WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:02.310 align:start position:0% In<00:00:00.400> the<00:00:00.560> frozen<00:00:01.040> depths<00:00:01.360> of<00:00:01.520> the<00:00:01.680> outer<00:00:02.000> solar 00:00:02.310 --> 00:00:02.320 align:start position:0% In the frozen depths of the outer solar 00:00:02.320 --> 00:00:05.510 align:start position:0% In the frozen depths of the outer solar system,<00:00:03.280> 500<00:00:03.919> astronomical<00:00:04.720> units<00:00:05.120> from<00:00:05.359> the 00:00:05.510 --> 00:00:05.520 align:start position:0% system, 500 astronomical units from the 00:00:05.520 --> 00:00:09.110 align:start position:0% system, 500 astronomical units from the sun,<00:00:06.319> far<00:00:06.720> beyond<00:00:07.120> the<00:00:07.359> orbit<00:00:07.680> of<00:00:07.839> Neptune, 00:00:09.110 --> 00:00:09.120 align:start position:0% sun, far beyond the orbit of Neptune, 00:00:09.120 --> 00:00:12.390 align:start position:0% sun, far beyond the orbit of Neptune, something<00:00:09.920> is<00:00:10.320> very<00:00:10.880> wrong. 00:00:12.390 --> 00:00:12.400 align:start position:0% something is very wrong. 00:00:12.400 --> 00:00:15.509 align:start position:0% something is very wrong. The<00:00:12.639> orbits<00:00:13.120> of<00:00:13.519> dozens<00:00:14.160> of<00:00:14.480> distant<00:00:15.040> rocky 00:00:15.509 --> 00:00:15.519 align:start position:0% The orbits of dozens of distant rocky 00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:18.310 align:start position:0% The orbits of dozens of distant rocky worlds<00:00:15.839> out<00:00:16.080> there<00:00:16.560> seem<00:00:16.880> to<00:00:17.119> be<00:00:17.440> tugged<00:00:18.000> and 00:00:18.310 --> 00:00:18.320 align:start position:0% worlds out there seem to be tugged and 00:00:18.320 --> 00:00:22.150 align:start position:0% worlds out there seem to be tugged and twisted<00:00:19.119> by<00:00:19.359> an<00:00:19.680> unseen<00:00:20.400> hand.<00:00:21.439> And<00:00:21.760> according 00:00:22.150 --> 00:00:22.160 align:start position:0% twisted by an unseen hand. And according 00:00:22.160 --> 00:00:25.189 align:start position:0% twisted by an unseen hand. And according to<00:00:22.400> our<00:00:22.880> best<00:00:23.359> models,<00:00:24.240> the<00:00:24.480> most<00:00:24.800> likely 00:00:25.189 --> 00:00:25.199 align:start position:0% to our best models, the most likely 00:00:25.199 --> 00:00:29.189 align:start position:0% to our best models, the most likely explanation<00:00:26.240> is<00:00:26.560> a<00:00:26.880> hidden<00:00:27.519> planet<00:00:28.480> silently 00:00:29.189 --> 00:00:29.199 align:start position:0% explanation is a hidden planet silently 00:00:29.199 --> 00:00:32.549 align:start position:0% explanation is a hidden planet silently circling<00:00:29.679> the<00:00:29.920> sun<00:00:30.160> on<00:00:30.400> a<00:00:30.880> vast<00:00:31.760> elongated 00:00:32.549 --> 00:00:32.559 align:start position:0% circling the sun on a vast elongated 00:00:32.559 --> 00:00:36.389 align:start position:0% circling the sun on a vast elongated orbit.<00:00:33.840> This<00:00:34.160> world<00:00:34.640> could<00:00:34.960> be<00:00:35.200> up<00:00:35.440> to<00:00:35.760> 10 00:00:36.389 --> 00:00:36.399 align:start position:0% orbit. This world could be up to 10 00:00:36.399 --> 00:00:40.229 align:start position:0% orbit. This world could be up to 10 times<00:00:36.880> the<00:00:37.200> mass<00:00:37.440> of<00:00:37.600> Earth.<00:00:38.719> And<00:00:38.960> yet,<00:00:39.920> we 00:00:40.229 --> 00:00:40.239 align:start position:0% times the mass of Earth. And yet, we 00:00:40.239 --> 00:00:43.350 align:start position:0% times the mass of Earth. And yet, we can't<00:00:40.559> find<00:00:40.800> it.