WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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In<00:00:01.040><c> the</c><00:00:01.199><c> middle</c><00:00:01.439><c> of</c><00:00:01.600><c> the</c><00:00:01.839><c> day,</c><00:00:02.399><c> the</c><00:00:02.720><c> sky</c><00:00:03.280><c> starts</c>

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In the middle of the day, the sky starts
 

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In the middle of the day, the sky starts
to<00:00:04.000><c> darken.</c><00:00:05.440><c> It's</c><00:00:05.680><c> as</c><00:00:05.920><c> if</c><00:00:06.160><c> dusk</c><00:00:06.640><c> has</c><00:00:06.960><c> fallen</c>

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to darken. It's as if dusk has fallen
 

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to darken. It's as if dusk has fallen
early.<00:00:08.720><c> People</c><00:00:09.120><c> look</c><00:00:09.599><c> and</c><00:00:09.920><c> notice</c><00:00:10.320><c> something</c>

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early. People look and notice something
 

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early. People look and notice something
is<00:00:10.800><c> happening</c><00:00:11.120><c> to</c><00:00:11.280><c> the</c><00:00:11.519><c> sun.</c><00:00:12.480><c> A</c><00:00:12.880><c> dark</c><00:00:13.360><c> shadow</c>

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is happening to the sun. A dark shadow
 

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is happening to the sun. A dark shadow
moves<00:00:14.320><c> before</c><00:00:14.719><c> it,</c><00:00:15.065><c> [music]</c><00:00:15.519><c> gradually</c>

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moves before it, [music] gradually
 

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moves before it, [music] gradually
devouring<00:00:17.039><c> every</c><00:00:17.520><c> last</c><00:00:18.000><c> trace</c><00:00:18.320><c> of</c><00:00:18.560><c> brightness</c>

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devouring every last trace of brightness
 

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devouring every last trace of brightness
until<00:00:19.760><c> our</c><00:00:20.080><c> familiar</c><00:00:20.560><c> lightbringer</c><00:00:21.359><c> is</c><00:00:21.680><c> only</c>

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until our familiar lightbringer is only
 

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until our familiar lightbringer is only
a<00:00:22.160><c> shimmering</c><00:00:22.960><c> ghostly</c><00:00:23.519><c> ring</c><00:00:23.920><c> around</c><00:00:24.240><c> a</c><00:00:24.480><c> pitch</c>

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a shimmering ghostly ring around a pitch
 

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a shimmering ghostly ring around a pitch
black<00:00:25.439><c> orb.</c>

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black orb.
 

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black orb.
A<00:00:28.000><c> total</c><00:00:28.400><c> eclipse</c><00:00:29.119><c> is</c><00:00:29.439><c> occurring.</c>

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A total eclipse is occurring.
 

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A total eclipse is occurring.
This<00:00:31.840><c> will</c><00:00:32.239><c> soon</c><00:00:32.640><c> be</c><00:00:32.880><c> a</c><00:00:33.200><c> reality.</c><00:00:34.320><c> One</c><00:00:34.559><c> is</c>

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This will soon be a reality. One is
 

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This will soon be a reality. One is
coming<00:00:34.960><c> to</c><00:00:35.200><c> the</c><00:00:35.360><c> continent</c><00:00:35.760><c> of</c><00:00:36.000><c> North</c><00:00:36.239><c> America</c>

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coming to the continent of North America
 

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coming to the continent of North America
in<00:00:37.120><c> April</c><00:00:37.600><c> 2024.</c>

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in April 2024.
 

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in April 2024.
But<00:00:40.320><c> if</c><00:00:40.719><c> like</c><00:00:41.040><c> me,</c><00:00:41.600><c> you</c><00:00:41.920><c> are</c><00:00:42.160><c> one</c><00:00:42.399><c> of</c><00:00:42.559><c> the</c><00:00:42.719><c> many</c>

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But if like me, you are one of the many
 

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But if like me, you are one of the many
billions<00:00:43.680><c> of</c><00:00:43.920><c> people</c><00:00:44.320><c> who</c><00:00:44.719><c> won't</c><00:00:45.040><c> get</c><00:00:45.200><c> a</c>

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billions of people who won't get a
 

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billions of people who won't get a
chance<00:00:45.600><c> to</c><00:00:45.760><c> see</c><00:00:46.000><c> that</c><00:00:46.320><c> particular</c><00:00:46.960><c> solar</c>

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chance to see that particular solar
 

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chance to see that particular solar
eclipse<00:00:47.760><c> this</c><00:00:48.079><c> April,</c><00:00:48.879><c> you</c><00:00:49.120><c> might</c><00:00:49.280><c> be</c><00:00:49.440><c> glad</c><00:00:49.600><c> to</c>

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eclipse this April, you might be glad to
 

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eclipse this April, you might be glad to
know<00:00:50.000><c> that</c><00:00:50.239><c> America</c><00:00:50.800><c> is</c><00:00:51.039><c> not</c><00:00:51.280><c> the</c><00:00:51.520><c> only</c><00:00:51.840><c> place</c>

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know that America is not the only place
 

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know that America is not the only place
they<00:00:52.399><c> happen.</c><00:00:53.600><c> And</c><00:00:54.079><c> neither</c><00:00:54.960><c> is</c><00:00:55.440><c> Earth.</c>

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they happen. And neither is Earth.
 

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they happen. And neither is Earth.
Have<00:00:57.199><c> you</c><00:00:57.360><c> ever</c><00:00:57.680><c> wondered</c><00:00:58.160><c> what</c><00:00:58.399><c> a</c><00:00:58.640><c> solar</c>

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Have you ever wondered what a solar
 

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Have you ever wondered what a solar
eclipse<00:00:59.520><c> looks</c><00:00:59.760><c> like</c><00:01:00.079><c> on</c><00:01:00.399><c> another</c><00:01:00.800><c> planet?</c>

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eclipse looks like on another planet?
 

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eclipse looks like on another planet?
Wonder<00:01:02.559><c> no</c><00:01:02.800><c> more.</c>

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I'm<00:01:06.960><c> Alex</c><00:01:07.360><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:08.080><c> and</c><00:01:08.320><c> you're</c><00:01:08.560><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:09.760><c> And</c><00:01:10.000><c> today</c><00:01:10.560><c> we're</c><00:01:10.960><c> exploring</c><00:01:11.680><c> solar</c>

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Astramm. And today we're exploring solar
 

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Astramm. And today we're exploring solar
eclipses,<00:01:13.119><c> but</c><00:01:13.439><c> not</c><00:01:13.680><c> just</c><00:01:13.840><c> the</c><00:01:14.080><c> ones</c><00:01:14.400><c> that</c>

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eclipses, but not just the ones that
 

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eclipses, but not just the ones that
happen<00:01:14.960><c> here</c><00:01:15.200><c> on</c><00:01:15.520><c> this</c><00:01:15.760><c> planet.</c><00:01:16.720><c> Allow</c>

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happen here on this planet. Allow
 

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happen here on this planet. Allow
yourself<00:01:17.439><c> today</c><00:01:18.000><c> to</c><00:01:18.320><c> feast</c><00:01:18.720><c> your</c><00:01:18.960><c> eyes</c><00:01:19.360><c> on</c><00:01:19.600><c> the</c>

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yourself today to feast your eyes on the
 

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yourself today to feast your eyes on the
actual<00:01:20.720><c> images</c><00:01:21.280><c> and</c><00:01:21.600><c> even</c><00:01:22.080><c> videos</c><00:01:22.960><c> NASA</c><00:01:23.360><c> has</c>

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actual images and even videos NASA has
 

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actual images and even videos NASA has
taken<00:01:24.159><c> of</c><00:01:24.560><c> spectacular</c><00:01:25.520><c> eclipses</c><00:01:26.240><c> from</c>

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taken of spectacular eclipses from
 

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taken of spectacular eclipses from
various<00:01:27.040><c> places</c><00:01:27.759><c> around</c><00:01:28.159><c> the</c><00:01:28.400><c> solar</c><00:01:28.720><c> system.</c>

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Firstly,<00:01:34.799><c> I'll</c><00:01:35.200><c> quickly</c><00:01:35.680><c> explain</c><00:01:36.159><c> some</c><00:01:36.400><c> of</c>

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Firstly, I'll quickly explain some of
 

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Firstly, I'll quickly explain some of
the<00:01:36.640><c> terminology</c><00:01:37.360><c> to</c><00:01:37.680><c> do</c><00:01:37.840><c> with</c><00:01:38.079><c> eclipses.</c><00:01:39.200><c> A</c>

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the terminology to do with eclipses. A
 

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the terminology to do with eclipses. A
total<00:01:39.840><c> solar</c><00:01:40.240><c> eclipse</c><00:01:40.640><c> is</c><00:01:40.880><c> when</c><00:01:41.040><c> an</c><00:01:41.280><c> object</c>

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total solar eclipse is when an object
 

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total solar eclipse is when an object
moves<00:01:42.000><c> in</c><00:01:42.240><c> front</c><00:01:42.320><c> of</c><00:01:42.479><c> the</c><00:01:42.640><c> sun,</c><00:01:43.360><c> completely</c>

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moves in front of the sun, completely
 

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moves in front of the sun, completely
obscuring<00:01:44.479><c> it.</c><00:01:45.040><c> also</c><00:01:45.520><c> known</c><00:01:45.840><c> as</c><00:01:46.000><c> an</c>

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obscuring it. also known as an
 

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obscuring it. also known as an
occultation<00:01:47.040><c> of</c><00:01:47.200><c> an</c><00:01:47.439><c> object.</c><00:01:48.479><c> This</c><00:01:48.720><c> is</c><00:01:48.880><c> the</c>

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occultation of an object. This is the
 

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occultation of an object. This is the
typical<00:01:49.520><c> kind</c><00:01:49.680><c> of</c><00:01:49.920><c> eclipse</c><00:01:50.320><c> we</c><00:01:50.560><c> see</c><00:01:50.720><c> on</c><00:01:51.040><c> Earth</c>

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typical kind of eclipse we see on Earth
 

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typical kind of eclipse we see on Earth
when<00:01:52.159><c> at</c><00:01:52.479><c> certain</c><00:01:52.880><c> points</c><00:01:53.119><c> in</c><00:01:53.360><c> Earth's</c><00:01:53.759><c> orbit,</c>

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when at certain points in Earth's orbit,
 

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when at certain points in Earth's orbit,
the<00:01:54.720><c> orbit</c><00:01:55.040><c> of</c><00:01:55.200><c> the</c><00:01:55.360><c> moon</c><00:01:55.759><c> aligns</c><00:01:56.399><c> with</c><00:01:56.640><c> the</c>

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the orbit of the moon aligns with the
 

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the orbit of the moon aligns with the
sun.<00:01:58.240><c> There</c><00:01:58.399><c> is</c><00:01:58.640><c> something</c><00:01:59.119><c> special</c><00:01:59.600><c> about</c><00:01:59.840><c> an</c>

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sun. There is something special about an
 

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sun. There is something special about an
eclipse<00:02:00.479><c> here</c><00:02:00.640><c> on</c><00:02:00.880><c> Earth.</c><00:02:01.600><c> And</c><00:02:01.759><c> I'm</c><00:02:02.000><c> not</c><00:02:02.159><c> just</c>

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eclipse here on Earth. And I'm not just
 

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eclipse here on Earth. And I'm not just
saying<00:02:02.719><c> that</c><00:02:03.200><c> out</c><00:02:03.520><c> of</c><00:02:03.840><c> some</c><00:02:04.479><c> Earth</c><00:02:04.880><c> focused</c>

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saying that out of some Earth focused
 

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saying that out of some Earth focused
pride.<00:02:06.479><c> By</c><00:02:06.799><c> a</c><00:02:06.960><c> bizarre</c><00:02:07.759><c> but</c><00:02:08.080><c> highly</c><00:02:08.560><c> fortunate</c>

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pride. By a bizarre but highly fortunate
 

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pride. By a bizarre but highly fortunate
cosmic<00:02:09.679><c> coincidence,</c><00:02:10.640><c> the</c><00:02:10.879><c> moon</c><00:02:11.200><c> is</c><00:02:11.440><c> the</c>

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cosmic coincidence, the moon is the
 

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cosmic coincidence, the moon is the
right<00:02:11.920><c> size</c><00:02:12.239><c> and</c><00:02:12.560><c> distance</c><00:02:12.879><c> from</c><00:02:13.120><c> us</c><00:02:13.440><c> that</c><00:02:13.760><c> its</c>

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right size and distance from us that its
 

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right size and distance from us that its
angular<00:02:14.480><c> diameter</c><00:02:15.040><c> is</c><00:02:15.280><c> almost</c><00:02:15.920><c> identical</c><00:02:16.400><c> in</c>

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angular diameter is almost identical in
 

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angular diameter is almost identical in
size<00:02:16.879><c> and</c><00:02:17.200><c> shape</c><00:02:17.520><c> to</c><00:02:17.760><c> the</c><00:02:18.000><c> angular</c><00:02:18.480><c> diameter</c>

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size and shape to the angular diameter
 

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size and shape to the angular diameter
of<00:02:19.200><c> the</c><00:02:19.440><c> sun</c><00:02:19.680><c> in</c><00:02:19.920><c> our</c><00:02:20.160><c> sky.</c>

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of the sun in our sky.
 

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of the sun in our sky.
This<00:02:22.239><c> leaves</c><00:02:22.720><c> for</c><00:02:22.959><c> an</c><00:02:23.200><c> impressive</c><00:02:23.760><c> spectacle</c>

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This leaves for an impressive spectacle
 

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This leaves for an impressive spectacle
where<00:02:24.879><c> the</c><00:02:25.040><c> corona</c><00:02:25.520><c> of</c><00:02:25.680><c> the</c><00:02:25.840><c> sun</c><00:02:26.560><c> or</c><00:02:26.959><c> in</c><00:02:27.120><c> other</c>

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where the corona of the sun or in other
 

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where the corona of the sun or in other
words<00:02:27.920><c> the</c><00:02:28.160><c> sun's</c><00:02:28.560><c> upper</c><00:02:28.879><c> atmosphere</c><00:02:29.840><c> creates</c>

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words the sun's upper atmosphere creates
 

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words the sun's upper atmosphere creates
a<00:02:30.560><c> ghostly</c><00:02:31.120><c> aura</c><00:02:31.599><c> around</c><00:02:31.840><c> the</c><00:02:32.080><c> moon.</c>

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a ghostly aura around the moon.
 

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a ghostly aura around the moon.
This<00:02:33.840><c> corona,</c><00:02:34.800><c> normally</c><00:02:35.280><c> too</c><00:02:35.519><c> dim</c><00:02:35.760><c> to</c><00:02:36.000><c> see,</c>

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This corona, normally too dim to see,
 

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This corona, normally too dim to see,
extends<00:02:37.200><c> for</c><00:02:37.599><c> hundreds</c><00:02:38.160><c> of</c><00:02:38.400><c> thousands</c><00:02:38.959><c> of</c>

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extends for hundreds of thousands of
 

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extends for hundreds of thousands of
kilome<00:02:39.760><c> into</c><00:02:40.080><c> space.</c>

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kilome into space.
 

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kilome into space.
Looking<00:02:42.879><c> closely</c><00:02:43.519><c> around</c><00:02:43.840><c> the</c><00:02:44.000><c> edge</c><00:02:44.239><c> of</c><00:02:44.400><c> a</c>

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Looking closely around the edge of a
 

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Looking closely around the edge of a
total<00:02:44.879><c> solar</c><00:02:45.280><c> eclipse,</c><00:02:46.000><c> and</c><00:02:46.239><c> you</c><00:02:46.400><c> will</c><00:02:46.640><c> also</c>

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total solar eclipse, and you will also
 

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total solar eclipse, and you will also
see<00:02:47.360><c> the</c><00:02:47.680><c> silhouette</c><00:02:48.239><c> of</c><00:02:48.400><c> the</c><00:02:48.640><c> moon's</c><00:02:48.959><c> craters</c>

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see the silhouette of the moon's craters
 

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see the silhouette of the moon's craters
along<00:02:49.840><c> the</c><00:02:50.000><c> outside,</c><00:02:51.120><c> plus</c><00:02:51.519><c> these</c><00:02:52.080><c> reddish</c>

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along the outside, plus these reddish
 

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along the outside, plus these reddish
wisps<00:02:53.280><c> coming</c><00:02:53.599><c> off</c><00:02:53.840><c> from</c><00:02:54.080><c> the</c><00:02:54.239><c> sun.</c><00:02:55.280><c> These</c><00:02:55.840><c> are</c>

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wisps coming off from the sun. These are
 

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wisps coming off from the sun. These are
prominences.<00:02:57.519><c> Millions</c><00:02:58.000><c> of</c><00:02:58.160><c> tons</c><00:02:58.480><c> of</c><00:02:58.720><c> charged</c>

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prominences. Millions of tons of charged
 

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prominences. Millions of tons of charged
particles<00:03:00.160><c> suspended</c><00:03:00.720><c> in</c><00:03:00.879><c> the</c><00:03:01.040><c> sun's</c>

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particles suspended in the sun's
 

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particles suspended in the sun's
atmosphere<00:03:01.920><c> by</c><00:03:02.239><c> powerful</c><00:03:02.800><c> magnetic</c><00:03:03.360><c> fields.</c>

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atmosphere by powerful magnetic fields.
 

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atmosphere by powerful magnetic fields.
During<00:03:05.200><c> an</c><00:03:05.440><c> eclipse</c><00:03:05.760><c> here</c><00:03:06.000><c> on</c><00:03:06.159><c> Earth,</c><00:03:06.720><c> the</c>

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During an eclipse here on Earth, the
 

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During an eclipse here on Earth, the
moon<00:03:07.280><c> casts</c><00:03:07.680><c> a</c><00:03:07.920><c> shadow</c><00:03:08.319><c> about</c><00:03:08.879><c> 250</c><00:03:09.760><c> km</c><00:03:10.239><c> in</c>

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moon casts a shadow about 250 km in
 

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moon casts a shadow about 250 km in
diameter,<00:03:11.360><c> which</c><00:03:11.599><c> moves</c><00:03:12.000><c> across</c><00:03:12.319><c> the</c><00:03:12.480><c> Earth</c>

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diameter, which moves across the Earth
 

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diameter, which moves across the Earth
as<00:03:12.959><c> the</c><00:03:13.120><c> moon</c><00:03:13.440><c> orbits.</c><00:03:14.640><c> In</c><00:03:14.879><c> the</c><00:03:15.040><c> case</c><00:03:15.200><c> of</c><00:03:15.360><c> the</c>

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as the moon orbits. In the case of the
 

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as the moon orbits. In the case of the
eclipse<00:03:16.000><c> happening</c><00:03:16.480><c> this</c><00:03:16.800><c> April,</c><00:03:17.599><c> this</c>

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eclipse happening this April, this
 

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eclipse happening this April, this
shadow<00:03:18.239><c> will</c><00:03:18.400><c> arrive</c><00:03:18.720><c> at</c><00:03:18.959><c> the</c><00:03:19.200><c> Mexican</c><00:03:19.680><c> West</c>

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shadow will arrive at the Mexican West
 

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shadow will arrive at the Mexican West
coastline,<00:03:20.879><c> then</c><00:03:21.120><c> will</c><00:03:21.360><c> make</c><00:03:21.519><c> its</c><00:03:21.760><c> way</c><00:03:22.000><c> up</c>

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coastline, then will make its way up
 

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coastline, then will make its way up
through<00:03:22.560><c> the</c><00:03:22.879><c> United</c><00:03:23.200><c> States</c><00:03:23.680><c> until</c><00:03:24.000><c> it</c>

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through the United States until it
 

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through the United States until it
passes<00:03:24.640><c> into</c><00:03:24.959><c> parts</c><00:03:25.200><c> of</c><00:03:25.440><c> Canada</c><00:03:26.159><c> before</c>

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passes into parts of Canada before
 

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passes into parts of Canada before
moving<00:03:26.959><c> over</c><00:03:27.200><c> the</c><00:03:27.360><c> ocean</c><00:03:27.760><c> once</c><00:03:28.080><c> more.</c><00:03:28.879><c> You</c><00:03:29.120><c> can</c>

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moving over the ocean once more. You can
 

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moving over the ocean once more. You can
see<00:03:29.440><c> on</c><00:03:29.760><c> this</c><00:03:30.000><c> map</c><00:03:30.239><c> the</c><00:03:30.560><c> path</c><00:03:30.799><c> the</c><00:03:31.040><c> shadow</c><00:03:31.360><c> will</c>

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see on this map the path the shadow will
 

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see on this map the path the shadow will
take.<00:03:32.080><c> If</c><00:03:32.319><c> any</c><00:03:32.480><c> of</c><00:03:32.640><c> you</c><00:03:32.879><c> happen</c><00:03:33.200><c> to</c><00:03:33.440><c> live</c><00:03:33.840><c> in</c>

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take. If any of you happen to live in
 

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take. If any of you happen to live in
its<00:03:34.319><c> pathway</c><00:03:35.120><c> or</c><00:03:35.440><c> are</c><00:03:35.760><c> close</c><00:03:35.920><c> enough</c><00:03:36.159><c> to</c><00:03:36.400><c> make</c>

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its pathway or are close enough to make
 

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its pathway or are close enough to make
the<00:03:36.799><c> drive,</c><00:03:37.599><c> you</c><00:03:37.840><c> may</c><00:03:38.080><c> want</c><00:03:38.239><c> to</c><00:03:38.480><c> try</c><00:03:38.720><c> and</c><00:03:38.959><c> see</c>

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the drive, you may want to try and see
 

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the drive, you may want to try and see
this<00:03:39.360><c> eclipse</c><00:03:39.840><c> for</c><00:03:40.000><c> yourself.</c><00:03:41.360><c> The</c><00:03:41.599><c> sun</c><00:03:41.840><c> will</c>

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this eclipse for yourself. The sun will
 

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this eclipse for yourself. The sun will
only<00:03:42.400><c> be</c><00:03:42.560><c> totally</c><00:03:43.040><c> obscured</c><00:03:43.599><c> within</c><00:03:43.920><c> the</c>

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only be totally obscured within the
 

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only be totally obscured within the
diameter<00:03:44.480><c> of</c><00:03:44.560><c> the</c><00:03:44.799><c> shadow.</c><00:03:45.519><c> Outside</c><00:03:46.000><c> of</c><00:03:46.159><c> that,</c>

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diameter of the shadow. Outside of that,
 

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diameter of the shadow. Outside of that,
the<00:03:46.799><c> sun</c><00:03:46.959><c> is</c><00:03:47.200><c> only</c><00:03:47.519><c> partially</c><00:03:48.000><c> obscured</c><00:03:48.560><c> from</c>

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the sun is only partially obscured from
 

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the sun is only partially obscured from
[music]<00:03:48.720><c> the</c><00:03:48.879><c> viewer's</c><00:03:49.280><c> perspective.</c><00:03:50.400><c> This</c>

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[music] the viewer's perspective. This
 

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[music] the viewer's perspective. This
viewer<00:03:51.040><c> is</c><00:03:51.280><c> witnessing</c><00:03:51.920><c> an</c><00:03:52.239><c> annular</c><00:03:53.040><c> or</c>

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viewer is witnessing an annular or
 

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viewer is witnessing an annular or
partial<00:03:54.000><c> eclipse,</c><00:03:54.799><c> also</c><00:03:55.120><c> known</c><00:03:55.360><c> as</c><00:03:55.519><c> a</c>

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partial eclipse, also known as a
 

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partial eclipse, also known as a
transit.<00:03:56.959><c> The</c><00:03:57.200><c> shadow</c><00:03:57.519><c> moves</c><00:03:57.840><c> across</c><00:03:58.080><c> the</c>

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transit. The shadow moves across the
 

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transit. The shadow moves across the
Earth<00:03:58.640><c> extremely</c><00:03:59.360><c> fast</c><00:04:00.000><c> at</c><00:04:00.239><c> roughly</c><00:04:00.640><c> 1</c><00:04:00.879><c> km</c><00:04:01.519><c> a</c>

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Earth extremely fast at roughly 1 km a
 

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Earth extremely fast at roughly 1 km a
second.<00:04:02.352><c> [music]</c>

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second. [music]
 

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second. [music]
Witnessed<00:04:03.519><c> from</c><00:04:03.680><c> a</c><00:04:03.840><c> high</c><00:04:04.080><c> altitude,</c><00:04:04.799><c> it</c><00:04:05.040><c> is</c><00:04:05.120><c> a</c>

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Witnessed from a high altitude, it is a
 

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Witnessed from a high altitude, it is a
majestic<00:04:05.920><c> sight</c><00:04:06.400><c> as</c><00:04:06.640><c> the</c><00:04:06.799><c> shadow</c><00:04:07.200><c> shifts</c>

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majestic sight as the shadow shifts
 

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majestic sight as the shadow shifts
across<00:04:08.000><c> the</c><00:04:08.239><c> landscape.</c>

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across the landscape.
 

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across the landscape.
Satellites<00:04:10.319><c> have</c><00:04:10.560><c> also</c><00:04:10.879><c> witnessed</c><00:04:11.200><c> the</c>

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Satellites have also witnessed the
 

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Satellites have also witnessed the
movement<00:04:11.599><c> of</c><00:04:11.760><c> this</c><00:04:12.000><c> shadow.</c><00:04:13.040><c> The</c><00:04:13.280><c> shadow</c>

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movement of this shadow. The shadow
 

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movement of this shadow. The shadow
isn't<00:04:14.000><c> as</c><00:04:14.239><c> sharp</c><00:04:14.560><c> as</c><00:04:14.720><c> you</c><00:04:14.959><c> might</c><00:04:15.120><c> expect,</c><00:04:15.920><c> and</c>

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isn't as sharp as you might expect, and
 

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isn't as sharp as you might expect, and
this<00:04:16.400><c> is</c><00:04:16.560><c> due</c><00:04:16.720><c> to</c><00:04:16.880><c> the</c><00:04:17.120><c> angular</c><00:04:17.600><c> diameter</c><00:04:18.000><c> of</c>

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this is due to the angular diameter of
 

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this is due to the angular diameter of
the<00:04:18.400><c> sun</c><00:04:18.639><c> and</c><00:04:18.880><c> the</c><00:04:19.040><c> moon</c><00:04:19.440><c> and</c><00:04:19.680><c> their</c><00:04:19.919><c> distance</c>

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the sun and the moon and their distance
 

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the sun and the moon and their distance
apart.<00:04:21.280><c> The</c><00:04:21.519><c> sun</c><00:04:21.680><c> itself</c><00:04:22.079><c> is</c><00:04:22.320><c> huge,</c><00:04:22.960><c> a</c>

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apart. The sun itself is huge, a
 

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apart. The sun itself is huge, a
whopping<00:04:23.759><c> 1.4</c><00:04:24.880><c> million</c><00:04:25.360><c> km</c><00:04:25.840><c> across.</c><00:04:26.880><c> The</c><00:04:27.120><c> moon</c>

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whopping 1.4 million km across. The moon
 

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whopping 1.4 million km across. The moon
is<00:04:27.840><c> much</c><00:04:28.080><c> smaller</c><00:04:28.639><c> at</c><00:04:28.880><c> only</c><00:04:29.199><c> 3,400</c><00:04:30.400><c> km</c><00:04:30.880><c> across.</c>

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is much smaller at only 3,400 km across.
 

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is much smaller at only 3,400 km across.
Now,<00:04:32.639><c> this</c><00:04:32.960><c> image</c><00:04:33.280><c> isn't</c><00:04:33.600><c> to</c><00:04:33.840><c> scale,</c><00:04:34.320><c> but</c><00:04:34.560><c> it</c>

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Now, this image isn't to scale, but it
 

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Now, this image isn't to scale, but it
shows<00:04:35.120><c> visually</c><00:04:35.759><c> why</c><00:04:36.080><c> the</c><00:04:36.320><c> shadow</c><00:04:36.720><c> isn't</c>

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shows visually why the shadow isn't
 

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shows visually why the shadow isn't
sharp.<00:04:38.000><c> The</c><00:04:38.400><c> umbra</c><00:04:38.720><c> is</c><00:04:38.880><c> the</c><00:04:39.040><c> shadow</c><00:04:39.440><c> where</c><00:04:39.680><c> the</c>

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sharp. The umbra is the shadow where the
 

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sharp. The umbra is the shadow where the
sun<00:04:40.160><c> is</c><00:04:40.479><c> completely</c><00:04:40.960><c> obscured</c><00:04:42.000><c> and</c><00:04:42.240><c> the</c><00:04:42.560><c> pen</c>

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sun is completely obscured and the pen
 

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sun is completely obscured and the pen
umbra<00:04:43.280><c> is</c><00:04:43.440><c> the</c><00:04:43.680><c> shadow</c><00:04:43.919><c> where</c><00:04:44.080><c> the</c><00:04:44.240><c> moon</c><00:04:44.639><c> only</c>

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umbra is the shadow where the moon only
 

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umbra is the shadow where the moon only
partially<00:04:45.600><c> obscures</c><00:04:46.160><c> it.</c><00:04:47.199><c> This</c><00:04:47.440><c> part</c><00:04:47.680><c> of</c><00:04:47.840><c> the</c>

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partially obscures it. This part of the
 

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partially obscures it. This part of the
shadow<00:04:48.320><c> is</c><00:04:48.639><c> much</c><00:04:48.960><c> wider</c><00:04:49.280><c> than</c><00:04:49.440><c> the</c><00:04:49.759><c> 250</c><00:04:50.479><c> km</c>

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shadow is much wider than the 250 km
 

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shadow is much wider than the 250 km
wide<00:04:51.360><c> umbra</c><00:04:51.759><c> shadow.</c>

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wide umbra shadow.
 

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wide umbra shadow.
So<00:04:54.240><c> why</c><00:04:54.560><c> doesn't</c><00:04:54.800><c> the</c><00:04:55.040><c> moon</c><00:04:55.280><c> create</c><00:04:55.600><c> eclipses</c>

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So why doesn't the moon create eclipses
 

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So why doesn't the moon create eclipses
every<00:04:56.479><c> month</c><00:04:56.800><c> when</c><00:04:56.960><c> it</c><00:04:57.120><c> orbits</c><00:04:57.600><c> in</c><00:04:57.759><c> front</c><00:04:57.919><c> of</c>

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every month when it orbits in front of
 

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every month when it orbits in front of
the<00:04:58.160><c> sun?</c><00:04:59.120><c> Well,</c><00:04:59.520><c> this</c><00:04:59.759><c> is</c><00:04:59.919><c> because</c><00:05:00.240><c> the</c>

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the sun? Well, this is because the
 

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the sun? Well, this is because the
moon's<00:05:00.880><c> orbit</c><00:05:01.280><c> is</c><00:05:01.600><c> not</c><00:05:01.840><c> in</c><00:05:02.080><c> line</c><00:05:02.320><c> with</c><00:05:02.479><c> the</c>

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moon's orbit is not in line with the
 

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moon's orbit is not in line with the
earth's<00:05:03.040><c> orbit</c><00:05:03.440><c> around</c><00:05:03.680><c> the</c><00:05:03.840><c> sun.</c><00:05:04.560><c> This</c><00:05:04.880><c> means</c>

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earth's orbit around the sun. This means
 

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earth's orbit around the sun. This means
there<00:05:05.520><c> are</c><00:05:05.759><c> only</c><00:05:06.000><c> a</c><00:05:06.240><c> couple</c><00:05:06.400><c> of</c><00:05:06.639><c> times</c><00:05:06.960><c> per</c>

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there are only a couple of times per
 

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there are only a couple of times per
year<00:05:07.520><c> when</c><00:05:07.759><c> the</c><00:05:07.919><c> alignment</c><00:05:08.320><c> is</c><00:05:08.560><c> right.</c><00:05:09.520><c> This</c>

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year when the alignment is right. This
 

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year when the alignment is right. This
alignment<00:05:10.240><c> of</c><00:05:10.560><c> three</c><00:05:10.960><c> celestial</c><00:05:11.600><c> objects</c><00:05:12.320><c> is</c>

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alignment of three celestial objects is
 

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alignment of three celestial objects is
known<00:05:12.880><c> as</c><00:05:13.120><c> a</c><00:05:13.360><c> scissy.</c><00:05:14.320><c> A</c><00:05:14.560><c> very</c><00:05:14.800><c> cool</c><00:05:15.120><c> word,</c><00:05:15.600><c> but</c>

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known as a scissy. A very cool word, but
 

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known as a scissy. A very cool word, but
not<00:05:16.320><c> something</c><00:05:16.560><c> you'll</c><00:05:16.960><c> need</c><00:05:17.039><c> to</c><00:05:17.199><c> remember</c>

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not something you'll need to remember
 

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not something you'll need to remember
for<00:05:17.759><c> this</c><00:05:17.919><c> video.</c><00:05:18.479><c> I</c><00:05:18.720><c> just</c><00:05:18.880><c> thought</c><00:05:19.039><c> you</c><00:05:19.280><c> would</c>

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for this video. I just thought you would
 

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for this video. I just thought you would
find<00:05:19.600><c> that</c><00:05:19.919><c> interesting.</c><00:05:21.360><c> If</c><00:05:21.520><c> you</c><00:05:21.759><c> live</c><00:05:21.919><c> in</c>

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find that interesting. If you live in
 

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find that interesting. If you live in
the<00:05:22.320><c> UK</c><00:05:22.720><c> like</c><00:05:22.960><c> me,</c><00:05:23.600><c> sadly</c><00:05:24.080><c> you</c><00:05:24.320><c> won't</c><00:05:24.560><c> get</c><00:05:24.720><c> to</c>

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the UK like me, sadly you won't get to
 

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the UK like me, sadly you won't get to
see<00:05:25.120><c> much</c><00:05:25.280><c> of</c><00:05:25.440><c> the</c><00:05:25.600><c> eclipse</c><00:05:25.919><c> this</c><00:05:26.240><c> April</c>

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see much of the eclipse this April
 

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see much of the eclipse this April
unless<00:05:27.039><c> you</c><00:05:27.199><c> live</c><00:05:27.440><c> at</c><00:05:27.759><c> the</c><00:05:28.000><c> furthest</c><00:05:28.560><c> west</c>

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unless you live at the furthest west
 

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unless you live at the furthest west
parts<00:05:29.280><c> of</c><00:05:29.360><c> the</c><00:05:29.600><c> country</c><00:05:30.240><c> as</c><00:05:30.479><c> the</c><00:05:30.720><c> sun</c><00:05:30.960><c> will</c><00:05:31.120><c> be</c>

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parts of the country as the sun will be
 

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parts of the country as the sun will be
dipping<00:05:31.759><c> below</c><00:05:32.080><c> the</c><00:05:32.320><c> horizon</c><00:05:33.039><c> just</c><00:05:33.280><c> as</c><00:05:33.520><c> it</c>

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dipping below the horizon just as it
 

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dipping below the horizon just as it
begins.<00:05:35.039><c> Maybe</c><00:05:35.440><c> we</c><00:05:35.680><c> will</c><00:05:35.919><c> get</c><00:05:36.160><c> to</c><00:05:36.320><c> see</c><00:05:36.479><c> some</c>

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begins. Maybe we will get to see some
 

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begins. Maybe we will get to see some
devil's<00:05:37.280><c> horns</c><00:05:37.759><c> though.</c><00:05:38.400><c> Still</c><00:05:38.880><c> a</c>

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devil's horns though. Still a
 

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devil's horns though. Still a
spectacular<00:05:40.160><c> sight</c><00:05:40.560><c> indeed.</c><00:05:41.759><c> But</c><00:05:42.000><c> the</c><00:05:42.240><c> Earth</c>

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spectacular sight indeed. But the Earth
 

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spectacular sight indeed. But the Earth
is<00:05:42.800><c> not</c><00:05:43.039><c> the</c><00:05:43.280><c> only</c><00:05:43.520><c> place</c><00:05:43.759><c> to</c><00:05:44.080><c> experience</c>

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is not the only place to experience
 

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is not the only place to experience
solar<00:05:44.960><c> eclipses</c><00:05:46.000><c> and</c><00:05:46.240><c> we</c><00:05:46.560><c> have</c><00:05:46.720><c> the</c><00:05:47.039><c> images</c>

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solar eclipses and we have the images
 

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solar eclipses and we have the images
and<00:05:48.160><c> videos</c><00:05:48.560><c> to</c><00:05:48.800><c> prove</c><00:05:49.039><c> it.</c>

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Let's<00:05:54.720><c> explore</c><00:05:55.199><c> eclipses</c><00:05:55.759><c> of</c><00:05:56.000><c> our</c><00:05:56.320><c> closest</c>

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Let's explore eclipses of our closest
 

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Let's explore eclipses of our closest
celestial<00:05:57.360><c> neighbor,</c><00:05:58.160><c> the</c><00:05:58.400><c> moon,</c><00:05:59.280><c> because</c><00:05:59.840><c> it</c>

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celestial neighbor, the moon, because it
 

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celestial neighbor, the moon, because it
would<00:06:00.240><c> make</c><00:06:00.479><c> sense</c><00:06:00.800><c> that</c><00:06:01.199><c> if</c><00:06:01.440><c> the</c><00:06:01.680><c> moon</c><00:06:01.919><c> can</c>

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would make sense that if the moon can
 

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would make sense that if the moon can
occult<00:06:02.479><c> the</c><00:06:02.639><c> earth,</c><00:06:03.199><c> then</c><00:06:03.520><c> surely</c><00:06:03.919><c> the</c><00:06:04.160><c> earth</c>

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occult the earth, then surely the earth
 

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occult the earth, then surely the earth
can<00:06:04.639><c> occult</c><00:06:05.039><c> the</c><00:06:05.199><c> moon.</c><00:06:06.560><c> And</c><00:06:06.720><c> the</c><00:06:07.039><c> answer</c><00:06:07.360><c> is</c>

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can occult the moon. And the answer is
 

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can occult the moon. And the answer is
yes.<00:06:09.039><c> But</c><00:06:09.199><c> it's</c><00:06:09.520><c> not</c><00:06:09.680><c> the</c><00:06:09.919><c> shadow</c><00:06:10.319><c> that's</c><00:06:10.639><c> the</c>

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yes. But it's not the shadow that's the
 

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yes. But it's not the shadow that's the
really<00:06:11.360><c> visually</c><00:06:11.919><c> appealing</c><00:06:12.400><c> part</c><00:06:12.639><c> of</c><00:06:12.800><c> this</c>

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really visually appealing part of this
 

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really visually appealing part of this
from<00:06:13.680><c> the</c><00:06:14.000><c> earth</c><00:06:14.319><c> anyway.</c><00:06:15.280><c> This</c><00:06:15.520><c> is</c><00:06:15.680><c> because</c>

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from the earth anyway. This is because
 

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from the earth anyway. This is because
the<00:06:16.240><c> earth</c><00:06:16.479><c> is</c><00:06:16.720><c> four</c><00:06:17.039><c> times</c><00:06:17.360><c> as</c><00:06:17.600><c> big</c><00:06:17.759><c> in</c><00:06:18.000><c> the</c>

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the earth is four times as big in the
 

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the earth is four times as big in the
moon's<00:06:18.400><c> sky</c><00:06:18.880><c> as</c><00:06:19.120><c> the</c><00:06:19.360><c> moon</c><00:06:19.600><c> is</c><00:06:19.840><c> on</c><00:06:19.904><c> [music]</c>

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moon's sky as the moon is on [music]
 

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moon's sky as the moon is on [music]
earth's.<00:06:20.880><c> So</c><00:06:21.039><c> when</c><00:06:21.280><c> the</c><00:06:21.440><c> earth</c><00:06:21.759><c> fully</c>

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earth's. So when the earth fully
 

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earth's. So when the earth fully
obscures<00:06:22.560><c> the</c><00:06:22.720><c> sun,</c><00:06:23.199><c> the</c><00:06:23.520><c> whole</c><00:06:23.919><c> moon</c><00:06:24.319><c> is</c><00:06:24.479><c> in</c>

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obscures the sun, the whole moon is in
 

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obscures the sun, the whole moon is in
the<00:06:24.960><c> umbra.</c>

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the umbra.
 

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the umbra.
At<00:06:26.720><c> first,</c><00:06:26.960><c> the</c><00:06:27.199><c> shadow</c><00:06:27.440><c> of</c><00:06:27.520><c> the</c><00:06:27.680><c> earth</c>

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At first, the shadow of the earth
 

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At first, the shadow of the earth
creates<00:06:28.479><c> a</c><00:06:28.880><c> cresant</c><00:06:29.360><c> shape.</c><00:06:30.160><c> Explain</c><00:06:30.560><c> that</c>

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creates a cresant shape. Explain that
 

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creates a cresant shape. Explain that
flatearthers.<00:06:32.240><c> But</c><00:06:32.479><c> what</c><00:06:32.720><c> is</c><00:06:32.960><c> different</c><00:06:33.360><c> this</c>

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flatearthers. But what is different this
 

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flatearthers. But what is different this
way<00:06:33.840><c> around</c><00:06:34.314><c> [music]</c><00:06:34.400><c> is</c><00:06:34.639><c> that</c><00:06:35.039><c> unlike</c><00:06:35.440><c> the</c>

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way around [music] is that unlike the
 

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way around [music] is that unlike the
moon,<00:06:36.319><c> the</c><00:06:36.639><c> earth</c><00:06:37.039><c> has</c><00:06:37.199><c> an</c><00:06:37.440><c> atmosphere.</c><00:06:38.800><c> This</c>

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moon, the earth has an atmosphere. This
 

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moon, the earth has an atmosphere. This
means<00:06:39.280><c> that</c><00:06:39.440><c> when</c><00:06:39.680><c> the</c><00:06:39.840><c> moon</c><00:06:40.080><c> is</c><00:06:40.400><c> totally</c>

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means that when the moon is totally
 

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means that when the moon is totally
eclipsed,<00:06:41.519><c> [music]</c><00:06:41.680><c> the</c><00:06:41.919><c> Earth's</c><00:06:42.240><c> atmosphere</c>

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eclipsed, [music] the Earth's atmosphere
 

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eclipsed, [music] the Earth's atmosphere
refracts<00:06:43.360><c> the</c><00:06:43.600><c> sun's</c><00:06:43.919><c> light</c><00:06:44.240><c> around</c><00:06:44.479><c> the</c>

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refracts the sun's light around the
 

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refracts the sun's light around the
planet,<00:06:45.280><c> gently</c><00:06:45.919><c> illuminating</c><00:06:46.400><c> the</c><00:06:46.560><c> moon</c><00:06:46.800><c> in</c>

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planet, gently illuminating the moon in
 

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planet, gently illuminating the moon in
a<00:06:47.120><c> reddish</c><00:06:47.440><c> hue.</c><00:06:48.400><c> This</c><00:06:48.639><c> makes</c><00:06:48.880><c> for</c><00:06:49.120><c> a</c>

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a reddish hue. This makes for a
 

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a reddish hue. This makes for a
beautiful<00:06:50.000><c> but</c><00:06:50.319><c> almost</c><00:06:50.720><c> spooky</c><00:06:51.199><c> view.</c><00:06:52.639><c> The</c>

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beautiful but almost spooky view. The
 

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beautiful but almost spooky view. The
color<00:06:53.199><c> is</c><00:06:53.440><c> caused</c><00:06:53.919><c> by</c><00:06:54.400><c> really</c><00:06:54.800><c> scattering,</c><00:06:55.759><c> a</c>

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color is caused by really scattering, a
 

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color is caused by really scattering, a
topic<00:06:56.240><c> I've</c><00:06:56.479><c> discussed</c><00:06:56.800><c> in</c><00:06:57.039><c> another</c><00:06:57.440><c> video.</c>

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topic I've discussed in another video.
 

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topic I've discussed in another video.
Scattering<00:06:59.520><c> is</c><00:06:59.759><c> the</c><00:07:00.000><c> same</c><00:07:00.240><c> process</c><00:07:00.639><c> that</c>

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Scattering is the same process that
 

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Scattering is the same process that
makes<00:07:01.199><c> our</c><00:07:01.440><c> sky</c><00:07:01.759><c> blue</c><00:07:02.240><c> and</c><00:07:02.560><c> our</c><00:07:02.800><c> sunsets</c><00:07:03.360><c> red.</c>

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makes our sky blue and our sunsets red.
 

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makes our sky blue and our sunsets red.
This<00:07:04.800><c> image</c><00:07:05.120><c> is</c><00:07:05.520><c> beautiful</c><00:07:06.240><c> in</c><00:07:06.479><c> that</c><00:07:06.639><c> you</c><00:07:06.880><c> can</c>

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This image is beautiful in that you can
 

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This image is beautiful in that you can
see<00:07:07.199><c> the</c><00:07:07.520><c> different</c><00:07:07.759><c> wavelengths</c><00:07:08.319><c> of</c><00:07:08.479><c> light</c>

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see the different wavelengths of light
 

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see the different wavelengths of light
being<00:07:09.199><c> scattered</c><00:07:09.680><c> through</c><00:07:10.160><c> Earth's</c>

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being scattered through Earth's
 

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being scattered through Earth's
atmosphere<00:07:11.599><c> from</c><00:07:12.000><c> deep</c><00:07:12.319><c> red</c><00:07:12.639><c> from</c><00:07:12.960><c> this</c><00:07:13.199><c> side</c>

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atmosphere from deep red from this side
 

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atmosphere from deep red from this side
through<00:07:14.000><c> to</c><00:07:14.240><c> blue</c><00:07:14.639><c> on</c><00:07:14.880><c> this</c><00:07:15.120><c> side.</c><00:07:16.160><c> From</c><00:07:16.400><c> the</c>

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through to blue on this side. From the
 

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through to blue on this side. From the
moon's<00:07:16.960><c> perspective,</c><00:07:17.840><c> none</c><00:07:18.080><c> of</c><00:07:18.240><c> the</c><00:07:18.400><c> sun</c>

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moon's perspective, none of the sun
 

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moon's perspective, none of the sun
would<00:07:18.800><c> be</c><00:07:18.960><c> visible</c><00:07:19.360><c> during</c><00:07:19.599><c> a</c><00:07:19.759><c> total</c><00:07:20.160><c> eclipse,</c>

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would be visible during a total eclipse,
 

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would be visible during a total eclipse,
but<00:07:21.120><c> the</c><00:07:21.360><c> atmosphere</c><00:07:21.919><c> on</c><00:07:22.240><c> Earth</c><00:07:22.720><c> would</c><00:07:23.120><c> be</c>

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but the atmosphere on Earth would be
 

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but the atmosphere on Earth would be
illuminated.<00:07:24.240><c> So,</c><00:07:24.400><c> you</c><00:07:24.639><c> would</c><00:07:24.800><c> see</c><00:07:24.960><c> a</c><00:07:25.199><c> ring</c>

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illuminated. So, you would see a ring
 

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illuminated. So, you would see a ring
around<00:07:25.919><c> it.</c><00:07:26.880><c> This</c><00:07:27.120><c> is</c><00:07:27.280><c> an</c><00:07:27.599><c> actual</c><00:07:28.080><c> view</c><00:07:28.319><c> of</c><00:07:28.560><c> a</c>

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around it. This is an actual view of a
 

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around it. This is an actual view of a
lunar<00:07:29.039><c> eclipse</c><00:07:29.440><c> on</c><00:07:29.680><c> the</c><00:07:29.840><c> moon</c><00:07:30.000><c> by</c><00:07:30.240><c> one</c><00:07:30.400><c> of</c><00:07:30.479><c> the</c>

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lunar eclipse on the moon by one of the
 

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lunar eclipse on the moon by one of the
JAXA<00:07:31.120><c> probes</c><00:07:31.520><c> in</c><00:07:31.840><c> 2009.</c><00:07:31.955><c> [music]</c>

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JAXA probes in 2009. [music]
 

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JAXA probes in 2009. [music]
It's<00:07:33.599><c> quite</c><00:07:34.000><c> the</c><00:07:34.240><c> awe</c><00:07:34.560><c> inspiring</c><00:07:35.199><c> sight.</c><00:07:36.479><c> The</c>

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It's quite the awe inspiring sight. The
 

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It's quite the awe inspiring sight. The
Earth<00:07:36.960><c> and</c><00:07:37.199><c> Moon</c><00:07:37.520><c> aren't</c><00:07:37.840><c> just</c><00:07:38.080><c> getting</c><00:07:38.240><c> in</c>

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Earth and Moon aren't just getting in
 

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Earth and Moon aren't just getting in
the<00:07:38.560><c> way</c><00:07:38.639><c> of</c><00:07:38.800><c> each</c><00:07:39.039><c> other</c><00:07:39.360><c> either.</c><00:07:40.319><c> Here</c><00:07:40.639><c> is</c>

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the way of each other either. Here is
 

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the way of each other either. Here is
the<00:07:41.039><c> Earth</c><00:07:41.520><c> eclipsing</c><00:07:42.000><c> the</c><00:07:42.240><c> Apollo</c><00:07:42.800><c> 12</c>

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the Earth eclipsing the Apollo 12
 

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the Earth eclipsing the Apollo 12
spacecraft<00:07:43.759><c> in</c><00:07:44.000><c> 1969</c><00:07:45.039><c> while</c><00:07:45.360><c> it</c><00:07:45.599><c> was</c><00:07:45.759><c> on</c><00:07:45.919><c> its</c>

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spacecraft in 1969 while it was on its
 

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spacecraft in 1969 while it was on its
way<00:07:46.400><c> back</c><00:07:46.639><c> home.</c><00:07:47.599><c> And</c><00:07:47.840><c> here's</c><00:07:48.160><c> the</c><00:07:48.400><c> moon</c>

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way back home. And here's the moon
 

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way back home. And here's the moon
getting<00:07:48.880><c> in</c><00:07:49.039><c> the</c><00:07:49.199><c> way</c><00:07:49.280><c> of</c><00:07:49.440><c> the</c><00:07:49.599><c> Earth</c><00:07:49.919><c> from</c><00:07:50.160><c> the</c>

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getting in the way of the Earth from the
 

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getting in the way of the Earth from the
perspective<00:07:50.720><c> of</c><00:07:50.880><c> the</c><00:07:51.120><c> Discover</c><00:07:51.599><c> satellite.</c>

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perspective of the Discover satellite.
 

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perspective of the Discover satellite.
Interestingly,<00:07:53.680><c> this</c><00:07:54.000><c> is</c><00:07:54.160><c> the</c><00:07:54.400><c> side</c><00:07:54.639><c> of</c><00:07:54.720><c> the</c>

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Interestingly, this is the side of the
 

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Interestingly, this is the side of the
moon<00:07:55.360><c> you</c><00:07:55.759><c> never</c><00:07:56.080><c> see</c><00:07:56.800><c> as</c><00:07:57.039><c> the</c><00:07:57.199><c> moon</c><00:07:57.440><c> is</c><00:07:57.680><c> tidily</c>

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moon you never see as the moon is tidily
 

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moon you never see as the moon is tidily
locked<00:07:58.400><c> to</c><00:07:58.560><c> the</c><00:07:58.720><c> Earth,</c><00:07:58.810><c> [music]</c><00:07:59.199><c> which</c><00:07:59.520><c> means</c>

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locked to the Earth, [music] which means
 

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locked to the Earth, [music] which means
the<00:08:00.000><c> same</c><00:08:00.160><c> face</c><00:08:00.479><c> is</c><00:08:00.720><c> always</c><00:08:01.120><c> looking</c><00:08:01.440><c> towards</c>

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the same face is always looking towards
 

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the same face is always looking towards
Earth.<00:08:02.639><c> From</c><00:08:02.960><c> this</c><00:08:03.199><c> perspective,</c><00:08:03.919><c> the</c><00:08:04.160><c> moon</c>

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Earth. From this perspective, the moon
 

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Earth. From this perspective, the moon
looks<00:08:04.800><c> very</c><00:08:05.199><c> foreign,</c><00:08:06.160><c> but</c><00:08:06.400><c> it</c><00:08:06.720><c> is</c><00:08:06.879><c> indeed</c><00:08:07.360><c> a</c>

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looks very foreign, but it is indeed a
 

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looks very foreign, but it is indeed a
real<00:08:07.919><c> video</c><00:08:08.319><c> of</c><00:08:08.560><c> our</c><00:08:08.960><c> only</c><00:08:09.280><c> natural</c><00:08:09.759><c> satellite</c>

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real video of our only natural satellite
 

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real video of our only natural satellite
transiting<00:08:11.120><c> the</c><00:08:11.360><c> Earth.</c>

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transiting the Earth.
 

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transiting the Earth.
From<00:08:13.520><c> another</c><00:08:13.840><c> satellite's</c><00:08:14.479><c> perspective,</c>

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From another satellite's perspective,
 

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From another satellite's perspective,
but<00:08:15.599><c> this</c><00:08:15.759><c> time</c><00:08:16.000><c> looking</c><00:08:16.240><c> at</c><00:08:16.400><c> the</c><00:08:16.560><c> sun</c><00:08:16.800><c> with</c>

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but this time looking at the sun with
 

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but this time looking at the sun with
the<00:08:17.280><c> SDO</c><00:08:17.840><c> satellite,</c><00:08:18.720><c> the</c><00:08:18.960><c> moon</c><00:08:19.360><c> often</c><00:08:19.759><c> makes</c>

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the SDO satellite, the moon often makes
 

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the SDO satellite, the moon often makes
an<00:08:20.240><c> appearance.</c><00:08:21.360><c> The</c><00:08:21.599><c> position</c><00:08:21.919><c> of</c><00:08:22.160><c> this</c>

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an appearance. The position of this
 

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an appearance. The position of this
satellite<00:08:22.879><c> as</c><00:08:23.120><c> it</c><00:08:23.280><c> orbits</c><00:08:23.680><c> the</c><00:08:23.919><c> Earth</c><00:08:24.400><c> means</c>

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satellite as it orbits the Earth means
 

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satellite as it orbits the Earth means
the<00:08:24.960><c> moon</c><00:08:25.280><c> can</c><00:08:25.520><c> block</c><00:08:25.840><c> the</c><00:08:26.080><c> sun</c><00:08:26.479><c> occasionally.</c>

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the moon can block the sun occasionally.
 

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the moon can block the sun occasionally.
And<00:08:28.720><c> here's</c><00:08:29.120><c> the</c><00:08:29.280><c> moon</c><00:08:29.599><c> again.</c><00:08:30.479><c> This</c><00:08:30.639><c> time</c>

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And here's the moon again. This time
 

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And here's the moon again. This time
from<00:08:31.120><c> the</c><00:08:31.360><c> perspective</c><00:08:31.840><c> of</c><00:08:32.080><c> one</c><00:08:32.320><c> of</c><00:08:32.479><c> the</c>

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from the perspective of one of the
 

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from the perspective of one of the
stereo<00:08:33.279><c> satellites.</c>

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stereo satellites.
 

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stereo satellites.
The<00:08:36.080><c> moon</c><00:08:36.399><c> isn't</c><00:08:36.800><c> the</c><00:08:37.039><c> only</c><00:08:37.200><c> thing</c><00:08:37.360><c> that</c>

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The moon isn't the only thing that
 

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The moon isn't the only thing that
orbits<00:08:38.159><c> between</c><00:08:38.479><c> us</c><00:08:38.719><c> and</c><00:08:38.959><c> the</c><00:08:39.120><c> sun.</c><00:08:40.320><c> Mercury</c>

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orbits between us and the sun. Mercury
 

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orbits between us and the sun. Mercury
often<00:08:41.519><c> transits</c><00:08:42.080><c> across</c><00:08:42.399><c> the</c><00:08:42.560><c> sun.</c><00:08:43.279><c> A</c><00:08:43.519><c> tiny</c>

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often transits across the sun. A tiny
 

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often transits across the sun. A tiny
minnow<00:08:44.399><c> compared</c><00:08:44.720><c> to</c><00:08:44.880><c> the</c><00:08:45.040><c> solar</c><00:08:45.360><c> systems</c>

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minnow compared to the solar systems
 

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minnow compared to the solar systems
giant.<00:08:46.320><c> The</c><00:08:46.560><c> next</c><00:08:46.720><c> time</c><00:08:46.959><c> this</c><00:08:47.279><c> will</c><00:08:47.440><c> happen</c><00:08:47.680><c> is</c>

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giant. The next time this will happen is
 

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giant. The next time this will happen is
on<00:08:48.080><c> the</c><00:08:48.240><c> 13th</c><00:08:48.640><c> of</c><00:08:48.800><c> November,</c><00:08:49.519><c> 2032.</c><00:08:50.720><c> So,</c><00:08:50.959><c> a</c>

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on the 13th of November, 2032. So, a
 

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on the 13th of November, 2032. So, a
little<00:08:51.440><c> while</c><00:08:51.680><c> away.</c><00:08:52.560><c> You</c><00:08:52.720><c> might</c><00:08:52.959><c> want</c><00:08:53.120><c> to</c><00:08:53.200><c> put</c>

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little while away. You might want to put
 

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little while away. You might want to put
it<00:08:53.519><c> in</c><00:08:53.680><c> your</c><00:08:53.839><c> calendars</c><00:08:54.320><c> for</c><00:08:54.560><c> now.</c>

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it in your calendars for now.
 

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it in your calendars for now.
Venus<00:08:56.800><c> also</c><00:08:57.279><c> orbits</c><00:08:57.760><c> between</c><00:08:58.000><c> us</c><00:08:58.240><c> and</c><00:08:58.399><c> the</c>

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Venus also orbits between us and the
 

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Venus also orbits between us and the
sun.<00:08:59.200><c> And</c><00:08:59.360><c> as</c><00:08:59.600><c> it</c><00:08:59.839><c> is</c><00:09:00.000><c> much</c><00:09:00.240><c> closer</c><00:09:00.640><c> to</c><00:09:00.800><c> us</c><00:09:01.040><c> and</c>

00:09:01.350 --> 00:09:01.360 align:start position:0%
sun. And as it is much closer to us and
 

00:09:01.360 --> 00:09:03.350 align:start position:0%
sun. And as it is much closer to us and
bigger<00:09:01.680><c> than</c><00:09:01.839><c> Mercury,</c><00:09:02.640><c> its</c><00:09:02.880><c> silhouette</c>

00:09:03.350 --> 00:09:03.360 align:start position:0%
bigger than Mercury, its silhouette
 

00:09:03.360 --> 00:09:06.389 align:start position:0%
bigger than Mercury, its silhouette
appears<00:09:03.839><c> much</c><00:09:04.160><c> larger.</c><00:09:05.360><c> Its</c><00:09:05.680><c> last</c><00:09:05.920><c> transit</c>

00:09:06.389 --> 00:09:06.399 align:start position:0%
appears much larger. Its last transit
 

00:09:06.399 --> 00:09:10.630 align:start position:0%
appears much larger. Its last transit
was<00:09:06.640><c> in</c><00:09:07.040><c> 2004</c><00:09:07.839><c> and</c><00:09:08.240><c> 2012.</c><00:09:09.519><c> But</c><00:09:09.680><c> sadly,</c><00:09:10.240><c> if</c><00:09:10.480><c> you</c>

00:09:10.630 --> 00:09:10.640 align:start position:0%
was in 2004 and 2012. But sadly, if you
 

00:09:10.640 --> 00:09:13.110 align:start position:0%
was in 2004 and 2012. But sadly, if you
miss<00:09:10.959><c> those</c><00:09:11.279><c> two,</c><00:09:11.839><c> chances</c><00:09:12.320><c> are</c><00:09:12.560><c> that</c><00:09:12.880><c> you</c>

00:09:13.110 --> 00:09:13.120 align:start position:0%
miss those two, chances are that you
 

00:09:13.120 --> 00:09:15.750 align:start position:0%
miss those two, chances are that you
will<00:09:13.360><c> never</c><00:09:13.680><c> see</c><00:09:13.839><c> it.</c><00:09:14.640><c> These</c><00:09:14.959><c> transits</c><00:09:15.519><c> happen</c>

00:09:15.750 --> 00:09:15.760 align:start position:0%
will never see it. These transits happen
 

00:09:15.760 --> 00:09:18.790 align:start position:0%
will never see it. These transits happen
in<00:09:16.000><c> pairs.</c><00:09:16.800><c> And</c><00:09:16.959><c> then</c><00:09:17.279><c> there</c><00:09:17.519><c> is</c><00:09:17.680><c> a</c><00:09:18.000><c> 100year</c>

00:09:18.790 --> 00:09:18.800 align:start position:0%
in pairs. And then there is a 100year
 

00:09:18.800 --> 00:09:21.269 align:start position:0%
in pairs. And then there is a 100year
gap<00:09:19.040><c> until</c><00:09:19.360><c> the</c><00:09:19.519><c> next</c><00:09:19.680><c> one.</c><00:09:20.560><c> In</c><00:09:20.800><c> other</c><00:09:20.959><c> words,</c>

00:09:21.269 --> 00:09:21.279 align:start position:0%
gap until the next one. In other words,
 

00:09:21.279 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0%
gap until the next one. In other words,
the<00:09:21.600><c> next</c><00:09:21.839><c> transit</c><00:09:21.996><c> [music]</c><00:09:22.320><c> will</c><00:09:22.480><c> be</c><00:09:22.640><c> in</c>

00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0%
the next transit [music] will be in
 

00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:25.110 align:start position:0%
the next transit [music] will be in
2117.

00:09:25.110 --> 00:09:25.120 align:start position:0%
2117.
 

