WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.199 --> 00:00:03.190 align:start position:0% Over<00:00:01.520> the<00:00:01.680> centuries,<00:00:02.399> scientists<00:00:02.960> have 00:00:03.190 --> 00:00:03.200 align:start position:0% Over the centuries, scientists have 00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:04.950 align:start position:0% Over the centuries, scientists have solved<00:00:03.679> countless<00:00:04.240> mysteries<00:00:04.640> about<00:00:04.799> the 00:00:04.950 --> 00:00:04.960 align:start position:0% solved countless mysteries about the 00:00:04.960 --> 00:00:07.670 align:start position:0% solved countless mysteries about the cosmos<00:00:05.839> through<00:00:06.160> careful<00:00:06.560> observation<00:00:07.279> and 00:00:07.670 --> 00:00:07.680 align:start position:0% cosmos through careful observation and 00:00:07.680 --> 00:00:09.669 align:start position:0% cosmos through careful observation and experimentation. 00:00:09.669 --> 00:00:09.679 align:start position:0% experimentation. 00:00:09.679 --> 00:00:12.470 align:start position:0% experimentation. But<00:00:10.160> one<00:00:10.400> of<00:00:10.480> the<00:00:10.639> most<00:00:11.040> enduring<00:00:11.759> mysteries 00:00:12.470 --> 00:00:12.480 align:start position:0% But one of the most enduring mysteries 00:00:12.480 --> 00:00:16.390 align:start position:0% But one of the most enduring mysteries is<00:00:12.960> closest<00:00:13.360> to<00:00:13.599> home.<00:00:14.960> We<00:00:15.360> still<00:00:15.759> have<00:00:16.080> never 00:00:16.390 --> 00:00:16.400 align:start position:0% is closest to home. We still have never 00:00:16.400 --> 00:00:19.750 align:start position:0% is closest to home. We still have never seen<00:00:16.800> how<00:00:17.119> a<00:00:17.440> solar<00:00:17.840> system<00:00:18.240> like<00:00:18.480> our<00:00:18.800> own<00:00:19.439> is 00:00:19.750 --> 00:00:19.760 align:start position:0% seen how a solar system like our own is 00:00:19.760 --> 00:00:21.830 align:start position:0% seen how a solar system like our own is born. 00:00:21.830 --> 00:00:21.840 align:start position:0% born. 00:00:21.840 --> 00:00:23.750 align:start position:0% born. Our<00:00:22.240> current<00:00:22.560> model<00:00:22.880> of<00:00:23.039> how<00:00:23.279> planetary 00:00:23.750 --> 00:00:23.760 align:start position:0% Our current model of how planetary 00:00:23.760 --> 00:00:25.910 align:start position:0% Our current model of how planetary systems<00:00:24.160> form<00:00:24.480> is<00:00:24.800> mostly<00:00:25.279> based<00:00:25.600> on 00:00:25.910 --> 00:00:25.920 align:start position:0% systems form is mostly based on 00:00:25.920 --> 00:00:28.390 align:start position:0% systems form is mostly based on extrapolation<00:00:26.640> of<00:00:26.880> data<00:00:27.279> from<00:00:27.680> meteorites 00:00:28.390 --> 00:00:28.400 align:start position:0% extrapolation of data from meteorites 00:00:28.400 --> 00:00:30.630 align:start position:0% extrapolation of data from meteorites and<00:00:28.880> observations<00:00:29.519> of<00:00:29.760> our<00:00:30.080> neighboring 00:00:30.630 --> 00:00:30.640 align:start position:0% and observations of our neighboring 00:00:30.640 --> 00:00:32.709 align:start position:0% and observations of our neighboring planets.<00:00:31.519> And<00:00:31.760> for<00:00:31.920> the<00:00:32.079> most<00:00:32.239> part, 00:00:32.709 --> 00:00:32.719 align:start position:0% planets. And for the most part, 00:00:32.719 --> 00:00:35.110 align:start position:0% planets. And for the most part, scientists<00:00:33.440> think<00:00:33.920> we've<00:00:34.320> broadly<00:00:34.719> got<00:00:34.960> it 00:00:35.110 --> 00:00:35.120 align:start position:0% scientists think we've broadly got it 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:37.590 align:start position:0% scientists think we've broadly got it right.<00:00:35.760> At<00:00:35.840> least<00:00:36.239> the<00:00:36.480> models<00:00:36.800> we've<00:00:37.200> built 00:00:37.590 --> 00:00:37.600 align:start position:0% right. At least the models we've built 00:00:37.600 --> 00:00:41.190 align:start position:0% right. At least the models we've built seem<00:00:37.840> to<00:00:38.000> make<00:00:38.239> sense.<00:00:39.520> There<00:00:39.840> are,<00:00:40.399> however, 00:00:41.190 --> 00:00:41.200 align:start position:0% seem to make sense. There are, however, 00:00:41.200 --> 00:00:43.750 align:start position:0% seem to make sense. There are, however, stages<00:00:41.760> that<00:00:42.079> have<00:00:42.399> remained<00:00:43.040> somewhat 00:00:43.750 --> 00:00:43.760 align:start position:0% stages that have remained somewhat 00:00:43.760 --> 00:00:47.990 align:start position:0% stages that have remained somewhat mysterious.<00:00:45.040> Exactly<00:00:45.680> how,<00:00:46.559> when,<00:00:47.200> and<00:00:47.600> where 00:00:47.990 --> 00:00:48.000 align:start position:0% mysterious. Exactly how, when, and where 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:51.029 align:start position:0% mysterious. Exactly how, when, and where planets<00:00:48.480> form<00:00:49.200> being<00:00:49.520> the<00:00:49.680> big<00:00:49.920> one. 00:00:51.029 --> 00:00:51.039 align:start position:0% planets form being the big one. 00:00:51.039 --> 00:00:54.389 align:start position:0% planets form being the big one. But<00:00:51.520> that's<00:00:52.000> about<00:00:52.399> to<00:00:52.719> change. 00:00:54.389 --> 00:00:54.399 align:start position:0% But that's about to change. 00:00:54.399 --> 00:00:56.470 align:start position:0% But that's about to change. Earlier<00:00:54.800> this<00:00:55.039> year,<00:00:55.360> the<00:00:55.600> James<00:00:55.920> Webb<00:00:56.239> Space 00:00:56.470 --> 00:00:56.480 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, the James Webb Space 00:00:56.480 --> 00:00:59.830 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, the James Webb Space Telescope<00:00:57.120> found<00:00:57.520> a<00:00:57.840> baby<00:00:58.320> star<00:00:59.039> hidden<00:00:59.440> in<00:00:59.600> a 00:00:59.830 --> 00:00:59.840 align:start position:0% Telescope found a baby star hidden in a 00:00:59.840 --> 00:01:02.630 align:start position:0% Telescope found a baby star hidden in a cocoon<00:01:00.320> of<00:01:00.480> gas.<00:01:01.359> And<00:01:01.520> amongst<00:01:01.920> that<00:01:02.160> gas<00:01:02.399> and 00:01:02.630 --> 00:01:02.640 align:start position:0% cocoon of gas. And amongst that gas and 00:01:02.640 --> 00:01:06.469 align:start position:0% cocoon of gas. And amongst that gas and dust,<00:01:03.600> planets<00:01:04.239> are<00:01:04.479> being<00:01:04.799> made.<00:01:05.920> For<00:01:06.240> the 00:01:06.469 --> 00:01:06.479 align:start position:0% dust, planets are being made. For the 00:01:06.479 --> 00:01:09.109 align:start position:0% dust, planets are being made. For the first<00:01:06.960> time,<00:01:07.680> we've<00:01:08.080> been<00:01:08.240> able<00:01:08.479> to<00:01:08.640> see<00:01:08.799> the 00:01:09.109 --> 00:01:09.119 align:start position:0% first time, we've been able to see the 00:01:09.119 --> 00:01:11.670 align:start position:0% first time, we've been able to see the very<00:01:09.600> earliest<00:01:10.240> phases<00:01:10.799> of<00:01:11.119> planetary 00:01:11.670 --> 00:01:11.680 align:start position:0% very earliest phases of planetary 00:01:11.680 --> 00:01:14.390 align:start position:0% very earliest phases of planetary formation.<00:01:12.880> So,<00:01:13.200> not<00:01:13.439> only<00:01:13.680> are<00:01:13.840> we<00:01:14.080> finally 00:01:14.390 --> 00:01:14.400 align:start position:0% formation. So, not only are we finally 00:01:14.400 --> 00:01:16.789 align:start position:0% formation. So, not only are we finally getting<00:01:14.640> to<00:01:14.880> the<00:01:15.040> bottom<00:01:15.280> of<00:01:15.439> the<00:01:15.680> puzzle,<00:01:16.560> it 00:01:16.789 --> 00:01:16.799 align:start position:0% getting to the bottom of the puzzle, it 00:01:16.799 --> 00:01:19.190 align:start position:0% getting to the bottom of the puzzle, it could<00:01:17.119> even<00:01:17.520> show<00:01:17.759> us<00:01:18.000> something<00:01:18.400> about<00:01:18.799> how 00:01:19.190 --> 00:01:19.200 align:start position:0% could even show us something about how 00:01:19.200 --> 00:01:21.830 align:start position:0% could even show us something about how our<00:01:19.600> own<00:01:20.000> solar<00:01:20.400> systems<00:01:20.720> planets<00:01:21.360> came<00:01:21.680> to 00:01:21.830 --> 00:01:21.840 align:start position:0% our own solar systems planets came to 00:01:21.840 --> 00:01:24.230 align:start position:0% our own solar systems planets came to be. 00:01:24.230 --> 00:01:24.240 align:start position:0% be. 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:26.230 align:start position:0% be. I'm<00:01:24.560> Alex<00:01:24.880> Mccoan<00:01:25.520> and<00:01:25.759> you're<00:01:26.000> watching 00:01:26.230 --> 00:01:26.240 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:01:26.240 --> 00:01:29.109 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:01:27.040> Join<00:01:27.360> me<00:01:27.520> today<00:01:27.840> as<00:01:28.080> we<00:01:28.320> unravel<00:01:28.880> the 00:01:29.109 --> 00:01:29.119 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we unravel the 00:01:29.119 --> 00:01:31.990 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we unravel the secrets<00:01:29.439> of<00:01:29.600> HOPS<00:01:30.320> 315, 00:01:31.990 --> 00:01:32.000 align:start position:0% secrets of HOPS 315, 00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:34.069 align:start position:0% secrets of HOPS 315, consider<00:01:32.479> what<00:01:32.720> its<00:01:32.960> future<00:01:33.520> planetary 00:01:34.069 --> 00:01:34.079 align:start position:0% consider what its future planetary 00:01:34.079 --> 00:01:36.710 align:start position:0% consider what its future planetary system<00:01:34.479> might<00:01:34.799> look<00:01:35.040> like,<00:01:35.840> and<00:01:36.079> dive<00:01:36.400> into 00:01:36.710 --> 00:01:36.720 align:start position:0% system might look like, and dive into 00:01:36.720 --> 00:01:39.429 align:start position:0% system might look like, and dive into how<00:01:37.040> this<00:01:37.360> discovery<00:01:38.079> is<00:01:38.320> refraraming<00:01:39.040> our 00:01:39.429 --> 00:01:39.439 align:start position:0% how this discovery is refraraming our 00:01:39.439 --> 00:01:41.990 align:start position:0% how this discovery is refraraming our understanding<00:01:40.079> of<00:01:40.400> planet<00:01:40.720> formation<00:01:41.520> across 00:01:41.990 --> 00:01:42.000 align:start position:0% understanding of planet formation across 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:45.670 align:start position:0% understanding of planet formation across the<00:01:42.320> universe. 00:01:45.670 --> 00:01:45.680 align:start position:0% 00:01:45.680 --> 00:01:47.910 align:start position:0% Given<00:01:46.000> that<00:01:46.159> we<00:01:46.479> live<00:01:46.640> on<00:01:46.880> a<00:01:47.040> planet,<00:01:47.680> have 00:01:47.910 --> 00:01:47.920 align:start position:0% Given that we live on a planet, have 00:01:47.920 --> 00:01:49.670 align:start position:0% Given that we live on a planet, have visited<00:01:48.399> seven<00:01:48.720> others<00:01:48.960> in<00:01:49.200> our<00:01:49.360> solar 00:01:49.670 --> 00:01:49.680 align:start position:0% visited seven others in our solar 00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:52.870 align:start position:0% visited seven others in our solar system,<00:01:50.159> and<00:01:50.399> found<00:01:50.880> more<00:01:51.200> than<00:01:51.520> 6,000<00:01:52.479> beyond 00:01:52.870 --> 00:01:52.880 align:start position:0% system, and found more than 6,000 beyond 00:01:52.880 --> 00:01:55.190 align:start position:0% system, and found more than 6,000 beyond that,<00:01:53.680> you'd<00:01:53.920> think<00:01:54.079> that<00:01:54.320> we<00:01:54.560> should<00:01:54.720> have<00:01:54.880> a 00:01:55.190 --> 00:01:55.200 align:start position:0% that, you'd think that we should have a 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:58.149 align:start position:0% that, you'd think that we should have a pretty<00:01:55.520> good<00:01:55.680> idea<00:01:56.079> as<00:01:56.320> to<00:01:56.479> how<00:01:56.799> planets<00:01:57.200> form. 00:01:58.149 --> 00:01:58.159 align:start position:0% pretty good idea as to how planets form. 00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:00.149 align:start position:0% pretty good idea as to how planets form. Well,<00:01:58.560> unfortunately,<00:01:59.520> that's<00:01:59.840> not 00:02:00.149 --> 00:02:00.159 align:start position:0% Well, unfortunately, that's not 00:02:00.159 --> 00:02:02.630 align:start position:0% Well, unfortunately, that's not necessarily<00:02:00.799> the<00:02:01.040> case.<00:02:01.920> Much<00:02:02.159> of<00:02:02.320> what<00:02:02.479> we 00:02:02.630 --> 00:02:02.640 align:start position:0% necessarily the case. Much of what we 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:04.310 align:start position:0% necessarily the case. Much of what we know<00:02:02.799> today<00:02:03.040> is<00:02:03.200> thanks<00:02:03.439> to<00:02:03.520> the<00:02:03.759> analysis<00:02:04.159> of 00:02:04.310 --> 00:02:04.320 align:start position:0% know today is thanks to the analysis of 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:06.469 align:start position:0% know today is thanks to the analysis of meteorites<00:02:04.960> that<00:02:05.119> have<00:02:05.280> landed<00:02:05.520> on<00:02:05.759> Earth<00:02:06.159> and 00:02:06.469 --> 00:02:06.479 align:start position:0% meteorites that have landed on Earth and 00:02:06.479 --> 00:02:08.150 align:start position:0% meteorites that have landed on Earth and observations<00:02:06.960> we've<00:02:07.280> made<00:02:07.439> of<00:02:07.680> the<00:02:07.840> planets 00:02:08.150 --> 00:02:08.160 align:start position:0% observations we've made of the planets 00:02:08.160 --> 00:02:11.589 align:start position:0% observations we've made of the planets in<00:02:08.319> our<00:02:08.560> own<00:02:08.800> solar<00:02:09.119> system<00:02:09.599> as<00:02:09.920> they<00:02:10.160> are<00:02:10.640> now. 00:02:11.589 --> 00:02:11.599 align:start position:0% in our own solar system as they are now. 00:02:11.599 --> 00:02:13.350 align:start position:0% in our own solar system as they are now. The<00:02:11.840> rest<00:02:12.000> of<00:02:12.160> it<00:02:12.400> has<00:02:12.640> been<00:02:12.720> left<00:02:12.959> up<00:02:13.200> to 00:02:13.350 --> 00:02:13.360 align:start position:0% The rest of it has been left up to 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:17.270 align:start position:0% The rest of it has been left up to models<00:02:13.760> and<00:02:14.000> simulations.<00:02:15.440> Why?<00:02:16.400> Well,<00:02:16.959> it 00:02:17.270 --> 00:02:17.280 align:start position:0% models and simulations. Why? Well, it 00:02:17.280 --> 00:02:20.229 align:start position:0% models and simulations. Why? Well, it turns<00:02:17.520> out<00:02:18.080> the<00:02:18.400> earlier<00:02:18.800> stages<00:02:19.120> of<00:02:19.440> star<00:02:19.920> and 00:02:20.229 --> 00:02:20.239 align:start position:0% turns out the earlier stages of star and 00:02:20.239 --> 00:02:22.949 align:start position:0% turns out the earlier stages of star and planetary<00:02:20.800> formation<00:02:21.840> are<00:02:22.160> extremely 00:02:22.949 --> 00:02:22.959 align:start position:0% planetary formation are extremely 00:02:22.959 --> 00:02:25.589 align:start position:0% planetary formation are extremely difficult<00:02:23.360> to<00:02:23.599> see. 00:02:25.589 --> 00:02:25.599 align:start position:0% difficult to see. 00:02:25.599 --> 00:02:28.949 align:start position:0% difficult to see. It<00:02:25.840> all<00:02:26.080> starts<00:02:26.720> with<00:02:27.120> huge<00:02:27.680> molecular<00:02:28.319> clouds 00:02:28.949 --> 00:02:28.959 align:start position:0% It all starts with huge molecular clouds 00:02:28.959 --> 00:02:32.550 align:start position:0% It all starts with huge molecular clouds made<00:02:29.280> up<00:02:29.599> of<00:02:29.920> dust<00:02:30.400> and<00:02:30.720> gas<00:02:31.040> particles.<00:02:32.319> As 00:02:32.550 --> 00:02:32.560 align:start position:0% made up of dust and gas particles. As 00:02:32.560 --> 00:02:34.790 align:start position:0% made up of dust and gas particles. As they<00:02:32.800> move<00:02:33.040> around,<00:02:33.599> they<00:02:33.840> create<00:02:34.319> thermal 00:02:34.790 --> 00:02:34.800 align:start position:0% they move around, they create thermal 00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:37.270 align:start position:0% they move around, they create thermal pressure<00:02:35.440> pushing<00:02:35.840> outward<00:02:36.239> on<00:02:36.400> the<00:02:36.560> cloud. 00:02:37.270 --> 00:02:37.280 align:start position:0% pressure pushing outward on the cloud. 00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:39.350 align:start position:0% pressure pushing outward on the cloud. But<00:02:37.440> these<00:02:37.680> particles<00:02:38.239> also<00:02:38.640> have<00:02:38.800> to<00:02:38.959> obey 00:02:39.350 --> 00:02:39.360 align:start position:0% But these particles also have to obey 00:02:39.360 --> 00:02:41.589 align:start position:0% But these particles also have to obey the<00:02:39.519> laws<00:02:39.760> of<00:02:40.000> gravity<00:02:40.720> just<00:02:40.959> like<00:02:41.200> everything 00:02:41.589 --> 00:02:41.599 align:start position:0% the laws of gravity just like everything 00:02:41.599 --> 00:02:44.229 align:start position:0% the laws of gravity just like everything else.<00:02:42.400> So<00:02:42.560> they<00:02:42.800> also<00:02:43.120> pull<00:02:43.360> each<00:02:43.599> other<00:02:44.000> and 00:02:44.229 --> 00:02:44.239 align:start position:0% else. So they also pull each other and 00:02:44.239 --> 00:02:47.830 align:start position:0% else. So they also pull each other and the<00:02:44.480> cloud<00:02:45.120> inward.<00:02:46.400> This<00:02:46.800> push<00:02:47.120> and<00:02:47.440> pull 00:02:47.830 --> 00:02:47.840 align:start position:0% the cloud inward. This push and pull 00:02:47.840 --> 00:02:49.990 align:start position:0% the cloud inward. This push and pull remains<00:02:48.239> in<00:02:48.560> perfect<00:02:48.879> balance<00:02:49.280> for<00:02:49.680> millions 00:02:49.990 --> 00:02:50.000 align:start position:0% remains in perfect balance for millions 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:53.750 align:start position:0% remains in perfect balance for millions of<00:02:50.160> years<00:02:50.879> keeping<00:02:51.280> the<00:02:51.519> nebula<00:02:52.160> stable.<00:02:53.519> But 00:02:53.750 --> 00:02:53.760 align:start position:0% of years keeping the nebula stable. But 00:02:53.760 --> 00:02:56.390 align:start position:0% of years keeping the nebula stable. But a<00:02:54.080> nearby<00:02:54.480> cosmic<00:02:54.959> event,<00:02:55.599> for<00:02:55.760> instance,<00:02:56.160> the 00:02:56.390 --> 00:02:56.400 align:start position:0% a nearby cosmic event, for instance, the 00:02:56.400 --> 00:02:58.309 align:start position:0% a nearby cosmic event, for instance, the shock<00:02:56.640> wave<00:02:56.959> resulting<00:02:57.360> from<00:02:57.519> a<00:02:57.680> supernova 00:02:58.309 --> 00:02:58.319 align:start position:0% shock wave resulting from a supernova 00:02:58.319 --> 00:03:01.030 align:start position:0% shock wave resulting from a supernova explosion,<00:02:59.360> can<00:02:59.599> suddenly<00:03:00.080> send<00:03:00.480> everything 00:03:01.030 --> 00:03:01.040 align:start position:0% explosion, can suddenly send everything 00:03:01.040 --> 00:03:04.390 align:start position:0% explosion, can suddenly send everything into<00:03:01.519> disarray.<00:03:02.879> If<00:03:03.200> gravity<00:03:03.680> starts<00:03:04.080> pulling 00:03:04.390 --> 00:03:04.400 align:start position:0% into disarray. If gravity starts pulling 00:03:04.400 --> 00:03:06.550 align:start position:0% into disarray. If gravity starts pulling this<00:03:04.640> gas<00:03:04.959> cloud<00:03:05.280> inward<00:03:05.760> faster<00:03:06.159> than<00:03:06.400> the 00:03:06.550 --> 00:03:06.560 align:start position:0% this gas cloud inward faster than the 00:03:06.560 --> 00:03:08.229 align:start position:0% this gas cloud inward faster than the pressure<00:03:06.800> of<00:03:06.959> its<00:03:07.200> moving<00:03:07.599> particles<00:03:08.080> can 00:03:08.229 --> 00:03:08.239 align:start position:0% pressure of its moving particles can 00:03:08.239 --> 00:03:11.110 align:start position:0% pressure of its moving particles can push<00:03:08.560> back,<00:03:09.040> we<00:03:09.280> get<00:03:09.360> a<00:03:09.599> runaway<00:03:10.080> effect,<00:03:10.879> a 00:03:11.110 --> 00:03:11.120 align:start position:0% push back, we get a runaway effect, a 00:03:11.120 --> 00:03:14.550 align:start position:0% push back, we get a runaway effect, a gravitational<00:03:12.000> collapse.<00:03:13.360> The<00:03:13.680> dust<00:03:14.000> and<00:03:14.239> gas 00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:14.560 align:start position:0% gravitational collapse. The dust and gas 00:03:14.560 --> 00:03:16.949 align:start position:0% gravitational collapse. The dust and gas from<00:03:14.720> the<00:03:14.879> outer<00:03:15.200> regions<00:03:15.840> begin<00:03:16.480> raining 00:03:16.949 --> 00:03:16.959 align:start position:0% from the outer regions begin raining 00:03:16.959 --> 00:03:19.910 align:start position:0% from the outer regions begin raining inward.<00:03:18.000> And<00:03:18.239> as<00:03:18.560> everything<00:03:18.959> gets<00:03:19.360> denser 00:03:19.910 --> 00:03:19.920 align:start position:0% inward. And as everything gets denser 00:03:19.920 --> 00:03:23.030 align:start position:0% inward. And as everything gets denser and<00:03:20.159> hotter,<00:03:20.879> it<00:03:21.120> begins<00:03:21.440> to<00:03:21.680> spin<00:03:22.239> faster<00:03:22.720> and 00:03:23.030 --> 00:03:23.040 align:start position:0% and hotter, it begins to spin faster and 00:03:23.040 --> 00:03:25.430 align:start position:0% and hotter, it begins to spin faster and faster,<00:03:23.920> speeding<00:03:24.239> up<00:03:24.400> like<00:03:24.560> a<00:03:24.720> figure<00:03:25.040> skater 00:03:25.430 --> 00:03:25.440 align:start position:0% faster, speeding up like a figure skater 00:03:25.440 --> 00:03:28.229 align:start position:0% faster, speeding up like a figure skater pulling<00:03:25.760> their<00:03:26.000> arms<00:03:26.319> in.<00:03:27.200> A<00:03:27.440> heat<00:03:27.760> gradient 00:03:28.229 --> 00:03:28.239 align:start position:0% pulling their arms in. A heat gradient 00:03:28.239 --> 00:03:30.550 align:start position:0% pulling their arms in. A heat gradient forms<00:03:28.959> with<00:03:29.280> temperatures<00:03:29.760> reaching<00:03:30.239> more 00:03:30.550 --> 00:03:30.560 align:start position:0% forms with temperatures reaching more 00:03:30.560 --> 00:03:32.869 align:start position:0% forms with temperatures reaching more than<00:03:30.799> 1,000<00:03:31.680> Kelvin<00:03:32.239> within<00:03:32.640> one 00:03:32.869 --> 00:03:32.879 align:start position:0% than 1,000 Kelvin within one 00:03:32.879 --> 00:03:36.149 align:start position:0% than 1,000 Kelvin within one astronomical<00:03:33.599> unit<00:03:34.080> of<00:03:34.319> the<00:03:34.480> center<00:03:35.599> and 00:03:36.149 --> 00:03:36.159 align:start position:0% astronomical unit of the center and 00:03:36.159 --> 00:03:38.869 align:start position:0% astronomical unit of the center and cooling<00:03:36.640> to<00:03:36.959> 400<00:03:37.440> Kelvin<00:03:37.920> at<00:03:38.080> a<00:03:38.319> distance<00:03:38.560> of 00:03:38.869 --> 00:03:38.879 align:start position:0% cooling to 400 Kelvin at a distance of 00:03:38.879 --> 00:03:41.589 align:start position:0% cooling to 400 Kelvin at a distance of five<00:03:39.120> astronomical<00:03:39.840> units. 00:03:41.589 --> 00:03:41.599 align:start position:0% five astronomical units. 00:03:41.599 --> 00:03:45.030 align:start position:0% five astronomical units. Over<00:03:41.920> the<00:03:42.080> next<00:03:42.720> 100,000<00:03:43.760> years,<00:03:44.480> most<00:03:44.720> of<00:03:44.879> the 00:03:45.030 --> 00:03:45.040 align:start position:0% Over the next 100,000 years, most of the 00:03:45.040 --> 00:03:47.030 align:start position:0% Over the next 100,000 years, most of the mass<00:03:45.519> concentrates<00:03:46.239> in<00:03:46.480> the<00:03:46.640> middle<00:03:46.799> of<00:03:46.879> the 00:03:47.030 --> 00:03:47.040 align:start position:0% mass concentrates in the middle of the 00:03:47.040 --> 00:03:51.190 align:start position:0% mass concentrates in the middle of the cloud,<00:03:47.840> eventually<00:03:48.640> forming<00:03:49.200> a<00:03:49.519> protoar.<00:03:50.959> The 00:03:51.190 --> 00:03:51.200 align:start position:0% cloud, eventually forming a protoar. The 00:03:51.200 --> 00:03:53.750 align:start position:0% cloud, eventually forming a protoar. The rest<00:03:51.519> is<00:03:51.920> dispersed<00:03:52.480> outward,<00:03:53.200> forming<00:03:53.519> a 00:03:53.750 --> 00:03:53.760 align:start position:0% rest is dispersed outward, forming a 00:03:53.760 --> 00:03:56.789 align:start position:0% rest is dispersed outward, forming a protolanetary<00:03:54.560> disc<00:03:54.959> of<00:03:55.200> swirling<00:03:55.760> dust.<00:03:56.480> a 00:03:56.789 --> 00:03:56.799 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc of swirling dust. a 00:03:56.799 --> 00:04:00.070 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc of swirling dust. a womb<00:03:57.280> for<00:03:57.599> this<00:03:58.000> stellar<00:03:58.400> embryo. 00:04:00.070 --> 00:04:00.080 align:start position:0% womb for this stellar embryo. 00:04:00.080 --> 00:04:02.309 align:start position:0% womb for this stellar embryo. It's<00:04:00.400> all<00:04:00.560> this<00:04:00.799> gas<00:04:01.120> and<00:04:01.360> dust<00:04:01.599> that<00:04:01.920> make<00:04:02.159> the 00:04:02.309 --> 00:04:02.319 align:start position:0% It's all this gas and dust that make the 00:04:02.319 --> 00:04:04.550 align:start position:0% It's all this gas and dust that make the stellar<00:04:02.640> formation<00:04:03.120> process<00:04:03.680> so<00:04:04.000> tricky<00:04:04.319> to 00:04:04.550 --> 00:04:04.560 align:start position:0% stellar formation process so tricky to 00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:07.190 align:start position:0% stellar formation process so tricky to see.<00:04:05.360> Our<00:04:05.680> telescopes<00:04:06.400> can't<00:04:06.640> peer<00:04:06.959> through 00:04:07.190 --> 00:04:07.200 align:start position:0% see. Our telescopes can't peer through 00:04:07.200 --> 00:04:09.990 align:start position:0% see. Our telescopes can't peer through it.<00:04:07.840> But<00:04:08.080> as<00:04:08.480> technology<00:04:09.040> has<00:04:09.280> improved<00:04:09.760> over 00:04:09.990 --> 00:04:10.000 align:start position:0% it. But as technology has improved over 00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:12.630 align:start position:0% it. But as technology has improved over the<00:04:10.159> decades,<00:04:10.959> we<00:04:11.280> have<00:04:11.599> started<00:04:12.000> to<00:04:12.239> catch 00:04:12.630 --> 00:04:12.640 align:start position:0% the decades, we have started to catch 00:04:12.640 --> 00:04:14.309 align:start position:0% the decades, we have started to catch glimpses. 00:04:14.309 --> 00:04:14.319 align:start position:0% glimpses. 00:04:14.319 --> 00:04:18.069 align:start position:0% glimpses. In<00:04:14.720> 2013,<00:04:15.680> a<00:04:15.920> team<00:04:16.239> led<00:04:16.560> by<00:04:16.799> Amelia<00:04:17.359> Stutz 00:04:18.069 --> 00:04:18.079 align:start position:0% In 2013, a team led by Amelia Stutz 00:04:18.079 --> 00:04:20.310 align:start position:0% In 2013, a team led by Amelia Stutz turned<00:04:18.400> the<00:04:18.639> attention<00:04:19.120> of<00:04:19.359> the<00:04:19.519> Hersel<00:04:20.000> Space 00:04:20.310 --> 00:04:20.320 align:start position:0% turned the attention of the Hersel Space 00:04:20.320 --> 00:04:23.110 align:start position:0% turned the attention of the Hersel Space Telescope<00:04:21.040> to<00:04:21.280> the<00:04:21.440> Orion<00:04:22.079> Molecular<00:04:22.639> Cloud 00:04:23.110 --> 00:04:23.120 align:start position:0% Telescope to the Orion Molecular Cloud 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:25.350 align:start position:0% Telescope to the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex,<00:04:24.080> the<00:04:24.320> biggest<00:04:24.639> site<00:04:24.880> of<00:04:25.040> star 00:04:25.350 --> 00:04:25.360 align:start position:0% Complex, the biggest site of star 00:04:25.360 --> 00:04:27.990 align:start position:0% Complex, the biggest site of star formation<00:04:25.759> near<00:04:26.160> our<00:04:26.479> solar<00:04:26.800> system.<00:04:27.759> Known 00:04:27.990 --> 00:04:28.000 align:start position:0% formation near our solar system. Known 00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:30.710 align:start position:0% formation near our solar system. Known as<00:04:28.080> the<00:04:28.240> Hershel<00:04:28.720> Orion<00:04:29.199> Protoar<00:04:29.840> Survey,<00:04:30.479> or 00:04:30.710 --> 00:04:30.720 align:start position:0% as the Hershel Orion Protoar Survey, or 00:04:30.720 --> 00:04:35.670 align:start position:0% as the Hershel Orion Protoar Survey, or HOPS,<00:04:31.759> it<00:04:32.000> searched<00:04:32.400> the<00:04:32.639> Messia<00:04:33.280> 78<00:04:34.160> Nebula. 00:04:35.670 --> 00:04:35.680 align:start position:0% HOPS, it searched the Messia 78 Nebula. 00:04:35.680 --> 00:04:39.270 align:start position:0% HOPS, it searched the Messia 78 Nebula. HOPS<00:04:36.160> found<00:04:36.960> 15<00:04:37.440> new<00:04:37.759> protoars,<00:04:38.800> each<00:04:39.040> with 00:04:39.270 --> 00:04:39.280 align:start position:0% HOPS found 15 new protoars, each with 00:04:39.280 --> 00:04:42.070 align:start position:0% HOPS found 15 new protoars, each with masses<00:04:39.680> between<00:04:40.080> 1/5<00:04:40.800> and<00:04:41.199> two<00:04:41.440> times<00:04:41.759> that<00:04:42.000> of 00:04:42.070 --> 00:04:42.080 align:start position:0% masses between 1/5 and two times that of 00:04:42.080 --> 00:04:45.350 align:start position:0% masses between 1/5 and two times that of the<00:04:42.240> sun.<00:04:43.280> These<00:04:43.680> protostars<00:04:44.560> had<00:04:44.880> never<00:04:45.120> been 00:04:45.350 --> 00:04:45.360 align:start position:0% the sun. These protostars had never been 00:04:45.360 --> 00:04:48.150 align:start position:0% the sun. These protostars had never been seen<00:04:45.600> before<00:04:46.400> because<00:04:46.960> their<00:04:47.280> gas<00:04:47.520> envelopes 00:04:48.150 --> 00:04:48.160 align:start position:0% seen before because their gas envelopes 00:04:48.160 --> 00:04:51.830 align:start position:0% seen before because their gas envelopes are<00:04:48.400> so<00:04:48.720> cold,<00:04:49.440> heated<00:04:49.840> to<00:04:50.080> just<00:04:50.479> 20°<00:04:51.360> above 00:04:51.830 --> 00:04:51.840 align:start position:0% are so cold, heated to just 20° above 00:04:51.840 --> 00:04:54.950 align:start position:0% are so cold, heated to just 20° above absolute<00:04:52.320> zero.<00:04:53.120> With<00:04:53.360> the<00:04:53.520> protoars<00:04:54.560> hidden 00:04:54.950 --> 00:04:54.960 align:start position:0% absolute zero. With the protoars hidden 00:04:54.960 --> 00:04:57.670 align:start position:0% absolute zero. With the protoars hidden deep<00:04:55.360> inside,<00:04:56.639> this<00:04:56.880> indicates<00:04:57.280> that<00:04:57.520> the 00:04:57.670 --> 00:04:57.680 align:start position:0% deep inside, this indicates that the 00:04:57.680 --> 00:04:59.749 align:start position:0% deep inside, this indicates that the star<00:04:58.000> hadn't<00:04:58.400> yet<00:04:58.639> had<00:04:58.880> time<00:04:59.120> to<00:04:59.280> warm<00:04:59.600> the 00:04:59.749 --> 00:04:59.759 align:start position:0% star hadn't yet had time to warm the 00:04:59.759 --> 00:05:03.830 align:start position:0% star hadn't yet had time to warm the gas.<00:05:00.479> They<00:05:00.800> are<00:05:01.280> young.<00:05:02.560> In<00:05:02.800> fact,<00:05:03.199> Stutz<00:05:03.680> and 00:05:03.830 --> 00:05:03.840 align:start position:0% gas. They are young. In fact, Stutz and 00:05:03.840 --> 00:05:05.990 align:start position:0% gas. They are young. In fact, Stutz and her<00:05:04.080> team<00:05:04.400> believe<00:05:04.720> they<00:05:05.120> are<00:05:05.360> some<00:05:05.600> of<00:05:05.759> the 00:05:05.990 --> 00:05:06.000 align:start position:0% her team believe they are some of the 00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:08.390 align:start position:0% her team believe they are some of the youngest<00:05:06.479> protoars<00:05:07.280> to<00:05:07.600> ever<00:05:07.919> have<00:05:08.160> been 00:05:08.390 --> 00:05:08.400 align:start position:0% youngest protoars to ever have been 00:05:08.400 --> 00:05:10.950 align:start position:0% youngest protoars to ever have been found,<00:05:09.280> finally<00:05:09.759> giving<00:05:10.080> us<00:05:10.320> something<00:05:10.720> to 00:05:10.950 --> 00:05:10.960 align:start position:0% found, finally giving us something to 00:05:10.960 --> 00:05:13.830 align:start position:0% found, finally giving us something to compare<00:05:11.360> our<00:05:11.680> models<00:05:12.080> to.<00:05:13.120> But<00:05:13.360> the<00:05:13.520> initial 00:05:13.830 --> 00:05:13.840 align:start position:0% compare our models to. But the initial 00:05:13.840 --> 00:05:16.150 align:start position:0% compare our models to. But the initial star<00:05:14.160> formation<00:05:14.639> isn't<00:05:15.039> the<00:05:15.280> only<00:05:15.520> process<00:05:16.000> we 00:05:16.150 --> 00:05:16.160 align:start position:0% star formation isn't the only process we 00:05:16.160 --> 00:05:18.390 align:start position:0% star formation isn't the only process we know<00:05:16.400> very<00:05:16.720> little<00:05:16.960> about.<00:05:17.680> How<00:05:17.919> planets 00:05:18.390 --> 00:05:18.400 align:start position:0% know very little about. How planets 00:05:18.400 --> 00:05:21.189 align:start position:0% know very little about. How planets themselves<00:05:18.960> come<00:05:19.199> to<00:05:19.360> be<00:05:19.759> is<00:05:20.240> just<00:05:20.560> as<00:05:20.800> much<00:05:21.039> of 00:05:21.189 --> 00:05:21.199 align:start position:0% themselves come to be is just as much of 00:05:21.199 --> 00:05:23.430 align:start position:0% themselves come to be is just as much of a<00:05:21.360> mystery. 00:05:23.430 --> 00:05:23.440 align:start position:0% a mystery. 00:05:23.440 --> 00:05:25.830 align:start position:0% a mystery. Our<00:05:23.759> simulations<00:05:24.479> tell<00:05:24.639> us<00:05:24.800> that<00:05:25.199> in<00:05:25.440> the<00:05:25.600> main 00:05:25.830 --> 00:05:25.840 align:start position:0% Our simulations tell us that in the main 00:05:25.840 --> 00:05:28.070 align:start position:0% Our simulations tell us that in the main body<00:05:26.080> of<00:05:26.240> this<00:05:26.479> disc,<00:05:27.039> the<00:05:27.280> dust<00:05:27.520> and<00:05:27.759> gas 00:05:28.070 --> 00:05:28.080 align:start position:0% body of this disc, the dust and gas 00:05:28.080 --> 00:05:30.310 align:start position:0% body of this disc, the dust and gas particles<00:05:28.639> begin<00:05:28.960> to<00:05:29.120> accrete.<00:05:30.080> They 00:05:30.310 --> 00:05:30.320 align:start position:0% particles begin to accrete. They 00:05:30.320 --> 00:05:33.430 align:start position:0% particles begin to accrete. They condense<00:05:31.039> into<00:05:31.520> microscopic<00:05:32.320> solids<00:05:33.120> which 00:05:33.430 --> 00:05:33.440 align:start position:0% condense into microscopic solids which 00:05:33.440 --> 00:05:35.510 align:start position:0% condense into microscopic solids which clump<00:05:33.840> together<00:05:34.160> into<00:05:34.560> larger<00:05:34.960> and<00:05:35.199> larger 00:05:35.510 --> 00:05:35.520 align:start position:0% clump together into larger and larger 00:05:35.520 --> 00:05:37.670 align:start position:0% clump together into larger and larger grains<00:05:36.000> over<00:05:36.240> millions<00:05:36.639> of<00:05:36.800> years. 00:05:37.670 --> 00:05:37.680 align:start position:0% grains over millions of years. 00:05:37.680 --> 00:05:39.830 align:start position:0% grains over millions of years. Eventually,<00:05:38.240> these<00:05:38.560> solidifying<00:05:39.280> clumps<00:05:39.600> of 00:05:39.830 --> 00:05:39.840 align:start position:0% Eventually, these solidifying clumps of 00:05:39.840 --> 00:05:42.710 align:start position:0% Eventually, these solidifying clumps of spinning<00:05:40.240> debris<00:05:40.960> become<00:05:41.520> planetessimals, 00:05:42.710 --> 00:05:42.720 align:start position:0% spinning debris become planetessimals, 00:05:42.720 --> 00:05:44.710 align:start position:0% spinning debris become planetessimals, the<00:05:43.039> building<00:05:43.360> blocks<00:05:43.759> of<00:05:44.080> primordial 00:05:44.710 --> 00:05:44.720 align:start position:0% the building blocks of primordial 00:05:44.720 --> 00:05:48.390 align:start position:0% the building blocks of primordial planets<00:05:45.440> spanning<00:05:46.000> several<00:05:46.560> kilome<00:05:47.120> across. 00:05:48.390 --> 00:05:48.400 align:start position:0% planets spanning several kilome across. 00:05:48.400 --> 00:05:50.629 align:start position:0% planets spanning several kilome across. If<00:05:48.639> enough<00:05:49.039> come<00:05:49.280> together,<00:05:49.919> either<00:05:50.240> via 00:05:50.629 --> 00:05:50.639 align:start position:0% If enough come together, either via 00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:53.670 align:start position:0% If enough come together, either via gravity<00:05:51.199> or<00:05:51.600> collisions,<00:05:52.560> they<00:05:52.960> can<00:05:53.120> form<00:05:53.440> a 00:05:53.670 --> 00:05:53.680 align:start position:0% gravity or collisions, they can form a 00:05:53.680 --> 00:05:57.189 align:start position:0% gravity or collisions, they can form a planet.<00:05:54.880> The<00:05:55.199> problem<00:05:55.440> is<00:05:56.160> we've<00:05:56.560> never<00:05:56.880> seen 00:05:57.189 --> 00:05:57.199 align:start position:0% planet. The problem is we've never seen 00:05:57.199 --> 00:05:59.749 align:start position:0% planet. The problem is we've never seen most<00:05:57.440> of<00:05:57.600> this<00:05:57.840> happen.<00:05:58.720> We<00:05:59.039> found<00:05:59.440> young 00:05:59.749 --> 00:05:59.759 align:start position:0% most of this happen. We found young 00:05:59.759 --> 00:06:02.550 align:start position:0% most of this happen. We found young planets.<00:06:00.560> This<00:06:00.800> one<00:06:01.039> is<00:06:01.520> four<00:06:01.840> times<00:06:02.160> the<00:06:02.400> mass 00:06:02.550 --> 00:06:02.560 align:start position:0% planets. This one is four times the mass 00:06:02.560 --> 00:06:04.950 align:start position:0% planets. This one is four times the mass of<00:06:02.720> Jupiter<00:06:03.199> and<00:06:03.440> less<00:06:03.680> than<00:06:04.000> 5<00:06:04.319> million<00:06:04.720> years 00:06:04.950 --> 00:06:04.960 align:start position:0% of Jupiter and less than 5 million years 00:06:04.960 --> 00:06:08.790 align:start position:0% of Jupiter and less than 5 million years old.<00:06:05.759> And<00:06:06.000> this<00:06:06.240> gas<00:06:06.560> giant<00:06:07.039> is<00:06:07.520> even<00:06:07.840> younger. 00:06:08.790 --> 00:06:08.800 align:start position:0% old. And this gas giant is even younger. 00:06:08.800 --> 00:06:11.830 align:start position:0% old. And this gas giant is even younger. Its<00:06:09.039> star<00:06:09.360> is<00:06:09.680> only<00:06:10.000> 2<00:06:10.319> million<00:06:10.639> years<00:06:10.880> old. 00:06:11.830 --> 00:06:11.840 align:start position:0% Its star is only 2 million years old. 00:06:11.840 --> 00:06:14.629 align:start position:0% Its star is only 2 million years old. But<00:06:12.000> that's<00:06:12.400> as<00:06:12.720> early<00:06:13.039> as<00:06:13.199> it<00:06:13.360> gets.<00:06:14.160> And<00:06:14.400> they 00:06:14.629 --> 00:06:14.639 align:start position:0% But that's as early as it gets. And they 00:06:14.639 --> 00:06:17.909 align:start position:0% But that's as early as it gets. And they are<00:06:15.039> already<00:06:15.680> fully<00:06:16.160> formed<00:06:16.639> objects. 00:06:17.909 --> 00:06:17.919 align:start position:0% are already fully formed objects. 00:06:17.919 --> 00:06:20.950 align:start position:0% are already fully formed objects. There's<00:06:18.479> hundreds<00:06:19.039> of<00:06:19.280> thousands,<00:06:20.240> if<00:06:20.479> not 00:06:20.950 --> 00:06:20.960 align:start position:0% There's hundreds of thousands, if not 00:06:20.960 --> 00:06:24.150 align:start position:0% There's hundreds of thousands, if not millions<00:06:21.440> of<00:06:21.680> years<00:06:22.000> gap<00:06:22.319> to<00:06:22.560> fill<00:06:22.720> in.<00:06:23.919> That 00:06:24.150 --> 00:06:24.160 align:start position:0% millions of years gap to fill in. That 00:06:24.160 --> 00:06:27.029 align:start position:0% millions of years gap to fill in. That is<00:06:24.639> until<00:06:25.120> now. 00:06:27.029 --> 00:06:27.039 align:start position:0% is until now. 00:06:27.039 --> 00:06:29.990 align:start position:0% is until now. 1,300<00:06:28.080> lighty<00:06:28.319> years<00:06:28.560> away<00:06:29.120> in<00:06:29.360> that<00:06:29.600> Orion 00:06:29.990 --> 00:06:30.000 align:start position:0% 1,300 lighty years away in that Orion 00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:32.950 align:start position:0% 1,300 lighty years away in that Orion Nebula,<00:06:30.880> a<00:06:31.199> baby<00:06:31.600> solar<00:06:32.000> system<00:06:32.319> is<00:06:32.639> being 00:06:32.950 --> 00:06:32.960 align:start position:0% Nebula, a baby solar system is being 00:06:32.960 --> 00:06:35.749 align:start position:0% Nebula, a baby solar system is being born.<00:06:33.919> And<00:06:34.160> we're<00:06:34.400> watching<00:06:34.720> it<00:06:34.960> with<00:06:35.199> our<00:06:35.440> own 00:06:35.749 --> 00:06:35.759 align:start position:0% born. And we're watching it with our own 00:06:35.759 --> 00:06:40.550 align:start position:0% born. And we're watching it with our own eyes.<00:06:36.800> Well,<00:06:37.440> James<00:06:37.840> Webb's<00:06:38.319> lens. 00:06:40.550 --> 00:06:40.560 align:start position:0% eyes. Well, James Webb's lens. 00:06:40.560 --> 00:06:44.150 align:start position:0% eyes. Well, James Webb's lens. This<00:06:40.800> is<00:06:40.960> Hops<00:06:41.759> 315,<00:06:43.199> a<00:06:43.440> star<00:06:43.680> that's<00:06:43.919> less 00:06:44.150 --> 00:06:44.160 align:start position:0% This is Hops 315, a star that's less 00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:47.990 align:start position:0% This is Hops 315, a star that's less than<00:06:44.880> 150,000<00:06:45.680> years<00:06:45.919> old<00:06:46.319> and<00:06:46.639> 0.6<00:06:47.600> solar 00:06:47.990 --> 00:06:48.000 align:start position:0% than 150,000 years old and 0.6 solar 00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:50.870 align:start position:0% than 150,000 years old and 0.6 solar masses.<00:06:48.960> It's<00:06:49.280> still<00:06:49.520> growing,<00:06:50.319> feeding<00:06:50.720> on 00:06:50.870 --> 00:06:50.880 align:start position:0% masses. It's still growing, feeding on 00:06:50.880 --> 00:06:53.430 align:start position:0% masses. It's still growing, feeding on an<00:06:51.039> envelope<00:06:51.520> of<00:06:51.680> dust<00:06:52.080> and<00:06:52.319> gas<00:06:52.800> that<00:06:53.120> hides 00:06:53.430 --> 00:06:53.440 align:start position:0% an envelope of dust and gas that hides 00:06:53.440 --> 00:06:55.909 align:start position:0% an envelope of dust and gas that hides in<00:06:53.680> a<00:06:53.840> cloudy<00:06:54.240> veil. 00:06:55.909 --> 00:06:55.919 align:start position:0% in a cloudy veil. 00:06:55.919 --> 00:06:58.629 align:start position:0% in a cloudy veil. But<00:06:56.160> incredibly,<00:06:57.199> researchers<00:06:57.840> found<00:06:58.080> a<00:06:58.400> gap 00:06:58.629 --> 00:06:58.639 align:start position:0% But incredibly, researchers found a gap 00:06:58.639 --> 00:07:01.270 align:start position:0% But incredibly, researchers found a gap in<00:06:58.880> the<00:06:59.039> clouds<00:06:59.759> and<00:07:00.080> managed<00:07:00.479> to<00:07:00.720> snap<00:07:01.039> a 00:07:01.270 --> 00:07:01.280 align:start position:0% in the clouds and managed to snap a 00:07:01.280 --> 00:07:03.909 align:start position:0% in the clouds and managed to snap a photo.<00:07:02.240> And<00:07:02.479> they<00:07:02.800> saw<00:07:03.120> something 00:07:03.909 --> 00:07:03.919 align:start position:0% photo. And they saw something 00:07:03.919 --> 00:07:06.550 align:start position:0% photo. And they saw something extraordinary. 00:07:06.550 --> 00:07:06.560 align:start position:0% extraordinary. 00:07:06.560 --> 00:07:08.469 align:start position:0% extraordinary. Web's<00:07:06.960> infrared<00:07:07.440> spectra<00:07:08.000> showed<00:07:08.240> the 00:07:08.469 --> 00:07:08.479 align:start position:0% Web's infrared spectra showed the 00:07:08.479 --> 00:07:10.710 align:start position:0% Web's infrared spectra showed the presence<00:07:08.800> of<00:07:08.960> both<00:07:09.280> warm<00:07:09.680> silicon<00:07:10.160> monoxide 00:07:10.710 --> 00:07:10.720 align:start position:0% presence of both warm silicon monoxide 00:07:10.720 --> 00:07:13.670 align:start position:0% presence of both warm silicon monoxide gas<00:07:11.360> and<00:07:11.680> tiny<00:07:12.160> silica<00:07:12.639> crystals<00:07:13.120> near<00:07:13.440> the 00:07:13.670 --> 00:07:13.680 align:start position:0% gas and tiny silica crystals near the 00:07:13.680 --> 00:07:16.150 align:start position:0% gas and tiny silica crystals near the young<00:07:13.919> star.<00:07:14.960> We<00:07:15.280> were<00:07:15.440> witnessing<00:07:15.919> the 00:07:16.150 --> 00:07:16.160 align:start position:0% young star. We were witnessing the 00:07:16.160 --> 00:07:19.110 align:start position:0% young star. We were witnessing the moment<00:07:16.639> gas<00:07:17.120> condenses<00:07:17.840> into<00:07:18.160> a<00:07:18.400> solid<00:07:18.880> for 00:07:19.110 --> 00:07:19.120 align:start position:0% moment gas condenses into a solid for 00:07:19.120 --> 00:07:20.950 align:start position:0% moment gas condenses into a solid for the<00:07:19.360> first<00:07:19.599> time. 00:07:20.950 --> 00:07:20.960 align:start position:0% the first time. 00:07:20.960 --> 00:07:23.350 align:start position:0% the first time. This<00:07:21.199> is<00:07:21.360> a<00:07:21.599> big<00:07:21.840> deal<00:07:22.560> because<00:07:22.880> as<00:07:23.199> a 00:07:23.350 --> 00:07:23.360 align:start position:0% This is a big deal because as a 00:07:23.360 --> 00:07:25.749 align:start position:0% This is a big deal because as a protolanetary<00:07:24.160> disc<00:07:24.479> starts<00:07:24.800> to<00:07:24.960> cool, 00:07:25.749 --> 00:07:25.759 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc starts to cool, 00:07:25.759 --> 00:07:27.990 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc starts to cool, compounds<00:07:26.400> begin<00:07:26.800> crystallizing<00:07:27.520> in<00:07:27.759> a 00:07:27.990 --> 00:07:28.000 align:start position:0% compounds begin crystallizing in a 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:29.510 align:start position:0% compounds begin crystallizing in a specific<00:07:28.400> order<00:07:28.800> based<00:07:29.120> on<00:07:29.280> their 00:07:29.510 --> 00:07:29.520 align:start position:0% specific order based on their 00:07:29.520 --> 00:07:32.070 align:start position:0% specific order based on their condensation<00:07:30.240> temperatures.<00:07:31.280> This<00:07:31.520> is<00:07:31.680> known 00:07:32.070 --> 00:07:32.080 align:start position:0% condensation temperatures. This is known 00:07:32.080 --> 00:07:35.430 align:start position:0% condensation temperatures. This is known as<00:07:32.240> a<00:07:32.560> condensation<00:07:33.360> sequence.<00:07:34.639> We<00:07:34.880> can<00:07:35.039> infer 00:07:35.430 --> 00:07:35.440 align:start position:0% as a condensation sequence. We can infer 00:07:35.440 --> 00:07:37.189 align:start position:0% as a condensation sequence. We can infer this<00:07:35.599> sequence<00:07:36.000> from<00:07:36.240> our<00:07:36.560> understanding<00:07:36.960> of 00:07:37.189 --> 00:07:37.199 align:start position:0% this sequence from our understanding of 00:07:37.199 --> 00:07:39.990 align:start position:0% this sequence from our understanding of chemistry<00:07:37.759> and<00:07:38.000> our<00:07:38.240> analyses<00:07:38.880> of<00:07:39.360> primordial 00:07:39.990 --> 00:07:40.000 align:start position:0% chemistry and our analyses of primordial 00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:42.469 align:start position:0% chemistry and our analyses of primordial asteroids<00:07:40.880> which<00:07:41.120> are<00:07:41.280> like<00:07:41.599> time<00:07:41.919> capsules 00:07:42.469 --> 00:07:42.479 align:start position:0% asteroids which are like time capsules 00:07:42.479 --> 00:07:44.870 align:start position:0% asteroids which are like time capsules of<00:07:42.720> our<00:07:42.960> early<00:07:43.280> solar<00:07:43.599> system. 00:07:44.870 --> 00:07:44.880 align:start position:0% of our early solar system. 00:07:44.880 --> 00:07:47.029 align:start position:0% of our early solar system. The<00:07:45.199> oldest<00:07:45.599> condensates<00:07:46.319> trapped<00:07:46.639> in<00:07:46.800> these 00:07:47.029 --> 00:07:47.039 align:start position:0% The oldest condensates trapped in these 00:07:47.039 --> 00:07:49.350 align:start position:0% The oldest condensates trapped in these asteroids<00:07:47.680> are<00:07:48.160> calcium<00:07:48.800> aluminium 00:07:49.350 --> 00:07:49.360 align:start position:0% asteroids are calcium aluminium 00:07:49.360 --> 00:07:53.830 align:start position:0% asteroids are calcium aluminium inclusions<00:07:50.400> or<00:07:50.960> CIS<00:07:52.240> and<00:07:52.960> crystalline 00:07:53.830 --> 00:07:53.840 align:start position:0% inclusions or CIS and crystalline 00:07:53.840 --> 00:07:55.990 align:start position:0% inclusions or CIS and crystalline silicut<00:07:54.479> materials. 00:07:55.990 --> 00:07:56.000 align:start position:0% silicut materials. 00:07:56.000 --> 00:07:58.070 align:start position:0% silicut materials. The<00:07:56.240> fact<00:07:56.400> that<00:07:56.639> we<00:07:56.879> saw<00:07:57.199> both<00:07:57.680> silicon 00:07:58.070 --> 00:07:58.080 align:start position:0% The fact that we saw both silicon 00:07:58.080 --> 00:08:00.710 align:start position:0% The fact that we saw both silicon monoxide<00:07:58.639> gas<00:07:59.199> and<00:07:59.759> solid<00:08:00.240> crystalline 00:08:00.710 --> 00:08:00.720 align:start position:0% monoxide gas and solid crystalline 00:08:00.720 --> 00:08:03.830 align:start position:0% monoxide gas and solid crystalline silicut<00:08:01.280> around<00:08:01.599> hops<00:08:02.080> 315<00:08:03.199> indicates<00:08:03.680> that 00:08:03.830 --> 00:08:03.840 align:start position:0% silicut around hops 315 indicates that 00:08:03.840 --> 00:08:06.230 align:start position:0% silicut around hops 315 indicates that this<00:08:04.080> star<00:08:04.400> and<00:08:04.560> its<00:08:04.800> system<00:08:05.280> are<00:08:05.520> at<00:08:05.680> the<00:08:05.919> very 00:08:06.230 --> 00:08:06.240 align:start position:0% this star and its system are at the very 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:08.869 align:start position:0% this star and its system are at the very beginning<00:08:06.560> of<00:08:06.800> their<00:08:07.039> formation.<00:08:08.400> In<00:08:08.639> other 00:08:08.869 --> 00:08:08.879 align:start position:0% beginning of their formation. In other 00:08:08.879 --> 00:08:11.029 align:start position:0% beginning of their formation. In other words,<00:08:09.360> we<00:08:09.599> were<00:08:09.840> watching<00:08:10.160> the<00:08:10.479> very<00:08:10.800> first 00:08:11.029 --> 00:08:11.039 align:start position:0% words, we were watching the very first 00:08:11.039 --> 00:08:13.510 align:start position:0% words, we were watching the very first stage<00:08:11.360> of<00:08:11.599> planet<00:08:12.000> formation<00:08:12.800> as<00:08:13.120> it's 00:08:13.510 --> 00:08:13.520 align:start position:0% stage of planet formation as it's 00:08:13.520 --> 00:08:16.869 align:start position:0% stage of planet formation as it's happening<00:08:14.160> for<00:08:14.400> the<00:08:14.639> very<00:08:14.960> first<00:08:15.280> time.<00:08:16.639> This 00:08:16.869 --> 00:08:16.879 align:start position:0% happening for the very first time. This 00:08:16.879 --> 00:08:19.830 align:start position:0% happening for the very first time. This was<00:08:17.120> a<00:08:17.440> major<00:08:17.840> breakthrough.<00:08:18.800> And<00:08:19.120> as<00:08:19.520> lead 00:08:19.830 --> 00:08:19.840 align:start position:0% was a major breakthrough. And as lead 00:08:19.840 --> 00:08:21.990 align:start position:0% was a major breakthrough. And as lead author<00:08:20.160> of<00:08:20.319> the<00:08:20.479> landmark<00:08:20.960> paper,<00:08:21.599> Melissa 00:08:21.990 --> 00:08:22.000 align:start position:0% author of the landmark paper, Melissa 00:08:22.000 --> 00:08:24.629 align:start position:0% author of the landmark paper, Melissa Mccclure<00:08:22.560> puts<00:08:22.800> it,<00:08:23.440> for<00:08:23.680> the<00:08:23.840> first<00:08:24.080> time, 00:08:24.629 --> 00:08:24.639 align:start position:0% Mccclure puts it, for the first time, 00:08:24.639 --> 00:08:26.710 align:start position:0% Mccclure puts it, for the first time, we've<00:08:25.199> identified<00:08:25.599> the<00:08:26.000> earliest<00:08:26.479> moment 00:08:26.710 --> 00:08:26.720 align:start position:0% we've identified the earliest moment 00:08:26.720 --> 00:08:28.790 align:start position:0% we've identified the earliest moment when<00:08:27.039> planet<00:08:27.360> formation<00:08:27.840> is<00:08:28.080> initiated 00:08:28.790 --> 00:08:28.800 align:start position:0% when planet formation is initiated 00:08:28.800 --> 00:08:31.990 align:start position:0% when planet formation is initiated around<00:08:29.120> a<00:08:29.360> star<00:08:29.759> other<00:08:30.080> than<00:08:30.319> our<00:08:30.639> sun.<00:08:31.680> They 00:08:31.990 --> 00:08:32.000 align:start position:0% around a star other than our sun. They 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:33.670 align:start position:0% around a star other than our sun. They wanted<00:08:32.159> to<00:08:32.399> explore<00:08:32.800> further.<00:08:33.279> So, 00:08:33.670 --> 00:08:33.680 align:start position:0% wanted to explore further. So, 00:08:33.680 --> 00:08:35.909 align:start position:0% wanted to explore further. So, professors<00:08:34.080> Melissa<00:08:34.479> Mccclure<00:08:35.039> and<00:08:35.440> Meil 00:08:35.909 --> 00:08:35.919 align:start position:0% professors Melissa Mccclure and Meil 00:08:35.919 --> 00:08:39.110 align:start position:0% professors Melissa Mccclure and Meil Vanhoff<00:08:36.800> focused<00:08:37.200> the<00:08:37.360> Atakama<00:08:38.080> Large<00:08:38.479> Millm 00:08:39.110 --> 00:08:39.120 align:start position:0% Vanhoff focused the Atakama Large Millm 00:08:39.120 --> 00:08:42.870 align:start position:0% Vanhoff focused the Atakama Large Millm Submillm<00:08:39.839> Array<00:08:40.159> Telescope<00:08:41.039> or<00:08:41.279> ALMA<00:08:42.159> on<00:08:42.560> this 00:08:42.870 --> 00:08:42.880 align:start position:0% Submillm Array Telescope or ALMA on this 00:08:42.880 --> 00:08:45.110 align:start position:0% Submillm Array Telescope or ALMA on this baby<00:08:43.200> star. 00:08:45.110 --> 00:08:45.120 align:start position:0% baby star. 00:08:45.120 --> 00:08:46.949 align:start position:0% baby star. Whilst<00:08:45.519> James<00:08:45.839> Webb<00:08:46.160> Space<00:08:46.399> Telescope 00:08:46.949 --> 00:08:46.959 align:start position:0% Whilst James Webb Space Telescope 00:08:46.959 --> 00:08:48.870 align:start position:0% Whilst James Webb Space Telescope revealed<00:08:47.279> the<00:08:47.519> warm<00:08:47.839> inner<00:08:48.240> regions<00:08:48.560> of<00:08:48.720> a 00:08:48.870 --> 00:08:48.880 align:start position:0% revealed the warm inner regions of a 00:08:48.880 --> 00:08:51.670 align:start position:0% revealed the warm inner regions of a young<00:08:49.120> star<00:08:49.440> through<00:08:49.839> infrared<00:08:50.399> light,<00:08:51.200> ALMA 00:08:51.670 --> 00:08:51.680 align:start position:0% young star through infrared light, ALMA 00:08:51.680 --> 00:08:54.150 align:start position:0% young star through infrared light, ALMA specializes<00:08:52.240> in<00:08:52.480> observing<00:08:53.279> much<00:08:53.680> colder 00:08:54.150 --> 00:08:54.160 align:start position:0% specializes in observing much colder 00:08:54.160 --> 00:08:56.790 align:start position:0% specializes in observing much colder material,<00:08:55.040> the<00:08:55.279> dust<00:08:55.600> and<00:08:55.839> gas<00:08:56.080> that<00:08:56.320> emit 00:08:56.790 --> 00:08:56.800 align:start position:0% material, the dust and gas that emit 00:08:56.800 --> 00:08:59.430 align:start position:0% material, the dust and gas that emit millimeter<00:08:57.440> and<00:08:57.920> subm<00:08:58.720> wavelengths<00:08:59.200> of 00:08:59.430 --> 00:08:59.440 align:start position:0% millimeter and subm wavelengths of 00:08:59.440 --> 00:09:02.070 align:start position:0% millimeter and subm wavelengths of electromagnetic<00:09:00.240> radiation.<00:09:01.440> This<00:09:01.680> allows 00:09:02.070 --> 00:09:02.080 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation. This allows 00:09:02.080 --> 00:09:03.829 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation. This allows astronomers<00:09:02.720> to<00:09:02.880> trace<00:09:03.200> the<00:09:03.440> chemical 00:09:03.829 --> 00:09:03.839 align:start position:0% astronomers to trace the chemical 00:09:03.839 --> 00:09:06.470 align:start position:0% astronomers to trace the chemical composition<00:09:04.560> and<00:09:04.880> structure<00:09:05.519> of<00:09:05.839> molecular 00:09:06.470 --> 00:09:06.480 align:start position:0% composition and structure of molecular 00:09:06.480 --> 00:09:08.949 align:start position:0% composition and structure of molecular clouds.<00:09:07.680> By<00:09:08.000> combining<00:09:08.480> the<00:09:08.720> two 00:09:08.949 --> 00:09:08.959 align:start position:0% clouds. By combining the two 00:09:08.959 --> 00:09:11.829 align:start position:0% clouds. By combining the two observatories,<00:09:10.000> Mccclure<00:09:10.560> and<00:09:10.800> Van<00:09:11.120> Hoff 00:09:11.829 --> 00:09:11.839 align:start position:0% observatories, Mccclure and Van Hoff 00:09:11.839 --> 00:09:14.949 align:start position:0% observatories, Mccclure and Van Hoff could<00:09:12.160> connect<00:09:12.480> the<00:09:12.720> dots.<00:09:13.839> James<00:09:14.240> Webb<00:09:14.720> found 00:09:14.949 --> 00:09:14.959 align:start position:0% could connect the dots. James Webb found 00:09:14.959 --> 00:09:16.550 align:start position:0% could connect the dots. James Webb found the<00:09:15.200> evidence<00:09:15.519> of<00:09:15.680> early<00:09:16.080> planetary 00:09:16.550 --> 00:09:16.560 align:start position:0% the evidence of early planetary 00:09:16.560 --> 00:09:19.590 align:start position:0% the evidence of early planetary formation<00:09:17.440> and<00:09:17.760> Alma<00:09:18.399> pinpointed<00:09:19.120> where<00:09:19.360> in 00:09:19.590 --> 00:09:19.600 align:start position:0% formation and Alma pinpointed where in 00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:23.910 align:start position:0% formation and Alma pinpointed where in the<00:09:19.760> disc<00:09:20.080> that<00:09:20.320> process<00:09:20.720> was<00:09:20.959> taking<00:09:21.279> place. 00:09:23.910 --> 00:09:23.920 align:start position:0% the disc that process was taking place. 00:09:23.920 --> 00:09:26.310 align:start position:0% the disc that process was taking place. What's<00:09:24.480> most<00:09:24.880> interesting<00:09:25.360> about<00:09:25.600> this<00:09:26.080> is 00:09:26.310 --> 00:09:26.320 align:start position:0% What's most interesting about this is 00:09:26.320 --> 00:09:28.389 align:start position:0% What's most interesting about this is that<00:09:26.560> it's<00:09:26.880> roughly<00:09:27.360> in<00:09:27.600> the<00:09:27.760> same<00:09:27.920> region 00:09:28.389 --> 00:09:28.399 align:start position:0% that it's roughly in the same region 00:09:28.399 --> 00:09:31.509 align:start position:0% that it's roughly in the same region around<00:09:28.800> HOPS<00:09:29.279> 315<00:09:30.240> as<00:09:30.560> asteroids<00:09:31.120> made<00:09:31.360> of 00:09:31.509 --> 00:09:31.519 align:start position:0% around HOPS 315 as asteroids made of 00:09:31.519 --> 00:09:33.910 align:start position:0% around HOPS 315 as asteroids made of similar<00:09:31.920> materials<00:09:32.320> are<00:09:32.560> found<00:09:32.959> around<00:09:33.440> our 00:09:33.910 --> 00:09:33.920 align:start position:0% similar materials are found around our 00:09:33.920 --> 00:09:36.070 align:start position:0% similar materials are found around our sun. 00:09:36.070 --> 00:09:36.080 align:start position:0% sun. 00:09:36.080 --> 00:09:38.470 align:start position:0% sun. We<00:09:36.320> don't<00:09:36.560> know<00:09:36.959> exactly<00:09:37.519> what<00:09:37.920> this<00:09:38.160> means 00:09:38.470 --> 00:09:38.480 align:start position:0% We don't know exactly what this means 00:09:38.480 --> 00:09:41.190 align:start position:0% We don't know exactly what this means yet,<00:09:39.040> but<00:09:39.279> it<00:09:39.519> suggests<00:09:40.000> that<00:09:40.320> the<00:09:40.560> same<00:09:40.800> early 00:09:41.190 --> 00:09:41.200 align:start position:0% yet, but it suggests that the same early 00:09:41.200 --> 00:09:43.910 align:start position:0% yet, but it suggests that the same early building<00:09:41.440> steps<00:09:41.760> for<00:09:42.000> planets<00:09:42.560> may<00:09:42.880> happen<00:09:43.440> in 00:09:43.910 --> 00:09:43.920 align:start position:0% building steps for planets may happen in 00:09:43.920 --> 00:09:46.949 align:start position:0% building steps for planets may happen in many<00:09:44.240> young<00:09:44.560> systems.<00:09:45.440> And<00:09:45.600> there's<00:09:45.839> more. 00:09:46.949 --> 00:09:46.959 align:start position:0% many young systems. And there's more. 00:09:46.959 --> 00:09:48.870 align:start position:0% many young systems. And there's more. It's<00:09:47.360> worth<00:09:47.760> mentioning<00:09:48.160> that<00:09:48.480> although 00:09:48.870 --> 00:09:48.880 align:start position:0% It's worth mentioning that although 00:09:48.880 --> 00:09:51.190 align:start position:0% It's worth mentioning that although silicut<00:09:49.440> were<00:09:49.600> found,<00:09:50.080> the<00:09:50.320> outflow<00:09:50.800> jet<00:09:51.040> they 00:09:51.190 --> 00:09:51.200 align:start position:0% silicut were found, the outflow jet they 00:09:51.200 --> 00:09:53.509 align:start position:0% silicut were found, the outflow jet they studied<00:09:51.600> is<00:09:51.839> actually<00:09:52.320> suspiciously<00:09:53.040> low<00:09:53.279> in 00:09:53.509 --> 00:09:53.519 align:start position:0% studied is actually suspiciously low in 00:09:53.519 --> 00:09:55.829 align:start position:0% studied is actually suspiciously low in silicon,<00:09:54.320> the<00:09:54.560> most<00:09:54.800> important<00:09:55.279> element<00:09:55.680> for 00:09:55.829 --> 00:09:55.839 align:start position:0% silicon, the most important element for 00:09:55.839 --> 00:09:58.470 align:start position:0% silicon, the most important element for making<00:09:56.160> silicut<00:09:56.800> and<00:09:57.040> therefore<00:09:57.440> planets. 00:09:58.470 --> 00:09:58.480 align:start position:0% making silicut and therefore planets. 00:09:58.480 --> 00:10:00.790 align:start position:0% making silicut and therefore planets. There's<00:09:58.800> just<00:09:59.279> 2%<00:09:59.920> of<00:10:00.080> what<00:10:00.320> Mccclure 00:10:00.790 --> 00:10:00.800 align:start position:0% There's just 2% of what Mccclure 00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:02.630 align:start position:0% There's just 2% of what Mccclure expected<00:10:01.600> relative<00:10:02.000> to<00:10:02.160> the<00:10:02.320> amount<00:10:02.480> of 00:10:02.630 --> 00:10:02.640 align:start position:0% expected relative to the amount of 00:10:02.640 --> 00:10:05.750 align:start position:0% expected relative to the amount of carbon<00:10:03.040> they<00:10:03.279> found.<00:10:04.560> But<00:10:04.880> this<00:10:05.120> isn't<00:10:05.360> a<00:10:05.600> bad 00:10:05.750 --> 00:10:05.760 align:start position:0% carbon they found. But this isn't a bad 00:10:05.760 --> 00:10:08.470 align:start position:0% carbon they found. But this isn't a bad thing<00:10:05.920> for<00:10:06.160> planet<00:10:06.480> formation.<00:10:07.920> Mccclure 00:10:08.470 --> 00:10:08.480 align:start position:0% thing for planet formation. Mccclure 00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:11.110 align:start position:0% thing for planet formation. Mccclure says<00:10:09.200> that<00:10:09.519> may<00:10:09.760> be<00:10:09.920> a<00:10:10.080> hint<00:10:10.399> that<00:10:10.800> planet 00:10:11.110 --> 00:10:11.120 align:start position:0% says that may be a hint that planet 00:10:11.120 --> 00:10:13.350 align:start position:0% says that may be a hint that planet decimals<00:10:11.680> are<00:10:11.920> already<00:10:12.320> forming<00:10:12.720> there<00:10:13.040> in<00:10:13.200> a 00:10:13.350 --> 00:10:13.360 align:start position:0% decimals are already forming there in a 00:10:13.360 --> 00:10:15.590 align:start position:0% decimals are already forming there in a similar<00:10:13.680> way<00:10:14.000> that<00:10:14.240> they<00:10:14.480> must<00:10:14.720> have<00:10:14.959> in<00:10:15.279> our 00:10:15.590 --> 00:10:15.600 align:start position:0% similar way that they must have in our 00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:18.069 align:start position:0% similar way that they must have in our solar<00:10:16.000> system.<00:10:16.800> An<00:10:17.040> intriguing<00:10:17.600> finding 00:10:18.069 --> 00:10:18.079 align:start position:0% solar system. An intriguing finding 00:10:18.079 --> 00:10:20.710 align:start position:0% solar system. An intriguing finding given<00:10:18.480> the<00:10:18.720> system<00:10:18.959> is<00:10:19.200> so<00:10:19.360> young.<00:10:20.240> We<00:10:20.480> are 00:10:20.710 --> 00:10:20.720 align:start position:0% given the system is so young. We are 00:10:20.720 --> 00:10:22.630 align:start position:0% given the system is so young. We are finally<00:10:21.200> able<00:10:21.519> to<00:10:21.760> time<00:10:22.079> stamp<00:10:22.399> the 00:10:22.630 --> 00:10:22.640 align:start position:0% finally able to time stamp the 00:10:22.640 --> 00:10:24.470 align:start position:0% finally able to time stamp the beginnings<00:10:23.040> of<00:10:23.200> planetary<00:10:23.680> formation<00:10:24.160> to 00:10:24.470 --> 00:10:24.480 align:start position:0% beginnings of planetary formation to 00:10:24.480 --> 00:10:27.750 align:start position:0% beginnings of planetary formation to less<00:10:24.720> than<00:10:25.680> 150,000<00:10:26.399> years<00:10:26.800> after<00:10:27.200> a<00:10:27.440> star 00:10:27.750 --> 00:10:27.760 align:start position:0% less than 150,000 years after a star 00:10:27.760 --> 00:10:30.389 align:start position:0% less than 150,000 years after a star begins<00:10:28.079> to<00:10:28.240> form,<00:10:28.959> which<00:10:29.200> is<00:10:29.680> turning<00:10:30.079> our 00:10:30.389 --> 00:10:30.399 align:start position:0% begins to form, which is turning our 00:10:30.399 --> 00:10:32.949 align:start position:0% begins to form, which is turning our models<00:10:30.720> on<00:10:30.959> their<00:10:31.120> heads.<00:10:32.240> Initially,<00:10:32.720> we 00:10:32.949 --> 00:10:32.959 align:start position:0% models on their heads. Initially, we 00:10:32.959 --> 00:10:35.190 align:start position:0% models on their heads. Initially, we thought<00:10:33.279> gases<00:10:33.760> only<00:10:34.000> began<00:10:34.399> condensing<00:10:34.959> once 00:10:35.190 --> 00:10:35.200 align:start position:0% thought gases only began condensing once 00:10:35.200 --> 00:10:38.389 align:start position:0% thought gases only began condensing once the<00:10:35.440> central<00:10:35.839> star<00:10:36.160> formed<00:10:36.560> a<00:10:36.880> class<00:10:37.279> 2<00:10:37.680> system 00:10:38.389 --> 00:10:38.399 align:start position:0% the central star formed a class 2 system 00:10:38.399 --> 00:10:40.630 align:start position:0% the central star formed a class 2 system or<00:10:38.640> when<00:10:38.880> the<00:10:39.040> stellar<00:10:39.440> envelope<00:10:39.920> is<00:10:40.240> mostly 00:10:40.630 --> 00:10:40.640 align:start position:0% or when the stellar envelope is mostly 00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:43.190 align:start position:0% or when the stellar envelope is mostly gone.<00:10:41.200> The<00:10:41.360> star<00:10:41.600> has<00:10:41.839> stopped<00:10:42.079> growing.<00:10:42.959> What 00:10:43.190 --> 00:10:43.200 align:start position:0% gone. The star has stopped growing. What 00:10:43.200 --> 00:10:45.430 align:start position:0% gone. The star has stopped growing. What remains<00:10:43.519> is<00:10:43.760> a<00:10:44.000> relatively<00:10:44.480> calm,<00:10:45.120> well- 00:10:45.430 --> 00:10:45.440 align:start position:0% remains is a relatively calm, well- 00:10:45.440 --> 00:10:48.389 align:start position:0% remains is a relatively calm, well- behaved<00:10:45.839> debris<00:10:46.240> disc.<00:10:47.279> But<00:10:47.680> over<00:10:47.920> the<00:10:48.160> last 00:10:48.389 --> 00:10:48.399 align:start position:0% behaved debris disc. But over the last 00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:50.710 align:start position:0% behaved debris disc. But over the last decade,<00:10:49.040> mounting<00:10:49.519> evidence<00:10:49.920> from<00:10:50.240> several 00:10:50.710 --> 00:10:50.720 align:start position:0% decade, mounting evidence from several 00:10:50.720 --> 00:10:53.430 align:start position:0% decade, mounting evidence from several young<00:10:51.040> protostars<00:10:52.079> like<00:10:52.399> these<00:10:53.200> have 00:10:53.430 --> 00:10:53.440 align:start position:0% young protostars like these have 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:55.750 align:start position:0% young protostars like these have suggested<00:10:53.920> that<00:10:54.160> planet<00:10:54.560> formation<00:10:55.279> actually 00:10:55.750 --> 00:10:55.760 align:start position:0% suggested that planet formation actually 00:10:55.760 --> 00:10:59.509 align:start position:0% suggested that planet formation actually starts<00:10:56.320> way<00:10:56.720> earlier.<00:10:58.000> Still,<00:10:58.720> these<00:10:59.040> discs 00:10:59.509 --> 00:10:59.519 align:start position:0% starts way earlier. Still, these discs 00:10:59.519 --> 00:11:03.509 align:start position:0% starts way earlier. Still, these discs were<00:11:00.000> not<00:11:00.399> well<00:11:00.720> categorized.<00:11:02.079> HOPS<00:11:02.480> 315<00:11:03.279> has 00:11:03.509 --> 00:11:03.519 align:start position:0% were not well categorized. HOPS 315 has 00:11:03.519 --> 00:11:05.990 align:start position:0% were not well categorized. HOPS 315 has gone<00:11:03.680> one<00:11:04.000> better<00:11:04.640> and<00:11:05.040> confirmed<00:11:05.680> our 00:11:05.990 --> 00:11:06.000 align:start position:0% gone one better and confirmed our 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:07.670 align:start position:0% gone one better and confirmed our suspicion. 00:11:07.670 --> 00:11:07.680 align:start position:0% suspicion. 00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:09.829 align:start position:0% suspicion. But<00:11:08.000> there's<00:11:08.320> still<00:11:08.560> one<00:11:08.880> mystery<00:11:09.279> about<00:11:09.600> the 00:11:09.829 --> 00:11:09.839 align:start position:0% But there's still one mystery about the 00:11:09.839 --> 00:11:12.630 align:start position:0% But there's still one mystery about the nebula<00:11:10.320> hypothesis.<00:11:11.440> Scientists<00:11:12.000> have<00:11:12.320> long 00:11:12.630 --> 00:11:12.640 align:start position:0% nebula hypothesis. Scientists have long 00:11:12.640 --> 00:11:15.110 align:start position:0% nebula hypothesis. Scientists have long struggled<00:11:13.120> to<00:11:13.279> explain<00:11:13.680> how<00:11:14.079> millimetersized 00:11:15.110 --> 00:11:15.120 align:start position:0% struggled to explain how millimetersized 00:11:15.120 --> 00:11:18.310 align:start position:0% struggled to explain how millimetersized condrils<00:11:16.079> grow<00:11:16.399> into<00:11:16.720> rocks<00:11:17.519> kilome<00:11:18.079> in 00:11:18.310 --> 00:11:18.320 align:start position:0% condrils grow into rocks kilome in 00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:20.790 align:start position:0% condrils grow into rocks kilome in diameter.