<00:00:42.079> Astronomers<00:00:42.719> have<00:00:43.040> searched 00:00:43.350 --> 00:00:43.360 align:start position:0% can't find it. Astronomers have searched 00:00:43.360 --> 00:00:45.750 align:start position:0% can't find it. Astronomers have searched for<00:00:43.520> this<00:00:43.760> mysterious<00:00:44.399> planet<00:00:44.800> 9<00:00:45.200> for<00:00:45.520> more 00:00:45.750 --> 00:00:45.760 align:start position:0% for this mysterious planet 9 for more 00:00:45.760 --> 00:00:48.950 align:start position:0% for this mysterious planet 9 for more than<00:00:45.920> a<00:00:46.160> century.<00:00:47.200> But<00:00:47.440> every<00:00:47.760> survey,<00:00:48.559> every 00:00:48.950 --> 00:00:48.960 align:start position:0% than a century. But every survey, every 00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:53.110 align:start position:0% than a century. But every survey, every telescope<00:00:49.600> sweep<00:00:50.320> has<00:00:50.719> come<00:00:50.879> up<00:00:51.280> empty.<00:00:52.640> In<00:00:52.879> an 00:00:53.110 --> 00:00:53.120 align:start position:0% telescope sweep has come up empty. In an 00:00:53.120 --> 00:00:55.270 align:start position:0% telescope sweep has come up empty. In an age<00:00:53.440> where<00:00:53.680> we<00:00:53.840> can<00:00:54.000> image<00:00:54.320> planets<00:00:54.800> orbiting 00:00:55.270 --> 00:00:55.280 align:start position:0% age where we can image planets orbiting 00:00:55.280 --> 00:00:57.990 align:start position:0% age where we can image planets orbiting stars<00:00:55.920> dozens<00:00:56.399> of<00:00:56.480> light<00:00:56.800> years<00:00:57.039> away<00:00:57.680> and 00:00:57.990 --> 00:00:58.000 align:start position:0% stars dozens of light years away and 00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:00.150 align:start position:0% stars dozens of light years away and glimpse<00:00:58.399> the<00:00:58.640> first<00:00:58.879> galaxies<00:00:59.520> born<00:00:59.840> after 00:01:00.150 --> 00:01:00.160 align:start position:0% glimpse the first galaxies born after 00:01:00.160 --> 00:01:02.549 align:start position:0% glimpse the first galaxies born after the<00:01:00.399> Big<00:01:00.640> Bang,<00:01:01.440> the<00:01:01.680> fact<00:01:01.840> that<00:01:02.079> something 00:01:02.549 --> 00:01:02.559 align:start position:0% the Big Bang, the fact that something 00:01:02.559 --> 00:01:04.869 align:start position:0% the Big Bang, the fact that something this<00:01:02.960> large<00:01:03.440> could<00:01:03.680> be<00:01:03.840> hiding<00:01:04.239> in<00:01:04.479> our<00:01:04.720> own 00:01:04.869 --> 00:01:04.879 align:start position:0% this large could be hiding in our own 00:01:04.879 --> 00:01:08.789 align:start position:0% this large could be hiding in our own solar<00:01:05.280> system<00:01:06.000> is<00:01:06.400> deeply<00:01:06.880> unsettling. 00:01:08.789 --> 00:01:08.799 align:start position:0% solar system is deeply unsettling. 00:01:08.799 --> 00:01:13.270 align:start position:0% solar system is deeply unsettling. But<00:01:09.840> all<00:01:10.080> this<00:01:10.640> could<00:01:10.960> be<00:01:11.280> about<00:01:11.600> to<00:01:11.840> change. 00:01:13.270 --> 00:01:13.280 align:start position:0% But all this could be about to change. 