 00:16:09.040 align:start position:0%
and are much more common than the
 

00:16:09.040 --> 00:16:11.749 align:start position:0%
and are much more common than the
globular<00:16:09.600><c> type.</c><00:16:10.720><c> Like</c><00:16:10.959><c> the</c><00:16:11.199><c> globular</c>

00:16:11.749 --> 00:16:11.759 align:start position:0%
globular type. Like the globular
 

00:16:11.759 --> 00:16:13.749 align:start position:0%
globular type. Like the globular
clusters,<00:16:12.399><c> they</c><00:16:12.720><c> have</c><00:16:12.959><c> been</c><00:16:13.199><c> hidden</c><00:16:13.519><c> by</c>

00:16:13.749 --> 00:16:13.759 align:start position:0%
clusters, they have been hidden by
 

00:16:13.759 --> 00:16:17.269 align:start position:0%
clusters, they have been hidden by
cosmic<00:16:14.240><c> dust.</c><00:16:14.959><c> But</c><00:16:15.199><c> VISTA's</c><00:16:15.920><c> 4.1</c><00:16:16.800><c> meter</c>

00:16:17.269 --> 00:16:17.279 align:start position:0%
cosmic dust. But VISTA's 4.1 meter
 

00:16:17.279 --> 00:16:19.509 align:start position:0%
cosmic dust. But VISTA's 4.1 meter
infrared<00:16:17.839><c> telescope</c><00:16:18.560><c> has</c><00:16:18.959><c> lifted</c><00:16:19.279><c> the</c>

00:16:19.509 --> 00:16:19.519 align:start position:0%
infrared telescope has lifted the
 

00:16:19.519 --> 00:16:22.790 align:start position:0%
infrared telescope has lifted the
curtain<00:16:20.079><c> to</c><00:16:20.320><c> show</c><00:16:20.560><c> them</c><00:16:20.800><c> in</c><00:16:21.120><c> all</c><00:16:21.440><c> their</c><00:16:21.680><c> glory.</c>

00:16:22.790 --> 00:16:22.800 align:start position:0%
curtain to show them in all their glory.
 

00:16:22.800 --> 00:16:24.870 align:start position:0%
curtain to show them in all their glory.
Take<00:16:22.959><c> a</c><00:16:23.199><c> look</c><00:16:23.360><c> at</c><00:16:23.680><c> just</c><00:16:24.000><c> a</c><00:16:24.240><c> few</c><00:16:24.399><c> of</c><00:16:24.639><c> these</c>

00:16:24.870 --> 00:16:24.880 align:start position:0%
Take a look at just a few of these
 

00:16:24.880 --> 00:16:27.430 align:start position:0%
Take a look at just a few of these
stunning<00:16:25.360><c> images</c><00:16:25.839><c> we</c><00:16:26.160><c> now</c><00:16:26.480><c> have</c><00:16:26.720><c> of</c><00:16:27.120><c> these</c>

00:16:27.430 --> 00:16:27.440 align:start position:0%
stunning images we now have of these
 

00:16:27.440 --> 00:16:29.829 align:start position:0%
stunning images we now have of these
objects.

00:16:29.829 --> 00:16:29.839 align:start position:0%
objects.
 

00:16:29.839 --> 00:16:34.949 align:start position:0%
objects.
One<00:16:30.079><c> of</c><00:16:30.240><c> these</c><00:16:30.560><c> open</c><00:16:30.880><c> clusters,</c><00:16:31.759><c> VVV</c><00:16:32.800><c> CL00003,</c>

00:16:34.949 --> 00:16:34.959 align:start position:0%
One of these open clusters, VVV CL00003,
 

00:16:34.959 --> 00:16:36.870 align:start position:0%
One of these open clusters, VVV CL00003,
is<00:16:35.199><c> much</c><00:16:35.440><c> more</c><00:16:35.680><c> difficult</c><00:16:36.079><c> to</c><00:16:36.240><c> make</c><00:16:36.480><c> out</c><00:16:36.639><c> in</c>

00:16:36.870 --> 00:16:36.880 align:start position:0%
is much more difficult to make out in
 

00:16:36.880 --> 00:16:38.949 align:start position:0%
is much more difficult to make out in
images<00:16:37.360><c> compared</c><00:16:37.759><c> to</c><00:16:37.839><c> the</c><00:16:38.079><c> tightly</c><00:16:38.560><c> packed</c>

00:16:38.949 --> 00:16:38.959 align:start position:0%
images compared to the tightly packed
 

00:16:38.959 --> 00:16:41.189 align:start position:0%
images compared to the tightly packed
globular<00:16:39.600><c> clusters.</c><00:16:40.399><c> Try</c><00:16:40.560><c> and</c><00:16:40.800><c> see</c><00:16:40.959><c> the</c>

00:16:41.189 --> 00:16:41.199 align:start position:0%
globular clusters. Try and see the
 

00:16:41.199 --> 00:16:43.509 align:start position:0%
globular clusters. Try and see the
density<00:16:41.759><c> differences</c><00:16:42.320><c> in</c><00:16:42.560><c> the</c><00:16:42.720><c> stars</c><00:16:43.040><c> in</c><00:16:43.279><c> this</c>

00:16:43.509 --> 00:16:43.519 align:start position:0%
density differences in the stars in this
 

00:16:43.519 --> 00:16:45.269 align:start position:0%
density differences in the stars in this
section<00:16:43.759><c> of</c><00:16:43.920><c> the</c><00:16:44.079><c> image.</c><00:16:44.560><c> compared</c><00:16:44.959><c> to</c><00:16:45.120><c> the</c>

00:16:45.269 --> 00:16:45.279 align:start position:0%
section of the image. compared to the
 

00:16:45.279 --> 00:16:47.590 align:start position:0%
section of the image. compared to the
surrounding<00:16:45.759><c> regions.</c>

00:16:47.590 --> 00:16:47.600 align:start position:0%
surrounding regions.
 

00:16:47.600 --> 00:16:50.069 align:start position:0%
surrounding regions.
It<00:16:47.759><c> was</c><00:16:47.920><c> found</c><00:16:48.079><c> by</c><00:16:48.320><c> Vista</c><00:16:48.880><c> 15,000</c><00:16:49.759><c> lighty</c>

00:16:50.069 --> 00:16:50.079 align:start position:0%
It was found by Vista 15,000 lighty
 

00:16:50.079 --> 00:16:52.629 align:start position:0%
It was found by Vista 15,000 lighty
years<00:16:50.399><c> beyond</c><00:16:50.880><c> the</c><00:16:51.040><c> Milky</c><00:16:51.360><c> Way</c><00:16:51.600><c> center</c><00:16:52.320><c> and</c>

00:16:52.629 --> 00:16:52.639 align:start position:0%
years beyond the Milky Way center and
 

00:16:52.639 --> 00:16:54.470 align:start position:0%
years beyond the Milky Way center and
also<00:16:53.040><c> happens</c><00:16:53.360><c> to</c><00:16:53.519><c> be</c><00:16:53.600><c> the</c><00:16:53.759><c> first</c><00:16:53.920><c> of</c><00:16:54.160><c> its</c><00:16:54.320><c> kind</c>

00:16:54.470 --> 00:16:54.480 align:start position:0%
also happens to be the first of its kind
 

00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:56.470 align:start position:0%
also happens to be the first of its kind
to<00:16:54.720><c> be</c><00:16:54.880><c> discovered</c><00:16:55.279><c> on</c><00:16:55.440><c> the</c><00:16:55.680><c> far</c><00:16:55.920><c> side</c><00:16:56.160><c> of</c><00:16:56.320><c> the</c>

00:16:56.470 --> 00:16:56.480 align:start position:0%
to be discovered on the far side of the
 

00:16:56.480 --> 00:17:01.910 align:start position:0%
to be discovered on the far side of the
galaxy.

00:17:01.910 --> 00:17:01.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:17:01.920 --> 00:17:04.710 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:17:02.399><c> sheer</c><00:17:02.800><c> scale</c><00:17:03.279><c> of</c><00:17:03.600><c> this</c><00:17:03.839><c> survey</c><00:17:04.319><c> is</c>

00:17:04.710 --> 00:17:04.720 align:start position:0%
The sheer scale of this survey is
 

00:17:04.720 --> 00:17:07.510 align:start position:0%
The sheer scale of this survey is
staggering.<00:17:06.079><c> covering</c><00:17:06.480><c> a</c><00:17:06.720><c> vast</c><00:17:07.120><c> region</c><00:17:07.360><c> of</c>

00:17:07.510 --> 00:17:07.520 align:start position:0%
staggering. covering a vast region of
 

00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:10.390 align:start position:0%
staggering. covering a vast region of
the<00:17:07.679><c> sky</c><00:17:08.319><c> and</c><00:17:08.480><c> mapping</c><00:17:08.880><c> more</c><00:17:09.120><c> than</c><00:17:09.360><c> 1.5</c>

00:17:10.390 --> 00:17:10.400 align:start position:0%
the sky and mapping more than 1.5
 

00:17:10.400 --> 00:17:13.189 align:start position:0%
the sky and mapping more than 1.5
billion<00:17:10.959><c> objects.</c><00:17:12.000><c> This</c><00:17:12.160><c> data</c><00:17:12.559><c> has</c><00:17:12.880><c> already</c>

00:17:13.189 --> 00:17:13.199 align:start position:0%
billion objects. This data has already
 

00:17:13.199 --> 00:17:15.510 align:start position:0%
billion objects. This data has already
led<00:17:13.520><c> to</c><00:17:13.760><c> fascinating</c><00:17:14.400><c> discoveries</c><00:17:14.959><c> that</c><00:17:15.199><c> are</c>

00:17:15.510 --> 00:17:15.520 align:start position:0%
led to fascinating discoveries that are
 

00:17:15.520 --> 00:17:17.750 align:start position:0%
led to fascinating discoveries that are
rewriting<00:17:16.160><c> our</c><00:17:16.559><c> understanding</c><00:17:17.039><c> of</c><00:17:17.199><c> the</c><00:17:17.439><c> Milky</c>

00:17:17.750 --> 00:17:17.760 align:start position:0%
rewriting our understanding of the Milky
 

00:17:17.760 --> 00:17:20.789 align:start position:0%
rewriting our understanding of the Milky
Way<00:17:18.240><c> and</c><00:17:18.559><c> beyond.</c><00:17:19.600><c> And</c><00:17:19.839><c> that's</c><00:17:20.079><c> just</c><00:17:20.319><c> the</c><00:17:20.559><c> tip</c>

00:17:20.789 --> 00:17:20.799 align:start position:0%
Way and beyond. And that's just the tip
 

00:17:20.799 --> 00:17:23.429 align:start position:0%
Way and beyond. And that's just the tip
of<00:17:20.959><c> the</c><00:17:21.120><c> iceberg.</c><00:17:22.319><c> This</c><00:17:22.559><c> survey</c><00:17:22.959><c> will</c><00:17:23.199><c> serve</c>

00:17:23.429 --> 00:17:23.439 align:start position:0%
of the iceberg. This survey will serve
 

00:17:23.439 --> 00:17:25.590 align:start position:0%
of the iceberg. This survey will serve
as<00:17:23.679><c> a</c><00:17:23.919><c> foundation</c><00:17:24.400><c> for</c><00:17:24.640><c> future</c><00:17:24.959><c> telescopes</c>

00:17:25.590 --> 00:17:25.600 align:start position:0%
as a foundation for future telescopes
 

00:17:25.600 --> 00:17:27.990 align:start position:0%
as a foundation for future telescopes
and<00:17:25.760><c> observations,</c><00:17:26.799><c> which</c><00:17:27.039><c> will</c><00:17:27.280><c> hopefully</c>

00:17:27.990 --> 00:17:28.000 align:start position:0%
and observations, which will hopefully
 

00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:30.710 align:start position:0%
and observations, which will hopefully
be<00:17:28.160><c> able</c><00:17:28.400><c> to</c><00:17:28.559><c> expand</c><00:17:28.960><c> on</c><00:17:29.200><c> Vista's</c><00:17:29.679><c> legacy</c><00:17:30.400><c> with</c>

00:17:30.710 --> 00:17:30.720 align:start position:0%
be able to expand on Vista's legacy with
 

00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:33.830 align:start position:0%
be able to expand on Vista's legacy with
even<00:17:31.039><c> higher</c><00:17:31.440><c> resolution</c><00:17:32.000><c> and</c><00:17:32.320><c> sensitivity.</c>

00:17:33.830 --> 00:17:33.840 align:start position:0%
even higher resolution and sensitivity.
 

00:17:33.840 --> 00:17:36.950 align:start position:0%
even higher resolution and sensitivity.
We<00:17:34.080><c> now</c><00:17:34.400><c> have</c><00:17:34.720><c> the</c><00:17:35.039><c> most</c><00:17:35.440><c> detailed</c><00:17:36.240><c> 3D</c><00:17:36.720><c> map</c>

00:17:36.950 --> 00:17:36.960 align:start position:0%
We now have the most detailed 3D map
 

00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:39.029 align:start position:0%
We now have the most detailed 3D map
that<00:17:37.200><c> has</c><00:17:37.440><c> ever</c><00:17:37.760><c> been</c><00:17:37.919><c> made</c><00:17:38.160><c> of</c><00:17:38.320><c> the</c><00:17:38.480><c> Milky</c><00:17:38.720><c> Way</c>

00:17:39.029 --> 00:17:39.039 align:start position:0%
that has ever been made of the Milky Way
 

00:17:39.039 --> 00:17:41.669 align:start position:0%
that has ever been made of the Milky Way
structure<00:17:39.360><c> and</c><00:17:39.600><c> objects.</c><00:17:40.400><c> One</c><00:17:40.640><c> that</c><00:17:40.960><c> unveiled</c>

00:17:41.669 --> 00:17:41.679 align:start position:0%
structure and objects. One that unveiled
 

00:17:41.679 --> 00:17:43.750 align:start position:0%
structure and objects. One that unveiled
hidden<00:17:42.080><c> wonders</c><00:17:42.640><c> previously</c><00:17:43.200><c> beyond</c><00:17:43.520><c> our</c>

00:17:43.750 --> 00:17:43.760 align:start position:0%
hidden wonders previously beyond our
 

00:17:43.760 --> 00:17:46.230 align:start position:0%
hidden wonders previously beyond our
reach.<00:17:44.480><c> And</c><00:17:44.720><c> scientists</c><00:17:45.200><c> are</c><00:17:45.600><c> already</c>

00:17:46.230 --> 00:17:46.240 align:start position:0%
reach. And scientists are already
 

00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:48.950 align:start position:0%
reach. And scientists are already
uncovering<00:17:46.880><c> new</c><00:17:47.280><c> galactic</c><00:17:47.919><c> features</c><00:17:48.640><c> and</c>

00:17:48.950 --> 00:17:48.960 align:start position:0%
uncovering new galactic features and
 

00:17:48.960 --> 00:17:50.710 align:start position:0%
uncovering new galactic features and
reshaping<00:17:49.600><c> our</c><00:17:49.919><c> understanding</c><00:17:50.400><c> of</c><00:17:50.559><c> the</c>

00:17:50.710 --> 00:17:50.720 align:start position:0%
reshaping our understanding of the
 

00:17:50.720 --> 00:17:53.350 align:start position:0%
reshaping our understanding of the
galaxy.<00:17:51.919><c> With</c><00:17:52.160><c> the</c><00:17:52.400><c> information</c><00:17:52.799><c> from</c><00:17:53.039><c> this</c>

00:17:53.350 --> 00:17:53.360 align:start position:0%
galaxy. With the information from this
 

00:17:53.360 --> 00:17:55.750 align:start position:0%
galaxy. With the information from this
groundbreaking<00:17:54.160><c> infrared</c><00:17:54.640><c> survey,</c><00:17:55.440><c> as</c><00:17:55.600><c> well</c>

00:17:55.750 --> 00:17:55.760 align:start position:0%
groundbreaking infrared survey, as well
 

00:17:55.760 --> 00:17:57.669 align:start position:0%
groundbreaking infrared survey, as well
as<00:17:55.919><c> the</c><00:17:56.080><c> recent</c><00:17:56.400><c> work</c><00:17:56.559><c> from</c><00:17:56.799><c> ISSa's</c><00:17:57.280><c> Gaia</c>

00:17:57.669 --> 00:17:57.679 align:start position:0%
as the recent work from ISSa's Gaia
 

00:17:57.679 --> 00:18:00.310 align:start position:0%
as the recent work from ISSa's Gaia
mission<00:17:58.080><c> in</c><00:17:58.480><c> visible</c><00:17:58.960><c> light,</c><00:17:59.840><c> it's</c><00:18:00.080><c> an</c>

00:18:00.310 --> 00:18:00.320 align:start position:0%
mission in visible light, it's an
 

00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:02.390 align:start position:0%
mission in visible light, it's an
exciting<00:18:00.720><c> time</c><00:18:00.880><c> to</c><00:18:01.039><c> be</c><00:18:01.200><c> an</c><00:18:01.360><c> astronomer,</c><00:18:02.160><c> and</c>

00:18:02.390 --> 00:18:02.400 align:start position:0%
exciting time to be an astronomer, and
 

00:18:02.400 --> 00:18:04.950 align:start position:0%
exciting time to be an astronomer, and
we<00:18:02.640><c> can</c><00:18:02.799><c> expect</c><00:18:03.200><c> a</c><00:18:03.520><c> flurry</c><00:18:04.000><c> of</c><00:18:04.160><c> new</c><00:18:04.400><c> insights</c>

00:18:04.950 --> 00:18:04.960 align:start position:0%
we can expect a flurry of new insights
 

00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:07.830 align:start position:0%
we can expect a flurry of new insights
about<00:18:05.280><c> our</c><00:18:05.679><c> own</c><00:18:05.919><c> galaxy</c><00:18:06.640><c> and</c><00:18:06.960><c> the</c><00:18:07.200><c> universe</c><00:18:07.600><c> as</c>

00:18:07.830 --> 00:18:07.840 align:start position:0%
about our own galaxy and the universe as
 

00:18:07.840 --> 00:18:10.950 align:start position:0%
about our own galaxy and the universe as
a<00:18:08.000><c> whole.</c><00:18:09.360><c> VISTA's</c><00:18:09.919><c> infrared</c><00:18:10.400><c> observations</c>

00:18:10.950 --> 00:18:10.960 align:start position:0%
a whole. VISTA's infrared observations
 

00:18:10.960 --> 00:18:12.950 align:start position:0%
a whole. VISTA's infrared observations
have<00:18:11.200><c> unveiled</c><00:18:11.679><c> dozens</c><00:18:12.160><c> of</c><00:18:12.240><c> hidden</c><00:18:12.640><c> star</c>

00:18:12.950 --> 00:18:12.960 align:start position:0%
have unveiled dozens of hidden star
 

00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:14.870 align:start position:0%
have unveiled dozens of hidden star
clusters<00:18:13.360><c> and</c><00:18:13.679><c> millions</c><00:18:14.080><c> of</c><00:18:14.320><c> previously</c>

00:18:14.870 --> 00:18:14.880 align:start position:0%
clusters and millions of previously
 

00:18:14.880 --> 00:18:17.350 align:start position:0%
clusters and millions of previously
unseen<00:18:15.440><c> stars.</c><00:18:16.320><c> They</c><00:18:16.559><c> have</c><00:18:16.720><c> revealed</c><00:18:17.039><c> new</c>

00:18:17.350 --> 00:18:17.360 align:start position:0%
unseen stars. They have revealed new
 

00:18:17.360 --> 00:18:19.909 align:start position:0%
unseen stars. They have revealed new
stellar<00:18:17.760><c> nurseries</c><00:18:18.240><c> where</c><00:18:18.559><c> stars</c><00:18:18.960><c> are</c><00:18:19.120><c> born</c>

00:18:19.909 --> 00:18:19.919 align:start position:0%
stellar nurseries where stars are born
 

00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:21.430 align:start position:0%
stellar nurseries where stars are born
and<00:18:20.160><c> they</c><00:18:20.400><c> have</c><00:18:20.420><c> [music]</c><00:18:20.640><c> broadened</c><00:18:21.120><c> our</c>

00:18:21.430 --> 00:18:21.440 align:start position:0%
and they have [music] broadened our
 

00:18:21.440 --> 00:18:23.590 align:start position:0%
and they have [music] broadened our
understanding<00:18:21.919><c> of</c><00:18:22.160><c> the</c><00:18:22.320><c> formation</c><00:18:22.960><c> of</c><00:18:23.200><c> our</c>

00:18:23.590 --> 00:18:23.600 align:start position:0%
understanding of the formation of our
 

00:18:23.600 --> 00:18:26.710 align:start position:0%
understanding of the formation of our
Milky<00:18:23.919><c> Way.</c>

00:18:26.710 --> 00:18:26.720 align:start position:0%
Milky Way.
 

00:18:26.720 --> 00:18:28.230 align:start position:0%
Milky Way.
Looking<00:18:27.039><c> at</c><00:18:27.200><c> the</c><00:18:27.360><c> sky</c><00:18:27.600><c> through</c><00:18:28.000><c> different</c>

00:18:28.230 --> 00:18:28.240 align:start position:0%
Looking at the sky through different
 

00:18:28.240 --> 00:18:30.950 align:start position:0%
Looking at the sky through different
wavelengths<00:18:28.799><c> has</c><00:18:29.120><c> brought</c><00:18:29.440><c> about</c><00:18:29.840><c> a</c><00:18:30.160><c> new</c><00:18:30.640><c> era</c>

00:18:30.950 --> 00:18:30.960 align:start position:0%
wavelengths has brought about a new era
 

00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:33.590 align:start position:0%
wavelengths has brought about a new era
of<00:18:31.200><c> galactic</c><00:18:31.840><c> exploration,</c><00:18:32.857><c> [music]</c><00:18:33.120><c> and</c><00:18:33.280><c> I</c>

00:18:33.590 --> 00:18:33.600 align:start position:0%
of galactic exploration, [music] and I
 

00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:35.430 align:start position:0%
of galactic exploration, [music] and I
can't<00:18:33.840><c> wait</c><00:18:34.080><c> to</c><00:18:34.240><c> see</c><00:18:34.400><c> what</c><00:18:34.640><c> else</c><00:18:34.880><c> astronomers</c>

00:18:35.430 --> 00:18:35.440 align:start position:0%
can't wait to see what else astronomers
 

00:18:35.440 --> 00:18:37.830 align:start position:0%
can't wait to see what else astronomers
and<00:18:35.679><c> data</c><00:18:36.000><c> scientists</c><00:18:36.559><c> are</c><00:18:36.799><c> going</c><00:18:37.039><c> to</c><00:18:37.200><c> uncover</c>

00:18:37.830 --> 00:18:37.840 align:start position:0%
and data scientists are going to uncover
 

00:18:37.840 --> 00:18:45.990 align:start position:0%
and data scientists are going to uncover
thanks<00:18:38.400><c> to</c><00:18:38.640><c> Vista's</c><00:18:39.360><c> 3D</c><00:18:39.760><c> map.</c>

00:18:45.990 --> 00:18:46.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:47.909 align:start position:0%
 
What<00:18:46.240><c> if</c><00:18:46.400><c> I</c><00:18:46.559><c> told</c><00:18:46.799><c> you</c><00:18:46.960><c> that</c><00:18:47.200><c> there</c><00:18:47.440><c> is</c><00:18:47.679><c> a</c>

00:18:47.909 --> 00:18:47.919 align:start position:0%
What if I told you that there is a
 

00:18:47.919 --> 00:18:50.150 align:start position:0%
What if I told you that there is a
colossal<00:18:48.559><c> structure</c><00:18:49.039><c> that</c><00:18:49.360><c> begins</c><00:18:49.760><c> at</c><00:18:50.000><c> the</c>

00:18:50.150 --> 00:18:50.160 align:start position:0%
colossal structure that begins at the
 

00:18:50.160 --> 00:18:54.390 align:start position:0%
colossal structure that begins at the
edge<00:18:50.400><c> of</c><00:18:50.559><c> our</c><00:18:50.880><c> solar</c><00:18:51.200><c> system?</c>

00:18:54.390 --> 00:18:54.400 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:18:54.400 --> 00:18:56.950 align:start position:0%
 
One<00:18:54.640><c> that</c><00:18:54.880><c> encircles</c><00:18:55.600><c> our</c><00:18:55.919><c> sun</c><00:18:56.160><c> and</c><00:18:56.559><c> all</c><00:18:56.799><c> of</c>

00:18:56.950 --> 00:18:56.960 align:start position:0%
One that encircles our sun and all of
 

00:18:56.960 --> 00:19:01.110 align:start position:0%
One that encircles our sun and all of
the<00:18:57.200><c> planets.</c><00:18:58.400><c> But</c><00:18:58.640><c> we've</c><00:18:59.120><c> never</c><00:18:59.520><c> seen</c><00:18:59.760><c> it.</c><00:19:00.880><c> A</c>

00:19:01.110 --> 00:19:01.120 align:start position:0%
the planets. But we've never seen it. A
 

00:19:01.120 --> 00:19:03.750 align:start position:0%
the planets. But we've never seen it. A
shell<00:19:01.440><c> made</c><00:19:01.679><c> up</c><00:19:01.919><c> of</c><00:19:02.320><c> billions</c><00:19:03.120><c> or</c><00:19:03.360><c> even</c>

00:19:03.750 --> 00:19:03.760 align:start position:0%
shell made up of billions or even
 

00:19:03.760 --> 00:19:06.950 align:start position:0%
shell made up of billions or even
trillions<00:19:04.400><c> of</c><00:19:04.799><c> ancient</c><00:19:05.600><c> icy</c><00:19:06.000><c> chunks</c><00:19:06.480><c> the</c><00:19:06.720><c> size</c>

00:19:06.950 --> 00:19:06.960 align:start position:0%
trillions of ancient icy chunks the size
 

00:19:06.960 --> 00:19:09.830 align:start position:0%
trillions of ancient icy chunks the size
of<00:19:07.280><c> mountains</c><00:19:08.320><c> marks</c><00:19:08.720><c> the</c><00:19:09.039><c> outermost</c>

00:19:09.830 --> 00:19:09.840 align:start position:0%
of mountains marks the outermost
 

00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:13.029 align:start position:0%
of mountains marks the outermost
boundary<00:19:10.320><c> of</c><00:19:10.480><c> our</c><00:19:10.799><c> solar</c><00:19:11.120><c> system.</c><00:19:12.000><c> Or</c><00:19:12.559><c> so</c><00:19:12.799><c> we</c>

00:19:13.029 --> 00:19:13.039 align:start position:0%
boundary of our solar system. Or so we
 

00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:17.110 align:start position:0%
boundary of our solar system. Or so we
think.

00:19:17.110 --> 00:19:17.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:19:17.120 --> 00:19:19.590 align:start position:0%
 
Jaw-droppingly<00:19:18.080><c> far</c><00:19:18.320><c> away,</c><00:19:19.039><c> beyond</c><00:19:19.440><c> the</c>

00:19:19.590 --> 00:19:19.600 align:start position:0%
Jaw-droppingly far away, beyond the
 

00:19:19.600 --> 00:19:21.750 align:start position:0%
Jaw-droppingly far away, beyond the
reach<00:19:19.840><c> of</c><00:19:20.080><c> even</c><00:19:20.400><c> our</c><00:19:20.799><c> most</c><00:19:21.120><c> powerful</c>

00:19:21.750 --> 00:19:21.760 align:start position:0%
reach of even our most powerful
 

00:19:21.760 --> 00:19:24.470 align:start position:0%
reach of even our most powerful
telescopes,<00:19:22.799><c> the</c><00:19:23.039><c> or</c><00:19:23.360><c> cloud</c><00:19:23.600><c> is</c><00:19:23.760><c> a</c><00:19:24.000><c> region</c>

00:19:24.470 --> 00:19:24.480 align:start position:0%
telescopes, the or cloud is a region
 

00:19:24.480 --> 00:19:27.190 align:start position:0%
telescopes, the or cloud is a region
shrouded<00:19:25.039><c> in</c><00:19:25.280><c> mystery</c><00:19:25.679><c> and</c><00:19:26.080><c> speculation</c>

00:19:27.190 --> 00:19:27.200 align:start position:0%
shrouded in mystery and speculation
 

00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:29.750 align:start position:0%
shrouded in mystery and speculation
where<00:19:27.440><c> the</c><00:19:27.600><c> sun's</c><00:19:28.000><c> influence</c><00:19:28.559><c> grows</c><00:19:28.880><c> faint</c><00:19:29.520><c> as</c>

00:19:29.750 --> 00:19:29.760 align:start position:0%
where the sun's influence grows faint as
 

00:19:29.760 --> 00:19:31.830 align:start position:0%
where the sun's influence grows faint as
it<00:19:30.000><c> brushes</c><00:19:30.400><c> up</c><00:19:30.720><c> against</c><00:19:31.039><c> the</c><00:19:31.200><c> void</c><00:19:31.600><c> of</c>

00:19:31.830 --> 00:19:31.840 align:start position:0%
it brushes up against the void of
 

00:19:31.840 --> 00:19:34.470 align:start position:0%
it brushes up against the void of
interstellar<00:19:32.463><c> [music]</c><00:19:32.559><c> space.</c><00:19:33.600><c> What</c><00:19:33.919><c> exactly</c>

00:19:34.470 --> 00:19:34.480 align:start position:0%
interstellar [music] space. What exactly
 

00:19:34.480 --> 00:19:38.070 align:start position:0%
interstellar [music] space. What exactly
is<00:19:34.880><c> this</c><00:19:35.360><c> odd</c><00:19:35.840><c> cloud?</c><00:19:36.960><c> If</c><00:19:37.200><c> we've</c><00:19:37.520><c> never</c>

00:19:38.070 --> 00:19:38.080 align:start position:0%
is this odd cloud? If we've never
 

00:19:38.080 --> 00:19:40.390 align:start position:0%
is this odd cloud? If we've never
directly<00:19:38.720><c> observed</c><00:19:39.200><c> it,</c><00:19:39.760><c> how</c><00:19:39.919><c> do</c><00:19:40.080><c> we</c><00:19:40.240><c> know</c>

00:19:40.390 --> 00:19:40.400 align:start position:0%
directly observed it, how do we know
 

00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:43.750 align:start position:0%
directly observed it, how do we know
it's<00:19:40.640><c> out</c><00:19:40.880><c> there?</c><00:19:41.760><c> And</c><00:19:42.160><c> why</c><00:19:42.480><c> do</c><00:19:42.799><c> some</c><00:19:43.120><c> people</c>

00:19:43.750 --> 00:19:43.760 align:start position:0%
it's out there? And why do some people
 

00:19:43.760 --> 00:19:46.070 align:start position:0%
it's out there? And why do some people
question<00:19:44.240><c> its</c><00:19:44.559><c> existence?</c>

00:19:46.070 --> 00:19:46.080 align:start position:0%
question its existence?
 

00:19:46.080 --> 00:19:49.590 align:start position:0%
question its existence?
Let's<00:19:46.559><c> find</c><00:19:46.880><c> out.</c><00:19:48.000><c> I'm</c><00:19:48.240><c> Alex</c><00:19:48.640><c> Mccoan</c><00:19:49.360><c> and</c>

00:19:49.590 --> 00:19:49.600 align:start position:0%
Let's find out. I'm Alex Mccoan and
 

00:19:49.600 --> 00:19:51.909 align:start position:0%
Let's find out. I'm Alex Mccoan and
you're<00:19:49.919><c> watching</c><00:19:50.240><c> Astramm.</c><00:19:51.120><c> Join</c><00:19:51.440><c> me</c><00:19:51.600><c> today</c>

00:19:51.909 --> 00:19:51.919 align:start position:0%
you're watching Astramm. Join me today
 

00:19:51.919 --> 00:19:54.630 align:start position:0%
you're watching Astramm. Join me today
as<00:19:52.160><c> we</c><00:19:52.400><c> venture</c><00:19:52.880><c> to</c><00:19:53.120><c> the</c><00:19:53.360><c> farthest</c><00:19:53.919><c> reaches</c><00:19:54.400><c> of</c>

00:19:54.630 --> 00:19:54.640 align:start position:0%
as we venture to the farthest reaches of
 

00:19:54.640 --> 00:19:57.510 align:start position:0%
as we venture to the farthest reaches of
our<00:19:54.960><c> solar</c><00:19:55.280><c> system</c><00:19:55.679><c> and</c><00:19:56.000><c> beyond</c><00:19:56.799><c> to</c><00:19:57.120><c> construct</c>

00:19:57.510 --> 00:19:57.520 align:start position:0%
our solar system and beyond to construct
 

00:19:57.520 --> 00:20:00.710 align:start position:0%
our solar system and beyond to construct
an<00:19:57.840><c> image</c><00:19:58.160><c> of</c><00:19:58.400><c> this</c><00:19:58.799><c> unseen</c><00:19:59.679><c> astronomical</c>

00:20:00.710 --> 00:20:00.720 align:start position:0%
an image of this unseen astronomical
 

00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:03.990 align:start position:0%
an image of this unseen astronomical
wonder.

00:20:03.990 --> 00:20:04.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:20:04.000 --> 00:20:05.990 align:start position:0%
 
You've<00:20:04.400><c> probably</c><00:20:04.799><c> heard</c><00:20:05.039><c> of</c><00:20:05.200><c> the</c><00:20:05.440><c> asteroid</c>

00:20:05.990 --> 00:20:06.000 align:start position:0%
You've probably heard of the asteroid
 

00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:09.190 align:start position:0%
You've probably heard of the asteroid
belt<00:20:06.559><c> and</c><00:20:06.880><c> maybe</c><00:20:07.120><c> even</c><00:20:07.440><c> the</c><00:20:07.600><c> Kyper</c><00:20:08.080><c> belt.</c><00:20:08.960><c> At</c>

00:20:09.190 --> 00:20:09.200 align:start position:0%
belt and maybe even the Kyper belt. At
 

00:20:09.200 --> 00:20:10.950 align:start position:0%
belt and maybe even the Kyper belt. At
two<00:20:09.520><c> different</c><00:20:09.760><c> locations</c><00:20:10.160><c> in</c><00:20:10.480><c> our</c><00:20:10.640><c> solar</c>

00:20:10.950 --> 00:20:10.960 align:start position:0%
two different locations in our solar
 

00:20:10.960 --> 00:20:13.669 align:start position:0%
two different locations in our solar
system,<00:20:11.600><c> these</c><00:20:11.919><c> roughly</c><00:20:12.400><c> donut-shaped</c><00:20:13.280><c> bands</c>

00:20:13.669 --> 00:20:13.679 align:start position:0%
system, these roughly donut-shaped bands
 

00:20:13.679 --> 00:20:15.669 align:start position:0%
system, these roughly donut-shaped bands
of<00:20:13.728><c> [music]</c><00:20:13.840><c> debris</c><00:20:14.480><c> each</c><00:20:14.880><c> move</c><00:20:15.120><c> in</c><00:20:15.280><c> the</c><00:20:15.520><c> same</c>

00:20:15.669 --> 00:20:15.679 align:start position:0%
of [music] debris each move in the same
 

00:20:15.679 --> 00:20:18.390 align:start position:0%
of [music] debris each move in the same
direction<00:20:16.640><c> and</c><00:20:17.039><c> more</c><00:20:17.280><c> or</c><00:20:17.440><c> less</c><00:20:17.840><c> on</c><00:20:18.080><c> the</c><00:20:18.240><c> same</c>

00:20:18.390 --> 00:20:18.400 align:start position:0%
direction and more or less on the same
 

00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:20.710 align:start position:0%
direction and more or less on the same
orbital<00:20:18.880><c> plane</c><00:20:19.280><c> as</c><00:20:19.600><c> the</c><00:20:19.760><c> planets</c><00:20:20.160><c> around</c><00:20:20.480><c> our</c>

00:20:20.710 --> 00:20:20.720 align:start position:0%
orbital plane as the planets around our
 

00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:23.029 align:start position:0%
orbital plane as the planets around our
sun.<00:20:21.600><c> The</c><00:20:21.760><c> asteroid</c><00:20:22.240><c> belt</c><00:20:22.260><c> [music]</c><00:20:22.559><c> is</c><00:20:22.799><c> the</c>

00:20:23.029 --> 00:20:23.039 align:start position:0%
sun. The asteroid belt [music] is the
 

00:20:23.039 --> 00:20:25.270 align:start position:0%
sun. The asteroid belt [music] is the
closest<00:20:23.520><c> to</c><00:20:23.679><c> the</c><00:20:23.840><c> sun</c><00:20:24.080><c> of</c><00:20:24.320><c> these</c><00:20:24.640><c> two</c><00:20:24.799><c> debris</c>

00:20:25.270 --> 00:20:25.280 align:start position:0%
closest to the sun of these two debris
 

00:20:25.280 --> 00:20:28.230 align:start position:0%
closest to the sun of these two debris
rings,<00:20:25.919><c> located</c><00:20:26.400><c> between</c><00:20:26.799><c> Mars</c><00:20:27.120><c> and</c><00:20:27.360><c> Jupiter</c>

00:20:28.230 --> 00:20:28.240 align:start position:0%
rings, located between Mars and Jupiter
 

00:20:28.240 --> 00:20:30.710 align:start position:0%
rings, located between Mars and Jupiter
and<00:20:28.559><c> consists</c><00:20:29.039><c> of</c><00:20:29.440><c> millions</c><00:20:29.919><c> of</c><00:20:30.159><c> orbiting</c>

00:20:30.710 --> 00:20:30.720 align:start position:0%
and consists of millions of orbiting
 

00:20:30.720 --> 00:20:32.230 align:start position:0%
and consists of millions of orbiting
asteroids.

00:20:32.230 --> 00:20:32.240 align:start position:0%
asteroids.
 

00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:34.710 align:start position:0%
asteroids.
The<00:20:32.559><c> Kyper</c><00:20:33.039><c> belt,</c><00:20:33.440><c> on</c><00:20:33.600><c> the</c><00:20:33.679><c> other</c><00:20:33.840><c> hand,</c><00:20:34.400><c> was</c>

00:20:34.710 --> 00:20:34.720 align:start position:0%
The Kyper belt, on the other hand, was
 

00:20:34.720 --> 00:20:36.710 align:start position:0%
The Kyper belt, on the other hand, was
first<00:20:35.039><c> proposed</c><00:20:35.440><c> by</c><00:20:35.600><c> astronomer</c><00:20:36.159><c> Gerard</c>

00:20:36.710 --> 00:20:36.720 align:start position:0%
first proposed by astronomer Gerard
 

00:20:36.720 --> 00:20:39.350 align:start position:0%
first proposed by astronomer Gerard
Kyper<00:20:37.360><c> as</c><00:20:37.600><c> the</c><00:20:37.840><c> origin</c><00:20:38.320><c> of</c><00:20:38.640><c> short</c><00:20:38.960><c> period</c>

00:20:39.350 --> 00:20:39.360 align:start position:0%
Kyper as the origin of short period
 

00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:42.310 align:start position:0%
Kyper as the origin of short period
comets<00:20:39.760><c> in</c><00:20:39.919><c> the</c><00:20:40.000><c> mid</c><00:20:40.320><c> 20th</c><00:20:40.720><c> century.</c><00:20:41.679><c> It</c><00:20:41.919><c> is</c><00:20:42.080><c> a</c>

00:20:42.310 --> 00:20:42.320 align:start position:0%
comets in the mid 20th century. It is a
 

00:20:42.320 --> 00:20:44.870 align:start position:0%
comets in the mid 20th century. It is a
massive<00:20:42.720><c> field</c><00:20:43.039><c> of</c><00:20:43.440><c> icy</c><00:20:43.679><c> debris</c><00:20:44.240><c> out</c><00:20:44.559><c> past</c>

00:20:44.870 --> 00:20:44.880 align:start position:0%
massive field of icy debris out past
 

00:20:44.880 --> 00:20:48.070 align:start position:0%
massive field of icy debris out past
Neptune.<00:20:46.080><c> Occasionally,</c><00:20:46.960><c> a</c><00:20:47.280><c> piece</c><00:20:47.520><c> of</c><00:20:47.679><c> Kyper</c>

00:20:48.070 --> 00:20:48.080 align:start position:0%
Neptune. Occasionally, a piece of Kyper
 

00:20:48.080 --> 00:20:50.549 align:start position:0%
Neptune. Occasionally, a piece of Kyper
belt<00:20:48.400><c> debris</c><00:20:48.720><c> will</c><00:20:48.960><c> get</c><00:20:49.120><c> pushed</c><00:20:49.440><c> by</c><00:20:49.679><c> gravity,</c>

00:20:50.549 --> 00:20:50.559 align:start position:0%
belt debris will get pushed by gravity,
 

00:20:50.559 --> 00:20:53.029 align:start position:0%
belt debris will get pushed by gravity,
sending<00:20:50.880><c> it</c><00:20:51.120><c> on</c><00:20:51.360><c> a</c><00:20:51.600><c> new</c><00:20:51.840><c> orbit</c><00:20:52.320><c> closer</c><00:20:52.720><c> to</c><00:20:52.880><c> the</c>

00:20:53.029 --> 00:20:53.039 align:start position:0%
sending it on a new orbit closer to the
 

00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:56.789 align:start position:0%
sending it on a new orbit closer to the
sun.<00:20:54.000><c> In</c><00:20:54.320><c> some</c><00:20:54.640><c> cases,</c><00:20:55.280><c> this</c><00:20:55.600><c> creates</c><00:20:56.000><c> a</c><00:20:56.320><c> new</c>

00:20:56.789 --> 00:20:56.799 align:start position:0%
sun. In some cases, this creates a new
 

00:20:56.799 --> 00:20:59.510 align:start position:0%
sun. In some cases, this creates a new
short<00:20:57.200><c> period</c><00:20:57.600><c> comet.</c><00:20:58.640><c> These</c><00:20:58.880><c> comets</c><00:20:59.360><c> have</c>

00:20:59.510 --> 00:20:59.520 align:start position:0%
short period comet. These comets have
 

00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:01.990 align:start position:0%
short period comet. These comets have
orbits<00:20:59.919><c> of</c><00:21:00.080><c> less</c><00:21:00.320><c> than</c><00:21:00.559><c> 200</c><00:21:01.039><c> years</c><00:21:01.600><c> and</c><00:21:01.840><c> are</c>

00:21:01.990 --> 00:21:02.000 align:start position:0%
orbits of less than 200 years and are
 

00:21:02.000 --> 00:21:04.070 align:start position:0%
orbits of less than 200 years and are
often<00:21:02.400><c> predictable</c><00:21:03.120><c> as</c><00:21:03.360><c> they</c><00:21:03.600><c> continue</c><00:21:03.919><c> to</c>

00:21:04.070 --> 00:21:04.080 align:start position:0%
often predictable as they continue to
 

00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:06.630 align:start position:0%
often predictable as they continue to
make<00:21:04.320><c> subsequent</c><00:21:04.799><c> orbits</c><00:21:05.200><c> around</c><00:21:05.440><c> the</c><00:21:05.600><c> sun.</c>

00:21:06.630 --> 00:21:06.640 align:start position:0%
make subsequent orbits around the sun.
 

00:21:06.640 --> 00:21:08.390 align:start position:0%
make subsequent orbits around the sun.
At<00:21:06.880><c> the</c><00:21:07.039><c> same</c><00:21:07.280><c> time</c><00:21:07.440><c> that</c><00:21:07.760><c> Kyper</c><00:21:08.240><c> was</c>

00:21:08.390 --> 00:21:08.400 align:start position:0%
At the same time that Kyper was
 

00:21:08.400 --> 00:21:10.470 align:start position:0%
At the same time that Kyper was
investigating<00:21:08.960><c> short</c><00:21:09.280><c> period</c><00:21:09.600><c> comets,</c><00:21:10.240><c> a</c>

00:21:10.470 --> 00:21:10.480 align:start position:0%
investigating short period comets, a
 

00:21:10.480 --> 00:21:13.270 align:start position:0%
investigating short period comets, a
Dutch<00:21:10.799><c> astronomer</c><00:21:11.360><c> named</c><00:21:11.760><c> Yan</c><00:21:12.240><c> Ort</c><00:21:12.960><c> was</c>

00:21:13.270 --> 00:21:13.280 align:start position:0%
Dutch astronomer named Yan Ort was
 

00:21:13.280 --> 00:21:15.990 align:start position:0%
Dutch astronomer named Yan Ort was
contemplating<00:21:13.919><c> the</c><00:21:14.240><c> origin</c><00:21:14.640><c> of</c><00:21:15.120><c> long</c><00:21:15.520><c> period</c>

00:21:15.990 --> 00:21:16.000 align:start position:0%
contemplating the origin of long period
 

00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:19.110 align:start position:0%
contemplating the origin of long period
comets.<00:21:17.200><c> Few</c><00:21:17.679><c> scientists</c><00:21:18.320><c> of</c><00:21:18.480><c> the</c><00:21:18.720><c> 20th</c>

00:21:19.110 --> 00:21:19.120 align:start position:0%
comets. Few scientists of the 20th
 

00:21:19.120 --> 00:21:21.190 align:start position:0%
comets. Few scientists of the 20th
century<00:21:19.600><c> made</c><00:21:19.919><c> more</c><00:21:20.320><c> contributions</c><00:21:20.960><c> to</c>

00:21:21.190 --> 00:21:21.200 align:start position:0%
century made more contributions to
 

00:21:21.200 --> 00:21:25.590 align:start position:0%
century made more contributions to
astronomy<00:21:21.919><c> than</c><00:21:22.320><c> u.</c><00:21:23.120><c> In</c><00:21:23.440><c> 1927,</c><00:21:24.640><c> he</c><00:21:24.960><c> calculated</c>

00:21:25.590 --> 00:21:25.600 align:start position:0%
astronomy than u. In 1927, he calculated
 

00:21:25.600 --> 00:21:28.149 align:start position:0%
astronomy than u. In 1927, he calculated
our<00:21:25.919><c> place</c><00:21:26.159><c> in</c><00:21:26.320><c> the</c><00:21:26.480><c> Milky</c><00:21:26.720><c> Way</c><00:21:26.960><c> galaxy.</c><00:21:27.919><c> And</c>

00:21:28.149 --> 00:21:28.159 align:start position:0%
our place in the Milky Way galaxy. And
 

00:21:28.159 --> 00:21:29.909 align:start position:0%
our place in the Milky Way galaxy. And
in<00:21:28.400><c> 1932,</c>

00:21:29.909 --> 00:21:29.919 align:start position:0%
in 1932,
 

00:21:29.919 --> 00:21:31.990 align:start position:0%
in 1932,
he<00:21:30.159><c> was</c><00:21:30.320><c> the</c><00:21:30.559><c> first</c><00:21:30.720><c> to</c><00:21:30.960><c> find</c><00:21:31.200><c> evidence</c><00:21:31.679><c> of</c>

00:21:31.990 --> 00:21:32.000 align:start position:0%
he was the first to find evidence of
 

00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:34.630 align:start position:0%
he was the first to find evidence of
dark<00:21:32.400><c> matter,</c><00:21:33.120><c> to</c><00:21:33.360><c> name</c><00:21:33.600><c> a</c><00:21:33.840><c> few</c><00:21:34.000><c> examples</c><00:21:34.400><c> of</c>

00:21:34.630 --> 00:21:34.640 align:start position:0%
dark matter, to name a few examples of
 

00:21:34.640 --> 00:21:36.390 align:start position:0%
dark matter, to name a few examples of
his<00:21:34.880><c> discoveries.</c>

00:21:36.390 --> 00:21:36.400 align:start position:0%
his discoveries.
 