00:09:25.120 --> 00:09:26.630 align:start position:0%
2117.
This<00:09:25.440><c> happens</c><00:09:25.680><c> for</c><00:09:25.839><c> the</c><00:09:26.080><c> same</c><00:09:26.240><c> reason</c><00:09:26.399><c> the</c>

00:09:26.630 --> 00:09:26.640 align:start position:0%
This happens for the same reason the
 

00:09:26.640 --> 00:09:28.949 align:start position:0%
This happens for the same reason the
moon<00:09:26.880><c> doesn't</c><00:09:27.200><c> eclipse</c><00:09:27.600><c> us</c><00:09:27.839><c> every</c><00:09:28.080><c> month.</c><00:09:28.720><c> The</c>

00:09:28.949 --> 00:09:28.959 align:start position:0%
moon doesn't eclipse us every month. The
 

00:09:28.959 --> 00:09:32.470 align:start position:0%
moon doesn't eclipse us every month. The
orbits<00:09:29.440><c> just</c><00:09:29.760><c> don't</c><00:09:30.000><c> often</c><00:09:30.399><c> align.</c><00:09:31.760><c> Still,</c><00:09:32.240><c> we</c>

00:09:32.470 --> 00:09:32.480 align:start position:0%
orbits just don't often align. Still, we
 

00:09:32.480 --> 00:09:34.310 align:start position:0%
orbits just don't often align. Still, we
have<00:09:32.640><c> highdefinition</c><00:09:33.440><c> videos</c><00:09:33.760><c> of</c><00:09:33.920><c> the</c><00:09:34.160><c> last</c>

00:09:34.310 --> 00:09:34.320 align:start position:0%
have highdefinition videos of the last
 

00:09:34.320 --> 00:09:36.470 align:start position:0%
have highdefinition videos of the last
one,<00:09:34.880><c> and</c><00:09:35.040><c> it</c><00:09:35.279><c> is</c><00:09:35.519><c> quite</c><00:09:35.839><c> the</c><00:09:36.080><c> sight</c><00:09:36.320><c> to</c>

00:09:36.470 --> 00:09:36.480 align:start position:0%
one, and it is quite the sight to
 

00:09:36.480 --> 00:09:43.110 align:start position:0%
one, and it is quite the sight to
behold.

00:09:43.110 --> 00:09:43.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:09:43.120 --> 00:09:45.829 align:start position:0%
 
Moving<00:09:43.519><c> to</c><00:09:44.000><c> another</c><00:09:44.399><c> planet</c><00:09:44.880><c> now,</c><00:09:45.360><c> we</c><00:09:45.600><c> can</c><00:09:45.680><c> go</c>

00:09:45.829 --> 00:09:45.839 align:start position:0%
Moving to another planet now, we can go
 

00:09:45.839 --> 00:09:48.389 align:start position:0%
Moving to another planet now, we can go
to<00:09:46.080><c> Mars,</c><00:09:46.720><c> which</c><00:09:47.040><c> has</c><00:09:47.279><c> plenty</c><00:09:47.680><c> of</c><00:09:47.839><c> unmanned</c>

00:09:48.389 --> 00:09:48.399 align:start position:0%
to Mars, which has plenty of unmanned
 

00:09:48.399 --> 00:09:50.630 align:start position:0%
to Mars, which has plenty of unmanned
robotics<00:09:48.959><c> either</c><00:09:49.279><c> in</c><00:09:49.519><c> orbit</c><00:09:50.000><c> or</c><00:09:50.240><c> on</c><00:09:50.480><c> the</c>

00:09:50.630 --> 00:09:50.640 align:start position:0%
robotics either in orbit or on the
 

00:09:50.640 --> 00:09:51.990 align:start position:0%
robotics either in orbit or on the
surface.

00:09:51.990 --> 00:09:52.000 align:start position:0%
surface.
 

00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:55.190 align:start position:0%
surface.
Mars<00:09:52.399><c> also</c><00:09:52.880><c> has</c><00:09:53.279><c> two</c><00:09:53.600><c> moons,</c><00:09:54.399><c> Phobos</c><00:09:54.959><c> and</c>

00:09:55.190 --> 00:09:55.200 align:start position:0%
Mars also has two moons, Phobos and
 

00:09:55.200 --> 00:09:58.150 align:start position:0%
Mars also has two moons, Phobos and
Deamos.<00:09:56.399><c> They</c><00:09:56.640><c> are</c><00:09:56.880><c> both</c><00:09:57.200><c> pretty</c><00:09:57.519><c> small.</c>

00:09:58.150 --> 00:09:58.160 align:start position:0%
Deamos. They are both pretty small.
 

00:09:58.160 --> 00:10:01.750 align:start position:0%
Deamos. They are both pretty small.
Phobos<00:09:58.720><c> is</c><00:09:58.880><c> 22</c><00:09:59.360><c> km</c><00:09:59.839><c> across</c><00:10:00.399><c> and</c><00:10:00.640><c> Damos</c><00:10:01.200><c> is</c><00:10:01.360><c> only</c>

00:10:01.750 --> 00:10:01.760 align:start position:0%
Phobos is 22 km across and Damos is only
 

00:10:01.760 --> 00:10:05.509 align:start position:0%
Phobos is 22 km across and Damos is only
13<00:10:02.160><c> km</c><00:10:02.720><c> across.</c><00:10:04.000><c> They</c><00:10:04.320><c> both</c><00:10:04.560><c> orbit</c><00:10:04.959><c> very</c><00:10:05.279><c> close</c>

00:10:05.509 --> 00:10:05.519 align:start position:0%
13 km across. They both orbit very close
 

00:10:05.519 --> 00:10:07.670 align:start position:0%
13 km across. They both orbit very close
to<00:10:05.680><c> the</c><00:10:05.839><c> planet</c><00:10:06.240><c> though.</c><00:10:06.720><c> Phobos</c><00:10:07.279><c> is</c><00:10:07.440><c> only</c>

00:10:07.670 --> 00:10:07.680 align:start position:0%
to the planet though. Phobos is only
 

00:10:07.680 --> 00:10:11.430 align:start position:0%
to the planet though. Phobos is only
9,000<00:10:08.480><c> km</c><00:10:08.959><c> above</c><00:10:09.279><c> the</c><00:10:09.440><c> surface</c><00:10:10.080><c> and</c><00:10:10.399><c> Damos</c><00:10:11.120><c> is</c>

00:10:11.430 --> 00:10:11.440 align:start position:0%
9,000 km above the surface and Damos is
 

00:10:11.440 --> 00:10:15.350 align:start position:0%
9,000 km above the surface and Damos is
23,000<00:10:12.399><c> km,</c><00:10:13.279><c> which</c><00:10:13.600><c> means</c><00:10:14.000><c> although</c><00:10:14.480><c> tiny,</c>

00:10:15.350 --> 00:10:15.360 align:start position:0%
23,000 km, which means although tiny,
 

00:10:15.360 --> 00:10:17.430 align:start position:0%
23,000 km, which means although tiny,
you<00:10:15.600><c> can</c><00:10:15.760><c> still</c><00:10:16.240><c> easily</c><00:10:16.720><c> see</c><00:10:16.880><c> them</c><00:10:17.120><c> from</c><00:10:17.279><c> the</c>

00:10:17.430 --> 00:10:17.440 align:start position:0%
you can still easily see them from the
 

00:10:17.440 --> 00:10:20.870 align:start position:0%
you can still easily see them from the
surface<00:10:17.760><c> of</c><00:10:17.920><c> Mars,</c><00:10:18.720><c> especially</c><00:10:19.200><c> Phobos.</c>

00:10:20.870 --> 00:10:20.880 align:start position:0%
surface of Mars, especially Phobos.
 

00:10:20.880 --> 00:10:23.030 align:start position:0%
surface of Mars, especially Phobos.
The<00:10:21.120><c> Curiosity</c><00:10:21.680><c> rover</c><00:10:22.160><c> was</c><00:10:22.320><c> able</c><00:10:22.560><c> to</c><00:10:22.720><c> capture</c>

00:10:23.030 --> 00:10:23.040 align:start position:0%
The Curiosity rover was able to capture
 

00:10:23.040 --> 00:10:26.150 align:start position:0%
The Curiosity rover was able to capture
a<00:10:23.279><c> moment</c><00:10:23.760><c> where</c><00:10:24.240><c> incredibly</c><00:10:25.440><c> Phobos</c>

00:10:26.150 --> 00:10:26.160 align:start position:0%
a moment where incredibly Phobos
 

00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:29.670 align:start position:0%
a moment where incredibly Phobos
eclipsed<00:10:26.800><c> Damos.</c><00:10:28.240><c> This</c><00:10:28.560><c> video</c><00:10:28.959><c> is</c><00:10:29.200><c> captured</c>

00:10:29.670 --> 00:10:29.680 align:start position:0%
eclipsed Damos. This video is captured
 

00:10:29.680 --> 00:10:31.910 align:start position:0%
eclipsed Damos. This video is captured
in<00:10:29.920><c> real</c><00:10:30.240><c> time</c><00:10:30.800><c> and</c><00:10:31.040><c> shows</c><00:10:31.360><c> the</c><00:10:31.600><c> size</c>

00:10:31.910 --> 00:10:31.920 align:start position:0%
in real time and shows the size
 

00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:33.670 align:start position:0%
in real time and shows the size
differences<00:10:32.320><c> of</c><00:10:32.480><c> the</c><00:10:32.640><c> moons</c><00:10:32.959><c> in</c><00:10:33.120><c> the</c><00:10:33.200><c> Martian</c>

00:10:33.670 --> 00:10:33.680 align:start position:0%
differences of the moons in the Martian
 

00:10:33.680 --> 00:10:37.350 align:start position:0%
differences of the moons in the Martian
sky.<00:10:35.040><c> And</c><00:10:35.440><c> this</c><00:10:35.760><c> is</c><00:10:35.920><c> not</c><00:10:36.160><c> all</c><00:10:36.480><c> the</c><00:10:36.720><c> Curiosity</c>

00:10:37.350 --> 00:10:37.360 align:start position:0%
sky. And this is not all the Curiosity
 

00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.910 align:start position:0%
sky. And this is not all the Curiosity
rover<00:10:37.760><c> captured.</c><00:10:38.640><c> It</c><00:10:38.800><c> was</c><00:10:38.959><c> also</c><00:10:39.279><c> able</c><00:10:39.519><c> to</c><00:10:39.760><c> see</c>

00:10:39.910 --> 00:10:39.920 align:start position:0%
rover captured. It was also able to see
 

00:10:39.920 --> 00:10:43.110 align:start position:0%
rover captured. It was also able to see
a<00:10:40.160><c> transit</c><00:10:40.640><c> of</c><00:10:40.720><c> Phobos</c><00:10:41.360><c> in</c><00:10:41.600><c> front</c><00:10:41.760><c> of</c><00:10:41.920><c> the</c><00:10:42.160><c> sun.</c>

00:10:43.110 --> 00:10:43.120 align:start position:0%
a transit of Phobos in front of the sun.
 

00:10:43.120 --> 00:10:45.430 align:start position:0%
a transit of Phobos in front of the sun.
Due<00:10:43.360><c> to</c><00:10:43.519><c> the</c><00:10:43.680><c> distance</c><00:10:44.000><c> of</c><00:10:44.160><c> Phobos</c><00:10:44.640><c> to</c><00:10:44.800><c> Mars,</c>

00:10:45.430 --> 00:10:45.440 align:start position:0%
Due to the distance of Phobos to Mars,
 

00:10:45.440 --> 00:10:47.990 align:start position:0%
Due to the distance of Phobos to Mars,
it<00:10:45.680><c> moves</c><00:10:45.920><c> across</c><00:10:46.240><c> the</c><00:10:46.560><c> sky</c><00:10:46.880><c> fairly</c><00:10:47.279><c> quickly,</c>

00:10:47.990 --> 00:10:48.000 align:start position:0%
it moves across the sky fairly quickly,
 

00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:51.190 align:start position:0%
it moves across the sky fairly quickly,
only<00:10:48.399><c> taking</c><00:10:48.720><c> about</c><00:10:49.040><c> 7</c><00:10:49.360><c> hours</c><00:10:49.680><c> to</c><00:10:49.839><c> orbit</c><00:10:50.240><c> once.</c>

00:10:51.190 --> 00:10:51.200 align:start position:0%
only taking about 7 hours to orbit once.
 

00:10:51.200 --> 00:10:53.430 align:start position:0%
only taking about 7 hours to orbit once.
This<00:10:51.440><c> means</c><00:10:51.839><c> that</c><00:10:52.160><c> this</c><00:10:52.560><c> video</c><00:10:52.959><c> you</c><00:10:53.279><c> are</c>

00:10:53.430 --> 00:10:53.440 align:start position:0%
This means that this video you are
 

00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:56.389 align:start position:0%
This means that this video you are
watching<00:10:54.000><c> is</c><00:10:54.320><c> in</c><00:10:54.640><c> real</c><00:10:54.959><c> time,</c><00:10:55.839><c> and</c><00:10:56.000><c> these</c>

00:10:56.389 --> 00:10:56.399 align:start position:0%
watching is in real time, and these
 

00:10:56.399 --> 00:10:58.710 align:start position:0%
watching is in real time, and these
solar<00:10:56.800><c> eclipses</c><00:10:57.279><c> on</c><00:10:57.440><c> Mars</c><00:10:57.920><c> don't</c><00:10:58.240><c> last</c><00:10:58.560><c> for</c>

00:10:58.710 --> 00:10:58.720 align:start position:0%
solar eclipses on Mars don't last for
 

00:10:58.720 --> 00:11:02.310 align:start position:0%
solar eclipses on Mars don't last for
more<00:10:58.959><c> than</c><00:10:59.120><c> about</c><00:10:59.440><c> 30</c><00:10:59.839><c> seconds.</c>

00:11:02.310 --> 00:11:02.320 align:start position:0%
more than about 30 seconds.
 

00:11:02.320 --> 00:11:04.069 align:start position:0%
more than about 30 seconds.
The<00:11:02.560><c> surrounding</c><00:11:03.120><c> ground</c><00:11:03.519><c> does</c><00:11:03.760><c> get</c>

00:11:04.069 --> 00:11:04.079 align:start position:0%
The surrounding ground does get
 

00:11:04.079 --> 00:11:05.829 align:start position:0%
The surrounding ground does get
noticeably<00:11:04.640><c> darker</c><00:11:04.959><c> during</c><00:11:05.200><c> an</c><00:11:05.360><c> eclipse</c><00:11:05.680><c> by</c>

00:11:05.829 --> 00:11:05.839 align:start position:0%
noticeably darker during an eclipse by
 

00:11:05.839 --> 00:11:08.069 align:start position:0%
noticeably darker during an eclipse by
Phobos,<00:11:06.560><c> as</c><00:11:06.800><c> can</c><00:11:06.959><c> be</c><00:11:07.120><c> seen</c><00:11:07.279><c> from</c><00:11:07.440><c> the</c><00:11:07.680><c> rover's</c>

00:11:08.069 --> 00:11:08.079 align:start position:0%
Phobos, as can be seen from the rover's
 

00:11:08.079 --> 00:11:10.230 align:start position:0%
Phobos, as can be seen from the rover's
perspective,<00:11:09.040><c> but</c><00:11:09.200><c> it</c><00:11:09.440><c> can</c><00:11:09.600><c> also</c><00:11:09.839><c> be</c><00:11:10.000><c> seen</c>

00:11:10.230 --> 00:11:10.240 align:start position:0%
perspective, but it can also be seen
 

00:11:10.240 --> 00:11:13.030 align:start position:0%
perspective, but it can also be seen
from<00:11:10.560><c> space.</c><00:11:11.600><c> Forbus'</c><00:11:12.160><c> shadow</c><00:11:12.480><c> here</c><00:11:12.720><c> can</c><00:11:12.880><c> be</c>

00:11:13.030 --> 00:11:13.040 align:start position:0%
from space. Forbus' shadow here can be
 

00:11:13.040 --> 00:11:15.829 align:start position:0%
from space. Forbus' shadow here can be
seen<00:11:13.200><c> by</c><00:11:13.360><c> the</c><00:11:13.519><c> Viking</c><00:11:14.079><c> 1</c><00:11:14.399><c> orbiter</c><00:11:15.200><c> and</c><00:11:15.519><c> also</c>

00:11:15.829 --> 00:11:15.839 align:start position:0%
seen by the Viking 1 orbiter and also
 

00:11:15.839 --> 00:11:18.069 align:start position:0%
seen by the Viking 1 orbiter and also
here<00:11:16.160><c> more</c><00:11:16.480><c> recently</c><00:11:16.880><c> by</c><00:11:17.120><c> the</c><00:11:17.279><c> Mars</c><00:11:17.680><c> Global</c>

00:11:18.069 --> 00:11:18.079 align:start position:0%
here more recently by the Mars Global
 

00:11:18.079 --> 00:11:20.790 align:start position:0%
here more recently by the Mars Global
Surveyor.<00:11:19.120><c> The</c><00:11:19.360><c> Opportunity</c><00:11:20.079><c> and</c><00:11:20.399><c> Spirit</c>

00:11:20.790 --> 00:11:20.800 align:start position:0%
Surveyor. The Opportunity and Spirit
 

00:11:20.800 --> 00:11:22.630 align:start position:0%
Surveyor. The Opportunity and Spirit
rovers<00:11:21.360><c> have</c><00:11:21.600><c> also</c><00:11:21.839><c> seen</c><00:11:22.000><c> a</c><00:11:22.160><c> transit</c><00:11:22.480><c> of</c>

00:11:22.630 --> 00:11:22.640 align:start position:0%
rovers have also seen a transit of
 

00:11:22.640 --> 00:11:25.910 align:start position:0%
rovers have also seen a transit of
Damos,<00:11:23.600><c> but</c><00:11:23.920><c> it</c><00:11:24.160><c> appears</c><00:11:24.560><c> much</c><00:11:24.880><c> smaller,</c><00:11:25.680><c> just</c>

00:11:25.910 --> 00:11:25.920 align:start position:0%
Damos, but it appears much smaller, just
 

00:11:25.920 --> 00:11:28.710 align:start position:0%
Damos, but it appears much smaller, just
a<00:11:26.079><c> dot</c><00:11:26.560><c> passing</c><00:11:26.959><c> in</c><00:11:27.200><c> front</c><00:11:27.360><c> of</c><00:11:27.440><c> the</c><00:11:27.600><c> sun.</c><00:11:28.399><c> It</c>

00:11:28.710 --> 00:11:28.720 align:start position:0%
a dot passing in front of the sun. It
 

00:11:28.720 --> 00:11:30.630 align:start position:0%
a dot passing in front of the sun. It
doesn't<00:11:29.040><c> cause</c><00:11:29.279><c> a</c><00:11:29.519><c> noticeable</c><00:11:30.079><c> decrease</c><00:11:30.399><c> in</c>

00:11:30.630 --> 00:11:30.640 align:start position:0%
doesn't cause a noticeable decrease in
 

00:11:30.640 --> 00:11:33.110 align:start position:0%
doesn't cause a noticeable decrease in
brightness.

00:11:33.110 --> 00:11:33.120 align:start position:0%
brightness.
 

00:11:33.120 --> 00:11:35.750 align:start position:0%
brightness.
Mars<00:11:33.600><c> is</c><00:11:34.000><c> pretty</c><00:11:34.320><c> impressive,</c><00:11:35.200><c> but</c><00:11:35.519><c> that's</c>

00:11:35.750 --> 00:11:35.760 align:start position:0%
Mars is pretty impressive, but that's
 

00:11:35.760 --> 00:11:38.230 align:start position:0%
Mars is pretty impressive, but that's
not<00:11:36.000><c> all</c><00:11:36.160><c> the</c><00:11:36.399><c> solar</c><00:11:36.720><c> system</c><00:11:36.959><c> has</c><00:11:37.200><c> to</c><00:11:37.360><c> offer.</c>

00:11:38.230 --> 00:11:38.240 align:start position:0%
not all the solar system has to offer.
 

00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:40.389 align:start position:0%
not all the solar system has to offer.
Have<00:11:38.480><c> a</c><00:11:38.640><c> look</c><00:11:38.800><c> at</c><00:11:39.120><c> this</c><00:11:39.440><c> video</c><00:11:39.920><c> captured</c><00:11:40.320><c> by</c>

00:11:40.389 --> 00:11:40.399 align:start position:0%
Have a look at this video captured by
 

00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:42.550 align:start position:0%
Have a look at this video captured by
the<00:11:40.560><c> Hubble</c><00:11:40.959><c> Space</c><00:11:41.200><c> Telescope</c><00:11:42.000><c> looking</c><00:11:42.320><c> at</c>

00:11:42.550 --> 00:11:42.560 align:start position:0%
the Hubble Space Telescope looking at
 

00:11:42.560 --> 00:11:44.310 align:start position:0%
the Hubble Space Telescope looking at
Jupiter.

00:11:44.310 --> 00:11:44.320 align:start position:0%
Jupiter.
 

00:11:44.320 --> 00:11:47.269 align:start position:0%
Jupiter.
Jupiter<00:11:44.800><c> has</c><00:11:45.200><c> four</c><00:11:45.600><c> large</c><00:11:46.000><c> moons,</c><00:11:46.800><c> three</c><00:11:47.120><c> of</c>

00:11:47.269 --> 00:11:47.279 align:start position:0%
Jupiter has four large moons, three of
 

00:11:47.279 --> 00:11:49.670 align:start position:0%
Jupiter has four large moons, three of
which<00:11:47.519><c> at</c><00:11:47.839><c> certain</c><00:11:48.240><c> points</c><00:11:48.800><c> can</c><00:11:49.040><c> transit</c><00:11:49.440><c> the</c>

00:11:49.670 --> 00:11:49.680 align:start position:0%
which at certain points can transit the
 

00:11:49.680 --> 00:11:52.470 align:start position:0%
which at certain points can transit the
planet<00:11:50.000><c> at</c><00:11:50.160><c> the</c><00:11:50.399><c> same</c><00:11:50.560><c> time,</c><00:11:51.360><c> leaving</c><00:11:51.839><c> three</c>

00:11:52.470 --> 00:11:52.480 align:start position:0%
planet at the same time, leaving three
 

00:11:52.480 --> 00:11:55.430 align:start position:0%
planet at the same time, leaving three
big<00:11:52.880><c> shadows.</c><00:11:54.160><c> The</c><00:11:54.320><c> moons</c><00:11:54.640><c> in</c><00:11:54.880><c> question</c><00:11:55.200><c> in</c>

00:11:55.430 --> 00:11:55.440 align:start position:0%
big shadows. The moons in question in
 

00:11:55.440 --> 00:11:59.670 align:start position:0%
big shadows. The moons in question in
this<00:11:55.680><c> video</c><00:11:56.000><c> are</c><00:11:56.399><c> Io,</c><00:11:57.200><c> Kalisto,</c><00:11:57.920><c> and</c><00:11:58.160><c> Europa.</c>

00:11:59.670 --> 00:11:59.680 align:start position:0%
this video are Io, Kalisto, and Europa.
 

00:11:59.680 --> 00:12:01.670 align:start position:0%
this video are Io, Kalisto, and Europa.
Interestingly,<00:12:00.800><c> like</c><00:12:00.959><c> we</c><00:12:01.200><c> talked</c><00:12:01.440><c> about</c>

00:12:01.670 --> 00:12:01.680 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, like we talked about
 

00:12:01.680 --> 00:12:04.550 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, like we talked about
before<00:12:02.000><c> with</c><00:12:02.160><c> the</c><00:12:02.399><c> Umbra</c><00:12:02.880><c> and</c><00:12:03.120><c> Penumbra,</c><00:12:04.240><c> you</c>

00:12:04.550 --> 00:12:04.560 align:start position:0%
before with the Umbra and Penumbra, you
 

00:12:04.560 --> 00:12:06.790 align:start position:0%
before with the Umbra and Penumbra, you
can<00:12:04.720><c> see</c><00:12:05.040><c> that</c><00:12:05.279><c> because</c><00:12:05.680><c> Io</c><00:12:06.160><c> is</c><00:12:06.320><c> the</c><00:12:06.480><c> closest</c>

00:12:06.790 --> 00:12:06.800 align:start position:0%
can see that because Io is the closest
 

00:12:06.800 --> 00:12:08.949 align:start position:0%
can see that because Io is the closest
to<00:12:07.040><c> the</c><00:12:07.200><c> planet,</c><00:12:07.839><c> its</c><00:12:08.160><c> shadow</c><00:12:08.480><c> is</c><00:12:08.720><c> the</c>

00:12:08.949 --> 00:12:08.959 align:start position:0%
to the planet, its shadow is the
 

00:12:08.959 --> 00:12:11.269 align:start position:0%
to the planet, its shadow is the
sharpest.<00:12:10.000><c> Whereas</c><00:12:10.399><c> you</c><00:12:10.639><c> can</c><00:12:10.720><c> see</c><00:12:10.959><c> with</c>

00:12:11.269 --> 00:12:11.279 align:start position:0%
sharpest. Whereas you can see with
 

00:12:11.279 --> 00:12:13.509 align:start position:0%
sharpest. Whereas you can see with
Kalisto,<00:12:12.160><c> the</c><00:12:12.320><c> furthest</c><00:12:12.720><c> away</c><00:12:12.959><c> of</c><00:12:13.200><c> these</c>

00:12:13.509 --> 00:12:13.519 align:start position:0%
Kalisto, the furthest away of these
 

00:12:13.519 --> 00:12:15.750 align:start position:0%
Kalisto, the furthest away of these
three<00:12:13.760><c> moons,</c><00:12:14.480><c> the</c><00:12:14.639><c> penumbra</c><00:12:15.279><c> is</c><00:12:15.519><c> much</c>

00:12:15.750 --> 00:12:15.760 align:start position:0%
three moons, the penumbra is much
 

00:12:15.760 --> 00:12:19.910 align:start position:0%
three moons, the penumbra is much
larger,<00:12:16.639><c> causing</c><00:12:17.120><c> a</c><00:12:17.360><c> blurry</c><00:12:17.920><c> shadow.</c>

00:12:19.910 --> 00:12:19.920 align:start position:0%
larger, causing a blurry shadow.
 

00:12:19.920 --> 00:12:22.790 align:start position:0%
larger, causing a blurry shadow.
And<00:12:20.240><c> in</c><00:12:20.560><c> this</c><00:12:20.800><c> video,</c><00:12:21.600><c> Hubble</c><00:12:22.079><c> spies</c><00:12:22.560><c> the</c>

00:12:22.790 --> 00:12:22.800 align:start position:0%
And in this video, Hubble spies the
 

00:12:22.800 --> 00:12:25.430 align:start position:0%
And in this video, Hubble spies the
occultation<00:12:23.519><c> of</c><00:12:23.760><c> Ganymede,</c><00:12:24.720><c> the</c><00:12:25.040><c> largest</c>

00:12:25.430 --> 00:12:25.440 align:start position:0%
occultation of Ganymede, the largest
 

00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:27.430 align:start position:0%
occultation of Ganymede, the largest
moon<00:12:25.680><c> of</c><00:12:25.920><c> Jupiter.</c>

00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:27.440 align:start position:0%
moon of Jupiter.
 

00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:29.590 align:start position:0%
moon of Jupiter.
Cassini<00:12:28.079><c> saw</c><00:12:28.320><c> some</c><00:12:28.560><c> incredible</c><00:12:29.040><c> transits</c><00:12:29.440><c> and</c>

00:12:29.590 --> 00:12:29.600 align:start position:0%
Cassini saw some incredible transits and
 

00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:32.069 align:start position:0%
Cassini saw some incredible transits and
occultations<00:12:30.160><c> of</c><00:12:30.399><c> Saturn's</c><00:12:30.880><c> many</c><00:12:31.120><c> moons.</c>

00:12:32.069 --> 00:12:32.079 align:start position:0%
occultations of Saturn's many moons.
 

00:12:32.079 --> 00:12:34.790 align:start position:0%
occultations of Saturn's many moons.
Here<00:12:32.399><c> is</c><00:12:32.639><c> one</c><00:12:32.880><c> of</c><00:12:33.120><c> Epimetheus</c><00:12:34.160><c> passing</c><00:12:34.560><c> in</c>

00:12:34.790 --> 00:12:34.800 align:start position:0%
Here is one of Epimetheus passing in
 

00:12:34.800 --> 00:12:37.269 align:start position:0%
Here is one of Epimetheus passing in
front<00:12:34.959><c> of</c><00:12:35.120><c> Titan</c><00:12:35.839><c> with</c><00:12:36.079><c> Dioni</c><00:12:36.639><c> coming</c><00:12:36.800><c> in</c><00:12:37.040><c> from</c>

00:12:37.269 --> 00:12:37.279 align:start position:0%
front of Titan with Dioni coming in from
 

00:12:37.279 --> 00:12:40.069 align:start position:0%
front of Titan with Dioni coming in from
the<00:12:37.440><c> side.</c><00:12:38.560><c> This</c><00:12:38.959><c> little</c><00:12:39.200><c> white</c><00:12:39.519><c> dot</c><00:12:39.839><c> coming</c>

00:12:40.069 --> 00:12:40.079 align:start position:0%
the side. This little white dot coming
 

00:12:40.079 --> 00:12:42.389 align:start position:0%
the side. This little white dot coming
in<00:12:40.240><c> from</c><00:12:40.399><c> the</c><00:12:40.560><c> left</c><00:12:40.959><c> just</c><00:12:41.200><c> under</c><00:12:41.519><c> the</c><00:12:41.760><c> ring</c><00:12:42.160><c> is</c>

00:12:42.389 --> 00:12:42.399 align:start position:0%
in from the left just under the ring is
 

00:12:42.399 --> 00:12:46.150 align:start position:0%
in from the left just under the ring is
in<00:12:42.639><c> fact</c><00:12:42.800><c> a</c><00:12:43.120><c> bright</c><00:12:43.440><c> background</c><00:12:44.000><c> star.</c>

00:12:46.150 --> 00:12:46.160 align:start position:0%
in fact a bright background star.
 

00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:49.509 align:start position:0%
in fact a bright background star.
And<00:12:46.639><c> this</c><00:12:47.040><c> Hubble</c><00:12:47.440><c> view</c><00:12:47.760><c> is</c><00:12:48.160><c> magnificent.</c>

00:12:49.509 --> 00:12:49.519 align:start position:0%
And this Hubble view is magnificent.
 

00:12:49.519 --> 00:12:52.949 align:start position:0%
And this Hubble view is magnificent.
Here<00:12:50.000><c> are</c><00:12:50.240><c> Enceladus,</c><00:12:51.360><c> Mimis,</c><00:12:52.079><c> Dioni,</c><00:12:52.720><c> and</c>

00:12:52.949 --> 00:12:52.959 align:start position:0%
Here are Enceladus, Mimis, Dioni, and
 

00:12:52.959 --> 00:12:55.910 align:start position:0%
Here are Enceladus, Mimis, Dioni, and
Tetis<00:12:53.680><c> orbiting</c><00:12:54.240><c> Saturn.</c>

00:12:55.910 --> 00:12:55.920 align:start position:0%
Tetis orbiting Saturn.
 

00:12:55.920 --> 00:12:58.790 align:start position:0%
Tetis orbiting Saturn.
Once<00:12:56.320><c> every</c><00:12:56.639><c> 15</c><00:12:57.040><c> years,</c><00:12:57.680><c> Saturn's</c><00:12:58.160><c> rings</c><00:12:58.639><c> and</c>

00:12:58.790 --> 00:12:58.800 align:start position:0%
Once every 15 years, Saturn's rings and
 

00:12:58.800 --> 00:13:01.430 align:start position:0%
Once every 15 years, Saturn's rings and
moons<00:12:59.200><c> are</c><00:12:59.360><c> aligned</c><00:12:59.839><c> just</c><00:13:00.240><c> right</c><00:13:00.800><c> so</c><00:13:01.040><c> that</c><00:13:01.200><c> the</c>

00:13:01.430 --> 00:13:01.440 align:start position:0%
moons are aligned just right so that the
 

00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:04.550 align:start position:0%
moons are aligned just right so that the
moon<00:13:01.760><c> shadows</c><00:13:02.480><c> stream</c><00:13:03.120><c> across</c><00:13:03.440><c> the</c><00:13:03.680><c> rings</c><00:13:04.320><c> as</c>

00:13:04.550 --> 00:13:04.560 align:start position:0%
moon shadows stream across the rings as
 

00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:07.350 align:start position:0%
moon shadows stream across the rings as
well<00:13:04.720><c> as</c><00:13:04.880><c> on</c><00:13:05.120><c> the</c><00:13:05.279><c> planet.</c><00:13:06.399><c> This</c><00:13:06.720><c> video</c><00:13:06.959><c> is</c><00:13:07.200><c> a</c>

00:13:07.350 --> 00:13:07.360 align:start position:0%
well as on the planet. This video is a
 

00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:10.629 align:start position:0%
well as on the planet. This video is a
time<00:13:07.680><c> lapse</c><00:13:08.000><c> that</c><00:13:08.240><c> lasted</c><00:13:08.720><c> 9</c><00:13:09.040><c> and</c><00:13:09.200><c> 1/2</c><00:13:09.519><c> hours.</c>

00:13:10.629 --> 00:13:10.639 align:start position:0%
time lapse that lasted 9 and 1/2 hours.
 

00:13:10.639 --> 00:13:13.670 align:start position:0%
time lapse that lasted 9 and 1/2 hours.
Amazing.

00:13:13.670 --> 00:13:13.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:13:13.680 --> 00:13:16.150 align:start position:0%
 
Going<00:13:14.079><c> a</c><00:13:14.320><c> bit</c><00:13:14.480><c> further</c><00:13:14.880><c> out,</c><00:13:15.519><c> we</c><00:13:15.760><c> come</c><00:13:15.920><c> to</c>

00:13:16.150 --> 00:13:16.160 align:start position:0%
Going a bit further out, we come to
 

00:13:16.160 --> 00:13:19.350 align:start position:0%
Going a bit further out, we come to
Neptune<00:13:16.800><c> and</c><00:13:17.120><c> its</c><00:13:17.360><c> biggest</c><00:13:17.680><c> moon,</c><00:13:18.079><c> Triton.</c>

00:13:19.350 --> 00:13:19.360 align:start position:0%
Neptune and its biggest moon, Triton.
 

00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:22.230 align:start position:0%
Neptune and its biggest moon, Triton.
Sadly,<00:13:19.920><c> we</c><00:13:20.160><c> don't</c><00:13:20.320><c> have</c><00:13:20.480><c> a</c><00:13:20.720><c> video,</c><00:13:21.600><c> but</c><00:13:21.920><c> this</c>

00:13:22.230 --> 00:13:22.240 align:start position:0%
Sadly, we don't have a video, but this
 

00:13:22.240 --> 00:13:25.750 align:start position:0%
Sadly, we don't have a video, but this
image<00:13:22.720><c> captured</c><00:13:23.040><c> by</c><00:13:23.200><c> Voyager</c><00:13:23.839><c> 2</c><00:13:24.160><c> is</c><00:13:24.480><c> gorgeous.</c>

00:13:25.750 --> 00:13:25.760 align:start position:0%
image captured by Voyager 2 is gorgeous.
 

00:13:25.760 --> 00:13:28.550 align:start position:0%
image captured by Voyager 2 is gorgeous.
3<00:13:26.079><c> days</c><00:13:26.320><c> after</c><00:13:26.639><c> passing</c><00:13:26.959><c> by</c><00:13:27.279><c> Neptune,</c><00:13:28.000><c> Voyager</c>

00:13:28.550 --> 00:13:28.560 align:start position:0%
3 days after passing by Neptune, Voyager
 

00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:30.230 align:start position:0%
3 days after passing by Neptune, Voyager
was<00:13:28.720><c> able</c><00:13:28.959><c> to</c><00:13:29.120><c> capture</c><00:13:29.440><c> the</c><00:13:29.680><c> presence</c><00:13:30.000><c> of</c>

00:13:30.230 --> 00:13:30.240 align:start position:0%
was able to capture the presence of
 

00:13:30.240 --> 00:13:32.310 align:start position:0%
was able to capture the presence of
Neptune<00:13:30.720><c> and</c><00:13:30.959><c> Triton</c><00:13:31.519><c> before</c><00:13:31.839><c> Neptune</c>

00:13:32.310 --> 00:13:32.320 align:start position:0%
Neptune and Triton before Neptune
 

00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:34.150 align:start position:0%
Neptune and Triton before Neptune
slipped<00:13:32.720><c> in</c><00:13:32.880><c> front</c><00:13:33.040><c> of</c><00:13:33.200><c> Voyager's</c><00:13:33.760><c> view</c><00:13:33.920><c> of</c>

00:13:34.150 --> 00:13:34.160 align:start position:0%
slipped in front of Voyager's view of
 

00:13:34.160 --> 00:13:35.750 align:start position:0%
slipped in front of Voyager's view of
Triton.

00:13:35.750 --> 00:13:35.760 align:start position:0%
Triton.
 

00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:38.069 align:start position:0%
Triton.
Going<00:13:36.079><c> further</c><00:13:36.480><c> out</c><00:13:36.800><c> again,</c><00:13:37.440><c> we</c><00:13:37.680><c> come</c><00:13:37.760><c> to</c><00:13:37.920><c> the</c>

00:13:38.069 --> 00:13:38.079 align:start position:0%
Going further out again, we come to the
 

00:13:38.079 --> 00:13:40.069 align:start position:0%
Going further out again, we come to the
furthest<00:13:38.480><c> celestial</c><00:13:39.040><c> object</c><00:13:39.519><c> explored</c><00:13:39.920><c> in</c>

00:13:40.069 --> 00:13:40.079 align:start position:0%
furthest celestial object explored in
 

00:13:40.079 --> 00:13:43.030 align:start position:0%
furthest celestial object explored in
the<00:13:40.240><c> solar</c><00:13:40.560><c> system,</c><00:13:41.360><c> Pluto.</c>

00:13:43.030 --> 00:13:43.040 align:start position:0%
the solar system, Pluto.
 

00:13:43.040 --> 00:13:45.590 align:start position:0%
the solar system, Pluto.
As<00:13:43.360><c> New</c><00:13:43.600><c> Horizons</c><00:13:44.320><c> whizzed</c><00:13:44.720><c> by</c><00:13:44.959><c> Pluto</c><00:13:45.360><c> in</c>

00:13:45.590 --> 00:13:45.600 align:start position:0%
As New Horizons whizzed by Pluto in
 

00:13:45.600 --> 00:13:48.470 align:start position:0%
As New Horizons whizzed by Pluto in
2015,<00:13:46.560><c> it</c><00:13:46.800><c> turned</c><00:13:47.040><c> its</c><00:13:47.279><c> camera</c><00:13:47.600><c> back</c><00:13:48.000><c> towards</c>

00:13:48.470 --> 00:13:48.480 align:start position:0%
2015, it turned its camera back towards
 

00:13:48.480 --> 00:13:50.790 align:start position:0%
2015, it turned its camera back towards
Pluto<00:13:49.120><c> to</c><00:13:49.360><c> capture</c><00:13:49.680><c> the</c><00:13:49.839><c> dwarf</c><00:13:50.240><c> planet</c>

00:13:50.790 --> 00:13:50.800 align:start position:0%
Pluto to capture the dwarf planet
 

00:13:50.800 --> 00:13:53.910 align:start position:0%
Pluto to capture the dwarf planet
totally<00:13:51.360><c> eclipsing</c><00:13:51.920><c> the</c><00:13:52.160><c> sun.</c><00:13:53.120><c> What</c><00:13:53.360><c> it</c><00:13:53.600><c> saw</c>

00:13:53.910 --> 00:13:53.920 align:start position:0%
totally eclipsing the sun. What it saw
 

00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:57.030 align:start position:0%
totally eclipsing the sun. What it saw
was<00:13:54.320><c> dazzling.</c><00:13:55.519><c> The</c><00:13:55.760><c> sunlight</c><00:13:56.480><c> streaming</c>

00:13:57.030 --> 00:13:57.040 align:start position:0%
was dazzling. The sunlight streaming
 

00:13:57.040 --> 00:13:59.189 align:start position:0%
was dazzling. The sunlight streaming
through<00:13:57.519><c> and</c><00:13:57.920><c> illuminating</c><00:13:58.399><c> the</c><00:13:58.639><c> atmosphere</c>

00:13:59.189 --> 00:13:59.199 align:start position:0%
through and illuminating the atmosphere
 

00:13:59.199 --> 00:14:01.750 align:start position:0%
through and illuminating the atmosphere
and<00:13:59.440><c> its</c><00:13:59.600><c> haze</c><00:14:00.079><c> layers</c><00:14:00.639><c> with</c><00:14:00.800><c> the</c><00:14:01.040><c> ridges</c><00:14:01.440><c> and</c>

00:14:01.750 --> 00:14:01.760 align:start position:0%
and its haze layers with the ridges and
 

00:14:01.760 --> 00:14:04.150 align:start position:0%
and its haze layers with the ridges and
mountains<00:14:02.160><c> on</c><00:14:02.399><c> Pluto's</c><00:14:02.959><c> surface</c><00:14:03.600><c> highlighted</c>

00:14:04.150 --> 00:14:04.160 align:start position:0%
mountains on Pluto's surface highlighted
 

00:14:04.160 --> 00:14:06.550 align:start position:0%
mountains on Pluto's surface highlighted
by<00:14:04.399><c> the</c><00:14:04.639><c> stark</c><00:14:05.120><c> contrast</c><00:14:05.600><c> of</c><00:14:05.760><c> Pluto's</c><00:14:06.240><c> night</c>

00:14:06.550 --> 00:14:06.560 align:start position:0%
by the stark contrast of Pluto's night
 

00:14:06.560 --> 00:14:13.350 align:start position:0%
by the stark contrast of Pluto's night
side.

00:14:13.350 --> 00:14:13.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.910 align:start position:0%
 
Occultations<00:14:14.160><c> and</c><00:14:14.480><c> transits</c><00:14:15.199><c> may</c><00:14:15.519><c> be</c>

00:14:15.910 --> 00:14:15.920 align:start position:0%
Occultations and transits may be
 

00:14:15.920 --> 00:14:18.790 align:start position:0%
Occultations and transits may be
breathtakingly<00:14:16.880><c> beautiful,</c><00:14:17.920><c> but</c><00:14:18.240><c> are</c><00:14:18.560><c> they</c>

00:14:18.790 --> 00:14:18.800 align:start position:0%
breathtakingly beautiful, but are they
 

00:14:18.800 --> 00:14:21.670 align:start position:0%
breathtakingly beautiful, but are they
actually<00:14:19.199><c> useful</c><00:14:19.519><c> to</c><00:14:19.760><c> us</c><00:14:19.920><c> scientifically?</c>

00:14:21.670 --> 00:14:21.680 align:start position:0%
actually useful to us scientifically?
 

00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:24.230 align:start position:0%
actually useful to us scientifically?
Well,<00:14:22.240><c> did</c><00:14:22.480><c> you</c><00:14:22.720><c> know</c><00:14:23.199><c> that</c><00:14:23.440><c> Uranus</c><00:14:24.000><c> was</c>

00:14:24.230 --> 00:14:24.240 align:start position:0%
Well, did you know that Uranus was
 

00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:26.310 align:start position:0%
Well, did you know that Uranus was
discovered<00:14:24.560><c> to</c><00:14:24.720><c> have</c><00:14:24.959><c> rings</c><00:14:25.519><c> because</c><00:14:25.839><c> of</c><00:14:26.079><c> an</c>

00:14:26.310 --> 00:14:26.320 align:start position:0%
discovered to have rings because of an
 

00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:29.590 align:start position:0%
discovered to have rings because of an
occultation<00:14:26.959><c> of</c><00:14:27.199><c> a</c><00:14:27.360><c> background</c><00:14:27.839><c> star?</c><00:14:29.120><c> As</c><00:14:29.360><c> the</c>

00:14:29.590 --> 00:14:29.600 align:start position:0%
occultation of a background star? As the
 

00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:31.350 align:start position:0%
occultation of a background star? As the
planet<00:14:29.920><c> passed</c><00:14:30.160><c> in</c><00:14:30.399><c> front</c><00:14:30.560><c> of</c><00:14:30.639><c> the</c><00:14:30.800><c> star</c><00:14:31.120><c> from</c>

00:14:31.350 --> 00:14:31.360 align:start position:0%
planet passed in front of the star from
 

00:14:31.360 --> 00:14:33.990 align:start position:0%
planet passed in front of the star from
our<00:14:31.680><c> perspective,</c><00:14:32.560><c> the</c><00:14:32.800><c> star</c><00:14:33.120><c> dimmed</c><00:14:33.680><c> before</c>

00:14:33.990 --> 00:14:34.000 align:start position:0%
our perspective, the star dimmed before
 

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:37.269 align:start position:0%
our perspective, the star dimmed before
and<00:14:34.320><c> after</c><00:14:34.560><c> the</c><00:14:34.720><c> planet</c><00:14:35.040><c> obscured</c><00:14:35.600><c> it.</c><00:14:36.959><c> With</c>

00:14:37.269 --> 00:14:37.279 align:start position:0%
and after the planet obscured it. With
 

00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:39.430 align:start position:0%
and after the planet obscured it. With
this<00:14:37.519><c> information,</c><00:14:38.240><c> we</c><00:14:38.480><c> are</c><00:14:38.639><c> able</c><00:14:38.880><c> to</c><00:14:39.040><c> count</c>

00:14:39.430 --> 00:14:39.440 align:start position:0%
this information, we are able to count
 

00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:42.550 align:start position:0%
this information, we are able to count
how<00:14:39.760><c> many</c><00:14:40.000><c> rings</c><00:14:40.399><c> Uranus</c><00:14:40.959><c> has.</c><00:14:42.079><c> On</c><00:14:42.320><c> top</c><00:14:42.480><c> of</c>

00:14:42.550 --> 00:14:42.560 align:start position:0%
how many rings Uranus has. On top of
 

00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:45.110 align:start position:0%
how many rings Uranus has. On top of
that,<00:14:43.120><c> the</c><00:14:43.440><c> transits</c><00:14:43.920><c> of</c><00:14:44.000><c> exoplanets</c><00:14:44.880><c> in</c>

00:14:45.110 --> 00:14:45.120 align:start position:0%
that, the transits of exoplanets in
 

00:14:45.120 --> 00:14:47.269 align:start position:0%
that, the transits of exoplanets in
front<00:14:45.199><c> of</c><00:14:45.360><c> their</c><00:14:45.600><c> stars</c><00:14:46.079><c> are</c><00:14:46.480><c> actually</c><00:14:46.800><c> how</c><00:14:47.120><c> we</c>

00:14:47.269 --> 00:14:47.279 align:start position:0%
front of their stars are actually how we
 

00:14:47.279 --> 00:14:50.470 align:start position:0%
front of their stars are actually how we
can<00:14:47.440><c> detect</c><00:14:47.920><c> exoplanets.</c><00:14:49.279><c> Telescopes</c><00:14:50.079><c> like</c>

00:14:50.470 --> 00:14:50.480 align:start position:0%
can detect exoplanets. Telescopes like
 

00:14:50.480 --> 00:14:52.870 align:start position:0%
can detect exoplanets. Telescopes like
Kepler<00:14:51.040><c> and</c><00:14:51.360><c> TESS</c><00:14:52.000><c> measure</c><00:14:52.399><c> the</c><00:14:52.560><c> brightness</c>

00:14:52.870 --> 00:14:52.880 align:start position:0%
Kepler and TESS measure the brightness
 

00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:56.470 align:start position:0%
Kepler and TESS measure the brightness
of<00:14:53.120><c> stars</c><00:14:53.440><c> in</c><00:14:53.600><c> the</c><00:14:53.760><c> sky.</c><00:14:54.720><c> If</c><00:14:54.959><c> a</c><00:14:55.199><c> star</c><00:14:55.519><c> dims,</c><00:14:56.240><c> it</c>

00:14:56.470 --> 00:14:56.480 align:start position:0%
of stars in the sky. If a star dims, it
 

00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:59.030 align:start position:0%
of stars in the sky. If a star dims, it
could<00:14:56.720><c> be</c><00:14:56.959><c> because</c><00:14:57.519><c> one</c><00:14:57.760><c> of</c><00:14:57.920><c> its</c><00:14:58.160><c> planets</c><00:14:58.720><c> just</c>

00:14:59.030 --> 00:14:59.040 align:start position:0%
could be because one of its planets just
 

00:14:59.040 --> 00:15:01.670 align:start position:0%
could be because one of its planets just
passed<00:14:59.440><c> in</c><00:14:59.600><c> front</c><00:14:59.760><c> of</c><00:14:59.920><c> it.</c><00:15:00.800><c> If</c><00:15:01.040><c> the</c><00:15:01.279><c> star</c>

00:15:01.670 --> 00:15:01.680 align:start position:0%
passed in front of it. If the star
 

00:15:01.680 --> 00:15:04.150 align:start position:0%
passed in front of it. If the star
continually<00:15:02.399><c> dims</c><00:15:02.800><c> in</c><00:15:02.959><c> a</c><00:15:03.120><c> pattern,</c><00:15:03.920><c> for</c>

00:15:04.150 --> 00:15:04.160 align:start position:0%
continually dims in a pattern, for
 

00:15:04.160 --> 00:15:07.350 align:start position:0%
continually dims in a pattern, for
instance,<00:15:04.639><c> once</c><00:15:05.040><c> every</c><00:15:05.440><c> 100</c><00:15:06.000><c> days,</c><00:15:06.800><c> then</c><00:15:07.120><c> we</c>

00:15:07.350 --> 00:15:07.360 align:start position:0%
instance, once every 100 days, then we
 

00:15:07.360 --> 00:15:09.910 align:start position:0%
instance, once every 100 days, then we
know<00:15:07.519><c> that</c><00:15:07.760><c> a</c><00:15:08.000><c> planet</c><00:15:08.320><c> orbits</c><00:15:08.800><c> that</c><00:15:09.040><c> star</c><00:15:09.600><c> and</c>

00:15:09.910 --> 00:15:09.920 align:start position:0%
know that a planet orbits that star and
 

00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:13.269 align:start position:0%
know that a planet orbits that star and
takes<00:15:10.399><c> 100</c><00:15:10.959><c> days</c><00:15:11.199><c> to</c><00:15:11.360><c> do</c><00:15:11.600><c> so.</c><00:15:12.639><c> Using</c><00:15:13.040><c> this</c>

00:15:13.269 --> 00:15:13.279 align:start position:0%
takes 100 days to do so. Using this
 

00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.590 align:start position:0%
takes 100 days to do so. Using this
method,<00:15:13.920><c> space</c><00:15:14.240><c> agencies</c><00:15:14.800><c> like</c><00:15:14.959><c> NASA</c><00:15:15.440><c> have</c>

00:15:15.590 --> 00:15:15.600 align:start position:0%
method, space agencies like NASA have
 

00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:18.629 align:start position:0%
method, space agencies like NASA have
discovered<00:15:16.079><c> over</c><00:15:16.399><c> 3,000</c><00:15:17.199><c> exoplanets,</c><00:15:18.399><c> more</c>

00:15:18.629 --> 00:15:18.639 align:start position:0%
discovered over 3,000 exoplanets, more
 

00:15:18.639 --> 00:15:20.870 align:start position:0%
discovered over 3,000 exoplanets, more
than<00:15:19.040><c> all</c><00:15:19.360><c> other</c><00:15:19.680><c> methods</c><00:15:20.079><c> of</c><00:15:20.240><c> exoplanet</c>

00:15:20.870 --> 00:15:20.880 align:start position:0%
than all other methods of exoplanet
 

00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:23.910 align:start position:0%
than all other methods of exoplanet
detection<00:15:21.360><c> combined.</c><00:15:22.800><c> It</c><00:15:23.120><c> can</c><00:15:23.279><c> even</c><00:15:23.600><c> help</c>

00:15:23.910 --> 00:15:23.920 align:start position:0%
detection combined. It can even help
 

00:15:23.920 --> 00:15:25.670 align:start position:0%
detection combined. It can even help
scientists<00:15:24.399><c> calculate</c><00:15:24.880><c> the</c><00:15:25.120><c> size</c><00:15:25.360><c> of</c><00:15:25.519><c> the</c>

00:15:25.670 --> 00:15:25.680 align:start position:0%
scientists calculate the size of the
 

00:15:25.680 --> 00:15:27.910 align:start position:0%
scientists calculate the size of the
planet<00:15:26.160><c> by</c><00:15:26.480><c> measuring</c><00:15:26.959><c> how</c><00:15:27.199><c> much</c><00:15:27.360><c> the</c><00:15:27.600><c> star</c>

00:15:27.910 --> 00:15:27.920 align:start position:0%
planet by measuring how much the star
 

00:15:27.920 --> 00:15:29.910 align:start position:0%
planet by measuring how much the star
dimmed<00:15:28.399><c> or</c><00:15:28.720><c> the</c><00:15:28.959><c> composition</c><00:15:29.519><c> of</c><00:15:29.680><c> that</c>

00:15:29.910 --> 00:15:29.920 align:start position:0%
dimmed or the composition of that
 

00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:31.910 align:start position:0%
dimmed or the composition of that
planet's<00:15:30.320><c> atmosphere</c><00:15:31.040><c> by</c><00:15:31.360><c> looking</c><00:15:31.519><c> at</c><00:15:31.760><c> the</c>

00:15:31.910 --> 00:15:31.920 align:start position:0%
planet's atmosphere by looking at the
 

00:15:31.920 --> 00:15:34.230 align:start position:0%
planet's atmosphere by looking at the
spectra<00:15:32.399><c> of</c><00:15:32.560><c> the</c><00:15:32.720><c> light</c><00:15:33.040><c> that</c><00:15:33.279><c> passes</c><00:15:33.680><c> through</c>

00:15:34.230 --> 00:15:34.240 align:start position:0%
spectra of the light that passes through
 

00:15:34.240 --> 00:15:41.030 align:start position:0%
spectra of the light that passes through
from<00:15:34.480><c> the</c><00:15:34.720><c> star</c><00:15:35.199><c> to</c><00:15:35.440><c> us.</c>

00:15:41.030 --> 00:15:41.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:15:41.040 --> 00:15:43.430 align:start position:0%
 
It<00:15:41.360><c> might</c><00:15:41.600><c> be</c><00:15:41.920><c> some</c><00:15:42.240><c> time</c><00:15:42.560><c> before</c><00:15:42.880><c> we</c><00:15:43.120><c> see</c><00:15:43.279><c> a</c>

00:15:43.430 --> 00:15:43.440 align:start position:0%
It might be some time before we see a
 

00:15:43.440 --> 00:15:45.910 align:start position:0%
It might be some time before we see a
solar<00:15:43.760><c> eclipse</c><00:15:44.240><c> again.</c><00:15:45.040><c> After</c><00:15:45.279><c> the</c><00:15:45.519><c> one</c><00:15:45.680><c> in</c>

00:15:45.910 --> 00:15:45.920 align:start position:0%
solar eclipse again. After the one in
 

00:15:45.920 --> 00:15:47.750 align:start position:0%
solar eclipse again. After the one in
April,<00:15:46.560><c> the</c><00:15:46.800><c> next</c><00:15:47.040><c> eclipse</c><00:15:47.140><c> [music]</c><00:15:47.440><c> won't</c>

00:15:47.750 --> 00:15:47.760 align:start position:0%
April, the next eclipse [music] won't
 

00:15:47.760 --> 00:15:50.949 align:start position:0%
April, the next eclipse [music] won't
happen<00:15:47.920><c> in</c><00:15:48.240><c> America</c><00:15:48.720><c> until</c><00:15:49.279><c> 2044.</c>

00:15:50.949 --> 00:15:50.959 align:start position:0%
happen in America until 2044.
 

00:15:50.959 --> 00:15:53.749 align:start position:0%
happen in America until 2044.
Here<00:15:51.360><c> in</c><00:15:51.519><c> the</c><00:15:51.680><c> UK,</c><00:15:52.240><c> the</c><00:15:52.560><c> next</c><00:15:52.800><c> one</c><00:15:53.120><c> won't</c><00:15:53.440><c> occur</c>

00:15:53.749 --> 00:15:53.759 align:start position:0%
Here in the UK, the next one won't occur
 

00:15:53.759 --> 00:15:55.910 align:start position:0%
Here in the UK, the next one won't occur
until<00:15:54.399><c> 2090.</c>

00:15:55.910 --> 00:15:55.920 align:start position:0%
until 2090.
 

00:15:55.920 --> 00:15:58.150 align:start position:0%
until 2090.
If<00:15:56.160><c> I</c><00:15:56.320><c> live</c><00:15:56.560><c> to</c><00:15:56.720><c> see</c><00:15:56.880><c> it,</c><00:15:57.120><c> I</c><00:15:57.360><c> will</c><00:15:57.519><c> be</c><00:15:57.759><c> a</c><00:15:57.920><c> very</c>

00:15:58.150 --> 00:15:58.160 align:start position:0%
If I live to see it, I will be a very
 

00:15:58.160 --> 00:16:01.749 align:start position:0%
If I live to see it, I will be a very
old<00:15:58.480><c> man.</c><00:15:59.680><c> But</c><00:15:59.839><c> I'm</c><00:16:00.160><c> amazed</c><00:16:00.639><c> as</c><00:16:00.959><c> I</c><00:16:01.120><c> see</c><00:16:01.360><c> all</c><00:16:01.600><c> of</c>

00:16:01.749 --> 00:16:01.759 align:start position:0%
old man. But I'm amazed as I see all of
 

00:16:01.759 --> 00:16:03.670 align:start position:0%
old man. But I'm amazed as I see all of
the<00:16:02.000><c> images</c><00:16:02.240><c> of</c><00:16:02.480><c> eclipses</c><00:16:02.959><c> that</c><00:16:03.199><c> take</c><00:16:03.440><c> place</c>

00:16:03.670 --> 00:16:03.680 align:start position:0%
the images of eclipses that take place
 

00:16:03.680 --> 00:16:05.829 align:start position:0%
the images of eclipses that take place
throughout<00:16:04.079><c> the</c><00:16:04.240><c> solar</c><00:16:04.560><c> system.</c><00:16:05.360><c> There's</c><00:16:05.680><c> a</c>

00:16:05.829 --> 00:16:05.839 align:start position:0%
throughout the solar system. There's a
 

00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:08.230 align:start position:0%
throughout the solar system. There's a
special<00:16:06.320><c> beauty</c><00:16:06.639><c> to</c><00:16:06.959><c> each</c><00:16:07.120><c> one</c><00:16:07.360><c> of</c><00:16:07.440><c> them.</c><00:16:08.079><c> A</c>

00:16:08.230 --> 00:16:08.240 align:start position:0%
special beauty to each one of them. A
 

00:16:08.240 --> 00:16:11.110 align:start position:0%
special beauty to each one of them. A
fleeting<00:16:08.720><c> moment</c><00:16:09.120><c> where</c><00:16:09.519><c> one</c><00:16:09.920><c> celestial</c><00:16:10.560><c> body</c>

00:16:11.110 --> 00:16:11.120 align:start position:0%
fleeting moment where one celestial body
 

00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:13.910 align:start position:0%
fleeting moment where one celestial body
brushes<00:16:11.600><c> lightly</c><00:16:12.079><c> against</c><00:16:12.480><c> another,</c><00:16:13.360><c> even</c><00:16:13.680><c> if</c>

00:16:13.910 --> 00:16:13.920 align:start position:0%
brushes lightly against another, even if
 

00:16:13.920 --> 00:16:16.550 align:start position:0%
brushes lightly against another, even if
it's<00:16:14.240><c> only</c><00:16:14.560><c> through</c><00:16:14.800><c> their</c><00:16:15.040><c> shadows.</c><00:16:16.240><c> rather</c>

00:16:16.550 --> 00:16:16.560 align:start position:0%
it's only through their shadows. rather
 

00:16:16.560 --> 00:16:19.430 align:start position:0%
it's only through their shadows. rather
than<00:16:16.959><c> harbingers</c><00:16:17.600><c> of</c><00:16:17.759><c> doom.</c><00:16:18.720><c> These</c><00:16:19.040><c> moments</c>

00:16:19.430 --> 00:16:19.440 align:start position:0%
than harbingers of doom. These moments
 

00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:22.150 align:start position:0%
than harbingers of doom. These moments
fill<00:16:19.759><c> me</c><00:16:20.000><c> with</c><00:16:20.320><c> awe</c><00:16:20.959><c> and</c><00:16:21.199><c> remind</c><00:16:21.519><c> me</c><00:16:21.839><c> how</c>

00:16:22.150 --> 00:16:22.160 align:start position:0%
fill me with awe and remind me how
 

00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:25.269 align:start position:0%
fill me with awe and remind me how
connected<00:16:22.560><c> the</c><00:16:22.800><c> universe</c><00:16:23.279><c> is.</c><00:16:24.320><c> Even</c><00:16:24.639><c> across</c>

00:16:25.269 --> 00:16:25.279 align:start position:0%
connected the universe is. Even across
 

00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:28.310 align:start position:0%
connected the universe is. Even across
thousands,<00:16:26.240><c> millions,</c><00:16:26.959><c> or</c><00:16:27.199><c> even</c><00:16:27.680><c> billions</c><00:16:28.160><c> of</c>

00:16:28.310 --> 00:16:28.320 align:start position:0%
thousands, millions, or even billions of
 

00:16:28.320 --> 00:16:30.870 align:start position:0%
thousands, millions, or even billions of
kilometers<00:16:28.800><c> of</c><00:16:29.040><c> space,</c><00:16:29.839><c> we</c><00:16:30.079><c> can</c><00:16:30.240><c> notice</c><00:16:30.560><c> a</c>

00:16:30.870 --> 00:16:30.880 align:start position:0%
kilometers of space, we can notice a
 

00:16:30.880 --> 00:16:33.590 align:start position:0%
kilometers of space, we can notice a
planet's<00:16:31.279><c> passing.</c><00:16:32.560><c> And</c><00:16:32.880><c> if</c><00:16:33.120><c> you're</c><00:16:33.279><c> in</c><00:16:33.440><c> the</c>

00:16:33.590 --> 00:16:33.600 align:start position:0%
planet's passing. And if you're in the
 

00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:36.150 align:start position:0%
planet's passing. And if you're in the
right<00:16:33.759><c> place</c><00:16:34.079><c> at</c><00:16:34.320><c> the</c><00:16:34.480><c> right</c><00:16:34.639><c> time,</c><00:16:35.360><c> oh,</c><00:16:35.839><c> what</c>

00:16:36.150 --> 00:16:36.160 align:start position:0%
right place at the right time, oh, what
 

00:16:36.160 --> 00:16:41.509 align:start position:0%
right place at the right time, oh, what
wonders<00:16:36.560><c> you</c><00:16:36.800><c> can</c><00:16:37.040><c> see.</c>

00:16:41.509 --> 00:16:41.519 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:43.509 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:16:41.759><c> may</c><00:16:41.920><c> have</c><00:16:42.079><c> heard</c><00:16:42.320><c> many</c><00:16:42.720><c> news</c><00:16:42.959><c> stories</c>

00:16:43.509 --> 00:16:43.519 align:start position:0%
You may have heard many news stories
 

00:16:43.519 --> 00:16:45.829 align:start position:0%
You may have heard many news stories
about<00:16:44.000><c> all</c><00:16:44.240><c> the</c><00:16:44.480><c> thousands</c><00:16:44.959><c> of</c><00:16:45.120><c> exoplanets</c>

00:16:45.829 --> 00:16:45.839 align:start position:0%
about all the thousands of exoplanets
 

00:16:45.839 --> 00:16:47.430 align:start position:0%
about all the thousands of exoplanets
that<00:16:46.000><c> have</c><00:16:46.240><c> been</c><00:16:46.399><c> discovered</c><00:16:46.880><c> using</c><00:16:47.199><c> the</c>

00:16:47.430 --> 00:16:47.440 align:start position:0%
that have been discovered using the
 

00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:49.749 align:start position:0%
that have been discovered using the
Kepler<00:16:47.920><c> telescope.</c>

00:16:49.749 --> 00:16:49.759 align:start position:0%
Kepler telescope.
 