00:01:13.280 --> 00:01:15.350 align:start position:0% But all this could be about to change. Earlier<00:01:13.680> this<00:01:13.920> year,<00:01:14.479> scientists<00:01:15.040> found 00:01:15.350 --> 00:01:15.360 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, scientists found 00:01:15.360 --> 00:01:17.990 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, scientists found something<00:01:15.760> buried<00:01:16.320> deep<00:01:16.640> in<00:01:16.880> the<00:01:17.040> data<00:01:17.360> from<00:01:17.680> a 00:01:17.990 --> 00:01:18.000 align:start position:0% something buried deep in the data from a 00:01:18.000 --> 00:01:20.710 align:start position:0% something buried deep in the data from a 40-year-old<00:01:18.880> space<00:01:19.200> telescope.<00:01:20.400> They've 00:01:20.710 --> 00:01:20.720 align:start position:0% 40-year-old space telescope. They've 00:01:20.720 --> 00:01:22.550 align:start position:0% 40-year-old space telescope. They've combined<00:01:21.040> it<00:01:21.280> with<00:01:21.520> information<00:01:22.000> from<00:01:22.240> a 00:01:22.550 --> 00:01:22.560 align:start position:0% combined it with information from a 00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:25.749 align:start position:0% combined it with information from a newer<00:01:22.960> data<00:01:23.280> set.<00:01:24.000> And<00:01:24.240> now,<00:01:24.960> for<00:01:25.200> the<00:01:25.439> very 00:01:25.749 --> 00:01:25.759 align:start position:0% newer data set. And now, for the very 00:01:25.759 --> 00:01:29.510 align:start position:0% newer data set. And now, for the very first<00:01:26.080> time,<00:01:27.040> they<00:01:27.360> may<00:01:27.680> have<00:01:27.920> an<00:01:28.159> answer. 00:01:29.510 --> 00:01:29.520 align:start position:0% first time, they may have an answer. 00:01:29.520 --> 00:01:33.670 align:start position:0% first time, they may have an answer. Have<00:01:30.000> scientists<00:01:30.799> finally<00:01:31.280> found<00:01:31.680> Planet<00:01:32.159> 9? 00:01:33.670 --> 00:01:33.680 align:start position:0% Have scientists finally found Planet 9? 00:01:33.680 --> 00:01:35.749 align:start position:0% Have scientists finally found Planet 9? I'm<00:01:34.000> Alex<00:01:34.320> Mccoan,<00:01:34.960> and<00:01:35.200> you're<00:01:35.439> watching 00:01:35.749 --> 00:01:35.759 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching 00:01:35.759 --> 00:01:38.550 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm.<00:01:36.640> Join<00:01:36.960> me<00:01:37.200> today<00:01:37.439> as<00:01:37.680> we<00:01:37.920> venture<00:01:38.320> to 00:01:38.550 --> 00:01:38.560 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we venture to 00:01:38.560 --> 00:01:40.710 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we venture to the<00:01:38.720> edge<00:01:38.960> of<00:01:39.119> our<00:01:39.360> solar<00:01:39.680> system<00:01:40.159> in<00:01:40.479> search 00:01:40.710 --> 00:01:40.720 align:start position:0% the edge of our solar system in search 00:01:40.720 --> 00:01:43.590 align:start position:0% the edge of our solar system in search of<00:01:40.960> the<00:01:41.280> missing<00:01:41.920> planet<00:01:42.240> 9.<00:01:43.040> We'll<00:01:43.280> delve 00:01:43.590 --> 00:01:43.600 align:start position:0% of the missing planet 9. We'll delve 00:01:43.600 --> 00:01:45.109 align:start position:0% of the missing planet 9. We'll delve into<00:01:43.759> the<00:01:43.920> data<00:01:44.240> these<00:01:44.479> scientists<00:01:44.960> are 00:01:45.109 --> 00:01:45.119 align:start position:0% into the data these scientists are 00:01:45.119 --> 00:01:47.429 align:start position:0% into the data these scientists are studying<00:01:45.759> and<00:01:46.079> find<00:01:46.240> out<00:01:46.560> what<00:01:46.799> it<00:01:47.040> takes<00:01:47.200> to 00:01:47.429 --> 00:01:47.439 align:start position:0% studying and find out what it takes to 00:01:47.439 --> 00:01:49.990 align:start position:0% studying and find out what it takes to prove<00:01:47.759> whether<00:01:48.000> or<00:01:48.240> not<00:01:48.399> a<00:01:48.640> planet<00:01:49.040> exists. 