00:21:36.400 --> 00:21:40.149 align:start position:0%
his discoveries.
In<00:21:36.799><c> 1950,</c><00:21:38.080><c> Ort</c><00:21:38.640><c> was</c><00:21:38.799><c> the</c><00:21:39.120><c> first</c><00:21:39.360><c> to</c><00:21:39.600><c> theorize</c>

00:21:40.149 --> 00:21:40.159 align:start position:0%
In 1950, Ort was the first to theorize
 

00:21:40.159 --> 00:21:42.710 align:start position:0%
In 1950, Ort was the first to theorize
the<00:21:40.400><c> existence</c><00:21:40.880><c> of</c><00:21:41.120><c> a</c><00:21:41.440><c> thick</c><00:21:41.919><c> bubble</c><00:21:42.400><c> of</c>

00:21:42.710 --> 00:21:42.720 align:start position:0%
the existence of a thick bubble of
 

00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:45.590 align:start position:0%
the existence of a thick bubble of
swarming<00:21:43.760><c> icy</c><00:21:44.080><c> debris</c><00:21:44.480><c> that</c><00:21:44.720><c> surrounded</c><00:21:45.280><c> our</c>

00:21:45.590 --> 00:21:45.600 align:start position:0%
swarming icy debris that surrounded our
 

00:21:45.600 --> 00:21:48.149 align:start position:0%
swarming icy debris that surrounded our
entire<00:21:46.000><c> solar</c><00:21:46.320><c> system,</c><00:21:47.039><c> now</c><00:21:47.360><c> known</c><00:21:47.760><c> as</c><00:21:48.000><c> the</c>

00:21:48.149 --> 00:21:48.159 align:start position:0%
entire solar system, now known as the
 

00:21:48.159 --> 00:21:51.669 align:start position:0%
entire solar system, now known as the
Ort<00:21:48.559><c> cloud.</c><00:21:49.840><c> But</c><00:21:50.240><c> unlike</c><00:21:50.720><c> the</c><00:21:50.880><c> asteroid</c><00:21:51.360><c> belt</c>

00:21:51.669 --> 00:21:51.679 align:start position:0%
Ort cloud. But unlike the asteroid belt
 

00:21:51.679 --> 00:21:54.470 align:start position:0%
Ort cloud. But unlike the asteroid belt
and<00:21:51.919><c> Kyper</c><00:21:52.400><c> belt,</c><00:21:53.039><c> it's</c><00:21:53.280><c> still</c><00:21:53.520><c> yet</c><00:21:53.840><c> to</c><00:21:54.080><c> be</c>

00:21:54.470 --> 00:21:54.480 align:start position:0%
and Kyper belt, it's still yet to be
 

00:21:54.480 --> 00:21:56.950 align:start position:0%
and Kyper belt, it's still yet to be
directly<00:21:55.120><c> observed.</c>

00:21:56.950 --> 00:21:56.960 align:start position:0%
directly observed.
 

00:21:56.960 --> 00:21:59.110 align:start position:0%
directly observed.
To<00:21:57.280><c> understand</c><00:21:57.600><c> this</c><00:21:57.919><c> theory,</c><00:21:58.720><c> let</c><00:21:58.880><c> me</c>

00:21:59.110 --> 00:21:59.120 align:start position:0%
To understand this theory, let me
 

00:21:59.120 --> 00:22:01.110 align:start position:0%
To understand this theory, let me
explain<00:21:59.600><c> what</c><00:21:59.840><c> led</c><00:22:00.159><c> Ort</c><00:22:00.640><c> to</c><00:22:00.880><c> this</c>

00:22:01.110 --> 00:22:01.120 align:start position:0%
explain what led Ort to this
 

00:22:01.120 --> 00:22:03.105 align:start position:0%
explain what led Ort to this
proposition.

00:22:03.105 --> 00:22:03.115 align:start position:0%
proposition.
 

00:22:03.115 --> 00:22:03.750 align:start position:0%
proposition.
[music]

00:22:03.750 --> 00:22:03.760 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

00:22:03.760 --> 00:22:06.710 align:start position:0%
[music]
Unlike<00:22:04.240><c> comets</c><00:22:04.720><c> with</c><00:22:05.200><c> short</c><00:22:05.520><c> orbits,</c><00:22:06.320><c> such</c><00:22:06.559><c> as</c>

00:22:06.710 --> 00:22:06.720 align:start position:0%
Unlike comets with short orbits, such as
 

00:22:06.720 --> 00:22:09.190 align:start position:0%
Unlike comets with short orbits, such as
Hal's<00:22:07.200><c> comet</c><00:22:07.679><c> with</c><00:22:07.840><c> an</c><00:22:08.080><c> average</c><00:22:08.480><c> period</c><00:22:08.799><c> of</c>

00:22:09.190 --> 00:22:09.200 align:start position:0%
Hal's comet with an average period of
 

00:22:09.200 --> 00:22:13.669 align:start position:0%
Hal's comet with an average period of
75.3<00:22:10.559><c> years,</c><00:22:11.520><c> or</c><00:22:11.840><c> comet</c><00:22:12.240><c> Enka</c><00:22:12.960><c> with</c><00:22:13.200><c> a</c><00:22:13.440><c> period</c>

00:22:13.669 --> 00:22:13.679 align:start position:0%
75.3 years, or comet Enka with a period
 

00:22:13.679 --> 00:22:17.430 align:start position:0%
75.3 years, or comet Enka with a period
of<00:22:13.919><c> just</c><00:22:14.240><c> 3.3</c><00:22:14.960><c> years,</c><00:22:16.080><c> long</c><00:22:16.400><c> period</c><00:22:16.799><c> comets</c>

00:22:17.430 --> 00:22:17.440 align:start position:0%
of just 3.3 years, long period comets
 

00:22:17.440 --> 00:22:19.510 align:start position:0%
of just 3.3 years, long period comets
were<00:22:17.840><c> unpredictable.</c>

00:22:19.510 --> 00:22:19.520 align:start position:0%
were unpredictable.
 

00:22:19.520 --> 00:22:21.669 align:start position:0%
were unpredictable.
For<00:22:19.840><c> one</c><00:22:20.000><c> thing,</c><00:22:20.559><c> their</c><00:22:20.799><c> orbital</c><00:22:21.280><c> periods</c>

00:22:21.669 --> 00:22:21.679 align:start position:0%
For one thing, their orbital periods
 

00:22:21.679 --> 00:22:24.310 align:start position:0%
For one thing, their orbital periods
were<00:22:21.919><c> so</c><00:22:22.240><c> long</c><00:22:22.880><c> that</c><00:22:23.120><c> in</c><00:22:23.360><c> some</c><00:22:23.600><c> cases</c><00:22:24.000><c> they</c>

00:22:24.310 --> 00:22:24.320 align:start position:0%
were so long that in some cases they
 

00:22:24.320 --> 00:22:27.990 align:start position:0%
were so long that in some cases they
could<00:22:24.480><c> take</c><00:22:24.720><c> as</c><00:22:25.039><c> many</c><00:22:25.520><c> as</c><00:22:26.240><c> 30</c><00:22:26.960><c> million</c><00:22:27.600><c> years</c>

00:22:27.990 --> 00:22:28.000 align:start position:0%
could take as many as 30 million years
 

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:32.230 align:start position:0%
could take as many as 30 million years
to<00:22:28.320><c> complete</c><00:22:28.880><c> one</c><00:22:29.360><c> orbit.</c><00:22:30.799><c> And</c><00:22:31.280><c> curiously,</c>

00:22:32.230 --> 00:22:32.240 align:start position:0%
to complete one orbit. And curiously,
 

00:22:32.240 --> 00:22:34.470 align:start position:0%
to complete one orbit. And curiously,
these<00:22:32.480><c> comets</c><00:22:32.960><c> came</c><00:22:33.200><c> from</c><00:22:33.600><c> all</c><00:22:34.000><c> different</c>

00:22:34.470 --> 00:22:34.480 align:start position:0%
these comets came from all different
 

00:22:34.480 --> 00:22:36.710 align:start position:0%
these comets came from all different
directions<00:22:35.210><c> [music]</c><00:22:35.440><c> and</c><00:22:35.760><c> had</c><00:22:36.159><c> various</c>

00:22:36.710 --> 00:22:36.720 align:start position:0%
directions [music] and had various
 

00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:38.870 align:start position:0%
directions [music] and had various
orbital<00:22:37.280><c> inclinations.</c>

00:22:38.870 --> 00:22:38.880 align:start position:0%
orbital inclinations.
 

00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:41.350 align:start position:0%
orbital inclinations.
It<00:22:39.120><c> was</c><00:22:39.360><c> a</c><00:22:39.600><c> mystery</c><00:22:40.159><c> on</c><00:22:40.480><c> the</c><00:22:40.720><c> grandest</c><00:22:41.200><c> of</c>

00:22:41.350 --> 00:22:41.360 align:start position:0%
It was a mystery on the grandest of
 

00:22:41.360 --> 00:22:43.990 align:start position:0%
It was a mystery on the grandest of
scales.<00:22:42.400><c> But</c><00:22:42.420><c> [music]</c><00:22:42.720><c> what</c><00:22:43.120><c> noticed</c><00:22:43.520><c> a</c><00:22:43.760><c> few</c>

00:22:43.990 --> 00:22:44.000 align:start position:0%
scales. But [music] what noticed a few
 

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:46.230 align:start position:0%
scales. But [music] what noticed a few
things<00:22:44.240><c> that</c><00:22:44.720><c> all</c><00:22:45.039><c> of</c><00:22:45.200><c> these</c><00:22:45.520><c> long</c><00:22:45.840><c> period</c>

00:22:46.230 --> 00:22:46.240 align:start position:0%
things that all of these long period
 

00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:50.230 align:start position:0%
things that all of these long period
comets<00:22:46.880><c> had</c><00:22:47.280><c> in</c><00:22:47.520><c> common.</c><00:22:48.400><c> Their</c><00:22:49.760><c> orbits</c>

00:22:50.230 --> 00:22:50.240 align:start position:0%
comets had in common. Their orbits
 

00:22:50.240 --> 00:22:52.070 align:start position:0%
comets had in common. Their orbits
indicated<00:22:50.720><c> that</c><00:22:50.960><c> these</c><00:22:51.280><c> comets</c><00:22:51.679><c> weren't</c>

00:22:52.070 --> 00:22:52.080 align:start position:0%
indicated that these comets weren't
 

00:22:52.080 --> 00:22:54.230 align:start position:0%
indicated that these comets weren't
coming<00:22:52.320><c> from</c><00:22:52.640><c> far</c><00:22:52.960><c> out</c><00:22:53.200><c> in</c><00:22:53.440><c> interstellar</c>

00:22:54.230 --> 00:22:54.240 align:start position:0%
coming from far out in interstellar
 

00:22:54.240 --> 00:22:56.950 align:start position:0%
coming from far out in interstellar
space,<00:22:55.200><c> but</c><00:22:55.360><c> that</c><00:22:55.600><c> their</c><00:22:55.840><c> origin</c><00:22:56.320><c> had</c><00:22:56.559><c> to</c><00:22:56.799><c> be</c>

00:22:56.950 --> 00:22:56.960 align:start position:0%
space, but that their origin had to be
 

00:22:56.960 --> 00:22:59.830 align:start position:0%
space, but that their origin had to be
closer<00:22:57.280><c> to</c><00:22:57.440><c> home.</c><00:22:58.480><c> However,</c><00:22:59.039><c> as</c><00:22:59.280><c> I'll</c><00:22:59.520><c> explain</c>

00:22:59.830 --> 00:22:59.840 align:start position:0%
closer to home. However, as I'll explain
 

00:22:59.840 --> 00:23:03.990 align:start position:0%
closer to home. However, as I'll explain
in<00:23:00.080><c> a</c><00:23:00.240><c> moment,</c><00:23:00.880><c> not</c><00:23:01.200><c> too</c><00:23:01.600><c> close</c><00:23:01.840><c> to</c><00:23:02.080><c> home.</c><00:23:03.440><c> So,</c>

00:23:03.990 --> 00:23:04.000 align:start position:0%
in a moment, not too close to home. So,
 

00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:06.230 align:start position:0%
in a moment, not too close to home. So,
if<00:23:04.240><c> these</c><00:23:04.559><c> long</c><00:23:04.880><c> period</c><00:23:05.280><c> comets</c><00:23:05.840><c> weren't</c>

00:23:06.230 --> 00:23:06.240 align:start position:0%
if these long period comets weren't
 

00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:08.390 align:start position:0%
if these long period comets weren't
coming<00:23:06.480><c> from</c><00:23:06.640><c> the</c><00:23:06.799><c> Kyper</c><00:23:07.200><c> belt</c><00:23:07.760><c> and</c><00:23:08.080><c> weren't</c>

00:23:08.390 --> 00:23:08.400 align:start position:0%
coming from the Kyper belt and weren't
 

00:23:08.400 --> 00:23:10.230 align:start position:0%
coming from the Kyper belt and weren't
coming<00:23:08.640><c> from</c><00:23:08.880><c> far</c><00:23:09.120><c> out</c><00:23:09.280><c> in</c><00:23:09.520><c> interstellar</c>

00:23:10.230 --> 00:23:10.240 align:start position:0%
coming from far out in interstellar
 

00:23:10.240 --> 00:23:14.470 align:start position:0%
coming from far out in interstellar
space,<00:23:11.280><c> where</c><00:23:11.760><c> were</c><00:23:12.080><c> they</c><00:23:12.320><c> coming</c><00:23:12.640><c> from?</c>

00:23:14.470 --> 00:23:14.480 align:start position:0%
space, where were they coming from?
 

00:23:14.480 --> 00:23:17.190 align:start position:0%
space, where were they coming from?
ought<00:23:14.799><c> found</c><00:23:15.120><c> a</c><00:23:15.360><c> peculiar</c><00:23:16.159><c> similarity</c><00:23:16.799><c> among</c>

00:23:17.190 --> 00:23:17.200 align:start position:0%
ought found a peculiar similarity among
 

00:23:17.200 --> 00:23:19.430 align:start position:0%
ought found a peculiar similarity among
the<00:23:17.360><c> orbits</c><00:23:17.840><c> of</c><00:23:17.919><c> these</c><00:23:18.240><c> comets.</c><00:23:19.039><c> One</c><00:23:19.280><c> that</c>

00:23:19.430 --> 00:23:19.440 align:start position:0%
the orbits of these comets. One that
 

00:23:19.440 --> 00:23:21.510 align:start position:0%
the orbits of these comets. One that
might<00:23:19.840><c> provide</c><00:23:20.240><c> the</c><00:23:20.559><c> answer</c><00:23:20.960><c> to</c><00:23:21.200><c> that</c>

00:23:21.510 --> 00:23:21.520 align:start position:0%
might provide the answer to that
 

00:23:21.520 --> 00:23:23.510 align:start position:0%
might provide the answer to that
question.

00:23:23.510 --> 00:23:23.520 align:start position:0%
question.
 

00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:25.750 align:start position:0%
question.
The<00:23:23.760><c> point</c><00:23:24.000><c> in</c><00:23:24.240><c> a</c><00:23:24.400><c> comet's</c><00:23:24.799><c> orbit</c><00:23:25.200><c> where</c><00:23:25.440><c> it</c><00:23:25.600><c> is</c>

00:23:25.750 --> 00:23:25.760 align:start position:0%
The point in a comet's orbit where it is
 

00:23:25.760 --> 00:23:27.830 align:start position:0%
The point in a comet's orbit where it is
most<00:23:26.000><c> distant</c><00:23:26.320><c> from</c><00:23:26.559><c> the</c><00:23:26.720><c> sun</c><00:23:26.960><c> is</c><00:23:27.280><c> called</c><00:23:27.600><c> the</c>

00:23:27.830 --> 00:23:27.840 align:start position:0%
most distant from the sun is called the
 

00:23:27.840 --> 00:23:31.350 align:start position:0%
most distant from the sun is called the
appelion.<00:23:29.280><c> Or</c><00:23:29.679><c> notice</c><00:23:30.080><c> that</c><00:23:30.480><c> all</c><00:23:30.880><c> observed</c>

00:23:31.350 --> 00:23:31.360 align:start position:0%
appelion. Or notice that all observed
 

00:23:31.360 --> 00:23:33.029 align:start position:0%
appelion. Or notice that all observed
long<00:23:31.600><c> period</c><00:23:31.919><c> comets</c><00:23:32.320><c> seem</c><00:23:32.559><c> to</c><00:23:32.720><c> have</c><00:23:32.880><c> an</c>

00:23:33.029 --> 00:23:33.039 align:start position:0%
long period comets seem to have an
 

00:23:33.039 --> 00:23:35.590 align:start position:0%
long period comets seem to have an
appelion<00:23:33.840><c> that</c><00:23:34.159><c> all</c><00:23:34.559><c> grouped</c><00:23:34.960><c> around</c><00:23:35.360><c> a</c>

00:23:35.590 --> 00:23:35.600 align:start position:0%
appelion that all grouped around a
 

00:23:35.600 --> 00:23:40.070 align:start position:0%
appelion that all grouped around a
certain<00:23:36.000><c> distance</c><00:23:36.880><c> around</c><00:23:37.520><c> 7.5</c><00:23:38.799><c> trillion</c><00:23:39.520><c> km</c>

00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:40.080 align:start position:0%
certain distance around 7.5 trillion km
 

00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:43.029 align:start position:0%
certain distance around 7.5 trillion km
from<00:23:40.320><c> the</c><00:23:40.480><c> sun.</c><00:23:41.360><c> That's</c><00:23:41.679><c> right,</c><00:23:42.400><c> trillion</c>

00:23:43.029 --> 00:23:43.039 align:start position:0%
from the sun. That's right, trillion
 

00:23:43.039 --> 00:23:45.110 align:start position:0%
from the sun. That's right, trillion
with<00:23:43.280><c> a</c><00:23:43.520><c> T.</c>

00:23:45.110 --> 00:23:45.120 align:start position:0%
with a T.
 

00:23:45.120 --> 00:23:47.190 align:start position:0%
with a T.
As<00:23:45.360><c> you</c><00:23:45.520><c> can</c><00:23:45.600><c> see,</c><00:23:46.159><c> when</c><00:23:46.400><c> it</c><00:23:46.559><c> comes</c><00:23:46.799><c> to</c><00:23:46.960><c> the</c>

00:23:47.190 --> 00:23:47.200 align:start position:0%
As you can see, when it comes to the
 

00:23:47.200 --> 00:23:49.270 align:start position:0%
As you can see, when it comes to the
distances<00:23:47.679><c> I'll</c><00:23:48.000><c> be</c><00:23:48.159><c> talking</c><00:23:48.480><c> about</c><00:23:48.720><c> in</c><00:23:49.039><c> this</c>

00:23:49.270 --> 00:23:49.280 align:start position:0%
distances I'll be talking about in this
 

00:23:49.280 --> 00:23:52.070 align:start position:0%
distances I'll be talking about in this
video,<00:23:49.919><c> our</c><00:23:50.320><c> typical</c><00:23:50.880><c> units</c><00:23:51.200><c> of</c><00:23:51.440><c> measurement</c>

00:23:52.070 --> 00:23:52.080 align:start position:0%
video, our typical units of measurement
 

00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:54.870 align:start position:0%
video, our typical units of measurement
fall<00:23:52.400><c> a</c><00:23:52.640><c> bit</c><00:23:52.799><c> short.</c><00:23:53.760><c> So,</c><00:23:54.000><c> instead</c><00:23:54.320><c> of</c><00:23:54.480><c> using</c>

00:23:54.870 --> 00:23:54.880 align:start position:0%
fall a bit short. So, instead of using
 

00:23:54.880 --> 00:23:56.630 align:start position:0%
fall a bit short. So, instead of using
kilometers,<00:23:55.600><c> I</c><00:23:55.840><c> will</c><00:23:56.000><c> switch</c><00:23:56.320><c> to</c>

00:23:56.630 --> 00:23:56.640 align:start position:0%
kilometers, I will switch to
 

00:23:56.640 --> 00:23:59.590 align:start position:0%
kilometers, I will switch to
astronomical<00:23:57.520><c> units.</c><00:23:58.559><c> One</c><00:23:58.880><c> astronomical</c>

00:23:59.590 --> 00:23:59.600 align:start position:0%
astronomical units. One astronomical
 

00:23:59.600 --> 00:24:02.549 align:start position:0%
astronomical units. One astronomical
unit<00:24:00.159><c> or</c><00:24:00.559><c> AU</c><00:24:01.440><c> is</c><00:24:01.760><c> defined</c><00:24:02.080><c> as</c><00:24:02.320><c> the</c><00:24:02.340><c> [music]</c>

00:24:02.549 --> 00:24:02.559 align:start position:0%
unit or AU is defined as the [music]
 

00:24:02.559 --> 00:24:04.710 align:start position:0%
unit or AU is defined as the [music]
distance<00:24:02.880><c> between</c><00:24:03.280><c> Earth</c><00:24:03.600><c> and</c><00:24:03.760><c> the</c><00:24:03.919><c> Sun</c><00:24:04.480><c> or</c>

00:24:04.710 --> 00:24:04.720 align:start position:0%
distance between Earth and the Sun or
 

00:24:04.720 --> 00:24:09.669 align:start position:0%
distance between Earth and the Sun or
about<00:24:05.600><c> 150</c><00:24:06.080><c> million</c><00:24:06.400><c> km.</c><00:24:07.760><c> So,</c><00:24:08.320><c> Earth</c><00:24:08.559><c> is</c><00:24:08.960><c> 1</c><00:24:09.280><c> AU</c>

00:24:09.669 --> 00:24:09.679 align:start position:0%
about 150 million km. So, Earth is 1 AU
 

00:24:09.679 --> 00:24:12.549 align:start position:0%
about 150 million km. So, Earth is 1 AU
from<00:24:09.840><c> the</c><00:24:10.000><c> Sun.</c><00:24:10.880><c> The</c><00:24:11.120><c> appelia</c><00:24:11.760><c> grouping</c><00:24:12.240><c> that</c>

00:24:12.549 --> 00:24:12.559 align:start position:0%
from the Sun. The appelia grouping that
 

00:24:12.559 --> 00:24:15.510 align:start position:0%
from the Sun. The appelia grouping that
or<00:24:13.120><c> noticed</c><00:24:14.000><c> where</c><00:24:14.240><c> the</c><00:24:14.400><c> long</c><00:24:14.640><c> period</c><00:24:15.039><c> comets</c>

00:24:15.510 --> 00:24:15.520 align:start position:0%
or noticed where the long period comets
 

00:24:15.520 --> 00:24:17.430 align:start position:0%
or noticed where the long period comets
reached<00:24:15.840><c> their</c><00:24:16.159><c> farthest</c><00:24:16.640><c> orbital</c><00:24:17.200><c> distance</c>

00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:17.440 align:start position:0%
reached their farthest orbital distance
 

00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:21.110 align:start position:0%
reached their farthest orbital distance
from<00:24:17.679><c> the</c><00:24:17.840><c> sun</c><00:24:18.559><c> was</c><00:24:19.039><c> about</c><00:24:19.840><c> 50,000</c>

00:24:21.110 --> 00:24:21.120 align:start position:0%
from the sun was about 50,000
 

00:24:21.120 --> 00:24:24.230 align:start position:0%
from the sun was about 50,000
astronomical<00:24:21.919><c> units.</c><00:24:23.039><c> To</c><00:24:23.360><c> help</c><00:24:23.679><c> picture</c><00:24:24.080><c> the</c>

00:24:24.230 --> 00:24:24.240 align:start position:0%
astronomical units. To help picture the
 

00:24:24.240 --> 00:24:26.950 align:start position:0%
astronomical units. To help picture the
orbits<00:24:24.640><c> of</c><00:24:24.799><c> these</c><00:24:25.039><c> long</c><00:24:25.360><c> period</c><00:24:25.840><c> comets,</c><00:24:26.720><c> keep</c>

00:24:26.950 --> 00:24:26.960 align:start position:0%
orbits of these long period comets, keep
 

00:24:26.960 --> 00:24:29.190 align:start position:0%
orbits of these long period comets, keep
in<00:24:27.200><c> mind</c><00:24:27.360><c> that</c><00:24:27.600><c> the</c><00:24:27.840><c> outermost</c><00:24:28.400><c> planet</c><00:24:28.799><c> in</c><00:24:29.039><c> our</c>

00:24:29.190 --> 00:24:29.200 align:start position:0%
in mind that the outermost planet in our
 

00:24:29.200 --> 00:24:33.190 align:start position:0%
in mind that the outermost planet in our
solar<00:24:29.520><c> system,</c><00:24:30.159><c> Neptune,</c><00:24:31.120><c> is</c><00:24:31.279><c> around</c><00:24:32.000><c> 30</c><00:24:32.720><c> AU</c>

00:24:33.190 --> 00:24:33.200 align:start position:0%
solar system, Neptune, is around 30 AU
 

00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:37.190 align:start position:0%
solar system, Neptune, is around 30 AU
from<00:24:33.440><c> the</c><00:24:33.600><c> sun</c><00:24:34.080><c> or</c><00:24:34.400><c> about</c><00:24:34.799><c> 4.5</c><00:24:35.679><c> billion</c><00:24:36.080><c> km.</c>

00:24:37.190 --> 00:24:37.200 align:start position:0%
from the sun or about 4.5 billion km.
 

00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:38.950 align:start position:0%
from the sun or about 4.5 billion km.
The<00:24:37.440><c> main</c><00:24:37.679><c> region</c><00:24:37.919><c> of</c><00:24:38.000><c> the</c><00:24:38.159><c> Kyper</c><00:24:38.559><c> Belt</c>

00:24:38.950 --> 00:24:38.960 align:start position:0%
The main region of the Kyper Belt
 

00:24:38.960 --> 00:24:41.590 align:start position:0%
The main region of the Kyper Belt
extends<00:24:39.440><c> from</c><00:24:39.679><c> Neptune's</c><00:24:40.240><c> orbit</c><00:24:40.559><c> at</c><00:24:40.799><c> 30</c><00:24:41.120><c> AU</c>

00:24:41.590 --> 00:24:41.600 align:start position:0%
extends from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU
 

00:24:41.600 --> 00:24:44.870 align:start position:0%
extends from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU
out<00:24:41.840><c> to</c><00:24:42.000><c> around</c><00:24:42.480><c> 50</c><00:24:42.799><c> AU.</c><00:24:43.840><c> But</c><00:24:44.080><c> recent</c><00:24:44.559><c> evidence</c>

00:24:44.870 --> 00:24:44.880 align:start position:0%
out to around 50 AU. But recent evidence
 

00:24:44.880 --> 00:24:46.950 align:start position:0%
out to around 50 AU. But recent evidence
from<00:24:45.039><c> NASA's</c><00:24:45.520><c> New</c><00:24:45.760><c> Horizon</c><00:24:46.320><c> spacecraft</c>

00:24:46.950 --> 00:24:46.960 align:start position:0%
from NASA's New Horizon spacecraft
 

00:24:46.960 --> 00:24:49.190 align:start position:0%
from NASA's New Horizon spacecraft
suggests<00:24:47.520><c> a</c><00:24:47.919><c> second</c><00:24:48.240><c> region</c><00:24:48.559><c> of</c><00:24:48.640><c> the</c><00:24:48.799><c> Kyper</c>

00:24:49.190 --> 00:24:49.200 align:start position:0%
suggests a second region of the Kyper
 

00:24:49.200 --> 00:24:51.590 align:start position:0%
suggests a second region of the Kyper
belt<00:24:49.679><c> called</c><00:24:49.919><c> the</c><00:24:50.159><c> Scattered</c><00:24:50.720><c> Disc,</c><00:24:51.279><c> which</c>

00:24:51.590 --> 00:24:51.600 align:start position:0%
belt called the Scattered Disc, which
 

00:24:51.600 --> 00:24:55.510 align:start position:0%
belt called the Scattered Disc, which
continues<00:24:52.080><c> to</c><00:24:52.320><c> around</c><00:24:52.720><c> 1,000</c><00:24:53.360><c> AU.</c><00:24:54.799><c> It's</c><00:24:55.200><c> with</c>

00:24:55.510 --> 00:24:55.520 align:start position:0%
continues to around 1,000 AU. It's with
 

00:24:55.520 --> 00:24:58.230 align:start position:0%
continues to around 1,000 AU. It's with
these<00:24:55.840><c> key</c><00:24:56.080><c> findings</c><00:24:56.640><c> from</c><00:24:57.039><c> observed</c><00:24:57.600><c> comets</c>

00:24:58.230 --> 00:24:58.240 align:start position:0%
these key findings from observed comets
 

00:24:58.240 --> 00:25:00.230 align:start position:0%
these key findings from observed comets
that<00:24:58.559><c> they</c><00:24:58.799><c> didn't</c><00:24:59.120><c> come</c><00:24:59.360><c> from</c><00:24:59.600><c> far</c><00:24:59.840><c> out</c><00:25:00.080><c> in</c>

00:25:00.230 --> 00:25:00.240 align:start position:0%
that they didn't come from far out in
 

00:25:00.240 --> 00:25:02.630 align:start position:0%
that they didn't come from far out in
interstellar<00:25:00.880><c> space,</c><00:25:01.600><c> orbital</c><00:25:02.080><c> distances</c>

00:25:02.630 --> 00:25:02.640 align:start position:0%
interstellar space, orbital distances
 

00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:05.669 align:start position:0%
interstellar space, orbital distances
clustered<00:25:03.120><c> around</c><00:25:03.520><c> 50,000</c><00:25:04.400><c> AU,</c><00:25:05.200><c> and</c><00:25:05.360><c> the</c><00:25:05.600><c> fact</c>

00:25:05.669 --> 00:25:05.679 align:start position:0%
clustered around 50,000 AU, and the fact
 

00:25:05.679 --> 00:25:07.590 align:start position:0%
clustered around 50,000 AU, and the fact
that<00:25:05.919><c> they</c><00:25:06.080><c> arrived</c><00:25:06.480><c> from</c><00:25:06.720><c> any</c><00:25:06.960><c> direction</c><00:25:07.440><c> and</c>

00:25:07.590 --> 00:25:07.600 align:start position:0%
that they arrived from any direction and
 

00:25:07.600 --> 00:25:11.269 align:start position:0%
that they arrived from any direction and
orbital<00:25:08.080><c> inclination</c><00:25:09.360><c> that</c><00:25:10.320><c> theorized</c><00:25:10.960><c> a</c>

00:25:11.269 --> 00:25:11.279 align:start position:0%
orbital inclination that theorized a
 

00:25:11.279 --> 00:25:14.390 align:start position:0%
orbital inclination that theorized a
special<00:25:11.919><c> spherical</c><00:25:12.559><c> swarm</c><00:25:13.039><c> of</c><00:25:13.440><c> icy</c><00:25:13.760><c> debris</c>

00:25:14.390 --> 00:25:14.400 align:start position:0%
special spherical swarm of icy debris
 

00:25:14.400 --> 00:25:16.310 align:start position:0%
special spherical swarm of icy debris
that<00:25:14.640><c> he</c><00:25:14.960><c> believed</c><00:25:15.200><c> to</c><00:25:15.360><c> be</c><00:25:15.520><c> the</c><00:25:15.679><c> origin</c><00:25:16.080><c> of</c>

00:25:16.310 --> 00:25:16.320 align:start position:0%
that he believed to be the origin of
 

00:25:16.320 --> 00:25:19.430 align:start position:0%
that he believed to be the origin of
long<00:25:16.720><c> period</c><00:25:17.200><c> comets.</c><00:25:18.559><c> In</c><00:25:18.799><c> the</c><00:25:18.960><c> years</c><00:25:19.200><c> since</c>

00:25:19.430 --> 00:25:19.440 align:start position:0%
long period comets. In the years since
 

00:25:19.440 --> 00:25:21.590 align:start position:0%
long period comets. In the years since
then,<00:25:20.000><c> mathematical</c><00:25:20.640><c> models</c><00:25:21.039><c> have</c><00:25:21.279><c> shown</c>

00:25:21.590 --> 00:25:21.600 align:start position:0%
then, mathematical models have shown
 

00:25:21.600 --> 00:25:24.230 align:start position:0%
then, mathematical models have shown
agreement<00:25:22.080><c> with</c><00:25:22.320><c> the</c><00:25:22.480><c> odd</c><00:25:22.880><c> cloud</c><00:25:23.200><c> theory</c><00:25:24.000><c> and</c>

00:25:24.230 --> 00:25:24.240 align:start position:0%
agreement with the odd cloud theory and
 

00:25:24.240 --> 00:25:26.470 align:start position:0%
agreement with the odd cloud theory and
astronomers<00:25:25.039><c> have</c><00:25:25.279><c> further</c><00:25:25.679><c> theorized</c>

00:25:26.470 --> 00:25:26.480 align:start position:0%
astronomers have further theorized
 

00:25:26.480 --> 00:25:28.870 align:start position:0%
astronomers have further theorized
various<00:25:26.960><c> mechanics</c><00:25:27.440><c> by</c><00:25:27.679><c> which</c><00:25:27.840><c> the</c><00:25:28.000><c> odd</c><00:25:28.400><c> cloud</c>

00:25:28.870 --> 00:25:28.880 align:start position:0%
various mechanics by which the odd cloud
 

00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:31.510 align:start position:0%
various mechanics by which the odd cloud
came<00:25:29.200><c> to</c><00:25:29.360><c> be</c><00:25:29.520><c> in</c><00:25:29.679><c> its</c><00:25:29.919><c> current</c><00:25:30.159><c> state.</c><00:25:31.279><c> The</c>

00:25:31.510 --> 00:25:31.520 align:start position:0%
came to be in its current state. The
 

00:25:31.520 --> 00:25:33.510 align:start position:0%
came to be in its current state. The
leading<00:25:31.840><c> idea</c><00:25:32.159><c> is</c><00:25:32.400><c> that</c><00:25:32.559><c> the</c><00:25:32.799><c> odd</c><00:25:33.200><c> cloud</c>

00:25:33.510 --> 00:25:33.520 align:start position:0%
leading idea is that the odd cloud
 

00:25:33.520 --> 00:25:36.149 align:start position:0%
leading idea is that the odd cloud
formed<00:25:33.919><c> from</c><00:25:34.240><c> ancient</c><00:25:34.640><c> debris,</c><00:25:35.440><c> leftovers</c>

00:25:36.149 --> 00:25:36.159 align:start position:0%
formed from ancient debris, leftovers
 

00:25:36.159 --> 00:25:38.630 align:start position:0%
formed from ancient debris, leftovers
from<00:25:36.400><c> when</c><00:25:36.559><c> our</c><00:25:36.647><c> [music]</c><00:25:36.880><c> planet</c><00:25:37.279><c> formed</c><00:25:37.840><c> 4.6</c>

00:25:38.630 --> 00:25:38.640 align:start position:0%
from when our [music] planet formed 4.6
 

00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:41.190 align:start position:0%
from when our [music] planet formed 4.6
billion<00:25:39.039><c> years</c><00:25:39.200><c> ago.</c><00:25:40.240><c> After</c><00:25:40.559><c> the</c><00:25:40.799><c> planets</c>

00:25:41.190 --> 00:25:41.200 align:start position:0%
billion years ago. After the planets
 

00:25:41.200 --> 00:25:43.190 align:start position:0%
billion years ago. After the planets
formed,<00:25:41.679><c> the</c><00:25:41.919><c> surrounding</c><00:25:42.400><c> area</c><00:25:42.720><c> was</c><00:25:42.960><c> still</c>

00:25:43.190 --> 00:25:43.200 align:start position:0%
formed, the surrounding area was still
 

00:25:43.200 --> 00:25:45.669 align:start position:0%
formed, the surrounding area was still
rich<00:25:43.440><c> with</c><00:25:43.679><c> these</c><00:25:44.000><c> smaller</c><00:25:44.799><c> leftover</c><00:25:45.360><c> chunks</c>

00:25:45.669 --> 00:25:45.679 align:start position:0%
rich with these smaller leftover chunks
 

00:25:45.679 --> 00:25:48.390 align:start position:0%
rich with these smaller leftover chunks
of<00:25:45.840><c> material</c><00:25:46.400><c> called</c><00:25:46.799><c> planetessimals.</c>

00:25:48.390 --> 00:25:48.400 align:start position:0%
of material called planetessimals.
 

00:25:48.400 --> 00:25:50.390 align:start position:0%
of material called planetessimals.
The<00:25:48.640><c> gravity</c><00:25:49.120><c> from</c><00:25:49.360><c> these</c><00:25:49.679><c> early</c><00:25:50.000><c> planets</c>

00:25:50.390 --> 00:25:50.400 align:start position:0%
The gravity from these early planets
 

00:25:50.400 --> 00:25:52.950 align:start position:0%
The gravity from these early planets
then<00:25:50.720><c> scattered</c><00:25:51.200><c> the</c><00:25:51.440><c> leftover</c><00:25:52.000><c> material</c><00:25:52.640><c> in</c>

00:25:52.950 --> 00:25:52.960 align:start position:0%
then scattered the leftover material in
 

00:25:52.960 --> 00:25:55.990 align:start position:0%
then scattered the leftover material in
every<00:25:53.279><c> direction.</c><00:25:54.559><c> Some</c><00:25:54.799><c> material</c><00:25:55.360><c> was</c><00:25:55.600><c> flung</c>

00:25:55.990 --> 00:25:56.000 align:start position:0%
every direction. Some material was flung
 

00:25:56.000 --> 00:25:58.789 align:start position:0%
every direction. Some material was flung
out<00:25:56.080><c> of</c><00:25:56.240><c> the</c><00:25:56.400><c> solar</c><00:25:56.640><c> system</c><00:25:57.039><c> entirely.</c><00:25:58.320><c> But</c><00:25:58.480><c> a</c>

00:25:58.789 --> 00:25:58.799 align:start position:0%
out of the solar system entirely. But a
 

00:25:58.799 --> 00:26:00.870 align:start position:0%
out of the solar system entirely. But a
significant<00:25:59.360><c> portion</c><00:25:59.760><c> was</c><00:26:00.080><c> sent</c><00:26:00.400><c> into</c>

00:26:00.870 --> 00:26:00.880 align:start position:0%
significant portion was sent into
 

00:26:00.880 --> 00:26:03.990 align:start position:0%
significant portion was sent into
seemingly<00:26:01.600><c> random</c><00:26:02.559><c> eccentric</c><00:26:03.200><c> orbits</c><00:26:03.760><c> around</c>

00:26:03.990 --> 00:26:04.000 align:start position:0%
seemingly random eccentric orbits around
 

00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:07.190 align:start position:0%
seemingly random eccentric orbits around
the<00:26:04.240><c> sun.</c><00:26:05.279><c> These</c><00:26:05.760><c> scattered</c><00:26:06.240><c> planet</c><00:26:06.640><c> decimals</c>

00:26:07.190 --> 00:26:07.200 align:start position:0%
the sun. These scattered planet decimals
 

00:26:07.200 --> 00:26:09.110 align:start position:0%
the sun. These scattered planet decimals
had<00:26:07.440><c> eccentric</c><00:26:08.080><c> enough</c><00:26:08.320><c> orbits</c><00:26:08.720><c> that</c><00:26:08.960><c> they</c>

00:26:09.110 --> 00:26:09.120 align:start position:0%
had eccentric enough orbits that they
 

00:26:09.120 --> 00:26:11.430 align:start position:0%
had eccentric enough orbits that they
were<00:26:09.279><c> influenced</c><00:26:09.760><c> by</c><00:26:10.080><c> gravitational</c><00:26:10.799><c> forces</c>

00:26:11.430 --> 00:26:11.440 align:start position:0%
were influenced by gravitational forces
 

00:26:11.440 --> 00:26:13.909 align:start position:0%
were influenced by gravitational forces
outside<00:26:11.919><c> of</c><00:26:12.080><c> our</c><00:26:12.240><c> solar</c><00:26:12.640><c> system</c><00:26:13.360><c> while</c><00:26:13.679><c> still</c>

00:26:13.909 --> 00:26:13.919 align:start position:0%
outside of our solar system while still
 

00:26:13.919 --> 00:26:16.549 align:start position:0%
outside of our solar system while still
remaining<00:26:14.400><c> captured</c><00:26:14.799><c> in</c><00:26:15.039><c> our</c><00:26:15.279><c> sun's</c><00:26:15.600><c> orbit.</c>

00:26:16.549 --> 00:26:16.559 align:start position:0%
remaining captured in our sun's orbit.
 

00:26:16.559 --> 00:26:18.710 align:start position:0%
remaining captured in our sun's orbit.
And<00:26:16.799><c> it's</c><00:26:17.120><c> believed</c><00:26:17.440><c> that</c><00:26:17.760><c> this</c><00:26:18.000><c> is</c><00:26:18.159><c> how</c><00:26:18.400><c> these</c>

00:26:18.710 --> 00:26:18.720 align:start position:0%
And it's believed that this is how these
 

00:26:18.720 --> 00:26:22.070 align:start position:0%
And it's believed that this is how these
billions<00:26:19.440><c> or</c><00:26:19.919><c> trillions</c><00:26:20.480><c> of</c><00:26:20.799><c> icy</c><00:26:21.120><c> chunks</c><00:26:21.760><c> came</c>

00:26:22.070 --> 00:26:22.080 align:start position:0%
billions or trillions of icy chunks came
 

00:26:22.080 --> 00:26:25.029 align:start position:0%
billions or trillions of icy chunks came
to<00:26:22.240><c> be</c><00:26:22.480><c> part</c><00:26:22.720><c> of</c><00:26:22.880><c> the</c><00:26:23.039><c> or</c><00:26:23.520><c> cloud.</c>

00:26:25.029 --> 00:26:25.039 align:start position:0%
to be part of the or cloud.
 

00:26:25.039 --> 00:26:27.350 align:start position:0%
to be part of the or cloud.
Gravitational<00:26:25.760><c> pertubations</c><00:26:26.640><c> can</c><00:26:26.880><c> force</c>

00:26:27.350 --> 00:26:27.360 align:start position:0%
Gravitational pertubations can force
 

00:26:27.360 --> 00:26:30.310 align:start position:0%
Gravitational pertubations can force
kyper<00:26:27.760><c> belt</c><00:26:28.080><c> objects</c><00:26:28.640><c> out</c><00:26:28.880><c> of</c><00:26:29.039><c> place</c><00:26:29.919><c> creating</c>

00:26:30.310 --> 00:26:30.320 align:start position:0%
kyper belt objects out of place creating
 

00:26:30.320 --> 00:26:32.950 align:start position:0%
kyper belt objects out of place creating
short<00:26:30.559><c> period</c><00:26:30.960><c> comets.</c><00:26:32.323><c> [music]</c>

00:26:32.950 --> 00:26:32.960 align:start position:0%
short period comets. [music]
 

00:26:32.960 --> 00:26:35.590 align:start position:0%
short period comets. [music]
We<00:26:33.360><c> think</c><00:26:33.600><c> that</c><00:26:34.000><c> similar</c><00:26:34.400><c> forces</c><00:26:34.960><c> are</c><00:26:35.200><c> what</c>

00:26:35.590 --> 00:26:35.600 align:start position:0%
We think that similar forces are what
 

00:26:35.600 --> 00:26:38.070 align:start position:0%
We think that similar forces are what
send<00:26:36.640><c> cloud</c><00:26:36.960><c> objects</c><00:26:37.563><c> [music]</c><00:26:37.600><c> into</c>

00:26:38.070 --> 00:26:38.080 align:start position:0%
send cloud objects [music] into
 

00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.549 align:start position:0%
send cloud objects [music] into
elliptical<00:26:38.559><c> orbits</c><00:26:38.960><c> with</c><00:26:39.120><c> the</c><00:26:39.279><c> sun</c><00:26:40.000><c> thereby</c>

00:26:40.549 --> 00:26:40.559 align:start position:0%
elliptical orbits with the sun thereby
 

00:26:40.559 --> 00:26:43.750 align:start position:0%
elliptical orbits with the sun thereby
creating<00:26:41.360><c> long</c><00:26:41.679><c> period</c><00:26:42.159><c> comets.</c><00:26:43.279><c> These</c>

00:26:43.750 --> 00:26:43.760 align:start position:0%
creating long period comets. These
 

00:26:43.760 --> 00:26:46.630 align:start position:0%
creating long period comets. These
pertubations<00:26:45.039><c> could</c><00:26:45.279><c> be</c><00:26:45.520><c> caused</c><00:26:45.840><c> by</c><00:26:46.159><c> passing</c>

00:26:46.630 --> 00:26:46.640 align:start position:0%
pertubations could be caused by passing
 

00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:50.070 align:start position:0%
pertubations could be caused by passing
stars<00:26:47.279><c> or</c><00:26:47.679><c> molecular</c><00:26:48.320><c> clouds</c><00:26:49.120><c> or</c><00:26:49.520><c> tidal</c>

00:26:50.070 --> 00:26:50.080 align:start position:0%
stars or molecular clouds or tidal
 

00:26:50.080 --> 00:26:53.029 align:start position:0%
stars or molecular clouds or tidal
forces<00:26:50.480><c> from</c><00:26:50.720><c> the</c><00:26:50.880><c> Milky</c><00:26:51.200><c> Way</c><00:26:51.360><c> itself.</c><00:26:52.799><c> In</c>

00:26:53.029 --> 00:26:53.039 align:start position:0%
forces from the Milky Way itself. In
 

00:26:53.039 --> 00:26:55.830 align:start position:0%
forces from the Milky Way itself. In
fact,<00:26:53.283><c> [music]</c><00:26:53.600><c> about</c><00:26:54.159><c> 70,000</c><00:26:55.039><c> years</c><00:26:55.200><c> ago,</c>

00:26:55.830 --> 00:26:55.840 align:start position:0%
fact, [music] about 70,000 years ago,
 

00:26:55.840 --> 00:26:58.310 align:start position:0%
fact, [music] about 70,000 years ago,
Schultz's<00:26:56.480><c> star</c><00:26:56.960><c> gained</c><00:26:57.279><c> the</c><00:26:57.520><c> title</c><00:26:57.919><c> of</c><00:26:58.080><c> the</c>

00:26:58.310 --> 00:26:58.320 align:start position:0%
Schultz's star gained the title of the
 

00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:00.390 align:start position:0%
Schultz's star gained the title of the
star<00:26:58.559><c> that</c><00:26:58.799><c> came</c><00:26:59.120><c> closest</c><00:26:59.600><c> to</c><00:26:59.840><c> our</c><00:27:00.080><c> solar</c>

00:27:00.390 --> 00:27:00.400 align:start position:0%
star that came closest to our solar
 

00:27:00.400 --> 00:27:03.029 align:start position:0%
star that came closest to our solar
system,<00:27:01.360><c> actually</c><00:27:01.919><c> grazing</c><00:27:02.400><c> the</c><00:27:02.720><c> outer</c>

00:27:03.029 --> 00:27:03.039 align:start position:0%
system, actually grazing the outer
 

00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:06.149 align:start position:0%
system, actually grazing the outer
region<00:27:03.360><c> of</c><00:27:03.520><c> the</c><00:27:03.600><c> Orc</c><00:27:04.000><c> cloud.</c><00:27:05.120><c> But</c><00:27:05.520><c> luckily</c><00:27:05.919><c> for</c>

00:27:06.149 --> 00:27:06.159 align:start position:0%
region of the Orc cloud. But luckily for
 

00:27:06.159 --> 00:27:08.549 align:start position:0%
region of the Orc cloud. But luckily for
us,<00:27:06.720><c> it</c><00:27:06.880><c> didn't</c><00:27:07.200><c> cause</c><00:27:07.440><c> any</c><00:27:07.760><c> catastrophic</c>

00:27:08.549 --> 00:27:08.559 align:start position:0%
us, it didn't cause any catastrophic
 

00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:10.710 align:start position:0%
us, it didn't cause any catastrophic
disruptions<00:27:09.039><c> to</c><00:27:09.200><c> the</c><00:27:09.279><c> Orc</c><00:27:09.679><c> cloud</c><00:27:10.159><c> or</c><00:27:10.480><c> our</c>

00:27:10.710 --> 00:27:10.720 align:start position:0%
disruptions to the Orc cloud or our
 

00:27:10.720 --> 00:27:12.789 align:start position:0%
disruptions to the Orc cloud or our
solar<00:27:11.039><c> system</c><00:27:11.279><c> at</c><00:27:11.520><c> large.</c>

00:27:12.789 --> 00:27:12.799 align:start position:0%
solar system at large.
 