<00:11:19.440> Small<00:11:19.839> particles<00:11:20.480> don't 00:11:20.790 --> 00:11:20.800 align:start position:0% diameter. Small particles don't 00:11:20.800 --> 00:11:22.630 align:start position:0% diameter. Small particles don't naturally<00:11:21.360> stick<00:11:21.600> together<00:11:22.399> and 00:11:22.630 --> 00:11:22.640 align:start position:0% naturally stick together and 00:11:22.640 --> 00:11:24.790 align:start position:0% naturally stick together and medium-sized<00:11:23.440> objects<00:11:23.920> fall<00:11:24.160> into<00:11:24.399> the<00:11:24.560> star 00:11:24.790 --> 00:11:24.800 align:start position:0% medium-sized objects fall into the star 00:11:24.800 --> 00:11:29.030 align:start position:0% medium-sized objects fall into the star within<00:11:25.120> about<00:11:25.519> 100<00:11:26.000> years<00:11:26.480> due<00:11:26.720> to<00:11:26.880> gas<00:11:27.200> drag. 00:11:29.030 --> 00:11:29.040 align:start position:0% within about 100 years due to gas drag. 00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:31.990 align:start position:0% within about 100 years due to gas drag. One<00:11:29.360> proposal<00:11:29.920> is<00:11:30.160> that<00:11:30.480> dust<00:11:31.040> collapses<00:11:31.680> in 00:11:31.990 --> 00:11:32.000 align:start position:0% One proposal is that dust collapses in 00:11:32.000 --> 00:11:34.470 align:start position:0% One proposal is that dust collapses in pockets<00:11:32.399> of<00:11:32.640> gravitational<00:11:33.200> instability 00:11:34.470 --> 00:11:34.480 align:start position:0% pockets of gravitational instability 00:11:34.480 --> 00:11:37.350 align:start position:0% pockets of gravitational instability directly<00:11:34.959> forming<00:11:35.440> planetessimals,<00:11:36.640> a<00:11:36.880> rock 00:11:37.350 --> 00:11:37.360 align:start position:0% directly forming planetessimals, a rock 00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:40.630 align:start position:0% directly forming planetessimals, a rock emerging<00:11:38.000> from<00:11:38.160> a<00:11:38.320> sandstorm.<00:11:39.600> By<00:11:40.000> repeatedly 00:11:40.630 --> 00:11:40.640 align:start position:0% emerging from a sandstorm. By repeatedly 00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:42.870 align:start position:0% emerging from a sandstorm. By repeatedly observing<00:11:41.040> how<00:11:41.279> the<00:11:41.440> gas<00:11:41.680> to<00:11:41.920> solid<00:11:42.320> ratio 00:11:42.870 --> 00:11:42.880 align:start position:0% observing how the gas to solid ratio 00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:45.430 align:start position:0% observing how the gas to solid ratio changes<00:11:43.279> in<00:11:43.440> HOPS<00:11:43.920> 315,<00:11:44.720> scientists<00:11:45.279> can 00:11:45.430 --> 00:11:45.440 align:start position:0% changes in HOPS 315, scientists can 00:11:45.440 --> 00:11:47.829 align:start position:0% changes in HOPS 315, scientists can uncover<00:11:46.000> how<00:11:46.320> fast<00:11:46.640> solids<00:11:47.120> grow<00:11:47.440> within<00:11:47.680> the 00:11:47.829 --> 00:11:47.839 align:start position:0% uncover how fast solids grow within the 00:11:47.839 --> 00:11:50.230 align:start position:0% uncover how fast solids grow within the inner<00:11:48.160> disc,<00:11:48.959> what<00:11:49.200> might<00:11:49.519> limit<00:11:49.920> their 00:11:50.230 --> 00:11:50.240 align:start position:0% inner disc, what might limit their 00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:53.269 align:start position:0% inner disc, what might limit their coalescence,<00:11:51.440> and<00:11:51.680> how<00:11:52.079> that<00:11:52.399> affects<00:11:52.880> planet 00:11:53.269 --> 00:11:53.279 align:start position:0% coalescence, and how that affects planet 00:11:53.279 --> 00:11:56.389 align:start position:0% coalescence, and how that affects planet development.<00:11:54.720> But<00:11:54.959> perhaps<00:11:55.519> most<00:11:55.839> impactful 00:11:56.389 --> 00:11:56.399 align:start position:0% development. But perhaps most impactful 00:11:56.399 --> 00:11:59.990 align:start position:0% development. But perhaps most impactful of<00:11:56.560> all,<00:11:57.279> the<00:11:57.519> HOPS<00:11:57.920> 315<00:11:58.640> system<00:11:59.200> is<00:11:59.680> one<00:11:59.920> of 00:11:59.990 --> 00:12:00.000 align:start position:0% of all, the HOPS 315 system is one of 00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:02.550 align:start position:0% of all, the HOPS 315 system is one of the<00:12:00.240> best<00:12:00.560> that<00:12:00.800> we<00:12:01.040> know<00:12:01.360> to<00:12:01.680> actually<00:12:02.160> probe 00:12:02.550 --> 00:12:02.560 align:start position:0% the best that we know to actually probe 00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:04.870 align:start position:0% the best that we know to actually probe some<00:12:02.800> of<00:12:02.880> the<00:12:03.120> processes<00:12:03.600> that<00:12:03.920> happen<00:12:04.160> in<00:12:04.560> our 00:12:04.870 --> 00:12:04.880 align:start position:0% some of the processes that happen in our 00:12:04.880 --> 00:12:08.389 align:start position:0% some of the processes that happen in our solar<00:12:05.200> system.<00:12:06.399> By<00:12:06.800> comparing<00:12:07.200> HOPS<00:12:07.600> 315's 00:12:08.389 --> 00:12:08.399 align:start position:0% solar system. By comparing HOPS 315's 00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:10.310 align:start position:0% solar system. By comparing HOPS 315's dust<00:12:08.720> chemistry<00:12:09.200> with<00:12:09.519> meteorites<00:12:10.160> from 00:12:10.310 --> 00:12:10.320 align:start position:0% dust chemistry with meteorites from 00:12:10.320 --> 00:12:12.550 align:start position:0% dust chemistry with meteorites from Earth,<00:12:11.120> scientists<00:12:11.600> can<00:12:11.839> see<00:12:12.000> whether<00:12:12.320> the 00:12:12.550 --> 00:12:12.560 align:start position:0% Earth, scientists can see whether the 00:12:12.560 --> 00:12:14.389 align:start position:0% Earth, scientists can see whether the same<00:12:12.720> condensation<00:12:13.440> sequences<00:12:14.079> and 00:12:14.389 --> 00:12:14.399 align:start position:0% same condensation sequences and 00:12:14.399 --> 00:12:16.629 align:start position:0% same condensation sequences and elemental<00:12:15.040> distributions<00:12:15.680> that<00:12:15.920> shaped<00:12:16.320> our 00:12:16.629 --> 00:12:16.639 align:start position:0% elemental distributions that shaped our 00:12:16.639 --> 00:12:19.030 align:start position:0% elemental distributions that shaped our planets<00:12:17.519> occur<00:12:17.839> in<00:12:18.160> other<00:12:18.480> parts<00:12:18.720> of<00:12:18.880> the 00:12:19.030 --> 00:12:19.040 align:start position:0% planets occur in other parts of the 00:12:19.040 --> 00:12:22.389 align:start position:0% planets occur in other parts of the universe.<00:12:20.000> We<00:12:20.240> can<00:12:20.480> finally<00:12:21.040> test<00:12:21.440> our<00:12:21.839> models 00:12:22.389 --> 00:12:22.399 align:start position:0% universe. We can finally test our models 00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:25.670 align:start position:0% universe. We can finally test our models against<00:12:22.800> the<00:12:23.040> real<00:12:23.279> thing.<00:12:24.399> But<00:12:24.800> just<00:12:25.040> as<00:12:25.279> with 00:12:25.670 --> 00:12:25.680 align:start position:0% against the real thing. But just as with 00:12:25.680 --> 00:12:27.990 align:start position:0% against the real thing. But just as with anything<00:12:26.079> in<00:12:26.399> science,<00:12:27.120> as<00:12:27.360> soon<00:12:27.519> as<00:12:27.680> you<00:12:27.839> make 00:12:27.990 --> 00:12:28.000 align:start position:0% anything in science, as soon as you make 00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:31.430 align:start position:0% anything in science, as soon as you make a<00:12:28.160> discovery,<00:12:29.120> it<00:12:29.360> leads<00:12:29.680> to<00:12:30.000> many<00:12:30.320> questions. 00:12:31.430 --> 00:12:31.440 align:start position:0% a discovery, it leads to many questions. 00:12:31.440 --> 00:12:35.190 align:start position:0% a discovery, it leads to many questions. So,<00:12:32.000> what's<00:12:32.399> next<00:12:32.720> for<00:12:32.959> Hops<00:12:33.519> 315? 00:12:35.190 --> 00:12:35.200 align:start position:0% So, what's next for Hops 315? 00:12:35.200 --> 00:12:37.990 align:start position:0% So, what's next for Hops 315? How<00:12:35.519> many<00:12:35.680> planets<00:12:36.079> will<00:12:36.240> it<00:12:36.480> have? 00:12:37.990 --> 00:12:38.000 align:start position:0% How many planets will it have? 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:40.629 align:start position:0% How many planets will it have? Will<00:12:38.240> they<00:12:38.639> be<00:12:38.880> split<00:12:39.279> into<00:12:39.680> small<00:12:40.160> rocky 00:12:40.629 --> 00:12:40.639 align:start position:0% Will they be split into small rocky 00:12:40.639 --> 00:12:42.870 align:start position:0% Will they be split into small rocky planets<00:12:40.959> in<00:12:41.120> the<00:12:41.279> inner<00:12:41.600> solar<00:12:41.839> system<00:12:42.480> and 00:12:42.870 --> 00:12:42.880 align:start position:0% planets in the inner solar system and 00:12:42.880 --> 00:12:44.870 align:start position:0% planets in the inner solar system and icy<00:12:43.200> gas<00:12:43.519> giants<00:12:43.839> in<00:12:44.000> the<00:12:44.160> outer<00:12:44.480> reaches<00:12:44.800> of 00:12:44.870 --> 00:12:44.880 align:start position:0% icy gas giants in the outer reaches of 00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.430 align:start position:0% icy gas giants in the outer reaches of the<00:12:45.040> stars<00:12:45.360> influence?<00:12:46.800> Well,<00:12:47.200> the 00:12:47.430 --> 00:12:47.440 align:start position:0% the stars influence? Well, the 00:12:47.440 --> 00:12:48.629 align:start position:0% the stars influence? Well, the condensation<00:12:48.000> sequence<00:12:48.320> in<00:12:48.480> the 00:12:48.629 --> 00:12:48.639 align:start position:0% condensation sequence in the 00:12:48.639 --> 00:12:50.949 align:start position:0% condensation sequence in the protolanetary<00:12:49.440> disc<00:12:49.760> has<00:12:50.079> a<00:12:50.240> direct<00:12:50.639> impact 00:12:50.949 --> 00:12:50.959 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc has a direct impact 00:12:50.959 --> 00:12:53.910 align:start position:0% protolanetary disc has a direct impact on<00:12:51.200> what<00:12:51.440> kinds<00:12:51.680> of<00:12:51.839> planets<00:12:52.240> form<00:12:52.639> and<00:12:52.959> where. 00:12:53.910 --> 00:12:53.920 align:start position:0% on what kinds of planets form and where. 00:12:53.920 --> 00:12:56.629 align:start position:0% on what kinds of planets form and where. This<00:12:54.160> lets<00:12:54.399> us<00:12:54.800> at<00:12:54.880> least<00:12:55.440> make<00:12:55.680> an<00:12:56.000> educated 00:12:56.629 --> 00:12:56.639 align:start position:0% This lets us at least make an educated 00:12:56.639 --> 00:12:59.110 align:start position:0% This lets us at least make an educated guess.<00:12:57.600> Since<00:12:57.920> the<00:12:58.079> early<00:12:58.399> disc<00:12:58.720> isn't 00:12:59.110 --> 00:12:59.120 align:start position:0% guess. Since the early disc isn't 00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:00.870 align:start position:0% guess. Since the early disc isn't uniform<00:12:59.519> in<00:12:59.839> temperature,<00:13:00.560> different 00:13:00.870 --> 00:13:00.880 align:start position:0% uniform in temperature, different 00:13:00.880 --> 00:13:02.629 align:start position:0% uniform in temperature, different compounds<00:13:01.360> will<00:13:01.600> condense<00:13:02.079> first<00:13:02.320> in 00:13:02.629 --> 00:13:02.639 align:start position:0% compounds will condense first in 00:13:02.639 --> 00:13:04.870 align:start position:0% compounds will condense first in different<00:13:02.959> parts.<00:13:03.760> One<00:13:04.079> feature<00:13:04.320> of<00:13:04.480> this<00:13:04.720> is 00:13:04.870 --> 00:13:04.880 align:start position:0% different parts. One feature of this is 00:13:04.880 --> 00:13:07.030 align:start position:0% different parts. One feature of this is called<00:13:05.040> the<00:13:05.279> snow<00:13:05.600> line.<00:13:06.160> The<00:13:06.399> point<00:13:06.639> beyond 00:13:07.030 --> 00:13:07.040 align:start position:0% called the snow line. The point beyond 00:13:07.040 --> 00:13:09.910 align:start position:0% called the snow line. The point beyond which<00:13:07.360> conditions<00:13:07.839> allow<00:13:08.320> ices<00:13:08.639> to<00:13:08.800> form.<00:13:09.680> In 00:13:09.910 --> 00:13:09.920 align:start position:0% which conditions allow ices to form. In 00:13:09.920 --> 00:13:12.310 align:start position:0% which conditions allow ices to form. In our<00:13:10.240> early<00:13:10.480> solar<00:13:10.800> system,<00:13:11.279> this<00:13:11.519> line<00:13:11.839> was<00:13:12.079> at 00:13:12.310 --> 00:13:12.320 align:start position:0% our early solar system, this line was at 00:13:12.320 --> 00:13:15.509 align:start position:0% our early solar system, this line was at about<00:13:12.800> 2.7<00:13:13.600> astronomical<00:13:14.320> units<00:13:14.880> for<00:13:15.120> water 00:13:15.509 --> 00:13:15.519 align:start position:0% about 2.7 astronomical units for water 00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:18.550 align:start position:0% about 2.7 astronomical units for water ice.<00:13:16.480> Beyond<00:13:16.800> this<00:13:16.959> snow<00:13:17.279> line,<00:13:17.760> ice<00:13:18.079> and<00:13:18.240> dust 00:13:18.550 --> 00:13:18.560 align:start position:0% ice. Beyond this snow line, ice and dust 00:13:18.560 --> 00:13:20.949 align:start position:0% ice. Beyond this snow line, ice and dust accumulate,<00:13:19.519> slowly<00:13:20.000> snowballing<00:13:20.639> into 00:13:20.949 --> 00:13:20.959 align:start position:0% accumulate, slowly snowballing into 00:13:20.959 --> 00:13:23.990 align:start position:0% accumulate, slowly snowballing into giant<00:13:21.440> planetary<00:13:21.920> cores.<00:13:23.360> The<00:13:23.600> colder 00:13:23.990 --> 00:13:24.000 align:start position:0% giant planetary cores. The colder 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:26.150 align:start position:0% giant planetary cores. The colder temperatures<00:13:24.480> out<00:13:24.720> here<00:13:25.200> also<00:13:25.519> mean<00:13:25.839> gas 00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:26.160 align:start position:0% temperatures out here also mean gas 00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:28.150 align:start position:0% temperatures out here also mean gas travels<00:13:26.560> slower.<00:13:27.360> Slow<00:13:27.680> enough<00:13:27.839> to<00:13:28.000> be 00:13:28.150 --> 00:13:28.160 align:start position:0% travels slower. Slow enough to be 00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:30.069 align:start position:0% travels slower. Slow enough to be captured<00:13:28.560> by<00:13:28.720> the<00:13:28.880> growing<00:13:29.279> gravity<00:13:29.600> of<00:13:29.760> these 00:13:30.069 --> 00:13:30.079 align:start position:0% captured by the growing gravity of these 00:13:30.079 --> 00:13:32.949 align:start position:0% captured by the growing gravity of these frozen<00:13:30.480> cores.<00:13:31.200> Eventually,<00:13:32.160> enough<00:13:32.399> gas<00:13:32.720> is 00:13:32.949 --> 00:13:32.959 align:start position:0% frozen cores. Eventually, enough gas is 00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:35.110 align:start position:0% frozen cores. Eventually, enough gas is captured<00:13:33.279> to<00:13:33.440> form<00:13:33.680> a<00:13:33.920> planet,<00:13:34.480> and<00:13:34.639> a<00:13:34.880> gas 00:13:35.110 --> 00:13:35.120 align:start position:0% captured to form a planet, and a gas 00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:37.990 align:start position:0% captured to form a planet, and a gas giant<00:13:35.440> is<00:13:35.680> born.<00:13:36.560> This<00:13:36.800> process<00:13:37.279> happens<00:13:37.680> very 00:13:37.990 --> 00:13:38.000 align:start position:0% giant is born. This process happens very 00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:40.150 align:start position:0% giant is born. This process happens very fast.<00:13:38.720> We<00:13:38.959> think<00:13:39.040> it's<00:13:39.279> how<00:13:39.519> Jupiter<00:13:40.000> and 00:13:40.150 --> 00:13:40.160 align:start position:0% fast. We think it's how Jupiter and 00:13:40.160 --> 00:13:42.790 align:start position:0% fast. We think it's how Jupiter and Saturn<00:13:40.560> formed<00:13:41.040> in<00:13:41.279> as<00:13:41.519> little<00:13:41.760> as<00:13:42.079> 10<00:13:42.399> million 00:13:42.790 --> 00:13:42.800 align:start position:0% Saturn formed in as little as 10 million 00:13:42.800 --> 00:13:45.910 align:start position:0% Saturn formed in as little as 10 million years.<00:13:44.160> Meanwhile,<00:13:44.800> on<00:13:45.120> the<00:13:45.360> other<00:13:45.600> side<00:13:45.760> of 00:13:45.910 --> 00:13:45.920 align:start position:0% years. Meanwhile, on the other side of 00:13:45.920 --> 00:13:48.550 align:start position:0% years. Meanwhile, on the other side of the<00:13:46.079> snow<00:13:46.399> line,<00:13:47.040> ice<00:13:47.279> and<00:13:47.519> volatiles<00:13:48.160> are 00:13:48.550 --> 00:13:48.560 align:start position:0% the snow line, ice and volatiles are 00:13:48.560 --> 00:13:50.790 align:start position:0% the snow line, ice and volatiles are completely<00:13:49.279> vaporized. 00:13:50.790 --> 00:13:50.800 align:start position:0% completely vaporized. 00:13:50.800 --> 00:13:53.190 align:start position:0% completely vaporized. Here,<00:13:51.279> only<00:13:51.600> materials<00:13:52.160> with<00:13:52.480> very<00:13:52.880> high 00:13:53.190 --> 00:13:53.200 align:start position:0% Here, only materials with very high 00:13:53.200 --> 00:13:55.750 align:start position:0% Here, only materials with very high melting<00:13:53.600> points<00:13:54.000> like<00:13:54.399> iron,<00:13:55.040> nickel, 00:13:55.750 --> 00:13:55.760 align:start position:0% melting points like iron, nickel, 00:13:55.760 --> 00:13:59.110 align:start position:0% melting points like iron, nickel, aluminium,<00:13:56.560> and<00:13:56.800> rocky<00:13:57.199> silicut<00:13:57.680> survive.<00:13:58.800> By 00:13:59.110 --> 00:13:59.120 align:start position:0% aluminium, and rocky silicut survive. By 00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:01.110 align:start position:0% aluminium, and rocky silicut survive. By now,<00:13:59.440> most<00:13:59.680> of<00:13:59.760> the<00:13:59.920> gas<00:14:00.160> in<00:14:00.320> the<00:14:00.480> system<00:14:00.720> has 00:14:01.110 --> 00:14:01.120 align:start position:0% now, most of the gas in the system has 00:14:01.120 --> 00:14:03.350 align:start position:0% now, most of the gas in the system has been<00:14:01.360> captured<00:14:02.000> either<00:14:02.320> by<00:14:02.480> the<00:14:02.639> growing<00:14:03.040> star 00:14:03.350 --> 00:14:03.360 align:start position:0% been captured either by the growing star 00:14:03.360 --> 00:14:05.750 align:start position:0% been captured either by the growing star or<00:14:03.519> the<00:14:03.680> gas<00:14:04.000> giants,<00:14:04.880> meaning<00:14:05.360> there's 00:14:05.750 --> 00:14:05.760 align:start position:0% or the gas giants, meaning there's 00:14:05.760 --> 00:14:08.069 align:start position:0% or the gas giants, meaning there's almost<00:14:06.240> none<00:14:06.720> left<00:14:07.120> for<00:14:07.360> these<00:14:07.680> longer 00:14:08.069 --> 00:14:08.079 align:start position:0% almost none left for these longer 00:14:08.079 --> 00:14:11.590 align:start position:0% almost none left for these longer gestating<00:14:08.800> worlds.<00:14:09.600> The<00:14:09.920> result<00:14:10.160> is<00:14:10.800> smaller 00:14:11.590 --> 00:14:11.600 align:start position:0% gestating worlds. The result is smaller 00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:13.829 align:start position:0% gestating worlds. The result is smaller rocky<00:14:12.079> planets<00:14:12.399> like<00:14:12.560> the<00:14:12.800> ones<00:14:13.040> we<00:14:13.360> see<00:14:13.600> in 00:14:13.829 --> 00:14:13.839 align:start position:0% rocky planets like the ones we see in 00:14:13.839 --> 00:14:17.590 align:start position:0% rocky planets like the ones we see in our<00:14:14.079> inner<00:14:14.399> solar<00:14:14.720> system,<00:14:15.519> including<00:14:16.160> Earth. 00:14:17.590 --> 00:14:17.600 align:start position:0% our inner solar system, including Earth. 00:14:17.600 --> 00:14:19.829 align:start position:0% our inner solar system, including Earth. We<00:14:17.920> don't<00:14:18.160> know<00:14:18.480> how<00:14:18.720> many<00:14:18.959> planets<00:14:19.360> will<00:14:19.600> form 00:14:19.829 --> 00:14:19.839 align:start position:0% We don't know how many planets will form 00:14:19.839 --> 00:14:22.629 align:start position:0% We don't know how many planets will form around<00:14:20.079> Hops<00:14:20.560> 315,<00:14:21.600> but<00:14:21.760> we'd<00:14:22.000> expect<00:14:22.240> to<00:14:22.480> see 00:14:22.629 --> 00:14:22.639 align:start position:0% around Hops 315, but we'd expect to see 00:14:22.639 --> 00:14:25.430 align:start position:0% around Hops 315, but we'd expect to see a<00:14:22.880> similar<00:14:23.199> setup<00:14:23.600> to<00:14:23.920> our<00:14:24.240> own<00:14:24.480> solar<00:14:24.800> system 00:14:25.430 --> 00:14:25.440 align:start position:0% a similar setup to our own solar system 00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:27.990 align:start position:0% a similar setup to our own solar system with<00:14:25.760> inner<00:14:26.079> rocky<00:14:26.480> worlds<00:14:27.040> and<00:14:27.360> outer<00:14:27.680> gas 00:14:27.990 --> 00:14:28.000 align:start position:0% with inner rocky worlds and outer gas 00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:30.949 align:start position:0% with inner rocky worlds and outer gas giants,<00:14:29.040> although<00:14:29.440> we<00:14:29.760> still<00:14:30.079> can't<00:14:30.399> rule<00:14:30.639> out 00:14:30.949 --> 00:14:30.959 align:start position:0% giants, although we still can't rule out 00:14:30.959 --> 00:14:34.710 align:start position:0% giants, although we still can't rule out planetary<00:14:31.519> migration<00:14:32.399> and<00:14:32.639> hot<00:14:32.959> Jupiters. 00:14:34.710 --> 00:14:34.720 align:start position:0% planetary migration and hot Jupiters. 00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:36.389 align:start position:0% planetary migration and hot Jupiters. Given<00:14:35.040> that<00:14:35.279> the<00:14:35.600> current<00:14:35.920> beginnings<00:14:36.240> of 00:14:36.389 --> 00:14:36.399 align:start position:0% Given that the current beginnings of 00:14:36.399 --> 00:14:38.470 align:start position:0% Given that the current beginnings of planet<00:14:36.720> formation<00:14:37.279> are<00:14:37.600> happening<00:14:37.920> at<00:14:38.160> the 00:14:38.470 --> 00:14:38.480 align:start position:0% planet formation are happening at the 00:14:38.480 --> 00:14:40.550 align:start position:0% planet formation are happening at the approximate<00:14:39.120> location<00:14:39.440> of<00:14:39.760> our<00:14:40.079> asteroid 00:14:40.550 --> 00:14:40.560 align:start position:0% approximate location of our asteroid 00:14:40.560 --> 00:14:43.670 align:start position:0% approximate location of our asteroid belt,<00:14:41.360> one<00:14:41.680> question<00:14:42.000> is<00:14:42.320> whether<00:14:42.720> HOPS<00:14:43.120> 315 00:14:43.670 --> 00:14:43.680 align:start position:0% belt, one question is whether HOPS 315 00:14:43.680 --> 00:14:46.949 align:start position:0% belt, one question is whether HOPS 315 will<00:14:43.920> have<00:14:44.079> one.<00:14:45.120> Ours<00:14:45.519> sits<00:14:45.920> between<00:14:46.240> 2.2<00:14:46.800> 2 00:14:46.949 --> 00:14:46.959 align:start position:0% will have one. Ours sits between 2.2 2 00:14:46.959 --> 00:14:49.670 align:start position:0% will have one. Ours sits between 2.2 2 to<00:14:47.199> 3.2<00:14:47.760> astronomical<00:14:48.399> units<00:14:48.720> from<00:14:48.880> the<00:14:49.040> sun. 00:14:49.670 --> 00:14:49.680 align:start position:0% to 3.2 astronomical units from the sun. 00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:51.269 align:start position:0% to 3.2 astronomical units from the sun. And<00:14:49.839> we've<00:14:50.160> already<00:14:50.480> established<00:14:50.959> that 00:14:51.269 --> 00:14:51.279 align:start position:0% And we've already established that 00:14:51.279 --> 00:14:53.430 align:start position:0% And we've already established that asteroid<00:14:51.839> belts<00:14:52.320> aren't<00:14:52.639> a<00:14:52.800> feature<00:14:53.120> unique 00:14:53.430 --> 00:14:53.440 align:start position:0% asteroid belts aren't a feature unique 00:14:53.440 --> 00:14:56.629 align:start position:0% asteroid belts aren't a feature unique to<00:14:53.680> us.<00:14:54.480> In<00:14:54.800> 2001,<00:14:55.600> researchers<00:14:56.160> found<00:14:56.399> the 00:14:56.629 --> 00:14:56.639 align:start position:0% to us. In 2001, researchers found the 00:14:56.639 --> 00:14:59.189 align:start position:0% to us. In 2001, researchers found the first<00:14:56.880> asteroid<00:14:57.360> belt<00:14:57.760> outside<00:14:58.320> of<00:14:58.560> our<00:14:58.880> solar 00:14:59.189 --> 00:14:59.199 align:start position:0% first asteroid belt outside of our solar 00:14:59.199 --> 00:15:01.990 align:start position:0% first asteroid belt outside of our solar system,<00:14:59.920> 70<00:15:00.320> light<00:15:00.560> years<00:15:00.720> away<00:15:01.120> around<00:15:01.519> Zeta 00:15:01.990 --> 00:15:02.000 align:start position:0% system, 70 light years away around Zeta 00:15:02.000 --> 00:15:05.269 align:start position:0% system, 70 light years away around Zeta Laorus,<00:15:03.040> a<00:15:03.279> star<00:15:03.680> 1,000<00:15:04.399> times<00:15:04.720> older<00:15:05.040> than 00:15:05.269 --> 00:15:05.279 align:start position:0% Laorus, a star 1,000 times older than 00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:08.389 align:start position:0% Laorus, a star 1,000 times older than Hops<00:15:05.760> 315.<00:15:07.199> But<00:15:07.360> whether<00:15:07.680> one<00:15:07.920> develops 00:15:08.389 --> 00:15:08.399 align:start position:0% Hops 315. But whether one develops 00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:10.949 align:start position:0% Hops 315. But whether one develops around<00:15:08.720> this<00:15:09.040> baby<00:15:09.360> star<00:15:09.920> depends<00:15:10.320> on<00:15:10.560> a<00:15:10.800> few 00:15:10.949 --> 00:15:10.959 align:start position:0% around this baby star depends on a few 00:15:10.959 --> 00:15:13.750 align:start position:0% around this baby star depends on a few factors.<00:15:12.160> We<00:15:12.480> have<00:15:12.639> our<00:15:12.880> asteroid<00:15:13.360> belt 00:15:13.750 --> 00:15:13.760 align:start position:0% factors. We have our asteroid belt 00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:16.230 align:start position:0% factors. We have our asteroid belt thanks<00:15:14.000> to<00:15:14.160> Jupiter.<00:15:15.120> Initially<00:15:15.600> the<00:15:15.839> region 00:15:16.230 --> 00:15:16.240 align:start position:0% thanks to Jupiter. Initially the region 00:15:16.240 --> 00:15:18.310 align:start position:0% thanks to Jupiter. Initially the region between<00:15:16.639> Mars<00:15:16.959> and<00:15:17.199> Jupiter<00:15:17.680> was<00:15:17.920> full<00:15:18.160> of 00:15:18.310 --> 00:15:18.320 align:start position:0% between Mars and Jupiter was full of 00:15:18.320 --> 00:15:20.629 align:start position:0% between Mars and Jupiter was full of dust<00:15:18.639> and<00:15:18.800> planet<00:15:19.120> decesses.<00:15:20.079> There<00:15:20.320> was 00:15:20.629 --> 00:15:20.639 align:start position:0% dust and planet decesses. There was 00:15:20.639 --> 00:15:22.470 align:start position:0% dust and planet decesses. There was plenty<00:15:21.040> of<00:15:21.199> material<00:15:21.600> to<00:15:21.839> form<00:15:22.160> another 00:15:22.470 --> 00:15:22.480 align:start position:0% plenty of material to form another 00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:25.590 align:start position:0% plenty of material to form another planet.<00:15:23.440> But<00:15:23.600> once<00:15:23.920> Jupiter<00:15:24.320> formed<00:15:25.040> it<00:15:25.360> got 00:15:25.590 --> 00:15:25.600 align:start position:0% planet. But once Jupiter formed it got 00:15:25.600 --> 00:15:28.069 align:start position:0% planet. But once Jupiter formed it got massive<00:15:26.320> fast<00:15:27.279> and<00:15:27.440> that<00:15:27.760> strong 00:15:28.069 --> 00:15:28.079 align:start position:0% massive fast and that strong 00:15:28.079 --> 00:15:29.750 align:start position:0% massive fast and that strong gravitational<00:15:28.720> pull<00:15:29.040> and<00:15:29.279> orbital 00:15:29.750 --> 00:15:29.760 align:start position:0% gravitational pull and orbital 00:15:29.760 --> 00:15:31.910 align:start position:0% gravitational pull and orbital resonances<00:15:30.720> disrupted<00:15:31.279> the<00:15:31.519> surrounding 00:15:31.910 --> 00:15:31.920 align:start position:0% resonances disrupted the surrounding 00:15:31.920 --> 00:15:34.550 align:start position:0% resonances disrupted the surrounding region<00:15:32.639> halting<00:15:33.040> accretion<00:15:33.760> and<00:15:34.079> trapping 00:15:34.550 --> 00:15:34.560 align:start position:0% region halting accretion and trapping 00:15:34.560 --> 00:15:37.110 align:start position:0% region halting accretion and trapping planetimals<00:15:35.440> in<00:15:35.760> stable<00:15:36.160> orbits<00:15:36.639> around<00:15:36.880> the 00:15:37.110 --> 00:15:37.120 align:start position:0% planetimals in stable orbits around the 00:15:37.120 --> 00:15:39.509 align:start position:0% planetimals in stable orbits around the sun.<00:15:37.920> This<00:15:38.160> left<00:15:38.399> behind<00:15:38.720> a<00:15:38.880> population<00:15:39.279> of 00:15:39.509 --> 00:15:39.519 align:start position:0% sun. This left behind a population of 00:15:39.519 --> 00:15:41.509 align:start position:0% sun. This left behind a population of primordial<00:15:40.160> space<00:15:40.399> rubble<00:15:40.880> that<00:15:41.199> never 00:15:41.509 --> 00:15:41.519 align:start position:0% primordial space rubble that never 00:15:41.519 --> 00:15:44.550 align:start position:0% primordial space rubble that never coalesed<00:15:42.079> into<00:15:42.320> a<00:15:42.560> planet,<00:15:43.279> instead<00:15:44.160> becoming 00:15:44.550 --> 00:15:44.560 align:start position:0% coalesed into a planet, instead becoming 00:15:44.560 --> 00:15:47.990 align:start position:0% coalesed into a planet, instead becoming the<00:15:44.720> asteroid<00:15:45.120> belt<00:15:45.519> we<00:15:45.760> know<00:15:46.000> today.<00:15:47.360> So,<00:15:47.760> one 00:15:47.990 --> 00:15:48.000 align:start position:0% the asteroid belt we know today. So, one 00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.310 align:start position:0% the asteroid belt we know today. So, one way<00:15:48.160> for<00:15:48.399> Hops<00:15:48.800> 315<00:15:49.440> to<00:15:49.680> end<00:15:49.839> up<00:15:50.000> with<00:15:50.160> an 00:15:50.310 --> 00:15:50.320 align:start position:0% way for Hops 315 to end up with an 00:15:50.320 --> 00:15:52.629 align:start position:0% way for Hops 315 to end up with an asteroid<00:15:50.720> belt<00:15:51.199> is<00:15:51.519> for<00:15:51.680> it<00:15:51.920> to<00:15:52.160> create<00:15:52.399> a 00:15:52.629 --> 00:15:52.639 align:start position:0% asteroid belt is for it to create a 00:15:52.639 --> 00:15:54.710 align:start position:0% asteroid belt is for it to create a planet<00:15:52.959> with<00:15:53.199> enough<00:15:53.440> mass<00:15:53.839> to<00:15:54.160> cause<00:15:54.399> a 00:15:54.710 --> 00:15:54.720 align:start position:0% planet with enough mass to cause a 00:15:54.720 --> 00:15:56.629 align:start position:0% planet with enough mass to cause a gravitational<00:15:55.360> disturbance<00:15:55.920> like<00:15:56.160> Jupiter 00:15:56.629 --> 00:15:56.639 align:start position:0% gravitational disturbance like Jupiter 00:15:56.639 --> 00:15:59.350 align:start position:0% gravitational disturbance like Jupiter did.<00:15:57.680> But<00:15:57.839> if<00:15:58.000> a<00:15:58.240> large<00:15:58.399> enough<00:15:58.639> planet<00:15:59.120> never 00:15:59.350 --> 00:15:59.360 align:start position:0% did. But if a large enough planet never 00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:02.230 align:start position:0% did. But if a large enough planet never forms,<00:16:00.160> Hops<00:16:00.560> 315<00:16:01.199> could<00:16:01.519> end<00:16:01.680> up<00:16:01.839> with<00:16:02.000> an 00:16:02.230 --> 00:16:02.240 align:start position:0% forms, Hops 315 could end up with an 00:16:02.240 --> 00:16:04.389 align:start position:0% forms, Hops 315 could end up with an intermediate<00:16:02.880> world<00:16:03.120> around<00:16:03.360> the<00:16:03.519> snow<00:16:03.839> line, 00:16:04.389 --> 00:16:04.399 align:start position:0% intermediate world around the snow line, 00:16:04.399 --> 00:16:06.470 align:start position:0% intermediate world around the snow line, something<00:16:04.720> our<00:16:05.120> own<00:16:05.279> solar<00:16:05.680> system<00:16:06.160> never 00:16:06.470 --> 00:16:06.480 align:start position:0% something our own solar system never 00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:08.710 align:start position:0% something our own solar system never developed. 00:16:08.710 --> 00:16:08.720 align:start position:0% developed. 00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:13.590 align:start position:0% developed. So,<00:16:09.600> HOPS<00:16:10.160> 315<00:16:11.120> is<00:16:11.519> a<00:16:11.759> portal<00:16:12.160> to<00:16:12.320> our<00:16:12.639> past. 00:16:13.590 --> 00:16:13.600 align:start position:0% So, HOPS 315 is a portal to our past. 00:16:13.600 --> 00:16:15.590 align:start position:0% So, HOPS 315 is a portal to our past. Studying<00:16:14.000> it<00:16:14.240> is<00:16:14.399> like<00:16:14.639> looking<00:16:14.959> at<00:16:15.120> our<00:16:15.440> own 00:16:15.590 --> 00:16:15.600 align:start position:0% Studying it is like looking at our own 00:16:15.600 --> 00:16:19.189 align:start position:0% Studying it is like looking at our own solar<00:16:16.000> system<00:16:16.639> 4.6<00:16:17.519> billion<00:16:18.000> years<00:16:18.160> ago<00:16:18.800> when 00:16:19.189 --> 00:16:19.199 align:start position:0% solar system 4.6 billion years ago when 00:16:19.199 --> 00:16:21.749 align:start position:0% solar system 4.6 billion years ago when Earth<00:16:19.519> was<00:16:19.759> still<00:16:20.000> a<00:16:20.240> dispersion<00:16:20.880> of<00:16:21.199> gas<00:16:21.519> and 00:16:21.749 --> 00:16:21.759 align:start position:0% Earth was still a dispersion of gas and 00:16:21.759 --> 00:16:25.189 align:start position:0% Earth was still a dispersion of gas and dust.<00:16:22.959> But<00:16:23.120> its<00:16:23.440> discovery<00:16:24.000> also<00:16:24.399> raises<00:16:24.880> big 00:16:25.189 --> 00:16:25.199 align:start position:0% dust. But its discovery also raises big 00:16:25.199 --> 00:16:26.710 align:start position:0% dust. But its discovery also raises big questions. 00:16:26.710 --> 00:16:26.720 align:start position:0% questions. 00:16:26.720 --> 00:16:29.749 align:start position:0% questions. How<00:16:26.959> common<00:16:27.279> are<00:16:27.519> solar<00:16:27.920> systems<00:16:28.240> like<00:16:28.560> ours? 00:16:29.749 --> 00:16:29.759 align:start position:0% How common are solar systems like ours? 00:16:29.759 --> 00:16:32.069 align:start position:0% How common are solar systems like ours? Does<00:16:30.079> planet<00:16:30.480> formation<00:16:31.120> always<00:16:31.519> start<00:16:31.759> at 00:16:32.069 --> 00:16:32.079 align:start position:0% Does planet formation always start at 00:16:32.079 --> 00:16:35.749 align:start position:0% Does planet formation always start at 2.2<00:16:32.880> astronomical<00:16:33.600> units?<00:16:35.040> How<00:16:35.279> fast<00:16:35.519> does 00:16:35.749 --> 00:16:35.759 align:start position:0% 2.2 astronomical units? How fast does 00:16:35.759 --> 00:16:38.069 align:start position:0% 2.2 astronomical units? How fast does the<00:16:35.920> disc<00:16:36.160> go<00:16:36.399> from<00:16:36.720> microscopic<00:16:37.440> dust<00:16:37.759> to 00:16:38.069 --> 00:16:38.079 align:start position:0% the disc go from microscopic dust to 00:16:38.079 --> 00:16:40.710 align:start position:0% the disc go from microscopic dust to planet<00:16:38.480> decessimals?<00:16:39.920> To<00:16:40.160> answer<00:16:40.399> these 00:16:40.710 --> 00:16:40.720 align:start position:0% planet decessimals? To answer these 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:43.030 align:start position:0% planet decessimals? To answer these questions,<00:16:41.360> researchers<00:16:42.079> are<00:16:42.399> eager<00:16:42.800> to 00:16:43.030 --> 00:16:43.040 align:start position:0% questions, researchers are eager to 00:16:43.040 --> 00:16:45.509 align:start position:0% questions, researchers are eager to start<00:16:43.279> expanding<00:16:43.680> the<00:16:43.920> search<00:16:44.320> to<00:16:44.639> more<00:16:45.279> very 00:16:45.509 --> 00:16:45.519 align:start position:0% start expanding the search to more very 00:16:45.519 --> 00:16:48.069 align:start position:0% start expanding the search to more very young<00:16:45.839> stars<00:16:46.399> to<00:16:46.639> see<00:16:46.800> if<00:16:46.959> they<00:16:47.199> can<00:16:47.279> spot<00:16:47.759> any 00:16:48.069 --> 00:16:48.079 align:start position:0% young stars to see if they can spot any 00:16:48.079 --> 00:16:51.430 align:start position:0% young stars to see if they can spot any others<00:16:48.560> like<00:16:48.800> Hops<00:16:49.279> 315.<00:16:50.639> If<00:16:50.959> multiple 00:16:51.430 --> 00:16:51.440 align:start position:0% others like Hops 315. If multiple 00:16:51.440 --> 00:16:53.350 align:start position:0% others like Hops 315. If multiple systems<00:16:51.920> show<00:16:52.160> the<00:16:52.399> same<00:16:52.639> hallmarks<00:16:53.199> of 00:16:53.350 --> 00:16:53.360 align:start position:0% systems show the same hallmarks of 00:16:53.360 --> 00:16:55.509 align:start position:0% systems show the same hallmarks of creation,<00:16:54.399> we'll<00:16:54.720> have<00:16:54.959> found<00:16:55.199> a 00:16:55.509 --> 00:16:55.519 align:start position:0% creation, we'll have found a 00:16:55.519 --> 00:16:57.910 align:start position:0% creation, we'll have found a protolanetary<00:16:56.399> gold<00:16:56.720> mine,<00:16:57.279> a<00:16:57.519> wealth<00:16:57.759> of 00:16:57.910 --> 00:16:57.920 align:start position:0% protolanetary gold mine, a wealth of 00:16:57.920 --> 00:17:00.550 align:start position:0% protolanetary gold mine, a wealth of observations<00:16:58.560> and<00:16:58.880> data<00:16:59.279> to<00:16:59.519> pour<00:16:59.839> over<00:17:00.240> to 00:17:00.550 --> 00:17:00.560 align:start position:0% observations and data to pour over to 00:17:00.560 --> 00:17:04.069 align:start position:0% observations and data to pour over to better<00:17:00.959> understand<00:17:01.759> our<00:17:02.240> origins.<00:17:03.680> Whatever 00:17:04.069 --> 00:17:04.079 align:start position:0% better understand our origins. Whatever 00:17:04.079 --> 00:17:06.949 align:start position:0% better understand our origins. Whatever they<00:17:04.319> find,<00:17:04.959> one<00:17:05.199> thing<00:17:05.280> is<00:17:05.520> for<00:17:05.679> sure.<00:17:06.720> We 00:17:06.949 --> 00:17:06.959 align:start position:0% they find, one thing is for sure. We 00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:09.590 align:start position:0% they find, one thing is for sure. We were<00:17:07.120> once<00:17:07.360> a<00:17:07.600> swirling<00:17:08.079> cloud<00:17:08.400> of<00:17:08.559> dust.<00:17:09.360> And 00:17:09.590 --> 00:17:09.600 align:start position:0% were once a swirling cloud of dust. And 00:17:09.600 --> 00:17:11.590 align:start position:0% were once a swirling cloud of dust. And billions<00:17:10.000> of<00:17:10.160> years<00:17:10.319> from<00:17:10.559> now,<00:17:11.120> we'll<00:17:11.439> be 00:17:11.590 --> 00:17:11.600 align:start position:0% billions of years from now, we'll be 00:17:11.600 --> 00:17:14.789 align:start position:0% billions of years from now, we'll be dust<00:17:11.919> again.<00:17:12.720> So<00:17:12.959> perhaps<00:17:13.600> while<00:17:13.839> we're<00:17:14.079> here, 00:17:14.789 --> 00:17:14.799 align:start position:0% dust again. So perhaps while we're here, 00:17:14.799 --> 00:17:17.510 align:start position:0% dust again. So perhaps while we're here, we<00:17:15.039> should<00:17:15.280> make<00:17:15.439> the<00:17:15.600> most<00:17:15.760> of<00:17:15.919> it. 00:17:17.510 --> 00:17:17.520 align:start position:0% we should make the most of it. 00:17:17.520 --> 00:17:21.429 align:start position:0% we should make the most of it. Think<00:17:17.839> you<00:17:18.079> know<00:17:18.400> Jupiter?<00:17:19.679> Think<00:17:19.919> again.<00:17:21.120> For 00:17:21.429 --> 00:17:21.439 align:start position:0% Think you know Jupiter? Think again. For 00:17:21.439 --> 00:17:23.909 align:start position:0% Think you know Jupiter? Think again. For decades,<00:17:22.079> scientists<00:17:22.640> argued<00:17:23.039> over<00:17:23.360> what<00:17:23.600> the 00:17:23.909 --> 00:17:23.919 align:start position:0% decades, scientists argued over what the 00:17:23.919 --> 00:17:27.110 align:start position:0% decades, scientists argued over what the core<00:17:24.240> of<00:17:24.480> our<00:17:24.799> biggest<00:17:25.280> gas<00:17:25.600> giant<00:17:26.000> was<00:17:26.160> like. 00:17:27.110 --> 00:17:27.120 align:start position:0% core of our biggest gas giant was like. 00:17:27.120 --> 00:17:30.950 align:start position:0% core of our biggest gas giant was like. Was<00:17:27.280> it<00:17:27.600> solid<00:17:28.160> or<00:17:28.720> missing<00:17:29.280> altogether?<00:17:30.559> Then 00:17:30.950 --> 00:17:30.960 align:start position:0% Was it solid or missing altogether? Then 00:17:30.960 --> 00:17:33.990 align:start position:0% Was it solid or missing altogether? Then in<00:17:31.280> 2017,<00:17:32.080> NASA's<00:17:32.559> Juno<00:17:33.039> mission<00:17:33.440> made<00:17:33.679> that 00:17:33.990 --> 00:17:34.000 align:start position:0% in 2017, NASA's Juno mission made that 00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.470 align:start position:0% in 2017, NASA's Juno mission made that debate<00:17:34.480> irrelevant<00:17:35.120> overnight.<00:17:36.000> The<00:17:36.240> data 00:17:36.470 --> 00:17:36.480 align:start position:0% debate irrelevant overnight. The data 00:17:36.480 --> 00:17:39.029 align:start position:0% debate irrelevant overnight. The data from<00:17:36.720> Juno<00:17:37.280> suggested<00:17:38.080> both<00:17:38.400> sides<00:17:38.799> were 00:17:39.029 --> 00:17:39.039 align:start position:0% from Juno suggested both sides were 00:17:39.039 --> 00:17:42.789 align:start position:0% from Juno suggested both sides were wrong<00:17:39.760> and<00:17:40.080> revealed<00:17:40.559> a<00:17:40.960> third<00:17:41.280> option<00:17:42.000> no<00:17:42.400> one 00:17:42.789 --> 00:17:42.799 align:start position:0% wrong and revealed a third option no one 00:17:42.799 --> 00:17:46.230 align:start position:0% wrong and revealed a third option no one expected.<00:17:44.000> Jupiter's<00:17:44.559> core<00:17:44.960> isn't<00:17:45.440> solid, 00:17:46.230 --> 00:17:46.240 align:start position:0% expected. Jupiter's core isn't solid, 00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:51.190 align:start position:0% expected. Jupiter's core isn't solid, but<00:17:46.559> it<00:17:46.880> isn't<00:17:47.200> absent<00:17:47.840> either.<00:17:48.880> It's<00:17:49.600> fuzzy. 00:17:51.190 --> 00:17:51.200 align:start position:0% but it isn't absent either. It's fuzzy. 00:17:51.200 --> 00:17:54.070 align:start position:0% but it isn't absent either. It's fuzzy. And<00:17:51.600> that's<00:17:51.919> a<00:17:52.240> problem<00:17:52.960> because<00:17:53.200> it<00:17:53.440> upends 00:17:54.070 --> 00:17:54.080 align:start position:0% And that's a problem because it upends 00:17:54.080 --> 00:17:55.909 align:start position:0% And that's a problem because it upends everything<00:17:54.559> we<00:17:54.880> thought<00:17:55.039> we<00:17:55.280> knew<00:17:55.600> about 00:17:55.909 --> 00:17:55.919 align:start position:0% everything we thought we knew about 00:17:55.919 --> 00:17:59.190 align:start position:0% everything we thought we knew about Jupiter's<00:17:56.480> formation,<00:17:57.440> its<00:17:57.760> interior,<00:17:58.960> and 00:17:59.190 --> 00:17:59.200 align:start position:0% Jupiter's formation, its interior, and 00:17:59.200 --> 00:18:04.390 align:start position:0% Jupiter's formation, its interior, and even<00:17:59.679> its<00:18:00.000> bizarre<00:18:00.640> magnetic<00:18:01.200> field. 00:18:04.390 --> 00:18:04.400 align:start position:0% 00:18:04.400 --> 00:18:06.310 align:start position:0% I'm<00:18:04.640> Alex<00:18:05.039> Mccoan,<00:18:05.679> and<00:18:05.840> you're<00:18:06.080> watching 00:18:06.310 --> 00:18:06.320 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching 00:18:06.320 --> 00:18:08.950 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm.<00:18:07.200> Join<00:18:07.440> me<00:18:07.600> today<00:18:07.919> as<00:18:08.160> we<00:18:08.320> uncover 00:18:08.950 --> 00:18:08.960 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we uncover 00:18:08.960 --> 00:18:12.390 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we uncover exactly<00:18:09.520> what<00:18:10.000> Juno<00:18:10.480> found,<00:18:11.360> explore<00:18:12.000> how<00:18:12.160> a 00:18:12.390 --> 00:18:12.400 align:start position:0% exactly what Juno found, explore how a 00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:14.150 align:start position:0% exactly what Juno found, explore how a fuzzy<00:18:12.799> core<00:18:13.120> could<00:18:13.280> form<00:18:13.600> in<00:18:13.760> the<00:18:13.919> first 00:18:14.150 --> 00:18:14.160 align:start position:0% fuzzy core could form in the first 00:18:14.160 --> 00:18:16.870 align:start position:0% fuzzy core could form in the first place,<00:18:14.640> and<00:18:14.880> reveal<00:18:15.280> why<00:18:15.760> this<00:18:16.080> changes<00:18:16.640> how 00:18:16.870 --> 00:18:16.880 align:start position:0% place, and reveal why this changes how 00:18:16.880 --> 00:18:19.750 align:start position:0% place, and reveal why this changes how we<00:18:17.120> think<00:18:17.440> not<00:18:17.679> just<00:18:17.919> about<00:18:18.160> Jupiter,<00:18:18.960> but<00:18:19.360> gas 00:18:19.750 --> 00:18:19.760 align:start position:0% we think not just about Jupiter, but gas 00:18:19.760 --> 00:18:27.669 align:start position:0% we think not just about Jupiter, but gas giant<00:18:20.160> planets<00:18:20.880> everywhere. 00:18:27.669 --> 00:18:27.679 align:start position:0% 00:18:27.679 --> 00:18:30.310 align:start position:0% For<00:18:28.080> decades,<00:18:28.880> two<00:18:29.200> competing<00:18:29.679> theories 00:18:30.310 --> 00:18:30.320 align:start position:0% For decades, two competing theories 00:18:30.320 --> 00:18:32.310 align:start position:0% For decades, two competing theories dominated<00:18:30.880> the<00:18:31.120> scientific<00:18:31.679> conversation 00:18:32.310 --> 00:18:32.320 align:start position:0% dominated the scientific conversation 00:18:32.320 --> 00:18:35.110 align:start position:0% dominated the scientific conversation around<00:18:32.720> Jupiter's<00:18:33.360> core.<00:18:34.240> Many<00:18:34.640> supported 00:18:35.110 --> 00:18:35.120 align:start position:0% around Jupiter's core. Many supported 00:18:35.120 --> 00:18:37.430 align:start position:0% around Jupiter's core. Many supported the<00:18:35.440> gravitational<00:18:36.080> collapse<00:18:36.559> theory<00:18:37.120> which 00:18:37.430 --> 00:18:37.440 align:start position:0% the gravitational collapse theory which 00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:39.750 align:start position:0% the gravitational collapse theory which suggests<00:18:38.000> that<00:18:38.320> Jupiter<00:18:38.799> formed<00:18:39.200> directly 00:18:39.750 --> 00:18:39.760 align:start position:0% suggests that Jupiter formed directly 00:18:39.760 --> 00:18:41.990 align:start position:0% suggests that Jupiter formed directly from<00:18:40.000> the<00:18:40.160> collapse<00:18:40.559> of<00:18:40.720> a<00:18:40.880> gas<00:18:41.200> cloud<00:18:41.679> under 00:18:41.990 --> 00:18:42.000 align:start position:0% from the collapse of a gas cloud under 00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:44.470 align:start position:0% from the collapse of a gas cloud under its<00:18:42.320> own<00:18:42.480> gravity.<00:18:43.760> This<00:18:44.080> would<00:18:44.240> have 00:18:44.470 --> 00:18:44.480 align:start position:0% its own gravity. This would have 00:18:44.480 --> 00:18:46.950 align:start position:0% its own gravity. This would have happened<00:18:44.960> in<00:18:45.200> the<00:18:45.440> colder<00:18:46.160> outer<00:18:46.559> reaches<00:18:46.880> of 00:18:46.950 --> 00:18:46.960 align:start position:0% happened in the colder outer reaches of 00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:49.350 align:start position:0% happened in the colder outer reaches of the<00:18:47.120> solar<00:18:47.440> system<00:18:48.000> before<00:18:48.320> Jupiter<00:18:48.799> migrated 00:18:49.350 --> 00:18:49.360 align:start position:0% the solar system before Jupiter migrated 00:18:49.360 --> 00:18:51.669 align:start position:0% the solar system before Jupiter migrated to<00:18:49.520> its<00:18:49.760> current<00:18:50.080> location.<00:18:51.200> In<00:18:51.440> this 00:18:51.669 --> 00:18:51.679 align:start position:0% to its current location. In this 00:18:51.679 --> 00:18:53.830 align:start position:0% to its current location. In this scenario,<00:18:52.240> the<00:18:52.400> gas<00:18:52.720> giant<00:18:53.120> would<00:18:53.360> have<00:18:53.600> no 00:18:53.830 --> 00:18:53.840 align:start position:0% scenario, the gas giant would have no 00:18:53.840 --> 00:18:56.789 align:start position:0% scenario, the gas giant would have no core<00:18:54.240> at<00:18:54.400> all.<00:18:55.120> It<00:18:55.280> would<00:18:55.440> simply<00:18:55.840> be<00:18:56.080> a<00:18:56.480> layer 00:18:56.789 --> 00:18:56.799 align:start position:0% core at all. It would simply be a layer 00:18:56.799 --> 00:18:59.029 align:start position:0% core at all. It would simply be a layer cake<00:18:57.120> of<00:18:57.520> churning<00:18:58.000> gas<00:18:58.559> all<00:18:58.799> the<00:18:58.960> way 00:18:59.029 --> 00:18:59.039 align:start position:0% cake of churning gas all the way 00:18:59.039 --> 00:19:00.470 align:start position:0% cake of churning gas all the way through. 00:19:00.470 --> 00:19:00.480 align:start position:0% through. 00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:02.390 align:start position:0% through. But<00:19:00.720> this<00:19:00.880> theory<00:19:01.280> didn't<00:19:01.679> have<00:19:01.840> the<00:19:02.080> whole 00:19:02.390 --> 00:19:02.400 align:start position:0% But this theory didn't have the whole 00:19:02.400 --> 00:19:04.950 align:start position:0% But this theory didn't have the whole scientific<00:19:02.880> community<00:19:03.360> convinced.<00:19:04.559> Others 00:19:04.950 --> 00:19:04.960 align:start position:0% scientific community convinced. Others 00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:07.510 align:start position:0% scientific community convinced. Others were<00:19:05.200> almost<00:19:05.600> certain<00:19:06.080> Jupiter's<00:19:06.640> core<00:19:07.120> was 00:19:07.510 --> 00:19:07.520 align:start position:0% were almost certain Jupiter's core was 00:19:07.520 --> 00:19:10.150 align:start position:0% were almost certain Jupiter's core was solid,<00:19:08.320> made<00:19:08.559> up<00:19:08.720> of<00:19:08.960> heavy<00:19:09.360> elements<00:19:09.840> like 00:19:10.150 --> 00:19:10.160 align:start position:0% solid, made up of heavy elements like 00:19:10.160 --> 00:19:13.909 align:start position:0% solid, made up of heavy elements like carbon,<00:19:11.039> nitrogen,<00:19:11.919> oxygen,<00:19:12.880> magnesium, 00:19:13.909 --> 00:19:13.919 align:start position:0% carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, 00:19:13.919 --> 00:19:17.510 align:start position:0% carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, silicon,<00:19:14.640> and<00:19:14.960> iron.<00:19:16.240> As<00:19:16.480> this<00:19:16.720> solid<00:19:17.120> core 00:19:17.510 --> 00:19:17.520 align:start position:0% silicon, and iron. As this solid core 00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:20.070 align:start position:0% silicon, and iron. As this solid core grew<00:19:17.919> larger<00:19:18.320> and<00:19:18.640> larger,<00:19:19.280> its<00:19:19.600> gravity 00:19:20.070 --> 00:19:20.080 align:start position:0% grew larger and larger, its gravity 00:19:20.080 --> 00:19:21.990 align:start position:0% grew larger and larger, its gravity started<00:19:20.400> capturing<00:19:20.960> more<00:19:21.200> hydrogen<00:19:21.760> and 00:19:21.990 --> 00:19:22.000 align:start position:0% started capturing more hydrogen and 00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:24.310 align:start position:0% started capturing more hydrogen and helium,<00:19:22.960> swirling<00:19:23.520> it<00:19:23.679> together<00:19:24.000> over 00:19:24.310 --> 00:19:24.320 align:start position:0% helium, swirling it together over 00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:26.310 align:start position:0% helium, swirling it together over millions<00:19:24.640> of<00:19:24.799> years<00:19:25.039> to<00:19:25.280> form<00:19:25.520> the<00:19:25.679> planet<00:19:26.000> we 00:19:26.310 --> 00:19:26.320 align:start position:0% millions of years to form the planet we 00:19:26.320 --> 00:19:29.750 align:start position:0% millions of years to form the planet we all<00:19:26.640> recognize<00:19:27.200> today.<00:19:28.559> Intuitively,<00:19:29.520> this 00:19:29.750 --> 00:19:29.760 align:start position:0% all recognize today. Intuitively, this 00:19:29.760 --> 00:19:32.150 align:start position:0% all recognize today. Intuitively, this seems<00:19:30.000> to<00:19:30.240> make<00:19:30.480> sense.<00:19:31.280> Our<00:19:31.520> solar<00:19:31.840> system 00:19:32.150 --> 00:19:32.160 align:start position:0% seems to make sense. Our solar system 00:19:32.160 --> 00:19:34.710 align:start position:0% seems to make sense. Our solar system formation<00:19:32.640> models<00:19:33.120> suggest<00:19:33.679> giant<00:19:34.080> planets 00:19:34.710 --> 00:19:34.720 align:start position:0% formation models suggest giant planets 00:19:34.720 --> 00:19:37.190 align:start position:0% formation models suggest giant planets could<00:19:35.039> be<00:19:35.200> created<00:19:35.600> this<00:19:35.840> way<00:19:36.240> since<00:19:36.720> ice<00:19:37.039> and 00:19:37.190 --> 00:19:37.200 align:start position:0% could be created this way since ice and 00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:39.510 align:start position:0% could be created this way since ice and rock<00:19:37.600> would<00:19:37.919> condense<00:19:38.400> first<00:19:38.720> in<00:19:38.960> the<00:19:39.120> outer 00:19:39.510 --> 00:19:39.520 align:start position:0% rock would condense first in the outer 00:19:39.520 --> 00:19:41.830 align:start position:0% rock would condense first in the outer solar<00:19:39.919> nebula,<00:19:40.720> capturing<00:19:41.120> gases<00:19:41.520> in<00:19:41.679> their 00:19:41.830 --> 00:19:41.840 align:start position:0% solar nebula, capturing gases in their 00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:45.029 align:start position:0% solar nebula, capturing gases in their gravity<00:19:42.400> as<00:19:42.720> they<00:19:42.960> migrated<00:19:43.520> inward.<00:19:44.720> This 00:19:45.029 --> 00:19:45.039 align:start position:0% gravity as they migrated inward. This 00:19:45.039 --> 00:19:47.590 align:start position:0% gravity as they migrated inward. This theory,<00:19:45.760> known<00:19:46.080> as<00:19:46.320> the<00:19:46.559> core<00:19:46.960> accretion 00:19:47.590 --> 00:19:47.600 align:start position:0% theory, known as the core accretion 00:19:47.600 --> 00:19:50.310 align:start position:0% theory, known as the core accretion model,<00:19:48.160> predicted<00:19:48.720> a<00:19:48.960> dense,<00:19:49.600> well-defined 00:19:50.310 --> 00:19:50.320 align:start position:0% model, predicted a dense, well-defined 00:19:50.320 --> 00:19:52.470 align:start position:0% model, predicted a dense, well-defined core<00:19:50.720> with<00:19:50.960> a<00:19:51.120> clear<00:19:51.440> boundary<00:19:52.000> separating 00:19:52.470 --> 00:19:52.480 align:start position:0% core with a clear boundary separating 00:19:52.480 --> 00:19:54.870 align:start position:0% core with a clear boundary separating the<00:19:52.720> compact<00:19:53.200> center<00:19:53.679> from<00:19:54.000> the<00:19:54.240> surrounding 00:19:54.870 --> 00:19:54.880 align:start position:0% the compact center from the surrounding 00:19:54.880 --> 00:19:57.990 align:start position:0% the compact center from the surrounding layers<00:19:55.120> of<00:19:55.280> gas.<00:19:56.559> To<00:19:56.799> resolve<00:19:57.120> the<00:19:57.360> debate, 00:19:57.990 --> 00:19:58.000 align:start position:0% layers of gas. To resolve the debate, 00:19:58.000 --> 00:19:59.990 align:start position:0% layers of gas. To resolve the debate, early<00:19:58.320> missions<00:19:58.640> to<00:19:58.799> Jupiter<00:19:59.280> all<00:19:59.520> took<00:19:59.840> their 00:19:59.990 --> 00:20:00.000 align:start position:0% early missions to Jupiter all took their 00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:02.630 align:start position:0% early missions to Jupiter all took their turn<00:20:00.400> trying<00:20:00.720> to<00:20:00.880> discern<00:20:01.440> what<00:20:01.840> lies<00:20:02.240> beneath 00:20:02.630 --> 00:20:02.640 align:start position:0% turn trying to discern what lies beneath 00:20:02.640 --> 00:20:05.830 align:start position:0% turn trying to discern what lies beneath the<00:20:02.880> red<00:20:03.280> giant's<00:20:03.840> dramatic<00:20:04.400> atmosphere.<00:20:05.520> By 00:20:05.830 --> 00:20:05.840 align:start position:0% the red giant's dramatic atmosphere. By 00:20:05.840 --> 00:20:08.549 align:start position:0% the red giant's dramatic atmosphere. By the<00:20:06.000> 1990s,<00:20:06.960> scientists<00:20:07.520> knew<00:20:07.760> that<00:20:08.000> Jupiter 00:20:08.549 --> 00:20:08.559 align:start position:0% the 1990s, scientists knew that Jupiter 00:20:08.559 --> 00:20:11.190 align:start position:0% the 1990s, scientists knew that Jupiter was<00:20:08.799> rich<00:20:09.120> in<00:20:09.360> heavy<00:20:09.760> elements,<00:20:10.559> implying<00:20:10.960> the 00:20:11.190 --> 00:20:11.200 align:start position:0% was rich in heavy elements, implying the 00:20:11.200 --> 00:20:12.789 align:start position:0% was rich in heavy elements, implying the planet<00:20:11.520> was<00:20:11.760> made<00:20:11.919> of<00:20:12.160> more<00:20:12.400> than<00:20:12.559> just 00:20:12.789 --> 00:20:12.799 align:start position:0% planet was made of more than just 00:20:12.799 --> 00:20:15.669 align:start position:0% planet was made of more than just hydrogen<00:20:13.280> and<00:20:13.520> helium.<00:20:14.400> The<00:20:14.559> Galileo<00:20:15.280> mission 00:20:15.669 --> 00:20:15.679 align:start position:0% hydrogen and helium. The Galileo mission 00:20:15.679 --> 00:20:17.270 align:start position:0% hydrogen and helium. The Galileo mission also<00:20:16.000> found<00:20:16.240> evidence<00:20:16.559> that<00:20:16.799> Jupiter's 00:20:17.270 --> 00:20:17.280 align:start position:0% also found evidence that Jupiter's 00:20:17.280 --> 00:20:19.350 align:start position:0% also found evidence that Jupiter's magnetic<00:20:17.679> field<00:20:18.000> must<00:20:18.240> somehow<00:20:18.640> be<00:20:18.880> generated 00:20:19.350 --> 00:20:19.360 align:start position:0% magnetic field must somehow be generated 00:20:19.360 --> 00:20:22.789 align:start position:0% magnetic field must somehow be generated by<00:20:19.919> liquid<00:20:20.880> metallic<00:20:21.520> hydrogen<00:20:22.320> in<00:20:22.559> its 00:20:22.789 --> 00:20:22.799 align:start position:0% by liquid metallic hydrogen in its 00:20:22.799 --> 00:20:25.750 align:start position:0% by liquid metallic hydrogen in its interior.<00:20:24.080> But<00:20:24.240> if<00:20:24.400> the<00:20:24.640> core<00:20:24.960> is<00:20:25.200> purely 00:20:25.750 --> 00:20:25.760 align:start position:0% interior. But if the core is purely 00:20:25.760 --> 00:20:27.990 align:start position:0% interior. But if the core is purely liquid,<00:20:26.480> how<00:20:26.720> did<00:20:26.880> Jupiter<00:20:27.280> form<00:20:27.600> in<00:20:27.840> the 00:20:27.990 --> 00:20:28.000 align:start position:0% liquid, how did Jupiter form in the 00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:29.990 align:start position:0% liquid, how did Jupiter form in the first<00:20:28.159> place?<00:20:28.960> The<00:20:29.200> standard<00:20:29.520> theory<00:20:29.840> of 00:20:29.990 --> 00:20:30.000 align:start position:0% first place? The standard theory of 00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:32.789 align:start position:0% first place? The standard theory of planetary<00:20:30.559> formation<00:20:31.360> requires<00:20:31.919> a<00:20:32.240> solid 00:20:32.789 --> 00:20:32.799 align:start position:0% planetary formation requires a solid 00:20:32.799 --> 00:20:35.990 align:start position:0% planetary formation requires a solid nucleus<00:20:33.280> to<00:20:33.520> start<00:20:33.840> gas<00:20:34.159> capture.<00:20:35.200> If<00:20:35.440> Jupiter 00:20:35.990 --> 00:20:36.000 align:start position:0% nucleus to start gas capture. If Jupiter 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:38.710 align:start position:0% nucleus to start gas capture. If Jupiter once<00:20:36.320> had<00:20:36.640> such<00:20:36.799> a<00:20:37.039> core,<00:20:37.520> but<00:20:37.919> somehow<00:20:38.400> lost 00:20:38.710 --> 00:20:38.720 align:start position:0% once had such a core, but somehow lost 00:20:38.720 --> 00:20:41.590 align:start position:0% once had such a core, but somehow lost it,<00:20:39.440> how<00:20:39.679> did<00:20:39.919> that<00:20:40.159> happen?<00:20:41.200> Could 00:20:41.590 --> 00:20:41.600 align:start position:0% it, how did that happen? Could 00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:43.909 align:start position:0% it, how did that happen? Could everything<00:20:42.000> we<00:20:42.320> know<00:20:42.559> about<00:20:42.880> how<00:20:43.200> gas<00:20:43.520> giants 00:20:43.909 --> 00:20:43.919 align:start position:0% everything we know about how gas giants 00:20:43.919 --> 00:20:47.350 align:start position:0% everything we know about how gas giants form<00:20:44.400> be<00:20:44.960> completely<00:20:45.600> misguided? 00:20:47.350 --> 00:20:47.360 align:start position:0% form be completely misguided? 00:20:47.360 --> 00:20:49.110 align:start position:0% form be completely misguided? Despite<00:20:47.760> the<00:20:48.000> successful<00:20:48.559> missions<00:20:48.880> to 00:20:49.110 --> 00:20:49.120 align:start position:0% Despite the successful missions to 00:20:49.120 --> 00:20:51.590 align:start position:0% Despite the successful missions to Jupiter,<00:20:49.840> the<00:20:50.080> planet<00:20:50.480> structure<00:20:50.960> remained<00:20:51.360> a 00:20:51.590 --> 00:20:51.600 align:start position:0% Jupiter, the planet structure remained a 00:20:51.600 --> 00:20:53.750 align:start position:0% Jupiter, the planet structure remained a mystery.<00:20:52.559> The<00:20:52.799> data<00:20:53.039> gathered<00:20:53.440> wasn't 00:20:53.750 --> 00:20:53.760 align:start position:0% mystery. The data gathered wasn't 00:20:53.760 --> 00:20:55.590 align:start position:0% mystery. The data gathered wasn't precise<00:20:54.159> enough<00:20:54.400> to<00:20:54.640> determine<00:20:55.039> whether<00:20:55.360> its 00:20:55.590 --> 00:20:55.600 align:start position:0% precise enough to determine whether its 00:20:55.600 --> 00:20:58.549 align:start position:0% precise enough to determine whether its core<00:20:55.840> was<00:20:56.159> solid<00:20:56.559> or<00:20:56.880> diffuse,<00:20:58.080> what<00:20:58.240> it's 00:20:58.549 --> 00:20:58.559 align:start position:0% core was solid or diffuse, what it's 00:20:58.559 --> 00:21:01.430 align:start position:0% core was solid or diffuse, what it's made<00:20:58.799> of,<00:20:59.520> or<00:20:59.840> how<00:21:00.159> exactly<00:21:00.640> it<00:21:00.880> generates 00:21:01.430 --> 00:21:01.440 align:start position:0% made of, or how exactly it generates 00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:05.029 align:start position:0% made of, or how exactly it generates such<00:21:01.760> a<00:21:02.080> massive<00:21:02.559> magnetic<00:21:03.039> field.<00:21:04.159> But<00:21:04.720> that 00:21:05.029 --> 00:21:05.039 align:start position:0% such a massive magnetic field. But that 00:21:05.039 --> 00:21:11.350 align:start position:0% such a massive magnetic field. But that all<00:21:05.280> changed<00:21:05.760> with<00:21:06.080> Juno. 00:21:11.350 --> 00:21:11.360 align:start position:0% 00:21:11.360 --> 00:21:14.710 align:start position:0% On<00:21:11.520> the<00:21:11.679> 5th<00:21:11.919> of<00:21:12.080> August<00:21:12.640> 2011,<00:21:13.760> NASA's<00:21:14.240> Juno 00:21:14.710 --> 00:21:14.720 align:start position:0% On the 5th of August 2011, NASA's Juno 00:21:14.720 --> 00:21:16.870 align:start position:0% On the 5th of August 2011, NASA's Juno mission<00:21:15.120> launched<00:21:15.520> from<00:21:15.760> Cape<00:21:16.080> Canaveral<00:21:16.640> in 00:21:16.870 --> 00:21:16.880 align:start position:0% mission launched from Cape Canaveral in 00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:19.350 align:start position:0% mission launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida.<00:21:17.760> Its<00:21:18.080> main<00:21:18.240> objective<00:21:18.720> was<00:21:18.960> to<00:21:19.200> get 00:21:19.350 --> 00:21:19.360 align:start position:0% Florida. Its main objective was to get 00:21:19.360 --> 00:21:21.270 align:start position:0% Florida. Its main objective was to get closer<00:21:19.760> to<00:21:19.919> the<00:21:20.159> truth<00:21:20.480> of<00:21:20.720> Jupiter's 00:21:21.270 --> 00:21:21.280 align:start position:0% closer to the truth of Jupiter's 00:21:21.280 --> 00:21:23.029 align:start position:0% closer to the truth of Jupiter's composition<00:21:22.000> by<00:21:22.320> measuring<00:21:22.720> its 00:21:23.029 --> 00:21:23.039 align:start position:0% composition by measuring its 00:21:23.039 --> 00:21:25.510 align:start position:0% composition by measuring its gravitational<00:21:23.679> and<00:21:24.000> magnetic<00:21:24.559> fields<00:21:25.120> with 00:21:25.510 --> 00:21:25.520 align:start position:0% gravitational and magnetic fields with 00:21:25.520 --> 00:21:29.029 align:start position:0% gravitational and magnetic fields with unprecedented<00:21:26.480> precision.<00:21:27.760> Unlike<00:21:28.240> Galileo, 00:21:29.029 --> 00:21:29.039 align:start position:0% unprecedented precision. Unlike Galileo, 00:21:29.039 --> 00:21:30.870 align:start position:0% unprecedented precision. Unlike Galileo, Juno<00:21:29.520> was<00:21:29.760> purpose-built<00:21:30.320> to<00:21:30.480> map<00:21:30.720> the 00:21:30.870 --> 00:21:30.880 align:start position:0% Juno was purpose-built to map the 00:21:30.880 --> 00:21:32.789 align:start position:0% Juno was purpose-built to map the planet's<00:21:31.280> gravitational<00:21:31.919> field<00:21:32.240> in<00:21:32.480> great 00:21:32.789 --> 00:21:32.799 align:start position:0% planet's gravitational field in great 00:21:32.799 --> 00:21:35.590 align:start position:0% planet's gravitational field in great detail,<00:21:33.600> about<00:21:34.240> 100<00:21:34.720> times<00:21:35.039> better<00:21:35.280> than 00:21:35.590 --> 00:21:35.600 align:start position:0% detail, about 100 times better than 00:21:35.600 --> 00:21:38.149 align:start position:0% detail, about 100 times better than previous<00:21:36.000> maps.<00:21:36.960> When<00:21:37.200> it<00:21:37.360> entered<00:21:37.679> orbit<00:21:38.000> on 00:21:38.149 --> 00:21:38.159 align:start position:0% previous maps. When it entered orbit on 00:21:38.159 --> 00:21:41.590 align:start position:0% previous maps. When it entered orbit on the<00:21:38.240> 4th<00:21:38.480> of<00:21:38.720> July<00:21:39.120> 2016,<00:21:40.159> it<00:21:40.400> began<00:21:40.720> tracing<00:21:41.280> a 00:21:41.590 --> 00:21:41.600 align:start position:0% the 4th of July 2016, it began tracing a 00:21:41.600 --> 00:21:44.549 align:start position:0% the 4th of July 2016, it began tracing a highly<00:21:42.159> elliptical<00:21:42.880> polar<00:21:43.360> orbit<00:21:44.080> swooping 00:21:44.549 --> 00:21:44.559 align:start position:0% highly elliptical polar orbit swooping 00:21:44.559 --> 00:21:47.830 align:start position:0% highly elliptical polar orbit swooping down<00:21:44.880> within<00:21:45.280> just<00:21:45.600> 4,200<00:21:46.720> km<00:21:47.200> of<00:21:47.360> Jupiter's 00:21:47.830 --> 00:21:47.840 align:start position:0% down within just 4,200 km of Jupiter's 00:21:47.840 --> 00:21:51.270 align:start position:0% down within just 4,200 km of Jupiter's cloud<00:21:48.080> tops.<00:21:48.880> It<00:21:49.120> did<00:21:49.360> this<00:21:49.679> again<00:21:50.400> and<00:21:50.640> again 00:21:51.270 --> 00:21:51.280 align:start position:0% cloud tops. It did this again and again 00:21:51.280 --> 00:21:53.909 align:start position:0% cloud tops. It did this again and again from<00:21:51.679> several<00:21:52.159> angles,<00:21:53.039> a<00:21:53.280> path<00:21:53.520> that<00:21:53.760> made 00:21:53.909 --> 00:21:53.919 align:start position:0% from several angles, a path that made 00:21:53.919 --> 00:21:56.630 align:start position:0% from several angles, a path that made this<00:21:54.159> probe<00:21:54.799> incredibly<00:21:55.440> sensitive<00:21:55.919> to<00:21:56.159> tiny 00:21:56.630 --> 00:21:56.640 align:start position:0% this probe incredibly sensitive to tiny 00:21:56.640 --> 00:21:59.350 align:start position:0% this probe incredibly sensitive to tiny changes<00:21:56.960> in<00:21:57.280> Jupiter's<00:21:57.760> gravity. 00:21:59.350 --> 00:21:59.360 align:start position:0% changes in Jupiter's gravity. 00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:01.350 align:start position:0% changes in Jupiter's gravity. But<00:21:59.600> why<00:21:59.840> are<00:22:00.000> we<00:22:00.240> interested<00:22:00.559> in<00:22:00.799> gravity<00:22:01.200> in 00:22:01.350 --> 00:22:01.360 align:start position:0% But why are we interested in gravity in 00:22:01.360 --> 00:22:03.510 align:start position:0% But why are we interested in gravity in the<00:22:01.520> first<00:22:01.679> place?<00:22:02.400> What<00:22:02.640> does<00:22:02.799> that<00:22:03.120> have<00:22:03.280> to 00:22:03.510 --> 00:22:03.520 align:start position:0% the first place? What does that have to 00:22:03.520 --> 00:22:05.830 align:start position:0% the first place? What does that have to do<00:22:03.679> with<00:22:03.919> figuring<00:22:04.240> out<00:22:04.559> what<00:22:04.960> Jupiter's<00:22:05.520> core 00:22:05.830 --> 00:22:05.840 align:start position:0% do with figuring out what Jupiter's core 00:22:05.840 --> 00:22:09.110 align:start position:0% do with figuring out what Jupiter's core is<00:22:06.080> made<00:22:06.240> of?<00:22:07.440> Well,<00:22:08.000> we've<00:22:08.320> all<00:22:08.480> seen<00:22:08.640> gravity 00:22:09.110 --> 00:22:09.120 align:start position:0% is made of? Well, we've all seen gravity 00:22:09.120 --> 00:22:11.510 align:start position:0% is made of? Well, we've all seen gravity depicted<00:22:09.520> like<00:22:09.760> this,<00:22:10.480> a<00:22:10.720> perfectly<00:22:11.200> round 00:22:11.510 --> 00:22:11.520 align:start position:0% depicted like this, a perfectly round 00:22:11.520 --> 00:22:14.789 align:start position:0% depicted like this, a perfectly round cone,<00:22:12.159> the<00:22:12.400> same<00:22:12.559> on<00:22:12.880> all<00:22:13.120> sides.<00:22:14.240> I'm<00:22:14.559> sorry 00:22:14.789 --> 00:22:14.799 align:start position:0% cone, the same on all sides. I'm sorry 00:22:14.799 --> 00:22:17.590 align:start position:0% cone, the same on all sides. I'm sorry to<00:22:15.039> tell<00:22:15.200> you,<00:22:15.760> this<00:22:16.080> diagram<00:22:16.640> is<00:22:16.880> a<00:22:17.120> bit<00:22:17.280> of<00:22:17.440> an 00:22:17.590 --> 00:22:17.600 align:start position:0% to tell you, this diagram is a bit of an 00:22:17.600 --> 00:22:19.190 align:start position:0% to tell you, this diagram is a bit of an oversimplification. 00:22:19.190 --> 00:22:19.200 align:start position:0% oversimplification. 00:22:19.200 --> 00:22:21.350 align:start position:0% oversimplification. For<00:22:19.360> a<00:22:19.600> planet's<00:22:19.919> gravity<00:22:20.320> to<00:22:20.559> be<00:22:20.799> completely 00:22:21.350 --> 00:22:21.360 align:start position:0% For a planet's gravity to be completely 00:22:21.360 --> 00:22:23.909 align:start position:0% For a planet's gravity to be completely uniform<00:22:21.919> like<00:22:22.159> this,<00:22:22.880> the<00:22:23.200> distribution<00:22:23.679> of 00:22:23.909 --> 00:22:23.919 align:start position:0% uniform like this, the distribution of 00:22:23.919 --> 00:22:26.230 align:start position:0% uniform like this, the distribution of mass<00:22:24.240> inside<00:22:24.640> it<00:22:24.960> would<00:22:25.280> also<00:22:25.760> have<00:22:25.919> to<00:22:26.080> be 00:22:26.230 --> 00:22:26.240 align:start position:0% mass inside it would also have to be 00:22:26.240 --> 00:22:29.190 align:start position:0% mass inside it would also have to be perfectly<00:22:26.799> uniform.