00:01:49.990 --> 00:01:50.000 align:start position:0% prove whether or not a planet exists. 00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:52.870 align:start position:0% prove whether or not a planet exists. With<00:01:50.240> new<00:01:50.479> telescopes<00:01:51.040> coming<00:01:51.360> online,<00:01:52.399> is<00:01:52.640> it 00:01:52.870 --> 00:01:52.880 align:start position:0% With new telescopes coming online, is it 00:01:52.880 --> 00:01:55.190 align:start position:0% With new telescopes coming online, is it only<00:01:53.200> a<00:01:53.360> matter<00:01:53.600> of<00:01:53.840> time<00:01:54.159> before<00:01:54.560> our<00:01:54.880> solar 00:01:55.190 --> 00:01:55.200 align:start position:0% only a matter of time before our solar 00:01:55.200 --> 00:02:01.429 align:start position:0% only a matter of time before our solar system<00:01:55.520> has<00:01:56.000> nine<00:01:56.399> planets<00:01:56.880> once<00:01:57.200> more? 00:02:01.429 --> 00:02:01.439 align:start position:0% 00:02:01.439 --> 00:02:03.749 align:start position:0% The<00:02:01.680> outer<00:02:02.000> reaches<00:02:02.399> of<00:02:02.479> the<00:02:02.719> solar<00:02:03.040> system<00:02:03.600> is 00:02:03.749 --> 00:02:03.759 align:start position:0% The outer reaches of the solar system is 00:02:03.759 --> 00:02:07.109 align:start position:0% The outer reaches of the solar system is a<00:02:04.000> mysterious<00:02:04.640> place.<00:02:05.920> Most<00:02:06.399> unlike<00:02:06.880> the 00:02:07.109 --> 00:02:07.119 align:start position:0% a mysterious place. Most unlike the 00:02:07.119 --> 00:02:10.229 align:start position:0% a mysterious place. Most unlike the inner<00:02:07.439> region<00:02:07.759> we<00:02:08.000> inhabit,<00:02:09.119> it's<00:02:09.440> so<00:02:09.679> distant 00:02:10.229 --> 00:02:10.239 align:start position:0% inner region we inhabit, it's so distant 00:02:10.239 --> 00:02:12.710 align:start position:0% inner region we inhabit, it's so distant that<00:02:10.560> even<00:02:10.800> if<00:02:11.039> we<00:02:11.200> set<00:02:11.440> out<00:02:11.680> at<00:02:11.840> the<00:02:12.080> speed<00:02:12.400> of 00:02:12.710 --> 00:02:12.720 align:start position:0% that even if we set out at the speed of 00:02:12.720 --> 00:02:15.670 align:start position:0% that even if we set out at the speed of light,<00:02:13.599> it<00:02:13.760> would<00:02:14.000> take<00:02:14.239> more<00:02:14.480> than<00:02:14.879> 8<00:02:15.280> hours 00:02:15.670 --> 00:02:15.680 align:start position:0% light, it would take more than 8 hours 00:02:15.680 --> 00:02:19.910 align:start position:0% light, it would take more than 8 hours to<00:02:15.920> get<00:02:16.080> there.<00:02:17.200> 9<00:02:17.440> billion<00:02:17.840> km<00:02:18.800> is<00:02:19.120> a<00:02:19.520> long 00:02:19.910 --> 00:02:19.920 align:start position:0% to get there. 9 billion km is a long 00:02:19.920 --> 00:02:21.430 align:start position:0% to get there. 