00:16:49.759 --> 00:16:53.430 align:start position:0%
Kepler telescope.
As<00:16:50.000><c> of</c><00:16:50.160><c> the</c><00:16:50.320><c> 1st</c><00:16:50.639><c> of</c><00:16:50.800><c> July</c><00:16:51.519><c> 2018,</c><00:16:52.639><c> Kepler</c><00:16:53.199><c> has</c>

00:16:53.430 --> 00:16:53.440 align:start position:0%
As of the 1st of July 2018, Kepler has
 

00:16:53.440 --> 00:16:57.670 align:start position:0%
As of the 1st of July 2018, Kepler has
confirmed<00:16:53.759><c> the</c><00:16:54.000><c> existence</c><00:16:54.560><c> of</c><00:16:54.959><c> 3,797</c>

00:16:57.670 --> 00:16:57.680 align:start position:0%
confirmed the existence of 3,797
 

00:16:57.680 --> 00:17:00.710 align:start position:0%
confirmed the existence of 3,797
planets<00:16:58.399><c> in</c><00:16:58.800><c> 2,841</c>

00:17:00.710 --> 00:17:00.720 align:start position:0%
planets in 2,841
 

00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:04.789 align:start position:0%
planets in 2,841
star<00:17:01.040><c> systems</c><00:17:02.000><c> with</c><00:17:02.320><c> 632</c><00:17:03.600><c> systems</c><00:17:04.400><c> having</c>

00:17:04.789 --> 00:17:04.799 align:start position:0%
star systems with 632 systems having
 

00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:07.270 align:start position:0%
star systems with 632 systems having
more<00:17:05.120><c> than</c><00:17:05.280><c> one</c><00:17:05.520><c> planet.</c><00:17:06.480><c> But</c><00:17:06.720><c> are</c><00:17:06.880><c> any</c><00:17:07.120><c> of</c>

00:17:07.270 --> 00:17:07.280 align:start position:0%
more than one planet. But are any of
 

00:17:07.280 --> 00:17:09.590 align:start position:0%
more than one planet. But are any of
these<00:17:07.520><c> planets</c><00:17:07.919><c> habitable?</c><00:17:09.039><c> What</c><00:17:09.280><c> are</c><00:17:09.439><c> the</c>

00:17:09.590 --> 00:17:09.600 align:start position:0%
these planets habitable? What are the
 

00:17:09.600 --> 00:17:11.750 align:start position:0%
these planets habitable? What are the
chances<00:17:09.919><c> of</c><00:17:10.240><c> life</c><00:17:10.559><c> being</c><00:17:10.880><c> found</c><00:17:11.120><c> outside</c><00:17:11.520><c> of</c>

00:17:11.750 --> 00:17:11.760 align:start position:0%
chances of life being found outside of
 

00:17:11.760 --> 00:17:14.710 align:start position:0%
chances of life being found outside of
Earth?<00:17:12.559><c> Are</c><00:17:12.799><c> we</c><00:17:12.959><c> alone</c><00:17:13.199><c> in</c><00:17:13.439><c> this</c><00:17:13.679><c> universe?</c><00:17:14.480><c> Or</c>

00:17:14.710 --> 00:17:14.720 align:start position:0%
Earth? Are we alone in this universe? Or
 

00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:16.549 align:start position:0%
Earth? Are we alone in this universe? Or
can<00:17:14.959><c> life</c><00:17:15.280><c> be</c><00:17:15.439><c> more</c><00:17:15.679><c> prevalent</c><00:17:16.160><c> than</c><00:17:16.319><c> we</c>

00:17:16.549 --> 00:17:16.559 align:start position:0%
can life be more prevalent than we
 

00:17:16.559 --> 00:17:18.789 align:start position:0%
can life be more prevalent than we
think?<00:17:17.199><c> And</c><00:17:17.360><c> if</c><00:17:17.520><c> there</c><00:17:17.679><c> is</c><00:17:17.839><c> life,</c><00:17:18.480><c> where</c><00:17:18.640><c> can</c>

00:17:18.789 --> 00:17:18.799 align:start position:0%
think? And if there is life, where can
 

00:17:18.799 --> 00:17:21.750 align:start position:0%
think? And if there is life, where can
it<00:17:19.039><c> be</c><00:17:19.199><c> found?</c><00:17:20.160><c> I'm</c><00:17:20.400><c> Alex</c><00:17:20.799><c> Mccoan</c><00:17:21.360><c> and</c><00:17:21.520><c> you're</c>

00:17:21.750 --> 00:17:21.760 align:start position:0%
it be found? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
 

00:17:21.760 --> 00:17:23.750 align:start position:0%
it be found? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
watching<00:17:22.079><c> Astramm.</c><00:17:22.799><c> And</c><00:17:22.959><c> together</c><00:17:23.360><c> we</c><00:17:23.600><c> will</c>

00:17:23.750 --> 00:17:23.760 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. And together we will
 

00:17:23.760 --> 00:17:25.990 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. And together we will
explore<00:17:24.240><c> known</c><00:17:24.640><c> exoplanets</c><00:17:25.360><c> in</c><00:17:25.600><c> the</c><00:17:25.760><c> Milky</c>

00:17:25.990 --> 00:17:26.000 align:start position:0%
explore known exoplanets in the Milky
 

00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:28.549 align:start position:0%
explore known exoplanets in the Milky
Way<00:17:26.240><c> galaxy</c><00:17:27.120><c> to</c><00:17:27.360><c> see</c><00:17:27.520><c> if</c><00:17:27.760><c> any</c><00:17:28.000><c> of</c><00:17:28.160><c> them</c><00:17:28.400><c> have</c>

00:17:28.549 --> 00:17:28.559 align:start position:0%
Way galaxy to see if any of them have
 

00:17:28.559 --> 00:17:31.430 align:start position:0%
Way galaxy to see if any of them have
the<00:17:28.799><c> potential</c><00:17:29.200><c> to</c><00:17:29.440><c> harbor</c><00:17:29.840><c> life.</c>

00:17:31.430 --> 00:17:31.440 align:start position:0%
the potential to harbor life.
 

00:17:31.440 --> 00:17:33.590 align:start position:0%
the potential to harbor life.
Now,<00:17:31.679><c> we've</c><00:17:32.000><c> not</c><00:17:32.320><c> been</c><00:17:32.559><c> able</c><00:17:32.880><c> to</c><00:17:33.120><c> actually</c>

00:17:33.590 --> 00:17:33.600 align:start position:0%
Now, we've not been able to actually
 

00:17:33.600 --> 00:17:37.430 align:start position:0%
Now, we've not been able to actually
image<00:17:34.160><c> exoplanets</c><00:17:34.960><c> in</c><00:17:35.280><c> any</c><00:17:35.520><c> kind</c><00:17:35.679><c> of</c><00:17:35.919><c> detail.</c>

00:17:37.430 --> 00:17:37.440 align:start position:0%
image exoplanets in any kind of detail.
 

00:17:37.440 --> 00:17:40.070 align:start position:0%
image exoplanets in any kind of detail.
In<00:17:37.679><c> fact,</c><00:17:38.160><c> this</c><00:17:38.400><c> is</c><00:17:38.559><c> the</c><00:17:38.799><c> clearest</c><00:17:39.360><c> real</c><00:17:39.760><c> image</c>

00:17:40.070 --> 00:17:40.080 align:start position:0%
In fact, this is the clearest real image
 

00:17:40.080 --> 00:17:43.669 align:start position:0%
In fact, this is the clearest real image
we<00:17:40.400><c> have</c><00:17:40.480><c> of</c><00:17:40.720><c> an</c><00:17:40.880><c> exoplanet</c><00:17:41.919><c> taken</c><00:17:42.320><c> by</c><00:17:42.720><c> ESO's</c>

00:17:43.669 --> 00:17:43.679 align:start position:0%
we have of an exoplanet taken by ESO's
 

00:17:43.679 --> 00:17:46.549 align:start position:0%
we have of an exoplanet taken by ESO's
very<00:17:44.080><c> large</c><00:17:44.480><c> telescope.</c><00:17:45.600><c> Which</c><00:17:45.840><c> may</c><00:17:46.080><c> make</c><00:17:46.320><c> you</c>

00:17:46.549 --> 00:17:46.559 align:start position:0%
very large telescope. Which may make you
 

00:17:46.559 --> 00:17:49.110 align:start position:0%
very large telescope. Which may make you
question,<00:17:47.520><c> if</c><00:17:47.760><c> this</c><00:17:48.000><c> is</c><00:17:48.160><c> the</c><00:17:48.400><c> best</c><00:17:48.640><c> image</c><00:17:48.960><c> of</c>

00:17:49.110 --> 00:17:49.120 align:start position:0%
question, if this is the best image of
 

00:17:49.120 --> 00:17:51.590 align:start position:0%
question, if this is the best image of
an<00:17:49.280><c> exoplanet</c><00:17:50.000><c> we</c><00:17:50.320><c> have,</c><00:17:51.039><c> how</c><00:17:51.280><c> can</c><00:17:51.440><c> we</c>

00:17:51.590 --> 00:17:51.600 align:start position:0%
an exoplanet we have, how can we
 

00:17:51.600 --> 00:17:53.909 align:start position:0%
an exoplanet we have, how can we
discover<00:17:52.000><c> exoplanets?</c><00:17:53.120><c> And</c><00:17:53.280><c> how</c><00:17:53.440><c> do</c><00:17:53.520><c> we</c><00:17:53.679><c> know</c>

00:17:53.909 --> 00:17:53.919 align:start position:0%
discover exoplanets? And how do we know
 

00:17:53.919 --> 00:17:56.549 align:start position:0%
discover exoplanets? And how do we know
life<00:17:54.240><c> could</c><00:17:54.480><c> be</c><00:17:54.559><c> on</c><00:17:54.799><c> one?</c><00:17:55.840><c> To</c><00:17:56.080><c> answer</c><00:17:56.320><c> the</c>

00:17:56.549 --> 00:17:56.559 align:start position:0%
life could be on one? To answer the
 

00:17:56.559 --> 00:17:58.710 align:start position:0%
life could be on one? To answer the
first<00:17:56.799><c> question,</c><00:17:57.520><c> we</c><00:17:57.760><c> have</c><00:17:57.840><c> to</c><00:17:58.080><c> look</c><00:17:58.320><c> at</c><00:17:58.480><c> how</c>

00:17:58.710 --> 00:17:58.720 align:start position:0%
first question, we have to look at how
 

00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:01.990 align:start position:0%
first question, we have to look at how
Kepler<00:17:59.280><c> worked.</c><00:18:00.320><c> Kepler</c><00:18:00.799><c> is</c><00:18:00.960><c> a</c><00:18:01.200><c> space</c><00:18:01.600><c> probe</c>

00:18:01.990 --> 00:18:02.000 align:start position:0%
Kepler worked. Kepler is a space probe
 

00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:05.750 align:start position:0%
Kepler worked. Kepler is a space probe
which<00:18:02.320><c> constantly</c><00:18:02.880><c> monitored</c><00:18:03.520><c> about</c><00:18:04.720><c> 150,000</c>

00:18:05.750 --> 00:18:05.760 align:start position:0%
which constantly monitored about 150,000
 

00:18:05.760 --> 00:18:08.789 align:start position:0%
which constantly monitored about 150,000
stars<00:18:06.480><c> in</c><00:18:06.720><c> a</c><00:18:06.880><c> fixed</c><00:18:07.280><c> field</c><00:18:07.600><c> of</c><00:18:07.760><c> view</c><00:18:08.160><c> using</c><00:18:08.559><c> its</c>

00:18:08.789 --> 00:18:08.799 align:start position:0%
stars in a fixed field of view using its
 

00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:11.350 align:start position:0%
stars in a fixed field of view using its
camera.<00:18:09.679><c> The</c><00:18:09.919><c> field</c><00:18:10.160><c> of</c><00:18:10.320><c> view</c><00:18:10.559><c> focuses</c><00:18:11.039><c> on</c><00:18:11.200><c> a</c>

00:18:11.350 --> 00:18:11.360 align:start position:0%
camera. The field of view focuses on a
 

00:18:11.360 --> 00:18:13.430 align:start position:0%
camera. The field of view focuses on a
patch<00:18:11.600><c> of</c><00:18:11.840><c> sky</c><00:18:12.160><c> near</c><00:18:12.480><c> the</c><00:18:12.640><c> constellation</c>

00:18:13.430 --> 00:18:13.440 align:start position:0%
patch of sky near the constellation
 

00:18:13.440 --> 00:18:17.430 align:start position:0%
patch of sky near the constellation
signis.<00:18:14.880><c> This</c><00:18:15.120><c> is</c><00:18:15.280><c> what</c><00:18:15.520><c> Kepler</c><00:18:16.000><c> can</c><00:18:16.160><c> see.</c><00:18:17.120><c> The</c>

00:18:17.430 --> 00:18:17.440 align:start position:0%
signis. This is what Kepler can see. The
 

00:18:17.440 --> 00:18:19.990 align:start position:0%
signis. This is what Kepler can see. The
data<00:18:17.679><c> it</c><00:18:18.000><c> collects</c><00:18:18.640><c> is</c><00:18:18.880><c> sent</c><00:18:19.120><c> to</c><00:18:19.280><c> Earth</c><00:18:19.679><c> and</c>

00:18:19.990 --> 00:18:20.000 align:start position:0%
data it collects is sent to Earth and
 

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:22.150 align:start position:0%
data it collects is sent to Earth and
analyzed<00:18:20.559><c> to</c><00:18:20.720><c> see</c><00:18:20.880><c> if</c><00:18:21.039><c> any</c><00:18:21.360><c> stars</c><00:18:21.760><c> dim</c>

00:18:22.150 --> 00:18:22.160 align:start position:0%
analyzed to see if any stars dim
 

00:18:22.160 --> 00:18:24.710 align:start position:0%
analyzed to see if any stars dim
periodically.

00:18:24.710 --> 00:18:24.720 align:start position:0%
periodically.
 

00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:27.430 align:start position:0%
periodically.
You<00:18:24.960><c> see,</c><00:18:25.360><c> the</c><00:18:25.600><c> concept</c><00:18:26.000><c> is</c><00:18:26.559><c> if</c><00:18:26.799><c> a</c><00:18:27.039><c> star's</c>

00:18:27.430 --> 00:18:27.440 align:start position:0%
You see, the concept is if a star's
 

00:18:27.440 --> 00:18:30.070 align:start position:0%
You see, the concept is if a star's
planet<00:18:27.919><c> passes</c><00:18:28.320><c> in</c><00:18:28.559><c> front</c><00:18:28.720><c> of</c><00:18:28.960><c> Kepler's</c><00:18:29.520><c> view,</c>

00:18:30.070 --> 00:18:30.080 align:start position:0%
planet passes in front of Kepler's view,
 

00:18:30.080 --> 00:18:32.870 align:start position:0%
planet passes in front of Kepler's view,
the<00:18:30.320><c> star</c><00:18:30.559><c> will</c><00:18:30.799><c> dim.</c><00:18:31.600><c> If</c><00:18:31.760><c> it</c><00:18:32.000><c> dims,</c><00:18:32.640><c> for</c>

00:18:32.870 --> 00:18:32.880 align:start position:0%
the star will dim. If it dims, for
 

00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:35.830 align:start position:0%
the star will dim. If it dims, for
instance,<00:18:33.360><c> once</c><00:18:33.760><c> every</c><00:18:34.160><c> 100</c><00:18:34.640><c> days,</c><00:18:35.360><c> we</c><00:18:35.679><c> can</c>

00:18:35.830 --> 00:18:35.840 align:start position:0%
instance, once every 100 days, we can
 

00:18:35.840 --> 00:18:38.070 align:start position:0%
instance, once every 100 days, we can
confirm<00:18:36.240><c> that</c><00:18:36.480><c> it</c><00:18:36.640><c> is</c><00:18:36.799><c> a</c><00:18:36.960><c> planet</c><00:18:37.360><c> and</c><00:18:37.600><c> it</c><00:18:37.760><c> takes</c>

00:18:38.070 --> 00:18:38.080 align:start position:0%
confirm that it is a planet and it takes
 

00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:40.789 align:start position:0%
confirm that it is a planet and it takes
100<00:18:38.559><c> days</c><00:18:38.799><c> to</c><00:18:39.039><c> orbit.</c>

00:18:40.789 --> 00:18:40.799 align:start position:0%
100 days to orbit.
 

00:18:40.799 --> 00:18:42.470 align:start position:0%
100 days to orbit.
Kepler<00:18:41.280><c> is</c><00:18:41.520><c> really</c><00:18:41.760><c> good</c><00:18:41.919><c> at</c><00:18:42.160><c> finding</c>

00:18:42.470 --> 00:18:42.480 align:start position:0%
Kepler is really good at finding
 

00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:43.990 align:start position:0%
Kepler is really good at finding
exoplanets.

00:18:43.990 --> 00:18:44.000 align:start position:0%
exoplanets.
 

00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:46.710 align:start position:0%
exoplanets.
Before<00:18:44.480><c> Kepler</c><00:18:44.960><c> came</c><00:18:45.120><c> into</c><00:18:45.440><c> operation,</c><00:18:46.400><c> these</c>

00:18:46.710 --> 00:18:46.720 align:start position:0%
Before Kepler came into operation, these
 

00:18:46.720 --> 00:18:49.270 align:start position:0%
Before Kepler came into operation, these
were<00:18:46.880><c> the</c><00:18:47.039><c> exoplanets</c><00:18:47.679><c> we</c><00:18:47.919><c> knew</c><00:18:48.080><c> about.</c><00:18:49.039><c> As</c>

00:18:49.270 --> 00:18:49.280 align:start position:0%
were the exoplanets we knew about. As
 

00:18:49.280 --> 00:18:51.750 align:start position:0%
were the exoplanets we knew about. As
you<00:18:49.440><c> can</c><00:18:49.600><c> see,</c><00:18:50.080><c> most</c><00:18:50.320><c> of</c><00:18:50.480><c> them</c><00:18:50.799><c> are</c><00:18:51.120><c> many</c><00:18:51.440><c> times</c>

00:18:51.750 --> 00:18:51.760 align:start position:0%
you can see, most of them are many times
 

00:18:51.760 --> 00:18:54.390 align:start position:0%
you can see, most of them are many times
the<00:18:52.000><c> size</c><00:18:52.240><c> of</c><00:18:52.400><c> Jupiter.</c>

00:18:54.390 --> 00:18:54.400 align:start position:0%
the size of Jupiter.
 

00:18:54.400 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0%
the size of Jupiter.
Since<00:18:54.880><c> Kepler</c><00:18:55.360><c> came</c><00:18:55.520><c> into</c><00:18:55.760><c> operation,</c><00:18:56.480><c> we</c>

00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0%
Since Kepler came into operation, we
 

00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:58.390 align:start position:0%
Since Kepler came into operation, we
have<00:18:56.880><c> discovered</c><00:18:57.440><c> and</c><00:18:57.760><c> confirmed</c><00:18:58.160><c> the</c>

00:18:58.390 --> 00:18:58.400 align:start position:0%
have discovered and confirmed the
 

00:18:58.400 --> 00:19:00.870 align:start position:0%
have discovered and confirmed the
existence<00:18:58.880><c> of</c><00:18:59.200><c> thousands</c><00:18:59.760><c> of</c><00:18:59.919><c> exoplanets</c>

00:19:00.870 --> 00:19:00.880 align:start position:0%
existence of thousands of exoplanets
 

00:19:00.880 --> 00:19:04.630 align:start position:0%
existence of thousands of exoplanets
with<00:19:01.120><c> thousands</c><00:19:01.600><c> more</c><00:19:02.000><c> still</c><00:19:02.320><c> unconfirmed.</c>

00:19:04.630 --> 00:19:04.640 align:start position:0%
with thousands more still unconfirmed.
 

00:19:04.640 --> 00:19:06.390 align:start position:0%
with thousands more still unconfirmed.
Remember,<00:19:05.120><c> these</c><00:19:05.360><c> are</c><00:19:05.600><c> planets</c><00:19:06.000><c> which</c><00:19:06.160><c> have</c>

00:19:06.390 --> 00:19:06.400 align:start position:0%
Remember, these are planets which have
 

00:19:06.400 --> 00:19:08.470 align:start position:0%
Remember, these are planets which have
been<00:19:06.559><c> discovered</c><00:19:07.039><c> in</c><00:19:07.280><c> only</c><00:19:07.600><c> this</c><00:19:08.000><c> patch</c><00:19:08.320><c> of</c>

00:19:08.470 --> 00:19:08.480 align:start position:0%
been discovered in only this patch of
 

00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:11.270 align:start position:0%
been discovered in only this patch of
sky.<00:19:09.440><c> There</c><00:19:09.679><c> is</c><00:19:09.919><c> still</c><00:19:10.320><c> a</c><00:19:10.559><c> lot</c><00:19:10.720><c> more</c><00:19:11.039><c> out</c>

00:19:11.270 --> 00:19:11.280 align:start position:0%
sky. There is still a lot more out
 

00:19:11.280 --> 00:19:13.110 align:start position:0%
sky. There is still a lot more out
there.

00:19:13.110 --> 00:19:13.120 align:start position:0%
there.
 

00:19:13.120 --> 00:19:15.270 align:start position:0%
there.
Kepler<00:19:13.600><c> unfortunately</c><00:19:14.400><c> is</c><00:19:14.720><c> no</c><00:19:14.960><c> longer</c>

00:19:15.270 --> 00:19:15.280 align:start position:0%
Kepler unfortunately is no longer
 

00:19:15.280 --> 00:19:17.510 align:start position:0%
Kepler unfortunately is no longer
functioning<00:19:15.840><c> how</c><00:19:16.000><c> it</c><00:19:16.240><c> used</c><00:19:16.400><c> to</c><00:19:16.960><c> as</c><00:19:17.200><c> some</c><00:19:17.360><c> of</c>

00:19:17.510 --> 00:19:17.520 align:start position:0%
functioning how it used to as some of
 

00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:19.270 align:start position:0%
functioning how it used to as some of
the<00:19:17.679><c> reaction</c><00:19:18.080><c> wheels</c><00:19:18.480><c> inside</c><00:19:18.880><c> it</c><00:19:19.039><c> are</c>

00:19:19.270 --> 00:19:19.280 align:start position:0%
the reaction wheels inside it are
 

00:19:19.280 --> 00:19:22.630 align:start position:0%
the reaction wheels inside it are
broken.<00:19:20.720><c> However,</c><00:19:21.200><c> the</c><00:19:21.440><c> good</c><00:19:21.679><c> news</c><00:19:21.840><c> is</c><00:19:22.400><c> that</c>

00:19:22.630 --> 00:19:22.640 align:start position:0%
broken. However, the good news is that
 

00:19:22.640 --> 00:19:24.789 align:start position:0%
broken. However, the good news is that
there<00:19:22.880><c> is</c><00:19:23.039><c> a</c><00:19:23.360><c> new</c><00:19:23.600><c> exoplanet</c><00:19:24.400><c> finding</c>

00:19:24.789 --> 00:19:24.799 align:start position:0%
there is a new exoplanet finding
 

00:19:24.799 --> 00:19:27.430 align:start position:0%
there is a new exoplanet finding
spacecraft<00:19:25.440><c> called</c><00:19:25.679><c> TESS,</c><00:19:26.640><c> which</c><00:19:26.960><c> just</c><00:19:27.200><c> came</c>

00:19:27.430 --> 00:19:27.440 align:start position:0%
spacecraft called TESS, which just came
 

00:19:27.440 --> 00:19:29.750 align:start position:0%
spacecraft called TESS, which just came
into<00:19:27.679><c> operation</c><00:19:28.160><c> a</c><00:19:28.480><c> couple</c><00:19:28.640><c> of</c><00:19:28.799><c> weeks</c><00:19:29.039><c> ago,</c>

00:19:29.750 --> 00:19:29.760 align:start position:0%
into operation a couple of weeks ago,
 

00:19:29.760 --> 00:19:32.870 align:start position:0%
into operation a couple of weeks ago,
which<00:19:30.000><c> will</c><00:19:30.240><c> cover</c><00:19:30.559><c> an</c><00:19:30.880><c> area</c><00:19:31.200><c> in</c><00:19:31.440><c> the</c><00:19:31.600><c> sky</c><00:19:32.240><c> 400</c>

00:19:32.870 --> 00:19:32.880 align:start position:0%
which will cover an area in the sky 400
 

00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:35.590 align:start position:0%
which will cover an area in the sky 400
times<00:19:33.280><c> larger</c><00:19:33.679><c> than</c><00:19:33.919><c> the</c><00:19:34.080><c> Kepler</c><00:19:34.559><c> mission.</c><00:19:35.360><c> It</c>

00:19:35.590 --> 00:19:35.600 align:start position:0%
times larger than the Kepler mission. It
 

00:19:35.600 --> 00:19:37.590 align:start position:0%
times larger than the Kepler mission. It
is<00:19:35.840><c> expected</c><00:19:36.240><c> that</c><00:19:36.480><c> during</c><00:19:36.799><c> its</c><00:19:37.039><c> mission,</c><00:19:37.440><c> it</c>

00:19:37.590 --> 00:19:37.600 align:start position:0%
is expected that during its mission, it
 

00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:40.070 align:start position:0%
is expected that during its mission, it
will<00:19:37.760><c> be</c><00:19:37.840><c> able</c><00:19:38.000><c> to</c><00:19:38.160><c> find</c><00:19:38.480><c> more</c><00:19:38.720><c> than</c><00:19:39.200><c> 20,000</c>

00:19:40.070 --> 00:19:40.080 align:start position:0%
will be able to find more than 20,000
 

00:19:40.080 --> 00:19:42.470 align:start position:0%
will be able to find more than 20,000
exoplanets.

00:19:42.470 --> 00:19:42.480 align:start position:0%
exoplanets.
 

00:19:42.480 --> 00:19:44.549 align:start position:0%
exoplanets.
In<00:19:42.720><c> order</c><00:19:42.880><c> to</c><00:19:43.120><c> determine</c><00:19:43.679><c> details</c><00:19:44.080><c> about</c><00:19:44.320><c> an</c>

00:19:44.549 --> 00:19:44.559 align:start position:0%
In order to determine details about an
 

00:19:44.559 --> 00:19:47.029 align:start position:0%
In order to determine details about an
exoplanet,<00:19:45.360><c> the</c><00:19:45.600><c> distance</c><00:19:45.919><c> from</c><00:19:46.240><c> us</c><00:19:46.559><c> to</c><00:19:46.799><c> its</c>

00:19:47.029 --> 00:19:47.039 align:start position:0%
exoplanet, the distance from us to its
 

00:19:47.039 --> 00:19:49.430 align:start position:0%
exoplanet, the distance from us to its
star<00:19:47.520><c> needs</c><00:19:47.760><c> to</c><00:19:47.919><c> be</c><00:19:48.080><c> worked</c><00:19:48.320><c> out</c><00:19:48.799><c> using</c>

00:19:49.430 --> 00:19:49.440 align:start position:0%
star needs to be worked out using
 

00:19:49.440 --> 00:19:51.909 align:start position:0%
star needs to be worked out using
complicated<00:19:50.080><c> maths.</c>

00:19:51.909 --> 00:19:51.919 align:start position:0%
complicated maths.
 

00:19:51.919 --> 00:19:54.310 align:start position:0%
complicated maths.
For<00:19:52.160><c> stars</c><00:19:52.559><c> within</c><00:19:53.039><c> 400</c><00:19:53.520><c> light</c><00:19:53.840><c> years</c><00:19:54.080><c> away</c>

00:19:54.310 --> 00:19:54.320 align:start position:0%
For stars within 400 light years away
 

00:19:54.320 --> 00:19:56.710 align:start position:0%
For stars within 400 light years away
from<00:19:54.480><c> us,</c><00:19:54.880><c> we</c><00:19:55.120><c> can</c><00:19:55.280><c> use</c><00:19:55.520><c> trigonometry</c><00:19:56.320><c> and</c><00:19:56.559><c> the</c>

00:19:56.710 --> 00:19:56.720 align:start position:0%
from us, we can use trigonometry and the
 

00:19:56.720 --> 00:19:58.710 align:start position:0%
from us, we can use trigonometry and the
orbit<00:19:57.039><c> of</c><00:19:57.200><c> the</c><00:19:57.360><c> Earth</c><00:19:57.840><c> to</c><00:19:58.080><c> create</c><00:19:58.400><c> a</c>

00:19:58.710 --> 00:19:58.720 align:start position:0%
orbit of the Earth to create a
 

00:19:58.720 --> 00:20:00.870 align:start position:0%
orbit of the Earth to create a
difference<00:19:58.960><c> in</c><00:19:59.280><c> angles.</c>

00:20:00.870 --> 00:20:00.880 align:start position:0%
difference in angles.
 

00:20:00.880 --> 00:20:02.950 align:start position:0%
difference in angles.
Beyond<00:20:01.280><c> that,</c><00:20:01.840><c> there</c><00:20:02.080><c> is</c><00:20:02.320><c> no</c><00:20:02.559><c> direct</c>

00:20:02.950 --> 00:20:02.960 align:start position:0%
Beyond that, there is no direct
 

00:20:02.960 --> 00:20:05.590 align:start position:0%
Beyond that, there is no direct
measurement.<00:20:03.919><c> So,</c><00:20:04.160><c> the</c><00:20:04.400><c> best</c><00:20:04.720><c> current</c><00:20:05.120><c> method</c>

00:20:05.590 --> 00:20:05.600 align:start position:0%
measurement. So, the best current method
 

00:20:05.600 --> 00:20:08.230 align:start position:0%
measurement. So, the best current method
is<00:20:05.840><c> by</c><00:20:06.160><c> comparing</c><00:20:06.720><c> a</c><00:20:06.960><c> stars</c><00:20:07.360><c> color</c><00:20:07.679><c> spectrum</c>

00:20:08.230 --> 00:20:08.240 align:start position:0%
is by comparing a stars color spectrum
 

00:20:08.240 --> 00:20:11.270 align:start position:0%
is by comparing a stars color spectrum
to<00:20:08.559><c> its</c><00:20:08.799><c> brightness.</c><00:20:10.160><c> The</c><00:20:10.400><c> color</c><00:20:10.640><c> spectrum</c><00:20:11.120><c> of</c>

00:20:11.270 --> 00:20:11.280 align:start position:0%
to its brightness. The color spectrum of
 

00:20:11.280 --> 00:20:13.750 align:start position:0%
to its brightness. The color spectrum of
a<00:20:11.520><c> star</c><00:20:12.000><c> corresponds</c><00:20:12.640><c> to</c><00:20:12.880><c> what</c><00:20:13.120><c> type</c><00:20:13.280><c> of</c><00:20:13.520><c> star</c>

00:20:13.750 --> 00:20:13.760 align:start position:0%
a star corresponds to what type of star
 

00:20:13.760 --> 00:20:17.190 align:start position:0%
a star corresponds to what type of star
it<00:20:14.000><c> is.</c><00:20:15.120><c> Once</c><00:20:15.440><c> the</c><00:20:15.679><c> color</c><00:20:15.919><c> spectrum</c><00:20:16.400><c> is</c><00:20:16.559><c> known,</c>

00:20:17.190 --> 00:20:17.200 align:start position:0%
it is. Once the color spectrum is known,
 

00:20:17.200 --> 00:20:19.430 align:start position:0%
it is. Once the color spectrum is known,
scientists<00:20:17.760><c> then</c><00:20:18.000><c> know</c><00:20:18.240><c> how</c><00:20:18.559><c> bright</c><00:20:18.880><c> the</c><00:20:19.120><c> star</c>

00:20:19.430 --> 00:20:19.440 align:start position:0%
scientists then know how bright the star
 

00:20:19.440 --> 00:20:21.270 align:start position:0%
scientists then know how bright the star
should<00:20:19.679><c> be.</c>

00:20:21.270 --> 00:20:21.280 align:start position:0%
should be.
 

00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:23.430 align:start position:0%
should be.
Comparing<00:20:21.760><c> the</c><00:20:22.000><c> apparent</c><00:20:22.400><c> brightness</c><00:20:22.960><c> or</c><00:20:23.200><c> the</c>

00:20:23.430 --> 00:20:23.440 align:start position:0%
Comparing the apparent brightness or the
 

00:20:23.440 --> 00:20:26.070 align:start position:0%
Comparing the apparent brightness or the
apparent<00:20:23.840><c> magnitude</c><00:20:24.960><c> to</c><00:20:25.280><c> the</c><00:20:25.600><c> actual</c>

00:20:26.070 --> 00:20:26.080 align:start position:0%
apparent magnitude to the actual
 

00:20:26.080 --> 00:20:28.549 align:start position:0%
apparent magnitude to the actual
brightness,<00:20:27.039><c> the</c><00:20:27.360><c> absolute</c><00:20:27.840><c> magnitude</c><00:20:28.400><c> of</c>

00:20:28.549 --> 00:20:28.559 align:start position:0%
brightness, the absolute magnitude of
 

00:20:28.559 --> 00:20:32.630 align:start position:0%
brightness, the absolute magnitude of
the<00:20:28.799><c> star</c><00:20:29.600><c> reveals</c><00:20:30.080><c> how</c><00:20:30.400><c> far</c><00:20:30.640><c> away</c><00:20:30.880><c> it</c><00:20:31.120><c> is.</c>

00:20:32.630 --> 00:20:32.640 align:start position:0%
the star reveals how far away it is.
 

00:20:32.640 --> 00:20:35.110 align:start position:0%
the star reveals how far away it is.
This<00:20:32.880><c> method</c><00:20:33.360><c> is</c><00:20:33.679><c> proven</c><00:20:34.240><c> as</c><00:20:34.480><c> scientists</c><00:20:34.880><c> have</c>

00:20:35.110 --> 00:20:35.120 align:start position:0%
This method is proven as scientists have
 

00:20:35.120 --> 00:20:37.110 align:start position:0%
This method is proven as scientists have
done<00:20:35.280><c> this</c><00:20:35.440><c> test</c><00:20:35.679><c> on</c><00:20:35.919><c> stars</c><00:20:36.240><c> that</c><00:20:36.480><c> are</c><00:20:36.640><c> within</c>

00:20:37.110 --> 00:20:37.120 align:start position:0%
done this test on stars that are within
 

00:20:37.120 --> 00:20:39.669 align:start position:0%
done this test on stars that are within
400<00:20:37.600><c> lightyears</c><00:20:38.400><c> and</c><00:20:38.640><c> the</c><00:20:38.880><c> results</c><00:20:39.280><c> produce</c>

00:20:39.669 --> 00:20:39.679 align:start position:0%
400 lightyears and the results produce
 

00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:42.549 align:start position:0%
400 lightyears and the results produce
similar<00:20:40.080><c> distances</c><00:20:40.640><c> in</c><00:20:40.880><c> both</c><00:20:41.120><c> tests.</c><00:20:42.320><c> Once</c>

00:20:42.549 --> 00:20:42.559 align:start position:0%
similar distances in both tests. Once
 

00:20:42.559 --> 00:20:44.470 align:start position:0%
similar distances in both tests. Once
the<00:20:42.880><c> distance</c><00:20:43.200><c> to</c><00:20:43.440><c> the</c><00:20:43.600><c> star</c><00:20:44.000><c> has</c><00:20:44.240><c> been</c>

00:20:44.470 --> 00:20:44.480 align:start position:0%
the distance to the star has been
 

00:20:44.480 --> 00:20:47.029 align:start position:0%
the distance to the star has been
determined,<00:20:45.360><c> the</c><00:20:45.600><c> amount</c><00:20:45.919><c> the</c><00:20:46.159><c> star</c><00:20:46.400><c> dims</c><00:20:46.799><c> can</c>

00:20:47.029 --> 00:20:47.039 align:start position:0%
determined, the amount the star dims can
 

00:20:47.039 --> 00:20:49.510 align:start position:0%
determined, the amount the star dims can
be<00:20:47.120><c> used</c><00:20:47.360><c> to</c><00:20:47.600><c> see</c><00:20:47.760><c> how</c><00:20:48.000><c> big</c><00:20:48.240><c> the</c><00:20:48.480><c> planet</c><00:20:48.880><c> is,</c>

00:20:49.510 --> 00:20:49.520 align:start position:0%
be used to see how big the planet is,
 

00:20:49.520 --> 00:20:51.270 align:start position:0%
be used to see how big the planet is,
its<00:20:49.840><c> distance</c><00:20:50.240><c> from</c><00:20:50.400><c> the</c><00:20:50.559><c> star,</c><00:20:51.039><c> and</c><00:20:51.064><c> [music]</c>

00:20:51.270 --> 00:20:51.280 align:start position:0%
its distance from the star, and [music]
 

00:20:51.280 --> 00:20:53.990 align:start position:0%
its distance from the star, and [music]
the<00:20:51.440><c> exoplanet's</c><00:20:52.240><c> mass</c><00:20:52.880><c> based</c><00:20:53.280><c> on</c><00:20:53.440><c> the</c><00:20:53.600><c> orbit</c>

00:20:53.990 --> 00:20:54.000 align:start position:0%
the exoplanet's mass based on the orbit
 

00:20:54.000 --> 00:20:56.870 align:start position:0%
the exoplanet's mass based on the orbit
of<00:20:54.080><c> the</c><00:20:54.240><c> exoplanet.</c><00:20:55.600><c> Using</c><00:20:56.000><c> other</c><00:20:56.240><c> telescopes</c>

00:20:56.870 --> 00:20:56.880 align:start position:0%
of the exoplanet. Using other telescopes
 

00:20:56.880 --> 00:21:00.710 align:start position:0%
of the exoplanet. Using other telescopes
like<00:20:57.200><c> Hubble,</c><00:20:58.320><c> ESO</c><00:20:59.679><c> and</c><00:20:59.919><c> eventually</c><00:21:00.480><c> the</c>

00:21:00.710 --> 00:21:00.720 align:start position:0%
like Hubble, ESO and eventually the
 

00:21:00.720 --> 00:21:04.870 align:start position:0%
like Hubble, ESO and eventually the
James<00:21:01.120><c> Web</c><00:21:02.080><c> and</c><00:21:02.320><c> the</c><00:21:02.480><c> W</c><00:21:02.960><c> first</c><00:21:03.280><c> telescopes.</c>

00:21:04.870 --> 00:21:04.880 align:start position:0%
James Web and the W first telescopes.
 

00:21:04.880 --> 00:21:07.029 align:start position:0%
James Web and the W first telescopes.
These<00:21:05.200><c> exoplanets</c><00:21:06.000><c> can</c><00:21:06.159><c> be</c><00:21:06.320><c> studied</c><00:21:06.640><c> to</c><00:21:06.880><c> find</c>

00:21:07.029 --> 00:21:07.039 align:start position:0%
These exoplanets can be studied to find
 

00:21:07.039 --> 00:21:09.590 align:start position:0%
These exoplanets can be studied to find
out<00:21:07.280><c> their</c><00:21:07.520><c> composition</c><00:21:08.640><c> particularly</c><00:21:09.360><c> of</c>

00:21:09.590 --> 00:21:09.600 align:start position:0%
out their composition particularly of
 

00:21:09.600 --> 00:21:12.230 align:start position:0%
out their composition particularly of
their<00:21:09.840><c> atmospheres.</c><00:21:11.120><c> The</c><00:21:11.360><c> way</c><00:21:11.520><c> this</c><00:21:11.760><c> is</c><00:21:11.919><c> done</c>

00:21:12.230 --> 00:21:12.240 align:start position:0%
their atmospheres. The way this is done
 

00:21:12.240 --> 00:21:14.230 align:start position:0%
their atmospheres. The way this is done
is<00:21:12.480><c> again</c><00:21:12.880><c> from</c><00:21:13.120><c> the</c><00:21:13.440><c> spectra</c><00:21:13.919><c> of</c><00:21:14.080><c> the</c>

00:21:14.230 --> 00:21:14.240 align:start position:0%
is again from the spectra of the
 

00:21:14.240 --> 00:21:16.549 align:start position:0%
is again from the spectra of the
exoplanet's<00:21:15.039><c> light.</c><00:21:15.840><c> To</c><00:21:16.080><c> give</c><00:21:16.240><c> you</c><00:21:16.320><c> an</c>

00:21:16.549 --> 00:21:16.559 align:start position:0%
exoplanet's light. To give you an
 

00:21:16.559 --> 00:21:19.750 align:start position:0%
exoplanet's light. To give you an
example<00:21:17.120><c> of</c><00:21:17.360><c> how</c><00:21:17.600><c> this</c><00:21:17.840><c> is</c><00:21:18.000><c> done,</c><00:21:19.200><c> imagine</c>

00:21:19.750 --> 00:21:19.760 align:start position:0%
example of how this is done, imagine
 

00:21:19.760 --> 00:21:21.990 align:start position:0%
example of how this is done, imagine
white<00:21:20.080><c> light</c><00:21:20.480><c> shooting</c><00:21:20.960><c> through</c><00:21:21.200><c> a</c><00:21:21.440><c> prism,</c>

00:21:21.990 --> 00:21:22.000 align:start position:0%
white light shooting through a prism,
 

00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:24.149 align:start position:0%
white light shooting through a prism,
producing<00:21:22.480><c> what</c><00:21:22.720><c> is</c><00:21:22.960><c> actually</c><00:21:23.360><c> a</c><00:21:23.679><c> blend</c><00:21:24.000><c> of</c>

00:21:24.149 --> 00:21:24.159 align:start position:0%
producing what is actually a blend of
 

00:21:24.159 --> 00:21:25.990 align:start position:0%
producing what is actually a blend of
colors<00:21:24.469><c> [music]</c><00:21:24.559><c> spanning</c><00:21:25.039><c> from</c><00:21:25.360><c> violet</c><00:21:25.760><c> to</c>

00:21:25.990 --> 00:21:26.000 align:start position:0%
colors [music] spanning from violet to
 

00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:28.870 align:start position:0%
colors [music] spanning from violet to
red.<00:21:27.200><c> Light</c><00:21:27.520><c> from</c><00:21:27.679><c> a</c><00:21:27.919><c> star</c><00:21:28.240><c> shooting</c><00:21:28.640><c> through</c>

00:21:28.870 --> 00:21:28.880 align:start position:0%
red. Light from a star shooting through
 

00:21:28.880 --> 00:21:32.070 align:start position:0%
red. Light from a star shooting through
an<00:21:29.039><c> atmosphere</c><00:21:30.080><c> produces</c><00:21:30.640><c> a</c><00:21:30.880><c> similar</c><00:21:31.200><c> effect,</c>

00:21:32.070 --> 00:21:32.080 align:start position:0%
an atmosphere produces a similar effect,
 

00:21:32.080 --> 00:21:34.149 align:start position:0%
an atmosphere produces a similar effect,
except<00:21:32.559><c> certain</c><00:21:32.880><c> bands</c><00:21:33.280><c> of</c><00:21:33.440><c> light</c><00:21:33.679><c> are</c><00:21:33.919><c> not</c>

00:21:34.149 --> 00:21:34.159 align:start position:0%
except certain bands of light are not
 

00:21:34.159 --> 00:21:36.630 align:start position:0%
except certain bands of light are not
present.<00:21:35.200><c> This</c><00:21:35.520><c> indicates</c><00:21:36.080><c> there</c><00:21:36.320><c> is</c><00:21:36.480><c> a</c>

00:21:36.630 --> 00:21:36.640 align:start position:0%
present. This indicates there is a
 

00:21:36.640 --> 00:21:38.789 align:start position:0%
present. This indicates there is a
certain<00:21:37.039><c> gas</c><00:21:37.360><c> in</c><00:21:37.600><c> the</c><00:21:37.679><c> atmosphere</c><00:21:38.320><c> that</c><00:21:38.559><c> is</c>

00:21:38.789 --> 00:21:38.799 align:start position:0%
certain gas in the atmosphere that is
 

00:21:38.799 --> 00:21:41.190 align:start position:0%
certain gas in the atmosphere that is
absorbing<00:21:39.280><c> the</c><00:21:39.520><c> light</c><00:21:39.679><c> in</c><00:21:39.919><c> that</c><00:21:40.159><c> wavelength,</c>

00:21:41.190 --> 00:21:41.200 align:start position:0%
absorbing the light in that wavelength,
 

00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:43.830 align:start position:0%
absorbing the light in that wavelength,
not<00:21:41.440><c> allowing</c><00:21:41.760><c> it</c><00:21:41.919><c> to</c><00:21:42.080><c> pass</c><00:21:42.400><c> through.</c><00:21:43.600><c> The</c>

00:21:43.830 --> 00:21:43.840 align:start position:0%
not allowing it to pass through. The
 

00:21:43.840 --> 00:21:46.230 align:start position:0%
not allowing it to pass through. The
dips<00:21:44.080><c> in</c><00:21:44.320><c> this</c><00:21:44.480><c> image</c><00:21:44.720><c> shows</c><00:21:45.520><c> what</c><00:21:45.840><c> Earth's</c>

00:21:46.230 --> 00:21:46.240 align:start position:0%
dips in this image shows what Earth's
 

00:21:46.240 --> 00:21:48.310 align:start position:0%
dips in this image shows what Earth's
spectrum<00:21:46.720><c> looks</c><00:21:46.960><c> like</c><00:21:47.200><c> as</c><00:21:47.520><c> sunlight</c><00:21:47.919><c> passes</c>

00:21:48.310 --> 00:21:48.320 align:start position:0%
spectrum looks like as sunlight passes
 

00:21:48.320 --> 00:21:50.230 align:start position:0%
spectrum looks like as sunlight passes
through<00:21:48.559><c> the</c><00:21:48.720><c> atmosphere.</c>

00:21:50.230 --> 00:21:50.240 align:start position:0%
through the atmosphere.
 

00:21:50.240 --> 00:21:52.630 align:start position:0%
through the atmosphere.
The<00:21:50.480><c> dips</c><00:21:50.799><c> show</c><00:21:51.039><c> that</c><00:21:51.200><c> oxygen</c><00:21:51.679><c> is</c><00:21:51.919><c> present</c><00:21:52.400><c> as</c>

00:21:52.630 --> 00:21:52.640 align:start position:0%
The dips show that oxygen is present as
 

00:21:52.640 --> 00:21:54.870 align:start position:0%
The dips show that oxygen is present as
well<00:21:52.799><c> as</c><00:21:53.039><c> water</c><00:21:53.360><c> vapor,</c><00:21:53.840><c> carbon</c><00:21:54.159><c> dioxide,</c><00:21:54.640><c> and</c>

00:21:54.870 --> 00:21:54.880 align:start position:0%
well as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
 

00:21:54.880 --> 00:21:57.669 align:start position:0%
well as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
methane.<00:21:55.760><c> These</c><00:21:56.080><c> gases</c><00:21:56.720><c> all</c><00:21:57.039><c> absorb</c><00:21:57.440><c> the</c>

00:21:57.669 --> 00:21:57.679 align:start position:0%
methane. These gases all absorb the
 

00:21:57.679 --> 00:22:00.230 align:start position:0%
methane. These gases all absorb the
sun's<00:21:58.080><c> light</c><00:21:58.320><c> at</c><00:21:58.640><c> these</c><00:21:58.960><c> wavelengths.</c>

00:22:00.230 --> 00:22:00.240 align:start position:0%
sun's light at these wavelengths.
 

00:22:00.240 --> 00:22:02.149 align:start position:0%
sun's light at these wavelengths.
Looking<00:22:00.559><c> at</c><00:22:00.720><c> a</c><00:22:00.880><c> section</c><00:22:01.120><c> of</c><00:22:01.360><c> wavelengths</c><00:22:01.919><c> and</c>

00:22:02.149 --> 00:22:02.159 align:start position:0%
Looking at a section of wavelengths and
 

00:22:02.159 --> 00:22:03.669 align:start position:0%
Looking at a section of wavelengths and
comparing<00:22:02.480><c> them</c><00:22:02.640><c> with</c><00:22:02.880><c> other</c><00:22:03.039><c> planets</c><00:22:03.360><c> in</c><00:22:03.600><c> the</c>

00:22:03.669 --> 00:22:03.679 align:start position:0%
comparing them with other planets in the
 

00:22:03.679 --> 00:22:06.070 align:start position:0%
comparing them with other planets in the
solar<00:22:04.000><c> system,</c><00:22:04.880><c> sulfur</c><00:22:05.360><c> compounds</c><00:22:05.919><c> can</c>

00:22:06.070 --> 00:22:06.080 align:start position:0%
solar system, sulfur compounds can
 

00:22:06.080 --> 00:22:08.630 align:start position:0%
solar system, sulfur compounds can
clearly<00:22:06.400><c> be</c><00:22:06.559><c> seen</c><00:22:06.799><c> on</c><00:22:06.960><c> Venus</c><00:22:07.679><c> and</c><00:22:07.919><c> methane</c><00:22:08.400><c> on</c>

00:22:08.630 --> 00:22:08.640 align:start position:0%
clearly be seen on Venus and methane on
 

00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:10.870 align:start position:0%
clearly be seen on Venus and methane on
Neptune<00:22:08.960><c> is</c><00:22:09.200><c> apparent.</c>

00:22:10.870 --> 00:22:10.880 align:start position:0%
Neptune is apparent.
 

00:22:10.880 --> 00:22:13.270 align:start position:0%
Neptune is apparent.
This<00:22:11.200><c> means</c><00:22:11.440><c> that</c><00:22:11.679><c> as</c><00:22:11.919><c> we</c><00:22:12.159><c> study</c><00:22:12.559><c> exoplanets</c>

00:22:13.270 --> 00:22:13.280 align:start position:0%
This means that as we study exoplanets
 

00:22:13.280 --> 00:22:15.750 align:start position:0%
This means that as we study exoplanets
in<00:22:13.520><c> detail</c><00:22:14.159><c> and</c><00:22:14.400><c> determine</c><00:22:14.799><c> their</c><00:22:15.120><c> spectra,</c>

00:22:15.750 --> 00:22:15.760 align:start position:0%
in detail and determine their spectra,
 

00:22:15.760 --> 00:22:17.430 align:start position:0%
in detail and determine their spectra,
we<00:22:15.919><c> can</c><00:22:16.080><c> search</c><00:22:16.320><c> for</c><00:22:16.559><c> atmospheres</c><00:22:17.200><c> that</c>

00:22:17.430 --> 00:22:17.440 align:start position:0%
we can search for atmospheres that
 

00:22:17.440 --> 00:22:20.070 align:start position:0%
we can search for atmospheres that
resemble<00:22:17.840><c> our</c><00:22:18.080><c> own.</c><00:22:18.799><c> If</c><00:22:18.960><c> it</c><00:22:19.200><c> does,</c><00:22:19.679><c> then</c><00:22:19.919><c> the</c>

00:22:20.070 --> 00:22:20.080 align:start position:0%
resemble our own. If it does, then the
 

00:22:20.080 --> 00:22:22.230 align:start position:0%
resemble our own. If it does, then the
chances<00:22:20.480><c> are</c><00:22:20.720><c> that</c><00:22:20.960><c> it</c><00:22:21.120><c> could</c><00:22:21.280><c> be</c><00:22:21.440><c> a</c><00:22:21.679><c> habitable</c>

00:22:22.230 --> 00:22:22.240 align:start position:0%
chances are that it could be a habitable
 

00:22:22.240 --> 00:22:24.470 align:start position:0%
chances are that it could be a habitable
world<00:22:22.880><c> and</c><00:22:23.120><c> also</c><00:22:23.360><c> that</c><00:22:23.600><c> it</c><00:22:23.840><c> may</c><00:22:24.080><c> already</c>

00:22:24.470 --> 00:22:24.480 align:start position:0%
world and also that it may already
 

00:22:24.480 --> 00:22:27.510 align:start position:0%
world and also that it may already
harbor<00:22:24.880><c> life.</c><00:22:26.240><c> Inhabited</c><00:22:26.880><c> planets</c><00:22:27.280><c> could</c>

00:22:27.510 --> 00:22:27.520 align:start position:0%
harbor life. Inhabited planets could
 

00:22:27.520 --> 00:22:30.470 align:start position:0%
harbor life. Inhabited planets could
have<00:22:27.840><c> telltale</c><00:22:28.480><c> signs</c><00:22:28.880><c> of</c><00:22:29.120><c> life</c><00:22:29.760><c> like</c><00:22:30.080><c> smog</c>

00:22:30.470 --> 00:22:30.480 align:start position:0%
have telltale signs of life like smog
 

00:22:30.480 --> 00:22:32.549 align:start position:0%
have telltale signs of life like smog
and<00:22:30.720><c> pollution</c><00:22:31.520><c> which</c><00:22:31.760><c> would</c><00:22:31.919><c> be</c><00:22:32.080><c> seen</c><00:22:32.240><c> in</c><00:22:32.400><c> the</c>

00:22:32.549 --> 00:22:32.559 align:start position:0%
and pollution which would be seen in the
 

00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:34.950 align:start position:0%
and pollution which would be seen in the
planet<00:22:32.960><c> spectrum.</c>

00:22:34.950 --> 00:22:34.960 align:start position:0%
planet spectrum.
 

00:22:34.960 --> 00:22:37.270 align:start position:0%
planet spectrum.
So,<00:22:35.440><c> have</c><00:22:35.600><c> any</c><00:22:35.840><c> exoplanets</c><00:22:36.640><c> like</c><00:22:36.720><c> these</c><00:22:37.039><c> been</c>

00:22:37.270 --> 00:22:37.280 align:start position:0%
So, have any exoplanets like these been
 

00:22:37.280 --> 00:22:40.149 align:start position:0%
So, have any exoplanets like these been
found?<00:22:38.400><c> Well,</c><00:22:39.039><c> out</c><00:22:39.280><c> of</c><00:22:39.360><c> the</c><00:22:39.600><c> thousands</c><00:22:40.000><c> of</c>

00:22:40.149 --> 00:22:40.159 align:start position:0%
found? Well, out of the thousands of
 

00:22:40.159 --> 00:22:43.029 align:start position:0%
found? Well, out of the thousands of
exoplanets<00:22:40.880><c> that</c><00:22:41.120><c> have</c><00:22:41.360><c> been</c><00:22:41.520><c> discovered,</c><00:22:42.559><c> 16</c>

00:22:43.029 --> 00:22:43.039 align:start position:0%
exoplanets that have been discovered, 16
 

00:22:43.039 --> 00:22:45.029 align:start position:0%
exoplanets that have been discovered, 16
of<00:22:43.200><c> them</c><00:22:43.440><c> are</c><00:22:43.600><c> thought</c><00:22:43.840><c> to</c><00:22:44.000><c> be</c><00:22:44.159><c> rocky</c><00:22:44.559><c> planets</c>

00:22:45.029 --> 00:22:45.039 align:start position:0%
of them are thought to be rocky planets
 

00:22:45.039 --> 00:22:47.430 align:start position:0%
of them are thought to be rocky planets
and<00:22:45.360><c> sit</c><00:22:45.600><c> in</c><00:22:45.840><c> the</c><00:22:46.000><c> Goldilock</c><00:22:46.640><c> zone</c><00:22:47.039><c> or</c><00:22:47.280><c> the</c>

00:22:47.430 --> 00:22:47.440 align:start position:0%
and sit in the Goldilock zone or the
 

00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:49.110 align:start position:0%
and sit in the Goldilock zone or the
habitable<00:22:47.919><c> zone</c><00:22:48.159><c> of</c><00:22:48.400><c> their</c><00:22:48.640><c> respective</c>

00:22:49.110 --> 00:22:49.120 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of their respective
 

00:22:49.120 --> 00:22:50.870 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of their respective
stars.

00:22:50.870 --> 00:22:50.880 align:start position:0%
stars.
 

00:22:50.880 --> 00:22:52.630 align:start position:0%
stars.
Let's<00:22:51.120><c> just</c><00:22:51.360><c> remind</c><00:22:51.679><c> ourselves</c><00:22:52.080><c> of</c><00:22:52.400><c> the</c>

00:22:52.630 --> 00:22:52.640 align:start position:0%
Let's just remind ourselves of the
 

00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:54.470 align:start position:0%
Let's just remind ourselves of the
ingredients<00:22:53.200><c> needed</c><00:22:53.520><c> for</c><00:22:53.760><c> life</c><00:22:54.000><c> as</c><00:22:54.240><c> we</c><00:22:54.400><c> know</c>

00:22:54.470 --> 00:22:54.480 align:start position:0%
ingredients needed for life as we know
 

00:22:54.480 --> 00:22:55.990 align:start position:0%
ingredients needed for life as we know
it.

00:22:55.990 --> 00:22:56.000 align:start position:0%
it.
 

00:22:56.000 --> 00:22:58.149 align:start position:0%
it.
We<00:22:56.240><c> believe</c><00:22:56.480><c> that</c><00:22:56.799><c> liquid</c><00:22:57.200><c> water</c><00:22:57.600><c> needs</c><00:22:57.919><c> to</c><00:22:58.080><c> be</c>

00:22:58.149 --> 00:22:58.159 align:start position:0%
We believe that liquid water needs to be
 

00:22:58.159 --> 00:23:00.630 align:start position:0%
We believe that liquid water needs to be
present.<00:22:59.120><c> Liquid</c><00:22:59.520><c> water</c><00:22:59.760><c> is</c><00:23:00.080><c> essential</c>

00:23:00.630 --> 00:23:00.640 align:start position:0%
present. Liquid water is essential
 

00:23:00.640 --> 00:23:02.789 align:start position:0%
present. Liquid water is essential
because<00:23:01.039><c> biochemical</c><00:23:01.840><c> reactions</c><00:23:02.400><c> can</c><00:23:02.640><c> take</c>

00:23:02.789 --> 00:23:02.799 align:start position:0%
because biochemical reactions can take
 

00:23:02.799 --> 00:23:05.510 align:start position:0%
because biochemical reactions can take
place<00:23:03.039><c> in</c><00:23:03.360><c> water.</c>

00:23:05.510 --> 00:23:05.520 align:start position:0%
place in water.
 

00:23:05.520 --> 00:23:07.909 align:start position:0%
place in water.
Water<00:23:05.840><c> is</c><00:23:06.080><c> also</c><00:23:06.320><c> an</c><00:23:06.559><c> excellent</c><00:23:07.039><c> solvent</c><00:23:07.600><c> that</c>

00:23:07.909 --> 00:23:07.919 align:start position:0%
Water is also an excellent solvent that
 

00:23:07.919 --> 00:23:10.230 align:start position:0%
Water is also an excellent solvent that
easily<00:23:08.320><c> dissolves</c><00:23:08.799><c> and</c><00:23:09.120><c> carries</c><00:23:09.440><c> nutrients</c>

00:23:10.230 --> 00:23:10.240 align:start position:0%
easily dissolves and carries nutrients
 

00:23:10.240 --> 00:23:13.909 align:start position:0%
easily dissolves and carries nutrients
and<00:23:10.480><c> other</c><00:23:10.799><c> compounds</c><00:23:11.360><c> in</c><00:23:11.600><c> and</c><00:23:11.840><c> out</c><00:23:12.000><c> of</c><00:23:12.240><c> cells.</c>

00:23:13.909 --> 00:23:13.919 align:start position:0%
and other compounds in and out of cells.
 