00:27:12.799 --> 00:27:15.750 align:start position:0%
solar system at large.
Schultz's<00:27:13.440><c> star</c><00:27:13.840><c> is</c><00:27:14.080><c> a</c><00:27:14.320><c> low</c><00:27:14.720><c> mass</c><00:27:15.200><c> binary</c>

00:27:15.750 --> 00:27:15.760 align:start position:0%
Schultz's star is a low mass binary
 

00:27:15.760 --> 00:27:17.750 align:start position:0%
Schultz's star is a low mass binary
system<00:27:16.159><c> made</c><00:27:16.400><c> up</c><00:27:16.559><c> of</c><00:27:16.720><c> a</c><00:27:16.880><c> red</c><00:27:17.039><c> dwarf</c><00:27:17.440><c> and</c><00:27:17.600><c> a</c>

00:27:17.750 --> 00:27:17.760 align:start position:0%
system made up of a red dwarf and a
 

00:27:17.760 --> 00:27:20.789 align:start position:0%
system made up of a red dwarf and a
brown<00:27:18.000><c> dwarf</c><00:27:18.400><c> companion.</c><00:27:19.520><c> So</c><00:27:20.000><c> 10</c><00:27:20.320><c> millennia</c>

00:27:20.789 --> 00:27:20.799 align:start position:0%
brown dwarf companion. So 10 millennia
 

00:27:20.799 --> 00:27:23.590 align:start position:0%
brown dwarf companion. So 10 millennia
ago,<00:27:21.600><c> even</c><00:27:21.840><c> at</c><00:27:22.080><c> a</c><00:27:22.320><c> much</c><00:27:22.640><c> closer</c><00:27:23.120><c> distance</c><00:27:23.440><c> to</c>

00:27:23.590 --> 00:27:23.600 align:start position:0%
ago, even at a much closer distance to
 

00:27:23.600 --> 00:27:25.590 align:start position:0%
ago, even at a much closer distance to
the<00:27:23.760><c> or</c><00:27:24.080><c> cloud,</c><00:27:24.720><c> the</c><00:27:24.960><c> gravitational</c>

00:27:25.590 --> 00:27:25.600 align:start position:0%
the or cloud, the gravitational
 

00:27:25.600 --> 00:27:27.750 align:start position:0%
the or cloud, the gravitational
influence<00:27:26.000><c> of</c><00:27:26.159><c> this</c><00:27:26.400><c> binary</c><00:27:26.880><c> star</c><00:27:27.440><c> was</c>

00:27:27.750 --> 00:27:27.760 align:start position:0%
influence of this binary star was
 

00:27:27.760 --> 00:27:30.070 align:start position:0%
influence of this binary star was
significantly<00:27:28.480><c> weaker</c><00:27:28.960><c> than</c><00:27:29.200><c> that</c><00:27:29.440><c> of</c><00:27:29.679><c> our</c>

00:27:30.070 --> 00:27:30.080 align:start position:0%
significantly weaker than that of our
 

00:27:30.080 --> 00:27:32.870 align:start position:0%
significantly weaker than that of our
much<00:27:30.480><c> more</c><00:27:30.799><c> massive</c><00:27:31.360><c> sun.</c>

00:27:32.870 --> 00:27:32.880 align:start position:0%
much more massive sun.
 

00:27:32.880 --> 00:27:35.669 align:start position:0%
much more massive sun.
However,<00:27:33.679><c> while</c><00:27:34.080><c> most</c><00:27:34.480><c> objects</c><00:27:35.039><c> experienced</c>

00:27:35.669 --> 00:27:35.679 align:start position:0%
However, while most objects experienced
 

00:27:35.679 --> 00:27:37.909 align:start position:0%
However, while most objects experienced
little<00:27:36.000><c> to</c><00:27:36.159><c> no</c><00:27:36.400><c> impact</c><00:27:36.799><c> during</c><00:27:37.120><c> the</c><00:27:37.279><c> low</c><00:27:37.600><c> mass</c>

00:27:37.909 --> 00:27:37.919 align:start position:0%
little to no impact during the low mass
 

00:27:37.919 --> 00:27:39.750 align:start position:0%
little to no impact during the low mass
stars<00:27:38.400><c> brief</c><00:27:38.720><c> encounter</c><00:27:39.200><c> with</c><00:27:39.360><c> the</c><00:27:39.520><c> edge</c><00:27:39.679><c> of</c>

00:27:39.750 --> 00:27:39.760 align:start position:0%
stars brief encounter with the edge of
 

00:27:39.760 --> 00:27:42.230 align:start position:0%
stars brief encounter with the edge of
the<00:27:39.919><c> orc</c><00:27:40.240><c> cloud,</c><00:27:41.039><c> numerical</c><00:27:41.600><c> simulations</c>

00:27:42.230 --> 00:27:42.240 align:start position:0%
the orc cloud, numerical simulations
 

00:27:42.240 --> 00:27:45.430 align:start position:0%
the orc cloud, numerical simulations
from<00:27:42.640><c> 2018</c><00:27:43.760><c> concluded</c><00:27:44.240><c> that</c><00:27:44.400><c> Schultz's</c><00:27:45.039><c> star</c>

00:27:45.430 --> 00:27:45.440 align:start position:0%
from 2018 concluded that Schultz's star
 

00:27:45.440 --> 00:27:47.430 align:start position:0%
from 2018 concluded that Schultz's star
is<00:27:45.679><c> believed</c><00:27:45.919><c> to</c><00:27:46.080><c> have</c><00:27:46.240><c> nudged</c><00:27:46.640><c> at</c><00:27:46.720><c> least</c><00:27:47.039><c> some</c>

00:27:47.430 --> 00:27:47.440 align:start position:0%
is believed to have nudged at least some
 

00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:49.990 align:start position:0%
is believed to have nudged at least some
objects<00:27:48.000><c> out</c><00:27:48.159><c> of</c><00:27:48.320><c> place,</c><00:27:49.039><c> creating</c><00:27:49.600><c> and</c>

00:27:49.990 --> 00:27:50.000 align:start position:0%
objects out of place, creating and
 

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:52.549 align:start position:0%
objects out of place, creating and
influencing<00:27:50.559><c> the</c><00:27:50.799><c> trajectory</c><00:27:51.279><c> of</c><00:27:51.679><c> some</c><00:27:52.159><c> long</c>

00:27:52.549 --> 00:27:52.559 align:start position:0%
influencing the trajectory of some long
 

00:27:52.559 --> 00:27:55.110 align:start position:0%
influencing the trajectory of some long
period<00:27:52.960><c> comets.</c>

00:27:55.110 --> 00:27:55.120 align:start position:0%
period comets.
 

00:27:55.120 --> 00:27:57.029 align:start position:0%
period comets.
But<00:27:55.279><c> the</c><00:27:55.440><c> sun</c><00:27:55.600><c> has</c><00:27:55.840><c> been</c><00:27:56.000><c> around</c><00:27:56.159><c> for</c><00:27:56.399><c> over</c><00:27:56.720><c> 4</c>

00:27:57.029 --> 00:27:57.039 align:start position:0%
But the sun has been around for over 4
 

00:27:57.039 --> 00:27:59.350 align:start position:0%
But the sun has been around for over 4
billion<00:27:57.440><c> years,</c><00:27:58.240><c> and</c><00:27:58.480><c> that's</c><00:27:58.720><c> a</c><00:27:58.880><c> lot</c><00:27:59.039><c> of</c><00:27:59.120><c> time</c>

00:27:59.350 --> 00:27:59.360 align:start position:0%
billion years, and that's a lot of time
 

00:27:59.360 --> 00:28:01.430 align:start position:0%
billion years, and that's a lot of time
for<00:27:59.600><c> other</c><00:27:59.919><c> close</c><00:28:00.240><c> encounters</c><00:28:00.640><c> with</c><00:28:00.880><c> stars</c><00:28:01.200><c> in</c>

00:28:01.430 --> 00:28:01.440 align:start position:0%
for other close encounters with stars in
 

00:28:01.440 --> 00:28:03.350 align:start position:0%
for other close encounters with stars in
the<00:28:01.520><c> distant</c><00:28:01.919><c> past.</c><00:28:02.799><c> Could</c><00:28:03.039><c> these</c>

00:28:03.350 --> 00:28:03.360 align:start position:0%
the distant past. Could these
 

00:28:03.360 --> 00:28:05.430 align:start position:0%
the distant past. Could these
interactions<00:28:03.919><c> have</c><00:28:04.159><c> prevented</c><00:28:04.559><c> the</c><00:28:04.720><c> or</c><00:28:05.120><c> cloud</c>

00:28:05.430 --> 00:28:05.440 align:start position:0%
interactions have prevented the or cloud
 

00:28:05.440 --> 00:28:10.470 align:start position:0%
interactions have prevented the or cloud
from<00:28:05.600><c> forming?</c><00:28:06.960><c> Our</c><00:28:07.279><c> models</c><00:28:07.919><c> suggest</c><00:28:08.399><c> no.</c>

00:28:10.470 --> 00:28:10.480 align:start position:0%
from forming? Our models suggest no.
 

00:28:10.480 --> 00:28:13.110 align:start position:0%
from forming? Our models suggest no.
However,<00:28:11.200><c> oddcloud</c><00:28:11.919><c> material</c><00:28:12.640><c> may</c><00:28:12.880><c> get</c>

00:28:13.110 --> 00:28:13.120 align:start position:0%
However, oddcloud material may get
 

00:28:13.120 --> 00:28:16.789 align:start position:0%
However, oddcloud material may get
exchanged<00:28:13.760><c> with</c><00:28:14.080><c> passing</c><00:28:14.559><c> stars</c><00:28:14.960><c> over</c><00:28:15.360><c> eons.</c>

00:28:16.789 --> 00:28:16.799 align:start position:0%
exchanged with passing stars over eons.
 

00:28:16.799 --> 00:28:19.590 align:start position:0%
exchanged with passing stars over eons.
You<00:28:17.120><c> see,</c><00:28:17.760><c> other</c><00:28:18.399><c> more</c><00:28:18.720><c> recent</c><00:28:19.039><c> numerical</c>

00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:19.600 align:start position:0%
You see, other more recent numerical
 

00:28:19.600 --> 00:28:22.310 align:start position:0%
You see, other more recent numerical
simulations<00:28:20.320><c> have</c><00:28:20.559><c> suggested</c><00:28:21.440><c> that</c><00:28:21.840><c> odd</c>

00:28:22.310 --> 00:28:22.320 align:start position:0%
simulations have suggested that odd
 

00:28:22.320 --> 00:28:25.190 align:start position:0%
simulations have suggested that odd
clouds<00:28:22.960><c> could</c><00:28:23.279><c> exist</c><00:28:23.919><c> around</c><00:28:24.320><c> other</c><00:28:24.720><c> stars,</c>

00:28:25.190 --> 00:28:25.200 align:start position:0%
clouds could exist around other stars,
 

00:28:25.200 --> 00:28:29.669 align:start position:0%
clouds could exist around other stars,
too.<00:28:26.640><c> Our</c><00:28:27.120><c> odd</c><00:28:27.520><c> cloud</c><00:28:28.080><c> may</c><00:28:28.399><c> also</c><00:28:28.720><c> have</c><00:28:29.200><c> both</c><00:28:29.440><c> an</c>

00:28:29.669 --> 00:28:29.679 align:start position:0%
too. Our odd cloud may also have both an
 

00:28:29.679 --> 00:28:32.630 align:start position:0%
too. Our odd cloud may also have both an
inner<00:28:30.159><c> and</c><00:28:30.399><c> an</c><00:28:30.640><c> outer</c><00:28:31.039><c> region,</c><00:28:31.840><c> each</c><00:28:32.159><c> with</c><00:28:32.399><c> its</c>

00:28:32.630 --> 00:28:32.640 align:start position:0%
inner and an outer region, each with its
 

00:28:32.640 --> 00:28:35.190 align:start position:0%
inner and an outer region, each with its
own<00:28:32.880><c> distinct</c><00:28:33.360><c> shape.</c><00:28:34.399><c> Some</c><00:28:34.720><c> scientists</c>

00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:35.200 align:start position:0%
own distinct shape. Some scientists
 

00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:37.269 align:start position:0%
own distinct shape. Some scientists
suggest<00:28:35.679><c> that</c><00:28:35.919><c> the</c><00:28:36.159><c> inner</c><00:28:36.480><c> region</c><00:28:36.880><c> may</c><00:28:37.120><c> be</c>

00:28:37.269 --> 00:28:37.279 align:start position:0%
suggest that the inner region may be
 

00:28:37.279 --> 00:28:39.590 align:start position:0%
suggest that the inner region may be
more<00:28:37.520><c> like</c><00:28:37.679><c> a</c><00:28:37.919><c> disc</c><00:28:38.559><c> similar</c><00:28:38.880><c> to</c><00:28:39.039><c> the</c><00:28:39.200><c> donut</c>

00:28:39.590 --> 00:28:39.600 align:start position:0%
more like a disc similar to the donut
 

00:28:39.600 --> 00:28:42.149 align:start position:0%
more like a disc similar to the donut
shape<00:28:39.840><c> of</c><00:28:39.919><c> the</c><00:28:40.080><c> Kyper</c><00:28:40.559><c> belt</c><00:28:41.279><c> while</c><00:28:41.600><c> the</c><00:28:41.840><c> outer</c>

00:28:42.149 --> 00:28:42.159 align:start position:0%
shape of the Kyper belt while the outer
 

00:28:42.159 --> 00:28:44.070 align:start position:0%
shape of the Kyper belt while the outer
region<00:28:42.559><c> is</c><00:28:42.799><c> suggested</c><00:28:43.200><c> to</c><00:28:43.440><c> form</c><00:28:43.840><c> the</c>

00:28:44.070 --> 00:28:44.080 align:start position:0%
region is suggested to form the
 

00:28:44.080 --> 00:28:46.549 align:start position:0%
region is suggested to form the
spherical<00:28:44.640><c> shell</c><00:28:45.279><c> more</c><00:28:45.520><c> widely</c><00:28:46.080><c> associated</c>

00:28:46.549 --> 00:28:46.559 align:start position:0%
spherical shell more widely associated
 

00:28:46.559 --> 00:28:49.830 align:start position:0%
spherical shell more widely associated
with<00:28:46.720><c> the</c><00:28:46.880><c> or</c><00:28:47.200><c> cloud.</c><00:28:48.159><c> Altogether,</c><00:28:49.279><c> the</c><00:28:49.520><c> inner</c>

00:28:49.830 --> 00:28:49.840 align:start position:0%
with the or cloud. Altogether, the inner
 

00:28:49.840 --> 00:28:52.789 align:start position:0%
with the or cloud. Altogether, the inner
edge<00:28:50.080><c> of</c><00:28:50.240><c> this</c><00:28:50.559><c> two</c><00:28:50.960><c> region</c><00:28:51.440><c> or</c><00:28:51.679><c> cloud</c><00:28:52.240><c> may</c><00:28:52.480><c> be</c>

00:28:52.789 --> 00:28:52.799 align:start position:0%
edge of this two region or cloud may be
 

00:28:52.799 --> 00:28:55.110 align:start position:0%
edge of this two region or cloud may be
2,000<00:28:53.360><c> astronomical</c><00:28:54.080><c> units</c><00:28:54.399><c> from</c><00:28:54.559><c> the</c><00:28:54.640><c> sun</c><00:28:54.880><c> at</c>

00:28:55.110 --> 00:28:55.120 align:start position:0%
2,000 astronomical units from the sun at
 

00:28:55.120 --> 00:28:58.470 align:start position:0%
2,000 astronomical units from the sun at
its<00:28:55.360><c> closest</c><00:28:56.240><c> with</c><00:28:56.480><c> the</c><00:28:56.720><c> far</c><00:28:56.960><c> edge</c><00:28:57.679><c> stretching</c>

00:28:58.470 --> 00:28:58.480 align:start position:0%
its closest with the far edge stretching
 

00:28:58.480 --> 00:29:01.510 align:start position:0%
its closest with the far edge stretching
all<00:28:58.720><c> the</c><00:28:58.880><c> way</c><00:28:59.039><c> out</c><00:28:59.360><c> into</c><00:28:59.840><c> interstellar</c><00:29:00.640><c> space</c>

00:29:01.510 --> 00:29:01.520 align:start position:0%
all the way out into interstellar space
 

00:29:01.520 --> 00:29:03.990 align:start position:0%
all the way out into interstellar space
potentially<00:29:02.159><c> reaching</c><00:29:02.720><c> as</c><00:29:02.960><c> far</c><00:29:02.980><c> [music]</c><00:29:03.279><c> as</c>

00:29:03.990 --> 00:29:04.000 align:start position:0%
potentially reaching as far [music] as
 

00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:05.510 align:start position:0%
potentially reaching as far [music] as
100,000

00:29:05.510 --> 00:29:05.520 align:start position:0%
100,000
 

00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:07.510 align:start position:0%
100,000
astronomical<00:29:06.240><c> units</c><00:29:06.640><c> from</c><00:29:06.880><c> the</c><00:29:07.120><c> center</c><00:29:07.360><c> of</c>

00:29:07.510 --> 00:29:07.520 align:start position:0%
astronomical units from the center of
 

00:29:07.520 --> 00:29:10.470 align:start position:0%
astronomical units from the center of
our<00:29:07.840><c> solar</c><00:29:08.159><c> system.</c><00:29:09.279><c> This</c><00:29:09.520><c> means</c><00:29:09.840><c> the</c><00:29:10.080><c> or</c>

00:29:10.470 --> 00:29:10.480 align:start position:0%
our solar system. This means the or
 

00:29:10.480 --> 00:29:14.630 align:start position:0%
our solar system. This means the or
cloud<00:29:11.120><c> could</c><00:29:11.440><c> extend</c><00:29:12.159><c> more</c><00:29:12.480><c> than</c><00:29:12.880><c> 1.5</c><00:29:14.240><c> light</c>

00:29:14.630 --> 00:29:14.640 align:start position:0%
cloud could extend more than 1.5 light
 

00:29:14.640 --> 00:29:17.269 align:start position:0%
cloud could extend more than 1.5 light
years<00:29:14.960><c> across.</c><00:29:16.240><c> To</c><00:29:16.480><c> put</c><00:29:16.640><c> that</c><00:29:16.960><c> into</c>

00:29:17.269 --> 00:29:17.279 align:start position:0%
years across. To put that into
 

00:29:17.279 --> 00:29:19.590 align:start position:0%
years across. To put that into
perspective,<00:29:18.320><c> since</c><00:29:18.640><c> we're</c><00:29:18.960><c> talking</c><00:29:19.200><c> about</c>

00:29:19.590 --> 00:29:19.600 align:start position:0%
perspective, since we're talking about
 

00:29:19.600 --> 00:29:22.549 align:start position:0%
perspective, since we're talking about
very,<00:29:19.919><c> very</c><00:29:20.320><c> large</c><00:29:20.640><c> distances,</c><00:29:21.919><c> consider</c>

00:29:22.549 --> 00:29:22.559 align:start position:0%
very, very large distances, consider
 

00:29:22.559 --> 00:29:25.669 align:start position:0%
very, very large distances, consider
Voyager<00:29:23.120><c> 2</c><00:29:23.440><c> spacecraft</c><00:29:23.919><c> for</c><00:29:24.159><c> a</c><00:29:24.320><c> moment.</c><00:29:25.279><c> As</c><00:29:25.520><c> of</c>

00:29:25.669 --> 00:29:25.679 align:start position:0%
Voyager 2 spacecraft for a moment. As of
 

00:29:25.679 --> 00:29:28.789 align:start position:0%
Voyager 2 spacecraft for a moment. As of
the<00:29:25.919><c> publication</c><00:29:26.559><c> of</c><00:29:26.799><c> this</c><00:29:27.120><c> video,</c><00:29:27.919><c> Voyager</c><00:29:28.480><c> 2</c>

00:29:28.789 --> 00:29:28.799 align:start position:0%
the publication of this video, Voyager 2
 

00:29:28.799 --> 00:29:32.710 align:start position:0%
the publication of this video, Voyager 2
has<00:29:29.039><c> traveled</c><00:29:29.440><c> to</c><00:29:29.679><c> a</c><00:29:29.840><c> distance</c><00:29:30.240><c> of</c><00:29:30.480><c> about</c><00:29:31.919><c> 139</c>

00:29:32.710 --> 00:29:32.720 align:start position:0%
has traveled to a distance of about 139
 

00:29:32.720 --> 00:29:34.789 align:start position:0%
has traveled to a distance of about 139
astronomical<00:29:33.440><c> units</c><00:29:33.760><c> from</c><00:29:33.919><c> the</c><00:29:34.080><c> sun</c><00:29:34.559><c> since</c>

00:29:34.789 --> 00:29:34.799 align:start position:0%
astronomical units from the sun since
 

00:29:34.799 --> 00:29:37.990 align:start position:0%
astronomical units from the sun since
its<00:29:35.120><c> launch</c><00:29:35.440><c> from</c><00:29:35.679><c> Earth</c><00:29:35.919><c> at</c><00:29:36.320><c> 1</c><00:29:36.559><c> AU</c><00:29:37.360><c> in</c><00:29:37.679><c> August</c>

00:29:37.990 --> 00:29:38.000 align:start position:0%
its launch from Earth at 1 AU in August
 

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:39.909 align:start position:0%
its launch from Earth at 1 AU in August
of<00:29:38.320><c> 1977.</c>

00:29:39.909 --> 00:29:39.919 align:start position:0%
of 1977.
 

00:29:39.919 --> 00:29:43.350 align:start position:0%
of 1977.
That's<00:29:40.159><c> about</c><00:29:40.480><c> 3.3</c><00:29:41.360><c> AU</c><00:29:41.840><c> per</c><00:29:42.080><c> year,</c><00:29:42.720><c> or</c><00:29:42.960><c> about</c>

00:29:43.350 --> 00:29:43.360 align:start position:0%
That's about 3.3 AU per year, or about
 

00:29:43.360 --> 00:29:45.830 align:start position:0%
That's about 3.3 AU per year, or about
56,000<00:29:44.320><c> kmh.</c>

00:29:45.830 --> 00:29:45.840 align:start position:0%
56,000 kmh.
 

00:29:45.840 --> 00:29:47.909 align:start position:0%
56,000 kmh.
It's<00:29:46.159><c> the</c><00:29:46.399><c> second</c><00:29:46.720><c> farthest</c><00:29:47.279><c> humanmade</c>

00:29:47.909 --> 00:29:47.919 align:start position:0%
It's the second farthest humanmade
 

00:29:47.919 --> 00:29:52.149 align:start position:0%
It's the second farthest humanmade
object<00:29:48.240><c> in</c><00:29:48.559><c> space</c><00:29:49.279><c> just</c><00:29:49.520><c> after</c><00:29:49.919><c> Voyager</c><00:29:50.399><c> 1.</c><00:29:51.840><c> In</c>

00:29:52.149 --> 00:29:52.159 align:start position:0%
object in space just after Voyager 1. In
 

00:29:52.159 --> 00:29:55.830 align:start position:0%
object in space just after Voyager 1. In
August<00:29:52.799><c> 2007,</c><00:29:54.080><c> Voyager</c><00:29:54.640><c> 2</c><00:29:55.039><c> passed</c><00:29:55.440><c> beyond</c><00:29:55.679><c> the</c>

00:29:55.830 --> 00:29:55.840 align:start position:0%
August 2007, Voyager 2 passed beyond the
 

00:29:55.840 --> 00:29:57.750 align:start position:0%
August 2007, Voyager 2 passed beyond the
boundary<00:29:56.159><c> of</c><00:29:56.240><c> the</c><00:29:56.399><c> heliosphere,</c><00:29:57.520><c> the</c>

00:29:57.750 --> 00:29:57.760 align:start position:0%
boundary of the heliosphere, the
 

00:29:57.760 --> 00:30:00.549 align:start position:0%
boundary of the heliosphere, the
outermost<00:29:58.480><c> layer</c><00:29:58.640><c> of</c><00:29:58.799><c> the</c><00:29:58.960><c> sun's</c><00:29:59.279><c> atmosphere.</c>

00:30:00.549 --> 00:30:00.559 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere.
 

00:30:00.559 --> 00:30:03.510 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere.
It<00:30:00.799><c> extends</c><00:30:01.279><c> out</c><00:30:01.600><c> beyond</c><00:30:02.080><c> the</c><00:30:02.320><c> planets</c><00:30:03.120><c> and</c>

00:30:03.510 --> 00:30:03.520 align:start position:0%
It extends out beyond the planets and
 

00:30:03.520 --> 00:30:05.430 align:start position:0%
It extends out beyond the planets and
three<00:30:03.840><c> times</c><00:30:04.159><c> further</c><00:30:04.559><c> than</c><00:30:04.720><c> the</c><00:30:04.880><c> distance</c><00:30:05.200><c> to</c>

00:30:05.430 --> 00:30:05.440 align:start position:0%
three times further than the distance to
 

00:30:05.440 --> 00:30:08.470 align:start position:0%
three times further than the distance to
Pluto.<00:30:06.799><c> Outside</c><00:30:07.120><c> of</c><00:30:07.279><c> the</c><00:30:07.360><c> heliosphere,</c><00:30:08.320><c> the</c>

00:30:08.470 --> 00:30:08.480 align:start position:0%
Pluto. Outside of the heliosphere, the
 

00:30:08.480 --> 00:30:10.870 align:start position:0%
Pluto. Outside of the heliosphere, the
sun's<00:30:08.960><c> constant</c><00:30:09.360><c> flow</c><00:30:09.600><c> of</c><00:30:09.840><c> charged</c><00:30:10.240><c> particles</c>

00:30:10.870 --> 00:30:10.880 align:start position:0%
sun's constant flow of charged particles
 

00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:13.350 align:start position:0%
sun's constant flow of charged particles
called<00:30:11.039><c> the</c><00:30:11.200><c> solar</c><00:30:11.600><c> wind</c><00:30:12.159><c> is</c><00:30:12.480><c> finally</c><00:30:12.880><c> impeded</c>

00:30:13.350 --> 00:30:13.360 align:start position:0%
called the solar wind is finally impeded
 

00:30:13.360 --> 00:30:15.830 align:start position:0%
called the solar wind is finally impeded
by<00:30:13.440><c> the</c><00:30:13.600><c> interstellar</c><00:30:14.159><c> medium.</c><00:30:15.200><c> And</c><00:30:15.520><c> in</c>

00:30:15.830 --> 00:30:15.840 align:start position:0%
by the interstellar medium. And in
 

00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:19.669 align:start position:0%
by the interstellar medium. And in
November<00:30:16.559><c> 2018,</c><00:30:17.760><c> Voyager</c><00:30:18.320><c> 2</c><00:30:18.799><c> finally</c><00:30:19.360><c> crossed</c>

00:30:19.669 --> 00:30:19.679 align:start position:0%
November 2018, Voyager 2 finally crossed
 

00:30:19.679 --> 00:30:22.070 align:start position:0%
November 2018, Voyager 2 finally crossed
the<00:30:20.000><c> final</c><00:30:20.559><c> layer</c><00:30:20.720><c> of</c><00:30:20.960><c> solar</c><00:30:21.360><c> turbulence</c>

00:30:22.070 --> 00:30:22.080 align:start position:0%
the final layer of solar turbulence
 

00:30:22.080 --> 00:30:24.470 align:start position:0%
the final layer of solar turbulence
called<00:30:22.320><c> the</c><00:30:22.480><c> helio</c><00:30:22.960><c> sheath</c><00:30:23.600><c> and</c><00:30:23.840><c> continued</c><00:30:24.320><c> on</c>

00:30:24.470 --> 00:30:24.480 align:start position:0%
called the helio sheath and continued on
 

00:30:24.480 --> 00:30:29.110 align:start position:0%
called the helio sheath and continued on
into<00:30:24.799><c> interstellar</c><00:30:25.520><c> space.</c>

00:30:29.110 --> 00:30:29.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:30:29.120 --> 00:30:31.830 align:start position:0%
 
Despite<00:30:29.760><c> passing</c><00:30:30.240><c> beyond</c><00:30:30.559><c> the</c><00:30:30.720><c> heliosphere</c>

00:30:31.830 --> 00:30:31.840 align:start position:0%
Despite passing beyond the heliosphere
 

00:30:31.840 --> 00:30:34.630 align:start position:0%
Despite passing beyond the heliosphere
and<00:30:32.240><c> well</c><00:30:32.640><c> past</c><00:30:32.960><c> the</c><00:30:33.200><c> main</c><00:30:33.440><c> Kyper</c><00:30:33.840><c> belt,</c>

00:30:34.630 --> 00:30:34.640 align:start position:0%
and well past the main Kyper belt,
 

00:30:34.640 --> 00:30:36.870 align:start position:0%
and well past the main Kyper belt,
Voyager<00:30:35.120><c> 2</c><00:30:35.520><c> would</c><00:30:35.760><c> still</c><00:30:36.000><c> need</c><00:30:36.159><c> to</c><00:30:36.320><c> travel</c><00:30:36.640><c> for</c>

00:30:36.870 --> 00:30:36.880 align:start position:0%
Voyager 2 would still need to travel for
 

00:30:36.880 --> 00:30:40.389 align:start position:0%
Voyager 2 would still need to travel for
another<00:30:37.520><c> 300</c><00:30:38.480><c> or</c><00:30:38.720><c> so</c><00:30:38.880><c> years</c><00:30:39.679><c> just</c><00:30:39.919><c> to</c><00:30:40.080><c> reach</c>

00:30:40.389 --> 00:30:40.399 align:start position:0%
another 300 or so years just to reach
 

00:30:40.399 --> 00:30:43.750 align:start position:0%
another 300 or so years just to reach
the<00:30:40.720><c> innermost</c><00:30:41.520><c> edge</c><00:30:41.840><c> of</c><00:30:42.000><c> the</c><00:30:42.240><c> or</c><00:30:42.640><c> cloud.</c>

00:30:43.750 --> 00:30:43.760 align:start position:0%
the innermost edge of the or cloud.
 

00:30:43.760 --> 00:30:47.669 align:start position:0%
the innermost edge of the or cloud.
That's<00:30:44.320><c> how</c><00:30:44.640><c> far</c><00:30:44.880><c> away</c><00:30:45.279><c> it</c><00:30:45.520><c> is.</c><00:30:46.720><c> And</c><00:30:46.960><c> to</c><00:30:47.200><c> fly</c>

00:30:47.669 --> 00:30:47.679 align:start position:0%
That's how far away it is. And to fly
 

00:30:47.679 --> 00:30:50.549 align:start position:0%
That's how far away it is. And to fly
through<00:30:48.080><c> the</c><00:30:48.240><c> or</c><00:30:48.640><c> cloud,</c><00:30:49.679><c> that</c><00:30:49.919><c> could</c><00:30:50.159><c> take</c>

00:30:50.549 --> 00:30:50.559 align:start position:0%
through the or cloud, that could take
 

00:30:50.559 --> 00:30:54.470 align:start position:0%
through the or cloud, that could take
another<00:30:51.200><c> 30,000</c><00:30:52.399><c> years.</c><00:30:53.840><c> Even</c><00:30:54.159><c> when</c>

00:30:54.470 --> 00:30:54.480 align:start position:0%
another 30,000 years. Even when
 

00:30:54.480 --> 00:30:58.789 align:start position:0%
another 30,000 years. Even when
traveling<00:30:54.960><c> at</c><00:30:55.440><c> 56,000</c><00:30:56.720><c> km</c><00:30:57.600><c> hour,</c><00:30:58.240><c> it</c><00:30:58.559><c> still</c>

00:30:58.789 --> 00:30:58.799 align:start position:0%
traveling at 56,000 km hour, it still
 

00:30:58.799 --> 00:31:01.110 align:start position:0%
traveling at 56,000 km hour, it still
takes<00:30:59.279><c> all</c><00:30:59.520><c> that</c><00:30:59.840><c> time</c><00:31:00.159><c> just</c><00:31:00.399><c> to</c><00:31:00.640><c> travel</c>

00:31:01.110 --> 00:31:01.120 align:start position:0%
takes all that time just to travel
 

00:31:01.120 --> 00:31:04.149 align:start position:0%
takes all that time just to travel
around<00:31:01.679><c> 1</c><00:31:02.000><c> and</c><00:31:02.080><c> a</c><00:31:02.240><c> half</c><00:31:02.640><c> light</c><00:31:02.960><c> years.</c><00:31:04.000><c> If</c>

00:31:04.149 --> 00:31:04.159 align:start position:0%
around 1 and a half light years. If
 

00:31:04.159 --> 00:31:06.070 align:start position:0%
around 1 and a half light years. If
you've<00:31:04.399><c> ever</c><00:31:04.640><c> wondered</c><00:31:04.960><c> why</c><00:31:05.200><c> interstellar</c><00:31:05.919><c> or</c>

00:31:06.070 --> 00:31:06.080 align:start position:0%
you've ever wondered why interstellar or
 

00:31:06.080 --> 00:31:09.029 align:start position:0%
you've ever wondered why interstellar or
intergalactic<00:31:06.880><c> space</c><00:31:07.200><c> travel</c><00:31:07.520><c> is</c><00:31:07.919><c> difficult,</c>

00:31:09.029 --> 00:31:09.039 align:start position:0%
intergalactic space travel is difficult,
 

00:31:09.039 --> 00:31:11.269 align:start position:0%
intergalactic space travel is difficult,
keep<00:31:09.360><c> in</c><00:31:09.520><c> mind</c><00:31:09.840><c> that</c><00:31:10.080><c> our</c><00:31:10.399><c> nearest</c><00:31:10.880><c> stellar</c>

00:31:11.269 --> 00:31:11.279 align:start position:0%
keep in mind that our nearest stellar
 

00:31:11.279 --> 00:31:14.230 align:start position:0%
keep in mind that our nearest stellar
neighbor<00:31:11.919><c> is</c><00:31:12.240><c> Proxima</c><00:31:12.720><c> Centuri</c><00:31:13.520><c> at</c><00:31:13.760><c> around</c>

00:31:14.230 --> 00:31:14.240 align:start position:0%
neighbor is Proxima Centuri at around
 

00:31:14.240 --> 00:31:17.510 align:start position:0%
neighbor is Proxima Centuri at around
4.25<00:31:15.520><c> lighty</c><00:31:15.760><c> years</c><00:31:16.000><c> away.</c>

00:31:17.510 --> 00:31:17.520 align:start position:0%
4.25 lighty years away.
 

00:31:17.520 --> 00:31:19.990 align:start position:0%
4.25 lighty years away.
However,<00:31:18.640><c> some</c><00:31:18.960><c> still</c><00:31:19.279><c> question</c><00:31:19.679><c> the</c>

00:31:19.990 --> 00:31:20.000 align:start position:0%
However, some still question the
 

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:22.549 align:start position:0%
However, some still question the
existence<00:31:20.320><c> of</c><00:31:20.399><c> the</c><00:31:20.559><c> or</c><00:31:20.880><c> cloud</c><00:31:21.760><c> mainly</c><00:31:22.159><c> because</c>

00:31:22.549 --> 00:31:22.559 align:start position:0%
existence of the or cloud mainly because
 

00:31:22.559 --> 00:31:25.430 align:start position:0%
existence of the or cloud mainly because
we're<00:31:22.880><c> unable</c><00:31:23.440><c> to</c><00:31:23.679><c> directly</c><00:31:24.080><c> observe</c><00:31:24.480><c> it.</c>

00:31:25.430 --> 00:31:25.440 align:start position:0%
we're unable to directly observe it.
 

00:31:25.440 --> 00:31:27.350 align:start position:0%
we're unable to directly observe it.
Another<00:31:25.840><c> argument</c><00:31:26.240><c> has</c><00:31:26.480><c> been</c><00:31:26.640><c> made</c><00:31:26.799><c> that</c><00:31:27.039><c> long</c>

00:31:27.350 --> 00:31:27.360 align:start position:0%
Another argument has been made that long
 

00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:29.269 align:start position:0%
Another argument has been made that long
period<00:31:27.679><c> comets</c><00:31:28.080><c> may</c><00:31:28.240><c> come</c><00:31:28.399><c> from</c><00:31:28.640><c> other</c><00:31:28.880><c> places</c>

00:31:29.269 --> 00:31:29.279 align:start position:0%
period comets may come from other places
 

00:31:29.279 --> 00:31:31.990 align:start position:0%
period comets may come from other places
such<00:31:29.520><c> as</c><00:31:29.679><c> interstellar</c><00:31:30.320><c> space.</c><00:31:31.200><c> And</c><00:31:31.440><c> in</c><00:31:31.600><c> fact,</c>

00:31:31.990 --> 00:31:32.000 align:start position:0%
such as interstellar space. And in fact,
 

00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:34.549 align:start position:0%
such as interstellar space. And in fact,
the<00:31:32.240><c> first</c><00:31:32.559><c> observation</c><00:31:33.279><c> of</c><00:31:33.679><c> an</c><00:31:33.919><c> interstellar</c>

00:31:34.549 --> 00:31:34.559 align:start position:0%
the first observation of an interstellar
 

00:31:34.559 --> 00:31:37.430 align:start position:0%
the first observation of an interstellar
comet,<00:31:35.440><c> one</c><00:31:35.600><c> that</c><00:31:35.840><c> had</c><00:31:36.159><c> origins</c><00:31:36.720><c> from</c><00:31:36.960><c> outside</c>

00:31:37.430 --> 00:31:37.440 align:start position:0%
comet, one that had origins from outside
 

00:31:37.440 --> 00:31:40.950 align:start position:0%
comet, one that had origins from outside
our<00:31:37.760><c> sun's</c><00:31:38.080><c> influence,</c><00:31:39.039><c> was</c><00:31:39.200><c> made</c><00:31:39.519><c> in</c><00:31:39.840><c> 2019</c><00:31:40.640><c> by</c>

00:31:40.950 --> 00:31:40.960 align:start position:0%
our sun's influence, was made in 2019 by
 

00:31:40.960 --> 00:31:44.149 align:start position:0%
our sun's influence, was made in 2019 by
amateur<00:31:41.360><c> astronomer</c><00:31:42.080><c> Gennady</c><00:31:42.640><c> Boris.</c>

00:31:44.149 --> 00:31:44.159 align:start position:0%
amateur astronomer Gennady Boris.
 

00:31:44.159 --> 00:31:45.990 align:start position:0%
amateur astronomer Gennady Boris.
Professional<00:31:44.640><c> astronomers</c><00:31:45.360><c> joined</c><00:31:45.600><c> in</c><00:31:45.840><c> to</c>

00:31:45.990 --> 00:31:46.000 align:start position:0%
Professional astronomers joined in to
 

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:48.389 align:start position:0%
Professional astronomers joined in to
collect<00:31:46.240><c> data</c><00:31:46.480><c> on</c><00:31:46.720><c> comet</c><00:31:47.039><c> Borisovv</c><00:31:48.000><c> named</c>

00:31:48.389 --> 00:31:48.399 align:start position:0%
collect data on comet Borisovv named
 

00:31:48.399 --> 00:31:51.190 align:start position:0%
collect data on comet Borisovv named
after<00:31:48.720><c> its</c><00:31:49.039><c> first</c><00:31:49.360><c> observer.</c><00:31:50.399><c> They</c><00:31:50.640><c> found</c><00:31:50.880><c> an</c>

00:31:51.190 --> 00:31:51.200 align:start position:0%
after its first observer. They found an
 

00:31:51.200 --> 00:31:53.269 align:start position:0%
after its first observer. They found an
unusual<00:31:51.760><c> composition,</c><00:31:52.720><c> a</c><00:31:52.960><c> higher</c>

00:31:53.269 --> 00:31:53.279 align:start position:0%
unusual composition, a higher
 

00:31:53.279 --> 00:31:55.190 align:start position:0%
unusual composition, a higher
concentration<00:31:53.840><c> of</c><00:31:54.080><c> carbon</c><00:31:54.399><c> monoxide</c><00:31:55.039><c> than</c>

00:31:55.190 --> 00:31:55.200 align:start position:0%
concentration of carbon monoxide than
 

00:31:55.200 --> 00:31:57.269 align:start position:0%
concentration of carbon monoxide than
the<00:31:55.440><c> average</c><00:31:55.679><c> comet</c><00:31:56.159><c> originating</c><00:31:56.720><c> from</c><00:31:56.960><c> our</c>

00:31:57.269 --> 00:31:57.279 align:start position:0%
the average comet originating from our
 

00:31:57.279 --> 00:31:59.430 align:start position:0%
the average comet originating from our
own<00:31:57.519><c> solar</c><00:31:57.919><c> system,</c><00:31:58.640><c> suggesting</c><00:31:59.039><c> that</c><00:31:59.279><c> this</c>

00:31:59.430 --> 00:31:59.440 align:start position:0%
own solar system, suggesting that this
 

00:31:59.440 --> 00:32:01.430 align:start position:0%
own solar system, suggesting that this
comet<00:31:59.919><c> may</c><00:32:00.159><c> have</c><00:32:00.399><c> formed</c><00:32:00.720><c> in</c><00:32:00.880><c> the</c><00:32:01.039><c> presence</c><00:32:01.360><c> of</c>

00:32:01.430 --> 00:32:01.440 align:start position:0%
comet may have formed in the presence of
 

00:32:01.440 --> 00:32:04.230 align:start position:0%
comet may have formed in the presence of
a<00:32:01.679><c> red</c><00:32:01.919><c> dwarf,</c><00:32:02.880><c> a</c><00:32:03.200><c> different</c><00:32:03.519><c> type</c><00:32:03.760><c> of</c><00:32:03.919><c> star</c>

00:32:04.230 --> 00:32:04.240 align:start position:0%
a red dwarf, a different type of star
 

00:32:04.240 --> 00:32:07.669 align:start position:0%
a red dwarf, a different type of star
than<00:32:04.480><c> our</c><00:32:04.720><c> sun.</c><00:32:06.000><c> And</c><00:32:06.240><c> yet</c><00:32:06.799><c> the</c><00:32:07.039><c> vast</c><00:32:07.279><c> majority</c>

00:32:07.669 --> 00:32:07.679 align:start position:0%
than our sun. And yet the vast majority
 

00:32:07.679 --> 00:32:09.909 align:start position:0%
than our sun. And yet the vast majority
of<00:32:07.840><c> astronomers</c><00:32:08.480><c> agree</c><00:32:08.799><c> that</c><00:32:08.960><c> the</c><00:32:09.120><c> or</c><00:32:09.440><c> cloud</c>

00:32:09.909 --> 00:32:09.919 align:start position:0%
of astronomers agree that the or cloud
 

00:32:09.919 --> 00:32:12.230 align:start position:0%
of astronomers agree that the or cloud
is<00:32:10.320><c> really</c><00:32:10.720><c> out</c><00:32:10.960><c> there</c><00:32:11.519><c> despite</c><00:32:11.919><c> the</c><00:32:12.080><c> fact</c>

00:32:12.230 --> 00:32:12.240 align:start position:0%
is really out there despite the fact
 

00:32:12.240 --> 00:32:15.190 align:start position:0%
is really out there despite the fact
that<00:32:12.399><c> we've</c><00:32:12.720><c> never</c><00:32:12.880><c> laid</c><00:32:13.200><c> eyes</c><00:32:13.440><c> on</c><00:32:13.600><c> it.</c>

00:32:15.190 --> 00:32:15.200 align:start position:0%
that we've never laid eyes on it.
 

00:32:15.200 --> 00:32:17.590 align:start position:0%
that we've never laid eyes on it.
Plenty<00:32:15.600><c> of</c><00:32:15.840><c> indirect</c><00:32:16.559><c> observations</c><00:32:17.360><c> and</c>

00:32:17.590 --> 00:32:17.600 align:start position:0%
Plenty of indirect observations and
 

00:32:17.600 --> 00:32:20.149 align:start position:0%
Plenty of indirect observations and
mathematical<00:32:18.240><c> models</c><00:32:18.799><c> show</c><00:32:19.279><c> great</c><00:32:19.760><c> support</c>

00:32:20.149 --> 00:32:20.159 align:start position:0%
mathematical models show great support
 

00:32:20.159 --> 00:32:22.149 align:start position:0%
mathematical models show great support
for<00:32:20.399><c> the</c><00:32:20.559><c> theory</c><00:32:21.279><c> and</c><00:32:21.519><c> the</c><00:32:21.679><c> evidence</c>

00:32:22.149 --> 00:32:22.159 align:start position:0%
for the theory and the evidence
 

00:32:22.159 --> 00:32:24.870 align:start position:0%
for the theory and the evidence
continues<00:32:22.480><c> to</c><00:32:22.720><c> add</c><00:32:22.960><c> up.</c><00:32:24.080><c> But</c><00:32:24.240><c> why</c><00:32:24.480><c> is</c><00:32:24.640><c> it</c>

00:32:24.870 --> 00:32:24.880 align:start position:0%
continues to add up. But why is it
 

00:32:24.880 --> 00:32:26.630 align:start position:0%
continues to add up. But why is it
exactly<00:32:25.440><c> that</c><00:32:25.679><c> we've</c><00:32:25.919><c> never</c><00:32:26.159><c> been</c><00:32:26.320><c> able</c><00:32:26.480><c> to</c>

00:32:26.630 --> 00:32:26.640 align:start position:0%
exactly that we've never been able to
 

00:32:26.640 --> 00:32:29.350 align:start position:0%
exactly that we've never been able to
see<00:32:26.880><c> the</c><00:32:27.120><c> old</c><00:32:27.360><c> cloud?</c><00:32:28.320><c> After</c><00:32:28.640><c> all,</c><00:32:29.120><c> with</c>

00:32:29.350 --> 00:32:29.360 align:start position:0%
see the old cloud? After all, with
 

00:32:29.360 --> 00:32:31.590 align:start position:0%
see the old cloud? After all, with
telescopes,<00:32:30.000><c> we</c><00:32:30.159><c> can</c><00:32:30.320><c> see</c><00:32:30.480><c> stars</c><00:32:30.880><c> far</c><00:32:31.279><c> beyond</c>

00:32:31.590 --> 00:32:31.600 align:start position:0%
telescopes, we can see stars far beyond
 

00:32:31.600 --> 00:32:34.230 align:start position:0%
telescopes, we can see stars far beyond
our<00:32:31.919><c> own</c><00:32:32.159><c> solar</c><00:32:32.480><c> system</c><00:32:33.120><c> and</c><00:32:33.360><c> even</c><00:32:33.679><c> the</c><00:32:33.919><c> shapes</c>

00:32:34.230 --> 00:32:34.240 align:start position:0%
our own solar system and even the shapes
 

00:32:34.240 --> 00:32:36.549 align:start position:0%
our own solar system and even the shapes
of<00:32:34.480><c> distant</c><00:32:34.960><c> galaxies.</c>

00:32:36.549 --> 00:32:36.559 align:start position:0%
of distant galaxies.
 