9 billion km is a long way. 00:02:21.430 --> 00:02:21.440 align:start position:0% way. 00:02:21.440 --> 00:02:24.470 align:start position:0% way. Upon<00:02:21.840> arrival,<00:02:22.560> we'd<00:02:22.959> find<00:02:23.360> darkness 00:02:24.470 --> 00:02:24.480 align:start position:0% Upon arrival, we'd find darkness 00:02:24.480 --> 00:02:28.150 align:start position:0% Upon arrival, we'd find darkness peppered<00:02:24.959> with<00:02:25.520> unusual<00:02:26.640> icy<00:02:26.959> rocks,<00:02:27.760> many<00:02:28.000> of 00:02:28.150 --> 00:02:28.160 align:start position:0% peppered with unusual icy rocks, many of 00:02:28.160 --> 00:02:30.630 align:start position:0% peppered with unusual icy rocks, many of which<00:02:28.400> we<00:02:28.720> can<00:02:28.879> barely<00:02:29.360> detect,<00:02:30.160> which<00:02:30.400> we 00:02:30.630 --> 00:02:30.640 align:start position:0% which we can barely detect, which we 00:02:30.640 --> 00:02:34.790 align:start position:0% which we can barely detect, which we call<00:02:31.200> trans<00:02:31.680> neptunian<00:02:32.319> objects<00:02:32.800> or<00:02:33.200> TNOs. 00:02:34.790 --> 00:02:34.800 align:start position:0% call trans neptunian objects or TNOs. 00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:37.110 align:start position:0% call trans neptunian objects or TNOs. The<00:02:35.040> first<00:02:35.280> TNO<00:02:35.840> was<00:02:36.000> discovered<00:02:36.400> by<00:02:36.720> Clyde 00:02:37.110 --> 00:02:37.120 align:start position:0% The first TNO was discovered by Clyde 00:02:37.120 --> 00:02:40.869 align:start position:0% The first TNO was discovered by Clyde Tombbor<00:02:37.840> in<00:02:38.239> 1930.<00:02:39.680> I<00:02:39.920> suspect<00:02:40.400> you've<00:02:40.720> heard 00:02:40.869 --> 00:02:40.879 align:start position:0% Tombbor in 1930. I suspect you've heard 00:02:40.879 --> 00:02:44.390 align:start position:0% Tombbor in 1930. I suspect you've heard of<00:02:41.040> it.<00:02:41.599> It's<00:02:41.920> called<00:02:42.560> Pluto.<00:02:43.760> However,<00:02:44.239> it 00:02:44.390 --> 00:02:44.400 align:start position:0% of it. It's called Pluto. However, it 00:02:44.400 --> 00:02:46.630 align:start position:0% of it. It's called Pluto. However, it took<00:02:44.720> another<00:02:45.120> 60<00:02:45.440> years<00:02:45.680> until<00:02:46.000> we<00:02:46.239> found<00:02:46.400> the 00:02:46.630 --> 00:02:46.640 align:start position:0% took another 60 years until we found the 00:02:46.640 --> 00:02:51.509 align:start position:0% took another 60 years until we found the next<00:02:46.959> TNO.<00:02:48.080> And<00:02:48.640> an<00:02:48.959> age<00:02:49.200> of<00:02:49.440> discovery<00:02:50.080> began. 00:02:51.509 --> 00:02:51.519 align:start position:0% next TNO. And an age of discovery began. 00:02:51.519 --> 00:02:54.309 align:start position:0% next TNO. And an age of discovery began. Today,<00:02:51.920> we've<00:02:52.239> charted<00:02:52.720> nearly<00:02:53.280> 5,000<00:02:54.160> of 00:02:54.309 --> 00:02:54.319 align:start position:0% Today, we've charted nearly 5,000 of 00:02:54.319 --> 00:02:57.110 align:start position:0% Today, we've charted nearly 5,000 of these<00:02:54.640> strange<00:02:55.120> objects.<00:02:56.080> But<00:02:56.319> perhaps<00:02:56.800> the 00:02:57.110 --> 00:02:57.120 align:start position:0% these strange objects. But perhaps the 00:02:57.120 --> 00:03:01.030 align:start position:0% these strange objects. But perhaps the most<00:02:57.440> important<00:02:58.000> find<00:02:58.480> came<00:02:58.879> in<00:02:59.360> 2003<00:03:00.560> when<00:03:00.800> a 00:03:01.030 --> 00:03:01.040 align:start position:0% most important find came in 2003 when a 00:03:01.040 --> 00:03:02.949 align:start position:0% most important find came in 2003 when a group<00:03:01.200> of<00:03:01.360> scientists<00:03:01.760> led<00:03:02.080> by<00:03:02.319> Caltech's 00:03:02.949 --> 00:03:02.959 align:start position:0% group of scientists led by Caltech's 00:03:02.959 --> 00:03:05.589 align:start position:0% group of scientists led by Caltech's professor<00:03:03.280> Mike<00:03:03.599> Brown<00:03:04.239> decided<00:03:04.720> to<00:03:05.040> explore 00:03:05.589 --> 00:03:05.599 align:start position:0% professor Mike Brown decided to explore 00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:08.390 align:start position:0% professor Mike Brown decided to explore this<00:03:05.920> outer<00:03:06.319> realm.