<00:22:27.840> In<00:22:28.080> reality,<00:22:28.799> if<00:22:29.039> you 00:22:29.190 --> 00:22:29.200 align:start position:0% perfectly uniform. In reality, if you 00:22:29.200 --> 00:22:31.029 align:start position:0% perfectly uniform. In reality, if you zoom<00:22:29.520> in<00:22:29.760> really<00:22:30.159> close,<00:22:30.799> their 00:22:31.029 --> 00:22:31.039 align:start position:0% zoom in really close, their 00:22:31.039 --> 00:22:33.510 align:start position:0% zoom in really close, their gravitational<00:22:31.679> fields<00:22:32.400> look<00:22:32.720> a<00:22:32.960> little<00:22:33.120> more 00:22:33.510 --> 00:22:33.520 align:start position:0% gravitational fields look a little more 00:22:33.520 --> 00:22:37.029 align:start position:0% gravitational fields look a little more like<00:22:33.919> this.<00:22:35.280> Planets<00:22:35.679> are<00:22:35.919> made<00:22:36.080> up<00:22:36.240> of<00:22:36.640> many 00:22:37.029 --> 00:22:37.039 align:start position:0% like this. Planets are made up of many 00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:39.270 align:start position:0% like this. Planets are made up of many different<00:22:37.360> elements<00:22:37.840> and<00:22:38.159> materials,<00:22:39.039> each 00:22:39.270 --> 00:22:39.280 align:start position:0% different elements and materials, each 00:22:39.280 --> 00:22:41.430 align:start position:0% different elements and materials, each with<00:22:39.440> their<00:22:39.679> own<00:22:39.919> masses,<00:22:40.559> densities,<00:22:41.200> and 00:22:41.430 --> 00:22:41.440 align:start position:0% with their own masses, densities, and 00:22:41.440 --> 00:22:43.909 align:start position:0% with their own masses, densities, and distributions.<00:22:42.720> These<00:22:43.120> differences<00:22:43.600> are 00:22:43.909 --> 00:22:43.919 align:start position:0% distributions. These differences are 00:22:43.919 --> 00:22:47.029 align:start position:0% distributions. These differences are reflected<00:22:44.480> as<00:22:44.799> tiny,<00:22:45.600> almost<00:22:46.159> imperceptible 00:22:47.029 --> 00:22:47.039 align:start position:0% reflected as tiny, almost imperceptible 00:22:47.039 --> 00:22:49.190 align:start position:0% reflected as tiny, almost imperceptible variations<00:22:47.600> in<00:22:47.840> a<00:22:48.080> planet's<00:22:48.480> gravitational 00:22:49.190 --> 00:22:49.200 align:start position:0% variations in a planet's gravitational 00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:51.510 align:start position:0% variations in a planet's gravitational field.<00:22:50.080> That's<00:22:50.320> why<00:22:50.559> Earth's<00:22:50.960> gravitational 00:22:51.510 --> 00:22:51.520 align:start position:0% field. That's why Earth's gravitational 00:22:51.520 --> 00:22:53.350 align:start position:0% field. That's why Earth's gravitational field<00:22:51.840> is<00:22:52.159> actually<00:22:52.480> slightly<00:22:52.960> different 00:22:53.350 --> 00:22:53.360 align:start position:0% field is actually slightly different 00:22:53.360 --> 00:22:55.830 align:start position:0% field is actually slightly different over<00:22:53.679> mountains<00:22:54.240> than<00:22:54.480> planes<00:22:55.280> and<00:22:55.520> why 00:22:55.830 --> 00:22:55.840 align:start position:0% over mountains than planes and why 00:22:55.840 --> 00:22:58.070 align:start position:0% over mountains than planes and why scientists<00:22:56.400> are<00:22:56.640> so<00:22:56.960> fixated<00:22:57.440> on<00:22:57.679> mapping 00:22:58.070 --> 00:22:58.080 align:start position:0% scientists are so fixated on mapping 00:22:58.080 --> 00:23:00.149 align:start position:0% scientists are so fixated on mapping Jupiter's<00:22:58.640> gravitational<00:22:59.280> field<00:22:59.840> with 00:23:00.149 --> 00:23:00.159 align:start position:0% Jupiter's gravitational field with 00:23:00.159 --> 00:23:02.470 align:start position:0% Jupiter's gravitational field with incredible<00:23:00.960> precision. 00:23:02.470 --> 00:23:02.480 align:start position:0% incredible precision. 00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:05.029 align:start position:0% incredible precision. As<00:23:02.880> Jupiter's<00:23:03.440> gravity<00:23:03.840> fluctuates,<00:23:04.799> it 00:23:05.029 --> 00:23:05.039 align:start position:0% As Jupiter's gravity fluctuates, it 00:23:05.039 --> 00:23:07.990 align:start position:0% As Jupiter's gravity fluctuates, it causes<00:23:05.360> Juno<00:23:05.840> to<00:23:06.000> speed<00:23:06.320> up<00:23:06.559> or<00:23:06.880> slow<00:23:07.200> down. 00:23:07.990 --> 00:23:08.000 align:start position:0% causes Juno to speed up or slow down. 00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:10.870 align:start position:0% causes Juno to speed up or slow down. The<00:23:08.240> spacecraft<00:23:08.799> is<00:23:09.120> so<00:23:09.520> precise,<00:23:10.480> it<00:23:10.720> can 00:23:10.870 --> 00:23:10.880 align:start position:0% The spacecraft is so precise, it can 00:23:10.880 --> 00:23:13.750 align:start position:0% The spacecraft is so precise, it can detect<00:23:11.360> changes<00:23:11.760> in<00:23:12.080> speed<00:23:12.480> as<00:23:12.720> subtle<00:23:13.360> as 00:23:13.750 --> 00:23:13.760 align:start position:0% detect changes in speed as subtle as 00:23:13.760 --> 00:23:15.909 align:start position:0% detect changes in speed as subtle as 0.01 00:23:15.909 --> 00:23:15.919 align:start position:0% 0.01 00:23:15.919 --> 00:23:18.310 align:start position:0% 0.01 mm/s. 00:23:18.310 --> 00:23:18.320 align:start position:0% mm/s. 00:23:18.320 --> 00:23:20.950 align:start position:0% mm/s. At<00:23:18.559> the<00:23:18.640> same<00:23:18.880> time,<00:23:19.440> Juno<00:23:19.919> is<00:23:20.240> continuously 00:23:20.950 --> 00:23:20.960 align:start position:0% At the same time, Juno is continuously 00:23:20.960 --> 00:23:23.270 align:start position:0% At the same time, Juno is continuously beaming<00:23:21.440> a<00:23:21.760> steady<00:23:22.159> radio<00:23:22.559> signal<00:23:22.880> back<00:23:23.120> to 00:23:23.270 --> 00:23:23.280 align:start position:0% beaming a steady radio signal back to 00:23:23.280 --> 00:23:25.750 align:start position:0% beaming a steady radio signal back to Earth,<00:23:23.840> which<00:23:24.159> scientists<00:23:24.559> can<00:23:24.720> decode<00:23:25.360> using 00:23:25.750 --> 00:23:25.760 align:start position:0% Earth, which scientists can decode using 00:23:25.760 --> 00:23:28.230 align:start position:0% Earth, which scientists can decode using the<00:23:25.919> Doppler<00:23:26.480> effect,<00:23:27.280> where<00:23:27.600> gravity<00:23:28.000> is 00:23:28.230 --> 00:23:28.240 align:start position:0% the Doppler effect, where gravity is 00:23:28.240 --> 00:23:30.870 align:start position:0% the Doppler effect, where gravity is stronger,<00:23:29.120> Juno<00:23:29.600> accelerates,<00:23:30.400> and<00:23:30.640> we 00:23:30.870 --> 00:23:30.880 align:start position:0% stronger, Juno accelerates, and we 00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:33.750 align:start position:0% stronger, Juno accelerates, and we perceive<00:23:31.280> a<00:23:31.600> higher<00:23:32.000> frequency<00:23:32.480> wave,<00:23:33.360> while 00:23:33.750 --> 00:23:33.760 align:start position:0% perceive a higher frequency wave, while 00:23:33.760 --> 00:23:36.149 align:start position:0% perceive a higher frequency wave, while a<00:23:34.080> deceleration<00:23:34.799> due<00:23:35.039> to<00:23:35.120> weaker<00:23:35.520> gravity 00:23:36.149 --> 00:23:36.159 align:start position:0% a deceleration due to weaker gravity 00:23:36.159 --> 00:23:39.190 align:start position:0% a deceleration due to weaker gravity would<00:23:36.480> result<00:23:36.799> in<00:23:37.039> a<00:23:37.280> lower<00:23:37.679> frequency<00:23:38.159> wave. 00:23:39.190 --> 00:23:39.200 align:start position:0% would result in a lower frequency wave. 00:23:39.200 --> 00:23:41.669 align:start position:0% would result in a lower frequency wave. By<00:23:39.520> repeating<00:23:39.919> this<00:23:40.320> over<00:23:40.640> and<00:23:40.960> over, 00:23:41.669 --> 00:23:41.679 align:start position:0% By repeating this over and over, 00:23:41.679 --> 00:23:43.990 align:start position:0% By repeating this over and over, scientists<00:23:42.159> can<00:23:42.320> build<00:23:42.559> up<00:23:42.799> a<00:23:43.120> very<00:23:43.440> precise 00:23:43.990 --> 00:23:44.000 align:start position:0% scientists can build up a very precise 00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:46.390 align:start position:0% scientists can build up a very precise map<00:23:44.240> of<00:23:44.480> Jupiter's<00:23:45.120> gravitational<00:23:45.679> field, 00:23:46.390 --> 00:23:46.400 align:start position:0% map of Jupiter's gravitational field, 00:23:46.400 --> 00:23:49.430 align:start position:0% map of Jupiter's gravitational field, which<00:23:46.720> directly<00:23:47.280> reflects<00:23:48.159> how<00:23:48.480> its<00:23:48.799> mass<00:23:49.200> is 00:23:49.430 --> 00:23:49.440 align:start position:0% which directly reflects how its mass is 00:23:49.440 --> 00:23:51.669 align:start position:0% which directly reflects how its mass is arranged<00:23:49.919> inside. 00:23:51.669 --> 00:23:51.679 align:start position:0% arranged inside. 00:23:51.679 --> 00:23:53.430 align:start position:0% arranged inside. While<00:23:51.919> the<00:23:52.080> Galileo<00:23:52.720> mission<00:23:53.039> managed<00:23:53.280> to 00:23:53.430 --> 00:23:53.440 align:start position:0% While the Galileo mission managed to 00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:55.669 align:start position:0% While the Galileo mission managed to paint<00:23:53.679> Jupiter's<00:23:54.159> gravity<00:23:54.640> in<00:23:54.960> very<00:23:55.360> broad 00:23:55.669 --> 00:23:55.679 align:start position:0% paint Jupiter's gravity in very broad 00:23:55.679 --> 00:23:58.950 align:start position:0% paint Jupiter's gravity in very broad strokes,<00:23:56.799> Juno<00:23:57.360> brought<00:23:57.679> it<00:23:58.000> into<00:23:58.480> razor 00:23:58.950 --> 00:23:58.960 align:start position:0% strokes, Juno brought it into razor 00:23:58.960 --> 00:24:01.909 align:start position:0% strokes, Juno brought it into razor sharp<00:23:59.520> focus.<00:24:00.799> And<00:24:00.960> what<00:24:01.120> it<00:24:01.280> revealed<00:24:01.679> about 00:24:01.909 --> 00:24:01.919 align:start position:0% sharp focus. And what it revealed about 00:24:01.919 --> 00:24:04.549 align:start position:0% sharp focus. And what it revealed about Jupiter's<00:24:02.559> core<00:24:03.120> caught<00:24:03.520> researchers<00:24:04.240> by 00:24:04.549 --> 00:24:04.559 align:start position:0% Jupiter's core caught researchers by 00:24:04.559 --> 00:24:08.230 align:start position:0% Jupiter's core caught researchers by surprise.<00:24:06.000> Turns<00:24:06.320> out<00:24:07.039> both<00:24:07.520> theories<00:24:07.919> about 00:24:08.230 --> 00:24:08.240 align:start position:0% surprise. Turns out both theories about 00:24:08.240 --> 00:24:11.029 align:start position:0% surprise. Turns out both theories about Jupiter's<00:24:08.799> core<00:24:09.200> were<00:24:09.440> wrong.<00:24:10.320> It<00:24:10.559> seems<00:24:10.799> to 00:24:11.029 --> 00:24:11.039 align:start position:0% Jupiter's core were wrong. It seems to 00:24:11.039 --> 00:24:13.430 align:start position:0% Jupiter's core were wrong. It seems to have<00:24:11.200> a<00:24:11.360> core,<00:24:11.919> but<00:24:12.159> it<00:24:12.320> isn't<00:24:12.640> solid<00:24:12.960> like<00:24:13.200> we 00:24:13.430 --> 00:24:13.440 align:start position:0% have a core, but it isn't solid like we 00:24:13.440 --> 00:24:17.190 align:start position:0% have a core, but it isn't solid like we thought.<00:24:14.159> It's<00:24:14.640> fuzzy.<00:24:16.080> Instead<00:24:16.400> of<00:24:16.559> a<00:24:16.720> dense, 00:24:17.190 --> 00:24:17.200 align:start position:0% thought. It's fuzzy. Instead of a dense, 00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:20.549 align:start position:0% thought. It's fuzzy. Instead of a dense, compact<00:24:17.679> ball,<00:24:18.400> it's<00:24:18.720> dilute,<00:24:19.679> gradually 00:24:20.549 --> 00:24:20.559 align:start position:0% compact ball, it's dilute, gradually 00:24:20.559 --> 00:24:22.950 align:start position:0% compact ball, it's dilute, gradually blending<00:24:21.120> with<00:24:21.360> the<00:24:21.600> hydrogen-rich<00:24:22.640> layers 00:24:22.950 --> 00:24:22.960 align:start position:0% blending with the hydrogen-rich layers 00:24:22.960 --> 00:24:25.750 align:start position:0% blending with the hydrogen-rich layers above<00:24:23.360> it.<00:24:24.080> It<00:24:24.320> doesn't<00:24:24.559> appear<00:24:24.960> to<00:24:25.200> have<00:24:25.440> any 00:24:25.750 --> 00:24:25.760 align:start position:0% above it. It doesn't appear to have any 00:24:25.760 --> 00:24:28.950 align:start position:0% above it. It doesn't appear to have any sharp<00:24:26.159> boundaries.<00:24:27.200> It's<00:24:27.440> also<00:24:28.080> much<00:24:28.480> wider 00:24:28.950 --> 00:24:28.960 align:start position:0% sharp boundaries. It's also much wider 00:24:28.960 --> 00:24:31.750 align:start position:0% sharp boundaries. It's also much wider than<00:24:29.200> expected,<00:24:30.159> spanning<00:24:30.640> about<00:24:31.120> half<00:24:31.440> the 00:24:31.750 --> 00:24:31.760 align:start position:0% than expected, spanning about half the 00:24:31.760 --> 00:24:34.470 align:start position:0% than expected, spanning about half the radius<00:24:32.159> of<00:24:32.400> Jupiter<00:24:32.880> itself. 00:24:34.470 --> 00:24:34.480 align:start position:0% radius of Jupiter itself. 00:24:34.480 --> 00:24:37.190 align:start position:0% radius of Jupiter itself. The<00:24:34.799> findings<00:24:35.279> quickly<00:24:35.760> sparked<00:24:36.320> a<00:24:36.559> flurry<00:24:36.960> of 00:24:37.190 --> 00:24:37.200 align:start position:0% The findings quickly sparked a flurry of 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:39.750 align:start position:0% The findings quickly sparked a flurry of questions,<00:24:38.400> including<00:24:39.039> whether<00:24:39.440> our 00:24:39.750 --> 00:24:39.760 align:start position:0% questions, including whether our 00:24:39.760 --> 00:24:41.909 align:start position:0% questions, including whether our understanding<00:24:40.240> of<00:24:40.480> how<00:24:40.720> Jupiter<00:24:41.200> formed 00:24:41.909 --> 00:24:41.919 align:start position:0% understanding of how Jupiter formed 00:24:41.919 --> 00:24:43.909 align:start position:0% understanding of how Jupiter formed needed<00:24:42.320> a<00:24:42.640> refresh<00:24:43.120> in<00:24:43.360> light<00:24:43.520> of<00:24:43.679> this 00:24:43.909 --> 00:24:43.919 align:start position:0% needed a refresh in light of this 00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:51.830 align:start position:0% needed a refresh in light of this exciting<00:24:44.480> new<00:24:44.720> data<00:24:45.039> from<00:24:45.279> Juno. 00:24:51.830 --> 00:24:51.840 align:start position:0% 00:24:51.840 --> 00:24:54.549 align:start position:0% A<00:24:52.240> popular<00:24:52.640> theory<00:24:53.200> soon<00:24:53.600> emerged<00:24:54.000> to<00:24:54.240> explain 00:24:54.549 --> 00:24:54.559 align:start position:0% A popular theory soon emerged to explain 00:24:54.559 --> 00:24:57.190 align:start position:0% A popular theory soon emerged to explain this<00:24:54.880> unexpected<00:24:55.600> discovery.<00:24:56.480> That<00:24:56.640> Jupiter 00:24:57.190 --> 00:24:57.200 align:start position:0% this unexpected discovery. That Jupiter 00:24:57.200 --> 00:25:00.149 align:start position:0% this unexpected discovery. That Jupiter once<00:24:57.679> had<00:24:58.000> a<00:24:58.240> solid<00:24:58.559> core<00:24:58.880> to<00:24:59.120> begin<00:24:59.279> with,<00:24:59.919> but 00:25:00.149 --> 00:25:00.159 align:start position:0% once had a solid core to begin with, but 00:25:00.159 --> 00:25:02.310 align:start position:0% once had a solid core to begin with, but a<00:25:00.400> catastrophic<00:25:01.200> collision<00:25:01.600> in<00:25:01.840> its<00:25:02.080> early 00:25:02.310 --> 00:25:02.320 align:start position:0% a catastrophic collision in its early 00:25:02.320 --> 00:25:05.110 align:start position:0% a catastrophic collision in its early history<00:25:03.120> shattered<00:25:03.679> and<00:25:04.080> scrambled<00:25:04.559> it<00:25:04.720> in 00:25:05.110 --> 00:25:05.120 align:start position:0% history shattered and scrambled it in 00:25:05.120 --> 00:25:07.750 align:start position:0% history shattered and scrambled it in with<00:25:05.360> the<00:25:05.600> surrounding<00:25:06.400> lighter<00:25:06.799> gases<00:25:07.520> to 00:25:07.750 --> 00:25:07.760 align:start position:0% with the surrounding lighter gases to 00:25:07.760 --> 00:25:10.870 align:start position:0% with the surrounding lighter gases to give<00:25:07.919> us<00:25:08.080> the<00:25:08.320> fuzzy<00:25:08.720> core<00:25:09.039> we<00:25:09.200> see<00:25:09.440> today. 00:25:10.870 --> 00:25:10.880 align:start position:0% give us the fuzzy core we see today. 00:25:10.880 --> 00:25:13.269 align:start position:0% give us the fuzzy core we see today. The<00:25:11.120> only<00:25:11.360> problem<00:25:11.600> is<00:25:12.240> our<00:25:12.640> standard<00:25:13.039> model 00:25:13.269 --> 00:25:13.279 align:start position:0% The only problem is our standard model 00:25:13.279 --> 00:25:15.909 align:start position:0% The only problem is our standard model for<00:25:13.520> how<00:25:13.760> giant<00:25:14.159> planets<00:25:14.559> like<00:25:14.720> Jupiter<00:25:15.200> form 00:25:15.909 --> 00:25:15.919 align:start position:0% for how giant planets like Jupiter form 00:25:15.919 --> 00:25:19.269 align:start position:0% for how giant planets like Jupiter form doesn't<00:25:16.400> work<00:25:16.880> without<00:25:17.520> a<00:25:17.760> solid<00:25:18.159> core.<00:25:19.039> So 00:25:19.269 --> 00:25:19.279 align:start position:0% doesn't work without a solid core. So 00:25:19.279 --> 00:25:21.029 align:start position:0% doesn't work without a solid core. So either<00:25:19.600> Jupiter's<00:25:20.080> fuzziness<00:25:20.640> somehow 00:25:21.029 --> 00:25:21.039 align:start position:0% either Jupiter's fuzziness somehow 00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:23.830 align:start position:0% either Jupiter's fuzziness somehow developed<00:25:21.520> later<00:25:21.840> on<00:25:22.640> or<00:25:22.960> our<00:25:23.360> models<00:25:23.679> are 00:25:23.830 --> 00:25:23.840 align:start position:0% developed later on or our models are 00:25:23.840 --> 00:25:26.950 align:start position:0% developed later on or our models are wrong.<00:25:24.880> Anyway,<00:25:25.600> for<00:25:25.840> such<00:25:26.000> a<00:25:26.240> dramatic 00:25:26.950 --> 00:25:26.960 align:start position:0% wrong. Anyway, for such a dramatic 00:25:26.960 --> 00:25:29.510 align:start position:0% wrong. Anyway, for such a dramatic shattering<00:25:27.520> to<00:25:27.760> occur,<00:25:28.320> the<00:25:28.559> collision<00:25:29.200> must 00:25:29.510 --> 00:25:29.520 align:start position:0% shattering to occur, the collision must 00:25:29.520 --> 00:25:32.230 align:start position:0% shattering to occur, the collision must have<00:25:29.760> been<00:25:29.919> massive,<00:25:30.799> possibly<00:25:31.440> with<00:25:31.840> another 00:25:32.230 --> 00:25:32.240 align:start position:0% have been massive, possibly with another 00:25:32.240 --> 00:25:34.789 align:start position:0% have been massive, possibly with another young<00:25:32.559> planet.<00:25:33.520> Scientists<00:25:34.080> speculate<00:25:34.559> that 00:25:34.789 --> 00:25:34.799 align:start position:0% young planet. Scientists speculate that 00:25:34.799 --> 00:25:37.269 align:start position:0% young planet. Scientists speculate that up<00:25:34.960> to<00:25:35.120> half<00:25:35.360> of<00:25:35.600> Jupiter's<00:25:36.080> core<00:25:36.720> could<00:25:37.039> have 00:25:37.269 --> 00:25:37.279 align:start position:0% up to half of Jupiter's core could have 00:25:37.279 --> 00:25:39.430 align:start position:0% up to half of Jupiter's core could have originated<00:25:37.840> from<00:25:38.080> the<00:25:38.320> remains<00:25:38.799> of<00:25:39.120> this 00:25:39.430 --> 00:25:39.440 align:start position:0% originated from the remains of this 00:25:39.440 --> 00:25:43.029 align:start position:0% originated from the remains of this planet.<00:25:40.799> It<00:25:41.120> was<00:25:41.279> a<00:25:41.520> neat<00:25:41.840> enough<00:25:42.159> theory 00:25:43.029 --> 00:25:43.039 align:start position:0% planet. It was a neat enough theory 00:25:43.039 --> 00:25:46.630 align:start position:0% planet. It was a neat enough theory except<00:25:43.440> for<00:25:43.679> one<00:25:44.320> unexpected<00:25:45.120> hiccup. 00:25:46.630 --> 00:25:46.640 align:start position:0% except for one unexpected hiccup. 00:25:46.640 --> 00:25:48.950 align:start position:0% except for one unexpected hiccup. A<00:25:46.880> curious<00:25:47.360> team<00:25:47.600> of<00:25:47.760> researchers<00:25:48.480> tried<00:25:48.799> to 00:25:48.950 --> 00:25:48.960 align:start position:0% A curious team of researchers tried to 00:25:48.960 --> 00:25:51.350 align:start position:0% A curious team of researchers tried to model<00:25:49.360> this<00:25:49.760> giant<00:25:50.240> collision<00:25:50.799> using<00:25:51.120> a 00:25:51.350 --> 00:25:51.360 align:start position:0% model this giant collision using a 00:25:51.360 --> 00:25:54.230 align:start position:0% model this giant collision using a supercomput.<00:25:52.640> They<00:25:52.960> wanted<00:25:53.200> to<00:25:53.440> emulate<00:25:54.000> the 00:25:54.230 --> 00:25:54.240 align:start position:0% supercomput. They wanted to emulate the 00:25:54.240 --> 00:25:56.149 align:start position:0% supercomput. They wanted to emulate the exact<00:25:54.640> event<00:25:55.120> that<00:25:55.360> would<00:25:55.600> lead<00:25:55.840> to<00:25:56.000> the 00:25:56.149 --> 00:25:56.159 align:start position:0% exact event that would lead to the 00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:59.110 align:start position:0% exact event that would lead to the results<00:25:56.720> Juno<00:25:57.200> showed<00:25:57.440> us.<00:25:58.159> So<00:25:58.400> they<00:25:58.640> designed 00:25:59.110 --> 00:25:59.120 align:start position:0% results Juno showed us. So they designed 00:25:59.120 --> 00:26:01.350 align:start position:0% results Juno showed us. So they designed several<00:25:59.520> possible<00:26:00.000> scenarios<00:26:00.559> of<00:26:00.720> a<00:26:00.960> massive 00:26:01.350 --> 00:26:01.360 align:start position:0% several possible scenarios of a massive 00:26:01.360 --> 00:26:03.510 align:start position:0% several possible scenarios of a massive object<00:26:01.760> colliding<00:26:02.240> with<00:26:02.480> a<00:26:02.720> Jupiter<00:26:03.200> sized 00:26:03.510 --> 00:26:03.520 align:start position:0% object colliding with a Jupiter sized 00:26:03.520 --> 00:26:06.549 align:start position:0% object colliding with a Jupiter sized planet<00:26:04.240> and<00:26:04.480> ran<00:26:04.880> multiple<00:26:05.440> simulations 00:26:06.549 --> 00:26:06.559 align:start position:0% planet and ran multiple simulations 00:26:06.559 --> 00:26:08.070 align:start position:0% planet and ran multiple simulations varying<00:26:06.880> the<00:26:07.120> size<00:26:07.360> of<00:26:07.440> the<00:26:07.679> Jupiter 00:26:08.070 --> 00:26:08.080 align:start position:0% varying the size of the Jupiter 00:26:08.080 --> 00:26:10.950 align:start position:0% varying the size of the Jupiter protolanet<00:26:09.120> and<00:26:09.440> the<00:26:09.679> angle<00:26:10.080> and<00:26:10.480> speed<00:26:10.720> of 00:26:10.950 --> 00:26:10.960 align:start position:0% protolanet and the angle and speed of 00:26:10.960 --> 00:26:14.870 align:start position:0% protolanet and the angle and speed of collision.<00:26:12.320> But<00:26:12.960> try<00:26:13.279> as<00:26:13.520> they<00:26:13.760> might,<00:26:14.559> they 00:26:14.870 --> 00:26:14.880 align:start position:0% collision. But try as they might, they 00:26:14.880 --> 00:26:17.110 align:start position:0% collision. But try as they might, they couldn't<00:26:15.200> find<00:26:15.440> an<00:26:15.679> event<00:26:15.919> that<00:26:16.240> led<00:26:16.640> to<00:26:16.880> the 00:26:17.110 --> 00:26:17.120 align:start position:0% couldn't find an event that led to the 00:26:17.120 --> 00:26:20.070 align:start position:0% couldn't find an event that led to the fuzzy<00:26:17.520> core<00:26:17.919> Juno<00:26:18.400> showed<00:26:18.640> us.<00:26:19.600> Every<00:26:19.840> time 00:26:20.070 --> 00:26:20.080 align:start position:0% fuzzy core Juno showed us. Every time 00:26:20.080 --> 00:26:22.230 align:start position:0% fuzzy core Juno showed us. Every time they<00:26:20.320> tried,<00:26:20.960> the<00:26:21.120> models<00:26:21.600> did<00:26:21.760> the<00:26:22.000> same 00:26:22.230 --> 00:26:22.240 align:start position:0% they tried, the models did the same 00:26:22.240 --> 00:26:24.470 align:start position:0% they tried, the models did the same thing.<00:26:22.880> The<00:26:23.039> impact<00:26:23.440> would<00:26:23.679> initially<00:26:24.240> rock 00:26:24.470 --> 00:26:24.480 align:start position:0% thing. The impact would initially rock 00:26:24.480 --> 00:26:26.950 align:start position:0% thing. The impact would initially rock the<00:26:24.640> planet<00:26:24.960> to<00:26:25.200> its<00:26:25.440> core.<00:26:26.320> But<00:26:26.480> after<00:26:26.720> a 00:26:26.950 --> 00:26:26.960 align:start position:0% the planet to its core. But after a 00:26:26.960 --> 00:26:29.909 align:start position:0% the planet to its core. But after a while,<00:26:27.520> the<00:26:27.840> dense<00:26:28.320> rocky<00:26:28.799> material<00:26:29.520> would 00:26:29.909 --> 00:26:29.919 align:start position:0% while, the dense rocky material would 00:26:29.919 --> 00:26:32.630 align:start position:0% while, the dense rocky material would settle<00:26:30.320> back<00:26:30.559> down<00:26:30.880> again<00:26:31.600> like<00:26:31.919> sediment<00:26:32.480> at 00:26:32.630 --> 00:26:32.640 align:start position:0% settle back down again like sediment at 00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:34.870 align:start position:0% settle back down again like sediment at the<00:26:32.799> bottom<00:26:33.039> of<00:26:33.200> a<00:26:33.360> glass.<00:26:34.320> It<00:26:34.559> didn't 00:26:34.870 --> 00:26:34.880 align:start position:0% the bottom of a glass. It didn't 00:26:34.880 --> 00:26:37.190 align:start position:0% the bottom of a glass. It didn't dissolve<00:26:35.279> into<00:26:35.520> the<00:26:35.760> rest<00:26:35.840> of<00:26:36.000> the<00:26:36.159> planet.<00:26:36.960> A 00:26:37.190 --> 00:26:37.200 align:start position:0% dissolve into the rest of the planet. A 00:26:37.200 --> 00:26:39.990 align:start position:0% dissolve into the rest of the planet. A sharp<00:26:37.520> boundary<00:26:38.080> would<00:26:38.480> reappear,<00:26:39.520> clearly 00:26:39.990 --> 00:26:40.000 align:start position:0% sharp boundary would reappear, clearly 00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:41.750 align:start position:0% sharp boundary would reappear, clearly separating<00:26:40.480> the<00:26:40.720> core<00:26:41.039> from<00:26:41.200> the<00:26:41.440> outer 00:26:41.750 --> 00:26:41.760 align:start position:0% separating the core from the outer 00:26:41.760 --> 00:26:45.350 align:start position:0% separating the core from the outer hydrogen<00:26:42.480> layers.<00:26:43.360> It<00:26:43.760> didn't<00:26:44.159> fit<00:26:44.480> the<00:26:44.799> Juno 00:26:45.350 --> 00:26:45.360 align:start position:0% hydrogen layers. It didn't fit the Juno 00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:48.310 align:start position:0% hydrogen layers. It didn't fit the Juno data.<00:26:46.480> So,<00:26:47.120> it<00:26:47.360> was<00:26:47.440> back<00:26:47.679> to<00:26:47.760> the<00:26:48.000> drawing 00:26:48.310 --> 00:26:48.320 align:start position:0% data. So, it was back to the drawing 00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:52.470 align:start position:0% data. So, it was back to the drawing board. 00:26:52.470 --> 00:26:52.480 align:start position:0% 00:26:52.480 --> 00:26:54.310 align:start position:0% funnily<00:26:52.960> enough,<00:26:53.279> the<00:26:53.520> next<00:26:53.679> clue<00:26:54.000> in<00:26:54.159> this 00:26:54.310 --> 00:26:54.320 align:start position:0% funnily enough, the next clue in this 00:26:54.320 --> 00:26:56.870 align:start position:0% funnily enough, the next clue in this puzzle<00:26:54.720> didn't<00:26:55.039> come<00:26:55.200> from<00:26:55.440> Jupiter<00:26:55.919> at<00:26:56.240> all. 00:26:56.870 --> 00:26:56.880 align:start position:0% puzzle didn't come from Jupiter at all. 00:26:56.880 --> 00:26:59.350 align:start position:0% puzzle didn't come from Jupiter at all. It<00:26:57.120> came<00:26:57.279> from<00:26:57.520> its<00:26:57.840> next<00:26:58.159> door<00:26:58.320> neighbor. 00:26:59.350 --> 00:26:59.360 align:start position:0% It came from its next door neighbor. 00:26:59.360 --> 00:27:02.149 align:start position:0% It came from its next door neighbor. Well,<00:26:59.840> that<00:27:00.000> is<00:27:00.240> if<00:27:00.400> you<00:27:00.559> consider<00:27:01.200> 648 00:27:02.149 --> 00:27:02.159 align:start position:0% Well, that is if you consider 648 00:27:02.159 --> 00:27:05.430 align:start position:0% Well, that is if you consider 648 million<00:27:02.559> km<00:27:03.039> away<00:27:03.520> next<00:27:03.840> door.<00:27:04.799> We've<00:27:05.200> known 00:27:05.430 --> 00:27:05.440 align:start position:0% million km away next door. We've known 00:27:05.440 --> 00:27:08.230 align:start position:0% million km away next door. We've known since<00:27:06.000> 2014<00:27:06.640> that<00:27:06.880> the<00:27:07.120> waves<00:27:07.440> in<00:27:07.679> Saturn's 00:27:08.230 --> 00:27:08.240 align:start position:0% since 2014 that the waves in Saturn's 00:27:08.240 --> 00:27:10.549 align:start position:0% since 2014 that the waves in Saturn's rings<00:27:08.559> are<00:27:08.799> caused<00:27:09.200> by<00:27:09.440> vibrations<00:27:10.159> inside 00:27:10.549 --> 00:27:10.559 align:start position:0% rings are caused by vibrations inside 00:27:10.559 --> 00:27:13.190 align:start position:0% rings are caused by vibrations inside the<00:27:10.880> planet.<00:27:11.760> This<00:27:12.000> gives<00:27:12.240> us<00:27:12.400> an<00:27:12.640> insight 00:27:13.190 --> 00:27:13.200 align:start position:0% the planet. This gives us an insight 00:27:13.200 --> 00:27:15.110 align:start position:0% the planet. This gives us an insight into<00:27:13.520> what<00:27:13.679> the<00:27:13.840> planet's<00:27:14.240> core<00:27:14.640> might<00:27:14.880> look 00:27:15.110 --> 00:27:15.120 align:start position:0% into what the planet's core might look 00:27:15.120 --> 00:27:17.750 align:start position:0% into what the planet's core might look like,<00:27:15.760> similar<00:27:16.159> to<00:27:16.320> how<00:27:16.640> earthquakes<00:27:17.279> let<00:27:17.520> us 00:27:17.750 --> 00:27:17.760 align:start position:0% like, similar to how earthquakes let us 00:27:17.760 --> 00:27:20.789 align:start position:0% like, similar to how earthquakes let us study<00:27:18.159> Earth's<00:27:18.640> interior.<00:27:19.919> When<00:27:20.240> researchers 00:27:20.789 --> 00:27:20.799 align:start position:0% study Earth's interior. When researchers 00:27:20.799 --> 00:27:22.710 align:start position:0% study Earth's interior. When researchers paired<00:27:21.200> Cassini's<00:27:21.919> gravitational<00:27:22.480> field 00:27:22.710 --> 00:27:22.720 align:start position:0% paired Cassini's gravitational field 00:27:22.720 --> 00:27:25.029 align:start position:0% paired Cassini's gravitational field data<00:27:23.120> with<00:27:23.440> these<00:27:23.760> wave<00:27:24.080> measurements,<00:27:24.799> it 00:27:25.029 --> 00:27:25.039 align:start position:0% data with these wave measurements, it 00:27:25.039 --> 00:27:27.430 align:start position:0% data with these wave measurements, it painted<00:27:25.360> a<00:27:25.600> staggering<00:27:26.159> picture.<00:27:27.120> These 00:27:27.430 --> 00:27:27.440 align:start position:0% painted a staggering picture. These 00:27:27.440 --> 00:27:29.830 align:start position:0% painted a staggering picture. These observations<00:27:28.080> show<00:27:28.480> that<00:27:28.799> at<00:27:28.960> least<00:27:29.360> some<00:27:29.600> of 00:27:29.830 --> 00:27:29.840 align:start position:0% observations show that at least some of 00:27:29.840 --> 00:27:33.190 align:start position:0% observations show that at least some of Saturn's<00:27:30.400> deep<00:27:30.720> interior<00:27:31.600> doesn't<00:27:32.080> convect. 00:27:33.190 --> 00:27:33.200 align:start position:0% Saturn's deep interior doesn't convect. 00:27:33.200 --> 00:27:35.590 align:start position:0% Saturn's deep interior doesn't convect. This<00:27:33.360> is<00:27:33.520> a<00:27:33.760> big<00:27:33.919> deal.<00:27:34.640> Inside<00:27:35.039> a<00:27:35.279> giant 00:27:35.590 --> 00:27:35.600 align:start position:0% This is a big deal. Inside a giant 00:27:35.600 --> 00:27:38.149 align:start position:0% This is a big deal. Inside a giant planet<00:27:35.919> like<00:27:36.159> Saturn,<00:27:36.880> heat<00:27:37.200> is<00:27:37.520> constantly 00:27:38.149 --> 00:27:38.159 align:start position:0% planet like Saturn, heat is constantly 00:27:38.159 --> 00:27:40.950 align:start position:0% planet like Saturn, heat is constantly trying<00:27:38.400> to<00:27:38.559> escape.<00:27:39.600> Normally,<00:27:40.320> that<00:27:40.640> happens 00:27:40.950 --> 00:27:40.960 align:start position:0% trying to escape. Normally, that happens 00:27:40.960 --> 00:27:43.350 align:start position:0% trying to escape. Normally, that happens through<00:27:41.360> convection.<00:27:42.559> It's<00:27:42.880> what<00:27:43.120> is 00:27:43.350 --> 00:27:43.360 align:start position:0% through convection. It's what is 00:27:43.360 --> 00:27:45.590 align:start position:0% through convection. It's what is constantly<00:27:43.919> happening<00:27:44.240> in<00:27:44.559> Earth's<00:27:44.960> mantle 00:27:45.590 --> 00:27:45.600 align:start position:0% constantly happening in Earth's mantle 00:27:45.600 --> 00:27:48.950 align:start position:0% constantly happening in Earth's mantle or<00:27:46.080> when<00:27:46.320> you<00:27:46.480> heat<00:27:46.720> up<00:27:46.880> a<00:27:47.120> soup.<00:27:48.000> Hot<00:27:48.400> fluids 00:27:48.950 --> 00:27:48.960 align:start position:0% or when you heat up a soup. Hot fluids 00:27:48.960 --> 00:27:51.830 align:start position:0% or when you heat up a soup. Hot fluids rise<00:27:49.360> to<00:27:49.520> the<00:27:49.679> surface,<00:27:50.480> cool,<00:27:51.120> and<00:27:51.360> then<00:27:51.600> fall 00:27:51.830 --> 00:27:51.840 align:start position:0% rise to the surface, cool, and then fall 00:27:51.840 --> 00:27:54.870 align:start position:0% rise to the surface, cool, and then fall back<00:27:52.080> down,<00:27:52.880> only<00:27:53.279> to<00:27:53.440> be<00:27:53.679> heated<00:27:54.000> up<00:27:54.320> and<00:27:54.559> rise 00:27:54.870 --> 00:27:54.880 align:start position:0% back down, only to be heated up and rise 00:27:54.880 --> 00:27:59.430 align:start position:0% back down, only to be heated up and rise again.<00:27:55.840> On<00:27:56.320> and<00:27:56.640> on<00:27:57.039> it<00:27:57.279> goes.<00:27:58.399> If<00:27:58.640> Saturn<00:27:59.120> were 00:27:59.430 --> 00:27:59.440 align:start position:0% again. On and on it goes. If Saturn were 00:27:59.440 --> 00:28:02.070 align:start position:0% again. On and on it goes. If Saturn were fully<00:27:59.919> convective,<00:28:00.960> it<00:28:01.200> would<00:28:01.440> mix<00:28:01.760> heavy 00:28:02.070 --> 00:28:02.080 align:start position:0% fully convective, it would mix heavy 00:28:02.080 --> 00:28:04.549 align:start position:0% fully convective, it would mix heavy elements<00:28:02.559> throughout<00:28:03.120> its<00:28:03.440> interior.<00:28:04.399> There 00:28:04.549 --> 00:28:04.559 align:start position:0% elements throughout its interior. There 00:28:04.559 --> 00:28:06.549 align:start position:0% elements throughout its interior. There wouldn't<00:28:04.880> be<00:28:04.960> a<00:28:05.200> dense<00:28:05.600> central<00:28:06.000> region<00:28:06.320> at 00:28:06.549 --> 00:28:06.559 align:start position:0% wouldn't be a dense central region at 00:28:06.559 --> 00:28:08.950 align:start position:0% wouldn't be a dense central region at all.<00:28:07.279> The<00:28:07.520> whole<00:28:07.760> thing<00:28:07.919> would<00:28:08.159> be<00:28:08.320> a<00:28:08.559> fully 00:28:08.950 --> 00:28:08.960 align:start position:0% all. The whole thing would be a fully 00:28:08.960 --> 00:28:12.310 align:start position:0% all. The whole thing would be a fully mixed,<00:28:09.520> homogeneous<00:28:10.240> soup.<00:28:11.440> But<00:28:11.679> if<00:28:11.840> it<00:28:12.080> were 00:28:12.310 --> 00:28:12.320 align:start position:0% mixed, homogeneous soup. But if it were 00:28:12.320 --> 00:28:14.789 align:start position:0% mixed, homogeneous soup. But if it were partly<00:28:12.799> stable<00:28:13.279> against<00:28:13.679> convection,<00:28:14.480> we'd 00:28:14.789 --> 00:28:14.799 align:start position:0% partly stable against convection, we'd 00:28:14.799 --> 00:28:17.350 align:start position:0% partly stable against convection, we'd expect<00:28:15.039> to<00:28:15.279> see<00:28:15.440> a<00:28:15.760> gradient<00:28:16.240> of<00:28:16.480> material 00:28:17.350 --> 00:28:17.360 align:start position:0% expect to see a gradient of material 00:28:17.360 --> 00:28:19.350 align:start position:0% expect to see a gradient of material with<00:28:17.760> heavier<00:28:18.240> elements<00:28:18.720> concentrated 00:28:19.350 --> 00:28:19.360 align:start position:0% with heavier elements concentrated 00:28:19.360 --> 00:28:22.710 align:start position:0% with heavier elements concentrated towards<00:28:19.679> the<00:28:19.919> center<00:28:20.559> and<00:28:20.960> tapering<00:28:21.600> outward. 00:28:22.710 --> 00:28:22.720 align:start position:0% towards the center and tapering outward. 00:28:22.720 --> 00:28:25.669 align:start position:0% towards the center and tapering outward. And<00:28:22.880> that's<00:28:23.200> exactly<00:28:23.600> what<00:28:23.840> the<00:28:24.000> data<00:28:24.320> shows. 00:28:25.669 --> 00:28:25.679 align:start position:0% And that's exactly what the data shows. 00:28:25.679 --> 00:28:27.590 align:start position:0% And that's exactly what the data shows. Researchers<00:28:26.320> published<00:28:26.720> their<00:28:26.880> findings<00:28:27.279> in 00:28:27.590 --> 00:28:27.600 align:start position:0% Researchers published their findings in 00:28:27.600 --> 00:28:30.630 align:start position:0% Researchers published their findings in 2021,<00:28:28.799> arguing<00:28:29.279> that<00:28:29.600> the<00:28:29.919> only<00:28:30.159> way<00:28:30.399> to 00:28:30.630 --> 00:28:30.640 align:start position:0% 2021, arguing that the only way to 00:28:30.640 --> 00:28:32.789 align:start position:0% 2021, arguing that the only way to explain<00:28:31.120> Saturn's<00:28:31.520> ring<00:28:31.840> wave<00:28:32.159> data, 00:28:32.789 --> 00:28:32.799 align:start position:0% explain Saturn's ring wave data, 00:28:32.799 --> 00:28:35.110 align:start position:0% explain Saturn's ring wave data, gravitational<00:28:33.440> field<00:28:33.760> data,<00:28:34.480> and<00:28:34.720> partial 00:28:35.110 --> 00:28:35.120 align:start position:0% gravitational field data, and partial 00:28:35.120 --> 00:28:39.190 align:start position:0% gravitational field data, and partial lack<00:28:35.440> of<00:28:35.679> convection<00:28:36.720> is<00:28:36.960> that<00:28:37.360> it<00:28:37.919> too<00:28:38.720> has<00:28:39.039> a 00:28:39.190 --> 00:28:39.200 align:start position:0% lack of convection is that it too has a 00:28:39.200 --> 00:28:40.950 align:start position:0% lack of convection is that it too has a fuzzy<00:28:39.600> core. 00:28:40.950 --> 00:28:40.960 align:start position:0% fuzzy core. 00:28:40.960 --> 00:28:44.230 align:start position:0% fuzzy core. As<00:28:41.200> it<00:28:41.440> happens,<00:28:42.159> Juno<00:28:42.559> data<00:28:43.039> also<00:28:43.520> suggests 00:28:44.230 --> 00:28:44.240 align:start position:0% As it happens, Juno data also suggests 00:28:44.240 --> 00:28:46.870 align:start position:0% As it happens, Juno data also suggests large<00:28:44.559> regions<00:28:45.039> of<00:28:45.279> Jupiter<00:28:46.159> may<00:28:46.480> not<00:28:46.720> be 00:28:46.870 --> 00:28:46.880 align:start position:0% large regions of Jupiter may not be 00:28:46.880 --> 00:28:49.590 align:start position:0% large regions of Jupiter may not be convective.<00:28:48.159> We<00:28:48.399> seem<00:28:48.720> to<00:28:48.880> be<00:28:49.039> slowly 00:28:49.590 --> 00:28:49.600 align:start position:0% convective. We seem to be slowly 00:28:49.600 --> 00:28:51.830 align:start position:0% convective. We seem to be slowly connecting<00:28:50.080> the<00:28:50.320> dots. 00:28:51.830 --> 00:28:51.840 align:start position:0% connecting the dots. 00:28:51.840 --> 00:28:55.110 align:start position:0% connecting the dots. If<00:28:52.080> Saturn<00:28:52.720> and<00:28:53.200> Jupiter<00:28:53.840> have<00:28:54.000> fuzzy<00:28:54.399> cores, 00:28:55.110 --> 00:28:55.120 align:start position:0% If Saturn and Jupiter have fuzzy cores, 00:28:55.120 --> 00:28:57.029 align:start position:0% If Saturn and Jupiter have fuzzy cores, they<00:28:55.440> likely<00:28:55.840> stem<00:28:56.159> from<00:28:56.399> a<00:28:56.720> common 00:28:57.029 --> 00:28:57.039 align:start position:0% they likely stem from a common 00:28:57.039 --> 00:28:59.350 align:start position:0% they likely stem from a common denominator<00:28:58.080> rather<00:28:58.480> than<00:28:58.640> a<00:28:58.960> random 00:28:59.350 --> 00:28:59.360 align:start position:0% denominator rather than a random 00:28:59.360 --> 00:29:02.149 align:start position:0% denominator rather than a random collision<00:28:59.760> event.<00:29:00.880> Now<00:29:01.360> scientists<00:29:01.919> are 00:29:02.149 --> 00:29:02.159 align:start position:0% collision event. Now scientists are 00:29:02.159 --> 00:29:05.110 align:start position:0% collision event. Now scientists are working<00:29:02.480> on<00:29:02.799> a<00:29:03.120> new<00:29:03.840> emerging<00:29:04.320> theory<00:29:04.720> of<00:29:04.880> how 00:29:05.110 --> 00:29:05.120 align:start position:0% working on a new emerging theory of how 00:29:05.120 --> 00:29:07.830 align:start position:0% working on a new emerging theory of how the<00:29:05.360> gas<00:29:05.679> giants<00:29:06.080> came<00:29:06.320> to<00:29:06.480> be.<00:29:07.120> One<00:29:07.360> in<00:29:07.520> which 00:29:07.830 --> 00:29:07.840 align:start position:0% the gas giants came to be. One in which 00:29:07.840 --> 00:29:10.070 align:start position:0% the gas giants came to be. One in which fuzzy<00:29:08.320> cores<00:29:08.720> are<00:29:08.960> a<00:29:09.120> natural<00:29:09.520> part<00:29:09.840> of 00:29:10.070 --> 00:29:10.080 align:start position:0% fuzzy cores are a natural part of 00:29:10.080 --> 00:29:12.870 align:start position:0% fuzzy cores are a natural part of planetary<00:29:10.720> formation.<00:29:11.919> We<00:29:12.159> haven't<00:29:12.399> arrived 00:29:12.870 --> 00:29:12.880 align:start position:0% planetary formation. We haven't arrived 00:29:12.880 --> 00:29:15.590 align:start position:0% planetary formation. We haven't arrived at<00:29:13.120> a<00:29:13.279> neat<00:29:13.600> explanation<00:29:14.159> yet.<00:29:14.960> But<00:29:15.120> it<00:29:15.360> is 00:29:15.590 --> 00:29:15.600 align:start position:0% at a neat explanation yet. But it is 00:29:15.600 --> 00:29:17.830 align:start position:0% at a neat explanation yet. But it is clear<00:29:16.159> that<00:29:16.399> the<00:29:16.640> old<00:29:16.880> assumptions<00:29:17.360> we<00:29:17.600> had 00:29:17.830 --> 00:29:17.840 align:start position:0% clear that the old assumptions we had 00:29:17.840 --> 00:29:19.750 align:start position:0% clear that the old assumptions we had about<00:29:18.080> the<00:29:18.240> largest<00:29:18.640> planets<00:29:19.039> in<00:29:19.200> our<00:29:19.440> solar 00:29:19.750 --> 00:29:19.760 align:start position:0% about the largest planets in our solar 00:29:19.760 --> 00:29:22.549 align:start position:0% about the largest planets in our solar system<00:29:20.480> are<00:29:21.039> incorrect. 00:29:22.549 --> 00:29:22.559 align:start position:0% system are incorrect. 00:29:22.559 --> 00:29:25.510 align:start position:0% system are incorrect. Jupiter<00:29:23.200> and<00:29:23.520> Saturn<00:29:24.080> are<00:29:24.399> not<00:29:24.720> made<00:29:25.039> up<00:29:25.279> of 00:29:25.510 --> 00:29:25.520 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn are not made up of 00:29:25.520 --> 00:29:28.630 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn are not made up of solid<00:29:26.000> core<00:29:26.320> and<00:29:26.640> gas<00:29:26.960> envelope.<00:29:27.919> nor<00:29:28.240> do<00:29:28.399> they 00:29:28.630 --> 00:29:28.640 align:start position:0% solid core and gas envelope. nor do they 00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:31.430 align:start position:0% solid core and gas envelope. nor do they have<00:29:28.799> a<00:29:29.200> completely<00:29:29.679> mixed<00:29:30.080> interior.<00:29:31.120> Their 00:29:31.430 --> 00:29:31.440 align:start position:0% have a completely mixed interior. Their 00:29:31.440 --> 00:29:33.269 align:start position:0% have a completely mixed interior. Their fuzzy<00:29:31.760> cores<00:29:32.159> are<00:29:32.480> made<00:29:32.640> up<00:29:32.799> of<00:29:33.039> a 00:29:33.269 --> 00:29:33.279 align:start position:0% fuzzy cores are made up of a 00:29:33.279 --> 00:29:35.750 align:start position:0% fuzzy cores are made up of a compositional<00:29:34.159> gradient<00:29:34.960> with<00:29:35.200> more<00:29:35.440> heavy 00:29:35.750 --> 00:29:35.760 align:start position:0% compositional gradient with more heavy 00:29:35.760 --> 00:29:37.909 align:start position:0% compositional gradient with more heavy elements<00:29:36.240> concentrated<00:29:36.799> in<00:29:37.039> the<00:29:37.200> center 00:29:37.909 --> 00:29:37.919 align:start position:0% elements concentrated in the center 00:29:37.919 --> 00:29:40.789 align:start position:0% elements concentrated in the center which<00:29:38.159> dissolve<00:29:38.720> out<00:29:39.120> into<00:29:39.440> the<00:29:39.600> gas<00:29:39.919> envelope 00:29:40.789 --> 00:29:40.799 align:start position:0% which dissolve out into the gas envelope 00:29:40.799 --> 00:29:43.909 align:start position:0% which dissolve out into the gas envelope without<00:29:41.360> a<00:29:41.600> clear<00:29:42.080> boundary. 00:29:43.909 --> 00:29:43.919 align:start position:0% without a clear boundary. 00:29:43.919 --> 00:29:47.269 align:start position:0% without a clear boundary. This<00:29:44.480> complexity<00:29:45.520> and<00:29:45.919> uneven<00:29:46.480> mixing 00:29:47.269 --> 00:29:47.279 align:start position:0% This complexity and uneven mixing 00:29:47.279 --> 00:29:49.269 align:start position:0% This complexity and uneven mixing challenges<00:29:48.000> our<00:29:48.320> current<00:29:48.720> models<00:29:49.039> for 00:29:49.269 --> 00:29:49.279 align:start position:0% challenges our current models for 00:29:49.279 --> 00:29:52.389 align:start position:0% challenges our current models for planetary<00:29:49.760> evolution.<00:29:51.120> Where<00:29:51.440> our<00:29:51.840> old 00:29:52.389 --> 00:29:52.399 align:start position:0% planetary evolution. Where our old 00:29:52.399 --> 00:29:54.310 align:start position:0% planetary evolution. Where our old simplistic<00:29:53.039> model<00:29:53.360> predicted<00:29:53.760> the<00:29:53.919> giants 00:29:54.310 --> 00:29:54.320 align:start position:0% simplistic model predicted the giants 00:29:54.320 --> 00:29:57.029 align:start position:0% simplistic model predicted the giants would<00:29:54.559> cool<00:29:54.880> predictably<00:29:55.600> over<00:29:55.919> time,<00:29:56.720> these 00:29:57.029 --> 00:29:57.039 align:start position:0% would cool predictably over time, these 00:29:57.039 --> 00:29:58.789 align:start position:0% would cool predictably over time, these new<00:29:57.279> models<00:29:57.760> don't<00:29:58.080> follow<00:29:58.399> the<00:29:58.640> same 00:29:58.789 --> 00:29:58.799 align:start position:0% new models don't follow the same 00:29:58.799 --> 00:30:01.510 align:start position:0% new models don't follow the same patterns.<00:30:00.080> And<00:30:00.240> the<00:30:00.480> same<00:30:00.640> is<00:30:00.880> true<00:30:01.039> for<00:30:01.279> all 00:30:01.510 --> 00:30:01.520 align:start position:0% patterns. And the same is true for all 00:30:01.520 --> 00:30:03.350 align:start position:0% patterns. And the same is true for all the<00:30:01.679> gas<00:30:02.000> giant<00:30:02.320> exoplanets<00:30:03.039> we've 00:30:03.350 --> 00:30:03.360 align:start position:0% the gas giant exoplanets we've 00:30:03.360 --> 00:30:06.549 align:start position:0% the gas giant exoplanets we've discovered<00:30:03.919> and<00:30:04.399> studied<00:30:04.880> so<00:30:05.120> far.<00:30:06.159> But<00:30:06.399> in 00:30:06.549 --> 00:30:06.559 align:start position:0% discovered and studied so far. But in 00:30:06.559 --> 00:30:08.789 align:start position:0% discovered and studied so far. But in the<00:30:06.720> meantime,<00:30:07.360> there<00:30:07.600> is<00:30:07.840> one<00:30:08.080> other<00:30:08.320> jigsaw 00:30:08.789 --> 00:30:08.799 align:start position:0% the meantime, there is one other jigsaw 00:30:08.799 --> 00:30:10.789 align:start position:0% the meantime, there is one other jigsaw piece<00:30:09.039> that<00:30:09.360> needs<00:30:09.600> to<00:30:09.840> fit<00:30:10.080> the<00:30:10.320> puzzle 00:30:10.789 --> 00:30:10.799 align:start position:0% piece that needs to fit the puzzle 00:30:10.799 --> 00:30:14.149 align:start position:0% piece that needs to fit the puzzle created<00:30:11.279> by<00:30:11.600> Jupiter's<00:30:12.080> fuzzy<00:30:12.399> core.<00:30:13.840> its 00:30:14.149 --> 00:30:14.159 align:start position:0% created by Jupiter's fuzzy core. its 00:30:14.159 --> 00:30:22.149 align:start position:0% created by Jupiter's fuzzy core. its weird<00:30:14.640> and<00:30:14.880> wacky<00:30:15.600> magnetic<00:30:16.159> field. 00:30:22.149 --> 00:30:22.159 align:start position:0% 00:30:22.159 --> 00:30:23.909 align:start position:0% For<00:30:22.480> years,<00:30:22.960> scientists<00:30:23.440> have<00:30:23.600> known<00:30:23.760> that 00:30:23.909 --> 00:30:23.919 align:start position:0% For years, scientists have known that 00:30:23.919 --> 00:30:25.909 align:start position:0% For years, scientists have known that Jupiter's<00:30:24.399> magnetic<00:30:24.880> field<00:30:25.120> is<00:30:25.360> generated 00:30:25.909 --> 00:30:25.919 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field is generated 00:30:25.919 --> 00:30:28.549 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field is generated through<00:30:26.159> a<00:30:26.399> dynamo<00:30:27.039> process<00:30:27.440> in<00:30:27.679> its<00:30:27.919> metallic 00:30:28.549 --> 00:30:28.559 align:start position:0% through a dynamo process in its metallic 00:30:28.559 --> 00:30:31.909 align:start position:0% through a dynamo process in its metallic hydrogen<00:30:29.279> layer.<00:30:30.000> This<00:30:30.399> layer<00:30:30.720> spans<00:30:31.279> 20<00:30:31.600> to 00:30:31.909 --> 00:30:31.919 align:start position:0% hydrogen layer. This layer spans 20 to 00:30:31.919 --> 00:30:34.630 align:start position:0% hydrogen layer. This layer spans 20 to 60,000<00:30:32.720> km<00:30:33.200> deep,<00:30:33.600> where<00:30:33.919> temperatures<00:30:34.399> can 00:30:34.630 --> 00:30:34.640 align:start position:0% 60,000 km deep, where temperatures can 00:30:34.640 --> 00:30:38.230 align:start position:0% 60,000 km deep, where temperatures can exceed<00:30:35.200> 30,000<00:30:36.240> Kelvin,<00:30:36.960> and<00:30:37.279> pressures<00:30:37.840> are 00:30:38.230 --> 00:30:38.240 align:start position:0% exceed 30,000 Kelvin, and pressures are 00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:40.389 align:start position:0% exceed 30,000 Kelvin, and pressures are millions<00:30:38.720> of<00:30:38.880> degrees<00:30:39.360> greater<00:30:39.840> than<00:30:40.159> on 00:30:40.389 --> 00:30:40.399 align:start position:0% millions of degrees greater than on 00:30:40.399 --> 00:30:43.269 align:start position:0% millions of degrees greater than on Earth's<00:30:40.799> surface.<00:30:42.000> Under<00:30:42.320> these<00:30:42.640> extreme 00:30:43.269 --> 00:30:43.279 align:start position:0% Earth's surface. Under these extreme 00:30:43.279 --> 00:30:46.070 align:start position:0% Earth's surface. Under these extreme conditions,<00:30:44.159> hydrogen<00:30:44.799> is<00:30:45.120> in<00:30:45.440> a<00:30:45.679> liquid 00:30:46.070 --> 00:30:46.080 align:start position:0% conditions, hydrogen is in a liquid 00:30:46.080 --> 00:30:49.269 align:start position:0% conditions, hydrogen is in a liquid state.<00:30:46.799> But<00:30:47.039> even<00:30:47.279> more<00:30:47.520> incredibly<00:30:48.640> here, 00:30:49.269 --> 00:30:49.279 align:start position:0% state. But even more incredibly here, 00:30:49.279 --> 00:30:52.549 align:start position:0% state. But even more incredibly here, hydrogen's<00:30:49.919> electrons<00:30:50.559> become<00:30:51.120> deoized<00:30:52.159> or 00:30:52.549 --> 00:30:52.559 align:start position:0% hydrogen's electrons become deoized or 00:30:52.559 --> 00:30:54.789 align:start position:0% hydrogen's electrons become deoized or free<00:30:52.880> flowing.<00:30:53.840> This<00:30:54.080> creates<00:30:54.559> an 00:30:54.789 --> 00:30:54.799 align:start position:0% free flowing. This creates an 00:30:54.799 --> 00:30:57.750 align:start position:0% free flowing. This creates an electrically<00:30:55.440> conductive<00:30:56.240> metallic<00:30:56.799> state. 00:30:57.750 --> 00:30:57.760 align:start position:0% electrically conductive metallic state. 00:30:57.760 --> 00:31:00.149 align:start position:0% electrically conductive metallic state. Coupled<00:30:58.159> with<00:30:58.399> Jupiter's<00:30:58.960> fast<00:30:59.200> rotation, 00:31:00.149 --> 00:31:00.159 align:start position:0% Coupled with Jupiter's fast rotation, 00:31:00.159 --> 00:31:02.789 align:start position:0% Coupled with Jupiter's fast rotation, this<00:31:00.399> metallic<00:31:00.960> liquid<00:31:01.440> hydrogen<00:31:02.240> creates<00:31:02.559> a 00:31:02.789 --> 00:31:02.799 align:start position:0% this metallic liquid hydrogen creates a 00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:05.430 align:start position:0% this metallic liquid hydrogen creates a dynamo<00:31:03.360> effect.<00:31:04.000> Though<00:31:04.320> the<00:31:04.640> exact<00:31:05.039> process 00:31:05.430 --> 00:31:05.440 align:start position:0% dynamo effect. Though the exact process 00:31:05.440 --> 00:31:08.710 align:start position:0% dynamo effect. Though the exact process of<00:31:05.600> how<00:31:05.840> it's<00:31:06.240> powered<00:31:06.880> remains<00:31:07.200> a<00:31:07.440> mystery. 00:31:08.710 --> 00:31:08.720 align:start position:0% of how it's powered remains a mystery. 00:31:08.720 --> 00:31:11.269 align:start position:0% of how it's powered remains a mystery. Whatever<00:31:09.120> it's<00:31:09.520> doing,<00:31:09.919> it's<00:31:10.320> working. 00:31:11.269 --> 00:31:11.279 align:start position:0% Whatever it's doing, it's working. 00:31:11.279 --> 00:31:13.830 align:start position:0% Whatever it's doing, it's working. Jupiter<00:31:11.919> has<00:31:12.159> the<00:31:12.480> largest,<00:31:13.279> strongest 00:31:13.830 --> 00:31:13.840 align:start position:0% Jupiter has the largest, strongest 00:31:13.840 --> 00:31:15.990 align:start position:0% Jupiter has the largest, strongest magnetic<00:31:14.320> field<00:31:14.640> of<00:31:14.880> any<00:31:15.200> planet<00:31:15.600> in<00:31:15.840> the 00:31:15.990 --> 00:31:16.000 align:start position:0% magnetic field of any planet in the 00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:18.549 align:start position:0% magnetic field of any planet in the whole<00:31:16.240> solar<00:31:16.559> system.<00:31:17.360> Its<00:31:17.679> magneettosphere 00:31:18.549 --> 00:31:18.559 align:start position:0% whole solar system. Its magneettosphere 00:31:18.559 --> 00:31:21.830 align:start position:0% whole solar system. Its magneettosphere spread<00:31:19.039> 7<00:31:19.360> to<00:31:19.840> 21<00:31:20.559> times<00:31:20.960> the<00:31:21.279> diameter<00:31:21.679> of 00:31:21.830 --> 00:31:21.840 align:start position:0% spread 7 to 21 times the diameter of 00:31:21.840 --> 00:31:24.389 align:start position:0% spread 7 to 21 times the diameter of Jupiter,<00:31:22.720> tapering<00:31:23.200> into<00:31:23.440> a<00:31:23.600> tadpole<00:31:24.159> shape 00:31:24.389 --> 00:31:24.399 align:start position:0% Jupiter, tapering into a tadpole shape 00:31:24.399 --> 00:31:26.710 align:start position:0% Jupiter, tapering into a tadpole shape behind<00:31:24.720> it<00:31:24.960> that<00:31:25.279> extends<00:31:25.840> into<00:31:26.240> Saturn's 00:31:26.710 --> 00:31:26.720 align:start position:0% behind it that extends into Saturn's 00:31:26.720 --> 00:31:30.630 align:start position:0% behind it that extends into Saturn's orbit<00:31:27.440> about<00:31:27.840> 1<00:31:28.240> billion<00:31:28.640> km<00:31:29.200> away.<00:31:30.240> However, 00:31:30.630 --> 00:31:30.640 align:start position:0% orbit about 1 billion km away. However, 00:31:30.640 --> 00:31:32.789 align:start position:0% orbit about 1 billion km away. However, Jupiter's<00:31:31.200> magnetic<00:31:31.600> field<00:31:31.919> also<00:31:32.320> has<00:31:32.559> some 00:31:32.789 --> 00:31:32.799 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field also has some 00:31:32.799 --> 00:31:35.350 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field also has some quirky<00:31:33.360> characteristics.<00:31:34.799> It's<00:31:35.120> much 00:31:35.350 --> 00:31:35.360 align:start position:0% quirky characteristics. It's much 00:31:35.360 --> 00:31:37.029 align:start position:0% quirky characteristics. It's much stronger<00:31:35.679> in<00:31:35.840> the<00:31:36.000> northern<00:31:36.320> hemisphere<00:31:36.799> than 00:31:37.029 --> 00:31:37.039 align:start position:0% stronger in the northern hemisphere than 00:31:37.039 --> 00:31:40.149 align:start position:0% stronger in the northern hemisphere than the<00:31:37.200> southern<00:31:37.440> hemisphere.<00:31:38.720> has<00:31:39.120> intense 00:31:40.149 --> 00:31:40.159 align:start position:0% the southern hemisphere. has intense 00:31:40.159 --> 00:31:43.190 align:start position:0% the southern hemisphere. has intense localized<00:31:40.799> magnetic<00:31:41.279> spots<00:31:42.240> and<00:31:42.640> two 00:31:43.190 --> 00:31:43.200 align:start position:0% localized magnetic spots and two 00:31:43.200 --> 00:31:46.630 align:start position:0% localized magnetic spots and two magnetic<00:31:43.760> south<00:31:44.159> poles.<00:31:45.600> Scientists<00:31:46.159> hoped 00:31:46.630 --> 00:31:46.640 align:start position:0% magnetic south poles. Scientists hoped 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:48.710 align:start position:0% magnetic south poles. Scientists hoped Jupiter's<00:31:47.120> fuzzy<00:31:47.519> core<00:31:47.840> might<00:31:48.240> actually 00:31:48.710 --> 00:31:48.720 align:start position:0% Jupiter's fuzzy core might actually 00:31:48.720 --> 00:31:51.590 align:start position:0% Jupiter's fuzzy core might actually explain<00:31:49.200> some<00:31:49.440> of<00:31:49.519> these<00:31:49.840> strange<00:31:50.399> behaviors. 00:31:51.590 --> 00:31:51.600 align:start position:0% explain some of these strange behaviors. 00:31:51.600 --> 00:31:53.830 align:start position:0% explain some of these strange behaviors. Frustratingly<00:31:52.320> for<00:31:52.640> them,<00:31:53.200> the<00:31:53.440> opposite 00:31:53.830 --> 00:31:53.840 align:start position:0% Frustratingly for them, the opposite 00:31:53.840 --> 00:31:56.389 align:start position:0% Frustratingly for them, the opposite turned<00:31:54.080> out<00:31:54.240> to<00:31:54.399> be<00:31:54.559> true.<00:31:55.440> Jupiter's<00:31:56.000> fuzzy 00:31:56.389 --> 00:31:56.399 align:start position:0% turned out to be true. Jupiter's fuzzy 00:31:56.399 --> 00:31:59.029 align:start position:0% turned out to be true. Jupiter's fuzzy core<00:31:56.880> actually<00:31:57.440> complicates<00:31:58.399> rather<00:31:58.799> than 00:31:59.029 --> 00:31:59.039 align:start position:0% core actually complicates rather than 00:31:59.039 --> 00:32:01.990 align:start position:0% core actually complicates rather than explains<00:31:59.600> its<00:31:59.919> magnetic<00:32:00.399> field.<00:32:01.440> Magnetic 00:32:01.990 --> 00:32:02.000 align:start position:0% explains its magnetic field. Magnetic 00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:04.070 align:start position:0% explains its magnetic field. Magnetic fields<00:32:02.240> in<00:32:02.399> planets<00:32:02.799> are<00:32:03.039> usually<00:32:03.360> created<00:32:03.760> by 00:32:04.070 --> 00:32:04.080 align:start position:0% fields in planets are usually created by 00:32:04.080 --> 00:32:05.990 align:start position:0% fields in planets are usually created by swirling<00:32:04.640> motions<00:32:05.039> of<00:32:05.360> electrically 00:32:05.990 --> 00:32:06.000 align:start position:0% swirling motions of electrically 00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:08.230 align:start position:0% swirling motions of electrically conducting<00:32:06.480> material<00:32:07.360> like<00:32:07.600> the<00:32:07.840> metallic 00:32:08.230 --> 00:32:08.240 align:start position:0% conducting material like the metallic 00:32:08.240 --> 00:32:10.710 align:start position:0% conducting material like the metallic liquid<00:32:08.640> hydrogen<00:32:09.039> in<00:32:09.279> Jupiter's<00:32:09.760> core. 00:32:10.710 --> 00:32:10.720 align:start position:0% liquid hydrogen in Jupiter's core. 00:32:10.720 --> 00:32:12.950 align:start position:0% liquid hydrogen in Jupiter's core. However,<00:32:11.200> Juno<00:32:11.760> data<00:32:12.080> showed<00:32:12.320> that<00:32:12.640> large 00:32:12.950 --> 00:32:12.960 align:start position:0% However, Juno data showed that large 00:32:12.960 --> 00:32:15.990 align:start position:0% However, Juno data showed that large regions<00:32:13.360> of<00:32:13.519> Jupiter<00:32:14.240> like<00:32:14.559> Saturn<00:32:15.519> seem<00:32:15.840> to 00:32:15.990 --> 00:32:16.000 align:start position:0% regions of Jupiter like Saturn seem to 00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:19.350 align:start position:0% regions of Jupiter like Saturn seem to be<00:32:16.240> at<00:32:16.399> least<00:32:16.880> partially<00:32:17.600> non-convective. 00:32:19.350 --> 00:32:19.360 align:start position:0% be at least partially non-convective. 00:32:19.360 --> 00:32:21.190 align:start position:0% be at least partially non-convective. Researchers<00:32:20.000> modeled<00:32:20.320> the<00:32:20.480> fluid<00:32:20.799> dynamics 00:32:21.190 --> 00:32:21.200 align:start position:0% Researchers modeled the fluid dynamics 00:32:21.200 --> 00:32:24.149 align:start position:0% Researchers modeled the fluid dynamics of<00:32:21.360> Jupiter's<00:32:21.919> interior<00:32:22.799> in<00:32:23.120> two<00:32:23.519> potentially 00:32:24.149 --> 00:32:24.159 align:start position:0% of Jupiter's interior in two potentially 00:32:24.159 --> 00:32:26.789 align:start position:0% of Jupiter's interior in two potentially non-convective<00:32:25.120> regions<00:32:25.760> to<00:32:26.080> see<00:32:26.320> how<00:32:26.559> they 00:32:26.789 --> 00:32:26.799 align:start position:0% non-convective regions to see how they 00:32:26.799 --> 00:32:29.029 align:start position:0% non-convective regions to see how they would<00:32:26.960> affect<00:32:27.200> the<00:32:27.440> magnetic<00:32:27.840> field.<00:32:28.559> one<00:32:28.799> in 00:32:29.029 --> 00:32:29.039 align:start position:0% would affect the magnetic field. one in 00:32:29.039 --> 00:32:30.950 align:start position:0% would affect the magnetic field. one in the<00:32:29.120> upper<00:32:29.360> part<00:32:29.519> of<00:32:29.600> the<00:32:29.760> planet's<00:32:30.159> interior 00:32:30.950 --> 00:32:30.960 align:start position:0% the upper part of the planet's interior 00:32:30.960 --> 00:32:33.350 align:start position:0% the upper part of the planet's interior and<00:32:31.200> the<00:32:31.440> other<00:32:31.679> lower<00:32:32.080> down<00:32:32.720> corresponding 00:32:33.350 --> 00:32:33.360 align:start position:0% and the other lower down corresponding 00:32:33.360 --> 00:32:36.389 align:start position:0% and the other lower down corresponding to<00:32:33.519> the<00:32:33.760> dilute<00:32:34.320> core.<00:32:35.440> They<00:32:35.679> concluded<00:32:36.159> that 00:32:36.389 --> 00:32:36.399 align:start position:0% to the dilute core. They concluded that 00:32:36.399 --> 00:32:38.870 align:start position:0% to the dilute core. They concluded that the<00:32:36.720> upper<00:32:37.120> stable<00:32:37.679> layer<00:32:38.080> helps<00:32:38.399> explain 00:32:38.870 --> 00:32:38.880 align:start position:0% the upper stable layer helps explain 00:32:38.880 --> 00:32:41.110 align:start position:0% the upper stable layer helps explain Jupiter's<00:32:39.360> magnetic<00:32:39.840> field<00:32:40.399> even<00:32:40.799> better 00:32:41.110 --> 00:32:41.120 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field even better 00:32:41.120 --> 00:32:43.909 align:start position:0% Jupiter's magnetic field even better than<00:32:41.519> previous<00:32:42.000> solid<00:32:42.399> core<00:32:42.720> models. 00:32:43.909 --> 00:32:43.919 align:start position:0% than previous solid core models. 00:32:43.919 --> 00:32:46.710 align:start position:0% than previous solid core models. However,<00:32:44.720> the<00:32:45.039> lower<00:32:45.360> region<00:32:46.000> representing 00:32:46.710 --> 00:32:46.720 align:start position:0% However, the lower region representing 00:32:46.720 --> 00:32:50.230 align:start position:0% However, the lower region representing the<00:32:46.960> non-convective<00:32:48.080> dilute<00:32:48.559> core<00:32:49.519> did<00:32:49.760> not 00:32:50.230 --> 00:32:50.240 align:start position:0% the non-convective dilute core did not 00:32:50.240 --> 00:32:52.230 align:start position:0% the non-convective dilute core did not explain<00:32:50.720> Jupiter's<00:32:51.279> magnetic<00:32:51.679> field<00:32:51.840> on<00:32:52.080> its 00:32:52.230 --> 00:32:52.240 align:start position:0% explain Jupiter's magnetic field on its 00:32:52.240 --> 00:32:55.669 align:start position:0% explain Jupiter's magnetic field on its own.<00:32:53.120> In<00:32:53.360> other<00:32:53.519> words,<00:32:54.240> a<00:32:54.559> completely<00:32:55.120> stable 00:32:55.669 --> 00:32:55.679 align:start position:0% own. In other words, a completely stable 00:32:55.679 --> 00:32:57.750 align:start position:0% own. In other words, a completely stable fuzzy<00:32:56.080> core<00:32:56.480> produces<00:32:56.880> a<00:32:57.120> magnetic<00:32:57.519> field 00:32:57.750 --> 00:32:57.760 align:start position:0% fuzzy core produces a magnetic field 00:32:57.760 --> 00:32:59.909 align:start position:0% fuzzy core produces a magnetic field that's<00:32:58.080> very<00:32:58.480> different<00:32:58.880> from<00:32:59.120> the<00:32:59.360> one<00:32:59.600> we 00:32:59.909 --> 00:32:59.919 align:start position:0% that's very different from the one we 00:32:59.919 --> 00:33:02.710 align:start position:0% that's very different from the one we actually<00:33:00.320> observe.<00:33:01.600> Now,<00:33:02.080> researchers 00:33:02.710 --> 00:33:02.720 align:start position:0% actually observe. Now, researchers 00:33:02.720 --> 00:33:04.950 align:start position:0% actually observe. Now, researchers believe<00:33:03.279> Jupiter's<00:33:03.840> dynamo<00:33:04.399> is<00:33:04.640> more 00:33:04.950 --> 00:33:04.960 align:start position:0% believe Jupiter's dynamo is more 00:33:04.960 --> 00:33:07.110 align:start position:0% believe Jupiter's dynamo is more complicated<00:33:05.600> than<00:33:05.840> originally<00:33:06.320> thought. 00:33:07.110 --> 00:33:07.120 align:start position:0% complicated than originally thought. 00:33:07.120 --> 00:33:09.350 align:start position:0% complicated than originally thought. It's<00:33:07.440> possible<00:33:07.760> that<00:33:08.159> below<00:33:08.480> the<00:33:08.799> uppermost 00:33:09.350 --> 00:33:09.360 align:start position:0% It's possible that below the uppermost 00:33:09.360 --> 00:33:12.230 align:start position:0% It's possible that below the uppermost molecular<00:33:09.919> hydrogen<00:33:10.640> layer,<00:33:11.120> Jupiter<00:33:11.600> has<00:33:11.840> a 00:33:12.230 --> 00:33:12.240 align:start position:0% molecular hydrogen layer, Jupiter has a 00:33:12.240 --> 00:33:14.549 align:start position:0% molecular hydrogen layer, Jupiter has a layer<00:33:12.399> of<00:33:12.559> helium<00:33:13.360> which<00:33:13.679> rains<00:33:14.080> down<00:33:14.320> through 00:33:14.549 --> 00:33:14.559 align:start position:0% layer of helium which rains down through 00:33:14.559 --> 00:33:17.350 align:start position:0% layer of helium which rains down through the<00:33:14.799> liquid<00:33:15.120> hydrogen<00:33:16.080> like<00:33:16.480> oil<00:33:16.960> passing 00:33:17.350 --> 00:33:17.360 align:start position:0% the liquid hydrogen like oil passing 00:33:17.360 --> 00:33:19.909 align:start position:0% the liquid hydrogen like oil passing through<00:33:17.679> water.<00:33:18.720> Some<00:33:19.039> think<00:33:19.360> this<00:33:19.679> could 00:33:19.909 --> 00:33:19.919 align:start position:0% through water. Some think this could 00:33:19.919 --> 00:33:22.389 align:start position:0% through water. Some think this could have<00:33:20.080> an<00:33:20.320> effect<00:33:20.480> on<00:33:20.640> the<00:33:20.799> magnetic<00:33:21.279> field. 00:33:22.389 --> 00:33:22.399 align:start position:0% have an effect on the magnetic field. 00:33:22.399 --> 00:33:24.630 align:start position:0% have an effect on the magnetic field. Another<00:33:22.720> theory<00:33:23.120> claims<00:33:23.519> Jupiter's<00:33:24.000> dynamo 00:33:24.630 --> 00:33:24.640 align:start position:0% Another theory claims Jupiter's dynamo 00:33:24.640 --> 00:33:26.789 align:start position:0% Another theory claims Jupiter's dynamo doesn't<00:33:25.039> operate<00:33:25.440> in<00:33:25.760> a<00:33:26.000> homogeneous<00:33:26.640> way 00:33:26.789 --> 00:33:26.799 align:start position:0% doesn't operate in a homogeneous way 00:33:26.799 --> 00:33:29.190 align:start position:0% doesn't operate in a homogeneous way like<00:33:27.039> it<00:33:27.200> does<00:33:27.360> on<00:33:27.519> Earth<00:33:27.919> and<00:33:28.159> that<00:33:28.399> instead 00:33:29.190 --> 00:33:29.200 align:start position:0% like it does on Earth and that instead 00:33:29.200 --> 00:33:31.909 align:start position:0% like it does on Earth and that instead the<00:33:29.440> planet's<00:33:29.840> lopsided<00:33:30.640> magneettosphere<00:33:31.679> is 00:33:31.909 --> 00:33:31.919 align:start position:0% the planet's lopsided magneettosphere is 00:33:31.919 --> 00:33:34.389 align:start position:0% the planet's lopsided magneettosphere is the<00:33:32.159> result<00:33:32.320> of<00:33:32.559> variations<00:33:33.200> in<00:33:33.519> density, 00:33:34.389 --> 00:33:34.399 align:start position:0% the result of variations in density, 00:33:34.399 --> 00:33:36.149 align:start position:0% the result of variations in density, electroconductivity, 00:33:36.149 --> 00:33:36.159 align:start position:0% electroconductivity, 00:33:36.159 --> 00:33:40.070 align:start position:0% electroconductivity, or<00:33:36.480> both.<00:33:37.760> But<00:33:37.919> on<00:33:38.080> the<00:33:38.320> whole,<00:33:39.039> no<00:33:39.360> one<00:33:39.600> knows 00:33:40.070 --> 00:33:40.080 align:start position:0% or both. But on the whole, no one knows 00:33:40.080 --> 00:33:41.990 align:start position:0% or both. But on the whole, no one knows exactly<00:33:40.559> how<00:33:40.799> this<00:33:41.120> magnetic<00:33:41.519> field<00:33:41.760> is 00:33:41.990 --> 00:33:42.000 align:start position:0% exactly how this magnetic field is 00:33:42.000 --> 00:33:44.470 align:start position:0% exactly how this magnetic field is produced<00:33:42.720> or<00:33:43.039> what<00:33:43.360> role<00:33:43.600> the<00:33:43.760> fuzzy<00:33:44.159> core 00:33:44.470 --> 00:33:44.480 align:start position:0% produced or what role the fuzzy core 00:33:44.480 --> 00:33:47.029 align:start position:0% produced or what role the fuzzy core plays<00:33:44.720> in<00:33:44.960> its<00:33:45.200> creation. 00:33:47.029 --> 00:33:47.039 align:start position:0% plays in its creation. 00:33:47.039 --> 00:33:49.350 align:start position:0% plays in its creation. One<00:33:47.360> thing<00:33:47.600> we<00:33:47.919> do<00:33:48.159> know<00:33:48.320> for<00:33:48.559> certain<00:33:48.960> though 00:33:49.350 --> 00:33:49.360 align:start position:0% One thing we do know for certain though 00:33:49.360 --> 00:33:51.509 align:start position:0% One thing we do know for certain though is<00:33:49.840> Jupiter's<00:33:50.399> magnetic<00:33:50.880> field<00:33:51.200> is 00:33:51.509 --> 00:33:51.519 align:start position:0% is Jupiter's magnetic field is 00:33:51.519 --> 00:33:54.149 align:start position:0% is Jupiter's magnetic field is responsible<00:33:52.080> for<00:33:52.320> the<00:33:52.640> biggest,<00:33:53.519> brightest 00:33:54.149 --> 00:33:54.159 align:start position:0% responsible for the biggest, brightest 00:33:54.159 --> 00:33:57.830 align:start position:0% responsible for the biggest, brightest auroras<00:33:54.960> in<00:33:55.360> the<00:33:55.600> solar<00:33:55.919> system.