00:23:13.919 --> 00:23:15.909 align:start position:0%
and other compounds in and out of cells.
Life<00:23:14.159><c> forms</c><00:23:14.480><c> on</c><00:23:14.640><c> Earth</c><00:23:14.880><c> are</c><00:23:15.120><c> made</c><00:23:15.360><c> primarily</c>

00:23:15.909 --> 00:23:15.919 align:start position:0%
Life forms on Earth are made primarily
 

00:23:15.919 --> 00:23:18.710 align:start position:0%
Life forms on Earth are made primarily
of<00:23:16.159><c> water.</c><00:23:16.960><c> In</c><00:23:17.120><c> fact,</c><00:23:17.440><c> our</c><00:23:17.760><c> human</c><00:23:18.159><c> bodies</c><00:23:18.559><c> are</c>

00:23:18.710 --> 00:23:18.720 align:start position:0%
of water. In fact, our human bodies are
 

00:23:18.720 --> 00:23:21.590 align:start position:0%
of water. In fact, our human bodies are
more<00:23:18.960><c> than</c><00:23:19.200><c> 60%</c><00:23:20.080><c> water.</c>

00:23:21.590 --> 00:23:21.600 align:start position:0%
more than 60% water.
 

00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:23.830 align:start position:0%
more than 60% water.
Life<00:23:22.000><c> also</c><00:23:22.400><c> needs</c><00:23:22.799><c> sufficient</c><00:23:23.360><c> protection</c>

00:23:23.830 --> 00:23:23.840 align:start position:0%
Life also needs sufficient protection
 

00:23:23.840 --> 00:23:26.630 align:start position:0%
Life also needs sufficient protection
from<00:23:24.159><c> cosmic</c><00:23:24.640><c> and</c><00:23:24.880><c> solar</c><00:23:25.280><c> radiation</c><00:23:26.400><c> which</c>

00:23:26.630 --> 00:23:26.640 align:start position:0%
from cosmic and solar radiation which
 

00:23:26.640 --> 00:23:29.750 align:start position:0%
from cosmic and solar radiation which
can<00:23:26.880><c> break</c><00:23:27.120><c> down</c><00:23:27.520><c> and</c><00:23:27.840><c> damage</c><00:23:28.240><c> cells.</c>

00:23:29.750 --> 00:23:29.760 align:start position:0%
can break down and damage cells.
 

00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:32.230 align:start position:0%
can break down and damage cells.
On<00:23:30.000><c> Earth,</c><00:23:30.480><c> this</c><00:23:30.720><c> protection</c><00:23:31.200><c> comes</c><00:23:31.520><c> from</c><00:23:31.840><c> our</c>

00:23:32.230 --> 00:23:32.240 align:start position:0%
On Earth, this protection comes from our
 

00:23:32.240 --> 00:23:34.870 align:start position:0%
On Earth, this protection comes from our
magnetic<00:23:32.720><c> field.</c>

00:23:34.870 --> 00:23:34.880 align:start position:0%
magnetic field.
 

00:23:34.880 --> 00:23:36.710 align:start position:0%
magnetic field.
There<00:23:35.200><c> also</c><00:23:35.440><c> needs</c><00:23:35.679><c> to</c><00:23:35.840><c> be</c><00:23:36.240><c> essential</c>

00:23:36.710 --> 00:23:36.720 align:start position:0%
There also needs to be essential
 

00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:40.070 align:start position:0%
There also needs to be essential
chemicals<00:23:37.679><c> found</c><00:23:37.919><c> in</c><00:23:38.080><c> the</c><00:23:38.240><c> ground</c><00:23:38.480><c> on</c><00:23:38.720><c> Earth</c>

00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:40.080 align:start position:0%
chemicals found in the ground on Earth
 

00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:42.710 align:start position:0%
chemicals found in the ground on Earth
and<00:23:40.320><c> an</c><00:23:40.559><c> energy</c><00:23:40.880><c> source</c><00:23:41.440><c> which</c><00:23:41.760><c> for</c><00:23:42.000><c> us</c><00:23:42.240><c> is</c><00:23:42.480><c> the</c>

00:23:42.710 --> 00:23:42.720 align:start position:0%
and an energy source which for us is the
 

00:23:42.720 --> 00:23:44.950 align:start position:0%
and an energy source which for us is the
sun.

00:23:44.950 --> 00:23:44.960 align:start position:0%
sun.
 

00:23:44.960 --> 00:23:47.510 align:start position:0%
sun.
So<00:23:45.120><c> the</c><00:23:45.360><c> Goldilock</c><00:23:45.919><c> zone</c><00:23:46.240><c> is</c><00:23:46.400><c> where</c><00:23:46.960><c> assuming</c>

00:23:47.510 --> 00:23:47.520 align:start position:0%
So the Goldilock zone is where assuming
 

00:23:47.520 --> 00:23:49.830 align:start position:0%
So the Goldilock zone is where assuming
other<00:23:47.840><c> conditions</c><00:23:48.240><c> are</c><00:23:48.480><c> right</c><00:23:49.039><c> liquid</c><00:23:49.520><c> water</c>

00:23:49.830 --> 00:23:49.840 align:start position:0%
other conditions are right liquid water
 

00:23:49.840 --> 00:23:53.029 align:start position:0%
other conditions are right liquid water
could<00:23:50.080><c> theoretically</c><00:23:50.960><c> pool</c><00:23:51.280><c> on</c><00:23:51.520><c> the</c><00:23:51.679><c> surface.</c>

00:23:53.029 --> 00:23:53.039 align:start position:0%
could theoretically pool on the surface.
 

00:23:53.039 --> 00:23:55.110 align:start position:0%
could theoretically pool on the surface.
This<00:23:53.280><c> zone</c><00:23:53.520><c> is</c><00:23:53.760><c> always</c><00:23:54.080><c> different</c><00:23:54.640><c> depending</c>

00:23:55.110 --> 00:23:55.120 align:start position:0%
This zone is always different depending
 

00:23:55.120 --> 00:23:58.070 align:start position:0%
This zone is always different depending
on<00:23:55.360><c> the</c><00:23:55.600><c> parent</c><00:23:56.080><c> star</c><00:23:56.640><c> and</c><00:23:56.960><c> how</c><00:23:57.200><c> big</c><00:23:57.520><c> and</c><00:23:57.840><c> hot</c>

00:23:58.070 --> 00:23:58.080 align:start position:0%
on the parent star and how big and hot
 

00:23:58.080 --> 00:24:01.110 align:start position:0%
on the parent star and how big and hot
it<00:23:58.320><c> is.</c>

00:24:01.110 --> 00:24:01.120 align:start position:0%
it is.
 

00:24:01.120 --> 00:24:03.590 align:start position:0%
it is.
Looking<00:24:01.360><c> at</c><00:24:01.520><c> our</c><00:24:01.760><c> own</c><00:24:02.000><c> solar</c><00:24:02.320><c> system,</c><00:24:03.120><c> Venus</c>

00:24:03.590 --> 00:24:03.600 align:start position:0%
Looking at our own solar system, Venus
 

00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:06.230 align:start position:0%
Looking at our own solar system, Venus
might<00:24:03.919><c> just</c><00:24:04.240><c> be</c><00:24:04.400><c> in</c><00:24:04.559><c> the</c><00:24:04.640><c> Goldilock</c><00:24:05.280><c> zone</c><00:24:06.000><c> as</c>

00:24:06.230 --> 00:24:06.240 align:start position:0%
might just be in the Goldilock zone as
 

00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:09.750 align:start position:0%
might just be in the Goldilock zone as
well<00:24:06.480><c> as</c><00:24:06.799><c> Earth</c><00:24:07.120><c> and</c><00:24:07.440><c> Mars.</c>

00:24:09.750 --> 00:24:09.760 align:start position:0%
well as Earth and Mars.
 

00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:11.990 align:start position:0%
well as Earth and Mars.
We<00:24:10.000><c> already</c><00:24:10.480><c> know</c><00:24:10.720><c> that</c><00:24:11.039><c> only</c><00:24:11.360><c> one</c><00:24:11.520><c> in</c><00:24:11.760><c> three</c>

00:24:11.990 --> 00:24:12.000 align:start position:0%
We already know that only one in three
 

00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:13.669 align:start position:0%
We already know that only one in three
planets<00:24:12.400><c> in</c><00:24:12.559><c> our</c><00:24:12.799><c> own</c><00:24:12.960><c> solar</c><00:24:13.279><c> systems</c>

00:24:13.669 --> 00:24:13.679 align:start position:0%
planets in our own solar systems
 

00:24:13.679 --> 00:24:16.390 align:start position:0%
planets in our own solar systems
Goldilock<00:24:14.240><c> zone</c><00:24:14.559><c> can</c><00:24:14.880><c> have</c><00:24:15.039><c> liquid</c><00:24:15.520><c> water.</c>

00:24:16.390 --> 00:24:16.400 align:start position:0%
Goldilock zone can have liquid water.
 

00:24:16.400 --> 00:24:18.549 align:start position:0%
Goldilock zone can have liquid water.
So,<00:24:16.640><c> just</c><00:24:16.880><c> being</c><00:24:17.120><c> in</c><00:24:17.279><c> the</c><00:24:17.440><c> right</c><00:24:17.679><c> place</c><00:24:17.919><c> is</c><00:24:18.240><c> not</c>

00:24:18.549 --> 00:24:18.559 align:start position:0%
So, just being in the right place is not
 

00:24:18.559 --> 00:24:20.789 align:start position:0%
So, just being in the right place is not
always<00:24:18.880><c> enough.</c>

00:24:20.789 --> 00:24:20.799 align:start position:0%
always enough.
 

00:24:20.799 --> 00:24:23.830 align:start position:0%
always enough.
The<00:24:21.120><c> type</c><00:24:21.360><c> of</c><00:24:21.520><c> star</c><00:24:21.919><c> is</c><00:24:22.159><c> also</c><00:24:22.559><c> important.</c><00:24:23.279><c> Our</c>

00:24:23.830 --> 00:24:23.840 align:start position:0%
The type of star is also important. Our
 

00:24:23.840 --> 00:24:26.390 align:start position:0%
The type of star is also important. Our
star,<00:24:24.559><c> although</c><00:24:25.039><c> seemingly</c><00:24:25.679><c> active</c><00:24:26.080><c> on</c><00:24:26.240><c> the</c>

00:24:26.390 --> 00:24:26.400 align:start position:0%
star, although seemingly active on the
 

00:24:26.400 --> 00:24:28.470 align:start position:0%
star, although seemingly active on the
surface,<00:24:27.120><c> is</c><00:24:27.440><c> actually</c><00:24:27.679><c> quite</c><00:24:28.000><c> stable</c>

00:24:28.470 --> 00:24:28.480 align:start position:0%
surface, is actually quite stable
 

00:24:28.480 --> 00:24:30.149 align:start position:0%
surface, is actually quite stable
compared<00:24:28.799><c> to</c><00:24:28.960><c> a</c><00:24:29.200><c> lot</c><00:24:29.279><c> of</c><00:24:29.440><c> other</c><00:24:29.679><c> types</c><00:24:30.000><c> of</c>

00:24:30.149 --> 00:24:30.159 align:start position:0%
compared to a lot of other types of
 

00:24:30.159 --> 00:24:34.230 align:start position:0%
compared to a lot of other types of
stars.<00:24:31.520><c> The</c><00:24:31.760><c> sun</c><00:24:32.240><c> will</c><00:24:32.559><c> likely</c><00:24:33.039><c> be</c><00:24:33.440><c> 10</c><00:24:33.840><c> billion</c>

00:24:34.230 --> 00:24:34.240 align:start position:0%
stars. The sun will likely be 10 billion
 

00:24:34.240 --> 00:24:37.269 align:start position:0%
stars. The sun will likely be 10 billion
years<00:24:34.559><c> old</c><00:24:34.799><c> before</c><00:24:35.120><c> it</c><00:24:35.279><c> burns</c><00:24:35.679><c> out.</c>

00:24:37.269 --> 00:24:37.279 align:start position:0%
years old before it burns out.
 

00:24:37.279 --> 00:24:39.350 align:start position:0%
years old before it burns out.
On<00:24:37.440><c> the</c><00:24:37.600><c> other</c><00:24:37.760><c> hand,</c><00:24:38.320><c> the</c><00:24:38.559><c> hottest</c><00:24:38.880><c> types</c><00:24:39.200><c> of</c>

00:24:39.350 --> 00:24:39.360 align:start position:0%
On the other hand, the hottest types of
 

00:24:39.360 --> 00:24:41.430 align:start position:0%
On the other hand, the hottest types of
stars<00:24:39.760><c> will</c><00:24:40.000><c> only</c><00:24:40.320><c> last</c><00:24:40.640><c> for</c><00:24:40.880><c> millions</c><00:24:41.279><c> of</c>

00:24:41.430 --> 00:24:41.440 align:start position:0%
stars will only last for millions of
 

00:24:41.440 --> 00:24:43.990 align:start position:0%
stars will only last for millions of
years<00:24:41.760><c> in</c><00:24:42.000><c> comparison.</c><00:24:43.039><c> It</c><00:24:43.200><c> is</c><00:24:43.360><c> thought</c><00:24:43.679><c> that</c>

00:24:43.990 --> 00:24:44.000 align:start position:0%
years in comparison. It is thought that
 

00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:46.149 align:start position:0%
years in comparison. It is thought that
this<00:24:44.159><c> is</c><00:24:44.400><c> not</c><00:24:44.640><c> enough</c><00:24:44.960><c> time</c><00:24:45.200><c> for</c><00:24:45.440><c> life</c><00:24:45.679><c> to</c><00:24:45.840><c> form</c>

00:24:46.149 --> 00:24:46.159 align:start position:0%
this is not enough time for life to form
 

00:24:46.159 --> 00:24:48.870 align:start position:0%
this is not enough time for life to form
around<00:24:46.480><c> it.</c><00:24:47.120><c> Certainly</c><00:24:47.760><c> not</c><00:24:48.159><c> animal</c><00:24:48.559><c> life</c>

00:24:48.870 --> 00:24:48.880 align:start position:0%
around it. Certainly not animal life
 

00:24:48.880 --> 00:24:51.029 align:start position:0%
around it. Certainly not animal life
that<00:24:49.120><c> can</c><00:24:49.360><c> communicate</c><00:24:50.159><c> as</c><00:24:50.480><c> we</c><00:24:50.720><c> understand</c>

00:24:51.029 --> 00:24:51.039 align:start position:0%
that can communicate as we understand
 

00:24:51.039 --> 00:24:52.870 align:start position:0%
that can communicate as we understand
it.

00:24:52.870 --> 00:24:52.880 align:start position:0%
it.
 

00:24:52.880 --> 00:24:55.190 align:start position:0%
it.
So,<00:24:53.120><c> we</c><00:24:53.360><c> have</c><00:24:53.440><c> a</c><00:24:53.679><c> lot</c><00:24:53.760><c> of</c><00:24:53.919><c> filters</c><00:24:54.480><c> we</c><00:24:54.799><c> can</c><00:24:54.960><c> now</c>

00:24:55.190 --> 00:24:55.200 align:start position:0%
So, we have a lot of filters we can now
 

00:24:55.200 --> 00:24:57.190 align:start position:0%
So, we have a lot of filters we can now
use<00:24:55.440><c> to</c><00:24:55.679><c> narrow</c><00:24:56.080><c> down</c><00:24:56.400><c> our</c><00:24:56.720><c> search</c><00:24:56.960><c> for</c>

00:24:57.190 --> 00:24:57.200 align:start position:0%
use to narrow down our search for
 

00:24:57.200 --> 00:25:00.070 align:start position:0%
use to narrow down our search for
habitable<00:24:57.760><c> worlds.</c><00:24:58.960><c> Out</c><00:24:59.200><c> of</c><00:24:59.360><c> the</c><00:24:59.600><c> original</c>

00:25:00.070 --> 00:25:00.080 align:start position:0%
habitable worlds. Out of the original
 

00:25:00.080 --> 00:25:02.149 align:start position:0%
habitable worlds. Out of the original
3,797

00:25:02.149 --> 00:25:02.159 align:start position:0%
3,797
 

00:25:02.159 --> 00:25:04.710 align:start position:0%
3,797
confirmed<00:25:02.640><c> planets,</c><00:25:03.520><c> 16</c><00:25:04.000><c> are</c><00:25:04.240><c> terrestrial</c>

00:25:04.710 --> 00:25:04.720 align:start position:0%
confirmed planets, 16 are terrestrial
 

00:25:04.720 --> 00:25:06.630 align:start position:0%
confirmed planets, 16 are terrestrial
planets<00:25:05.039><c> that</c><00:25:05.279><c> orbit</c><00:25:05.679><c> within</c><00:25:05.919><c> the</c><00:25:06.080><c> Goldilock</c>

00:25:06.630 --> 00:25:06.640 align:start position:0%
planets that orbit within the Goldilock
 

00:25:06.640 --> 00:25:08.789 align:start position:0%
planets that orbit within the Goldilock
zone<00:25:06.880><c> of</c><00:25:07.039><c> their</c><00:25:07.200><c> stars.</c><00:25:08.240><c> However,</c><00:25:08.640><c> the</c>

00:25:08.789 --> 00:25:08.799 align:start position:0%
zone of their stars. However, the
 

00:25:08.799 --> 00:25:11.830 align:start position:0%
zone of their stars. However, the
habitable<00:25:09.360><c> zone</c><00:25:09.760><c> of</c><00:25:10.080><c> some</c><00:25:10.320><c> stars</c><00:25:11.279><c> means</c><00:25:11.520><c> the</c>

00:25:11.830 --> 00:25:11.840 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of some stars means the
 

00:25:11.840 --> 00:25:13.909 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of some stars means the
planets<00:25:12.240><c> are</c><00:25:12.480><c> close</c><00:25:12.720><c> enough</c><00:25:12.960><c> to</c><00:25:13.200><c> be</c><00:25:13.360><c> tidily</c>

00:25:13.909 --> 00:25:13.919 align:start position:0%
planets are close enough to be tidily
 

00:25:13.919 --> 00:25:16.470 align:start position:0%
planets are close enough to be tidily
locked,<00:25:14.720><c> meaning</c><00:25:15.200><c> only</c><00:25:15.520><c> one</c><00:25:15.840><c> face</c><00:25:16.159><c> of</c><00:25:16.320><c> the</c>

00:25:16.470 --> 00:25:16.480 align:start position:0%
locked, meaning only one face of the
 

00:25:16.480 --> 00:25:19.269 align:start position:0%
locked, meaning only one face of the
planet<00:25:16.799><c> sees</c><00:25:17.120><c> its</c><00:25:17.360><c> star.</c>

00:25:19.269 --> 00:25:19.279 align:start position:0%
planet sees its star.
 

00:25:19.279 --> 00:25:21.750 align:start position:0%
planet sees its star.
This<00:25:19.600><c> proximity</c><00:25:20.159><c> to</c><00:25:20.320><c> the</c><00:25:20.559><c> star</c><00:25:21.120><c> also</c><00:25:21.520><c> means</c>

00:25:21.750 --> 00:25:21.760 align:start position:0%
This proximity to the star also means
 

00:25:21.760 --> 00:25:23.510 align:start position:0%
This proximity to the star also means
the<00:25:22.080><c> planet</c><00:25:22.237><c> [music]</c><00:25:22.400><c> is</c><00:25:22.640><c> exposed</c><00:25:22.960><c> to</c><00:25:23.200><c> a</c><00:25:23.440><c> lot</c>

00:25:23.510 --> 00:25:23.520 align:start position:0%
the planet [music] is exposed to a lot
 

00:25:23.520 --> 00:25:26.230 align:start position:0%
the planet [music] is exposed to a lot
of<00:25:23.679><c> solar</c><00:25:24.159><c> radiation,</c><00:25:25.279><c> sometimes</c><00:25:25.760><c> thousands</c>

00:25:26.230 --> 00:25:26.240 align:start position:0%
of solar radiation, sometimes thousands
 

00:25:26.240 --> 00:25:28.470 align:start position:0%
of solar radiation, sometimes thousands
of<00:25:26.400><c> times</c><00:25:26.720><c> more</c><00:25:27.039><c> than</c><00:25:27.279><c> we</c><00:25:27.520><c> are</c><00:25:27.679><c> exposed</c><00:25:28.080><c> to</c><00:25:28.240><c> on</c>

00:25:28.470 --> 00:25:28.480 align:start position:0%
of times more than we are exposed to on
 

00:25:28.480 --> 00:25:31.990 align:start position:0%
of times more than we are exposed to on
Earth.<00:25:29.360><c> In</c><00:25:29.600><c> other</c><00:25:29.760><c> words,</c><00:25:30.400><c> out</c><00:25:30.640><c> of</c><00:25:30.799><c> those</c><00:25:31.120><c> 16,</c>

00:25:31.990 --> 00:25:32.000 align:start position:0%
Earth. In other words, out of those 16,
 

00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:34.789 align:start position:0%
Earth. In other words, out of those 16,
only<00:25:32.400><c> four</c><00:25:32.880><c> are</c><00:25:33.039><c> likely</c><00:25:33.440><c> candidates</c><00:25:34.320><c> to</c><00:25:34.559><c> be</c>

00:25:34.789 --> 00:25:34.799 align:start position:0%
only four are likely candidates to be
 

00:25:34.799 --> 00:25:37.029 align:start position:0%
only four are likely candidates to be
Earthlike.<00:25:35.919><c> Although,</c><00:25:36.320><c> it</c><00:25:36.559><c> is</c><00:25:36.720><c> worth</c>

00:25:37.029 --> 00:25:37.039 align:start position:0%
Earthlike. Although, it is worth
 

00:25:37.039 --> 00:25:39.190 align:start position:0%
Earthlike. Although, it is worth
mentioning<00:25:37.440><c> that</c><00:25:37.840><c> exoplanets</c><00:25:38.559><c> in</c><00:25:38.799><c> systems</c>

00:25:39.190 --> 00:25:39.200 align:start position:0%
mentioning that exoplanets in systems
 

00:25:39.200 --> 00:25:41.909 align:start position:0%
mentioning that exoplanets in systems
like<00:25:39.520><c> the</c><00:25:39.679><c> Trappist</c><00:25:40.320><c> one</c><00:25:40.559><c> system</c><00:25:41.360><c> could</c><00:25:41.679><c> still</c>

00:25:41.909 --> 00:25:41.919 align:start position:0%
like the Trappist one system could still
 

00:25:41.919 --> 00:25:44.390 align:start position:0%
like the Trappist one system could still
be<00:25:42.080><c> habitable</c><00:25:42.720><c> or</c><00:25:42.960><c> have</c><00:25:43.200><c> life</c><00:25:43.600><c> even</c><00:25:43.919><c> if</c><00:25:44.240><c> all</c>

00:25:44.390 --> 00:25:44.400 align:start position:0%
be habitable or have life even if all
 

00:25:44.400 --> 00:25:46.710 align:start position:0%
be habitable or have life even if all
the<00:25:44.559><c> planets</c><00:25:44.960><c> are</c><00:25:45.200><c> tightly</c><00:25:45.679><c> locked.</c><00:25:46.400><c> But</c><00:25:46.559><c> the</c>

00:25:46.710 --> 00:25:46.720 align:start position:0%
the planets are tightly locked. But the
 

00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:48.470 align:start position:0%
the planets are tightly locked. But the
Trappist<00:25:47.200><c> system</c><00:25:47.440><c> is</c><00:25:47.679><c> worthy</c><00:25:47.919><c> of</c><00:25:48.080><c> its</c><00:25:48.320><c> own</c>

00:25:48.470 --> 00:25:48.480 align:start position:0%
Trappist system is worthy of its own
 

00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:51.669 align:start position:0%
Trappist system is worthy of its own
video,<00:25:48.799><c> so</c><00:25:49.039><c> I</c><00:25:49.200><c> won't</c><00:25:49.440><c> expand</c><00:25:49.760><c> on</c><00:25:49.919><c> it</c><00:25:50.159><c> here.</c>

00:25:51.669 --> 00:25:51.679 align:start position:0%
video, so I won't expand on it here.
 

00:25:51.679 --> 00:25:55.350 align:start position:0%
video, so I won't expand on it here.
These<00:25:52.000><c> four</c><00:25:52.240><c> exoplanets</c><00:25:53.360><c> are</c><00:25:54.000><c> Lighton</c><00:25:54.640><c> B,</c>

00:25:55.350 --> 00:25:55.360 align:start position:0%
These four exoplanets are Lighton B,
 

00:25:55.360 --> 00:26:00.549 align:start position:0%
These four exoplanets are Lighton B,
Kepler<00:25:55.919><c> 62F,</c><00:25:57.279><c> Kepler</c><00:25:58.480><c> 186F,</c><00:25:59.600><c> and</c><00:25:59.840><c> Kepler</c>

00:26:00.549 --> 00:26:00.559 align:start position:0%
Kepler 62F, Kepler 186F, and Kepler
 

00:26:00.559 --> 00:26:02.710 align:start position:0%
Kepler 62F, Kepler 186F, and Kepler
442B.

00:26:02.710 --> 00:26:02.720 align:start position:0%
442B.
 

00:26:02.720 --> 00:26:04.789 align:start position:0%
442B.
Realistically<00:26:03.520><c> speaking</c><00:26:03.919><c> though,</c><00:26:04.240><c> we</c><00:26:04.559><c> don't</c>

00:26:04.789 --> 00:26:04.799 align:start position:0%
Realistically speaking though, we don't
 

00:26:04.799 --> 00:26:06.630 align:start position:0%
Realistically speaking though, we don't
know<00:26:05.039><c> much</c><00:26:05.360><c> about</c><00:26:05.600><c> them</c><00:26:05.919><c> other</c><00:26:06.159><c> than</c><00:26:06.400><c> their</c>

00:26:06.630 --> 00:26:06.640 align:start position:0%
know much about them other than their
 

00:26:06.640 --> 00:26:09.269 align:start position:0%
know much about them other than their
size<00:26:06.960><c> and</c><00:26:07.279><c> mass.</c><00:26:08.000><c> Our</c><00:26:08.240><c> current</c><00:26:08.480><c> technology</c>

00:26:09.269 --> 00:26:09.279 align:start position:0%
size and mass. Our current technology
 

00:26:09.279 --> 00:26:11.430 align:start position:0%
size and mass. Our current technology
isn't<00:26:09.760><c> accurate</c><00:26:10.240><c> enough</c><00:26:10.480><c> to</c><00:26:10.720><c> determine</c><00:26:11.200><c> the</c>

00:26:11.430 --> 00:26:11.440 align:start position:0%
isn't accurate enough to determine the
 

00:26:11.440 --> 00:26:14.310 align:start position:0%
isn't accurate enough to determine the
composition<00:26:11.919><c> of</c><00:26:12.159><c> their</c><00:26:12.320><c> atmospheres.</c>

00:26:14.310 --> 00:26:14.320 align:start position:0%
composition of their atmospheres.
 

00:26:14.320 --> 00:26:16.549 align:start position:0%
composition of their atmospheres.
One<00:26:14.559><c> of</c><00:26:14.640><c> the</c><00:26:14.880><c> James</c><00:26:15.200><c> Webb</c><00:26:15.520><c> Space</c><00:26:15.840><c> Telescope's</c>

00:26:16.549 --> 00:26:16.559 align:start position:0%
One of the James Webb Space Telescope's
 

00:26:16.559 --> 00:26:19.830 align:start position:0%
One of the James Webb Space Telescope's
missions<00:26:17.520><c> is</c><00:26:17.840><c> to</c><00:26:18.159><c> study</c><00:26:18.480><c> known</c><00:26:18.799><c> exoplanets</c><00:26:19.600><c> in</c>

00:26:19.830 --> 00:26:19.840 align:start position:0%
missions is to study known exoplanets in
 

00:26:19.840 --> 00:26:23.029 align:start position:0%
missions is to study known exoplanets in
greater<00:26:20.240><c> detail,</c><00:26:21.039><c> which</c><00:26:21.279><c> is</c><00:26:21.520><c> exciting</c><00:26:22.159><c> as</c><00:26:22.720><c> in</c>

00:26:23.029 --> 00:26:23.039 align:start position:0%
greater detail, which is exciting as in
 

00:26:23.039 --> 00:26:24.870 align:start position:0%
greater detail, which is exciting as in
combination<00:26:23.600><c> with</c><00:26:23.840><c> the</c><00:26:24.080><c> finding</c><00:26:24.480><c> power</c><00:26:24.720><c> of</c>

00:26:24.870 --> 00:26:24.880 align:start position:0%
combination with the finding power of
 

00:26:24.880 --> 00:26:27.350 align:start position:0%
combination with the finding power of
the<00:26:25.120><c> test</c><00:26:25.440><c> telescope</c><00:26:25.919><c> I</c><00:26:26.159><c> mentioned</c><00:26:26.480><c> earlier,</c>

00:26:27.350 --> 00:26:27.360 align:start position:0%
the test telescope I mentioned earlier,
 

00:26:27.360 --> 00:26:29.350 align:start position:0%
the test telescope I mentioned earlier,
this<00:26:27.600><c> next</c><00:26:27.919><c> decade</c><00:26:28.400><c> could</c><00:26:28.640><c> be</c><00:26:28.880><c> full</c><00:26:29.120><c> of</c>

00:26:29.350 --> 00:26:29.360 align:start position:0%
this next decade could be full of
 

00:26:29.360 --> 00:26:31.750 align:start position:0%
this next decade could be full of
discoveries.

00:26:31.750 --> 00:26:31.760 align:start position:0%
discoveries.
 

00:26:31.760 --> 00:26:33.990 align:start position:0%
discoveries.
But<00:26:31.919><c> by</c><00:26:32.159><c> using</c><00:26:32.320><c> the</c><00:26:32.559><c> Kepler</c><00:26:32.960><c> data</c><00:26:33.279><c> as</c><00:26:33.520><c> a</c><00:26:33.679><c> fairly</c>

00:26:33.990 --> 00:26:34.000 align:start position:0%
But by using the Kepler data as a fairly
 

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:37.029 align:start position:0%
But by using the Kepler data as a fairly
decent<00:26:34.400><c> sample</c><00:26:34.799><c> size,</c><00:26:35.600><c> can</c><00:26:35.760><c> we</c><00:26:36.080><c> estimate</c><00:26:36.720><c> how</c>

00:26:37.029 --> 00:26:37.039 align:start position:0%
decent sample size, can we estimate how
 

00:26:37.039 --> 00:26:39.510 align:start position:0%
decent sample size, can we estimate how
many<00:26:37.360><c> habitable</c><00:26:37.919><c> worlds</c><00:26:38.640><c> there</c><00:26:38.880><c> could</c><00:26:39.120><c> be</c><00:26:39.279><c> in</c>

00:26:39.510 --> 00:26:39.520 align:start position:0%
many habitable worlds there could be in
 

00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:41.669 align:start position:0%
many habitable worlds there could be in
our<00:26:39.760><c> galaxy</c><00:26:40.240><c> alone?</c>

00:26:41.669 --> 00:26:41.679 align:start position:0%
our galaxy alone?
 

00:26:41.679 --> 00:26:43.909 align:start position:0%
our galaxy alone?
Ethan<00:26:42.080><c> Seagull</c><00:26:42.559><c> did</c><00:26:42.720><c> a</c><00:26:42.960><c> very</c><00:26:43.360><c> interesting</c>

00:26:43.909 --> 00:26:43.919 align:start position:0%
Ethan Seagull did a very interesting
 

00:26:43.919 --> 00:26:45.430 align:start position:0%
Ethan Seagull did a very interesting
article,<00:26:44.240><c> which</c><00:26:44.480><c> I</c><00:26:44.640><c> will</c><00:26:44.720><c> link</c><00:26:44.880><c> to</c><00:26:45.120><c> in</c><00:26:45.279><c> the</c>

00:26:45.430 --> 00:26:45.440 align:start position:0%
article, which I will link to in the
 

00:26:45.440 --> 00:26:49.190 align:start position:0%
article, which I will link to in the
description,<00:26:46.480><c> where</c><00:26:46.799><c> out</c><00:26:47.039><c> of</c><00:26:47.200><c> those</c><00:26:48.320><c> 150,000</c>

00:26:49.190 --> 00:26:49.200 align:start position:0%
description, where out of those 150,000
 

00:26:49.200 --> 00:26:51.669 align:start position:0%
description, where out of those 150,000
stars,<00:26:50.000><c> the</c><00:26:50.240><c> chances</c><00:26:50.559><c> of</c><00:26:50.720><c> seeing</c><00:26:51.039><c> anything</c><00:26:51.360><c> at</c>

00:26:51.669 --> 00:26:51.679 align:start position:0%
stars, the chances of seeing anything at
 

00:26:51.679 --> 00:26:53.990 align:start position:0%
stars, the chances of seeing anything at
all<00:26:52.000><c> using</c><00:26:52.320><c> the</c><00:26:52.480><c> transit</c><00:26:52.960><c> method</c><00:26:53.440><c> is</c><00:26:53.600><c> very</c>

00:26:53.990 --> 00:26:54.000 align:start position:0%
all using the transit method is very
 

00:26:54.000 --> 00:26:56.950 align:start position:0%
all using the transit method is very
small.<00:26:54.720><c> Less</c><00:26:55.039><c> than</c><00:26:55.279><c> 1%</c><00:26:56.159><c> for</c><00:26:56.400><c> a</c><00:26:56.640><c> planet</c>

00:26:56.950 --> 00:26:56.960 align:start position:0%
small. Less than 1% for a planet
 

00:26:56.960 --> 00:26:59.350 align:start position:0%
small. Less than 1% for a planet
orbiting<00:26:57.440><c> the</c><00:26:57.679><c> distance</c><00:26:58.000><c> of</c><00:26:58.240><c> Mercury,</c><00:26:59.120><c> let</c>

00:26:59.350 --> 00:26:59.360 align:start position:0%
orbiting the distance of Mercury, let
 

00:26:59.360 --> 00:27:04.070 align:start position:0%
orbiting the distance of Mercury, let
alone<00:26:59.760><c> Neptune,</c><00:27:00.320><c> which</c><00:27:00.640><c> has</c><00:27:00.880><c> a</c><00:27:01.279><c> 0.01%</c>

00:27:04.070 --> 00:27:04.080 align:start position:0%
alone Neptune, which has a 0.01%
 

00:27:04.080 --> 00:27:06.870 align:start position:0%
alone Neptune, which has a 0.01%
chance<00:27:04.400><c> of</c><00:27:04.640><c> detection.</c><00:27:05.919><c> This</c><00:27:06.159><c> is</c><00:27:06.320><c> due</c><00:27:06.559><c> to</c><00:27:06.720><c> the</c>

00:27:06.870 --> 00:27:06.880 align:start position:0%
chance of detection. This is due to the
 

00:27:06.880 --> 00:27:09.269 align:start position:0%
chance of detection. This is due to the
way<00:27:07.120><c> planets</c><00:27:07.600><c> tend</c><00:27:07.840><c> to</c><00:27:08.080><c> all</c><00:27:08.320><c> orbit</c><00:27:08.799><c> along</c><00:27:09.039><c> a</c>

00:27:09.269 --> 00:27:09.279 align:start position:0%
way planets tend to all orbit along a
 

00:27:09.279 --> 00:27:11.750 align:start position:0%
way planets tend to all orbit along a
plane.<00:27:10.000><c> And</c><00:27:10.159><c> if</c><00:27:10.320><c> it's</c><00:27:10.559><c> not</c><00:27:10.799><c> lined</c><00:27:11.120><c> up,</c><00:27:11.520><c> we</c>

00:27:11.750 --> 00:27:11.760 align:start position:0%
plane. And if it's not lined up, we
 

00:27:11.760 --> 00:27:14.549 align:start position:0%
plane. And if it's not lined up, we
won't<00:27:12.080><c> see</c><00:27:12.320><c> anything.</c>

00:27:14.549 --> 00:27:14.559 align:start position:0%
won't see anything.
 

00:27:14.559 --> 00:27:17.110 align:start position:0%
won't see anything.
Also,<00:27:15.200><c> smaller</c><00:27:15.679><c> planets</c><00:27:16.000><c> are</c><00:27:16.240><c> much</c><00:27:16.480><c> harder</c><00:27:16.880><c> to</c>

00:27:17.110 --> 00:27:17.120 align:start position:0%
Also, smaller planets are much harder to
 

00:27:17.120 --> 00:27:19.590 align:start position:0%
Also, smaller planets are much harder to
detect.<00:27:17.919><c> Look</c><00:27:18.159><c> how</c><00:27:18.400><c> hard</c><00:27:18.559><c> it</c><00:27:18.799><c> is</c><00:27:18.960><c> to</c><00:27:19.200><c> see</c><00:27:19.360><c> an</c>

00:27:19.590 --> 00:27:19.600 align:start position:0%
detect. Look how hard it is to see an
 

00:27:19.600 --> 00:27:21.590 align:start position:0%
detect. Look how hard it is to see an
Earth-sized<00:27:20.320><c> planet</c><00:27:20.880><c> compared</c><00:27:21.200><c> to</c><00:27:21.360><c> a</c>

00:27:21.590 --> 00:27:21.600 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized planet compared to a
 

00:27:21.600 --> 00:27:24.710 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized planet compared to a
Jupiterized<00:27:22.400><c> planet.</c>

00:27:24.710 --> 00:27:24.720 align:start position:0%
Jupiterized planet.
 

00:27:24.720 --> 00:27:26.870 align:start position:0%
Jupiterized planet.
Taking<00:27:25.120><c> all</c><00:27:25.279><c> these</c><00:27:25.520><c> things</c><00:27:25.760><c> into</c><00:27:26.159><c> account,</c>

00:27:26.870 --> 00:27:26.880 align:start position:0%
Taking all these things into account,
 

00:27:26.880 --> 00:27:29.510 align:start position:0%
Taking all these things into account,
Ethan<00:27:27.279><c> Seagull</c><00:27:27.840><c> placed</c><00:27:28.159><c> a</c><00:27:28.400><c> low</c><00:27:28.640><c> estimate</c><00:27:29.200><c> of</c>

00:27:29.510 --> 00:27:29.520 align:start position:0%
Ethan Seagull placed a low estimate of
 

00:27:29.520 --> 00:27:32.710 align:start position:0%
Ethan Seagull placed a low estimate of
6.4<00:27:30.640><c> billion</c><00:27:31.120><c> planets</c><00:27:31.840><c> in</c><00:27:32.080><c> their</c><00:27:32.320><c> stars</c>

00:27:32.710 --> 00:27:32.720 align:start position:0%
6.4 billion planets in their stars
 

00:27:32.720 --> 00:27:35.190 align:start position:0%
6.4 billion planets in their stars
habitable<00:27:33.200><c> zone</c><00:27:33.440><c> in</c><00:27:33.679><c> our</c><00:27:34.000><c> galaxy,</c><00:27:34.640><c> the</c><00:27:34.799><c> Milky</c>

00:27:35.190 --> 00:27:35.200 align:start position:0%
habitable zone in our galaxy, the Milky
 

00:27:35.200 --> 00:27:36.870 align:start position:0%
habitable zone in our galaxy, the Milky
Way.

00:27:36.870 --> 00:27:36.880 align:start position:0%
Way.
 

00:27:36.880 --> 00:27:38.870 align:start position:0%
Way.
This<00:27:37.200><c> means</c><00:27:37.440><c> at</c><00:27:37.520><c> least</c><00:27:37.919><c> one</c><00:27:38.080><c> of</c><00:27:38.240><c> them</c><00:27:38.480><c> has</c><00:27:38.720><c> to</c>

00:27:38.870 --> 00:27:38.880 align:start position:0%
This means at least one of them has to
 

00:27:38.880 --> 00:27:42.230 align:start position:0%
This means at least one of them has to
have<00:27:39.039><c> life</c><00:27:39.440><c> too</c><00:27:39.919><c> surely.</c><00:27:41.120><c> Well,</c><00:27:41.440><c> we</c><00:27:41.840><c> really</c>

00:27:42.230 --> 00:27:42.240 align:start position:0%
have life too surely. Well, we really
 

00:27:42.240 --> 00:27:45.990 align:start position:0%
have life too surely. Well, we really
don't<00:27:42.559><c> know</c><00:27:42.799><c> how</c><00:27:43.120><c> prevalent</c><00:27:43.600><c> life</c><00:27:43.919><c> is</c><00:27:44.159><c> at</c><00:27:44.400><c> all.</c>

00:27:45.990 --> 00:27:46.000 align:start position:0%
don't know how prevalent life is at all.
 

00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:48.149 align:start position:0%
don't know how prevalent life is at all.
And<00:27:46.240><c> until</c><00:27:46.559><c> we</c><00:27:46.799><c> do</c><00:27:46.960><c> some</c><00:27:47.200><c> serious</c><00:27:47.679><c> research</c>

00:27:48.149 --> 00:27:48.159 align:start position:0%
And until we do some serious research
 

00:27:48.159 --> 00:27:50.390 align:start position:0%
And until we do some serious research
and<00:27:48.400><c> improve</c><00:27:48.720><c> our</c><00:27:48.960><c> technology,</c><00:27:49.760><c> we</c><00:27:50.000><c> have</c><00:27:50.159><c> no</c>

00:27:50.390 --> 00:27:50.400 align:start position:0%
and improve our technology, we have no
 

00:27:50.400 --> 00:27:53.269 align:start position:0%
and improve our technology, we have no
way<00:27:50.559><c> of</c><00:27:50.720><c> knowing</c><00:27:51.279><c> yet.</c>

00:27:53.269 --> 00:27:53.279 align:start position:0%
way of knowing yet.
 

00:27:53.279 --> 00:27:55.190 align:start position:0%
way of knowing yet.
Some<00:27:53.600><c> people</c><00:27:53.840><c> claim</c><00:27:54.240><c> that</c><00:27:54.480><c> all</c><00:27:54.720><c> factors</c>

00:27:55.190 --> 00:27:55.200 align:start position:0%
Some people claim that all factors
 

00:27:55.200 --> 00:27:57.350 align:start position:0%
Some people claim that all factors
considered,<00:27:55.919><c> the</c><00:27:56.159><c> chances</c><00:27:56.480><c> of</c><00:27:56.720><c> humans</c><00:27:57.120><c> being</c>

00:27:57.350 --> 00:27:57.360 align:start position:0%
considered, the chances of humans being
 

00:27:57.360 --> 00:28:00.789 align:start position:0%
considered, the chances of humans being
able<00:27:57.600><c> to</c><00:27:57.760><c> develop</c><00:27:58.159><c> and</c><00:27:58.399><c> live</c><00:27:58.559><c> on</c><00:27:58.799><c> Earth</c><00:27:59.600><c> was</c><00:28:00.399><c> 10</c>

00:28:00.789 --> 00:28:00.799 align:start position:0%
able to develop and live on Earth was 10
 

00:28:00.799 --> 00:28:05.110 align:start position:0%
able to develop and live on Earth was 10
to<00:28:00.880><c> the</c><00:28:01.120><c> power</c><00:28:01.520><c> of</c><00:28:02.399><c> 10,123</c>

00:28:05.110 --> 00:28:05.120 align:start position:0%
to the power of 10,123
 

00:28:05.120 --> 00:28:07.669 align:start position:0%
to the power of 10,123
to<00:28:05.360><c> 1.</c><00:28:06.159><c> In</c><00:28:06.399><c> other</c><00:28:06.559><c> words,</c><00:28:07.120><c> extremely</c>

00:28:07.669 --> 00:28:07.679 align:start position:0%
to 1. In other words, extremely
 

00:28:07.679 --> 00:28:10.710 align:start position:0%
to 1. In other words, extremely
unlikely.<00:28:09.120><c> How</c><00:28:09.279><c> many</c><00:28:09.520><c> factors</c><00:28:10.080><c> actually</c><00:28:10.559><c> are</c>

00:28:10.710 --> 00:28:10.720 align:start position:0%
unlikely. How many factors actually are
 

00:28:10.720 --> 00:28:13.990 align:start position:0%
unlikely. How many factors actually are
needed<00:28:11.279><c> to</c><00:28:11.520><c> be</c><00:28:11.760><c> right</c><00:28:12.000><c> for</c><00:28:12.320><c> life</c><00:28:12.559><c> to</c><00:28:12.799><c> exist?</c><00:28:13.760><c> Is</c>

00:28:13.990 --> 00:28:14.000 align:start position:0%
needed to be right for life to exist? Is
 

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:17.029 align:start position:0%
needed to be right for life to exist? Is
it<00:28:14.240><c> all</c><00:28:14.559><c> over</c><00:28:14.720><c> the</c><00:28:14.960><c> place</c><00:28:15.600><c> or</c><00:28:15.919><c> purely</c><00:28:16.320><c> a</c><00:28:16.559><c> freak</c>

00:28:17.029 --> 00:28:17.039 align:start position:0%
it all over the place or purely a freak
 

00:28:17.039 --> 00:28:19.590 align:start position:0%
it all over the place or purely a freak
coincidence<00:28:17.679><c> here?</c><00:28:18.720><c> Building</c><00:28:19.120><c> on</c><00:28:19.279><c> what</c><00:28:19.440><c> we</c>

00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:19.600 align:start position:0%
coincidence here? Building on what we
 

00:28:19.600 --> 00:28:21.830 align:start position:0%
coincidence here? Building on what we
know<00:28:19.760><c> already</c><00:28:20.480><c> means</c><00:28:20.799><c> the</c><00:28:21.039><c> future</c><00:28:21.440><c> is</c><00:28:21.679><c> going</c>

00:28:21.830 --> 00:28:21.840 align:start position:0%
know already means the future is going
 

00:28:21.840 --> 00:28:26.549 align:start position:0%
know already means the future is going
to<00:28:22.000><c> be</c><00:28:22.159><c> very</c><00:28:22.559><c> exciting.</c>

00:28:26.549 --> 00:28:26.559 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:29.190 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:28:26.880><c> almost</c><00:28:27.360><c> all</c><00:28:27.760><c> of</c><00:28:28.000><c> human</c><00:28:28.399><c> history,</c><00:28:29.039><c> the</c>

00:28:29.190 --> 00:28:29.200 align:start position:0%
For almost all of human history, the
 

00:28:29.200 --> 00:28:30.950 align:start position:0%
For almost all of human history, the
night<00:28:29.440><c> sky</c><00:28:29.679><c> has</c><00:28:29.919><c> guided</c><00:28:30.320><c> us</c><00:28:30.480><c> across</c>

00:28:30.950 --> 00:28:30.960 align:start position:0%
night sky has guided us across
 

00:28:30.960 --> 00:28:33.190 align:start position:0%
night sky has guided us across
continents,<00:28:31.919><c> illuminating</c><00:28:32.480><c> our</c><00:28:32.799><c> path</c>

00:28:33.190 --> 00:28:33.200 align:start position:0%
continents, illuminating our path
 

00:28:33.200 --> 00:28:36.230 align:start position:0%
continents, illuminating our path
forward.<00:28:34.159><c> The</c><00:28:34.399><c> stars</c><00:28:34.720><c> are</c><00:28:35.039><c> as</c><00:28:35.360><c> entwined</c><00:28:36.000><c> with</c>

00:28:36.230 --> 00:28:36.240 align:start position:0%
forward. The stars are as entwined with
 

00:28:36.240 --> 00:28:39.029 align:start position:0%
forward. The stars are as entwined with
our<00:28:36.480><c> civilization</c><00:28:37.520><c> as</c><00:28:37.840><c> are</c><00:28:38.080><c> the</c><00:28:38.320><c> land</c><00:28:38.559><c> and</c><00:28:38.799><c> the</c>

00:28:39.029 --> 00:28:39.039 align:start position:0%
our civilization as are the land and the
 

00:28:39.039 --> 00:28:43.590 align:start position:0%
our civilization as are the land and the
sea.<00:28:40.080><c> But</c><00:28:40.799><c> that</c><00:28:41.120><c> sky</c><00:28:41.679><c> is</c><00:28:42.080><c> changing.</c><00:28:43.120><c> While</c><00:28:43.440><c> the</c>

00:28:43.590 --> 00:28:43.600 align:start position:0%
sea. But that sky is changing. While the
 

00:28:43.600 --> 00:28:45.990 align:start position:0%
sea. But that sky is changing. While the
stars,<00:28:44.240><c> nebula,</c><00:28:44.720><c> and</c><00:28:44.960><c> supernova</c><00:28:45.520><c> remnants</c>

00:28:45.990 --> 00:28:46.000 align:start position:0%
stars, nebula, and supernova remnants
 

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:49.029 align:start position:0%
stars, nebula, and supernova remnants
are<00:28:46.159><c> as</c><00:28:46.480><c> brilliant</c><00:28:46.880><c> as</c><00:28:47.120><c> ever,</c><00:28:48.080><c> few</c><00:28:48.399><c> of</c><00:28:48.559><c> us</c><00:28:48.720><c> will</c>

00:28:49.029 --> 00:28:49.039 align:start position:0%
are as brilliant as ever, few of us will
 

00:28:49.039 --> 00:28:51.750 align:start position:0%
are as brilliant as ever, few of us will
ever<00:28:49.360><c> get</c><00:28:49.600><c> the</c><00:28:49.840><c> chance</c><00:28:50.080><c> to</c><00:28:50.320><c> see</c><00:28:50.640><c> them</c><00:28:51.200><c> as</c><00:28:51.520><c> they</c>

00:28:51.750 --> 00:28:51.760 align:start position:0%
ever get the chance to see them as they
 

00:28:51.760 --> 00:28:54.389 align:start position:0%
ever get the chance to see them as they
once<00:28:52.080><c> were,</c><00:28:52.960><c> even</c><00:28:53.200><c> though</c><00:28:53.520><c> all</c><00:28:53.840><c> it</c><00:28:54.000><c> would</c><00:28:54.240><c> take</c>

00:28:54.389 --> 00:28:54.399 align:start position:0%
once were, even though all it would take
 

00:28:54.399 --> 00:28:58.870 align:start position:0%
once were, even though all it would take
to<00:28:54.640><c> do</c><00:28:54.880><c> so</c><00:28:55.360><c> is</c><00:28:55.679><c> a</c><00:28:55.840><c> flick</c><00:28:56.159><c> of</c><00:28:56.320><c> a</c><00:28:56.559><c> switch.</c>

00:28:58.870 --> 00:28:58.880 align:start position:0%
to do so is a flick of a switch.
 

00:28:58.880 --> 00:29:00.870 align:start position:0%
to do so is a flick of a switch.
I'm<00:28:59.200><c> Alex</c><00:28:59.520><c> Mccoan</c><00:29:00.159><c> and</c><00:29:00.399><c> you're</c><00:29:00.640><c> watching</c>

00:29:00.870 --> 00:29:00.880 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:29:00.880 --> 00:29:03.590 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:29:01.760><c> Join</c><00:29:02.000><c> me</c><00:29:02.240><c> today</c><00:29:02.480><c> as</c><00:29:02.720><c> we</c><00:29:02.880><c> explore</c><00:29:03.279><c> how</c>

00:29:03.590 --> 00:29:03.600 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we explore how
 

00:29:03.600 --> 00:29:05.990 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we explore how
the<00:29:03.760><c> night</c><00:29:04.080><c> sky</c><00:29:04.399><c> has</c><00:29:04.640><c> changed</c><00:29:05.039><c> in</c><00:29:05.279><c> our</c><00:29:05.600><c> own</c>

00:29:05.990 --> 00:29:06.000 align:start position:0%
the night sky has changed in our own
 

00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:08.789 align:start position:0%
the night sky has changed in our own
lifetimes<00:29:07.120><c> and</c><00:29:07.440><c> uncover</c><00:29:07.919><c> the</c><00:29:08.240><c> drastic</c>

00:29:08.789 --> 00:29:08.799 align:start position:0%
lifetimes and uncover the drastic
 

00:29:08.799 --> 00:29:11.190 align:start position:0%
lifetimes and uncover the drastic
effects<00:29:09.120><c> that</c><00:29:09.520><c> artificial</c><00:29:10.240><c> light,</c><00:29:10.880><c> both</c>

00:29:11.190 --> 00:29:11.200 align:start position:0%
effects that artificial light, both
 

00:29:11.200 --> 00:29:15.029 align:start position:0%
effects that artificial light, both
visible<00:29:11.840><c> and</c><00:29:12.320><c> invisible,</c><00:29:13.520><c> has</c><00:29:13.760><c> had</c><00:29:14.000><c> on</c><00:29:14.159><c> us</c><00:29:14.799><c> on</c>

00:29:15.029 --> 00:29:15.039 align:start position:0%
visible and invisible, has had on us on
 

00:29:15.039 --> 00:29:18.149 align:start position:0%
visible and invisible, has had on us on
crucial<00:29:15.440><c> ecosystems</c><00:29:16.640><c> and</c><00:29:16.960><c> on</c><00:29:17.440><c> important</c>

00:29:18.149 --> 00:29:18.159 align:start position:0%
crucial ecosystems and on important
 

00:29:18.159 --> 00:29:20.789 align:start position:0%
crucial ecosystems and on important
scientific<00:29:18.880><c> research.</c><00:29:19.840><c> We</c><00:29:20.080><c> will</c><00:29:20.240><c> see</c><00:29:20.399><c> how</c><00:29:20.559><c> a</c>

00:29:20.789 --> 00:29:20.799 align:start position:0%
scientific research. We will see how a
 

00:29:20.799 --> 00:29:23.269 align:start position:0%
scientific research. We will see how a
well-intentioned<00:29:21.679><c> green</c><00:29:22.159><c> revolution</c><00:29:23.039><c> made</c>

00:29:23.269 --> 00:29:23.279 align:start position:0%
well-intentioned green revolution made
 

00:29:23.279 --> 00:29:25.909 align:start position:0%
well-intentioned green revolution made
it<00:29:23.520><c> worse.</c><00:29:24.480><c> How</c><00:29:24.640><c> we've</c><00:29:24.960><c> put</c><00:29:25.279><c> artificial</c>

00:29:25.909 --> 00:29:25.919 align:start position:0%
it worse. How we've put artificial
 

00:29:25.919 --> 00:29:29.350 align:start position:0%
it worse. How we've put artificial
constellations<00:29:26.799><c> of</c><00:29:27.200><c> our</c><00:29:27.520><c> own</c><00:29:27.919><c> into</c><00:29:28.320><c> orbit.</c>

00:29:29.350 --> 00:29:29.360 align:start position:0%
constellations of our own into orbit.
 

00:29:29.360 --> 00:29:31.909 align:start position:0%
constellations of our own into orbit.
And<00:29:29.520><c> how</c><00:29:29.840><c> even</c><00:29:30.240><c> the</c><00:29:30.559><c> natural</c><00:29:31.120><c> constellations</c>

00:29:31.909 --> 00:29:31.919 align:start position:0%
And how even the natural constellations
 

00:29:31.919 --> 00:29:35.830 align:start position:0%
And how even the natural constellations
themselves<00:29:33.120><c> are</c><00:29:33.600><c> changing.</c><00:29:35.039><c> That's</c><00:29:35.360><c> right.</c>

00:29:35.830 --> 00:29:35.840 align:start position:0%
themselves are changing. That's right.
 

00:29:35.840 --> 00:29:38.070 align:start position:0%
themselves are changing. That's right.
We're<00:29:36.159><c> going</c><00:29:36.320><c> to</c><00:29:36.480><c> see</c><00:29:36.799><c> how</c><00:29:37.039><c> our</c><00:29:37.440><c> sky</c><00:29:37.760><c> will</c>

00:29:38.070 --> 00:29:38.080 align:start position:0%
We're going to see how our sky will
 

00:29:38.080 --> 00:29:41.590 align:start position:0%
We're going to see how our sky will
change<00:29:38.399><c> in</c><00:29:38.880><c> 1,000,</c><00:29:40.159><c> 1</c><00:29:40.399><c> million,</c><00:29:40.965><c> [music]</c><00:29:41.279><c> and</c>

00:29:41.590 --> 00:29:41.600 align:start position:0%
change in 1,000, 1 million, [music] and
 

00:29:41.600 --> 00:29:49.590 align:start position:0%
change in 1,000, 1 million, [music] and
even<00:29:42.159><c> billions</c><00:29:42.720><c> of</c><00:29:42.960><c> years</c><00:29:43.520><c> into</c><00:29:43.840><c> the</c><00:29:44.080><c> future.</c>

00:29:49.590 --> 00:29:49.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:29:49.600 --> 00:29:51.830 align:start position:0%
 
As<00:29:49.840><c> it</c><00:29:50.080><c> is</c><00:29:50.320><c> with</c><00:29:50.640><c> anything</c><00:29:51.120><c> that</c><00:29:51.360><c> changes</c>

00:29:51.830 --> 00:29:51.840 align:start position:0%
As it is with anything that changes
 

00:29:51.840 --> 00:29:54.630 align:start position:0%
As it is with anything that changes
gradually<00:29:52.399><c> over</c><00:29:52.720><c> time,</c><00:29:53.440><c> we</c><00:29:53.679><c> rarely</c><00:29:54.159><c> realize</c>

00:29:54.630 --> 00:29:54.640 align:start position:0%
gradually over time, we rarely realize
 

00:29:54.640 --> 00:29:57.269 align:start position:0%
gradually over time, we rarely realize
what<00:29:54.960><c> is</c><00:29:55.120><c> happening.</c><00:29:56.159><c> But</c><00:29:56.480><c> every</c><00:29:56.720><c> once</c><00:29:56.960><c> in</c><00:29:57.120><c> a</c>

00:29:57.269 --> 00:29:57.279 align:start position:0%
what is happening. But every once in a
 

00:29:57.279 --> 00:29:59.750 align:start position:0%
what is happening. But every once in a
while,<00:29:57.600><c> that</c><00:29:57.919><c> gradual</c><00:29:58.399><c> change</c><00:29:58.880><c> can</c><00:29:59.120><c> be</c><00:29:59.279><c> laid</c>

00:29:59.750 --> 00:29:59.760 align:start position:0%
while, that gradual change can be laid
 

00:29:59.760 --> 00:30:02.470 align:start position:0%
while, that gradual change can be laid
bare,<00:30:00.559><c> as</c><00:30:00.799><c> it</c><00:30:00.960><c> was</c><00:30:01.200><c> during</c><00:30:01.440><c> the</c><00:30:01.679><c> 1994</c>

00:30:02.470 --> 00:30:02.480 align:start position:0%
bare, as it was during the 1994
 

00:30:02.480 --> 00:30:05.510 align:start position:0%
bare, as it was during the 1994
earthquake<00:30:02.960><c> in</c><00:30:03.200><c> Los</c><00:30:03.360><c> Angeles.</c><00:30:04.720><c> A</c><00:30:05.039><c> large</c><00:30:05.279><c> part</c>

00:30:05.510 --> 00:30:05.520 align:start position:0%
earthquake in Los Angeles. A large part
 

00:30:05.520 --> 00:30:07.269 align:start position:0%
earthquake in Los Angeles. A large part
of<00:30:05.679><c> the</c><00:30:05.840><c> city's</c><00:30:06.240><c> electrical</c><00:30:06.720><c> grid</c><00:30:07.039><c> was</c>

00:30:07.269 --> 00:30:07.279 align:start position:0%
of the city's electrical grid was
 

00:30:07.279 --> 00:30:09.029 align:start position:0%
of the city's electrical grid was
knocked<00:30:07.600><c> out</c><00:30:07.840><c> in</c><00:30:08.000><c> the</c><00:30:08.159><c> early</c><00:30:08.480><c> hours</c><00:30:08.799><c> of</c>

00:30:09.029 --> 00:30:09.039 align:start position:0%
knocked out in the early hours of
 

00:30:09.039 --> 00:30:11.669 align:start position:0%
knocked out in the early hours of
January<00:30:09.600><c> 17th,</c><00:30:10.320><c> revealing</c><00:30:10.720><c> the</c><00:30:10.960><c> effects</c><00:30:11.279><c> of</c>

00:30:11.669 --> 00:30:11.679 align:start position:0%
January 17th, revealing the effects of
 

00:30:11.679 --> 00:30:14.149 align:start position:0%
January 17th, revealing the effects of
decades<00:30:12.240><c> of</c><00:30:12.399><c> increased</c><00:30:12.960><c> light</c><00:30:13.279><c> pollution</c><00:30:13.919><c> in</c>

00:30:14.149 --> 00:30:14.159 align:start position:0%
decades of increased light pollution in
 

00:30:14.159 --> 00:30:15.830 align:start position:0%
decades of increased light pollution in
an<00:30:14.370><c> [music]</c><00:30:14.399><c> instant.</c>

00:30:15.830 --> 00:30:15.840 align:start position:0%
an [music] instant.
 