<00:03:07.280> It<00:03:07.519> wasn't<00:03:07.840> long<00:03:08.080> until 00:03:08.390 --> 00:03:08.400 align:start position:0% this outer realm. It wasn't long until 00:03:08.400 --> 00:03:10.869 align:start position:0% this outer realm. It wasn't long until they<00:03:08.640> found<00:03:08.879> Sedna,<00:03:09.760> another<00:03:10.080> dwarf<00:03:10.480> planet 00:03:10.869 --> 00:03:10.879 align:start position:0% they found Sedna, another dwarf planet 00:03:10.879 --> 00:03:13.110 align:start position:0% they found Sedna, another dwarf planet less<00:03:11.120> than<00:03:11.280> half<00:03:11.519> the<00:03:11.760> size<00:03:12.000> of<00:03:12.159> Pluto,<00:03:12.879> but 00:03:13.110 --> 00:03:13.120 align:start position:0% less than half the size of Pluto, but 00:03:13.120 --> 00:03:15.190 align:start position:0% less than half the size of Pluto, but with<00:03:13.280> an<00:03:13.519> inclined,<00:03:14.239> highly<00:03:14.640> elliptical 00:03:15.190 --> 00:03:15.200 align:start position:0% with an inclined, highly elliptical 00:03:15.200 --> 00:03:18.149 align:start position:0% with an inclined, highly elliptical orbit.<00:03:16.400> This<00:03:16.640> led<00:03:16.879> to<00:03:17.120> an<00:03:17.440> explosion<00:03:18.000> of 00:03:18.149 --> 00:03:18.159 align:start position:0% orbit. This led to an explosion of 00:03:18.159 --> 00:03:20.229 align:start position:0% orbit. This led to an explosion of interest<00:03:18.400> in<00:03:18.640> the<00:03:18.720> outer<00:03:19.040> solar<00:03:19.360> system<00:03:20.000> as 00:03:20.229 --> 00:03:20.239 align:start position:0% interest in the outer solar system as 00:03:20.239 --> 00:03:22.229 align:start position:0% interest in the outer solar system as scientists<00:03:20.720> rushed<00:03:21.120> to<00:03:21.280> explain<00:03:21.760> why<00:03:22.000> its 00:03:22.229 --> 00:03:22.239 align:start position:0% scientists rushed to explain why its 00:03:22.239 --> 00:03:25.030 align:start position:0% scientists rushed to explain why its orbit<00:03:22.560> was<00:03:22.800> so<00:03:23.040> unusual.<00:03:24.319> If<00:03:24.480> it<00:03:24.640> were<00:03:24.800> just 00:03:25.030 --> 00:03:25.040 align:start position:0% orbit was so unusual. If it were just 00:03:25.040 --> 00:03:28.070 align:start position:0% orbit was so unusual. If it were just Ednner,<00:03:25.599> it<00:03:25.840> could<00:03:26.080> be<00:03:26.239> put<00:03:26.400> down<00:03:26.640> to<00:03:26.879> chance. 00:03:28.070 --> 00:03:28.080 align:start position:0% Ednner, it could be put down to chance. 00:03:28.080 --> 00:03:30.390 align:start position:0% Ednner, it could be put down to chance. But<00:03:28.400> with<00:03:28.720> the<00:03:28.959> increased<00:03:29.440> attention<00:03:30.159> came 00:03:30.390 --> 00:03:30.400 align:start position:0% But with the increased attention came 00:03:30.400 --> 00:03:33.589 align:start position:0% But with the increased attention came the<00:03:30.720> discovery<00:03:31.200> of<00:03:31.840> many<00:03:32.239> more<00:03:32.480> Tennos<00:03:33.200> with 00:03:33.589 --> 00:03:33.599 align:start position:0% the discovery of many more Tennos with 00:03:33.599 --> 00:03:36.789 align:start position:0% the discovery of many more Tennos with equally<00:03:34.159> strange<00:03:34.720> orbits.