<00:33:57.039> On<00:33:57.279> Earth, 00:33:57.830 --> 00:33:57.840 align:start position:0% auroras in the solar system. On Earth, 00:33:57.840 --> 00:34:00.230 align:start position:0% auroras in the solar system. On Earth, aurora<00:33:58.240> is<00:33:58.480> only<00:33:58.720> visible<00:33:59.039> for<00:33:59.279> a<00:33:59.519> 4<00:33:59.760> to<00:34:00.000> 6 00:34:00.230 --> 00:34:00.240 align:start position:0% aurora is only visible for a 4 to 6 00:34:00.240 --> 00:34:03.269 align:start position:0% aurora is only visible for a 4 to 6 month<00:34:00.559> window.<00:34:01.360> On<00:34:01.679> Jupiter,<00:34:02.559> they<00:34:02.960> never 00:34:03.269 --> 00:34:03.279 align:start position:0% month window. On Jupiter, they never 00:34:03.279 --> 00:34:06.149 align:start position:0% month window. On Jupiter, they never stop,<00:34:04.000> covering<00:34:04.399> the<00:34:04.559> poles<00:34:05.039> with<00:34:05.200> a<00:34:05.440> dazzling 00:34:06.149 --> 00:34:06.159 align:start position:0% stop, covering the poles with a dazzling 00:34:06.159 --> 00:34:08.550 align:start position:0% stop, covering the poles with a dazzling display<00:34:06.559> of<00:34:06.880> color,<00:34:07.440> hundreds<00:34:07.840> of<00:34:08.000> times<00:34:08.320> more 00:34:08.550 --> 00:34:08.560 align:start position:0% display of color, hundreds of times more 00:34:08.560 --> 00:34:10.869 align:start position:0% display of color, hundreds of times more powerful<00:34:08.960> and<00:34:09.280> energetic<00:34:09.919> than<00:34:10.079> the<00:34:10.240> auroras 00:34:10.869 --> 00:34:10.879 align:start position:0% powerful and energetic than the auroras 00:34:10.879 --> 00:34:13.349 align:start position:0% powerful and energetic than the auroras we're<00:34:11.280> familiar<00:34:11.679> with.<00:34:12.560> By<00:34:12.879> stringing 00:34:13.349 --> 00:34:13.359 align:start position:0% we're familiar with. By stringing 00:34:13.359 --> 00:34:15.750 align:start position:0% we're familiar with. By stringing together<00:34:13.760> far<00:34:14.159> UV<00:34:14.639> images<00:34:15.040> from<00:34:15.280> Hubble's 00:34:15.750 --> 00:34:15.760 align:start position:0% together far UV images from Hubble's 00:34:15.760 --> 00:34:18.069 align:start position:0% together far UV images from Hubble's imaging<00:34:16.240> spectrograph,<00:34:17.359> scientists<00:34:17.919> were 00:34:18.069 --> 00:34:18.079 align:start position:0% imaging spectrograph, scientists were 00:34:18.079 --> 00:34:20.389 align:start position:0% imaging spectrograph, scientists were able<00:34:18.320> to<00:34:18.480> create<00:34:19.119> these<00:34:19.599> videos<00:34:20.000> of<00:34:20.240> the 00:34:20.389 --> 00:34:20.399 align:start position:0% able to create these videos of the 00:34:20.399 --> 00:34:22.869 align:start position:0% able to create these videos of the auroras<00:34:21.040> in<00:34:21.280> action.<00:34:22.320> Aren't<00:34:22.639> they 00:34:22.869 --> 00:34:22.879 align:start position:0% auroras in action. Aren't they 00:34:22.879 --> 00:34:29.589 align:start position:0% auroras in action. Aren't they spectacular? 00:34:29.589 --> 00:34:29.599 align:start position:0% 00:34:29.599 --> 00:34:32.389 align:start position:0% Despite<00:34:30.159> Juno's<00:34:30.800> discoveries,<00:34:31.760> Jupiter 00:34:32.389 --> 00:34:32.399 align:start position:0% Despite Juno's discoveries, Jupiter 00:34:32.399 --> 00:34:35.510 align:start position:0% Despite Juno's discoveries, Jupiter keeps<00:34:32.720> its<00:34:33.040> secrets<00:34:33.520> close<00:34:33.760> to<00:34:33.919> its<00:34:34.240> chest.<00:34:35.200> We 00:34:35.510 --> 00:34:35.520 align:start position:0% keeps its secrets close to its chest. We 00:34:35.520 --> 00:34:37.750 align:start position:0% keeps its secrets close to its chest. We still<00:34:35.760> don't<00:34:36.079> know<00:34:36.320> how<00:34:36.639> its<00:34:36.960> fuzzy<00:34:37.359> core 00:34:37.750 --> 00:34:37.760 align:start position:0% still don't know how its fuzzy core 00:34:37.760 --> 00:34:40.389 align:start position:0% still don't know how its fuzzy core actually<00:34:38.079> formed,<00:34:39.119> nor<00:34:39.440> do<00:34:39.599> we<00:34:39.760> know<00:34:39.919> how 00:34:40.389 --> 00:34:40.399 align:start position:0% actually formed, nor do we know how 00:34:40.399 --> 00:34:43.349 align:start position:0% actually formed, nor do we know how permanent<00:34:40.879> it<00:34:41.200> is.<00:34:42.079> Is<00:34:42.320> the<00:34:42.399> fuzzy<00:34:42.800> core<00:34:43.119> a 00:34:43.349 --> 00:34:43.359 align:start position:0% permanent it is. Is the fuzzy core a 00:34:43.359 --> 00:34:45.190 align:start position:0% permanent it is. Is the fuzzy core a stable<00:34:43.760> structure<00:34:44.079> that<00:34:44.320> will<00:34:44.480> endure<00:34:44.879> for 00:34:45.190 --> 00:34:45.200 align:start position:0% stable structure that will endure for 00:34:45.200 --> 00:34:47.990 align:start position:0% stable structure that will endure for billions<00:34:45.599> of<00:34:45.760> years?<00:34:46.639> Or<00:34:46.879> is<00:34:47.200> it<00:34:47.520> slowly 00:34:47.990 --> 00:34:48.000 align:start position:0% billions of years? Or is it slowly 00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:50.230 align:start position:0% billions of years? Or is it slowly dissolving<00:34:48.560> into<00:34:48.879> Jupiter's<00:34:49.440> gaseous 00:34:50.230 --> 00:34:50.240 align:start position:0% dissolving into Jupiter's gaseous 00:34:50.240 --> 00:34:52.790 align:start position:0% dissolving into Jupiter's gaseous layers?<00:34:51.359> What<00:34:51.599> relation<00:34:52.000> does<00:34:52.240> it<00:34:52.399> have<00:34:52.560> to 00:34:52.790 --> 00:34:52.800 align:start position:0% layers? What relation does it have to 00:34:52.800 --> 00:34:55.430 align:start position:0% layers? What relation does it have to the<00:34:52.960> metallic<00:34:53.440> hydrogen<00:34:54.000> above<00:34:54.320> it<00:34:54.960> and<00:34:55.280> the 00:34:55.430 --> 00:34:55.440 align:start position:0% the metallic hydrogen above it and the 00:34:55.440 --> 00:34:58.630 align:start position:0% the metallic hydrogen above it and the resulting<00:34:55.919> magnetic<00:34:56.480> field<00:34:56.960> Juno<00:34:57.440> mapped<00:34:58.480> off 00:34:58.630 --> 00:34:58.640 align:start position:0% resulting magnetic field Juno mapped off 00:34:58.640 --> 00:35:01.190 align:start position:0% resulting magnetic field Juno mapped off as<00:34:58.800> he<00:34:58.960> caused<00:34:59.359> just<00:34:59.520> a<00:34:59.760> natural<00:35:00.160> part<00:35:00.480> of<00:35:00.800> gas 00:35:01.190 --> 00:35:01.200 align:start position:0% as he caused just a natural part of gas 00:35:01.200 --> 00:35:04.230 align:start position:0% as he caused just a natural part of gas giant<00:35:01.520> formation?<00:35:02.880> We<00:35:03.359> can't<00:35:03.680> say<00:35:04.000> for 00:35:04.230 --> 00:35:04.240 align:start position:0% giant formation? We can't say for 00:35:04.240 --> 00:35:07.910 align:start position:0% giant formation? We can't say for certain<00:35:04.560> yet,<00:35:05.520> but<00:35:05.839> one<00:35:06.079> thing's<00:35:06.480> for<00:35:06.800> sure, 00:35:07.910 --> 00:35:07.920 align:start position:0% certain yet, but one thing's for sure, 00:35:07.920 --> 00:35:09.910 align:start position:0% certain yet, but one thing's for sure, our<00:35:08.240> current<00:35:08.560> models<00:35:09.040> don't<00:35:09.359> show<00:35:09.520> the<00:35:09.760> full 00:35:09.910 --> 00:35:09.920 align:start position:0% our current models don't show the full 00:35:09.920 --> 00:35:12.550 align:start position:0% our current models don't show the full picture.<00:35:10.960> Hopefully<00:35:11.440> with<00:35:11.680> further<00:35:12.079> study 00:35:12.550 --> 00:35:12.560 align:start position:0% picture. Hopefully with further study 00:35:12.560 --> 00:35:14.550 align:start position:0% picture. Hopefully with further study we'll<00:35:12.960> slowly<00:35:13.440> be<00:35:13.599> able<00:35:13.839> to<00:35:14.000> answer<00:35:14.240> these 00:35:14.550 --> 00:35:14.560 align:start position:0% we'll slowly be able to answer these 00:35:14.560 --> 00:35:17.670 align:start position:0% we'll slowly be able to answer these questions<00:35:15.119> one<00:35:15.359> by<00:35:15.680> one.<00:35:16.560> Though<00:35:17.040> the<00:35:17.280> more<00:35:17.440> we 00:35:17.670 --> 00:35:17.680 align:start position:0% questions one by one. Though the more we 00:35:17.680 --> 00:35:19.589 align:start position:0% questions one by one. Though the more we learn<00:35:18.320> the<00:35:18.560> more<00:35:18.720> questions<00:35:19.119> we'll<00:35:19.359> keep 00:35:19.589 --> 00:35:19.599 align:start position:0% learn the more questions we'll keep 00:35:19.599 --> 00:35:21.750 align:start position:0% learn the more questions we'll keep asking.<00:35:20.400> The<00:35:20.560> pursuit<00:35:20.960> of<00:35:21.200> truth<00:35:21.520> is 00:35:21.750 --> 00:35:21.760 align:start position:0% asking. The pursuit of truth is 00:35:21.760 --> 00:35:24.550 align:start position:0% asking. The pursuit of truth is relentless<00:35:22.640> and<00:35:22.880> it<00:35:23.040> is<00:35:23.280> also<00:35:23.680> perhaps<00:35:24.240> the 00:35:24.550 --> 00:35:24.560 align:start position:0% relentless and it is also perhaps the 00:35:24.560 --> 00:35:29.910 align:start position:0% relentless and it is also perhaps the most<00:35:24.800> human<00:35:25.200> thing<00:35:25.359> we<00:35:25.599> can<00:35:25.760> do. 00:35:29.910 --> 00:35:29.920 align:start position:0% 00:35:29.920 --> 00:35:34.310 align:start position:0% When<00:35:30.240> we<00:35:30.480> look<00:35:30.720> out<00:35:31.119> into<00:35:31.440> the<00:35:31.680> vast<00:35:32.880> expansive 00:35:34.310 --> 00:35:34.320 align:start position:0% When we look out into the vast expansive 00:35:34.320 --> 00:35:36.870 align:start position:0% When we look out into the vast expansive or<00:35:34.560> inspiring<00:35:35.200> cosmos<00:35:36.320> there<00:35:36.560> are 00:35:36.870 --> 00:35:36.880 align:start position:0% or inspiring cosmos there are 00:35:36.880 --> 00:35:40.150 align:start position:0% or inspiring cosmos there are innumerable<00:35:37.599> stars<00:35:38.000> out<00:35:38.240> there.<00:35:39.200> Yet<00:35:39.839> one<00:35:40.079> of 00:35:40.150 --> 00:35:40.160 align:start position:0% innumerable stars out there. Yet one of 00:35:40.160 --> 00:35:43.910 align:start position:0% innumerable stars out there. Yet one of them<00:35:40.800> dominates<00:35:41.359> our<00:35:41.760> sky<00:35:42.320> and<00:35:42.800> our<00:35:43.119> lives, 00:35:43.910 --> 00:35:43.920 align:start position:0% them dominates our sky and our lives, 00:35:43.920 --> 00:35:46.710 align:start position:0% them dominates our sky and our lives, burning<00:35:44.480> brightly<00:35:45.040> and<00:35:45.359> ferociously<00:35:46.240> at<00:35:46.480> the 00:35:46.710 --> 00:35:46.720 align:start position:0% burning brightly and ferociously at the 00:35:46.720 --> 00:35:51.349 align:start position:0% burning brightly and ferociously at the center<00:35:47.040> of<00:35:47.280> our<00:35:47.599> solar<00:35:47.920> system,<00:35:49.119> the<00:35:49.440> sun. 00:35:51.349 --> 00:35:51.359 align:start position:0% center of our solar system, the sun. 00:35:51.359 --> 00:35:53.670 align:start position:0% center of our solar system, the sun. It's<00:35:51.760> easy<00:35:52.079> to<00:35:52.320> see<00:35:52.480> how<00:35:52.880> generations<00:35:53.440> of 00:35:53.670 --> 00:35:53.680 align:start position:0% It's easy to see how generations of 00:35:53.680 --> 00:35:55.990 align:start position:0% It's easy to see how generations of humans<00:35:54.079> before<00:35:54.320> us<00:35:54.560> were<00:35:54.800> inspired<00:35:55.280> to<00:35:55.520> create 00:35:55.990 --> 00:35:56.000 align:start position:0% humans before us were inspired to create 00:35:56.000 --> 00:35:58.470 align:start position:0% humans before us were inspired to create all<00:35:56.320> kinds<00:35:56.640> of<00:35:56.880> legends<00:35:57.359> to<00:35:57.680> explain<00:35:58.160> its 00:35:58.470 --> 00:35:58.480 align:start position:0% all kinds of legends to explain its 00:35:58.480 --> 00:36:02.230 align:start position:0% all kinds of legends to explain its mesmerizing<00:35:59.200> glow.<00:36:00.480> Now,<00:36:01.040> as<00:36:01.359> technology<00:36:01.920> has 00:36:02.230 --> 00:36:02.240 align:start position:0% mesmerizing glow. Now, as technology has 00:36:02.240 --> 00:36:04.310 align:start position:0% mesmerizing glow. Now, as technology has advanced<00:36:02.800> beyond<00:36:03.119> the<00:36:03.280> realms<00:36:03.680> of<00:36:03.839> their 00:36:04.310 --> 00:36:04.320 align:start position:0% advanced beyond the realms of their 00:36:04.320 --> 00:36:06.950 align:start position:0% advanced beyond the realms of their wildest<00:36:04.800> imaginations,<00:36:06.000> we<00:36:06.240> can<00:36:06.400> delve<00:36:06.720> into 00:36:06.950 --> 00:36:06.960 align:start position:0% wildest imaginations, we can delve into 00:36:06.960 --> 00:36:09.670 align:start position:0% wildest imaginations, we can delve into the<00:36:07.280> processes<00:36:07.839> within<00:36:08.560> and<00:36:08.880> around<00:36:09.359> our 00:36:09.670 --> 00:36:09.680 align:start position:0% the processes within and around our 00:36:09.680 --> 00:36:12.069 align:start position:0% the processes within and around our neighboring<00:36:10.160> yellow<00:36:10.480> dwarf,<00:36:11.359> going<00:36:11.680> deeper 00:36:12.069 --> 00:36:12.079 align:start position:0% neighboring yellow dwarf, going deeper 00:36:12.079 --> 00:36:15.589 align:start position:0% neighboring yellow dwarf, going deeper than<00:36:12.400> ever<00:36:12.720> before<00:36:13.920> as<00:36:14.240> we<00:36:14.480> journey<00:36:15.040> through 00:36:15.589 --> 00:36:15.599 align:start position:0% than ever before as we journey through 00:36:15.599 --> 00:36:18.950 align:start position:0% than ever before as we journey through its<00:36:15.920> ferocious<00:36:16.560> atmosphere.<00:36:17.839> Let's<00:36:18.240> explore 00:36:18.950 --> 00:36:18.960 align:start position:0% its ferocious atmosphere. Let's explore 00:36:18.960 --> 00:36:21.430 align:start position:0% its ferocious atmosphere. Let's explore what<00:36:19.280> I'm<00:36:19.520> sure<00:36:19.760> you<00:36:19.920> all<00:36:20.160> agree<00:36:20.880> are<00:36:21.119> the 00:36:21.430 --> 00:36:21.440 align:start position:0% what I'm sure you all agree are the 00:36:21.440 --> 00:36:23.750 align:start position:0% what I'm sure you all agree are the fascinating<00:36:22.160> phenomena<00:36:22.720> that<00:36:23.040> materialize 00:36:23.750 --> 00:36:23.760 align:start position:0% fascinating phenomena that materialize 00:36:23.760 --> 00:36:26.790 align:start position:0% fascinating phenomena that materialize there. 00:36:26.790 --> 00:36:26.800 align:start position:0% 00:36:26.800 --> 00:36:28.790 align:start position:0% I'm<00:36:27.119> Alex<00:36:27.440> Mccoan<00:36:28.079> and<00:36:28.320> you're<00:36:28.560> watching 00:36:28.790 --> 00:36:28.800 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:36:28.800 --> 00:36:31.190 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:36:29.520> And<00:36:29.760> in<00:36:30.000> this<00:36:30.160> video,<00:36:30.480> I<00:36:30.800> want<00:36:30.960> to 00:36:31.190 --> 00:36:31.200 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in this video, I want to 00:36:31.200 --> 00:36:34.230 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in this video, I want to dive<00:36:31.760> into<00:36:32.160> the<00:36:32.400> sun,<00:36:33.200> drawing<00:36:33.599> on<00:36:33.920> different 00:36:34.230 --> 00:36:34.240 align:start position:0% dive into the sun, drawing on different 00:36:34.240 --> 00:36:36.790 align:start position:0% dive into the sun, drawing on different wavelengths<00:36:34.800> of<00:36:34.960> electromagnetic<00:36:35.839> energy<00:36:36.480> to 00:36:36.790 --> 00:36:36.800 align:start position:0% wavelengths of electromagnetic energy to 00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:42.390 align:start position:0% wavelengths of electromagnetic energy to showcase<00:36:37.280> the<00:36:37.520> star<00:36:38.000> in<00:36:38.240> a<00:36:38.480> new<00:36:38.720> light. 00:36:42.390 --> 00:36:42.400 align:start position:0% 00:36:42.400 --> 00:36:44.710 align:start position:0% Previously,<00:36:43.119> we've<00:36:43.440> explored<00:36:43.920> Jupiter<00:36:44.480> and 00:36:44.710 --> 00:36:44.720 align:start position:0% Previously, we've explored Jupiter and 00:36:44.720 --> 00:36:46.310 align:start position:0% Previously, we've explored Jupiter and some<00:36:44.880> of<00:36:44.960> its<00:36:45.200> moons<00:36:45.520> through<00:36:45.760> the<00:36:45.920> lens<00:36:46.160> of 00:36:46.310 --> 00:36:46.320 align:start position:0% some of its moons through the lens of 00:36:46.320 --> 00:36:48.390 align:start position:0% some of its moons through the lens of the<00:36:46.480> electromagnetic<00:36:47.359> spectrum,<00:36:47.920> which<00:36:48.160> you 00:36:48.390 --> 00:36:48.400 align:start position:0% the electromagnetic spectrum, which you 00:36:48.400 --> 00:36:51.430 align:start position:0% the electromagnetic spectrum, which you can<00:36:48.480> see<00:36:48.640> in<00:36:48.880> this<00:36:49.119> video<00:36:49.359> here.<00:36:50.720> Today<00:36:51.200> we 00:36:51.430 --> 00:36:51.440 align:start position:0% can see in this video here. Today we 00:36:51.440 --> 00:36:53.670 align:start position:0% can see in this video here. Today we will<00:36:51.680> be<00:36:51.839> revisiting<00:36:52.400> this<00:36:52.640> approach,<00:36:53.440> but 00:36:53.670 --> 00:36:53.680 align:start position:0% will be revisiting this approach, but 00:36:53.680 --> 00:36:56.230 align:start position:0% will be revisiting this approach, but this<00:36:53.920> time<00:36:54.480> rather<00:36:54.800> than<00:36:54.960> a<00:36:55.119> planet,<00:36:55.760> it'll<00:36:56.160> be 00:36:56.230 --> 00:36:56.240 align:start position:0% this time rather than a planet, it'll be 00:36:56.240 --> 00:36:58.390 align:start position:0% this time rather than a planet, it'll be adapted<00:36:56.720> to<00:36:56.880> investigate<00:36:57.599> a<00:36:57.920> highly 00:36:58.390 --> 00:36:58.400 align:start position:0% adapted to investigate a highly 00:36:58.400 --> 00:37:01.510 align:start position:0% adapted to investigate a highly energetic<00:36:59.040> ball<00:36:59.280> of<00:36:59.520> plasma.<00:37:00.880> The<00:37:01.119> light 00:37:01.510 --> 00:37:01.520 align:start position:0% energetic ball of plasma. The light 00:37:01.520 --> 00:37:04.550 align:start position:0% energetic ball of plasma. The light we'll<00:37:01.760> be<00:37:01.920> looking<00:37:02.160> at<00:37:02.480> is<00:37:02.800> old.<00:37:04.160> Although 00:37:04.550 --> 00:37:04.560 align:start position:0% we'll be looking at is old. Although 00:37:04.560 --> 00:37:06.870 align:start position:0% we'll be looking at is old. Although light<00:37:04.880> is<00:37:05.040> the<00:37:05.280> fastest<00:37:05.599> thing<00:37:05.760> we<00:37:06.000> know,<00:37:06.640> the 00:37:06.870 --> 00:37:06.880 align:start position:0% light is the fastest thing we know, the 00:37:06.880 --> 00:37:08.950 align:start position:0% light is the fastest thing we know, the image<00:37:07.119> of<00:37:07.280> the<00:37:07.440> sun<00:37:07.680> that<00:37:07.839> we<00:37:08.079> see<00:37:08.320> from<00:37:08.560> Earth 00:37:08.950 --> 00:37:08.960 align:start position:0% image of the sun that we see from Earth 00:37:08.960 --> 00:37:11.430 align:start position:0% image of the sun that we see from Earth is<00:37:09.280> approximately<00:37:09.920> 8<00:37:10.240> minutes<00:37:10.720> and<00:37:11.119> 20 00:37:11.430 --> 00:37:11.440 align:start position:0% is approximately 8 minutes and 20 00:37:11.440 --> 00:37:14.150 align:start position:0% is approximately 8 minutes and 20 seconds<00:37:11.839> old,<00:37:12.880> meaning<00:37:13.200> we<00:37:13.440> are<00:37:13.599> viewing<00:37:13.920> what 00:37:14.150 --> 00:37:14.160 align:start position:0% seconds old, meaning we are viewing what 00:37:14.160 --> 00:37:16.310 align:start position:0% seconds old, meaning we are viewing what the<00:37:14.320> sun<00:37:14.560> looked<00:37:14.800> like<00:37:15.119> a<00:37:15.440> few<00:37:15.599> minutes<00:37:15.920> in<00:37:16.079> the 00:37:16.310 --> 00:37:16.320 align:start position:0% the sun looked like a few minutes in the 00:37:16.320 --> 00:37:19.270 align:start position:0% the sun looked like a few minutes in the past.<00:37:17.440> And<00:37:17.839> if<00:37:18.079> you<00:37:18.240> count<00:37:18.480> how<00:37:18.720> long<00:37:18.880> it<00:37:19.040> takes 00:37:19.270 --> 00:37:19.280 align:start position:0% past. And if you count how long it takes 00:37:19.280 --> 00:37:21.589 align:start position:0% past. And if you count how long it takes the<00:37:19.440> photons<00:37:20.000> generated<00:37:20.560> within<00:37:21.040> the<00:37:21.200> sun's 00:37:21.589 --> 00:37:21.599 align:start position:0% the photons generated within the sun's 00:37:21.599 --> 00:37:24.150 align:start position:0% the photons generated within the sun's core<00:37:22.160> to<00:37:22.480> make<00:37:22.720> their<00:37:23.040> way<00:37:23.200> through<00:37:23.680> each 00:37:24.150 --> 00:37:24.160 align:start position:0% core to make their way through each 00:37:24.160 --> 00:37:25.990 align:start position:0% core to make their way through each layer<00:37:24.240> of<00:37:24.400> the<00:37:24.560> sun<00:37:24.880> before<00:37:25.200> escaping<00:37:25.680> into 00:37:25.990 --> 00:37:26.000 align:start position:0% layer of the sun before escaping into 00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:28.310 align:start position:0% layer of the sun before escaping into space,<00:37:26.720> the<00:37:26.960> light<00:37:27.200> that<00:37:27.359> reaches<00:37:27.760> us<00:37:28.000> is 00:37:28.310 --> 00:37:28.320 align:start position:0% space, the light that reaches us is 00:37:28.320 --> 00:37:33.109 align:start position:0% space, the light that reaches us is anywhere<00:37:28.800> from<00:37:29.200> 10,000<00:37:30.320> to<00:37:31.680> 170,000<00:37:32.800> years 00:37:33.109 --> 00:37:33.119 align:start position:0% anywhere from 10,000 to 170,000 years 00:37:33.119 --> 00:37:37.270 align:start position:0% anywhere from 10,000 to 170,000 years old.<00:37:34.560> Where<00:37:34.880> to<00:37:35.119> begin?<00:37:36.160> Like<00:37:36.400> eating<00:37:36.720> a<00:37:36.880> fruit 00:37:37.270 --> 00:37:37.280 align:start position:0% old. Where to begin? Like eating a fruit 00:37:37.280 --> 00:37:39.190 align:start position:0% old. Where to begin? Like eating a fruit by<00:37:37.520> starting<00:37:37.839> with<00:37:38.000> the<00:37:38.160> outer<00:37:38.640> layers<00:37:38.880> and 00:37:39.190 --> 00:37:39.200 align:start position:0% by starting with the outer layers and 00:37:39.200 --> 00:37:41.430 align:start position:0% by starting with the outer layers and working<00:37:39.599> your<00:37:39.839> way<00:37:40.000> in.<00:37:40.720> Let's<00:37:40.960> start<00:37:41.200> our 00:37:41.430 --> 00:37:41.440 align:start position:0% working your way in. Let's start our 00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.430 align:start position:0% working your way in. Let's start our investigation<00:37:42.160> with<00:37:42.400> the<00:37:42.640> outermost<00:37:43.280> layer 00:37:43.430 --> 00:37:43.440 align:start position:0% investigation with the outermost layer 00:37:43.440 --> 00:37:47.990 align:start position:0% investigation with the outermost layer of<00:37:43.599> the<00:37:43.760> sun's<00:37:44.079> atmosphere,<00:37:45.359> the<00:37:45.599> corona. 00:37:47.990 --> 00:37:48.000 align:start position:0% of the sun's atmosphere, the corona. 00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:49.910 align:start position:0% of the sun's atmosphere, the corona. The<00:37:48.240> following<00:37:48.640> image<00:37:49.040> was<00:37:49.280> taken<00:37:49.599> by<00:37:49.760> the 00:37:49.910 --> 00:37:49.920 align:start position:0% The following image was taken by the 00:37:49.920 --> 00:37:53.270 align:start position:0% The following image was taken by the Solar<00:37:50.400> Dynamics<00:37:50.880> Observatory<00:37:51.680> or<00:37:52.079> SDO,<00:37:53.040> a 00:37:53.270 --> 00:37:53.280 align:start position:0% Solar Dynamics Observatory or SDO, a 00:37:53.280 --> 00:37:55.270 align:start position:0% Solar Dynamics Observatory or SDO, a NASA<00:37:53.680> space<00:37:54.000> mission<00:37:54.320> launched<00:37:54.720> back<00:37:55.040> in 00:37:55.270 --> 00:37:55.280 align:start position:0% NASA space mission launched back in 00:37:55.280 --> 00:37:57.270 align:start position:0% NASA space mission launched back in February<00:37:55.760> 2010. 00:37:57.270 --> 00:37:57.280 align:start position:0% February 2010. 00:37:57.280 --> 00:37:59.670 align:start position:0% February 2010. SDO<00:37:57.839> aimed<00:37:58.160> to<00:37:58.400> better<00:37:58.720> understand<00:37:59.119> the<00:37:59.359> solar 00:37:59.670 --> 00:37:59.680 align:start position:0% SDO aimed to better understand the solar 00:37:59.680 --> 00:38:01.990 align:start position:0% SDO aimed to better understand the solar variations<00:38:00.240> that<00:38:00.560> influence<00:38:00.960> life<00:38:01.200> on<00:38:01.440> Earth 00:38:01.990 --> 00:38:02.000 align:start position:0% variations that influence life on Earth 00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:04.470 align:start position:0% variations that influence life on Earth and<00:38:02.320> our<00:38:02.640> technological<00:38:03.359> systems<00:38:04.160> by 00:38:04.470 --> 00:38:04.480 align:start position:0% and our technological systems by 00:38:04.480 --> 00:38:06.710 align:start position:0% and our technological systems by studying<00:38:04.800> the<00:38:05.040> dynamic<00:38:05.760> solar<00:38:06.160> surface<00:38:06.480> and 00:38:06.710 --> 00:38:06.720 align:start position:0% studying the dynamic solar surface and 00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:08.950 align:start position:0% studying the dynamic solar surface and atmosphere<00:38:07.359> at<00:38:07.680> different<00:38:08.079> electromagnetic 00:38:08.950 --> 00:38:08.960 align:start position:0% atmosphere at different electromagnetic 00:38:08.960 --> 00:38:11.510 align:start position:0% atmosphere at different electromagnetic wavelengths.<00:38:10.240> By<00:38:10.480> looking<00:38:10.720> at<00:38:10.960> light<00:38:11.200> beyond 00:38:11.510 --> 00:38:11.520 align:start position:0% wavelengths. By looking at light beyond 00:38:11.520 --> 00:38:13.829 align:start position:0% wavelengths. By looking at light beyond the<00:38:11.760> visible<00:38:12.079> range,<00:38:12.640> NASA<00:38:13.040> was<00:38:13.280> able<00:38:13.440> to<00:38:13.599> pick 00:38:13.829 --> 00:38:13.839 align:start position:0% the visible range, NASA was able to pick 00:38:13.839 --> 00:38:16.630 align:start position:0% the visible range, NASA was able to pick out<00:38:14.240> normally<00:38:14.720> invisible<00:38:15.359> details.<00:38:16.160> crucial 00:38:16.630 --> 00:38:16.640 align:start position:0% out normally invisible details. crucial 00:38:16.640 --> 00:38:19.510 align:start position:0% out normally invisible details. crucial to<00:38:16.960> our<00:38:17.280> understanding<00:38:17.760> of<00:38:17.920> the<00:38:18.079> sun.<00:38:19.280> This 00:38:19.510 --> 00:38:19.520 align:start position:0% to our understanding of the sun. This 00:38:19.520 --> 00:38:22.870 align:start position:0% to our understanding of the sun. This image<00:38:19.839> was<00:38:20.079> taken<00:38:20.480> using<00:38:20.800> a<00:38:21.119> 19.3<00:38:22.160> nanometer 00:38:22.870 --> 00:38:22.880 align:start position:0% image was taken using a 19.3 nanometer 00:38:22.880 --> 00:38:25.109 align:start position:0% image was taken using a 19.3 nanometer wavelength<00:38:23.680> representing<00:38:24.240> light<00:38:24.640> found<00:38:24.880> in 00:38:25.109 --> 00:38:25.119 align:start position:0% wavelength representing light found in 00:38:25.119 --> 00:38:28.230 align:start position:0% wavelength representing light found in the<00:38:25.359> extreme<00:38:26.160> ultraviolet<00:38:26.880> region.<00:38:27.839> At<00:38:28.079> a 00:38:28.230 --> 00:38:28.240 align:start position:0% the extreme ultraviolet region. At a 00:38:28.240 --> 00:38:29.990 align:start position:0% the extreme ultraviolet region. At a wavelength<00:38:28.800> corresponding<00:38:29.359> to<00:38:29.520> a<00:38:29.680> color 00:38:29.990 --> 00:38:30.000 align:start position:0% wavelength corresponding to a color 00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:32.870 align:start position:0% wavelength corresponding to a color temperature<00:38:30.560> of<00:38:30.960> 1<00:38:31.359> million<00:38:31.760> Kelvin,<00:38:32.560> we<00:38:32.800> can 00:38:32.870 --> 00:38:32.880 align:start position:0% temperature of 1 million Kelvin, we can 00:38:32.880 --> 00:38:34.870 align:start position:0% temperature of 1 million Kelvin, we can clearly<00:38:33.280> see<00:38:33.520> the<00:38:33.760> higher<00:38:34.160> region<00:38:34.480> of<00:38:34.720> the 00:38:34.870 --> 00:38:34.880 align:start position:0% clearly see the higher region of the 00:38:34.880 --> 00:38:36.950 align:start position:0% clearly see the higher region of the sun's<00:38:35.280> corona. 00:38:36.950 --> 00:38:36.960 align:start position:0% sun's corona. 00:38:36.960 --> 00:38:39.349 align:start position:0% sun's corona. Interestingly,<00:38:37.839> the<00:38:38.079> sun's<00:38:38.400> corona<00:38:38.880> can<00:38:39.040> also 00:38:39.349 --> 00:38:39.359 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the sun's corona can also 00:38:39.359 --> 00:38:41.270 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the sun's corona can also be<00:38:39.520> seen<00:38:39.839> by<00:38:40.000> the<00:38:40.160> naked<00:38:40.480> eye<00:38:40.720> on<00:38:40.960> rare 00:38:41.270 --> 00:38:41.280 align:start position:0% be seen by the naked eye on rare 00:38:41.280 --> 00:38:44.390 align:start position:0% be seen by the naked eye on rare occasions<00:38:42.160> such<00:38:42.400> as<00:38:42.880> during<00:38:43.200> a<00:38:43.520> total<00:38:44.000> solar 00:38:44.390 --> 00:38:44.400 align:start position:0% occasions such as during a total solar 00:38:44.400 --> 00:38:45.829 align:start position:0% occasions such as during a total solar eclipse. 00:38:45.829 --> 00:38:45.839 align:start position:0% eclipse. 00:38:45.839 --> 00:38:47.910 align:start position:0% eclipse. When<00:38:46.079> the<00:38:46.320> moon<00:38:46.640> is<00:38:46.960> perfectly<00:38:47.440> aligned 00:38:47.910 --> 00:38:47.920 align:start position:0% When the moon is perfectly aligned 00:38:47.920 --> 00:38:49.829 align:start position:0% When the moon is perfectly aligned between<00:38:48.240> the<00:38:48.400> Earth<00:38:48.640> and<00:38:48.880> the<00:38:49.040> Sun<00:38:49.359> for<00:38:49.599> a 00:38:49.829 --> 00:38:49.839 align:start position:0% between the Earth and the Sun for a 00:38:49.839 --> 00:38:52.630 align:start position:0% between the Earth and the Sun for a fleeting<00:38:50.400> period<00:38:50.720> of<00:38:50.960> time,<00:38:51.680> the<00:38:51.920> view<00:38:52.240> of<00:38:52.400> the 00:38:52.630 --> 00:38:52.640 align:start position:0% fleeting period of time, the view of the 00:38:52.640 --> 00:38:55.030 align:start position:0% fleeting period of time, the view of the central<00:38:53.359> brighter<00:38:53.839> disc<00:38:54.400> known<00:38:54.640> as<00:38:54.800> the 00:38:55.030 --> 00:38:55.040 align:start position:0% central brighter disc known as the 00:38:55.040 --> 00:38:58.230 align:start position:0% central brighter disc known as the photosphere<00:38:56.000> is<00:38:56.400> fully<00:38:56.800> blocked,<00:38:57.599> revealing 00:38:58.230 --> 00:38:58.240 align:start position:0% photosphere is fully blocked, revealing 00:38:58.240 --> 00:39:00.710 align:start position:0% photosphere is fully blocked, revealing a<00:38:58.560> radiant<00:38:59.119> exterior. 00:39:00.710 --> 00:39:00.720 align:start position:0% a radiant exterior. 00:39:00.720 --> 00:39:02.710 align:start position:0% a radiant exterior. While<00:39:01.040> this<00:39:01.280> is<00:39:01.440> a<00:39:01.680> breathtaking<00:39:02.400> view 00:39:02.710 --> 00:39:02.720 align:start position:0% While this is a breathtaking view 00:39:02.720 --> 00:39:05.109 align:start position:0% While this is a breathtaking view already,<00:39:03.440> the<00:39:03.680> corona<00:39:04.160> is<00:39:04.400> still<00:39:04.640> nowhere 00:39:05.109 --> 00:39:05.119 align:start position:0% already, the corona is still nowhere 00:39:05.119 --> 00:39:07.990 align:start position:0% already, the corona is still nowhere near<00:39:05.440> as<00:39:05.760> detailed<00:39:06.320> as<00:39:06.560> it<00:39:06.720> is<00:39:06.960> in<00:39:07.280> this<00:39:07.520> image 00:39:07.990 --> 00:39:08.000 align:start position:0% near as detailed as it is in this image 00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:11.510 align:start position:0% near as detailed as it is in this image taken<00:39:08.400> by<00:39:08.560> the<00:39:08.800> SDO.<00:39:10.079> This<00:39:10.320> makes<00:39:10.560> it<00:39:10.800> a<00:39:11.119> useful 00:39:11.510 --> 00:39:11.520 align:start position:0% taken by the SDO. This makes it a useful 00:39:11.520 --> 00:39:14.390 align:start position:0% taken by the SDO. This makes it a useful tool<00:39:11.920> for<00:39:12.160> scientist<00:39:12.720> studies. 00:39:14.390 --> 00:39:14.400 align:start position:0% tool for scientist studies. 00:39:14.400 --> 00:39:16.630 align:start position:0% tool for scientist studies. But<00:39:14.720> let's<00:39:15.040> go<00:39:15.200> a<00:39:15.520> little<00:39:15.680> deeper.<00:39:16.480> The 00:39:16.630 --> 00:39:16.640 align:start position:0% But let's go a little deeper. The 00:39:16.640 --> 00:39:18.630 align:start position:0% But let's go a little deeper. The features<00:39:16.960> of<00:39:17.040> the<00:39:17.280> sun<00:39:17.680> just<00:39:18.000> beneath<00:39:18.400> the 00:39:18.630 --> 00:39:18.640 align:start position:0% features of the sun just beneath the 00:39:18.640 --> 00:39:21.750 align:start position:0% features of the sun just beneath the corona.<00:39:19.760> At<00:39:20.000> a<00:39:20.160> color<00:39:20.400> temperature<00:39:20.800> of<00:39:21.359> 20 00:39:21.750 --> 00:39:21.760 align:start position:0% corona. At a color temperature of 20 00:39:21.760 --> 00:39:24.710 align:start position:0% corona. At a color temperature of 20 million<00:39:22.160> Kelvin,<00:39:23.040> the<00:39:23.280> intensely<00:39:24.160> vivid 00:39:24.710 --> 00:39:24.720 align:start position:0% million Kelvin, the intensely vivid 00:39:24.720 --> 00:39:27.510 align:start position:0% million Kelvin, the intensely vivid spots<00:39:25.359> indicate<00:39:25.920> events<00:39:26.400> known<00:39:26.800> as<00:39:27.119> solar 00:39:27.510 --> 00:39:27.520 align:start position:0% spots indicate events known as solar 00:39:27.520 --> 00:39:30.630 align:start position:0% spots indicate events known as solar flares.<00:39:28.960> Here<00:39:29.280> is<00:39:29.440> some<00:39:29.680> footage<00:39:30.079> of<00:39:30.320> a 00:39:30.630 --> 00:39:30.640 align:start position:0% flares. Here is some footage of a 00:39:30.640 --> 00:39:32.950 align:start position:0% flares. Here is some footage of a particularly<00:39:31.359> busy<00:39:31.680> week<00:39:31.920> for<00:39:32.160> flares<00:39:32.720> back 00:39:32.950 --> 00:39:32.960 align:start position:0% particularly busy week for flares back 00:39:32.960 --> 00:39:35.430 align:start position:0% particularly busy week for flares back in<00:39:33.200> August<00:39:33.760> 2022. 00:39:35.430 --> 00:39:35.440 align:start position:0% in August 2022. 00:39:35.440 --> 00:39:37.270 align:start position:0% in August 2022. I've<00:39:35.680> always<00:39:36.000> found<00:39:36.240> solar<00:39:36.640> flares<00:39:36.960> to<00:39:37.119> be 00:39:37.270 --> 00:39:37.280 align:start position:0% I've always found solar flares to be 00:39:37.280 --> 00:39:40.470 align:start position:0% I've always found solar flares to be both<00:39:37.599> terrifying<00:39:38.560> and<00:39:38.960> hypnotizing. 00:39:40.470 --> 00:39:40.480 align:start position:0% both terrifying and hypnotizing. 00:39:40.480 --> 00:39:43.190 align:start position:0% both terrifying and hypnotizing. They<00:39:40.800> are<00:39:41.040> colossal<00:39:41.760> explosions<00:39:42.800> where<00:39:43.040> the 00:39:43.190 --> 00:39:43.200 align:start position:0% They are colossal explosions where the 00:39:43.200 --> 00:39:45.430 align:start position:0% They are colossal explosions where the sun<00:39:43.520> spews<00:39:44.000> out<00:39:44.240> an<00:39:44.480> immense<00:39:44.960> amount<00:39:45.280> of 00:39:45.430 --> 00:39:45.440 align:start position:0% sun spews out an immense amount of 00:39:45.440 --> 00:39:48.150 align:start position:0% sun spews out an immense amount of electromagnetic<00:39:46.320> radiation.<00:39:47.760> They<00:39:48.000> are 00:39:48.150 --> 00:39:48.160 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation. They are 00:39:48.160 --> 00:39:50.710 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation. They are caused<00:39:48.480> when<00:39:48.880> magnetic<00:39:49.359> fields<00:39:49.920> cross, 00:39:50.710 --> 00:39:50.720 align:start position:0% caused when magnetic fields cross, 00:39:50.720 --> 00:39:53.190 align:start position:0% caused when magnetic fields cross, distort<00:39:51.599> and<00:39:51.920> reorganize<00:39:52.640> themselves 00:39:53.190 --> 00:39:53.200 align:start position:0% distort and reorganize themselves 00:39:53.200 --> 00:39:56.390 align:start position:0% distort and reorganize themselves rapidly.<00:39:54.480> This<00:39:54.800> activity<00:39:55.280> is<00:39:55.599> created<00:39:56.000> by<00:39:56.240> the 00:39:56.390 --> 00:39:56.400 align:start position:0% rapidly. This activity is created by the 00:39:56.400 --> 00:39:58.470 align:start position:0% rapidly. This activity is created by the turbulent<00:39:57.040> nature<00:39:57.359> of<00:39:57.520> the<00:39:57.760> plasma<00:39:58.160> within 00:39:58.470 --> 00:39:58.480 align:start position:0% turbulent nature of the plasma within 00:39:58.480 --> 00:40:01.349 align:start position:0% turbulent nature of the plasma within the<00:39:58.640> sun<00:39:58.880> itself<00:39:59.760> from<00:40:00.079> which<00:40:00.400> the<00:40:00.720> fields 00:40:01.349 --> 00:40:01.359 align:start position:0% the sun itself from which the fields 00:40:01.359 --> 00:40:03.430 align:start position:0% the sun itself from which the fields ultimately<00:40:01.760> originate. 00:40:03.430 --> 00:40:03.440 align:start position:0% ultimately originate. 00:40:03.440 --> 00:40:05.270 align:start position:0% ultimately originate. But<00:40:03.680> they<00:40:03.920> are<00:40:04.079> not<00:40:04.240> the<00:40:04.480> only<00:40:04.720> feature<00:40:05.040> of<00:40:05.119> the 00:40:05.270 --> 00:40:05.280 align:start position:0% But they are not the only feature of the 00:40:05.280 --> 00:40:08.310 align:start position:0% But they are not the only feature of the sun's<00:40:05.599> atmosphere<00:40:06.160> venting<00:40:06.800> radiation. 00:40:08.310 --> 00:40:08.320 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere venting radiation. 00:40:08.320 --> 00:40:11.750 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere venting radiation. Coronal<00:40:08.960> holes<00:40:09.920> indicated<00:40:10.560> here<00:40:11.040> by<00:40:11.359> this 00:40:11.750 --> 00:40:11.760 align:start position:0% Coronal holes indicated here by this 00:40:11.760 --> 00:40:14.069 align:start position:0% Coronal holes indicated here by this darker<00:40:12.240> region<00:40:12.480> on<00:40:12.720> the<00:40:12.880> sun<00:40:13.440> are<00:40:13.680> another 00:40:14.069 --> 00:40:14.079 align:start position:0% darker region on the sun are another 00:40:14.079 --> 00:40:16.230 align:start position:0% darker region on the sun are another fascinating<00:40:14.800> feature<00:40:15.359> which<00:40:15.599> we'll<00:40:15.839> take<00:40:16.000> a 00:40:16.230 --> 00:40:16.240 align:start position:0% fascinating feature which we'll take a 00:40:16.240 --> 00:40:19.030 align:start position:0% fascinating feature which we'll take a closer<00:40:16.560> look<00:40:16.800> at<00:40:17.119> using<00:40:17.599> extreme<00:40:18.400> ultraviolet 00:40:19.030 --> 00:40:19.040 align:start position:0% closer look at using extreme ultraviolet 00:40:19.040 --> 00:40:22.710 align:start position:0% closer look at using extreme ultraviolet light. 00:40:22.710 --> 00:40:22.720 align:start position:0% 00:40:22.720 --> 00:40:25.990 align:start position:0% Coronal<00:40:23.200> holes<00:40:23.599> are<00:40:23.920> areas<00:40:24.480> of<00:40:24.880> cooler,<00:40:25.680> less 00:40:25.990 --> 00:40:26.000 align:start position:0% Coronal holes are areas of cooler, less 00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:28.550 align:start position:0% Coronal holes are areas of cooler, less dense<00:40:26.320> plasma<00:40:27.119> which<00:40:27.440> are<00:40:27.760> magnetically 00:40:28.550 --> 00:40:28.560 align:start position:0% dense plasma which are magnetically 00:40:28.560 --> 00:40:31.190 align:start position:0% dense plasma which are magnetically open,<00:40:29.359> meaning<00:40:29.839> that<00:40:30.160> rather<00:40:30.480> than<00:40:30.640> forming 00:40:31.190 --> 00:40:31.200 align:start position:0% open, meaning that rather than forming 00:40:31.200 --> 00:40:33.190 align:start position:0% open, meaning that rather than forming closed<00:40:31.599> loops<00:40:32.000> that<00:40:32.240> go<00:40:32.400> back<00:40:32.640> to<00:40:32.800> the<00:40:32.880> sun's 00:40:33.190 --> 00:40:33.200 align:start position:0% closed loops that go back to the sun's 00:40:33.200 --> 00:40:35.910 align:start position:0% closed loops that go back to the sun's surface,<00:40:33.920> the<00:40:34.160> field<00:40:34.480> lines<00:40:34.880> travel<00:40:35.280> outward 00:40:35.910 --> 00:40:35.920 align:start position:0% surface, the field lines travel outward 00:40:35.920 --> 00:40:38.790 align:start position:0% surface, the field lines travel outward across<00:40:36.320> the<00:40:36.560> solar<00:40:36.960> system.<00:40:37.920> These<00:40:38.320> areas 00:40:38.790 --> 00:40:38.800 align:start position:0% across the solar system. These areas 00:40:38.800 --> 00:40:41.109 align:start position:0% across the solar system. These areas allow<00:40:39.200> solar<00:40:39.599> wind<00:40:39.839> particles<00:40:40.320> to<00:40:40.560> escape 00:40:41.109 --> 00:40:41.119 align:start position:0% allow solar wind particles to escape 00:40:41.119 --> 00:40:44.550 align:start position:0% allow solar wind particles to escape more<00:40:41.440> easily<00:40:41.920> into<00:40:42.320> space.<00:40:43.680> When<00:40:43.920> these<00:40:44.240> solar 00:40:44.550 --> 00:40:44.560 align:start position:0% more easily into space. When these solar 00:40:44.560 --> 00:40:46.870 align:start position:0% more easily into space. When these solar winds<00:40:44.880> are<00:40:45.119> directed<00:40:45.599> towards<00:40:46.240> and<00:40:46.480> collide 00:40:46.870 --> 00:40:46.880 align:start position:0% winds are directed towards and collide 00:40:46.880 --> 00:40:49.270 align:start position:0% winds are directed towards and collide with<00:40:47.119> Earth's<00:40:47.440> magneettosphere,<00:40:48.720> beautiful 00:40:49.270 --> 00:40:49.280 align:start position:0% with Earth's magneettosphere, beautiful 00:40:49.280 --> 00:40:51.589 align:start position:0% with Earth's magneettosphere, beautiful auroral<00:40:49.920> lights<00:40:50.400> dance<00:40:50.800> across<00:40:51.119> the<00:40:51.280> night 00:40:51.589 --> 00:40:51.599 align:start position:0% auroral lights dance across the night 00:40:51.599 --> 00:40:54.870 align:start position:0% auroral lights dance across the night sky<00:40:51.920> at<00:40:52.079> the<00:40:52.240> Earth's<00:40:52.640> polar<00:40:52.960> regions. 00:40:54.870 --> 00:40:54.880 align:start position:0% sky at the Earth's polar regions. 00:40:54.880 --> 00:40:57.510 align:start position:0% sky at the Earth's polar regions. Using<00:40:55.359> ultraviolet<00:40:55.920> light<00:40:56.319> gives<00:40:56.640> us<00:40:56.880> a<00:40:57.200> much 00:40:57.510 --> 00:40:57.520 align:start position:0% Using ultraviolet light gives us a much 00:40:57.520 --> 00:40:59.349 align:start position:0% Using ultraviolet light gives us a much better<00:40:57.839> view<00:40:58.079> of<00:40:58.319> these<00:40:58.720> fascinating 00:40:59.349 --> 00:40:59.359 align:start position:0% better view of these fascinating 00:40:59.359 --> 00:41:02.470 align:start position:0% better view of these fascinating features<00:40:59.760> of<00:40:59.920> the<00:41:00.160> sun's<00:41:00.480> outer<00:41:00.960> layers. 00:41:02.470 --> 00:41:02.480 align:start position:0% features of the sun's outer layers. 00:41:02.480 --> 00:41:05.190 align:start position:0% features of the sun's outer layers. Non-visible<00:41:03.520> spectrum<00:41:04.079> light<00:41:04.480> is<00:41:04.880> an 00:41:05.190 --> 00:41:05.200 align:start position:0% Non-visible spectrum light is an 00:41:05.200 --> 00:41:07.349 align:start position:0% Non-visible spectrum light is an incredible<00:41:05.760> tool<00:41:06.400> and<00:41:06.640> there<00:41:06.880> are<00:41:06.960> so<00:41:07.200> many 00:41:07.349 --> 00:41:07.359 align:start position:0% incredible tool and there are so many 00:41:07.359 --> 00:41:08.950 align:start position:0% incredible tool and there are so many different<00:41:07.599> features<00:41:07.920> in<00:41:08.079> the<00:41:08.240> sun's<00:41:08.560> outer 00:41:08.950 --> 00:41:08.960 align:start position:0% different features in the sun's outer 00:41:08.960 --> 00:41:11.430 align:start position:0% different features in the sun's outer layers<00:41:09.200> to<00:41:09.359> look<00:41:09.520> at.<00:41:10.480> There<00:41:10.720> are<00:41:10.960> solar 00:41:11.430 --> 00:41:11.440 align:start position:0% layers to look at. There are solar 00:41:11.440 --> 00:41:14.630 align:start position:0% layers to look at. There are solar filaments<00:41:12.480> known<00:41:12.720> as<00:41:13.040> solar<00:41:13.359> prominences, 00:41:14.630 --> 00:41:14.640 align:start position:0% filaments known as solar prominences, 00:41:14.640 --> 00:41:17.589 align:start position:0% filaments known as solar prominences, the<00:41:14.880> large<00:41:15.280> loops<00:41:15.760> of<00:41:16.000> plasma<00:41:16.560> that<00:41:16.960> rise<00:41:17.440> from 00:41:17.589 --> 00:41:17.599 align:start position:0% the large loops of plasma that rise from 00:41:17.599 --> 00:41:20.550 align:start position:0% the large loops of plasma that rise from the<00:41:17.839> sun's<00:41:18.160> surface.<00:41:19.200> These<00:41:19.599> enormous<00:41:20.160> loops 00:41:20.550 --> 00:41:20.560 align:start position:0% the sun's surface. These enormous loops 00:41:20.560 --> 00:41:22.230 align:start position:0% the sun's surface. These enormous loops are<00:41:20.800> large<00:41:21.040> enough<00:41:21.200> to<00:41:21.359> make<00:41:21.520> the<00:41:21.760> Earth<00:41:22.079> look 00:41:22.230 --> 00:41:22.240 align:start position:0% are large enough to make the Earth look 00:41:22.240 --> 00:41:24.790 align:start position:0% are large enough to make the Earth look like<00:41:22.400> a<00:41:22.640> tiny<00:41:23.119> speck<00:41:23.839> and<00:41:24.160> can<00:41:24.319> stretch 00:41:24.790 --> 00:41:24.800 align:start position:0% like a tiny speck and can stretch 00:41:24.800 --> 00:41:27.190 align:start position:0% like a tiny speck and can stretch hundreds<00:41:25.280> of<00:41:25.599> thousands<00:41:26.079> of<00:41:26.240> kilome<00:41:26.800> into 00:41:27.190 --> 00:41:27.200 align:start position:0% hundreds of thousands of kilome into 00:41:27.200 --> 00:41:30.230 align:start position:0% hundreds of thousands of kilome into space.<00:41:28.400> They<00:41:28.640> can<00:41:28.800> form<00:41:29.200> in<00:41:29.440> as<00:41:29.680> little<00:41:30.000> time 00:41:30.230 --> 00:41:30.240 align:start position:0% space. They can form in as little time 00:41:30.240 --> 00:41:33.109 align:start position:0% space. They can form in as little time as<00:41:30.400> a<00:41:30.640> day,<00:41:31.440> but<00:41:31.680> a<00:41:31.920> stable<00:41:32.319> prominence<00:41:32.880> can 00:41:33.109 --> 00:41:33.119 align:start position:0% as a day, but a stable prominence can 00:41:33.119 --> 00:41:37.030 align:start position:0% as a day, but a stable prominence can remain<00:41:33.440> in<00:41:33.599> the<00:41:33.760> corona<00:41:34.319> for<00:41:34.640> several<00:41:35.119> months. 00:41:37.030 --> 00:41:37.040 align:start position:0% remain in the corona for several months. 00:41:37.040 --> 00:41:39.589 align:start position:0% remain in the corona for several months. In<00:41:37.280> this<00:41:37.440> example,<00:41:38.160> we<00:41:38.400> watch<00:41:38.800> as<00:41:39.040> a<00:41:39.280> solar 00:41:39.589 --> 00:41:39.599 align:start position:0% In this example, we watch as a solar 00:41:39.599 --> 00:41:41.510 align:start position:0% In this example, we watch as a solar prominence<00:41:40.160> snakes<00:41:40.560> its<00:41:40.800> way<00:41:40.960> out<00:41:41.200> of<00:41:41.359> the 00:41:41.510 --> 00:41:41.520 align:start position:0% prominence snakes its way out of the 00:41:41.520 --> 00:41:43.589 align:start position:0% prominence snakes its way out of the photosphere<00:41:42.319> and<00:41:42.640> into<00:41:43.040> the<00:41:43.200> sun's 00:41:43.589 --> 00:41:43.599 align:start position:0% photosphere and into the sun's 00:41:43.599 --> 00:41:46.390 align:start position:0% photosphere and into the sun's atmosphere.<00:41:44.960> Although<00:41:45.359> this<00:41:45.599> video<00:41:45.839> is<00:41:46.079> sped 00:41:46.390 --> 00:41:46.400 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Although this video is sped 00:41:46.400 --> 00:41:48.870 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Although this video is sped up<00:41:46.640> so<00:41:46.880> the<00:41:47.040> minutes<00:41:47.359> seem<00:41:47.599> like<00:41:47.920> seconds, 00:41:48.870 --> 00:41:48.880 align:start position:0% up so the minutes seem like seconds, 00:41:48.880 --> 00:41:50.550 align:start position:0% up so the minutes seem like seconds, when<00:41:49.119> you<00:41:49.280> consider<00:41:49.599> the<00:41:49.920> size<00:41:50.160> of<00:41:50.400> the 00:41:50.550 --> 00:41:50.560 align:start position:0% when you consider the size of the 00:41:50.560 --> 00:41:53.349 align:start position:0% when you consider the size of the prominence,<00:41:51.359> it<00:41:51.599> becomes<00:41:52.000> clear<00:41:52.480> how<00:41:52.880> swiftly 00:41:53.349 --> 00:41:53.359 align:start position:0% prominence, it becomes clear how swiftly 00:41:53.359 --> 00:41:55.670 align:start position:0% prominence, it becomes clear how swiftly the<00:41:53.520> sun's<00:41:53.920> intense<00:41:54.400> magnetic<00:41:54.960> fields<00:41:55.440> are 00:41:55.670 --> 00:41:55.680 align:start position:0% the sun's intense magnetic fields are 00:41:55.680 --> 00:41:59.030 align:start position:0% the sun's intense magnetic fields are causing<00:41:56.079> this<00:41:56.400> material<00:41:56.880> to<00:41:57.119> move. 00:41:59.030 --> 00:41:59.040 align:start position:0% causing this material to move. 00:41:59.040 --> 00:42:01.109 align:start position:0% causing this material to move. One<00:41:59.359> fact<00:41:59.680> you<00:42:00.079> might<00:42:00.319> not<00:42:00.560> know<00:42:00.720> about<00:42:00.880> the 00:42:01.109 --> 00:42:01.119 align:start position:0% One fact you might not know about the 00:42:01.119 --> 00:42:04.150 align:start position:0% One fact you might not know about the sun's<00:42:01.440> atmosphere<00:42:02.240> is<00:42:02.480> that<00:42:02.880> it<00:42:03.200> sometimes 00:42:04.150 --> 00:42:04.160 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere is that it sometimes 00:42:04.160 --> 00:42:07.109 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere is that it sometimes rains<00:42:04.560> there.<00:42:05.920> Not<00:42:06.240> all<00:42:06.480> of<00:42:06.560> the<00:42:06.720> charged 00:42:07.109 --> 00:42:07.119 align:start position:0% rains there. Not all of the charged 00:42:07.119 --> 00:42:09.270 align:start position:0% rains there. Not all of the charged plasma<00:42:07.599> fired<00:42:07.920> into<00:42:08.160> the<00:42:08.319> sun's<00:42:08.640> corona 00:42:09.270 --> 00:42:09.280 align:start position:0% plasma fired into the sun's corona 00:42:09.280 --> 00:42:12.069 align:start position:0% plasma fired into the sun's corona continues<00:42:09.839> out<00:42:10.160> across<00:42:10.480> the<00:42:10.720> solar<00:42:11.040> system. 00:42:12.069 --> 00:42:12.079 align:start position:0% continues out across the solar system. 00:42:12.079 --> 00:42:14.470 align:start position:0% continues out across the solar system. Some<00:42:12.560> remains<00:42:13.040> in<00:42:13.200> the<00:42:13.359> corona,<00:42:14.160> getting 00:42:14.470 --> 00:42:14.480 align:start position:0% Some remains in the corona, getting 00:42:14.480 --> 00:42:17.190 align:start position:0% Some remains in the corona, getting trapped<00:42:14.960> and<00:42:15.280> cooled<00:42:16.000> until<00:42:16.240> it<00:42:16.560> falls<00:42:16.960> back 00:42:17.190 --> 00:42:17.200 align:start position:0% trapped and cooled until it falls back 00:42:17.200 --> 00:42:20.630 align:start position:0% trapped and cooled until it falls back to<00:42:17.359> the<00:42:17.520> sun's<00:42:17.839> surface<00:42:18.319> as<00:42:18.560> a<00:42:18.800> shining<00:42:19.359> rain. 00:42:20.630 --> 00:42:20.640 align:start position:0% to the sun's surface as a shining rain. 00:42:20.640 --> 00:42:23.109 align:start position:0% to the sun's surface as a shining rain. This<00:42:20.880> coronal<00:42:21.440> rain<00:42:21.839> is<00:42:22.240> beautiful<00:42:22.720> to<00:42:22.960> look 00:42:23.109 --> 00:42:23.119 align:start position:0% This coronal rain is beautiful to look 00:42:23.119 --> 00:42:25.190 align:start position:0% This coronal rain is beautiful to look at,<00:42:23.599> but<00:42:23.920> is<00:42:24.160> best<00:42:24.400> observed<00:42:24.880> from<00:42:25.040> a 00:42:25.190 --> 00:42:25.200 align:start position:0% at, but is best observed from a 00:42:25.200 --> 00:42:27.349 align:start position:0% at, but is best observed from a distance.<00:42:25.839> It's<00:42:26.160> still<00:42:26.400> millions<00:42:26.800> of<00:42:26.960> degrees 00:42:27.349 --> 00:42:27.359 align:start position:0% distance. It's still millions of degrees 00:42:27.359 --> 00:42:29.510 align:start position:0% distance. It's still millions of degrees in<00:42:27.599> temperature. 00:42:29.510 --> 00:42:29.520 align:start position:0% in temperature. 00:42:29.520 --> 00:42:31.589 align:start position:0% in temperature. Of<00:42:29.760> course,<00:42:30.319> falling<00:42:30.720> gently<00:42:31.119> back<00:42:31.280> to<00:42:31.440> the 00:42:31.589 --> 00:42:31.599 align:start position:0% Of course, falling gently back to the 00:42:31.599 --> 00:42:33.990 align:start position:0% Of course, falling gently back to the sun's<00:42:31.839> surface<00:42:32.319> is<00:42:32.560> only<00:42:32.800> the<00:42:32.960> fate<00:42:33.280> of<00:42:33.599> some 00:42:33.990 --> 00:42:34.000 align:start position:0% sun's surface is only the fate of some 00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:36.790 align:start position:0% sun's surface is only the fate of some of<00:42:34.240> the<00:42:34.400> sun's<00:42:34.720> plasma.<00:42:36.000> This<00:42:36.160> is<00:42:36.319> where<00:42:36.560> the 00:42:36.790 --> 00:42:36.800 align:start position:0% of the sun's plasma. This is where the 00:42:36.800 --> 00:42:39.990 align:start position:0% of the sun's plasma. This is where the comparison<00:42:37.200> to<00:42:37.440> Earth<00:42:37.760> fails.<00:42:38.800> After<00:42:39.119> all,<00:42:39.680> on 00:42:39.990 --> 00:42:40.000 align:start position:0% comparison to Earth fails. After all, on 00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:42.470 align:start position:0% comparison to Earth fails. After all, on Earth,<00:42:40.400> the<00:42:40.560> clouds<00:42:41.040> do<00:42:41.280> not<00:42:41.520> crack<00:42:42.000> like<00:42:42.160> a 00:42:42.470 --> 00:42:42.480 align:start position:0% Earth, the clouds do not crack like a 00:42:42.480 --> 00:42:46.230 align:start position:0% Earth, the clouds do not crack like a released<00:42:42.960> elastic<00:42:43.520> band<00:42:44.160> firing<00:42:44.640> into<00:42:45.040> space. 00:42:46.230 --> 00:42:46.240 align:start position:0% released elastic band firing into space. 00:42:46.240 --> 00:42:49.270 align:start position:0% released elastic band firing into space. On<00:42:46.560> the<00:42:46.800> sun,<00:42:47.680> thanks<00:42:47.920> to<00:42:48.240> tightly<00:42:48.800> wound 00:42:49.270 --> 00:42:49.280 align:start position:0% On the sun, thanks to tightly wound 00:42:49.280 --> 00:42:53.030 align:start position:0% On the sun, thanks to tightly wound magnetic<00:42:49.760> fields,<00:42:50.720> they<00:42:50.960> do.<00:42:52.400> This<00:42:52.720> is<00:42:52.880> a 00:42:53.030 --> 00:42:53.040 align:start position:0% magnetic fields, they do. This is a 00:42:53.040 --> 00:42:56.309 align:start position:0% magnetic fields, they do. This is a time-lapse<00:42:53.599> of<00:42:53.760> a<00:42:54.000> coronal<00:42:54.560> mass<00:42:54.880> ejection. 00:42:56.309 --> 00:42:56.319 align:start position:0% time-lapse of a coronal mass ejection. 00:42:56.319 --> 00:42:58.390 align:start position:0% time-lapse of a coronal mass ejection. Watch<00:42:56.560> as<00:42:56.880> the<00:42:57.119> structure<00:42:57.520> forms<00:42:58.079> at<00:42:58.240> the 00:42:58.390 --> 00:42:58.400 align:start position:0% Watch as the structure forms at the 00:42:58.400 --> 00:43:00.710 align:start position:0% Watch as the structure forms at the bottom<00:42:58.800> left<00:42:59.040> of<00:42:59.200> the<00:42:59.359> sun<00:42:59.599> for<00:42:59.839> some<00:43:00.079> time 00:43:00.710 --> 00:43:00.720 align:start position:0% bottom left of the sun for some time 00:43:00.720 --> 00:43:03.430 align:start position:0% bottom left of the sun for some time before<00:43:01.119> eventually<00:43:01.920> snapping<00:43:02.720> and<00:43:02.960> sending 00:43:03.430 --> 00:43:03.440 align:start position:0% before eventually snapping and sending 00:43:03.440 --> 00:43:05.829 align:start position:0% before eventually snapping and sending billions<00:43:03.920> of<00:43:04.079> tons<00:43:04.400> of<00:43:04.560> plasma<00:43:05.119> out<00:43:05.440> across 00:43:05.829 --> 00:43:05.839 align:start position:0% billions of tons of plasma out across 00:43:05.839 --> 00:43:09.030 align:start position:0% billions of tons of plasma out across the<00:43:06.079> solar<00:43:06.400> system.<00:43:07.760> Even<00:43:08.079> with<00:43:08.400> the<00:43:08.640> Earth's 00:43:09.030 --> 00:43:09.040 align:start position:0% the solar system. Even with the Earth's 00:43:09.040 --> 00:43:11.589 align:start position:0% the solar system. Even with the Earth's magnetic<00:43:09.440> field,<00:43:10.160> being<00:43:10.480> hit<00:43:10.800> by<00:43:10.960> a<00:43:11.200> powerful 00:43:11.589 --> 00:43:11.599 align:start position:0% magnetic field, being hit by a powerful 00:43:11.599 --> 00:43:13.829 align:start position:0% magnetic field, being hit by a powerful one<00:43:11.760> of<00:43:11.920> these<00:43:12.400> could<00:43:12.720> be<00:43:12.960> devastating<00:43:13.520> for 00:43:13.829 --> 00:43:13.839 align:start position:0% one of these could be devastating for 00:43:13.839 --> 00:43:17.109 align:start position:0% one of these could be devastating for our<00:43:14.079> satellites<00:43:14.640> and<00:43:14.880> electrical<00:43:15.359> grids. 00:43:17.109 --> 00:43:17.119 align:start position:0% our satellites and electrical grids. 00:43:17.119 --> 00:43:19.430 align:start position:0% our satellites and electrical grids. All<00:43:17.440> these<00:43:17.760> structures<00:43:18.480> are<00:43:18.720> imaged<00:43:19.119> by<00:43:19.280> the 00:43:19.430 --> 00:43:19.440 align:start position:0% All these structures are imaged by the 00:43:19.440 --> 00:43:22.550 align:start position:0% All these structures are imaged by the SDO<00:43:20.000> here<00:43:20.560> utilizing<00:43:21.119> a<00:43:21.440> 30<00:43:21.839> nanome 00:43:22.550 --> 00:43:22.560 align:start position:0% SDO here utilizing a 30 nanome 00:43:22.560 --> 00:43:24.790 align:start position:0% SDO here utilizing a 30 nanome wavelength<00:43:23.040> of<00:43:23.200> light<00:43:23.839> which<00:43:24.079> corresponds<00:43:24.640> to 00:43:24.790 --> 00:43:24.800 align:start position:0% wavelength of light which corresponds to 00:43:24.800 --> 00:43:27.030 align:start position:0% wavelength of light which corresponds to the<00:43:25.040> extreme<00:43:25.760> ultraviolet<00:43:26.400> portion<00:43:26.720> of<00:43:26.880> the 00:43:27.030 --> 00:43:27.040 align:start position:0% the extreme ultraviolet portion of the 00:43:27.040 --> 00:43:29.589 align:start position:0% the extreme ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic<00:43:27.839> spectrum. 00:43:29.589 --> 00:43:29.599 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spectrum. 00:43:29.599 --> 00:43:31.589 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spectrum. Timing<00:43:30.079> is<00:43:30.319> important<00:43:30.720> when<00:43:30.960> trying<00:43:31.200> to<00:43:31.359> image 00:43:31.589 --> 00:43:31.599 align:start position:0% Timing is important when trying to image 00:43:31.599 --> 00:43:33.750 align:start position:0% Timing is important when trying to image these<00:43:31.920> features<00:43:32.560> as<00:43:32.800> they<00:43:33.040> are<00:43:33.200> more<00:43:33.440> common 00:43:33.750 --> 00:43:33.760 align:start position:0% these features as they are more common 00:43:33.760 --> 00:43:36.710 align:start position:0% these features as they are more common in<00:43:34.000> certain<00:43:34.400> years<00:43:34.880> than<00:43:35.119> in<00:43:35.359> others.<00:43:36.480> In 00:43:36.710 --> 00:43:36.720 align:start position:0% in certain years than in others. In 00:43:36.720 --> 00:43:38.950 align:start position:0% in certain years than in others. In fact,<00:43:37.119> each<00:43:37.359> structure<00:43:37.839> is<00:43:38.160> dependent<00:43:38.560> on<00:43:38.720> the 00:43:38.950 --> 00:43:38.960 align:start position:0% fact, each structure is dependent on the 00:43:38.960 --> 00:43:41.829 align:start position:0% fact, each structure is dependent on the solar<00:43:39.359> activity<00:43:39.760> of<00:43:39.920> the<00:43:40.160> sun<00:43:41.040> alternating 00:43:41.829 --> 00:43:41.839 align:start position:0% solar activity of the sun alternating 00:43:41.839 --> 00:43:44.550 align:start position:0% solar activity of the sun alternating around<00:43:42.240> an<00:43:42.480> 11-year<00:43:43.200> solar<00:43:43.599> cycle,<00:43:44.160> which<00:43:44.400> I 00:43:44.550 --> 00:43:44.560 align:start position:0% around an 11-year solar cycle, which I 00:43:44.560 --> 00:43:47.349 align:start position:0% around an 11-year solar cycle, which I did<00:43:44.720> a<00:43:44.880> video<00:43:45.119> about<00:43:45.440> here. 00:43:47.349 --> 00:43:47.359 align:start position:0% did a video about here. 00:43:47.359 --> 00:43:50.870 align:start position:0% did a video about here. But<00:43:47.839> there's<00:43:48.319> more<00:43:48.560> to<00:43:48.800> learn.<00:43:49.920> Just<00:43:50.160> as<00:43:50.480> using 00:43:50.870 --> 00:43:50.880 align:start position:0% But there's more to learn. Just as using 00:43:50.880 --> 00:43:52.710 align:start position:0% But there's more to learn. Just as using visible<00:43:51.200> and<00:43:51.520> ultraviolet<00:43:52.079> light<00:43:52.240> shows<00:43:52.480> us 00:43:52.710 --> 00:43:52.720 align:start position:0% visible and ultraviolet light shows us 00:43:52.720 --> 00:43:54.230 align:start position:0% visible and ultraviolet light shows us different<00:43:53.040> things<00:43:53.280> when<00:43:53.599> looking<00:43:53.839> at<00:43:54.000> the 00:43:54.230 --> 00:43:54.240 align:start position:0% different things when looking at the 00:43:54.240 --> 00:43:56.390 align:start position:0% different things when looking at the same<00:43:54.400> feature,<00:43:55.359> using<00:43:55.760> two<00:43:56.079> different 00:43:56.390 --> 00:43:56.400 align:start position:0% same feature, using two different 00:43:56.400 --> 00:43:58.550 align:start position:0% same feature, using two different wavelengths<00:43:56.960> of<00:43:57.200> non-visible<00:43:57.839> light<00:43:58.240> can 00:43:58.550 --> 00:43:58.560 align:start position:0% wavelengths of non-visible light can 00:43:58.560 --> 00:44:03.510 align:start position:0% wavelengths of non-visible light can also<00:43:58.960> be<00:43:59.200> eyeopening. 00:44:03.510 --> 00:44:03.520 align:start position:0% 00:44:03.520 --> 00:44:05.829 align:start position:0% To<00:44:03.839> demonstrate<00:44:04.319> this,<00:44:05.040> take<00:44:05.200> a<00:44:05.440> look<00:44:05.599> at 00:44:05.829 --> 00:44:05.839 align:start position:0% To demonstrate this, take a look at 00:44:05.839 --> 00:44:08.790 align:start position:0% To demonstrate this, take a look at these<00:44:06.240> two<00:44:06.560> images<00:44:06.880> of<00:44:07.119> the<00:44:07.280> sun's<00:44:07.599> corona. 00:44:08.790 --> 00:44:08.800 align:start position:0% these two images of the sun's corona. 00:44:08.800 --> 00:44:11.109 align:start position:0% these two images of the sun's corona. Taken<00:44:09.200> over<00:44:09.440> the<00:44:09.680> same<00:44:09.920> time<00:44:10.160> period.<00:44:10.880> The 00:44:11.109 --> 00:44:11.119 align:start position:0% Taken over the same time period. The 00:44:11.119 --> 00:44:12.950 align:start position:0% Taken over the same time period. The following<00:44:11.520> two<00:44:11.760> images<00:44:12.319> use<00:44:12.560> different 00:44:12.950 --> 00:44:12.960 align:start position:0% following two images use different 00:44:12.960 --> 00:44:15.910 align:start position:0% following two images use different wavelengths<00:44:13.520> of<00:44:13.680> light.<00:44:14.560> The<00:44:14.800> first<00:44:15.520> imaged 00:44:15.910 --> 00:44:15.920 align:start position:0% wavelengths of light. The first imaged 00:44:15.920 --> 00:44:18.870 align:start position:0% wavelengths of light. The first imaged at<00:44:16.079> a<00:44:16.240> color<00:44:16.480> temperature<00:44:16.800> of<00:44:17.119> 600,000<00:44:18.000> Kelvin 00:44:18.870 --> 00:44:18.880 align:start position:0% at a color temperature of 600,000 Kelvin 00:44:18.880 --> 00:44:21.430 align:start position:0% at a color temperature of 600,000 Kelvin depicts<00:44:19.280> the<00:44:19.440> quiet<00:44:19.839> corona<00:44:20.560> and<00:44:20.880> features 00:44:21.430 --> 00:44:21.440 align:start position:0% depicts the quiet corona and features 00:44:21.440 --> 00:44:24.630 align:start position:0% depicts the quiet corona and features coronal<00:44:21.920> loops.<00:44:22.960> The<00:44:23.200> second<00:44:23.920> imaged<00:44:24.319> at<00:44:24.480> a 00:44:24.630 --> 00:44:24.640 align:start position:0% coronal loops. The second imaged at a 00:44:24.640 --> 00:44:26.950 align:start position:0% coronal loops. The second imaged at a color<00:44:24.880> temperature<00:44:25.200> of<00:44:25.520> 2<00:44:25.760> million<00:44:26.160> Kelvin 00:44:26.950 --> 00:44:26.960 align:start position:0% color temperature of 2 million Kelvin 00:44:26.960 --> 00:44:29.270 align:start position:0% color temperature of 2 million Kelvin displays<00:44:27.440> the<00:44:27.760> much<00:44:28.079> hotter<00:44:28.560> active<00:44:28.960> regions 00:44:29.270 --> 00:44:29.280 align:start position:0% displays the much hotter active regions 00:44:29.280 --> 00:44:31.990 align:start position:0% displays the much hotter active regions of<00:44:29.440> the<00:44:29.599> corona.<00:44:30.720> The<00:44:30.960> stark<00:44:31.359> comparison 00:44:31.990 --> 00:44:32.000 align:start position:0% of the corona. The stark comparison 00:44:32.000 --> 00:44:34.069 align:start position:0% of the corona. The stark comparison between<00:44:32.240> the<00:44:32.480> two<00:44:32.640> images<00:44:33.280> highlights<00:44:33.760> the 00:44:34.069 --> 00:44:34.079 align:start position:0% between the two images highlights the 00:44:34.079 --> 00:44:35.910 align:start position:0% between the two images highlights the importance<00:44:34.480> of<00:44:34.720> using<00:44:35.040> different<00:44:35.440> approaches 00:44:35.910 --> 00:44:35.920 align:start position:0% importance of using different approaches 00:44:35.920 --> 00:44:38.630 align:start position:0% importance of using different approaches when<00:44:36.240> investigating<00:44:36.880> the<00:44:37.119> star.<00:44:38.079> What<00:44:38.319> may 00:44:38.630 --> 00:44:38.640 align:start position:0% when investigating the star. What may 00:44:38.640 --> 00:44:41.109 align:start position:0% when investigating the star. What may initially<00:44:39.119> appear<00:44:39.520> to<00:44:39.680> be<00:44:39.839> a<00:44:40.160> singular<00:44:40.720> solar 00:44:41.109 --> 00:44:41.119 align:start position:0% initially appear to be a singular solar 00:44:41.119 --> 00:44:44.390 align:start position:0% initially appear to be a singular solar phenomenon<00:44:42.000> can<00:44:42.240> be<00:44:42.480> revealed<00:44:42.960> as<00:44:43.200> a<00:44:43.440> complex 00:44:44.390 --> 00:44:44.400 align:start position:0% phenomenon can be revealed as a complex 00:44:44.400 --> 00:44:47.030 align:start position:0% phenomenon can be revealed as a complex intertwined<00:44:45.119> chain<00:44:45.440> of<00:44:45.680> events<00:44:46.480> and<00:44:46.640> we<00:44:46.880> still 00:44:47.030 --> 00:44:47.040 align:start position:0% intertwined chain of events and we still 00:44:47.040 --> 00:44:48.710 align:start position:0% intertwined chain of events and we still haven't<00:44:47.359> technically<00:44:47.920> made<00:44:48.079> it<00:44:48.319> through<00:44:48.480> the 00:44:48.710 --> 00:44:48.720 align:start position:0% haven't technically made it through the 00:44:48.720 --> 00:44:51.510 align:start position:0% haven't technically made it through the sun's<00:44:48.960> atmosphere<00:44:49.520> yet.<00:44:50.800> Moving<00:44:51.119> further 00:44:51.510 --> 00:44:51.520 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere yet. Moving further 00:44:51.520 --> 00:44:53.829 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere yet. Moving further inwards,<00:44:52.240> let's<00:44:52.560> look<00:44:52.800> at<00:44:53.119> another<00:44:53.440> image 00:44:53.829 --> 00:44:53.839 align:start position:0% inwards, let's look at another image 00:44:53.839 --> 00:44:57.589 align:start position:0% inwards, let's look at another image produced<00:44:54.160> by<00:44:54.319> the<00:44:54.480> SDO<00:44:55.359> utilizing<00:44:55.839> a<00:44:56.480> 160<00:44:57.040> nm 00:44:57.589 --> 00:44:57.599 align:start position:0% produced by the SDO utilizing a 160 nm 00:44:57.599 --> 00:45:00.309 align:start position:0% produced by the SDO utilizing a 160 nm wavelength<00:44:58.079> of<00:44:58.240> light.<00:44:59.040> This<00:44:59.280> time<00:44:59.760> of<00:45:00.079> the 00:45:00.309 --> 00:45:00.319 align:start position:0% wavelength of light. This time of the 00:45:00.319 --> 00:45:02.710 align:start position:0% wavelength of light. This time of the transition<00:45:00.880> region. 00:45:02.710 --> 00:45:02.720 align:start position:0% transition region. 00:45:02.720 --> 00:45:04.710 align:start position:0% transition region. The<00:45:02.960> transition<00:45:03.520> region<00:45:03.839> is<00:45:04.000> a<00:45:04.319> layer<00:45:04.480> which 00:45:04.710 --> 00:45:04.720 align:start position:0% The transition region is a layer which 00:45:04.720 --> 00:45:06.950 align:start position:0% The transition region is a layer which sits<00:45:05.040> between<00:45:05.359> the<00:45:05.599> sun's<00:45:05.920> corona<00:45:06.480> and<00:45:06.720> the 00:45:06.950 --> 00:45:06.960 align:start position:0% sits between the sun's corona and the 00:45:06.960 --> 00:45:09.349 align:start position:0% sits between the sun's corona and the chromosphere,<00:45:08.240> the<00:45:08.400> lowest<00:45:08.960> layer<00:45:09.040> of<00:45:09.200> the 00:45:09.349 --> 00:45:09.359 align:start position:0% chromosphere, the lowest layer of the 00:45:09.359 --> 00:45:12.309 align:start position:0% chromosphere, the lowest layer of the sun's<00:45:09.680> atmosphere.<00:45:10.880> It's<00:45:11.119> a<00:45:11.359> very<00:45:11.760> shallow 00:45:12.309 --> 00:45:12.319 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere. It's a very shallow 00:45:12.319 --> 00:45:15.349 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere. It's a very shallow layer,<00:45:13.040> approximately<00:45:14.079> 100<00:45:14.640> km<00:45:15.119> in 00:45:15.349 --> 00:45:15.359 align:start position:0% layer, approximately 100 km in 00:45:15.359 --> 00:45:17.430 align:start position:0% layer, approximately 100 km in thickness. 00:45:17.430 --> 00:45:17.440 align:start position:0% thickness. 