00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:17.830 align:start position:0%
an [music] instant.
So<00:30:16.159><c> shocked</c><00:30:16.640><c> were</c><00:30:16.880><c> the</c><00:30:17.039><c> residents</c><00:30:17.440><c> by</c><00:30:17.679><c> what</c>

00:30:17.830 --> 00:30:17.840 align:start position:0%
So shocked were the residents by what
 

00:30:17.840 --> 00:30:20.310 align:start position:0%
So shocked were the residents by what
they<00:30:18.080><c> saw</c><00:30:18.320><c> as</c><00:30:18.559><c> they</c><00:30:18.799><c> evacuated</c><00:30:19.360><c> their</c><00:30:19.679><c> homes,</c>

00:30:20.310 --> 00:30:20.320 align:start position:0%
they saw as they evacuated their homes,
 

00:30:20.320 --> 00:30:23.029 align:start position:0%
they saw as they evacuated their homes,
that<00:30:20.640><c> some</c><00:30:21.200><c> looked</c><00:30:21.520><c> up</c><00:30:21.679><c> in</c><00:30:21.919><c> awe</c><00:30:22.240><c> of</c><00:30:22.480><c> what</c><00:30:22.799><c> had</c>

00:30:23.029 --> 00:30:23.039 align:start position:0%
that some looked up in awe of what had
 

00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:25.590 align:start position:0%
that some looked up in awe of what had
always<00:30:23.440><c> been</c><00:30:23.679><c> there,</c><00:30:24.240><c> hidden</c><00:30:24.720><c> by</c><00:30:25.039><c> the</c><00:30:25.279><c> city</c>

00:30:25.590 --> 00:30:25.600 align:start position:0%
always been there, hidden by the city
 

00:30:25.600 --> 00:30:28.389 align:start position:0%
always been there, hidden by the city
lights.<00:30:26.559><c> One</c><00:30:26.880><c> even</c><00:30:27.200><c> phoned</c><00:30:27.600><c> the</c><00:30:27.760><c> observatory</c>

00:30:28.389 --> 00:30:28.399 align:start position:0%
lights. One even phoned the observatory
 

00:30:28.399 --> 00:30:31.430 align:start position:0%
lights. One even phoned the observatory
to<00:30:28.640><c> ask</c><00:30:28.960><c> what</c><00:30:29.200><c> the</c><00:30:29.600><c> giant</c><00:30:30.240><c> silvery</c><00:30:30.799><c> cloud</c><00:30:31.120><c> was</c>

00:30:31.430 --> 00:30:31.440 align:start position:0%
to ask what the giant silvery cloud was
 

00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:34.870 align:start position:0%
to ask what the giant silvery cloud was
that<00:30:31.679><c> they</c><00:30:31.919><c> were</c><00:30:32.080><c> seeing.</c><00:30:33.440><c> Sadly,</c><00:30:34.399><c> even</c><00:30:34.640><c> the</c>

00:30:34.870 --> 00:30:34.880 align:start position:0%
that they were seeing. Sadly, even the
 

00:30:34.880 --> 00:30:37.269 align:start position:0%
that they were seeing. Sadly, even the
sky<00:30:35.120><c> when</c><00:30:35.440><c> you</c><00:30:35.760><c> first</c><00:30:36.080><c> looked</c><00:30:36.399><c> the</c><00:30:36.640><c> stars</c><00:30:36.880><c> as</c><00:30:37.120><c> a</c>

00:30:37.269 --> 00:30:37.279 align:start position:0%
sky when you first looked the stars as a
 

00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:41.430 align:start position:0%
sky when you first looked the stars as a
child<00:30:38.000><c> is</c><00:30:38.320><c> not</c><00:30:38.640><c> how</c><00:30:38.880><c> it</c><00:30:39.120><c> is</c><00:30:39.279><c> now.</c><00:30:40.240><c> From</c><00:30:40.559><c> 2011</c><00:30:41.200><c> to</c>

00:30:41.430 --> 00:30:41.440 align:start position:0%
child is not how it is now. From 2011 to
 

00:30:41.440 --> 00:30:44.389 align:start position:0%
child is not how it is now. From 2011 to
2022,<00:30:42.799><c> the</c><00:30:43.039><c> average</c><00:30:43.440><c> light</c><00:30:43.840><c> pollution</c>

00:30:44.389 --> 00:30:44.399 align:start position:0%
2022, the average light pollution
 

00:30:44.399 --> 00:30:48.230 align:start position:0%
2022, the average light pollution
increased<00:30:44.960><c> by</c><00:30:45.279><c> 10%</c><00:30:46.240><c> a</c><00:30:46.559><c> year,</c><00:30:47.520><c> meaning</c><00:30:47.840><c> it</c><00:30:48.080><c> has</c>

00:30:48.230 --> 00:30:48.240 align:start position:0%
increased by 10% a year, meaning it has
 

00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:51.041 align:start position:0%
increased by 10% a year, meaning it has
more<00:30:48.480><c> than</c><00:30:48.720><c> doubled</c><00:30:49.200><c> over</c><00:30:49.440><c> that</c><00:30:49.679><c> time.</c>

00:30:51.041 --> 00:30:51.051 align:start position:0%
more than doubled over that time.
 

00:30:51.051 --> 00:30:53.909 align:start position:0%
more than doubled over that time.
[music]<00:30:51.520><c> So,</c><00:30:51.919><c> let's</c><00:30:52.320><c> travel</c><00:30:52.720><c> to</c><00:30:52.960><c> a</c><00:30:53.200><c> dark</c><00:30:53.520><c> sky</c>

00:30:53.909 --> 00:30:53.919 align:start position:0%
[music] So, let's travel to a dark sky
 

00:30:53.919 --> 00:30:56.310 align:start position:0%
[music] So, let's travel to a dark sky
location<00:30:54.320><c> on</c><00:30:54.559><c> a</c><00:30:54.720><c> clear</c><00:30:54.960><c> night,</c><00:30:55.600><c> far</c><00:30:55.840><c> away</c><00:30:56.159><c> from</c>

00:30:56.310 --> 00:30:56.320 align:start position:0%
location on a clear night, far away from
 

00:30:56.320 --> 00:30:58.870 align:start position:0%
location on a clear night, far away from
the<00:30:56.559><c> sky</c><00:30:56.880><c> glow</c><00:30:57.120><c> of</c><00:30:57.360><c> towns</c><00:30:57.760><c> and</c><00:30:58.000><c> cities,</c><00:30:58.640><c> and</c>

00:30:58.870 --> 00:30:58.880 align:start position:0%
the sky glow of towns and cities, and
 

00:30:58.880 --> 00:31:01.750 align:start position:0%
the sky glow of towns and cities, and
look<00:30:59.120><c> up</c><00:30:59.600><c> to</c><00:30:59.919><c> understand</c><00:31:00.399><c> what</c><00:31:00.640><c> we've</c><00:31:00.960><c> lost</c>

00:31:01.750 --> 00:31:01.760 align:start position:0%
look up to understand what we've lost
 

00:31:01.760 --> 00:31:03.990 align:start position:0%
look up to understand what we've lost
before<00:31:02.080><c> we</c><00:31:02.320><c> learn</c><00:31:02.720><c> how</c><00:31:03.200><c> we</c><00:31:03.440><c> might</c><00:31:03.600><c> get</c><00:31:03.840><c> it</c>

00:31:03.990 --> 00:31:04.000 align:start position:0%
before we learn how we might get it
 

00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:06.070 align:start position:0%
before we learn how we might get it
back.

00:31:06.070 --> 00:31:06.080 align:start position:0%
back.
 

00:31:06.080 --> 00:31:08.470 align:start position:0%
back.
There<00:31:06.399><c> is</c><00:31:06.559><c> a</c><00:31:06.880><c> useful</c><00:31:07.360><c> measure</c><00:31:07.840><c> used</c><00:31:08.080><c> to</c><00:31:08.240><c> rate</c>

00:31:08.470 --> 00:31:08.480 align:start position:0%
There is a useful measure used to rate
 

00:31:08.480 --> 00:31:10.630 align:start position:0%
There is a useful measure used to rate
the<00:31:08.720><c> quality</c><00:31:09.039><c> of</c><00:31:09.120><c> the</c><00:31:09.279><c> night</c><00:31:09.600><c> sky</c><00:31:09.840><c> by</c><00:31:10.159><c> eye</c>

00:31:10.630 --> 00:31:10.640 align:start position:0%
the quality of the night sky by eye
 

00:31:10.640 --> 00:31:13.110 align:start position:0%
the quality of the night sky by eye
called<00:31:10.880><c> the</c><00:31:11.120><c> bortal</c><00:31:11.600><c> scale</c><00:31:12.240><c> which</c><00:31:12.559><c> ranges</c>

00:31:13.110 --> 00:31:13.120 align:start position:0%
called the bortal scale which ranges
 

00:31:13.120 --> 00:31:16.310 align:start position:0%
called the bortal scale which ranges
from<00:31:13.440><c> 1</c><00:31:13.840><c> to</c><00:31:14.080><c> 9.</c><00:31:15.120><c> In</c><00:31:15.360><c> a</c><00:31:15.520><c> city</c><00:31:15.760><c> under</c><00:31:16.080><c> the</c>

00:31:16.310 --> 00:31:16.320 align:start position:0%
from 1 to 9. In a city under the
 

00:31:16.320 --> 00:31:18.549 align:start position:0%
from 1 to 9. In a city under the
brightest<00:31:16.720><c> of</c><00:31:16.880><c> skies,</c><00:31:17.600><c> you</c><00:31:17.760><c> may</c><00:31:18.000><c> only</c><00:31:18.240><c> be</c><00:31:18.399><c> able</c>

00:31:18.549 --> 00:31:18.559 align:start position:0%
brightest of skies, you may only be able
 

00:31:18.559 --> 00:31:21.909 align:start position:0%
brightest of skies, you may only be able
to<00:31:18.720><c> count</c><00:31:19.200><c> 100</c><00:31:19.520><c> stars.</c><00:31:20.559><c> This</c><00:31:20.799><c> is</c><00:31:21.039><c> a</c><00:31:21.360><c> nine</c><00:31:21.760><c> on</c>

00:31:21.909 --> 00:31:21.919 align:start position:0%
to count 100 stars. This is a nine on
 

00:31:21.919 --> 00:31:24.630 align:start position:0%
to count 100 stars. This is a nine on
the<00:31:22.080><c> bottle</c><00:31:22.559><c> scale.</c><00:31:23.520><c> But</c><00:31:23.679><c> as</c><00:31:23.840><c> you</c><00:31:24.000><c> travel</c><00:31:24.399><c> away</c>

00:31:24.630 --> 00:31:24.640 align:start position:0%
the bottle scale. But as you travel away
 

00:31:24.640 --> 00:31:27.190 align:start position:0%
the bottle scale. But as you travel away
from<00:31:24.880><c> the</c><00:31:25.039><c> lights,</c><00:31:25.600><c> the</c><00:31:25.840><c> sky</c><00:31:26.159><c> reveals</c><00:31:26.640><c> more</c>

00:31:27.190 --> 00:31:27.200 align:start position:0%
from the lights, the sky reveals more
 

00:31:27.200 --> 00:31:30.470 align:start position:0%
from the lights, the sky reveals more
until<00:31:27.520><c> it</c><00:31:27.679><c> becomes</c><00:31:28.159><c> nearly</c><00:31:28.720><c> unrecognizable.</c>

00:31:30.470 --> 00:31:30.480 align:start position:0%
until it becomes nearly unrecognizable.
 

00:31:30.480 --> 00:31:32.389 align:start position:0%
until it becomes nearly unrecognizable.
As<00:31:30.720><c> you</c><00:31:30.960><c> drive</c><00:31:31.120><c> out</c><00:31:31.360><c> to</c><00:31:31.520><c> the</c><00:31:31.679><c> surrounding</c>

00:31:32.389 --> 00:31:32.399 align:start position:0%
As you drive out to the surrounding
 

00:31:32.399 --> 00:31:34.950 align:start position:0%
As you drive out to the surrounding
urban<00:31:32.720><c> area,</c><00:31:33.520><c> the</c><00:31:33.679><c> night</c><00:31:33.919><c> sky</c><00:31:34.240><c> darkens</c><00:31:34.720><c> to</c>

00:31:34.950 --> 00:31:34.960 align:start position:0%
urban area, the night sky darkens to
 

00:31:34.960 --> 00:31:38.310 align:start position:0%
urban area, the night sky darkens to
Bortal<00:31:35.520><c> 7.</c><00:31:36.880><c> Here,</c><00:31:37.200><c> on</c><00:31:37.360><c> a</c><00:31:37.519><c> clear</c><00:31:37.760><c> night,</c><00:31:38.080><c> you</c>

00:31:38.310 --> 00:31:38.320 align:start position:0%
Bortal 7. Here, on a clear night, you
 

00:31:38.320 --> 00:31:40.310 align:start position:0%
Bortal 7. Here, on a clear night, you
might<00:31:38.559><c> get</c><00:31:38.720><c> to</c><00:31:38.960><c> see</c><00:31:39.120><c> a</c><00:31:39.279><c> hint</c><00:31:39.519><c> of</c><00:31:39.679><c> the</c><00:31:39.919><c> Orion</c>

00:31:40.310 --> 00:31:40.320 align:start position:0%
might get to see a hint of the Orion
 

00:31:40.320 --> 00:31:42.950 align:start position:0%
might get to see a hint of the Orion
Nebula,<00:31:41.200><c> visible</c><00:31:41.679><c> only</c><00:31:41.919><c> as</c><00:31:42.159><c> a</c><00:31:42.320><c> diffused</c>

00:31:42.950 --> 00:31:42.960 align:start position:0%
Nebula, visible only as a diffused
 

00:31:42.960 --> 00:31:45.990 align:start position:0%
Nebula, visible only as a diffused
looking<00:31:43.279><c> star.</c><00:31:44.559><c> Clouds</c><00:31:45.039><c> under</c><00:31:45.279><c> these</c><00:31:45.600><c> skies</c>

00:31:45.990 --> 00:31:46.000 align:start position:0%
looking star. Clouds under these skies
 

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:49.190 align:start position:0%
looking star. Clouds under these skies
will<00:31:46.399><c> be</c><00:31:46.640><c> very</c><00:31:46.960><c> well</c><00:31:47.279><c> lit.</c><00:31:48.399><c> Once</c><00:31:48.720><c> you're</c><00:31:48.960><c> out</c>

00:31:49.190 --> 00:31:49.200 align:start position:0%
will be very well lit. Once you're out
 

00:31:49.200 --> 00:31:51.110 align:start position:0%
will be very well lit. Once you're out
past<00:31:49.519><c> the</c><00:31:49.760><c> city</c><00:31:50.000><c> limits</c><00:31:50.559><c> into</c><00:31:50.656><c> [music]</c><00:31:50.880><c> the</c>

00:31:51.110 --> 00:31:51.120 align:start position:0%
past the city limits into [music] the
 

00:31:51.120 --> 00:31:53.830 align:start position:0%
past the city limits into [music] the
rural<00:31:51.679><c> countryside,</c><00:31:52.799><c> you're</c><00:31:53.120><c> now</c><00:31:53.360><c> under</c>

00:31:53.830 --> 00:31:53.840 align:start position:0%
rural countryside, you're now under
 

00:31:53.840 --> 00:31:57.110 align:start position:0%
rural countryside, you're now under
Bortal<00:31:54.480><c> 3</c><00:31:54.799><c> skies,</c><00:31:55.679><c> and</c><00:31:56.080><c> much</c><00:31:56.480><c> more</c><00:31:56.880><c> is</c>

00:31:57.110 --> 00:31:57.120 align:start position:0%
Bortal 3 skies, and much more is
 

00:31:57.120 --> 00:32:01.509 align:start position:0%
Bortal 3 skies, and much more is
revealed.<00:31:58.320><c> Messia</c><00:31:58.880><c> objects</c><00:31:59.519><c> 15,</c><00:32:00.320><c> 4,</c><00:32:00.880><c> 5,</c><00:32:01.200><c> and</c>

00:32:01.509 --> 00:32:01.519 align:start position:0%
revealed. Messia objects 15, 4, 5, and
 

00:32:01.519 --> 00:32:04.549 align:start position:0%
revealed. Messia objects 15, 4, 5, and
22,<00:32:02.399><c> all</c><00:32:02.720><c> star</c><00:32:03.120><c> clusters,</c><00:32:03.757><c> [music]</c><00:32:04.000><c> are</c><00:32:04.159><c> now</c>

00:32:04.549 --> 00:32:04.559 align:start position:0%
22, all star clusters, [music] are now
 

00:32:04.559 --> 00:32:08.149 align:start position:0%
22, all star clusters, [music] are now
naked<00:32:05.120><c> eye</c><00:32:05.360><c> objects.</c><00:32:06.640><c> Andromeda</c><00:32:07.440><c> is</c><00:32:07.760><c> clearly</c>

00:32:08.149 --> 00:32:08.159 align:start position:0%
naked eye objects. Andromeda is clearly
 

00:32:08.159 --> 00:32:11.029 align:start position:0%
naked eye objects. Andromeda is clearly
visible.<00:32:09.120><c> And</c><00:32:09.519><c> if</c><00:32:09.760><c> you</c><00:32:09.919><c> look</c><00:32:10.159><c> carefully,</c>

00:32:11.029 --> 00:32:11.039 align:start position:0%
visible. And if you look carefully,
 

00:32:11.039 --> 00:32:13.909 align:start position:0%
visible. And if you look carefully,
you'll<00:32:11.360><c> glimpse</c><00:32:11.760><c> the</c><00:32:12.000><c> Triangulum</c><00:32:12.799><c> Galaxy.</c>

00:32:13.909 --> 00:32:13.919 align:start position:0%
you'll glimpse the Triangulum Galaxy.
 

00:32:13.919 --> 00:32:17.590 align:start position:0%
you'll glimpse the Triangulum Galaxy.
These<00:32:14.399><c> two</c><00:32:14.720><c> galaxies</c><00:32:15.279><c> at</c><00:32:15.679><c> 2.5</c><00:32:16.399><c> to</c><00:32:16.640><c> 2.7</c><00:32:17.279><c> million</c>

00:32:17.590 --> 00:32:17.600 align:start position:0%
These two galaxies at 2.5 to 2.7 million
 

00:32:17.600 --> 00:32:19.990 align:start position:0%
These two galaxies at 2.5 to 2.7 million
lightyears<00:32:18.080><c> away</c><00:32:18.720><c> are</c><00:32:18.880><c> the</c><00:32:19.120><c> furthest</c><00:32:19.519><c> objects</c>

00:32:19.990 --> 00:32:20.000 align:start position:0%
lightyears away are the furthest objects
 

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:23.110 align:start position:0%
lightyears away are the furthest objects
we<00:32:20.240><c> can</c><00:32:20.399><c> see</c><00:32:20.559><c> with</c><00:32:20.720><c> the</c><00:32:20.880><c> naked</c><00:32:21.200><c> eye.</c><00:32:22.399><c> And</c><00:32:22.799><c> what</c>

00:32:23.110 --> 00:32:23.120 align:start position:0%
we can see with the naked eye. And what
 

00:32:23.120 --> 00:32:25.590 align:start position:0%
we can see with the naked eye. And what
about<00:32:23.360><c> that</c><00:32:23.840><c> giant</c><00:32:24.399><c> silvery</c><00:32:24.880><c> cloud</c><00:32:25.200><c> they</c><00:32:25.440><c> saw</c>

00:32:25.590 --> 00:32:25.600 align:start position:0%
about that giant silvery cloud they saw
 

00:32:25.600 --> 00:32:29.350 align:start position:0%
about that giant silvery cloud they saw
in<00:32:25.760><c> Los</c><00:32:25.919><c> Angeles?</c><00:32:27.200><c> That's</c><00:32:27.679><c> our</c><00:32:28.000><c> Milky</c><00:32:28.399><c> Way,</c><00:32:29.120><c> a</c>

00:32:29.350 --> 00:32:29.360 align:start position:0%
in Los Angeles? That's our Milky Way, a
 

00:32:29.360 --> 00:32:31.590 align:start position:0%
in Los Angeles? That's our Milky Way, a
diffuse<00:32:29.919><c> band</c><00:32:30.320><c> that</c><00:32:30.612><c> [music]</c><00:32:30.720><c> arcs</c><00:32:31.200><c> across</c>

00:32:31.590 --> 00:32:31.600 align:start position:0%
diffuse band that [music] arcs across
 

00:32:31.600 --> 00:32:35.430 align:start position:0%
diffuse band that [music] arcs across
the<00:32:31.840><c> sky</c><00:32:32.559><c> which</c><00:32:32.880><c> contains</c><00:32:33.440><c> over</c><00:32:34.159><c> 100</c><00:32:34.880><c> billion</c>

00:32:35.430 --> 00:32:35.440 align:start position:0%
the sky which contains over 100 billion
 

00:32:35.440 --> 00:32:37.029 align:start position:0%
the sky which contains over 100 billion
stars.

00:32:37.029 --> 00:32:37.039 align:start position:0%
stars.
 

00:32:37.039 --> 00:32:39.750 align:start position:0%
stars.
Finally,<00:32:37.760><c> after</c><00:32:38.080><c> a</c><00:32:38.320><c> few</c><00:32:38.559><c> hours</c><00:32:38.799><c> of</c><00:32:39.039><c> driving,</c>

00:32:39.750 --> 00:32:39.760 align:start position:0%
Finally, after a few hours of driving,
 

00:32:39.760 --> 00:32:43.269 align:start position:0%
Finally, after a few hours of driving,
you're<00:32:40.080><c> now</c><00:32:40.480><c> under</c><00:32:40.960><c> Bortal</c><00:32:41.600><c> one</c><00:32:41.919><c> skies.</c><00:32:42.960><c> A</c>

00:32:43.269 --> 00:32:43.279 align:start position:0%
you're now under Bortal one skies. A
 

00:32:43.279 --> 00:32:47.029 align:start position:0%
you're now under Bortal one skies. A
true<00:32:43.760><c> dark</c><00:32:44.159><c> sky</c><00:32:44.559><c> site</c><00:32:44.960><c> with</c><00:32:45.279><c> a</c><00:32:45.440><c> pristine</c><00:32:46.080><c> view.</c>

00:32:47.029 --> 00:32:47.039 align:start position:0%
true dark sky site with a pristine view.
 

00:32:47.039 --> 00:32:48.710 align:start position:0%
true dark sky site with a pristine view.
When<00:32:47.200><c> we</c><00:32:47.440><c> set</c><00:32:47.600><c> out</c><00:32:47.760><c> from</c><00:32:47.919><c> the</c><00:32:48.080><c> city,</c><00:32:48.399><c> you</c><00:32:48.559><c> could</c>

00:32:48.710 --> 00:32:48.720 align:start position:0%
When we set out from the city, you could
 

00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:52.389 align:start position:0%
When we set out from the city, you could
only<00:32:48.880><c> see</c><00:32:49.039><c> a</c><00:32:49.200><c> 100</c><00:32:49.519><c> stars.</c><00:32:50.559><c> Here</c><00:32:51.279><c> you</c><00:32:51.519><c> will</c><00:32:51.760><c> see</c>

00:32:52.389 --> 00:32:52.399 align:start position:0%
only see a 100 stars. Here you will see
 

00:32:52.399 --> 00:32:55.190 align:start position:0%
only see a 100 stars. Here you will see
thousands.<00:32:53.840><c> It</c><00:32:54.080><c> may</c><00:32:54.240><c> even</c><00:32:54.559><c> take</c><00:32:54.799><c> you</c><00:32:54.960><c> some</c>

00:32:55.190 --> 00:32:55.200 align:start position:0%
thousands. It may even take you some
 

00:32:55.200 --> 00:32:57.430 align:start position:0%
thousands. It may even take you some
time<00:32:55.360><c> to</c><00:32:55.679><c> notice</c><00:32:56.080><c> the</c><00:32:56.399><c> constellations</c><00:32:57.120><c> that</c>

00:32:57.430 --> 00:32:57.440 align:start position:0%
time to notice the constellations that
 

00:32:57.440 --> 00:33:00.149 align:start position:0%
time to notice the constellations that
you<00:32:57.679><c> thought</c><00:32:57.919><c> you</c><00:32:58.159><c> knew,</c><00:32:58.960><c> lost</c><00:32:59.279><c> as</c><00:32:59.519><c> they</c><00:32:59.760><c> are</c>

00:33:00.149 --> 00:33:00.159 align:start position:0%
you thought you knew, lost as they are
 

00:33:00.159 --> 00:33:04.310 align:start position:0%
you thought you knew, lost as they are
in<00:33:00.399><c> the</c><00:33:00.640><c> awesome</c><00:33:01.120><c> detail</c><00:33:01.600><c> of</c><00:33:01.919><c> this</c><00:33:02.240><c> dark</c><00:33:02.640><c> sky.</c>

00:33:04.310 --> 00:33:04.320 align:start position:0%
in the awesome detail of this dark sky.
 

00:33:04.320 --> 00:33:05.909 align:start position:0%
in the awesome detail of this dark sky.
If<00:33:04.559><c> you're</c><00:33:04.799><c> lucky</c><00:33:05.039><c> enough</c><00:33:05.279><c> to</c><00:33:05.440><c> live</c><00:33:05.600><c> in</c><00:33:05.840><c> the</c>

00:33:05.909 --> 00:33:05.919 align:start position:0%
If you're lucky enough to live in the
 

00:33:05.919 --> 00:33:07.750 align:start position:0%
If you're lucky enough to live in the
southern<00:33:06.240><c> hemisphere,</c><00:33:07.120><c> you'll</c><00:33:07.360><c> be</c><00:33:07.519><c> looking</c>

00:33:07.750 --> 00:33:07.760 align:start position:0%
southern hemisphere, you'll be looking
 

00:33:07.760 --> 00:33:10.549 align:start position:0%
southern hemisphere, you'll be looking
towards<00:33:08.159><c> the</c><00:33:08.399><c> galactic</c><00:33:09.039><c> center.</c><00:33:09.919><c> And</c><00:33:10.159><c> you</c><00:33:10.320><c> may</c>

00:33:10.549 --> 00:33:10.559 align:start position:0%
towards the galactic center. And you may
 

00:33:10.559 --> 00:33:12.870 align:start position:0%
towards the galactic center. And you may
even<00:33:10.880><c> notice</c><00:33:11.200><c> that</c><00:33:11.440><c> it</c><00:33:11.679><c> casts</c><00:33:12.080><c> shadows</c><00:33:12.559><c> onto</c>

00:33:12.870 --> 00:33:12.880 align:start position:0%
even notice that it casts shadows onto
 

00:33:12.880 --> 00:33:15.509 align:start position:0%
even notice that it casts shadows onto
the<00:33:13.039><c> ground.</c><00:33:14.240><c> My</c><00:33:14.559><c> friends,</c><00:33:14.880><c> in</c><00:33:15.039><c> the</c><00:33:15.200><c> northern</c>

00:33:15.509 --> 00:33:15.519 align:start position:0%
the ground. My friends, in the northern
 

00:33:15.519 --> 00:33:18.310 align:start position:0%
the ground. My friends, in the northern
hemisphere,<00:33:16.480><c> no</c><00:33:16.720><c> need</c><00:33:16.880><c> to</c><00:33:17.039><c> be</c><00:33:17.200><c> envious.</c><00:33:17.919><c> Our</c>

00:33:18.310 --> 00:33:18.320 align:start position:0%
hemisphere, no need to be envious. Our
 

00:33:18.320 --> 00:33:20.710 align:start position:0%
hemisphere, no need to be envious. Our
fortunes<00:33:18.880><c> will</c><00:33:19.039><c> be</c><00:33:19.200><c> reversed</c><00:33:19.760><c> as</c><00:33:20.000><c> we</c><00:33:20.159><c> orbit</c><00:33:20.559><c> to</c>

00:33:20.710 --> 00:33:20.720 align:start position:0%
fortunes will be reversed as we orbit to
 

00:33:20.720 --> 00:33:22.789 align:start position:0%
fortunes will be reversed as we orbit to
the<00:33:20.880><c> opposite</c><00:33:21.120><c> side</c><00:33:21.360><c> of</c><00:33:21.440><c> the</c><00:33:21.679><c> galaxy</c><00:33:22.399><c> in</c><00:33:22.640><c> a</c>

00:33:22.789 --> 00:33:22.799 align:start position:0%
the opposite side of the galaxy in a
 

00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:27.190 align:start position:0%
the opposite side of the galaxy in a
mere<00:33:23.840><c> 120</c><00:33:24.240><c> million</c><00:33:24.559><c> years.</c><00:33:26.000><c> Elements</c><00:33:26.559><c> of</c><00:33:26.880><c> the</c>

00:33:27.190 --> 00:33:27.200 align:start position:0%
mere 120 million years. Elements of the
 

00:33:27.200 --> 00:33:29.509 align:start position:0%
mere 120 million years. Elements of the
beautiful<00:33:27.600><c> Orion</c><00:33:28.159><c> complex</c><00:33:28.640><c> are</c><00:33:28.880><c> visible</c><00:33:29.279><c> in</c>

00:33:29.509 --> 00:33:29.519 align:start position:0%
beautiful Orion complex are visible in
 

00:33:29.519 --> 00:33:32.950 align:start position:0%
beautiful Orion complex are visible in
both<00:33:29.679><c> hemispheres.</c><00:33:30.799><c> A</c><00:33:31.120><c> 1,200</c><00:33:32.399><c> light-year</c>

00:33:32.950 --> 00:33:32.960 align:start position:0%
both hemispheres. A 1,200 light-year
 

00:33:32.960 --> 00:33:35.350 align:start position:0%
both hemispheres. A 1,200 light-year
wide<00:33:33.279><c> star</c><00:33:33.600><c> forming</c><00:33:34.000><c> region</c><00:33:34.640><c> containing</c><00:33:35.039><c> the</c>

00:33:35.350 --> 00:33:35.360 align:start position:0%
wide star forming region containing the
 

00:33:35.360 --> 00:33:38.630 align:start position:0%
wide star forming region containing the
horse<00:33:35.679><c> head</c><00:33:36.320><c> flame</c><00:33:36.960><c> and</c><00:33:37.200><c> Orion</c><00:33:37.679><c> nebula,</c>

00:33:38.630 --> 00:33:38.640 align:start position:0%
horse head flame and Orion nebula,
 

00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:42.149 align:start position:0%
horse head flame and Orion nebula,
though<00:33:39.120><c> binoculars</c><00:33:39.840><c> are</c><00:33:40.159><c> strongly</c><00:33:40.640><c> advised.</c>

00:33:42.149 --> 00:33:42.159 align:start position:0%
though binoculars are strongly advised.
 

00:33:42.159 --> 00:33:43.990 align:start position:0%
though binoculars are strongly advised.
The<00:33:42.399><c> closest</c><00:33:42.880><c> object</c><00:33:43.120><c> that</c><00:33:43.360><c> is</c><00:33:43.600><c> fully</c>

00:33:43.990 --> 00:33:44.000 align:start position:0%
The closest object that is fully
 

00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:46.870 align:start position:0%
The closest object that is fully
revealed<00:33:44.320><c> in</c><00:33:44.559><c> such</c><00:33:44.720><c> a</c><00:33:44.960><c> dark</c><00:33:45.360><c> sky</c><00:33:46.000><c> produces</c><00:33:46.559><c> no</c>

00:33:46.870 --> 00:33:46.880 align:start position:0%
revealed in such a dark sky produces no
 

00:33:46.880 --> 00:33:50.549 align:start position:0%
revealed in such a dark sky produces no
light<00:33:47.120><c> of</c><00:33:47.360><c> its</c><00:33:47.600><c> own,</c><00:33:48.399><c> interplanetary</c><00:33:49.360><c> dust.</c>

00:33:50.549 --> 00:33:50.559 align:start position:0%
light of its own, interplanetary dust.
 

00:33:50.559 --> 00:33:53.110 align:start position:0%
light of its own, interplanetary dust.
This<00:33:50.799><c> dust</c><00:33:51.200><c> is</c><00:33:51.519><c> illuminated</c><00:33:52.000><c> by</c><00:33:52.240><c> the</c><00:33:52.399><c> sun</c><00:33:52.799><c> and</c>

00:33:53.110 --> 00:33:53.120 align:start position:0%
This dust is illuminated by the sun and
 

00:33:53.120 --> 00:33:55.909 align:start position:0%
This dust is illuminated by the sun and
forms<00:33:53.519><c> a</c><00:33:53.760><c> band</c><00:33:54.240><c> known</c><00:33:54.640><c> as</c><00:33:54.799><c> the</c><00:33:55.039><c> zodiacal</c>

00:33:55.909 --> 00:33:55.919 align:start position:0%
forms a band known as the zodiacal
 

00:33:55.919 --> 00:33:58.549 align:start position:0%
forms a band known as the zodiacal
light,<00:33:56.559><c> which</c><00:33:56.880><c> spans</c><00:33:57.279><c> from</c><00:33:57.519><c> the</c><00:33:57.760><c> horizon</c><00:33:58.320><c> to</c>

00:33:58.549 --> 00:33:58.559 align:start position:0%
light, which spans from the horizon to
 

00:33:58.559 --> 00:34:01.430 align:start position:0%
light, which spans from the horizon to
horizon,<00:33:59.519><c> featuring</c><00:34:00.080><c> a</c><00:34:00.399><c> central</c><00:34:00.880><c> focus</c>

00:34:01.430 --> 00:34:01.440 align:start position:0%
horizon, featuring a central focus
 

00:34:01.440 --> 00:34:03.669 align:start position:0%
horizon, featuring a central focus
called<00:34:01.840><c> the</c><00:34:02.080><c> gagenshine,</c>

00:34:03.669 --> 00:34:03.679 align:start position:0%
called the gagenshine,
 

00:34:03.679 --> 00:34:05.830 align:start position:0%
called the gagenshine,
appearing<00:34:04.320><c> directly</c><00:34:04.880><c> opposite</c><00:34:05.279><c> the</c><00:34:05.440><c> sun's</c>

00:34:05.830 --> 00:34:05.840 align:start position:0%
appearing directly opposite the sun's
 

00:34:05.840 --> 00:34:09.349 align:start position:0%
appearing directly opposite the sun's
position<00:34:06.320><c> over</c><00:34:06.640><c> Virgo.</c><00:34:08.000><c> Sadly,</c><00:34:08.800><c> those</c><00:34:09.040><c> of</c><00:34:09.200><c> us</c>

00:34:09.349 --> 00:34:09.359 align:start position:0%
position over Virgo. Sadly, those of us
 

00:34:09.359 --> 00:34:12.149 align:start position:0%
position over Virgo. Sadly, those of us
who<00:34:09.599><c> live</c><00:34:09.760><c> in</c><00:34:10.000><c> cities</c><00:34:10.639><c> never</c><00:34:11.119><c> experience</c><00:34:11.839><c> a</c>

00:34:12.149 --> 00:34:12.159 align:start position:0%
who live in cities never experience a
 

00:34:12.159 --> 00:34:14.869 align:start position:0%
who live in cities never experience a
genuine<00:34:12.560><c> night</c><00:34:12.879><c> sky</c><00:34:13.200><c> at</c><00:34:13.440><c> all</c><00:34:14.240><c> and</c><00:34:14.560><c> are</c>

00:34:14.869 --> 00:34:14.879 align:start position:0%
genuine night sky at all and are
 

00:34:14.879 --> 00:34:16.869 align:start position:0%
genuine night sky at all and are
effectively<00:34:15.520><c> stuck</c><00:34:15.839><c> in</c><00:34:16.079><c> an</c><00:34:16.320><c> artificial</c>

00:34:16.869 --> 00:34:16.879 align:start position:0%
effectively stuck in an artificial
 

00:34:16.879 --> 00:34:19.510 align:start position:0%
effectively stuck in an artificial
twilight.<00:34:18.159><c> This</c><00:34:18.399><c> can</c><00:34:18.639><c> have</c><00:34:18.879><c> unexpected</c>

00:34:19.510 --> 00:34:19.520 align:start position:0%
twilight. This can have unexpected
 

00:34:19.520 --> 00:34:26.869 align:start position:0%
twilight. This can have unexpected
effects<00:34:19.919><c> on</c><00:34:20.240><c> us</c><00:34:20.960><c> as</c><00:34:21.200><c> well</c><00:34:21.359><c> as</c><00:34:21.520><c> the</c><00:34:21.679><c> night</c><00:34:22.000><c> sky.</c>

00:34:26.869 --> 00:34:26.879 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:34:26.879 --> 00:34:29.430 align:start position:0%
 
So,<00:34:27.280><c> how</c><00:34:27.520><c> do</c><00:34:27.679><c> a</c><00:34:27.919><c> few</c><00:34:28.159><c> light</c><00:34:28.480><c> bulbs</c><00:34:28.960><c> block</c><00:34:29.280><c> out</c>

00:34:29.430 --> 00:34:29.440 align:start position:0%
So, how do a few light bulbs block out
 

00:34:29.440 --> 00:34:34.230 align:start position:0%
So, how do a few light bulbs block out
an<00:34:29.760><c> entire</c><00:34:30.079><c> galaxy?</c><00:34:31.440><c> In</c><00:34:31.679><c> a</c><00:34:31.839><c> word,</c><00:34:32.639><c> sky</c><00:34:33.040><c> glow.</c>

00:34:34.230 --> 00:34:34.240 align:start position:0%
an entire galaxy? In a word, sky glow.
 

00:34:34.240 --> 00:34:36.869 align:start position:0%
an entire galaxy? In a word, sky glow.
Any<00:34:34.720><c> light</c><00:34:35.040><c> that</c><00:34:35.280><c> is</c><00:34:35.440><c> emitted</c><00:34:35.919><c> upwards</c><00:34:36.560><c> will</c>

00:34:36.869 --> 00:34:36.879 align:start position:0%
Any light that is emitted upwards will
 

00:34:36.879 --> 00:34:38.790 align:start position:0%
Any light that is emitted upwards will
pass<00:34:37.200><c> through</c><00:34:37.359><c> the</c><00:34:37.599><c> atmosphere</c><00:34:38.240><c> where</c><00:34:38.480><c> it</c><00:34:38.720><c> can</c>

00:34:38.790 --> 00:34:38.800 align:start position:0%
pass through the atmosphere where it can
 

00:34:38.800 --> 00:34:41.510 align:start position:0%
pass through the atmosphere where it can
be<00:34:39.040><c> scattered</c><00:34:39.520><c> in</c><00:34:39.839><c> any</c><00:34:40.159><c> direction.</c><00:34:41.119><c> The</c><00:34:41.359><c> light</c>

00:34:41.510 --> 00:34:41.520 align:start position:0%
be scattered in any direction. The light
 

00:34:41.520 --> 00:34:43.270 align:start position:0%
be scattered in any direction. The light
that<00:34:41.760><c> is</c><00:34:41.919><c> reflected</c><00:34:42.480><c> back</c><00:34:42.720><c> towards</c><00:34:43.119><c> the</c>

00:34:43.270 --> 00:34:43.280 align:start position:0%
that is reflected back towards the
 

00:34:43.280 --> 00:34:46.310 align:start position:0%
that is reflected back towards the
ground<00:34:43.520><c> to</c><00:34:43.760><c> our</c><00:34:44.000><c> eyes</c><00:34:44.399><c> or</c><00:34:44.720><c> telescopes</c><00:34:45.679><c> is</c><00:34:45.919><c> seen</c>

00:34:46.310 --> 00:34:46.320 align:start position:0%
ground to our eyes or telescopes is seen
 

00:34:46.320 --> 00:34:48.869 align:start position:0%
ground to our eyes or telescopes is seen
as<00:34:46.639><c> sky</c><00:34:47.040><c> glow</c><00:34:47.679><c> which</c><00:34:47.919><c> has</c><00:34:48.079><c> the</c><00:34:48.320><c> effect</c><00:34:48.560><c> of</c>

00:34:48.869 --> 00:34:48.879 align:start position:0%
as sky glow which has the effect of
 

00:34:48.879 --> 00:34:51.030 align:start position:0%
as sky glow which has the effect of
drastically<00:34:49.599><c> reducing</c><00:34:50.000><c> the</c><00:34:50.240><c> signal</c><00:34:50.560><c> to</c><00:34:50.720><c> noise</c>

00:34:51.030 --> 00:34:51.040 align:start position:0%
drastically reducing the signal to noise
 

00:34:51.040 --> 00:34:53.829 align:start position:0%
drastically reducing the signal to noise
ratio<00:34:51.520><c> of</c><00:34:51.839><c> incoming</c><00:34:52.399><c> light</c><00:34:52.720><c> from</c><00:34:53.040><c> space</c>

00:34:53.829 --> 00:34:53.839 align:start position:0%
ratio of incoming light from space
 

00:34:53.839 --> 00:34:56.230 align:start position:0%
ratio of incoming light from space
affecting<00:34:54.320><c> our</c><00:34:54.639><c> ability</c><00:34:55.040><c> to</c><00:34:55.280><c> see</c><00:34:55.440><c> it</c><00:34:55.760><c> and</c><00:34:56.000><c> to</c>

00:34:56.230 --> 00:34:56.240 align:start position:0%
affecting our ability to see it and to
 

00:34:56.240 --> 00:34:57.829 align:start position:0%
affecting our ability to see it and to
study<00:34:56.480><c> it.</c>

00:34:57.829 --> 00:34:57.839 align:start position:0%
study it.
 

00:34:57.839 --> 00:34:59.349 align:start position:0%
study it.
You<00:34:58.079><c> may</c><00:34:58.240><c> have</c><00:34:58.400><c> experienced</c><00:34:59.040><c> something</c>

00:34:59.349 --> 00:34:59.359 align:start position:0%
You may have experienced something
 

00:34:59.359 --> 00:35:02.390 align:start position:0%
You may have experienced something
similar<00:34:59.760><c> on</c><00:34:59.920><c> a</c><00:35:00.160><c> dark,</c><00:35:00.560><c> foggy</c><00:35:01.040><c> drive.</c><00:35:02.000><c> Perhaps</c>

00:35:02.390 --> 00:35:02.400 align:start position:0%
similar on a dark, foggy drive. Perhaps
 

00:35:02.400 --> 00:35:04.310 align:start position:0%
similar on a dark, foggy drive. Perhaps
in<00:35:02.640><c> an</c><00:35:02.800><c> attempt</c><00:35:03.119><c> to</c><00:35:03.280><c> see</c><00:35:03.440><c> more</c><00:35:03.599><c> of</c><00:35:03.760><c> the</c><00:35:03.920><c> road,</c>

00:35:04.310 --> 00:35:04.320 align:start position:0%
in an attempt to see more of the road,
 

00:35:04.320 --> 00:35:06.790 align:start position:0%
in an attempt to see more of the road,
you've<00:35:04.560><c> turned</c><00:35:04.800><c> on</c><00:35:04.960><c> your</c><00:35:05.200><c> full</c><00:35:05.440><c> beams.</c><00:35:06.480><c> The</c>

00:35:06.790 --> 00:35:06.800 align:start position:0%
you've turned on your full beams. The
 

00:35:06.800 --> 00:35:09.109 align:start position:0%
you've turned on your full beams. The
slight<00:35:07.200><c> upward</c><00:35:07.680><c> angle</c><00:35:07.920><c> of</c><00:35:08.079><c> these</c><00:35:08.320><c> lights</c>

00:35:09.109 --> 00:35:09.119 align:start position:0%
slight upward angle of these lights
 

00:35:09.119 --> 00:35:11.829 align:start position:0%
slight upward angle of these lights
reflects<00:35:09.680><c> light</c><00:35:10.000><c> up,</c><00:35:10.800><c> illuminating</c><00:35:11.280><c> the</c><00:35:11.520><c> fog</c>

00:35:11.829 --> 00:35:11.839 align:start position:0%
reflects light up, illuminating the fog
 

00:35:11.839 --> 00:35:14.150 align:start position:0%
reflects light up, illuminating the fog
in<00:35:12.079><c> front</c><00:35:12.160><c> of</c><00:35:12.320><c> you,</c><00:35:12.880><c> which</c><00:35:13.200><c> has</c><00:35:13.440><c> the</c><00:35:13.760><c> opposite</c>

00:35:14.150 --> 00:35:14.160 align:start position:0%
in front of you, which has the opposite
 

00:35:14.160 --> 00:35:17.190 align:start position:0%
in front of you, which has the opposite
effect<00:35:14.480><c> of</c><00:35:14.720><c> what</c><00:35:14.960><c> you</c><00:35:15.200><c> intended.</c><00:35:16.240><c> It</c><00:35:16.560><c> bleaches</c>

00:35:17.190 --> 00:35:17.200 align:start position:0%
effect of what you intended. It bleaches
 

00:35:17.200 --> 00:35:19.670 align:start position:0%
effect of what you intended. It bleaches
the<00:35:17.440><c> field</c><00:35:17.680><c> of</c><00:35:17.920><c> view</c><00:35:18.320><c> and</c><00:35:18.640><c> obscures</c><00:35:19.280><c> the</c><00:35:19.440><c> road</c>

00:35:19.670 --> 00:35:19.680 align:start position:0%
the field of view and obscures the road
 

00:35:19.680 --> 00:35:22.870 align:start position:0%
the field of view and obscures the road
ahead.<00:35:20.880><c> To</c><00:35:21.119><c> make</c><00:35:21.280><c> things</c><00:35:21.599><c> worse,</c><00:35:22.320><c> it's</c><00:35:22.640><c> not</c>

00:35:22.870 --> 00:35:22.880 align:start position:0%
ahead. To make things worse, it's not
 

00:35:22.880 --> 00:35:24.179 align:start position:0%
ahead. To make things worse, it's not
just<00:35:23.040><c> that</c><00:35:23.280><c> the</c><00:35:23.520><c> sky</c><00:35:23.680><c> is</c><00:35:23.920><c> now</c><00:35:24.160><c> brighter.</c>

00:35:24.179 --> 00:35:24.189 align:start position:0%
just that the sky is now brighter.
 

00:35:24.189 --> 00:35:25.190 align:start position:0%
just that the sky is now brighter.
[music]

00:35:25.190 --> 00:35:25.200 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

00:35:25.200 --> 00:35:28.470 align:start position:0%
[music]
Tragically,<00:35:26.240><c> our</c><00:35:26.560><c> eyes</c><00:35:26.880><c> are</c><00:35:27.119><c> now</c><00:35:27.440><c> also</c><00:35:28.000><c> less</c>

00:35:28.470 --> 00:35:28.480 align:start position:0%
Tragically, our eyes are now also less
 

00:35:28.480 --> 00:35:30.710 align:start position:0%
Tragically, our eyes are now also less
able<00:35:28.960><c> to</c><00:35:29.200><c> see</c><00:35:29.359><c> in</c><00:35:29.599><c> the</c><00:35:29.760><c> dark</c><00:35:30.079><c> when</c><00:35:30.320><c> we</c><00:35:30.560><c> go</c>

00:35:30.710 --> 00:35:30.720 align:start position:0%
able to see in the dark when we go
 

00:35:30.720 --> 00:35:33.990 align:start position:0%
able to see in the dark when we go
outside.<00:35:32.079><c> Human</c><00:35:32.480><c> eyes</c><00:35:32.880><c> have</c><00:35:33.119><c> the</c><00:35:33.359><c> incredible</c>

00:35:33.990 --> 00:35:34.000 align:start position:0%
outside. Human eyes have the incredible
 

00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:35.990 align:start position:0%
outside. Human eyes have the incredible
natural<00:35:34.400><c> ability</c><00:35:34.800><c> to</c><00:35:35.040><c> detect</c><00:35:35.520><c> brightness</c>

00:35:35.990 --> 00:35:36.000 align:start position:0%
natural ability to detect brightness
 

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:39.030 align:start position:0%
natural ability to detect brightness
across<00:35:36.320><c> a</c><00:35:36.560><c> full</c><00:35:37.040><c> nine</c><00:35:37.440><c> orders</c><00:35:37.760><c> of</c><00:35:37.920><c> magnitude.</c>

00:35:39.030 --> 00:35:39.040 align:start position:0%
across a full nine orders of magnitude.
 

00:35:39.040 --> 00:35:41.030 align:start position:0%
across a full nine orders of magnitude.
We<00:35:39.280><c> are</c><00:35:39.440><c> able</c><00:35:39.680><c> to</c><00:35:39.839><c> do</c><00:35:40.000><c> this</c><00:35:40.240><c> because</c><00:35:40.480><c> we</c><00:35:40.800><c> have</c>

00:35:41.030 --> 00:35:41.040 align:start position:0%
We are able to do this because we have
 

00:35:41.040 --> 00:35:43.990 align:start position:0%
We are able to do this because we have
two<00:35:41.359><c> types</c><00:35:41.680><c> of</c><00:35:41.839><c> vision.</c><00:35:42.800><c> The</c><00:35:43.040><c> first</c><00:35:43.359><c> is</c><00:35:43.680><c> known</c>

00:35:43.990 --> 00:35:44.000 align:start position:0%
two types of vision. The first is known
 

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:45.990 align:start position:0%
two types of vision. The first is known
as<00:35:44.320><c> phototopic</c><00:35:44.880><c> vision</c><00:35:45.520><c> and</c><00:35:45.760><c> it's</c><00:35:45.804><c> [music]</c>

00:35:45.990 --> 00:35:46.000 align:start position:0%
as phototopic vision and it's [music]
 

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:48.150 align:start position:0%
as phototopic vision and it's [music]
the<00:35:46.160><c> one</c><00:35:46.320><c> you're</c><00:35:46.640><c> using</c><00:35:46.960><c> now.</c><00:35:47.520><c> It's</c><00:35:47.839><c> our</c>

00:35:48.150 --> 00:35:48.160 align:start position:0%
the one you're using now. It's our
 

00:35:48.160 --> 00:35:50.710 align:start position:0%
the one you're using now. It's our
daytime<00:35:48.880><c> color</c><00:35:49.280><c> vision</c><00:35:49.680><c> recorded</c><00:35:50.160><c> by</c><00:35:50.400><c> our</c>

00:35:50.710 --> 00:35:50.720 align:start position:0%
daytime color vision recorded by our
 

00:35:50.720 --> 00:35:54.790 align:start position:0%
daytime color vision recorded by our
eyes<00:35:51.040><c> cone</c><00:35:51.440><c> cells.</c><00:35:52.400><c> The</c><00:35:52.720><c> second</c><00:35:53.520><c> is</c><00:35:54.079><c> scotopic</c>

00:35:54.790 --> 00:35:54.800 align:start position:0%
eyes cone cells. The second is scotopic
 

00:35:54.800 --> 00:35:57.750 align:start position:0%
eyes cone cells. The second is scotopic
vision.<00:35:55.599><c> An</c><00:35:56.000><c> ultra</c><00:35:56.480><c> sensitive</c><00:35:57.119><c> monochrome</c>

00:35:57.750 --> 00:35:57.760 align:start position:0%
vision. An ultra sensitive monochrome
 

00:35:57.760 --> 00:36:01.109 align:start position:0%
vision. An ultra sensitive monochrome
night<00:35:58.079><c> vision</c><00:35:58.800><c> recorded</c><00:35:59.359><c> by</c><00:35:59.680><c> our</c><00:36:00.079><c> eyes</c><00:36:00.640><c> rod</c>

00:36:01.109 --> 00:36:01.119 align:start position:0%
night vision recorded by our eyes rod
 

00:36:01.119 --> 00:36:04.390 align:start position:0%
night vision recorded by our eyes rod
cells.<00:36:02.240><c> It</c><00:36:02.480><c> is</c><00:36:02.640><c> this</c><00:36:02.880><c> scotopic</c><00:36:03.520><c> vision</c><00:36:04.079><c> that</c>

00:36:04.390 --> 00:36:04.400 align:start position:0%
cells. It is this scotopic vision that
 

00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:07.109 align:start position:0%
cells. It is this scotopic vision that
allows<00:36:04.720><c> us</c><00:36:04.960><c> to</c><00:36:05.119><c> see</c><00:36:05.440><c> the</c><00:36:05.760><c> faintest</c><00:36:06.320><c> details</c><00:36:06.880><c> in</c>

00:36:07.109 --> 00:36:07.119 align:start position:0%
allows us to see the faintest details in
 

00:36:07.119 --> 00:36:09.670 align:start position:0%
allows us to see the faintest details in
the<00:36:07.280><c> night</c><00:36:07.599><c> sky.</c>

00:36:09.670 --> 00:36:09.680 align:start position:0%
the night sky.
 

00:36:09.680 --> 00:36:12.470 align:start position:0%
the night sky.
Modern<00:36:10.240><c> lighting</c><00:36:10.880><c> is</c><00:36:11.200><c> reducing</c><00:36:11.760><c> our</c><00:36:12.079><c> access</c>

00:36:12.470 --> 00:36:12.480 align:start position:0%
Modern lighting is reducing our access
 

00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:15.589 align:start position:0%
Modern lighting is reducing our access
to<00:36:12.800><c> scotopic</c><00:36:13.440><c> vision</c><00:36:14.160><c> because</c><00:36:14.800><c> to</c><00:36:15.040><c> the</c><00:36:15.280><c> human</c>

00:36:15.589 --> 00:36:15.599 align:start position:0%
to scotopic vision because to the human
 

00:36:15.599 --> 00:36:19.349 align:start position:0%
to scotopic vision because to the human
eye<00:36:16.400><c> all</c><00:36:16.640><c> light</c><00:36:16.960><c> is</c><00:36:17.200><c> not</c><00:36:17.440><c> equal.</c><00:36:18.560><c> In</c><00:36:18.800><c> the</c><00:36:18.960><c> past</c>

00:36:19.349 --> 00:36:19.359 align:start position:0%
eye all light is not equal. In the past
 

00:36:19.359 --> 00:36:22.310 align:start position:0%
eye all light is not equal. In the past
10<00:36:19.599><c> to</c><00:36:19.920><c> 15</c><00:36:20.240><c> years,</c><00:36:20.880><c> a</c><00:36:21.119><c> movement</c><00:36:21.520><c> towards</c><00:36:22.000><c> more</c>

00:36:22.310 --> 00:36:22.320 align:start position:0%
10 to 15 years, a movement towards more
 

00:36:22.320 --> 00:36:24.870 align:start position:0%
10 to 15 years, a movement towards more
energyefficient<00:36:23.200><c> LED</c><00:36:23.680><c> lights</c><00:36:24.240><c> has</c><00:36:24.480><c> shifted</c>

00:36:24.870 --> 00:36:24.880 align:start position:0%
energyefficient LED lights has shifted
 

00:36:24.880 --> 00:36:26.870 align:start position:0%
energyefficient LED lights has shifted
the<00:36:25.119><c> spectrum</c><00:36:25.440><c> of</c><00:36:25.599><c> light</c><00:36:25.839><c> pollution</c><00:36:26.480><c> from</c><00:36:26.720><c> the</c>

00:36:26.870 --> 00:36:26.880 align:start position:0%
the spectrum of light pollution from the
 

00:36:26.880 --> 00:36:29.510 align:start position:0%
the spectrum of light pollution from the
orange<00:36:27.200><c> hues</c><00:36:27.680><c> of</c><00:36:27.839><c> the</c><00:36:28.000><c> sodium</c><00:36:28.400><c> lamps</c><00:36:29.040><c> to</c><00:36:29.280><c> the</c>

00:36:29.510 --> 00:36:29.520 align:start position:0%
orange hues of the sodium lamps to the
 

00:36:29.520 --> 00:36:32.710 align:start position:0%
orange hues of the sodium lamps to the
blue<00:36:29.920><c> green</c><00:36:30.320><c> frequencies</c><00:36:30.960><c> of</c><00:36:31.200><c> LEDs,</c><00:36:32.160><c> which</c><00:36:32.480><c> we</c>

00:36:32.710 --> 00:36:32.720 align:start position:0%
blue green frequencies of LEDs, which we
 

00:36:32.720 --> 00:36:36.550 align:start position:0%
blue green frequencies of LEDs, which we
are<00:36:33.119><c> much</c><00:36:33.520><c> more</c><00:36:33.920><c> sensitive</c><00:36:34.320><c> to.</c><00:36:35.680><c> These</c><00:36:36.160><c> blue</c>

00:36:36.550 --> 00:36:36.560 align:start position:0%
are much more sensitive to. These blue
 

00:36:36.560 --> 00:36:39.190 align:start position:0%
are much more sensitive to. These blue
green<00:36:36.960><c> frequencies</c><00:36:38.000><c> slow</c><00:36:38.400><c> down</c><00:36:38.880><c> dark</c>

00:36:39.190 --> 00:36:39.200 align:start position:0%
green frequencies slow down dark
 

00:36:39.200 --> 00:36:42.230 align:start position:0%
green frequencies slow down dark
adaptation<00:36:40.240><c> or</c><00:36:40.480><c> worse</c><00:36:41.119><c> can</c><00:36:41.440><c> fully</c><00:36:41.760><c> reverse</c><00:36:42.079><c> it</c>

00:36:42.230 --> 00:36:42.240 align:start position:0%
adaptation or worse can fully reverse it
 

00:36:42.240 --> 00:36:45.030 align:start position:0%
adaptation or worse can fully reverse it
in<00:36:42.480><c> minutes.</c><00:36:43.599><c> which</c><00:36:43.839><c> is</c><00:36:44.000><c> why</c><00:36:44.320><c> you'll</c><00:36:44.720><c> often</c>

00:36:45.030 --> 00:36:45.040 align:start position:0%
in minutes. which is why you'll often
 

00:36:45.040 --> 00:36:47.589 align:start position:0%
in minutes. which is why you'll often
see<00:36:45.359><c> astronomers</c><00:36:46.079><c> and</c><00:36:46.320><c> nighttime</c><00:36:46.800><c> pilots</c>

00:36:47.589 --> 00:36:47.599 align:start position:0%
see astronomers and nighttime pilots
 

00:36:47.599 --> 00:36:50.470 align:start position:0%
see astronomers and nighttime pilots
using<00:36:48.079><c> red</c><00:36:48.400><c> lights</c><00:36:48.800><c> or</c><00:36:49.200><c> red</c><00:36:49.520><c> goggles</c><00:36:50.240><c> to</c>

00:36:50.470 --> 00:36:50.480 align:start position:0%
using red lights or red goggles to
 

00:36:50.480 --> 00:36:54.150 align:start position:0%
using red lights or red goggles to
ensure<00:36:51.040><c> scotopic</c><00:36:51.760><c> vision</c><00:36:52.160><c> is</c><00:36:52.400><c> maintained.</c><00:36:53.839><c> To</c>

00:36:54.150 --> 00:36:54.160 align:start position:0%
ensure scotopic vision is maintained. To
 

00:36:54.160 --> 00:36:57.030 align:start position:0%
ensure scotopic vision is maintained. To
access<00:36:54.640><c> full</c><00:36:54.960><c> scotopic</c><00:36:55.599><c> vision,</c><00:36:56.240><c> we</c><00:36:56.560><c> require</c>

00:36:57.030 --> 00:36:57.040 align:start position:0%
access full scotopic vision, we require
 

00:36:57.040 --> 00:36:59.990 align:start position:0%
access full scotopic vision, we require
a<00:36:57.359><c> near</c><00:36:57.839><c> absence</c><00:36:58.320><c> of</c><00:36:58.640><c> short</c><00:36:59.119><c> frequency</c><00:36:59.599><c> light</c>

00:36:59.990 --> 00:37:00.000 align:start position:0%
a near absence of short frequency light
 

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:02.710 align:start position:0%
a near absence of short frequency light
for<00:37:00.240><c> at</c><00:37:00.240><c> least</c><00:37:00.800><c> 30</c><00:37:01.280><c> minutes</c><00:37:02.079><c> and</c><00:37:02.320><c> it</c><00:37:02.560><c> can</c>

00:37:02.710 --> 00:37:02.720 align:start position:0%
for at least 30 minutes and it can
 

00:37:02.720 --> 00:37:06.470 align:start position:0%
for at least 30 minutes and it can
continue<00:37:03.119><c> to</c><00:37:03.280><c> improve</c><00:37:03.760><c> for</c><00:37:04.000><c> up</c><00:37:04.240><c> to</c><00:37:04.480><c> 2</c><00:37:04.800><c> hours.</c>

00:37:06.470 --> 00:37:06.480 align:start position:0%
continue to improve for up to 2 hours.
 

00:37:06.480 --> 00:37:09.430 align:start position:0%
continue to improve for up to 2 hours.
So,<00:37:07.119><c> you</c><00:37:07.359><c> may</c><00:37:07.599><c> be</c><00:37:07.839><c> wondering,</c><00:37:08.720><c> if</c><00:37:08.880><c> we</c><00:37:09.040><c> are</c><00:37:09.200><c> so</c>

00:37:09.430 --> 00:37:09.440 align:start position:0%
So, you may be wondering, if we are so
 

00:37:09.440 --> 00:37:11.670 align:start position:0%
So, you may be wondering, if we are so
sensitive<00:37:09.839><c> to</c><00:37:10.079><c> the</c><00:37:10.320><c> blue</c><00:37:10.720><c> frequencies</c><00:37:11.359><c> of</c>

00:37:11.670 --> 00:37:11.680 align:start position:0%
sensitive to the blue frequencies of
 

00:37:11.680 --> 00:37:14.390 align:start position:0%
sensitive to the blue frequencies of
typical<00:37:12.160><c> LED</c><00:37:12.560><c> lights,</c><00:37:13.440><c> why</c><00:37:13.680><c> can't</c><00:37:13.920><c> we</c><00:37:14.160><c> use</c>

00:37:14.390 --> 00:37:14.400 align:start position:0%
typical LED lights, why can't we use
 

00:37:14.400 --> 00:37:16.710 align:start position:0%
typical LED lights, why can't we use
less<00:37:14.640><c> of</c><00:37:14.800><c> it</c><00:37:15.200><c> and</c><00:37:15.520><c> reduce</c><00:37:16.000><c> overall</c><00:37:16.480><c> light</c>

00:37:16.710 --> 00:37:16.720 align:start position:0%
less of it and reduce overall light
 

00:37:16.720 --> 00:37:20.550 align:start position:0%
less of it and reduce overall light
pollution?<00:37:18.160><c> And</c><00:37:18.400><c> you'd</c><00:37:18.720><c> be</c><00:37:18.880><c> right,</c><00:37:19.200><c> we</c><00:37:19.520><c> could.</c>

00:37:20.550 --> 00:37:20.560 align:start position:0%
pollution? And you'd be right, we could.
 