00:32:36.559 --> 00:32:40.549 align:start position:0%
of distant galaxies.
The<00:32:36.799><c> difference</c><00:32:37.200><c> is</c><00:32:37.919><c> size</c><00:32:38.720><c> and</c><00:32:38.960><c> light.</c><00:32:40.240><c> Think</c>

00:32:40.549 --> 00:32:40.559 align:start position:0%
The difference is size and light. Think
 

00:32:40.559 --> 00:32:43.110 align:start position:0%
The difference is size and light. Think
about<00:32:40.720><c> it.</c><00:32:41.440><c> A</c><00:32:41.679><c> piece</c><00:32:41.840><c> of</c><00:32:41.919><c> or</c><00:32:42.320><c> cloud</c><00:32:42.559><c> debris</c><00:32:42.960><c> is</c>

00:32:43.110 --> 00:32:43.120 align:start position:0%
about it. A piece of or cloud debris is
 

00:32:43.120 --> 00:32:44.870 align:start position:0%
about it. A piece of or cloud debris is
roughly<00:32:43.440><c> the</c><00:32:43.600><c> size</c><00:32:43.840><c> of</c><00:32:44.000><c> one</c><00:32:44.320><c> mountain</c><00:32:44.640><c> on</c>

00:32:44.870 --> 00:32:44.880 align:start position:0%
roughly the size of one mountain on
 

00:32:44.880 --> 00:32:47.509 align:start position:0%
roughly the size of one mountain on
Earth.<00:32:45.760><c> Let's</c><00:32:46.080><c> consider</c><00:32:46.559><c> Mount</c><00:32:46.880><c> Everest</c><00:32:47.279><c> at</c>

00:32:47.509 --> 00:32:47.519 align:start position:0%
Earth. Let's consider Mount Everest at
 

00:32:47.519 --> 00:32:50.789 align:start position:0%
Earth. Let's consider Mount Everest at
around<00:32:47.760><c> 9</c><00:32:48.080><c> km</c><00:32:48.559><c> tall.</c><00:32:49.519><c> Now</c><00:32:49.840><c> consider</c><00:32:50.240><c> the</c><00:32:50.399><c> or</c>

00:32:50.789 --> 00:32:50.799 align:start position:0%
around 9 km tall. Now consider the or
 

00:32:50.799 --> 00:32:52.549 align:start position:0%
around 9 km tall. Now consider the or
clouds<00:32:51.200><c> innermost</c><00:32:51.679><c> boundary</c><00:32:52.159><c> begins</c>

00:32:52.549 --> 00:32:52.559 align:start position:0%
clouds innermost boundary begins
 

00:32:52.559 --> 00:32:57.190 align:start position:0%
clouds innermost boundary begins
somewhere<00:32:53.200><c> around</c><00:32:53.679><c> 3,000</c><00:32:54.480><c> AU</c><00:32:55.200><c> or</c><00:32:55.440><c> roughly</c><00:32:56.080><c> 450</c>

00:32:57.190 --> 00:32:57.200 align:start position:0%
somewhere around 3,000 AU or roughly 450
 

00:32:57.200 --> 00:32:59.990 align:start position:0%
somewhere around 3,000 AU or roughly 450
million<00:32:57.600><c> km</c><00:32:58.159><c> from</c><00:32:58.320><c> the</c><00:32:58.480><c> sun.</c><00:32:59.440><c> The</c><00:32:59.679><c> distance</c>

00:32:59.990 --> 00:33:00.000 align:start position:0%
million km from the sun. The distance
 

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:01.750 align:start position:0%
million km from the sun. The distance
from<00:33:00.159><c> the</c><00:33:00.320><c> sun</c><00:33:00.480><c> to</c><00:33:00.640><c> the</c><00:33:00.799><c> nearest</c><00:33:01.039><c> piece</c><00:33:01.279><c> of</c><00:33:01.360><c> or</c>

00:33:01.750 --> 00:33:01.760 align:start position:0%
from the sun to the nearest piece of or
 

00:33:01.760 --> 00:33:05.029 align:start position:0%
from the sun to the nearest piece of or
cloud<00:33:02.080><c> debris</c><00:33:02.880><c> is</c><00:33:03.360><c> 50</c><00:33:03.919><c> million</c><00:33:04.320><c> times</c><00:33:04.720><c> the</c>

00:33:05.029 --> 00:33:05.039 align:start position:0%
cloud debris is 50 million times the
 

00:33:05.039 --> 00:33:07.830 align:start position:0%
cloud debris is 50 million times the
size<00:33:05.279><c> of</c><00:33:05.440><c> the</c><00:33:05.600><c> debris.</c><00:33:06.720><c> Talk</c><00:33:06.960><c> about</c><00:33:07.519><c> looking</c>

00:33:07.830 --> 00:33:07.840 align:start position:0%
size of the debris. Talk about looking
 

00:33:07.840 --> 00:33:11.190 align:start position:0%
size of the debris. Talk about looking
for<00:33:08.080><c> a</c><00:33:08.240><c> needle</c><00:33:08.640><c> in</c><00:33:08.799><c> a</c><00:33:08.960><c> hay</c><00:33:09.200><c> stack.</c><00:33:10.399><c> But</c><00:33:10.799><c> more</c>

00:33:11.190 --> 00:33:11.200 align:start position:0%
for a needle in a hay stack. But more
 

00:33:11.200 --> 00:33:13.430 align:start position:0%
for a needle in a hay stack. But more
crucially<00:33:11.760><c> even</c><00:33:12.320><c> is</c><00:33:12.559><c> that</c><00:33:12.799><c> stars</c><00:33:13.200><c> and</c>

00:33:13.430 --> 00:33:13.440 align:start position:0%
crucially even is that stars and
 

00:33:13.440 --> 00:33:16.630 align:start position:0%
crucially even is that stars and
galaxies<00:33:14.080><c> give</c><00:33:14.240><c> off</c><00:33:14.559><c> light</c><00:33:15.360><c> but</c><00:33:15.679><c> odd</c><00:33:16.080><c> debris</c>

00:33:16.630 --> 00:33:16.640 align:start position:0%
galaxies give off light but odd debris
 

00:33:16.640 --> 00:33:19.750 align:start position:0%
galaxies give off light but odd debris
does<00:33:16.880><c> not.</c><00:33:18.240><c> The</c><00:33:18.480><c> planets</c><00:33:18.960><c> are</c><00:33:19.200><c> relatively</c>

00:33:19.750 --> 00:33:19.760 align:start position:0%
does not. The planets are relatively
 

00:33:19.760 --> 00:33:21.750 align:start position:0%
does not. The planets are relatively
close<00:33:19.919><c> to</c><00:33:20.080><c> the</c><00:33:20.320><c> sun,</c><00:33:20.640><c> so</c><00:33:20.880><c> they</c><00:33:21.120><c> are</c><00:33:21.279><c> able</c><00:33:21.519><c> to</c>

00:33:21.750 --> 00:33:21.760 align:start position:0%
close to the sun, so they are able to
 

00:33:21.760 --> 00:33:23.830 align:start position:0%
close to the sun, so they are able to
reflect<00:33:22.080><c> the</c><00:33:22.240><c> sun's</c><00:33:22.640><c> light</c><00:33:23.039><c> and</c><00:33:23.360><c> therefore</c>

00:33:23.830 --> 00:33:23.840 align:start position:0%
reflect the sun's light and therefore
 

00:33:23.840 --> 00:33:26.870 align:start position:0%
reflect the sun's light and therefore
are<00:33:24.159><c> visible.</c><00:33:25.279><c> Likewise,</c><00:33:25.840><c> the</c><00:33:26.000><c> asteroid</c><00:33:26.480><c> belt</c>

00:33:26.870 --> 00:33:26.880 align:start position:0%
are visible. Likewise, the asteroid belt
 

00:33:26.880 --> 00:33:29.029 align:start position:0%
are visible. Likewise, the asteroid belt
and<00:33:27.200><c> even</c><00:33:27.360><c> the</c><00:33:27.600><c> Kyper</c><00:33:28.000><c> belt</c><00:33:28.399><c> are</c><00:33:28.640><c> close</c><00:33:28.880><c> enough</c>

00:33:29.029 --> 00:33:29.039 align:start position:0%
and even the Kyper belt are close enough
 

00:33:29.039 --> 00:33:31.269 align:start position:0%
and even the Kyper belt are close enough
to<00:33:29.200><c> the</c><00:33:29.360><c> sun</c><00:33:29.600><c> that</c><00:33:29.840><c> we</c><00:33:30.080><c> can</c><00:33:30.159><c> use</c><00:33:30.399><c> telescopes</c><00:33:31.039><c> to</c>

00:33:31.269 --> 00:33:31.279 align:start position:0%
to the sun that we can use telescopes to
 

00:33:31.279 --> 00:33:33.750 align:start position:0%
to the sun that we can use telescopes to
directly<00:33:31.760><c> observe</c><00:33:32.159><c> their</c><00:33:32.399><c> debris.</c><00:33:33.519><c> But</c>

00:33:33.750 --> 00:33:33.760 align:start position:0%
directly observe their debris. But
 

00:33:33.760 --> 00:33:36.470 align:start position:0%
directly observe their debris. But
outside<00:33:34.240><c> of</c><00:33:34.399><c> the</c><00:33:34.559><c> heliosphere,</c><00:33:35.679><c> the</c><00:33:35.840><c> or</c><00:33:36.159><c> cloud</c>

00:33:36.470 --> 00:33:36.480 align:start position:0%
outside of the heliosphere, the or cloud
 

00:33:36.480 --> 00:33:39.430 align:start position:0%
outside of the heliosphere, the or cloud
is<00:33:36.720><c> just</c><00:33:37.120><c> too</c><00:33:37.440><c> far</c><00:33:38.080><c> and</c><00:33:38.320><c> too</c><00:33:38.640><c> dark</c><00:33:38.960><c> for</c><00:33:39.200><c> our</c>

00:33:39.430 --> 00:33:39.440 align:start position:0%
is just too far and too dark for our
 

00:33:39.440 --> 00:33:42.149 align:start position:0%
is just too far and too dark for our
telescopes<00:33:40.000><c> to</c><00:33:40.159><c> catch</c><00:33:40.320><c> a</c><00:33:40.559><c> glimpse.</c><00:33:41.760><c> Despite</c>

00:33:42.149 --> 00:33:42.159 align:start position:0%
telescopes to catch a glimpse. Despite
 

00:33:42.159 --> 00:33:44.789 align:start position:0%
telescopes to catch a glimpse. Despite
the<00:33:42.240><c> or</c><00:33:42.559><c> cloud's</c><00:33:43.120><c> gargantuan</c><00:33:44.000><c> footprint</c><00:33:44.480><c> and</c>

00:33:44.789 --> 00:33:44.799 align:start position:0%
the or cloud's gargantuan footprint and
 

00:33:44.799 --> 00:33:46.470 align:start position:0%
the or cloud's gargantuan footprint and
pivotal<00:33:45.279><c> role</c><00:33:45.519><c> in</c><00:33:45.679><c> shaping</c><00:33:46.159><c> our</c>

00:33:46.470 --> 00:33:46.480 align:start position:0%
pivotal role in shaping our
 

00:33:46.480 --> 00:33:48.470 align:start position:0%
pivotal role in shaping our
understanding<00:33:46.960><c> of</c><00:33:47.120><c> the</c><00:33:47.360><c> origin</c><00:33:47.679><c> of</c><00:33:47.840><c> many</c><00:33:48.159><c> long</c>

00:33:48.470 --> 00:33:48.480 align:start position:0%
understanding of the origin of many long
 

00:33:48.480 --> 00:33:51.590 align:start position:0%
understanding of the origin of many long
period<00:33:48.880><c> comets,</c><00:33:49.760><c> for</c><00:33:50.000><c> now</c><00:33:50.640><c> we</c><00:33:50.880><c> can</c><00:33:51.039><c> still</c><00:33:51.279><c> only</c>

00:33:51.590 --> 00:33:51.600 align:start position:0%
period comets, for now we can still only
 

00:33:51.600 --> 00:33:53.909 align:start position:0%
period comets, for now we can still only
infer<00:33:52.159><c> its</c><00:33:52.399><c> existence</c><00:33:52.880><c> through</c><00:33:53.279><c> mathematical</c>

00:33:53.909 --> 00:33:53.919 align:start position:0%
infer its existence through mathematical
 

00:33:53.919 --> 00:33:57.110 align:start position:0%
infer its existence through mathematical
models<00:33:54.559><c> and</c><00:33:54.720><c> indirect</c><00:33:55.279><c> observation.</c><00:33:56.720><c> But</c>

00:33:57.110 --> 00:33:57.120 align:start position:0%
models and indirect observation. But
 

00:33:57.120 --> 00:33:59.430 align:start position:0%
models and indirect observation. But
don't<00:33:57.440><c> let</c><00:33:57.600><c> our</c><00:33:57.919><c> inability</c><00:33:58.559><c> to</c><00:33:58.720><c> make</c><00:33:59.039><c> direct</c>

00:33:59.430 --> 00:33:59.440 align:start position:0%
don't let our inability to make direct
 

00:33:59.440 --> 00:34:01.190 align:start position:0%
don't let our inability to make direct
observations<00:34:00.159><c> discourage</c><00:34:00.640><c> you</c><00:34:00.880><c> from</c>

00:34:01.190 --> 00:34:01.200 align:start position:0%
observations discourage you from
 

00:34:01.200 --> 00:34:03.669 align:start position:0%
observations discourage you from
following<00:34:01.519><c> the</c><00:34:01.840><c> evidence.</c><00:34:02.799><c> I</c><00:34:03.039><c> can</c><00:34:03.200><c> think</c><00:34:03.360><c> of</c><00:34:03.519><c> a</c>

00:34:03.669 --> 00:34:03.679 align:start position:0%
following the evidence. I can think of a
 

00:34:03.679 --> 00:34:05.110 align:start position:0%
following the evidence. I can think of a
few<00:34:03.840><c> other</c><00:34:04.080><c> times</c><00:34:04.320><c> in</c><00:34:04.559><c> history</c><00:34:04.799><c> when</c>

00:34:05.110 --> 00:34:05.120 align:start position:0%
few other times in history when
 

00:34:05.120 --> 00:34:07.750 align:start position:0%
few other times in history when
scientists<00:34:05.760><c> put</c><00:34:05.919><c> forth</c><00:34:06.320><c> monumental</c><00:34:06.960><c> theories</c>

00:34:07.750 --> 00:34:07.760 align:start position:0%
scientists put forth monumental theories
 

00:34:07.760 --> 00:34:10.550 align:start position:0%
scientists put forth monumental theories
despite<00:34:08.240><c> a</c><00:34:08.560><c> lack</c><00:34:08.800><c> of</c><00:34:08.960><c> direct</c><00:34:09.359><c> observation.</c>

00:34:10.550 --> 00:34:10.560 align:start position:0%
despite a lack of direct observation.
 

00:34:10.560 --> 00:34:12.950 align:start position:0%
despite a lack of direct observation.
For<00:34:10.720><c> example,</c><00:34:11.440><c> in</c><00:34:11.599><c> the</c><00:34:11.839><c> 16th</c><00:34:12.240><c> and</c><00:34:12.560><c> 17th</c>

00:34:12.950 --> 00:34:12.960 align:start position:0%
For example, in the 16th and 17th
 

00:34:12.960 --> 00:34:15.589 align:start position:0%
For example, in the 16th and 17th
centuries,<00:34:13.520><c> respectively,</c><00:34:14.399><c> Capernicus</c><00:34:15.280><c> and</c>

00:34:15.589 --> 00:34:15.599 align:start position:0%
centuries, respectively, Capernicus and
 

00:34:15.599 --> 00:34:17.990 align:start position:0%
centuries, respectively, Capernicus and
Galileo<00:34:16.480><c> put</c><00:34:16.720><c> forth</c><00:34:17.040><c> the</c><00:34:17.280><c> theory</c><00:34:17.599><c> that</c><00:34:17.760><c> the</c>

00:34:17.990 --> 00:34:18.000 align:start position:0%
Galileo put forth the theory that the
 

00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:20.310 align:start position:0%
Galileo put forth the theory that the
planets<00:34:18.399><c> orbited</c><00:34:18.960><c> around</c><00:34:19.280><c> the</c><00:34:19.520><c> sun,</c>

00:34:20.310 --> 00:34:20.320 align:start position:0%
planets orbited around the sun,
 

00:34:20.320 --> 00:34:22.550 align:start position:0%
planets orbited around the sun,
contradicting<00:34:21.040><c> a</c><00:34:21.280><c> widely</c><00:34:21.760><c> held</c><00:34:22.079><c> belief</c><00:34:22.320><c> at</c>

00:34:22.550 --> 00:34:22.560 align:start position:0%
contradicting a widely held belief at
 

00:34:22.560 --> 00:34:24.550 align:start position:0%
contradicting a widely held belief at
the<00:34:22.720><c> time</c><00:34:23.040><c> that</c><00:34:23.280><c> the</c><00:34:23.440><c> Earth</c><00:34:23.760><c> was</c><00:34:23.919><c> the</c><00:34:24.240><c> center</c>

00:34:24.550 --> 00:34:24.560 align:start position:0%
the time that the Earth was the center
 

00:34:24.560 --> 00:34:27.589 align:start position:0%
the time that the Earth was the center
of<00:34:24.720><c> the</c><00:34:24.960><c> solar</c><00:34:25.359><c> universe.</c><00:34:26.560><c> Their</c><00:34:26.879><c> theory</c><00:34:27.200><c> of</c><00:34:27.359><c> a</c>

00:34:27.589 --> 00:34:27.599 align:start position:0%
of the solar universe. Their theory of a
 

00:34:27.599 --> 00:34:30.310 align:start position:0%
of the solar universe. Their theory of a
heliocentric<00:34:28.560><c> solar</c><00:34:28.879><c> system</c><00:34:29.440><c> was</c><00:34:29.760><c> not</c><00:34:30.000><c> based</c>

00:34:30.310 --> 00:34:30.320 align:start position:0%
heliocentric solar system was not based
 

00:34:30.320 --> 00:34:32.869 align:start position:0%
heliocentric solar system was not based
on<00:34:30.480><c> direct</c><00:34:30.879><c> observation,</c><00:34:31.839><c> but</c><00:34:32.159><c> rather</c><00:34:32.480><c> on</c>

00:34:32.869 --> 00:34:32.879 align:start position:0%
on direct observation, but rather on
 

00:34:32.879 --> 00:34:35.109 align:start position:0%
on direct observation, but rather on
indirect<00:34:33.520><c> observation</c><00:34:34.079><c> of</c><00:34:34.320><c> the</c><00:34:34.480><c> orbit</c><00:34:34.800><c> of</c><00:34:34.960><c> the</c>

00:34:35.109 --> 00:34:35.119 align:start position:0%
indirect observation of the orbit of the
 

00:34:35.119 --> 00:34:38.629 align:start position:0%
indirect observation of the orbit of the
planets.<00:34:36.320><c> As</c><00:34:36.560><c> we</c><00:34:36.720><c> know,</c><00:34:37.280><c> that</c><00:34:37.520><c> theory</c><00:34:38.240><c> turned</c>

00:34:38.629 --> 00:34:38.639 align:start position:0%
planets. As we know, that theory turned
 

00:34:38.639 --> 00:34:41.669 align:start position:0%
planets. As we know, that theory turned
out<00:34:38.800><c> to</c><00:34:39.040><c> be</c><00:34:39.440><c> spoton.</c><00:34:40.879><c> That's</c><00:34:41.119><c> the</c><00:34:41.280><c> thing</c><00:34:41.440><c> I</c>

00:34:41.669 --> 00:34:41.679 align:start position:0%
out to be spoton. That's the thing I
 

00:34:41.679 --> 00:34:43.990 align:start position:0%
out to be spoton. That's the thing I
love<00:34:42.000><c> about</c><00:34:42.399><c> science</c><00:34:42.960><c> and</c><00:34:43.200><c> the</c><00:34:43.359><c> pursuit</c><00:34:43.760><c> of</c>

00:34:43.990 --> 00:34:44.000 align:start position:0%
love about science and the pursuit of
 

00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:46.629 align:start position:0%
love about science and the pursuit of
knowledge.<00:34:44.800><c> There's</c><00:34:45.119><c> always</c><00:34:45.359><c> more</c><00:34:45.599><c> to</c><00:34:45.919><c> learn.</c>

00:34:46.629 --> 00:34:46.639 align:start position:0%
knowledge. There's always more to learn.
 

00:34:46.639 --> 00:34:48.710 align:start position:0%
knowledge. There's always more to learn.
The<00:34:46.800><c> farther</c><00:34:47.119><c> we</c><00:34:47.280><c> travel</c><00:34:47.599><c> through</c><00:34:47.919><c> time,</c><00:34:48.480><c> the</c>

00:34:48.710 --> 00:34:48.720 align:start position:0%
The farther we travel through time, the
 

00:34:48.720 --> 00:34:50.470 align:start position:0%
The farther we travel through time, the
better<00:34:48.960><c> our</c><00:34:49.359><c> understanding</c><00:34:49.839><c> of</c><00:34:50.000><c> the</c><00:34:50.159><c> solar</c>

00:34:50.470 --> 00:34:50.480 align:start position:0%
better our understanding of the solar
 

00:34:50.480 --> 00:34:54.069 align:start position:0%
better our understanding of the solar
system<00:34:50.800><c> will</c><00:34:51.040><c> get.</c><00:34:51.839><c> Who</c><00:34:52.079><c> knows?</c><00:34:52.879><c> Maybe</c><00:34:53.200><c> in</c><00:34:53.599><c> 100</c>

00:34:54.069 --> 00:34:54.079 align:start position:0%
system will get. Who knows? Maybe in 100
 

00:34:54.079 --> 00:34:55.990 align:start position:0%
system will get. Who knows? Maybe in 100
years,<00:34:54.639><c> future</c><00:34:54.960><c> astronomers</c><00:34:55.599><c> will</c><00:34:55.839><c> have</c>

00:34:55.990 --> 00:34:56.000 align:start position:0%
years, future astronomers will have
 

00:34:56.000 --> 00:34:57.589 align:start position:0%
years, future astronomers will have
found<00:34:56.240><c> a</c><00:34:56.399><c> way</c><00:34:56.560><c> to</c><00:34:56.720><c> prove</c><00:34:57.040><c> the</c><00:34:57.200><c> existence</c><00:34:57.520><c> of</c>

00:34:57.589 --> 00:34:57.599 align:start position:0%
found a way to prove the existence of
 

00:34:57.599 --> 00:35:00.310 align:start position:0%
found a way to prove the existence of
the<00:34:57.760><c> or</c><00:34:58.079><c> cloud</c><00:34:58.400><c> once</c><00:34:58.640><c> and</c><00:34:58.800><c> for</c><00:34:58.960><c> all.</c><00:34:59.839><c> Or</c><00:35:00.079><c> maybe</c>

00:35:00.310 --> 00:35:00.320 align:start position:0%
the or cloud once and for all. Or maybe
 

00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:01.750 align:start position:0%
the or cloud once and for all. Or maybe
they'll<00:35:00.720><c> have</c><00:35:00.880><c> found</c><00:35:01.040><c> a</c><00:35:01.280><c> whole</c><00:35:01.440><c> new</c>

00:35:01.750 --> 00:35:01.760 align:start position:0%
they'll have found a whole new
 

00:35:01.760 --> 00:35:03.990 align:start position:0%
they'll have found a whole new
explanation<00:35:02.240><c> for</c><00:35:02.400><c> long</c><00:35:02.640><c> period</c><00:35:03.040><c> comets.</c>

00:35:03.990 --> 00:35:04.000 align:start position:0%
explanation for long period comets.
 

00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:06.630 align:start position:0%
explanation for long period comets.
Until<00:35:04.560><c> then,</c><00:35:05.119><c> the</c><00:35:05.359><c> or</c><00:35:05.680><c> cloud</c><00:35:06.000><c> remains</c><00:35:06.400><c> one</c><00:35:06.560><c> of</c>

00:35:06.630 --> 00:35:06.640 align:start position:0%
Until then, the or cloud remains one of
 

00:35:06.640 --> 00:35:11.750 align:start position:0%
Until then, the or cloud remains one of
astronomy's<00:35:07.680><c> most</c><00:35:08.160><c> compelling</c><00:35:08.880><c> enigmas.</c>

00:35:11.750 --> 00:35:11.760 align:start position:0%
astronomy's most compelling enigmas.
 

00:35:11.760 --> 00:35:13.910 align:start position:0%
astronomy's most compelling enigmas.
I'm<00:35:12.000><c> sure</c><00:35:12.160><c> we've</c><00:35:12.480><c> all</c><00:35:12.720><c> seen</c><00:35:12.960><c> the</c><00:35:13.200><c> breathtaking</c>

00:35:13.910 --> 00:35:13.920 align:start position:0%
I'm sure we've all seen the breathtaking
 

00:35:13.920 --> 00:35:16.069 align:start position:0%
I'm sure we've all seen the breathtaking
imagery<00:35:14.320><c> from</c><00:35:14.480><c> the</c><00:35:14.640><c> Hubble</c><00:35:14.960><c> Space</c><00:35:15.280><c> Telescope</c>

00:35:16.069 --> 00:35:16.079 align:start position:0%
imagery from the Hubble Space Telescope
 

00:35:16.079 --> 00:35:19.990 align:start position:0%
imagery from the Hubble Space Telescope
of<00:35:16.480><c> beautiful</c><00:35:17.040><c> and</c><00:35:17.200><c> multicolored</c><00:35:17.839><c> nebula.</c>

00:35:19.990 --> 00:35:20.000 align:start position:0%
of beautiful and multicolored nebula.
 

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:21.990 align:start position:0%
of beautiful and multicolored nebula.
It<00:35:20.240><c> almost</c><00:35:20.560><c> seems</c><00:35:20.800><c> as</c><00:35:20.960><c> if</c><00:35:21.200><c> a</c><00:35:21.440><c> contemporary</c>

00:35:21.990 --> 00:35:22.000 align:start position:0%
It almost seems as if a contemporary
 

00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:24.150 align:start position:0%
It almost seems as if a contemporary
artist<00:35:22.560><c> flicked</c><00:35:23.040><c> different</c><00:35:23.280><c> colors</c><00:35:23.680><c> onto</c><00:35:23.920><c> a</c>

00:35:24.150 --> 00:35:24.160 align:start position:0%
artist flicked different colors onto a
 

00:35:24.160 --> 00:35:27.030 align:start position:0%
artist flicked different colors onto a
canvas.<00:35:25.280><c> But</c><00:35:25.599><c> this</c><00:35:25.920><c> isn't</c><00:35:26.240><c> just</c><00:35:26.560><c> a</c><00:35:26.720><c> pretty</c>

00:35:27.030 --> 00:35:27.040 align:start position:0%
canvas. But this isn't just a pretty
 

00:35:27.040 --> 00:35:29.910 align:start position:0%
canvas. But this isn't just a pretty
picture.<00:35:28.160><c> What</c><00:35:28.400><c> you</c><00:35:28.560><c> are</c><00:35:28.800><c> seeing</c><00:35:29.119><c> here</c><00:35:29.520><c> are</c>

00:35:29.910 --> 00:35:29.920 align:start position:0%
picture. What you are seeing here are
 

00:35:29.920 --> 00:35:32.870 align:start position:0%
picture. What you are seeing here are
actual<00:35:30.480><c> structures</c><00:35:31.440><c> tens</c><00:35:31.920><c> to</c><00:35:32.240><c> thousands</c><00:35:32.720><c> of</c>

00:35:32.870 --> 00:35:32.880 align:start position:0%
actual structures tens to thousands of
 

00:35:32.880 --> 00:35:35.270 align:start position:0%
actual structures tens to thousands of
light<00:35:33.119><c> years</c><00:35:33.359><c> across.</c>

00:35:35.270 --> 00:35:35.280 align:start position:0%
light years across.
 

00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:38.069 align:start position:0%
light years across.
But<00:35:35.520><c> how</c><00:35:35.839><c> are</c><00:35:36.000><c> these</c><00:35:36.240><c> images</c><00:35:36.640><c> so</c><00:35:37.040><c> colorful?</c>

00:35:38.069 --> 00:35:38.079 align:start position:0%
But how are these images so colorful?
 

00:35:38.079 --> 00:35:40.150 align:start position:0%
But how are these images so colorful?
Does<00:35:38.240><c> it</c><00:35:38.480><c> really</c><00:35:38.800><c> appear</c><00:35:39.200><c> like</c><00:35:39.359><c> that</c><00:35:39.599><c> in</c><00:35:39.920><c> real</c>

00:35:40.150 --> 00:35:40.160 align:start position:0%
Does it really appear like that in real
 

00:35:40.160 --> 00:35:44.630 align:start position:0%
Does it really appear like that in real
life?

00:35:44.630 --> 00:35:44.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:35:44.640 --> 00:35:46.790 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:35:44.960><c> answer</c><00:35:45.200><c> this</c><00:35:45.520><c> question,</c><00:35:46.160><c> let's</c><00:35:46.480><c> give</c><00:35:46.640><c> you</c>

00:35:46.790 --> 00:35:46.800 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, let's give you
 

00:35:46.800 --> 00:35:50.390 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, let's give you
some<00:35:47.119><c> context.</c><00:35:48.320><c> Nebula</c><00:35:48.880><c> may</c><00:35:49.119><c> appear</c><00:35:49.520><c> solid</c><00:35:50.000><c> or</c>

00:35:50.390 --> 00:35:50.400 align:start position:0%
some context. Nebula may appear solid or
 

00:35:50.400 --> 00:35:53.349 align:start position:0%
some context. Nebula may appear solid or
maybe<00:35:50.720><c> even</c><00:35:51.040><c> like</c><00:35:51.359><c> clouds,</c><00:35:52.160><c> but</c><00:35:52.480><c> that</c><00:35:52.800><c> is</c><00:35:53.040><c> far</c>

00:35:53.349 --> 00:35:53.359 align:start position:0%
maybe even like clouds, but that is far
 

00:35:53.359 --> 00:35:56.710 align:start position:0%
maybe even like clouds, but that is far
from<00:35:53.680><c> reality.</c><00:35:54.880><c> Nebula</c><00:35:55.440><c> are</c><00:35:55.920><c> extremely</c>

00:35:56.710 --> 00:35:56.720 align:start position:0%
from reality. Nebula are extremely
 

00:35:56.720 --> 00:35:59.589 align:start position:0%
from reality. Nebula are extremely
diffused<00:35:57.280><c> gas</c><00:35:57.599><c> clouds.</c><00:35:58.480><c> On</c><00:35:58.720><c> average,</c><00:35:59.200><c> you</c><00:35:59.440><c> may</c>

00:35:59.589 --> 00:35:59.599 align:start position:0%
diffused gas clouds. On average, you may
 

00:35:59.599 --> 00:36:02.630 align:start position:0%
diffused gas clouds. On average, you may
get<00:35:59.839><c> about</c><00:36:00.160><c> 10</c><00:36:00.560><c> to</c><00:36:00.880><c> 100</c><00:36:01.359><c> particles</c><00:36:01.920><c> per</c><00:36:02.240><c> cubic</c>

00:36:02.630 --> 00:36:02.640 align:start position:0%
get about 10 to 100 particles per cubic
 

00:36:02.640 --> 00:36:04.390 align:start position:0%
get about 10 to 100 particles per cubic
cm.

00:36:04.390 --> 00:36:04.400 align:start position:0%
cm.
 

00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:06.950 align:start position:0%
cm.
This<00:36:04.640><c> is</c><00:36:04.880><c> far</c><00:36:05.200><c> less</c><00:36:05.599><c> than</c><00:36:05.920><c> any</c><00:36:06.320><c> artificial</c>

00:36:06.950 --> 00:36:06.960 align:start position:0%
This is far less than any artificial
 

00:36:06.960 --> 00:36:09.910 align:start position:0%
This is far less than any artificial
vacuum<00:36:07.440><c> produced</c><00:36:07.839><c> on</c><00:36:08.079><c> Earth.</c><00:36:09.200><c> To</c><00:36:09.440><c> give</c><00:36:09.520><c> you</c><00:36:09.680><c> a</c>

00:36:09.910 --> 00:36:09.920 align:start position:0%
vacuum produced on Earth. To give you a
 

00:36:09.920 --> 00:36:12.630 align:start position:0%
vacuum produced on Earth. To give you a
sense<00:36:10.079><c> of</c><00:36:10.320><c> how</c><00:36:10.560><c> little</c><00:36:10.880><c> that</c><00:36:11.200><c> really</c><00:36:11.520><c> is,</c><00:36:12.400><c> a</c>

00:36:12.630 --> 00:36:12.640 align:start position:0%
sense of how little that really is, a
 

00:36:12.640 --> 00:36:15.829 align:start position:0%
sense of how little that really is, a
comparable<00:36:13.680><c> cm</c><00:36:14.240><c> at</c><00:36:14.480><c> sea</c><00:36:14.800><c> level</c><00:36:15.040><c> on</c><00:36:15.280><c> Earth</c>

00:36:15.829 --> 00:36:15.839 align:start position:0%
comparable cm at sea level on Earth
 

00:36:15.839 --> 00:36:19.349 align:start position:0%
comparable cm at sea level on Earth
contains<00:36:16.400><c> 10</c><00:36:16.880><c> quintilion</c><00:36:17.839><c> particles.</c><00:36:19.040><c> That's</c>

00:36:19.349 --> 00:36:19.359 align:start position:0%
contains 10 quintilion particles. That's
 

00:36:19.359 --> 00:36:22.870 align:start position:0%
contains 10 quintilion particles. That's
10<00:36:19.760><c> to</c><00:36:19.839><c> the</c><00:36:20.000><c> power</c><00:36:20.320><c> of</c><00:36:20.720><c> 19</c><00:36:21.280><c> particles.</c><00:36:22.480><c> On</c><00:36:22.720><c> the</c>

00:36:22.870 --> 00:36:22.880 align:start position:0%
10 to the power of 19 particles. On the
 

00:36:22.880 --> 00:36:25.109 align:start position:0%
10 to the power of 19 particles. On the
other<00:36:23.040><c> hand,</c><00:36:23.520><c> if</c><00:36:23.760><c> you</c><00:36:23.920><c> were</c><00:36:24.079><c> to</c><00:36:24.240><c> have</c><00:36:24.400><c> a</c><00:36:24.640><c> nebula</c>

00:36:25.109 --> 00:36:25.119 align:start position:0%
other hand, if you were to have a nebula
 

00:36:25.119 --> 00:36:27.829 align:start position:0%
other hand, if you were to have a nebula
the<00:36:25.440><c> size</c><00:36:25.680><c> of</c><00:36:25.920><c> Earth,</c><00:36:26.720><c> it</c><00:36:26.960><c> may</c><00:36:27.280><c> only</c><00:36:27.520><c> have</c><00:36:27.680><c> a</c>

00:36:27.829 --> 00:36:27.839 align:start position:0%
the size of Earth, it may only have a
 

00:36:27.839 --> 00:36:30.870 align:start position:0%
the size of Earth, it may only have a
total<00:36:28.160><c> mass</c><00:36:28.480><c> of</c><00:36:28.640><c> a</c><00:36:28.880><c> few</c><00:36:29.040><c> kg.</c>

00:36:30.870 --> 00:36:30.880 align:start position:0%
total mass of a few kg.
 

00:36:30.880 --> 00:36:33.430 align:start position:0%
total mass of a few kg.
Orion,<00:36:31.839><c> perhaps</c><00:36:32.240><c> the</c><00:36:32.400><c> brightest</c><00:36:32.800><c> nebula</c><00:36:33.280><c> in</c>

00:36:33.430 --> 00:36:33.440 align:start position:0%
Orion, perhaps the brightest nebula in
 

00:36:33.440 --> 00:36:36.230 align:start position:0%
Orion, perhaps the brightest nebula in
our<00:36:33.680><c> sky,</c><00:36:34.560><c> is</c><00:36:34.800><c> just</c><00:36:35.119><c> about</c><00:36:35.520><c> bright</c><00:36:35.839><c> enough</c><00:36:36.000><c> to</c>

00:36:36.230 --> 00:36:36.240 align:start position:0%
our sky, is just about bright enough to
 

00:36:36.240 --> 00:36:38.069 align:start position:0%
our sky, is just about bright enough to
be<00:36:36.400><c> seen</c><00:36:36.560><c> with</c><00:36:36.720><c> the</c><00:36:36.960><c> naked</c><00:36:37.280><c> eye</c><00:36:37.440><c> on</c><00:36:37.680><c> a</c><00:36:37.839><c> clear</c>

00:36:38.069 --> 00:36:38.079 align:start position:0%
be seen with the naked eye on a clear
 

00:36:38.079 --> 00:36:39.990 align:start position:0%
be seen with the naked eye on a clear
night.

00:36:39.990 --> 00:36:40.000 align:start position:0%
night.
 

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:42.790 align:start position:0%
night.
However,<00:36:40.720><c> nebula</c><00:36:41.359><c> can</c><00:36:41.680><c> be</c><00:36:41.920><c> a</c><00:36:42.160><c> lot</c><00:36:42.320><c> brighter,</c>

00:36:42.790 --> 00:36:42.800 align:start position:0%
However, nebula can be a lot brighter,
 

00:36:42.800 --> 00:36:45.990 align:start position:0%
However, nebula can be a lot brighter,
too.<00:36:43.839><c> If</c><00:36:44.079><c> the</c><00:36:44.240><c> tarantula</c><00:36:44.880><c> nebula</c><00:36:45.520><c> found</c><00:36:45.760><c> in</c>

00:36:45.990 --> 00:36:46.000 align:start position:0%
too. If the tarantula nebula found in
 

00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:48.470 align:start position:0%
too. If the tarantula nebula found in
the<00:36:46.160><c> large</c><00:36:46.400><c> melanic</c><00:36:47.119><c> cloud</c><00:36:47.599><c> was</c><00:36:47.839><c> as</c><00:36:48.079><c> close</c><00:36:48.320><c> to</c>

00:36:48.470 --> 00:36:48.480 align:start position:0%
the large melanic cloud was as close to
 

00:36:48.480 --> 00:36:51.349 align:start position:0%
the large melanic cloud was as close to
us<00:36:48.640><c> as</c><00:36:48.800><c> the</c><00:36:48.960><c> Orion</c><00:36:49.359><c> Nebula</c><00:36:49.839><c> is,</c><00:36:50.640><c> it</c><00:36:50.880><c> would</c><00:36:51.040><c> even</c>

00:36:51.349 --> 00:36:51.359 align:start position:0%
us as the Orion Nebula is, it would even
 

00:36:51.359 --> 00:36:54.069 align:start position:0%
us as the Orion Nebula is, it would even
be<00:36:51.599><c> visible</c><00:36:52.000><c> during</c><00:36:52.320><c> the</c><00:36:52.560><c> day.</c>

00:36:54.069 --> 00:36:54.079 align:start position:0%
be visible during the day.
 

00:36:54.079 --> 00:36:57.109 align:start position:0%
be visible during the day.
But<00:36:54.240><c> if</c><00:36:54.480><c> nebula</c><00:36:55.040><c> are</c><00:36:55.280><c> so</c><00:36:55.599><c> sparse,</c><00:36:56.560><c> how</c><00:36:56.800><c> can</c><00:36:56.960><c> we</c>

00:36:57.109 --> 00:36:57.119 align:start position:0%
But if nebula are so sparse, how can we
 

00:36:57.119 --> 00:36:59.589 align:start position:0%
But if nebula are so sparse, how can we
see<00:36:57.280><c> them</c><00:36:57.440><c> at</c><00:36:57.680><c> all?</c><00:36:58.720><c> It's</c><00:36:58.960><c> important</c><00:36:59.280><c> to</c>

00:36:59.589 --> 00:36:59.599 align:start position:0%
see them at all? It's important to
 

00:36:59.599 --> 00:37:01.270 align:start position:0%
see them at all? It's important to
remember<00:36:59.839><c> the</c><00:37:00.160><c> scales</c><00:37:00.480><c> that</c><00:37:00.720><c> are</c><00:37:00.880><c> at</c><00:37:01.040><c> play</c>

00:37:01.270 --> 00:37:01.280 align:start position:0%
remember the scales that are at play
 

00:37:01.280 --> 00:37:04.710 align:start position:0%
remember the scales that are at play
here.<00:37:02.160><c> While</c><00:37:02.400><c> nebula</c><00:37:03.040><c> are</c><00:37:03.440><c> sparse,</c><00:37:04.240><c> they</c><00:37:04.480><c> are</c>

00:37:04.710 --> 00:37:04.720 align:start position:0%
here. While nebula are sparse, they are
 

00:37:04.720 --> 00:37:08.550 align:start position:0%
here. While nebula are sparse, they are
also<00:37:05.200><c> massive.</c><00:37:06.640><c> H2</c><00:37:07.200><c> regions,</c><00:37:07.920><c> which</c><00:37:08.160><c> are</c><00:37:08.320><c> a</c>

00:37:08.550 --> 00:37:08.560 align:start position:0%
also massive. H2 regions, which are a
 

00:37:08.560 --> 00:37:11.109 align:start position:0%
also massive. H2 regions, which are a
specific<00:37:08.960><c> type</c><00:37:09.200><c> of</c><00:37:09.359><c> nebula,</c><00:37:10.400><c> are</c><00:37:10.560><c> known</c><00:37:10.960><c> as</c>

00:37:11.109 --> 00:37:11.119 align:start position:0%
specific type of nebula, are known as
 

00:37:11.119 --> 00:37:13.910 align:start position:0%
specific type of nebula, are known as
stellar<00:37:11.599><c> nurseries.</c>

00:37:13.910 --> 00:37:13.920 align:start position:0%
stellar nurseries.
 

00:37:13.920 --> 00:37:16.230 align:start position:0%
stellar nurseries.
These<00:37:14.240><c> massive</c><00:37:14.720><c> clouds</c><00:37:15.200><c> can</c><00:37:15.440><c> collapse</c><00:37:15.920><c> and</c>

00:37:16.230 --> 00:37:16.240 align:start position:0%
These massive clouds can collapse and
 

00:37:16.240 --> 00:37:18.790 align:start position:0%
These massive clouds can collapse and
coalesce<00:37:17.119><c> and</c><00:37:17.280><c> when</c><00:37:17.520><c> they</c><00:37:17.680><c> do</c><00:37:18.160><c> they</c><00:37:18.400><c> form</c>

00:37:18.790 --> 00:37:18.800 align:start position:0%
coalesce and when they do they form
 

00:37:18.800 --> 00:37:21.990 align:start position:0%
coalesce and when they do they form
stars.<00:37:20.079><c> A</c><00:37:20.320><c> single</c><00:37:20.640><c> nebula</c><00:37:21.359><c> can</c><00:37:21.599><c> contain</c>

00:37:21.990 --> 00:37:22.000 align:start position:0%
stars. A single nebula can contain
 

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:24.069 align:start position:0%
stars. A single nebula can contain
enough<00:37:22.320><c> mass</c><00:37:22.640><c> to</c><00:37:22.800><c> create</c><00:37:23.200><c> hundreds</c><00:37:23.680><c> to</c>

00:37:24.069 --> 00:37:24.079 align:start position:0%
enough mass to create hundreds to
 

00:37:24.079 --> 00:37:26.790 align:start position:0%
enough mass to create hundreds to
thousands<00:37:24.560><c> of</c><00:37:24.720><c> stars.</c><00:37:25.680><c> And</c><00:37:25.920><c> it</c><00:37:26.160><c> is</c><00:37:26.400><c> actually</c>

00:37:26.790 --> 00:37:26.800 align:start position:0%
thousands of stars. And it is actually
 

00:37:26.800 --> 00:37:29.190 align:start position:0%
thousands of stars. And it is actually
these<00:37:27.200><c> newly</c><00:37:27.599><c> formed</c><00:37:27.920><c> stars</c><00:37:28.320><c> that</c><00:37:28.640><c> light</c><00:37:28.960><c> up</c>

00:37:29.190 --> 00:37:29.200 align:start position:0%
these newly formed stars that light up
 

00:37:29.200 --> 00:37:32.550 align:start position:0%
these newly formed stars that light up
the<00:37:29.440><c> gas</c><00:37:29.760><c> in</c><00:37:30.000><c> a</c><00:37:30.160><c> nebula.</c><00:37:31.520><c> Solar</c><00:37:31.920><c> radiation</c>

00:37:32.550 --> 00:37:32.560 align:start position:0%
the gas in a nebula. Solar radiation
 

00:37:32.560 --> 00:37:35.030 align:start position:0%
the gas in a nebula. Solar radiation
shoots<00:37:32.880><c> away</c><00:37:33.119><c> from</c><00:37:33.359><c> stars</c><00:37:33.599><c> within</c><00:37:33.920><c> a</c><00:37:34.079><c> nebula,</c>

00:37:35.030 --> 00:37:35.040 align:start position:0%
shoots away from stars within a nebula,
 

00:37:35.040 --> 00:37:37.510 align:start position:0%
shoots away from stars within a nebula,
ionizing<00:37:35.520><c> the</c><00:37:35.680><c> nebula's</c><00:37:36.320><c> particles,</c><00:37:37.119><c> which</c>

00:37:37.510 --> 00:37:37.520 align:start position:0%
ionizing the nebula's particles, which
 

00:37:37.520 --> 00:37:39.829 align:start position:0%
ionizing the nebula's particles, which
releases<00:37:37.920><c> this</c><00:37:38.240><c> energy</c><00:37:38.640><c> at</c><00:37:38.880><c> a</c><00:37:39.040><c> specific</c><00:37:39.520><c> light</c>

00:37:39.829 --> 00:37:39.839 align:start position:0%
releases this energy at a specific light
 

00:37:39.839 --> 00:37:43.430 align:start position:0%
releases this energy at a specific light
wavelength.<00:37:41.280><c> This</c><00:37:41.599><c> means</c><00:37:41.920><c> H2</c><00:37:42.480><c> regions</c><00:37:43.200><c> are</c>

00:37:43.430 --> 00:37:43.440 align:start position:0%
wavelength. This means H2 regions are
 

00:37:43.440 --> 00:37:45.190 align:start position:0%
wavelength. This means H2 regions are
known<00:37:43.680><c> as</c><00:37:43.920><c> something</c><00:37:44.320><c> called</c><00:37:44.640><c> emission</c>

00:37:45.190 --> 00:37:45.200 align:start position:0%
known as something called emission
 

00:37:45.200 --> 00:37:48.630 align:start position:0%
known as something called emission
nebula<00:37:46.079><c> because</c><00:37:46.720><c> ionized</c><00:37:47.200><c> atoms</c><00:37:47.599><c> within</c><00:37:48.320><c> are</c>

00:37:48.630 --> 00:37:48.640 align:start position:0%
nebula because ionized atoms within are
 

00:37:48.640 --> 00:37:51.510 align:start position:0%
nebula because ionized atoms within are
emitting<00:37:49.119><c> their</c><00:37:49.440><c> own</c><00:37:49.599><c> light.</c><00:37:50.800><c> The</c><00:37:51.119><c> process</c>

00:37:51.510 --> 00:37:51.520 align:start position:0%
emitting their own light. The process
 

00:37:51.520 --> 00:37:53.430 align:start position:0%
emitting their own light. The process
happening<00:37:51.920><c> in</c><00:37:52.079><c> an</c><00:37:52.240><c> emission</c><00:37:52.640><c> nebula</c><00:37:53.200><c> is</c>

00:37:53.430 --> 00:37:53.440 align:start position:0%
happening in an emission nebula is
 

00:37:53.440 --> 00:37:55.430 align:start position:0%
happening in an emission nebula is
comparable<00:37:53.920><c> to</c><00:37:54.160><c> what</c><00:37:54.400><c> happens</c><00:37:54.720><c> in</c><00:37:54.880><c> a</c><00:37:55.040><c> neon</c>

00:37:55.430 --> 00:37:55.440 align:start position:0%
comparable to what happens in a neon
 

00:37:55.440 --> 00:37:58.150 align:start position:0%
comparable to what happens in a neon
light<00:37:56.000><c> where</c><00:37:56.400><c> electricity</c><00:37:57.280><c> ionizes</c><00:37:57.760><c> neon</c>

00:37:58.150 --> 00:37:58.160 align:start position:0%
light where electricity ionizes neon
 

00:37:58.160 --> 00:38:01.510 align:start position:0%
light where electricity ionizes neon
within<00:37:58.480><c> the</c><00:37:58.640><c> bulb</c><00:37:59.200><c> causing</c><00:37:59.520><c> it</c><00:37:59.760><c> to</c><00:37:59.920><c> light</c><00:38:00.240><c> up.</c>

00:38:01.510 --> 00:38:01.520 align:start position:0%
within the bulb causing it to light up.
 

00:38:01.520 --> 00:38:04.390 align:start position:0%
within the bulb causing it to light up.
However,<00:38:02.160><c> in</c><00:38:02.320><c> a</c><00:38:02.560><c> nebula,</c><00:38:03.359><c> it's</c><00:38:03.599><c> not</c><00:38:03.839><c> neon</c><00:38:04.240><c> that</c>

00:38:04.390 --> 00:38:04.400 align:start position:0%
However, in a nebula, it's not neon that
 

00:38:04.400 --> 00:38:06.870 align:start position:0%
However, in a nebula, it's not neon that
lights<00:38:04.720><c> up.</c><00:38:05.520><c> In</c><00:38:05.760><c> fact,</c><00:38:06.079><c> in</c><00:38:06.240><c> the</c><00:38:06.400><c> Hubble</c>

00:38:06.870 --> 00:38:06.880 align:start position:0%
lights up. In fact, in the Hubble
 

00:38:06.880 --> 00:38:09.430 align:start position:0%
lights up. In fact, in the Hubble
images,<00:38:07.680><c> each</c><00:38:07.920><c> color</c><00:38:08.320><c> shows</c><00:38:08.640><c> a</c><00:38:08.960><c> different</c>

00:38:09.430 --> 00:38:09.440 align:start position:0%
images, each color shows a different
 

00:38:09.440 --> 00:38:11.109 align:start position:0%
images, each color shows a different
ionized<00:38:09.920><c> atom.</c>

00:38:11.109 --> 00:38:11.119 align:start position:0%
ionized atom.
 