00:45:17.440 --> 00:45:19.670 align:start position:0% thickness. In<00:45:17.760> this<00:45:18.000> region,<00:45:18.640> the<00:45:18.880> thermal<00:45:19.359> temperature 00:45:19.670 --> 00:45:19.680 align:start position:0% In this region, the thermal temperature 00:45:19.680 --> 00:45:21.990 align:start position:0% In this region, the thermal temperature of<00:45:19.839> the<00:45:20.079> sun<00:45:20.319> rises<00:45:20.800> dramatically<00:45:21.680> from 00:45:21.990 --> 00:45:22.000 align:start position:0% of the sun rises dramatically from 00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:26.550 align:start position:0% of the sun rises dramatically from around<00:45:22.400> 8,000<00:45:23.440> to<00:45:23.920> 500,000<00:45:24.960> Kelvin.<00:45:26.240> For<00:45:26.400> an 00:45:26.550 --> 00:45:26.560 align:start position:0% around 8,000 to 500,000 Kelvin. For an 00:45:26.560 --> 00:45:29.349 align:start position:0% around 8,000 to 500,000 Kelvin. For an earthly<00:45:27.040> comparison,<00:45:28.079> fiercely<00:45:28.800> scolding 00:45:29.349 --> 00:45:29.359 align:start position:0% earthly comparison, fiercely scolding 00:45:29.359 --> 00:45:33.910 align:start position:0% earthly comparison, fiercely scolding lava<00:45:30.000> erupting<00:45:30.400> in<00:45:30.640> Hawaii<00:45:31.440> is<00:45:31.839> 1,170° 00:45:33.910 --> 00:45:33.920 align:start position:0% lava erupting in Hawaii is 1,170° 00:45:33.920 --> 00:45:36.710 align:start position:0% lava erupting in Hawaii is 1,170° C<00:45:34.720> or<00:45:35.040> 1,443 00:45:36.710 --> 00:45:36.720 align:start position:0% C or 1,443 00:45:36.720 --> 00:45:38.390 align:start position:0% C or 1,443 Kelvin. 00:45:38.390 --> 00:45:38.400 align:start position:0% Kelvin. 00:45:38.400 --> 00:45:40.630 align:start position:0% Kelvin. The<00:45:38.640> temperature<00:45:38.960> at<00:45:39.200> the<00:45:39.359> lower<00:45:40.079> deeper<00:45:40.480> end 00:45:40.630 --> 00:45:40.640 align:start position:0% The temperature at the lower deeper end 00:45:40.640 --> 00:45:43.030 align:start position:0% The temperature at the lower deeper end of<00:45:40.800> the<00:45:40.960> transition<00:45:41.520> region<00:45:42.079> is<00:45:42.319> almost<00:45:42.720> 6 00:45:43.030 --> 00:45:43.040 align:start position:0% of the transition region is almost 6 00:45:43.040 --> 00:45:46.309 align:start position:0% of the transition region is almost 6 times<00:45:43.440> hotter<00:45:43.760> than<00:45:43.920> this.<00:45:45.200> At<00:45:45.520> the<00:45:45.760> upper<00:45:46.160> end 00:45:46.309 --> 00:45:46.319 align:start position:0% times hotter than this. At the upper end 00:45:46.319 --> 00:45:47.990 align:start position:0% times hotter than this. At the upper end of<00:45:46.480> the<00:45:46.640> transition<00:45:47.119> region,<00:45:47.760> the 00:45:47.990 --> 00:45:48.000 align:start position:0% of the transition region, the 00:45:48.000 --> 00:45:50.630 align:start position:0% of the transition region, the temperature<00:45:48.319> is<00:45:48.560> more<00:45:48.800> than<00:45:49.119> 346 00:45:50.630 --> 00:45:50.640 align:start position:0% temperature is more than 346 00:45:50.640 --> 00:45:53.589 align:start position:0% temperature is more than 346 times<00:45:50.960> hotter. 00:45:53.589 --> 00:45:53.599 align:start position:0% times hotter. 00:45:53.599 --> 00:45:55.750 align:start position:0% times hotter. Traveling<00:45:54.079> even<00:45:54.400> deeper,<00:45:54.880> we<00:45:55.119> find<00:45:55.280> ourselves 00:45:55.750 --> 00:45:55.760 align:start position:0% Traveling even deeper, we find ourselves 00:45:55.760 --> 00:45:58.230 align:start position:0% Traveling even deeper, we find ourselves immersed<00:45:56.319> in<00:45:56.560> the<00:45:56.720> sun's<00:45:57.119> chromosphere, 00:45:58.230 --> 00:45:58.240 align:start position:0% immersed in the sun's chromosphere, 00:45:58.240 --> 00:46:00.309 align:start position:0% immersed in the sun's chromosphere, which<00:45:58.480> is<00:45:58.560> the<00:45:58.800> last<00:45:59.200> layer<00:45:59.359> of<00:45:59.599> atmosphere 00:46:00.309 --> 00:46:00.319 align:start position:0% which is the last layer of atmosphere 00:46:00.319 --> 00:46:01.910 align:start position:0% which is the last layer of atmosphere before<00:46:00.640> we<00:46:00.800> reach<00:46:01.040> the<00:46:01.280> sun's<00:46:01.599> surface 00:46:01.910 --> 00:46:01.920 align:start position:0% before we reach the sun's surface 00:46:01.920 --> 00:46:06.309 align:start position:0% before we reach the sun's surface itself.<00:46:03.359> Imaged<00:46:03.760> here<00:46:04.400> using<00:46:05.359> 170<00:46:05.680> nanome 00:46:06.309 --> 00:46:06.319 align:start position:0% itself. Imaged here using 170 nanome 00:46:06.319 --> 00:46:08.870 align:start position:0% itself. Imaged here using 170 nanome ultraviolet<00:46:06.880> light,<00:46:07.599> it<00:46:07.839> is<00:46:08.000> estimated<00:46:08.480> to<00:46:08.720> be 00:46:08.870 --> 00:46:08.880 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light, it is estimated to be 00:46:08.880 --> 00:46:13.430 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light, it is estimated to be approximately<00:46:09.680> 1,700<00:46:10.880> km<00:46:11.440> thick.<00:46:12.800> Closely 00:46:13.430 --> 00:46:13.440 align:start position:0% approximately 1,700 km thick. Closely 00:46:13.440 --> 00:46:15.990 align:start position:0% approximately 1,700 km thick. Closely inspecting<00:46:14.000> the<00:46:14.160> chromosphere,<00:46:15.200> we<00:46:15.599> identify 00:46:15.990 --> 00:46:16.000 align:start position:0% inspecting the chromosphere, we identify 00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:18.630 align:start position:0% inspecting the chromosphere, we identify some<00:46:16.319> mesmerizing<00:46:17.200> features<00:46:17.760> known<00:46:18.240> as 00:46:18.630 --> 00:46:18.640 align:start position:0% some mesmerizing features known as 00:46:18.640 --> 00:46:20.550 align:start position:0% some mesmerizing features known as spicules. 00:46:20.550 --> 00:46:20.560 align:start position:0% spicules. 00:46:20.560 --> 00:46:23.829 align:start position:0% spicules. Swaying<00:46:21.200> like<00:46:21.599> long<00:46:22.160> wavy<00:46:22.800> grass<00:46:23.280> blowing<00:46:23.680> in 00:46:23.829 --> 00:46:23.839 align:start position:0% Swaying like long wavy grass blowing in 00:46:23.839 --> 00:46:26.550 align:start position:0% Swaying like long wavy grass blowing in the<00:46:24.000> wind.<00:46:24.800> These<00:46:25.119> long<00:46:25.520> jets<00:46:25.920> of<00:46:26.079> plasma 00:46:26.550 --> 00:46:26.560 align:start position:0% the wind. These long jets of plasma 00:46:26.560 --> 00:46:28.630 align:start position:0% the wind. These long jets of plasma shoot<00:46:26.880> upwards<00:46:27.280> from<00:46:27.440> the<00:46:27.599> sun's<00:46:27.920> surface<00:46:28.319> at 00:46:28.630 --> 00:46:28.640 align:start position:0% shoot upwards from the sun's surface at 00:46:28.640 --> 00:46:32.069 align:start position:0% shoot upwards from the sun's surface at speeds<00:46:29.119> up<00:46:29.359> to<00:46:29.839> 100<00:46:30.400> km/s. 00:46:32.069 --> 00:46:32.079 align:start position:0% speeds up to 100 km/s. 00:46:32.079 --> 00:46:35.109 align:start position:0% speeds up to 100 km/s. Approximately<00:46:32.960> 282<00:46:34.000> times<00:46:34.319> faster<00:46:34.800> than<00:46:34.960> the 00:46:35.109 --> 00:46:35.119 align:start position:0% Approximately 282 times faster than the 00:46:35.119 --> 00:46:37.430 align:start position:0% Approximately 282 times faster than the speed<00:46:35.359> of<00:46:35.520> sound<00:46:36.240> and<00:46:36.480> can<00:46:36.640> reach<00:46:36.960> lengths<00:46:37.280> of 00:46:37.430 --> 00:46:37.440 align:start position:0% speed of sound and can reach lengths of 00:46:37.440 --> 00:46:40.870 align:start position:0% speed of sound and can reach lengths of nearly<00:46:37.920> 10<00:46:38.240> km,<00:46:39.280> over<00:46:39.599> 1<00:46:39.839> km<00:46:40.319> taller<00:46:40.640> than 00:46:40.870 --> 00:46:40.880 align:start position:0% nearly 10 km, over 1 km taller than 00:46:40.880 --> 00:46:43.030 align:start position:0% nearly 10 km, over 1 km taller than Mount<00:46:41.119> Everest. 00:46:43.030 --> 00:46:43.040 align:start position:0% Mount Everest. 00:46:43.040 --> 00:46:45.829 align:start position:0% Mount Everest. forming<00:46:43.599> and<00:46:44.000> vanishing<00:46:44.560> in<00:46:44.800> around<00:46:45.200> 5<00:46:45.440> to<00:46:45.599> 10 00:46:45.829 --> 00:46:45.839 align:start position:0% forming and vanishing in around 5 to 10 00:46:45.839 --> 00:46:48.150 align:start position:0% forming and vanishing in around 5 to 10 minutes<00:46:46.160> on<00:46:46.319> average.<00:46:47.119> The<00:46:47.359> processes<00:46:47.920> behind 00:46:48.150 --> 00:46:48.160 align:start position:0% minutes on average. The processes behind 00:46:48.160 --> 00:46:50.790 align:start position:0% minutes on average. The processes behind these<00:46:48.400> spicules<00:46:49.119> were<00:46:49.440> widely<00:46:49.839> unknown<00:46:50.560> and 00:46:50.790 --> 00:46:50.800 align:start position:0% these spicules were widely unknown and 00:46:50.800 --> 00:46:53.829 align:start position:0% these spicules were widely unknown and debated<00:46:51.280> for<00:46:51.520> some<00:46:51.760> time<00:46:52.560> as<00:46:52.880> it<00:46:53.119> wasn't<00:46:53.359> clear 00:46:53.829 --> 00:46:53.839 align:start position:0% debated for some time as it wasn't clear 00:46:53.839 --> 00:46:56.069 align:start position:0% debated for some time as it wasn't clear how<00:46:54.240> magnetically<00:46:54.880> charged<00:46:55.200> particles<00:46:55.839> could 00:46:56.069 --> 00:46:56.079 align:start position:0% how magnetically charged particles could 00:46:56.079 --> 00:46:58.390 align:start position:0% how magnetically charged particles could ever<00:46:56.480> escape<00:46:56.960> the<00:46:57.200> sun's<00:46:57.520> magnetic<00:46:57.920> fields<00:46:58.240> at 00:46:58.390 --> 00:46:58.400 align:start position:0% ever escape the sun's magnetic fields at 00:46:58.400 --> 00:47:02.390 align:start position:0% ever escape the sun's magnetic fields at that<00:46:58.640> level.<00:46:59.680> That<00:46:59.920> is<00:47:00.319> until<00:47:00.960> 2017<00:47:01.920> when<00:47:02.160> a 00:47:02.390 --> 00:47:02.400 align:start position:0% that level. That is until 2017 when a 00:47:02.400 --> 00:47:04.150 align:start position:0% that level. That is until 2017 when a team<00:47:02.560> of<00:47:02.720> scientists<00:47:03.200> working<00:47:03.520> on<00:47:03.839> an 00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:04.160 align:start position:0% team of scientists working on an 00:47:04.160 --> 00:47:06.710 align:start position:0% team of scientists working on an extremely<00:47:04.800> detailed<00:47:05.280> model<00:47:05.520> of<00:47:05.760> the<00:47:05.839> spicules 00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:06.720 align:start position:0% extremely detailed model of the spicules 00:47:06.720 --> 00:47:08.630 align:start position:0% extremely detailed model of the spicules discovered<00:47:07.200> that<00:47:07.359> their<00:47:07.599> origins<00:47:08.160> must<00:47:08.480> be 00:47:08.630 --> 00:47:08.640 align:start position:0% discovered that their origins must be 00:47:08.640 --> 00:47:11.670 align:start position:0% discovered that their origins must be related<00:47:08.960> to<00:47:09.280> neutral<00:47:09.760> particles.<00:47:11.200> Scientists 00:47:11.670 --> 00:47:11.680 align:start position:0% related to neutral particles. Scientists 00:47:11.680 --> 00:47:13.589 align:start position:0% related to neutral particles. Scientists had<00:47:11.920> not<00:47:12.240> originally<00:47:12.720> included<00:47:13.200> neutral 00:47:13.589 --> 00:47:13.599 align:start position:0% had not originally included neutral 00:47:13.599 --> 00:47:15.910 align:start position:0% had not originally included neutral particles<00:47:14.079> in<00:47:14.319> their<00:47:14.560> models<00:47:14.800> of<00:47:14.960> the<00:47:15.119> sun<00:47:15.680> as 00:47:15.910 --> 00:47:15.920 align:start position:0% particles in their models of the sun as 00:47:15.920 --> 00:47:17.510 align:start position:0% particles in their models of the sun as they<00:47:16.160> didn't<00:47:16.400> think<00:47:16.560> they<00:47:16.800> affected<00:47:17.280> the 00:47:17.510 --> 00:47:17.520 align:start position:0% they didn't think they affected the 00:47:17.520 --> 00:47:19.109 align:start position:0% they didn't think they affected the motion<00:47:17.760> of<00:47:17.920> the<00:47:18.160> magnetically<00:47:18.800> charged 00:47:19.109 --> 00:47:19.119 align:start position:0% motion of the magnetically charged 00:47:19.119 --> 00:47:22.390 align:start position:0% motion of the magnetically charged particles.<00:47:20.319> But<00:47:20.720> once<00:47:21.040> they<00:47:21.280> were<00:47:21.440> added,<00:47:22.160> it 00:47:22.390 --> 00:47:22.400 align:start position:0% particles. But once they were added, it 00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:24.470 align:start position:0% particles. But once they were added, it transpired<00:47:23.040> that<00:47:23.359> the<00:47:23.520> neutral<00:47:23.920> particles 00:47:24.470 --> 00:47:24.480 align:start position:0% transpired that the neutral particles 00:47:24.480 --> 00:47:26.630 align:start position:0% transpired that the neutral particles gave<00:47:24.720> the<00:47:24.880> magnetically<00:47:25.520> charged<00:47:25.920> particles 00:47:26.630 --> 00:47:26.640 align:start position:0% gave the magnetically charged particles 00:47:26.640 --> 00:47:28.870 align:start position:0% gave the magnetically charged particles unexpected<00:47:27.440> buoyancy<00:47:28.000> they<00:47:28.240> needed<00:47:28.640> to 00:47:28.870 --> 00:47:28.880 align:start position:0% unexpected buoyancy they needed to 00:47:28.880 --> 00:47:31.109 align:start position:0% unexpected buoyancy they needed to escape<00:47:29.119> the<00:47:29.359> sun's<00:47:29.599> plasma<00:47:30.160> and<00:47:30.480> shoot<00:47:30.800> up 00:47:31.109 --> 00:47:31.119 align:start position:0% escape the sun's plasma and shoot up 00:47:31.119 --> 00:47:35.430 align:start position:0% escape the sun's plasma and shoot up into<00:47:31.440> spicules. 00:47:35.430 --> 00:47:35.440 align:start position:0% 00:47:35.440 --> 00:47:37.190 align:start position:0% Descending<00:47:36.000> further<00:47:36.400> through<00:47:36.640> the<00:47:36.800> sun's 00:47:37.190 --> 00:47:37.200 align:start position:0% Descending further through the sun's 00:47:37.200 --> 00:47:39.589 align:start position:0% Descending further through the sun's lower<00:47:37.520> atmosphere,<00:47:38.319> we<00:47:38.640> eventually<00:47:39.200> reach 00:47:39.589 --> 00:47:39.599 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere, we eventually reach 00:47:39.599 --> 00:47:42.230 align:start position:0% lower atmosphere, we eventually reach the<00:47:39.839> photosphere,<00:47:41.040> the<00:47:41.280> surface<00:47:41.599> of<00:47:41.839> the<00:47:42.000> sun 00:47:42.230 --> 00:47:42.240 align:start position:0% the photosphere, the surface of the sun 00:47:42.240 --> 00:47:44.870 align:start position:0% the photosphere, the surface of the sun itself,<00:47:43.359> which<00:47:43.599> is<00:47:43.760> best<00:47:44.079> imaged<00:47:44.480> using 00:47:44.870 --> 00:47:44.880 align:start position:0% itself, which is best imaged using 00:47:44.880 --> 00:47:47.589 align:start position:0% itself, which is best imaged using visible<00:47:45.359> light.<00:47:46.720> While<00:47:46.960> the<00:47:47.119> edge<00:47:47.359> of<00:47:47.440> the 00:47:47.589 --> 00:47:47.599 align:start position:0% visible light. While the edge of the 00:47:47.599 --> 00:47:50.390 align:start position:0% visible light. While the edge of the photosphere<00:47:48.319> appears<00:47:48.800> sharp<00:47:49.200> and<00:47:49.440> precise, 00:47:50.390 --> 00:47:50.400 align:start position:0% photosphere appears sharp and precise, 00:47:50.400 --> 00:47:53.270 align:start position:0% photosphere appears sharp and precise, as<00:47:50.560> it<00:47:50.800> often<00:47:51.040> does<00:47:51.280> to<00:47:51.520> our<00:47:51.760> naked<00:47:52.160> eye,<00:47:53.040> this 00:47:53.270 --> 00:47:53.280 align:start position:0% as it often does to our naked eye, this 00:47:53.280 --> 00:47:55.589 align:start position:0% as it often does to our naked eye, this is<00:47:53.440> simply<00:47:53.839> due<00:47:54.079> to<00:47:54.319> how<00:47:54.560> far<00:47:54.880> away<00:47:55.119> the<00:47:55.359> sun 00:47:55.589 --> 00:47:55.599 align:start position:0% is simply due to how far away the sun 00:47:55.599 --> 00:48:00.309 align:start position:0% is simply due to how far away the sun is.<00:47:56.640> The<00:47:56.880> sun<00:47:57.119> itself<00:47:57.760> is<00:47:58.160> not<00:47:58.480> solid<00:47:58.880> at<00:47:59.200> all. 00:48:00.309 --> 00:48:00.319 align:start position:0% is. The sun itself is not solid at all. 00:48:00.319 --> 00:48:02.390 align:start position:0% is. The sun itself is not solid at all. Since<00:48:00.640> it<00:48:00.880> is<00:48:01.040> too<00:48:01.200> hot<00:48:01.440> for<00:48:01.599> matter<00:48:01.920> to<00:48:02.079> exist 00:48:02.390 --> 00:48:02.400 align:start position:0% Since it is too hot for matter to exist 00:48:02.400 --> 00:48:05.750 align:start position:0% Since it is too hot for matter to exist in<00:48:02.560> a<00:48:02.800> solid,<00:48:03.440> liquid<00:48:04.000> or<00:48:04.400> gas<00:48:04.800> state<00:48:05.200> in<00:48:05.440> any 00:48:05.750 --> 00:48:05.760 align:start position:0% in a solid, liquid or gas state in any 00:48:05.760 --> 00:48:08.230 align:start position:0% in a solid, liquid or gas state in any region<00:48:06.000> of<00:48:06.160> the<00:48:06.319> sun,<00:48:07.040> it<00:48:07.280> can<00:48:07.520> only<00:48:07.839> be 00:48:08.230 --> 00:48:08.240 align:start position:0% region of the sun, it can only be 00:48:08.240 --> 00:48:10.950 align:start position:0% region of the sun, it can only be plasma.<00:48:09.280> Referred<00:48:09.599> to<00:48:09.839> as<00:48:10.160> the<00:48:10.319> fourth<00:48:10.720> state 00:48:10.950 --> 00:48:10.960 align:start position:0% plasma. Referred to as the fourth state 00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:13.670 align:start position:0% plasma. Referred to as the fourth state of<00:48:11.119> matter<00:48:11.920> and<00:48:12.240> is<00:48:12.400> estimated<00:48:12.880> to<00:48:13.119> make<00:48:13.280> up 00:48:13.670 --> 00:48:13.680 align:start position:0% of matter and is estimated to make up 00:48:13.680 --> 00:48:17.910 align:start position:0% of matter and is estimated to make up 99.9%<00:48:15.119> of<00:48:15.280> all<00:48:15.520> the<00:48:15.760> matter<00:48:16.079> in<00:48:16.240> the<00:48:16.480> universe, 00:48:17.910 --> 00:48:17.920 align:start position:0% 99.9% of all the matter in the universe, 00:48:17.920 --> 00:48:20.950 align:start position:0% 99.9% of all the matter in the universe, plasmas<00:48:18.640> tend<00:48:18.960> to<00:48:19.119> behave<00:48:19.520> a<00:48:19.680> lot<00:48:19.839> like<00:48:20.079> gases 00:48:20.950 --> 00:48:20.960 align:start position:0% plasmas tend to behave a lot like gases 00:48:20.960 --> 00:48:23.190 align:start position:0% plasmas tend to behave a lot like gases except<00:48:21.280> they<00:48:21.520> are<00:48:21.599> made<00:48:21.839> up<00:48:22.000> of<00:48:22.160> a<00:48:22.400> mixture<00:48:22.720> of 00:48:23.190 --> 00:48:23.200 align:start position:0% except they are made up of a mixture of 00:48:23.200 --> 00:48:26.630 align:start position:0% except they are made up of a mixture of ionized<00:48:23.680> atoms<00:48:24.160> and<00:48:24.480> free<00:48:24.880> electrons.<00:48:26.319> The 00:48:26.630 --> 00:48:26.640 align:start position:0% ionized atoms and free electrons. The 00:48:26.640 --> 00:48:28.950 align:start position:0% ionized atoms and free electrons. The photosphere<00:48:27.359> is<00:48:27.599> the<00:48:27.839> outermost<00:48:28.559> layer<00:48:28.720> in 00:48:28.950 --> 00:48:28.960 align:start position:0% photosphere is the outermost layer in 00:48:28.960 --> 00:48:33.349 align:start position:0% photosphere is the outermost layer in this<00:48:29.200> image.<00:48:30.079> around<00:48:30.720> 400<00:48:31.280> km<00:48:31.839> thick.<00:48:32.800> It<00:48:33.119> is 00:48:33.349 --> 00:48:33.359 align:start position:0% this image. around 400 km thick. It is 00:48:33.359 --> 00:48:36.069 align:start position:0% this image. around 400 km thick. It is not<00:48:33.680> a<00:48:33.920> fixed<00:48:34.480> solid<00:48:34.880> boundary<00:48:35.200> of<00:48:35.359> the<00:48:35.520> sun 00:48:36.069 --> 00:48:36.079 align:start position:0% not a fixed solid boundary of the sun 00:48:36.079 --> 00:48:38.950 align:start position:0% not a fixed solid boundary of the sun unlike<00:48:36.480> what<00:48:36.720> this<00:48:36.960> image<00:48:37.200> may<00:48:37.440> suggest<00:48:38.640> and 00:48:38.950 --> 00:48:38.960 align:start position:0% unlike what this image may suggest and 00:48:38.960 --> 00:48:41.589 align:start position:0% unlike what this image may suggest and sadly<00:48:39.920> it<00:48:40.160> is<00:48:40.319> the<00:48:40.640> deepest<00:48:41.200> layer<00:48:41.280> of<00:48:41.440> the 00:48:41.589 --> 00:48:41.599 align:start position:0% sadly it is the deepest layer of the 00:48:41.599 --> 00:48:43.270 align:start position:0% sadly it is the deepest layer of the star<00:48:42.000> which<00:48:42.240> scientists<00:48:42.800> can<00:48:42.960> measure 00:48:43.270 --> 00:48:43.280 align:start position:0% star which scientists can measure 00:48:43.280 --> 00:48:45.430 align:start position:0% star which scientists can measure directly. 00:48:45.430 --> 00:48:45.440 align:start position:0% directly. 00:48:45.440 --> 00:48:47.990 align:start position:0% directly. At<00:48:45.680> a<00:48:45.920> closer<00:48:46.240> look<00:48:46.720> you<00:48:46.960> may<00:48:47.280> notice<00:48:47.680> some 00:48:47.990 --> 00:48:48.000 align:start position:0% At a closer look you may notice some 00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:50.950 align:start position:0% At a closer look you may notice some dark<00:48:48.400> spots<00:48:48.800> on<00:48:48.960> the<00:48:49.119> left<00:48:49.359> hand<00:48:49.599> side.<00:48:50.640> These 00:48:50.950 --> 00:48:50.960 align:start position:0% dark spots on the left hand side. These 00:48:50.960 --> 00:48:53.670 align:start position:0% dark spots on the left hand side. These are<00:48:51.200> known<00:48:51.520> as<00:48:51.760> sunspots<00:48:52.559> and<00:48:52.880> appear<00:48:53.280> darker 00:48:53.670 --> 00:48:53.680 align:start position:0% are known as sunspots and appear darker 00:48:53.680 --> 00:48:55.670 align:start position:0% are known as sunspots and appear darker than<00:48:53.839> other<00:48:54.079> parts<00:48:54.319> of<00:48:54.480> the<00:48:54.640> photosphere<00:48:55.440> due 00:48:55.670 --> 00:48:55.680 align:start position:0% than other parts of the photosphere due 00:48:55.680 --> 00:48:58.390 align:start position:0% than other parts of the photosphere due to<00:48:55.920> their<00:48:56.160> cooler<00:48:56.640> temperatures.<00:48:57.920> But<00:48:58.079> that's 00:48:58.390 --> 00:48:58.400 align:start position:0% to their cooler temperatures. But that's 00:48:58.400 --> 00:49:00.390 align:start position:0% to their cooler temperatures. But that's only<00:48:58.720> in<00:48:58.960> comparison<00:48:59.359> to<00:48:59.599> their<00:48:59.839> scorching 00:49:00.390 --> 00:49:00.400 align:start position:0% only in comparison to their scorching 00:49:00.400 --> 00:49:03.750 align:start position:0% only in comparison to their scorching hot<00:49:00.720> surroundings.<00:49:02.079> Unlike<00:49:02.559> coronal<00:49:03.040> holes, 00:49:03.750 --> 00:49:03.760 align:start position:0% hot surroundings. Unlike coronal holes, 00:49:03.760 --> 00:49:06.230 align:start position:0% hot surroundings. Unlike coronal holes, sunspots<00:49:04.319> form<00:49:04.640> in<00:49:04.880> areas<00:49:05.359> where<00:49:05.760> magnetic 00:49:06.230 --> 00:49:06.240 align:start position:0% sunspots form in areas where magnetic 00:49:06.240 --> 00:49:10.069 align:start position:0% sunspots form in areas where magnetic fields<00:49:06.640> are<00:49:07.040> particularly<00:49:07.839> powerful.<00:49:09.280> Here, 00:49:10.069 --> 00:49:10.079 align:start position:0% fields are particularly powerful. Here, 00:49:10.079 --> 00:49:11.990 align:start position:0% fields are particularly powerful. Here, heat<00:49:10.480> becomes<00:49:10.960> trapped<00:49:11.359> beneath<00:49:11.760> the 00:49:11.990 --> 00:49:12.000 align:start position:0% heat becomes trapped beneath the 00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:14.230 align:start position:0% heat becomes trapped beneath the photosphere<00:49:12.800> due<00:49:13.040> to<00:49:13.200> decreased<00:49:13.760> convection 00:49:14.230 --> 00:49:14.240 align:start position:0% photosphere due to decreased convection 00:49:14.240 --> 00:49:16.710 align:start position:0% photosphere due to decreased convection within<00:49:14.640> these<00:49:14.960> areas. 00:49:16.710 --> 00:49:16.720 align:start position:0% within these areas. 00:49:16.720 --> 00:49:18.549 align:start position:0% within these areas. When<00:49:17.040> comparing<00:49:17.440> this<00:49:17.680> image<00:49:17.920> of<00:49:18.079> the<00:49:18.160> sun<00:49:18.400> to 00:49:18.549 --> 00:49:18.559 align:start position:0% When comparing this image of the sun to 00:49:18.559 --> 00:49:20.950 align:start position:0% When comparing this image of the sun to a<00:49:18.800> previous<00:49:19.200> one<00:49:19.520> taken<00:49:19.920> using<00:49:20.319> extreme 00:49:20.950 --> 00:49:20.960 align:start position:0% a previous one taken using extreme 00:49:20.960 --> 00:49:23.349 align:start position:0% a previous one taken using extreme ultraviolet<00:49:21.520> light<00:49:21.839> over<00:49:22.079> the<00:49:22.319> same<00:49:22.559> period, 00:49:23.349 --> 00:49:23.359 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light over the same period, 00:49:23.359 --> 00:49:25.589 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light over the same period, a<00:49:23.599> connection<00:49:24.000> between<00:49:24.319> sunspots<00:49:24.960> and<00:49:25.200> solar 00:49:25.589 --> 00:49:25.599 align:start position:0% a connection between sunspots and solar 00:49:25.599 --> 00:49:28.470 align:start position:0% a connection between sunspots and solar flares<00:49:26.000> emerges.<00:49:27.200> The<00:49:27.440> captivating<00:49:28.160> solar 00:49:28.470 --> 00:49:28.480 align:start position:0% flares emerges. The captivating solar 00:49:28.480 --> 00:49:31.349 align:start position:0% flares emerges. The captivating solar flares<00:49:28.800> and<00:49:28.960> sunspots<00:49:29.920> coincide<00:49:30.640> at<00:49:30.880> the<00:49:31.119> same 00:49:31.349 --> 00:49:31.359 align:start position:0% flares and sunspots coincide at the same 00:49:31.359 --> 00:49:33.030 align:start position:0% flares and sunspots coincide at the same location. 00:49:33.030 --> 00:49:33.040 align:start position:0% location. 00:49:33.040 --> 00:49:35.670 align:start position:0% location. From<00:49:33.440> peering<00:49:34.000> beneath<00:49:34.400> the<00:49:34.640> surface,<00:49:35.440> it 00:49:35.670 --> 00:49:35.680 align:start position:0% From peering beneath the surface, it 00:49:35.680 --> 00:49:38.069 align:start position:0% From peering beneath the surface, it becomes<00:49:36.000> clear<00:49:36.240> that<00:49:36.559> one<00:49:37.040> must<00:49:37.359> lead<00:49:37.680> to<00:49:37.839> the 00:49:38.069 --> 00:49:38.079 align:start position:0% becomes clear that one must lead to the 00:49:38.079 --> 00:49:39.990 align:start position:0% becomes clear that one must lead to the other. 00:49:39.990 --> 00:49:40.000 align:start position:0% other. 00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:42.150 align:start position:0% other. Now,<00:49:40.400> let's<00:49:40.720> take<00:49:40.880> a<00:49:41.119> closer<00:49:41.440> look<00:49:41.680> at<00:49:41.920> some 00:49:42.150 --> 00:49:42.160 align:start position:0% Now, let's take a closer look at some 00:49:42.160 --> 00:49:45.109 align:start position:0% Now, let's take a closer look at some similar<00:49:42.559> sunspots.<00:49:44.000> This<00:49:44.240> image<00:49:44.559> was<00:49:44.720> taken 00:49:45.109 --> 00:49:45.119 align:start position:0% similar sunspots. This image was taken 00:49:45.119 --> 00:49:47.829 align:start position:0% similar sunspots. This image was taken using<00:49:45.440> the<00:49:45.760> Swedish<00:49:46.319> solar<00:49:46.720> telescope<00:49:47.520> based 00:49:47.829 --> 00:49:47.839 align:start position:0% using the Swedish solar telescope based 00:49:47.839 --> 00:49:50.710 align:start position:0% using the Swedish solar telescope based here<00:49:48.079> on<00:49:48.400> Earth<00:49:49.200> and<00:49:49.440> using<00:49:49.760> a<00:49:50.000> wavelength<00:49:50.480> of 00:49:50.710 --> 00:49:50.720 align:start position:0% here on Earth and using a wavelength of 00:49:50.720 --> 00:49:54.470 align:start position:0% here on Earth and using a wavelength of visible<00:49:51.040> light<00:49:51.359> of<00:49:51.599> approximately<00:49:52.400> 400<00:49:52.880> nm. 00:49:54.470 --> 00:49:54.480 align:start position:0% visible light of approximately 400 nm. 00:49:54.480 --> 00:49:57.030 align:start position:0% visible light of approximately 400 nm. Next<00:49:54.800> to<00:49:55.119> and<00:49:55.440> surrounding<00:49:55.839> the<00:49:56.079> sunspots, 00:49:57.030 --> 00:49:57.040 align:start position:0% Next to and surrounding the sunspots, 00:49:57.040 --> 00:49:59.510 align:start position:0% Next to and surrounding the sunspots, the<00:49:57.200> photosphere<00:49:57.920> is<00:49:58.240> saturated<00:49:58.880> with<00:49:59.119> these 00:49:59.510 --> 00:49:59.520 align:start position:0% the photosphere is saturated with these 00:49:59.520 --> 00:50:03.109 align:start position:0% the photosphere is saturated with these jagged,<00:50:00.720> endlessly<00:50:01.359> shapeshifting<00:50:02.240> cells, 00:50:03.109 --> 00:50:03.119 align:start position:0% jagged, endlessly shapeshifting cells, 00:50:03.119 --> 00:50:05.349 align:start position:0% jagged, endlessly shapeshifting cells, which<00:50:03.440> doesn't<00:50:03.680> look<00:50:03.920> dissimilar<00:50:04.400> to<00:50:04.559> lava<00:50:05.119> as 00:50:05.349 --> 00:50:05.359 align:start position:0% which doesn't look dissimilar to lava as 00:50:05.359 --> 00:50:08.630 align:start position:0% which doesn't look dissimilar to lava as it<00:50:05.599> cools<00:50:06.000> and<00:50:06.319> cracks.<00:50:07.760> However,<00:50:08.240> these 00:50:08.630 --> 00:50:08.640 align:start position:0% it cools and cracks. However, these 00:50:08.640 --> 00:50:12.309 align:start position:0% it cools and cracks. However, these cells<00:50:09.200> are<00:50:09.520> around<00:50:10.000> 1,000<00:50:10.720> km<00:50:11.280> wide<00:50:11.839> and<00:50:12.079> are 00:50:12.309 --> 00:50:12.319 align:start position:0% cells are around 1,000 km wide and are 00:50:12.319 --> 00:50:15.510 align:start position:0% cells are around 1,000 km wide and are known<00:50:12.640> as<00:50:12.960> solar<00:50:13.520> granules. 00:50:15.510 --> 00:50:15.520 align:start position:0% known as solar granules. 00:50:15.520 --> 00:50:17.510 align:start position:0% known as solar granules. Consider<00:50:15.920> them<00:50:16.160> from<00:50:16.400> the<00:50:16.640> top<00:50:17.040> layer<00:50:17.200> of<00:50:17.359> a 00:50:17.510 --> 00:50:17.520 align:start position:0% Consider them from the top layer of a 00:50:17.520 --> 00:50:20.230 align:start position:0% Consider them from the top layer of a churning<00:50:18.079> convection<00:50:18.559> cell<00:50:18.960> underneath. 00:50:20.230 --> 00:50:20.240 align:start position:0% churning convection cell underneath. 00:50:20.240 --> 00:50:22.630 align:start position:0% churning convection cell underneath. Brighter<00:50:20.720> areas<00:50:21.200> inside<00:50:21.680> each<00:50:22.000> granle 00:50:22.630 --> 00:50:22.640 align:start position:0% Brighter areas inside each granle 00:50:22.640 --> 00:50:24.870 align:start position:0% Brighter areas inside each granle represent<00:50:23.200> fluid<00:50:23.680> of<00:50:23.920> unimaginable 00:50:24.870 --> 00:50:24.880 align:start position:0% represent fluid of unimaginable 00:50:24.880 --> 00:50:26.790 align:start position:0% represent fluid of unimaginable temperatures<00:50:25.599> rising<00:50:26.079> from<00:50:26.319> within<00:50:26.640> the 00:50:26.790 --> 00:50:26.800 align:start position:0% temperatures rising from within the 00:50:26.800 --> 00:50:29.109 align:start position:0% temperatures rising from within the sun's<00:50:27.200> upper<00:50:27.520> interior<00:50:28.400> layer<00:50:28.640> to<00:50:28.880> its 00:50:29.109 --> 00:50:29.119 align:start position:0% sun's upper interior layer to its 00:50:29.119 --> 00:50:32.230 align:start position:0% sun's upper interior layer to its surface.<00:50:30.559> Upon<00:50:30.960> reaching<00:50:31.280> this<00:50:31.520> boundary, 00:50:32.230 --> 00:50:32.240 align:start position:0% surface. Upon reaching this boundary, 00:50:32.240 --> 00:50:34.710 align:start position:0% surface. Upon reaching this boundary, the<00:50:32.480> fluid<00:50:32.880> has<00:50:33.040> nowhere<00:50:33.440> to<00:50:33.599> go<00:50:34.079> except<00:50:34.400> to 00:50:34.710 --> 00:50:34.720 align:start position:0% the fluid has nowhere to go except to 00:50:34.720 --> 00:50:37.750 align:start position:0% the fluid has nowhere to go except to spread<00:50:35.040> outwards<00:50:35.599> and<00:50:35.839> across. 00:50:37.750 --> 00:50:37.760 align:start position:0% spread outwards and across. 00:50:37.760 --> 00:50:40.309 align:start position:0% spread outwards and across. After<00:50:38.160> cooling<00:50:38.559> gradually,<00:50:39.359> the<00:50:39.599> fluid<00:50:39.920> sinks 00:50:40.309 --> 00:50:40.319 align:start position:0% After cooling gradually, the fluid sinks 00:50:40.319 --> 00:50:42.230 align:start position:0% After cooling gradually, the fluid sinks back<00:50:40.559> inwards<00:50:41.040> via<00:50:41.280> the<00:50:41.440> rough,<00:50:41.920> dark 00:50:42.230 --> 00:50:42.240 align:start position:0% back inwards via the rough, dark 00:50:42.240 --> 00:50:44.630 align:start position:0% back inwards via the rough, dark boundaries<00:50:42.800> surrounding<00:50:43.280> each<00:50:43.520> cell<00:50:44.160> before 00:50:44.630 --> 00:50:44.640 align:start position:0% boundaries surrounding each cell before 00:50:44.640 --> 00:50:47.190 align:start position:0% boundaries surrounding each cell before repeating<00:50:45.040> the<00:50:45.280> cycle.<00:50:46.400> This<00:50:46.640> process 00:50:47.190 --> 00:50:47.200 align:start position:0% repeating the cycle. This process 00:50:47.200 --> 00:50:48.790 align:start position:0% repeating the cycle. This process closely<00:50:47.680> resembles<00:50:48.079> the<00:50:48.319> convection 00:50:48.790 --> 00:50:48.800 align:start position:0% closely resembles the convection 00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:50.790 align:start position:0% closely resembles the convection currents<00:50:49.119> within<00:50:49.440> the<00:50:49.599> Earth's<00:50:50.000> mantle, 00:50:50.790 --> 00:50:50.800 align:start position:0% currents within the Earth's mantle, 00:50:50.800 --> 00:50:54.710 align:start position:0% currents within the Earth's mantle, responsible<00:50:51.440> for<00:50:51.760> driving<00:50:52.240> plate<00:50:52.559> tectonics. 00:50:54.710 --> 00:50:54.720 align:start position:0% responsible for driving plate tectonics. 00:50:54.720 --> 00:50:57.750 align:start position:0% responsible for driving plate tectonics. This<00:50:55.040> process<00:50:55.599> is<00:50:56.000> no<00:50:56.319> joke.<00:50:57.280> While<00:50:57.520> on 00:50:57.750 --> 00:50:57.760 align:start position:0% This process is no joke. While on 00:50:57.760 --> 00:50:59.910 align:start position:0% This process is no joke. While on average<00:50:58.000> it<00:50:58.240> is<00:50:58.400> estimated<00:50:58.880> that<00:50:59.119> each<00:50:59.359> granle 00:50:59.910 --> 00:50:59.920 align:start position:0% average it is estimated that each granle 00:50:59.920 --> 00:51:02.630 align:start position:0% average it is estimated that each granle lasts<00:51:00.240> for<00:51:00.400> as<00:51:00.640> little<00:51:00.800> as<00:51:01.119> 20<00:51:01.520> minutes,<00:51:02.400> the 00:51:02.630 --> 00:51:02.640 align:start position:0% lasts for as little as 20 minutes, the 00:51:02.640 --> 00:51:05.190 align:start position:0% lasts for as little as 20 minutes, the flow<00:51:02.880> within<00:51:03.200> the<00:51:03.440> cells<00:51:03.839> reaches<00:51:04.400> supersonic 00:51:05.190 --> 00:51:05.200 align:start position:0% flow within the cells reaches supersonic 00:51:05.200 --> 00:51:08.309 align:start position:0% flow within the cells reaches supersonic speeds<00:51:05.599> of<00:51:05.839> more<00:51:06.079> than<00:51:06.319> 7<00:51:06.640> km/s, 00:51:08.309 --> 00:51:08.319 align:start position:0% speeds of more than 7 km/s, 00:51:08.319 --> 00:51:10.549 align:start position:0% speeds of more than 7 km/s, generating<00:51:08.960> waves<00:51:09.359> on<00:51:09.520> the<00:51:09.680> sun's<00:51:10.000> surface 00:51:10.549 --> 00:51:10.559 align:start position:0% generating waves on the sun's surface 00:51:10.559 --> 00:51:13.270 align:start position:0% generating waves on the sun's surface due<00:51:10.880> to<00:51:11.040> sonic<00:51:11.520> booms. 00:51:13.270 --> 00:51:13.280 align:start position:0% due to sonic booms. 00:51:13.280 --> 00:51:15.990 align:start position:0% due to sonic booms. Fascinatingly,<00:51:14.400> these<00:51:14.720> granules<00:51:15.359> can<00:51:15.680> also 00:51:15.990 --> 00:51:16.000 align:start position:0% Fascinatingly, these granules can also 00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:18.309 align:start position:0% Fascinatingly, these granules can also be<00:51:16.160> seen<00:51:16.480> in<00:51:16.720> the<00:51:16.960> full<00:51:17.280> disc<00:51:17.599> view<00:51:17.839> we<00:51:18.079> saw 00:51:18.309 --> 00:51:18.319 align:start position:0% be seen in the full disc view we saw 00:51:18.319 --> 00:51:20.470 align:start position:0% be seen in the full disc view we saw earlier,<00:51:19.119> utilizing<00:51:19.520> the<00:51:19.760> same<00:51:19.920> wavelength 00:51:20.470 --> 00:51:20.480 align:start position:0% earlier, utilizing the same wavelength 00:51:20.480 --> 00:51:22.950 align:start position:0% earlier, utilizing the same wavelength of<00:51:20.640> visible<00:51:21.040> light.<00:51:22.079> You<00:51:22.319> may<00:51:22.480> think<00:51:22.720> this 00:51:22.950 --> 00:51:22.960 align:start position:0% of visible light. You may think this 00:51:22.960 --> 00:51:25.349 align:start position:0% of visible light. You may think this image<00:51:23.359> looks<00:51:23.680> quite<00:51:23.920> grainy<00:51:24.400> for<00:51:24.640> such<00:51:24.800> a<00:51:25.040> high 00:51:25.349 --> 00:51:25.359 align:start position:0% image looks quite grainy for such a high 00:51:25.359 --> 00:51:28.150 align:start position:0% image looks quite grainy for such a high tech<00:51:25.760> space<00:51:26.079> probe,<00:51:26.960> and<00:51:27.119> you're<00:51:27.359> right,<00:51:27.920> it 00:51:28.150 --> 00:51:28.160 align:start position:0% tech space probe, and you're right, it 00:51:28.160 --> 00:51:30.790 align:start position:0% tech space probe, and you're right, it does.<00:51:29.040> But<00:51:29.200> that<00:51:29.440> graininess<00:51:30.240> is<00:51:30.480> the 00:51:30.790 --> 00:51:30.800 align:start position:0% does. But that graininess is the 00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:33.589 align:start position:0% does. But that graininess is the granules<00:51:31.359> on<00:51:31.599> the<00:51:31.760> photosphere<00:51:32.400> of<00:51:32.559> the<00:51:32.720> sun, 00:51:33.589 --> 00:51:33.599 align:start position:0% granules on the photosphere of the sun, 00:51:33.599 --> 00:51:36.230 align:start position:0% granules on the photosphere of the sun, not<00:51:33.920> a<00:51:34.160> processing<00:51:34.720> effect<00:51:35.119> or<00:51:35.520> excess<00:51:35.920> noise 00:51:36.230 --> 00:51:36.240 align:start position:0% not a processing effect or excess noise 00:51:36.240 --> 00:51:40.790 align:start position:0% not a processing effect or excess noise in<00:51:36.400> the<00:51:36.559> image. 00:51:40.790 --> 00:51:40.800 align:start position:0% 00:51:40.800 --> 00:51:44.790 align:start position:0% And<00:51:41.839> that's<00:51:42.240> it.<00:51:43.359> Sadly,<00:51:43.839> our<00:51:44.160> journey<00:51:44.480> ends 00:51:44.790 --> 00:51:44.800 align:start position:0% And that's it. Sadly, our journey ends 00:51:44.800 --> 00:51:47.270 align:start position:0% And that's it. Sadly, our journey ends here<00:51:45.520> as<00:51:45.839> scientists<00:51:46.319> have<00:51:46.559> not<00:51:46.800> yet<00:51:47.040> figured 00:51:47.270 --> 00:51:47.280 align:start position:0% here as scientists have not yet figured 00:51:47.280 --> 00:51:49.430 align:start position:0% here as scientists have not yet figured out<00:51:47.440> how<00:51:47.680> to<00:51:47.760> image<00:51:48.079> deeper<00:51:48.480> into<00:51:48.720> the<00:51:48.880> sun 00:51:49.430 --> 00:51:49.440 align:start position:0% out how to image deeper into the sun 00:51:49.440 --> 00:51:51.750 align:start position:0% out how to image deeper into the sun using<00:51:49.760> either<00:51:50.079> visible<00:51:50.720> or<00:51:51.119> non-visible 00:51:51.750 --> 00:51:51.760 align:start position:0% using either visible or non-visible 00:51:51.760 --> 00:51:54.870 align:start position:0% using either visible or non-visible light.<00:51:52.960> Much<00:51:53.280> of<00:51:53.440> what<00:51:53.680> lies<00:51:54.079> beyond<00:51:54.480> this 00:51:54.870 --> 00:51:54.880 align:start position:0% light. Much of what lies beyond this 00:51:54.880 --> 00:51:58.150 align:start position:0% light. Much of what lies beyond this layer<00:51:55.280> remains<00:51:55.680> shrouded<00:51:56.319> in<00:51:56.640> mystery.<00:51:58.000> But 00:51:58.150 --> 00:51:58.160 align:start position:0% layer remains shrouded in mystery. But 00:51:58.160 --> 00:52:00.309 align:start position:0% layer remains shrouded in mystery. But we<00:51:58.400> can<00:51:58.640> see<00:51:58.800> the<00:51:59.040> benefits<00:51:59.440> of<00:51:59.680> using<00:52:00.000> light 00:52:00.309 --> 00:52:00.319 align:start position:0% we can see the benefits of using light 00:52:00.319 --> 00:52:02.549 align:start position:0% we can see the benefits of using light of<00:52:00.640> all<00:52:00.960> different<00:52:01.280> spectrums<00:52:01.760> in<00:52:02.000> our<00:52:02.319> study 00:52:02.549 --> 00:52:02.559 align:start position:0% of all different spectrums in our study 00:52:02.559 --> 00:52:04.790 align:start position:0% of all different spectrums in our study of<00:52:02.720> the<00:52:02.880> sun.<00:52:03.520> They<00:52:03.839> help<00:52:04.000> us<00:52:04.240> observe 00:52:04.790 --> 00:52:04.800 align:start position:0% of the sun. They help us observe 00:52:04.800 --> 00:52:07.589 align:start position:0% of the sun. They help us observe exploding<00:52:05.359> solar<00:52:05.760> flares,<00:52:06.640> vast<00:52:07.119> chronal 00:52:07.589 --> 00:52:07.599 align:start position:0% exploding solar flares, vast chronal 00:52:07.599 --> 00:52:11.430 align:start position:0% exploding solar flares, vast chronal holes,<00:52:08.640> swaying<00:52:09.280> spicules,<00:52:10.720> intriguing 00:52:11.430 --> 00:52:11.440 align:start position:0% holes, swaying spicules, intriguing 00:52:11.440 --> 00:52:14.710 align:start position:0% holes, swaying spicules, intriguing sunspots,<00:52:12.559> and<00:52:12.880> shape-shifting<00:52:13.760> cells,<00:52:14.480> just 00:52:14.710 --> 00:52:14.720 align:start position:0% sunspots, and shape-shifting cells, just 00:52:14.720 --> 00:52:18.230 align:start position:0% sunspots, and shape-shifting cells, just to<00:52:14.960> name<00:52:15.119> a<00:52:15.359> few,<00:52:15.920> in<00:52:16.240> completely<00:52:16.800> new<00:52:17.119> ways. 00:52:18.230 --> 00:52:18.240 align:start position:0% to name a few, in completely new ways. 00:52:18.240 --> 00:52:21.349 align:start position:0% to name a few, in completely new ways. The<00:52:18.480> sun<00:52:18.800> is<00:52:18.960> a<00:52:19.119> buzz<00:52:19.599> with<00:52:19.920> lively<00:52:20.480> activity. 00:52:21.349 --> 00:52:21.359 align:start position:0% The sun is a buzz with lively activity. 00:52:21.359 --> 00:52:23.510 align:start position:0% The sun is a buzz with lively activity. And<00:52:21.599> so<00:52:21.839> much<00:52:22.000> of<00:52:22.160> it<00:52:22.400> would<00:52:22.720> be<00:52:22.880> invisible<00:52:23.359> to 00:52:23.510 --> 00:52:23.520 align:start position:0% And so much of it would be invisible to 00:52:23.520 --> 00:52:26.549 align:start position:0% And so much of it would be invisible to us<00:52:24.319> were<00:52:24.640> it<00:52:24.800> not<00:52:25.200> for<00:52:25.520> these<00:52:25.920> imaging 00:52:26.549 --> 00:52:26.559 align:start position:0% us were it not for these imaging 00:52:26.559 --> 00:52:28.309 align:start position:0% us were it not for these imaging techniques. 00:52:28.309 --> 00:52:28.319 align:start position:0% techniques. 00:52:28.319 --> 00:52:30.470 align:start position:0% techniques. Maybe<00:52:28.640> one<00:52:28.880> day<00:52:29.119> we'll<00:52:29.520> find<00:52:29.760> ways<00:52:30.079> to<00:52:30.240> see 00:52:30.470 --> 00:52:30.480 align:start position:0% Maybe one day we'll find ways to see 00:52:30.480 --> 00:52:32.790 align:start position:0% Maybe one day we'll find ways to see deeper<00:52:31.280> using<00:52:31.680> techniques<00:52:32.079> we<00:52:32.319> can<00:52:32.480> barely 00:52:32.790 --> 00:52:32.800 align:start position:0% deeper using techniques we can barely 00:52:32.800 --> 00:52:34.790 align:start position:0% deeper using techniques we can barely dream<00:52:32.960> of<00:52:33.200> currently,<00:52:34.079> just<00:52:34.319> like<00:52:34.559> those 00:52:34.790 --> 00:52:34.800 align:start position:0% dream of currently, just like those 00:52:34.800 --> 00:52:37.190 align:start position:0% dream of currently, just like those ancient<00:52:35.280> generations<00:52:35.839> of<00:52:36.000> humans<00:52:36.400> long<00:52:36.640> ago 00:52:37.190 --> 00:52:37.200 align:start position:0% ancient generations of humans long ago 00:52:37.200 --> 00:52:39.030 align:start position:0% ancient generations of humans long ago could<00:52:37.440> hardly<00:52:37.760> dream<00:52:38.000> of<00:52:38.160> the<00:52:38.319> methods<00:52:38.640> we're 00:52:39.030 --> 00:52:39.040 align:start position:0% could hardly dream of the methods we're 00:52:39.040 --> 00:52:42.150 align:start position:0% could hardly dream of the methods we're utilizing<00:52:39.440> these<00:52:39.839> days.<00:52:40.800> But<00:52:41.040> for<00:52:41.200> now,<00:52:41.839> just 00:52:42.150 --> 00:52:42.160 align:start position:0% utilizing these days. But for now, just 00:52:42.160 --> 00:52:44.390 align:start position:0% utilizing these days. But for now, just knowing<00:52:42.400> there<00:52:42.640> is<00:52:42.800> so<00:52:43.040> much<00:52:43.280> going<00:52:43.440> on<00:52:43.839> unseen 00:52:44.390 --> 00:52:44.400 align:start position:0% knowing there is so much going on unseen 00:52:44.400 --> 00:52:46.470 align:start position:0% knowing there is so much going on unseen in<00:52:44.559> the<00:52:44.720> universe,<00:52:45.520> and<00:52:45.680> knowing<00:52:46.000> we<00:52:46.240> have<00:52:46.319> the 00:52:46.470 --> 00:52:46.480 align:start position:0% in the universe, and knowing we have the 00:52:46.480 --> 00:52:48.790 align:start position:0% in the universe, and knowing we have the means<00:52:46.720> to<00:52:46.960> uncover<00:52:47.359> it<00:52:48.000> fills<00:52:48.400> me<00:52:48.559> with 00:52:48.790 --> 00:52:48.800 align:start position:0% means to uncover it fills me with 00:52:48.800 --> 00:52:52.230 align:start position:0% means to uncover it fills me with excitement<00:52:49.440> and<00:52:49.760> curiosity.<00:52:51.119> Who<00:52:51.359> knows<00:52:51.839> what 00:52:52.230 --> 00:52:52.240 align:start position:0% excitement and curiosity. Who knows what 00:52:52.240 --> 00:52:54.309 align:start position:0% excitement and curiosity. Who knows what else<00:52:52.480> might<00:52:52.720> be<00:52:52.800> out<00:52:53.040> there<00:52:53.520> waiting<00:52:53.920> to<00:52:54.160> be 00:52:54.309 --> 00:52:54.319 align:start position:0% else might be out there waiting to be 00:52:54.319 --> 00:52:58.549 align:start position:0% else might be out there waiting to be found? 00:52:58.549 --> 00:52:58.559 align:start position:0% 00:52:58.559 --> 00:53:02.790 align:start position:0% Supernova<00:52:59.920> are<00:53:00.319> full<00:53:00.559> of<00:53:00.720> mystery.<00:53:02.079> We<00:53:02.400> still 00:53:02.790 --> 00:53:02.800 align:start position:0% Supernova are full of mystery. We still 00:53:02.800 --> 00:53:05.430 align:start position:0% Supernova are full of mystery. We still don't<00:53:03.119> fully<00:53:03.680> understand<00:53:04.559> what<00:53:04.880> makes<00:53:05.119> them 00:53:05.430 --> 00:53:05.440 align:start position:0% don't fully understand what makes them 00:53:05.440 --> 00:53:08.390 align:start position:0% don't fully understand what makes them explode.<00:53:06.880> That's<00:53:07.119> partly<00:53:07.520> because<00:53:07.920> they're 00:53:08.390 --> 00:53:08.400 align:start position:0% explode. That's partly because they're 00:53:08.400 --> 00:53:10.710 align:start position:0% explode. That's partly because they're impossible<00:53:08.960> to<00:53:09.200> predict.<00:53:10.000> We<00:53:10.160> know<00:53:10.319> what<00:53:10.559> type 00:53:10.710 --> 00:53:10.720 align:start position:0% impossible to predict. We know what type 00:53:10.720 --> 00:53:14.069 align:start position:0% impossible to predict. We know what type of<00:53:10.960> star<00:53:11.359> is<00:53:11.680> said<00:53:11.920> to<00:53:12.079> detonate,<00:53:13.040> but<00:53:13.440> have<00:53:13.760> no 00:53:14.069 --> 00:53:14.079 align:start position:0% of star is said to detonate, but have no 00:53:14.079 --> 00:53:17.829 align:start position:0% of star is said to detonate, but have no way<00:53:14.240> of<00:53:14.559> knowing<00:53:15.200> exactly<00:53:15.839> when.<00:53:17.280> In<00:53:17.440> fact, 00:53:17.829 --> 00:53:17.839 align:start position:0% way of knowing exactly when. In fact, 00:53:17.839 --> 00:53:19.510 align:start position:0% way of knowing exactly when. In fact, most<00:53:18.079> of<00:53:18.160> the<00:53:18.319> data<00:53:18.640> we<00:53:18.880> have<00:53:19.040> about<00:53:19.200> these 00:53:19.510 --> 00:53:19.520 align:start position:0% most of the data we have about these 00:53:19.520 --> 00:53:21.990 align:start position:0% most of the data we have about these spectacular<00:53:20.240> events<00:53:21.040> comes<00:53:21.359> from<00:53:21.599> studying 00:53:21.990 --> 00:53:22.000 align:start position:0% spectacular events comes from studying 00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:24.950 align:start position:0% spectacular events comes from studying their<00:53:22.319> remnants.<00:53:23.280> in<00:53:23.520> many<00:53:23.760> cases<00:53:24.160> hundreds 00:53:24.950 --> 00:53:24.960 align:start position:0% their remnants. in many cases hundreds 00:53:24.960 --> 00:53:27.750 align:start position:0% their remnants. in many cases hundreds if<00:53:25.200> not<00:53:25.520> thousands<00:53:26.000> of<00:53:26.240> years<00:53:26.800> after<00:53:27.359> they 00:53:27.750 --> 00:53:27.760 align:start position:0% if not thousands of years after they 00:53:27.760 --> 00:53:31.589 align:start position:0% if not thousands of years after they began.<00:53:29.200> That<00:53:29.440> or<00:53:29.760> a<00:53:30.160> stroke<00:53:30.559> of<00:53:30.720> dumb<00:53:31.040> luck 00:53:31.589 --> 00:53:31.599 align:start position:0% began. That or a stroke of dumb luck 00:53:31.599 --> 00:53:33.670 align:start position:0% began. That or a stroke of dumb luck where<00:53:31.839> we<00:53:32.160> just<00:53:32.480> happened<00:53:32.720> to<00:53:32.960> be<00:53:33.119> looking<00:53:33.359> in 00:53:33.670 --> 00:53:33.680 align:start position:0% where we just happened to be looking in 00:53:33.680 --> 00:53:36.870 align:start position:0% where we just happened to be looking in the<00:53:33.839> right<00:53:34.000> direction<00:53:34.720> at<00:53:35.040> the<00:53:35.200> right<00:53:35.440> time. 00:53:36.870 --> 00:53:36.880 align:start position:0% the right direction at the right time. 00:53:36.880 --> 00:53:40.630 align:start position:0% the right direction at the right time. But<00:53:37.119> earlier<00:53:37.599> last<00:53:37.920> year,<00:53:38.960> this<00:53:39.280> changed.<00:53:40.240> We 00:53:40.630 --> 00:53:40.640 align:start position:0% But earlier last year, this changed. We 00:53:40.640 --> 00:53:43.349 align:start position:0% But earlier last year, this changed. We finally<00:53:41.200> captured<00:53:41.680> a<00:53:41.920> supernova<00:53:42.640> as<00:53:42.960> it<00:53:43.119> was 00:53:43.349 --> 00:53:43.359 align:start position:0% finally captured a supernova as it was 00:53:43.359 --> 00:53:47.910 align:start position:0% finally captured a supernova as it was exploding<00:53:44.480> and<00:53:45.440> on<00:53:45.839> purpose,<00:53:47.280> finding<00:53:47.680> it 00:53:47.910 --> 00:53:47.920 align:start position:0% exploding and on purpose, finding it 00:53:47.920 --> 00:53:50.470 align:start position:0% exploding and on purpose, finding it just<00:53:48.240> hours<00:53:48.640> after<00:53:48.960> it<00:53:49.119> began.<00:53:49.839> This<00:53:50.079> is<00:53:50.240> one 00:53:50.470 --> 00:53:50.480 align:start position:0% just hours after it began. This is one 00:53:50.480 --> 00:53:52.710 align:start position:0% just hours after it began. This is one of<00:53:50.559> the<00:53:50.800> earliest<00:53:51.280> detections<00:53:52.000> we've<00:53:52.400> ever 00:53:52.710 --> 00:53:52.720 align:start position:0% of the earliest detections we've ever 00:53:52.720 --> 00:53:55.030 align:start position:0% of the earliest detections we've ever made,<00:53:53.440> and<00:53:53.599> it's<00:53:53.839> shown<00:53:54.079> us<00:53:54.319> something<00:53:54.640> we've 00:53:55.030 --> 00:53:55.040 align:start position:0% made, and it's shown us something we've 00:53:55.040 --> 00:53:57.990 align:start position:0% made, and it's shown us something we've never<00:53:55.200> seen<00:53:55.520> before.<00:53:56.720> The<00:53:57.040> shape<00:53:57.520> of<00:53:57.760> the 00:53:57.990 --> 00:53:58.000 align:start position:0% never seen before. The shape of the 00:53:58.000 --> 00:54:00.630 align:start position:0% never seen before. The shape of the explosion.<00:53:59.359> It<00:53:59.599> might<00:53:59.760> sound<00:54:00.079> like<00:54:00.319> an 00:54:00.630 --> 00:54:00.640 align:start position:0% explosion. It might sound like an 00:54:00.640 --> 00:54:03.030 align:start position:0% explosion. It might sound like an unusual<00:54:01.200> thing<00:54:01.359> to<00:54:01.599> get<00:54:01.760> excited<00:54:02.079> about,<00:54:02.800> but 00:54:03.030 --> 00:54:03.040 align:start position:0% unusual thing to get excited about, but 00:54:03.040 --> 00:54:05.030 align:start position:0% unusual thing to get excited about, but this<00:54:03.280> discovery<00:54:03.839> has<00:54:04.000> the<00:54:04.240> power<00:54:04.480> to<00:54:04.640> unlock 00:54:05.030 --> 00:54:05.040 align:start position:0% this discovery has the power to unlock 00:54:05.040 --> 00:54:07.430 align:start position:0% this discovery has the power to unlock the<00:54:05.280> inner<00:54:05.599> workings<00:54:05.920> of<00:54:06.160> exploding<00:54:06.720> stars 00:54:07.430 --> 00:54:07.440 align:start position:0% the inner workings of exploding stars 00:54:07.440 --> 00:54:10.549 align:start position:0% the inner workings of exploding stars and<00:54:07.760> answer<00:54:08.240> centuries<00:54:08.880> old<00:54:09.280> conundrums. 00:54:10.549 --> 00:54:10.559 align:start position:0% and answer centuries old conundrums. 00:54:10.559 --> 00:54:13.109 align:start position:0% and answer centuries old conundrums. What<00:54:10.880> are<00:54:11.119> the<00:54:11.440> mysterious<00:54:12.160> mechanisms<00:54:12.800> that 00:54:13.109 --> 00:54:13.119 align:start position:0% What are the mysterious mechanisms that 00:54:13.119 --> 00:54:16.549 align:start position:0% What are the mysterious mechanisms that drive<00:54:13.520> a<00:54:13.760> supernova?<00:54:15.040> How<00:54:15.440> does<00:54:15.839> a<00:54:16.160> core 00:54:16.549 --> 00:54:16.559 align:start position:0% drive a supernova? How does a core 00:54:16.559 --> 00:54:19.510 align:start position:0% drive a supernova? How does a core collapse<00:54:17.040> inward<00:54:17.839> then<00:54:18.400> suddenly<00:54:19.040> explode 00:54:19.510 --> 00:54:19.520 align:start position:0% collapse inward then suddenly explode 00:54:19.520 --> 00:54:24.230 align:start position:0% collapse inward then suddenly explode outward?<00:54:20.480> And<00:54:20.720> why<00:54:21.119> do<00:54:21.440> some<00:54:21.680> supernova<00:54:22.800> fail? 00:54:24.230 --> 00:54:24.240 align:start position:0% outward? And why do some supernova fail? 00:54:24.240 --> 00:54:26.069 align:start position:0% outward? And why do some supernova fail? Thanks<00:54:24.559> to<00:54:24.720> new<00:54:24.880> data<00:54:25.200> from<00:54:25.359> the<00:54:25.520> Atlas 00:54:26.069 --> 00:54:26.079 align:start position:0% Thanks to new data from the Atlas 00:54:26.079 --> 00:54:29.510 align:start position:0% Thanks to new data from the Atlas survey,<00:54:26.880> we're<00:54:27.200> edging<00:54:27.680> closer<00:54:28.079> to<00:54:28.319> answers. 00:54:29.510 --> 00:54:29.520 align:start position:0% survey, we're edging closer to answers. 00:54:29.520 --> 00:54:31.349 align:start position:0% survey, we're edging closer to answers. I'm<00:54:29.760> Alex<00:54:30.160> Mccoan<00:54:30.720> and<00:54:30.880> you're<00:54:31.119> watching 00:54:31.349 --> 00:54:31.359 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:54:31.359 --> 00:54:34.069 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astro.<00:54:32.160> Join<00:54:32.480> me<00:54:32.640> today<00:54:32.800> as<00:54:33.040> we<00:54:33.280> watch<00:54:33.440> a<00:54:33.760> star 00:54:34.069 --> 00:54:34.079 align:start position:0% Astro. Join me today as we watch a star 00:54:34.079 --> 00:54:37.030 align:start position:0% Astro. Join me today as we watch a star explode<00:54:34.720> in<00:54:34.960> real<00:54:35.280> time,<00:54:36.160> decode<00:54:36.640> the<00:54:36.800> shape 00:54:37.030 --> 00:54:37.040 align:start position:0% explode in real time, decode the shape 00:54:37.040 --> 00:54:39.990 align:start position:0% explode in real time, decode the shape of<00:54:37.200> its<00:54:37.440> blast,<00:54:38.160> and<00:54:38.400> find<00:54:38.640> out<00:54:38.960> what<00:54:39.520> really 00:54:39.990 --> 00:54:40.000 align:start position:0% of its blast, and find out what really 00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:42.630 align:start position:0% of its blast, and find out what really happens<00:54:40.480> in<00:54:40.800> those<00:54:41.119> critical<00:54:41.680> seconds<00:54:42.319> before 00:54:42.630 --> 00:54:42.640 align:start position:0% happens in those critical seconds before 00:54:42.640 --> 00:54:47.190 align:start position:0% happens in those critical seconds before a<00:54:42.880> star<00:54:43.599> rips<00:54:44.000> itself<00:54:44.400> apart. 00:54:47.190 --> 00:54:47.200 align:start position:0% a star rips itself apart. 00:54:47.200 --> 00:54:50.069 align:start position:0% a star rips itself apart. On<00:54:47.440> the<00:54:47.599> night<00:54:47.839> of<00:54:48.000> the<00:54:48.160> 10th<00:54:48.480> of<00:54:48.640> April<00:54:49.040> 2024, 00:54:50.069 --> 00:54:50.079 align:start position:0% On the night of the 10th of April 2024, 00:54:50.079 --> 00:54:51.990 align:start position:0% On the night of the 10th of April 2024, the<00:54:50.319> Atlas<00:54:50.720> survey<00:54:51.040> was<00:54:51.280> conducting<00:54:51.680> a 00:54:51.990 --> 00:54:52.000 align:start position:0% the Atlas survey was conducting a 00:54:52.000 --> 00:54:55.109 align:start position:0% the Atlas survey was conducting a routine<00:54:52.480> sweep<00:54:52.880> of<00:54:53.040> the<00:54:53.200> cosmos.<00:54:54.400> It<00:54:54.640> consists 00:54:55.109 --> 00:54:55.119 align:start position:0% routine sweep of the cosmos. It consists 00:54:55.119 --> 00:54:57.990 align:start position:0% routine sweep of the cosmos. It consists of<00:54:55.440> four<00:54:56.079> wide<00:54:56.480> field<00:54:56.800> telescopes<00:54:57.520> positioned 00:54:57.990 --> 00:54:58.000 align:start position:0% of four wide field telescopes positioned 00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:00.710 align:start position:0% of four wide field telescopes positioned around<00:54:58.240> the<00:54:58.480> globe<00:54:58.960> in<00:54:59.280> South<00:54:59.520> Africa,<00:55:00.160> Chile, 00:55:00.710 --> 00:55:00.720 align:start position:0% around the globe in South Africa, Chile, 00:55:00.720 --> 00:55:03.430 align:start position:0% around the globe in South Africa, Chile, and<00:55:00.960> two<00:55:01.200> in<00:55:01.440> Hawaii.<00:55:02.400> Together,<00:55:02.880> they 00:55:03.430 --> 00:55:03.440 align:start position:0% and two in Hawaii. Together, they 00:55:03.440 --> 00:55:06.150 align:start position:0% and two in Hawaii. Together, they systematically<00:55:04.400> scan<00:55:04.720> the<00:55:04.960> entire<00:55:05.440> night<00:55:05.760> sky 00:55:06.150 --> 00:55:06.160 align:start position:0% systematically scan the entire night sky 00:55:06.160 --> 00:55:09.750 align:start position:0% systematically scan the entire night sky every<00:55:06.559> 48<00:55:07.119> hours,<00:55:07.839> imaging<00:55:08.400> each<00:55:08.720> region<00:55:09.440> four 00:55:09.750 --> 00:55:09.760 align:start position:0% every 48 hours, imaging each region four 00:55:09.760 --> 00:55:13.430 align:start position:0% every 48 hours, imaging each region four times<00:55:10.160> in<00:55:10.400> that<00:55:10.559> window.<00:55:12.000> This<00:55:12.400> rapid<00:55:12.960> revisit 00:55:13.430 --> 00:55:13.440 align:start position:0% times in that window. This rapid revisit 00:55:13.440 --> 00:55:15.990 align:start position:0% times in that window. This rapid revisit time<00:55:13.920> helps<00:55:14.240> catch<00:55:14.720> fastmoving<00:55:15.280> events<00:55:15.680> as 00:55:15.990 --> 00:55:16.000 align:start position:0% time helps catch fastmoving events as 00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:19.349 align:start position:0% time helps catch fastmoving events as they<00:55:16.240> happen.<00:55:16.960> And<00:55:17.119> at<00:55:17.520> 3:21<00:55:18.480> a.m.<00:55:18.880> on<00:55:19.119> the 00:55:19.349 --> 00:55:19.359 align:start position:0% they happen. And at 3:21 a.m. on the 00:55:19.359 --> 00:55:21.589 align:start position:0% they happen. And at 3:21 a.m. on the 11th<00:55:19.760> of<00:55:19.920> April,<00:55:20.640> that's<00:55:20.880> exactly<00:55:21.280> what 00:55:21.589 --> 00:55:21.599 align:start position:0% 11th of April, that's exactly what 00:55:21.599 --> 00:55:23.910 align:start position:0% 11th of April, that's exactly what happened.<00:55:22.400> Atlas<00:55:22.880> detected<00:55:23.520> something 00:55:23.910 --> 00:55:23.920 align:start position:0% happened. Atlas detected something 00:55:23.920 --> 00:55:27.589 align:start position:0% happened. Atlas detected something unusual.<00:55:25.200> A<00:55:25.520> single<00:55:26.079> point<00:55:26.400> in<00:55:26.640> the<00:55:26.880> sky 00:55:27.589 --> 00:55:27.599 align:start position:0% unusual. A single point in the sky 00:55:27.599 --> 00:55:29.829 align:start position:0% unusual. A single point in the sky brightening<00:55:28.240> dramatically<00:55:29.280> over<00:55:29.599> the 00:55:29.829 --> 00:55:29.839 align:start position:0% brightening dramatically over the 00:55:29.839 --> 00:55:33.109 align:start position:0% brightening dramatically over the previous<00:55:30.240> 5.8<00:55:30.960> hours.<00:55:32.240> Immediately,<00:55:32.800> this 00:55:33.109 --> 00:55:33.119 align:start position:0% previous 5.8 hours. Immediately, this 00:55:33.119 --> 00:55:35.030 align:start position:0% previous 5.8 hours. Immediately, this reading<00:55:33.599> triggered<00:55:34.079> the<00:55:34.319> telescope's 00:55:35.030 --> 00:55:35.040 align:start position:0% reading triggered the telescope's 00:55:35.040 --> 00:55:37.750 align:start position:0% reading triggered the telescope's automated<00:55:35.599> alert<00:55:36.000> system.<00:55:36.800> The<00:55:37.040> news<00:55:37.280> of<00:55:37.520> the 00:55:37.750 --> 00:55:37.760 align:start position:0% automated alert system. The news of the 00:55:37.760 --> 00:55:39.349 align:start position:0% automated alert system. The news of the unknown<00:55:38.240> transient<00:55:38.800> spread<00:55:39.119> to<00:55:39.200> the 00:55:39.349 --> 00:55:39.359 align:start position:0% unknown transient spread to the 00:55:39.359 --> 00:55:41.750 align:start position:0% unknown transient spread to the astronomical<00:55:40.079> community<00:55:40.480> across<00:55:40.880> the<00:55:41.119> world, 00:55:41.750 --> 00:55:41.760 align:start position:0% astronomical community across the world, 00:55:41.760 --> 00:55:44.309 align:start position:0% astronomical community across the world, who<00:55:42.240> quickly<00:55:42.720> got<00:55:42.960> to<00:55:43.200> work<00:55:43.520> deciphering<00:55:44.160> what 00:55:44.309 --> 00:55:44.319 align:start position:0% who quickly got to work deciphering what 00:55:44.319 --> 00:55:48.069 align:start position:0% who quickly got to work deciphering what it<00:55:44.480> could<00:55:44.640> mean.<00:55:45.599> 23.8<00:55:46.640> 8<00:55:47.359> million<00:55:47.760> lighty 00:55:48.069 --> 00:55:48.079 align:start position:0% it could mean. 23.8 8 million lighty 00:55:48.079 --> 00:55:52.870 align:start position:0% it could mean. 23.8 8 million lighty years<00:55:48.319> away<00:55:49.040> in<00:55:49.280> the<00:55:49.440> spiral<00:55:49.839> galaxy<00:55:50.400> NGC<00:55:51.280> 3621 00:55:52.870 --> 00:55:52.880 align:start position:0% years away in the spiral galaxy NGC 3621 00:55:52.880 --> 00:55:56.789 align:start position:0% years away in the spiral galaxy NGC 3621 a<00:55:53.119> star<00:55:53.839> had<00:55:54.160> just<00:55:54.640> died.<00:55:55.680> What<00:55:55.920> Atlas<00:55:56.400> caught 00:55:56.789 --> 00:55:56.799 align:start position:0% a star had just died. What Atlas caught 00:55:56.799 --> 00:56:00.309 align:start position:0% a star had just died. What Atlas caught was<00:55:57.040> a<00:55:57.280> type<00:55:57.760> 2<00:55:58.240> supernova<00:55:59.359> right<00:55:59.760> as<00:56:00.079> it 00:56:00.309 --> 00:56:00.319 align:start position:0% was a type 2 supernova right as it 00:56:00.319 --> 00:56:03.910 align:start position:0% was a type 2 supernova right as it happened.<00:56:01.680> Yiang<00:56:02.559> from<00:56:02.880> the<00:56:03.280> Chinua 00:56:03.910 --> 00:56:03.920 align:start position:0% happened. Yiang from the Chinua 00:56:03.920 --> 00:56:06.630 align:start position:0% happened. Yiang from the Chinua University<00:56:04.400> in<00:56:04.640> Beijing<00:56:05.280> and<00:56:05.520> his<00:56:05.760> colleagues 00:56:06.630 --> 00:56:06.640 align:start position:0% University in Beijing and his colleagues 00:56:06.640 --> 00:56:09.030 align:start position:0% University in Beijing and his colleagues knew<00:56:06.960> what<00:56:07.200> this<00:56:07.520> meant.<00:56:08.400> It<00:56:08.640> was<00:56:08.720> their 00:56:09.030 --> 00:56:09.040 align:start position:0% knew what this meant. It was their 00:56:09.040 --> 00:56:11.589 align:start position:0% knew what this meant. It was their chance<00:56:09.280> to<00:56:09.520> see<00:56:09.839> for<00:56:10.079> the<00:56:10.319> first<00:56:10.559> time<00:56:11.200> the 00:56:11.589 --> 00:56:11.599 align:start position:0% chance to see for the first time the 00:56:11.599 --> 00:56:14.150 align:start position:0% chance to see for the first time the true<00:56:12.000> shape<00:56:12.319> of<00:56:12.400> a<00:56:12.640> supernova<00:56:13.280> explosion<00:56:13.839> in 00:56:14.150 --> 00:56:14.160 align:start position:0% true shape of a supernova explosion in 00:56:14.160 --> 00:56:17.349 align:start position:0% true shape of a supernova explosion in real<00:56:14.480> time.<00:56:15.680> But<00:56:16.000> they<00:56:16.319> had<00:56:16.640> no<00:56:16.960> time<00:56:17.119> to 00:56:17.349 --> 00:56:17.359 align:start position:0% real time. But they had no time to 00:56:17.359 --> 00:56:19.990 align:start position:0% real time. But they had no time to waste.<00:56:18.319> In<00:56:18.559> addition<00:56:18.799> to<00:56:19.119> being<00:56:19.440> impossible 00:56:19.990 --> 00:56:20.000 align:start position:0% waste. In addition to being impossible 00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:22.470 align:start position:0% waste. In addition to being impossible to<00:56:20.240> predict,<00:56:21.040> the<00:56:21.280> initial<00:56:21.680> breakout<00:56:22.160> period 00:56:22.470 --> 00:56:22.480 align:start position:0% to predict, the initial breakout period 00:56:22.480 --> 00:56:24.950 align:start position:0% to predict, the initial breakout period of<00:56:22.640> a<00:56:22.799> supernova<00:56:23.359> explosion<00:56:23.920> is<00:56:24.240> incredibly 00:56:24.950 --> 00:56:24.960 align:start position:0% of a supernova explosion is incredibly 00:56:24.960 --> 00:56:27.589 align:start position:0% of a supernova explosion is incredibly short-lived.<00:56:26.000> Once<00:56:26.240> they<00:56:26.480> go<00:56:26.640> off,<00:56:27.200> their 00:56:27.589 --> 00:56:27.599 align:start position:0% short-lived. Once they go off, their 00:56:27.599 --> 00:56:29.670 align:start position:0% short-lived. Once they go off, their original<00:56:28.079> geometry<00:56:28.640> remains<00:56:29.040> intact<00:56:29.440> for 00:56:29.670 --> 00:56:29.680 align:start position:0% original geometry remains intact for 00:56:29.680 --> 00:56:32.789 align:start position:0% original geometry remains intact for just<00:56:30.160> hours.<00:56:31.440> After<00:56:31.760> that,<00:56:32.079> the<00:56:32.240> ejected 00:56:32.789 --> 00:56:32.799 align:start position:0% just hours. After that, the ejected 00:56:32.799 --> 00:56:35.030 align:start position:0% just hours. After that, the ejected material<00:56:33.359> crashes<00:56:33.839> into<00:56:34.240> surrounding<00:56:34.720> gas 00:56:35.030 --> 00:56:35.040 align:start position:0% material crashes into surrounding gas 00:56:35.040 --> 00:56:37.589 align:start position:0% material crashes into surrounding gas and<00:56:35.280> dust,<00:56:36.000> warping<00:56:36.640> and<00:56:36.880> obscuring<00:56:37.440> the 00:56:37.589 --> 00:56:37.599 align:start position:0% and dust, warping and obscuring the 00:56:37.599 --> 00:56:40.069 align:start position:0% and dust, warping and obscuring the blast's<00:56:38.160> original<00:56:38.559> shape.<00:56:39.359> The<00:56:39.599> pristine 00:56:40.069 --> 00:56:40.079 align:start position:0% blast's original shape. The pristine 00:56:40.079 --> 00:56:41.990 align:start position:0% blast's original shape. The pristine fingerprint<00:56:40.559> of<00:56:40.720> the<00:56:40.880> core<00:56:41.119> collapse,<00:56:41.839> the 00:56:41.990 --> 00:56:42.000 align:start position:0% fingerprint of the core collapse, the 00:56:42.000 --> 00:56:43.829 align:start position:0% fingerprint of the core collapse, the very<00:56:42.240> thing<00:56:42.400> needed<00:56:42.799> to<00:56:42.960> understand<00:56:43.440> how 00:56:43.829 --> 00:56:43.839 align:start position:0% very thing needed to understand how 00:56:43.839 --> 00:56:46.390 align:start position:0% very thing needed to understand how massive<00:56:44.319> stars<00:56:44.720> die,<00:56:45.599> would<00:56:45.920> be<00:56:46.079> gone 00:56:46.390 --> 00:56:46.400 align:start position:0% massive stars die, would be gone 00:56:46.400 --> 00:56:49.589 align:start position:0% massive stars die, would be gone forever.<00:56:47.680> So<00:56:47.920> to<00:56:48.160> get<00:56:48.240> a<00:56:48.400> true<00:56:48.640> reading,<00:56:49.280> the 00:56:49.589 --> 00:56:49.599 align:start position:0% forever. So to get a true reading, the 00:56:49.599 --> 00:56:52.549 align:start position:0% forever. So to get a true reading, the researchers<00:56:50.160> had<00:56:50.400> to<00:56:50.640> act<00:56:50.880> fast.<00:56:52.079> While<00:56:52.319> most 00:56:52.549 --> 00:56:52.559 align:start position:0% researchers had to act fast. While most 00:56:52.559 --> 00:56:54.870 align:start position:0% researchers had to act fast. While most of<00:56:52.720> the<00:56:52.880> world<00:56:53.119> slept,<00:56:53.760> Yang<00:56:54.160> and<00:56:54.319> his<00:56:54.559> team 00:56:54.870 --> 00:56:54.880 align:start position:0% of the world slept, Yang and his team 00:56:54.880 --> 00:56:57.030 align:start position:0% of the world slept, Yang and his team worked<00:56:55.280> through<00:56:55.520> the<00:56:55.680> night,<00:56:56.240> drafting<00:56:56.799> an 00:56:57.030 --> 00:56:57.040 align:start position:0% worked through the night, drafting an 00:56:57.040 --> 00:56:58.789 align:start position:0% worked through the night, drafting an emergency<00:56:57.599> proposal<00:56:58.079> to<00:56:58.240> the<00:56:58.400> European 00:56:58.789 --> 00:56:58.799 align:start position:0% emergency proposal to the European 00:56:58.799 --> 00:57:01.349 align:start position:0% emergency proposal to the European Southern<00:56:59.119> Observatory.