00:37:20.560 --> 00:37:23.910 align:start position:0%
pollution? And you'd be right, we could.
The<00:37:20.800><c> reality</c><00:37:21.200><c> is</c><00:37:21.599><c> though</c><00:37:22.160><c> that</c><00:37:22.480><c> we</c><00:37:22.720><c> don't.</c>

00:37:23.910 --> 00:37:23.920 align:start position:0%
The reality is though that we don't.
 

00:37:23.920 --> 00:37:26.790 align:start position:0%
The reality is though that we don't.
LEDs<00:37:24.560><c> are</c><00:37:24.880><c> so</c><00:37:25.280><c> efficient</c><00:37:25.839><c> compared</c><00:37:26.160><c> to</c><00:37:26.320><c> sodium</c>

00:37:26.790 --> 00:37:26.800 align:start position:0%
LEDs are so efficient compared to sodium
 

00:37:26.800 --> 00:37:29.270 align:start position:0%
LEDs are so efficient compared to sodium
and<00:37:27.040><c> filament</c><00:37:27.440><c> lights</c><00:37:28.079><c> that</c><00:37:28.320><c> we</c><00:37:28.560><c> save</c><00:37:28.880><c> energy</c>

00:37:29.270 --> 00:37:29.280 align:start position:0%
and filament lights that we save energy
 

00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:32.069 align:start position:0%
and filament lights that we save energy
and<00:37:29.599><c> money</c><00:37:30.240><c> even</c><00:37:30.560><c> when</c><00:37:30.880><c> they</c><00:37:31.200><c> run</c><00:37:31.599><c> much</c>

00:37:32.069 --> 00:37:32.079 align:start position:0%
and money even when they run much
 

00:37:32.079 --> 00:37:35.430 align:start position:0%
and money even when they run much
brighter.<00:37:33.440><c> So,</c><00:37:33.760><c> that's</c><00:37:34.079><c> what</c><00:37:34.320><c> we</c><00:37:34.480><c> often</c><00:37:34.880><c> do.</c>

00:37:35.430 --> 00:37:35.440 align:start position:0%
brighter. So, that's what we often do.
 

00:37:35.440 --> 00:37:37.829 align:start position:0%
brighter. So, that's what we often do.
We<00:37:35.760><c> run</c><00:37:36.000><c> them</c><00:37:36.240><c> brighter</c><00:37:36.720><c> because</c><00:37:37.040><c> we</c><00:37:37.359><c> all</c><00:37:37.520><c> feel</c>

00:37:37.829 --> 00:37:37.839 align:start position:0%
We run them brighter because we all feel
 

00:37:37.839 --> 00:37:40.790 align:start position:0%
We run them brighter because we all feel
safer<00:37:38.240><c> in</c><00:37:38.400><c> a</c><00:37:38.560><c> well-lit</c><00:37:39.119><c> area,</c><00:37:39.920><c> even</c><00:37:40.160><c> if</c><00:37:40.400><c> we</c><00:37:40.640><c> are</c>

00:37:40.790 --> 00:37:40.800 align:start position:0%
safer in a well-lit area, even if we are
 

00:37:40.800 --> 00:37:43.030 align:start position:0%
safer in a well-lit area, even if we are
statistically<00:37:41.680><c> no</c><00:37:41.920><c> more</c><00:37:42.240><c> likely</c><00:37:42.480><c> to</c><00:37:42.720><c> be</c><00:37:42.800><c> the</c>

00:37:43.030 --> 00:37:43.040 align:start position:0%
statistically no more likely to be the
 

00:37:43.040 --> 00:37:46.230 align:start position:0%
statistically no more likely to be the
victim<00:37:43.280><c> of</c><00:37:43.440><c> crime.</c><00:37:44.720><c> Our</c><00:37:45.119><c> eyes</c><00:37:45.520><c> also</c><00:37:45.839><c> contain</c>

00:37:46.230 --> 00:37:46.240 align:start position:0%
victim of crime. Our eyes also contain
 

00:37:46.240 --> 00:37:48.310 align:start position:0%
victim of crime. Our eyes also contain
retinal<00:37:46.800><c> cells</c><00:37:47.040><c> that</c><00:37:47.280><c> are</c><00:37:47.520><c> not</c><00:37:47.680><c> involved</c><00:37:48.079><c> with</c>

00:37:48.310 --> 00:37:48.320 align:start position:0%
retinal cells that are not involved with
 

00:37:48.320 --> 00:37:50.710 align:start position:0%
retinal cells that are not involved with
seeing<00:37:48.720><c> and</c><00:37:49.040><c> instead</c><00:37:49.440><c> help</c><00:37:49.760><c> to</c><00:37:49.920><c> regulate</c><00:37:50.400><c> our</c>

00:37:50.710 --> 00:37:50.720 align:start position:0%
seeing and instead help to regulate our
 

00:37:50.720 --> 00:37:53.670 align:start position:0%
seeing and instead help to regulate our
body<00:37:50.960><c> clock.</c><00:37:51.920><c> These</c><00:37:52.240><c> cells</c><00:37:52.560><c> are</c><00:37:52.880><c> particularly</c>

00:37:53.670 --> 00:37:53.680 align:start position:0%
body clock. These cells are particularly
 

00:37:53.680 --> 00:37:56.550 align:start position:0%
body clock. These cells are particularly
sensitive<00:37:54.160><c> to</c><00:37:54.480><c> shorter</c><00:37:54.960><c> wavelengths,</c><00:37:55.680><c> too.</c>

00:37:56.550 --> 00:37:56.560 align:start position:0%
sensitive to shorter wavelengths, too.
 

00:37:56.560 --> 00:37:59.750 align:start position:0%
sensitive to shorter wavelengths, too.
So<00:37:57.200><c> artificial</c><00:37:57.839><c> light</c><00:37:58.320><c> and</c><00:37:58.800><c> LEDs</c><00:37:59.440><c> in</c>

00:37:59.750 --> 00:37:59.760 align:start position:0%
So artificial light and LEDs in
 

00:37:59.760 --> 00:38:02.069 align:start position:0%
So artificial light and LEDs in
particular<00:38:00.560><c> don't</c><00:38:00.880><c> just</c><00:38:01.040><c> affect</c><00:38:01.440><c> our</c><00:38:01.760><c> ability</c>

00:38:02.069 --> 00:38:02.079 align:start position:0%
particular don't just affect our ability
 

00:38:02.079 --> 00:38:05.270 align:start position:0%
particular don't just affect our ability
to<00:38:02.320><c> see</c><00:38:02.640><c> the</c><00:38:02.880><c> night</c><00:38:03.280><c> sky.</c><00:38:04.240><c> They</c><00:38:04.400><c> affect</c><00:38:04.720><c> us</c><00:38:04.960><c> in</c>

00:38:05.270 --> 00:38:05.280 align:start position:0%
to see the night sky. They affect us in
 

00:38:05.280 --> 00:38:08.150 align:start position:0%
to see the night sky. They affect us in
other<00:38:05.920><c> more</c><00:38:06.240><c> severe</c><00:38:06.640><c> ways,</c><00:38:07.040><c> too.</c><00:38:07.920><c> The</c>

00:38:08.150 --> 00:38:08.160 align:start position:0%
other more severe ways, too. The
 

00:38:08.160 --> 00:38:10.550 align:start position:0%
other more severe ways, too. The
disruption<00:38:08.720><c> of</c><00:38:08.880><c> our</c><00:38:09.119><c> circadian</c><00:38:09.760><c> rhythms</c><00:38:10.240><c> by</c>

00:38:10.550 --> 00:38:10.560 align:start position:0%
disruption of our circadian rhythms by
 

00:38:10.560 --> 00:38:13.109 align:start position:0%
disruption of our circadian rhythms by
light<00:38:11.280><c> disrupts</c><00:38:11.839><c> the</c><00:38:12.079><c> production</c><00:38:12.480><c> of</c><00:38:12.720><c> several</c>

00:38:13.109 --> 00:38:13.119 align:start position:0%
light disrupts the production of several
 

00:38:13.119 --> 00:38:16.550 align:start position:0%
light disrupts the production of several
key<00:38:13.440><c> hormones,</c><00:38:14.400><c> including</c><00:38:15.040><c> melatonin.</c>

00:38:16.550 --> 00:38:16.560 align:start position:0%
key hormones, including melatonin.
 

00:38:16.560 --> 00:38:18.550 align:start position:0%
key hormones, including melatonin.
Incredibly,<00:38:17.200><c> this</c><00:38:17.440><c> can</c><00:38:17.599><c> affect</c><00:38:18.000><c> our</c><00:38:18.240><c> body</c>

00:38:18.550 --> 00:38:18.560 align:start position:0%
Incredibly, this can affect our body
 

00:38:18.560 --> 00:38:21.030 align:start position:0%
Incredibly, this can affect our body
through<00:38:18.800><c> a</c><00:38:19.040><c> dramatic</c><00:38:19.599><c> cascade</c><00:38:20.400><c> that</c><00:38:20.640><c> can</c><00:38:20.800><c> lead</c>

00:38:21.030 --> 00:38:21.040 align:start position:0%
through a dramatic cascade that can lead
 

00:38:21.040 --> 00:38:24.470 align:start position:0%
through a dramatic cascade that can lead
to<00:38:21.280><c> metabolic</c><00:38:22.000><c> and</c><00:38:22.320><c> mood</c><00:38:22.640><c> disorders</c><00:38:23.760><c> and</c><00:38:24.079><c> most</c>

00:38:24.470 --> 00:38:24.480 align:start position:0%
to metabolic and mood disorders and most
 

00:38:24.480 --> 00:38:27.349 align:start position:0%
to metabolic and mood disorders and most
severely<00:38:25.520><c> cancer.</c>

00:38:27.349 --> 00:38:27.359 align:start position:0%
severely cancer.
 

00:38:27.359 --> 00:38:29.589 align:start position:0%
severely cancer.
While<00:38:27.760><c> for</c><00:38:28.000><c> us</c><00:38:28.240><c> humans</c><00:38:28.800><c> there</c><00:38:29.040><c> is</c><00:38:29.200><c> at</c><00:38:29.280><c> least</c>

00:38:29.589 --> 00:38:29.599 align:start position:0%
While for us humans there is at least
 

00:38:29.599 --> 00:38:31.349 align:start position:0%
While for us humans there is at least
some<00:38:29.839><c> upside</c><00:38:30.240><c> in</c><00:38:30.480><c> extending</c><00:38:30.880><c> the</c><00:38:31.040><c> length</c><00:38:31.280><c> of</c>

00:38:31.349 --> 00:38:31.359 align:start position:0%
some upside in extending the length of
 

00:38:31.359 --> 00:38:33.589 align:start position:0%
some upside in extending the length of
the<00:38:31.520><c> day</c><00:38:31.760><c> artificially,</c><00:38:32.880><c> for</c><00:38:33.119><c> the</c><00:38:33.280><c> rest</c><00:38:33.440><c> of</c>

00:38:33.589 --> 00:38:33.599 align:start position:0%
the day artificially, for the rest of
 

00:38:33.599 --> 00:38:35.670 align:start position:0%
the day artificially, for the rest of
nature<00:38:34.079><c> there</c><00:38:34.240><c> is</c><00:38:34.400><c> almost</c><00:38:34.800><c> nothing</c><00:38:35.359><c> but</c>

00:38:35.670 --> 00:38:35.680 align:start position:0%
nature there is almost nothing but
 

00:38:35.680 --> 00:38:37.270 align:start position:0%
nature there is almost nothing but
downside.

00:38:37.270 --> 00:38:37.280 align:start position:0%
downside.
 

00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:39.270 align:start position:0%
downside.
Lights<00:38:37.760><c> interfere</c><00:38:38.320><c> with</c><00:38:38.560><c> the</c><00:38:38.720><c> circadian</c>

00:38:39.270 --> 00:38:39.280 align:start position:0%
Lights interfere with the circadian
 

00:38:39.280 --> 00:38:42.550 align:start position:0%
Lights interfere with the circadian
rhythms<00:38:39.680><c> of</c><00:38:39.920><c> wildlife</c><00:38:40.560><c> too,</c><00:38:41.359><c> disrupting</c><00:38:42.160><c> how</c>

00:38:42.550 --> 00:38:42.560 align:start position:0%
rhythms of wildlife too, disrupting how
 

00:38:42.560 --> 00:38:46.230 align:start position:0%
rhythms of wildlife too, disrupting how
and<00:38:42.880><c> when</c><00:38:43.119><c> they</c><00:38:43.440><c> sleep,</c><00:38:44.079><c> migrate,</c><00:38:45.200><c> reproduce,</c>

00:38:46.230 --> 00:38:46.240 align:start position:0%
and when they sleep, migrate, reproduce,
 

00:38:46.240 --> 00:38:49.829 align:start position:0%
and when they sleep, migrate, reproduce,
hunt,<00:38:46.800><c> and</c><00:38:47.040><c> evolve.</c><00:38:48.240><c> Almost</c><00:38:48.800><c> every</c><00:38:49.280><c> species</c>

00:38:49.829 --> 00:38:49.839 align:start position:0%
hunt, and evolve. Almost every species
 

00:38:49.839 --> 00:38:52.310 align:start position:0%
hunt, and evolve. Almost every species
studied<00:38:50.160><c> to</c><00:38:50.400><c> date</c><00:38:50.640><c> is</c><00:38:51.119><c> negatively</c><00:38:51.760><c> affected</c>

00:38:52.310 --> 00:38:52.320 align:start position:0%
studied to date is negatively affected
 

00:38:52.320 --> 00:38:55.190 align:start position:0%
studied to date is negatively affected
by<00:38:52.640><c> lighting</c><00:38:53.599><c> at</c><00:38:53.839><c> the</c><00:38:54.079><c> level</c><00:38:54.320><c> of</c><00:38:54.560><c> both</c><00:38:54.880><c> the</c>

00:38:55.190 --> 00:38:55.200 align:start position:0%
by lighting at the level of both the
 

00:38:55.200 --> 00:38:57.430 align:start position:0%
by lighting at the level of both the
individual<00:38:55.760><c> animals</c><00:38:56.640><c> and</c><00:38:57.119><c> their</c>

00:38:57.430 --> 00:38:57.440 align:start position:0%
individual animals and their
 

00:38:57.440 --> 00:39:00.069 align:start position:0%
individual animals and their
populations.<00:38:58.880><c> Scientists</c><00:38:59.359><c> have</c><00:38:59.599><c> studied</c>

00:39:00.069 --> 00:39:00.079 align:start position:0%
populations. Scientists have studied
 

00:39:00.079 --> 00:39:03.750 align:start position:0%
populations. Scientists have studied
fishes,<00:39:00.960><c> birds,</c><00:39:01.839><c> amphibians,</c><00:39:02.960><c> insects,</c>

00:39:03.750 --> 00:39:03.760 align:start position:0%
fishes, birds, amphibians, insects,
 

00:39:03.760 --> 00:39:06.230 align:start position:0%
fishes, birds, amphibians, insects,
invertebrates,<00:39:04.960><c> ecosystems</c><00:39:05.760><c> hundreds</c><00:39:06.079><c> of</c>

00:39:06.230 --> 00:39:06.240 align:start position:0%
invertebrates, ecosystems hundreds of
 

00:39:06.240 --> 00:39:07.990 align:start position:0%
invertebrates, ecosystems hundreds of
meters<00:39:06.560><c> down</c><00:39:06.880><c> below</c><00:39:07.200><c> the</c><00:39:07.359><c> surface</c><00:39:07.599><c> of</c><00:39:07.760><c> the</c>

00:39:07.990 --> 00:39:08.000 align:start position:0%
meters down below the surface of the
 

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:11.910 align:start position:0%
meters down below the surface of the
sea,<00:39:08.640><c> and</c><00:39:08.880><c> even</c><00:39:09.440><c> trees.</c><00:39:10.640><c> Deciduous</c><00:39:11.359><c> trees,</c>

00:39:11.910 --> 00:39:11.920 align:start position:0%
sea, and even trees. Deciduous trees,
 

00:39:11.920 --> 00:39:14.550 align:start position:0%
sea, and even trees. Deciduous trees,
which<00:39:12.240><c> regrow</c><00:39:12.720><c> their</c><00:39:12.960><c> leaves</c><00:39:13.280><c> each</c><00:39:13.599><c> year,</c><00:39:14.320><c> can</c>

00:39:14.550 --> 00:39:14.560 align:start position:0%
which regrow their leaves each year, can
 

00:39:14.560 --> 00:39:16.230 align:start position:0%
which regrow their leaves each year, can
be<00:39:14.720><c> tricked</c><00:39:15.119><c> into</c><00:39:15.440><c> maintaining</c><00:39:16.000><c> their</c>

00:39:16.230 --> 00:39:16.240 align:start position:0%
be tricked into maintaining their
 

00:39:16.240 --> 00:39:19.109 align:start position:0%
be tricked into maintaining their
foliage<00:39:16.800><c> all</c><00:39:17.119><c> year</c><00:39:17.359><c> round,</c><00:39:18.160><c> causing</c><00:39:18.640><c> stress</c>

00:39:19.109 --> 00:39:19.119 align:start position:0%
foliage all year round, causing stress
 

00:39:19.119 --> 00:39:22.630 align:start position:0%
foliage all year round, causing stress
that<00:39:19.440><c> can</c><00:39:19.680><c> eventually</c><00:39:20.480><c> kill</c><00:39:20.800><c> the</c><00:39:21.119><c> tree.</c><00:39:22.320><c> There</c>

00:39:22.630 --> 00:39:22.640 align:start position:0%
that can eventually kill the tree. There
 

00:39:22.640 --> 00:39:24.870 align:start position:0%
that can eventually kill the tree. There
are<00:39:22.880><c> simple</c><00:39:23.200><c> things</c><00:39:23.440><c> we</c><00:39:23.680><c> can</c><00:39:23.839><c> do</c><00:39:24.079><c> that</c><00:39:24.480><c> manage</c>

00:39:24.870 --> 00:39:24.880 align:start position:0%
are simple things we can do that manage
 

00:39:24.880 --> 00:39:27.750 align:start position:0%
are simple things we can do that manage
that<00:39:25.200><c> rare</c><00:39:25.599><c> combination</c><00:39:26.160><c> of</c><00:39:26.560><c> saving</c><00:39:26.960><c> us</c><00:39:27.200><c> money</c>

00:39:27.750 --> 00:39:27.760 align:start position:0%
that rare combination of saving us money
 

00:39:27.760 --> 00:39:30.630 align:start position:0%
that rare combination of saving us money
and<00:39:28.160><c> improving</c><00:39:28.720><c> our</c><00:39:29.040><c> health.</c><00:39:29.920><c> The</c><00:39:30.160><c> best,</c><00:39:30.480><c> of</c>

00:39:30.630 --> 00:39:30.640 align:start position:0%
and improving our health. The best, of
 

00:39:30.640 --> 00:39:33.910 align:start position:0%
and improving our health. The best, of
course,<00:39:30.960><c> is</c><00:39:31.280><c> to</c><00:39:31.599><c> turn</c><00:39:31.920><c> off</c><00:39:32.400><c> unwanted</c><00:39:33.040><c> lights,</c>

00:39:33.910 --> 00:39:33.920 align:start position:0%
course, is to turn off unwanted lights,
 

00:39:33.920 --> 00:39:35.910 align:start position:0%
course, is to turn off unwanted lights,
particularly<00:39:34.640><c> outdoor</c><00:39:35.200><c> lighting</c><00:39:35.599><c> and</c>

00:39:35.910 --> 00:39:35.920 align:start position:0%
particularly outdoor lighting and
 

00:39:35.920 --> 00:39:38.950 align:start position:0%
particularly outdoor lighting and
uplighting.<00:39:37.359><c> When</c><00:39:37.680><c> installing</c><00:39:38.240><c> new</c><00:39:38.560><c> or</c>

00:39:38.950 --> 00:39:38.960 align:start position:0%
uplighting. When installing new or
 

00:39:38.960 --> 00:39:41.270 align:start position:0%
uplighting. When installing new or
replacing<00:39:39.440><c> new</c><00:39:39.680><c> lights,</c><00:39:40.320><c> look</c><00:39:40.560><c> to</c><00:39:40.720><c> install</c>

00:39:41.270 --> 00:39:41.280 align:start position:0%
replacing new lights, look to install
 

00:39:41.280 --> 00:39:43.589 align:start position:0%
replacing new lights, look to install
low<00:39:41.599><c> power</c><00:39:42.000><c> LEDs</c><00:39:42.560><c> with</c><00:39:42.880><c> low</c><00:39:43.280><c> color</c>

00:39:43.589 --> 00:39:43.599 align:start position:0%
low power LEDs with low color
 

00:39:43.599 --> 00:39:46.150 align:start position:0%
low power LEDs with low color
temperature<00:39:44.320><c> of,</c><00:39:44.640><c> say,</c><00:39:45.119><c> 3,000</c><00:39:45.760><c> Kelvin</c>

00:39:46.150 --> 00:39:46.160 align:start position:0%
temperature of, say, 3,000 Kelvin
 

00:39:46.160 --> 00:39:49.430 align:start position:0%
temperature of, say, 3,000 Kelvin
instead<00:39:46.480><c> of</c><00:39:46.720><c> 5,000</c><00:39:47.359><c> Kelvin.</c><00:39:48.720><c> Welldesigned</c>

00:39:49.430 --> 00:39:49.440 align:start position:0%
instead of 5,000 Kelvin. Welldesigned
 

00:39:49.440 --> 00:39:51.670 align:start position:0%
instead of 5,000 Kelvin. Welldesigned
lighting<00:39:49.920><c> will</c><00:39:50.240><c> have</c><00:39:50.560><c> shielding</c><00:39:51.040><c> to</c><00:39:51.359><c> focus</c>

00:39:51.670 --> 00:39:51.680 align:start position:0%
lighting will have shielding to focus
 

00:39:51.680 --> 00:39:54.069 align:start position:0%
lighting will have shielding to focus
the<00:39:51.839><c> light</c><00:39:52.079><c> to</c><00:39:52.240><c> where</c><00:39:52.480><c> it</c><00:39:52.640><c> needs</c><00:39:52.880><c> to</c><00:39:53.040><c> be</c><00:39:53.599><c> and</c>

00:39:54.069 --> 00:39:54.079 align:start position:0%
the light to where it needs to be and
 

00:39:54.079 --> 00:39:56.550 align:start position:0%
the light to where it needs to be and
minimize<00:39:54.800><c> excess</c><00:39:55.280><c> light</c><00:39:55.760><c> shone</c><00:39:56.160><c> into</c><00:39:56.400><c> the</c>

00:39:56.550 --> 00:39:56.560 align:start position:0%
minimize excess light shone into the
 

00:39:56.560 --> 00:39:58.390 align:start position:0%
minimize excess light shone into the
atmosphere.

00:39:58.390 --> 00:39:58.400 align:start position:0%
atmosphere.
 

00:39:58.400 --> 00:40:01.109 align:start position:0%
atmosphere.
But<00:39:58.880><c> away</c><00:39:59.200><c> from</c><00:39:59.599><c> groundbased</c><00:40:00.480><c> artificial</c>

00:40:01.109 --> 00:40:01.119 align:start position:0%
But away from groundbased artificial
 

00:40:01.119 --> 00:40:03.990 align:start position:0%
But away from groundbased artificial
lights,<00:40:01.920><c> we</c><00:40:02.160><c> are</c><00:40:02.240><c> now</c><00:40:02.480><c> facing</c><00:40:02.960><c> a</c><00:40:03.280><c> significant</c>

00:40:03.990 --> 00:40:04.000 align:start position:0%
lights, we are now facing a significant
 

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:06.310 align:start position:0%
lights, we are now facing a significant
increase<00:40:04.320><c> of</c><00:40:04.480><c> light</c><00:40:04.720><c> pollution</c><00:40:05.520><c> coming</c><00:40:05.839><c> to</c><00:40:06.079><c> us</c>

00:40:06.310 --> 00:40:06.320 align:start position:0%
increase of light pollution coming to us
 

00:40:06.320 --> 00:40:09.829 align:start position:0%
increase of light pollution coming to us
from<00:40:06.720><c> space.</c>

00:40:09.829 --> 00:40:09.839 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:40:09.839 --> 00:40:13.109 align:start position:0%
 
Since<00:40:10.320><c> 2018,</c><00:40:11.440><c> SP</c><00:40:11.839><c> X</c><00:40:12.160><c> has</c><00:40:12.400><c> launched</c><00:40:12.720><c> nearly</c>

00:40:13.109 --> 00:40:13.119 align:start position:0%
Since 2018, SP X has launched nearly
 

00:40:13.119 --> 00:40:17.190 align:start position:0%
Since 2018, SP X has launched nearly
7,000<00:40:14.160><c> satellites</c><00:40:14.800><c> into</c><00:40:15.119><c> space.</c><00:40:16.079><c> Oh,</c><00:40:16.560><c> and</c><00:40:16.880><c> one</c>

00:40:17.190 --> 00:40:17.200 align:start position:0%
7,000 satellites into space. Oh, and one
 

00:40:17.200 --> 00:40:21.109 align:start position:0%
7,000 satellites into space. Oh, and one
Tesla<00:40:17.680><c> Roadster.</c><00:40:19.119><c> As</c><00:40:19.359><c> it</c><00:40:19.599><c> stands,</c><00:40:20.400><c> SpaceX</c>

00:40:21.109 --> 00:40:21.119 align:start position:0%
Tesla Roadster. As it stands, SpaceX
 

00:40:21.119 --> 00:40:24.230 align:start position:0%
Tesla Roadster. As it stands, SpaceX
have<00:40:21.599><c> twice</c><00:40:22.079><c> as</c><00:40:22.400><c> many</c><00:40:22.720><c> active</c><00:40:23.200><c> satellites</c><00:40:23.839><c> in</c>

00:40:24.230 --> 00:40:24.240 align:start position:0%
have twice as many active satellites in
 

00:40:24.240 --> 00:40:27.670 align:start position:0%
have twice as many active satellites in
low<00:40:24.560><c> Earth</c><00:40:24.960><c> orbit</c><00:40:25.760><c> as</c><00:40:26.240><c> every</c><00:40:26.720><c> other</c><00:40:27.200><c> company</c>

00:40:27.670 --> 00:40:27.680 align:start position:0%
low Earth orbit as every other company
 

00:40:27.680 --> 00:40:30.950 align:start position:0%
low Earth orbit as every other company
and<00:40:28.079><c> country</c><00:40:28.560><c> on</c><00:40:28.880><c> the</c><00:40:29.040><c> Earth</c><00:40:29.440><c> combined.</c>

00:40:30.950 --> 00:40:30.960 align:start position:0%
and country on the Earth combined.
 

00:40:30.960 --> 00:40:33.270 align:start position:0%
and country on the Earth combined.
I've<00:40:31.280><c> seen</c><00:40:31.520><c> some</c><00:40:31.760><c> hockey</c><00:40:32.240><c> stickshaped</c><00:40:32.960><c> graphs</c>

00:40:33.270 --> 00:40:33.280 align:start position:0%
I've seen some hockey stickshaped graphs
 

00:40:33.280 --> 00:40:35.510 align:start position:0%
I've seen some hockey stickshaped graphs
in<00:40:33.520><c> my</c><00:40:33.680><c> time,</c><00:40:34.320><c> but</c><00:40:34.640><c> this</c><00:40:34.880><c> one</c><00:40:35.200><c> is</c>

00:40:35.510 --> 00:40:35.520 align:start position:0%
in my time, but this one is
 

00:40:35.520 --> 00:40:37.270 align:start position:0%
in my time, but this one is
stratospheric.

00:40:37.270 --> 00:40:37.280 align:start position:0%
stratospheric.
 

00:40:37.280 --> 00:40:38.710 align:start position:0%
stratospheric.
The<00:40:37.440><c> vast</c><00:40:37.760><c> majority</c><00:40:38.079><c> of</c><00:40:38.240><c> these</c><00:40:38.480><c> new</c>

00:40:38.710 --> 00:40:38.720 align:start position:0%
The vast majority of these new
 

00:40:38.720 --> 00:40:40.550 align:start position:0%
The vast majority of these new
satellites<00:40:39.280><c> have</c><00:40:39.520><c> gone</c><00:40:39.760><c> into</c><00:40:40.000><c> low</c><00:40:40.240><c> Earth</c>

00:40:40.550 --> 00:40:40.560 align:start position:0%
satellites have gone into low Earth
 

00:40:40.560 --> 00:40:45.109 align:start position:0%
satellites have gone into low Earth
orbit<00:40:41.040><c> at</c><00:40:41.280><c> an</c><00:40:41.440><c> altitude</c><00:40:41.920><c> of</c><00:40:42.160><c> only</c><00:40:42.640><c> 550</c><00:40:43.599><c> km.</c><00:40:44.880><c> The</c>

00:40:45.109 --> 00:40:45.119 align:start position:0%
orbit at an altitude of only 550 km. The
 

00:40:45.119 --> 00:40:47.430 align:start position:0%
orbit at an altitude of only 550 km. The
United<00:40:45.520><c> Nations</c><00:40:46.000><c> Office</c><00:40:46.400><c> for</c><00:40:46.720><c> Outer</c><00:40:47.119><c> Space</c>

00:40:47.430 --> 00:40:47.440 align:start position:0%
United Nations Office for Outer Space
 

00:40:47.440 --> 00:40:50.630 align:start position:0%
United Nations Office for Outer Space
Affairs<00:40:48.160><c> have</c><00:40:48.480><c> speculated</c><00:40:49.040><c> that</c><00:40:49.599><c> 100,000</c>

00:40:50.630 --> 00:40:50.640 align:start position:0%
Affairs have speculated that 100,000
 

00:40:50.640 --> 00:40:52.870 align:start position:0%
Affairs have speculated that 100,000
more<00:40:50.880><c> satellites</c><00:40:51.520><c> could</c><00:40:51.839><c> be</c><00:40:52.000><c> launched</c><00:40:52.400><c> in</c><00:40:52.720><c> the</c>

00:40:52.870 --> 00:40:52.880 align:start position:0%
more satellites could be launched in the
 

00:40:52.880 --> 00:40:54.950 align:start position:0%
more satellites could be launched in the
next<00:40:53.440><c> decade.</c>

00:40:54.950 --> 00:40:54.960 align:start position:0%
next decade.
 

00:40:54.960 --> 00:40:57.190 align:start position:0%
next decade.
There<00:40:55.200><c> are</c><00:40:55.520><c> no</c><00:40:55.839><c> regulations</c><00:40:56.400><c> that</c><00:40:56.720><c> limit</c><00:40:56.960><c> the</c>

00:40:57.190 --> 00:40:57.200 align:start position:0%
There are no regulations that limit the
 

00:40:57.200 --> 00:40:58.550 align:start position:0%
There are no regulations that limit the
number<00:40:57.359><c> of</c><00:40:57.520><c> satellites</c><00:40:58.000><c> that</c><00:40:58.240><c> can</c><00:40:58.400><c> be</c>

00:40:58.550 --> 00:40:58.560 align:start position:0%
number of satellites that can be
 

00:40:58.560 --> 00:41:00.470 align:start position:0%
number of satellites that can be
launched<00:40:59.200><c> and</c><00:40:59.440><c> many</c><00:40:59.680><c> agreements</c><00:41:00.160><c> and</c>

00:41:00.470 --> 00:41:00.480 align:start position:0%
launched and many agreements and
 

00:41:00.480 --> 00:41:02.309 align:start position:0%
launched and many agreements and
understandings<00:41:01.119><c> around</c><00:41:01.520><c> reducing</c><00:41:02.000><c> the</c>

00:41:02.309 --> 00:41:02.319 align:start position:0%
understandings around reducing the
 

00:41:02.319 --> 00:41:04.069 align:start position:0%
understandings around reducing the
potential<00:41:02.640><c> for</c><00:41:02.880><c> light</c><00:41:03.119><c> pollution</c><00:41:03.760><c> are</c>

00:41:04.069 --> 00:41:04.079 align:start position:0%
potential for light pollution are
 

00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:06.950 align:start position:0%
potential for light pollution are
informal.<00:41:05.359><c> These</c><00:41:05.680><c> satellites</c><00:41:06.240><c> in</c><00:41:06.480><c> low</c><00:41:06.640><c> Earth</c>

00:41:06.950 --> 00:41:06.960 align:start position:0%
informal. These satellites in low Earth
 

00:41:06.960 --> 00:41:08.950 align:start position:0%
informal. These satellites in low Earth
orbit<00:41:07.359><c> are</c><00:41:07.599><c> particularly</c><00:41:08.240><c> bad</c><00:41:08.480><c> for</c><00:41:08.720><c> light</c>

00:41:08.950 --> 00:41:08.960 align:start position:0%
orbit are particularly bad for light
 

00:41:08.960 --> 00:41:11.910 align:start position:0%
orbit are particularly bad for light
pollution,<00:41:09.839><c> contributing</c><00:41:10.400><c> to</c><00:41:10.720><c> skylow</c><00:41:11.599><c> and</c>

00:41:11.910 --> 00:41:11.920 align:start position:0%
pollution, contributing to skylow and
 

00:41:11.920 --> 00:41:14.470 align:start position:0%
pollution, contributing to skylow and
producing<00:41:12.480><c> trails</c><00:41:12.880><c> in</c><00:41:13.119><c> amateur</c><00:41:13.599><c> photography</c>

00:41:14.470 --> 00:41:14.480 align:start position:0%
producing trails in amateur photography
 

00:41:14.480 --> 00:41:17.349 align:start position:0%
producing trails in amateur photography
and<00:41:15.119><c> research</c><00:41:15.680><c> images</c><00:41:16.240><c> that</c><00:41:16.560><c> can</c><00:41:16.720><c> render</c><00:41:17.040><c> them</c>

00:41:17.349 --> 00:41:17.359 align:start position:0%
and research images that can render them
 

00:41:17.359 --> 00:41:19.030 align:start position:0%
and research images that can render them
unusable.

00:41:19.030 --> 00:41:19.040 align:start position:0%
unusable.
 

00:41:19.040 --> 00:41:21.510 align:start position:0%
unusable.
Astrophotography<00:41:20.319><c> can</c><00:41:20.640><c> require</c><00:41:21.119><c> long</c>

00:41:21.510 --> 00:41:21.520 align:start position:0%
Astrophotography can require long
 

00:41:21.520 --> 00:41:23.910 align:start position:0%
Astrophotography can require long
exposures<00:41:22.079><c> of</c><00:41:22.400><c> several</c><00:41:22.880><c> minutes</c><00:41:23.520><c> and</c><00:41:23.760><c> is</c>

00:41:23.910 --> 00:41:23.920 align:start position:0%
exposures of several minutes and is
 

00:41:23.920 --> 00:41:25.750 align:start position:0%
exposures of several minutes and is
likely<00:41:24.240><c> that</c><00:41:24.400><c> these</c><00:41:24.720><c> exposures</c><00:41:25.200><c> will</c><00:41:25.440><c> capture</c>

00:41:25.750 --> 00:41:25.760 align:start position:0%
likely that these exposures will capture
 

00:41:25.760 --> 00:41:28.630 align:start position:0%
likely that these exposures will capture
the<00:41:25.920><c> trails</c><00:41:26.240><c> of</c><00:41:26.480><c> satellites</c><00:41:27.040><c> in</c><00:41:27.280><c> that</c><00:41:27.440><c> time.</c>

00:41:28.630 --> 00:41:28.640 align:start position:0%
the trails of satellites in that time.
 

00:41:28.640 --> 00:41:30.790 align:start position:0%
the trails of satellites in that time.
This<00:41:28.880><c> is</c><00:41:29.040><c> an</c><00:41:29.200><c> image</c><00:41:29.359><c> of</c><00:41:29.520><c> the</c><00:41:29.680><c> Horsehead</c><00:41:30.160><c> Nebula</c>

00:41:30.790 --> 00:41:30.800 align:start position:0%
This is an image of the Horsehead Nebula
 

00:41:30.800 --> 00:41:33.589 align:start position:0%
This is an image of the Horsehead Nebula
and<00:41:31.040><c> there</c><00:41:31.280><c> are</c><00:41:31.520><c> three</c><00:41:31.920><c> trails</c><00:41:32.240><c> in</c><00:41:32.480><c> this</c><00:41:32.640><c> image</c>

00:41:33.589 --> 00:41:33.599 align:start position:0%
and there are three trails in this image
 

00:41:33.599 --> 00:41:36.230 align:start position:0%
and there are three trails in this image
and<00:41:33.920><c> even</c><00:41:34.240><c> I</c><00:41:34.560><c> myself</c><00:41:35.119><c> have</c><00:41:35.280><c> seen</c><00:41:35.440><c> it</c><00:41:35.680><c> in</c><00:41:35.839><c> my</c><00:41:36.000><c> own</c>

00:41:36.230 --> 00:41:36.240 align:start position:0%
and even I myself have seen it in my own
 

00:41:36.240 --> 00:41:39.109 align:start position:0%
and even I myself have seen it in my own
shot<00:41:36.560><c> of</c><00:41:36.720><c> the</c><00:41:36.880><c> Orion</c><00:41:37.359><c> Nebula.</c>

00:41:39.109 --> 00:41:39.119 align:start position:0%
shot of the Orion Nebula.
 

00:41:39.119 --> 00:41:41.190 align:start position:0%
shot of the Orion Nebula.
We<00:41:39.359><c> can</c><00:41:39.520><c> easily</c><00:41:39.920><c> see</c><00:41:40.079><c> the</c><00:41:40.319><c> effect</c><00:41:40.640><c> satellites</c>

00:41:41.190 --> 00:41:41.200 align:start position:0%
We can easily see the effect satellites
 

00:41:41.200 --> 00:41:43.589 align:start position:0%
We can easily see the effect satellites
have<00:41:41.440><c> on</c><00:41:41.680><c> visual</c><00:41:42.000><c> astronomy.</c><00:41:42.960><c> We</c><00:41:43.200><c> can</c><00:41:43.280><c> even</c>

00:41:43.589 --> 00:41:43.599 align:start position:0%
have on visual astronomy. We can even
 

00:41:43.599 --> 00:41:45.670 align:start position:0%
have on visual astronomy. We can even
watch<00:41:43.839><c> them</c><00:41:44.160><c> trail</c><00:41:44.480><c> across</c><00:41:44.800><c> the</c><00:41:45.040><c> sky</c><00:41:45.280><c> in</c><00:41:45.440><c> real</c>

00:41:45.670 --> 00:41:45.680 align:start position:0%
watch them trail across the sky in real
 

00:41:45.680 --> 00:41:48.470 align:start position:0%
watch them trail across the sky in real
time.<00:41:46.480><c> But</c><00:41:46.720><c> these</c><00:41:47.119><c> man-made</c><00:41:47.680><c> constellations</c>

00:41:48.470 --> 00:41:48.480 align:start position:0%
time. But these man-made constellations
 

00:41:48.480 --> 00:41:51.270 align:start position:0%
time. But these man-made constellations
that<00:41:48.800><c> deliver</c><00:41:49.200><c> GPS,</c><00:41:50.000><c> mobile</c><00:41:50.480><c> communications,</c>

00:41:51.270 --> 00:41:51.280 align:start position:0%
that deliver GPS, mobile communications,
 

00:41:51.280 --> 00:41:53.910 align:start position:0%
that deliver GPS, mobile communications,
and<00:41:51.599><c> satellite</c><00:41:52.160><c> internet</c><00:41:53.040><c> all</c><00:41:53.359><c> operate</c><00:41:53.680><c> in</c>

00:41:53.910 --> 00:41:53.920 align:start position:0%
and satellite internet all operate in
 

00:41:53.920 --> 00:41:56.150 align:start position:0%
and satellite internet all operate in
the<00:41:54.079><c> radio</c><00:41:54.480><c> spectrum,</c><00:41:55.040><c> too,</c><00:41:55.680><c> spanning</c>

00:41:56.150 --> 00:41:56.160 align:start position:0%
the radio spectrum, too, spanning
 

00:41:56.160 --> 00:41:58.630 align:start position:0%
the radio spectrum, too, spanning
meahertz<00:41:56.880><c> and</c><00:41:57.119><c> gigahertz</c><00:41:57.680><c> frequencies,</c>

00:41:58.630 --> 00:41:58.640 align:start position:0%
meahertz and gigahertz frequencies,
 

00:41:58.640 --> 00:42:00.470 align:start position:0%
meahertz and gigahertz frequencies,
which<00:41:58.960><c> can</c><00:41:59.200><c> potentially</c><00:41:59.760><c> interfere</c><00:42:00.240><c> with</c>

00:42:00.470 --> 00:42:00.480 align:start position:0%
which can potentially interfere with
 

00:42:00.480 --> 00:42:03.270 align:start position:0%
which can potentially interfere with
scientific<00:42:01.040><c> observations.</c><00:42:02.400><c> Radio</c><00:42:02.800><c> signals</c>

00:42:03.270 --> 00:42:03.280 align:start position:0%
scientific observations. Radio signals
 

00:42:03.280 --> 00:42:05.670 align:start position:0%
scientific observations. Radio signals
easily<00:42:03.760><c> pass</c><00:42:04.079><c> through</c><00:42:04.400><c> galaxies,</c><00:42:05.280><c> solar</c>

00:42:05.670 --> 00:42:05.680 align:start position:0%
easily pass through galaxies, solar
 

00:42:05.680 --> 00:42:08.069 align:start position:0%
easily pass through galaxies, solar
systems,<00:42:06.400><c> interstellar</c><00:42:07.040><c> gas</c><00:42:07.280><c> clouds,</c><00:42:07.839><c> and</c>

00:42:08.069 --> 00:42:08.079 align:start position:0%
systems, interstellar gas clouds, and
 

00:42:08.079 --> 00:42:10.550 align:start position:0%
systems, interstellar gas clouds, and
Earth's<00:42:08.480><c> atmosphere,</c><00:42:09.440><c> revealing</c><00:42:10.000><c> secrets</c><00:42:10.400><c> of</c>

00:42:10.550 --> 00:42:10.560 align:start position:0%
Earth's atmosphere, revealing secrets of
 

00:42:10.560 --> 00:42:12.550 align:start position:0%
Earth's atmosphere, revealing secrets of
our<00:42:10.800><c> universe</c><00:42:11.280><c> that</c><00:42:11.599><c> would</c><00:42:11.920><c> otherwise</c><00:42:12.400><c> be</c>

00:42:12.550 --> 00:42:12.560 align:start position:0%
our universe that would otherwise be
 

00:42:12.560 --> 00:42:14.870 align:start position:0%
our universe that would otherwise be
hidden.<00:42:13.520><c> All</c><00:42:13.760><c> the</c><00:42:13.920><c> more</c><00:42:14.079><c> incredible</c><00:42:14.560><c> then</c>

00:42:14.870 --> 00:42:14.880 align:start position:0%
hidden. All the more incredible then
 

00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:16.790 align:start position:0%
hidden. All the more incredible then
that<00:42:15.119><c> the</c><00:42:15.359><c> radio</c><00:42:15.680><c> signals</c><00:42:16.079><c> from</c><00:42:16.240><c> my</c><00:42:16.400><c> Wi-Fi</c>

00:42:16.790 --> 00:42:16.800 align:start position:0%
that the radio signals from my Wi-Fi
 

00:42:16.800 --> 00:42:18.950 align:start position:0%
that the radio signals from my Wi-Fi
router<00:42:17.359><c> can</c><00:42:17.599><c> barely</c><00:42:18.000><c> make</c><00:42:18.160><c> it</c><00:42:18.319><c> through</c><00:42:18.560><c> a</c><00:42:18.800><c> few</c>

00:42:18.950 --> 00:42:18.960 align:start position:0%
router can barely make it through a few
 

00:42:18.960 --> 00:42:22.230 align:start position:0%
router can barely make it through a few
stud<00:42:19.280><c> walls.</c><00:42:20.319><c> But</c><00:42:20.560><c> radioastronomy</c><00:42:21.599><c> was</c><00:42:22.000><c> key</c>

00:42:22.230 --> 00:42:22.240 align:start position:0%
stud walls. But radioastronomy was key
 

00:42:22.240 --> 00:42:24.470 align:start position:0%
stud walls. But radioastronomy was key
in<00:42:22.560><c> establishing</c><00:42:23.200><c> the</c><00:42:23.440><c> shape</c><00:42:23.839><c> and</c><00:42:24.079><c> rotation</c>

00:42:24.470 --> 00:42:24.480 align:start position:0%
in establishing the shape and rotation
 

00:42:24.480 --> 00:42:27.190 align:start position:0%
in establishing the shape and rotation
of<00:42:24.640><c> the</c><00:42:24.800><c> Milky</c><00:42:25.119><c> Way,</c><00:42:25.920><c> discovering</c><00:42:26.560><c> quazars</c>

00:42:27.190 --> 00:42:27.200 align:start position:0%
of the Milky Way, discovering quazars
 

00:42:27.200 --> 00:42:29.109 align:start position:0%
of the Milky Way, discovering quazars
and<00:42:27.359><c> pulsars</c><00:42:28.319><c> and</c><00:42:28.560><c> detecting</c><00:42:28.634><c> [music]</c>

00:42:29.109 --> 00:42:29.119 align:start position:0%
and pulsars and detecting [music]
 

00:42:29.119 --> 00:42:32.069 align:start position:0%
and pulsars and detecting [music]
organic<00:42:29.680><c> molecular</c><00:42:30.240><c> species</c><00:42:30.720><c> like</c><00:42:31.119><c> cyanide,</c>

00:42:32.069 --> 00:42:32.079 align:start position:0%
organic molecular species like cyanide,
 

00:42:32.079 --> 00:42:35.190 align:start position:0%
organic molecular species like cyanide,
ammonia,<00:42:33.119><c> water,</c><00:42:33.760><c> and</c><00:42:34.000><c> amino</c><00:42:34.400><c> acids</c><00:42:34.880><c> in</c>

00:42:35.190 --> 00:42:35.200 align:start position:0%
ammonia, water, and amino acids in
 

00:42:35.200 --> 00:42:38.230 align:start position:0%
ammonia, water, and amino acids in
interstellar<00:42:36.000><c> molecular</c><00:42:36.560><c> gas</c><00:42:36.880><c> clouds.</c><00:42:37.920><c> It</c>

00:42:38.230 --> 00:42:38.240 align:start position:0%
interstellar molecular gas clouds. It
 

00:42:38.240 --> 00:42:40.150 align:start position:0%
interstellar molecular gas clouds. It
was<00:42:38.319><c> a</c><00:42:38.560><c> radio</c><00:42:38.880><c> telescope</c><00:42:39.280><c> in</c><00:42:39.520><c> Ohio</c><00:42:39.839><c> that</c>

00:42:40.150 --> 00:42:40.160 align:start position:0%
was a radio telescope in Ohio that
 

00:42:40.160 --> 00:42:43.829 align:start position:0%
was a radio telescope in Ohio that
received<00:42:40.480><c> the</c><00:42:40.640><c> famous</c><00:42:41.040><c> WOW</c><00:42:41.440><c> signal</c><00:42:41.839><c> in</c><00:42:42.079><c> 1977.</c>

00:42:43.829 --> 00:42:43.839 align:start position:0%
received the famous WOW signal in 1977.
 

00:42:43.839 --> 00:42:46.790 align:start position:0%
received the famous WOW signal in 1977.
It<00:42:44.079><c> was</c><00:42:44.160><c> detected</c><00:42:44.800><c> at</c><00:42:45.200><c> 1,420</c>

00:42:46.790 --> 00:42:46.800 align:start position:0%
It was detected at 1,420
 

00:42:46.800 --> 00:42:49.109 align:start position:0%
It was detected at 1,420
MHz,<00:42:47.760><c> a</c><00:42:48.000><c> value</c><00:42:48.319><c> believed</c><00:42:48.640><c> to</c><00:42:48.800><c> be</c><00:42:48.880><c> the</c>

00:42:49.109 --> 00:42:49.119 align:start position:0%
MHz, a value believed to be the
 

00:42:49.119 --> 00:42:50.790 align:start position:0%
MHz, a value believed to be the
frequency<00:42:49.440><c> of</c><00:42:49.680><c> choice</c><00:42:49.920><c> that</c><00:42:50.240><c> an</c><00:42:50.400><c> alien</c>

00:42:50.790 --> 00:42:50.800 align:start position:0%
frequency of choice that an alien
 

00:42:50.800 --> 00:42:52.230 align:start position:0%
frequency of choice that an alien
civilization<00:42:51.440><c> would</c><00:42:51.680><c> attempt</c><00:42:52.079><c> to</c>

00:42:52.230 --> 00:42:52.240 align:start position:0%
civilization would attempt to
 

00:42:52.240 --> 00:42:54.870 align:start position:0%
civilization would attempt to
communicate<00:42:52.800><c> over.</c><00:42:53.680><c> And</c><00:42:53.839><c> it</c><00:42:54.079><c> is</c><00:42:54.400><c> protected</c>

00:42:54.870 --> 00:42:54.880 align:start position:0%
communicate over. And it is protected
 

00:42:54.880 --> 00:42:57.829 align:start position:0%
communicate over. And it is protected
from<00:42:55.280><c> commercial</c><00:42:55.680><c> use</c><00:42:56.000><c> to</c><00:42:56.240><c> keep</c><00:42:56.400><c> it</c><00:42:56.640><c> quiet.</c><00:42:57.680><c> It</c>

00:42:57.829 --> 00:42:57.839 align:start position:0%
from commercial use to keep it quiet. It
 

00:42:57.839 --> 00:43:00.069 align:start position:0%
from commercial use to keep it quiet. It
is<00:42:58.000><c> though</c><00:42:58.319><c> still</c><00:42:58.640><c> debated</c><00:42:59.200><c> whether</c><00:42:59.520><c> the</c><00:42:59.680><c> WOW</c>

00:43:00.069 --> 00:43:00.079 align:start position:0%
is though still debated whether the WOW
 

00:43:00.079 --> 00:43:02.550 align:start position:0%
is though still debated whether the WOW
signal<00:43:00.400><c> was</c><00:43:00.720><c> terrestrial</c><00:43:01.440><c> interference</c><00:43:02.240><c> or</c>

00:43:02.550 --> 00:43:02.560 align:start position:0%
signal was terrestrial interference or
 

00:43:02.560 --> 00:43:05.750 align:start position:0%
signal was terrestrial interference or
an<00:43:02.880><c> extraterrestrial</c><00:43:03.920><c> phenomenon.</c>

00:43:05.750 --> 00:43:05.760 align:start position:0%
an extraterrestrial phenomenon.
 

00:43:05.760 --> 00:43:07.750 align:start position:0%
an extraterrestrial phenomenon.
But<00:43:06.240><c> while</c><00:43:06.560><c> we</c><00:43:06.720><c> are</c><00:43:06.880><c> talking</c><00:43:07.119><c> about</c><00:43:07.440><c> how</c>

00:43:07.750 --> 00:43:07.760 align:start position:0%
But while we are talking about how
 

00:43:07.760 --> 00:43:10.550 align:start position:0%
But while we are talking about how
communications<00:43:08.560><c> interfere</c><00:43:09.119><c> with</c><00:43:09.359><c> astronomy,</c>

00:43:10.550 --> 00:43:10.560 align:start position:0%
communications interfere with astronomy,
 

00:43:10.560 --> 00:43:12.550 align:start position:0%
communications interfere with astronomy,
astronomy<00:43:11.200><c> can</c><00:43:11.520><c> also</c><00:43:11.839><c> interfere</c><00:43:12.319><c> with</c>

00:43:12.550 --> 00:43:12.560 align:start position:0%
astronomy can also interfere with
 

00:43:12.560 --> 00:43:16.710 align:start position:0%
astronomy can also interfere with
communications.<00:43:14.000><c> In</c><00:43:14.319><c> 1978,</c><00:43:15.520><c> Arno</c><00:43:15.920><c> Penszius</c>

00:43:16.710 --> 00:43:16.720 align:start position:0%
communications. In 1978, Arno Penszius
 

00:43:16.720 --> 00:43:19.349 align:start position:0%
communications. In 1978, Arno Penszius
and<00:43:17.040><c> Robert</c><00:43:17.359><c> Wilson</c><00:43:18.000><c> were</c><00:43:18.240><c> awarded</c><00:43:18.720><c> the</c><00:43:18.880><c> Nobel</c>

00:43:19.349 --> 00:43:19.359 align:start position:0%
and Robert Wilson were awarded the Nobel
 

00:43:19.359 --> 00:43:21.430 align:start position:0%
and Robert Wilson were awarded the Nobel
Prize<00:43:19.680><c> in</c><00:43:19.920><c> physics</c><00:43:20.480><c> for</c><00:43:20.720><c> discovering</c><00:43:21.200><c> that</c>

00:43:21.430 --> 00:43:21.440 align:start position:0%
Prize in physics for discovering that
 

00:43:21.440 --> 00:43:23.430 align:start position:0%
Prize in physics for discovering that
the<00:43:21.599><c> interference</c><00:43:22.079><c> in</c><00:43:22.319><c> their</c><00:43:22.480><c> antenna</c><00:43:23.040><c> wasn't</c>

00:43:23.430 --> 00:43:23.440 align:start position:0%
the interference in their antenna wasn't
 

00:43:23.440 --> 00:43:26.470 align:start position:0%
the interference in their antenna wasn't
pigeons.<00:43:24.240><c> It</c><00:43:24.480><c> was</c><00:43:24.880><c> the</c><00:43:25.119><c> cosmic</c><00:43:25.760><c> microwave</c>

00:43:26.470 --> 00:43:26.480 align:start position:0%
pigeons. It was the cosmic microwave
 

00:43:26.480 --> 00:43:29.349 align:start position:0%
pigeons. It was the cosmic microwave
background.<00:43:27.760><c> the</c><00:43:28.079><c> cooled</c><00:43:28.480><c> remnants</c><00:43:28.960><c> of</c><00:43:29.119><c> the</c>

00:43:29.349 --> 00:43:29.359 align:start position:0%
background. the cooled remnants of the
 

00:43:29.359 --> 00:43:31.990 align:start position:0%
background. the cooled remnants of the
universe's<00:43:30.000><c> first</c><00:43:30.319><c> light,</c><00:43:31.200><c> the</c><00:43:31.440><c> detection</c><00:43:31.839><c> of</c>

00:43:31.990 --> 00:43:32.000 align:start position:0%
universe's first light, the detection of
 

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:34.309 align:start position:0%
universe's first light, the detection of
this<00:43:32.319><c> low-level</c><00:43:32.880><c> hum</c><00:43:33.200><c> in</c><00:43:33.440><c> their</c><00:43:33.599><c> Bell</c><00:43:33.920><c> Labs</c>

00:43:34.309 --> 00:43:34.319 align:start position:0%
this low-level hum in their Bell Labs
 

00:43:34.319 --> 00:43:37.190 align:start position:0%
this low-level hum in their Bell Labs
antenna,<00:43:35.200><c> and</c><00:43:35.520><c> understanding</c><00:43:36.079><c> its</c><00:43:36.400><c> cause,</c>

00:43:37.190 --> 00:43:37.200 align:start position:0%
antenna, and understanding its cause,
 

00:43:37.200 --> 00:43:40.710 align:start position:0%
antenna, and understanding its cause,
all<00:43:37.440><c> but</c><00:43:37.760><c> prove</c><00:43:38.079><c> the</c><00:43:38.240><c> Big</c><00:43:38.480><c> Bang</c><00:43:38.960><c> hypothesis.</c>

00:43:40.710 --> 00:43:40.720 align:start position:0%
all but prove the Big Bang hypothesis.
 

00:43:40.720 --> 00:43:43.109 align:start position:0%
all but prove the Big Bang hypothesis.
In<00:43:41.040><c> another</c><00:43:41.440><c> happy</c><00:43:41.760><c> accident,</c><00:43:42.480><c> the</c><00:43:42.720><c> radio</c>

00:43:43.109 --> 00:43:43.119 align:start position:0%
In another happy accident, the radio
 

00:43:43.119 --> 00:43:45.030 align:start position:0%
In another happy accident, the radio
waves<00:43:43.440><c> emitted</c><00:43:43.839><c> by</c><00:43:44.000><c> the</c><00:43:44.240><c> black</c><00:43:44.400><c> hole</c><00:43:44.720><c> at</c><00:43:44.880><c> the</c>

00:43:45.030 --> 00:43:45.040 align:start position:0%
waves emitted by the black hole at the
 

00:43:45.040 --> 00:43:47.589 align:start position:0%
waves emitted by the black hole at the
center<00:43:45.280><c> of</c><00:43:45.440><c> our</c><00:43:45.760><c> galaxy,</c><00:43:46.560><c> Sagittarius</c><00:43:47.280><c> A</c>

00:43:47.589 --> 00:43:47.599 align:start position:0%
center of our galaxy, Sagittarius A
 

00:43:47.599 --> 00:43:49.910 align:start position:0%
center of our galaxy, Sagittarius A
star,<00:43:48.400><c> were</c><00:43:48.560><c> detected</c><00:43:49.119><c> because</c><00:43:49.440><c> of</c><00:43:49.680><c> its</c>

00:43:49.910 --> 00:43:49.920 align:start position:0%
star, were detected because of its
 

00:43:49.920 --> 00:43:51.910 align:start position:0%
star, were detected because of its
interference<00:43:50.480><c> with</c><00:43:50.720><c> trans</c><00:43:51.040><c> oceanianic</c><00:43:51.680><c> phone</c>

00:43:51.910 --> 00:43:51.920 align:start position:0%
interference with trans oceanianic phone
 

00:43:51.920 --> 00:43:53.430 align:start position:0%
interference with trans oceanianic phone
calls.

00:43:53.430 --> 00:43:53.440 align:start position:0%
calls.
 

00:43:53.440 --> 00:43:55.589 align:start position:0%
calls.
I<00:43:53.760><c> love</c><00:43:53.920><c> these</c><00:43:54.240><c> two</c><00:43:54.480><c> stories</c><00:43:55.119><c> as</c><00:43:55.359><c> it</c>

00:43:55.589 --> 00:43:55.599 align:start position:0%
I love these two stories as it
 

00:43:55.599 --> 00:43:57.990 align:start position:0%
I love these two stories as it
highlights<00:43:56.000><c> humanity</c><00:43:56.480><c> at</c><00:43:56.720><c> its</c><00:43:56.960><c> best,</c><00:43:57.520><c> at</c><00:43:57.760><c> its</c>

00:43:57.990 --> 00:43:58.000 align:start position:0%
highlights humanity at its best, at its
 

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:02.069 align:start position:0%
highlights humanity at its best, at its
most<00:43:58.240><c> inventive,</c><00:43:59.440><c> and</c><00:43:59.760><c> at</c><00:44:00.000><c> its</c><00:44:00.319><c> most</c><00:44:00.640><c> curious.</c>

00:44:02.069 --> 00:44:02.079 align:start position:0%
most inventive, and at its most curious.
 

00:44:02.079 --> 00:44:04.230 align:start position:0%
most inventive, and at its most curious.
Pausing<00:44:02.560><c> in</c><00:44:02.720><c> the</c><00:44:02.880><c> hustle</c><00:44:03.280><c> of</c><00:44:03.520><c> developing</c><00:44:03.920><c> new</c>

00:44:04.230 --> 00:44:04.240 align:start position:0%
Pausing in the hustle of developing new
 

00:44:04.240 --> 00:44:06.710 align:start position:0%
Pausing in the hustle of developing new
technologies<00:44:04.800><c> to</c><00:44:05.040><c> remark,</c><00:44:05.760><c> "Huh,</c><00:44:06.480><c> that's</c>

00:44:06.710 --> 00:44:06.720 align:start position:0%
technologies to remark, "Huh, that's
 

00:44:06.720 --> 00:44:14.950 align:start position:0%
technologies to remark, "Huh, that's
odd."<00:44:07.680><c> Led</c><00:44:08.079><c> to</c><00:44:08.480><c> two</c><00:44:08.960><c> incredible</c><00:44:09.839><c> discoveries.</c>

00:44:14.950 --> 00:44:14.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:44:14.960 --> 00:44:16.950 align:start position:0%
 
So<00:44:15.200><c> much</c><00:44:15.359><c> has</c><00:44:15.599><c> been</c><00:44:15.760><c> discovered</c><00:44:16.160><c> in</c><00:44:16.400><c> the</c><00:44:16.560><c> radio</c>

00:44:16.950 --> 00:44:16.960 align:start position:0%
So much has been discovered in the radio
 

00:44:16.960 --> 00:44:19.270 align:start position:0%
So much has been discovered in the radio
wave<00:44:17.280><c> spectrum,</c><00:44:18.160><c> yet</c><00:44:18.400><c> there</c><00:44:18.640><c> are</c><00:44:18.880><c> deeper</c>

00:44:19.270 --> 00:44:19.280 align:start position:0%
wave spectrum, yet there are deeper
 

00:44:19.280 --> 00:44:21.829 align:start position:0%
wave spectrum, yet there are deeper
mysteries<00:44:19.680><c> that</c><00:44:20.079><c> cannot</c><00:44:20.480><c> go</c><00:44:20.640><c> unsolved.</c>

00:44:21.829 --> 00:44:21.839 align:start position:0%
mysteries that cannot go unsolved.
 