00:38:11.119 --> 00:38:13.589 align:start position:0%
ionized atom.
Unfortunately<00:38:12.000><c> though,</c><00:38:12.560><c> I</c><00:38:12.800><c> can't</c><00:38:13.040><c> tell</c><00:38:13.200><c> you</c><00:38:13.359><c> a</c>

00:38:13.589 --> 00:38:13.599 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately though, I can't tell you a
 

00:38:13.599 --> 00:38:15.430 align:start position:0%
Unfortunately though, I can't tell you a
blanket<00:38:14.000><c> rule</c><00:38:14.240><c> for</c><00:38:14.480><c> colors</c><00:38:14.720><c> in</c><00:38:14.960><c> Hubble</c>

00:38:15.430 --> 00:38:15.440 align:start position:0%
blanket rule for colors in Hubble
 

00:38:15.440 --> 00:38:18.470 align:start position:0%
blanket rule for colors in Hubble
images.<00:38:16.880><c> So,</c><00:38:17.280><c> while</c><00:38:17.520><c> in</c><00:38:17.760><c> this</c><00:38:17.920><c> image</c><00:38:18.160><c> of</c><00:38:18.320><c> the</c>

00:38:18.470 --> 00:38:18.480 align:start position:0%
images. So, while in this image of the
 

00:38:18.480 --> 00:38:21.109 align:start position:0%
images. So, while in this image of the
Karina<00:38:18.880><c> Nebula,</c><00:38:19.680><c> reds</c><00:38:20.079><c> correspond</c><00:38:20.560><c> to</c><00:38:20.720><c> sulfur</c>

00:38:21.109 --> 00:38:21.119 align:start position:0%
Karina Nebula, reds correspond to sulfur
 

00:38:21.119 --> 00:38:23.589 align:start position:0%
Karina Nebula, reds correspond to sulfur
atoms,<00:38:21.760><c> greens</c><00:38:22.079><c> to</c><00:38:22.320><c> hydrogen,</c><00:38:22.880><c> and</c><00:38:23.119><c> blues</c><00:38:23.440><c> to</c>

00:38:23.589 --> 00:38:23.599 align:start position:0%
atoms, greens to hydrogen, and blues to
 

00:38:23.599 --> 00:38:25.829 align:start position:0%
atoms, greens to hydrogen, and blues to
oxygen.

00:38:25.829 --> 00:38:25.839 align:start position:0%
oxygen.
 

00:38:25.839 --> 00:38:28.390 align:start position:0%
oxygen.
In<00:38:26.079><c> this</c><00:38:26.320><c> image</c><00:38:26.560><c> of</c><00:38:26.720><c> the</c><00:38:26.880><c> Swan</c><00:38:27.200><c> Nebula,</c><00:38:28.000><c> blues</c>

00:38:28.390 --> 00:38:28.400 align:start position:0%
In this image of the Swan Nebula, blues
 

00:38:28.400 --> 00:38:30.470 align:start position:0%
In this image of the Swan Nebula, blues
correspond<00:38:28.800><c> to</c><00:38:29.040><c> visible</c><00:38:29.440><c> light</c><00:38:29.680><c> blues,</c>

00:38:30.470 --> 00:38:30.480 align:start position:0%
correspond to visible light blues,
 

00:38:30.480 --> 00:38:33.190 align:start position:0%
correspond to visible light blues,
greens<00:38:30.880><c> to</c><00:38:31.040><c> oxygen,</c><00:38:31.839><c> and</c><00:38:32.079><c> reds</c><00:38:32.480><c> to</c><00:38:32.640><c> infrared</c>

00:38:33.190 --> 00:38:33.200 align:start position:0%
greens to oxygen, and reds to infrared
 

00:38:33.200 --> 00:38:35.510 align:start position:0%
greens to oxygen, and reds to infrared
and<00:38:33.440><c> hydrogen.</c>

00:38:35.510 --> 00:38:35.520 align:start position:0%
and hydrogen.
 

00:38:35.520 --> 00:38:37.109 align:start position:0%
and hydrogen.
That's<00:38:35.839><c> because</c><00:38:36.079><c> of</c><00:38:36.240><c> the</c><00:38:36.400><c> way</c><00:38:36.560><c> Hubble</c><00:38:36.960><c> takes</c>

00:38:37.109 --> 00:38:37.119 align:start position:0%
That's because of the way Hubble takes
 

00:38:37.119 --> 00:38:40.069 align:start position:0%
That's because of the way Hubble takes
its<00:38:37.440><c> photos.</c><00:38:38.480><c> Hubble</c><00:38:39.040><c> is</c><00:38:39.359><c> primarily</c><00:38:39.920><c> a</c>

00:38:40.069 --> 00:38:40.079 align:start position:0%
its photos. Hubble is primarily a
 

00:38:40.079 --> 00:38:42.550 align:start position:0%
its photos. Hubble is primarily a
visible<00:38:40.480><c> light</c><00:38:40.720><c> telescope,</c><00:38:41.599><c> but</c><00:38:41.839><c> its</c><00:38:42.079><c> optical</c>

00:38:42.550 --> 00:38:42.560 align:start position:0%
visible light telescope, but its optical
 

00:38:42.560 --> 00:38:44.550 align:start position:0%
visible light telescope, but its optical
range<00:38:43.040><c> does</c><00:38:43.280><c> also</c><00:38:43.680><c> extend</c><00:38:44.079><c> into</c><00:38:44.320><c> the</c>

00:38:44.550 --> 00:38:44.560 align:start position:0%
range does also extend into the
 

00:38:44.560 --> 00:38:46.950 align:start position:0%
range does also extend into the
ultraviolet<00:38:45.200><c> and</c><00:38:45.440><c> infrared.</c>

00:38:46.950 --> 00:38:46.960 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and infrared.
 

00:38:46.960 --> 00:38:49.109 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and infrared.
When<00:38:47.200><c> scientists</c><00:38:47.839><c> look</c><00:38:48.000><c> at</c><00:38:48.160><c> a</c><00:38:48.320><c> nebula,</c><00:38:48.880><c> they</c>

00:38:49.109 --> 00:38:49.119 align:start position:0%
When scientists look at a nebula, they
 

00:38:49.119 --> 00:38:51.109 align:start position:0%
When scientists look at a nebula, they
often<00:38:49.440><c> want</c><00:38:49.599><c> to</c><00:38:49.760><c> see</c><00:38:49.920><c> what</c><00:38:50.079><c> it</c><00:38:50.240><c> is</c><00:38:50.400><c> made</c><00:38:50.560><c> of.</c>

00:38:51.109 --> 00:38:51.119 align:start position:0%
often want to see what it is made of.
 

00:38:51.119 --> 00:38:53.109 align:start position:0%
often want to see what it is made of.
So,<00:38:51.359><c> we'll</c><00:38:51.599><c> photograph</c><00:38:52.079><c> the</c><00:38:52.320><c> object</c><00:38:52.640><c> using</c>

00:38:53.109 --> 00:38:53.119 align:start position:0%
So, we'll photograph the object using
 

00:38:53.119 --> 00:38:55.270 align:start position:0%
So, we'll photograph the object using
specific<00:38:53.520><c> filters.</c>

00:38:55.270 --> 00:38:55.280 align:start position:0%
specific filters.
 

00:38:55.280 --> 00:38:57.510 align:start position:0%
specific filters.
So,<00:38:55.680><c> say</c><00:38:55.920><c> they</c><00:38:56.160><c> want</c><00:38:56.320><c> to</c><00:38:56.480><c> see</c><00:38:56.720><c> hydrogen</c><00:38:57.200><c> in</c><00:38:57.359><c> a</c>

00:38:57.510 --> 00:38:57.520 align:start position:0%
So, say they want to see hydrogen in a
 

00:38:57.520 --> 00:39:00.230 align:start position:0%
So, say they want to see hydrogen in a
nebula.<00:38:58.400><c> They</c><00:38:58.640><c> will</c><00:38:58.800><c> image</c><00:38:59.119><c> the</c><00:38:59.280><c> nebula</c><00:38:59.920><c> using</c>

00:39:00.230 --> 00:39:00.240 align:start position:0%
nebula. They will image the nebula using
 

00:39:00.240 --> 00:39:02.390 align:start position:0%
nebula. They will image the nebula using
a<00:39:00.480><c> filter</c><00:39:00.800><c> that</c><00:39:01.040><c> lets</c><00:39:01.359><c> light</c><00:39:01.680><c> being</c><00:39:02.000><c> emitted</c>

00:39:02.390 --> 00:39:02.400 align:start position:0%
a filter that lets light being emitted
 

00:39:02.400 --> 00:39:06.230 align:start position:0%
a filter that lets light being emitted
along<00:39:03.040><c> 658</c><00:39:04.160><c> nanometer</c><00:39:04.880><c> wavelengths</c><00:39:05.440><c> through</c>

00:39:06.230 --> 00:39:06.240 align:start position:0%
along 658 nanometer wavelengths through
 

00:39:06.240 --> 00:39:08.630 align:start position:0%
along 658 nanometer wavelengths through
or<00:39:06.560><c> in</c><00:39:06.720><c> other</c><00:39:06.960><c> words</c><00:39:07.359><c> the</c><00:39:07.599><c> emission</c><00:39:08.079><c> band</c><00:39:08.480><c> of</c>

00:39:08.630 --> 00:39:08.640 align:start position:0%
or in other words the emission band of
 

00:39:08.640 --> 00:39:11.270 align:start position:0%
or in other words the emission band of
hydrogen.<00:39:09.920><c> After</c><00:39:10.240><c> that</c><00:39:10.560><c> they</c><00:39:10.800><c> are</c><00:39:10.880><c> left</c><00:39:11.119><c> with</c>

00:39:11.270 --> 00:39:11.280 align:start position:0%
hydrogen. After that they are left with
 

00:39:11.280 --> 00:39:13.829 align:start position:0%
hydrogen. After that they are left with
a<00:39:11.440><c> black</c><00:39:11.599><c> and</c><00:39:11.839><c> white</c><00:39:12.079><c> image.</c><00:39:13.119><c> Then</c><00:39:13.359><c> they</c><00:39:13.599><c> may</c>

00:39:13.829 --> 00:39:13.839 align:start position:0%
a black and white image. Then they may
 

00:39:13.839 --> 00:39:16.310 align:start position:0%
a black and white image. Then they may
decide<00:39:14.240><c> to</c><00:39:14.480><c> image</c><00:39:14.800><c> the</c><00:39:14.960><c> nebula</c><00:39:15.440><c> again.</c><00:39:16.160><c> This</c>

00:39:16.310 --> 00:39:16.320 align:start position:0%
decide to image the nebula again. This
 

00:39:16.320 --> 00:39:19.910 align:start position:0%
decide to image the nebula again. This
time<00:39:16.560><c> looking</c><00:39:16.880><c> for</c><00:39:17.040><c> sulfur</c><00:39:17.680><c> along</c><00:39:18.160><c> 672</c><00:39:19.359><c> nanome</c>

00:39:19.910 --> 00:39:19.920 align:start position:0%
time looking for sulfur along 672 nanome
 

00:39:19.920 --> 00:39:22.550 align:start position:0%
time looking for sulfur along 672 nanome
wavelengths<00:39:21.119><c> and</c><00:39:21.359><c> then</c><00:39:21.599><c> again</c><00:39:22.079><c> looking</c><00:39:22.400><c> for</c>

00:39:22.550 --> 00:39:22.560 align:start position:0%
wavelengths and then again looking for
 

00:39:22.560 --> 00:39:26.550 align:start position:0%
wavelengths and then again looking for
oxygen<00:39:23.200><c> along</c><00:39:23.680><c> 501</c><00:39:24.480><c> nanome</c><00:39:25.040><c> wavelengths.</c>

00:39:26.550 --> 00:39:26.560 align:start position:0%
oxygen along 501 nanome wavelengths.
 

00:39:26.560 --> 00:39:28.550 align:start position:0%
oxygen along 501 nanome wavelengths.
Scientists<00:39:27.200><c> then</c><00:39:27.440><c> assign</c><00:39:27.839><c> colors</c><00:39:28.160><c> to</c><00:39:28.320><c> each</c><00:39:28.480><c> of</c>

00:39:28.550 --> 00:39:28.560 align:start position:0%
Scientists then assign colors to each of
 

00:39:28.560 --> 00:39:30.710 align:start position:0%
Scientists then assign colors to each of
these<00:39:28.880><c> different</c><00:39:29.200><c> photos</c><00:39:29.839><c> and</c><00:39:30.160><c> combine</c><00:39:30.560><c> them</c>

00:39:30.710 --> 00:39:30.720 align:start position:0%
these different photos and combine them
 

00:39:30.720 --> 00:39:32.870 align:start position:0%
these different photos and combine them
together<00:39:31.280><c> to</c><00:39:31.599><c> produce</c><00:39:31.920><c> the</c><00:39:32.160><c> colors</c><00:39:32.480><c> you</c><00:39:32.720><c> see</c>

00:39:32.870 --> 00:39:32.880 align:start position:0%
together to produce the colors you see
 

00:39:32.880 --> 00:39:34.870 align:start position:0%
together to produce the colors you see
here.

00:39:34.870 --> 00:39:34.880 align:start position:0%
here.
 

00:39:34.880 --> 00:39:36.790 align:start position:0%
here.
As<00:39:35.119><c> you</c><00:39:35.280><c> browse</c><00:39:35.599><c> Hubble</c><00:39:36.000><c> images</c><00:39:36.320><c> on</c><00:39:36.560><c> their</c>

00:39:36.790 --> 00:39:36.800 align:start position:0%
As you browse Hubble images on their
 

00:39:36.800 --> 00:39:39.030 align:start position:0%
As you browse Hubble images on their
website,<00:39:37.599><c> you</c><00:39:37.839><c> can</c><00:39:37.920><c> see</c><00:39:38.160><c> for</c><00:39:38.320><c> yourself</c><00:39:38.720><c> what</c>

00:39:39.030 --> 00:39:39.040 align:start position:0%
website, you can see for yourself what
 

00:39:39.040 --> 00:39:40.790 align:start position:0%
website, you can see for yourself what
the<00:39:39.200><c> colors</c><00:39:39.520><c> have</c><00:39:39.680><c> been</c><00:39:39.839><c> assigned</c><00:39:40.160><c> to</c><00:39:40.480><c> by</c>

00:39:40.790 --> 00:39:40.800 align:start position:0%
the colors have been assigned to by
 

00:39:40.800 --> 00:39:42.710 align:start position:0%
the colors have been assigned to by
looking<00:39:41.040><c> to</c><00:39:41.280><c> see</c><00:39:41.440><c> what</c><00:39:41.760><c> wavelengths</c><00:39:42.320><c> of</c><00:39:42.480><c> light</c>

00:39:42.710 --> 00:39:42.720 align:start position:0%
looking to see what wavelengths of light
 

00:39:42.720 --> 00:39:46.069 align:start position:0%
looking to see what wavelengths of light
were<00:39:42.960><c> used.</c><00:39:44.000><c> For</c><00:39:44.240><c> Hubble</c><00:39:44.640><c> images</c><00:39:44.880><c> of</c><00:39:45.119><c> nebula,</c>

00:39:46.069 --> 00:39:46.079 align:start position:0%
were used. For Hubble images of nebula,
 

00:39:46.079 --> 00:39:47.910 align:start position:0%
were used. For Hubble images of nebula,
they<00:39:46.320><c> are</c><00:39:46.560><c> pretty</c><00:39:46.800><c> much</c><00:39:47.040><c> always</c><00:39:47.359><c> a</c><00:39:47.599><c> false</c>

00:39:47.910 --> 00:39:47.920 align:start position:0%
they are pretty much always a false
 

00:39:47.920 --> 00:39:51.109 align:start position:0%
they are pretty much always a false
color.<00:39:49.040><c> However,</c><00:39:49.760><c> Hubble</c><00:39:50.240><c> does</c><00:39:50.480><c> also</c><00:39:50.800><c> take</c>

00:39:51.109 --> 00:39:51.119 align:start position:0%
color. However, Hubble does also take
 

00:39:51.119 --> 00:39:54.069 align:start position:0%
color. However, Hubble does also take
natural<00:39:51.599><c> color</c><00:39:51.839><c> images,</c><00:39:52.320><c> too.</c><00:39:53.119><c> The</c><00:39:53.359><c> sombrero</c>

00:39:54.069 --> 00:39:54.079 align:start position:0%
natural color images, too. The sombrero
 

00:39:54.079 --> 00:39:55.990 align:start position:0%
natural color images, too. The sombrero
galaxy,<00:39:54.640><c> for</c><00:39:54.880><c> instance,</c><00:39:55.440><c> had</c><00:39:55.760><c> three</c>

00:39:55.990 --> 00:39:56.000 align:start position:0%
galaxy, for instance, had three
 

00:39:56.000 --> 00:39:59.030 align:start position:0%
galaxy, for instance, had three
different<00:39:56.240><c> images</c><00:39:56.720><c> taken</c><00:39:57.359><c> in</c><00:39:57.760><c> blue,</c><00:39:58.400><c> red,</c><00:39:58.720><c> and</c>

00:39:59.030 --> 00:39:59.040 align:start position:0%
different images taken in blue, red, and
 

00:39:59.040 --> 00:40:02.230 align:start position:0%
different images taken in blue, red, and
green,<00:39:59.599><c> or</c><00:39:59.920><c> RGB.</c><00:40:01.200><c> So,</c><00:40:01.359><c> the</c><00:40:01.599><c> colors</c><00:40:01.839><c> you</c><00:40:02.079><c> see</c>

00:40:02.230 --> 00:40:02.240 align:start position:0%
green, or RGB. So, the colors you see
 

00:40:02.240 --> 00:40:04.710 align:start position:0%
green, or RGB. So, the colors you see
here<00:40:02.800><c> are</c><00:40:03.040><c> how</c><00:40:03.280><c> you</c><00:40:03.440><c> would</c><00:40:03.599><c> see</c><00:40:03.760><c> this</c><00:40:04.000><c> galaxy</c>

00:40:04.710 --> 00:40:04.720 align:start position:0%
here are how you would see this galaxy
 

00:40:04.720 --> 00:40:07.510 align:start position:0%
here are how you would see this galaxy
were<00:40:04.960><c> it</c><00:40:05.200><c> bright</c><00:40:05.440><c> enough</c><00:40:05.599><c> for</c><00:40:05.760><c> you</c><00:40:05.920><c> to</c><00:40:06.079><c> see</c><00:40:06.240><c> it.</c>

00:40:07.510 --> 00:40:07.520 align:start position:0%
were it bright enough for you to see it.
 

00:40:07.520 --> 00:40:10.069 align:start position:0%
were it bright enough for you to see it.
So,<00:40:08.160><c> if</c><00:40:08.320><c> Hubble's</c><00:40:08.800><c> images</c><00:40:09.119><c> of</c><00:40:09.359><c> nebula</c><00:40:09.920><c> are</c>

00:40:10.069 --> 00:40:10.079 align:start position:0%
So, if Hubble's images of nebula are
 

00:40:10.079 --> 00:40:12.150 align:start position:0%
So, if Hubble's images of nebula are
false<00:40:10.400><c> color,</c><00:40:11.040><c> what</c><00:40:11.200><c> would</c><00:40:11.440><c> they</c><00:40:11.680><c> really</c><00:40:11.920><c> look</c>

00:40:12.150 --> 00:40:12.160 align:start position:0%
false color, what would they really look
 

00:40:12.160 --> 00:40:15.589 align:start position:0%
false color, what would they really look
like<00:40:12.400><c> to</c><00:40:12.560><c> us?</c><00:40:13.760><c> Generally</c><00:40:14.240><c> speaking,</c><00:40:15.200><c> a</c><00:40:15.440><c> lot</c>

00:40:15.589 --> 00:40:15.599 align:start position:0%
like to us? Generally speaking, a lot
 

00:40:15.599 --> 00:40:18.230 align:start position:0%
like to us? Generally speaking, a lot
more<00:40:15.839><c> red.</c><00:40:17.040><c> The</c><00:40:17.359><c> European</c><00:40:17.839><c> Southern</c>

00:40:18.230 --> 00:40:18.240 align:start position:0%
more red. The European Southern
 

00:40:18.240 --> 00:40:20.550 align:start position:0%
more red. The European Southern
Observatory<00:40:19.040><c> also</c><00:40:19.440><c> looks</c><00:40:19.680><c> at</c><00:40:19.839><c> a</c><00:40:20.079><c> lot</c><00:40:20.240><c> of</c><00:40:20.400><c> the</c>

00:40:20.550 --> 00:40:20.560 align:start position:0%
Observatory also looks at a lot of the
 

00:40:20.560 --> 00:40:23.109 align:start position:0%
Observatory also looks at a lot of the
same<00:40:20.800><c> objects</c><00:40:21.200><c> Hubble</c><00:40:21.599><c> does,</c><00:40:22.320><c> although</c><00:40:22.720><c> often</c>

00:40:23.109 --> 00:40:23.119 align:start position:0%
same objects Hubble does, although often
 

00:40:23.119 --> 00:40:25.750 align:start position:0%
same objects Hubble does, although often
using<00:40:23.520><c> different</c><00:40:23.920><c> color</c><00:40:24.240><c> filters.</c><00:40:25.440><c> Going</c>

00:40:25.750 --> 00:40:25.760 align:start position:0%
using different color filters. Going
 

00:40:25.760 --> 00:40:28.310 align:start position:0%
using different color filters. Going
back<00:40:25.920><c> to</c><00:40:26.079><c> the</c><00:40:26.240><c> Karina</c><00:40:26.720><c> Nebula</c><00:40:27.440><c> on</c><00:40:27.680><c> ESO's</c>

00:40:28.310 --> 00:40:28.320 align:start position:0%
back to the Karina Nebula on ESO's
 

00:40:28.320 --> 00:40:30.470 align:start position:0%
back to the Karina Nebula on ESO's
website,<00:40:29.040><c> we</c><00:40:29.280><c> see</c><00:40:29.359><c> that</c><00:40:29.520><c> the</c><00:40:29.760><c> color</c><00:40:30.000><c> bands</c><00:40:30.320><c> are</c>

00:40:30.470 --> 00:40:30.480 align:start position:0%
website, we see that the color bands are
 

00:40:30.480 --> 00:40:33.190 align:start position:0%
website, we see that the color bands are
RGB<00:40:31.119><c> or</c><00:40:31.440><c> natural</c><00:40:31.839><c> light.</c><00:40:32.560><c> So,</c><00:40:32.720><c> we</c><00:40:32.880><c> know</c><00:40:33.040><c> that</c>

00:40:33.190 --> 00:40:33.200 align:start position:0%
RGB or natural light. So, we know that
 

00:40:33.200 --> 00:40:35.270 align:start position:0%
RGB or natural light. So, we know that
what<00:40:33.440><c> we</c><00:40:33.599><c> are</c><00:40:33.760><c> seeing</c><00:40:34.079><c> here</c><00:40:34.480><c> is</c><00:40:34.720><c> the</c><00:40:34.880><c> Karina</c>

00:40:35.270 --> 00:40:35.280 align:start position:0%
what we are seeing here is the Karina
 

00:40:35.280 --> 00:40:38.470 align:start position:0%
what we are seeing here is the Karina
Nebula<00:40:35.680><c> as</c><00:40:35.839><c> we</c><00:40:36.079><c> would</c><00:40:36.240><c> see</c><00:40:36.400><c> it.</c><00:40:37.440><c> Here's</c><00:40:37.839><c> ESO's</c>

00:40:38.470 --> 00:40:38.480 align:start position:0%
Nebula as we would see it. Here's ESO's
 

00:40:38.480 --> 00:40:41.270 align:start position:0%
Nebula as we would see it. Here's ESO's
version<00:40:38.720><c> of</c><00:40:38.960><c> Orion,</c><00:40:39.920><c> except</c><00:40:40.320><c> this</c><00:40:40.560><c> time</c><00:40:40.960><c> with</c>

00:40:41.270 --> 00:40:41.280 align:start position:0%
version of Orion, except this time with
 

00:40:41.280 --> 00:40:43.510 align:start position:0%
version of Orion, except this time with
ultraviolet<00:40:41.920><c> and</c><00:40:42.160><c> hydrogen</c><00:40:42.720><c> overlaid</c><00:40:43.200><c> on</c><00:40:43.440><c> top</c>

00:40:43.510 --> 00:40:43.520 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and hydrogen overlaid on top
 

00:40:43.520 --> 00:40:46.310 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and hydrogen overlaid on top
of<00:40:43.680><c> natural</c><00:40:44.079><c> colors.</c>

00:40:46.310 --> 00:40:46.320 align:start position:0%
of natural colors.
 

00:40:46.320 --> 00:40:48.470 align:start position:0%
of natural colors.
So<00:40:46.560><c> far,</c><00:40:46.880><c> we've</c><00:40:47.280><c> only</c><00:40:47.599><c> discussed</c><00:40:48.000><c> the</c><00:40:48.320><c> most</c>

00:40:48.470 --> 00:40:48.480 align:start position:0%
So far, we've only discussed the most
 

00:40:48.480 --> 00:40:51.349 align:start position:0%
So far, we've only discussed the most
famous<00:40:48.880><c> nebula</c><00:40:49.440><c> type,</c><00:40:50.000><c> H2</c><00:40:50.560><c> regions</c><00:40:51.119><c> or</c>

00:40:51.349 --> 00:40:51.359 align:start position:0%
famous nebula type, H2 regions or
 

00:40:51.359 --> 00:40:54.230 align:start position:0%
famous nebula type, H2 regions or
emission<00:40:51.760><c> nebula.</c><00:40:53.040><c> However,</c><00:40:53.440><c> it</c><00:40:53.760><c> is</c><00:40:53.920><c> worth</c>

00:40:54.230 --> 00:40:54.240 align:start position:0%
emission nebula. However, it is worth
 

00:40:54.240 --> 00:40:56.150 align:start position:0%
emission nebula. However, it is worth
mentioning<00:40:54.800><c> that</c><00:40:55.119><c> there</c><00:40:55.359><c> are</c><00:40:55.520><c> a</c><00:40:55.760><c> few</c><00:40:55.920><c> other</c>

00:40:56.150 --> 00:40:56.160 align:start position:0%
mentioning that there are a few other
 

00:40:56.160 --> 00:40:58.950 align:start position:0%
mentioning that there are a few other
types<00:40:56.400><c> of</c><00:40:56.560><c> nebula,</c><00:40:57.119><c> too.</c><00:40:58.160><c> You</c><00:40:58.400><c> also</c><00:40:58.640><c> have</c>

00:40:58.950 --> 00:40:58.960 align:start position:0%
types of nebula, too. You also have
 

00:40:58.960 --> 00:41:01.349 align:start position:0%
types of nebula, too. You also have
reflection<00:40:59.440><c> nebula</c><00:41:00.240><c> where</c><00:41:00.560><c> the</c><00:41:00.800><c> energy</c><00:41:01.119><c> from</c>

00:41:01.349 --> 00:41:01.359 align:start position:0%
reflection nebula where the energy from
 

00:41:01.359 --> 00:41:04.069 align:start position:0%
reflection nebula where the energy from
stars<00:41:01.760><c> isn't</c><00:41:02.079><c> enough</c><00:41:02.319><c> to</c><00:41:02.720><c> ionize</c><00:41:02.960><c> the</c><00:41:03.200><c> nebula.</c>

00:41:04.069 --> 00:41:04.079 align:start position:0%
stars isn't enough to ionize the nebula.
 

00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:06.630 align:start position:0%
stars isn't enough to ionize the nebula.
Instead,<00:41:04.880><c> it</c><00:41:05.200><c> reflects</c><00:41:05.760><c> or</c><00:41:06.000><c> scatters</c><00:41:06.400><c> the</c>

00:41:06.630 --> 00:41:06.640 align:start position:0%
Instead, it reflects or scatters the
 

00:41:06.640 --> 00:41:08.950 align:start position:0%
Instead, it reflects or scatters the
starlight,<00:41:07.599><c> meaning</c><00:41:07.839><c> these</c><00:41:08.079><c> nebula</c><00:41:08.640><c> tend</c><00:41:08.800><c> to</c>

00:41:08.950 --> 00:41:08.960 align:start position:0%
starlight, meaning these nebula tend to
 

00:41:08.960 --> 00:41:10.950 align:start position:0%
starlight, meaning these nebula tend to
have<00:41:09.119><c> similar</c><00:41:09.599><c> frequency</c><00:41:10.079><c> spectrums</c><00:41:10.640><c> to</c>

00:41:10.950 --> 00:41:10.960 align:start position:0%
have similar frequency spectrums to
 

00:41:10.960 --> 00:41:13.510 align:start position:0%
have similar frequency spectrums to
nearby<00:41:11.440><c> stars,</c><00:41:12.240><c> often</c><00:41:12.640><c> appearing</c><00:41:13.119><c> slightly</c>

00:41:13.510 --> 00:41:13.520 align:start position:0%
nearby stars, often appearing slightly
 

00:41:13.520 --> 00:41:15.349 align:start position:0%
nearby stars, often appearing slightly
bluish.

00:41:15.349 --> 00:41:15.359 align:start position:0%
bluish.
 

00:41:15.359 --> 00:41:18.470 align:start position:0%
bluish.
You<00:41:15.680><c> also</c><00:41:16.000><c> have</c><00:41:16.319><c> dark</c><00:41:16.720><c> nebula</c><00:41:17.440><c> or</c><00:41:17.760><c> nebula</c><00:41:18.240><c> with</c>

00:41:18.470 --> 00:41:18.480 align:start position:0%
You also have dark nebula or nebula with
 

00:41:18.480 --> 00:41:21.750 align:start position:0%
You also have dark nebula or nebula with
no<00:41:18.800><c> stars</c><00:41:19.119><c> around</c><00:41:19.359><c> them</c><00:41:19.599><c> to</c><00:41:19.920><c> illuminate</c><00:41:20.400><c> them.</c>

00:41:21.750 --> 00:41:21.760 align:start position:0%
no stars around them to illuminate them.
 

00:41:21.760 --> 00:41:25.349 align:start position:0%
no stars around them to illuminate them.
These<00:41:22.240><c> almost</c><00:41:22.560><c> appear</c><00:41:23.040><c> pitch</c><00:41:23.440><c> black.</c><00:41:24.880><c> All</c><00:41:25.119><c> in</c>

00:41:25.349 --> 00:41:25.359 align:start position:0%
These almost appear pitch black. All in
 

00:41:25.359 --> 00:41:28.150 align:start position:0%
These almost appear pitch black. All in
all,<00:41:25.920><c> nebula</c><00:41:26.480><c> are</c><00:41:26.880><c> not</c><00:41:27.119><c> as</c><00:41:27.359><c> colorful</c><00:41:27.760><c> as</c><00:41:28.000><c> you</c>

00:41:28.150 --> 00:41:28.160 align:start position:0%
all, nebula are not as colorful as you
 

00:41:28.160 --> 00:41:30.390 align:start position:0%
all, nebula are not as colorful as you
may<00:41:28.319><c> have</c><00:41:28.480><c> initially</c><00:41:28.960><c> thought,</c><00:41:29.680><c> but</c><00:41:29.920><c> to</c><00:41:30.160><c> me</c>

00:41:30.390 --> 00:41:30.400 align:start position:0%
may have initially thought, but to me
 

00:41:30.400 --> 00:41:31.910 align:start position:0%
may have initially thought, but to me
that<00:41:30.640><c> doesn't</c><00:41:30.880><c> make</c><00:41:31.040><c> them</c><00:41:31.280><c> any</c><00:41:31.520><c> less</c>

00:41:31.910 --> 00:41:31.920 align:start position:0%
that doesn't make them any less
 

00:41:31.920 --> 00:41:33.990 align:start position:0%
that doesn't make them any less
interesting.<00:41:33.119><c> Looking</c><00:41:33.520><c> through</c><00:41:33.760><c> these</c>

00:41:33.990 --> 00:41:34.000 align:start position:0%
interesting. Looking through these
 

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:36.150 align:start position:0%
interesting. Looking through these
filters<00:41:34.480><c> means</c><00:41:34.720><c> we</c><00:41:34.960><c> can</c><00:41:35.119><c> understand</c><00:41:35.680><c> a</c><00:41:36.000><c> lot</c>

00:41:36.150 --> 00:41:36.160 align:start position:0%
filters means we can understand a lot
 

00:41:36.160 --> 00:41:37.990 align:start position:0%
filters means we can understand a lot
more<00:41:36.319><c> about</c><00:41:36.640><c> nebula</c><00:41:37.200><c> than</c><00:41:37.359><c> we</c><00:41:37.599><c> otherwise</c>

00:41:37.990 --> 00:41:38.000 align:start position:0%
more about nebula than we otherwise
 

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:40.390 align:start position:0%
more about nebula than we otherwise
could<00:41:38.240><c> have,</c><00:41:39.119><c> and</c><00:41:39.440><c> they</c><00:41:39.680><c> do</c><00:41:39.920><c> make</c><00:41:40.160><c> for</c>

00:41:40.390 --> 00:41:40.400 align:start position:0%
could have, and they do make for
 

00:41:40.400 --> 00:41:46.710 align:start position:0%
could have, and they do make for
beautiful<00:41:40.880><c> images.</c>

00:41:46.710 --> 00:41:46.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:41:46.720 --> 00:41:49.670 align:start position:0%
 
Despite<00:41:47.200><c> existing</c><00:41:47.760><c> on</c><00:41:48.000><c> a</c><00:41:48.319><c> small</c><00:41:48.720><c> planet</c><00:41:49.200><c> in</c><00:41:49.440><c> a</c>

00:41:49.670 --> 00:41:49.680 align:start position:0%
Despite existing on a small planet in a
 

00:41:49.680 --> 00:41:52.710 align:start position:0%
Despite existing on a small planet in a
tiny<00:41:50.240><c> corner</c><00:41:50.640><c> of</c><00:41:50.800><c> the</c><00:41:50.960><c> cosmos,</c><00:41:52.000><c> astronomers</c>

00:41:52.710 --> 00:41:52.720 align:start position:0%
tiny corner of the cosmos, astronomers
 

00:41:52.720 --> 00:41:56.150 align:start position:0%
tiny corner of the cosmos, astronomers
know<00:41:53.119><c> exactly</c><00:41:53.920><c> how</c><00:41:54.400><c> much</c><00:41:54.800><c> visible</c><00:41:55.280><c> matter</c><00:41:55.760><c> the</c>

00:41:56.150 --> 00:41:56.160 align:start position:0%
know exactly how much visible matter the
 

00:41:56.160 --> 00:41:59.829 align:start position:0%
know exactly how much visible matter the
entire<00:41:57.119><c> universe</c><00:41:57.920><c> should</c><00:41:58.240><c> contain.</c><00:41:59.520><c> The</c>

00:41:59.829 --> 00:41:59.839 align:start position:0%
entire universe should contain. The
 

00:41:59.839 --> 00:42:04.309 align:start position:0%
entire universe should contain. The
problem<00:42:00.079><c> is</c><00:42:00.720><c> that</c><00:42:01.119><c> for</c><00:42:01.599><c> decades,</c><00:42:02.880><c> 40%</c><00:42:03.839><c> of</c><00:42:04.000><c> it</c>

00:42:04.309 --> 00:42:04.319 align:start position:0%
problem is that for decades, 40% of it
 

00:42:04.319 --> 00:42:06.630 align:start position:0%
problem is that for decades, 40% of it
has<00:42:04.640><c> been</c><00:42:04.800><c> missing.</c><00:42:05.839><c> And</c><00:42:06.000><c> I'm</c><00:42:06.240><c> not</c><00:42:06.400><c> just</c>

00:42:06.630 --> 00:42:06.640 align:start position:0%
has been missing. And I'm not just
 

00:42:06.640 --> 00:42:09.190 align:start position:0%
has been missing. And I'm not just
talking<00:42:06.960><c> about</c><00:42:07.200><c> the</c><00:42:07.520><c> ever</c><00:42:08.000><c> mysterious</c><00:42:08.800><c> dark</c>

00:42:09.190 --> 00:42:09.200 align:start position:0%
talking about the ever mysterious dark
 

00:42:09.200 --> 00:42:12.790 align:start position:0%
talking about the ever mysterious dark
matter<00:42:09.599><c> and</c><00:42:10.000><c> dark</c><00:42:10.400><c> energy.</c><00:42:11.520><c> Galaxy</c><00:42:12.000><c> clusters</c>

00:42:12.790 --> 00:42:12.800 align:start position:0%
matter and dark energy. Galaxy clusters
 

00:42:12.800 --> 00:42:15.589 align:start position:0%
matter and dark energy. Galaxy clusters
don't<00:42:13.200><c> seem</c><00:42:13.520><c> to</c><00:42:13.680><c> have</c><00:42:14.000><c> as</c><00:42:14.400><c> much</c><00:42:14.720><c> visible</c><00:42:15.280><c> mass</c>

00:42:15.589 --> 00:42:15.599 align:start position:0%
don't seem to have as much visible mass
 

00:42:15.599 --> 00:42:19.030 align:start position:0%
don't seem to have as much visible mass
as<00:42:15.839><c> our</c><00:42:16.240><c> models</c><00:42:16.720><c> say</c><00:42:17.359><c> should</c><00:42:17.680><c> be</c><00:42:17.920><c> there.</c>

00:42:19.030 --> 00:42:19.040 align:start position:0%
as our models say should be there.
 

00:42:19.040 --> 00:42:22.150 align:start position:0%
as our models say should be there.
Entire<00:42:19.599><c> galaxies</c><00:42:20.240><c> seem</c><00:42:20.480><c> to</c><00:42:20.640><c> have</c><00:42:20.880><c> lost</c><00:42:21.520><c> huge</c>

00:42:22.150 --> 00:42:22.160 align:start position:0%
Entire galaxies seem to have lost huge
 

00:42:22.160 --> 00:42:24.230 align:start position:0%
Entire galaxies seem to have lost huge
reservoirs<00:42:22.800><c> of</c><00:42:22.960><c> the</c><00:42:23.200><c> material</c><00:42:23.760><c> they</c><00:42:24.000><c> were</c>

00:42:24.230 --> 00:42:24.240 align:start position:0%
reservoirs of the material they were
 

00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:27.430 align:start position:0%
reservoirs of the material they were
born<00:42:24.560><c> with.</c><00:42:25.760><c> Even</c><00:42:26.160><c> the</c><00:42:26.480><c> space</c><00:42:26.960><c> between</c>

00:42:27.430 --> 00:42:27.440 align:start position:0%
born with. Even the space between
 

00:42:27.440 --> 00:42:31.349 align:start position:0%
born with. Even the space between
galaxies,<00:42:28.560><c> enormous</c><00:42:29.359><c> cosmic</c><00:42:29.920><c> deserts</c><00:42:30.800><c> are</c>

00:42:31.349 --> 00:42:31.359 align:start position:0%
galaxies, enormous cosmic deserts are
 

00:42:31.359 --> 00:42:35.109 align:start position:0%
galaxies, enormous cosmic deserts are
emptier<00:42:32.160><c> than</c><00:42:32.480><c> our</c><00:42:32.800><c> best</c><00:42:33.280><c> theories</c><00:42:33.839><c> predict.</c>

00:42:35.109 --> 00:42:35.119 align:start position:0%
emptier than our best theories predict.
 

00:42:35.119 --> 00:42:38.790 align:start position:0%
emptier than our best theories predict.
This<00:42:35.599><c> missing</c><00:42:36.079><c> mass</c><00:42:36.800><c> has</c><00:42:37.119><c> to</c><00:42:37.359><c> be</c><00:42:37.680><c> out</c><00:42:37.920><c> there.</c>

00:42:38.790 --> 00:42:38.800 align:start position:0%
This missing mass has to be out there.
 

00:42:38.800 --> 00:42:42.230 align:start position:0%
This missing mass has to be out there.
that<00:42:39.520><c> or</c><00:42:39.839><c> all</c><00:42:40.079><c> our</c><00:42:40.400><c> models</c><00:42:40.720><c> of</c><00:42:40.880><c> cosmology</c><00:42:41.920><c> are</c>

00:42:42.230 --> 00:42:42.240 align:start position:0%
that or all our models of cosmology are
 

00:42:42.240 --> 00:42:44.790 align:start position:0%
that or all our models of cosmology are
wrong.<00:42:43.040><c> But</c><00:42:43.280><c> every</c><00:42:43.520><c> time</c><00:42:43.680><c> we've</c><00:42:44.000><c> looked,</c>

00:42:44.790 --> 00:42:44.800 align:start position:0%
wrong. But every time we've looked,
 

00:42:44.800 --> 00:42:47.990 align:start position:0%
wrong. But every time we've looked,
we've<00:42:45.200><c> found</c><00:42:45.520><c> nothing.</c><00:42:46.560><c> And</c><00:42:46.800><c> believe</c><00:42:47.200><c> me,</c>

00:42:47.990 --> 00:42:48.000 align:start position:0%
we've found nothing. And believe me,
 

00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:51.190 align:start position:0%
we've found nothing. And believe me,
we've<00:42:48.480><c> tried.</c><00:42:49.680><c> We've</c><00:42:50.079><c> used</c><00:42:50.480><c> our</c><00:42:50.880><c> most</c>

00:42:51.190 --> 00:42:51.200 align:start position:0%
we've tried. We've used our most
 

00:42:51.200 --> 00:42:54.309 align:start position:0%
we've tried. We've used our most
powerful<00:42:51.760><c> telescopes,</c><00:42:52.960><c> deepest</c><00:42:53.440><c> surveys,</c>

00:42:54.309 --> 00:42:54.319 align:start position:0%
powerful telescopes, deepest surveys,
 

00:42:54.319 --> 00:42:56.870 align:start position:0%
powerful telescopes, deepest surveys,
and<00:42:54.560><c> most</c><00:42:55.040><c> sensitive</c><00:42:55.680><c> detectors</c><00:42:56.400><c> in</c><00:42:56.720><c> the</c>

00:42:56.870 --> 00:42:56.880 align:start position:0%
and most sensitive detectors in the
 

00:42:56.880 --> 00:43:00.069 align:start position:0%
and most sensitive detectors in the
search.<00:42:58.319><c> The</c><00:42:58.560><c> missing</c><00:42:58.880><c> mass</c><00:42:59.359><c> just</c><00:42:59.680><c> remains</c>

00:43:00.069 --> 00:43:00.079 align:start position:0%
search. The missing mass just remains
 

00:43:00.079 --> 00:43:03.030 align:start position:0%
search. The missing mass just remains
invisible,<00:43:01.359><c> slipping</c><00:43:01.920><c> past</c><00:43:02.240><c> our</c><00:43:02.560><c> instruments</c>

00:43:03.030 --> 00:43:03.040 align:start position:0%
invisible, slipping past our instruments
 

00:43:03.040 --> 00:43:07.990 align:start position:0%
invisible, slipping past our instruments
like<00:43:03.200><c> a</c><00:43:03.440><c> ghost.</c><00:43:04.800><c> That</c><00:43:05.119><c> is</c><00:43:06.000><c> until</c><00:43:06.400><c> now.</c><00:43:07.520><c> For</c><00:43:07.760><c> the</c>

00:43:07.990 --> 00:43:08.000 align:start position:0%
like a ghost. That is until now. For the
 

00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:10.150 align:start position:0%
like a ghost. That is until now. For the
first<00:43:08.160><c> time</c><00:43:08.400><c> in</c><00:43:08.720><c> history,</c><00:43:09.280><c> we</c><00:43:09.599><c> may</c><00:43:09.839><c> have</c>

00:43:10.150 --> 00:43:10.160 align:start position:0%
first time in history, we may have
 

00:43:10.160 --> 00:43:13.109 align:start position:0%
first time in history, we may have
finally<00:43:10.640><c> found</c><00:43:11.280><c> where</c><00:43:11.839><c> the</c><00:43:12.079><c> missing</c><00:43:12.400><c> mass</c><00:43:12.720><c> of</c>

00:43:13.109 --> 00:43:13.119 align:start position:0%
finally found where the missing mass of
 

00:43:13.119 --> 00:43:16.309 align:start position:0%
finally found where the missing mass of
all<00:43:13.440><c> the</c><00:43:13.760><c> universe</c><00:43:14.160><c> has</c><00:43:14.400><c> been</c><00:43:14.560><c> hiding.</c><00:43:15.599><c> And</c>

00:43:16.309 --> 00:43:16.319 align:start position:0%
all the universe has been hiding. And
 

00:43:16.319 --> 00:43:19.270 align:start position:0%
all the universe has been hiding. And
it's<00:43:16.560><c> in</c><00:43:16.800><c> plain</c><00:43:17.119><c> sight.</c><00:43:18.319><c> Astronomers</c><00:43:19.040><c> have</c>

00:43:19.270 --> 00:43:19.280 align:start position:0%
it's in plain sight. Astronomers have
 

00:43:19.280 --> 00:43:22.470 align:start position:0%
it's in plain sight. Astronomers have
captured<00:43:19.839><c> images</c><00:43:20.560><c> of</c><00:43:20.960><c> vast</c><00:43:21.839><c> gaseous</c>

00:43:22.470 --> 00:43:22.480 align:start position:0%
captured images of vast gaseous
 

00:43:22.480 --> 00:43:25.349 align:start position:0%
captured images of vast gaseous
filaments<00:43:22.960><c> that</c><00:43:23.200><c> stretch</c><00:43:23.920><c> 23</c><00:43:24.960><c> million</c>

00:43:25.349 --> 00:43:25.359 align:start position:0%
filaments that stretch 23 million
 

00:43:25.359 --> 00:43:28.790 align:start position:0%
filaments that stretch 23 million
lightyear<00:43:26.079><c> between</c><00:43:26.800><c> galaxy</c><00:43:27.280><c> clusters.</c><00:43:28.560><c> It</c>

00:43:28.790 --> 00:43:28.800 align:start position:0%
lightyear between galaxy clusters. It
 

00:43:28.800 --> 00:43:32.390 align:start position:0%
lightyear between galaxy clusters. It
may<00:43:29.119><c> just</c><00:43:29.359><c> be</c><00:43:29.760><c> one</c><00:43:30.160><c> filament,</c><00:43:31.119><c> but</c><00:43:31.440><c> finding</c><00:43:31.839><c> it</c>

00:43:32.390 --> 00:43:32.400 align:start position:0%
may just be one filament, but finding it
 

00:43:32.400 --> 00:43:35.030 align:start position:0%
may just be one filament, but finding it
has<00:43:32.880><c> huge</c><00:43:33.359><c> ramifications.</c>

00:43:35.030 --> 00:43:35.040 align:start position:0%
has huge ramifications.
 

00:43:35.040 --> 00:43:37.750 align:start position:0%
has huge ramifications.
Is<00:43:35.359><c> this</c><00:43:35.839><c> the</c><00:43:36.160><c> very</c><00:43:36.560><c> first</c><00:43:37.200><c> detailed</c><00:43:37.410><c> [music]</c>

00:43:37.750 --> 00:43:37.760 align:start position:0%
Is this the very first detailed [music]
 

00:43:37.760 --> 00:43:41.829 align:start position:0%
Is this the very first detailed [music]
image<00:43:38.480><c> of</c><00:43:38.800><c> the</c><00:43:39.119><c> cosmic</c><00:43:39.839><c> web?</c><00:43:40.960><c> As</c><00:43:41.280><c> scientists</c>

00:43:41.829 --> 00:43:41.839 align:start position:0%
image of the cosmic web? As scientists
 

00:43:41.839 --> 00:43:44.470 align:start position:0%
image of the cosmic web? As scientists
now<00:43:42.160><c> hunt</c><00:43:42.400><c> for</c><00:43:42.560><c> more,</c><00:43:43.280><c> this</c><00:43:43.520><c> discovery</c><00:43:44.160><c> has</c>

00:43:44.470 --> 00:43:44.480 align:start position:0%
now hunt for more, this discovery has
 

00:43:44.480 --> 00:43:46.870 align:start position:0%
now hunt for more, this discovery has
the<00:43:44.720><c> power</c><00:43:44.960><c> to</c><00:43:45.280><c> determine</c><00:43:46.079><c> whether</c><00:43:46.480><c> our</c>

00:43:46.870 --> 00:43:46.880 align:start position:0%
the power to determine whether our
 

00:43:46.880 --> 00:43:51.190 align:start position:0%
the power to determine whether our
cosmological<00:43:47.760><c> models</c><00:43:48.720><c> are</c><00:43:48.960><c> correct.</c>

00:43:51.190 --> 00:43:51.200 align:start position:0%
cosmological models are correct.
 