<00:57:00.319> They<00:57:00.880> urgently 00:57:01.349 --> 00:57:01.359 align:start position:0% Southern Observatory. They urgently 00:57:01.359 --> 00:57:03.430 align:start position:0% Southern Observatory. They urgently needed<00:57:01.760> time<00:57:02.000> on<00:57:02.319> one<00:57:02.480> of<00:57:02.559> the<00:57:02.720> most<00:57:02.960> powerful 00:57:03.430 --> 00:57:03.440 align:start position:0% needed time on one of the most powerful 00:57:03.440 --> 00:57:05.670 align:start position:0% needed time on one of the most powerful instruments<00:57:03.920> on<00:57:04.160> Earth,<00:57:04.799> the<00:57:05.040> Very<00:57:05.359> Large 00:57:05.670 --> 00:57:05.680 align:start position:0% instruments on Earth, the Very Large 00:57:05.680 --> 00:57:08.390 align:start position:0% instruments on Earth, the Very Large Telescope<00:57:06.160> in<00:57:06.400> Chile.<00:57:07.760> If<00:57:07.920> they<00:57:08.079> were<00:57:08.319> going 00:57:08.390 --> 00:57:08.400 align:start position:0% Telescope in Chile. If they were going 00:57:08.400 --> 00:57:10.789 align:start position:0% Telescope in Chile. If they were going to<00:57:08.640> measure<00:57:08.960> the<00:57:09.200> shape<00:57:09.440> of<00:57:09.599> the<00:57:09.839> explosion, 00:57:10.789 --> 00:57:10.799 align:start position:0% to measure the shape of the explosion, 00:57:10.799 --> 00:57:13.270 align:start position:0% to measure the shape of the explosion, they<00:57:11.040> had<00:57:11.280> to<00:57:11.440> start<00:57:11.680> gathering<00:57:12.240> data<00:57:12.960> right 00:57:13.270 --> 00:57:13.280 align:start position:0% they had to start gathering data right 00:57:13.280 --> 00:57:14.789 align:start position:0% they had to start gathering data right away. 00:57:14.789 --> 00:57:14.799 align:start position:0% away. 00:57:14.799 --> 00:57:17.349 align:start position:0% away. Luckily,<00:57:15.359> ESO<00:57:16.079> immediately<00:57:16.720> approved<00:57:17.200> the 00:57:17.349 --> 00:57:17.359 align:start position:0% Luckily, ESO immediately approved the 00:57:17.359 --> 00:57:19.990 align:start position:0% Luckily, ESO immediately approved the request,<00:57:18.000> and<00:57:18.240> the<00:57:18.480> VLT<00:57:19.119> swung<00:57:19.520> towards 00:57:19.990 --> 00:57:20.000 align:start position:0% request, and the VLT swung towards 00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:22.789 align:start position:0% request, and the VLT swung towards Galaxy<00:57:20.480> NGC<00:57:21.200> 3621. 00:57:22.789 --> 00:57:22.799 align:start position:0% Galaxy NGC 3621. 00:57:22.799 --> 00:57:25.190 align:start position:0% Galaxy NGC 3621. Yang<00:57:23.280> and<00:57:23.440> his<00:57:23.680> team<00:57:23.920> waited<00:57:24.559> with<00:57:24.799> their 00:57:25.190 --> 00:57:25.200 align:start position:0% Yang and his team waited with their 00:57:25.200 --> 00:57:27.430 align:start position:0% Yang and his team waited with their hearts<00:57:25.599> in<00:57:25.839> their<00:57:26.079> throats<00:57:26.480> and<00:57:26.720> their<00:57:26.960> eyes 00:57:27.430 --> 00:57:27.440 align:start position:0% hearts in their throats and their eyes 00:57:27.440 --> 00:57:30.549 align:start position:0% hearts in their throats and their eyes locked<00:57:27.839> on<00:57:28.000> their<00:57:28.240> screens.<00:57:29.440> This<00:57:29.760> was<00:57:30.240> the 00:57:30.549 --> 00:57:30.559 align:start position:0% locked on their screens. This was the 00:57:30.559 --> 00:57:33.190 align:start position:0% locked on their screens. This was the moment<00:57:30.880> of<00:57:31.200> truth.<00:57:32.160> Had<00:57:32.400> they<00:57:32.559> taken<00:57:32.960> too 00:57:33.190 --> 00:57:33.200 align:start position:0% moment of truth. Had they taken too 00:57:33.200 --> 00:57:36.150 align:start position:0% moment of truth. Had they taken too long,<00:57:33.760> would<00:57:34.000> they<00:57:34.240> get<00:57:34.480> a<00:57:34.720> pure<00:57:35.119> reading<00:57:35.520> back 00:57:36.150 --> 00:57:36.160 align:start position:0% long, would they get a pure reading back 00:57:36.160 --> 00:57:38.390 align:start position:0% long, would they get a pure reading back or<00:57:36.400> a<00:57:36.559> scrambled<00:57:37.119> mess<00:57:37.359> of<00:57:37.440> inputs<00:57:37.839> from<00:57:38.079> an 00:57:38.390 --> 00:57:38.400 align:start position:0% or a scrambled mess of inputs from an 00:57:38.400 --> 00:57:41.190 align:start position:0% or a scrambled mess of inputs from an already<00:57:38.799> warped<00:57:39.359> explosion? 00:57:41.190 --> 00:57:41.200 align:start position:0% already warped explosion? 00:57:41.200 --> 00:57:44.230 align:start position:0% already warped explosion? By<00:57:41.599> the<00:57:41.839> slimmest<00:57:42.480> of<00:57:42.799> margins,<00:57:43.760> they'd 00:57:44.230 --> 00:57:44.240 align:start position:0% By the slimmest of margins, they'd 00:57:44.240 --> 00:57:46.870 align:start position:0% By the slimmest of margins, they'd pulled<00:57:44.480> it<00:57:44.640> off.<00:57:45.599> Precious<00:57:46.000> data<00:57:46.400> started 00:57:46.870 --> 00:57:46.880 align:start position:0% pulled it off. Precious data started 00:57:46.880 --> 00:57:49.349 align:start position:0% pulled it off. Precious data started streaming<00:57:47.359> in,<00:57:47.920> painting<00:57:48.400> a<00:57:48.640> picture<00:57:48.960> of 00:57:49.349 --> 00:57:49.359 align:start position:0% streaming in, painting a picture of 00:57:49.359 --> 00:57:53.190 align:start position:0% streaming in, painting a picture of true,<00:57:50.160> undistorted<00:57:51.200> supernova<00:57:51.920> geometry. 00:57:53.190 --> 00:57:53.200 align:start position:0% true, undistorted supernova geometry. 00:57:53.200 --> 00:57:55.190 align:start position:0% true, undistorted supernova geometry. Yang<00:57:53.599> and<00:57:53.839> his<00:57:54.000> team<00:57:54.240> were<00:57:54.480> witnessing<00:57:54.880> the 00:57:55.190 --> 00:57:55.200 align:start position:0% Yang and his team were witnessing the 00:57:55.200 --> 00:57:59.910 align:start position:0% Yang and his team were witnessing the birth<00:57:55.599> cry<00:57:56.079> of<00:57:56.480> supernova<00:57:57.440> 2024<00:57:58.480> GGI<00:57:59.599> and 00:57:59.910 --> 00:57:59.920 align:start position:0% birth cry of supernova 2024 GGI and 00:57:59.920 --> 00:58:03.190 align:start position:0% birth cry of supernova 2024 GGI and learning<00:58:00.559> at<00:58:00.799> last<00:58:01.760> how<00:58:02.079> the<00:58:02.400> universe<00:58:02.880> makes 00:58:03.190 --> 00:58:03.200 align:start position:0% learning at last how the universe makes 00:58:03.200 --> 00:58:07.190 align:start position:0% learning at last how the universe makes its<00:58:03.520> most<00:58:03.920> violent<00:58:04.559> fireworks. 00:58:07.190 --> 00:58:07.200 align:start position:0% its most violent fireworks. 00:58:07.200 --> 00:58:10.710 align:start position:0% its most violent fireworks. Supernova<00:58:08.160> come<00:58:08.640> in<00:58:09.119> two<00:58:09.520> main<00:58:09.839> types,<00:58:10.480> but 00:58:10.710 --> 00:58:10.720 align:start position:0% Supernova come in two main types, but 00:58:10.720 --> 00:58:13.109 align:start position:0% Supernova come in two main types, but we'll<00:58:10.960> focus<00:58:11.280> on<00:58:11.520> type<00:58:11.839> two<00:58:12.160> here,<00:58:12.559> the<00:58:12.799> kind 00:58:13.109 --> 00:58:13.119 align:start position:0% we'll focus on type two here, the kind 00:58:13.119 --> 00:58:16.069 align:start position:0% we'll focus on type two here, the kind Yang<00:58:13.599> and<00:58:13.839> his<00:58:14.000> team<00:58:14.240> observed.<00:58:15.440> Through<00:58:15.839> a 00:58:16.069 --> 00:58:16.079 align:start position:0% Yang and his team observed. Through a 00:58:16.079 --> 00:58:18.630 align:start position:0% Yang and his team observed. Through a mix<00:58:16.319> of<00:58:16.640> physical<00:58:17.040> theories,<00:58:17.920> astronomical 00:58:18.630 --> 00:58:18.640 align:start position:0% mix of physical theories, astronomical 00:58:18.640 --> 00:58:21.190 align:start position:0% mix of physical theories, astronomical observations,<00:58:19.359> and<00:58:19.680> computer<00:58:20.079> simulations, 00:58:21.190 --> 00:58:21.200 align:start position:0% observations, and computer simulations, 00:58:21.200 --> 00:58:22.870 align:start position:0% observations, and computer simulations, we've<00:58:21.440> managed<00:58:21.760> to<00:58:21.920> build<00:58:22.160> a<00:58:22.480> pretty 00:58:22.870 --> 00:58:22.880 align:start position:0% we've managed to build a pretty 00:58:22.880 --> 00:58:25.190 align:start position:0% we've managed to build a pretty respectable<00:58:23.520> model<00:58:23.839> of<00:58:24.079> how<00:58:24.240> we<00:58:24.480> think<00:58:24.799> stars 00:58:25.190 --> 00:58:25.200 align:start position:0% respectable model of how we think stars 00:58:25.200 --> 00:58:29.030 align:start position:0% respectable model of how we think stars die.<00:58:26.319> Stars<00:58:27.119> spend<00:58:27.440> their<00:58:27.760> lives<00:58:28.400> fusing 00:58:29.030 --> 00:58:29.040 align:start position:0% die. Stars spend their lives fusing 00:58:29.040 --> 00:58:32.069 align:start position:0% die. Stars spend their lives fusing lighter<00:58:29.440> elements<00:58:30.079> into<00:58:30.480> heavier<00:58:30.960> ones<00:58:31.760> by 00:58:32.069 --> 00:58:32.079 align:start position:0% lighter elements into heavier ones by 00:58:32.079 --> 00:58:35.270 align:start position:0% lighter elements into heavier ones by combining<00:58:32.640> nuclei<00:58:33.599> into<00:58:34.000> more<00:58:34.319> tightly<00:58:34.880> bound 00:58:35.270 --> 00:58:35.280 align:start position:0% combining nuclei into more tightly bound 00:58:35.280 --> 00:58:36.870 align:start position:0% combining nuclei into more tightly bound configurations. 00:58:36.870 --> 00:58:36.880 align:start position:0% configurations. 00:58:36.880 --> 00:58:39.190 align:start position:0% configurations. This<00:58:37.119> fusion<00:58:37.599> process<00:58:38.079> releases<00:58:38.720> excess 00:58:39.190 --> 00:58:39.200 align:start position:0% This fusion process releases excess 00:58:39.200 --> 00:58:41.430 align:start position:0% This fusion process releases excess energy,<00:58:40.000> creating<00:58:40.400> an<00:58:40.640> outward<00:58:41.119> pressure 00:58:41.430 --> 00:58:41.440 align:start position:0% energy, creating an outward pressure 00:58:41.440 --> 00:58:43.829 align:start position:0% energy, creating an outward pressure that<00:58:41.760> pushes<00:58:42.240> back<00:58:42.640> against<00:58:42.960> the<00:58:43.200> stars<00:58:43.599> own 00:58:43.829 --> 00:58:43.839 align:start position:0% that pushes back against the stars own 00:58:43.839 --> 00:58:47.190 align:start position:0% that pushes back against the stars own gravity.<00:58:44.960> This<00:58:45.200> keeps<00:58:45.520> the<00:58:45.680> star<00:58:46.000> in<00:58:46.240> a<00:58:46.400> stable 00:58:47.190 --> 00:58:47.200 align:start position:0% gravity. This keeps the star in a stable 00:58:47.200 --> 00:58:49.750 align:start position:0% gravity. This keeps the star in a stable spherical<00:58:47.760> shape.<00:58:48.720> Over<00:58:49.040> billions<00:58:49.359> of<00:58:49.520> years, 00:58:49.750 --> 00:58:49.760 align:start position:0% spherical shape. Over billions of years, 00:58:49.760 --> 00:58:51.589 align:start position:0% spherical shape. Over billions of years, the<00:58:50.000> stars<00:58:50.319> core<00:58:50.640> works<00:58:50.880> its<00:58:51.119> way<00:58:51.280> up<00:58:51.440> the 00:58:51.589 --> 00:58:51.599 align:start position:0% the stars core works its way up the 00:58:51.599 --> 00:58:54.069 align:start position:0% the stars core works its way up the periodic<00:58:52.160> table,<00:58:52.799> fusing<00:58:53.280> hydrogen<00:58:53.760> into 00:58:54.069 --> 00:58:54.079 align:start position:0% periodic table, fusing hydrogen into 00:58:54.079 --> 00:58:57.349 align:start position:0% periodic table, fusing hydrogen into helium,<00:58:54.880> helium<00:58:55.280> into<00:58:55.680> carbon,<00:58:56.559> carbon<00:58:57.040> into 00:58:57.349 --> 00:58:57.359 align:start position:0% helium, helium into carbon, carbon into 00:58:57.359 --> 00:59:01.190 align:start position:0% helium, helium into carbon, carbon into oxygen,<00:58:58.240> neon,<00:58:58.960> magnesium,<00:58:59.839> silicon,<00:59:00.799> and 00:59:01.190 --> 00:59:01.200 align:start position:0% oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, and 00:59:01.200 --> 00:59:04.470 align:start position:0% oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, and finally<00:59:02.079> iron.<00:59:03.440> But<00:59:03.760> this<00:59:04.000> is<00:59:04.079> where<00:59:04.319> the 00:59:04.470 --> 00:59:04.480 align:start position:0% finally iron. But this is where the 00:59:04.480 --> 00:59:06.950 align:start position:0% finally iron. But this is where the chain<00:59:04.799> stops.<00:59:05.599> If<00:59:05.839> you<00:59:06.000> want<00:59:06.160> to<00:59:06.319> fuse<00:59:06.640> iron 00:59:06.950 --> 00:59:06.960 align:start position:0% chain stops. If you want to fuse iron 00:59:06.960 --> 00:59:09.270 align:start position:0% chain stops. If you want to fuse iron into<00:59:07.280> something<00:59:07.599> heavier,<00:59:08.480> that<00:59:08.720> reaction 00:59:09.270 --> 00:59:09.280 align:start position:0% into something heavier, that reaction 00:59:09.280 --> 00:59:12.390 align:start position:0% into something heavier, that reaction won't<00:59:09.680> release<00:59:10.000> energy.<00:59:10.960> It<00:59:11.119> will<00:59:11.520> require<00:59:12.079> an 00:59:12.390 --> 00:59:12.400 align:start position:0% won't release energy. It will require an 00:59:12.400 --> 00:59:14.549 align:start position:0% won't release energy. It will require an energy<00:59:12.799> input<00:59:13.200> instead. 00:59:14.549 --> 00:59:14.559 align:start position:0% energy input instead. 00:59:14.559 --> 00:59:18.309 align:start position:0% energy input instead. Iron<00:59:15.040> 56<00:59:15.920> has<00:59:16.160> the<00:59:16.480> lowest<00:59:16.960> mass<00:59:17.359> per<00:59:17.599> nucleon 00:59:18.309 --> 00:59:18.319 align:start position:0% Iron 56 has the lowest mass per nucleon 00:59:18.319 --> 00:59:20.069 align:start position:0% Iron 56 has the lowest mass per nucleon out<00:59:18.559> of<00:59:18.799> every<00:59:19.119> possible<00:59:19.599> nuclear 00:59:20.069 --> 00:59:20.079 align:start position:0% out of every possible nuclear 00:59:20.079 --> 00:59:22.069 align:start position:0% out of every possible nuclear configuration.<00:59:21.200> So,<00:59:21.440> every<00:59:21.680> chain<00:59:21.920> of 00:59:22.069 --> 00:59:22.079 align:start position:0% configuration. So, every chain of 00:59:22.079 --> 00:59:24.870 align:start position:0% configuration. So, every chain of nuclear<00:59:22.559> reactions<00:59:23.119> will<00:59:23.680> ultimately<00:59:24.480> turn 00:59:24.870 --> 00:59:24.880 align:start position:0% nuclear reactions will ultimately turn 00:59:24.880 --> 00:59:27.910 align:start position:0% nuclear reactions will ultimately turn every<00:59:25.280> other<00:59:25.599> type<00:59:25.839> of<00:59:26.000> nucleus<00:59:26.960> into<00:59:27.359> iron 00:59:27.910 --> 00:59:27.920 align:start position:0% every other type of nucleus into iron 00:59:27.920 --> 00:59:31.349 align:start position:0% every other type of nucleus into iron 56.<00:59:29.200> Eventually,<00:59:29.839> the<00:59:30.079> star's<00:59:30.480> entire<00:59:31.040> core 00:59:31.349 --> 00:59:31.359 align:start position:0% 56. Eventually, the star's entire core 00:59:31.359 --> 00:59:34.710 align:start position:0% 56. Eventually, the star's entire core becomes<00:59:31.760> iron.<00:59:32.640> It's<00:59:32.880> a<00:59:33.119> dead<00:59:33.440> end.<00:59:34.240> With<00:59:34.480> no 00:59:34.710 --> 00:59:34.720 align:start position:0% becomes iron. It's a dead end. With no 00:59:34.720 --> 00:59:36.710 align:start position:0% becomes iron. It's a dead end. With no more<00:59:34.960> energy<00:59:35.440> releasing<00:59:35.839> fusion<00:59:36.240> reactions 00:59:36.710 --> 00:59:36.720 align:start position:0% more energy releasing fusion reactions 00:59:36.720 --> 00:59:40.230 align:start position:0% more energy releasing fusion reactions available,<00:59:37.599> the<00:59:37.839> star<00:59:38.480> has<00:59:38.720> run<00:59:38.960> out<00:59:39.200> of<00:59:39.280> fuel. 00:59:40.230 --> 00:59:40.240 align:start position:0% available, the star has run out of fuel. 00:59:40.240 --> 00:59:42.789 align:start position:0% available, the star has run out of fuel. It<00:59:40.559> stops<00:59:40.960> burning.<00:59:41.920> The<00:59:42.160> outward<00:59:42.559> pressure 00:59:42.789 --> 00:59:42.799 align:start position:0% It stops burning. The outward pressure 00:59:42.799 --> 00:59:44.630 align:start position:0% It stops burning. The outward pressure that<00:59:43.040> has<00:59:43.200> been<00:59:43.440> holding<00:59:43.760> it<00:59:43.920> up<00:59:44.079> against<00:59:44.400> its 00:59:44.630 --> 00:59:44.640 align:start position:0% that has been holding it up against its 00:59:44.640 --> 00:59:47.349 align:start position:0% that has been holding it up against its own<00:59:44.799> gravity<00:59:45.680> disappears.<00:59:46.799> Without<00:59:47.119> that 00:59:47.349 --> 00:59:47.359 align:start position:0% own gravity disappears. Without that 00:59:47.359 --> 00:59:50.710 align:start position:0% own gravity disappears. Without that support,<00:59:48.160> the<00:59:48.480> core<00:59:48.960> collapses<00:59:49.599> on<00:59:49.920> itself<00:59:50.319> at 00:59:50.710 --> 00:59:50.720 align:start position:0% support, the core collapses on itself at 00:59:50.720 --> 00:59:53.270 align:start position:0% support, the core collapses on itself at breakneck<00:59:51.359> speeds.<00:59:52.319> The<00:59:52.559> outer<00:59:52.880> part<00:59:53.040> of<00:59:53.119> the 00:59:53.270 --> 00:59:53.280 align:start position:0% breakneck speeds. The outer part of the 00:59:53.280 --> 00:59:56.150 align:start position:0% breakneck speeds. The outer part of the core<00:59:53.599> can<00:59:53.760> reach<00:59:54.000> velocities<00:59:54.559> of<00:59:54.960> 70,000 00:59:56.150 --> 00:59:56.160 align:start position:0% core can reach velocities of 70,000 00:59:56.160 --> 00:59:59.829 align:start position:0% core can reach velocities of 70,000 km/s.<00:59:57.599> That's<00:59:58.319> 23% 00:59:59.829 --> 00:59:59.839 align:start position:0% km/s. That's 23% 00:59:59.839 --> 01:00:03.190 align:start position:0% km/s. That's 23% the<01:00:00.079> speed<01:00:00.319> of<01:00:00.480> light.<01:00:01.599> The<01:00:01.839> collapse<01:00:02.240> is<01:00:02.799> so 01:00:03.190 --> 01:00:03.200 align:start position:0% the speed of light. The collapse is so 01:00:03.200 --> 01:00:05.829 align:start position:0% the speed of light. The collapse is so violent<01:00:03.839> that<01:00:04.079> it<01:00:04.319> crushes<01:00:04.960> protons<01:00:05.520> and 01:00:05.829 --> 01:00:05.839 align:start position:0% violent that it crushes protons and 01:00:05.839 --> 01:00:07.990 align:start position:0% violent that it crushes protons and electrons<01:00:06.480> in<01:00:06.720> the<01:00:06.880> inner<01:00:07.200> core<01:00:07.599> into 01:00:07.990 --> 01:00:08.000 align:start position:0% electrons in the inner core into 01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:10.789 align:start position:0% electrons in the inner core into neutrons.<01:00:09.119> It<01:00:09.359> also<01:00:09.680> releases<01:00:10.079> a<01:00:10.319> flood<01:00:10.640> of 01:00:10.789 --> 01:00:10.799 align:start position:0% neutrons. It also releases a flood of 01:00:10.799 --> 01:00:13.510 align:start position:0% neutrons. It also releases a flood of neutrinos,<01:00:11.920> nearly<01:00:12.480> massless<01:00:13.119> particles 01:00:13.510 --> 01:00:13.520 align:start position:0% neutrinos, nearly massless particles 01:00:13.520 --> 01:00:15.589 align:start position:0% neutrinos, nearly massless particles that<01:00:13.839> carry<01:00:14.160> away<01:00:14.559> enormous<01:00:15.200> amounts<01:00:15.440> of 01:00:15.589 --> 01:00:15.599 align:start position:0% that carry away enormous amounts of 01:00:15.599 --> 01:00:18.390 align:start position:0% that carry away enormous amounts of energy.<01:00:16.640> The<01:00:16.880> collapsing<01:00:17.359> material<01:00:17.920> slams 01:00:18.390 --> 01:00:18.400 align:start position:0% energy. The collapsing material slams 01:00:18.400 --> 01:00:20.710 align:start position:0% energy. The collapsing material slams into<01:00:18.640> the<01:00:18.799> newly<01:00:19.119> formed<01:00:19.520> neutron<01:00:20.000> core<01:00:20.400> and 01:00:20.710 --> 01:00:20.720 align:start position:0% into the newly formed neutron core and 01:00:20.720 --> 01:00:23.030 align:start position:0% into the newly formed neutron core and rebounds,<01:00:21.680> creating<01:00:22.000> a<01:00:22.240> shock<01:00:22.480> wave<01:00:22.720> that 01:00:23.030 --> 01:00:23.040 align:start position:0% rebounds, creating a shock wave that 01:00:23.040 --> 01:00:25.270 align:start position:0% rebounds, creating a shock wave that propagates<01:00:23.599> outward<01:00:24.079> at<01:00:24.480> thousands<01:00:25.040> of 01:00:25.270 --> 01:00:25.280 align:start position:0% propagates outward at thousands of 01:00:25.280 --> 01:00:28.870 align:start position:0% propagates outward at thousands of kilome/s,<01:00:26.720> a<01:00:26.960> process<01:00:27.280> known<01:00:27.839> as<01:00:28.400> core 01:00:28.870 --> 01:00:28.880 align:start position:0% kilome/s, a process known as core 01:00:28.880 --> 01:00:30.710 align:start position:0% kilome/s, a process known as core bounce. 01:00:30.710 --> 01:00:30.720 align:start position:0% bounce. 01:00:30.720 --> 01:00:33.349 align:start position:0% bounce. But<01:00:30.880> the<01:00:31.119> shock<01:00:31.359> wave<01:00:31.760> doesn't<01:00:32.000> make<01:00:32.160> it<01:00:32.400> far. 01:00:33.349 --> 01:00:33.359 align:start position:0% But the shock wave doesn't make it far. 01:00:33.359 --> 01:00:36.470 align:start position:0% But the shock wave doesn't make it far. Within<01:00:33.920> milliseconds,<01:00:34.799> it<01:00:35.119> stalls<01:00:35.920> nearly 01:00:36.470 --> 01:00:36.480 align:start position:0% Within milliseconds, it stalls nearly 01:00:36.480 --> 01:00:39.510 align:start position:0% Within milliseconds, it stalls nearly 100<01:00:36.960> to<01:00:37.280> 200<01:00:37.760> km<01:00:38.319> from<01:00:38.480> the<01:00:38.720> center<01:00:39.200> as<01:00:39.359> it 01:00:39.510 --> 01:00:39.520 align:start position:0% 100 to 200 km from the center as it 01:00:39.520 --> 01:00:42.950 align:start position:0% 100 to 200 km from the center as it plows<01:00:40.000> through<01:00:40.240> the<01:00:40.480> dense<01:00:41.040> outer<01:00:41.520> iron<01:00:41.920> core. 01:00:42.950 --> 01:00:42.960 align:start position:0% plows through the dense outer iron core. 01:00:42.960 --> 01:00:44.789 align:start position:0% plows through the dense outer iron core. The<01:00:43.200> extreme<01:00:43.680> temperatures<01:00:44.079> and<01:00:44.319> pressures 01:00:44.789 --> 01:00:44.799 align:start position:0% The extreme temperatures and pressures 01:00:44.799 --> 01:00:47.589 align:start position:0% The extreme temperatures and pressures tear<01:00:45.200> apart<01:00:45.520> the<01:00:45.760> heavy<01:00:46.079> iron<01:00:46.480> nuclei<01:00:47.280> back 01:00:47.589 --> 01:00:47.599 align:start position:0% tear apart the heavy iron nuclei back 01:00:47.599 --> 01:00:50.150 align:start position:0% tear apart the heavy iron nuclei back into<01:00:47.920> lighter<01:00:48.319> elements<01:00:48.720> like<01:00:49.040> helium,<01:00:49.839> a 01:00:50.150 --> 01:00:50.160 align:start position:0% into lighter elements like helium, a 01:00:50.160 --> 01:00:52.470 align:start position:0% into lighter elements like helium, a process<01:00:50.400> that<01:00:50.640> absorbs<01:00:51.359> enormous<01:00:51.920> amounts<01:00:52.319> of 01:00:52.470 --> 01:00:52.480 align:start position:0% process that absorbs enormous amounts of 01:00:52.480 --> 01:00:54.710 align:start position:0% process that absorbs enormous amounts of energy<01:00:52.799> from<01:00:52.960> the<01:00:53.119> shock.<01:00:54.160> This<01:00:54.319> is<01:00:54.480> the 01:00:54.710 --> 01:00:54.720 align:start position:0% energy from the shock. This is the 01:00:54.720 --> 01:00:57.270 align:start position:0% energy from the shock. This is the moment<01:00:55.040> where<01:00:55.520> one<01:00:55.920> of<01:00:56.319> two<01:00:56.720> things<01:00:57.040> can 01:00:57.270 --> 01:00:57.280 align:start position:0% moment where one of two things can 01:00:57.280 --> 01:01:00.069 align:start position:0% moment where one of two things can happen.<01:00:58.400> If<01:00:58.640> the<01:00:58.799> shock<01:00:59.119> stays<01:00:59.440> stalled<01:00:59.920> for 01:01:00.069 --> 01:01:00.079 align:start position:0% happen. If the shock stays stalled for 01:01:00.079 --> 01:01:02.470 align:start position:0% happen. If the shock stays stalled for more<01:01:00.319> than<01:01:00.480> about<01:01:00.720> a<01:01:00.960> second,<01:01:01.680> the<01:01:01.920> star<01:01:02.240> will 01:01:02.470 --> 01:01:02.480 align:start position:0% more than about a second, the star will 01:01:02.480 --> 01:01:04.870 align:start position:0% more than about a second, the star will keep<01:01:02.799> accreting<01:01:03.359> mass<01:01:03.839> until<01:01:04.160> it<01:01:04.319> collapses 01:01:04.870 --> 01:01:04.880 align:start position:0% keep accreting mass until it collapses 01:01:04.880 --> 01:01:08.390 align:start position:0% keep accreting mass until it collapses into<01:01:05.200> a<01:01:05.520> black<01:01:05.760> hole.<01:01:06.880> There's<01:01:07.200> no<01:01:07.440> bang,<01:01:08.079> no 01:01:08.390 --> 01:01:08.400 align:start position:0% into a black hole. There's no bang, no 01:01:08.400 --> 01:01:11.030 align:start position:0% into a black hole. There's no bang, no brilliant<01:01:08.960> burst.<01:01:10.000> Everything<01:01:10.480> slips<01:01:10.799> into 01:01:11.030 --> 01:01:11.040 align:start position:0% brilliant burst. Everything slips into 01:01:11.040 --> 01:01:14.549 align:start position:0% brilliant burst. Everything slips into the<01:01:11.200> void.<01:01:12.000> A<01:01:12.319> failed<01:01:12.960> supernova. 01:01:14.549 --> 01:01:14.559 align:start position:0% the void. A failed supernova. 01:01:14.559 --> 01:01:16.470 align:start position:0% the void. A failed supernova. The<01:01:14.880> more<01:01:15.200> common<01:01:15.520> and<01:01:15.839> mysterious 01:01:16.470 --> 01:01:16.480 align:start position:0% The more common and mysterious 01:01:16.480 --> 01:01:18.470 align:start position:0% The more common and mysterious alternative<01:01:17.200> is<01:01:17.440> that<01:01:17.680> the<01:01:17.839> shock<01:01:18.160> doesn't 01:01:18.470 --> 01:01:18.480 align:start position:0% alternative is that the shock doesn't 01:01:18.480 --> 01:01:22.230 align:start position:0% alternative is that the shock doesn't stall,<01:01:19.520> it<01:01:19.680> gets<01:01:20.079> revived.<01:01:21.359> something, 01:01:22.230 --> 01:01:22.240 align:start position:0% stall, it gets revived. something, 01:01:22.240 --> 01:01:25.270 align:start position:0% stall, it gets revived. something, nutrinos,<01:01:23.119> jets,<01:01:23.680> magnetic<01:01:24.160> fields,<01:01:24.559> or<01:01:24.960> some 01:01:25.270 --> 01:01:25.280 align:start position:0% nutrinos, jets, magnetic fields, or some 01:01:25.280 --> 01:01:27.670 align:start position:0% nutrinos, jets, magnetic fields, or some combination<01:01:25.839> we<01:01:26.160> don't<01:01:26.319> yet<01:01:26.640> understand, 01:01:27.670 --> 01:01:27.680 align:start position:0% combination we don't yet understand, 01:01:27.680 --> 01:01:29.750 align:start position:0% combination we don't yet understand, transfers<01:01:28.319> enough<01:01:28.720> energy<01:01:29.119> to<01:01:29.280> allow<01:01:29.520> the 01:01:29.750 --> 01:01:29.760 align:start position:0% transfers enough energy to allow the 01:01:29.760 --> 01:01:32.150 align:start position:0% transfers enough energy to allow the shock<01:01:30.000> wave<01:01:30.240> to<01:01:30.480> continue<01:01:31.200> and<01:01:31.599> turn<01:01:31.839> the 01:01:32.150 --> 01:01:32.160 align:start position:0% shock wave to continue and turn the 01:01:32.160 --> 01:01:35.990 align:start position:0% shock wave to continue and turn the implosion<01:01:33.040> into<01:01:33.359> an<01:01:33.839> explosion.<01:01:35.119> Exactly<01:01:35.680> how 01:01:35.990 --> 01:01:36.000 align:start position:0% implosion into an explosion. Exactly how 01:01:36.000 --> 01:01:37.750 align:start position:0% implosion into an explosion. Exactly how this<01:01:36.319> happens<01:01:36.640> remains<01:01:37.040> one<01:01:37.200> of<01:01:37.280> the<01:01:37.440> biggest 01:01:37.750 --> 01:01:37.760 align:start position:0% this happens remains one of the biggest 01:01:37.760 --> 01:01:40.710 align:start position:0% this happens remains one of the biggest unsolved<01:01:38.319> mysteries<01:01:38.880> in<01:01:39.200> astrophysics<01:01:40.400> and 01:01:40.710 --> 01:01:40.720 align:start position:0% unsolved mysteries in astrophysics and 01:01:40.720 --> 01:01:45.589 align:start position:0% unsolved mysteries in astrophysics and is<01:01:41.040> why<01:01:41.520> events<01:01:41.920> like<01:01:42.240> SN<01:01:42.799> 2024<01:01:43.760> GGI<01:01:44.960> are<01:01:45.200> so 01:01:45.589 --> 01:01:45.599 align:start position:0% is why events like SN 2024 GGI are so 01:01:45.599 --> 01:01:48.710 align:start position:0% is why events like SN 2024 GGI are so tantalizing<01:01:46.400> to<01:01:46.559> the<01:01:46.720> scientific<01:01:47.200> community. 01:01:48.710 --> 01:01:48.720 align:start position:0% tantalizing to the scientific community. 01:01:48.720 --> 01:01:50.789 align:start position:0% tantalizing to the scientific community. The<01:01:48.880> shock<01:01:49.200> wave<01:01:49.520> travels<01:01:49.839> up<01:01:50.240> through 01:01:50.789 --> 01:01:50.799 align:start position:0% The shock wave travels up through 01:01:50.799 --> 01:01:52.789 align:start position:0% The shock wave travels up through thousands<01:01:51.359> of<01:01:51.599> kilometers<01:01:52.160> of<01:01:52.319> stellar 01:01:52.789 --> 01:01:52.799 align:start position:0% thousands of kilometers of stellar 01:01:52.799 --> 01:01:55.030 align:start position:0% thousands of kilometers of stellar material.<01:01:53.680> The<01:01:53.920> journey<01:01:54.240> takes<01:01:54.640> several 01:01:55.030 --> 01:01:55.040 align:start position:0% material. The journey takes several 01:01:55.040 --> 01:01:57.510 align:start position:0% material. The journey takes several hours<01:01:55.440> until<01:01:55.839> finally<01:01:56.640> it<01:01:56.880> breaks<01:01:57.200> through 01:01:57.510 --> 01:01:57.520 align:start position:0% hours until finally it breaks through 01:01:57.520 --> 01:02:00.390 align:start position:0% hours until finally it breaks through the<01:01:57.760> outermost<01:01:58.480> layer<01:01:58.640> of<01:01:58.799> the<01:01:58.960> dying<01:01:59.359> star. 01:02:00.390 --> 01:02:00.400 align:start position:0% the outermost layer of the dying star. 01:02:00.400 --> 01:02:03.349 align:start position:0% the outermost layer of the dying star. This<01:02:00.880> is<01:02:01.200> the<01:02:01.520> breakout<01:02:02.000> phase.<01:02:02.880> As<01:02:03.119> it 01:02:03.349 --> 01:02:03.359 align:start position:0% This is the breakout phase. As it 01:02:03.359 --> 01:02:05.589 align:start position:0% This is the breakout phase. As it emerges,<01:02:04.079> the<01:02:04.319> shock<01:02:04.640> wave<01:02:04.960> creates<01:02:05.280> a 01:02:05.589 --> 01:02:05.599 align:start position:0% emerges, the shock wave creates a 01:02:05.599 --> 01:02:08.309 align:start position:0% emerges, the shock wave creates a brilliant<01:02:06.160> flash<01:02:06.799> of<01:02:07.280> ultraviolet<01:02:08.160> and 01:02:08.309 --> 01:02:08.319 align:start position:0% brilliant flash of ultraviolet and 01:02:08.319 --> 01:02:11.270 align:start position:0% brilliant flash of ultraviolet and optical<01:02:08.799> light,<01:02:09.520> releasing<01:02:10.160> huge<01:02:10.720> amounts<01:02:11.119> of 01:02:11.270 --> 01:02:11.280 align:start position:0% optical light, releasing huge amounts of 01:02:11.280 --> 01:02:13.510 align:start position:0% optical light, releasing huge amounts of energy<01:02:12.000> and<01:02:12.319> heating<01:02:12.640> the<01:02:12.799> stars<01:02:13.119> outer 01:02:13.510 --> 01:02:13.520 align:start position:0% energy and heating the stars outer 01:02:13.520 --> 01:02:16.549 align:start position:0% energy and heating the stars outer layers<01:02:13.760> to<01:02:14.000> tens<01:02:14.480> of<01:02:14.720> thousands<01:02:15.280> of<01:02:15.520> degrees. 01:02:16.549 --> 01:02:16.559 align:start position:0% layers to tens of thousands of degrees. 01:02:16.559 --> 01:02:18.470 align:start position:0% layers to tens of thousands of degrees. It's<01:02:16.880> only<01:02:17.040> at<01:02:17.359> this<01:02:17.680> point<01:02:18.079> that<01:02:18.319> the 01:02:18.470 --> 01:02:18.480 align:start position:0% It's only at this point that the 01:02:18.480 --> 01:02:20.470 align:start position:0% It's only at this point that the supernova<01:02:19.119> becomes<01:02:19.440> visible<01:02:19.839> for<01:02:20.079> the<01:02:20.240> first 01:02:20.470 --> 01:02:20.480 align:start position:0% supernova becomes visible for the first 01:02:20.480 --> 01:02:23.270 align:start position:0% supernova becomes visible for the first time,<01:02:21.200> reaching<01:02:21.839> peak<01:02:22.319> brightness<01:02:22.880> over<01:02:23.119> the 01:02:23.270 --> 01:02:23.280 align:start position:0% time, reaching peak brightness over the 01:02:23.280 --> 01:02:25.750 align:start position:0% time, reaching peak brightness over the next<01:02:23.520> week<01:02:23.680> or<01:02:23.920> two.<01:02:24.640> And<01:02:24.880> the<01:02:25.200> beginning<01:02:25.520> of 01:02:25.750 --> 01:02:25.760 align:start position:0% next week or two. And the beginning of 01:02:25.760 --> 01:02:27.990 align:start position:0% next week or two. And the beginning of this<01:02:25.920> rising<01:02:26.319> brightness<01:02:26.799> is<01:02:27.119> exactly<01:02:27.680> what 01:02:27.990 --> 01:02:28.000 align:start position:0% this rising brightness is exactly what 01:02:28.000 --> 01:02:30.870 align:start position:0% this rising brightness is exactly what Atlas<01:02:28.480> saw<01:02:29.119> in<01:02:29.359> the<01:02:29.599> early<01:02:30.000> morning<01:02:30.400> hours<01:02:30.720> of 01:02:30.870 --> 01:02:30.880 align:start position:0% Atlas saw in the early morning hours of 01:02:30.880 --> 01:02:33.910 align:start position:0% Atlas saw in the early morning hours of the<01:02:31.040> 11th<01:02:31.440> of<01:02:31.599> April,<01:02:32.079> 2024. 01:02:33.910 --> 01:02:33.920 align:start position:0% the 11th of April, 2024. 01:02:33.920 --> 01:02:37.990 align:start position:0% the 11th of April, 2024. Atlas<01:02:34.400> catching<01:02:34.960> SN204<01:02:36.160> GGI<01:02:36.960> as<01:02:37.359> early<01:02:37.599> as<01:02:37.839> it 01:02:37.990 --> 01:02:38.000 align:start position:0% Atlas catching SN204 GGI as early as it 01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:41.030 align:start position:0% Atlas catching SN204 GGI as early as it did<01:02:38.559> was<01:02:38.799> a<01:02:39.040> triumph.<01:02:40.079> But<01:02:40.240> detection<01:02:40.799> was 01:02:41.030 --> 01:02:41.040 align:start position:0% did was a triumph. But detection was 01:02:41.040 --> 01:02:43.510 align:start position:0% did was a triumph. But detection was only<01:02:41.280> the<01:02:41.599> opening<01:02:42.000> move.<01:02:42.720> The<01:02:43.040> real<01:02:43.280> work 01:02:43.510 --> 01:02:43.520 align:start position:0% only the opening move. The real work 01:02:43.520 --> 01:02:46.870 align:start position:0% only the opening move. The real work began<01:02:44.240> after<01:02:44.640> the<01:02:44.880> alert<01:02:45.280> went<01:02:45.520> out.<01:02:46.400> A<01:02:46.640> race 01:02:46.870 --> 01:02:46.880 align:start position:0% began after the alert went out. A race 01:02:46.880 --> 01:02:48.549 align:start position:0% began after the alert went out. A race against<01:02:47.200> the<01:02:47.359> clock<01:02:47.680> to<01:02:47.920> put<01:02:48.079> the<01:02:48.319> right 01:02:48.549 --> 01:02:48.559 align:start position:0% against the clock to put the right 01:02:48.559 --> 01:02:50.950 align:start position:0% against the clock to put the right instruments<01:02:49.200> on<01:02:49.599> target<01:02:50.400> before<01:02:50.720> the 01:02:50.950 --> 01:02:50.960 align:start position:0% instruments on target before the 01:02:50.960 --> 01:02:53.510 align:start position:0% instruments on target before the explosion's<01:02:51.760> original<01:02:52.240> geometry<01:02:53.040> vanished 01:02:53.510 --> 01:02:53.520 align:start position:0% explosion's original geometry vanished 01:02:53.520 --> 01:02:56.710 align:start position:0% explosion's original geometry vanished forever.<01:02:54.559> That<01:02:54.880> urgency<01:02:55.359> was<01:02:55.839> exactly<01:02:56.400> why 01:02:56.710 --> 01:02:56.720 align:start position:0% forever. That urgency was exactly why 01:02:56.720 --> 01:02:59.349 align:start position:0% forever. That urgency was exactly why Yang<01:02:57.200> and<01:02:57.359> his<01:02:57.599> team<01:02:57.920> had<01:02:58.240> fought<01:02:58.640> for<01:02:58.960> time<01:02:59.200> on 01:02:59.349 --> 01:02:59.359 align:start position:0% Yang and his team had fought for time on 01:02:59.359 --> 01:03:01.829 align:start position:0% Yang and his team had fought for time on the<01:02:59.440> VT.<01:03:00.559> They<01:03:00.799> weren't<01:03:01.119> just<01:03:01.280> trying<01:03:01.440> to<01:03:01.680> see 01:03:01.829 --> 01:03:01.839 align:start position:0% the VT. They weren't just trying to see 01:03:01.839 --> 01:03:05.190 align:start position:0% the VT. They weren't just trying to see the<01:03:02.079> supernova.<01:03:03.200> They<01:03:03.760> were<01:03:04.000> after<01:03:04.400> a<01:03:04.720> very 01:03:05.190 --> 01:03:05.200 align:start position:0% the supernova. They were after a very 01:03:05.200 --> 01:03:08.470 align:start position:0% the supernova. They were after a very specific<01:03:05.760> signature<01:03:06.640> hidden<01:03:07.040> in<01:03:07.359> its<01:03:07.680> light. 01:03:08.470 --> 01:03:08.480 align:start position:0% specific signature hidden in its light. 01:03:08.480 --> 01:03:10.630 align:start position:0% specific signature hidden in its light. Something<01:03:08.799> only<01:03:09.280> one<01:03:09.839> instrument<01:03:10.400> could 01:03:10.630 --> 01:03:10.640 align:start position:0% Something only one instrument could 01:03:10.640 --> 01:03:12.950 align:start position:0% Something only one instrument could reveal. 01:03:12.950 --> 01:03:12.960 align:start position:0% reveal. 01:03:12.960 --> 01:03:15.029 align:start position:0% reveal. Mounted<01:03:13.359> on<01:03:13.440> the<01:03:13.599> VLT<01:03:14.240> is<01:03:14.480> an<01:03:14.640> instrument 01:03:15.029 --> 01:03:15.039 align:start position:0% Mounted on the VLT is an instrument 01:03:15.039 --> 01:03:19.029 align:start position:0% Mounted on the VLT is an instrument called<01:03:15.599> Fors<01:03:16.319> 2,<01:03:17.200> the<01:03:17.440> only<01:03:17.839> one<01:03:18.240> of<01:03:18.480> its<01:03:18.720> kind 01:03:19.029 --> 01:03:19.039 align:start position:0% called Fors 2, the only one of its kind 01:03:19.039 --> 01:03:21.829 align:start position:0% called Fors 2, the only one of its kind in<01:03:19.359> the<01:03:19.520> southern<01:03:19.839> hemisphere.<01:03:20.880> It<01:03:21.119> measures 01:03:21.829 --> 01:03:21.839 align:start position:0% in the southern hemisphere. It measures 01:03:21.839 --> 01:03:23.670 align:start position:0% in the southern hemisphere. It measures spectropolarimemetry, 01:03:23.670 --> 01:03:23.680 align:start position:0% spectropolarimemetry, 01:03:23.680 --> 01:03:26.630 align:start position:0% spectropolarimemetry, how<01:03:24.000> light<01:03:24.480> is<01:03:24.880> polarized<01:03:25.760> across<01:03:26.319> different 01:03:26.630 --> 01:03:26.640 align:start position:0% how light is polarized across different 01:03:26.640 --> 01:03:28.950 align:start position:0% how light is polarized across different wavelengths<01:03:27.200> of<01:03:27.440> the<01:03:27.599> visible<01:03:28.000> spectrum. 01:03:28.950 --> 01:03:28.960 align:start position:0% wavelengths of the visible spectrum. 01:03:28.960 --> 01:03:30.950 align:start position:0% wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Normally,<01:03:29.359> light<01:03:29.599> waves<01:03:30.000> vibrate<01:03:30.400> in<01:03:30.640> all 01:03:30.950 --> 01:03:30.960 align:start position:0% Normally, light waves vibrate in all 01:03:30.960 --> 01:03:32.630 align:start position:0% Normally, light waves vibrate in all directions<01:03:31.520> perpendicular<01:03:32.160> to<01:03:32.400> their 01:03:32.630 --> 01:03:32.640 align:start position:0% directions perpendicular to their 01:03:32.640 --> 01:03:35.750 align:start position:0% directions perpendicular to their direction<01:03:32.960> of<01:03:33.200> travel.<01:03:34.079> This<01:03:34.319> is<01:03:34.799> unpolarized 01:03:35.750 --> 01:03:35.760 align:start position:0% direction of travel. This is unpolarized 01:03:35.760 --> 01:03:38.309 align:start position:0% direction of travel. This is unpolarized light.<01:03:36.720> But<01:03:36.880> polarized<01:03:37.520> light<01:03:37.760> has<01:03:38.000> waves 01:03:38.309 --> 01:03:38.319 align:start position:0% light. But polarized light has waves 01:03:38.319 --> 01:03:41.109 align:start position:0% light. But polarized light has waves that<01:03:38.640> only<01:03:38.960> vibrate<01:03:39.440> in<01:03:39.680> one<01:03:40.000> direction.<01:03:40.960> For 01:03:41.109 --> 01:03:41.119 align:start position:0% that only vibrate in one direction. For 01:03:41.119 --> 01:03:43.510 align:start position:0% that only vibrate in one direction. For example,<01:03:41.920> when<01:03:42.319> sunlight<01:03:42.720> reflects<01:03:43.119> off<01:03:43.280> a 01:03:43.510 --> 01:03:43.520 align:start position:0% example, when sunlight reflects off a 01:03:43.520 --> 01:03:46.630 align:start position:0% example, when sunlight reflects off a flat<01:03:43.760> surface<01:03:44.240> like<01:03:44.559> water<01:03:45.039> or<01:03:45.359> glass,<01:03:46.319> it 01:03:46.630 --> 01:03:46.640 align:start position:0% flat surface like water or glass, it 01:03:46.640 --> 01:03:49.510 align:start position:0% flat surface like water or glass, it becomes<01:03:47.200> partially<01:03:47.839> polarized.<01:03:48.960> It's<01:03:49.200> also 01:03:49.510 --> 01:03:49.520 align:start position:0% becomes partially polarized. It's also 01:03:49.520 --> 01:03:51.109 align:start position:0% becomes partially polarized. It's also why<01:03:49.760> when<01:03:50.000> you<01:03:50.160> put<01:03:50.319> on<01:03:50.559> polarized 01:03:51.109 --> 01:03:51.119 align:start position:0% why when you put on polarized 01:03:51.119 --> 01:03:54.150 align:start position:0% why when you put on polarized sunglasses,<01:03:52.240> this<01:03:52.480> glare<01:03:52.880> disappears. 01:03:54.150 --> 01:03:54.160 align:start position:0% sunglasses, this glare disappears. 01:03:54.160 --> 01:03:56.789 align:start position:0% sunglasses, this glare disappears. They're<01:03:54.400> designed<01:03:54.720> to<01:03:54.960> filter<01:03:55.359> out<01:03:55.920> that<01:03:56.400> kind 01:03:56.789 --> 01:03:56.799 align:start position:0% They're designed to filter out that kind 01:03:56.799 --> 01:03:59.589 align:start position:0% They're designed to filter out that kind of<01:03:57.039> polarized<01:03:57.680> light.<01:03:58.480> In<01:03:58.720> the<01:03:58.880> context<01:03:59.280> of 01:03:59.589 --> 01:03:59.599 align:start position:0% of polarized light. In the context of 01:03:59.599 --> 01:04:03.270 align:start position:0% of polarized light. In the context of SN204<01:04:00.960> GGI,<01:04:02.000> Yang<01:04:02.480> was<01:04:02.640> interested<01:04:02.960> in 01:04:03.270 --> 01:04:03.280 align:start position:0% SN204 GGI, Yang was interested in 01:04:03.280 --> 01:04:05.589 align:start position:0% SN204 GGI, Yang was interested in polarized<01:04:03.920> light<01:04:04.400> because<01:04:04.720> of<01:04:04.880> what<01:04:05.200> it<01:04:05.440> could 01:04:05.589 --> 01:04:05.599 align:start position:0% polarized light because of what it could 01:04:05.599 --> 01:04:09.430 align:start position:0% polarized light because of what it could reveal<01:04:06.319> about<01:04:06.559> the<01:04:06.880> shape<01:04:07.200> of<01:04:07.359> the<01:04:07.599> explosion. 01:04:09.430 --> 01:04:09.440 align:start position:0% reveal about the shape of the explosion. 01:04:09.440 --> 01:04:11.829 align:start position:0% reveal about the shape of the explosion. A<01:04:09.760> perfectly<01:04:10.319> spherical<01:04:10.880> explosion<01:04:11.440> scatters 01:04:11.829 --> 01:04:11.839 align:start position:0% A perfectly spherical explosion scatters 01:04:11.839 --> 01:04:14.470 align:start position:0% A perfectly spherical explosion scatters light<01:04:12.160> equally<01:04:12.720> in<01:04:13.039> all<01:04:13.440> directions, 01:04:14.470 --> 01:04:14.480 align:start position:0% light equally in all directions, 01:04:14.480 --> 01:04:17.430 align:start position:0% light equally in all directions, producing<01:04:15.039> no<01:04:15.359> polarization<01:04:16.000> at<01:04:16.319> all.<01:04:17.119> An 01:04:17.430 --> 01:04:17.440 align:start position:0% producing no polarization at all. An 01:04:17.440 --> 01:04:19.589 align:start position:0% producing no polarization at all. An asymmetric<01:04:18.160> explosion,<01:04:18.720> on<01:04:18.799> the<01:04:18.960> other<01:04:19.119> hand, 01:04:19.589 --> 01:04:19.599 align:start position:0% asymmetric explosion, on the other hand, 01:04:19.599 --> 01:04:22.710 align:start position:0% asymmetric explosion, on the other hand, one<01:04:19.760> that<01:04:20.000> is<01:04:20.400> symmetrical<01:04:21.200> along<01:04:21.680> one<01:04:22.000> axis, 01:04:22.710 --> 01:04:22.720 align:start position:0% one that is symmetrical along one axis, 01:04:22.720 --> 01:04:25.349 align:start position:0% one that is symmetrical along one axis, like<01:04:22.960> a<01:04:23.440> football<01:04:24.000> or<01:04:24.240> a<01:04:24.559> peanut-shaped 01:04:25.349 --> 01:04:25.359 align:start position:0% like a football or a peanut-shaped 01:04:25.359 --> 01:04:28.549 align:start position:0% like a football or a peanut-shaped explosion,<01:04:26.480> would<01:04:26.880> polarize<01:04:27.520> light<01:04:28.000> in<01:04:28.319> a 01:04:28.549 --> 01:04:28.559 align:start position:0% explosion, would polarize light in a 01:04:28.559 --> 01:04:31.829 align:start position:0% explosion, would polarize light in a specific<01:04:28.960> pattern.<01:04:30.319> OS<01:04:30.799> 2<01:04:31.280> can<01:04:31.599> help 01:04:31.829 --> 01:04:31.839 align:start position:0% specific pattern. OS 2 can help 01:04:31.839 --> 01:04:34.870 align:start position:0% specific pattern. OS 2 can help scientists<01:04:32.400> decode<01:04:32.960> this<01:04:33.200> pattern.<01:04:34.559> When 01:04:34.870 --> 01:04:34.880 align:start position:0% scientists decode this pattern. When 01:04:34.880 --> 01:04:37.029 align:start position:0% scientists decode this pattern. When light<01:04:35.119> enters<01:04:35.440> the<01:04:35.680> instrument,<01:04:36.480> it<01:04:36.720> first 01:04:37.029 --> 01:04:37.039 align:start position:0% light enters the instrument, it first 01:04:37.039 --> 01:04:39.670 align:start position:0% light enters the instrument, it first passes<01:04:37.440> through<01:04:37.760> a<01:04:38.079> rotating<01:04:38.880> crystal<01:04:39.280> plate 01:04:39.670 --> 01:04:39.680 align:start position:0% passes through a rotating crystal plate 01:04:39.680 --> 01:04:41.270 align:start position:0% passes through a rotating crystal plate that<01:04:39.920> can<01:04:40.160> shift<01:04:40.400> the<01:04:40.559> orientation<01:04:40.960> of<01:04:41.119> the 01:04:41.270 --> 01:04:41.280 align:start position:0% that can shift the orientation of the 01:04:41.280 --> 01:04:44.230 align:start position:0% that can shift the orientation of the polarized<01:04:41.839> light<01:04:42.079> by<01:04:42.240> a<01:04:42.480> precise<01:04:42.880> amount.<01:04:43.920> By 01:04:44.230 --> 01:04:44.240 align:start position:0% polarized light by a precise amount. By 01:04:44.240 --> 01:04:46.549 align:start position:0% polarized light by a precise amount. By moving<01:04:44.559> this<01:04:44.799> plate<01:04:45.119> to<01:04:45.520> different<01:04:45.839> angles, 01:04:46.549 --> 01:04:46.559 align:start position:0% moving this plate to different angles, 01:04:46.559 --> 01:04:49.029 align:start position:0% moving this plate to different angles, the<01:04:46.799> instrument<01:04:47.280> effectively<01:04:48.000> rotates<01:04:48.640> any 01:04:49.029 --> 01:04:49.039 align:start position:0% the instrument effectively rotates any 01:04:49.039 --> 01:04:51.510 align:start position:0% the instrument effectively rotates any polarized<01:04:49.599> light,<01:04:50.319> allowing<01:04:50.720> it<01:04:50.880> to<01:04:51.119> measure 01:04:51.510 --> 01:04:51.520 align:start position:0% polarized light, allowing it to measure 01:04:51.520 --> 01:04:54.870 align:start position:0% polarized light, allowing it to measure polarization<01:04:52.640> in<01:04:52.960> all<01:04:53.359> directions. 01:04:54.870 --> 01:04:54.880 align:start position:0% polarization in all directions. 01:04:54.880 --> 01:04:58.470 align:start position:0% polarization in all directions. Next,<01:04:55.280> the<01:04:55.520> light<01:04:55.839> hits<01:04:56.160> a<01:04:56.640> Wallist<01:04:57.280> prism,<01:04:58.160> a 01:04:58.470 --> 01:04:58.480 align:start position:0% Next, the light hits a Wallist prism, a 01:04:58.480 --> 01:05:00.390 align:start position:0% Next, the light hits a Wallist prism, a unique<01:04:58.880> optical<01:04:59.440> component<01:05:00.000> which 01:05:00.390 --> 01:05:00.400 align:start position:0% unique optical component which 01:05:00.400 --> 01:05:02.150 align:start position:0% unique optical component which physically<01:05:00.960> separates<01:05:01.359> the<01:05:01.520> incoming<01:05:01.920> beam 01:05:02.150 --> 01:05:02.160 align:start position:0% physically separates the incoming beam 01:05:02.160 --> 01:05:04.309 align:start position:0% physically separates the incoming beam of<01:05:02.319> light<01:05:02.720> based<01:05:03.039> on<01:05:03.200> the<01:05:03.440> polarization 01:05:04.309 --> 01:05:04.319 align:start position:0% of light based on the polarization 01:05:04.319 --> 01:05:07.270 align:start position:0% of light based on the polarization direction.<01:05:05.440> Light<01:05:05.680> waves<01:05:06.079> vibrating<01:05:06.720> in<01:05:07.039> one 01:05:07.270 --> 01:05:07.280 align:start position:0% direction. Light waves vibrating in one 01:05:07.280 --> 01:05:09.670 align:start position:0% direction. Light waves vibrating in one plane<01:05:07.599> go<01:05:07.839> one<01:05:08.079> way.<01:05:08.640> Waves<01:05:09.039> vibrating 01:05:09.670 --> 01:05:09.680 align:start position:0% plane go one way. Waves vibrating 01:05:09.680 --> 01:05:12.470 align:start position:0% plane go one way. Waves vibrating perpendicular<01:05:10.480> to<01:05:10.640> that<01:05:11.119> go<01:05:11.359> the<01:05:11.599> other<01:05:11.760> way. 01:05:12.470 --> 01:05:12.480 align:start position:0% perpendicular to that go the other way. 01:05:12.480 --> 01:05:14.630 align:start position:0% perpendicular to that go the other way. Each<01:05:12.799> beam<01:05:13.119> is<01:05:13.280> then<01:05:13.599> split<01:05:14.079> into<01:05:14.400> its 01:05:14.630 --> 01:05:14.640 align:start position:0% Each beam is then split into its 01:05:14.640 --> 01:05:16.950 align:start position:0% Each beam is then split into its component<01:05:15.119> colors,<01:05:15.920> creating<01:05:16.480> two 01:05:16.950 --> 01:05:16.960 align:start position:0% component colors, creating two 01:05:16.960 --> 01:05:19.990 align:start position:0% component colors, creating two sidebyside<01:05:17.760> spectra<01:05:18.400> on<01:05:18.640> the<01:05:18.880> detector,<01:05:19.760> one 01:05:19.990 --> 01:05:20.000 align:start position:0% sidebyside spectra on the detector, one 01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:23.029 align:start position:0% sidebyside spectra on the detector, one for<01:05:20.240> each<01:05:20.559> polarization<01:05:21.359> orientation. 01:05:23.029 --> 01:05:23.039 align:start position:0% for each polarization orientation. 01:05:23.039 --> 01:05:25.670 align:start position:0% for each polarization orientation. By<01:05:23.359> comparing<01:05:23.920> how<01:05:24.319> bright<01:05:24.720> each<01:05:25.039> wavelength 01:05:25.670 --> 01:05:25.680 align:start position:0% By comparing how bright each wavelength 01:05:25.680 --> 01:05:28.630 align:start position:0% By comparing how bright each wavelength is<01:05:26.079> across<01:05:26.480> the<01:05:26.720> two<01:05:27.039> spectra,<01:05:28.000> astronomers 01:05:28.630 --> 01:05:28.640 align:start position:0% is across the two spectra, astronomers 01:05:28.640 --> 01:05:30.870 align:start position:0% is across the two spectra, astronomers can<01:05:28.799> determine<01:05:29.359> how<01:05:29.680> strongly<01:05:30.160> the<01:05:30.400> light<01:05:30.640> is 01:05:30.870 --> 01:05:30.880 align:start position:0% can determine how strongly the light is 01:05:30.880 --> 01:05:34.309 align:start position:0% can determine how strongly the light is polarized<01:05:31.839> and<01:05:32.480> in<01:05:32.720> which<01:05:33.039> direction. 01:05:34.309 --> 01:05:34.319 align:start position:0% polarized and in which direction. 01:05:34.319 --> 01:05:37.510 align:start position:0% polarized and in which direction. Knowing<01:05:34.640> how<01:05:34.799> the<01:05:35.039> light<01:05:35.280> from<01:05:35.599> SN2024<01:05:36.799> GGI<01:05:37.359> is 01:05:37.510 --> 01:05:37.520 align:start position:0% Knowing how the light from SN2024 GGI is 01:05:37.520 --> 01:05:40.390 align:start position:0% Knowing how the light from SN2024 GGI is polarized<01:05:38.720> tells<01:05:39.039> us<01:05:39.200> the<01:05:39.520> shape<01:05:39.839> of<01:05:40.079> his 01:05:40.390 --> 01:05:40.400 align:start position:0% polarized tells us the shape of his 01:05:40.400 --> 01:05:43.510 align:start position:0% polarized tells us the shape of his explosion.<01:05:41.520> From<01:05:41.839> there,<01:05:42.480> we<01:05:42.799> can<01:05:42.960> predict 01:05:43.510 --> 01:05:43.520 align:start position:0% explosion. From there, we can predict 01:05:43.520 --> 01:05:46.789 align:start position:0% explosion. From there, we can predict the<01:05:43.760> mechanism<01:05:44.319> that<01:05:44.559> caused<01:05:44.880> it. 01:05:46.789 --> 01:05:46.799 align:start position:0% the mechanism that caused it. 01:05:46.799 --> 01:05:49.829 align:start position:0% the mechanism that caused it. For<01:05:47.039> over<01:05:47.760> 50<01:05:48.240> years,<01:05:48.880> scientists<01:05:49.359> have<01:05:49.599> tried 01:05:49.829 --> 01:05:49.839 align:start position:0% For over 50 years, scientists have tried 01:05:49.839 --> 01:05:51.670 align:start position:0% For over 50 years, scientists have tried to<01:05:50.000> explain<01:05:50.319> the<01:05:50.559> physical<01:05:50.960> processes<01:05:51.440> that 01:05:51.670 --> 01:05:51.680 align:start position:0% to explain the physical processes that 01:05:51.680 --> 01:05:54.470 align:start position:0% to explain the physical processes that revive<01:05:52.160> a<01:05:52.480> stalled<01:05:52.960> shock<01:05:53.200> wave<01:05:53.760> and<01:05:54.079> trigger 01:05:54.470 --> 01:05:54.480 align:start position:0% revive a stalled shock wave and trigger 01:05:54.480 --> 01:05:57.670 align:start position:0% revive a stalled shock wave and trigger a<01:05:54.720> supernova<01:05:55.359> explosion.<01:05:56.559> From<01:05:56.880> the<01:05:57.280> creative 01:05:57.670 --> 01:05:57.680 align:start position:0% a supernova explosion. From the creative 01:05:57.680 --> 01:06:01.029 align:start position:0% a supernova explosion. From the creative rubble<01:05:58.319> emerged<01:05:58.880> two<01:05:59.200> leading<01:05:59.680> ideas.<01:06:00.720> The 01:06:01.029 --> 01:06:01.039 align:start position:0% rubble emerged two leading ideas. The 01:06:01.039 --> 01:06:03.270 align:start position:0% rubble emerged two leading ideas. The first<01:06:01.280> says<01:06:01.520> that<01:06:01.839> nutrinos<01:06:02.640> must<01:06:02.960> have 01:06:03.270 --> 01:06:03.280 align:start position:0% first says that nutrinos must have 01:06:03.280 --> 01:06:05.270 align:start position:0% first says that nutrinos must have something<01:06:03.599> to<01:06:03.760> do<01:06:03.839> with<01:06:04.000> it.<01:06:04.640> We<01:06:04.880> know<01:06:05.039> the 01:06:05.270 --> 01:06:05.280 align:start position:0% something to do with it. We know the 01:06:05.280 --> 01:06:07.190 align:start position:0% something to do with it. We know the core<01:06:05.520> collapse<01:06:06.000> sends<01:06:06.400> huge<01:06:06.720> amounts<01:06:07.039> of 01:06:07.190 --> 01:06:07.200 align:start position:0% core collapse sends huge amounts of 01:06:07.200 --> 01:06:09.990 align:start position:0% core collapse sends huge amounts of nutrinos<01:06:07.839> shooting<01:06:08.160> into<01:06:08.480> space.<01:06:09.280> But<01:06:09.440> in<01:06:09.760> the 01:06:09.990 --> 01:06:10.000 align:start position:0% nutrinos shooting into space. But in the 01:06:10.000 --> 01:06:12.390 align:start position:0% nutrinos shooting into space. But in the incredibly<01:06:10.640> dense<01:06:11.039> region<01:06:11.520> just<01:06:11.839> above<01:06:12.160> the 01:06:12.390 --> 01:06:12.400 align:start position:0% incredibly dense region just above the 01:06:12.400 --> 01:06:15.430 align:start position:0% incredibly dense region just above the neutron<01:06:12.880> star,<01:06:13.760> even<01:06:14.079> nutrinos<01:06:14.880> have<01:06:15.119> trouble 01:06:15.430 --> 01:06:15.440 align:start position:0% neutron star, even nutrinos have trouble 01:06:15.440 --> 01:06:18.150 align:start position:0% neutron star, even nutrinos have trouble getting<01:06:15.760> through.<01:06:16.720> It's<01:06:16.960> thought<01:06:17.359> a<01:06:17.680> tiny 01:06:18.150 --> 01:06:18.160 align:start position:0% getting through. It's thought a tiny 01:06:18.160 --> 01:06:20.069 align:start position:0% getting through. It's thought a tiny fraction<01:06:18.480> of<01:06:18.640> them<01:06:18.960> deposit<01:06:19.440> their<01:06:19.680> energy 01:06:20.069 --> 01:06:20.079 align:start position:0% fraction of them deposit their energy 01:06:20.079 --> 01:06:22.470 align:start position:0% fraction of them deposit their energy into<01:06:20.400> the<01:06:20.559> material<01:06:21.119> above<01:06:21.520> the<01:06:21.760> core, 01:06:22.470 --> 01:06:22.480 align:start position:0% into the material above the core, 01:06:22.480 --> 01:06:25.430 align:start position:0% into the material above the core, heating<01:06:22.799> it<01:06:23.039> from<01:06:23.200> below.<01:06:24.400> This<01:06:24.720> creates<01:06:25.119> a 01:06:25.430 --> 01:06:25.440 align:start position:0% heating it from below. This creates a 01:06:25.440 --> 01:06:28.549 align:start position:0% heating it from below. This creates a violent<01:06:26.079> convection.<01:06:27.359> If<01:06:27.760> enough<01:06:28.160> energy 01:06:28.549 --> 01:06:28.559 align:start position:0% violent convection. If enough energy 01:06:28.559 --> 01:06:31.430 align:start position:0% violent convection. If enough energy accumulates,<01:06:29.440> the<01:06:29.680> shock<01:06:30.319> surges<01:06:30.880> back<01:06:31.200> to 01:06:31.430 --> 01:06:31.440 align:start position:0% accumulates, the shock surges back to 01:06:31.440 --> 01:06:34.309 align:start position:0% accumulates, the shock surges back to life<01:06:32.079> and<01:06:32.319> the<01:06:32.480> star<01:06:33.039> literally<01:06:33.599> blows<01:06:34.079> its 01:06:34.309 --> 01:06:34.319 align:start position:0% life and the star literally blows its 01:06:34.319 --> 01:06:37.589 align:start position:0% life and the star literally blows its top,<01:06:35.039> exploding<01:06:35.920> furiously. 01:06:37.589 --> 01:06:37.599 align:start position:0% top, exploding furiously. 01:06:37.599 --> 01:06:39.670 align:start position:0% top, exploding furiously. But<01:06:37.760> here's<01:06:38.000> the<01:06:38.240> thing,<01:06:38.880> the<01:06:39.119> convection 01:06:39.670 --> 01:06:39.680 align:start position:0% But here's the thing, the convection 01:06:39.680 --> 01:06:42.230 align:start position:0% But here's the thing, the convection doesn't<01:06:40.000> heat<01:06:40.240> the<01:06:40.400> nutrinos<01:06:41.119> evenly. 01:06:42.230 --> 01:06:42.240 align:start position:0% doesn't heat the nutrinos evenly. 01:06:42.240 --> 01:06:44.549 align:start position:0% doesn't heat the nutrinos evenly. State-of-the-art<01:06:43.039> 3D<01:06:43.359> simulations<01:06:44.000> led<01:06:44.319> by 01:06:44.549 --> 01:06:44.559 align:start position:0% State-of-the-art 3D simulations led by 01:06:44.559 --> 01:06:47.829 align:start position:0% State-of-the-art 3D simulations led by Bernard<01:06:45.039> Müller<01:06:45.599> at<01:06:45.920> Mach<01:06:46.480> University<01:06:47.440> show 01:06:47.829 --> 01:06:47.839 align:start position:0% Bernard Müller at Mach University show 01:06:47.839 --> 01:06:50.309 align:start position:0% Bernard Müller at Mach University show these<01:06:48.160> explosions<01:06:48.720> are<01:06:48.960> highly<01:06:49.359> asymmetric, 01:06:50.309 --> 01:06:50.319 align:start position:0% these explosions are highly asymmetric, 01:06:50.319 --> 01:06:52.710 align:start position:0% these explosions are highly asymmetric, and<01:06:50.559> we've<01:06:50.799> observed<01:06:51.520> real<01:06:51.760> supernova<01:06:52.480> that 01:06:52.710 --> 01:06:52.720 align:start position:0% and we've observed real supernova that 01:06:52.720 --> 01:06:55.589 align:start position:0% and we've observed real supernova that fit<01:06:52.960> this<01:06:53.119> model<01:06:53.440> well.<01:06:54.079> The<01:06:54.400> Cassiopia<01:06:55.359> a 01:06:55.589 --> 01:06:55.599 align:start position:0% fit this model well. The Cassiopia a 01:06:55.599 --> 01:06:57.990 align:start position:0% fit this model well. The Cassiopia a supernova<01:06:56.160> remnant,<01:06:56.640> for<01:06:56.640> example,<01:06:57.440> shows<01:06:57.680> an 01:06:57.990 --> 01:06:58.000 align:start position:0% supernova remnant, for example, shows an 01:06:58.000 --> 01:07:00.390 align:start position:0% supernova remnant, for example, shows an asymmetric<01:06:58.799> distribution<01:06:59.440> of<01:06:59.680> radioactive 01:07:00.390 --> 01:07:00.400 align:start position:0% asymmetric distribution of radioactive 01:07:00.400 --> 01:07:03.270 align:start position:0% asymmetric distribution of radioactive chemicals<01:07:00.880> like<01:07:01.200> titanium<01:07:01.920> 44<01:07:02.559> and<01:07:02.880> nickel 01:07:03.270 --> 01:07:03.280 align:start position:0% chemicals like titanium 44 and nickel 01:07:03.280 --> 01:07:06.069 align:start position:0% chemicals like titanium 44 and nickel 56,<01:07:04.160> which<01:07:04.480> trace<01:07:04.880> back<01:07:05.039> to<01:07:05.280> asymmetries 01:07:06.069 --> 01:07:06.079 align:start position:0% 56, which trace back to asymmetries 01:07:06.079 --> 01:07:08.630 align:start position:0% 56, which trace back to asymmetries present<01:07:06.319> from<01:07:06.559> the<01:07:06.640> onset<01:07:07.039> of<01:07:07.200> the<01:07:07.440> explosion. 01:07:08.630 --> 01:07:08.640 align:start position:0% present from the onset of the explosion. 01:07:08.640 --> 01:07:11.029 align:start position:0% present from the onset of the explosion. The<01:07:08.880> second<01:07:09.119> theory<01:07:09.520> says<01:07:10.079> jets<01:07:10.559> are<01:07:10.799> behind 01:07:11.029 --> 01:07:11.039 align:start position:0% The second theory says jets are behind 01:07:11.039 --> 01:07:13.510 align:start position:0% The second theory says jets are behind the<01:07:11.280> boom<01:07:11.680> instead.<01:07:12.480> The<01:07:12.720> collapsing<01:07:13.200> core 01:07:13.510 --> 01:07:13.520 align:start position:0% the boom instead. The collapsing core 01:07:13.520 --> 01:07:16.789 align:start position:0% the boom instead. The collapsing core forms<01:07:13.920> a<01:07:14.240> rapidly<01:07:14.880> rotating<01:07:15.599> neutron<01:07:16.079> star 01:07:16.789 --> 01:07:16.799 align:start position:0% forms a rapidly rotating neutron star 01:07:16.799 --> 01:07:19.430 align:start position:0% forms a rapidly rotating neutron star surrounded<01:07:17.359> by<01:07:17.680> a<01:07:18.000> disc<01:07:18.400> of<01:07:18.720> infalling 01:07:19.430 --> 01:07:19.440 align:start position:0% surrounded by a disc of infalling 01:07:19.440 --> 01:07:22.150 align:start position:0% surrounded by a disc of infalling material.<01:07:20.480> Magnetic<01:07:21.039> fields<01:07:21.599> threading 01:07:22.150 --> 01:07:22.160 align:start position:0% material. Magnetic fields threading 01:07:22.160 --> 01:07:23.990 align:start position:0% material. Magnetic fields threading through<01:07:22.480> this<01:07:22.640> disc<01:07:23.039> get<01:07:23.280> wound<01:07:23.599> up<01:07:23.760> and 01:07:23.990 --> 01:07:24.000 align:start position:0% through this disc get wound up and 01:07:24.000 --> 01:07:26.309 align:start position:0% through this disc get wound up and amplified<01:07:24.559> by<01:07:24.720> the<01:07:24.880> rotation.<01:07:25.760> Twisted 01:07:26.309 --> 01:07:26.319 align:start position:0% amplified by the rotation. Twisted 01:07:26.319 --> 01:07:28.710 align:start position:0% amplified by the rotation. Twisted tighter<01:07:26.720> and<01:07:26.960> tighter<01:07:27.440> like<01:07:27.599> a<01:07:27.760> rubber<01:07:28.079> band. 01:07:28.710 --> 01:07:28.720 align:start position:0% tighter and tighter like a rubber band. 01:07:28.720 --> 01:07:31.029 align:start position:0% tighter and tighter like a rubber band. These<01:07:29.039> amplified<01:07:29.599> magnetic<01:07:30.079> fields<01:07:30.640> channel 01:07:31.029 --> 01:07:31.039 align:start position:0% These amplified magnetic fields channel 01:07:31.039 --> 01:07:33.670 align:start position:0% These amplified magnetic fields channel material<01:07:31.599> into<01:07:32.000> two<01:07:32.400> powerful<01:07:32.880> jets<01:07:33.359> shooting 01:07:33.670 --> 01:07:33.680 align:start position:0% material into two powerful jets shooting 01:07:33.680 --> 01:07:36.069 align:start position:0% material into two powerful jets shooting out<01:07:33.920> along<01:07:34.160> the<01:07:34.319> stars<01:07:34.640> rotation<01:07:35.039> axis<01:07:35.680> like 01:07:36.069 --> 01:07:36.079 align:start position:0% out along the stars rotation axis like 01:07:36.079 --> 01:07:39.109 align:start position:0% out along the stars rotation axis like cosmic<01:07:36.559> blowtorrches.<01:07:38.000> They<01:07:38.480> punch<01:07:38.799> through 01:07:39.109 --> 01:07:39.119 align:start position:0% cosmic blowtorrches. They punch through 01:07:39.119 --> 01:07:41.510 align:start position:0% cosmic blowtorrches. They punch through the<01:07:39.359> stars<01:07:39.760> envelope<01:07:40.400> with<01:07:40.799> tremendous 01:07:41.510 --> 01:07:41.520 align:start position:0% the stars envelope with tremendous 01:07:41.520 --> 01:07:44.390 align:start position:0% the stars envelope with tremendous force,<01:07:42.400> driving<01:07:42.799> a<01:07:43.119> fundamentally<01:07:44.000> different 01:07:44.390 --> 01:07:44.400 align:start position:0% force, driving a fundamentally different 01:07:44.400 --> 01:07:47.029 align:start position:0% force, driving a fundamentally different explosion.<01:07:45.599> In<01:07:45.839> this<01:07:46.000> scenario,<01:07:46.480> the<01:07:46.720> blast 01:07:47.029 --> 01:07:47.039 align:start position:0% explosion. In this scenario, the blast 01:07:47.039 --> 01:07:49.349 align:start position:0% explosion. In this scenario, the blast would<01:07:47.200> produce<01:07:47.680> axial<01:07:48.160> symmetry<01:07:48.720> along<01:07:49.119> the 01:07:49.349 --> 01:07:49.359 align:start position:0% would produce axial symmetry along the 01:07:49.359 --> 01:07:52.390 align:start position:0% would produce axial symmetry along the stars<01:07:49.760> spin.<01:07:50.799> The<01:07:51.039> explosion<01:07:51.520> then<01:07:51.839> expands 01:07:52.390 --> 01:07:52.400 align:start position:0% stars spin. The explosion then expands 01:07:52.400 --> 01:07:54.950 align:start position:0% stars spin. The explosion then expands along<01:07:52.880> this<01:07:53.119> axis,<01:07:53.920> leading<01:07:54.319> to<01:07:54.559> a 01:07:54.950 --> 01:07:54.960 align:start position:0% along this axis, leading to a 01:07:54.960 --> 01:07:56.789 align:start position:0% along this axis, leading to a football-shaped<01:07:55.760> or<01:07:56.240> olive<01:07:56.559> shaped 01:07:56.789 --> 01:07:56.799 align:start position:0% football-shaped or olive shaped 01:07:56.799 --> 01:07:58.789 align:start position:0% football-shaped or olive shaped geometry.<01:07:57.839> We've<01:07:58.079> seen<01:07:58.319> this<01:07:58.480> kind<01:07:58.640> of 01:07:58.789 --> 01:07:58.799 align:start position:0% geometry. We've seen this kind of 01:07:58.799 --> 01:08:01.430 align:start position:0% geometry. We've seen this kind of structure<01:07:59.280> in<01:07:59.520> other<01:07:59.760> supernova<01:08:00.559> like<01:08:00.960> SN 01:08:01.430 --> 01:08:01.440 align:start position:0% structure in other supernova like SN 01:08:01.440 --> 01:08:03.670 align:start position:0% structure in other supernova like SN 2023XF, 01:08:03.670 --> 01:08:03.680 align:start position:0% 2023XF, 01:08:03.680 --> 01:08:06.470 align:start position:0% 2023XF, whose<01:08:04.079> explosion<01:08:04.559> was<01:08:04.880> also<01:08:05.359> organized<01:08:06.079> and 01:08:06.470 --> 01:08:06.480 align:start position:0% whose explosion was also organized and 01:08:06.480 --> 01:08:07.990 align:start position:0% whose explosion was also organized and elongated. 01:08:07.990 --> 01:08:08.000 align:start position:0% elongated. 01:08:08.000 --> 01:08:10.390 align:start position:0% elongated. So,<01:08:08.480> what<01:08:08.720> do<01:08:08.880> you<01:08:09.039> think<01:08:09.280> Yang's<01:08:09.839> VT 01:08:10.390 --> 01:08:10.400 align:start position:0% So, what do you think Yang's VT 01:08:10.400 --> 01:08:14.789 align:start position:0% So, what do you think Yang's VT observations<01:08:10.960> show<01:08:11.280> for<01:08:11.760> SN<01:08:12.240> 2024<01:08:13.200> GGI?<01:08:14.480> Pause 01:08:14.789 --> 01:08:14.799 align:start position:0% observations show for SN 2024 GGI? Pause 01:08:14.799 --> 01:08:16.550 align:start position:0% observations show for SN 2024 GGI? Pause the<01:08:14.960> video<01:08:15.119> and<01:08:15.359> comment<01:08:15.680> below.<01:08:16.239> An 01:08:16.550 --> 01:08:16.560 align:start position:0% the video and comment below. An 01:08:16.560 --> 01:08:18.390 align:start position:0% the video and comment below. An explosion<01:08:17.120> if<01:08:17.359> you<01:08:17.520> think<01:08:17.679> it's<01:08:18.000> highly 01:08:18.390 --> 01:08:18.400 align:start position:0% explosion if you think it's highly 01:08:18.400 --> 01:08:20.789 align:start position:0% explosion if you think it's highly irregular<01:08:19.279> and<01:08:19.520> asymmetric<01:08:20.319> like<01:08:20.560> the 01:08:20.789 --> 01:08:20.799 align:start position:0% irregular and asymmetric like the 01:08:20.799 --> 01:08:23.990 align:start position:0% irregular and asymmetric like the nutrinodriven<01:08:22.080> model<01:08:22.480> predicts<01:08:23.359> or<01:08:23.679> an 01:08:23.990 --> 01:08:24.000 align:start position:0% nutrinodriven model predicts or an 01:08:24.000 --> 01:08:25.910 align:start position:0% nutrinodriven model predicts or an American<01:08:24.400> football<01:08:24.880> if<01:08:25.120> you<01:08:25.279> think<01:08:25.440> it's 01:08:25.910 --> 01:08:25.920 align:start position:0% American football if you think it's 01:08:25.920 --> 01:08:28.390 align:start position:0% American football if you think it's symmetrical<01:08:26.640> along<01:08:26.960> an<01:08:27.120> axis<01:08:27.600> like<01:08:27.839> the<01:08:28.080> jet 01:08:28.390 --> 01:08:28.400 align:start position:0% symmetrical along an axis like the jet 01:08:28.400 --> 01:08:30.229 align:start position:0% symmetrical along an axis like the jet model<01:08:28.719> predicts. 01:08:30.229 --> 01:08:30.239 align:start position:0% model predicts. 01:08:30.239 --> 01:08:35.590 align:start position:0% model predicts. So<01:08:31.279> moment<01:08:31.679> of<01:08:31.920> truth.<01:08:33.040> This<01:08:33.359> is<01:08:33.520> what<01:08:34.080> SN<01:08:34.719> 2024 01:08:35.590 --> 01:08:35.600 align:start position:0% So moment of truth. This is what SN 2024 01:08:35.600 --> 01:08:38.870 align:start position:0% So moment of truth. This is what SN 2024 GGI<01:08:36.560> looked<01:08:36.880> like.