<00:03:36.080> Some<00:03:36.400> cross<00:03:36.640> the 00:03:36.789 --> 00:03:36.799 align:start position:0% equally strange orbits. Some cross the 00:03:36.799 --> 00:03:39.670 align:start position:0% equally strange orbits. Some cross the orbital<00:03:37.200> path<00:03:37.440> of<00:03:37.599> Neptune.<00:03:38.720> Others<00:03:39.200> moved<00:03:39.519> in 00:03:39.670 --> 00:03:39.680 align:start position:0% orbital path of Neptune. Others moved in 00:03:39.680 --> 00:03:42.309 align:start position:0% orbital path of Neptune. Others moved in the<00:03:39.920> opposite<00:03:40.560> or<00:03:40.959> retrograde<00:03:41.840> direction<00:03:42.159> to 00:03:42.309 --> 00:03:42.319 align:start position:0% the opposite or retrograde direction to 00:03:42.319 --> 00:03:44.710 align:start position:0% the opposite or retrograde direction to the<00:03:42.480> eight<00:03:42.720> planets.<00:03:43.760> Many<00:03:44.159> were<00:03:44.400> just 00:03:44.710 --> 00:03:44.720 align:start position:0% the eight planets. Many were just 00:03:44.720 --> 00:03:47.030 align:start position:0% the eight planets. Many were just greatly<00:03:45.120> inclined.<00:03:46.319> It<00:03:46.560> raised<00:03:46.799> the 00:03:47.030 --> 00:03:47.040 align:start position:0% greatly inclined. It raised the 00:03:47.040 --> 00:03:50.309 align:start position:0% greatly inclined. It raised the question,<00:03:48.080> how<00:03:48.480> did<00:03:48.799> these<00:03:49.200> orbits<00:03:49.840> come<00:03:50.080> to 00:03:50.309 --> 00:03:50.319 align:start position:0% question, how did these orbits come to 00:03:50.319 --> 00:03:53.830 align:start position:0% question, how did these orbits come to be?<00:03:51.680> The<00:03:52.080> only<00:03:52.319> hypothesis<00:03:52.959> that<00:03:53.280> made<00:03:53.519> sense 00:03:53.830 --> 00:03:53.840 align:start position:0% be? The only hypothesis that made sense 00:03:53.840 --> 00:03:56.149 align:start position:0% be? The only hypothesis that made sense of<00:03:54.080> all<00:03:54.239> of<00:03:54.480> them<00:03:54.879> is<00:03:55.120> a<00:03:55.360> threebody 00:03:56.149 --> 00:03:56.159 align:start position:0% of all of them is a threebody 00:03:56.159 --> 00:03:59.350 align:start position:0% of all of them is a threebody interaction<00:03:56.879> known<00:03:57.360> as<00:03:57.599> the<00:03:58.239> lid<00:03:58.400> of<00:03:58.799> coai 00:03:59.350 --> 00:03:59.360 align:start position:0% interaction known as the lid of coai 00:03:59.360 --> 00:04:02.470 align:start position:0% interaction known as the lid of coai mechanism.<00:04:00.799> It<00:04:01.040> states<00:04:01.439> that<00:04:01.680> a<00:04:02.000> near 00:04:02.470 --> 00:04:02.480 align:start position:0% mechanism. It states that a near 00:04:02.480 --> 00:04:05.429 align:start position:0% mechanism. It states that a near circular<00:04:03.120> but<00:04:03.439> inclined<00:04:04.000> prograde<00:04:04.560> orbit<00:04:05.040> can 00:04:05.429 --> 00:04:05.439 align:start position:0% circular but inclined prograde orbit can 00:04:05.439 --> 00:04:08.550 align:start position:0% circular but inclined prograde orbit can trade<00:04:05.840> its<00:04:06.080> inclination<00:04:06.720> for<00:04:07.040> eccentricity. 00:04:08.550 --> 00:04:08.560 align:start position:0% trade its inclination for eccentricity. 00:04:08.560 --> 00:04:10.869 align:start position:0% trade its inclination for eccentricity. But<00:04:08.720> for<00:04:08.879> that<00:04:09.120> to<00:04:09.280> happen<00:04:09.760> requires<00:04:10.480> three 00:04:10.869 --> 00:04:10.879 align:start position:0% But for that to happen requires three 00:04:10.879 --> 00:04:16.069 align:start position:0% But for that to happen requires three things.