00:43:51.200 --> 00:43:53.270 align:start position:0%
cosmological models are correct.
I'm<00:43:51.520><c> Alex</c><00:43:51.839><c> Mccoan</c><00:43:52.560><c> and</c><00:43:52.800><c> you're</c><00:43:53.040><c> watching</c>

00:43:53.270 --> 00:43:53.280 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:43:53.280 --> 00:43:56.230 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:43:54.240><c> Join</c><00:43:54.560><c> me</c><00:43:54.800><c> as</c><00:43:55.040><c> we</c><00:43:55.280><c> reveal</c><00:43:55.839><c> how</c>

00:43:56.230 --> 00:43:56.240 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me as we reveal how
 

00:43:56.240 --> 00:43:58.550 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me as we reveal how
astronomers<00:43:56.880><c> have</c><00:43:57.119><c> snatched</c><00:43:57.599><c> a</c><00:43:57.839><c> glimpse</c><00:43:58.400><c> of</c>

00:43:58.550 --> 00:43:58.560 align:start position:0%
astronomers have snatched a glimpse of
 

00:43:58.560 --> 00:44:00.790 align:start position:0%
astronomers have snatched a glimpse of
the<00:43:58.800><c> near</c><00:43:59.200><c> invisible</c><00:43:59.839><c> network</c><00:44:00.480><c> that</c>

00:44:00.790 --> 00:44:00.800 align:start position:0%
the near invisible network that
 

00:44:00.800 --> 00:44:03.670 align:start position:0%
the near invisible network that
underpins<00:44:01.440><c> the</c><00:44:01.680><c> cosmos.</c><00:44:02.720><c> finally</c><00:44:03.200><c> revealing</c>

00:44:03.670 --> 00:44:03.680 align:start position:0%
underpins the cosmos. finally revealing
 

00:44:03.680 --> 00:44:06.390 align:start position:0%
underpins the cosmos. finally revealing
the<00:44:04.000><c> hiding</c><00:44:04.400><c> place</c><00:44:04.800><c> for</c><00:44:05.119><c> our</c><00:44:05.440><c> universe's</c>

00:44:06.390 --> 00:44:06.400 align:start position:0%
the hiding place for our universe's
 

00:44:06.400 --> 00:44:09.190 align:start position:0%
the hiding place for our universe's
missing<00:44:06.960><c> visible</c><00:44:07.440><c> matter.</c><00:44:08.240><c> And</c><00:44:08.400><c> with</c><00:44:08.640><c> it,</c>

00:44:09.190 --> 00:44:09.200 align:start position:0%
missing visible matter. And with it,
 

00:44:09.200 --> 00:44:11.750 align:start position:0%
missing visible matter. And with it,
let's<00:44:09.440><c> start</c><00:44:09.760><c> unraveling</c><00:44:10.319><c> the</c><00:44:10.640><c> truth</c><00:44:11.119><c> behind</c>

00:44:11.750 --> 00:44:11.760 align:start position:0%
let's start unraveling the truth behind
 

00:44:11.760 --> 00:44:15.109 align:start position:0%
let's start unraveling the truth behind
our<00:44:12.160><c> cosmic</c><00:44:12.720><c> evolution.</c>

00:44:15.109 --> 00:44:15.119 align:start position:0%
our cosmic evolution.
 

00:44:15.119 --> 00:44:18.069 align:start position:0%
our cosmic evolution.
When<00:44:15.359><c> we</c><00:44:15.520><c> measure</c><00:44:15.920><c> all</c><00:44:16.240><c> of</c><00:44:16.480><c> the</c><00:44:16.720><c> gas,</c><00:44:17.359><c> dust,</c>

00:44:18.069 --> 00:44:18.079 align:start position:0%
When we measure all of the gas, dust,
 

00:44:18.079 --> 00:44:21.510 align:start position:0%
When we measure all of the gas, dust,
planets,<00:44:18.880><c> stars,</c><00:44:19.520><c> and</c><00:44:19.839><c> galaxies,</c><00:44:21.119><c> everything</c>

00:44:21.510 --> 00:44:21.520 align:start position:0%
planets, stars, and galaxies, everything
 

00:44:21.520 --> 00:44:23.910 align:start position:0%
planets, stars, and galaxies, everything
we<00:44:21.839><c> can</c><00:44:22.000><c> see</c><00:44:22.160><c> in</c><00:44:22.400><c> the</c><00:44:22.640><c> whole</c><00:44:22.800><c> universe</c><00:44:23.520><c> using</c>

00:44:23.910 --> 00:44:23.920 align:start position:0%
we can see in the whole universe using
 

00:44:23.920 --> 00:44:26.150 align:start position:0%
we can see in the whole universe using
everything<00:44:24.400><c> from</c><00:44:24.800><c> infrared</c><00:44:25.440><c> to</c><00:44:25.760><c> visible</c>

00:44:26.150 --> 00:44:26.160 align:start position:0%
everything from infrared to visible
 

00:44:26.160 --> 00:44:29.990 align:start position:0%
everything from infrared to visible
light<00:44:26.640><c> and</c><00:44:26.960><c> beyond</c><00:44:27.440><c> to</c><00:44:27.920><c> gamma</c><00:44:28.319><c> rays,</c><00:44:29.359><c> it</c><00:44:29.680><c> adds</c>

00:44:29.990 --> 00:44:30.000 align:start position:0%
light and beyond to gamma rays, it adds
 

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:34.870 align:start position:0%
light and beyond to gamma rays, it adds
up<00:44:30.400><c> to</c><00:44:30.720><c> a</c><00:44:30.960><c> colossal</c><00:44:31.599><c> amount,</c><00:44:32.560><c> more</c><00:44:32.880><c> than</c><00:44:33.680><c> 100</c>

00:44:34.870 --> 00:44:34.880 align:start position:0%
up to a colossal amount, more than 100
 

00:44:34.880 --> 00:44:36.390 align:start position:0%
up to a colossal amount, more than 100
sexilion

00:44:36.390 --> 00:44:36.400 align:start position:0%
sexilion
 

00:44:36.400 --> 00:44:41.990 align:start position:0%
sexilion
kg.<00:44:37.599><c> That's</c><00:44:38.079><c> 10</c><00:44:38.800><c> with</c><00:44:39.359><c> 53</c><00:44:40.240><c> zeros</c><00:44:40.800><c> after</c><00:44:41.040><c> it.</c>

00:44:41.990 --> 00:44:42.000 align:start position:0%
kg. That's 10 with 53 zeros after it.
 

00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:44.309 align:start position:0%
kg. That's 10 with 53 zeros after it.
But<00:44:42.240><c> really,</c><00:44:42.880><c> this</c><00:44:43.200><c> only</c><00:44:43.520><c> accounts</c><00:44:43.839><c> for</c><00:44:44.079><c> a</c>

00:44:44.309 --> 00:44:44.319 align:start position:0%
But really, this only accounts for a
 

00:44:44.319 --> 00:44:46.230 align:start position:0%
But really, this only accounts for a
small<00:44:44.640><c> fraction</c><00:44:45.040><c> of</c><00:44:45.200><c> the</c><00:44:45.359><c> total</c><00:44:45.680><c> matter</c><00:44:46.000><c> that</c>

00:44:46.230 --> 00:44:46.240 align:start position:0%
small fraction of the total matter that
 

00:44:46.240 --> 00:44:49.829 align:start position:0%
small fraction of the total matter that
scientists<00:44:46.880><c> predict</c><00:44:47.520><c> to</c><00:44:47.839><c> exist.</c><00:44:48.960><c> In</c><00:44:49.200><c> fact,</c>

00:44:49.829 --> 00:44:49.839 align:start position:0%
scientists predict to exist. In fact,
 

00:44:49.839 --> 00:44:51.910 align:start position:0%
scientists predict to exist. In fact,
this<00:44:50.240><c> visible</c><00:44:50.720><c> ordinary</c><00:44:51.200><c> matter</c><00:44:51.520><c> is</c><00:44:51.680><c> thought</c>

00:44:51.910 --> 00:44:51.920 align:start position:0%
this visible ordinary matter is thought
 

00:44:51.920 --> 00:44:55.190 align:start position:0%
this visible ordinary matter is thought
to<00:44:52.079><c> make</c><00:44:52.240><c> up</c><00:44:52.400><c> just</c><00:44:52.800><c> 5%</c><00:44:53.520><c> of</c><00:44:53.680><c> the</c><00:44:53.920><c> universe.</c><00:44:54.960><c> The</c>

00:44:55.190 --> 00:44:55.200 align:start position:0%
to make up just 5% of the universe. The
 

00:44:55.200 --> 00:44:57.670 align:start position:0%
to make up just 5% of the universe. The
rest<00:44:55.760><c> is</c><00:44:56.079><c> stuff</c><00:44:56.400><c> we</c><00:44:56.880><c> don't</c><00:44:57.200><c> completely</c>

00:44:57.670 --> 00:44:57.680 align:start position:0%
rest is stuff we don't completely
 

00:44:57.680 --> 00:45:00.069 align:start position:0%
rest is stuff we don't completely
understand.<00:44:58.800><c> Dark</c><00:44:59.119><c> matter</c><00:44:59.440><c> is</c><00:44:59.680><c> believed</c><00:44:59.920><c> to</c>

00:45:00.069 --> 00:45:00.079 align:start position:0%
understand. Dark matter is believed to
 

00:45:00.079 --> 00:45:05.109 align:start position:0%
understand. Dark matter is believed to
account<00:45:00.400><c> for</c><00:45:00.640><c> 27%.</c><00:45:02.000><c> And</c><00:45:02.160><c> dark</c><00:45:02.480><c> energy</c><00:45:03.359><c> 68%.</c>

00:45:05.109 --> 00:45:05.119 align:start position:0%
account for 27%. And dark energy 68%.
 

00:45:05.119 --> 00:45:07.990 align:start position:0%
account for 27%. And dark energy 68%.
Despite<00:45:05.520><c> their</c><00:45:05.760><c> names,</c><00:45:06.400><c> dark</c><00:45:06.720><c> energy</c><00:45:07.359><c> isn't</c>

00:45:07.990 --> 00:45:08.000 align:start position:0%
Despite their names, dark energy isn't
 

00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:10.470 align:start position:0%
Despite their names, dark energy isn't
related<00:45:08.480><c> to</c><00:45:08.720><c> dark</c><00:45:09.040><c> matter.</c><00:45:09.920><c> What</c><00:45:10.079><c> they</c><00:45:10.319><c> have</c>

00:45:10.470 --> 00:45:10.480 align:start position:0%
related to dark matter. What they have
 

00:45:10.480 --> 00:45:12.230 align:start position:0%
related to dark matter. What they have
in<00:45:10.720><c> common</c><00:45:11.359><c> is</c><00:45:11.599><c> that</c><00:45:11.731><c> [music]</c><00:45:11.760><c> we</c><00:45:12.000><c> can't</c>

00:45:12.230 --> 00:45:12.240 align:start position:0%
in common is that [music] we can't
 

00:45:12.240 --> 00:45:15.750 align:start position:0%
in common is that [music] we can't
detect<00:45:13.040><c> or</c><00:45:13.599><c> see</c><00:45:13.920><c> them.</c><00:45:14.880><c> Dark</c><00:45:15.200><c> energy</c><00:45:15.520><c> is</c>

00:45:15.750 --> 00:45:15.760 align:start position:0%
detect or see them. Dark energy is
 

00:45:15.760 --> 00:45:18.069 align:start position:0%
detect or see them. Dark energy is
thought<00:45:16.000><c> to</c><00:45:16.160><c> be</c><00:45:16.319><c> a</c><00:45:16.560><c> seemingly</c><00:45:17.200><c> invisible</c><00:45:17.839><c> type</c>

00:45:18.069 --> 00:45:18.079 align:start position:0%
thought to be a seemingly invisible type
 

00:45:18.079 --> 00:45:20.390 align:start position:0%
thought to be a seemingly invisible type
of<00:45:18.319><c> energy</c><00:45:19.119><c> causing</c><00:45:19.520><c> the</c><00:45:19.760><c> universe's</c>

00:45:20.390 --> 00:45:20.400 align:start position:0%
of energy causing the universe's
 

00:45:20.400 --> 00:45:23.030 align:start position:0%
of energy causing the universe's
expansion<00:45:20.880><c> to</c><00:45:21.119><c> accelerate</c><00:45:21.680><c> over</c><00:45:21.920><c> time.</c><00:45:22.800><c> And</c>

00:45:23.030 --> 00:45:23.040 align:start position:0%
expansion to accelerate over time. And
 

00:45:23.040 --> 00:45:25.510 align:start position:0%
expansion to accelerate over time. And
dark<00:45:23.280><c> matter</c><00:45:23.920><c> is</c><00:45:24.160><c> a</c><00:45:24.400><c> type</c><00:45:24.560><c> of</c><00:45:24.720><c> matter</c><00:45:25.040><c> that</c><00:45:25.280><c> has</c>

00:45:25.510 --> 00:45:25.520 align:start position:0%
dark matter is a type of matter that has
 

00:45:25.520 --> 00:45:28.069 align:start position:0%
dark matter is a type of matter that has
mass<00:45:26.160><c> but</c><00:45:26.400><c> is</c><00:45:26.560><c> invisible</c><00:45:27.040><c> to</c><00:45:27.200><c> us</c><00:45:27.680><c> as</c><00:45:27.920><c> it</c>

00:45:28.069 --> 00:45:28.079 align:start position:0%
mass but is invisible to us as it
 

00:45:28.079 --> 00:45:31.109 align:start position:0%
mass but is invisible to us as it
doesn't<00:45:28.319><c> absorb,</c><00:45:29.040><c> reflect,</c><00:45:29.920><c> or</c><00:45:30.240><c> emit</c><00:45:30.800><c> any</c>

00:45:31.109 --> 00:45:31.119 align:start position:0%
doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any
 

00:45:31.119 --> 00:45:33.990 align:start position:0%
doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any
light.<00:45:32.240><c> I've</c><00:45:32.560><c> talked</c><00:45:32.800><c> about</c><00:45:33.119><c> dark</c><00:45:33.440><c> energy</c><00:45:33.760><c> in</c>

00:45:33.990 --> 00:45:34.000 align:start position:0%
light. I've talked about dark energy in
 

00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:36.710 align:start position:0%
light. I've talked about dark energy in
previous<00:45:34.319><c> videos,</c><00:45:35.119><c> and</c><00:45:35.520><c> that</c><00:45:35.839><c> is</c><00:45:36.079><c> truly</c><00:45:36.480><c> its</c>

00:45:36.710 --> 00:45:36.720 align:start position:0%
previous videos, and that is truly its
 

00:45:36.720 --> 00:45:38.950 align:start position:0%
previous videos, and that is truly its
own<00:45:36.880><c> mystery.</c><00:45:37.760><c> You</c><00:45:38.000><c> can</c><00:45:38.160><c> explore</c><00:45:38.480><c> those</c><00:45:38.720><c> if</c>

00:45:38.950 --> 00:45:38.960 align:start position:0%
own mystery. You can explore those if
 

00:45:38.960 --> 00:45:40.390 align:start position:0%
own mystery. You can explore those if
you're<00:45:39.119><c> interested</c><00:45:39.520><c> to</c><00:45:39.680><c> find</c><00:45:39.839><c> out</c><00:45:40.000><c> more</c><00:45:40.240><c> about</c>

00:45:40.390 --> 00:45:40.400 align:start position:0%
you're interested to find out more about
 

00:45:40.400 --> 00:45:43.270 align:start position:0%
you're interested to find out more about
the<00:45:40.640><c> topic,</c><00:45:41.520><c> but</c><00:45:41.760><c> for</c><00:45:41.920><c> this</c><00:45:42.160><c> video,</c><00:45:42.720><c> I'll</c><00:45:43.040><c> just</c>

00:45:43.270 --> 00:45:43.280 align:start position:0%
the topic, but for this video, I'll just
 

00:45:43.280 --> 00:45:47.510 align:start position:0%
the topic, but for this video, I'll just
focus<00:45:43.520><c> on</c><00:45:43.760><c> the</c><00:45:44.160><c> matter</c><00:45:44.560><c> at</c><00:45:44.800><c> hand.</c><00:45:46.079><c> So,</c><00:45:46.640><c> 95%</c><00:45:47.359><c> of</c>

00:45:47.510 --> 00:45:47.520 align:start position:0%
focus on the matter at hand. So, 95% of
 

00:45:47.520 --> 00:45:50.230 align:start position:0%
focus on the matter at hand. So, 95% of
our<00:45:47.839><c> universe</c><00:45:48.240><c> is</c><00:45:48.560><c> likely</c><00:45:49.119><c> not</c><00:45:49.680><c> made</c><00:45:50.000><c> of</c>

00:45:50.230 --> 00:45:50.240 align:start position:0%
our universe is likely not made of
 

00:45:50.240 --> 00:45:54.309 align:start position:0%
our universe is likely not made of
visible<00:45:51.119><c> ordinary</c><00:45:51.680><c> matter.</c><00:45:52.720><c> And</c><00:45:53.119><c> of</c><00:45:53.440><c> the</c><00:45:53.680><c> 5%</c>

00:45:54.309 --> 00:45:54.319 align:start position:0%
visible ordinary matter. And of the 5%
 

00:45:54.319 --> 00:45:56.950 align:start position:0%
visible ordinary matter. And of the 5%
that<00:45:54.720><c> is</c><00:45:55.119><c> technically</c><00:45:55.680><c> visible</c><00:45:56.000><c> matter,</c><00:45:56.640><c> also</c>

00:45:56.950 --> 00:45:56.960 align:start position:0%
that is technically visible matter, also
 

00:45:56.960 --> 00:46:00.309 align:start position:0%
that is technically visible matter, also
known<00:45:57.119><c> as</c><00:45:57.359><c> barionic</c><00:45:58.000><c> matter,</c><00:45:58.880><c> about</c><00:45:59.359><c> 40%</c><00:46:00.079><c> has</c>

00:46:00.309 --> 00:46:00.319 align:start position:0%
known as barionic matter, about 40% has
 

00:46:00.319 --> 00:46:03.030 align:start position:0%
known as barionic matter, about 40% has
been<00:46:00.480><c> missing</c><00:46:00.960><c> since</c><00:46:01.280><c> the</c><00:46:01.520><c> Big</c><00:46:01.680><c> Bang</c><00:46:02.160><c> 13.8</c>

00:46:03.030 --> 00:46:03.040 align:start position:0%
been missing since the Big Bang 13.8
 

00:46:03.040 --> 00:46:05.670 align:start position:0%
been missing since the Big Bang 13.8
billion<00:46:03.359><c> years</c><00:46:03.599><c> ago.</c><00:46:04.640><c> Now,</c><00:46:05.119><c> I</c><00:46:05.359><c> know</c><00:46:05.440><c> what</c>

00:46:05.670 --> 00:46:05.680 align:start position:0%
billion years ago. Now, I know what
 

00:46:05.680 --> 00:46:07.990 align:start position:0%
billion years ago. Now, I know what
you're<00:46:05.920><c> thinking.</c><00:46:06.880><c> How</c><00:46:07.119><c> do</c><00:46:07.280><c> we</c><00:46:07.440><c> know</c><00:46:07.680><c> it's</c>

00:46:07.990 --> 00:46:08.000 align:start position:0%
you're thinking. How do we know it's
 

00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:10.550 align:start position:0%
you're thinking. How do we know it's
missing<00:46:08.400><c> if</c><00:46:08.720><c> we've</c><00:46:09.040><c> never</c><00:46:09.359><c> seen</c><00:46:09.599><c> it?</c><00:46:10.319><c> We</c>

00:46:10.550 --> 00:46:10.560 align:start position:0%
missing if we've never seen it? We
 

00:46:10.560 --> 00:46:12.790 align:start position:0%
missing if we've never seen it? We
certainly<00:46:11.119><c> weren't</c><00:46:11.440><c> around</c><00:46:11.760><c> back</c><00:46:12.000><c> then.</c>

00:46:12.790 --> 00:46:12.800 align:start position:0%
certainly weren't around back then.
 

00:46:12.800 --> 00:46:15.109 align:start position:0%
certainly weren't around back then.
Thankfully,<00:46:13.280><c> the</c><00:46:13.520><c> early</c><00:46:13.760><c> universe</c><00:46:14.240><c> itself</c>

00:46:15.109 --> 00:46:15.119 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, the early universe itself
 

00:46:15.119 --> 00:46:17.589 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, the early universe itself
left<00:46:15.359><c> us</c><00:46:15.599><c> the</c><00:46:15.839><c> answer.</c><00:46:16.720><c> Measurements</c><00:46:17.200><c> of</c><00:46:17.359><c> the</c>

00:46:17.589 --> 00:46:17.599 align:start position:0%
left us the answer. Measurements of the
 

00:46:17.599 --> 00:46:19.670 align:start position:0%
left us the answer. Measurements of the
cosmic<00:46:18.079><c> microwave</c><00:46:18.720><c> background</c><00:46:19.200><c> have</c><00:46:19.440><c> allowed</c>

00:46:19.670 --> 00:46:19.680 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background have allowed
 

00:46:19.680 --> 00:46:21.829 align:start position:0%
cosmic microwave background have allowed
cosmologists<00:46:20.400><c> to</c><00:46:20.560><c> calculate</c><00:46:21.119><c> exactly</c><00:46:21.599><c> how</c>

00:46:21.829 --> 00:46:21.839 align:start position:0%
cosmologists to calculate exactly how
 

00:46:21.839 --> 00:46:24.150 align:start position:0%
cosmologists to calculate exactly how
much<00:46:22.079><c> barionic</c><00:46:22.640><c> and</c><00:46:22.960><c> non-barionic</c><00:46:23.839><c> matter</c>

00:46:24.150 --> 00:46:24.160 align:start position:0%
much barionic and non-barionic matter
 

00:46:24.160 --> 00:46:26.309 align:start position:0%
much barionic and non-barionic matter
was<00:46:24.400><c> created</c><00:46:24.720><c> as</c><00:46:24.880><c> a</c><00:46:25.040><c> result</c><00:46:25.200><c> of</c><00:46:25.359><c> the</c><00:46:25.520><c> Big</c><00:46:25.760><c> Bang</c>

00:46:26.309 --> 00:46:26.319 align:start position:0%
was created as a result of the Big Bang
 

00:46:26.319 --> 00:46:28.870 align:start position:0%
was created as a result of the Big Bang
to<00:46:26.560><c> an</c><00:46:26.720><c> accuracy</c><00:46:27.200><c> level</c><00:46:27.599><c> of</c><00:46:28.000><c> better</c><00:46:28.400><c> than</c><00:46:28.640><c> a</c>

00:46:28.870 --> 00:46:28.880 align:start position:0%
to an accuracy level of better than a
 

00:46:28.880 --> 00:46:32.630 align:start position:0%
to an accuracy level of better than a
few%.<00:46:30.079><c> That</c><00:46:30.319><c> gives</c><00:46:30.560><c> us</c><00:46:30.720><c> a</c><00:46:31.200><c> precise</c><00:46:31.760><c> budget</c><00:46:32.319><c> for</c>

00:46:32.630 --> 00:46:32.640 align:start position:0%
few%. That gives us a precise budget for
 

00:46:32.640 --> 00:46:35.109 align:start position:0%
few%. That gives us a precise budget for
how<00:46:32.800><c> many</c><00:46:33.040><c> atoms</c><00:46:33.680><c> should</c><00:46:34.079><c> be</c><00:46:34.240><c> in</c><00:46:34.480><c> the</c><00:46:34.640><c> universe</c>

00:46:35.109 --> 00:46:35.119 align:start position:0%
how many atoms should be in the universe
 

00:46:35.119 --> 00:46:37.750 align:start position:0%
how many atoms should be in the universe
today.<00:46:36.319><c> But</c><00:46:36.560><c> just</c><00:46:36.800><c> because</c><00:46:37.040><c> it's</c><00:46:37.359><c> made</c><00:46:37.520><c> of</c>

00:46:37.750 --> 00:46:37.760 align:start position:0%
today. But just because it's made of
 

00:46:37.760 --> 00:46:40.309 align:start position:0%
today. But just because it's made of
stuff<00:46:38.000><c> that's</c><00:46:38.400><c> visible</c><00:46:38.720><c> to</c><00:46:38.960><c> us</c><00:46:39.599><c> doesn't</c><00:46:40.000><c> mean</c>

00:46:40.309 --> 00:46:40.319 align:start position:0%
stuff that's visible to us doesn't mean
 

00:46:40.319 --> 00:46:43.829 align:start position:0%
stuff that's visible to us doesn't mean
it's<00:46:40.800><c> easy</c><00:46:41.200><c> to</c><00:46:41.440><c> see.</c><00:46:42.720><c> When</c><00:46:42.960><c> astronomers</c><00:46:43.680><c> go</c>

00:46:43.829 --> 00:46:43.839 align:start position:0%
it's easy to see. When astronomers go
 

00:46:43.839 --> 00:46:46.550 align:start position:0%
it's easy to see. When astronomers go
out<00:46:44.160><c> and</c><00:46:44.480><c> count</c><00:46:44.720><c> up</c><00:46:44.960><c> all</c><00:46:45.119><c> the</c><00:46:45.359><c> stars,</c><00:46:46.079><c> gas,</c>

00:46:46.550 --> 00:46:46.560 align:start position:0%
out and count up all the stars, gas,
 

00:46:46.560 --> 00:46:48.870 align:start position:0%
out and count up all the stars, gas,
dust,<00:46:46.880><c> and</c><00:46:47.119><c> plasma</c><00:46:47.520><c> we</c><00:46:47.760><c> can</c><00:46:47.920><c> see</c><00:46:48.480><c> with</c><00:46:48.640><c> the</c>

00:46:48.870 --> 00:46:48.880 align:start position:0%
dust, and plasma we can see with the
 

00:46:48.880 --> 00:46:51.829 align:start position:0%
dust, and plasma we can see with the
help<00:46:49.040><c> of</c><00:46:49.200><c> models</c><00:46:49.680><c> and</c><00:46:49.920><c> simulations,</c><00:46:51.200><c> we</c><00:46:51.599><c> only</c>

00:46:51.829 --> 00:46:51.839 align:start position:0%
help of models and simulations, we only
 

00:46:51.839 --> 00:46:55.109 align:start position:0%
help of models and simulations, we only
find<00:46:52.240><c> about</c><00:46:52.720><c> 60%</c><00:46:53.440><c> of</c><00:46:53.680><c> what</c><00:46:54.000><c> should</c><00:46:54.240><c> be</c><00:46:54.400><c> there.</c>

00:46:55.109 --> 00:46:55.119 align:start position:0%
find about 60% of what should be there.
 

00:46:55.119 --> 00:46:57.829 align:start position:0%
find about 60% of what should be there.
The<00:46:55.359><c> rest</c><00:46:55.920><c> has</c><00:46:56.240><c> to</c><00:46:56.400><c> exist</c><00:46:56.800><c> for</c><00:46:57.040><c> early</c><00:46:57.440><c> universe</c>

00:46:57.829 --> 00:46:57.839 align:start position:0%
The rest has to exist for early universe
 

00:46:57.839 --> 00:47:00.470 align:start position:0%
The rest has to exist for early universe
physics<00:46:58.240><c> to</c><00:46:58.480><c> make</c><00:46:58.640><c> sense.</c><00:46:59.599><c> But</c><00:46:59.760><c> unless</c><00:47:00.079><c> we</c><00:47:00.319><c> can</c>

00:47:00.470 --> 00:47:00.480 align:start position:0%
physics to make sense. But unless we can
 

00:47:00.480 --> 00:47:02.950 align:start position:0%
physics to make sense. But unless we can
find<00:47:00.720><c> it,</c><00:47:01.200><c> we</c><00:47:01.599><c> can't</c><00:47:01.920><c> prove</c><00:47:02.160><c> that</c><00:47:02.400><c> our</c><00:47:02.640><c> models</c>

00:47:02.950 --> 00:47:02.960 align:start position:0%
find it, we can't prove that our models
 

00:47:02.960 --> 00:47:06.230 align:start position:0%
find it, we can't prove that our models
are<00:47:03.119><c> right.</c><00:47:04.000><c> Maybe</c><00:47:04.240><c> we've</c><00:47:04.560><c> got</c><00:47:04.720><c> it</c><00:47:04.880><c> all</c><00:47:05.119><c> wrong.</c>

00:47:06.230 --> 00:47:06.240 align:start position:0%
are right. Maybe we've got it all wrong.
 

00:47:06.240 --> 00:47:08.309 align:start position:0%
are right. Maybe we've got it all wrong.
Thankfully,<00:47:06.880><c> scientists</c><00:47:07.440><c> haven't</c><00:47:07.839><c> been</c><00:47:08.000><c> that</c>

00:47:08.309 --> 00:47:08.319 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, scientists haven't been that
 

00:47:08.319 --> 00:47:10.550 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, scientists haven't been that
quick<00:47:08.480><c> to</c><00:47:08.640><c> give</c><00:47:08.880><c> up</c><00:47:09.359><c> and</c><00:47:09.599><c> instead</c><00:47:10.319><c> turned</c>

00:47:10.550 --> 00:47:10.560 align:start position:0%
quick to give up and instead turned
 

00:47:10.560 --> 00:47:12.550 align:start position:0%
quick to give up and instead turned
their<00:47:10.800><c> attention</c><00:47:11.119><c> to</c><00:47:11.359><c> working</c><00:47:11.599><c> out</c><00:47:11.920><c> where</c><00:47:12.319><c> the</c>

00:47:12.550 --> 00:47:12.560 align:start position:0%
their attention to working out where the
 

00:47:12.560 --> 00:47:15.349 align:start position:0%
their attention to working out where the
missing<00:47:12.880><c> mass</c><00:47:13.440><c> may</c><00:47:13.760><c> be</c><00:47:13.920><c> lurking.</c><00:47:14.960><c> And</c><00:47:15.119><c> they</c>

00:47:15.349 --> 00:47:15.359 align:start position:0%
missing mass may be lurking. And they
 

00:47:15.359 --> 00:47:18.950 align:start position:0%
missing mass may be lurking. And they
came<00:47:15.599><c> up</c><00:47:15.839><c> with</c><00:47:16.319><c> an</c><00:47:16.560><c> intriguing</c><00:47:17.359><c> hypothesis.</c>

00:47:18.950 --> 00:47:18.960 align:start position:0%
came up with an intriguing hypothesis.
 

00:47:18.960 --> 00:47:21.829 align:start position:0%
came up with an intriguing hypothesis.
Missing<00:47:19.520><c> barionic</c><00:47:20.079><c> matter</c><00:47:20.640><c> is</c><00:47:20.880><c> not</c><00:47:21.200><c> the</c><00:47:21.440><c> only</c>

00:47:21.829 --> 00:47:21.839 align:start position:0%
Missing barionic matter is not the only
 

00:47:21.839 --> 00:47:24.870 align:start position:0%
Missing barionic matter is not the only
missing<00:47:22.240><c> mass.</c><00:47:23.119><c> And</c><00:47:23.359><c> perhaps</c><00:47:24.079><c> they're</c><00:47:24.400><c> hiding</c>

00:47:24.870 --> 00:47:24.880 align:start position:0%
missing mass. And perhaps they're hiding
 

00:47:24.880 --> 00:47:26.790 align:start position:0%
missing mass. And perhaps they're hiding
together.

00:47:26.790 --> 00:47:26.800 align:start position:0%
together.
 

00:47:26.800 --> 00:47:29.190 align:start position:0%
together.
Nearly<00:47:27.200><c> a</c><00:47:27.359><c> century</c><00:47:27.680><c> ago,</c><00:47:28.400><c> Swissborn</c>

00:47:29.190 --> 00:47:29.200 align:start position:0%
Nearly a century ago, Swissborn
 

00:47:29.200 --> 00:47:32.150 align:start position:0%
Nearly a century ago, Swissborn
astronomer<00:47:29.920><c> Fritz</c><00:47:30.480><c> Zviki</c><00:47:31.440><c> noticed</c><00:47:31.839><c> that</c>

00:47:32.150 --> 00:47:32.160 align:start position:0%
astronomer Fritz Zviki noticed that
 

00:47:32.160 --> 00:47:34.790 align:start position:0%
astronomer Fritz Zviki noticed that
galaxies<00:47:32.720><c> in</c><00:47:32.880><c> the</c><00:47:33.119><c> Coma</c><00:47:33.520><c> cluster</c><00:47:34.240><c> move</c><00:47:34.560><c> too</c>

00:47:34.790 --> 00:47:34.800 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the Coma cluster move too
 

00:47:34.800 --> 00:47:36.390 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the Coma cluster move too
quickly<00:47:35.040><c> for</c><00:47:35.280><c> the</c><00:47:35.440><c> amount</c><00:47:35.599><c> of</c><00:47:35.760><c> gravity</c><00:47:36.160><c> that</c>

00:47:36.390 --> 00:47:36.400 align:start position:0%
quickly for the amount of gravity that
 

00:47:36.400 --> 00:47:38.550 align:start position:0%
quickly for the amount of gravity that
would<00:47:36.640><c> be</c><00:47:36.800><c> created</c><00:47:37.200><c> by</c><00:47:37.440><c> their</c><00:47:37.760><c> visible</c><00:47:38.240><c> matter</c>

00:47:38.550 --> 00:47:38.560 align:start position:0%
would be created by their visible matter
 

00:47:38.560 --> 00:47:41.990 align:start position:0%
would be created by their visible matter
alone.<00:47:39.359><c> Yes,</c><00:47:40.000><c> including</c><00:47:40.480><c> the</c><00:47:40.720><c> missing</c><00:47:41.040><c> stuff.</c>

00:47:41.990 --> 00:47:42.000 align:start position:0%
alone. Yes, including the missing stuff.
 

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:44.390 align:start position:0%
alone. Yes, including the missing stuff.
Instead,<00:47:42.640><c> he</c><00:47:42.960><c> thought</c><00:47:43.200><c> another</c><00:47:43.599><c> form</c><00:47:43.839><c> of</c><00:47:44.000><c> mass</c>

00:47:44.390 --> 00:47:44.400 align:start position:0%
Instead, he thought another form of mass
 

00:47:44.400 --> 00:47:47.430 align:start position:0%
Instead, he thought another form of mass
must<00:47:44.640><c> be</c><00:47:44.880><c> there.</c><00:47:45.440><c> And</c><00:47:45.599><c> in</c><00:47:45.839><c> 1933,</c>

00:47:47.430 --> 00:47:47.440 align:start position:0%
must be there. And in 1933,
 

00:47:47.440 --> 00:47:50.630 align:start position:0%
must be there. And in 1933,
Siki<00:47:48.079><c> dubbed</c><00:47:48.480><c> this</c><00:47:48.720><c> missing</c><00:47:49.119><c> substance</c><00:47:49.920><c> Dunl</c>

00:47:50.630 --> 00:47:50.640 align:start position:0%
Siki dubbed this missing substance Dunl
 

00:47:50.640 --> 00:47:54.630 align:start position:0%
Siki dubbed this missing substance Dunl
Materi,<00:47:51.839><c> the</c><00:47:52.079><c> German</c><00:47:52.560><c> for</c><00:47:52.800><c> dark</c><00:47:53.119><c> matter.</c>

00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:54.640 align:start position:0%
Materi, the German for dark matter.
 

00:47:54.640 --> 00:47:57.829 align:start position:0%
Materi, the German for dark matter.
In<00:47:54.960><c> the</c><00:47:55.119><c> 1970s,</c><00:47:56.160><c> American</c><00:47:56.640><c> astronomer</c><00:47:57.280><c> Vera</c>

00:47:57.829 --> 00:47:57.839 align:start position:0%
In the 1970s, American astronomer Vera
 

00:47:57.839 --> 00:48:00.950 align:start position:0%
In the 1970s, American astronomer Vera
Rubin<00:47:58.319><c> had</c><00:47:58.640><c> a</c><00:47:58.880><c> similar</c><00:47:59.280><c> experience.</c><00:48:00.480><c> She</c><00:48:00.800><c> was</c>

00:48:00.950 --> 00:48:00.960 align:start position:0%
Rubin had a similar experience. She was
 

00:48:00.960 --> 00:48:03.510 align:start position:0%
Rubin had a similar experience. She was
observing<00:48:01.520><c> spiral</c><00:48:02.000><c> galaxies</c><00:48:02.800><c> and</c><00:48:03.119><c> wondered</c>

00:48:03.510 --> 00:48:03.520 align:start position:0%
observing spiral galaxies and wondered
 

00:48:03.520 --> 00:48:05.589 align:start position:0%
observing spiral galaxies and wondered
how<00:48:03.839><c> stars</c><00:48:04.240><c> on</c><00:48:04.480><c> the</c><00:48:04.640><c> outer</c><00:48:05.040><c> edge</c><00:48:05.280><c> of</c><00:48:05.440><c> the</c>

00:48:05.589 --> 00:48:05.599 align:start position:0%
how stars on the outer edge of the
 

00:48:05.599 --> 00:48:08.069 align:start position:0%
how stars on the outer edge of the
spiral<00:48:06.000><c> galaxies</c><00:48:06.720><c> were</c><00:48:07.040><c> able</c><00:48:07.280><c> to</c><00:48:07.440><c> move</c><00:48:07.760><c> so</c>

00:48:08.069 --> 00:48:08.079 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxies were able to move so
 

00:48:08.079 --> 00:48:11.270 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxies were able to move so
quickly<00:48:08.800><c> without</c><00:48:09.200><c> flying</c><00:48:09.599><c> off</c><00:48:09.839><c> into</c><00:48:10.160><c> space</c>

00:48:11.270 --> 00:48:11.280 align:start position:0%
quickly without flying off into space
 

00:48:11.280 --> 00:48:14.710 align:start position:0%
quickly without flying off into space
again.<00:48:12.160><c> Some</c><00:48:12.640><c> unknown</c><00:48:13.280><c> mass</c><00:48:13.920><c> must</c><00:48:14.319><c> have</c><00:48:14.480><c> been</c>

00:48:14.710 --> 00:48:14.720 align:start position:0%
again. Some unknown mass must have been
 

00:48:14.720 --> 00:48:17.109 align:start position:0%
again. Some unknown mass must have been
pulling<00:48:15.040><c> them</c><00:48:15.359><c> back</c><00:48:15.599><c> in.</c><00:48:16.240><c> And</c><00:48:16.400><c> she</c><00:48:16.640><c> concluded</c>

00:48:17.109 --> 00:48:17.119 align:start position:0%
pulling them back in. And she concluded
 

00:48:17.119 --> 00:48:20.630 align:start position:0%
pulling them back in. And she concluded
the<00:48:17.280><c> same</c><00:48:17.440><c> as</c><00:48:18.720><c> there</c><00:48:18.960><c> must</c><00:48:19.200><c> be</c><00:48:19.520><c> dark</c><00:48:19.920><c> matter</c>

00:48:20.630 --> 00:48:20.640 align:start position:0%
the same as there must be dark matter
 

00:48:20.640 --> 00:48:23.910 align:start position:0%
the same as there must be dark matter
holding<00:48:21.040><c> them</c><00:48:21.359><c> together.</c><00:48:22.720><c> This</c><00:48:23.040><c> new</c><00:48:23.280><c> type</c><00:48:23.599><c> of</c>

00:48:23.910 --> 00:48:23.920 align:start position:0%
holding them together. This new type of
 

00:48:23.920 --> 00:48:26.150 align:start position:0%
holding them together. This new type of
stuff<00:48:24.640><c> interacts</c><00:48:25.200><c> with</c><00:48:25.359><c> its</c><00:48:25.680><c> ordinary</c>

00:48:26.150 --> 00:48:26.160 align:start position:0%
stuff interacts with its ordinary
 

00:48:26.160 --> 00:48:28.950 align:start position:0%
stuff interacts with its ordinary
barionic<00:48:26.720><c> counterpart</c><00:48:27.520><c> through</c><00:48:28.000><c> gravity,</c>

00:48:28.950 --> 00:48:28.960 align:start position:0%
barionic counterpart through gravity,
 

00:48:28.960 --> 00:48:30.309 align:start position:0%
barionic counterpart through gravity,
but<00:48:29.200><c> it</c><00:48:29.440><c> doesn't</c><00:48:29.680><c> interact</c><00:48:30.000><c> with</c><00:48:30.160><c> the</c>

00:48:30.309 --> 00:48:30.319 align:start position:0%
but it doesn't interact with the
 

00:48:30.319 --> 00:48:32.549 align:start position:0%
but it doesn't interact with the
electromagnetic<00:48:31.200><c> spectrum,</c><00:48:32.079><c> meaning</c><00:48:32.319><c> that</c>

00:48:32.549 --> 00:48:32.559 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum, meaning that
 

00:48:32.559 --> 00:48:35.910 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum, meaning that
it<00:48:32.800><c> doesn't</c><00:48:32.960><c> absorb,</c><00:48:33.839><c> reflect,</c><00:48:34.559><c> or</c><00:48:34.880><c> emit</c><00:48:35.520><c> any</c>

00:48:35.910 --> 00:48:35.920 align:start position:0%
it doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any
 

00:48:35.920 --> 00:48:39.430 align:start position:0%
it doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any
light.<00:48:37.280><c> This</c><00:48:37.520><c> makes</c><00:48:37.920><c> dark</c><00:48:38.160><c> matter</c><00:48:38.800><c> extremely</c>

00:48:39.430 --> 00:48:39.440 align:start position:0%
light. This makes dark matter extremely
 

00:48:39.440 --> 00:48:41.670 align:start position:0%
light. This makes dark matter extremely
difficult<00:48:39.760><c> to</c><00:48:40.000><c> find</c><00:48:40.640><c> and</c><00:48:40.960><c> seemingly</c>

00:48:41.670 --> 00:48:41.680 align:start position:0%
difficult to find and seemingly
 

00:48:41.680 --> 00:48:43.990 align:start position:0%
difficult to find and seemingly
impossible<00:48:42.319><c> to</c><00:48:42.559><c> observe,</c><00:48:43.599><c> at</c><00:48:43.680><c> least</c>

00:48:43.990 --> 00:48:44.000 align:start position:0%
impossible to observe, at least
 

00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:47.190 align:start position:0%
impossible to observe, at least
directly.<00:48:45.119><c> Yet,</c><00:48:45.599><c> it</c><00:48:45.920><c> influences</c><00:48:46.559><c> the</c><00:48:46.720><c> cosmos</c>

00:48:47.190 --> 00:48:47.200 align:start position:0%
directly. Yet, it influences the cosmos
 

00:48:47.200 --> 00:48:51.270 align:start position:0%
directly. Yet, it influences the cosmos
on<00:48:47.440><c> a</c><00:48:47.680><c> galactic</c><00:48:48.400><c> scale.</c><00:48:49.680><c> It</c><00:48:50.079><c> may</c><00:48:50.640><c> even</c><00:48:51.040><c> be</c>

00:48:51.270 --> 00:48:51.280 align:start position:0%
on a galactic scale. It may even be
 

00:48:51.280 --> 00:48:54.069 align:start position:0%
on a galactic scale. It may even be
helping<00:48:51.599><c> to</c><00:48:51.839><c> conceal</c><00:48:52.319><c> our</c><00:48:52.720><c> missing</c><00:48:53.359><c> barionic</c>

00:48:54.069 --> 00:48:54.079 align:start position:0%
helping to conceal our missing barionic
 

00:48:54.079 --> 00:48:56.549 align:start position:0%
helping to conceal our missing barionic
matter.

00:48:56.549 --> 00:48:56.559 align:start position:0%
matter.
 

00:48:56.559 --> 00:48:59.109 align:start position:0%
matter.
Since<00:48:56.880><c> the</c><00:48:57.119><c> 1980s,</c><00:48:58.000><c> early</c><00:48:58.319><c> observations</c><00:48:58.880><c> of</c>

00:48:59.109 --> 00:48:59.119 align:start position:0%
Since the 1980s, early observations of
 

00:48:59.119 --> 00:49:01.349 align:start position:0%
Since the 1980s, early observations of
galaxy<00:48:59.680><c> distribution</c><00:49:00.240><c> have</c><00:49:00.480><c> revealed</c><00:49:00.960><c> a</c>

00:49:01.349 --> 00:49:01.359 align:start position:0%
galaxy distribution have revealed a
 

00:49:01.359 --> 00:49:05.190 align:start position:0%
galaxy distribution have revealed a
cosmic<00:49:01.920><c> pattern,</c><00:49:02.880><c> a</c><00:49:03.119><c> web</c><00:49:04.079><c> like</c><00:49:04.319><c> a</c><00:49:04.559><c> backbone</c>

00:49:05.190 --> 00:49:05.200 align:start position:0%
cosmic pattern, a web like a backbone
 

00:49:05.200 --> 00:49:08.710 align:start position:0%
cosmic pattern, a web like a backbone
across<00:49:05.599><c> the</c><00:49:05.920><c> universe.</c><00:49:07.119><c> This</c><00:49:07.680><c> skeletonlike</c>

00:49:08.710 --> 00:49:08.720 align:start position:0%
across the universe. This skeletonlike
 

00:49:08.720 --> 00:49:11.510 align:start position:0%
across the universe. This skeletonlike
structure<00:49:09.359><c> has</c><00:49:09.599><c> become</c><00:49:10.000><c> known</c><00:49:10.400><c> as</c><00:49:10.640><c> the</c><00:49:10.880><c> cosmic</c>

00:49:11.510 --> 00:49:11.520 align:start position:0%
structure has become known as the cosmic
 

00:49:11.520 --> 00:49:14.470 align:start position:0%
structure has become known as the cosmic
web.<00:49:12.880><c> It's</c><00:49:13.200><c> thought</c><00:49:13.440><c> to</c><00:49:13.599><c> have</c><00:49:13.760><c> formed</c><00:49:14.079><c> as</c><00:49:14.319><c> a</c>

00:49:14.470 --> 00:49:14.480 align:start position:0%
web. It's thought to have formed as a
 

00:49:14.480 --> 00:49:17.510 align:start position:0%
web. It's thought to have formed as a
result<00:49:14.640><c> of</c><00:49:15.119><c> slight</c><00:49:15.839><c> density</c><00:49:16.319><c> fluctuations</c><00:49:17.200><c> in</c>

00:49:17.510 --> 00:49:17.520 align:start position:0%
result of slight density fluctuations in
 

00:49:17.520 --> 00:49:19.750 align:start position:0%
result of slight density fluctuations in
the<00:49:17.760><c> early</c><00:49:18.079><c> universe,</c><00:49:18.800><c> which</c><00:49:19.040><c> can</c><00:49:19.200><c> be</c><00:49:19.359><c> seen</c><00:49:19.520><c> in</c>

00:49:19.750 --> 00:49:19.760 align:start position:0%
the early universe, which can be seen in
 

00:49:19.760 --> 00:49:23.109 align:start position:0%
the early universe, which can be seen in
the<00:49:19.920><c> cosmic</c><00:49:20.400><c> microwave</c><00:49:20.960><c> background</c><00:49:21.599><c> or</c><00:49:22.160><c> CMBB,</c>

00:49:23.109 --> 00:49:23.119 align:start position:0%
the cosmic microwave background or CMBB,
 

00:49:23.119 --> 00:49:25.510 align:start position:0%
the cosmic microwave background or CMBB,
a<00:49:23.359><c> fingerprint</c><00:49:23.839><c> of</c><00:49:24.079><c> our</c><00:49:24.400><c> universe's</c><00:49:25.119><c> ancient</c>

00:49:25.510 --> 00:49:25.520 align:start position:0%
a fingerprint of our universe's ancient
 

00:49:25.520 --> 00:49:28.870 align:start position:0%
a fingerprint of our universe's ancient
microwave<00:49:26.000><c> radiation</c><00:49:26.559><c> from</c><00:49:26.800><c> about</c><00:49:27.359><c> 380,000</c>

00:49:28.870 --> 00:49:28.880 align:start position:0%
microwave radiation from about 380,000
 

00:49:28.880 --> 00:49:31.829 align:start position:0%
microwave radiation from about 380,000
years<00:49:29.280><c> after</c><00:49:29.599><c> the</c><00:49:29.839><c> Big</c><00:49:30.000><c> Bang.</c><00:49:31.040><c> These</c><00:49:31.359><c> tiny</c>

00:49:31.829 --> 00:49:31.839 align:start position:0%
years after the Big Bang. These tiny
 

00:49:31.839 --> 00:49:34.069 align:start position:0%
years after the Big Bang. These tiny
fluctuations<00:49:32.480><c> in</c><00:49:32.720><c> density</c><00:49:33.440><c> laid</c><00:49:33.760><c> out</c><00:49:33.920><c> a</c>

00:49:34.069 --> 00:49:34.079 align:start position:0%
fluctuations in density laid out a
 

00:49:34.079 --> 00:49:36.230 align:start position:0%
fluctuations in density laid out a
blueprint<00:49:34.559><c> for</c><00:49:34.800><c> where</c><00:49:35.119><c> matter</c><00:49:35.520><c> would</c><00:49:35.760><c> collect</c>

00:49:36.230 --> 00:49:36.240 align:start position:0%
blueprint for where matter would collect
 

00:49:36.240 --> 00:49:39.270 align:start position:0%
blueprint for where matter would collect
over<00:49:36.559><c> space</c><00:49:36.960><c> and</c><00:49:37.200><c> time.</c><00:49:38.319><c> where</c><00:49:38.640><c> there</c><00:49:38.960><c> were</c>

00:49:39.270 --> 00:49:39.280 align:start position:0%
over space and time. where there were
 

00:49:39.280 --> 00:49:41.510 align:start position:0%
over space and time. where there were
higher<00:49:39.599><c> densities,</c><00:49:40.640><c> more</c><00:49:40.880><c> mass</c><00:49:41.200><c> would</c><00:49:41.440><c> be</c>

00:49:41.510 --> 00:49:41.520 align:start position:0%
higher densities, more mass would be
 

00:49:41.520 --> 00:49:44.950 align:start position:0%
higher densities, more mass would be
drawn<00:49:41.839><c> in</c><00:49:42.480><c> until</c><00:49:42.880><c> this</c><00:49:43.440><c> great</c><00:49:44.079><c> structure</c><00:49:44.640><c> was</c>

00:49:44.950 --> 00:49:44.960 align:start position:0%
drawn in until this great structure was
 

00:49:44.960 --> 00:49:48.309 align:start position:0%
drawn in until this great structure was
formed.<00:49:46.400><c> We</c><00:49:46.720><c> already</c><00:49:47.119><c> know</c><00:49:47.359><c> that</c><00:49:47.760><c> CNB</c>

00:49:48.309 --> 00:49:48.319 align:start position:0%
formed. We already know that CNB
 

00:49:48.319 --> 00:49:50.630 align:start position:0%
formed. We already know that CNB
simulations<00:49:48.960><c> using</c><00:49:49.440><c> supercomputers</c>

00:49:50.630 --> 00:49:50.640 align:start position:0%
simulations using supercomputers
 

00:49:50.640 --> 00:49:52.710 align:start position:0%
simulations using supercomputers
estimate<00:49:51.119><c> that</c><00:49:51.440><c> dark</c><00:49:51.760><c> matter</c><00:49:52.079><c> accounts</c><00:49:52.480><c> for</c>

00:49:52.710 --> 00:49:52.720 align:start position:0%
estimate that dark matter accounts for
 

00:49:52.720 --> 00:49:54.390 align:start position:0%
estimate that dark matter accounts for
five<00:49:52.960><c> times</c><00:49:53.359><c> more</c><00:49:53.520><c> of</c><00:49:53.680><c> the</c><00:49:53.839><c> universe</c><00:49:54.160><c> than</c>

00:49:54.390 --> 00:49:54.400 align:start position:0%
five times more of the universe than
 

00:49:54.400 --> 00:49:56.870 align:start position:0%
five times more of the universe than
ordinary<00:49:54.880><c> matter.</c><00:49:55.599><c> So,</c><00:49:55.839><c> it's</c><00:49:56.079><c> perhaps</c><00:49:56.559><c> no</c>

00:49:56.870 --> 00:49:56.880 align:start position:0%
ordinary matter. So, it's perhaps no
 

00:49:56.880 --> 00:49:59.109 align:start position:0%
ordinary matter. So, it's perhaps no
surprise<00:49:57.280><c> that</c><00:49:57.520><c> the</c><00:49:57.760><c> cosmic</c><00:49:58.160><c> web</c><00:49:58.559><c> is</c><00:49:58.880><c> thought</c>

00:49:59.109 --> 00:49:59.119 align:start position:0%
surprise that the cosmic web is thought
 

00:49:59.119 --> 00:50:02.390 align:start position:0%
surprise that the cosmic web is thought
to<00:49:59.280><c> contain</c><00:49:59.839><c> primarily</c><00:50:00.720><c> dark</c><00:50:01.040><c> matter.</c>

00:50:02.390 --> 00:50:02.400 align:start position:0%
to contain primarily dark matter.
 