<01:08:37.759> The<01:08:38.000> spectro<01:08:38.640> polar 01:08:38.870 --> 01:08:38.880 align:start position:0% GGI looked like. The spectro polar 01:08:38.880 --> 01:08:42.149 align:start position:0% GGI looked like. The spectro polar imagery<01:08:39.359> data<01:08:40.000> collected<01:08:40.400> by<01:08:40.640> the<01:08:40.880> VT's<01:08:41.679> Force 01:08:42.149 --> 01:08:42.159 align:start position:0% imagery data collected by the VT's Force 01:08:42.159 --> 01:08:46.950 align:start position:0% imagery data collected by the VT's Force 2<01:08:43.040> revealed<01:08:43.600> a<01:08:43.920> clear,<01:08:44.880> well-defined<01:08:45.920> axis<01:08:46.480> of 01:08:46.950 --> 01:08:46.960 align:start position:0% 2 revealed a clear, well-defined axis of 01:08:46.960 --> 01:08:50.550 align:start position:0% 2 revealed a clear, well-defined axis of symmetry<01:08:48.080> and<01:08:48.319> an<01:08:48.719> olive<01:08:49.120> or<01:08:49.600> football-shaped 01:08:50.550 --> 01:08:50.560 align:start position:0% symmetry and an olive or football-shaped 01:08:50.560 --> 01:08:53.590 align:start position:0% symmetry and an olive or football-shaped explosion.<01:08:51.679> Technically,<01:08:52.480> a<01:08:52.799> prolate 01:08:53.590 --> 01:08:53.600 align:start position:0% explosion. Technically, a prolate 01:08:53.600 --> 01:08:55.110 align:start position:0% explosion. Technically, a prolate ellypoid. 01:08:55.110 --> 01:08:55.120 align:start position:0% ellypoid. 01:08:55.120 --> 01:08:57.829 align:start position:0% ellypoid. At<01:08:55.440> first,<01:08:55.759> it<01:08:56.000> seemed<01:08:56.319> like<01:08:56.560> a<01:08:56.799> clear<01:08:57.199> win<01:08:57.600> for 01:08:57.829 --> 01:08:57.839 align:start position:0% At first, it seemed like a clear win for 01:08:57.839 --> 01:09:00.630 align:start position:0% At first, it seemed like a clear win for the<01:08:58.000> jet<01:08:58.400> driven<01:08:58.799> theory.<01:08:59.839> If<01:09:00.000> the<01:09:00.239> explosion 01:09:00.630 --> 01:09:00.640 align:start position:0% the jet driven theory. If the explosion 01:09:00.640 --> 01:09:02.709 align:start position:0% the jet driven theory. If the explosion were<01:09:00.880> driven<01:09:01.120> by<01:09:01.359> nutrinos,<01:09:02.080> it<01:09:02.319> would<01:09:02.480> have 01:09:02.709 --> 01:09:02.719 align:start position:0% were driven by nutrinos, it would have 01:09:02.719 --> 01:09:05.269 align:start position:0% were driven by nutrinos, it would have been<01:09:03.040> completely<01:09:03.759> asymmetrical. 01:09:05.269 --> 01:09:05.279 align:start position:0% been completely asymmetrical. 01:09:05.279 --> 01:09:07.749 align:start position:0% been completely asymmetrical. Finally,<01:09:06.000> we<01:09:06.319> had<01:09:06.560> the<01:09:06.799> conclusive 01:09:07.749 --> 01:09:07.759 align:start position:0% Finally, we had the conclusive 01:09:07.759 --> 01:09:10.390 align:start position:0% Finally, we had the conclusive observational<01:09:08.560> data<01:09:09.040> we'd<01:09:09.679> always<01:09:10.159> been 01:09:10.390 --> 01:09:10.400 align:start position:0% observational data we'd always been 01:09:10.400 --> 01:09:14.709 align:start position:0% observational data we'd always been missing.<01:09:11.440> Case<01:09:11.839> closed,<01:09:13.120> right? 01:09:14.709 --> 01:09:14.719 align:start position:0% missing. Case closed, right? 01:09:14.719 --> 01:09:17.189 align:start position:0% missing. Case closed, right? If<01:09:15.040> only<01:09:15.359> it<01:09:15.600> were<01:09:15.759> that<01:09:16.000> simple.<01:09:16.880> These 01:09:17.189 --> 01:09:17.199 align:start position:0% If only it were that simple. These 01:09:17.199 --> 01:09:19.189 align:start position:0% If only it were that simple. These models<01:09:17.520> are<01:09:17.679> based<01:09:18.000> on<01:09:18.159> simulations, 01:09:19.189 --> 01:09:19.199 align:start position:0% models are based on simulations, 01:09:19.199 --> 01:09:21.349 align:start position:0% models are based on simulations, theoretical<01:09:19.839> physics,<01:09:20.400> and<01:09:20.640> extrapolated 01:09:21.349 --> 01:09:21.359 align:start position:0% theoretical physics, and extrapolated 01:09:21.359 --> 01:09:23.510 align:start position:0% theoretical physics, and extrapolated information<01:09:21.839> from<01:09:22.080> supernova<01:09:22.880> we<01:09:23.199> caught 01:09:23.510 --> 01:09:23.520 align:start position:0% information from supernova we caught 01:09:23.520 --> 01:09:25.990 align:start position:0% information from supernova we caught much<01:09:23.839> later<01:09:24.480> after<01:09:24.799> the<01:09:25.040> critical<01:09:25.520> breakout 01:09:25.990 --> 01:09:26.000 align:start position:0% much later after the critical breakout 01:09:26.000 --> 01:09:28.309 align:start position:0% much later after the critical breakout phase<01:09:26.319> window<01:09:26.640> shut.<01:09:27.359> The<01:09:27.520> nutrinobased 01:09:28.309 --> 01:09:28.319 align:start position:0% phase window shut. The nutrinobased 01:09:28.319 --> 01:09:30.950 align:start position:0% phase window shut. The nutrinobased model<01:09:28.719> certainly<01:09:29.199> has<01:09:29.520> its<01:09:29.759> shortcomings.<01:09:30.719> A 01:09:30.950 --> 01:09:30.960 align:start position:0% model certainly has its shortcomings. A 01:09:30.960 --> 01:09:33.590 align:start position:0% model certainly has its shortcomings. A 2015<01:09:31.679> article<01:09:32.080> from<01:09:32.319> the<01:09:32.480> Royal<01:09:32.799> Astronomical 01:09:33.590 --> 01:09:33.600 align:start position:0% 2015 article from the Royal Astronomical 01:09:33.600 --> 01:09:36.470 align:start position:0% 2015 article from the Royal Astronomical Society<01:09:34.159> showed<01:09:34.480> that<01:09:34.960> 3D<01:09:35.520> nutrinodriven 01:09:36.470 --> 01:09:36.480 align:start position:0% Society showed that 3D nutrinodriven 01:09:36.480 --> 01:09:39.430 align:start position:0% Society showed that 3D nutrinodriven simulations<01:09:37.199> produce<01:09:37.679> explosions<01:09:38.560> an<01:09:38.799> entire 01:09:39.430 --> 01:09:39.440 align:start position:0% simulations produce explosions an entire 01:09:39.440 --> 01:09:41.349 align:start position:0% simulations produce explosions an entire order<01:09:39.759> of<01:09:39.920> magnitude<01:09:40.400> less<01:09:40.719> than<01:09:40.960> what<01:09:41.120> we've 01:09:41.349 --> 01:09:41.359 align:start position:0% order of magnitude less than what we've 01:09:41.359 --> 01:09:44.070 align:start position:0% order of magnitude less than what we've seen<01:09:41.600> observationally<01:09:42.799> even<01:09:43.199> in<01:09:43.600> the<01:09:43.839> most 01:09:44.070 --> 01:09:44.080 align:start position:0% seen observationally even in the most 01:09:44.080 --> 01:09:46.390 align:start position:0% seen observationally even in the most favorable<01:09:44.480> of<01:09:44.719> conditions.<01:09:45.679> This<01:09:45.920> suggests 01:09:46.390 --> 01:09:46.400 align:start position:0% favorable of conditions. This suggests 01:09:46.400 --> 01:09:49.030 align:start position:0% favorable of conditions. This suggests nutrino<01:09:46.960> heating<01:09:47.440> alone<01:09:48.319> simply<01:09:48.719> isn't 01:09:49.030 --> 01:09:49.040 align:start position:0% nutrino heating alone simply isn't 01:09:49.040 --> 01:09:51.510 align:start position:0% nutrino heating alone simply isn't enough<01:09:49.279> to<01:09:49.440> explain<01:09:49.759> the<01:09:50.000> blast.<01:09:50.719> But<01:09:50.880> the<01:09:51.040> jet 01:09:51.510 --> 01:09:51.520 align:start position:0% enough to explain the blast. But the jet 01:09:51.520 --> 01:09:54.310 align:start position:0% enough to explain the blast. But the jet driven<01:09:51.839> theories<01:09:52.319> aren't<01:09:52.719> flawless<01:09:53.279> either. 01:09:54.310 --> 01:09:54.320 align:start position:0% driven theories aren't flawless either. 01:09:54.320 --> 01:09:57.110 align:start position:0% driven theories aren't flawless either. 2D<01:09:54.719> models<01:09:55.280> seemingly<01:09:55.840> work<01:09:56.080> well.<01:09:56.719> But<01:09:56.880> when 01:09:57.110 --> 01:09:57.120 align:start position:0% 2D models seemingly work well. But when 01:09:57.120 --> 01:09:59.590 align:start position:0% 2D models seemingly work well. But when astrophysicists<01:09:58.080> simulate<01:09:58.719> jet<01:09:59.199> driven 01:09:59.590 --> 01:09:59.600 align:start position:0% astrophysicists simulate jet driven 01:09:59.600 --> 01:10:02.470 align:start position:0% astrophysicists simulate jet driven explosions<01:10:00.159> in<01:10:00.640> 3D,<01:10:01.760> something<01:10:02.080> strange 01:10:02.470 --> 01:10:02.480 align:start position:0% explosions in 3D, something strange 01:10:02.480 --> 01:10:05.350 align:start position:0% explosions in 3D, something strange happens.<01:10:03.440> A<01:10:03.600> team<01:10:03.840> at<01:10:04.000> Caltech<01:10:04.560> introduced<01:10:05.040> a 01:10:05.350 --> 01:10:05.360 align:start position:0% happens. A team at Caltech introduced a 01:10:05.360 --> 01:10:08.229 align:start position:0% happens. A team at Caltech introduced a 1%<01:10:06.080> wobble<01:10:06.560> around<01:10:06.800> the<01:10:07.040> axis<01:10:07.360> of<01:10:07.520> symmetry<01:10:08.000> of 01:10:08.229 --> 01:10:08.239 align:start position:0% 1% wobble around the axis of symmetry of 01:10:08.239 --> 01:10:10.870 align:start position:0% 1% wobble around the axis of symmetry of a<01:10:08.560> rapidly<01:10:09.040> rotating<01:10:09.840> magnetized<01:10:10.560> stellar 01:10:10.870 --> 01:10:10.880 align:start position:0% a rapidly rotating magnetized stellar 01:10:10.880 --> 01:10:14.229 align:start position:0% a rapidly rotating magnetized stellar core.<01:10:11.840> That<01:10:12.159> tiny<01:10:12.640> change<01:10:13.440> made<01:10:13.679> the<01:10:13.840> jets 01:10:14.229 --> 01:10:14.239 align:start position:0% core. That tiny change made the jets 01:10:14.239 --> 01:10:17.350 align:start position:0% core. That tiny change made the jets unstable.<01:10:15.440> They<01:10:15.679> twisted<01:10:16.159> and<01:10:16.480> kinkedked, 01:10:17.350 --> 01:10:17.360 align:start position:0% unstable. They twisted and kinkedked, 01:10:17.360 --> 01:10:19.830 align:start position:0% unstable. They twisted and kinkedked, winding<01:10:18.000> around<01:10:18.320> the<01:10:18.560> rotation<01:10:18.960> axis<01:10:19.440> like 01:10:19.830 --> 01:10:19.840 align:start position:0% winding around the rotation axis like 01:10:19.840 --> 01:10:22.709 align:start position:0% winding around the rotation axis like water<01:10:20.400> streaming<01:10:20.880> out<01:10:21.199> from<01:10:21.520> a<01:10:21.760> garden<01:10:22.239> hose 01:10:22.709 --> 01:10:22.719 align:start position:0% water streaming out from a garden hose 01:10:22.719 --> 01:10:25.189 align:start position:0% water streaming out from a garden hose left<01:10:23.040> lying<01:10:23.440> on<01:10:23.600> the<01:10:23.840> ground.<01:10:24.719> Instead<01:10:25.040> of 01:10:25.189 --> 01:10:25.199 align:start position:0% left lying on the ground. Instead of 01:10:25.199 --> 01:10:27.510 align:start position:0% left lying on the ground. Instead of punching<01:10:25.760> cleanly<01:10:26.320> through<01:10:26.560> the<01:10:26.719> star<01:10:27.040> and 01:10:27.510 --> 01:10:27.520 align:start position:0% punching cleanly through the star and 01:10:27.520 --> 01:10:30.790 align:start position:0% punching cleanly through the star and driving<01:10:28.080> an<01:10:28.320> explosion,<01:10:29.440> the<01:10:29.679> jets<01:10:30.080> produced 01:10:30.790 --> 01:10:30.800 align:start position:0% driving an explosion, the jets produced 01:10:30.800 --> 01:10:34.390 align:start position:0% driving an explosion, the jets produced two<01:10:31.679> misshapen<01:10:32.560> loes<01:10:32.960> of<01:10:33.199> twisted,<01:10:33.920> highly 01:10:34.390 --> 01:10:34.400 align:start position:0% two misshapen loes of twisted, highly 01:10:34.400 --> 01:10:37.590 align:start position:0% two misshapen loes of twisted, highly magnetized<01:10:35.199> material<01:10:36.080> that<01:10:36.560> slowly<01:10:37.199> pushed 01:10:37.590 --> 01:10:37.600 align:start position:0% magnetized material that slowly pushed 01:10:37.600 --> 01:10:41.270 align:start position:0% magnetized material that slowly pushed outward.<01:10:38.560> The<01:10:38.800> explosion<01:10:39.760> never<01:10:40.320> happened. 01:10:41.270 --> 01:10:41.280 align:start position:0% outward. The explosion never happened. 01:10:41.280 --> 01:10:43.510 align:start position:0% outward. The explosion never happened. There<01:10:41.520> simply<01:10:41.920> wasn't<01:10:42.400> enough<01:10:42.800> energy<01:10:43.199> to 01:10:43.510 --> 01:10:43.520 align:start position:0% There simply wasn't enough energy to 01:10:43.520 --> 01:10:48.630 align:start position:0% There simply wasn't enough energy to trigger<01:10:44.080> an<01:10:44.320> explosion.<01:10:45.520> Yet<01:10:46.080> SN<01:10:46.640> 2024<01:10:47.520> GGI 01:10:48.630 --> 01:10:48.640 align:start position:0% trigger an explosion. Yet SN 2024 GGI 01:10:48.640 --> 01:10:51.270 align:start position:0% trigger an explosion. Yet SN 2024 GGI clearly<01:10:49.199> exploded.<01:10:50.400> So,<01:10:50.640> there<01:10:50.880> must<01:10:51.120> be 01:10:51.270 --> 01:10:51.280 align:start position:0% clearly exploded. So, there must be 01:10:51.280 --> 01:10:54.070 align:start position:0% clearly exploded. So, there must be something<01:10:51.600> else<01:10:51.920> going<01:10:52.159> on.<01:10:53.280> Either<01:10:53.760> our 01:10:54.070 --> 01:10:54.080 align:start position:0% something else going on. Either our 01:10:54.080 --> 01:10:56.790 align:start position:0% something else going on. Either our models<01:10:54.400> are<01:10:54.560> incomplete<01:10:55.679> or<01:10:56.000> we've<01:10:56.320> missed 01:10:56.790 --> 01:10:56.800 align:start position:0% models are incomplete or we've missed 01:10:56.800 --> 01:10:59.350 align:start position:0% models are incomplete or we've missed something<01:10:57.280> else<01:10:57.679> entirely. 01:10:59.350 --> 01:10:59.360 align:start position:0% something else entirely. 01:10:59.360 --> 01:11:01.830 align:start position:0% something else entirely. The<01:10:59.679> solution<01:11:00.080> might<01:11:00.320> lie<01:11:00.719> in<01:11:01.040> flipping<01:11:01.520> the 01:11:01.830 --> 01:11:01.840 align:start position:0% The solution might lie in flipping the 01:11:01.840 --> 01:11:04.630 align:start position:0% The solution might lie in flipping the old<01:11:02.159> theory<01:11:02.640> on<01:11:02.880> its<01:11:03.120> head.<01:11:04.080> What<01:11:04.239> if<01:11:04.480> the 01:11:04.630 --> 01:11:04.640 align:start position:0% old theory on its head. What if the 01:11:04.640 --> 01:11:07.750 align:start position:0% old theory on its head. What if the fatal<01:11:05.120> wobbling<01:11:05.679> and<01:11:06.080> kinking<01:11:07.040> is<01:11:07.360> actually 01:11:07.750 --> 01:11:07.760 align:start position:0% fatal wobbling and kinking is actually 01:11:07.760 --> 01:11:11.189 align:start position:0% fatal wobbling and kinking is actually an<01:11:08.080> essential<01:11:08.719> part<01:11:09.120> of<01:11:09.280> the<01:11:09.600> explosion?<01:11:10.880> If 01:11:11.189 --> 01:11:11.199 align:start position:0% an essential part of the explosion? If 01:11:11.199 --> 01:11:13.830 align:start position:0% an essential part of the explosion? If jets<01:11:11.679> rapidly<01:11:12.239> jitter<01:11:12.880> rather<01:11:13.199> than<01:11:13.440> maintain 01:11:13.830 --> 01:11:13.840 align:start position:0% jets rapidly jitter rather than maintain 01:11:13.840 --> 01:11:16.870 align:start position:0% jets rapidly jitter rather than maintain a<01:11:14.080> stable<01:11:14.480> axis,<01:11:15.360> they<01:11:15.600> can't<01:11:16.000> drill<01:11:16.320> a<01:11:16.640> clean 01:11:16.870 --> 01:11:16.880 align:start position:0% a stable axis, they can't drill a clean 01:11:16.880 --> 01:11:18.470 align:start position:0% a stable axis, they can't drill a clean channel<01:11:17.199> through<01:11:17.440> the<01:11:17.600> star<01:11:17.920> like<01:11:18.159> in<01:11:18.320> the 01:11:18.470 --> 01:11:18.480 align:start position:0% channel through the star like in the 01:11:18.480 --> 01:11:20.870 align:start position:0% channel through the star like in the classic<01:11:18.960> jet-driven<01:11:19.679> model.<01:11:20.480> Instead, 01:11:20.870 --> 01:11:20.880 align:start position:0% classic jet-driven model. Instead, 01:11:20.880 --> 01:11:22.630 align:start position:0% classic jet-driven model. Instead, they're<01:11:21.120> forced<01:11:21.520> to<01:11:21.679> deposit<01:11:22.080> their<01:11:22.239> energy 01:11:22.630 --> 01:11:22.640 align:start position:0% they're forced to deposit their energy 01:11:22.640 --> 01:11:25.510 align:start position:0% they're forced to deposit their energy close<01:11:22.880> to<01:11:23.120> the<01:11:23.280> core,<01:11:23.920> roughly<01:11:24.400> a<01:11:24.480> thousand<01:11:24.960> km 01:11:25.510 --> 01:11:25.520 align:start position:0% close to the core, roughly a thousand km 01:11:25.520 --> 01:11:27.910 align:start position:0% close to the core, roughly a thousand km from<01:11:25.679> the<01:11:25.840> center<01:11:26.320> through<01:11:26.640> shock<01:11:26.960> waves. 01:11:27.910 --> 01:11:27.920 align:start position:0% from the center through shock waves. 01:11:27.920 --> 01:11:30.470 align:start position:0% from the center through shock waves. These<01:11:28.159> shock<01:11:28.400> waves<01:11:28.800> create<01:11:29.199> hot<01:11:29.920> pressurized 01:11:30.470 --> 01:11:30.480 align:start position:0% These shock waves create hot pressurized 01:11:30.480 --> 01:11:33.350 align:start position:0% These shock waves create hot pressurized bubbles<01:11:30.880> that<01:11:31.280> merge<01:11:31.760> and<01:11:32.000> expand,<01:11:33.040> pushing 01:11:33.350 --> 01:11:33.360 align:start position:0% bubbles that merge and expand, pushing 01:11:33.360 --> 01:11:35.750 align:start position:0% bubbles that merge and expand, pushing the<01:11:33.600> stellar<01:11:34.000> material<01:11:34.400> outward<01:11:35.040> and<01:11:35.360> driving 01:11:35.750 --> 01:11:35.760 align:start position:0% the stellar material outward and driving 01:11:35.760 --> 01:11:38.390 align:start position:0% the stellar material outward and driving the<01:11:36.080> explosion.<01:11:37.120> The<01:11:37.280> jets<01:11:37.679> themselves<01:11:38.080> are 01:11:38.390 --> 01:11:38.400 align:start position:0% the explosion. The jets themselves are 01:11:38.400 --> 01:11:40.870 align:start position:0% the explosion. The jets themselves are chaotic<01:11:38.880> and<01:11:39.199> unstable.<01:11:40.159> But<01:11:40.320> the<01:11:40.560> overall 01:11:40.870 --> 01:11:40.880 align:start position:0% chaotic and unstable. But the overall 01:11:40.880 --> 01:11:43.189 align:start position:0% chaotic and unstable. But the overall explosion<01:11:41.440> geometry<01:11:42.080> remains<01:11:42.800> actually 01:11:43.189 --> 01:11:43.199 align:start position:0% explosion geometry remains actually 01:11:43.199 --> 01:11:46.709 align:start position:0% explosion geometry remains actually symmetric<01:11:44.159> just<01:11:44.400> like<01:11:45.040> SN2024 01:11:46.709 --> 01:11:46.719 align:start position:0% symmetric just like SN2024 01:11:46.719 --> 01:11:48.630 align:start position:0% symmetric just like SN2024 GGI. 01:11:48.630 --> 01:11:48.640 align:start position:0% GGI. 01:11:48.640 --> 01:11:51.830 align:start position:0% GGI. So<01:11:49.520> where<01:11:49.840> does<01:11:50.000> this<01:11:50.159> leave<01:11:50.400> us?<01:11:51.360> Well, 01:11:51.830 --> 01:11:51.840 align:start position:0% So where does this leave us? Well, 01:11:51.840 --> 01:11:55.669 align:start position:0% So where does this leave us? Well, SN2024<01:11:53.120> GGI<01:11:54.000> definitely<01:11:54.640> showed<01:11:55.040> us<01:11:55.280> that 01:11:55.669 --> 01:11:55.679 align:start position:0% SN2024 GGI definitely showed us that 01:11:55.679 --> 01:11:58.709 align:start position:0% SN2024 GGI definitely showed us that explosions<01:11:56.480> can<01:11:56.880> have<01:11:57.280> organized<01:11:58.159> axial 01:11:58.709 --> 01:11:58.719 align:start position:0% explosions can have organized axial 01:11:58.719 --> 01:12:01.750 align:start position:0% explosions can have organized axial symmetry.<01:11:59.760> And<01:12:00.000> how<01:12:00.159> it<01:12:00.400> arises,<01:12:01.360> whether 01:12:01.750 --> 01:12:01.760 align:start position:0% symmetry. And how it arises, whether 01:12:01.760 --> 01:12:04.790 align:start position:0% symmetry. And how it arises, whether through<01:12:02.239> narrow<01:12:02.880> jittering<01:12:03.520> jets<01:12:04.000> or<01:12:04.320> a 01:12:04.790 --> 01:12:04.800 align:start position:0% through narrow jittering jets or a 01:12:04.800 --> 01:12:07.910 align:start position:0% through narrow jittering jets or a magneetto<01:12:05.520> rotational<01:12:06.239> mechanism<01:12:07.440> or 01:12:07.910 --> 01:12:07.920 align:start position:0% magneetto rotational mechanism or 01:12:07.920 --> 01:12:11.669 align:start position:0% magneetto rotational mechanism or something<01:12:08.480> else,<01:12:09.679> remains<01:12:10.080> a<01:12:10.320> mystery.<01:12:11.360> We're 01:12:11.669 --> 01:12:11.679 align:start position:0% something else, remains a mystery. We're 01:12:11.679 --> 01:12:14.229 align:start position:0% something else, remains a mystery. We're still<01:12:12.080> unsure<01:12:12.640> what<01:12:12.960> role<01:12:13.199> nutrinos<01:12:13.840> play<01:12:14.000> in 01:12:14.229 --> 01:12:14.239 align:start position:0% still unsure what role nutrinos play in 01:12:14.239 --> 01:12:17.510 align:start position:0% still unsure what role nutrinos play in explosions<01:12:14.800> like<01:12:15.040> this,<01:12:15.840> if<01:12:16.080> any.<01:12:17.040> It<01:12:17.280> also 01:12:17.510 --> 01:12:17.520 align:start position:0% explosions like this, if any. It also 01:12:17.520 --> 01:12:19.350 align:start position:0% explosions like this, if any. It also raises<01:12:18.000> questions<01:12:18.320> about<01:12:18.719> alternative 01:12:19.350 --> 01:12:19.360 align:start position:0% raises questions about alternative 01:12:19.360 --> 01:12:21.669 align:start position:0% raises questions about alternative mechanisms<01:12:20.000> that<01:12:20.320> could<01:12:20.560> cause<01:12:20.960> asymmetrical 01:12:21.669 --> 01:12:21.679 align:start position:0% mechanisms that could cause asymmetrical 01:12:21.679 --> 01:12:24.550 align:start position:0% mechanisms that could cause asymmetrical supernova<01:12:22.480> like<01:12:22.800> Cassiopia<01:12:23.520> A<01:12:23.920> and<01:12:24.159> others 01:12:24.550 --> 01:12:24.560 align:start position:0% supernova like Cassiopia A and others 01:12:24.560 --> 01:12:27.510 align:start position:0% supernova like Cassiopia A and others which<01:12:25.040> don't<01:12:25.440> follow<01:12:25.840> axial<01:12:26.320> symmetry.<01:12:27.199> Are 01:12:27.510 --> 01:12:27.520 align:start position:0% which don't follow axial symmetry. Are 01:12:27.520 --> 01:12:29.750 align:start position:0% which don't follow axial symmetry. Are they<01:12:27.920> in<01:12:28.080> fact<01:12:28.320> caused<01:12:28.640> by<01:12:28.800> nutrinos<01:12:29.440> or 01:12:29.750 --> 01:12:29.760 align:start position:0% they in fact caused by nutrinos or 01:12:29.760 --> 01:12:32.550 align:start position:0% they in fact caused by nutrinos or something<01:12:30.000> else?<01:12:31.040> Which<01:12:31.360> factors<01:12:31.920> determine 01:12:32.550 --> 01:12:32.560 align:start position:0% something else? Which factors determine 01:12:32.560 --> 01:12:35.350 align:start position:0% something else? Which factors determine what<01:12:32.960> kind<01:12:33.199> of<01:12:33.440> explosion<01:12:34.000> occurs?<01:12:35.040> This 01:12:35.350 --> 01:12:35.360 align:start position:0% what kind of explosion occurs? This 01:12:35.360 --> 01:12:37.669 align:start position:0% what kind of explosion occurs? This might<01:12:35.520> come<01:12:35.679> as<01:12:35.920> a<01:12:36.080> shock,<01:12:36.719> but<01:12:36.960> we<01:12:37.199> can't<01:12:37.440> know 01:12:37.669 --> 01:12:37.679 align:start position:0% might come as a shock, but we can't know 01:12:37.679 --> 01:12:41.590 align:start position:0% might come as a shock, but we can't know without<01:12:38.080> more<01:12:38.320> data.<01:12:39.360> SN<01:12:39.840> 2024<01:12:40.560> GGI<01:12:41.120> is<01:12:41.360> the 01:12:41.590 --> 01:12:41.600 align:start position:0% without more data. SN 2024 GGI is the 01:12:41.600 --> 01:12:43.990 align:start position:0% without more data. SN 2024 GGI is the only<01:12:42.080> breakout<01:12:42.640> phase<01:12:42.960> we've<01:12:43.280> observed<01:12:43.760> in 01:12:43.990 --> 01:12:44.000 align:start position:0% only breakout phase we've observed in 01:12:44.000 --> 01:12:46.709 align:start position:0% only breakout phase we've observed in such<01:12:44.239> detail<01:12:44.560> and<01:12:44.880> measured<01:12:45.360> in<01:12:45.600> real<01:12:45.920> time. 01:12:46.709 --> 01:12:46.719 align:start position:0% such detail and measured in real time. 01:12:46.719 --> 01:12:49.350 align:start position:0% such detail and measured in real time. If<01:12:46.960> we<01:12:47.199> could<01:12:47.520> somehow<01:12:48.000> know<01:12:48.320> when<01:12:48.800> and<01:12:49.120> where 01:12:49.350 --> 01:12:49.360 align:start position:0% If we could somehow know when and where 01:12:49.360 --> 01:12:52.070 align:start position:0% If we could somehow know when and where supernova<01:12:50.239> were<01:12:50.560> going<01:12:50.719> to<01:12:50.960> explode,<01:12:51.760> we 01:12:52.070 --> 01:12:52.080 align:start position:0% supernova were going to explode, we 01:12:52.080 --> 01:12:54.390 align:start position:0% supernova were going to explode, we could<01:12:52.239> make<01:12:52.400> a<01:12:52.560> point<01:12:52.800> to<01:12:53.040> track<01:12:53.360> them<01:12:53.600> all<01:12:54.159> and 01:12:54.390 --> 01:12:54.400 align:start position:0% could make a point to track them all and 01:12:54.400 --> 01:12:56.550 align:start position:0% could make a point to track them all and look<01:12:54.560> for<01:12:54.719> the<01:12:54.960> patterns.<01:12:56.000> And<01:12:56.159> that's 01:12:56.550 --> 01:12:56.560 align:start position:0% look for the patterns. And that's 01:12:56.560 --> 01:12:58.950 align:start position:0% look for the patterns. And that's exactly<01:12:56.960> what<01:12:57.280> researchers<01:12:57.920> plan<01:12:58.080> to<01:12:58.320> do. 01:12:58.950 --> 01:12:58.960 align:start position:0% exactly what researchers plan to do. 01:12:58.960 --> 01:13:01.270 align:start position:0% exactly what researchers plan to do. Thanks<01:12:59.280> to<01:12:59.440> new<01:12:59.920> fall<01:13:00.239> sky<01:13:00.480> surveys<01:13:00.960> like 01:13:01.270 --> 01:13:01.280 align:start position:0% Thanks to new fall sky surveys like 01:13:01.280 --> 01:13:03.990 align:start position:0% Thanks to new fall sky surveys like Atlas<01:13:01.920> becoming<01:13:02.400> increasingly<01:13:03.120> popular. 01:13:03.990 --> 01:13:04.000 align:start position:0% Atlas becoming increasingly popular. 01:13:04.000 --> 01:13:07.030 align:start position:0% Atlas becoming increasingly popular. 2025<01:13:04.960> alone<01:13:05.600> saw<01:13:05.840> the<01:13:06.080> inauguration<01:13:06.719> of<01:13:06.880> the 01:13:07.030 --> 01:13:07.040 align:start position:0% 2025 alone saw the inauguration of the 01:13:07.040 --> 01:13:09.990 align:start position:0% 2025 alone saw the inauguration of the Very<01:13:07.600> Rubin<01:13:07.920> Observatory<01:13:08.800> Legacy<01:13:09.440> Survey<01:13:09.760> of 01:13:09.990 --> 01:13:10.000 align:start position:0% Very Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of 01:13:10.000 --> 01:13:13.750 align:start position:0% Very Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space<01:13:10.239> and<01:13:10.480> Time,<01:13:11.360> NASA's<01:13:12.080> Sphere<01:13:12.560> X,<01:13:13.280> and<01:13:13.520> the 01:13:13.750 --> 01:13:13.760 align:start position:0% Space and Time, NASA's Sphere X, and the 01:13:13.760 --> 01:13:16.149 align:start position:0% Space and Time, NASA's Sphere X, and the latest<01:13:14.080> data<01:13:14.480> release<01:13:14.719> of<01:13:14.960> the<01:13:15.120> Sloan<01:13:15.679> Digital 01:13:16.149 --> 01:13:16.159 align:start position:0% latest data release of the Sloan Digital 01:13:16.159 --> 01:13:19.030 align:start position:0% latest data release of the Sloan Digital Sky<01:13:16.480> Survey.<01:13:17.520> Astronomers<01:13:18.159> are<01:13:18.400> optimistic 01:13:19.030 --> 01:13:19.040 align:start position:0% Sky Survey. Astronomers are optimistic 01:13:19.040 --> 01:13:21.430 align:start position:0% Sky Survey. Astronomers are optimistic that<01:13:19.440> with<01:13:19.760> these<01:13:20.080> new<01:13:20.320> tools,<01:13:21.040> they'll<01:13:21.360> be 01:13:21.430 --> 01:13:21.440 align:start position:0% that with these new tools, they'll be 01:13:21.440 --> 01:13:24.470 align:start position:0% that with these new tools, they'll be able<01:13:21.679> to<01:13:21.840> regularly<01:13:22.480> catch<01:13:22.880> supernova<01:13:23.760> within 01:13:24.470 --> 01:13:24.480 align:start position:0% able to regularly catch supernova within 01:13:24.480 --> 01:13:27.669 align:start position:0% able to regularly catch supernova within 24<01:13:25.040> hours<01:13:25.360> of<01:13:25.600> explosion.<01:13:26.719> If<01:13:26.960> they<01:13:27.120> notice<01:13:27.440> an 01:13:27.669 --> 01:13:27.679 align:start position:0% 24 hours of explosion. If they notice an 01:13:27.679 --> 01:13:29.830 align:start position:0% 24 hours of explosion. If they notice an object<01:13:28.080> is<01:13:28.320> absent<01:13:28.719> from<01:13:29.120> previous<01:13:29.520> night's 01:13:29.830 --> 01:13:29.840 align:start position:0% object is absent from previous night's 01:13:29.840 --> 01:13:32.229 align:start position:0% object is absent from previous night's images,<01:13:30.560> but<01:13:30.800> then<01:13:31.280> appears<01:13:31.679> within<01:13:32.000> a 01:13:32.229 --> 01:13:32.239 align:start position:0% images, but then appears within a 01:13:32.239 --> 01:13:34.390 align:start position:0% images, but then appears within a galaxy,<01:13:33.120> they'll<01:13:33.440> follow<01:13:33.679> up<01:13:33.920> immediately 01:13:34.390 --> 01:13:34.400 align:start position:0% galaxy, they'll follow up immediately 01:13:34.400 --> 01:13:36.310 align:start position:0% galaxy, they'll follow up immediately with<01:13:34.719> spectroscopy<01:13:35.520> to<01:13:35.760> determine<01:13:36.080> the 01:13:36.310 --> 01:13:36.320 align:start position:0% with spectroscopy to determine the 01:13:36.320 --> 01:13:38.310 align:start position:0% with spectroscopy to determine the object's<01:13:36.800> characteristics<01:13:37.440> as<01:13:37.760> fast<01:13:38.000> as 01:13:38.310 --> 01:13:38.320 align:start position:0% object's characteristics as fast as 01:13:38.320 --> 01:13:41.189 align:start position:0% object's characteristics as fast as possible.<01:13:39.600> As<01:13:39.920> more<01:13:40.159> automated<01:13:40.800> survey 01:13:41.189 --> 01:13:41.199 align:start position:0% possible. As more automated survey 01:13:41.199 --> 01:13:43.510 align:start position:0% possible. As more automated survey systems<01:13:41.600> come<01:13:41.760> online<01:13:42.239> worldwide,<01:13:43.280> our 01:13:43.510 --> 01:13:43.520 align:start position:0% systems come online worldwide, our 01:13:43.520 --> 01:13:45.750 align:start position:0% systems come online worldwide, our ability<01:13:43.920> to<01:13:44.159> catch<01:13:44.560> transient<01:13:45.120> events<01:13:45.520> in 01:13:45.750 --> 01:13:45.760 align:start position:0% ability to catch transient events in 01:13:45.760 --> 01:13:47.910 align:start position:0% ability to catch transient events in their<01:13:46.080> earliest<01:13:46.560> moments<01:13:47.280> will<01:13:47.600> only 01:13:47.910 --> 01:13:47.920 align:start position:0% their earliest moments will only 01:13:47.920 --> 01:13:51.750 align:start position:0% their earliest moments will only continue<01:13:48.320> to<01:13:48.560> improve.<01:13:49.520> SN<01:13:50.000> 2024<01:13:50.880> GGI<01:13:51.440> showed 01:13:51.750 --> 01:13:51.760 align:start position:0% continue to improve. SN 2024 GGI showed 01:13:51.760 --> 01:13:54.630 align:start position:0% continue to improve. SN 2024 GGI showed us<01:13:52.000> our<01:13:52.320> models<01:13:52.800> aren't<01:13:53.280> quite<01:13:53.600> there<01:13:53.920> yet. 01:13:54.630 --> 01:13:54.640 align:start position:0% us our models aren't quite there yet. 01:13:54.640 --> 01:13:56.550 align:start position:0% us our models aren't quite there yet. The<01:13:54.880> next<01:13:55.040> generation<01:13:55.520> of<01:13:55.760> observations 01:13:56.550 --> 01:13:56.560 align:start position:0% The next generation of observations 01:13:56.560 --> 01:13:58.630 align:start position:0% The next generation of observations should<01:13:56.880> help<01:13:57.120> us<01:13:57.360> find<01:13:57.600> the<01:13:57.840> missing<01:13:58.159> piece 01:13:58.630 --> 01:13:58.640 align:start position:0% should help us find the missing piece 01:13:58.640 --> 01:14:01.030 align:start position:0% should help us find the missing piece and<01:13:58.960> solidify<01:13:59.520> our<01:13:59.920> understanding<01:14:00.320> of<01:14:00.640> how 01:14:01.030 --> 01:14:01.040 align:start position:0% and solidify our understanding of how 01:14:01.040 --> 01:14:03.830 align:start position:0% and solidify our understanding of how stars<01:14:01.600> all<01:14:01.840> over<01:14:02.080> the<01:14:02.239> universe<01:14:03.199> draw<01:14:03.600> their 01:14:03.830 --> 01:14:03.840 align:start position:0% stars all over the universe draw their 01:14:03.840 --> 01:14:06.630 align:start position:0% stars all over the universe draw their final<01:14:04.159> breath.<01:14:05.280> And<01:14:05.440> I<01:14:05.679> mean,<01:14:06.080> who<01:14:06.320> wouldn't 01:14:06.630 --> 01:14:06.640 align:start position:0% final breath. And I mean, who wouldn't 01:14:06.640 --> 01:14:08.870 align:start position:0% final breath. And I mean, who wouldn't want<01:14:06.800> to<01:14:07.040> see<01:14:07.199> more<01:14:07.600> supernova<01:14:08.560> getting 01:14:08.870 --> 01:14:08.880 align:start position:0% want to see more supernova getting 01:14:08.880 --> 01:14:13.110 align:start position:0% want to see more supernova getting caught<01:14:09.360> in<01:14:09.600> their<01:14:09.920> explosive<01:14:10.560> moments? 01:14:13.110 --> 01:14:13.120 align:start position:0% caught in their explosive moments? 01:14:13.120 --> 01:14:17.189 align:start position:0% caught in their explosive moments? A<01:14:13.440> 90-year-old<01:14:14.719> cosmological<01:14:15.760> cold<01:14:16.080> case<01:14:16.880> may 01:14:17.189 --> 01:14:17.199 align:start position:0% A 90-year-old cosmological cold case may 01:14:17.199 --> 01:14:19.910 align:start position:0% A 90-year-old cosmological cold case may finally<01:14:17.920> have<01:14:18.159> been<01:14:18.400> solved. 01:14:19.910 --> 01:14:19.920 align:start position:0% finally have been solved. 01:14:19.920 --> 01:14:23.110 align:start position:0% finally have been solved. For<01:14:20.239> decades,<01:14:20.880> there<01:14:21.040> was<01:14:21.280> a<01:14:21.760> silent<01:14:22.320> operator 01:14:23.110 --> 01:14:23.120 align:start position:0% For decades, there was a silent operator 01:14:23.120 --> 01:14:25.430 align:start position:0% For decades, there was a silent operator lurking<01:14:23.600> in<01:14:23.760> the<01:14:23.920> shadows<01:14:24.239> of<01:14:24.400> the<01:14:24.480> universe. 01:14:25.430 --> 01:14:25.440 align:start position:0% lurking in the shadows of the universe. 01:14:25.440 --> 01:14:28.229 align:start position:0% lurking in the shadows of the universe. One<01:14:25.679> that<01:14:25.920> doesn't<01:14:26.320> emit<01:14:26.719> light<01:14:27.440> or<01:14:27.840> reflect 01:14:28.229 --> 01:14:28.239 align:start position:0% One that doesn't emit light or reflect 01:14:28.239 --> 01:14:31.750 align:start position:0% One that doesn't emit light or reflect it.<01:14:29.040> One<01:14:29.280> that<01:14:29.520> our<01:14:29.760> telescopes<01:14:30.560> can't<01:14:30.960> see, 01:14:31.750 --> 01:14:31.760 align:start position:0% it. One that our telescopes can't see, 01:14:31.760 --> 01:14:34.149 align:start position:0% it. One that our telescopes can't see, despite<01:14:32.159> the<01:14:32.400> fact<01:14:32.560> that<01:14:32.800> there<01:14:32.960> is<01:14:33.440> six<01:14:33.760> times 01:14:34.149 --> 01:14:34.159 align:start position:0% despite the fact that there is six times 01:14:34.159 --> 01:14:36.550 align:start position:0% despite the fact that there is six times more<01:14:34.400> of<01:14:34.560> it<01:14:34.719> than<01:14:34.880> there<01:14:35.120> is<01:14:35.280> of<01:14:35.520> the<01:14:36.080> regular 01:14:36.550 --> 01:14:36.560 align:start position:0% more of it than there is of the regular 01:14:36.560 --> 01:14:39.910 align:start position:0% more of it than there is of the regular matter<01:14:36.960> that<01:14:37.280> makes<01:14:37.520> up<01:14:37.840> you<01:14:38.239> and<01:14:38.560> me.<01:14:39.679> What 01:14:39.910 --> 01:14:39.920 align:start position:0% matter that makes up you and me. What 01:14:39.920 --> 01:14:42.470 align:start position:0% matter that makes up you and me. What I'm<01:14:40.159> talking<01:14:40.480> about,<01:14:40.960> of<01:14:41.199> course,<01:14:41.840> is<01:14:42.159> dark 01:14:42.470 --> 01:14:42.480 align:start position:0% I'm talking about, of course, is dark 01:14:42.480 --> 01:14:45.750 align:start position:0% I'm talking about, of course, is dark matter.<01:14:43.840> It's<01:14:44.320> fundamental<01:14:44.960> to<01:14:45.199> our<01:14:45.440> models 01:14:45.750 --> 01:14:45.760 align:start position:0% matter. It's fundamental to our models 01:14:45.760 --> 01:14:49.189 align:start position:0% matter. It's fundamental to our models of<01:14:45.920> the<01:14:46.080> universe.<01:14:47.040> And<01:14:47.280> yet,<01:14:47.920> we<01:14:48.400> still<01:14:48.960> don't 01:14:49.189 --> 01:14:49.199 align:start position:0% of the universe. And yet, we still don't 01:14:49.199 --> 01:14:52.550 align:start position:0% of the universe. And yet, we still don't have<01:14:49.360> a<01:14:49.600> clue<01:14:50.080> what<01:14:50.400> it<01:14:50.640> is.<01:14:51.840> Physicists 01:14:52.550 --> 01:14:52.560 align:start position:0% have a clue what it is. Physicists 01:14:52.560 --> 01:14:54.149 align:start position:0% have a clue what it is. Physicists across<01:14:53.040> the<01:14:53.280> globe<01:14:53.600> are<01:14:53.840> using 01:14:54.149 --> 01:14:54.159 align:start position:0% across the globe are using 01:14:54.159 --> 01:14:56.790 align:start position:0% across the globe are using state-of-the-art<01:14:55.120> particle<01:14:55.679> accelerators, 01:14:56.790 --> 01:14:56.800 align:start position:0% state-of-the-art particle accelerators, 01:14:56.800 --> 01:14:58.870 align:start position:0% state-of-the-art particle accelerators, underground<01:14:57.280> laboratories,<01:14:57.920> and<01:14:58.159> telescopes 01:14:58.870 --> 01:14:58.880 align:start position:0% underground laboratories, and telescopes 01:14:58.880 --> 01:15:01.270 align:start position:0% underground laboratories, and telescopes in<01:14:59.199> an<01:14:59.440> attempt<01:14:59.760> to<01:14:59.920> detect<01:15:00.480> direct<01:15:00.880> evidence 01:15:01.270 --> 01:15:01.280 align:start position:0% in an attempt to detect direct evidence 01:15:01.280 --> 01:15:03.990 align:start position:0% in an attempt to detect direct evidence of<01:15:01.440> this<01:15:01.679> elusive<01:15:02.239> matter<01:15:02.880> with<01:15:03.440> zero 01:15:03.990 --> 01:15:04.000 align:start position:0% of this elusive matter with zero 01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:05.510 align:start position:0% of this elusive matter with zero success. 01:15:05.510 --> 01:15:05.520 align:start position:0% success. 01:15:05.520 --> 01:15:08.630 align:start position:0% success. But<01:15:05.840> in<01:15:06.159> November<01:15:06.800> 2025,<01:15:07.840> a<01:15:08.080> paper<01:15:08.400> was 01:15:08.630 --> 01:15:08.640 align:start position:0% But in November 2025, a paper was 01:15:08.640 --> 01:15:11.270 align:start position:0% But in November 2025, a paper was published<01:15:09.360> that<01:15:09.920> rocked<01:15:10.480> the<01:15:10.719> scientific 01:15:11.270 --> 01:15:11.280 align:start position:0% published that rocked the scientific 01:15:11.280 --> 01:15:14.390 align:start position:0% published that rocked the scientific community.<01:15:12.640> Whilst<01:15:13.040> trolling<01:15:13.600> all<01:15:13.920> data<01:15:14.239> from 01:15:14.390 --> 01:15:14.400 align:start position:0% community. Whilst trolling all data from 01:15:14.400 --> 01:15:17.270 align:start position:0% community. Whilst trolling all data from the<01:15:14.560> Fermy<01:15:15.120> telescope,<01:15:16.080> a<01:15:16.320> researcher<01:15:16.960> may 01:15:17.270 --> 01:15:17.280 align:start position:0% the Fermy telescope, a researcher may 01:15:17.280 --> 01:15:19.990 align:start position:0% the Fermy telescope, a researcher may have<01:15:17.520> finally<01:15:17.920> captured<01:15:18.400> a<01:15:18.800> glimpse,<01:15:19.600> a 01:15:19.990 --> 01:15:20.000 align:start position:0% have finally captured a glimpse, a 01:15:20.000 --> 01:15:23.110 align:start position:0% have finally captured a glimpse, a telltale<01:15:20.800> signature<01:15:21.760> coming<01:15:22.159> from<01:15:22.560> inside 01:15:23.110 --> 01:15:23.120 align:start position:0% telltale signature coming from inside 01:15:23.120 --> 01:15:26.390 align:start position:0% telltale signature coming from inside the<01:15:23.440> Milky<01:15:23.840> Way.<01:15:25.199> But<01:15:25.440> how<01:15:25.600> can<01:15:25.760> we<01:15:25.920> be<01:15:26.159> sure 01:15:26.390 --> 01:15:26.400 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. But how can we be sure 01:15:26.400 --> 01:15:29.350 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. But how can we be sure it's<01:15:26.800> dark<01:15:27.199> matter<01:15:27.760> producing<01:15:28.239> this<01:15:28.480> signal? 01:15:29.350 --> 01:15:29.360 align:start position:0% it's dark matter producing this signal? 01:15:29.360 --> 01:15:31.750 align:start position:0% it's dark matter producing this signal? And<01:15:29.600> will<01:15:29.920> this<01:15:30.159> mystery<01:15:30.800> finally<01:15:31.280> help<01:15:31.520> us 01:15:31.750 --> 01:15:31.760 align:start position:0% And will this mystery finally help us 01:15:31.760 --> 01:15:34.950 align:start position:0% And will this mystery finally help us explain<01:15:32.480> what<01:15:32.880> dark<01:15:33.199> matter<01:15:33.520> is<01:15:34.159> after<01:15:34.560> all 01:15:34.950 --> 01:15:34.960 align:start position:0% explain what dark matter is after all 01:15:34.960 --> 01:15:38.310 align:start position:0% explain what dark matter is after all this<01:15:35.199> time?<01:15:36.480> I'm<01:15:36.719> Alex<01:15:37.040> Mccoan<01:15:37.760> and<01:15:38.000> you're 01:15:38.310 --> 01:15:38.320 align:start position:0% this time? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're 01:15:38.320 --> 01:15:40.870 align:start position:0% this time? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching<01:15:38.560> Astramm.<01:15:39.520> Join<01:15:39.840> me<01:15:40.000> today<01:15:40.320> as<01:15:40.560> we 01:15:40.870 --> 01:15:40.880 align:start position:0% watching Astramm. Join me today as we 01:15:40.880 --> 01:15:43.910 align:start position:0% watching Astramm. Join me today as we probe<01:15:41.360> this<01:15:41.679> juicy<01:15:42.159> new<01:15:42.480> lead<01:15:43.040> and<01:15:43.360> answer<01:15:43.679> the 01:15:43.910 --> 01:15:43.920 align:start position:0% probe this juicy new lead and answer the 01:15:43.920 --> 01:15:45.990 align:start position:0% probe this juicy new lead and answer the question<01:15:44.239> that<01:15:44.640> I<01:15:44.960> know<01:15:45.199> you're<01:15:45.600> all 01:15:45.990 --> 01:15:46.000 align:start position:0% question that I know you're all 01:15:46.000 --> 01:15:52.470 align:start position:0% question that I know you're all thinking.<01:15:47.120> Did<01:15:47.360> we<01:15:47.760> just<01:15:48.000> see<01:15:48.480> dark<01:15:48.880> matter? 01:15:52.470 --> 01:15:52.480 align:start position:0% 01:15:52.480 --> 01:15:54.709 align:start position:0% This<01:15:52.800> is<01:15:53.199> Fritzviki, 01:15:54.709 --> 01:15:54.719 align:start position:0% This is Fritzviki, 01:15:54.719 --> 01:15:58.149 align:start position:0% This is Fritzviki, a<01:15:54.960> Swiss<01:15:55.199> astronomer<01:15:55.840> born<01:15:56.159> in<01:15:56.480> 1898<01:15:57.920> who 01:15:58.149 --> 01:15:58.159 align:start position:0% a Swiss astronomer born in 1898 who 01:15:58.159 --> 01:16:00.310 align:start position:0% a Swiss astronomer born in 1898 who spent<01:15:58.560> most<01:15:58.800> of<01:15:58.960> his<01:15:59.199> life<01:15:59.520> working<01:15:59.840> at<01:16:00.080> the 01:16:00.310 --> 01:16:00.320 align:start position:0% spent most of his life working at the 01:16:00.320 --> 01:16:02.550 align:start position:0% spent most of his life working at the California<01:16:00.960> Institute<01:16:01.440> of<01:16:01.600> Technology<01:16:02.239> in 01:16:02.550 --> 01:16:02.560 align:start position:0% California Institute of Technology in 01:16:02.560 --> 01:16:05.270 align:start position:0% California Institute of Technology in the<01:16:02.719> United<01:16:03.120> States<01:16:03.360> of<01:16:03.520> America.<01:16:04.320> His<01:16:05.040> time 01:16:05.270 --> 01:16:05.280 align:start position:0% the United States of America. His time 01:16:05.280 --> 01:16:07.830 align:start position:0% the United States of America. His time at<01:16:05.520> Caltech<01:16:06.159> began<01:16:06.560> as<01:16:06.880> part<01:16:07.120> of<01:16:07.280> a<01:16:07.520> research 01:16:07.830 --> 01:16:07.840 align:start position:0% at Caltech began as part of a research 01:16:07.840 --> 01:16:09.750 align:start position:0% at Caltech began as part of a research group<01:16:08.159> studying<01:16:08.560> the<01:16:08.719> physics<01:16:09.040> of<01:16:09.360> crystal 01:16:09.750 --> 01:16:09.760 align:start position:0% group studying the physics of crystal 01:16:09.760 --> 01:16:12.390 align:start position:0% group studying the physics of crystal structure,<01:16:10.640> but<01:16:10.880> he<01:16:11.120> was<01:16:11.280> soon<01:16:11.679> swept<01:16:12.080> up<01:16:12.239> in 01:16:12.390 --> 01:16:12.400 align:start position:0% structure, but he was soon swept up in 01:16:12.400 --> 01:16:15.110 align:start position:0% structure, but he was soon swept up in the<01:16:12.640> exciting<01:16:13.520> newly<01:16:14.080> emerging<01:16:14.560> field<01:16:14.800> of 01:16:15.110 --> 01:16:15.120 align:start position:0% the exciting newly emerging field of 01:16:15.120 --> 01:16:17.830 align:start position:0% the exciting newly emerging field of cosmology.<01:16:16.560> Probing<01:16:17.040> the<01:16:17.199> mysteries<01:16:17.520> of<01:16:17.679> the 01:16:17.830 --> 01:16:17.840 align:start position:0% cosmology. Probing the mysteries of the 01:16:17.840 --> 01:16:21.910 align:start position:0% cosmology. Probing the mysteries of the cosmos<01:16:18.560> became<01:16:19.760> passion.<01:16:20.800> And<01:16:21.040> while<01:16:21.360> he<01:16:21.679> was 01:16:21.910 --> 01:16:21.920 align:start position:0% cosmos became passion. And while he was 01:16:21.920 --> 01:16:23.750 align:start position:0% cosmos became passion. And while he was well<01:16:22.239> known<01:16:22.480> for<01:16:22.719> having<01:16:22.960> an<01:16:23.199> eccentric 01:16:23.750 --> 01:16:23.760 align:start position:0% well known for having an eccentric 01:16:23.760 --> 01:16:26.470 align:start position:0% well known for having an eccentric personality,<01:16:24.880> his<01:16:25.199> biggest<01:16:25.600> legacies<01:16:26.239> were 01:16:26.470 --> 01:16:26.480 align:start position:0% personality, his biggest legacies were 01:16:26.480 --> 01:16:29.669 align:start position:0% personality, his biggest legacies were his<01:16:26.880> discoveries.<01:16:28.000> His<01:16:28.880> research<01:16:29.199> into<01:16:29.520> the 01:16:29.669 --> 01:16:29.679 align:start position:0% his discoveries. His research into the 01:16:29.679 --> 01:16:32.390 align:start position:0% his discoveries. His research into the origin<01:16:30.000> of<01:16:30.239> cosmic<01:16:30.719> rays<01:16:31.520> led<01:16:31.840> to<01:16:32.000> his 01:16:32.390 --> 01:16:32.400 align:start position:0% origin of cosmic rays led to his 01:16:32.400 --> 01:16:35.110 align:start position:0% origin of cosmic rays led to his conceptualization<01:16:33.679> and<01:16:34.000> coining<01:16:34.640> of<01:16:34.960> the 01:16:35.110 --> 01:16:35.120 align:start position:0% conceptualization and coining of the 01:16:35.120 --> 01:16:37.110 align:start position:0% conceptualization and coining of the term<01:16:35.600> supernova. 01:16:37.110 --> 01:16:37.120 align:start position:0% term supernova. 01:16:37.120 --> 01:16:39.750 align:start position:0% term supernova. He<01:16:37.440> cataloged<01:16:38.239> tens<01:16:38.719> of<01:16:39.040> thousands<01:16:39.520> of 01:16:39.750 --> 01:16:39.760 align:start position:0% He cataloged tens of thousands of 01:16:39.760 --> 01:16:42.550 align:start position:0% He cataloged tens of thousands of galaxies<01:16:40.480> and<01:16:40.800> over<01:16:41.040> the<01:16:41.199> span<01:16:41.520> of<01:16:41.679> his<01:16:41.840> career 01:16:42.550 --> 01:16:42.560 align:start position:0% galaxies and over the span of his career 01:16:42.560 --> 01:16:44.709 align:start position:0% galaxies and over the span of his career published<01:16:43.120> hundreds<01:16:43.520> of<01:16:43.679> papers<01:16:44.000> on<01:16:44.239> a<01:16:44.400> wide 01:16:44.709 --> 01:16:44.719 align:start position:0% published hundreds of papers on a wide 01:16:44.719 --> 01:16:47.350 align:start position:0% published hundreds of papers on a wide array<01:16:45.120> of<01:16:45.360> astronomical<01:16:46.080> subjects.<01:16:47.199> But 01:16:47.350 --> 01:16:47.360 align:start position:0% array of astronomical subjects. But 01:16:47.360 --> 01:16:50.310 align:start position:0% array of astronomical subjects. But despite<01:16:47.760> all<01:16:47.920> this,<01:16:48.640> he<01:16:48.960> is<01:16:49.199> best<01:16:49.520> known<01:16:50.080> as 01:16:50.310 --> 01:16:50.320 align:start position:0% despite all this, he is best known as 01:16:50.320 --> 01:16:55.430 align:start position:0% despite all this, he is best known as the<01:16:50.560> father<01:16:51.199> of<01:16:51.520> dark<01:16:51.840> matter.<01:16:53.280> In<01:16:53.600> 1933,<01:16:54.880> aged 01:16:55.430 --> 01:16:55.440 align:start position:0% the father of dark matter. In 1933, aged 01:16:55.440 --> 01:16:58.790 align:start position:0% the father of dark matter. In 1933, aged 35,<01:16:56.640> Siki<01:16:57.199> was<01:16:57.440> measuring<01:16:57.840> the<01:16:58.080> red<01:16:58.400> shift<01:16:58.640> of 01:16:58.790 --> 01:16:58.800 align:start position:0% 35, Siki was measuring the red shift of 01:16:58.800 --> 01:17:00.870 align:start position:0% 35, Siki was measuring the red shift of galaxies<01:16:59.360> using<01:16:59.679> the<01:17:00.000> Mount<01:17:00.320> Wilson 01:17:00.870 --> 01:17:00.880 align:start position:0% galaxies using the Mount Wilson 01:17:00.880 --> 01:17:03.110 align:start position:0% galaxies using the Mount Wilson telescope,<01:17:01.760> the<01:17:02.000> very<01:17:02.239> same<01:17:02.400> that<01:17:02.719> Edwin 01:17:03.110 --> 01:17:03.120 align:start position:0% telescope, the very same that Edwin 01:17:03.120 --> 01:17:05.350 align:start position:0% telescope, the very same that Edwin Hubble<01:17:03.600> had<01:17:03.840> used<01:17:04.080> to<01:17:04.239> prove<01:17:04.560> our<01:17:04.880> universe 01:17:05.350 --> 01:17:05.360 align:start position:0% Hubble had used to prove our universe 01:17:05.360 --> 01:17:08.550 align:start position:0% Hubble had used to prove our universe was<01:17:05.679> expanding<01:17:06.480> just<01:17:06.719> a<01:17:06.960> few<01:17:07.120> years<01:17:07.360> before. 01:17:08.550 --> 01:17:08.560 align:start position:0% was expanding just a few years before. 01:17:08.560 --> 01:17:11.030 align:start position:0% was expanding just a few years before. Red<01:17:08.880> shift<01:17:09.120> is<01:17:09.280> a<01:17:09.440> phenomenon<01:17:10.159> whereby<01:17:10.719> the 01:17:11.030 --> 01:17:11.040 align:start position:0% Red shift is a phenomenon whereby the 01:17:11.040 --> 01:17:13.350 align:start position:0% Red shift is a phenomenon whereby the light<01:17:11.280> from<01:17:11.600> a<01:17:11.840> distant<01:17:12.239> object<01:17:12.640> is<01:17:12.880> stretched 01:17:13.350 --> 01:17:13.360 align:start position:0% light from a distant object is stretched 01:17:13.360 --> 01:17:15.990 align:start position:0% light from a distant object is stretched on<01:17:13.520> its<01:17:13.760> journey<01:17:14.159> from<01:17:14.480> source<01:17:14.880> to<01:17:15.120> observer. 01:17:15.990 --> 01:17:16.000 align:start position:0% on its journey from source to observer. 01:17:16.000 --> 01:17:17.910 align:start position:0% on its journey from source to observer. The<01:17:16.159> more<01:17:16.320> it's<01:17:16.560> stretched,<01:17:17.280> the<01:17:17.440> longer<01:17:17.679> the 01:17:17.910 --> 01:17:17.920 align:start position:0% The more it's stretched, the longer the 01:17:17.920 --> 01:17:20.149 align:start position:0% The more it's stretched, the longer the wavelength<01:17:18.400> becomes<01:17:19.199> and<01:17:19.440> the<01:17:19.679> redder<01:17:20.000> the 01:17:20.149 --> 01:17:20.159 align:start position:0% wavelength becomes and the redder the 01:17:20.159 --> 01:17:22.470 align:start position:0% wavelength becomes and the redder the light<01:17:20.400> appears.<01:17:21.360> This<01:17:21.600> indicates<01:17:22.080> that<01:17:22.320> the 01:17:22.470 --> 01:17:22.480 align:start position:0% light appears. This indicates that the 01:17:22.480 --> 01:17:25.350 align:start position:0% light appears. This indicates that the source<01:17:22.800> is<01:17:23.120> moving<01:17:23.600> away. 01:17:25.350 --> 01:17:25.360 align:start position:0% source is moving away. 01:17:25.360 --> 01:17:27.990 align:start position:0% source is moving away. Zeroing<01:17:26.000> in<01:17:26.239> on<01:17:26.480> a<01:17:26.719> small<01:17:27.040> patch<01:17:27.360> of<01:17:27.520> sky<01:17:27.760> in 01:17:27.990 --> 01:17:28.000 align:start position:0% Zeroing in on a small patch of sky in 01:17:28.000 --> 01:17:30.709 align:start position:0% Zeroing in on a small patch of sky in the<01:17:28.159> Coma<01:17:28.640> Baron's<01:17:29.520> constellation<01:17:30.239> near<01:17:30.480> the 01:17:30.709 --> 01:17:30.719 align:start position:0% the Coma Baron's constellation near the 01:17:30.719 --> 01:17:33.350 align:start position:0% the Coma Baron's constellation near the Milky<01:17:30.960> Way's<01:17:31.280> north<01:17:31.520> pole,<01:17:32.320> Ziki<01:17:32.880> spotted 01:17:33.350 --> 01:17:33.360 align:start position:0% Milky Way's north pole, Ziki spotted 01:17:33.360 --> 01:17:36.390 align:start position:0% Milky Way's north pole, Ziki spotted something<01:17:34.159> incredible.<01:17:35.440> Galaxies<01:17:36.000> within 01:17:36.390 --> 01:17:36.400 align:start position:0% something incredible. Galaxies within 01:17:36.400 --> 01:17:38.630 align:start position:0% something incredible. Galaxies within the<01:17:36.640> Coma<01:17:37.120> cluster<01:17:37.520> were<01:17:37.840> traveling<01:17:38.320> at 01:17:38.630 --> 01:17:38.640 align:start position:0% the Coma cluster were traveling at 01:17:38.640 --> 01:17:41.590 align:start position:0% the Coma cluster were traveling at speeds<01:17:39.040> that<01:17:39.360> seemed<01:17:39.840> impossible<01:17:40.960> given<01:17:41.360> the 01:17:41.590 --> 01:17:41.600 align:start position:0% speeds that seemed impossible given the 01:17:41.600 --> 01:17:44.070 align:start position:0% speeds that seemed impossible given the commonly<01:17:42.080> accepted<01:17:42.560> laws<01:17:42.880> of<01:17:43.040> physics. 01:17:44.070 --> 01:17:44.080 align:start position:0% commonly accepted laws of physics. 01:17:44.080 --> 01:17:45.750 align:start position:0% commonly accepted laws of physics. Sitting<01:17:44.400> at<01:17:44.560> his<01:17:44.719> desk,<01:17:45.040> he<01:17:45.280> began<01:17:45.520> to 01:17:45.750 --> 01:17:45.760 align:start position:0% Sitting at his desk, he began to 01:17:45.760 --> 01:17:47.669 align:start position:0% Sitting at his desk, he began to calculate<01:17:46.239> the<01:17:46.560> difference<01:17:46.800> in<01:17:47.040> velocities 01:17:47.669 --> 01:17:47.679 align:start position:0% calculate the difference in velocities 01:17:47.679 --> 01:17:50.149 align:start position:0% calculate the difference in velocities between<01:17:48.080> eight<01:17:48.400> of<01:17:48.560> the<01:17:48.719> galaxies.<01:17:49.679> It<01:17:50.000> was 01:17:50.149 --> 01:17:50.159 align:start position:0% between eight of the galaxies. It was 01:17:50.159 --> 01:17:54.790 align:start position:0% between eight of the galaxies. It was more<01:17:50.560> than<01:17:51.040> 2,000<01:17:52.159> km/<01:17:53.440> second.<01:17:54.480> These 01:17:54.790 --> 01:17:54.800 align:start position:0% more than 2,000 km/ second. These 01:17:54.800 --> 01:17:57.030 align:start position:0% more than 2,000 km/ second. These galaxies<01:17:55.280> were<01:17:55.520> traveling<01:17:56.000> at<01:17:56.320> such<01:17:56.719> high 01:17:57.030 --> 01:17:57.040 align:start position:0% galaxies were traveling at such high 01:17:57.040 --> 01:17:59.590 align:start position:0% galaxies were traveling at such high speeds<01:17:57.760> that<01:17:58.000> this<01:17:58.239> cluster<01:17:58.880> should<01:17:59.280> have 01:17:59.590 --> 01:17:59.600 align:start position:0% speeds that this cluster should have 01:17:59.600 --> 01:18:03.189 align:start position:0% speeds that this cluster should have ripped<01:18:00.000> itself<01:18:00.480> limb<01:18:00.880> from<01:18:01.199> limb<01:18:01.760> long<01:18:02.000> ago. 01:18:03.189 --> 01:18:03.199 align:start position:0% ripped itself limb from limb long ago. 01:18:03.199 --> 01:18:05.350 align:start position:0% ripped itself limb from limb long ago. How<01:18:03.520> could<01:18:03.840> what<01:18:04.239> he<01:18:04.400> was<01:18:04.640> seeing<01:18:04.880> with<01:18:05.120> his 01:18:05.350 --> 01:18:05.360 align:start position:0% How could what he was seeing with his 01:18:05.360 --> 01:18:08.229 align:start position:0% How could what he was seeing with his very<01:18:05.679> eyes<01:18:06.480> be<01:18:06.719> reconciled<01:18:07.360> with<01:18:07.600> the<01:18:07.840> figures 01:18:08.229 --> 01:18:08.239 align:start position:0% very eyes be reconciled with the figures 01:18:08.239 --> 01:18:11.350 align:start position:0% very eyes be reconciled with the figures on<01:18:08.560> the<01:18:08.719> page?<01:18:09.920> Calculating<01:18:10.560> the<01:18:10.800> mass<01:18:11.040> of<01:18:11.199> the 01:18:11.350 --> 01:18:11.360 align:start position:0% on the page? Calculating the mass of the 01:18:11.360 --> 01:18:13.189 align:start position:0% on the page? Calculating the mass of the cluster,<01:18:12.159> Vicki<01:18:12.560> realized<01:18:12.880> that<01:18:13.040> the 01:18:13.189 --> 01:18:13.199 align:start position:0% cluster, Vicki realized that the 01:18:13.199 --> 01:18:14.950 align:start position:0% cluster, Vicki realized that the gravitational<01:18:13.760> pull<01:18:14.000> of<01:18:14.080> the<01:18:14.239> stars<01:18:14.480> and<01:18:14.640> gas 01:18:14.950 --> 01:18:14.960 align:start position:0% gravitational pull of the stars and gas 01:18:14.960 --> 01:18:17.189 align:start position:0% gravitational pull of the stars and gas alone<01:18:15.360> was<01:18:15.760> not<01:18:16.159> strong<01:18:16.400> enough<01:18:16.640> to<01:18:16.800> stop<01:18:17.040> the 01:18:17.189 --> 01:18:17.199 align:start position:0% alone was not strong enough to stop the 01:18:17.199 --> 01:18:19.510 align:start position:0% alone was not strong enough to stop the galaxies<01:18:17.679> from<01:18:17.840> escaping<01:18:18.400> one<01:18:18.560> another.<01:18:19.280> In 01:18:19.510 --> 01:18:19.520 align:start position:0% galaxies from escaping one another. In 01:18:19.520 --> 01:18:21.189 align:start position:0% galaxies from escaping one another. In fact,<01:18:19.840> he<01:18:20.080> worked<01:18:20.320> out<01:18:20.480> that<01:18:20.640> the<01:18:20.880> system 01:18:21.189 --> 01:18:21.199 align:start position:0% fact, he worked out that the system 01:18:21.199 --> 01:18:23.830 align:start position:0% fact, he worked out that the system needed<01:18:21.520> around<01:18:22.080> 10<01:18:22.480> times<01:18:22.960> more<01:18:23.199> mass<01:18:23.520> than 01:18:23.830 --> 01:18:23.840 align:start position:0% needed around 10 times more mass than 01:18:23.840 --> 01:18:27.510 align:start position:0% needed around 10 times more mass than had<01:18:24.159> been<01:18:24.320> observed<01:18:25.280> just<01:18:25.600> to<01:18:25.840> stay<01:18:26.159> together. 01:18:27.510 --> 01:18:27.520 align:start position:0% had been observed just to stay together. 01:18:27.520 --> 01:18:30.070 align:start position:0% had been observed just to stay together. He<01:18:27.760> concluded<01:18:28.239> that<01:18:28.640> something<01:18:29.120> more<01:18:29.600> must<01:18:29.920> be 01:18:30.070 --> 01:18:30.080 align:start position:0% He concluded that something more must be 01:18:30.080 --> 01:18:33.350 align:start position:0% He concluded that something more must be at<01:18:30.239> work.<01:18:31.040> Something<01:18:31.679> dark,<01:18:32.640> enough<01:18:32.960> to<01:18:33.120> be 01:18:33.350 --> 01:18:33.360 align:start position:0% at work. Something dark, enough to be 01:18:33.360 --> 01:18:36.149 align:start position:0% at work. Something dark, enough to be concealed<01:18:33.840> from<01:18:34.159> view,<01:18:35.040> lurking<01:18:35.520> deep<01:18:35.840> within 01:18:36.149 --> 01:18:36.159 align:start position:0% concealed from view, lurking deep within 01:18:36.159 --> 01:18:38.550 align:start position:0% concealed from view, lurking deep within the<01:18:36.400> cluster<01:18:36.800> to<01:18:37.120> anchor<01:18:37.440> these<01:18:37.760> galaxies<01:18:38.320> in 01:18:38.550 --> 01:18:38.560 align:start position:0% the cluster to anchor these galaxies in 01:18:38.560 --> 01:18:44.870 align:start position:0% the cluster to anchor these galaxies in orbit.<01:18:39.840> What<01:18:40.400> was<01:18:41.040> this<01:18:41.600> dark<01:18:42.239> matter? 01:18:44.870 --> 01:18:44.880 align:start position:0% orbit. What was this dark matter? 01:18:44.880 --> 01:18:46.550 align:start position:0% orbit. What was this dark matter? The<01:18:45.120> question<01:18:45.360> of<01:18:45.520> dark<01:18:45.840> matter's<01:18:46.239> true 01:18:46.550 --> 01:18:46.560 align:start position:0% The question of dark matter's true 01:18:46.560 --> 01:18:48.149 align:start position:0% The question of dark matter's true identity<01:18:46.960> has<01:18:47.199> continued<01:18:47.600> to<01:18:47.760> plague 01:18:48.149 --> 01:18:48.159 align:start position:0% identity has continued to plague 01:18:48.159 --> 01:18:50.550 align:start position:0% identity has continued to plague cosmologists<01:18:48.960> since<01:18:49.360> Ziki's<01:18:50.000> study<01:18:50.239> on<01:18:50.400> the 01:18:50.550 --> 01:18:50.560 align:start position:0% cosmologists since Ziki's study on the 01:18:50.560 --> 01:18:53.910 align:start position:0% cosmologists since Ziki's study on the Koma<01:18:50.960> cluster<01:18:51.440> over<01:18:51.920> 90<01:18:52.320> years<01:18:52.560> ago.<01:18:53.600> Dark 01:18:53.910 --> 01:18:53.920 align:start position:0% Koma cluster over 90 years ago. Dark 01:18:53.920 --> 01:18:56.790 align:start position:0% Koma cluster over 90 years ago. Dark matter<01:18:54.320> was<01:18:54.560> so-called<01:18:55.600> because<01:18:56.000> of<01:18:56.159> its<01:18:56.480> very 01:18:56.790 --> 01:18:56.800 align:start position:0% matter was so-called because of its very 01:18:56.800 --> 01:18:59.350 align:start position:0% matter was so-called because of its very nature.<01:18:57.600> This<01:18:57.760> is<01:18:57.920> a<01:18:58.159> substance<01:18:58.560> that<01:18:58.880> doesn't 01:18:59.350 --> 01:18:59.360 align:start position:0% nature. This is a substance that doesn't 01:18:59.360 --> 01:19:02.310 align:start position:0% nature. This is a substance that doesn't interact<01:18:59.840> with<01:19:00.159> light.<01:19:01.120> This<01:19:01.360> is<01:19:01.440> a<01:19:01.760> problem 01:19:02.310 --> 01:19:02.320 align:start position:0% interact with light. This is a problem 01:19:02.320 --> 01:19:04.950 align:start position:0% interact with light. This is a problem because<01:19:02.800> light<01:19:03.120> is<01:19:03.360> the<01:19:03.679> primary<01:19:04.159> tool<01:19:04.480> we<01:19:04.800> use 01:19:04.950 --> 01:19:04.960 align:start position:0% because light is the primary tool we use 01:19:04.960 --> 01:19:07.510 align:start position:0% because light is the primary tool we use to<01:19:05.280> probe<01:19:05.600> our<01:19:05.920> universe<01:19:06.560> and<01:19:06.880> understand<01:19:07.280> how 01:19:07.510 --> 01:19:07.520 align:start position:0% to probe our universe and understand how 01:19:07.520 --> 01:19:11.030 align:start position:0% to probe our universe and understand how it<01:19:07.760> works<01:19:08.400> from<01:19:08.640> the<01:19:08.800> micro<01:19:09.440> to<01:19:09.679> the<01:19:09.840> macro. 01:19:11.030 --> 01:19:11.040 align:start position:0% it works from the micro to the macro. 01:19:11.040 --> 01:19:13.590 align:start position:0% it works from the micro to the macro. Dark<01:19:11.360> matter<01:19:11.840> doesn't<01:19:12.159> emit<01:19:12.560> light<01:19:13.199> nor 01:19:13.590 --> 01:19:13.600 align:start position:0% Dark matter doesn't emit light nor 01:19:13.600 --> 01:19:16.149 align:start position:0% Dark matter doesn't emit light nor reflect<01:19:14.000> it<01:19:14.560> and<01:19:14.800> it<01:19:15.040> doesn't<01:19:15.360> even<01:19:15.679> absorb 01:19:16.149 --> 01:19:16.159 align:start position:0% reflect it and it doesn't even absorb 01:19:16.159 --> 01:19:20.310 align:start position:0% reflect it and it doesn't even absorb light<01:19:16.480> to<01:19:16.719> cast<01:19:17.040> a<01:19:17.280> shadow.<01:19:18.480> So<01:19:18.880> it<01:19:19.199> is<01:19:19.679> truly 01:19:20.310 --> 01:19:20.320 align:start position:0% light to cast a shadow. So it is truly 01:19:20.320 --> 01:19:23.350 align:start position:0% light to cast a shadow. So it is truly invisible.<01:19:21.440> And<01:19:21.679> like<01:19:22.000> Vicki,<01:19:22.640> we<01:19:22.960> instead 01:19:23.350 --> 01:19:23.360 align:start position:0% invisible. And like Vicki, we instead 01:19:23.360 --> 01:19:25.590 align:start position:0% invisible. And like Vicki, we instead have<01:19:23.600> to<01:19:23.760> observe<01:19:24.159> its<01:19:24.480> ghostly<01:19:24.960> effect<01:19:25.280> on 01:19:25.590 --> 01:19:25.600 align:start position:0% have to observe its ghostly effect on 01:19:25.600 --> 01:19:28.229 align:start position:0% have to observe its ghostly effect on objects<01:19:26.080> that<01:19:26.400> are<01:19:26.719> visible<01:19:27.040> to<01:19:27.280> us<01:19:27.760> in<01:19:28.000> order 01:19:28.229 --> 01:19:28.239 align:start position:0% objects that are visible to us in order 01:19:28.239 --> 01:19:31.350 align:start position:0% objects that are visible to us in order to<01:19:28.480> perceive<01:19:28.960> its<01:19:29.280> presence.<01:19:30.719> We<01:19:30.880> know<01:19:31.120> dark 01:19:31.350 --> 01:19:31.360 align:start position:0% to perceive its presence. We know dark 01:19:31.360 --> 01:19:33.590 align:start position:0% to perceive its presence. We know dark matter<01:19:31.679> is<01:19:31.840> there<01:19:32.239> and<01:19:32.480> that<01:19:32.640> it<01:19:32.880> exerts<01:19:33.280> a 01:19:33.590 --> 01:19:33.600 align:start position:0% matter is there and that it exerts a 01:19:33.600 --> 01:19:36.390 align:start position:0% matter is there and that it exerts a gravitational<01:19:34.400> force<01:19:34.800> on<01:19:35.120> visible<01:19:35.520> matter, 01:19:36.390 --> 01:19:36.400 align:start position:0% gravitational force on visible matter, 01:19:36.400 --> 01:19:39.110 align:start position:0% gravitational force on visible matter, but<01:19:36.560> we<01:19:36.880> don't<01:19:37.360> actually<01:19:37.760> know<01:19:38.320> what<01:19:38.800> dark 01:19:39.110 --> 01:19:39.120 align:start position:0% but we don't actually know what dark 01:19:39.120 --> 01:19:40.630 align:start position:0% but we don't actually know what dark matter<01:19:39.600> is. 01:19:40.630 --> 01:19:40.640 align:start position:0% matter is. 01:19:40.640 --> 01:19:42.870 align:start position:0% matter is. The<01:19:40.880> two<01:19:41.120> leading<01:19:41.440> theories<01:19:41.840> today<01:19:42.080> are<01:19:42.400> wimps 01:19:42.870 --> 01:19:42.880 align:start position:0% The two leading theories today are wimps 01:19:42.880 --> 01:19:45.590 align:start position:0% The two leading theories today are wimps and<01:19:43.199> axons,<01:19:44.159> though<01:19:44.480> we've<01:19:44.880> not<01:19:45.120> yet<01:19:45.360> found 01:19:45.590 --> 01:19:45.600 align:start position:0% and axons, though we've not yet found 01:19:45.600 --> 01:19:48.149 align:start position:0% and axons, though we've not yet found hard<01:19:46.000> evidence<01:19:46.400> for<01:19:46.719> either<01:19:46.960> of<01:19:47.199> them<01:19:47.679> until 01:19:48.149 --> 01:19:48.159 align:start position:0% hard evidence for either of them until 01:19:48.159 --> 01:19:50.950 align:start position:0% hard evidence for either of them until November<01:19:48.719> 2025.<01:19:49.520> That<01:19:49.760> is,<01:19:50.080> when<01:19:50.320> that<01:19:50.560> news 01:19:50.950 --> 01:19:50.960 align:start position:0% November 2025. That is, when that news 01:19:50.960 --> 01:19:54.310 align:start position:0% November 2025. That is, when that news erupted<01:19:51.600> from<01:19:51.840> the<01:19:52.000> University<01:19:52.560> of<01:19:52.800> Tokyo, 01:19:54.310 --> 01:19:54.320 align:start position:0% erupted from the University of Tokyo, 01:19:54.320 --> 01:19:57.669 align:start position:0% erupted from the University of Tokyo, astrophysicist<01:19:55.280> Dr.<01:19:55.760> Tommoni<01:19:56.560> Tortani<01:19:57.440> had 01:19:57.669 --> 01:19:57.679 align:start position:0% astrophysicist Dr. Tommoni Tortani had 01:19:57.679 --> 01:20:00.630 align:start position:0% astrophysicist Dr. Tommoni Tortani had found<01:19:57.920> a<01:19:58.159> signal<01:19:58.800> never<01:19:59.360> identified<01:19:59.920> before 01:20:00.630 --> 01:20:00.640 align:start position:0% found a signal never identified before 01:20:00.640 --> 01:20:03.110 align:start position:0% found a signal never identified before emanating<01:20:01.280> from<01:20:01.440> the<01:20:01.679> Milky<01:20:02.000> Way,<01:20:02.719> and<01:20:02.880> it 01:20:03.110 --> 01:20:03.120 align:start position:0% emanating from the Milky Way, and it 01:20:03.120 --> 01:20:05.110 align:start position:0% emanating from the Milky Way, and it appeared<01:20:03.440> to<01:20:03.600> have<01:20:03.760> the<01:20:04.000> properties<01:20:04.560> of<01:20:04.800> being 01:20:05.110 --> 01:20:05.120 align:start position:0% appeared to have the properties of being 01:20:05.120 --> 01:20:08.709 align:start position:0% appeared to have the properties of being produced<01:20:05.679> by<01:20:06.080> WIMPs.<01:20:07.440> Was<01:20:07.760> this<01:20:08.080> the<01:20:08.400> first 01:20:08.709 --> 01:20:08.719 align:start position:0% produced by WIMPs. Was this the first 01:20:08.719 --> 01:20:11.830 align:start position:0% produced by WIMPs. Was this the first observational<01:20:09.440> evidence<01:20:09.920> of<01:20:10.159> dark<01:20:10.560> matter? 01:20:11.830 --> 01:20:11.840 align:start position:0% observational evidence of dark matter? 01:20:11.840 --> 01:20:13.830 align:start position:0% observational evidence of dark matter? To<01:20:12.080> answer<01:20:12.320> this<01:20:12.560> question,<01:20:13.199> we<01:20:13.440> need<01:20:13.600> to 01:20:13.830 --> 01:20:13.840 align:start position:0% To answer this question, we need to 01:20:13.840 --> 01:20:18.149 align:start position:0% To answer this question, we need to understand<01:20:14.320> the<01:20:14.640> nature<01:20:15.280> of<01:20:15.679> a<01:20:16.000> wimp.<01:20:17.360> No,<01:20:17.920> we 01:20:18.149 --> 01:20:18.159 align:start position:0% understand the nature of a wimp. No, we 01:20:18.159 --> 01:20:20.470 align:start position:0% understand the nature of a wimp. No, we don't<01:20:18.400> think<01:20:18.560> they<01:20:18.880> are<01:20:19.040> particularly<01:20:19.679> shy<01:20:20.080> or 01:20:20.470 --> 01:20:20.480 align:start position:0% don't think they are particularly shy or 01:20:20.480 --> 01:20:23.030 align:start position:0% don't think they are particularly shy or cowardly<01:20:21.120> creatures,<01:20:21.920> but<01:20:22.159> they<01:20:22.400> have<01:20:22.800> been 01:20:23.030 --> 01:20:23.040 align:start position:0% cowardly creatures, but they have been 01:20:23.040 --> 01:20:24.630 align:start position:0% cowardly creatures, but they have been highly<01:20:23.360> successful<01:20:23.760> in<01:20:24.000> evading<01:20:24.400> our 01:20:24.630 --> 01:20:24.640 align:start position:0% highly successful in evading our 01:20:24.640 --> 01:20:27.270 align:start position:0% highly successful in evading our detection<01:20:25.120> so<01:20:25.360> far.