00:44:21.839 --> 00:44:23.829 align:start position:0%
mysteries that cannot go unsolved.
That's<00:44:22.160><c> why</c><00:44:22.319><c> the</c><00:44:22.640><c> square</c><00:44:22.960><c> kilometer</c><00:44:23.440><c> array</c>

00:44:23.829 --> 00:44:23.839 align:start position:0%
That's why the square kilometer array
 

00:44:23.839 --> 00:44:26.150 align:start position:0%
That's why the square kilometer array
observatory<00:44:24.560><c> is</c><00:44:24.880><c> being</c><00:44:25.119><c> built</c><00:44:25.359><c> in</c><00:44:25.680><c> radio</c>

00:44:26.150 --> 00:44:26.160 align:start position:0%
observatory is being built in radio
 

00:44:26.160 --> 00:44:29.430 align:start position:0%
observatory is being built in radio
quiet<00:44:26.480><c> zones.</c><00:44:27.440><c> The</c><00:44:27.680><c> most</c><00:44:28.079><c> ambitious</c><00:44:28.880><c> radio</c>

00:44:29.430 --> 00:44:29.440 align:start position:0%
quiet zones. The most ambitious radio
 

00:44:29.440 --> 00:44:32.550 align:start position:0%
quiet zones. The most ambitious radio
observatory<00:44:30.160><c> project</c><00:44:30.560><c> of</c><00:44:30.880><c> all</c><00:44:31.200><c> time.</c><00:44:32.160><c> I</c><00:44:32.400><c> don't</c>

00:44:32.550 --> 00:44:32.560 align:start position:0%
observatory project of all time. I don't
 

00:44:32.560 --> 00:44:36.150 align:start position:0%
observatory project of all time. I don't
say<00:44:32.800><c> that</c><00:44:33.040><c> lightly.</c><00:44:33.920><c> It</c><00:44:34.160><c> is.</c><00:44:35.119><c> Its</c><00:44:35.440><c> stated</c><00:44:35.760><c> aims</c>

00:44:36.150 --> 00:44:36.160 align:start position:0%
say that lightly. It is. Its stated aims
 

00:44:36.160 --> 00:44:38.470 align:start position:0%
say that lightly. It is. Its stated aims
are<00:44:36.319><c> to</c><00:44:36.480><c> probe</c><00:44:36.880><c> the</c><00:44:37.040><c> cosmic</c><00:44:37.520><c> dawn</c><00:44:38.079><c> and</c><00:44:38.319><c> the</c>

00:44:38.470 --> 00:44:38.480 align:start position:0%
are to probe the cosmic dawn and the
 

00:44:38.480 --> 00:44:40.230 align:start position:0%
are to probe the cosmic dawn and the
emergence<00:44:38.960><c> of</c><00:44:39.200><c> the</c><00:44:39.440><c> first</c><00:44:39.680><c> stars</c><00:44:40.079><c> and</c>

00:44:40.230 --> 00:44:40.240 align:start position:0%
emergence of the first stars and
 

00:44:40.240 --> 00:44:42.710 align:start position:0%
emergence of the first stars and
galaxies<00:44:41.200><c> to</c><00:44:41.440><c> challenge</c><00:44:41.760><c> Einstein's</c><00:44:42.400><c> general</c>

00:44:42.710 --> 00:44:42.720 align:start position:0%
galaxies to challenge Einstein's general
 

00:44:42.720 --> 00:44:44.950 align:start position:0%
galaxies to challenge Einstein's general
theory<00:44:43.520><c> by</c><00:44:43.760><c> indirectly</c><00:44:44.400><c> observing</c>

00:44:44.950 --> 00:44:44.960 align:start position:0%
theory by indirectly observing
 

00:44:44.960 --> 00:44:47.510 align:start position:0%
theory by indirectly observing
gravitational<00:44:45.599><c> waves.</c><00:44:46.480><c> to</c><00:44:46.720><c> seek</c><00:44:46.960><c> the</c><00:44:47.200><c> origin</c>

00:44:47.510 --> 00:44:47.520 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves. to seek the origin
 

00:44:47.520 --> 00:44:51.510 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves. to seek the origin
of<00:44:47.760><c> life,</c><00:44:48.640><c> to</c><00:44:48.880><c> look</c><00:44:49.119><c> for</c><00:44:49.440><c> aliens,</c><00:44:50.400><c> and</c><00:44:51.200><c> to</c>

00:44:51.510 --> 00:44:51.520 align:start position:0%
of life, to look for aliens, and to
 

00:44:51.520 --> 00:44:54.550 align:start position:0%
of life, to look for aliens, and to
understand<00:44:52.160><c> how</c><00:44:52.560><c> our</c><00:44:52.880><c> galaxy</c><00:44:53.440><c> and</c><00:44:53.839><c> universe</c>

00:44:54.550 --> 00:44:54.560 align:start position:0%
understand how our galaxy and universe
 

00:44:54.560 --> 00:44:56.790 align:start position:0%
understand how our galaxy and universe
are<00:44:54.880><c> changing</c><00:44:55.440><c> due</c><00:44:55.680><c> to</c><00:44:55.920><c> pressures</c><00:44:56.400><c> like</c>

00:44:56.790 --> 00:44:56.800 align:start position:0%
are changing due to pressures like
 

00:44:56.800 --> 00:45:00.390 align:start position:0%
are changing due to pressures like
entropy,<00:44:57.839><c> gravity,</c><00:44:58.560><c> and</c><00:44:58.800><c> dark</c><00:44:59.119><c> energy.</c><00:45:00.240><c> But</c>

00:45:00.390 --> 00:45:00.400 align:start position:0%
entropy, gravity, and dark energy. But
 

00:45:00.400 --> 00:45:02.710 align:start position:0%
entropy, gravity, and dark energy. But
what<00:45:00.560><c> does</c><00:45:00.720><c> that</c><00:45:00.960><c> change</c><00:45:01.440><c> look</c><00:45:01.680><c> like</c><00:45:01.920><c> to</c><00:45:02.240><c> us</c>

00:45:02.710 --> 00:45:02.720 align:start position:0%
what does that change look like to us
 

00:45:02.720 --> 00:45:04.790 align:start position:0%
what does that change look like to us
from<00:45:03.040><c> Earth?</c>

00:45:04.790 --> 00:45:04.800 align:start position:0%
from Earth?
 

00:45:04.800 --> 00:45:06.790 align:start position:0%
from Earth?
If<00:45:05.040><c> we</c><00:45:05.200><c> look</c><00:45:05.359><c> up</c><00:45:05.520><c> to</c><00:45:05.680><c> the</c><00:45:05.839><c> stars</c><00:45:06.240><c> through</c><00:45:06.560><c> a</c>

00:45:06.790 --> 00:45:06.800 align:start position:0%
If we look up to the stars through a
 

00:45:06.800 --> 00:45:09.910 align:start position:0%
If we look up to the stars through a
polluted<00:45:07.280><c> sky,</c><00:45:08.079><c> space</c><00:45:08.400><c> appears</c><00:45:08.880><c> stagnant</c><00:45:09.680><c> and</c>

00:45:09.910 --> 00:45:09.920 align:start position:0%
polluted sky, space appears stagnant and
 

00:45:09.920 --> 00:45:11.589 align:start position:0%
polluted sky, space appears stagnant and
it<00:45:10.079><c> can</c><00:45:10.240><c> be</c><00:45:10.400><c> easier</c><00:45:10.640><c> to</c><00:45:10.800><c> believe</c><00:45:11.040><c> that</c><00:45:11.200><c> we</c><00:45:11.440><c> are</c>

00:45:11.589 --> 00:45:11.599 align:start position:0%
it can be easier to believe that we are
 

00:45:11.599 --> 00:45:14.309 align:start position:0%
it can be easier to believe that we are
instead<00:45:12.000><c> on</c><00:45:12.240><c> a</c><00:45:12.400><c> Truman</c><00:45:12.880><c> Show</c><00:45:13.359><c> like</c><00:45:13.520><c> film</c><00:45:13.839><c> set</c>

00:45:14.309 --> 00:45:14.319 align:start position:0%
instead on a Truman Show like film set
 

00:45:14.319 --> 00:45:16.950 align:start position:0%
instead on a Truman Show like film set
with<00:45:14.640><c> fixed</c><00:45:15.040><c> stage</c><00:45:15.359><c> lights</c><00:45:15.680><c> for</c><00:45:15.920><c> stars</c><00:45:16.720><c> than</c>

00:45:16.950 --> 00:45:16.960 align:start position:0%
with fixed stage lights for stars than
 

00:45:16.960 --> 00:45:20.069 align:start position:0%
with fixed stage lights for stars than
on<00:45:17.200><c> a</c><00:45:17.440><c> rock</c><00:45:17.680><c> in</c><00:45:17.920><c> motion</c><00:45:18.319><c> through</c><00:45:18.640><c> our</c><00:45:18.880><c> galaxy.</c>

00:45:20.069 --> 00:45:20.079 align:start position:0%
on a rock in motion through our galaxy.
 

00:45:20.079 --> 00:45:22.870 align:start position:0%
on a rock in motion through our galaxy.
But<00:45:20.319><c> under</c><00:45:20.640><c> a</c><00:45:20.880><c> dark</c><00:45:21.119><c> sky,</c><00:45:22.000><c> nothing</c><00:45:22.480><c> feels</c>

00:45:22.870 --> 00:45:22.880 align:start position:0%
But under a dark sky, nothing feels
 

00:45:22.880 --> 00:45:25.270 align:start position:0%
But under a dark sky, nothing feels
still<00:45:23.280><c> as</c><00:45:23.599><c> we</c><00:45:23.760><c> get</c><00:45:23.839><c> a</c><00:45:24.079><c> sense</c><00:45:24.319><c> of</c><00:45:24.480><c> our</c><00:45:24.800><c> voyage</c>

00:45:25.270 --> 00:45:25.280 align:start position:0%
still as we get a sense of our voyage
 

00:45:25.280 --> 00:45:27.670 align:start position:0%
still as we get a sense of our voyage
through<00:45:25.599><c> space</c><00:45:25.920><c> and</c><00:45:26.240><c> time.</c><00:45:27.200><c> Earth</c><00:45:27.520><c> is</c>

00:45:27.670 --> 00:45:27.680 align:start position:0%
through space and time. Earth is
 

00:45:27.680 --> 00:45:29.670 align:start position:0%
through space and time. Earth is
orbiting<00:45:28.160><c> the</c><00:45:28.400><c> black</c><00:45:28.640><c> hole</c><00:45:28.960><c> at</c><00:45:29.119><c> the</c><00:45:29.280><c> center</c><00:45:29.520><c> of</c>

00:45:29.670 --> 00:45:29.680 align:start position:0%
orbiting the black hole at the center of
 

00:45:29.680 --> 00:45:33.430 align:start position:0%
orbiting the black hole at the center of
our<00:45:30.000><c> galaxy</c><00:45:30.800><c> at</c><00:45:31.200><c> 828,000</c><00:45:32.691><c> [music]</c>

00:45:33.430 --> 00:45:33.440 align:start position:0%
our galaxy at 828,000 [music]
 

00:45:33.440 --> 00:45:35.190 align:start position:0%
our galaxy at 828,000 [music]
kmh.

00:45:35.190 --> 00:45:35.200 align:start position:0%
kmh.
 

00:45:35.200 --> 00:45:36.790 align:start position:0%
kmh.
We<00:45:35.359><c> are</c><00:45:35.520><c> heading</c><00:45:35.839><c> away</c><00:45:36.079><c> from</c><00:45:36.160><c> the</c><00:45:36.400><c> galactic</c>

00:45:36.790 --> 00:45:36.800 align:start position:0%
We are heading away from the galactic
 

00:45:36.800 --> 00:45:38.950 align:start position:0%
We are heading away from the galactic
plane<00:45:37.119><c> and</c><00:45:37.440><c> hurtling</c><00:45:38.079><c> in</c><00:45:38.319><c> towards</c><00:45:38.800><c> the</c>

00:45:38.950 --> 00:45:38.960 align:start position:0%
plane and hurtling in towards the
 

00:45:38.960 --> 00:45:42.550 align:start position:0%
plane and hurtling in towards the
center.<00:45:40.319><c> Our</c><00:45:40.640><c> perspective</c><00:45:41.440><c> and</c><00:45:41.760><c> every</c><00:45:42.079><c> object</c>

00:45:42.550 --> 00:45:42.560 align:start position:0%
center. Our perspective and every object
 

00:45:42.560 --> 00:45:45.910 align:start position:0%
center. Our perspective and every object
we<00:45:42.800><c> can</c><00:45:42.960><c> see</c><00:45:43.200><c> is</c><00:45:43.520><c> moving.</c><00:45:44.800><c> In</c><00:45:45.040><c> this</c><00:45:45.200><c> video</c><00:45:45.520><c> by</c>

00:45:45.910 --> 00:45:45.920 align:start position:0%
we can see is moving. In this video by
 

00:45:45.920 --> 00:45:48.230 align:start position:0%
we can see is moving. In this video by
issa<00:45:46.480><c> from</c><00:45:46.720><c> data</c><00:45:47.200><c> captured</c><00:45:47.520><c> by</c><00:45:47.680><c> the</c><00:45:47.839><c> Gaia</c>

00:45:48.230 --> 00:45:48.240 align:start position:0%
issa from data captured by the Gaia
 

00:45:48.240 --> 00:45:51.190 align:start position:0%
issa from data captured by the Gaia
telescope,<00:45:49.200><c> we</c><00:45:49.359><c> can</c><00:45:49.520><c> see</c><00:45:49.760><c> how</c><00:45:50.079><c> our</c><00:45:50.400><c> night</c><00:45:50.720><c> sky</c>

00:45:51.190 --> 00:45:51.200 align:start position:0%
telescope, we can see how our night sky
 

00:45:51.200 --> 00:45:55.109 align:start position:0%
telescope, we can see how our night sky
really<00:45:51.599><c> is</c><00:45:52.079><c> changing.</c><00:45:53.440><c> In</c><00:45:53.680><c> 1,000</c><00:45:54.240><c> years</c><00:45:54.560><c> time,</c>

00:45:55.109 --> 00:45:55.119 align:start position:0%
really is changing. In 1,000 years time,
 

00:45:55.119 --> 00:45:56.710 align:start position:0%
really is changing. In 1,000 years time,
only<00:45:55.359><c> the</c><00:45:55.599><c> keenest</c><00:45:56.000><c> astronomers</c><00:45:56.560><c> would</c>

00:45:56.710 --> 00:45:56.720 align:start position:0%
only the keenest astronomers would
 

00:45:56.720 --> 00:45:58.309 align:start position:0%
only the keenest astronomers would
notice<00:45:56.960><c> a</c><00:45:57.200><c> difference</c><00:45:57.440><c> from</c><00:45:57.839><c> today's</c>

00:45:58.309 --> 00:45:58.319 align:start position:0%
notice a difference from today's
 

00:45:58.319 --> 00:46:00.790 align:start position:0%
notice a difference from today's
constellations,<00:45:59.680><c> though</c><00:46:00.000><c> we</c><00:46:00.160><c> may</c><00:46:00.400><c> be</c><00:46:00.480><c> lucky</c>

00:46:00.790 --> 00:46:00.800 align:start position:0%
constellations, though we may be lucky
 

00:46:00.800 --> 00:46:02.470 align:start position:0%
constellations, though we may be lucky
enough<00:46:00.960><c> to</c><00:46:01.200><c> witness</c><00:46:01.520><c> Beetlejuice</c><00:46:02.240><c> going</c>

00:46:02.470 --> 00:46:02.480 align:start position:0%
enough to witness Beetlejuice going
 

00:46:02.480 --> 00:46:05.829 align:start position:0%
enough to witness Beetlejuice going
supernova.<00:46:03.680><c> But</c><00:46:03.839><c> in</c><00:46:04.079><c> around</c><00:46:04.400><c> 10,000</c><00:46:05.200><c> years,</c>

00:46:05.829 --> 00:46:05.839 align:start position:0%
supernova. But in around 10,000 years,
 

00:46:05.839 --> 00:46:09.589 align:start position:0%
supernova. But in around 10,000 years,
we<00:46:06.079><c> will</c><00:46:06.319><c> have</c><00:46:06.560><c> a</c><00:46:06.880><c> new</c><00:46:07.280><c> north</c><00:46:07.680><c> star.</c><00:46:08.960><c> Polaris</c>

00:46:09.589 --> 00:46:09.599 align:start position:0%
we will have a new north star. Polaris
 

00:46:09.599 --> 00:46:11.510 align:start position:0%
we will have a new north star. Polaris
will<00:46:09.839><c> have</c><00:46:10.079><c> moved</c><00:46:10.400><c> away</c><00:46:10.640><c> from</c><00:46:10.800><c> the</c><00:46:11.040><c> celestial</c>

00:46:11.510 --> 00:46:11.520 align:start position:0%
will have moved away from the celestial
 

00:46:11.520 --> 00:46:13.670 align:start position:0%
will have moved away from the celestial
pole<00:46:12.079><c> and</c><00:46:12.319><c> it</c><00:46:12.480><c> will</c><00:46:12.720><c> have</c><00:46:12.880><c> been</c><00:46:13.119><c> replaced</c><00:46:13.520><c> by</c>

00:46:13.670 --> 00:46:13.680 align:start position:0%
pole and it will have been replaced by
 

00:46:13.680 --> 00:46:15.829 align:start position:0%
pole and it will have been replaced by
the<00:46:13.920><c> brighter</c><00:46:14.319><c> Vega.</c>

00:46:15.829 --> 00:46:15.839 align:start position:0%
the brighter Vega.
 

00:46:15.839 --> 00:46:17.910 align:start position:0%
the brighter Vega.
And<00:46:16.400><c> let's</c><00:46:16.720><c> take</c><00:46:16.880><c> a</c><00:46:17.119><c> closer</c><00:46:17.440><c> look</c><00:46:17.520><c> at</c><00:46:17.680><c> the</c>

00:46:17.910 --> 00:46:17.920 align:start position:0%
And let's take a closer look at the
 

00:46:17.920 --> 00:46:19.670 align:start position:0%
And let's take a closer look at the
constellation<00:46:18.400><c> of</c><00:46:18.560><c> Orion</c><00:46:19.040><c> and</c><00:46:19.280><c> the</c><00:46:19.440><c> stars</c>

00:46:19.670 --> 00:46:19.680 align:start position:0%
constellation of Orion and the stars
 

00:46:19.680 --> 00:46:22.470 align:start position:0%
constellation of Orion and the stars
around<00:46:20.000><c> it.</c><00:46:20.800><c> They</c><00:46:21.040><c> will</c><00:46:21.280><c> change</c><00:46:21.599><c> dramatically</c>

00:46:22.470 --> 00:46:22.480 align:start position:0%
around it. They will change dramatically
 

00:46:22.480 --> 00:46:26.309 align:start position:0%
around it. They will change dramatically
over<00:46:22.800><c> the</c><00:46:23.040><c> next</c><00:46:23.440><c> 450,000</c><00:46:24.880><c> years.</c><00:46:25.760><c> Orion's</c>

00:46:26.309 --> 00:46:26.319 align:start position:0%
over the next 450,000 years. Orion's
 

00:46:26.319 --> 00:46:28.790 align:start position:0%
over the next 450,000 years. Orion's
sword<00:46:26.640><c> will</c><00:46:26.880><c> shatter</c><00:46:27.520><c> and</c><00:46:27.839><c> his</c><00:46:28.079><c> bow</c><00:46:28.480><c> will</c>

00:46:28.790 --> 00:46:28.800 align:start position:0%
sword will shatter and his bow will
 

00:46:28.800 --> 00:46:30.309 align:start position:0%
sword will shatter and his bow will
disintegrate.

00:46:30.309 --> 00:46:30.319 align:start position:0%
disintegrate.
 

00:46:30.319 --> 00:46:33.030 align:start position:0%
disintegrate.
Zooming<00:46:30.720><c> out</c><00:46:30.960><c> to</c><00:46:31.119><c> the</c><00:46:31.280><c> entire</c><00:46:31.760><c> night</c><00:46:32.079><c> sky,</c>

00:46:33.030 --> 00:46:33.040 align:start position:0%
Zooming out to the entire night sky,
 

00:46:33.040 --> 00:46:37.030 align:start position:0%
Zooming out to the entire night sky,
let's<00:46:33.359><c> watch</c><00:46:33.680><c> our</c><00:46:34.000><c> galaxy</c><00:46:34.640><c> evolve</c><00:46:35.359><c> over</c><00:46:35.920><c> 4.5</c>

00:46:37.030 --> 00:46:37.040 align:start position:0%
let's watch our galaxy evolve over 4.5
 

00:46:37.040 --> 00:46:39.829 align:start position:0%
let's watch our galaxy evolve over 4.5
million<00:46:37.440><c> years.</c><00:46:38.480><c> Orion</c><00:46:39.040><c> is</c><00:46:39.200><c> in</c><00:46:39.440><c> the</c><00:46:39.599><c> bottom</c>

00:46:39.829 --> 00:46:39.839 align:start position:0%
million years. Orion is in the bottom
 

00:46:39.839 --> 00:46:42.550 align:start position:0%
million years. Orion is in the bottom
right.

00:46:42.550 --> 00:46:42.560 align:start position:0%
right.
 

00:46:42.560 --> 00:46:44.470 align:start position:0%
right.
What<00:46:42.800><c> we</c><00:46:43.119><c> can't</c><00:46:43.359><c> know</c><00:46:43.680><c> with</c><00:46:43.920><c> this</c><00:46:44.160><c> data,</c>

00:46:44.470 --> 00:46:44.480 align:start position:0%
What we can't know with this data,
 

00:46:44.480 --> 00:46:46.630 align:start position:0%
What we can't know with this data,
though,<00:46:44.880><c> are</c><00:46:45.200><c> how</c><00:46:45.440><c> many</c><00:46:45.680><c> more</c><00:46:45.920><c> stars</c><00:46:46.240><c> will</c><00:46:46.480><c> go</c>

00:46:46.630 --> 00:46:46.640 align:start position:0%
though, are how many more stars will go
 

00:46:46.640 --> 00:46:49.109 align:start position:0%
though, are how many more stars will go
supernova<00:46:47.599><c> and</c><00:46:47.920><c> how</c><00:46:48.160><c> many</c><00:46:48.400><c> more</c><00:46:48.640><c> will</c><00:46:48.960><c> be</c>

00:46:49.109 --> 00:46:49.119 align:start position:0%
supernova and how many more will be
 

00:46:49.119 --> 00:46:52.230 align:start position:0%
supernova and how many more will be
born.<00:46:50.079><c> We'll</c><00:46:50.319><c> just</c><00:46:50.560><c> have</c><00:46:50.720><c> to</c><00:46:50.880><c> wait</c><00:46:51.119><c> and</c><00:46:51.359><c> see.</c>

00:46:52.230 --> 00:46:52.240 align:start position:0%
born. We'll just have to wait and see.
 

00:46:52.240 --> 00:46:54.150 align:start position:0%
born. We'll just have to wait and see.
And<00:46:52.480><c> that's</c><00:46:52.800><c> going</c><00:46:52.960><c> to</c><00:46:53.119><c> be</c><00:46:53.280><c> a</c><00:46:53.520><c> heck</c><00:46:53.680><c> of</c><00:46:53.760><c> a</c><00:46:54.000><c> lot</c>

00:46:54.150 --> 00:46:54.160 align:start position:0%
And that's going to be a heck of a lot
 

00:46:54.160 --> 00:46:56.470 align:start position:0%
And that's going to be a heck of a lot
easier<00:46:54.720><c> if</c><00:46:54.960><c> you</c><00:46:55.119><c> would</c><00:46:55.359><c> just</c><00:46:55.680><c> turn</c><00:46:55.920><c> off</c><00:46:56.160><c> those</c>

00:46:56.470 --> 00:46:56.480 align:start position:0%
easier if you would just turn off those
 

00:46:56.480 --> 00:46:58.309 align:start position:0%
easier if you would just turn off those
up<00:46:56.720><c> lights.</c>

00:46:58.309 --> 00:46:58.319 align:start position:0%
up lights.
 

00:46:58.319 --> 00:47:01.270 align:start position:0%
up lights.
But<00:46:58.800><c> over</c><00:46:59.119><c> the</c><00:46:59.359><c> next</c><00:46:59.760><c> few</c><00:47:00.079><c> billion</c><00:47:00.480><c> years,</c><00:47:01.040><c> the</c>

00:47:01.270 --> 00:47:01.280 align:start position:0%
But over the next few billion years, the
 

00:47:01.280 --> 00:47:04.309 align:start position:0%
But over the next few billion years, the
sky<00:47:01.599><c> will</c><00:47:01.839><c> begin</c><00:47:02.000><c> to</c><00:47:02.240><c> look</c><00:47:02.640><c> so</c><00:47:03.119><c> unrecognizable</c>

00:47:04.309 --> 00:47:04.319 align:start position:0%
sky will begin to look so unrecognizable
 

00:47:04.319 --> 00:47:06.150 align:start position:0%
sky will begin to look so unrecognizable
that<00:47:04.560><c> you</c><00:47:04.800><c> would</c><00:47:04.960><c> be</c><00:47:05.119><c> forgiven</c><00:47:05.520><c> for</c><00:47:05.760><c> thinking</c>

00:47:06.150 --> 00:47:06.160 align:start position:0%
that you would be forgiven for thinking
 

00:47:06.160 --> 00:47:09.589 align:start position:0%
that you would be forgiven for thinking
we<00:47:06.400><c> were</c><00:47:06.640><c> in</c><00:47:06.880><c> a</c><00:47:07.119><c> different</c><00:47:07.520><c> galaxy</c><00:47:08.240><c> altogether</c>

00:47:09.589 --> 00:47:09.599 align:start position:0%
we were in a different galaxy altogether
 

00:47:09.599 --> 00:47:12.710 align:start position:0%
we were in a different galaxy altogether
because<00:47:10.240><c> we</c><00:47:10.480><c> would</c><00:47:10.720><c> be.</c><00:47:11.599><c> Andromeda</c><00:47:12.319><c> currently</c>

00:47:12.710 --> 00:47:12.720 align:start position:0%
because we would be. Andromeda currently
 

00:47:12.720 --> 00:47:17.030 align:start position:0%
because we would be. Andromeda currently
takes<00:47:12.960><c> up</c><00:47:13.359><c> 3°</c><00:47:14.160><c> of</c><00:47:14.319><c> our</c><00:47:14.560><c> sky,</c><00:47:15.359><c> about</c><00:47:16.000><c> six</c><00:47:16.640><c> moon</c>

00:47:17.030 --> 00:47:17.040 align:start position:0%
takes up 3° of our sky, about six moon
 

00:47:17.040 --> 00:47:20.230 align:start position:0%
takes up 3° of our sky, about six moon
widths.<00:47:18.160><c> It</c><00:47:18.400><c> is</c><00:47:18.560><c> accelerating</c><00:47:19.200><c> towards</c><00:47:19.680><c> us</c>

00:47:20.230 --> 00:47:20.240 align:start position:0%
widths. It is accelerating towards us
 

00:47:20.240 --> 00:47:23.030 align:start position:0%
widths. It is accelerating towards us
and<00:47:20.560><c> is</c><00:47:20.800><c> expected</c><00:47:21.280><c> to</c><00:47:21.440><c> reach</c><00:47:21.680><c> us</c><00:47:21.920><c> in</c><00:47:22.240><c> 5</c><00:47:22.640><c> billion</c>

00:47:23.030 --> 00:47:23.040 align:start position:0%
and is expected to reach us in 5 billion
 

00:47:23.040 --> 00:47:28.309 align:start position:0%
and is expected to reach us in 5 billion
years<00:47:23.920><c> by</c><00:47:24.160><c> which</c><00:47:24.400><c> point</c><00:47:25.040><c> it</c><00:47:25.440><c> will</c><00:47:26.000><c> be</c><00:47:26.400><c> the</c><00:47:26.720><c> sky.</c>

00:47:28.309 --> 00:47:28.319 align:start position:0%
years by which point it will be the sky.
 

00:47:28.319 --> 00:47:31.270 align:start position:0%
years by which point it will be the sky.
Galaxies<00:47:29.040><c> are</c><00:47:29.359><c> so</c><00:47:29.680><c> diffuse</c><00:47:30.240><c> that</c><00:47:30.560><c> Andromeda</c>

00:47:31.270 --> 00:47:31.280 align:start position:0%
Galaxies are so diffuse that Andromeda
 

00:47:31.280 --> 00:47:33.430 align:start position:0%
Galaxies are so diffuse that Andromeda
and<00:47:31.520><c> the</c><00:47:31.680><c> Milky</c><00:47:32.000><c> Way</c><00:47:32.319><c> would</c><00:47:32.800><c> pass</c><00:47:33.119><c> through</c>

00:47:33.430 --> 00:47:33.440 align:start position:0%
and the Milky Way would pass through
 

00:47:33.440 --> 00:47:36.230 align:start position:0%
and the Milky Way would pass through
each<00:47:33.680><c> other</c><00:47:34.000><c> almost</c><00:47:34.400><c> without</c><00:47:34.800><c> impact.</c><00:47:36.000><c> But</c>

00:47:36.230 --> 00:47:36.240 align:start position:0%
each other almost without impact. But
 

00:47:36.240 --> 00:47:38.309 align:start position:0%
each other almost without impact. But
it's<00:47:36.480><c> what</c><00:47:36.720><c> we</c><00:47:37.040><c> can't</c><00:47:37.280><c> see</c><00:47:37.520><c> that</c><00:47:37.760><c> is</c><00:47:38.000><c> all</c>

00:47:38.309 --> 00:47:38.319 align:start position:0%
it's what we can't see that is all
 

00:47:38.319 --> 00:47:40.950 align:start position:0%
it's what we can't see that is all
around<00:47:38.560><c> us</c><00:47:38.880><c> that</c><00:47:39.119><c> will</c><00:47:39.359><c> seal</c><00:47:39.680><c> our</c><00:47:40.000><c> fate.</c>

00:47:40.950 --> 00:47:40.960 align:start position:0%
around us that will seal our fate.
 

00:47:40.960 --> 00:47:44.950 align:start position:0%
around us that will seal our fate.
Gravity.<00:47:42.319><c> Over</c><00:47:42.800><c> the</c><00:47:43.040><c> next</c><00:47:43.440><c> 5</c><00:47:43.760><c> to</c><00:47:44.079><c> 10</c><00:47:44.480><c> billion</c>

00:47:44.950 --> 00:47:44.960 align:start position:0%
Gravity. Over the next 5 to 10 billion
 

00:47:44.960 --> 00:47:48.230 align:start position:0%
Gravity. Over the next 5 to 10 billion
years,<00:47:45.680><c> our</c><00:47:46.000><c> two</c><00:47:46.240><c> galaxies</c><00:47:46.800><c> will</c><00:47:47.119><c> yo-yo</c><00:47:47.920><c> and</c>

00:47:48.230 --> 00:47:48.240 align:start position:0%
years, our two galaxies will yo-yo and
 

00:47:48.240 --> 00:47:51.510 align:start position:0%
years, our two galaxies will yo-yo and
rip<00:47:48.560><c> each</c><00:47:48.880><c> other</c><00:47:49.040><c> apart</c><00:47:49.839><c> with</c><00:47:50.160><c> a</c><00:47:50.400><c> huge</c><00:47:51.040><c> burst</c>

00:47:51.510 --> 00:47:51.520 align:start position:0%
rip each other apart with a huge burst
 

00:47:51.520 --> 00:47:54.470 align:start position:0%
rip each other apart with a huge burst
of<00:47:51.680><c> star</c><00:47:52.000><c> formation</c><00:47:52.480><c> from</c><00:47:52.720><c> the</c><00:47:52.880><c> mixing</c><00:47:53.359><c> gases,</c>

00:47:54.470 --> 00:47:54.480 align:start position:0%
of star formation from the mixing gases,
 

00:47:54.480 --> 00:47:57.990 align:start position:0%
of star formation from the mixing gases,
turning<00:47:55.119><c> two</c><00:47:55.359><c> spiral</c><00:47:55.839><c> galaxies</c><00:47:56.640><c> into</c><00:47:57.119><c> one</c>

00:47:57.990 --> 00:47:58.000 align:start position:0%
turning two spiral galaxies into one
 

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:01.510 align:start position:0%
turning two spiral galaxies into one
elliptical<00:47:58.720><c> blob.</c><00:48:00.160><c> Unfortunately,</c><00:48:01.280><c> you</c>

00:48:01.510 --> 00:48:01.520 align:start position:0%
elliptical blob. Unfortunately, you
 

00:48:01.520 --> 00:48:04.069 align:start position:0%
elliptical blob. Unfortunately, you
would<00:48:01.760><c> be</c><00:48:02.000><c> unlikely</c><00:48:02.480><c> to</c><00:48:02.720><c> see</c><00:48:02.880><c> this</c><00:48:03.119><c> from</c><00:48:03.359><c> Earth</c>

00:48:04.069 --> 00:48:04.079 align:start position:0%
would be unlikely to see this from Earth
 

00:48:04.079 --> 00:48:06.390 align:start position:0%
would be unlikely to see this from Earth
because<00:48:04.640><c> of</c><00:48:04.880><c> the</c><00:48:05.200><c> extreme</c><00:48:05.680><c> natural</c><00:48:06.160><c> light</c>

00:48:06.390 --> 00:48:06.400 align:start position:0%
because of the extreme natural light
 

00:48:06.400 --> 00:48:09.109 align:start position:0%
because of the extreme natural light
pollution<00:48:07.040><c> caused</c><00:48:07.599><c> by</c><00:48:07.920><c> the</c><00:48:08.160><c> sky</c><00:48:08.560><c> literally</c>

00:48:09.109 --> 00:48:09.119 align:start position:0%
pollution caused by the sky literally
 

00:48:09.119 --> 00:48:12.630 align:start position:0%
pollution caused by the sky literally
being<00:48:09.440><c> on</c><00:48:09.760><c> fire.</c><00:48:10.400><c> Our</c><00:48:11.119><c> son</c><00:48:11.520><c> will</c><00:48:11.839><c> have</c><00:48:12.079><c> become</c>

00:48:12.630 --> 00:48:12.640 align:start position:0%
being on fire. Our son will have become
 

00:48:12.640 --> 00:48:15.270 align:start position:0%
being on fire. Our son will have become
a<00:48:12.960><c> red</c><00:48:13.359><c> giant.</c>

00:48:15.270 --> 00:48:15.280 align:start position:0%
a red giant.
 

00:48:15.280 --> 00:48:19.190 align:start position:0%
a red giant.
In<00:48:16.000><c> 1</c><00:48:16.480><c> trillion</c><00:48:16.960><c> years,</c><00:48:17.839><c> the</c><00:48:18.079><c> last</c><00:48:18.400><c> star</c><00:48:18.880><c> will</c>

00:48:19.190 --> 00:48:19.200 align:start position:0%
In 1 trillion years, the last star will
 

00:48:19.200 --> 00:48:22.710 align:start position:0%
In 1 trillion years, the last star will
be<00:48:19.359><c> born.</c><00:48:20.480><c> There</c><00:48:20.720><c> is</c><00:48:21.119><c> nothing</c><00:48:21.599><c> but</c><00:48:21.920><c> decay</c><00:48:22.400><c> left</c>

00:48:22.710 --> 00:48:22.720 align:start position:0%
be born. There is nothing but decay left
 

00:48:22.720 --> 00:48:25.349 align:start position:0%
be born. There is nothing but decay left
for<00:48:22.960><c> the</c><00:48:23.119><c> universe.</c><00:48:24.079><c> The</c><00:48:24.319><c> galaxies</c><00:48:24.960><c> we</c><00:48:25.200><c> can</c>

00:48:25.349 --> 00:48:25.359 align:start position:0%
for the universe. The galaxies we can
 

00:48:25.359 --> 00:48:28.069 align:start position:0%
for the universe. The galaxies we can
see<00:48:25.599><c> outside</c><00:48:26.000><c> of</c><00:48:26.240><c> our</c><00:48:26.480><c> extended</c><00:48:27.040><c> galaxy</c><00:48:27.760><c> will</c>

00:48:28.069 --> 00:48:28.079 align:start position:0%
see outside of our extended galaxy will
 

00:48:28.079 --> 00:48:31.270 align:start position:0%
see outside of our extended galaxy will
become<00:48:28.400><c> faint</c><00:48:29.040><c> and</c><00:48:29.359><c> dim</c><00:48:30.000><c> as</c><00:48:30.240><c> they</c><00:48:30.559><c> move</c><00:48:30.800><c> beyond</c>

00:48:31.270 --> 00:48:31.280 align:start position:0%
become faint and dim as they move beyond
 

00:48:31.280 --> 00:48:36.309 align:start position:0%
become faint and dim as they move beyond
our<00:48:31.760><c> observable</c><00:48:32.640><c> universe.</c><00:48:34.079><c> In</c><00:48:35.119><c> 120</c><00:48:35.839><c> trillion</c>

00:48:36.309 --> 00:48:36.319 align:start position:0%
our observable universe. In 120 trillion
 

00:48:36.319 --> 00:48:39.750 align:start position:0%
our observable universe. In 120 trillion
years,<00:48:37.280><c> all</c><00:48:37.680><c> stars</c><00:48:38.319><c> will</c><00:48:38.640><c> be</c><00:48:38.800><c> extinguished</c>

00:48:39.750 --> 00:48:39.760 align:start position:0%
years, all stars will be extinguished
 

00:48:39.760 --> 00:48:49.270 align:start position:0%
years, all stars will be extinguished
and<00:48:40.000><c> the</c><00:48:40.160><c> night</c><00:48:40.480><c> sky</c><00:48:41.200><c> will</c><00:48:41.440><c> fade</c><00:48:41.920><c> to</c><00:48:42.240><c> black.</c>

00:48:49.270 --> 00:48:49.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:48:49.280 --> 00:48:51.510 align:start position:0%
 
As<00:48:49.440><c> is</c><00:48:49.680><c> so</c><00:48:49.920><c> often</c><00:48:50.160><c> the</c><00:48:50.400><c> case</c><00:48:50.559><c> in</c><00:48:50.720><c> our</c><00:48:51.040><c> complex</c>

00:48:51.510 --> 00:48:51.520 align:start position:0%
As is so often the case in our complex
 

00:48:51.520 --> 00:48:53.750 align:start position:0%
As is so often the case in our complex
world,<00:48:52.079><c> there</c><00:48:52.319><c> are</c><00:48:52.480><c> unexpected</c><00:48:53.200><c> outcomes</c>

00:48:53.750 --> 00:48:53.760 align:start position:0%
world, there are unexpected outcomes
 

00:48:53.760 --> 00:48:56.870 align:start position:0%
world, there are unexpected outcomes
from<00:48:54.000><c> our</c><00:48:54.319><c> behaviors.</c><00:48:55.359><c> Our</c><00:48:55.680><c> night</c><00:48:55.920><c> sky</c><00:48:56.400><c> is</c>

00:48:56.870 --> 00:48:56.880 align:start position:0%
from our behaviors. Our night sky is
 

00:48:56.880 --> 00:48:59.589 align:start position:0%
from our behaviors. Our night sky is
changing<00:48:57.440><c> in</c><00:48:57.680><c> many</c><00:48:58.000><c> ways.</c><00:48:58.880><c> It</c><00:48:59.119><c> has</c><00:48:59.359><c> been</c>

00:48:59.589 --> 00:48:59.599 align:start position:0%
changing in many ways. It has been
 

00:48:59.599 --> 00:49:03.430 align:start position:0%
changing in many ways. It has been
obscured,<00:49:00.640><c> but</c><00:49:00.880><c> it</c><00:49:01.119><c> is</c><00:49:01.280><c> not</c><00:49:01.520><c> lost.</c><00:49:02.720><c> Towns,</c>

00:49:03.430 --> 00:49:03.440 align:start position:0%
obscured, but it is not lost. Towns,
 

00:49:03.440 --> 00:49:05.430 align:start position:0%
obscured, but it is not lost. Towns,
cities,<00:49:03.920><c> and</c><00:49:04.160><c> governments</c><00:49:04.800><c> all</c><00:49:05.040><c> over</c><00:49:05.280><c> the</c>

00:49:05.430 --> 00:49:05.440 align:start position:0%
cities, and governments all over the
 

00:49:05.440 --> 00:49:07.109 align:start position:0%
cities, and governments all over the
world<00:49:05.680><c> are</c><00:49:06.000><c> beginning</c><00:49:06.240><c> to</c><00:49:06.480><c> understand</c><00:49:06.880><c> the</c>

00:49:07.109 --> 00:49:07.119 align:start position:0%
world are beginning to understand the
 

00:49:07.119 --> 00:49:09.349 align:start position:0%
world are beginning to understand the
issues<00:49:07.760><c> and</c><00:49:08.000><c> are</c><00:49:08.319><c> making</c><00:49:08.640><c> changes</c><00:49:09.040><c> in</c>

00:49:09.349 --> 00:49:09.359 align:start position:0%
issues and are making changes in
 

00:49:09.359 --> 00:49:11.829 align:start position:0%
issues and are making changes in
ordinances<00:49:10.000><c> and</c><00:49:10.240><c> in</c><00:49:10.480><c> law</c><00:49:10.960><c> to</c><00:49:11.280><c> protect</c><00:49:11.599><c> our</c>

00:49:11.829 --> 00:49:11.839 align:start position:0%
ordinances and in law to protect our
 

00:49:11.839 --> 00:49:14.790 align:start position:0%
ordinances and in law to protect our
skies<00:49:12.400><c> and</c><00:49:12.640><c> the</c><00:49:12.800><c> wildlife</c><00:49:13.359><c> underneath</c><00:49:13.839><c> it.</c>

00:49:14.790 --> 00:49:14.800 align:start position:0%
skies and the wildlife underneath it.
 

00:49:14.800 --> 00:49:17.430 align:start position:0%
skies and the wildlife underneath it.
So,<00:49:15.440><c> if</c><00:49:15.760><c> this</c><00:49:16.000><c> video</c><00:49:16.319><c> has</c><00:49:16.559><c> inspired</c><00:49:17.040><c> you</c><00:49:17.200><c> to</c>

00:49:17.430 --> 00:49:17.440 align:start position:0%
So, if this video has inspired you to
 

00:49:17.440 --> 00:49:20.470 align:start position:0%
So, if this video has inspired you to
visit<00:49:17.760><c> a</c><00:49:18.000><c> dark</c><00:49:18.319><c> sky</c><00:49:18.720><c> or</c><00:49:19.040><c> reduce</c><00:49:19.359><c> your</c><00:49:19.599><c> impact,</c>

00:49:20.470 --> 00:49:20.480 align:start position:0%
visit a dark sky or reduce your impact,
 

00:49:20.480 --> 00:49:23.589 align:start position:0%
visit a dark sky or reduce your impact,
head<00:49:20.720><c> to</c><00:49:20.960><c> darks</c><00:49:21.280><c> sky.org</c><00:49:22.319><c> to</c><00:49:22.559><c> find</c><00:49:22.720><c> out</c><00:49:22.960><c> more</c>

00:49:23.589 --> 00:49:23.599 align:start position:0%
head to darks sky.org to find out more
 

00:49:23.599 --> 00:49:26.150 align:start position:0%
head to darks sky.org to find out more
and<00:49:23.839><c> to</c><00:49:24.079><c> lightmap.info</c>

00:49:26.150 --> 00:49:26.160 align:start position:0%
and to lightmap.info
 

00:49:26.160 --> 00:49:27.670 align:start position:0%
and to lightmap.info
if<00:49:26.400><c> you're</c><00:49:26.640><c> curious</c><00:49:26.960><c> about</c><00:49:27.200><c> the</c><00:49:27.440><c> light</c>

00:49:27.670 --> 00:49:27.680 align:start position:0%
if you're curious about the light
 

00:49:27.680 --> 00:49:41.430 align:start position:0%
if you're curious about the light
pollution<00:49:28.079><c> in</c><00:49:28.319><c> your</c><00:49:28.559><c> area.</c>

00:49:41.430 --> 00:49:41.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:49:41.440 --> 00:49:43.910 align:start position:0%
 
on<00:49:41.680><c> this</c><00:49:41.920><c> world</c><00:49:42.079><c> of</c><00:49:42.319><c> ours.</c><00:49:42.880><c> We</c><00:49:43.119><c> take</c><00:49:43.280><c> a</c><00:49:43.520><c> lot</c><00:49:43.680><c> of</c>

00:49:43.910 --> 00:49:43.920 align:start position:0%
on this world of ours. We take a lot of
 

00:49:43.920 --> 00:49:49.109 align:start position:0%
on this world of ours. We take a lot of
celestial<00:49:44.559><c> things</c><00:49:44.800><c> for</c><00:49:45.040><c> granted.</c>

00:49:49.109 --> 00:49:49.119 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:49:49.119 --> 00:49:50.950 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:49:49.200><c> example,</c><00:49:50.079><c> the</c><00:49:50.319><c> fact</c><00:49:50.400><c> that</c><00:49:50.640><c> when</c><00:49:50.800><c> there</c>

00:49:50.950 --> 00:49:50.960 align:start position:0%
For example, the fact that when there
 

00:49:50.960 --> 00:49:57.910 align:start position:0%
For example, the fact that when there
are<00:49:51.119><c> no</c><00:49:51.359><c> clouds</c><00:49:51.680><c> in</c><00:49:51.839><c> the</c><00:49:52.000><c> sky,</c><00:49:52.880><c> sky</c><00:49:53.119><c> is</c><00:49:53.359><c> blue.</c>

00:49:57.910 --> 00:49:57.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:49:57.920 --> 00:50:00.230 align:start position:0%
 
We<00:49:58.160><c> have</c><00:49:58.240><c> the</c><00:49:58.480><c> moon</c>

00:50:00.230 --> 00:50:00.240 align:start position:0%
We have the moon
 

00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:02.549 align:start position:0%
We have the moon
and<00:50:00.480><c> the</c><00:50:00.640><c> sun,</c><00:50:01.280><c> which</c><00:50:01.599><c> are</c><00:50:01.760><c> both</c><00:50:02.079><c> about</c><00:50:02.319><c> the</c>

00:50:02.549 --> 00:50:02.559 align:start position:0%
and the sun, which are both about the
 

00:50:02.559 --> 00:50:07.430 align:start position:0%
and the sun, which are both about the
size<00:50:02.880><c> of</c><00:50:03.040><c> a</c><00:50:03.280><c> pee</c><00:50:03.760><c> when</c><00:50:04.000><c> held</c><00:50:04.240><c> at</c><00:50:04.480><c> arms</c><00:50:04.800><c> length.</c>

00:50:07.430 --> 00:50:07.440 align:start position:0%
size of a pee when held at arms length.
 

00:50:07.440 --> 00:50:09.430 align:start position:0%
size of a pee when held at arms length.
These<00:50:07.760><c> things</c><00:50:08.000><c> are</c><00:50:08.160><c> all</c><00:50:08.400><c> very</c><00:50:08.640><c> predictable.</c>

00:50:09.430 --> 00:50:09.440 align:start position:0%
These things are all very predictable.
 

00:50:09.440 --> 00:50:10.950 align:start position:0%
These things are all very predictable.
But<00:50:09.599><c> what</c><00:50:09.839><c> if</c><00:50:10.000><c> you</c><00:50:10.240><c> were</c><00:50:10.319><c> standing</c><00:50:10.640><c> on</c><00:50:10.800><c> a</c>

00:50:10.950 --> 00:50:10.960 align:start position:0%
But what if you were standing on a
 

00:50:10.960 --> 00:50:12.630 align:start position:0%
But what if you were standing on a
different<00:50:11.200><c> planet</c><00:50:11.760><c> or</c><00:50:12.000><c> even</c><00:50:12.160><c> a</c><00:50:12.400><c> different</c>

00:50:12.630 --> 00:50:12.640 align:start position:0%
different planet or even a different
 

00:50:12.640 --> 00:50:24.790 align:start position:0%
different planet or even a different
moon?<00:50:13.359><c> How</c><00:50:13.520><c> would</c><00:50:13.680><c> the</c><00:50:13.839><c> sky</c><00:50:14.079><c> appear</c><00:50:14.480><c> then?</c>

00:50:24.790 --> 00:50:24.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:50:24.800 --> 00:50:27.750 align:start position:0%
 
Let's<00:50:25.119><c> start</c><00:50:25.440><c> at</c><00:50:25.680><c> the</c><00:50:25.920><c> beginning.</c><00:50:27.280><c> This</c><00:50:27.599><c> is</c>

00:50:27.750 --> 00:50:27.760 align:start position:0%
Let's start at the beginning. This is
 

00:50:27.760 --> 00:50:30.710 align:start position:0%
Let's start at the beginning. This is
Mercury,<00:50:28.400><c> the</c><00:50:28.640><c> closest</c><00:50:29.040><c> planet</c><00:50:29.440><c> to</c><00:50:29.599><c> the</c><00:50:29.839><c> sun.</c>

00:50:30.710 --> 00:50:30.720 align:start position:0%
Mercury, the closest planet to the sun.
 

00:50:30.720 --> 00:50:33.829 align:start position:0%
Mercury, the closest planet to the sun.
With<00:50:31.040><c> no</c><00:50:31.359><c> atmosphere</c><00:50:32.160><c> and</c><00:50:32.480><c> no</c><00:50:32.720><c> moon,</c><00:50:33.599><c> at</c>

00:50:33.829 --> 00:50:33.839 align:start position:0%
With no atmosphere and no moon, at
 

00:50:33.839 --> 00:50:36.069 align:start position:0%
With no atmosphere and no moon, at
night,<00:50:34.160><c> you'd</c><00:50:34.480><c> see</c><00:50:34.640><c> the</c><00:50:34.880><c> whole</c><00:50:35.200><c> Milky</c><00:50:35.520><c> Way</c><00:50:35.839><c> in</c>

00:50:36.069 --> 00:50:36.079 align:start position:0%
night, you'd see the whole Milky Way in
 

00:50:36.079 --> 00:50:39.430 align:start position:0%
night, you'd see the whole Milky Way in
pristine<00:50:36.720><c> detail.</c><00:50:38.079><c> Venus,</c><00:50:38.720><c> the</c><00:50:38.880><c> Earth,</c><00:50:39.200><c> and</c>

00:50:39.430 --> 00:50:39.440 align:start position:0%
pristine detail. Venus, the Earth, and
 

00:50:39.440 --> 00:50:41.750 align:start position:0%
pristine detail. Venus, the Earth, and
even<00:50:39.599><c> our</c><00:50:39.920><c> moon</c><00:50:40.400><c> would</c><00:50:40.640><c> also</c><00:50:40.880><c> be</c><00:50:41.119><c> very</c><00:50:41.440><c> bright</c>

00:50:41.750 --> 00:50:41.760 align:start position:0%
even our moon would also be very bright
 

00:50:41.760 --> 00:50:44.710 align:start position:0%
even our moon would also be very bright
in<00:50:42.000><c> the</c><00:50:42.160><c> sky.</c><00:50:43.520><c> During</c><00:50:43.839><c> the</c><00:50:44.000><c> day,</c><00:50:44.240><c> on</c><00:50:44.400><c> the</c><00:50:44.559><c> other</c>

00:50:44.710 --> 00:50:44.720 align:start position:0%
in the sky. During the day, on the other
 

00:50:44.720 --> 00:50:47.270 align:start position:0%
in the sky. During the day, on the other
hand,<00:50:45.200><c> the</c><00:50:45.520><c> sun</c><00:50:45.920><c> is</c><00:50:46.160><c> the</c><00:50:46.400><c> centerpiece</c><00:50:46.960><c> of</c><00:50:47.040><c> the</c>

00:50:47.270 --> 00:50:47.280 align:start position:0%
hand, the sun is the centerpiece of the
 

00:50:47.280 --> 00:50:50.549 align:start position:0%
hand, the sun is the centerpiece of the
sky.<00:50:48.079><c> It</c><00:50:48.319><c> can</c><00:50:48.480><c> sometimes</c><00:50:48.800><c> appear</c><00:50:49.200><c> over</c><00:50:49.680><c> 3.2</c>

00:50:50.549 --> 00:50:50.559 align:start position:0%
sky. It can sometimes appear over 3.2
 

00:50:50.559 --> 00:50:53.270 align:start position:0%
sky. It can sometimes appear over 3.2
times<00:50:50.880><c> bigger</c><00:50:51.280><c> in</c><00:50:51.440><c> the</c><00:50:51.680><c> sky</c><00:50:52.240><c> than</c><00:50:52.480><c> on</c><00:50:52.720><c> Earth</c>

00:50:53.270 --> 00:50:53.280 align:start position:0%
times bigger in the sky than on Earth
 

00:50:53.280 --> 00:50:56.630 align:start position:0%
times bigger in the sky than on Earth
and<00:50:53.520><c> over</c><00:50:53.920><c> 10</c><00:50:54.240><c> times</c><00:50:54.640><c> brighter.</c><00:50:55.839><c> Mercury</c><00:50:56.400><c> is</c>

00:50:56.630 --> 00:50:56.640 align:start position:0%
and over 10 times brighter. Mercury is
 

00:50:56.640 --> 00:50:59.670 align:start position:0%
and over 10 times brighter. Mercury is
in<00:50:56.880><c> fact</c><00:50:57.200><c> very</c><00:50:57.599><c> dark</c><00:50:58.000><c> gray.</c><00:50:59.040><c> But</c><00:50:59.200><c> because</c><00:50:59.440><c> of</c>

00:50:59.670 --> 00:50:59.680 align:start position:0%
in fact very dark gray. But because of
 

00:50:59.680 --> 00:51:01.990 align:start position:0%
in fact very dark gray. But because of
the<00:50:59.839><c> brightness</c><00:51:00.240><c> of</c><00:51:00.400><c> the</c><00:51:00.559><c> sun,</c><00:51:01.119><c> it</c><00:51:01.359><c> appears</c><00:51:01.760><c> to</c>

00:51:01.990 --> 00:51:02.000 align:start position:0%
the brightness of the sun, it appears to
 

00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:06.630 align:start position:0%
the brightness of the sun, it appears to
us<00:51:02.559><c> like</c><00:51:02.800><c> it's</c><00:51:03.119><c> white.</c>

00:51:06.630 --> 00:51:06.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:51:06.640 --> 00:51:09.109 align:start position:0%
 
What<00:51:06.880><c> about</c><00:51:07.280><c> Mars?</c><00:51:07.920><c> How</c><00:51:08.079><c> does</c><00:51:08.319><c> it</c><00:51:08.559><c> compared</c><00:51:08.880><c> to</c>

00:51:09.109 --> 00:51:09.119 align:start position:0%
What about Mars? How does it compared to
 

00:51:09.119 --> 00:51:12.150 align:start position:0%
What about Mars? How does it compared to
us?<00:51:10.160><c> Well,</c><00:51:10.480><c> we</c><00:51:10.720><c> have</c><00:51:10.800><c> a</c><00:51:10.960><c> planet</c><00:51:11.359><c> that</c><00:51:11.680><c> from</c><00:51:11.920><c> the</c>

00:51:12.150 --> 00:51:12.160 align:start position:0%
us? Well, we have a planet that from the
 

00:51:12.160 --> 00:51:15.190 align:start position:0%
us? Well, we have a planet that from the
surface<00:51:12.640><c> appears</c><00:51:13.119><c> relatively</c><00:51:13.760><c> Earthlike.</c>

00:51:15.190 --> 00:51:15.200 align:start position:0%
surface appears relatively Earthlike.
 

00:51:15.200 --> 00:51:17.190 align:start position:0%
surface appears relatively Earthlike.
There<00:51:15.440><c> is</c><00:51:15.599><c> an</c><00:51:15.760><c> atmosphere</c><00:51:16.640><c> and</c><00:51:16.800><c> the</c><00:51:16.960><c> sun</c>

00:51:17.190 --> 00:51:17.200 align:start position:0%
There is an atmosphere and the sun
 

00:51:17.200 --> 00:51:20.470 align:start position:0%
There is an atmosphere and the sun
appears<00:51:17.599><c> about</c><00:51:18.079><c> 5/8</c><00:51:18.720><c> the</c><00:51:18.960><c> size</c><00:51:19.200><c> on</c><00:51:19.359><c> Earth,</c>

00:51:20.470 --> 00:51:20.480 align:start position:0%
appears about 5/8 the size on Earth,
 

00:51:20.480 --> 00:51:22.630 align:start position:0%
appears about 5/8 the size on Earth,
which<00:51:20.720><c> produces</c><00:51:21.200><c> the</c><00:51:21.440><c> equivalent</c><00:51:22.000><c> brightness</c>

00:51:22.630 --> 00:51:22.640 align:start position:0%
which produces the equivalent brightness
 

00:51:22.640 --> 00:51:25.190 align:start position:0%
which produces the equivalent brightness
of<00:51:22.800><c> a</c><00:51:22.960><c> slightly</c><00:51:23.359><c> cloudy</c><00:51:23.839><c> afternoon</c><00:51:24.319><c> here.</c>

00:51:25.190 --> 00:51:25.200 align:start position:0%
of a slightly cloudy afternoon here.
 

00:51:25.200 --> 00:51:27.670 align:start position:0%
of a slightly cloudy afternoon here.
During<00:51:25.520><c> the</c><00:51:25.760><c> day,</c><00:51:26.319><c> the</c><00:51:26.640><c> sky</c><00:51:26.800><c> is</c><00:51:27.119><c> orange</c><00:51:27.359><c> to</c>

00:51:27.670 --> 00:51:27.680 align:start position:0%
During the day, the sky is orange to
 

00:51:27.680 --> 00:51:29.670 align:start position:0%
During the day, the sky is orange to
scarlet<00:51:28.079><c> in</c><00:51:28.240><c> color,</c><00:51:28.720><c> and</c><00:51:29.040><c> sunsets</c><00:51:29.520><c> and</c>

00:51:29.670 --> 00:51:29.680 align:start position:0%
scarlet in color, and sunsets and
 

00:51:29.680 --> 00:51:31.670 align:start position:0%
scarlet in color, and sunsets and
sunrises<00:51:30.319><c> produce</c><00:51:30.640><c> these</c><00:51:30.960><c> blues</c><00:51:31.359><c> and</c>

00:51:31.670 --> 00:51:31.680 align:start position:0%
sunrises produce these blues and
 

00:51:31.680 --> 00:51:33.990 align:start position:0%
sunrises produce these blues and
purples.<00:51:32.720><c> It's</c><00:51:32.960><c> quite</c><00:51:33.200><c> the</c><00:51:33.440><c> opposite</c><00:51:33.760><c> of</c>

00:51:33.990 --> 00:51:34.000 align:start position:0%
purples. It's quite the opposite of
 

00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:35.750 align:start position:0%
purples. It's quite the opposite of
Earth.

00:51:35.750 --> 00:51:35.760 align:start position:0%
Earth.
 

00:51:35.760 --> 00:51:38.069 align:start position:0%
Earth.
And<00:51:36.000><c> during</c><00:51:36.240><c> the</c><00:51:36.480><c> night,</c><00:51:37.280><c> stars</c><00:51:37.599><c> are</c><00:51:37.839><c> visible</c>

00:51:38.069 --> 00:51:38.079 align:start position:0%
And during the night, stars are visible
 

00:51:38.079 --> 00:51:40.630 align:start position:0%
And during the night, stars are visible
in<00:51:38.319><c> the</c><00:51:38.480><c> sky,</c><00:51:39.119><c> as</c><00:51:39.280><c> well</c><00:51:39.440><c> as</c><00:51:39.760><c> both</c><00:51:40.000><c> of</c><00:51:40.160><c> Mars's</c>

00:51:40.630 --> 00:51:40.640 align:start position:0%
in the sky, as well as both of Mars's
 

00:51:40.640 --> 00:51:43.910 align:start position:0%
in the sky, as well as both of Mars's
moons,<00:51:41.119><c> which</c><00:51:41.440><c> appear</c><00:51:41.839><c> quite</c><00:51:42.240><c> small.</c><00:51:43.599><c> Moving</c>

00:51:43.910 --> 00:51:43.920 align:start position:0%
moons, which appear quite small. Moving
 

00:51:43.920 --> 00:51:46.390 align:start position:0%
moons, which appear quite small. Moving
on<00:51:44.079><c> to</c><00:51:44.319><c> the</c><00:51:44.480><c> outer</c><00:51:44.800><c> solar</c><00:51:45.200><c> system,</c><00:51:45.520><c> now</c><00:51:46.160><c> things</c>

00:51:46.390 --> 00:51:46.400 align:start position:0%
on to the outer solar system, now things
 

00:51:46.400 --> 00:51:48.950 align:start position:0%
on to the outer solar system, now things
are<00:51:46.559><c> going</c><00:51:46.640><c> to</c><00:51:46.800><c> get</c><00:51:46.960><c> even</c><00:51:47.359><c> more</c><00:51:47.680><c> spectacular.</c>

00:51:48.950 --> 00:51:48.960 align:start position:0%
are going to get even more spectacular.
 