00:50:02.400 --> 00:50:05.349 align:start position:0%
to contain primarily dark matter.
permeating<00:50:03.280><c> every</c><00:50:03.680><c> corner</c><00:50:04.000><c> of</c><00:50:04.240><c> our</c><00:50:04.480><c> universe.</c>

00:50:05.349 --> 00:50:05.359 align:start position:0%
permeating every corner of our universe.
 

00:50:05.359 --> 00:50:08.230 align:start position:0%
permeating every corner of our universe.
It's<00:50:05.599><c> made</c><00:50:05.839><c> of</c><00:50:06.000><c> filaments</c><00:50:06.720><c> stretching</c><00:50:07.440><c> tens</c>

00:50:08.230 --> 00:50:08.240 align:start position:0%
It's made of filaments stretching tens
 

00:50:08.240 --> 00:50:10.390 align:start position:0%
It's made of filaments stretching tens
to<00:50:08.720><c> hundreds</c><00:50:09.200><c> of</c><00:50:09.440><c> millions</c><00:50:09.760><c> of</c><00:50:09.920><c> light</c><00:50:10.160><c> years</c>

00:50:10.390 --> 00:50:10.400 align:start position:0%
to hundreds of millions of light years
 

00:50:10.400 --> 00:50:12.710 align:start position:0%
to hundreds of millions of light years
across<00:50:10.720><c> the</c><00:50:10.880><c> universe.</c><00:50:12.000><c> Where</c><00:50:12.240><c> filaments</c>

00:50:12.710 --> 00:50:12.720 align:start position:0%
across the universe. Where filaments
 

00:50:12.720 --> 00:50:15.109 align:start position:0%
across the universe. Where filaments
intersect,<00:50:13.680><c> the</c><00:50:13.920><c> concentration</c><00:50:14.400><c> of</c><00:50:14.640><c> mass</c><00:50:14.880><c> is</c>

00:50:15.109 --> 00:50:15.119 align:start position:0%
intersect, the concentration of mass is
 

00:50:15.119 --> 00:50:17.589 align:start position:0%
intersect, the concentration of mass is
so<00:50:15.359><c> great</c><00:50:15.839><c> that</c><00:50:16.160><c> high</c><00:50:16.480><c> density</c><00:50:16.880><c> nodes</c><00:50:17.359><c> are</c>

00:50:17.589 --> 00:50:17.599 align:start position:0%
so great that high density nodes are
 

00:50:17.599 --> 00:50:20.470 align:start position:0%
so great that high density nodes are
able<00:50:17.839><c> to</c><00:50:18.079><c> form,</c><00:50:18.800><c> containing</c><00:50:19.440><c> hundreds</c><00:50:20.240><c> or</c>

00:50:20.470 --> 00:50:20.480 align:start position:0%
able to form, containing hundreds or
 

00:50:20.480 --> 00:50:23.430 align:start position:0%
able to form, containing hundreds or
even<00:50:20.960><c> thousands</c><00:50:21.520><c> of</c><00:50:21.760><c> galaxies.</c><00:50:22.859><c> [music]</c><00:50:23.200><c> The</c>

00:50:23.430 --> 00:50:23.440 align:start position:0%
even thousands of galaxies. [music] The
 

00:50:23.440 --> 00:50:27.030 align:start position:0%
even thousands of galaxies. [music] The
cosmic<00:50:23.920><c> web</c><00:50:24.480><c> is</c><00:50:24.880><c> real.</c><00:50:25.599><c> We've</c><00:50:25.920><c> mapped</c><00:50:26.480><c> large</c>

00:50:27.030 --> 00:50:27.040 align:start position:0%
cosmic web is real. We've mapped large
 

00:50:27.040 --> 00:50:29.990 align:start position:0%
cosmic web is real. We've mapped large
swaths<00:50:27.444><c> [music]</c><00:50:27.599><c> of</c><00:50:27.760><c> it.</c><00:50:28.319><c> Our</c><00:50:29.119><c> galaxy</c><00:50:29.599><c> is</c><00:50:29.839><c> part</c>

00:50:29.990 --> 00:50:30.000 align:start position:0%
swaths [music] of it. Our galaxy is part
 

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:32.630 align:start position:0%
swaths [music] of it. Our galaxy is part
of<00:50:30.160><c> what's</c><00:50:30.480><c> known</c><00:50:30.720><c> as</c><00:50:30.880><c> the</c><00:50:31.200><c> local</c><00:50:31.599><c> group,</c><00:50:32.400><c> a</c>

00:50:32.630 --> 00:50:32.640 align:start position:0%
of what's known as the local group, a
 

00:50:32.640 --> 00:50:34.230 align:start position:0%
of what's known as the local group, a
collection<00:50:32.960><c> of</c><00:50:33.119><c> a</c><00:50:33.280><c> few</c><00:50:33.440><c> dozen</c><00:50:33.839><c> neighboring</c>

00:50:34.230 --> 00:50:34.240 align:start position:0%
collection of a few dozen neighboring
 

00:50:34.240 --> 00:50:36.950 align:start position:0%
collection of a few dozen neighboring
galaxies<00:50:34.720><c> near</c><00:50:35.040><c> to</c><00:50:35.200><c> our</c><00:50:35.440><c> own.</c><00:50:36.319><c> Our</c><00:50:36.640><c> local</c>

00:50:36.950 --> 00:50:36.960 align:start position:0%
galaxies near to our own. Our local
 

00:50:36.960 --> 00:50:38.870 align:start position:0%
galaxies near to our own. Our local
group<00:50:37.280><c> belongs</c><00:50:37.599><c> to</c><00:50:37.839><c> a</c><00:50:38.079><c> larger</c><00:50:38.480><c> collection</c>

00:50:38.870 --> 00:50:38.880 align:start position:0%
group belongs to a larger collection
 

00:50:38.880 --> 00:50:41.750 align:start position:0%
group belongs to a larger collection
called<00:50:39.119><c> the</c><00:50:39.440><c> Lania</c><00:50:40.319><c> supercluster,</c><00:50:41.440><c> which</c>

00:50:41.750 --> 00:50:41.760 align:start position:0%
called the Lania supercluster, which
 

00:50:41.760 --> 00:50:45.109 align:start position:0%
called the Lania supercluster, which
contains<00:50:42.319><c> some</c><00:50:42.960><c> 100,000</c><00:50:44.000><c> galaxies</c><00:50:44.880><c> and</c>

00:50:45.109 --> 00:50:45.119 align:start position:0%
contains some 100,000 galaxies and
 

00:50:45.119 --> 00:50:48.790 align:start position:0%
contains some 100,000 galaxies and
measures<00:50:45.839><c> 500</c><00:50:46.640><c> million</c><00:50:47.040><c> lightyears</c><00:50:47.599><c> across.</c>

00:50:48.790 --> 00:50:48.800 align:start position:0%
measures 500 million lightyears across.
 

00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:50.790 align:start position:0%
measures 500 million lightyears across.
As<00:50:49.119><c> you</c><00:50:49.280><c> might</c><00:50:49.440><c> have</c><00:50:49.599><c> guessed,</c><00:50:50.319><c> all</c><00:50:50.480><c> these</c>

00:50:50.790 --> 00:50:50.800 align:start position:0%
As you might have guessed, all these
 

00:50:50.800 --> 00:50:53.750 align:start position:0%
As you might have guessed, all these
galaxies<00:50:51.359><c> are</c><00:50:51.680><c> strung</c><00:50:52.079><c> along</c><00:50:52.480><c> the</c><00:50:52.720><c> cosmic</c><00:50:53.119><c> web</c>

00:50:53.750 --> 00:50:53.760 align:start position:0%
galaxies are strung along the cosmic web
 

00:50:53.760 --> 00:50:56.630 align:start position:0%
galaxies are strung along the cosmic web
like<00:50:54.079><c> beads</c><00:50:54.480><c> on</c><00:50:54.800><c> strings</c><00:50:55.520><c> perched</c><00:50:56.000><c> along</c><00:50:56.319><c> the</c>

00:50:56.630 --> 00:50:56.640 align:start position:0%
like beads on strings perched along the
 

00:50:56.640 --> 00:50:59.510 align:start position:0%
like beads on strings perched along the
edge<00:50:57.040><c> of</c><00:50:57.599><c> great</c><00:50:57.920><c> voids.</c>

00:50:59.510 --> 00:50:59.520 align:start position:0%
edge of great voids.
 

00:50:59.520 --> 00:51:01.510 align:start position:0%
edge of great voids.
But<00:50:59.760><c> even</c><00:51:00.079><c> though</c><00:51:00.400><c> we've</c><00:51:00.720><c> been</c><00:51:00.880><c> mapping</c><00:51:01.280><c> this</c>

00:51:01.510 --> 00:51:01.520 align:start position:0%
But even though we've been mapping this
 

00:51:01.520 --> 00:51:04.309 align:start position:0%
But even though we've been mapping this
cosmic<00:51:01.920><c> web</c><00:51:02.160><c> for</c><00:51:02.400><c> decades,</c><00:51:03.520><c> most</c><00:51:03.760><c> of</c><00:51:03.920><c> what</c><00:51:04.160><c> we</c>

00:51:04.309 --> 00:51:04.319 align:start position:0%
cosmic web for decades, most of what we
 

00:51:04.319 --> 00:51:07.190 align:start position:0%
cosmic web for decades, most of what we
can<00:51:04.480><c> see</c><00:51:04.960><c> is</c><00:51:05.359><c> the</c><00:51:05.680><c> beads,</c><00:51:06.559><c> the</c><00:51:06.800><c> distribution</c>

00:51:07.190 --> 00:51:07.200 align:start position:0%
can see is the beads, the distribution
 

00:51:07.200 --> 00:51:10.549 align:start position:0%
can see is the beads, the distribution
of<00:51:07.440><c> galaxy</c><00:51:07.920><c> clusters</c><00:51:08.720><c> along</c><00:51:09.119><c> the</c><00:51:09.359><c> web,</c><00:51:10.240><c> not</c>

00:51:10.549 --> 00:51:10.559 align:start position:0%
of galaxy clusters along the web, not
 

00:51:10.559 --> 00:51:12.470 align:start position:0%
of galaxy clusters along the web, not
the<00:51:10.800><c> strings</c><00:51:11.119><c> that</c><00:51:11.359><c> hold</c><00:51:11.520><c> them</c><00:51:11.760><c> together</c><00:51:12.240><c> or</c>

00:51:12.470 --> 00:51:12.480 align:start position:0%
the strings that hold them together or
 

00:51:12.480 --> 00:51:14.710 align:start position:0%
the strings that hold them together or
the<00:51:12.640><c> filaments</c><00:51:13.119><c> themselves.</c>

00:51:14.710 --> 00:51:14.720 align:start position:0%
the filaments themselves.
 

00:51:14.720 --> 00:51:18.069 align:start position:0%
the filaments themselves.
Or<00:51:15.280><c> is</c><00:51:15.520><c> it?</c>

00:51:18.069 --> 00:51:18.079 align:start position:0%
Or is it?
 

00:51:18.079 --> 00:51:20.150 align:start position:0%
Or is it?
Whilst<00:51:18.559><c> most</c><00:51:18.720><c> of</c><00:51:18.880><c> the</c><00:51:19.040><c> visible</c><00:51:19.359><c> matter</c><00:51:19.760><c> in</c><00:51:19.920><c> the</c>

00:51:20.150 --> 00:51:20.160 align:start position:0%
Whilst most of the visible matter in the
 

00:51:20.160 --> 00:51:23.589 align:start position:0%
Whilst most of the visible matter in the
universe<00:51:20.480><c> is</c><00:51:20.720><c> tied</c><00:51:21.040><c> up</c><00:51:21.200><c> in</c><00:51:21.440><c> galaxies,</c><00:51:22.800><c> not</c><00:51:23.280><c> all</c>

00:51:23.589 --> 00:51:23.599 align:start position:0%
universe is tied up in galaxies, not all
 

00:51:23.599 --> 00:51:26.470 align:start position:0%
universe is tied up in galaxies, not all
of<00:51:23.760><c> it</c><00:51:23.920><c> is.</c><00:51:24.880><c> The</c><00:51:25.119><c> dark</c><00:51:25.359><c> matter</c><00:51:25.680><c> in</c><00:51:25.839><c> the</c><00:51:26.000><c> cosmic</c>

00:51:26.470 --> 00:51:26.480 align:start position:0%
of it is. The dark matter in the cosmic
 

00:51:26.480 --> 00:51:30.710 align:start position:0%
of it is. The dark matter in the cosmic
web<00:51:26.880><c> has</c><00:51:27.119><c> a</c><00:51:27.520><c> pretty</c><00:51:28.079><c> strong</c><00:51:28.559><c> pole</c><00:51:29.040><c> itself.</c>

00:51:30.710 --> 00:51:30.720 align:start position:0%
web has a pretty strong pole itself.
 

00:51:30.720 --> 00:51:34.549 align:start position:0%
web has a pretty strong pole itself.
There<00:51:31.280><c> bound</c><00:51:31.680><c> up</c><00:51:31.920><c> as</c><00:51:32.319><c> vast</c><00:51:33.040><c> diffused</c><00:51:33.680><c> gas</c><00:51:34.240><c> in</c>

00:51:34.549 --> 00:51:34.559 align:start position:0%
There bound up as vast diffused gas in
 

00:51:34.559 --> 00:51:37.829 align:start position:0%
There bound up as vast diffused gas in
those<00:51:34.960><c> long</c><00:51:35.440><c> strings</c><00:51:35.920><c> or</c><00:51:36.240><c> filaments</c><00:51:37.200><c> is</c><00:51:37.440><c> where</c>

00:51:37.829 --> 00:51:37.839 align:start position:0%
those long strings or filaments is where
 

00:51:37.839 --> 00:51:39.910 align:start position:0%
those long strings or filaments is where
large<00:51:38.240><c> scale</c><00:51:38.640><c> cosmological</c><00:51:39.359><c> simulations</c>

00:51:39.910 --> 00:51:39.920 align:start position:0%
large scale cosmological simulations
 

00:51:39.920 --> 00:51:42.230 align:start position:0%
large scale cosmological simulations
have<00:51:40.160><c> predicted</c><00:51:40.880><c> we</c><00:51:41.200><c> might</c><00:51:41.520><c> not</c><00:51:41.760><c> only</c><00:51:42.000><c> find</c>

00:51:42.230 --> 00:51:42.240 align:start position:0%
have predicted we might not only find
 

00:51:42.240 --> 00:51:44.950 align:start position:0%
have predicted we might not only find
dark<00:51:42.559><c> matter</c><00:51:43.200><c> but</c><00:51:43.520><c> our</c><00:51:43.839><c> missing</c><00:51:44.559><c> visible</c>

00:51:44.950 --> 00:51:44.960 align:start position:0%
dark matter but our missing visible
 

00:51:44.960 --> 00:51:48.630 align:start position:0%
dark matter but our missing visible
matter<00:51:45.440><c> too.</c><00:51:46.480><c> This</c><00:51:46.960><c> low</c><00:51:47.280><c> density</c><00:51:48.079><c> diffused</c>

00:51:48.630 --> 00:51:48.640 align:start position:0%
matter too. This low density diffused
 

00:51:48.640 --> 00:51:51.430 align:start position:0%
matter too. This low density diffused
gas<00:51:49.040><c> is</c><00:51:49.359><c> known</c><00:51:49.680><c> as</c><00:51:50.000><c> the</c><00:51:50.319><c> warm</c><00:51:50.880><c> hot</c>

00:51:51.430 --> 00:51:51.440 align:start position:0%
gas is known as the warm hot
 

00:51:51.440 --> 00:51:53.910 align:start position:0%
gas is known as the warm hot
intergalactic<00:51:52.400><c> medium.</c>

00:51:53.910 --> 00:51:53.920 align:start position:0%
intergalactic medium.
 

00:51:53.920 --> 00:51:56.710 align:start position:0%
intergalactic medium.
But<00:51:54.240><c> simulations</c><00:51:54.800><c> are</c><00:51:55.040><c> one</c><00:51:55.280><c> thing.</c><00:51:56.079><c> Detecting</c>

00:51:56.710 --> 00:51:56.720 align:start position:0%
But simulations are one thing. Detecting
 

00:51:56.720 --> 00:51:59.750 align:start position:0%
But simulations are one thing. Detecting
these<00:51:57.119><c> diffused</c><00:51:57.520><c> filaments</c><00:51:58.160><c> is</c><00:51:58.480><c> another.</c><00:51:59.520><c> And</c>

00:51:59.750 --> 00:51:59.760 align:start position:0%
these diffused filaments is another. And
 

00:51:59.760 --> 00:52:02.549 align:start position:0%
these diffused filaments is another. And
this<00:51:59.920><c> is</c><00:52:00.079><c> where</c><00:52:00.400><c> historically</c><00:52:01.440><c> we've</c><00:52:02.000><c> not</c><00:52:02.319><c> had</c>

00:52:02.549 --> 00:52:02.559 align:start position:0%
this is where historically we've not had
 

00:52:02.559 --> 00:52:05.190 align:start position:0%
this is where historically we've not had
much<00:52:02.800><c> luck.</c><00:52:03.839><c> Although</c><00:52:04.400><c> that</c><00:52:04.720><c> started</c><00:52:05.040><c> to</c>

00:52:05.190 --> 00:52:05.200 align:start position:0%
much luck. Although that started to
 

00:52:05.200 --> 00:52:09.270 align:start position:0%
much luck. Although that started to
change<00:52:05.599><c> about</c><00:52:06.240><c> 20</c><00:52:06.559><c> years</c><00:52:06.720><c> ago.</c><00:52:08.000><c> In</c><00:52:08.319><c> 2005,</c>

00:52:09.270 --> 00:52:09.280 align:start position:0%
change about 20 years ago. In 2005,
 

00:52:09.280 --> 00:52:12.549 align:start position:0%
change about 20 years ago. In 2005,
NASA's<00:52:09.839><c> Shandra</c><00:52:10.400><c> X-ray</c><00:52:10.880><c> Observatory</c><00:52:11.760><c> imaged</c>

00:52:12.549 --> 00:52:12.559 align:start position:0%
NASA's Shandra X-ray Observatory imaged
 

00:52:12.559 --> 00:52:15.510 align:start position:0%
NASA's Shandra X-ray Observatory imaged
two<00:52:13.200><c> huge</c><00:52:13.920><c> intergalactic</c><00:52:14.800><c> clouds</c><00:52:15.200><c> of</c>

00:52:15.510 --> 00:52:15.520 align:start position:0%
two huge intergalactic clouds of
 

00:52:15.520 --> 00:52:16.150 align:start position:0%
two huge intergalactic clouds of
diffused<00:52:15.540><c> [music]</c>

00:52:16.150 --> 00:52:16.160 align:start position:0%
diffused [music]
 

00:52:16.160 --> 00:52:19.430 align:start position:0%
diffused [music]
gas.<00:52:17.359><c> We'd</c><00:52:17.760><c> seen</c><00:52:18.079><c> clouds</c><00:52:18.400><c> like</c><00:52:18.640><c> this</c><00:52:19.040><c> around</c>

00:52:19.430 --> 00:52:19.440 align:start position:0%
gas. We'd seen clouds like this around
 

00:52:19.440 --> 00:52:21.990 align:start position:0%
gas. We'd seen clouds like this around
our<00:52:19.680><c> own</c><00:52:19.920><c> galaxy</c><00:52:20.480><c> and</c><00:52:20.800><c> in</c><00:52:21.119><c> others</c><00:52:21.440><c> local</c><00:52:21.760><c> to</c>

00:52:21.990 --> 00:52:22.000 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy and in others local to
 

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:26.390 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy and in others local to
us,<00:52:22.640><c> but</c><00:52:22.960><c> not</c><00:52:23.359><c> between</c><00:52:24.240><c> distant</c><00:52:24.720><c> galaxies.</c>

00:52:26.390 --> 00:52:26.400 align:start position:0%
us, but not between distant galaxies.
 

00:52:26.400 --> 00:52:30.390 align:start position:0%
us, but not between distant galaxies.
Could<00:52:26.640><c> it</c><00:52:26.880><c> be</c><00:52:27.119><c> gas</c><00:52:27.760><c> on</c><00:52:28.000><c> the</c><00:52:28.240><c> cosmic</c><00:52:28.800><c> web?</c><00:52:30.079><c> This</c>

00:52:30.390 --> 00:52:30.400 align:start position:0%
Could it be gas on the cosmic web? This
 

00:52:30.400 --> 00:52:32.710 align:start position:0%
Could it be gas on the cosmic web? This
was<00:52:30.720><c> some</c><00:52:31.040><c> of</c><00:52:31.280><c> the</c><00:52:31.520><c> first</c><00:52:32.000><c> evidence</c><00:52:32.319><c> that</c><00:52:32.559><c> the</c>

00:52:32.710 --> 00:52:32.720 align:start position:0%
was some of the first evidence that the
 

00:52:32.720 --> 00:52:35.829 align:start position:0%
was some of the first evidence that the
cosmic<00:52:33.119><c> web</c><00:52:33.440><c> was</c><00:52:33.760><c> hiding</c><00:52:34.240><c> our</c><00:52:34.640><c> missing</c><00:52:34.960><c> mass.</c>

00:52:35.829 --> 00:52:35.839 align:start position:0%
cosmic web was hiding our missing mass.
 

00:52:35.839 --> 00:52:37.670 align:start position:0%
cosmic web was hiding our missing mass.
But<00:52:36.000><c> the</c><00:52:36.240><c> light</c><00:52:36.480><c> was</c><00:52:36.720><c> too</c><00:52:37.040><c> faint</c><00:52:37.359><c> to</c>

00:52:37.670 --> 00:52:37.680 align:start position:0%
But the light was too faint to
 

00:52:37.680 --> 00:52:39.910 align:start position:0%
But the light was too faint to
completely<00:52:38.160><c> isolate</c><00:52:38.559><c> it,</c><00:52:39.119><c> so</c><00:52:39.359><c> scientists</c>

00:52:39.910 --> 00:52:39.920 align:start position:0%
completely isolate it, so scientists
 

00:52:39.920 --> 00:52:43.910 align:start position:0%
completely isolate it, so scientists
couldn't<00:52:40.240><c> quite</c><00:52:40.640><c> be</c><00:52:40.880><c> sure.</c><00:52:42.319><c> Then</c><00:52:42.640><c> in</c><00:52:42.960><c> 2012,</c><00:52:43.680><c> a</c>

00:52:43.910 --> 00:52:43.920 align:start position:0%
couldn't quite be sure. Then in 2012, a
 

00:52:43.920 --> 00:52:46.390 align:start position:0%
couldn't quite be sure. Then in 2012, a
combination<00:52:44.319><c> of</c><00:52:44.720><c> 18</c><00:52:45.119><c> Hubble</c><00:52:45.599><c> images</c><00:52:45.920><c> was</c><00:52:46.160><c> used</c>

00:52:46.390 --> 00:52:46.400 align:start position:0%
combination of 18 Hubble images was used
 

00:52:46.400 --> 00:52:48.710 align:start position:0%
combination of 18 Hubble images was used
to<00:52:46.559><c> infer</c><00:52:47.040><c> the</c><00:52:47.280><c> presence</c><00:52:47.599><c> of</c><00:52:47.760><c> a</c><00:52:48.000><c> filament</c>

00:52:48.710 --> 00:52:48.720 align:start position:0%
to infer the presence of a filament
 

00:52:48.720 --> 00:52:51.589 align:start position:0%
to infer the presence of a filament
funneling<00:52:49.280><c> matter</c><00:52:49.920><c> into</c><00:52:50.160><c> the</c><00:52:50.400><c> galaxy</c><00:52:50.800><c> cluster</c>

00:52:51.589 --> 00:52:51.599 align:start position:0%
funneling matter into the galaxy cluster
 

00:52:51.599 --> 00:52:55.030 align:start position:0%
funneling matter into the galaxy cluster
MAX<00:52:52.319><c> J0717.</c>

00:52:55.030 --> 00:52:55.040 align:start position:0%
MAX J0717.
 

00:52:55.040 --> 00:52:56.790 align:start position:0%
MAX J0717.
Scientists<00:52:55.520><c> found</c><00:52:55.760><c> it</c><00:52:56.000><c> by</c><00:52:56.160><c> studying</c><00:52:56.559><c> the</c>

00:52:56.790 --> 00:52:56.800 align:start position:0%
Scientists found it by studying the
 

00:52:56.800 --> 00:52:58.470 align:start position:0%
Scientists found it by studying the
distortion<00:52:57.280><c> of</c><00:52:57.440><c> light</c><00:52:57.680><c> from</c><00:52:58.000><c> background</c>

00:52:58.470 --> 00:52:58.480 align:start position:0%
distortion of light from background
 

00:52:58.480 --> 00:53:00.470 align:start position:0%
distortion of light from background
galaxies<00:52:59.119><c> due</c><00:52:59.359><c> to</c><00:52:59.520><c> the</c><00:52:59.680><c> gravity</c><00:53:00.079><c> of</c><00:53:00.240><c> the</c>

00:53:00.470 --> 00:53:00.480 align:start position:0%
galaxies due to the gravity of the
 

00:53:00.480 --> 00:53:02.950 align:start position:0%
galaxies due to the gravity of the
filament's<00:53:00.960><c> dark</c><00:53:01.200><c> matter.</c><00:53:02.160><c> But</c><00:53:02.319><c> again,</c><00:53:02.720><c> it</c>

00:53:02.950 --> 00:53:02.960 align:start position:0%
filament's dark matter. But again, it
 

00:53:02.960 --> 00:53:05.670 align:start position:0%
filament's dark matter. But again, it
wasn't<00:53:03.280><c> a</c><00:53:03.520><c> direct</c><00:53:04.160><c> detection.</c><00:53:05.200><c> We</c><00:53:05.440><c> still</c>

00:53:05.670 --> 00:53:05.680 align:start position:0%
wasn't a direct detection. We still
 

00:53:05.680 --> 00:53:08.790 align:start position:0%
wasn't a direct detection. We still
couldn't<00:53:06.000><c> say</c><00:53:06.240><c> we've</c><00:53:06.800><c> actually</c><00:53:07.280><c> seen</c><00:53:07.680><c> them,</c>

00:53:08.790 --> 00:53:08.800 align:start position:0%
couldn't say we've actually seen them,
 

00:53:08.800 --> 00:53:11.750 align:start position:0%
couldn't say we've actually seen them,
inching<00:53:09.440><c> ever</c><00:53:09.760><c> closer</c><00:53:10.079><c> to</c><00:53:10.240><c> a</c><00:53:10.480><c> discovery.</c><00:53:11.520><c> It</c>

00:53:11.750 --> 00:53:11.760 align:start position:0%
inching ever closer to a discovery. It
 

00:53:11.760 --> 00:53:14.470 align:start position:0%
inching ever closer to a discovery. It
was<00:53:11.920><c> just</c><00:53:12.240><c> 2</c><00:53:12.720><c> years</c><00:53:13.040><c> later</c><00:53:13.520><c> that</c><00:53:13.760><c> astronomers</c>

00:53:14.470 --> 00:53:14.480 align:start position:0%
was just 2 years later that astronomers
 

00:53:14.480 --> 00:53:17.030 align:start position:0%
was just 2 years later that astronomers
moved<00:53:14.880><c> beyond</c><00:53:15.359><c> indirect</c><00:53:15.920><c> detection</c><00:53:16.720><c> and</c>

00:53:17.030 --> 00:53:17.040 align:start position:0%
moved beyond indirect detection and
 

00:53:17.040 --> 00:53:19.910 align:start position:0%
moved beyond indirect detection and
statistical<00:53:17.760><c> evidence</c><00:53:18.800><c> into</c><00:53:19.200><c> the</c><00:53:19.440><c> realm</c><00:53:19.760><c> of</c>

00:53:19.910 --> 00:53:19.920 align:start position:0%
statistical evidence into the realm of
 

00:53:19.920 --> 00:53:23.750 align:start position:0%
statistical evidence into the realm of
the<00:53:20.160><c> visible.</c><00:53:21.599><c> A</c><00:53:21.839><c> team</c><00:53:22.079><c> led</c><00:53:22.400><c> by</c><00:53:22.720><c> Sebastiano</c>

00:53:23.750 --> 00:53:23.760 align:start position:0%
the visible. A team led by Sebastiano
 

00:53:23.760 --> 00:53:25.829 align:start position:0%
the visible. A team led by Sebastiano
Canalupo<00:53:24.640><c> from</c><00:53:24.960><c> the</c><00:53:25.119><c> University</c><00:53:25.520><c> of</c>

00:53:25.829 --> 00:53:25.839 align:start position:0%
Canalupo from the University of
 

00:53:25.839 --> 00:53:29.030 align:start position:0%
Canalupo from the University of
California<00:53:26.960><c> observed</c><00:53:27.520><c> an</c><00:53:27.839><c> enormous</c><00:53:28.559><c> filament</c>

00:53:29.030 --> 00:53:29.040 align:start position:0%
California observed an enormous filament
 

00:53:29.040 --> 00:53:32.390 align:start position:0%
California observed an enormous filament
of<00:53:29.359><c> hydrogen</c><00:53:29.920><c> gas</c><00:53:30.880><c> at</c><00:53:31.119><c> nearly</c><00:53:31.680><c> 2</c><00:53:32.079><c> million</c>

00:53:32.390 --> 00:53:32.400 align:start position:0%
of hydrogen gas at nearly 2 million
 

00:53:32.400 --> 00:53:34.630 align:start position:0%
of hydrogen gas at nearly 2 million
lighty<00:53:32.640><c> years</c><00:53:32.800><c> across.</c><00:53:33.680><c> They</c><00:53:33.920><c> spotted</c><00:53:34.319><c> it</c>

00:53:34.630 --> 00:53:34.640 align:start position:0%
lighty years across. They spotted it
 

00:53:34.640 --> 00:53:37.030 align:start position:0%
lighty years across. They spotted it
after<00:53:34.960><c> it</c><00:53:35.200><c> was</c><00:53:35.440><c> illuminated</c><00:53:36.000><c> by</c><00:53:36.240><c> a</c><00:53:36.480><c> giant</c>

00:53:37.030 --> 00:53:37.040 align:start position:0%
after it was illuminated by a giant
 

00:53:37.040 --> 00:53:40.230 align:start position:0%
after it was illuminated by a giant
cosmic<00:53:37.680><c> flashlight,</c><00:53:38.800><c> a</c><00:53:39.119><c> bright</c><00:53:39.359><c> quazar</c>

00:53:40.230 --> 00:53:40.240 align:start position:0%
cosmic flashlight, a bright quazar
 

00:53:40.240 --> 00:53:42.950 align:start position:0%
cosmic flashlight, a bright quazar
shining<00:53:40.720><c> at</c><00:53:40.960><c> it</c><00:53:41.200><c> from</c><00:53:41.920><c> 10</c><00:53:42.319><c> billion</c><00:53:42.720><c> lighty</c>

00:53:42.950 --> 00:53:42.960 align:start position:0%
shining at it from 10 billion lighty
 

00:53:42.960 --> 00:53:46.470 align:start position:0%
shining at it from 10 billion lighty
years<00:53:43.200><c> away.</c><00:53:44.400><c> This</c><00:53:44.640><c> was</c><00:53:44.960><c> the</c><00:53:45.280><c> first</c><00:53:45.760><c> time</c><00:53:46.240><c> part</c>

00:53:46.470 --> 00:53:46.480 align:start position:0%
years away. This was the first time part
 

00:53:46.480 --> 00:53:48.950 align:start position:0%
years away. This was the first time part
of<00:53:46.640><c> the</c><00:53:46.800><c> cosmic</c><00:53:47.280><c> web</c><00:53:47.760><c> had</c><00:53:48.079><c> been</c><00:53:48.319><c> seen</c>

00:53:48.950 --> 00:53:48.960 align:start position:0%
of the cosmic web had been seen
 

00:53:48.960 --> 00:53:50.470 align:start position:0%
of the cosmic web had been seen
directly.

00:53:50.470 --> 00:53:50.480 align:start position:0%
directly.
 

00:53:50.480 --> 00:53:53.190 align:start position:0%
directly.
Using<00:53:50.880><c> the</c><00:53:51.119><c> same</c><00:53:51.680><c> illumination</c><00:53:52.319><c> principle,</c>

00:53:53.190 --> 00:53:53.200 align:start position:0%
Using the same illumination principle,
 

00:53:53.200 --> 00:53:56.230 align:start position:0%
Using the same illumination principle,
in<00:53:53.520><c> 2019,</c><00:53:54.319><c> astronomers</c><00:53:54.960><c> revealed</c><00:53:55.760><c> whole</c>

00:53:56.230 --> 00:53:56.240 align:start position:0%
in 2019, astronomers revealed whole
 

00:53:56.240 --> 00:53:58.309 align:start position:0%
in 2019, astronomers revealed whole
networks<00:53:56.800><c> of</c><00:53:57.040><c> hydrogen</c><00:53:57.599><c> filaments</c>

00:53:58.309 --> 00:53:58.319 align:start position:0%
networks of hydrogen filaments
 

00:53:58.319 --> 00:54:01.349 align:start position:0%
networks of hydrogen filaments
surrounding<00:53:58.880><c> a</c><00:53:59.359><c> massive</c><00:54:00.000><c> protocluster</c>

00:54:01.349 --> 00:54:01.359 align:start position:0%
surrounding a massive protocluster
 

00:54:01.359 --> 00:54:04.870 align:start position:0%
surrounding a massive protocluster
directly<00:54:02.000><c> imaging</c><00:54:02.480><c> the</c><00:54:02.720><c> web</c><00:54:03.280><c> on</c><00:54:03.680><c> mega</c><00:54:04.240><c> parex</c>

00:54:04.870 --> 00:54:04.880 align:start position:0%
directly imaging the web on mega parex
 

00:54:04.880 --> 00:54:07.829 align:start position:0%
directly imaging the web on mega parex
scales.<00:54:06.079><c> But</c><00:54:06.319><c> these</c><00:54:06.559><c> detections</c><00:54:07.200><c> were</c><00:54:07.520><c> only</c>

00:54:07.829 --> 00:54:07.839 align:start position:0%
scales. But these detections were only
 

00:54:07.839 --> 00:54:09.670 align:start position:0%
scales. But these detections were only
possible<00:54:08.319><c> thanks</c><00:54:08.640><c> to</c><00:54:08.800><c> our</c><00:54:09.200><c> cosmic</c>

00:54:09.670 --> 00:54:09.680 align:start position:0%
possible thanks to our cosmic
 

00:54:09.680 --> 00:54:11.670 align:start position:0%
possible thanks to our cosmic
flashlights.<00:54:10.880><c> To</c><00:54:11.119><c> understand</c><00:54:11.457><c> [music]</c>

00:54:11.670 --> 00:54:11.680 align:start position:0%
flashlights. To understand [music]
 

00:54:11.680 --> 00:54:14.549 align:start position:0%
flashlights. To understand [music]
cosmic<00:54:12.160><c> filaments</c><00:54:12.640><c> as</c><00:54:12.880><c> they</c><00:54:13.200><c> typically</c><00:54:13.760><c> exist</c>

00:54:14.549 --> 00:54:14.559 align:start position:0%
cosmic filaments as they typically exist
 

00:54:14.559 --> 00:54:17.589 align:start position:0%
cosmic filaments as they typically exist
in<00:54:14.880><c> darkness,</c><00:54:16.000><c> we</c><00:54:16.240><c> needed</c><00:54:16.559><c> a</c><00:54:16.880><c> new</c><00:54:17.119><c> imaging</c>

00:54:17.589 --> 00:54:17.599 align:start position:0%
in darkness, we needed a new imaging
 

00:54:17.599 --> 00:54:21.589 align:start position:0%
in darkness, we needed a new imaging
technique.<00:54:18.640><c> And</c><00:54:18.880><c> in</c><00:54:19.200><c> 2023,</c><00:54:20.640><c> scientists</c><00:54:21.280><c> made</c>

00:54:21.589 --> 00:54:21.599 align:start position:0%
technique. And in 2023, scientists made
 

00:54:21.599 --> 00:54:24.549 align:start position:0%
technique. And in 2023, scientists made
a<00:54:21.920><c> breakthrough.</c>

00:54:24.549 --> 00:54:24.559 align:start position:0%
a breakthrough.
 

00:54:24.559 --> 00:54:27.829 align:start position:0%
a breakthrough.
At<00:54:24.800><c> the</c><00:54:25.040><c> WMEK</c><00:54:25.839><c> Observatory</c><00:54:26.480><c> in</c><00:54:26.800><c> Hawaii,</c><00:54:27.599><c> a</c>

00:54:27.829 --> 00:54:27.839 align:start position:0%
At the WMEK Observatory in Hawaii, a
 

00:54:27.839 --> 00:54:29.829 align:start position:0%
At the WMEK Observatory in Hawaii, a
team<00:54:28.000><c> of</c><00:54:28.160><c> astronomers</c><00:54:28.800><c> had</c><00:54:29.040><c> designed</c><00:54:29.520><c> a</c>

00:54:29.829 --> 00:54:29.839 align:start position:0%
team of astronomers had designed a
 

00:54:29.839 --> 00:54:31.910 align:start position:0%
team of astronomers had designed a
dedicated<00:54:30.559><c> instrument</c><00:54:31.119><c> to</c><00:54:31.359><c> search</c><00:54:31.680><c> for</c>

00:54:31.910 --> 00:54:31.920 align:start position:0%
dedicated instrument to search for
 

00:54:31.920 --> 00:54:35.030 align:start position:0%
dedicated instrument to search for
filaments<00:54:32.400><c> of</c><00:54:32.640><c> hydrogen,</c><00:54:33.680><c> more</c><00:54:33.920><c> specifically</c>

00:54:35.030 --> 00:54:35.040 align:start position:0%
filaments of hydrogen, more specifically
 

00:54:35.040 --> 00:54:38.069 align:start position:0%
filaments of hydrogen, more specifically
dim<00:54:35.760><c> lyman</c><00:54:36.319><c> alpha</c><00:54:36.720><c> emission,</c><00:54:37.440><c> the</c><00:54:37.680><c> spectral</c>

00:54:38.069 --> 00:54:38.079 align:start position:0%
dim lyman alpha emission, the spectral
 

00:54:38.079 --> 00:54:40.549 align:start position:0%
dim lyman alpha emission, the spectral
fingerprint<00:54:38.559><c> of</c><00:54:38.800><c> hydrogen</c><00:54:39.440><c> as</c><00:54:39.680><c> it</c><00:54:39.920><c> absorbs</c>

00:54:40.549 --> 00:54:40.559 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of hydrogen as it absorbs
 

00:54:40.559 --> 00:54:44.230 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of hydrogen as it absorbs
and<00:54:40.800><c> remits</c><00:54:41.440><c> radiation.</c><00:54:42.800><c> And</c><00:54:42.960><c> it</c><00:54:43.119><c> worked.</c><00:54:43.920><c> In</c>

00:54:44.230 --> 00:54:44.240 align:start position:0%
and remits radiation. And it worked. In
 

00:54:44.240 --> 00:54:48.069 align:start position:0%
and remits radiation. And it worked. In
fact,<00:54:44.640><c> they've</c><00:54:44.960><c> made</c><00:54:45.760><c> entire</c><00:54:46.559><c> 3D</c><00:54:47.280><c> maps</c><00:54:47.839><c> of</c>

00:54:48.069 --> 00:54:48.079 align:start position:0%
fact, they've made entire 3D maps of
 

00:54:48.079 --> 00:54:51.030 align:start position:0%
fact, they've made entire 3D maps of
these<00:54:48.400><c> filaments.</c><00:54:49.839><c> This</c><00:54:50.079><c> was</c><00:54:50.240><c> just</c><00:54:50.480><c> the</c><00:54:50.800><c> start</c>

00:54:51.030 --> 00:54:51.040 align:start position:0%
these filaments. This was just the start
 

00:54:51.040 --> 00:54:54.710 align:start position:0%
these filaments. This was just the start
of<00:54:51.200><c> the</c><00:54:51.359><c> discoveries.</c><00:54:52.559><c> In</c><00:54:52.800><c> January</c><00:54:53.280><c> 2025,</c><00:54:54.400><c> the</c>

00:54:54.710 --> 00:54:54.720 align:start position:0%
of the discoveries. In January 2025, the
 

00:54:54.720 --> 00:54:57.349 align:start position:0%
of the discoveries. In January 2025, the
picture<00:54:55.040><c> sharpened</c><00:54:55.760><c> dramatically.</c>

00:54:57.349 --> 00:54:57.359 align:start position:0%
picture sharpened dramatically.
 