<01:20:26.320> This<01:20:26.480> is<01:20:26.640> a<01:20:26.880> class<01:20:27.040> of 01:20:27.270 --> 01:20:27.280 align:start position:0% detection so far. This is a class of 01:20:27.280 --> 01:20:29.669 align:start position:0% detection so far. This is a class of particles<01:20:27.920> predicted<01:20:28.400> to<01:20:28.640> exist<01:20:28.960> within<01:20:29.440> an 01:20:29.669 --> 01:20:29.679 align:start position:0% particles predicted to exist within an 01:20:29.679 --> 01:20:31.189 align:start position:0% particles predicted to exist within an extension<01:20:30.080> of<01:20:30.159> the<01:20:30.400> standard<01:20:30.719> model<01:20:30.960> of 01:20:31.189 --> 01:20:31.199 align:start position:0% extension of the standard model of 01:20:31.199 --> 01:20:33.430 align:start position:0% extension of the standard model of particle<01:20:31.600> physics<01:20:32.159> known<01:20:32.480> as<01:20:33.120> super 01:20:33.430 --> 01:20:33.440 align:start position:0% particle physics known as super 01:20:33.440 --> 01:20:37.590 align:start position:0% particle physics known as super symmetry.<01:20:34.719> Wimps<01:20:35.360> being<01:20:36.000> weakly<01:20:36.640> interacting 01:20:37.590 --> 01:20:37.600 align:start position:0% symmetry. Wimps being weakly interacting 01:20:37.600 --> 01:20:40.070 align:start position:0% symmetry. Wimps being weakly interacting neither<01:20:37.920> absorb<01:20:38.400> nor<01:20:38.719> emit<01:20:39.120> light<01:20:39.679> and<01:20:39.840> they 01:20:40.070 --> 01:20:40.080 align:start position:0% neither absorb nor emit light and they 01:20:40.080 --> 01:20:41.669 align:start position:0% neither absorb nor emit light and they very<01:20:40.400> rarely<01:20:40.800> interact<01:20:41.199> with<01:20:41.440> other 01:20:41.669 --> 01:20:41.679 align:start position:0% very rarely interact with other 01:20:41.679 --> 01:20:43.110 align:start position:0% very rarely interact with other particles<01:20:42.239> other<01:20:42.560> than<01:20:42.719> through 01:20:43.110 --> 01:20:43.120 align:start position:0% particles other than through 01:20:43.120 --> 01:20:45.510 align:start position:0% particles other than through gravitational<01:20:43.840> attraction 01:20:45.510 --> 01:20:45.520 align:start position:0% gravitational attraction 01:20:45.520 --> 01:20:47.669 align:start position:0% gravitational attraction which<01:20:45.760> ticks<01:20:46.320> many<01:20:46.640> of<01:20:46.800> the<01:20:46.960> boxes<01:20:47.360> we're 01:20:47.669 --> 01:20:47.679 align:start position:0% which ticks many of the boxes we're 01:20:47.679 --> 01:20:49.189 align:start position:0% which ticks many of the boxes we're looking<01:20:47.840> for<01:20:48.080> when<01:20:48.320> it<01:20:48.480> comes<01:20:48.719> to<01:20:48.880> searching 01:20:49.189 --> 01:20:49.199 align:start position:0% looking for when it comes to searching 01:20:49.199 --> 01:20:51.830 align:start position:0% looking for when it comes to searching for<01:20:49.360> dark<01:20:49.679> matter.<01:20:50.800> These<01:20:51.040> properties<01:20:51.520> also 01:20:51.830 --> 01:20:51.840 align:start position:0% for dark matter. These properties also 01:20:51.840 --> 01:20:54.550 align:start position:0% for dark matter. These properties also make<01:20:52.080> them<01:20:52.320> very<01:20:52.800> challenging<01:20:53.360> to<01:20:53.600> observe. 01:20:54.550 --> 01:20:54.560 align:start position:0% make them very challenging to observe. 01:20:54.560 --> 01:20:56.709 align:start position:0% make them very challenging to observe. However,<01:20:55.040> there<01:20:55.280> is<01:20:55.520> a<01:20:55.760> way<01:20:56.000> in<01:20:56.239> which<01:20:56.480> we 01:20:56.709 --> 01:20:56.719 align:start position:0% However, there is a way in which we 01:20:56.719 --> 01:20:58.550 align:start position:0% However, there is a way in which we should<01:20:57.040> be<01:20:57.199> able<01:20:57.360> to<01:20:57.520> detect<01:20:57.840> the<01:20:58.080> presence<01:20:58.320> of 01:20:58.550 --> 01:20:58.560 align:start position:0% should be able to detect the presence of 01:20:58.560 --> 01:21:01.110 align:start position:0% should be able to detect the presence of wimps<01:20:59.440> and<01:20:59.760> this<01:21:00.000> is<01:21:00.239> through<01:21:00.480> a<01:21:00.719> process 01:21:01.110 --> 01:21:01.120 align:start position:0% wimps and this is through a process 01:21:01.120 --> 01:21:03.110 align:start position:0% wimps and this is through a process called<01:21:01.600> annihilation. 01:21:03.110 --> 01:21:03.120 align:start position:0% called annihilation. 01:21:03.120 --> 01:21:05.669 align:start position:0% called annihilation. In<01:21:03.280> the<01:21:03.520> standard<01:21:03.840> model,<01:21:04.560> all<01:21:04.960> particles 01:21:05.669 --> 01:21:05.679 align:start position:0% In the standard model, all particles 01:21:05.679 --> 01:21:09.030 align:start position:0% In the standard model, all particles have<01:21:05.920> an<01:21:06.159> anti-particle<01:21:07.120> pair.<01:21:08.239> For<01:21:08.320> example, 01:21:09.030 --> 01:21:09.040 align:start position:0% have an anti-particle pair. For example, 01:21:09.040 --> 01:21:11.189 align:start position:0% have an anti-particle pair. For example, the<01:21:09.280> proton<01:21:09.840> has<01:21:10.159> its<01:21:10.480> antimatter 01:21:11.189 --> 01:21:11.199 align:start position:0% the proton has its antimatter 01:21:11.199 --> 01:21:14.229 align:start position:0% the proton has its antimatter counterpart,<01:21:12.080> an<01:21:12.640> anti-roton. 01:21:14.229 --> 01:21:14.239 align:start position:0% counterpart, an anti-roton. 01:21:14.239 --> 01:21:16.870 align:start position:0% counterpart, an anti-roton. Both<01:21:14.480> the<01:21:14.640> proton<01:21:15.199> and<01:21:15.600> anti-roton<01:21:16.480> have<01:21:16.640> the 01:21:16.870 --> 01:21:16.880 align:start position:0% Both the proton and anti-roton have the 01:21:16.880 --> 01:21:19.750 align:start position:0% Both the proton and anti-roton have the same<01:21:17.040> mass<01:21:17.760> but<01:21:18.000> possess<01:21:18.320> an<01:21:18.640> equal<01:21:19.120> and 01:21:19.750 --> 01:21:19.760 align:start position:0% same mass but possess an equal and 01:21:19.760 --> 01:21:22.790 align:start position:0% same mass but possess an equal and opposing<01:21:20.719> electric<01:21:21.199> charge.<01:21:22.400> Another 01:21:22.790 --> 01:21:22.800 align:start position:0% opposing electric charge. Another 01:21:22.800 --> 01:21:24.709 align:start position:0% opposing electric charge. Another example<01:21:23.199> is<01:21:23.440> the<01:21:23.600> negatively<01:21:24.239> charged 01:21:24.709 --> 01:21:24.719 align:start position:0% example is the negatively charged 01:21:24.719 --> 01:21:27.350 align:start position:0% example is the negatively charged electron<01:21:25.600> whose<01:21:25.920> pair<01:21:26.239> is<01:21:26.400> the<01:21:26.719> positively 01:21:27.350 --> 01:21:27.360 align:start position:0% electron whose pair is the positively 01:21:27.360 --> 01:21:30.310 align:start position:0% electron whose pair is the positively charged<01:21:28.080> posetron.<01:21:29.440> You<01:21:29.679> might<01:21:29.840> not<01:21:30.080> realize 01:21:30.310 --> 01:21:30.320 align:start position:0% charged posetron. You might not realize 01:21:30.320 --> 01:21:33.350 align:start position:0% charged posetron. You might not realize it,<01:21:30.560> but<01:21:30.880> antimatter<01:21:31.600> is<01:21:32.000> everywhere.<01:21:33.120> It's 01:21:33.350 --> 01:21:33.360 align:start position:0% it, but antimatter is everywhere. It's 01:21:33.360 --> 01:21:36.709 align:start position:0% it, but antimatter is everywhere. It's even<01:21:33.679> emitted<01:21:34.239> by<01:21:34.560> your<01:21:34.960> regular<01:21:35.440> banana. 01:21:36.709 --> 01:21:36.719 align:start position:0% even emitted by your regular banana. 01:21:36.719 --> 01:21:39.030 align:start position:0% even emitted by your regular banana. When<01:21:36.960> a<01:21:37.120> particle<01:21:37.600> meets<01:21:37.920> its<01:21:38.159> antiparticle, 01:21:39.030 --> 01:21:39.040 align:start position:0% When a particle meets its antiparticle, 01:21:39.040 --> 01:21:40.950 align:start position:0% When a particle meets its antiparticle, they<01:21:39.520> cancel<01:21:39.920> each<01:21:40.080> other<01:21:40.239> out<01:21:40.560> and 01:21:40.950 --> 01:21:40.960 align:start position:0% they cancel each other out and 01:21:40.960 --> 01:21:43.830 align:start position:0% they cancel each other out and annihilate,<01:21:42.080> releasing<01:21:42.560> a<01:21:42.800> signature<01:21:43.440> burst 01:21:43.830 --> 01:21:43.840 align:start position:0% annihilate, releasing a signature burst 01:21:43.840 --> 01:21:46.390 align:start position:0% annihilate, releasing a signature burst of<01:21:44.080> radiation,<01:21:45.120> often<01:21:45.520> in<01:21:45.679> the<01:21:45.840> form<01:21:46.159> of 01:21:46.390 --> 01:21:46.400 align:start position:0% of radiation, often in the form of 01:21:46.400 --> 01:21:49.350 align:start position:0% of radiation, often in the form of photons<01:21:47.040> and<01:21:47.280> gamma<01:21:47.600> rays.<01:21:48.719> The<01:21:48.960> energy 01:21:49.350 --> 01:21:49.360 align:start position:0% photons and gamma rays. The energy 01:21:49.360 --> 01:21:51.270 align:start position:0% photons and gamma rays. The energy profile<01:21:49.760> of<01:21:50.000> those<01:21:50.239> gamma<01:21:50.560> rays<01:21:50.880> can<01:21:51.120> be 01:21:51.270 --> 01:21:51.280 align:start position:0% profile of those gamma rays can be 01:21:51.280 --> 01:21:53.590 align:start position:0% profile of those gamma rays can be measured<01:21:51.840> and<01:21:52.080> is<01:21:52.320> related<01:21:52.719> to<01:21:52.960> the<01:21:53.120> mass<01:21:53.440> of 01:21:53.590 --> 01:21:53.600 align:start position:0% measured and is related to the mass of 01:21:53.600 --> 01:21:56.629 align:start position:0% measured and is related to the mass of the<01:21:53.840> original<01:21:54.400> particles.<01:21:55.840> We<01:21:56.159> believe<01:21:56.400> the 01:21:56.629 --> 01:21:56.639 align:start position:0% the original particles. We believe the 01:21:56.639 --> 01:21:58.950 align:start position:0% the original particles. We believe the mass<01:21:56.880> of<01:21:56.960> a<01:21:57.120> wimp<01:21:57.440> to<01:21:57.600> be<01:21:57.760> between<01:21:58.320> 10<01:21:58.639> and 01:21:58.950 --> 01:21:58.960 align:start position:0% mass of a wimp to be between 10 and 01:21:58.960 --> 01:22:01.750 align:start position:0% mass of a wimp to be between 10 and thousands<01:21:59.600> of<01:21:59.840> times<01:22:00.239> that<01:22:00.480> of<01:22:00.639> a<01:22:00.880> proton. 01:22:01.750 --> 01:22:01.760 align:start position:0% thousands of times that of a proton. 01:22:01.760 --> 01:22:04.070 align:start position:0% thousands of times that of a proton. Yes,<01:22:02.000> that's<01:22:02.400> quite<01:22:02.719> the<01:22:02.960> range.<01:22:03.679> And<01:22:03.920> the 01:22:04.070 --> 01:22:04.080 align:start position:0% Yes, that's quite the range. And the 01:22:04.080 --> 01:22:05.910 align:start position:0% Yes, that's quite the range. And the resulting<01:22:04.480> gamma<01:22:04.800> rays<01:22:05.199> would<01:22:05.440> have<01:22:05.600> a 01:22:05.910 --> 01:22:05.920 align:start position:0% resulting gamma rays would have a 01:22:05.920 --> 01:22:08.870 align:start position:0% resulting gamma rays would have a corresponding<01:22:06.800> energy<01:22:07.280> signature.<01:22:08.639> If 01:22:08.870 --> 01:22:08.880 align:start position:0% corresponding energy signature. If 01:22:08.880 --> 01:22:11.030 align:start position:0% corresponding energy signature. If another<01:22:09.360> eccentric<01:22:10.000> physicist<01:22:10.480> by<01:22:10.719> the<01:22:10.880> name 01:22:11.030 --> 01:22:11.040 align:start position:0% another eccentric physicist by the name 01:22:11.040 --> 01:22:13.189 align:start position:0% another eccentric physicist by the name of<01:22:11.280> Albert<01:22:11.679> Einstein<01:22:12.159> is<01:22:12.400> coming<01:22:12.639> to<01:22:12.800> mind<01:22:13.040> for 01:22:13.189 --> 01:22:13.199 align:start position:0% of Albert Einstein is coming to mind for 01:22:13.199 --> 01:22:15.189 align:start position:0% of Albert Einstein is coming to mind for you<01:22:13.360> right<01:22:13.600> now,<01:22:14.159> you'd<01:22:14.480> be<01:22:14.560> correct<01:22:14.880> to<01:22:15.040> make 01:22:15.189 --> 01:22:15.199 align:start position:0% you right now, you'd be correct to make 01:22:15.199 --> 01:22:17.830 align:start position:0% you right now, you'd be correct to make this<01:22:15.520> connection.<01:22:16.719> Einstein's<01:22:17.440> famous 01:22:17.830 --> 01:22:17.840 align:start position:0% this connection. Einstein's famous 01:22:17.840 --> 01:22:21.030 align:start position:0% this connection. Einstein's famous equation<01:22:18.400> E=<01:22:19.120> MC²<01:22:19.840> revealed<01:22:20.159> that<01:22:20.480> mass<01:22:20.800> and 01:22:21.030 --> 01:22:21.040 align:start position:0% equation E= MC² revealed that mass and 01:22:21.040 --> 01:22:23.590 align:start position:0% equation E= MC² revealed that mass and energy<01:22:21.760> are<01:22:22.000> interchangeable<01:22:23.199> and<01:22:23.440> the 01:22:23.590 --> 01:22:23.600 align:start position:0% energy are interchangeable and the 01:22:23.600 --> 01:22:26.229 align:start position:0% energy are interchangeable and the annihilation<01:22:24.239> of<01:22:24.480> a<01:22:24.639> pair<01:22:24.880> of<01:22:25.120> particles<01:22:26.000> is 01:22:26.229 --> 01:22:26.239 align:start position:0% annihilation of a pair of particles is 01:22:26.239 --> 01:22:28.390 align:start position:0% annihilation of a pair of particles is the<01:22:26.480> most<01:22:26.719> beautiful<01:22:27.199> and<01:22:27.520> fundamental 01:22:28.390 --> 01:22:28.400 align:start position:0% the most beautiful and fundamental 01:22:28.400 --> 01:22:31.510 align:start position:0% the most beautiful and fundamental example<01:22:28.880> of<01:22:29.199> this<01:22:29.440> formula<01:22:29.920> in<01:22:30.159> action. 01:22:31.510 --> 01:22:31.520 align:start position:0% example of this formula in action. 01:22:31.520 --> 01:22:34.870 align:start position:0% example of this formula in action. Anyway,<01:22:32.320> back<01:22:32.639> to<01:22:32.800> dark<01:22:33.120> matter.<01:22:34.080> Gamma<01:22:34.480> rays 01:22:34.870 --> 01:22:34.880 align:start position:0% Anyway, back to dark matter. Gamma rays 01:22:34.880 --> 01:22:36.629 align:start position:0% Anyway, back to dark matter. Gamma rays are<01:22:35.120> incredibly<01:22:35.760> helpful<01:22:36.159> clues<01:22:36.480> for 01:22:36.629 --> 01:22:36.639 align:start position:0% are incredibly helpful clues for 01:22:36.639 --> 01:22:39.030 align:start position:0% are incredibly helpful clues for astronomers.<01:22:37.679> Like<01:22:37.920> fingerprints<01:22:38.480> left<01:22:38.719> at<01:22:38.880> a 01:22:39.030 --> 01:22:39.040 align:start position:0% astronomers. Like fingerprints left at a 01:22:39.040 --> 01:22:41.030 align:start position:0% astronomers. Like fingerprints left at a crime<01:22:39.280> scene,<01:22:39.920> they<01:22:40.239> indicate<01:22:40.719> where 01:22:41.030 --> 01:22:41.040 align:start position:0% crime scene, they indicate where 01:22:41.040 --> 01:22:43.350 align:start position:0% crime scene, they indicate where activity<01:22:41.520> has<01:22:41.840> occurred<01:22:42.320> in<01:22:42.560> a<01:22:42.800> region<01:22:43.040> of<01:22:43.120> the 01:22:43.350 --> 01:22:43.360 align:start position:0% activity has occurred in a region of the 01:22:43.360 --> 01:22:46.870 align:start position:0% activity has occurred in a region of the galaxy<01:22:44.239> and<01:22:44.719> where<01:22:45.040> it<01:22:45.440> may<01:22:45.920> be<01:22:46.159> pertinent<01:22:46.639> to 01:22:46.870 --> 01:22:46.880 align:start position:0% galaxy and where it may be pertinent to 01:22:46.880 --> 01:22:50.070 align:start position:0% galaxy and where it may be pertinent to take<01:22:47.120> a<01:22:47.440> closer<01:22:47.840> look.<01:22:49.040> However,<01:22:49.440> both<01:22:49.679> gamma 01:22:50.070 --> 01:22:50.080 align:start position:0% take a closer look. However, both gamma 01:22:50.080 --> 01:22:52.550 align:start position:0% take a closer look. However, both gamma rays<01:22:50.400> and<01:22:50.639> fingerprints<01:22:51.360> can<01:22:51.600> be<01:22:51.760> left<01:22:52.000> by<01:22:52.239> a 01:22:52.550 --> 01:22:52.560 align:start position:0% rays and fingerprints can be left by a 01:22:52.560 --> 01:22:54.950 align:start position:0% rays and fingerprints can be left by a myriad<01:22:53.120> of<01:22:53.360> different<01:22:53.679> sources,<01:22:54.719> which 01:22:54.950 --> 01:22:54.960 align:start position:0% myriad of different sources, which 01:22:54.960 --> 01:22:58.149 align:start position:0% myriad of different sources, which creates<01:22:55.520> a<01:22:55.920> serious<01:22:56.320> issue.<01:22:57.360> Gamma<01:22:57.679> rays<01:22:58.000> are 01:22:58.149 --> 01:22:58.159 align:start position:0% creates a serious issue. Gamma rays are 01:22:58.159 --> 01:22:59.910 align:start position:0% creates a serious issue. Gamma rays are created<01:22:58.400> and<01:22:58.639> released<01:22:58.960> in<01:22:59.199> all<01:22:59.440> sorts<01:22:59.760> of 01:22:59.910 --> 01:22:59.920 align:start position:0% created and released in all sorts of 01:22:59.920 --> 01:23:02.310 align:start position:0% created and released in all sorts of astrophysical<01:23:00.800> processes,<01:23:01.760> from<01:23:01.920> the<01:23:02.080> hot 01:23:02.310 --> 01:23:02.320 align:start position:0% astrophysical processes, from the hot 01:23:02.320 --> 01:23:04.790 align:start position:0% astrophysical processes, from the hot accretion<01:23:02.880> discs<01:23:03.280> around<01:23:03.600> black<01:23:03.840> holes<01:23:04.560> to 01:23:04.790 --> 01:23:04.800 align:start position:0% accretion discs around black holes to 01:23:04.800 --> 01:23:07.590 align:start position:0% accretion discs around black holes to the<01:23:05.040> death<01:23:05.280> throws<01:23:05.679> of<01:23:05.840> a<01:23:06.000> dying<01:23:06.400> star. 01:23:07.590 --> 01:23:07.600 align:start position:0% the death throws of a dying star. 01:23:07.600 --> 01:23:10.550 align:start position:0% the death throws of a dying star. So,<01:23:08.000> how<01:23:08.320> can<01:23:08.800> we<01:23:09.040> detect<01:23:09.440> the<01:23:09.760> true<01:23:10.000> signal<01:23:10.400> of 01:23:10.550 --> 01:23:10.560 align:start position:0% So, how can we detect the true signal of 01:23:10.560 --> 01:23:13.030 align:start position:0% So, how can we detect the true signal of dark<01:23:10.800> matter<01:23:11.440> if<01:23:11.760> it<01:23:11.920> is<01:23:12.159> the<01:23:12.320> annihilation<01:23:12.880> of 01:23:13.030 --> 01:23:13.040 align:start position:0% dark matter if it is the annihilation of 01:23:13.040 --> 01:23:16.470 align:start position:0% dark matter if it is the annihilation of wimps<01:23:13.760> in<01:23:14.080> such<01:23:14.320> a<01:23:14.560> maelstrom? 01:23:16.470 --> 01:23:16.480 align:start position:0% wimps in such a maelstrom? 01:23:16.480 --> 01:23:20.149 align:start position:0% wimps in such a maelstrom? Well,<01:23:17.040> it<01:23:17.280> takes<01:23:17.600> a<01:23:17.840> new<01:23:18.400> and<01:23:18.880> honestly<01:23:19.520> quite 01:23:20.149 --> 01:23:20.159 align:start position:0% Well, it takes a new and honestly quite 01:23:20.159 --> 01:23:23.510 align:start position:0% Well, it takes a new and honestly quite painstaking<01:23:20.960> approach. 01:23:23.510 --> 01:23:23.520 align:start position:0% painstaking approach. 01:23:23.520 --> 01:23:26.950 align:start position:0% painstaking approach. In<01:23:23.760> early<01:23:24.159> 2024,<01:23:25.199> Dr.<01:23:25.520> Tortani<01:23:26.480> began 01:23:26.950 --> 01:23:26.960 align:start position:0% In early 2024, Dr. Tortani began 01:23:26.960 --> 01:23:29.270 align:start position:0% In early 2024, Dr. Tortani began dredging<01:23:27.600> through<01:23:27.760> the<01:23:28.000> Fermy<01:23:28.480> telescope's 01:23:29.270 --> 01:23:29.280 align:start position:0% dredging through the Fermy telescope's 01:23:29.280 --> 01:23:32.070 align:start position:0% dredging through the Fermy telescope's enormous<01:23:29.920> back<01:23:30.239> catalog<01:23:31.040> for<01:23:31.280> clues<01:23:31.760> in 01:23:32.070 --> 01:23:32.080 align:start position:0% enormous back catalog for clues in 01:23:32.080 --> 01:23:34.950 align:start position:0% enormous back catalog for clues in solving<01:23:32.400> this<01:23:32.719> dark<01:23:33.040> matter<01:23:33.440> conundrum.<01:23:34.639> The 01:23:34.950 --> 01:23:34.960 align:start position:0% solving this dark matter conundrum. The 01:23:34.960 --> 01:23:37.189 align:start position:0% solving this dark matter conundrum. The gravitational<01:23:35.679> geography<01:23:36.159> of<01:23:36.400> our<01:23:36.719> galaxy 01:23:37.189 --> 01:23:37.199 align:start position:0% gravitational geography of our galaxy 01:23:37.199 --> 01:23:39.270 align:start position:0% gravitational geography of our galaxy dictates<01:23:37.679> that<01:23:37.920> the<01:23:38.159> majority<01:23:38.719> of<01:23:38.880> visible 01:23:39.270 --> 01:23:39.280 align:start position:0% dictates that the majority of visible 01:23:39.280 --> 01:23:41.669 align:start position:0% dictates that the majority of visible matter<01:23:39.679> is<01:23:40.000> concentrated<01:23:40.639> in<01:23:40.960> the<01:23:41.120> galactic 01:23:41.669 --> 01:23:41.679 align:start position:0% matter is concentrated in the galactic 01:23:41.679 --> 01:23:43.990 align:start position:0% matter is concentrated in the galactic plane.<01:23:42.480> From<01:23:42.719> the<01:23:42.880> outer<01:23:43.120> tendrils<01:23:43.760> of<01:23:43.840> the 01:23:43.990 --> 01:23:44.000 align:start position:0% plane. From the outer tendrils of the 01:23:44.000 --> 01:23:46.470 align:start position:0% plane. From the outer tendrils of the spiral<01:23:44.400> arms<01:23:45.120> to<01:23:45.360> the<01:23:45.520> densely<01:23:46.000> packed 01:23:46.470 --> 01:23:46.480 align:start position:0% spiral arms to the densely packed 01:23:46.480 --> 01:23:49.750 align:start position:0% spiral arms to the densely packed galactic<01:23:47.040> center,<01:23:48.080> all<01:23:48.480> manner<01:23:48.880> of<01:23:49.120> stars, 01:23:49.750 --> 01:23:49.760 align:start position:0% galactic center, all manner of stars, 01:23:49.760 --> 01:23:52.070 align:start position:0% galactic center, all manner of stars, planets,<01:23:50.320> and<01:23:50.560> our<01:23:50.960> bmoth<01:23:51.520> super<01:23:51.760> massive 01:23:52.070 --> 01:23:52.080 align:start position:0% planets, and our bmoth super massive 01:23:52.080 --> 01:23:55.350 align:start position:0% planets, and our bmoth super massive black<01:23:52.320> hole<01:23:52.960> Sagittarius<01:23:53.679> A<01:23:54.000> star<01:23:54.800> make<01:23:55.120> up 01:23:55.350 --> 01:23:55.360 align:start position:0% black hole Sagittarius A star make up 01:23:55.360 --> 01:23:58.310 align:start position:0% black hole Sagittarius A star make up our<01:23:55.679> home<01:23:56.000> galaxy.<01:23:57.360> Naturally,<01:23:57.840> this<01:23:58.080> means 01:23:58.310 --> 01:23:58.320 align:start position:0% our home galaxy. Naturally, this means 01:23:58.320 --> 01:24:00.390 align:start position:0% our home galaxy. Naturally, this means that<01:23:58.560> the<01:23:58.800> majority<01:23:59.120> of<01:23:59.360> sources<01:23:59.840> of<01:24:00.080> high 01:24:00.390 --> 01:24:00.400 align:start position:0% that the majority of sources of high 01:24:00.400 --> 01:24:03.910 align:start position:0% that the majority of sources of high energy<01:24:00.800> radiation<01:24:01.679> that<01:24:01.920> is<01:24:02.400> gamma<01:24:02.800> rays<01:24:03.600> are 01:24:03.910 --> 01:24:03.920 align:start position:0% energy radiation that is gamma rays are 01:24:03.920 --> 01:24:06.629 align:start position:0% energy radiation that is gamma rays are located<01:24:04.400> in<01:24:04.639> the<01:24:04.880> plane<01:24:05.199> too.<01:24:06.080> But<01:24:06.320> when<01:24:06.480> we 01:24:06.629 --> 01:24:06.639 align:start position:0% located in the plane too. But when we 01:24:06.639 --> 01:24:08.870 align:start position:0% located in the plane too. But when we observe<01:24:07.040> the<01:24:07.280> movement<01:24:07.600> of<01:24:07.840> stars<01:24:08.239> and<01:24:08.480> gas 01:24:08.870 --> 01:24:08.880 align:start position:0% observe the movement of stars and gas 01:24:08.880 --> 01:24:11.189 align:start position:0% observe the movement of stars and gas around<01:24:09.199> the<01:24:09.440> galaxy,<01:24:10.400> this<01:24:10.639> indicates<01:24:11.040> that 01:24:11.189 --> 01:24:11.199 align:start position:0% around the galaxy, this indicates that 01:24:11.199 --> 01:24:13.669 align:start position:0% around the galaxy, this indicates that the<01:24:11.440> dark<01:24:11.679> matter<01:24:12.080> has<01:24:12.320> a<01:24:12.480> different<01:24:12.880> shape. 01:24:13.669 --> 01:24:13.679 align:start position:0% the dark matter has a different shape. 01:24:13.679 --> 01:24:16.229 align:start position:0% the dark matter has a different shape. It<01:24:13.920> is<01:24:14.400> not<01:24:14.880> concentrated<01:24:15.520> in<01:24:15.679> the<01:24:15.840> galactic 01:24:16.229 --> 01:24:16.239 align:start position:0% It is not concentrated in the galactic 01:24:16.239 --> 01:24:19.350 align:start position:0% It is not concentrated in the galactic plane<01:24:16.560> as<01:24:16.800> we<01:24:16.960> might<01:24:17.280> expect,<01:24:18.080> but<01:24:18.320> it<01:24:18.560> extends 01:24:19.350 --> 01:24:19.360 align:start position:0% plane as we might expect, but it extends 01:24:19.360 --> 01:24:21.910 align:start position:0% plane as we might expect, but it extends around<01:24:19.840> the<01:24:20.080> Milky<01:24:20.480> Way<01:24:21.120> in<01:24:21.360> a<01:24:21.520> sphere 01:24:21.910 --> 01:24:21.920 align:start position:0% around the Milky Way in a sphere 01:24:21.920 --> 01:24:25.590 align:start position:0% around the Milky Way in a sphere structure<01:24:22.560> termed<01:24:22.960> the<01:24:23.199> halo.<01:24:24.400> By<01:24:24.719> scraping 01:24:25.590 --> 01:24:25.600 align:start position:0% structure termed the halo. By scraping 01:24:25.600 --> 01:24:28.790 align:start position:0% structure termed the halo. By scraping 15<01:24:26.239> years<01:24:26.719> worth<01:24:26.960> of<01:24:27.120> Fmy<01:24:27.600> data<01:24:28.159> and<01:24:28.480> blocking 01:24:28.790 --> 01:24:28.800 align:start position:0% 15 years worth of Fmy data and blocking 01:24:28.800 --> 01:24:31.350 align:start position:0% 15 years worth of Fmy data and blocking out<01:24:28.960> the<01:24:29.199> blinding<01:24:30.000> gammarayrich<01:24:30.960> center<01:24:31.199> of 01:24:31.350 --> 01:24:31.360 align:start position:0% out the blinding gammarayrich center of 01:24:31.360 --> 01:24:34.310 align:start position:0% out the blinding gammarayrich center of the<01:24:31.600> galaxy<01:24:32.000> from<01:24:32.239> his<01:24:32.400> study,<01:24:33.120> Dr.<01:24:33.360> Totani 01:24:34.310 --> 01:24:34.320 align:start position:0% the galaxy from his study, Dr. Totani 01:24:34.320 --> 01:24:37.030 align:start position:0% the galaxy from his study, Dr. Totani has<01:24:34.560> been<01:24:34.800> able<01:24:35.040> to<01:24:35.280> diligently<01:24:36.000> remove<01:24:36.639> known 01:24:37.030 --> 01:24:37.040 align:start position:0% has been able to diligently remove known 01:24:37.040 --> 01:24:39.110 align:start position:0% has been able to diligently remove known astrophysical<01:24:37.760> producers<01:24:38.159> of<01:24:38.400> gamma<01:24:38.719> rays 01:24:39.110 --> 01:24:39.120 align:start position:0% astrophysical producers of gamma rays 01:24:39.120 --> 01:24:42.629 align:start position:0% astrophysical producers of gamma rays from<01:24:39.440> the<01:24:39.600> background<01:24:40.560> source<01:24:41.120> by<01:24:41.600> source. 01:24:42.629 --> 01:24:42.639 align:start position:0% from the background source by source. 01:24:42.639 --> 01:24:45.270 align:start position:0% from the background source by source. What<01:24:42.880> was<01:24:43.120> left<01:24:43.760> has<01:24:44.080> flawed<01:24:44.560> the<01:24:44.800> scientific 01:24:45.270 --> 01:24:45.280 align:start position:0% What was left has flawed the scientific 01:24:45.280 --> 01:24:49.030 align:start position:0% What was left has flawed the scientific community<01:24:46.000> and<01:24:46.400> me.<01:24:47.199> Honestly,<01:24:48.080> this<01:24:48.320> is<01:24:48.719> so 01:24:49.030 --> 01:24:49.040 align:start position:0% community and me. Honestly, this is so 01:24:49.040 --> 01:24:53.110 align:start position:0% community and me. Honestly, this is so exciting.<01:24:50.320> a<01:24:50.639> unique<01:24:51.280> pattern<01:24:51.840> of<01:24:52.080> gamma<01:24:52.480> rays 01:24:53.110 --> 01:24:53.120 align:start position:0% exciting. a unique pattern of gamma rays 01:24:53.120 --> 01:24:55.830 align:start position:0% exciting. a unique pattern of gamma rays in<01:24:53.360> the<01:24:53.520> ghostly<01:24:54.000> shape<01:24:54.400> of<01:24:54.639> the<01:24:54.800> Milky<01:24:55.199> Way's 01:24:55.830 --> 01:24:55.840 align:start position:0% in the ghostly shape of the Milky Way's 01:24:55.840 --> 01:24:59.350 align:start position:0% in the ghostly shape of the Milky Way's predicted<01:24:56.719> dark<01:24:57.120> matter<01:24:57.520> halo.<01:24:58.800> But<01:24:59.040> Dr. 01:24:59.350 --> 01:24:59.360 align:start position:0% predicted dark matter halo. But Dr. 01:24:59.360 --> 01:25:01.669 align:start position:0% predicted dark matter halo. But Dr. Totani's<01:25:00.080> research<01:25:00.480> takes<01:25:00.800> this<01:25:01.040> theory 01:25:01.669 --> 01:25:01.679 align:start position:0% Totani's research takes this theory 01:25:01.679 --> 01:25:05.030 align:start position:0% Totani's research takes this theory another<01:25:02.239> step<01:25:02.480> further.<01:25:03.760> Not<01:25:04.159> only<01:25:04.719> were 01:25:05.030 --> 01:25:05.040 align:start position:0% another step further. Not only were 01:25:05.040 --> 01:25:06.629 align:start position:0% another step further. Not only were these<01:25:05.280> gamma<01:25:05.679> rays<01:25:05.920> revealed<01:25:06.239> to<01:25:06.480> be 01:25:06.629 --> 01:25:06.639 align:start position:0% these gamma rays revealed to be 01:25:06.639 --> 01:25:08.790 align:start position:0% these gamma rays revealed to be populating<01:25:07.199> the<01:25:07.520> correct<01:25:07.760> shape<01:25:08.320> and 01:25:08.790 --> 01:25:08.800 align:start position:0% populating the correct shape and 01:25:08.800 --> 01:25:11.510 align:start position:0% populating the correct shape and structure<01:25:09.280> to<01:25:09.600> be<01:25:09.760> the<01:25:09.920> dark<01:25:10.239> matter<01:25:10.560> halo, 01:25:11.510 --> 01:25:11.520 align:start position:0% structure to be the dark matter halo, 01:25:11.520 --> 01:25:14.070 align:start position:0% structure to be the dark matter halo, but<01:25:11.679> they<01:25:12.000> had<01:25:12.239> an<01:25:12.560> energy<01:25:13.040> spectrum<01:25:13.600> peaking 01:25:14.070 --> 01:25:14.080 align:start position:0% but they had an energy spectrum peaking 01:25:14.080 --> 01:25:17.830 align:start position:0% but they had an energy spectrum peaking at<01:25:14.639> 20<01:25:15.199> g<01:25:15.840> electron<01:25:16.320> volts. 01:25:17.830 --> 01:25:17.840 align:start position:0% at 20 g electron volts. 01:25:17.840 --> 01:25:20.229 align:start position:0% at 20 g electron volts. This<01:25:18.239> is<01:25:18.480> in<01:25:18.800> the<01:25:19.040> suitable<01:25:19.520> range<01:25:19.840> to<01:25:20.080> be 01:25:20.229 --> 01:25:20.239 align:start position:0% This is in the suitable range to be 01:25:20.239 --> 01:25:22.870 align:start position:0% This is in the suitable range to be caused<01:25:20.560> by<01:25:20.880> WIMP<01:25:21.360> annihilation. 01:25:22.870 --> 01:25:22.880 align:start position:0% caused by WIMP annihilation. 01:25:22.880 --> 01:25:26.229 align:start position:0% caused by WIMP annihilation. If<01:25:23.120> this<01:25:23.360> gammaray<01:25:23.920> signal<01:25:24.480> is<01:25:24.880> from<01:25:25.199> wimps, 01:25:26.229 --> 01:25:26.239 align:start position:0% If this gammaray signal is from wimps, 01:25:26.239 --> 01:25:29.189 align:start position:0% If this gammaray signal is from wimps, it<01:25:26.639> cannot<01:25:27.120> be<01:25:27.520> underestimated. 01:25:29.189 --> 01:25:29.199 align:start position:0% it cannot be underestimated. 01:25:29.199 --> 01:25:32.070 align:start position:0% it cannot be underestimated. This<01:25:29.760> observation<01:25:30.719> will<01:25:31.120> have<01:25:31.440> changed<01:25:31.840> the 01:25:32.070 --> 01:25:32.080 align:start position:0% This observation will have changed the 01:25:32.080 --> 01:25:35.030 align:start position:0% This observation will have changed the face<01:25:32.480> of<01:25:32.800> physics<01:25:33.520> forever. 01:25:35.030 --> 01:25:35.040 align:start position:0% face of physics forever. 01:25:35.040 --> 01:25:37.990 align:start position:0% face of physics forever. But<01:25:35.280> before<01:25:35.520> we<01:25:35.760> can<01:25:35.920> be<01:25:36.320> absolutely<01:25:37.199> sure, 01:25:37.990 --> 01:25:38.000 align:start position:0% But before we can be absolutely sure, 01:25:38.000 --> 01:25:40.470 align:start position:0% But before we can be absolutely sure, there<01:25:38.239> are<01:25:38.400> still<01:25:38.639> a<01:25:38.880> few<01:25:39.199> puzzling<01:25:39.840> parts<01:25:40.159> of 01:25:40.470 --> 01:25:40.480 align:start position:0% there are still a few puzzling parts of 01:25:40.480 --> 01:25:43.350 align:start position:0% there are still a few puzzling parts of this<01:25:40.719> case<01:25:40.960> to<01:25:41.199> solve.<01:25:42.400> Firstly,<01:25:42.880> we're<01:25:43.120> still 01:25:43.350 --> 01:25:43.360 align:start position:0% this case to solve. Firstly, we're still 01:25:43.360 --> 01:25:45.430 align:start position:0% this case to solve. Firstly, we're still getting<01:25:43.600> to<01:25:43.760> grips<01:25:44.080> with<01:25:44.320> exactly<01:25:44.800> how<01:25:45.199> much 01:25:45.430 --> 01:25:45.440 align:start position:0% getting to grips with exactly how much 01:25:45.440 --> 01:25:48.310 align:start position:0% getting to grips with exactly how much mass<01:25:45.840> wimps<01:25:46.320> do<01:25:46.560> have.<01:25:47.199> and<01:25:47.440> therefore<01:25:48.000> the 01:25:48.310 --> 01:25:48.320 align:start position:0% mass wimps do have. and therefore the 01:25:48.320 --> 01:25:50.870 align:start position:0% mass wimps do have. and therefore the energy<01:25:48.719> signature<01:25:49.360> expected<01:25:49.920> to<01:25:50.159> be<01:25:50.320> produced 01:25:50.870 --> 01:25:50.880 align:start position:0% energy signature expected to be produced 01:25:50.880 --> 01:25:53.990 align:start position:0% energy signature expected to be produced during<01:25:51.280> annihilation.<01:25:52.639> After<01:25:52.960> all,<01:25:53.520> they<01:25:53.760> are 01:25:53.990 --> 01:25:54.000 align:start position:0% during annihilation. After all, they are 01:25:54.000 --> 01:25:56.709 align:start position:0% during annihilation. After all, they are still<01:25:54.239> only<01:25:54.719> theoretical<01:25:55.520> particles.<01:25:56.560> And 01:25:56.709 --> 01:25:56.719 align:start position:0% still only theoretical particles. And 01:25:56.719 --> 01:25:58.709 align:start position:0% still only theoretical particles. And while<01:25:56.960> teams<01:25:57.360> at<01:25:57.520> particle<01:25:58.000> accelerators 01:25:58.709 --> 01:25:58.719 align:start position:0% while teams at particle accelerators 01:25:58.719 --> 01:26:00.229 align:start position:0% while teams at particle accelerators around<01:25:59.040> the<01:25:59.199> world<01:25:59.520> continue<01:25:59.920> to<01:26:00.080> have 01:26:00.229 --> 01:26:00.239 align:start position:0% around the world continue to have 01:26:00.239 --> 01:26:01.590 align:start position:0% around the world continue to have success<01:26:00.560> in<01:26:00.880> constraining<01:26:01.360> their 01:26:01.590 --> 01:26:01.600 align:start position:0% success in constraining their 01:26:01.600 --> 01:26:04.229 align:start position:0% success in constraining their properties,<01:26:02.480> we're<01:26:02.800> so<01:26:03.040> far<01:26:03.440> limited<01:26:03.920> in 01:26:04.229 --> 01:26:04.239 align:start position:0% properties, we're so far limited in 01:26:04.239 --> 01:26:06.629 align:start position:0% properties, we're so far limited in working<01:26:04.480> with<01:26:04.800> the<01:26:05.040> rather<01:26:05.520> wide<01:26:05.920> range<01:26:06.320> I 01:26:06.629 --> 01:26:06.639 align:start position:0% working with the rather wide range I 01:26:06.639 --> 01:26:08.550 align:start position:0% working with the rather wide range I mentioned<01:26:06.960> earlier.<01:26:07.840> There<01:26:08.080> are<01:26:08.239> also 01:26:08.550 --> 01:26:08.560 align:start position:0% mentioned earlier. There are also 01:26:08.560 --> 01:26:10.870 align:start position:0% mentioned earlier. There are also concerns<01:26:08.960> over<01:26:09.199> the<01:26:09.520> population<01:26:10.080> density<01:26:10.639> of 01:26:10.870 --> 01:26:10.880 align:start position:0% concerns over the population density of 01:26:10.880 --> 01:26:12.390 align:start position:0% concerns over the population density of WIMPs<01:26:11.360> required<01:26:11.760> to<01:26:12.000> produce<01:26:12.239> an 01:26:12.390 --> 01:26:12.400 align:start position:0% WIMPs required to produce an 01:26:12.400 --> 01:26:14.550 align:start position:0% WIMPs required to produce an annihilation<01:26:13.040> signal<01:26:13.440> as<01:26:13.679> strong<01:26:13.920> as<01:26:14.159> the<01:26:14.320> one 01:26:14.550 --> 01:26:14.560 align:start position:0% annihilation signal as strong as the one 01:26:14.560 --> 01:26:17.430 align:start position:0% annihilation signal as strong as the one measured<01:26:14.800> in<01:26:15.040> Dr.<01:26:15.280> Tatani's<01:26:15.920> study.<01:26:16.880> Whims 01:26:17.430 --> 01:26:17.440 align:start position:0% measured in Dr. Tatani's study. Whims 01:26:17.440 --> 01:26:19.750 align:start position:0% measured in Dr. Tatani's study. Whims are<01:26:17.679> relics<01:26:18.480> created<01:26:18.880> from<01:26:19.199> particles 01:26:19.750 --> 01:26:19.760 align:start position:0% are relics created from particles 01:26:19.760 --> 01:26:22.070 align:start position:0% are relics created from particles present<01:26:20.080> at<01:26:20.239> the<01:26:20.400> big<01:26:20.560> bang.<01:26:21.280> And<01:26:21.440> by<01:26:21.679> studying 01:26:22.070 --> 01:26:22.080 align:start position:0% present at the big bang. And by studying 01:26:22.080 --> 01:26:24.149 align:start position:0% present at the big bang. And by studying the<01:26:22.239> early<01:26:22.560> universe<01:26:23.040> through<01:26:23.360> evidence<01:26:23.920> like 01:26:24.149 --> 01:26:24.159 align:start position:0% the early universe through evidence like 01:26:24.159 --> 01:26:26.629 align:start position:0% the early universe through evidence like the<01:26:24.400> cosmic<01:26:24.880> microwave<01:26:25.440> background,<01:26:26.320> we<01:26:26.480> have 01:26:26.629 --> 01:26:26.639 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background, we have 01:26:26.639 --> 01:26:28.470 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background, we have a<01:26:26.800> good<01:26:27.040> sense<01:26:27.360> of<01:26:27.520> the<01:26:27.760> numbers<01:26:28.000> of<01:26:28.239> each 01:26:28.470 --> 01:26:28.480 align:start position:0% a good sense of the numbers of each 01:26:28.480 --> 01:26:31.030 align:start position:0% a good sense of the numbers of each particle<01:26:29.040> we<01:26:29.440> expect<01:26:29.840> to<01:26:30.000> be<01:26:30.239> populating<01:26:30.800> the 01:26:31.030 --> 01:26:31.040 align:start position:0% particle we expect to be populating the 01:26:31.040 --> 01:26:34.149 align:start position:0% particle we expect to be populating the universe<01:26:31.520> today.<01:26:32.639> The<01:26:32.880> signal<01:26:33.280> seems<01:26:33.600> like<01:26:33.840> a 01:26:34.149 --> 01:26:34.159 align:start position:0% universe today. The signal seems like a 01:26:34.159 --> 01:26:36.629 align:start position:0% universe today. The signal seems like a much<01:26:34.560> denser<01:26:35.280> collection<01:26:35.600> of<01:26:35.760> WIMPs<01:26:36.239> than<01:26:36.400> we 01:26:36.629 --> 01:26:36.639 align:start position:0% much denser collection of WIMPs than we 01:26:36.639 --> 01:26:38.550 align:start position:0% much denser collection of WIMPs than we would<01:26:36.880> expect<01:26:37.199> to<01:26:37.440> be<01:26:37.600> possible<01:26:38.000> from<01:26:38.320> this 01:26:38.550 --> 01:26:38.560 align:start position:0% would expect to be possible from this 01:26:38.560 --> 01:26:41.270 align:start position:0% would expect to be possible from this evidence<01:26:39.280> and<01:26:39.760> particle<01:26:40.400> physics<01:26:40.800> models 01:26:41.270 --> 01:26:41.280 align:start position:0% evidence and particle physics models 01:26:41.280 --> 01:26:44.709 align:start position:0% evidence and particle physics models thus<01:26:41.679> far.<01:26:42.800> But<01:26:43.440> this<01:26:43.679> field<01:26:43.920> of<01:26:44.159> research<01:26:44.480> is 01:26:44.709 --> 01:26:44.719 align:start position:0% thus far. But this field of research is 01:26:44.719 --> 01:26:47.189 align:start position:0% thus far. But this field of research is one<01:26:44.880> that<01:26:45.280> can't<01:26:45.600> afford<01:26:46.239> to<01:26:46.639> ignore<01:26:46.960> new 01:26:47.189 --> 01:26:47.199 align:start position:0% one that can't afford to ignore new 01:26:47.199 --> 01:26:50.390 align:start position:0% one that can't afford to ignore new leads.<01:26:48.080> And<01:26:48.320> right<01:26:48.560> now,<01:26:49.120> wimp<01:26:49.440> annihilation 01:26:50.390 --> 01:26:50.400 align:start position:0% leads. And right now, wimp annihilation 01:26:50.400 --> 01:26:53.590 align:start position:0% leads. And right now, wimp annihilation and<01:26:50.639> therefore<01:26:51.199> dark<01:26:51.600> matter<01:26:52.560> is<01:26:52.960> a<01:26:53.280> strong 01:26:53.590 --> 01:26:53.600 align:start position:0% and therefore dark matter is a strong 01:26:53.600 --> 01:26:56.149 align:start position:0% and therefore dark matter is a strong contender<01:26:54.159> for<01:26:54.480> what<01:26:54.800> this<01:26:55.040> gammaray<01:26:55.679> signal 01:26:56.149 --> 01:26:56.159 align:start position:0% contender for what this gammaray signal 01:26:56.159 --> 01:27:00.709 align:start position:0% contender for what this gammaray signal might<01:26:56.480> be.<01:26:57.600> Some<01:26:57.920> even<01:26:58.320> argue<01:26:58.880> the<01:26:59.199> strongest. 01:27:00.709 --> 01:27:00.719 align:start position:0% might be. Some even argue the strongest. 01:27:00.719 --> 01:27:03.510 align:start position:0% might be. Some even argue the strongest. But<01:27:01.120> given<01:27:01.440> we've<01:27:01.760> never<01:27:01.920> seen<01:27:02.159> a<01:27:02.320> wimp,<01:27:03.040> many 01:27:03.510 --> 01:27:03.520 align:start position:0% But given we've never seen a wimp, many 01:27:03.520 --> 01:27:06.229 align:start position:0% But given we've never seen a wimp, many are<01:27:03.840> ering<01:27:04.159> on<01:27:04.239> the<01:27:04.400> side<01:27:04.639> of<01:27:04.800> caution. 01:27:06.229 --> 01:27:06.239 align:start position:0% are ering on the side of caution. 01:27:06.239 --> 01:27:08.390 align:start position:0% are ering on the side of caution. Professor<01:27:06.639> Carlos<01:27:07.120> Frank,<01:27:07.679> a<01:27:07.920> lifetime 01:27:08.390 --> 01:27:08.400 align:start position:0% Professor Carlos Frank, a lifetime 01:27:08.400 --> 01:27:10.470 align:start position:0% Professor Carlos Frank, a lifetime researcher<01:27:08.800> of<01:27:08.960> dark<01:27:09.280> matter<01:27:09.760> and<01:27:10.000> one<01:27:10.159> of<01:27:10.239> the 01:27:10.470 --> 01:27:10.480 align:start position:0% researcher of dark matter and one of the 01:27:10.480 --> 01:27:12.709 align:start position:0% researcher of dark matter and one of the originators<01:27:11.040> of<01:27:11.280> the<01:27:11.440> leading<01:27:12.080> old<01:27:12.400> dark 01:27:12.709 --> 01:27:12.719 align:start position:0% originators of the leading old dark 01:27:12.719 --> 01:27:14.870 align:start position:0% originators of the leading old dark matter<01:27:13.040> theory,<01:27:13.600> including<01:27:14.000> WIMPs,<01:27:14.639> has 01:27:14.870 --> 01:27:14.880 align:start position:0% matter theory, including WIMPs, has 01:27:14.880 --> 01:27:16.629 align:start position:0% matter theory, including WIMPs, has likened<01:27:15.360> finding<01:27:15.679> the<01:27:15.920> source<01:27:16.159> of<01:27:16.320> dark 01:27:16.629 --> 01:27:16.639 align:start position:0% likened finding the source of dark 01:27:16.639 --> 01:27:19.350 align:start position:0% likened finding the source of dark matter<01:27:17.040> in<01:27:17.280> significance<01:27:17.840> to<01:27:18.080> humanity<01:27:19.040> as 01:27:19.350 --> 01:27:19.360 align:start position:0% matter in significance to humanity as 01:27:19.360 --> 01:27:21.990 align:start position:0% matter in significance to humanity as Charles<01:27:19.679> Darwin's<01:27:20.239> theory<01:27:20.560> of<01:27:20.719> evolution. 01:27:21.990 --> 01:27:22.000 align:start position:0% Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. 01:27:22.000 --> 01:27:24.149 align:start position:0% Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It's<01:27:22.400> not<01:27:22.719> something<01:27:23.120> you<01:27:23.440> claim<01:27:23.760> to<01:27:23.920> have 01:27:24.149 --> 01:27:24.159 align:start position:0% It's not something you claim to have 01:27:24.159 --> 01:27:27.669 align:start position:0% It's not something you claim to have found<01:27:24.800> unless<01:27:25.120> you<01:27:25.520> really<01:27:26.000> are<01:27:26.320> sure. 01:27:27.669 --> 01:27:27.679 align:start position:0% found unless you really are sure. 01:27:27.679 --> 01:27:30.070 align:start position:0% found unless you really are sure. So<01:27:28.159> scientists<01:27:28.639> are<01:27:28.800> excitedly<01:27:29.520> working<01:27:29.840> to 01:27:30.070 --> 01:27:30.080 align:start position:0% So scientists are excitedly working to 01:27:30.080 --> 01:27:32.149 align:start position:0% So scientists are excitedly working to help<01:27:30.400> better<01:27:30.800> determine<01:27:31.360> the<01:27:31.520> factors<01:27:31.920> that 01:27:32.149 --> 01:27:32.159 align:start position:0% help better determine the factors that 01:27:32.159 --> 01:27:34.790 align:start position:0% help better determine the factors that could<01:27:32.480> be<01:27:32.560> at<01:27:32.800> play<01:27:33.199> in<01:27:33.440> Totani<01:27:34.080> signal<01:27:34.639> so 01:27:34.790 --> 01:27:34.800 align:start position:0% could be at play in Totani signal so 01:27:34.800 --> 01:27:37.189 align:start position:0% could be at play in Totani signal so that<01:27:34.960> they<01:27:35.199> can<01:27:35.360> untangle<01:27:36.000> the<01:27:36.239> snags<01:27:36.960> and 01:27:37.189 --> 01:27:37.199 align:start position:0% that they can untangle the snags and 01:27:37.199 --> 01:27:40.149 align:start position:0% that they can untangle the snags and gain<01:27:37.440> a<01:27:37.679> more<01:27:38.000> definitive<01:27:38.719> answer. 01:27:40.149 --> 01:27:40.159 align:start position:0% gain a more definitive answer. 01:27:40.159 --> 01:27:42.550 align:start position:0% gain a more definitive answer. One<01:27:40.400> thing<01:27:40.719> is<01:27:41.040> for<01:27:41.280> sure<01:27:41.600> though,<01:27:42.159> the<01:27:42.400> more 01:27:42.550 --> 01:27:42.560 align:start position:0% One thing is for sure though, the more 01:27:42.560 --> 01:27:44.870 align:start position:0% One thing is for sure though, the more we<01:27:42.880> discover<01:27:43.280> at<01:27:43.520> the<01:27:43.760> Rubicon<01:27:44.320> of<01:27:44.560> this 01:27:44.870 --> 01:27:44.880 align:start position:0% we discover at the Rubicon of this 01:27:44.880 --> 01:27:47.750 align:start position:0% we discover at the Rubicon of this fantastical<01:27:45.760> microworld<01:27:46.560> of<01:27:46.960> quantum<01:27:47.520> and 01:27:47.750 --> 01:27:47.760 align:start position:0% fantastical microworld of quantum and 01:27:47.760 --> 01:27:50.629 align:start position:0% fantastical microworld of quantum and particle<01:27:48.239> physics<01:27:49.120> and<01:27:49.360> the<01:27:49.520> vast<01:27:49.920> expanse<01:27:50.480> of 01:27:50.629 --> 01:27:50.639 align:start position:0% particle physics and the vast expanse of 01:27:50.639 --> 01:27:53.189 align:start position:0% particle physics and the vast expanse of cosmology<01:27:51.280> and<01:27:51.520> general<01:27:51.920> relativity,<01:27:52.960> the 01:27:53.189 --> 01:27:53.199 align:start position:0% cosmology and general relativity, the 01:27:53.199 --> 01:27:55.110 align:start position:0% cosmology and general relativity, the closer<01:27:53.520> we<01:27:53.679> get<01:27:53.840> to<01:27:54.080> solving<01:27:54.480> the<01:27:54.719> biggest 01:27:55.110 --> 01:27:55.120 align:start position:0% closer we get to solving the biggest 01:27:55.120 --> 01:27:57.510 align:start position:0% closer we get to solving the biggest mystery<01:27:55.440> of<01:27:55.679> our<01:27:56.000> universe<01:27:56.480> in<01:27:56.719> unifying<01:27:57.280> the 01:27:57.510 --> 01:27:57.520 align:start position:0% mystery of our universe in unifying the 01:27:57.520 --> 01:28:01.590 align:start position:0% mystery of our universe in unifying the two.<01:27:58.719> So,<01:27:59.520> is<01:27:59.760> this<01:28:00.080> enough<01:28:00.480> to<01:28:00.880> lay<01:28:01.040> this<01:28:01.280> cold 01:28:01.590 --> 01:28:01.600 align:start position:0% two. So, is this enough to lay this cold 01:28:01.600 --> 01:28:06.070 align:start position:0% two. So, is this enough to lay this cold case<01:28:01.920> to<01:28:02.159> rest?<01:28:03.360> Unfortunately,<01:28:04.719> not<01:28:04.960> yet. 01:28:06.070 --> 01:28:06.080 align:start position:0% case to rest? Unfortunately, not yet. 01:28:06.080 --> 01:28:09.030 align:start position:0% case to rest? Unfortunately, not yet. While<01:28:06.400> this<01:28:06.719> is<01:28:07.199> brilliant<01:28:07.760> new<01:28:08.080> evidence<01:28:08.800> and 01:28:09.030 --> 01:28:09.040 align:start position:0% While this is brilliant new evidence and 01:28:09.040 --> 01:28:11.270 align:start position:0% While this is brilliant new evidence and a<01:28:09.280> well-needed<01:28:09.920> reinjection<01:28:10.560> of<01:28:10.719> energy<01:28:11.040> in 01:28:11.270 --> 01:28:11.280 align:start position:0% a well-needed reinjection of energy in 01:28:11.280 --> 01:28:13.510 align:start position:0% a well-needed reinjection of energy in what<01:28:11.440> has<01:28:11.679> been<01:28:11.840> a<01:28:12.080> relatively<01:28:12.800> stale<01:28:13.280> search 01:28:13.510 --> 01:28:13.520 align:start position:0% what has been a relatively stale search 01:28:13.520 --> 01:28:15.910 align:start position:0% what has been a relatively stale search for<01:28:13.679> dark<01:28:14.000> matter<01:28:14.320> of<01:28:14.480> late,<01:28:15.199> there<01:28:15.360> is<01:28:15.600> still 01:28:15.910 --> 01:28:15.920 align:start position:0% for dark matter of late, there is still 01:28:15.920 --> 01:28:18.149 align:start position:0% for dark matter of late, there is still more<01:28:16.239> work<01:28:16.480> to<01:28:16.639> do<01:28:16.880> before<01:28:17.199> we<01:28:17.360> can<01:28:17.600> close<01:28:17.920> the 01:28:18.149 --> 01:28:18.159 align:start position:0% more work to do before we can close the 01:28:18.159 --> 01:28:21.669 align:start position:0% more work to do before we can close the case<01:28:18.400> file<01:28:18.719> on<01:28:18.960> WIMPs.<01:28:20.080> If<01:28:20.320> WIMPs<01:28:21.040> really<01:28:21.440> are 01:28:21.669 --> 01:28:21.679 align:start position:0% case file on WIMPs. If WIMPs really are 01:28:21.679 --> 01:28:23.910 align:start position:0% case file on WIMPs. If WIMPs really are at<01:28:21.920> work<01:28:22.159> here,<01:28:22.719> we<01:28:22.960> would<01:28:23.120> expect<01:28:23.360> to<01:28:23.600> see 01:28:23.910 --> 01:28:23.920 align:start position:0% at work here, we would expect to see 01:28:23.920 --> 01:28:26.390 align:start position:0% at work here, we would expect to see similar<01:28:24.320> gammaray<01:28:24.960> signals<01:28:25.360> in<01:28:25.679> our<01:28:25.920> dwarf 01:28:26.390 --> 01:28:26.400 align:start position:0% similar gammaray signals in our dwarf 01:28:26.400 --> 01:28:29.990 align:start position:0% similar gammaray signals in our dwarf galaxy<01:28:26.800> neighbors<01:28:27.520> and<01:28:27.840> beyond.<01:28:29.040> So,<01:28:29.679> what 01:28:29.990 --> 01:28:30.000 align:start position:0% galaxy neighbors and beyond. So, what 01:28:30.000 --> 01:28:32.149 align:start position:0% galaxy neighbors and beyond. So, what can<01:28:30.320> we<01:28:30.560> do<01:28:30.800> next? 01:28:32.149 --> 01:28:32.159 align:start position:0% can we do next? 01:28:32.159 --> 01:28:34.390 align:start position:0% can we do next? The<01:28:32.400> latest<01:28:32.880> investigator<01:28:33.520> on<01:28:33.760> the<01:28:33.920> scene<01:28:34.159> is 01:28:34.390 --> 01:28:34.400 align:start position:0% The latest investigator on the scene is 01:28:34.400 --> 01:28:37.590 align:start position:0% The latest investigator on the scene is the<01:28:34.639> new<01:28:34.880> Vera<01:28:35.440> Rubin<01:28:35.920> Observatory<01:28:36.480> in<01:28:36.719> Chile. 01:28:37.590 --> 01:28:37.600 align:start position:0% the new Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile. 01:28:37.600 --> 01:28:39.750 align:start position:0% the new Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile. Vera<01:28:38.000> Rubin<01:28:38.400> was<01:28:38.480> a<01:28:38.639> prolific<01:28:39.120> researcher<01:28:39.600> in 01:28:39.750 --> 01:28:39.760 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin was a prolific researcher in 01:28:39.760 --> 01:28:42.229 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin was a prolific researcher in the<01:28:39.840> field<01:28:40.000> of<01:28:40.159> dark<01:28:40.400> matter.<01:28:41.120> In<01:28:41.360> the<01:28:41.520> 1970s, 01:28:42.229 --> 01:28:42.239 align:start position:0% the field of dark matter. In the 1970s, 01:28:42.239 --> 01:28:44.310 align:start position:0% the field of dark matter. In the 1970s, she<01:28:42.560> discovered<01:28:43.120> the<01:28:43.360> effect<01:28:43.600> of<01:28:43.760> dark<01:28:44.000> matter 01:28:44.310 --> 01:28:44.320 align:start position:0% she discovered the effect of dark matter 01:28:44.320 --> 01:28:46.390 align:start position:0% she discovered the effect of dark matter on<01:28:44.480> the<01:28:44.639> velocities<01:28:45.199> of<01:28:45.440> individual<01:28:46.080> star 01:28:46.390 --> 01:28:46.400 align:start position:0% on the velocities of individual star 01:28:46.400 --> 01:28:49.189 align:start position:0% on the velocities of individual star populations<01:28:46.960> in<01:28:47.199> over<01:28:47.520> 60<01:28:47.920> galaxies.<01:28:48.800> And<01:28:48.960> it 01:28:49.189 --> 01:28:49.199 align:start position:0% populations in over 60 galaxies. And it 01:28:49.199 --> 01:28:51.510 align:start position:0% populations in over 60 galaxies. And it was<01:28:49.520> Vera's<01:28:50.080> work<01:28:50.320> on<01:28:50.560> categorizing<01:28:51.199> these 01:28:51.510 --> 01:28:51.520 align:start position:0% was Vera's work on categorizing these 01:28:51.520 --> 01:28:53.030 align:start position:0% was Vera's work on categorizing these effects<01:28:52.000> that<01:28:52.239> brought<01:28:52.560> serious 01:28:53.030 --> 01:28:53.040 align:start position:0% effects that brought serious 01:28:53.040 --> 01:28:54.709 align:start position:0% effects that brought serious consideration<01:28:53.600> to<01:28:53.840> the<01:28:54.000> theory<01:28:54.320> for<01:28:54.560> the 01:28:54.709 --> 01:28:54.719 align:start position:0% consideration to the theory for the 01:28:54.719 --> 01:28:57.830 align:start position:0% consideration to the theory for the first<01:28:55.040> time.<01:28:56.159> This<01:28:56.400> was<01:28:56.560> a<01:28:56.880> pivotal<01:28:57.280> moment<01:28:57.520> in 01:28:57.830 --> 01:28:57.840 align:start position:0% first time. This was a pivotal moment in 01:28:57.840 --> 01:28:59.430 align:start position:0% first time. This was a pivotal moment in convincing<01:28:58.159> the<01:28:58.400> scientific<01:28:58.880> community<01:28:59.120> that 01:28:59.430 --> 01:28:59.440 align:start position:0% convincing the scientific community that 01:28:59.440 --> 01:29:01.910 align:start position:0% convincing the scientific community that dark<01:28:59.760> matter<01:29:00.080> was<01:29:00.320> a<01:29:00.400> real<01:29:01.040> and<01:29:01.280> a<01:29:01.520> valuable 01:29:01.910 --> 01:29:01.920 align:start position:0% dark matter was a real and a valuable 01:29:01.920 --> 01:29:04.470 align:start position:0% dark matter was a real and a valuable thing<01:29:02.080> to<01:29:02.400> study.<01:29:03.120> The<01:29:03.360> observatory<01:29:04.000> of<01:29:04.239> her 01:29:04.470 --> 01:29:04.480 align:start position:0% thing to study. The observatory of her 01:29:04.480 --> 01:29:07.990 align:start position:0% thing to study. The observatory of her namesake<01:29:05.280> came<01:29:05.520> online<01:29:05.920> in<01:29:06.159> June<01:29:06.560> 2025,<01:29:07.760> and 01:29:07.990 --> 01:29:08.000 align:start position:0% namesake came online in June 2025, and 01:29:08.000 --> 01:29:10.149 align:start position:0% namesake came online in June 2025, and data<01:29:08.320> sets<01:29:08.639> from<01:29:08.800> the<01:29:09.040> first<01:29:09.440> schedule<01:29:09.920> of 01:29:10.149 --> 01:29:10.159 align:start position:0% data sets from the first schedule of 01:29:10.159 --> 01:29:12.550 align:start position:0% data sets from the first schedule of observing<01:29:10.960> are<01:29:11.280> expected<01:29:11.679> for<01:29:11.920> release<01:29:12.239> in 01:29:12.550 --> 01:29:12.560 align:start position:0% observing are expected for release in 01:29:12.560 --> 01:29:16.070 align:start position:0% observing are expected for release in 2026.<01:29:14.000> Through<01:29:14.400> taking<01:29:15.040> hundreds<01:29:15.520> of<01:29:15.760> images 01:29:16.070 --> 01:29:16.080 align:start position:0% 2026. Through taking hundreds of images 01:29:16.080 --> 01:29:18.310 align:start position:0% 2026. Through taking hundreds of images of<01:29:16.320> the<01:29:16.480> southern<01:29:16.800> hemisphere<01:29:17.440> sky<01:29:17.920> each 01:29:18.310 --> 01:29:18.320 align:start position:0% of the southern hemisphere sky each 01:29:18.320 --> 01:29:21.510 align:start position:0% of the southern hemisphere sky each night,<01:29:18.960> amounting<01:29:19.440> to<01:29:20.159> 20<01:29:20.639> terabytes<01:29:21.360> of 01:29:21.510 --> 01:29:21.520 align:start position:0% night, amounting to 20 terabytes of 01:29:21.520 --> 01:29:24.870 align:start position:0% night, amounting to 20 terabytes of data,<01:29:22.159> or<01:29:22.320> the<01:29:22.560> equivalent<01:29:22.960> of<01:29:23.600> 78<01:29:24.400> standard 01:29:24.870 --> 01:29:24.880 align:start position:0% data, or the equivalent of 78 standard 01:29:24.880 --> 01:29:28.070 align:start position:0% data, or the equivalent of 78 standard iPhone<01:29:25.360> 17s,<01:29:26.320> the<01:29:26.560> Reubin<01:29:27.040> Observatory<01:29:27.760> hopes 01:29:28.070 --> 01:29:28.080 align:start position:0% iPhone 17s, the Reubin Observatory hopes 01:29:28.080 --> 01:29:30.790 align:start position:0% iPhone 17s, the Reubin Observatory hopes to<01:29:28.239> uncover<01:29:28.719> objects<01:29:29.440> never<01:29:29.840> before<01:29:30.320> seen<01:29:30.560> in 01:29:30.790 --> 01:29:30.800 align:start position:0% to uncover objects never before seen in 01:29:30.800 --> 01:29:32.550 align:start position:0% to uncover objects never before seen in our<01:29:31.040> night<01:29:31.360> sky. 01:29:32.550 --> 01:29:32.560 align:start position:0% our night sky. 01:29:32.560 --> 01:29:35.110 align:start position:0% our night sky. At<01:29:32.800> the<01:29:32.960> end<01:29:33.120> of<01:29:33.199> the<01:29:33.440> first<01:29:33.679> 10-year<01:29:34.239> survey, 01:29:35.110 --> 01:29:35.120 align:start position:0% At the end of the first 10-year survey, 01:29:35.120 --> 01:29:37.590 align:start position:0% At the end of the first 10-year survey, this<01:29:35.440> raw<01:29:35.920> image<01:29:36.239> data<01:29:36.560> is<01:29:36.800> expected<01:29:37.199> to<01:29:37.360> sum 01:29:37.590 --> 01:29:37.600 align:start position:0% this raw image data is expected to sum 01:29:37.600 --> 01:29:41.910 align:start position:0% this raw image data is expected to sum up<01:29:37.760> to<01:29:37.920> more<01:29:38.159> than<01:29:38.480> 60<01:29:39.040> pabytes<01:29:40.080> or<01:29:40.639> 60<01:29:41.280> million 01:29:41.910 --> 01:29:41.920 align:start position:0% up to more than 60 pabytes or 60 million 01:29:41.920 --> 01:29:45.110 align:start position:0% up to more than 60 pabytes or 60 million gigabytes<01:29:43.040> in<01:29:43.280> a<01:29:43.520> monster<01:29:44.080> effort<01:29:44.400> to<01:29:44.560> reveal 01:29:45.110 --> 01:29:45.120 align:start position:0% gigabytes in a monster effort to reveal 01:29:45.120 --> 01:29:48.229 align:start position:0% gigabytes in a monster effort to reveal these<01:29:45.440> secrets<01:29:46.000> of<01:29:46.320> our<01:29:46.719> universe. 01:29:48.229 --> 01:29:48.239 align:start position:0% these secrets of our universe. 01:29:48.239 --> 01:29:51.510 align:start position:0% these secrets of our universe. Dark<01:29:48.560> matter<01:29:49.040> makes<01:29:49.280> up<01:29:49.520> more<01:29:49.840> than<01:29:50.159> 80%<01:29:51.199> of 01:29:51.510 --> 01:29:51.520 align:start position:0% Dark matter makes up more than 80% of 01:29:51.520 --> 01:29:53.990 align:start position:0% Dark matter makes up more than 80% of all<01:29:51.840> the<01:29:52.080> matter<01:29:52.400> we<01:29:52.639> know<01:29:53.280> and<01:29:53.520> it<01:29:53.679> is 01:29:53.990 --> 01:29:54.000 align:start position:0% all the matter we know and it is 01:29:54.000 --> 01:29:55.990 align:start position:0% all the matter we know and it is fundamental<01:29:54.639> to<01:29:54.880> the<01:29:55.040> very<01:29:55.280> fabric<01:29:55.600> of<01:29:55.760> our 01:29:55.990 --> 01:29:56.000 align:start position:0% fundamental to the very fabric of our 01:29:56.000 --> 01:29:58.790 align:start position:0% fundamental to the very fabric of our existence.<01:29:57.199> Its<01:29:57.440> gravitational<01:29:58.159> influence 01:29:58.790 --> 01:29:58.800 align:start position:0% existence. Its gravitational influence 01:29:58.800 --> 01:30:01.030 align:start position:0% existence. Its gravitational influence enabled<01:29:59.199> the<01:29:59.440> formation<01:29:59.840> of<01:30:00.000> the<01:30:00.239> first<01:30:00.639> baby 01:30:01.030 --> 01:30:01.040 align:start position:0% enabled the formation of the first baby 01:30:01.040 --> 01:30:03.669 align:start position:0% enabled the formation of the first baby stars<01:30:01.360> and<01:30:01.600> galaxies<01:30:02.080> at<01:30:02.239> the<01:30:02.400> cosmic<01:30:02.800> dawn. 01:30:03.669 --> 01:30:03.679 align:start position:0% stars and galaxies at the cosmic dawn. 01:30:03.679 --> 01:30:06.310 align:start position:0% stars and galaxies at the cosmic dawn. It<01:30:04.000> sculpted<01:30:04.560> our<01:30:04.880> cosmos<01:30:05.440> to<01:30:05.760> look<01:30:05.920> the<01:30:06.159> way 01:30:06.310 --> 01:30:06.320 align:start position:0% It sculpted our cosmos to look the way 01:30:06.320 --> 01:30:08.790 align:start position:0% It sculpted our cosmos to look the way it<01:30:06.480> does<01:30:06.719> today.<01:30:07.679> And<01:30:07.840> dark<01:30:08.159> matter<01:30:08.480> will 01:30:08.790 --> 01:30:08.800 align:start position:0% it does today. And dark matter will 01:30:08.800 --> 01:30:10.870 align:start position:0% it does today. And dark matter will continue<01:30:09.199> to<01:30:09.440> influence<01:30:09.920> the<01:30:10.159> fate<01:30:10.400> of<01:30:10.560> our 01:30:10.870 --> 01:30:10.880 align:start position:0% continue to influence the fate of our 01:30:10.880 --> 01:30:14.149 align:start position:0% continue to influence the fate of our future,<01:30:11.280> too.<01:30:12.480> This<01:30:12.800> new<01:30:13.199> study<01:30:13.679> presenting 01:30:14.149 --> 01:30:14.159 align:start position:0% future, too. This new study presenting 01:30:14.159 --> 01:30:16.229 align:start position:0% future, too. This new study presenting the<01:30:14.480> first<01:30:14.800> indications<01:30:15.440> of<01:30:15.600> the<01:30:15.840> presence<01:30:16.080> of 01:30:16.229 --> 01:30:16.239 align:start position:0% the first indications of the presence of 01:30:16.239 --> 01:30:19.110 align:start position:0% the first indications of the presence of wimps<01:30:16.639> in<01:30:16.880> our<01:30:17.120> galaxy<01:30:17.920> is<01:30:18.239> the<01:30:18.400> most<01:30:18.639> exciting 01:30:19.110 --> 01:30:19.120 align:start position:0% wimps in our galaxy is the most exciting 01:30:19.120 --> 01:30:21.030 align:start position:0% wimps in our galaxy is the most exciting development<01:30:19.600> in<01:30:19.920> the<01:30:20.080> observational<01:30:20.800> search 01:30:21.030 --> 01:30:21.040 align:start position:0% development in the observational search 01:30:21.040 --> 01:30:23.510 align:start position:0% development in the observational search for<01:30:21.199> dark<01:30:21.440> matter<01:30:21.760> for<01:30:22.000> decades.<01:30:22.880> I<01:30:23.199> can't 01:30:23.510 --> 01:30:23.520 align:start position:0% for dark matter for decades. I can't 01:30:23.520 --> 01:30:25.990 align:start position:0% for dark matter for decades. I can't wait<01:30:23.840> to<01:30:24.080> see<01:30:24.560> the<01:30:24.880> fresh<01:30:25.280> research<01:30:25.760> that 01:30:25.990 --> 01:30:26.000 align:start position:0% wait to see the fresh research that 01:30:26.000 --> 01:30:28.709 align:start position:0% wait to see the fresh research that stems<01:30:26.400> from<01:30:26.560> it.<01:30:27.280> In<01:30:27.600> Switzerland<01:30:28.239> and<01:30:28.480> South 01:30:28.709 --> 01:30:28.719 align:start position:0% stems from it. In Switzerland and South 01:30:28.719 --> 01:30:32.310 align:start position:0% stems from it. In Switzerland and South Dakota,<01:30:29.600> from<01:30:29.840> Chile<01:30:30.400> to<01:30:30.800> low<01:30:31.040> Earth<01:30:31.440> orbit, 01:30:32.310 --> 01:30:32.320 align:start position:0% Dakota, from Chile to low Earth orbit, 01:30:32.320 --> 01:30:34.629 align:start position:0% Dakota, from Chile to low Earth orbit, brilliant<01:30:32.800> human<01:30:33.040> minds<01:30:33.520> are<01:30:33.760> on<01:30:33.920> the<01:30:34.159> case<01:30:34.400> to 01:30:34.629 --> 01:30:34.639 align:start position:0% brilliant human minds are on the case to 01:30:34.639 --> 01:30:37.430 align:start position:0% brilliant human minds are on the case to find<01:30:34.880> the<01:30:35.199> true<01:30:35.600> nature<01:30:36.000> of<01:30:36.159> dark<01:30:36.480> matter, 01:30:37.430 --> 01:30:37.440 align:start position:0% find the true nature of dark matter, 01:30:37.440 --> 01:30:41.030 align:start position:0% find the true nature of dark matter, elusive<01:30:37.920> wimps<01:30:38.560> or<01:30:38.880> not.<01:30:39.600> So<01:30:39.920> stay<01:30:40.239> tuned 01:30:41.030 --> 01:30:41.040 align:start position:0% elusive wimps or not. So stay tuned 01:30:41.040 --> 01:30:43.350 align:start position:0% elusive wimps or not. So stay tuned because<01:30:41.440> we<01:30:41.840> might<01:30:42.080> just<01:30:42.239> be<01:30:42.400> on<01:30:42.560> the<01:30:42.719> cusp<01:30:43.120> of 01:30:43.350 --> 01:30:43.360 align:start position:0% because we might just be on the cusp of 01:30:43.360 --> 01:30:46.629 align:start position:0% because we might just be on the cusp of a<01:30:43.600> dark<01:30:44.000> revolution.<01:30:45.199> And<01:30:45.440> isn't<01:30:45.840> it<01:30:46.000> a<01:30:46.239> thrill 01:30:46.629 --> 01:30:46.639 align:start position:0% a dark revolution. And isn't it a thrill 01:30:46.639 --> 01:30:50.950 align:start position:0% a dark revolution. And isn't it a thrill to<01:30:46.880> watch<01:30:47.120> it<01:30:47.440> unfold? 01:30:50.950 --> 01:30:50.960 align:start position:0% 01:30:50.960 --> 01:30:53.430 align:start position:0% There's<01:30:51.280> a<01:30:51.440> reason<01:30:51.679> these<01:30:52.159> educational<01:30:53.040> mini 01:30:53.430 --> 01:30:53.440 align:start position:0% There's a reason these educational mini 01:30:53.440 --> 01:30:55.830 align:start position:0% There's a reason these educational mini documentaries<01:30:54.159> are<01:30:54.400> free<01:30:54.639> for<01:30:54.960> everyone. 01:30:55.830 --> 01:30:55.840 align:start position:0% documentaries are free for everyone. 01:30:55.840 --> 01:30:58.149 align:start position:0% documentaries are free for everyone. It's<01:30:56.080> not<01:30:56.239> just<01:30:56.480> the<01:30:56.719> ads<01:30:57.040> or<01:30:57.280> sponsors,<01:30:58.000> but 01:30:58.149 --> 01:30:58.159 align:start position:0% It's not just the ads or sponsors, but 01:30:58.159 --> 01:31:00.470 align:start position:0% It's not just the ads or sponsors, but it's<01:30:58.400> thanks<01:30:58.639> to<01:30:58.800> our<01:30:59.280> hundreds<01:30:59.760> of<01:31:00.000> Patreon 01:31:00.470 --> 01:31:00.480 align:start position:0% it's thanks to our hundreds of Patreon 01:31:00.480 --> 01:31:02.149 align:start position:0% it's thanks to our hundreds of Patreon members<01:31:00.880> who<01:31:01.120> make<01:31:01.360> it<01:31:01.520> possible<01:31:01.920> for 01:31:02.149 --> 01:31:02.159 align:start position:0% members who make it possible for 01:31:02.159 --> 01:31:03.910 align:start position:0% members who make it possible for everyone<01:31:02.480> to<01:31:02.719> get<01:31:02.880> the<01:31:03.120> best<01:31:03.440> possible 01:31:03.910 --> 01:31:03.920 align:start position:0% everyone to get the best possible 01:31:03.920 --> 01:31:06.550 align:start position:0% everyone to get the best possible content.<01:31:05.040> They<01:31:05.280> are<01:31:05.440> the<01:31:05.679> foundation<01:31:06.239> that 01:31:06.550 --> 01:31:06.560 align:start position:0% content. They are the foundation that 01:31:06.560 --> 01:31:08.470 align:start position:0% content. They are the foundation that keeps<01:31:06.800> Astramm<01:31:07.360> steady<01:31:07.600> and<01:31:07.840> focused<01:31:08.239> on 01:31:08.470 --> 01:31:08.480 align:start position:0% keeps Astramm steady and focused on 01:31:08.480 --> 01:31:11.110 align:start position:0% keeps Astramm steady and focused on quality<01:31:08.960> over<01:31:09.280> clicks.<01:31:10.239> Every<01:31:10.560> video<01:31:10.800> you 01:31:11.110 --> 01:31:11.120 align:start position:0% quality over clicks. Every video you 01:31:11.120 --> 01:31:13.110 align:start position:0% quality over clicks. Every video you watch<01:31:11.520> exists<01:31:12.000> because<01:31:12.320> there's<01:31:12.560> a<01:31:12.800> community 01:31:13.110 --> 01:31:13.120 align:start position:0% watch exists because there's a community 01:31:13.120 --> 01:31:15.110 align:start position:0% watch exists because there's a community behind<01:31:13.360> it<01:31:13.600> that<01:31:13.840> values<01:31:14.400> learning<01:31:14.800> and 01:31:15.110 --> 01:31:15.120 align:start position:0% behind it that values learning and 01:31:15.120 --> 01:31:17.750 align:start position:0% behind it that values learning and curiosity.<01:31:16.480> If<01:31:16.719> you'd<01:31:16.960> like<01:31:17.040> to<01:31:17.199> be<01:31:17.360> part<01:31:17.600> of 01:31:17.750 --> 01:31:17.760 align:start position:0% curiosity. If you'd like to be part of 01:31:17.760 --> 01:31:20.070 align:start position:0% curiosity. If you'd like to be part of that<01:31:18.000> group,<01:31:18.560> the<01:31:18.800> people<01:31:18.960> who<01:31:19.360> keep<01:31:19.760> space 01:31:20.070 --> 01:31:20.080 align:start position:0% that group, the people who keep space 01:31:20.080 --> 01:31:22.870 align:start position:0% that group, the people who keep space education<01:31:20.719> open<01:31:21.040> to<01:31:21.280> everyone,<01:31:22.159> join<01:31:22.480> us<01:31:22.639> on 01:31:22.870 --> 01:31:22.880 align:start position:0% education open to everyone, join us on 01:31:22.880 --> 01:31:25.350 align:start position:0% education open to everyone, join us on Patreon<01:31:23.520> through<01:31:23.760> the<01:31:23.920> link<01:31:24.159> below.<01:31:24.880> We<01:31:25.199> would 01:31:25.350 --> 01:31:25.360 align:start position:0% Patreon through the link below. We would 01:31:25.360 --> 01:31:28.400 align:start position:0% Patreon through the link below. We would love<01:31:25.600> to<01:31:25.760> have<01:31:25.920> you.