00:51:48.960 --> 00:51:50.710 align:start position:0%
are going to get even more spectacular.
Now,<00:51:49.280><c> these</c><00:51:49.520><c> planets</c><00:51:49.920><c> don't</c><00:51:50.160><c> have</c><00:51:50.319><c> solid</c>

00:51:50.710 --> 00:51:50.720 align:start position:0%
Now, these planets don't have solid
 

00:51:50.720 --> 00:51:52.950 align:start position:0%
Now, these planets don't have solid
surfaces<00:51:51.200><c> to</c><00:51:51.359><c> land</c><00:51:51.599><c> on,</c><00:51:52.160><c> which</c><00:51:52.400><c> means</c><00:51:52.640><c> we're</c>

00:51:52.950 --> 00:51:52.960 align:start position:0%
surfaces to land on, which means we're
 

00:51:52.960 --> 00:51:54.549 align:start position:0%
surfaces to land on, which means we're
going<00:51:53.040><c> to</c><00:51:53.280><c> look</c><00:51:53.520><c> from</c><00:51:53.839><c> their</c><00:51:54.079><c> moon's</c>

00:51:54.549 --> 00:51:54.559 align:start position:0%
going to look from their moon's
 

00:51:54.559 --> 00:51:57.190 align:start position:0%
going to look from their moon's
perspectives.<00:51:55.520><c> And</c><00:51:55.760><c> starting</c><00:51:56.160><c> with</c><00:51:56.400><c> Jupiter,</c>

00:51:57.190 --> 00:51:57.200 align:start position:0%
perspectives. And starting with Jupiter,
 

00:51:57.200 --> 00:51:59.030 align:start position:0%
perspectives. And starting with Jupiter,
we're<00:51:57.440><c> going</c><00:51:57.599><c> to</c><00:51:57.760><c> land</c><00:51:58.000><c> on</c><00:51:58.240><c> the</c><00:51:58.480><c> surface</c><00:51:58.880><c> of</c>

00:51:59.030 --> 00:51:59.040 align:start position:0%
we're going to land on the surface of
 

00:51:59.040 --> 00:52:02.150 align:start position:0%
we're going to land on the surface of
its<00:51:59.280><c> closest</c><00:51:59.680><c> big</c><00:52:00.000><c> moon,</c><00:52:00.640><c> Io.</c>

00:52:02.150 --> 00:52:02.160 align:start position:0%
its closest big moon, Io.
 

00:52:02.160 --> 00:52:04.069 align:start position:0%
its closest big moon, Io.
None<00:52:02.400><c> of</c><00:52:02.559><c> Jupiter's</c><00:52:03.040><c> moons</c><00:52:03.440><c> have</c><00:52:03.680><c> anything</c>

00:52:04.069 --> 00:52:04.079 align:start position:0%
None of Jupiter's moons have anything
 

00:52:04.079 --> 00:52:06.549 align:start position:0%
None of Jupiter's moons have anything
more<00:52:04.319><c> than</c><00:52:04.800><c> traces</c><00:52:05.200><c> of</c><00:52:05.359><c> an</c><00:52:05.520><c> atmosphere.</c><00:52:06.400><c> So,</c>

00:52:06.549 --> 00:52:06.559 align:start position:0%
more than traces of an atmosphere. So,
 

00:52:06.559 --> 00:52:09.349 align:start position:0%
more than traces of an atmosphere. So,
the<00:52:06.800><c> sky</c><00:52:06.960><c> of</c><00:52:07.119><c> Io</c><00:52:07.599><c> itself</c><00:52:08.400><c> would</c><00:52:08.720><c> appear</c><00:52:09.040><c> quite</c>

00:52:09.349 --> 00:52:09.359 align:start position:0%
the sky of Io itself would appear quite
 

00:52:09.359 --> 00:52:11.829 align:start position:0%
the sky of Io itself would appear quite
black.<00:52:10.079><c> The</c><00:52:10.319><c> dominant</c><00:52:10.720><c> feature</c><00:52:11.040><c> of</c><00:52:11.200><c> the</c><00:52:11.359><c> sky</c>

00:52:11.829 --> 00:52:11.839 align:start position:0%
black. The dominant feature of the sky
 

00:52:11.839 --> 00:52:14.230 align:start position:0%
black. The dominant feature of the sky
would<00:52:12.079><c> of</c><00:52:12.319><c> course</c><00:52:12.559><c> be</c><00:52:12.800><c> Jupiter,</c><00:52:13.839><c> which</c><00:52:14.079><c> would</c>

00:52:14.230 --> 00:52:14.240 align:start position:0%
would of course be Jupiter, which would
 

00:52:14.240 --> 00:52:17.750 align:start position:0%
would of course be Jupiter, which would
appear<00:52:14.559><c> a</c><00:52:14.800><c> massive</c><00:52:15.280><c> 38</c><00:52:16.000><c> times</c><00:52:16.400><c> bigger</c><00:52:16.960><c> in</c><00:52:17.280><c> Io's</c>

00:52:17.750 --> 00:52:17.760 align:start position:0%
appear a massive 38 times bigger in Io's
 

00:52:17.760 --> 00:52:21.589 align:start position:0%
appear a massive 38 times bigger in Io's
sky<00:52:18.480><c> than</c><00:52:18.720><c> our</c><00:52:19.119><c> moon</c><00:52:19.440><c> in</c><00:52:19.680><c> our</c><00:52:19.920><c> sky.</c><00:52:21.119><c> It</c><00:52:21.359><c> would</c>

00:52:21.589 --> 00:52:21.599 align:start position:0%
sky than our moon in our sky. It would
 

00:52:21.599 --> 00:52:24.230 align:start position:0%
sky than our moon in our sky. It would
also<00:52:22.240><c> be</c><00:52:22.559><c> exceptionally</c><00:52:23.359><c> bright</c><00:52:23.839><c> compared</c><00:52:24.160><c> to</c>

00:52:24.230 --> 00:52:24.240 align:start position:0%
also be exceptionally bright compared to
 

00:52:24.240 --> 00:52:27.030 align:start position:0%
also be exceptionally bright compared to
our<00:52:24.559><c> moonlight,</c><00:52:25.599><c> even</c><00:52:25.920><c> dimly</c><00:52:26.480><c> illuminated</c>

00:52:27.030 --> 00:52:27.040 align:start position:0%
our moonlight, even dimly illuminated
 

00:52:27.040 --> 00:52:29.750 align:start position:0%
our moonlight, even dimly illuminated
the<00:52:27.280><c> moon</c><00:52:27.680><c> during</c><00:52:28.000><c> its</c><00:52:28.240><c> nighttime.</c>

00:52:29.750 --> 00:52:29.760 align:start position:0%
the moon during its nighttime.
 

00:52:29.760 --> 00:52:32.870 align:start position:0%
the moon during its nighttime.
Even<00:52:30.000><c> so,</c><00:52:30.559><c> the</c><00:52:30.800><c> sun</c><00:52:30.960><c> is</c><00:52:31.280><c> 27</c><00:52:31.920><c> times</c><00:52:32.240><c> dimmer</c><00:52:32.720><c> than</c>

00:52:32.870 --> 00:52:32.880 align:start position:0%
Even so, the sun is 27 times dimmer than
 

00:52:32.880 --> 00:52:36.390 align:start position:0%
Even so, the sun is 27 times dimmer than
on<00:52:33.200><c> Earth</c><00:52:33.920><c> and</c><00:52:34.160><c> only</c><00:52:34.400><c> a</c><00:52:34.640><c> fifth</c><00:52:34.960><c> of</c><00:52:35.200><c> the</c><00:52:35.359><c> size.</c>

00:52:36.390 --> 00:52:36.400 align:start position:0%
on Earth and only a fifth of the size.
 

00:52:36.400 --> 00:52:38.790 align:start position:0%
on Earth and only a fifth of the size.
Another<00:52:36.880><c> spectacular</c><00:52:37.599><c> phenomenon</c><00:52:38.480><c> that</c>

00:52:38.790 --> 00:52:38.800 align:start position:0%
Another spectacular phenomenon that
 

00:52:38.800 --> 00:52:41.670 align:start position:0%
Another spectacular phenomenon that
occurs<00:52:39.200><c> quite</c><00:52:39.599><c> frequently</c><00:52:40.480><c> are</c><00:52:40.800><c> total</c><00:52:41.280><c> solar</c>

00:52:41.670 --> 00:52:41.680 align:start position:0%
occurs quite frequently are total solar
 

00:52:41.680 --> 00:52:43.510 align:start position:0%
occurs quite frequently are total solar
eclipses<00:52:42.319><c> viewed</c><00:52:42.720><c> from</c><00:52:42.960><c> the</c><00:52:43.119><c> moon's</c>

00:52:43.510 --> 00:52:43.520 align:start position:0%
eclipses viewed from the moon's
 

00:52:43.520 --> 00:52:46.069 align:start position:0%
eclipses viewed from the moon's
perspective.<00:52:44.640><c> The</c><00:52:44.880><c> largest</c><00:52:45.280><c> four</c><00:52:45.599><c> moons</c><00:52:45.920><c> of</c>

00:52:46.069 --> 00:52:46.079 align:start position:0%
perspective. The largest four moons of
 

00:52:46.079 --> 00:52:48.870 align:start position:0%
perspective. The largest four moons of
Jupiter<00:52:46.800><c> called</c><00:52:46.960><c> the</c><00:52:47.200><c> Galilean</c><00:52:47.839><c> moons</c><00:52:48.640><c> are</c>

00:52:48.870 --> 00:52:48.880 align:start position:0%
Jupiter called the Galilean moons are
 

00:52:48.880 --> 00:52:51.430 align:start position:0%
Jupiter called the Galilean moons are
big<00:52:49.040><c> enough</c><00:52:49.280><c> to</c><00:52:49.520><c> totally</c><00:52:50.000><c> eclipse</c><00:52:50.400><c> the</c><00:52:50.640><c> sun.</c>

00:52:51.430 --> 00:52:51.440 align:start position:0%
big enough to totally eclipse the sun.
 

00:52:51.440 --> 00:52:53.910 align:start position:0%
big enough to totally eclipse the sun.
And<00:52:51.599><c> due</c><00:52:51.839><c> to</c><00:52:52.000><c> their</c><00:52:52.240><c> orbital</c><00:52:52.720><c> resonances,</c>

00:52:53.910 --> 00:52:53.920 align:start position:0%
And due to their orbital resonances,
 

00:52:53.920 --> 00:52:56.630 align:start position:0%
And due to their orbital resonances,
three<00:52:54.559><c> can</c><00:52:54.800><c> cast</c><00:52:55.040><c> their</c><00:52:55.359><c> shadow</c><00:52:55.680><c> on</c><00:52:55.920><c> Jupiter</c>

00:52:56.630 --> 00:52:56.640 align:start position:0%
three can cast their shadow on Jupiter
 

00:52:56.640 --> 00:52:59.670 align:start position:0%
three can cast their shadow on Jupiter
at<00:52:56.880><c> the</c><00:52:57.119><c> same</c><00:52:57.280><c> time.</c><00:52:58.559><c> Now</c><00:52:58.800><c> unbelievably</c><00:52:59.520><c> this</c>

00:52:59.670 --> 00:52:59.680 align:start position:0%
at the same time. Now unbelievably this
 

00:52:59.680 --> 00:53:01.910 align:start position:0%
at the same time. Now unbelievably this
is<00:52:59.839><c> a</c><00:53:00.079><c> real</c><00:53:00.400><c> image</c><00:53:00.800><c> captured</c><00:53:01.200><c> by</c><00:53:01.359><c> the</c><00:53:01.520><c> Hubble</c>

00:53:01.910 --> 00:53:01.920 align:start position:0%
is a real image captured by the Hubble
 

00:53:01.920 --> 00:53:04.230 align:start position:0%
is a real image captured by the Hubble
Space<00:53:02.240><c> Telescope</c><00:53:03.119><c> demonstrating</c><00:53:04.000><c> this</c>

00:53:04.230 --> 00:53:04.240 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope demonstrating this
 

00:53:04.240 --> 00:53:06.630 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope demonstrating this
point.<00:53:05.200><c> Already</c><00:53:05.599><c> we</c><00:53:05.839><c> are</c><00:53:06.000><c> experiencing</c>

00:53:06.630 --> 00:53:06.640 align:start position:0%
point. Already we are experiencing
 

00:53:06.640 --> 00:53:09.030 align:start position:0%
point. Already we are experiencing
drastic<00:53:07.280><c> differences</c><00:53:07.680><c> in</c><00:53:07.920><c> the</c><00:53:08.160><c> skies</c><00:53:08.720><c> of</c>

00:53:09.030 --> 00:53:09.040 align:start position:0%
drastic differences in the skies of
 

00:53:09.040 --> 00:53:11.589 align:start position:0%
drastic differences in the skies of
objects<00:53:09.359><c> in</c><00:53:09.599><c> our</c><00:53:09.839><c> very</c><00:53:10.079><c> own</c><00:53:10.319><c> solar</c><00:53:10.720><c> system.</c>

00:53:11.589 --> 00:53:11.599 align:start position:0%
objects in our very own solar system.
 

00:53:11.599 --> 00:53:14.470 align:start position:0%
objects in our very own solar system.
But<00:53:11.760><c> let's</c><00:53:12.079><c> take</c><00:53:12.240><c> it</c><00:53:12.559><c> one</c><00:53:12.880><c> step</c><00:53:13.119><c> further</c><00:53:14.160><c> and</c>

00:53:14.470 --> 00:53:14.480 align:start position:0%
But let's take it one step further and
 

00:53:14.480 --> 00:53:17.990 align:start position:0%
But let's take it one step further and
go<00:53:14.640><c> to</c><00:53:14.880><c> the</c><00:53:15.040><c> very</c><00:53:15.280><c> last</c><00:53:15.520><c> planet.</c>

00:53:17.990 --> 00:53:18.000 align:start position:0%
go to the very last planet.
 

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:21.510 align:start position:0%
go to the very last planet.
Neptune<00:53:18.640><c> is</c><00:53:18.960><c> the</c><00:53:19.200><c> very</c><00:53:19.599><c> edge</c><00:53:20.000><c> of</c><00:53:20.240><c> deep</c><00:53:20.640><c> space.</c>

00:53:21.510 --> 00:53:21.520 align:start position:0%
Neptune is the very edge of deep space.
 

00:53:21.520 --> 00:53:23.670 align:start position:0%
Neptune is the very edge of deep space.
At<00:53:21.760><c> certain</c><00:53:22.079><c> points</c><00:53:22.319><c> of</c><00:53:22.480><c> its</c><00:53:22.720><c> year,</c><00:53:23.119><c> it</c><00:53:23.359><c> can</c><00:53:23.520><c> be</c>

00:53:23.670 --> 00:53:23.680 align:start position:0%
At certain points of its year, it can be
 

00:53:23.680 --> 00:53:25.750 align:start position:0%
At certain points of its year, it can be
even<00:53:24.000><c> further</c><00:53:24.400><c> away</c><00:53:24.720><c> from</c><00:53:24.960><c> the</c><00:53:25.119><c> sun</c><00:53:25.440><c> than</c>

00:53:25.750 --> 00:53:25.760 align:start position:0%
even further away from the sun than
 

00:53:25.760 --> 00:53:28.390 align:start position:0%
even further away from the sun than
Pluto.<00:53:26.800><c> And</c><00:53:26.960><c> the</c><00:53:27.200><c> only</c><00:53:27.359><c> thing</c><00:53:27.599><c> found</c><00:53:28.000><c> further</c>

00:53:28.390 --> 00:53:28.400 align:start position:0%
Pluto. And the only thing found further
 

00:53:28.400 --> 00:53:32.150 align:start position:0%
Pluto. And the only thing found further
out<00:53:28.640><c> than</c><00:53:28.880><c> Neptune</c><00:53:29.760><c> are</c><00:53:30.160><c> icy</c><00:53:30.480><c> rocks.</c><00:53:31.599><c> The</c><00:53:31.839><c> sun</c>

00:53:32.150 --> 00:53:32.160 align:start position:0%
out than Neptune are icy rocks. The sun
 

00:53:32.160 --> 00:53:35.030 align:start position:0%
out than Neptune are icy rocks. The sun
is<00:53:32.480><c> only</c><00:53:32.640><c> a</c><00:53:32.960><c> 30th</c><00:53:33.520><c> of</c><00:53:33.680><c> the</c><00:53:33.920><c> size</c><00:53:34.240><c> in</c><00:53:34.480><c> Neptune's</c>

00:53:35.030 --> 00:53:35.040 align:start position:0%
is only a 30th of the size in Neptune's
 

00:53:35.040 --> 00:53:37.510 align:start position:0%
is only a 30th of the size in Neptune's
sky,<00:53:35.760><c> and</c><00:53:35.920><c> Neptune</c><00:53:36.400><c> receives</c><00:53:36.880><c> roughly</c>

00:53:37.510 --> 00:53:37.520 align:start position:0%
sky, and Neptune receives roughly
 

00:53:37.520 --> 00:53:41.750 align:start position:0%
sky, and Neptune receives roughly
1,000th<00:53:38.400><c> of</c><00:53:38.640><c> the</c><00:53:38.880><c> sunlight</c><00:53:39.520><c> Earth</c><00:53:39.920><c> does.</c>

00:53:41.750 --> 00:53:41.760 align:start position:0%
1,000th of the sunlight Earth does.
 

00:53:41.760 --> 00:53:43.589 align:start position:0%
1,000th of the sunlight Earth does.
Our<00:53:42.000><c> last</c><00:53:42.240><c> visit</c><00:53:42.559><c> for</c><00:53:42.720><c> today</c><00:53:43.040><c> will</c><00:53:43.280><c> be</c><00:53:43.359><c> on</c>

00:53:43.589 --> 00:53:43.599 align:start position:0%
Our last visit for today will be on
 

00:53:43.599 --> 00:53:46.790 align:start position:0%
Our last visit for today will be on
Triton,<00:53:44.319><c> the</c><00:53:44.480><c> largest</c><00:53:44.880><c> of</c><00:53:45.200><c> Neptune's</c><00:53:45.760><c> moons.</c>

00:53:46.790 --> 00:53:46.800 align:start position:0%
Triton, the largest of Neptune's moons.
 

00:53:46.800 --> 00:53:49.109 align:start position:0%
Triton, the largest of Neptune's moons.
On<00:53:47.040><c> the</c><00:53:47.280><c> horizon,</c><00:53:47.760><c> you</c><00:53:48.000><c> will</c><00:53:48.160><c> see</c><00:53:48.319><c> its</c><00:53:48.559><c> pale,</c>

00:53:49.109 --> 00:53:49.119 align:start position:0%
On the horizon, you will see its pale,
 

00:53:49.119 --> 00:53:52.790 align:start position:0%
On the horizon, you will see its pale,
thin<00:53:49.520><c> atmosphere</c><00:53:50.400><c> illuminated</c><00:53:50.960><c> by</c><00:53:51.200><c> the</c><00:53:51.440><c> sun.</c>

00:53:52.790 --> 00:53:52.800 align:start position:0%
thin atmosphere illuminated by the sun.
 

00:53:52.800 --> 00:53:55.670 align:start position:0%
thin atmosphere illuminated by the sun.
Neptune<00:53:53.280><c> itself</c><00:53:53.680><c> is</c><00:53:54.160><c> 16</c><00:53:54.640><c> times</c><00:53:55.040><c> bigger</c><00:53:55.359><c> in</c><00:53:55.520><c> the</c>

00:53:55.670 --> 00:53:55.680 align:start position:0%
Neptune itself is 16 times bigger in the
 

00:53:55.680 --> 00:53:58.150 align:start position:0%
Neptune itself is 16 times bigger in the
sky<00:53:55.839><c> of</c><00:53:56.079><c> Triton</c><00:53:56.960><c> than</c><00:53:57.280><c> how</c><00:53:57.440><c> our</c><00:53:57.680><c> moon</c><00:53:57.920><c> would</c>

00:53:58.150 --> 00:53:58.160 align:start position:0%
sky of Triton than how our moon would
 

00:53:58.160 --> 00:54:02.710 align:start position:0%
sky of Triton than how our moon would
appear,<00:53:58.960><c> but</c><00:53:59.280><c> is</c><00:53:59.680><c> 250</c><00:54:00.720><c> times</c><00:54:01.119><c> dimmer.</c>

00:54:02.710 --> 00:54:02.720 align:start position:0%
appear, but is 250 times dimmer.
 

00:54:02.720 --> 00:54:05.589 align:start position:0%
appear, but is 250 times dimmer.
For<00:54:03.040><c> us,</c><00:54:03.280><c> the</c><00:54:03.520><c> sun</c><00:54:03.760><c> is</c><00:54:04.000><c> crucial</c><00:54:04.400><c> for</c><00:54:04.640><c> survival.</c>

00:54:05.589 --> 00:54:05.599 align:start position:0%
For us, the sun is crucial for survival.
 

00:54:05.599 --> 00:54:09.270 align:start position:0%
For us, the sun is crucial for survival.
On<00:54:05.920><c> Triton,</c><00:54:06.400><c> the</c><00:54:06.640><c> temperature</c><00:54:06.960><c> is</c><00:54:07.280><c> -230°</c>

00:54:09.270 --> 00:54:09.280 align:start position:0%
On Triton, the temperature is -230°
 

00:54:09.280 --> 00:54:11.430 align:start position:0%
On Triton, the temperature is -230°
centigrade,<00:54:10.160><c> far</c><00:54:10.400><c> too</c><00:54:10.640><c> cold</c><00:54:10.880><c> for</c><00:54:11.040><c> us</c><00:54:11.280><c> to</c>

00:54:11.430 --> 00:54:11.440 align:start position:0%
centigrade, far too cold for us to
 

00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:13.990 align:start position:0%
centigrade, far too cold for us to
survive.<00:54:12.480><c> But</c><00:54:12.640><c> to</c><00:54:12.800><c> me,</c><00:54:13.280><c> it's</c><00:54:13.520><c> hugely</c>

00:54:13.990 --> 00:54:14.000 align:start position:0%
survive. But to me, it's hugely
 

00:54:14.000 --> 00:54:16.230 align:start position:0%
survive. But to me, it's hugely
interesting<00:54:14.400><c> to</c><00:54:14.640><c> know</c><00:54:15.040><c> how</c><00:54:15.440><c> different</c><00:54:15.839><c> skies</c>

00:54:16.230 --> 00:54:16.240 align:start position:0%
interesting to know how different skies
 

00:54:16.240 --> 00:54:18.390 align:start position:0%
interesting to know how different skies
can<00:54:16.480><c> look</c><00:54:16.880><c> even</c><00:54:17.200><c> within</c><00:54:17.599><c> our</c><00:54:17.839><c> own</c><00:54:18.079><c> solar</c>

00:54:18.390 --> 00:54:18.400 align:start position:0%
can look even within our own solar
 

00:54:18.400 --> 00:54:20.710 align:start position:0%
can look even within our own solar
system.<00:54:19.280><c> I've</c><00:54:19.520><c> only</c><00:54:19.760><c> scratched</c><00:54:20.079><c> the</c><00:54:20.319><c> surface</c>

00:54:20.710 --> 00:54:20.720 align:start position:0%
system. I've only scratched the surface
 

00:54:20.720 --> 00:54:22.790 align:start position:0%
system. I've only scratched the surface
today<00:54:21.200><c> of</c><00:54:21.520><c> different</c><00:54:21.839><c> views</c><00:54:22.240><c> from</c><00:54:22.480><c> different</c>

00:54:22.790 --> 00:54:22.800 align:start position:0%
today of different views from different
 

00:54:22.800 --> 00:54:25.589 align:start position:0%
today of different views from different
planets<00:54:23.359><c> or</c><00:54:23.680><c> moons,</c><00:54:24.480><c> comets,</c><00:54:25.119><c> and</c><00:54:25.280><c> even</c>

00:54:25.589 --> 00:54:25.599 align:start position:0%
planets or moons, comets, and even
 

00:54:25.599 --> 00:54:28.230 align:start position:0%
planets or moons, comets, and even
asteroids.<00:54:26.880><c> Each</c><00:54:27.280><c> have</c><00:54:27.520><c> their</c><00:54:27.760><c> unique</c>

00:54:28.230 --> 00:54:28.240 align:start position:0%
asteroids. Each have their unique
 

00:54:28.240 --> 00:54:30.710 align:start position:0%
asteroids. Each have their unique
stories<00:54:28.640><c> to</c><00:54:28.880><c> tell.</c><00:54:29.599><c> Stories</c><00:54:30.240><c> which</c><00:54:30.559><c> we</c>

00:54:30.710 --> 00:54:30.720 align:start position:0%
stories to tell. Stories which we
 

00:54:30.720 --> 00:54:34.230 align:start position:0%
stories to tell. Stories which we
ourselves<00:54:31.359><c> can</c><00:54:31.680><c> discover.</c>

00:54:34.230 --> 00:54:34.240 align:start position:0%
ourselves can discover.
 

00:54:34.240 --> 00:54:36.150 align:start position:0%
ourselves can discover.
Look<00:54:34.480><c> into</c><00:54:34.720><c> the</c><00:54:34.880><c> night</c><00:54:35.119><c> sky</c><00:54:35.359><c> on</c><00:54:35.520><c> a</c><00:54:35.680><c> clear</c><00:54:35.920><c> night</c>

00:54:36.150 --> 00:54:36.160 align:start position:0%
Look into the night sky on a clear night
 

00:54:36.160 --> 00:54:37.910 align:start position:0%
Look into the night sky on a clear night
and<00:54:36.319><c> you'll</c><00:54:36.559><c> see</c><00:54:36.800><c> thousands</c><00:54:37.280><c> of</c><00:54:37.440><c> stars</c>

00:54:37.910 --> 00:54:37.920 align:start position:0%
and you'll see thousands of stars
 

00:54:37.920 --> 00:54:40.870 align:start position:0%
and you'll see thousands of stars
spanning<00:54:38.400><c> across</c><00:54:38.720><c> your</c><00:54:38.960><c> view.</c>

00:54:40.870 --> 00:54:40.880 align:start position:0%
spanning across your view.
 

00:54:40.880 --> 00:54:43.030 align:start position:0%
spanning across your view.
These<00:54:41.200><c> stars</c><00:54:41.520><c> are</c><00:54:41.680><c> a</c><00:54:42.000><c> beautiful</c><00:54:42.480><c> reminder</c><00:54:42.880><c> of</c>

00:54:43.030 --> 00:54:43.040 align:start position:0%
These stars are a beautiful reminder of
 

00:54:43.040 --> 00:54:46.150 align:start position:0%
These stars are a beautiful reminder of
the<00:54:43.200><c> cosmos</c><00:54:43.680><c> we</c><00:54:43.920><c> live</c><00:54:44.000><c> in.</c>

00:54:46.150 --> 00:54:46.160 align:start position:0%
the cosmos we live in.
 

00:54:46.160 --> 00:54:48.790 align:start position:0%
the cosmos we live in.
But<00:54:46.559><c> curiously,</c><00:54:47.599><c> when</c><00:54:47.839><c> you</c><00:54:48.000><c> look</c><00:54:48.160><c> at</c><00:54:48.319><c> the</c><00:54:48.480><c> many</c>

00:54:48.790 --> 00:54:48.800 align:start position:0%
But curiously, when you look at the many
 

00:54:48.800 --> 00:54:50.630 align:start position:0%
But curiously, when you look at the many
different<00:54:49.200><c> images</c><00:54:49.680><c> released</c><00:54:50.000><c> by</c><00:54:50.319><c> space</c>

00:54:50.630 --> 00:54:50.640 align:start position:0%
different images released by space
 

00:54:50.640 --> 00:54:53.430 align:start position:0%
different images released by space
agencies<00:54:51.280><c> of</c><00:54:51.680><c> objects</c><00:54:52.079><c> in</c><00:54:52.400><c> space,</c><00:54:53.119><c> the</c>

00:54:53.430 --> 00:54:53.440 align:start position:0%
agencies of objects in space, the
 

00:54:53.440 --> 00:54:55.670 align:start position:0%
agencies of objects in space, the
background<00:54:53.839><c> looks</c><00:54:54.319><c> mysteriously</c><00:54:55.040><c> void</c><00:54:55.359><c> of</c>

00:54:55.670 --> 00:54:55.680 align:start position:0%
background looks mysteriously void of
 

00:54:55.680 --> 00:54:57.510 align:start position:0%
background looks mysteriously void of
anything.

00:54:57.510 --> 00:54:57.520 align:start position:0%
anything.
 

00:54:57.520 --> 00:55:00.150 align:start position:0%
anything.
Why<00:54:57.839><c> is</c><00:54:58.000><c> that?</c><00:54:58.880><c> Surely</c><00:54:59.359><c> with</c><00:54:59.599><c> nothing</c><00:54:59.839><c> in</c><00:55:00.079><c> the</c>

00:55:00.150 --> 00:55:00.160 align:start position:0%
Why is that? Surely with nothing in the
 

00:55:00.160 --> 00:55:02.150 align:start position:0%
Why is that? Surely with nothing in the
way<00:55:00.400><c> like</c><00:55:00.559><c> an</c><00:55:00.800><c> atmosphere,</c><00:55:01.520><c> we</c><00:55:01.839><c> should</c><00:55:02.000><c> be</c>

00:55:02.150 --> 00:55:02.160 align:start position:0%
way like an atmosphere, we should be
 

00:55:02.160 --> 00:55:04.230 align:start position:0%
way like an atmosphere, we should be
able<00:55:02.400><c> to</c><00:55:02.559><c> see</c><00:55:02.880><c> all</c><00:55:03.119><c> the</c><00:55:03.280><c> stars</c><00:55:03.680><c> that</c><00:55:03.920><c> would</c><00:55:04.160><c> be</c>

00:55:04.230 --> 00:55:04.240 align:start position:0%
able to see all the stars that would be
 

00:55:04.240 --> 00:55:06.630 align:start position:0%
able to see all the stars that would be
in<00:55:04.480><c> that</c><00:55:04.640><c> view.</c>

00:55:06.630 --> 00:55:06.640 align:start position:0%
in that view.
 

00:55:06.640 --> 00:55:09.589 align:start position:0%
in that view.
In<00:55:06.800><c> fact,</c><00:55:07.440><c> even</c><00:55:07.839><c> Apollo</c><00:55:08.319><c> astronauts</c><00:55:09.040><c> reported</c>

00:55:09.589 --> 00:55:09.599 align:start position:0%
In fact, even Apollo astronauts reported
 

00:55:09.599 --> 00:55:11.750 align:start position:0%
In fact, even Apollo astronauts reported
not<00:55:09.839><c> being</c><00:55:10.079><c> able</c><00:55:10.319><c> to</c><00:55:10.480><c> see</c><00:55:10.720><c> any</c><00:55:11.040><c> stars</c><00:55:11.440><c> on</c><00:55:11.599><c> the</c>

00:55:11.750 --> 00:55:11.760 align:start position:0%
not being able to see any stars on the
 

00:55:11.760 --> 00:55:15.589 align:start position:0%
not being able to see any stars on the
moon<00:55:12.480><c> where</c><00:55:12.720><c> no</c><00:55:13.040><c> atmosphere</c><00:55:13.599><c> was</c><00:55:13.760><c> in</c><00:55:13.920><c> the</c><00:55:14.079><c> way.</c>

00:55:15.589 --> 00:55:15.599 align:start position:0%
moon where no atmosphere was in the way.
 

00:55:15.599 --> 00:55:19.190 align:start position:0%
moon where no atmosphere was in the way.
So,<00:55:16.079><c> what's</c><00:55:16.480><c> up</c><00:55:16.640><c> with</c><00:55:16.880><c> that?</c>

00:55:19.190 --> 00:55:19.200 align:start position:0%
So, what's up with that?
 

00:55:19.200 --> 00:55:21.510 align:start position:0%
So, what's up with that?
Well,<00:55:19.440><c> this</c><00:55:19.680><c> is</c><00:55:19.839><c> all</c><00:55:20.000><c> to</c><00:55:20.240><c> do</c><00:55:20.480><c> with</c><00:55:20.720><c> how</c><00:55:21.119><c> eyes</c>

00:55:21.510 --> 00:55:21.520 align:start position:0%
Well, this is all to do with how eyes
 

00:55:21.520 --> 00:55:23.990 align:start position:0%
Well, this is all to do with how eyes
and<00:55:21.839><c> cameras</c><00:55:22.319><c> work.</c>

00:55:23.990 --> 00:55:24.000 align:start position:0%
and cameras work.
 

00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:26.309 align:start position:0%
and cameras work.
When<00:55:24.240><c> we</c><00:55:24.480><c> look</c><00:55:24.640><c> at</c><00:55:24.800><c> a</c><00:55:25.040><c> bright</c><00:55:25.280><c> object,</c><00:55:26.000><c> our</c>

00:55:26.309 --> 00:55:26.319 align:start position:0%
When we look at a bright object, our
 

00:55:26.319 --> 00:55:28.870 align:start position:0%
When we look at a bright object, our
iris<00:55:26.800><c> shrinks</c><00:55:27.599><c> in</c><00:55:27.839><c> order</c><00:55:28.000><c> to</c><00:55:28.240><c> block</c><00:55:28.480><c> out</c><00:55:28.720><c> some</c>

00:55:28.870 --> 00:55:28.880 align:start position:0%
iris shrinks in order to block out some
 

00:55:28.880 --> 00:55:30.950 align:start position:0%
iris shrinks in order to block out some
of<00:55:29.040><c> the</c><00:55:29.200><c> light.</c>

00:55:30.950 --> 00:55:30.960 align:start position:0%
of the light.
 

00:55:30.960 --> 00:55:32.390 align:start position:0%
of the light.
This<00:55:31.119><c> is</c><00:55:31.280><c> what</c><00:55:31.440><c> happened</c><00:55:31.680><c> with</c><00:55:31.839><c> the</c><00:55:32.000><c> Apollo</c>

00:55:32.390 --> 00:55:32.400 align:start position:0%
This is what happened with the Apollo
 

00:55:32.400 --> 00:55:34.790 align:start position:0%
This is what happened with the Apollo
astronauts.<00:55:33.760><c> Even</c><00:55:34.000><c> though</c><00:55:34.160><c> there</c><00:55:34.400><c> was</c><00:55:34.559><c> no</c>

00:55:34.790 --> 00:55:34.800 align:start position:0%
astronauts. Even though there was no
 

00:55:34.800 --> 00:55:38.069 align:start position:0%
astronauts. Even though there was no
atmosphere<00:55:35.440><c> above</c><00:55:35.839><c> them,</c><00:55:37.119><c> the</c><00:55:37.440><c> reflection</c><00:55:37.920><c> of</c>

00:55:38.069 --> 00:55:38.079 align:start position:0%
atmosphere above them, the reflection of
 

00:55:38.079 --> 00:55:40.549 align:start position:0%
atmosphere above them, the reflection of
the<00:55:38.240><c> sun's</c><00:55:38.640><c> light</c><00:55:38.960><c> from</c><00:55:39.200><c> the</c><00:55:39.359><c> moon's</c><00:55:39.680><c> surface</c>

00:55:40.549 --> 00:55:40.559 align:start position:0%
the sun's light from the moon's surface
 

00:55:40.559 --> 00:55:42.710 align:start position:0%
the sun's light from the moon's surface
made<00:55:40.880><c> their</c><00:55:41.040><c> eyes</c><00:55:41.359><c> adjust</c><00:55:41.839><c> to</c><00:55:42.000><c> as</c><00:55:42.240><c> if</c><00:55:42.400><c> it</c><00:55:42.559><c> were</c>

00:55:42.710 --> 00:55:42.720 align:start position:0%
made their eyes adjust to as if it were
 

00:55:42.720 --> 00:55:44.470 align:start position:0%
made their eyes adjust to as if it were
day.

00:55:44.470 --> 00:55:44.480 align:start position:0%
day.
 

00:55:44.480 --> 00:55:46.790 align:start position:0%
day.
One<00:55:44.800><c> astronaut</c><00:55:45.440><c> reported</c><00:55:46.000><c> only</c><00:55:46.319><c> being</c><00:55:46.559><c> able</c>

00:55:46.790 --> 00:55:46.800 align:start position:0%
One astronaut reported only being able
 

00:55:46.800 --> 00:55:48.950 align:start position:0%
One astronaut reported only being able
to<00:55:46.880><c> see</c><00:55:47.119><c> some</c><00:55:47.359><c> of</c><00:55:47.440><c> the</c><00:55:47.599><c> brightest</c><00:55:48.000><c> stars</c><00:55:48.720><c> when</c>

00:55:48.950 --> 00:55:48.960 align:start position:0%
to see some of the brightest stars when
 

00:55:48.960 --> 00:55:50.470 align:start position:0%
to see some of the brightest stars when
he<00:55:49.200><c> was</c><00:55:49.280><c> in</c><00:55:49.440><c> the</c><00:55:49.599><c> shadow</c><00:55:49.839><c> of</c><00:55:50.000><c> the</c><00:55:50.160><c> lunar</c>

00:55:50.470 --> 00:55:50.480 align:start position:0%
he was in the shadow of the lunar
 

00:55:50.480 --> 00:55:53.109 align:start position:0%
he was in the shadow of the lunar
module,<00:55:51.280><c> looking</c><00:55:51.760><c> directly</c><00:55:52.319><c> up</c><00:55:52.640><c> with</c><00:55:52.880><c> his</c>

00:55:53.109 --> 00:55:53.119 align:start position:0%
module, looking directly up with his
 

00:55:53.119 --> 00:55:55.510 align:start position:0%
module, looking directly up with his
protective<00:55:53.599><c> visor</c><00:55:54.000><c> raised.</c>

00:55:55.510 --> 00:55:55.520 align:start position:0%
protective visor raised.
 

00:55:55.520 --> 00:55:57.670 align:start position:0%
protective visor raised.
I<00:55:55.760><c> imagine</c><00:55:56.240><c> though,</c><00:55:56.559><c> if</c><00:55:56.880><c> astronauts</c><00:55:57.440><c> ever</c>

00:55:57.670 --> 00:55:57.680 align:start position:0%
I imagine though, if astronauts ever
 

00:55:57.680 --> 00:55:59.990 align:start position:0%
I imagine though, if astronauts ever
land<00:55:58.000><c> on</c><00:55:58.160><c> the</c><00:55:58.319><c> night</c><00:55:58.559><c> side</c><00:55:58.799><c> of</c><00:55:58.960><c> the</c><00:55:59.119><c> moon</c><00:55:59.680><c> and</c>

00:55:59.990 --> 00:56:00.000 align:start position:0%
land on the night side of the moon and
 

00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:02.150 align:start position:0%
land on the night side of the moon and
have<00:56:00.240><c> their</c><00:56:00.480><c> eyes</c><00:56:00.799><c> adjust</c><00:56:01.280><c> the</c><00:56:01.440><c> near</c><00:56:01.839><c> pitch</c>

00:56:02.150 --> 00:56:02.160 align:start position:0%
have their eyes adjust the near pitch
 

00:56:02.160 --> 00:56:04.230 align:start position:0%
have their eyes adjust the near pitch
black<00:56:02.559><c> conditions,</c><00:56:03.440><c> they</c><00:56:03.680><c> would</c><00:56:03.839><c> get</c><00:56:04.000><c> a</c>

00:56:04.230 --> 00:56:04.240 align:start position:0%
black conditions, they would get a
 

00:56:04.240 --> 00:56:05.990 align:start position:0%
black conditions, they would get a
stunning<00:56:04.640><c> view</c><00:56:04.880><c> of</c><00:56:05.040><c> the</c><00:56:05.200><c> stars</c><00:56:05.520><c> in</c><00:56:05.760><c> our</c>

00:56:05.990 --> 00:56:06.000 align:start position:0%
stunning view of the stars in our
 

00:56:06.000 --> 00:56:08.470 align:start position:0%
stunning view of the stars in our
galaxy.

00:56:08.470 --> 00:56:08.480 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
 

00:56:08.480 --> 00:56:10.630 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
When<00:56:08.799><c> a</c><00:56:08.960><c> camera</c><00:56:09.280><c> on</c><00:56:09.520><c> board</c><00:56:09.680><c> a</c><00:56:09.920><c> spacecraft</c>

00:56:10.630 --> 00:56:10.640 align:start position:0%
When a camera on board a spacecraft
 

00:56:10.640 --> 00:56:13.270 align:start position:0%
When a camera on board a spacecraft
images<00:56:10.960><c> a</c><00:56:11.200><c> planet,</c><00:56:11.839><c> the</c><00:56:12.079><c> shutter</c><00:56:12.480><c> speed,</c><00:56:13.040><c> or</c>

00:56:13.270 --> 00:56:13.280 align:start position:0%
images a planet, the shutter speed, or
 

00:56:13.280 --> 00:56:15.190 align:start position:0%
images a planet, the shutter speed, or
the<00:56:13.440><c> amount</c><00:56:13.760><c> of</c><00:56:13.920><c> light</c><00:56:14.160><c> a</c><00:56:14.400><c> shutter</c><00:56:14.799><c> allows</c>

00:56:15.190 --> 00:56:15.200 align:start position:0%
the amount of light a shutter allows
 

00:56:15.200 --> 00:56:17.589 align:start position:0%
the amount of light a shutter allows
into<00:56:15.440><c> the</c><00:56:15.680><c> camera</c><00:56:16.000><c> before</c><00:56:16.240><c> it</c><00:56:16.480><c> closes</c><00:56:16.880><c> again,</c>

00:56:17.589 --> 00:56:17.599 align:start position:0%
into the camera before it closes again,
 

00:56:17.599 --> 00:56:19.750 align:start position:0%
into the camera before it closes again,
is<00:56:17.839><c> set</c><00:56:18.079><c> for</c><00:56:18.319><c> the</c><00:56:18.480><c> equivalent</c><00:56:18.960><c> of</c><00:56:19.200><c> daytime</c>

00:56:19.750 --> 00:56:19.760 align:start position:0%
is set for the equivalent of daytime
 

00:56:19.760 --> 00:56:22.390 align:start position:0%
is set for the equivalent of daytime
levels.<00:56:21.119><c> Because</c><00:56:21.440><c> what</c><00:56:21.680><c> we</c><00:56:21.839><c> are</c><00:56:22.000><c> usually</c>

00:56:22.390 --> 00:56:22.400 align:start position:0%
levels. Because what we are usually
 

00:56:22.400 --> 00:56:24.150 align:start position:0%
levels. Because what we are usually
looking<00:56:22.640><c> at</c><00:56:22.880><c> is</c><00:56:23.119><c> the</c><00:56:23.280><c> day</c><00:56:23.520><c> side</c><00:56:23.760><c> of</c><00:56:23.920><c> the</c>

00:56:24.150 --> 00:56:24.160 align:start position:0%
looking at is the day side of the
 

00:56:24.160 --> 00:56:26.710 align:start position:0%
looking at is the day side of the
object.

00:56:26.710 --> 00:56:26.720 align:start position:0%
object.
 

00:56:26.720 --> 00:56:28.789 align:start position:0%
object.
This<00:56:26.960><c> shutter</c><00:56:27.359><c> speed</c><00:56:27.680><c> is</c><00:56:27.920><c> too</c><00:56:28.240><c> quick</c><00:56:28.480><c> for</c>

00:56:28.789 --> 00:56:28.799 align:start position:0%
This shutter speed is too quick for
 

00:56:28.799 --> 00:56:32.150 align:start position:0%
This shutter speed is too quick for
background<00:56:29.280><c> stars</c><00:56:29.599><c> to</c><00:56:29.760><c> be</c><00:56:29.920><c> picked</c><00:56:30.160><c> up.</c>

00:56:32.150 --> 00:56:32.160 align:start position:0%
background stars to be picked up.
 

00:56:32.160 --> 00:56:34.870 align:start position:0%
background stars to be picked up.
But<00:56:32.480><c> every</c><00:56:32.799><c> so</c><00:56:33.040><c> often,</c><00:56:33.760><c> we</c><00:56:34.000><c> do</c><00:56:34.240><c> want</c><00:56:34.400><c> to</c><00:56:34.559><c> image</c>

00:56:34.870 --> 00:56:34.880 align:start position:0%
But every so often, we do want to image
 

00:56:34.880 --> 00:56:36.789 align:start position:0%
But every so often, we do want to image
the<00:56:35.040><c> night</c><00:56:35.280><c> side</c><00:56:35.520><c> of</c><00:56:35.680><c> the</c><00:56:35.839><c> object,</c><00:56:36.559><c> which</c>

00:56:36.789 --> 00:56:36.799 align:start position:0%
the night side of the object, which
 

00:56:36.799 --> 00:56:39.190 align:start position:0%
the night side of the object, which
means<00:56:37.119><c> we</c><00:56:37.359><c> must</c><00:56:37.680><c> increase</c><00:56:38.000><c> the</c><00:56:38.240><c> exposure</c><00:56:38.720><c> time</c>

00:56:39.190 --> 00:56:39.200 align:start position:0%
means we must increase the exposure time
 

00:56:39.200 --> 00:56:41.750 align:start position:0%
means we must increase the exposure time
to<00:56:39.520><c> allow</c><00:56:39.839><c> more</c><00:56:40.079><c> light</c><00:56:40.400><c> into</c><00:56:40.720><c> the</c><00:56:40.880><c> camera.</c>

00:56:41.750 --> 00:56:41.760 align:start position:0%
to allow more light into the camera.
 

00:56:41.760 --> 00:56:43.589 align:start position:0%
to allow more light into the camera.
When<00:56:42.000><c> this</c><00:56:42.240><c> happens,</c><00:56:42.960><c> suddenly</c><00:56:43.359><c> the</c>

00:56:43.589 --> 00:56:43.599 align:start position:0%
When this happens, suddenly the
 

00:56:43.599 --> 00:56:48.710 align:start position:0%
When this happens, suddenly the
background<00:56:44.160><c> becomes</c><00:56:44.640><c> full</c><00:56:44.880><c> of</c><00:56:45.119><c> stars.</c>

00:56:48.710 --> 00:56:48.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:56:48.720 --> 00:56:51.190 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:56:48.960><c> is</c><00:56:49.119><c> a</c><00:56:49.280><c> time-lapse</c><00:56:49.839><c> of</c><00:56:50.000><c> raw</c><00:56:50.400><c> images</c><00:56:50.799><c> taken</c>

00:56:51.190 --> 00:56:51.200 align:start position:0%
This is a time-lapse of raw images taken
 

00:56:51.200 --> 00:56:53.589 align:start position:0%
This is a time-lapse of raw images taken
by<00:56:51.359><c> the</c><00:56:51.520><c> Cassini</c><00:56:52.079><c> spacecraft.</c><00:56:53.119><c> As</c><00:56:53.359><c> you</c><00:56:53.520><c> can</c>

00:56:53.589 --> 00:56:53.599 align:start position:0%
by the Cassini spacecraft. As you can
 

00:56:53.599 --> 00:56:55.430 align:start position:0%
by the Cassini spacecraft. As you can
see,<00:56:53.920><c> Cassini</c><00:56:54.480><c> takes</c><00:56:54.720><c> a</c><00:56:54.960><c> lot</c><00:56:55.040><c> of</c><00:56:55.200><c> different</c>

00:56:55.430 --> 00:56:55.440 align:start position:0%
see, Cassini takes a lot of different
 

00:56:55.440 --> 00:56:58.069 align:start position:0%
see, Cassini takes a lot of different
images<00:56:55.839><c> with</c><00:56:56.160><c> different</c><00:56:56.480><c> exposures.</c><00:56:57.520><c> In</c><00:56:57.839><c> some</c>

00:56:58.069 --> 00:56:58.079 align:start position:0%
images with different exposures. In some
 

00:56:58.079 --> 00:57:00.150 align:start position:0%
images with different exposures. In some
images<00:56:58.640><c> there</c><00:56:58.799><c> are</c><00:56:59.040><c> no</c><00:56:59.280><c> background</c><00:56:59.760><c> stars</c>

00:57:00.150 --> 00:57:00.160 align:start position:0%
images there are no background stars
 

00:57:00.160 --> 00:57:05.030 align:start position:0%
images there are no background stars
visible<00:57:01.040><c> and</c><00:57:01.280><c> in</c><00:57:01.520><c> others</c><00:57:02.000><c> there</c><00:57:02.240><c> are.</c>

00:57:05.030 --> 00:57:05.040 align:start position:0%
visible and in others there are.
 

00:57:05.040 --> 00:57:07.349 align:start position:0%
visible and in others there are.
But<00:57:05.280><c> this</c><00:57:05.520><c> leads</c><00:57:05.839><c> onto</c><00:57:06.240><c> another</c><00:57:06.720><c> interesting</c>

00:57:07.349 --> 00:57:07.359 align:start position:0%
But this leads onto another interesting
 

00:57:07.359 --> 00:57:09.750 align:start position:0%
But this leads onto another interesting
point<00:57:07.760><c> about</c><00:57:08.079><c> the</c><00:57:08.319><c> images</c><00:57:08.799><c> space</c><00:57:09.119><c> agencies</c>

00:57:09.750 --> 00:57:09.760 align:start position:0%
point about the images space agencies
 

00:57:09.760 --> 00:57:12.549 align:start position:0%
point about the images space agencies
release<00:57:10.079><c> to</c><00:57:10.319><c> the</c><00:57:10.480><c> public.</c>

00:57:12.549 --> 00:57:12.559 align:start position:0%
release to the public.
 

00:57:12.559 --> 00:57:14.390 align:start position:0%
release to the public.
You<00:57:12.720><c> may</c><00:57:12.880><c> have</c><00:57:13.040><c> seen</c><00:57:13.280><c> some</c><00:57:13.520><c> of</c><00:57:13.680><c> these</c><00:57:14.000><c> stunning</c>

00:57:14.390 --> 00:57:14.400 align:start position:0%
You may have seen some of these stunning
 

00:57:14.400 --> 00:57:17.030 align:start position:0%
You may have seen some of these stunning
images<00:57:14.720><c> of</c><00:57:14.960><c> Saturn</c><00:57:15.440><c> before,</c><00:57:16.160><c> but</c><00:57:16.400><c> you</c><00:57:16.640><c> may</c><00:57:16.799><c> not</c>

00:57:17.030 --> 00:57:17.040 align:start position:0%
images of Saturn before, but you may not
 

00:57:17.040 --> 00:57:20.069 align:start position:0%
images of Saturn before, but you may not
realize<00:57:17.440><c> that</c><00:57:17.760><c> this</c><00:57:18.000><c> isn't</c><00:57:18.400><c> one</c><00:57:18.640><c> image,</c><00:57:19.760><c> but</c>

00:57:20.069 --> 00:57:20.079 align:start position:0%
realize that this isn't one image, but
 

00:57:20.079 --> 00:57:22.710 align:start position:0%
realize that this isn't one image, but
it's<00:57:20.319><c> rather</c><00:57:20.799><c> a</c><00:57:21.040><c> mosaic</c><00:57:21.520><c> of</c><00:57:21.680><c> several</c><00:57:22.160><c> images</c>

00:57:22.710 --> 00:57:22.720 align:start position:0%
it's rather a mosaic of several images
 

00:57:22.720 --> 00:57:25.109 align:start position:0%
it's rather a mosaic of several images
stitched<00:57:23.200><c> together.</c>

00:57:25.109 --> 00:57:25.119 align:start position:0%
stitched together.
 

00:57:25.119 --> 00:57:27.430 align:start position:0%
stitched together.
In<00:57:25.359><c> such</c><00:57:25.680><c> mosaics,</c><00:57:26.400><c> you</c><00:57:26.720><c> definitely</c><00:57:27.200><c> won't</c>

00:57:27.430 --> 00:57:27.440 align:start position:0%
In such mosaics, you definitely won't
 

00:57:27.440 --> 00:57:29.589 align:start position:0%
In such mosaics, you definitely won't
see<00:57:27.680><c> background</c><00:57:28.240><c> stars</c><00:57:29.040><c> because</c><00:57:29.280><c> the</c>

00:57:29.589 --> 00:57:29.599 align:start position:0%
see background stars because the
 

00:57:29.599 --> 00:57:31.829 align:start position:0%
see background stars because the
sections<00:57:30.000><c> of</c><00:57:30.160><c> black</c><00:57:30.559><c> around</c><00:57:30.880><c> the</c><00:57:31.119><c> image</c><00:57:31.520><c> won't</c>

00:57:31.829 --> 00:57:31.839 align:start position:0%
sections of black around the image won't
 

00:57:31.839 --> 00:57:34.230 align:start position:0%
sections of black around the image won't
have<00:57:32.000><c> been</c><00:57:32.240><c> added</c><00:57:32.400><c> to</c><00:57:32.559><c> the</c><00:57:32.720><c> mosaic.</c>

00:57:34.230 --> 00:57:34.240 align:start position:0%
have been added to the mosaic.
 

00:57:34.240 --> 00:57:36.710 align:start position:0%
have been added to the mosaic.
Lots<00:57:34.559><c> of</c><00:57:34.720><c> spacecraft</c><00:57:35.280><c> take</c><00:57:35.599><c> images</c><00:57:35.920><c> this</c><00:57:36.240><c> way.</c>

00:57:36.710 --> 00:57:36.720 align:start position:0%
Lots of spacecraft take images this way.
 

00:57:36.720 --> 00:57:39.109 align:start position:0%
Lots of spacecraft take images this way.
The<00:57:36.960><c> reason</c><00:57:37.200><c> being</c><00:57:37.839><c> it</c><00:57:38.079><c> can</c><00:57:38.240><c> dramatically</c>

00:57:39.109 --> 00:57:39.119 align:start position:0%
The reason being it can dramatically
 

00:57:39.119 --> 00:57:41.190 align:start position:0%
The reason being it can dramatically
increase<00:57:39.359><c> the</c><00:57:39.599><c> resolution</c><00:57:40.000><c> of</c><00:57:40.160><c> an</c><00:57:40.400><c> image</c><00:57:40.960><c> and</c>

00:57:41.190 --> 00:57:41.200 align:start position:0%
increase the resolution of an image and
 

00:57:41.200 --> 00:57:43.430 align:start position:0%
increase the resolution of an image and
reduce<00:57:41.520><c> the</c><00:57:41.760><c> amount</c><00:57:42.000><c> of</c><00:57:42.240><c> data</c><00:57:42.640><c> that</c><00:57:42.960><c> has</c><00:57:43.119><c> to</c><00:57:43.280><c> be</c>

00:57:43.430 --> 00:57:43.440 align:start position:0%
reduce the amount of data that has to be
 

00:57:43.440 --> 00:57:45.510 align:start position:0%
reduce the amount of data that has to be
transmitted<00:57:44.000><c> back.</c>

00:57:45.510 --> 00:57:45.520 align:start position:0%
transmitted back.
 

00:57:45.520 --> 00:57:47.589 align:start position:0%
transmitted back.
Bandwidth<00:57:46.160><c> come</c><00:57:46.319><c> in</c><00:57:46.480><c> at</c><00:57:46.720><c> quite</c><00:57:46.960><c> a</c><00:57:47.200><c> premium</c>

00:57:47.589 --> 00:57:47.599 align:start position:0%
Bandwidth come in at quite a premium
 

00:57:47.599 --> 00:57:49.565 align:start position:0%
Bandwidth come in at quite a premium
where<00:57:47.839><c> data</c><00:57:48.160><c> speed</c><00:57:48.480><c> can</c><00:57:48.640><c> be</c><00:57:48.799><c> reduced</c><00:57:49.200><c> to</c><00:57:49.520><c> 2</c>

00:57:49.565 --> 00:57:49.575 align:start position:0%
where data speed can be reduced to 2
 

00:57:49.575 --> 00:57:51.430 align:start position:0%
where data speed can be reduced to 2
[music]<00:57:49.680><c> kilobytes</c><00:57:50.240><c> pers</c><00:57:50.720><c> at</c><00:57:50.880><c> the</c><00:57:51.040><c> farthest</c>

00:57:51.430 --> 00:57:51.440 align:start position:0%
[music] kilobytes pers at the farthest
 

00:57:51.440 --> 00:57:54.470 align:start position:0%
[music] kilobytes pers at the farthest
distances.

00:57:54.470 --> 00:57:54.480 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:57:54.480 --> 00:57:56.950 align:start position:0%
 
So,<00:57:54.880><c> there</c><00:57:55.119><c> you</c><00:57:55.359><c> go.</c><00:57:55.839><c> Now</c><00:57:56.079><c> you</c><00:57:56.319><c> know</c><00:57:56.480><c> why</c><00:57:56.720><c> you</c>

00:57:56.950 --> 00:57:56.960 align:start position:0%
So, there you go. Now you know why you
 

00:57:56.960 --> 00:57:58.470 align:start position:0%
So, there you go. Now you know why you
don't<00:57:57.119><c> tend</c><00:57:57.359><c> to</c><00:57:57.520><c> see</c><00:57:57.760><c> stars</c><00:57:58.079><c> in</c><00:57:58.319><c> the</c>

00:57:58.470 --> 00:57:58.480 align:start position:0%
don't tend to see stars in the
 

00:57:58.480 --> 00:58:03.910 align:start position:0%
don't tend to see stars in the
background<00:57:58.880><c> of</c><00:57:59.119><c> space</c><00:57:59.520><c> images.</c>

00:58:03.910 --> 00:58:03.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:58:03.920 --> 00:58:06.230 align:start position:0%
 
A<00:58:04.160><c> massive</c><00:58:04.640><c> thank</c><00:58:04.880><c> you</c><00:58:05.040><c> to</c><00:58:05.200><c> our</c><00:58:05.440><c> astronauts</c><00:58:06.000><c> on</c>

00:58:06.230 --> 00:58:06.240 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
 

00:58:06.240 --> 00:58:09.589 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
Patreon.<00:58:07.200><c> This</c><00:58:07.520><c> video</c><00:58:07.920><c> had</c><00:58:08.240><c> no</c><00:58:08.559><c> sponsors,</c><00:58:09.359><c> but</c>

00:58:09.589 --> 00:58:09.599 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
 

00:58:09.599 --> 00:58:11.349 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
it<00:58:09.760><c> was</c><00:58:09.839><c> still</c><00:58:10.079><c> made</c><00:58:10.319><c> possible</c><00:58:10.720><c> thanks</c><00:58:10.960><c> to</c><00:58:11.119><c> the</c>

00:58:11.349 --> 00:58:11.359 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
 

00:58:11.359 --> 00:58:13.990 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
hundreds<00:58:11.760><c> of</c><00:58:12.000><c> members</c><00:58:12.319><c> we</c><00:58:12.720><c> have</c><00:58:12.880><c> there.</c><00:58:13.680><c> Link</c>

00:58:13.990 --> 00:58:14.000 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. Link
 

00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:15.910 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. Link
is<00:58:14.240><c> in</c><00:58:14.400><c> the</c><00:58:14.559><c> description</c><00:58:14.960><c> to</c><00:58:15.280><c> join</c><00:58:15.520><c> our</c>

00:58:15.910 --> 00:58:15.920 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
 

00:58:15.920 --> 00:58:18.630 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
growing<00:58:16.400><c> community.</c><00:58:17.760><c> Patreon</c><00:58:18.240><c> is</c><00:58:18.400><c> where</c>

00:58:18.630 --> 00:58:18.640 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
 

00:58:18.640 --> 00:58:21.030 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
Astramm<00:58:19.200><c> truly</c><00:58:19.599><c> takes</c><00:58:19.920><c> shape.</c><00:58:20.480><c> A</c><00:58:20.720><c> place</c><00:58:20.880><c> for</c>

00:58:21.030 --> 00:58:21.040 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly takes shape. A place for
 

00:58:21.040 --> 00:58:23.030 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly takes shape. A place for
people<00:58:21.280><c> who</c><00:58:21.440><c> love</c><00:58:21.760><c> space,</c><00:58:22.319><c> who</c><00:58:22.559><c> want</c><00:58:22.720><c> to</c><00:58:22.880><c> see</c>

00:58:23.030 --> 00:58:23.040 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
 

00:58:23.040 --> 00:58:25.829 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
these<00:58:23.440><c> videos</c><00:58:23.839><c> keep</c><00:58:24.079><c> improving</c><00:58:25.040><c> and</c><00:58:25.359><c> reaching</c>

00:58:25.829 --> 00:58:25.839 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
 

00:58:25.839 --> 00:58:28.630 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
more<00:58:26.319><c> curious</c><00:58:26.720><c> minds.</c><00:58:27.760><c> Every</c><00:58:28.079><c> new</c><00:58:28.319><c> member</c>

00:58:28.630 --> 00:58:28.640 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
 

00:58:28.640 --> 00:58:30.630 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
keeps<00:58:28.880><c> the</c><00:58:29.040><c> channel</c><00:58:29.359><c> focused</c><00:58:29.680><c> on</c><00:58:29.920><c> what</c><00:58:30.240><c> really</c>

00:58:30.630 --> 00:58:30.640 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
 

00:58:30.640 --> 00:58:33.349 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
matters,<00:58:31.440><c> making</c><00:58:31.680><c> the</c><00:58:32.000><c> complexity</c><00:58:32.480><c> of</c><00:58:32.720><c> space</c>

00:58:33.349 --> 00:58:33.359 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
 

00:58:33.359 --> 00:58:35.990 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
available<00:58:33.839><c> to</c><00:58:34.160><c> everyone.</c><00:58:35.040><c> If</c><00:58:35.280><c> you</c><00:58:35.440><c> enjoy</c><00:58:35.760><c> what</c>

00:58:35.990 --> 00:58:36.000 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
 

00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:38.549 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
we<00:58:36.160><c> do,</c><00:58:36.799><c> come</c><00:58:37.200><c> join</c><00:58:37.440><c> the</c><00:58:37.599><c> Astramm</c><00:58:38.160><c> community</c>

00:58:38.549 --> 00:58:38.559 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
 

00:58:38.559 --> 00:58:41.119 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
today.