00:54:57.359 --> 00:54:59.190 align:start position:0%
picture sharpened dramatically.
A<00:54:57.599><c> team</c><00:54:57.760><c> of</c><00:54:58.000><c> international</c><00:54:58.559><c> astronomers</c>

00:54:59.190 --> 00:54:59.200 align:start position:0%
A team of international astronomers
 

00:54:59.200 --> 00:55:00.870 align:start position:0%
A team of international astronomers
captured<00:54:59.680><c> one</c><00:54:59.839><c> of</c><00:54:59.920><c> the</c><00:55:00.079><c> clearest</c><00:55:00.480><c> direct</c>

00:55:00.870 --> 00:55:00.880 align:start position:0%
captured one of the clearest direct
 

00:55:00.880 --> 00:55:03.589 align:start position:0%
captured one of the clearest direct
images<00:55:01.440><c> yet.</c><00:55:02.480><c> Using</c><00:55:02.720><c> the</c><00:55:02.960><c> multi-unit</c>

00:55:03.589 --> 00:55:03.599 align:start position:0%
images yet. Using the multi-unit
 

00:55:03.599 --> 00:55:06.710 align:start position:0%
images yet. Using the multi-unit
spectroscopic<00:55:04.400><c> explorer</c><00:55:05.280><c> or</c><00:55:05.520><c> Muse</c><00:55:06.319><c> mounted</c>

00:55:06.710 --> 00:55:06.720 align:start position:0%
spectroscopic explorer or Muse mounted
 

00:55:06.720 --> 00:55:08.309 align:start position:0%
spectroscopic explorer or Muse mounted
on<00:55:06.880><c> the</c><00:55:07.040><c> very</c><00:55:07.280><c> large</c><00:55:07.520><c> telescope</c><00:55:08.000><c> at</c><00:55:08.160><c> the</c>

00:55:08.309 --> 00:55:08.319 align:start position:0%
on the very large telescope at the
 

00:55:08.319 --> 00:55:10.470 align:start position:0%
on the very large telescope at the
European<00:55:08.800><c> Southern</c><00:55:09.200><c> Observatory,</c><00:55:10.240><c> they</c>

00:55:10.470 --> 00:55:10.480 align:start position:0%
European Southern Observatory, they
 

00:55:10.480 --> 00:55:13.109 align:start position:0%
European Southern Observatory, they
imaged<00:55:10.880><c> a</c><00:55:11.040><c> pair</c><00:55:11.280><c> of</c><00:55:11.520><c> quazar</c><00:55:12.160><c> host</c><00:55:12.480><c> galaxies</c>

00:55:13.109 --> 00:55:13.119 align:start position:0%
imaged a pair of quazar host galaxies
 

00:55:13.119 --> 00:55:15.910 align:start position:0%
imaged a pair of quazar host galaxies
with<00:55:13.280><c> a</c><00:55:13.520><c> cosmic</c><00:55:13.920><c> filament</c><00:55:14.640><c> about</c><00:55:15.119><c> 3</c><00:55:15.599><c> million</c>

00:55:15.910 --> 00:55:15.920 align:start position:0%
with a cosmic filament about 3 million
 

00:55:15.920 --> 00:55:17.990 align:start position:0%
with a cosmic filament about 3 million
lighty<00:55:16.160><c> years</c><00:55:16.480><c> long.</c><00:55:17.359><c> And</c><00:55:17.520><c> using</c>

00:55:17.990 --> 00:55:18.000 align:start position:0%
lighty years long. And using
 

00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:19.990 align:start position:0%
lighty years long. And using
supercomputer<00:55:18.720><c> models</c><00:55:19.119><c> built</c><00:55:19.359><c> on</c><00:55:19.440><c> the</c><00:55:19.599><c> Muse</c>

00:55:19.990 --> 00:55:20.000 align:start position:0%
supercomputer models built on the Muse
 

00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:22.390 align:start position:0%
supercomputer models built on the Muse
data,<00:55:20.720><c> researchers</c><00:55:21.280><c> were</c><00:55:21.440><c> able</c><00:55:21.760><c> to</c><00:55:21.920><c> simulate</c>

00:55:22.390 --> 00:55:22.400 align:start position:0%
data, researchers were able to simulate
 

00:55:22.400 --> 00:55:24.790 align:start position:0%
data, researchers were able to simulate
a<00:55:22.720><c> filament</c><00:55:23.119><c> that</c><00:55:23.440><c> matches</c><00:55:23.839><c> the</c><00:55:24.079><c> one</c><00:55:24.480><c> they</c>

00:55:24.790 --> 00:55:24.800 align:start position:0%
a filament that matches the one they
 

00:55:24.800 --> 00:55:27.670 align:start position:0%
a filament that matches the one they
observed<00:55:25.200><c> in</c><00:55:25.440><c> real</c><00:55:25.680><c> life.</c><00:55:26.559><c> This</c><00:55:26.880><c> was</c><00:55:27.359><c> a</c>

00:55:27.670 --> 00:55:27.680 align:start position:0%
observed in real life. This was a
 

00:55:27.680 --> 00:55:30.549 align:start position:0%
observed in real life. This was a
spectacular<00:55:28.480><c> achievement.</c><00:55:29.839><c> But</c><00:55:30.079><c> there</c><00:55:30.240><c> was</c><00:55:30.400><c> a</c>

00:55:30.549 --> 00:55:30.559 align:start position:0%
spectacular achievement. But there was a
 

00:55:30.559 --> 00:55:34.069 align:start position:0%
spectacular achievement. But there was a
catch.<00:55:31.920><c> These</c><00:55:32.240><c> observations</c><00:55:32.880><c> were</c><00:55:33.200><c> from</c><00:55:33.680><c> the</c>

00:55:34.069 --> 00:55:34.079 align:start position:0%
catch. These observations were from the
 

00:55:34.079 --> 00:55:36.870 align:start position:0%
catch. These observations were from the
early<00:55:34.480><c> universe.</c><00:55:35.520><c> They</c><00:55:35.760><c> traced</c><00:55:36.319><c> cooler</c>

00:55:36.870 --> 00:55:36.880 align:start position:0%
early universe. They traced cooler
 

00:55:36.880 --> 00:55:39.109 align:start position:0%
early universe. They traced cooler
hydrogen<00:55:37.440><c> gas</c><00:55:38.000><c> billions</c><00:55:38.400><c> of</c><00:55:38.559><c> years</c><00:55:38.800><c> in</c><00:55:38.960><c> the</c>

00:55:39.109 --> 00:55:39.119 align:start position:0%
hydrogen gas billions of years in the
 

00:55:39.119 --> 00:55:42.309 align:start position:0%
hydrogen gas billions of years in the
past,<00:55:40.000><c> not</c><00:55:40.400><c> hot</c><00:55:40.960><c> diffused</c><00:55:41.520><c> material</c><00:55:42.079><c> thought</c>

00:55:42.309 --> 00:55:42.319 align:start position:0%
past, not hot diffused material thought
 

00:55:42.319 --> 00:55:44.150 align:start position:0%
past, not hot diffused material thought
to<00:55:42.559><c> contain</c><00:55:42.960><c> most</c><00:55:43.280><c> of</c><00:55:43.440><c> the</c><00:55:43.599><c> universe's</c>

00:55:44.150 --> 00:55:44.160 align:start position:0%
to contain most of the universe's
 

00:55:44.160 --> 00:55:47.270 align:start position:0%
to contain most of the universe's
missing<00:55:44.559><c> bionic</c><00:55:45.119><c> matter.</c><00:55:45.440><c> Today,</c><00:55:46.480><c> our</c><00:55:46.800><c> models</c>

00:55:47.270 --> 00:55:47.280 align:start position:0%
missing bionic matter. Today, our models
 

00:55:47.280 --> 00:55:49.510 align:start position:0%
missing bionic matter. Today, our models
predict<00:55:48.000><c> it</c><00:55:48.240><c> stretched</c><00:55:48.720><c> along</c><00:55:49.119><c> thin</c>

00:55:49.510 --> 00:55:49.520 align:start position:0%
predict it stretched along thin
 

00:55:49.520 --> 00:55:51.670 align:start position:0%
predict it stretched along thin
filaments<00:55:50.079><c> of</c><00:55:50.240><c> the</c><00:55:50.480><c> cosmic</c><00:55:50.799><c> web</c><00:55:51.040><c> in</c><00:55:51.200><c> the</c><00:55:51.359><c> local</c>

00:55:51.670 --> 00:55:51.680 align:start position:0%
filaments of the cosmic web in the local
 

00:55:51.680 --> 00:55:54.630 align:start position:0%
filaments of the cosmic web in the local
universe.<00:55:52.799><c> But</c><00:55:52.960><c> here,</c><00:55:53.280><c> the</c><00:55:53.599><c> signal</c><00:55:53.920><c> is</c><00:55:54.319><c> far</c>

00:55:54.630 --> 00:55:54.640 align:start position:0%
universe. But here, the signal is far
 

00:55:54.640 --> 00:55:58.309 align:start position:0%
universe. But here, the signal is far
fainter<00:55:55.359><c> and</c><00:55:55.680><c> harder</c><00:55:56.000><c> to</c><00:55:56.240><c> isolate.</c><00:55:57.440><c> We</c><00:55:58.079><c> were</c>

00:55:58.309 --> 00:55:58.319 align:start position:0%
fainter and harder to isolate. We were
 

00:55:58.319 --> 00:56:01.510 align:start position:0%
fainter and harder to isolate. We were
stuck.

00:56:01.510 --> 00:56:01.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:56:01.520 --> 00:56:04.309 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:56:02.000><c> June</c><00:56:02.799><c> 2025,</c>

00:56:04.309 --> 00:56:04.319 align:start position:0%
In June 2025,
 

00:56:04.319 --> 00:56:06.950 align:start position:0%
In June 2025,
astronomers<00:56:05.280><c> finally</c><00:56:05.839><c> found</c><00:56:06.319><c> what</c><00:56:06.559><c> they</c><00:56:06.799><c> were</c>

00:56:06.950 --> 00:56:06.960 align:start position:0%
astronomers finally found what they were
 

00:56:06.960 --> 00:56:09.750 align:start position:0%
astronomers finally found what they were
looking<00:56:07.119><c> for.</c><00:56:08.160><c> They</c><00:56:08.400><c> were</c><00:56:08.640><c> able</c><00:56:08.880><c> to</c><00:56:09.119><c> isolate</c>

00:56:09.750 --> 00:56:09.760 align:start position:0%
looking for. They were able to isolate
 

00:56:09.760 --> 00:56:12.950 align:start position:0%
looking for. They were able to isolate
and<00:56:10.240><c> spectroscopically</c><00:56:11.520><c> measure</c><00:56:12.000><c> the</c><00:56:12.319><c> hot</c>

00:56:12.950 --> 00:56:12.960 align:start position:0%
and spectroscopically measure the hot
 

00:56:12.960 --> 00:56:15.670 align:start position:0%
and spectroscopically measure the hot
lowdensity<00:56:13.680><c> gas</c><00:56:14.079><c> of</c><00:56:14.319><c> an</c><00:56:14.640><c> individual</c><00:56:15.280><c> cosmic</c>

00:56:15.670 --> 00:56:15.680 align:start position:0%
lowdensity gas of an individual cosmic
 

00:56:15.680 --> 00:56:18.710 align:start position:0%
lowdensity gas of an individual cosmic
web<00:56:16.000><c> filament</c><00:56:16.799><c> in</c><00:56:17.119><c> the</c><00:56:17.359><c> local</c><00:56:17.760><c> universe,</c>

00:56:18.710 --> 00:56:18.720 align:start position:0%
web filament in the local universe,
 

00:56:18.720 --> 00:56:20.950 align:start position:0%
web filament in the local universe,
marking<00:56:19.200><c> a</c><00:56:19.520><c> breakthrough</c><00:56:20.000><c> moment</c><00:56:20.400><c> in</c><00:56:20.720><c> our</c>

00:56:20.950 --> 00:56:20.960 align:start position:0%
marking a breakthrough moment in our
 

00:56:20.960 --> 00:56:23.349 align:start position:0%
marking a breakthrough moment in our
quest<00:56:21.280><c> to</c><00:56:21.440><c> locate</c><00:56:21.920><c> the</c><00:56:22.240><c> missing</c><00:56:22.799><c> barionic</c>

00:56:23.349 --> 00:56:23.359 align:start position:0%
quest to locate the missing barionic
 

00:56:23.359 --> 00:56:25.190 align:start position:0%
quest to locate the missing barionic
matter.

00:56:25.190 --> 00:56:25.200 align:start position:0%
matter.
 

00:56:25.200 --> 00:56:27.670 align:start position:0%
matter.
A<00:56:25.440><c> team</c><00:56:25.599><c> of</c><00:56:25.839><c> European</c><00:56:26.319><c> researchers</c><00:56:26.880><c> headed</c><00:56:27.280><c> by</c>

00:56:27.670 --> 00:56:27.680 align:start position:0%
A team of European researchers headed by
 

00:56:27.680 --> 00:56:31.670 align:start position:0%
A team of European researchers headed by
lead<00:56:28.160><c> author</c><00:56:28.960><c> Constantinos</c><00:56:30.000><c> Migas</c><00:56:30.880><c> at</c><00:56:31.119><c> Leiden</c>

00:56:31.670 --> 00:56:31.680 align:start position:0%
lead author Constantinos Migas at Leiden
 

00:56:31.680 --> 00:56:34.470 align:start position:0%
lead author Constantinos Migas at Leiden
University<00:56:32.160><c> in</c><00:56:32.400><c> the</c><00:56:32.559><c> Netherlands</c><00:56:33.440><c> used</c><00:56:33.839><c> Jax's</c>

00:56:34.470 --> 00:56:34.480 align:start position:0%
University in the Netherlands used Jax's
 

00:56:34.480 --> 00:56:37.270 align:start position:0%
University in the Netherlands used Jax's
Suzaku<00:56:35.119><c> X-ray</c><00:56:35.520><c> Space</c><00:56:35.839><c> Telescope</c><00:56:36.480><c> to</c><00:56:36.720><c> map</c><00:56:36.960><c> a</c>

00:56:37.270 --> 00:56:37.280 align:start position:0%
Suzaku X-ray Space Telescope to map a
 

00:56:37.280 --> 00:56:40.470 align:start position:0%
Suzaku X-ray Space Telescope to map a
single<00:56:37.760><c> filament</c><00:56:38.319><c> in</c><00:56:38.799><c> faint</c><00:56:39.280><c> X-ray</c><00:56:39.760><c> emissions</c>

00:56:40.470 --> 00:56:40.480 align:start position:0%
single filament in faint X-ray emissions
 

00:56:40.480 --> 00:56:43.750 align:start position:0%
single filament in faint X-ray emissions
over<00:56:40.720><c> a</c><00:56:41.040><c> wide</c><00:56:41.520><c> area</c><00:56:41.839><c> of</c><00:56:42.079><c> space.</c><00:56:43.119><c> They</c><00:56:43.440><c> then</c>

00:56:43.750 --> 00:56:43.760 align:start position:0%
over a wide area of space. They then
 

00:56:43.760 --> 00:56:46.870 align:start position:0%
over a wide area of space. They then
used<00:56:44.000><c> the</c><00:56:44.559><c> XMM</c><00:56:45.200><c> Newton</c><00:56:45.680><c> to</c><00:56:45.920><c> pinpoint</c><00:56:46.480><c> sources</c>

00:56:46.870 --> 00:56:46.880 align:start position:0%
used the XMM Newton to pinpoint sources
 

00:56:46.880 --> 00:56:49.670 align:start position:0%
used the XMM Newton to pinpoint sources
of<00:56:47.119><c> X-ray</c><00:56:47.599><c> contamination.</c><00:56:48.799><c> In</c><00:56:48.960><c> this</c><00:56:49.200><c> case,</c>

00:56:49.670 --> 00:56:49.680 align:start position:0%
of X-ray contamination. In this case,
 

00:56:49.680 --> 00:56:51.829 align:start position:0%
of X-ray contamination. In this case,
super<00:56:50.000><c> massive</c><00:56:50.400><c> black</c><00:56:50.559><c> holes,</c><00:56:51.280><c> which</c><00:56:51.520><c> had</c><00:56:51.760><c> to</c>

00:56:51.829 --> 00:56:51.839 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes, which had to
 

00:56:51.839 --> 00:56:54.390 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes, which had to
be<00:56:52.000><c> removed</c><00:56:52.319><c> from</c><00:56:52.559><c> the</c><00:56:52.720><c> data</c><00:56:53.359><c> in</c><00:56:53.680><c> order</c><00:56:53.920><c> to</c><00:56:54.160><c> map</c>

00:56:54.390 --> 00:56:54.400 align:start position:0%
be removed from the data in order to map
 

00:56:54.400 --> 00:56:58.390 align:start position:0%
be removed from the data in order to map
the<00:56:54.640><c> filament.</c><00:56:56.079><c> In</c><00:56:56.400><c> this</c><00:56:56.559><c> image,</c><00:56:57.440><c> you</c><00:56:57.760><c> can</c><00:56:58.000><c> see</c>

00:56:58.390 --> 00:56:58.400 align:start position:0%
the filament. In this image, you can see
 

00:56:58.400 --> 00:57:01.430 align:start position:0%
the filament. In this image, you can see
what<00:56:58.720><c> they</c><00:56:58.960><c> found.</c><00:57:00.240><c> A</c><00:57:00.480><c> filament</c><00:57:00.960><c> of</c><00:57:01.200><c> the</c>

00:57:01.430 --> 00:57:01.440 align:start position:0%
what they found. A filament of the
 

00:57:01.440 --> 00:57:04.069 align:start position:0%
what they found. A filament of the
cosmic<00:57:01.920><c> web</c><00:57:02.480><c> connecting</c><00:57:03.119><c> four</c><00:57:03.599><c> galaxy</c>

00:57:04.069 --> 00:57:04.079 align:start position:0%
cosmic web connecting four galaxy
 

00:57:04.079 --> 00:57:07.430 align:start position:0%
cosmic web connecting four galaxy
clusters,<00:57:04.799><c> two</c><00:57:05.040><c> on</c><00:57:05.200><c> each</c><00:57:05.440><c> end,</c><00:57:06.079><c> each</c><00:57:06.400><c> one</c><00:57:06.880><c> as</c><00:57:07.200><c> a</c>

00:57:07.430 --> 00:57:07.440 align:start position:0%
clusters, two on each end, each one as a
 

00:57:07.440 --> 00:57:11.190 align:start position:0%
clusters, two on each end, each one as a
white<00:57:07.839><c> spot</c><00:57:08.480><c> surrounded</c><00:57:08.960><c> by</c><00:57:09.280><c> color.</c><00:57:10.559><c> The</c><00:57:10.799><c> band</c>

00:57:11.190 --> 00:57:11.200 align:start position:0%
white spot surrounded by color. The band
 

00:57:11.200 --> 00:57:13.270 align:start position:0%
white spot surrounded by color. The band
of<00:57:11.520><c> purple</c><00:57:12.000><c> stretched</c><00:57:12.400><c> between</c><00:57:12.720><c> them</c>

00:57:13.270 --> 00:57:13.280 align:start position:0%
of purple stretched between them
 

00:57:13.280 --> 00:57:15.910 align:start position:0%
of purple stretched between them
resembling<00:57:13.760><c> a</c><00:57:14.000><c> honeycomb</c><00:57:14.960><c> or</c><00:57:15.520><c> bone</c>

00:57:15.910 --> 00:57:15.920 align:start position:0%
resembling a honeycomb or bone
 

00:57:15.920 --> 00:57:18.870 align:start position:0%
resembling a honeycomb or bone
marrow-like<00:57:16.640><c> texture</c><00:57:17.440><c> is</c><00:57:17.680><c> the</c><00:57:17.920><c> filament</c><00:57:18.480><c> of</c>

00:57:18.870 --> 00:57:18.880 align:start position:0%
marrow-like texture is the filament of
 

00:57:18.880 --> 00:57:22.390 align:start position:0%
marrow-like texture is the filament of
X-ray<00:57:19.599><c> emitting</c><00:57:20.319><c> hot</c><00:57:20.720><c> gas</c>

00:57:22.390 --> 00:57:22.400 align:start position:0%
X-ray emitting hot gas
 

00:57:22.400 --> 00:57:24.789 align:start position:0%
X-ray emitting hot gas
located<00:57:22.799><c> in</c><00:57:22.960><c> the</c><00:57:23.119><c> Sharply</c><00:57:23.680><c> supercluster.</c><00:57:24.480><c> A</c>

00:57:24.789 --> 00:57:24.799 align:start position:0%
located in the Sharply supercluster. A
 

00:57:24.799 --> 00:57:26.870 align:start position:0%
located in the Sharply supercluster. A
supercluster<00:57:25.440><c> of</c><00:57:25.599><c> more</c><00:57:25.839><c> than</c><00:57:26.079><c> 8,000</c>

00:57:26.870 --> 00:57:26.880 align:start position:0%
supercluster of more than 8,000
 

00:57:26.880 --> 00:57:29.349 align:start position:0%
supercluster of more than 8,000
galaxies.<00:57:27.839><c> The</c><00:57:28.079><c> filament</c><00:57:28.559><c> stretches</c><00:57:29.040><c> across</c>

00:57:29.349 --> 00:57:29.359 align:start position:0%
galaxies. The filament stretches across
 

00:57:29.359 --> 00:57:32.534 align:start position:0%
galaxies. The filament stretches across
a<00:57:29.599><c> distance</c><00:57:30.000><c> of</c><00:57:30.480><c> 23</c><00:57:31.280><c> million</c><00:57:31.680><c> lightyear</c>

00:57:32.534 --> 00:57:32.544 align:start position:0%
a distance of 23 million lightyear
 

00:57:32.544 --> 00:57:35.030 align:start position:0%
a distance of 23 million lightyear
[music]<00:57:32.640><c> which</c><00:57:32.880><c> is</c><00:57:33.040><c> the</c><00:57:33.280><c> equivalent</c><00:57:33.920><c> of</c><00:57:34.160><c> about</c>

00:57:35.030 --> 00:57:35.040 align:start position:0%
[music] which is the equivalent of about
 

00:57:35.040 --> 00:57:39.430 align:start position:0%
[music] which is the equivalent of about
230<00:57:36.079><c> Milky</c><00:57:36.559><c> Ways</c><00:57:37.200><c> end</c><00:57:37.440><c> to</c><00:57:37.599><c> end.</c><00:57:38.799><c> Its</c><00:57:39.040><c> mass</c>

00:57:39.430 --> 00:57:39.440 align:start position:0%
230 Milky Ways end to end. Its mass
 

00:57:39.440 --> 00:57:42.309 align:start position:0%
230 Milky Ways end to end. Its mass
comes<00:57:39.680><c> in</c><00:57:40.000><c> at</c><00:57:40.240><c> roughly</c><00:57:40.720><c> 10</c><00:57:41.119><c> times</c><00:57:41.520><c> that</c><00:57:41.920><c> of</c><00:57:42.079><c> the</c>

00:57:42.309 --> 00:57:42.319 align:start position:0%
comes in at roughly 10 times that of the
 

00:57:42.319 --> 00:57:44.950 align:start position:0%
comes in at roughly 10 times that of the
entire<00:57:42.799><c> Milky</c><00:57:43.200><c> Way</c><00:57:43.440><c> galaxy.</c><00:57:44.559><c> And</c><00:57:44.720><c> the</c>

00:57:44.950 --> 00:57:44.960 align:start position:0%
entire Milky Way galaxy. And the
 

00:57:44.960 --> 00:57:47.030 align:start position:0%
entire Milky Way galaxy. And the
temperature<00:57:45.280><c> of</c><00:57:45.440><c> the</c><00:57:45.599><c> filament's</c><00:57:46.079><c> hot</c><00:57:46.319><c> gas</c><00:57:46.799><c> is</c>

00:57:47.030 --> 00:57:47.040 align:start position:0%
temperature of the filament's hot gas is
 

00:57:47.040 --> 00:57:50.710 align:start position:0%
temperature of the filament's hot gas is
a<00:57:47.280><c> scorching</c><00:57:48.000><c> 10</c><00:57:48.480><c> million</c><00:57:48.960><c> degrees</c><00:57:49.280><c> C.</c><00:57:50.480><c> It</c>

00:57:50.710 --> 00:57:50.720 align:start position:0%
a scorching 10 million degrees C. It
 

00:57:50.720 --> 00:57:53.750 align:start position:0%
a scorching 10 million degrees C. It
reveals<00:57:51.280><c> in</c><00:57:51.520><c> detail</c><00:57:51.920><c> for</c><00:57:52.160><c> the</c><00:57:52.400><c> first</c><00:57:52.720><c> time</c><00:57:53.440><c> how</c>

00:57:53.750 --> 00:57:53.760 align:start position:0%
reveals in detail for the first time how
 

00:57:53.760 --> 00:57:56.150 align:start position:0%
reveals in detail for the first time how
galaxy<00:57:54.240><c> clusters</c><00:57:54.720><c> are</c><00:57:55.040><c> connected</c><00:57:55.599><c> over</c>

00:57:56.150 --> 00:57:56.160 align:start position:0%
galaxy clusters are connected over
 

00:57:56.160 --> 00:57:59.270 align:start position:0%
galaxy clusters are connected over
colossal<00:57:56.799><c> distances</c><00:57:57.839><c> and</c><00:57:58.079><c> uncovers</c><00:57:58.559><c> the</c><00:57:58.799><c> vast</c>

00:57:59.270 --> 00:57:59.280 align:start position:0%
colossal distances and uncovers the vast
 

00:57:59.280 --> 00:58:01.670 align:start position:0%
colossal distances and uncovers the vast
cosmic<00:57:59.760><c> web</c><00:58:00.160><c> that</c><00:58:00.480><c> underpins</c><00:58:01.040><c> the</c><00:58:01.280><c> structure</c>

00:58:01.670 --> 00:58:01.680 align:start position:0%
cosmic web that underpins the structure
 

00:58:01.680 --> 00:58:04.549 align:start position:0%
cosmic web that underpins the structure
of<00:58:01.920><c> our</c><00:58:02.319><c> entire</c><00:58:02.880><c> universe</c><00:58:03.839><c> like</c><00:58:04.079><c> the</c><00:58:04.240><c> very</c>

00:58:04.549 --> 00:58:04.559 align:start position:0%
of our entire universe like the very
 

00:58:04.559 --> 00:58:07.510 align:start position:0%
of our entire universe like the very
bones<00:58:05.040><c> of</c><00:58:05.200><c> a</c><00:58:05.440><c> cosmic</c><00:58:05.920><c> skeleton</c><00:58:06.640><c> upon</c><00:58:07.040><c> which</c>

00:58:07.510 --> 00:58:07.520 align:start position:0%
bones of a cosmic skeleton upon which
 

00:58:07.520 --> 00:58:10.230 align:start position:0%
bones of a cosmic skeleton upon which
everything<00:58:08.079><c> else</c><00:58:08.400><c> forms.</c><00:58:09.520><c> And</c><00:58:09.760><c> according</c><00:58:10.160><c> to</c>

00:58:10.230 --> 00:58:10.240 align:start position:0%
everything else forms. And according to
 

00:58:10.240 --> 00:58:12.710 align:start position:0%
everything else forms. And according to
the<00:58:10.480><c> paper's</c><00:58:10.880><c> co-author,</c><00:58:11.760><c> the</c><00:58:12.000><c> filament</c><00:58:12.480><c> is</c>

00:58:12.710 --> 00:58:12.720 align:start position:0%
the paper's co-author, the filament is
 

00:58:12.720 --> 00:58:15.109 align:start position:0%
the paper's co-author, the filament is
exactly<00:58:13.200><c> what</c><00:58:13.440><c> we</c><00:58:13.760><c> expected</c><00:58:14.240><c> from</c><00:58:14.480><c> the</c><00:58:14.720><c> best</c>

00:58:15.109 --> 00:58:15.119 align:start position:0%
exactly what we expected from the best
 

00:58:15.119 --> 00:58:17.190 align:start position:0%
exactly what we expected from the best
large-<00:58:15.440><c> scale</c><00:58:15.760><c> cosmological</c><00:58:16.480><c> simulations</c><00:58:17.040><c> of</c>

00:58:17.190 --> 00:58:17.200 align:start position:0%
large- scale cosmological simulations of
 

00:58:17.200 --> 00:58:21.349 align:start position:0%
large- scale cosmological simulations of
the<00:58:17.359><c> universe.</c><00:58:18.480><c> We</c><00:58:19.200><c> got</c><00:58:19.440><c> it</c><00:58:19.680><c> right.</c>

00:58:21.349 --> 00:58:21.359 align:start position:0%
the universe. We got it right.
 

00:58:21.359 --> 00:58:23.190 align:start position:0%
the universe. We got it right.
The<00:58:21.599><c> latest</c><00:58:21.920><c> breakthroughs</c><00:58:22.480><c> in</c><00:58:22.640><c> observing</c>

00:58:23.190 --> 00:58:23.200 align:start position:0%
The latest breakthroughs in observing
 

00:58:23.200 --> 00:58:25.589 align:start position:0%
The latest breakthroughs in observing
filaments<00:58:23.760><c> lend</c><00:58:24.160><c> important</c><00:58:24.799><c> evidence</c><00:58:25.280><c> and</c>

00:58:25.589 --> 00:58:25.599 align:start position:0%
filaments lend important evidence and
 

00:58:25.599 --> 00:58:27.910 align:start position:0%
filaments lend important evidence and
support<00:58:26.079><c> for</c><00:58:26.319><c> our</c><00:58:26.640><c> current</c><00:58:27.040><c> standard</c><00:58:27.520><c> model</c>

00:58:27.910 --> 00:58:27.920 align:start position:0%
support for our current standard model
 

00:58:27.920 --> 00:58:30.789 align:start position:0%
support for our current standard model
of<00:58:28.160><c> cosmic</c><00:58:28.640><c> evolution</c><00:58:29.520><c> known</c><00:58:29.760><c> as</c><00:58:29.920><c> the</c><00:58:30.079><c> lambda</c>

00:58:30.789 --> 00:58:30.799 align:start position:0%
of cosmic evolution known as the lambda
 

00:58:30.799 --> 00:58:34.105 align:start position:0%
of cosmic evolution known as the lambda
cold<00:58:31.200><c> dark</c><00:58:31.520><c> matter</c><00:58:31.920><c> model.</c><00:58:33.040><c> The</c><00:58:33.359><c> model</c><00:58:33.839><c> is</c>

00:58:34.105 --> 00:58:34.115 align:start position:0%
cold dark matter model. The model is
 

00:58:34.115 --> 00:58:35.990 align:start position:0%
cold dark matter model. The model is
[music]<00:58:34.240><c> underpinned</c><00:58:34.880><c> by</c><00:58:35.040><c> dark</c><00:58:35.280><c> matter</c><00:58:35.839><c> which</c>

00:58:35.990 --> 00:58:36.000 align:start position:0%
[music] underpinned by dark matter which
 

00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:37.990 align:start position:0%
[music] underpinned by dark matter which
has<00:58:36.240><c> been</c><00:58:36.400><c> too</c><00:58:36.720><c> complicated</c><00:58:37.200><c> for</c><00:58:37.359><c> us</c><00:58:37.520><c> to</c><00:58:37.760><c> catch</c>

00:58:37.990 --> 00:58:38.000 align:start position:0%
has been too complicated for us to catch
 

00:58:38.000 --> 00:58:41.190 align:start position:0%
has been too complicated for us to catch
a<00:58:38.160><c> glimpse</c><00:58:38.480><c> of</c><00:58:38.720><c> thus</c><00:58:39.040><c> far.</c><00:58:39.839><c> So</c><00:58:40.000><c> observing</c><00:58:40.640><c> this</c>

00:58:41.190 --> 00:58:41.200 align:start position:0%
a glimpse of thus far. So observing this
 

00:58:41.200 --> 00:58:43.750 align:start position:0%
a glimpse of thus far. So observing this
once<00:58:41.599><c> thought</c><00:58:42.079><c> missing</c><00:58:42.480><c> visible</c><00:58:42.880><c> matter</c><00:58:43.520><c> on</c>

00:58:43.750 --> 00:58:43.760 align:start position:0%
once thought missing visible matter on
 

00:58:43.760 --> 00:58:46.390 align:start position:0%
once thought missing visible matter on
the<00:58:44.000><c> cosmic</c><00:58:44.400><c> web</c><00:58:44.960><c> is</c><00:58:45.250><c> [music]</c><00:58:45.280><c> a</c><00:58:45.520><c> big</c><00:58:45.839><c> step</c><00:58:46.160><c> in</c>

00:58:46.390 --> 00:58:46.400 align:start position:0%
the cosmic web is [music] a big step in
 

00:58:46.400 --> 00:58:49.270 align:start position:0%
the cosmic web is [music] a big step in
the<00:58:46.559><c> right</c><00:58:46.799><c> direction.</c><00:58:48.000><c> But</c><00:58:48.240><c> to</c><00:58:48.559><c> truly</c><00:58:49.040><c> know</c>

00:58:49.270 --> 00:58:49.280 align:start position:0%
the right direction. But to truly know
 

00:58:49.280 --> 00:58:51.750 align:start position:0%
the right direction. But to truly know
whether<00:58:49.599><c> our</c><00:58:49.920><c> models</c><00:58:50.319><c> match</c><00:58:50.559><c> reality,</c><00:58:51.520><c> we</c>

00:58:51.750 --> 00:58:51.760 align:start position:0%
whether our models match reality, we
 

00:58:51.760 --> 00:58:54.950 align:start position:0%
whether our models match reality, we
need<00:58:51.920><c> more</c><00:58:52.240><c> than</c><00:58:52.640><c> one</c><00:58:52.960><c> or</c><00:58:53.200><c> two</c><00:58:53.520><c> filaments.</c><00:58:54.720><c> We</c>

00:58:54.950 --> 00:58:54.960 align:start position:0%
need more than one or two filaments. We
 

00:58:54.960 --> 00:58:57.670 align:start position:0%
need more than one or two filaments. We
need<00:58:55.200><c> to</c><00:58:55.359><c> map</c><00:58:55.760><c> the</c><00:58:56.079><c> entire</c><00:58:56.559><c> skeleton,</c><00:58:57.440><c> or</c><00:58:57.680><c> at</c>

00:58:57.670 --> 00:58:57.680 align:start position:0%
need to map the entire skeleton, or at
 

00:58:57.680 --> 00:59:00.950 align:start position:0%
need to map the entire skeleton, or at
least<00:58:58.319><c> much</c><00:58:58.559><c> more</c><00:58:58.799><c> of</c><00:58:58.960><c> it.</c><00:59:00.000><c> And</c><00:59:00.240><c> that</c><00:59:00.480><c> is</c><00:59:00.640><c> where</c>

00:59:00.950 --> 00:59:00.960 align:start position:0%
least much more of it. And that is where
 

00:59:00.960 --> 00:59:04.069 align:start position:0%
least much more of it. And that is where
another<00:59:01.280><c> mission,</c><00:59:02.000><c> Uklid,</c><00:59:02.720><c> comes</c><00:59:02.960><c> in.</c>

00:59:04.069 --> 00:59:04.079 align:start position:0%
another mission, Uklid, comes in.
 

00:59:04.079 --> 00:59:07.270 align:start position:0%
another mission, Uklid, comes in.
Launched<00:59:04.400><c> in</c><00:59:04.640><c> 2023,</c><00:59:05.920><c> is</c><00:59:06.240><c> Uklid</c><00:59:06.799><c> mission</c><00:59:07.119><c> is</c>

00:59:07.270 --> 00:59:07.280 align:start position:0%
Launched in 2023, is Uklid mission is
 

00:59:07.280 --> 00:59:08.870 align:start position:0%
Launched in 2023, is Uklid mission is
designed<00:59:07.599><c> to</c><00:59:07.760><c> piece</c><00:59:08.079><c> together</c><00:59:08.400><c> a</c><00:59:08.640><c> more</c>

00:59:08.870 --> 00:59:08.880 align:start position:0%
designed to piece together a more
 

00:59:08.880 --> 00:59:10.950 align:start position:0%
designed to piece together a more
accurate<00:59:09.440><c> picture</c><00:59:09.680><c> of</c><00:59:09.920><c> the</c><00:59:10.079><c> cosmic</c><00:59:10.559><c> web</c>

00:59:10.950 --> 00:59:10.960 align:start position:0%
accurate picture of the cosmic web
 

00:59:10.960 --> 00:59:12.870 align:start position:0%
accurate picture of the cosmic web
structure<00:59:11.359><c> and</c><00:59:11.599><c> history</c><00:59:12.319><c> and</c><00:59:12.559><c> dig</c><00:59:12.760><c> [music]</c>

00:59:12.870 --> 00:59:12.880 align:start position:0%
structure and history and dig [music]
 

00:59:12.880 --> 00:59:15.030 align:start position:0%
structure and history and dig [music]
into<00:59:13.119><c> the</c><00:59:13.359><c> nature</c><00:59:13.599><c> of</c><00:59:13.760><c> dark</c><00:59:14.079><c> matter</c><00:59:14.480><c> and</c><00:59:14.720><c> dark</c>

00:59:15.030 --> 00:59:15.040 align:start position:0%
into the nature of dark matter and dark
 

00:59:15.040 --> 00:59:17.670 align:start position:0%
into the nature of dark matter and dark
energy.<00:59:16.240><c> Ukalid</c><00:59:16.799><c> will</c><00:59:16.960><c> help</c><00:59:17.119><c> us</c><00:59:17.359><c> measure</c>

00:59:17.670 --> 00:59:17.680 align:start position:0%
energy. Ukalid will help us measure
 

00:59:17.680 --> 00:59:19.750 align:start position:0%
energy. Ukalid will help us measure
galactic<00:59:18.160><c> shapes</c><00:59:18.480><c> with</c><00:59:18.799><c> precision,</c>

00:59:19.750 --> 00:59:19.760 align:start position:0%
galactic shapes with precision,
 

00:59:19.760 --> 00:59:22.309 align:start position:0%
galactic shapes with precision,
revealing<00:59:20.319><c> how</c><00:59:20.640><c> dark</c><00:59:20.960><c> matter</c><00:59:21.440><c> distorts</c><00:59:22.000><c> space</c>

00:59:22.309 --> 00:59:22.319 align:start position:0%
revealing how dark matter distorts space
 

00:59:22.319 --> 00:59:24.390 align:start position:0%
revealing how dark matter distorts space
through<00:59:22.559><c> gravitational</c><00:59:23.200><c> lensing</c><00:59:24.079><c> and</c>

00:59:24.390 --> 00:59:24.400 align:start position:0%
through gravitational lensing and
 

00:59:24.400 --> 00:59:26.789 align:start position:0%
through gravitational lensing and
measure<00:59:24.799><c> red</c><00:59:25.040><c> shifts,</c><00:59:25.680><c> giving</c><00:59:25.920><c> us</c><00:59:26.160><c> a</c><00:59:26.319><c> 3D</c>

00:59:26.789 --> 00:59:26.799 align:start position:0%
measure red shifts, giving us a 3D
 

00:59:26.799 --> 00:59:29.510 align:start position:0%
measure red shifts, giving us a 3D
position<00:59:27.280><c> for</c><00:59:27.599><c> each</c><00:59:28.000><c> galaxy.</c><00:59:29.280><c> This</c>

00:59:29.510 --> 00:59:29.520 align:start position:0%
position for each galaxy. This
 

00:59:29.520 --> 00:59:31.670 align:start position:0%
position for each galaxy. This
combination<00:59:30.079><c> will</c><00:59:30.319><c> allow</c><00:59:30.640><c> Uklid</c><00:59:31.200><c> to</c><00:59:31.280><c> infer</c>

00:59:31.670 --> 00:59:31.680 align:start position:0%
combination will allow Uklid to infer
 

00:59:31.680 --> 00:59:33.829 align:start position:0%
combination will allow Uklid to infer
the<00:59:31.839><c> locations</c><00:59:32.319><c> of</c><00:59:32.640><c> the</c><00:59:32.880><c> dark</c><00:59:33.280><c> matter</c>

00:59:33.829 --> 00:59:33.839 align:start position:0%
the locations of the dark matter
 

00:59:33.839 --> 00:59:36.069 align:start position:0%
the locations of the dark matter
filaments,<00:59:34.880><c> not</c><00:59:35.040><c> just</c><00:59:35.280><c> the</c><00:59:35.440><c> galaxies</c><00:59:35.920><c> on</c>

00:59:36.069 --> 00:59:36.079 align:start position:0%
filaments, not just the galaxies on
 

00:59:36.079 --> 00:59:39.109 align:start position:0%
filaments, not just the galaxies on
them,<00:59:36.720><c> and</c><00:59:37.040><c> give</c><00:59:37.200><c> us</c><00:59:37.359><c> precise</c><00:59:37.920><c> locations</c><00:59:38.799><c> to</c>

00:59:39.109 --> 00:59:39.119 align:start position:0%
them, and give us precise locations to
 

00:59:39.119 --> 00:59:43.109 align:start position:0%
them, and give us precise locations to
look<00:59:39.359><c> for</c><00:59:39.599><c> more</c><00:59:40.000><c> gas.</c><00:59:41.280><c> By</c><00:59:41.680><c> 2030,</c><00:59:42.319><c> Uklid</c><00:59:42.880><c> will</c>

00:59:43.109 --> 00:59:43.119 align:start position:0%
look for more gas. By 2030, Uklid will
 

00:59:43.119 --> 00:59:45.190 align:start position:0%
look for more gas. By 2030, Uklid will
likely<00:59:43.440><c> be</c><00:59:43.599><c> able</c><00:59:43.760><c> to</c><00:59:43.920><c> confirm</c><00:59:44.240><c> if</c><00:59:44.480><c> the</c><00:59:44.640><c> cosmic</c>

00:59:45.190 --> 00:59:45.200 align:start position:0%
likely be able to confirm if the cosmic
 

00:59:45.200 --> 00:59:48.470 align:start position:0%
likely be able to confirm if the cosmic
web<00:59:45.520><c> matches</c><00:59:46.079><c> results</c><00:59:46.720><c> from</c><00:59:46.960><c> the</c><00:59:47.200><c> XMM</c><00:59:48.000><c> Newton</c>

00:59:48.470 --> 00:59:48.480 align:start position:0%
web matches results from the XMM Newton
 

00:59:48.480 --> 00:59:51.109 align:start position:0%
web matches results from the XMM Newton
filament<00:59:48.880><c> discovery</c><00:59:49.920><c> and</c><00:59:50.079><c> the</c><00:59:50.319><c> pattern</c><00:59:50.799><c> seen</c>

00:59:51.109 --> 00:59:51.119 align:start position:0%
filament discovery and the pattern seen
 

00:59:51.119 --> 00:59:54.309 align:start position:0%
filament discovery and the pattern seen
in<00:59:51.359><c> the</c><00:59:51.520><c> cosmic</c><00:59:52.079><c> microwave</c><00:59:52.640><c> background.</c><00:59:54.000><c> If</c>

00:59:54.309 --> 00:59:54.319 align:start position:0%
in the cosmic microwave background. If
 

00:59:54.319 --> 00:59:56.950 align:start position:0%
in the cosmic microwave background. If
it's<00:59:54.559><c> a</c><00:59:54.720><c> perfect</c><00:59:55.119><c> match,</c><00:59:55.920><c> that</c><00:59:56.160><c> would</c><00:59:56.400><c> be</c><00:59:56.640><c> one</c>

00:59:56.950 --> 00:59:56.960 align:start position:0%
it's a perfect match, that would be one
 

00:59:56.960 --> 00:59:59.510 align:start position:0%
it's a perfect match, that would be one
of<00:59:57.200><c> the</c><00:59:57.520><c> strongest</c><00:59:58.160><c> confirmations</c><00:59:58.960><c> of</c><00:59:59.280><c> the</c>

00:59:59.510 --> 00:59:59.520 align:start position:0%
of the strongest confirmations of the
 

00:59:59.520 --> 01:00:02.630 align:start position:0%
of the strongest confirmations of the
big<00:59:59.839><c> bang</c><01:00:00.240><c> model</c><01:00:00.960><c> in</c><01:00:01.280><c> the</c><01:00:01.599><c> history</c><01:00:02.319><c> of</c>

01:00:02.630 --> 01:00:02.640 align:start position:0%
big bang model in the history of
 

01:00:02.640 --> 01:00:04.150 align:start position:0%
big bang model in the history of
science.

01:00:04.150 --> 01:00:04.160 align:start position:0%
science.
 

01:00:04.160 --> 01:00:06.950 align:start position:0%
science.
If<01:00:04.480><c> not,</c><01:00:05.359><c> then</c><01:00:05.680><c> something</c><01:00:06.079><c> is</c><01:00:06.319><c> fundamentally</c>

01:00:06.950 --> 01:00:06.960 align:start position:0%
If not, then something is fundamentally
 

01:00:06.960 --> 01:00:09.030 align:start position:0%
If not, then something is fundamentally
missing<01:00:07.200><c> in</c><01:00:07.440><c> our</c><01:00:07.599><c> standard</c><01:00:07.920><c> model.</c><01:00:08.799><c> Whether</c>

01:00:09.030 --> 01:00:09.040 align:start position:0%
missing in our standard model. Whether
 

01:00:09.040 --> 01:00:11.430 align:start position:0%
missing in our standard model. Whether
it's<01:00:09.280><c> our</c><01:00:09.599><c> understanding</c><01:00:10.079><c> of</c><01:00:10.319><c> dark</c><01:00:10.559><c> matter,</c>

01:00:11.430 --> 01:00:11.440 align:start position:0%
it's our understanding of dark matter,
 

01:00:11.440 --> 01:00:14.950 align:start position:0%
it's our understanding of dark matter,
gravity,<01:00:12.400><c> or</c><01:00:12.640><c> the</c><01:00:12.880><c> early</c><01:00:13.200><c> universe.</c><01:00:14.640><c> Either</c>

01:00:14.950 --> 01:00:14.960 align:start position:0%
gravity, or the early universe. Either
 

01:00:14.960 --> 01:00:17.109 align:start position:0%
gravity, or the early universe. Either
way,<01:00:15.520><c> with</c><01:00:15.760><c> the</c><01:00:15.920><c> help</c><01:00:16.079><c> of</c><01:00:16.240><c> Uklid</c><01:00:16.799><c> and</c><01:00:16.960><c> the</c>

01:00:17.109 --> 01:00:17.119 align:start position:0%
way, with the help of Uklid and the
 

01:00:17.119 --> 01:00:19.109 align:start position:0%
way, with the help of Uklid and the
latest<01:00:17.440><c> observations</c><01:00:18.079><c> of</c><01:00:18.400><c> these</c><01:00:18.720><c> cosmic</c>

01:00:19.109 --> 01:00:19.119 align:start position:0%
latest observations of these cosmic
 

01:00:19.119 --> 01:00:22.230 align:start position:0%
latest observations of these cosmic
filaments,<01:00:20.079><c> cosmology</c><01:00:20.720><c> is</c><01:00:20.960><c> poised</c><01:00:21.680><c> to</c><01:00:22.000><c> be</c>

01:00:22.230 --> 01:00:22.240 align:start position:0%
filaments, cosmology is poised to be
 

01:00:22.240 --> 01:00:27.430 align:start position:0%
filaments, cosmology is poised to be
changed<01:00:22.880><c> forever.</c>

01:00:27.430 --> 01:00:27.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:00:27.440 --> 01:00:29.829 align:start position:0%
 
A<01:00:27.760><c> massive</c><01:00:28.240><c> thank</c><01:00:28.480><c> you</c><01:00:28.640><c> to</c><01:00:28.799><c> our</c><01:00:28.960><c> astronauts</c><01:00:29.599><c> on</c>

01:00:29.829 --> 01:00:29.839 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
 

01:00:29.839 --> 01:00:33.109 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
Patreon.<01:00:30.799><c> This</c><01:00:31.040><c> video</c><01:00:31.440><c> had</c><01:00:31.839><c> no</c><01:00:32.160><c> sponsors,</c><01:00:32.960><c> but</c>

01:00:33.109 --> 01:00:33.119 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
 

01:00:33.119 --> 01:00:34.950 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
it<01:00:33.359><c> was</c><01:00:33.440><c> still</c><01:00:33.680><c> made</c><01:00:33.839><c> possible</c><01:00:34.240><c> thanks</c><01:00:34.559><c> to</c><01:00:34.720><c> the</c>

01:00:34.950 --> 01:00:34.960 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
 

01:00:34.960 --> 01:00:37.589 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
hundreds<01:00:35.359><c> of</c><01:00:35.520><c> members</c><01:00:35.920><c> we</c><01:00:36.240><c> have</c><01:00:36.480><c> there.</c><01:00:37.280><c> link</c>

01:00:37.589 --> 01:00:37.599 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. link
 

01:00:37.599 --> 01:00:39.430 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. link
is<01:00:37.760><c> in</c><01:00:38.000><c> the</c><01:00:38.160><c> description</c><01:00:38.559><c> to</c><01:00:38.799><c> join</c><01:00:39.119><c> our</c>

01:00:39.430 --> 01:00:39.440 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
 

01:00:39.440 --> 01:00:42.230 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
growing<01:00:40.000><c> community.</c><01:00:41.359><c> Patreon</c><01:00:41.839><c> is</c><01:00:42.000><c> where</c>

01:00:42.230 --> 01:00:42.240 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
 

01:00:42.240 --> 01:00:44.630 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
Astramm<01:00:42.799><c> truly</c><01:00:43.200><c> takes</c><01:00:43.440><c> shape.</c><01:00:44.079><c> A</c><01:00:44.240><c> place</c><01:00:44.400><c> for</c>

01:00:44.630 --> 01:00:44.640 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly takes shape. A place for
 

01:00:44.640 --> 01:00:46.630 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly takes shape. A place for
people<01:00:44.799><c> who</c><01:00:45.040><c> love</c><01:00:45.280><c> space,</c><01:00:45.920><c> who</c><01:00:46.160><c> want</c><01:00:46.319><c> to</c><01:00:46.480><c> see</c>

01:00:46.630 --> 01:00:46.640 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
 

01:00:46.640 --> 01:00:49.349 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
these<01:00:46.960><c> videos</c><01:00:47.440><c> keep</c><01:00:47.680><c> improving</c><01:00:48.640><c> and</c><01:00:48.960><c> reaching</c>

01:00:49.349 --> 01:00:49.359 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
 

01:00:49.359 --> 01:00:52.230 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
more<01:00:49.839><c> curious</c><01:00:50.319><c> minds.</c><01:00:51.359><c> Every</c><01:00:51.599><c> new</c><01:00:51.920><c> member</c>

01:00:52.230 --> 01:00:52.240 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
 

01:00:52.240 --> 01:00:54.150 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
keeps<01:00:52.400><c> the</c><01:00:52.640><c> channel</c><01:00:52.880><c> focused</c><01:00:53.280><c> on</c><01:00:53.520><c> what</c><01:00:53.839><c> really</c>

01:00:54.150 --> 01:00:54.160 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
 

01:00:54.160 --> 01:00:56.870 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
matters,<01:00:54.960><c> making</c><01:00:55.280><c> the</c><01:00:55.520><c> complexity</c><01:00:56.079><c> of</c><01:00:56.319><c> space</c>

01:00:56.870 --> 01:00:56.880 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
 

01:00:56.880 --> 01:00:59.589 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
available<01:00:57.440><c> to</c><01:00:57.760><c> everyone.</c><01:00:58.640><c> If</c><01:00:58.880><c> you</c><01:00:59.040><c> enjoy</c><01:00:59.359><c> what</c>

01:00:59.589 --> 01:00:59.599 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
 

01:00:59.599 --> 01:01:02.150 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
we<01:00:59.760><c> do,</c><01:01:00.400><c> come</c><01:01:00.720><c> join</c><01:01:01.040><c> the</c><01:01:01.200><c> Astramm</c><01:01:01.760><c> community</c>

01:01:02.150 --> 01:01:02.160 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
 

01:01:02.160 --> 01:01:04.720 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
today.