<00:04:11.840> The<00:04:12.080> sun,<00:04:12.720> the<00:04:12.959> TNO,<00:04:14.080> and<00:04:14.480> a<00:04:15.599> distant 00:04:16.069 --> 00:04:16.079 align:start position:0% things. The sun, the TNO, and a distant 00:04:16.079 --> 00:04:17.830 align:start position:0% things. The sun, the TNO, and a distant perturber. 00:04:17.830 --> 00:04:17.840 align:start position:0% perturber. 00:04:17.840 --> 00:04:19.509 align:start position:0% perturber. Mike<00:04:18.160> Brown<00:04:18.400> and<00:04:18.639> his<00:04:18.799> colleague<00:04:19.199> Dr. 00:04:19.509 --> 00:04:19.519 align:start position:0% Mike Brown and his colleague Dr. 00:04:19.519 --> 00:04:22.069 align:start position:0% Mike Brown and his colleague Dr. Constantine<00:04:20.160> Batigan<00:04:21.120> modeled<00:04:21.519> the<00:04:21.680> orbits 00:04:22.069 --> 00:04:22.079 align:start position:0% Constantine Batigan modeled the orbits 00:04:22.079 --> 00:04:24.950 align:start position:0% Constantine Batigan modeled the orbits of<00:04:22.479> 17<00:04:22.960> Tennos's<00:04:23.919> and<00:04:24.160> predicted<00:04:24.560> that<00:04:24.720> the 00:04:24.950 --> 00:04:24.960 align:start position:0% of 17 Tennos's and predicted that the 00:04:24.960 --> 00:04:27.110 align:start position:0% of 17 Tennos's and predicted that the chance<00:04:25.120> of<00:04:25.280> their<00:04:25.520> movements<00:04:25.919> being<00:04:26.240> random 00:04:27.110 --> 00:04:27.120 align:start position:0% chance of their movements being random 00:04:27.120 --> 00:04:33.350 align:start position:0% chance of their movements being random was<00:04:27.440> just<00:04:28.000> 0.00006%. 00:04:33.350 --> 00:04:33.360 align:start position:0% 00:04:33.360 --> 00:04:35.350 align:start position:0% Instead,<00:04:34.000> their<00:04:34.320> model<00:04:34.720> suggested<00:04:35.120> that 00:04:35.350 --> 00:04:35.360 align:start position:0% Instead, their model suggested that 00:04:35.360 --> 00:04:37.270 align:start position:0% Instead, their model suggested that these<00:04:35.680> objects<00:04:36.080> were<00:04:36.240> being<00:04:36.479> perturbed<00:04:36.960> by<00:04:37.120> a 00:04:37.270 --> 00:04:37.280 align:start position:0% these objects were being perturbed by a 00:04:37.280 --> 00:04:40.230 align:start position:0% these objects were being perturbed by a mass<00:04:37.600> they<00:04:38.000> couldn't<00:04:38.400> see.<00:04:39.280> A<00:04:39.440> planet-sized 00:04:40.230 --> 00:04:40.240 align:start position:0% mass they couldn't see. A planet-sized 00:04:40.240 --> 00:04:44.790 align:start position:0% mass they couldn't see. A planet-sized object<00:04:40.560> to<00:04:40.800> be<00:04:40.960> exact.<00:04:42.160> Enter<00:04:42.720> planet<00:04:43.120> 9. 00:04:44.790 --> 00:04:44.800 align:start position:0% object to be exact. Enter planet 9. 00:04:44.800 --> 00:04:47.990 align:start position:0% object to be exact. Enter planet 9. Now,<00:04:45.440> we<00:04:45.759> can<00:04:46.080> model<00:04:46.479> all<00:04:46.720> we<00:04:46.960> like,<00:04:47.520> but<00:04:47.840> the 00:04:47.990 --> 00:04:48.000 align:start position:0% Now, we can model all we like, but the 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:50.790 align:start position:0% Now, we can model all we like, but the only<00:04:48.240> thing<00:04:48.400> that<00:04:48.639> can<00:04:48.880> prove<00:04:49.120> this<00:04:49.840> is<00:04:50.240> actual 00:04:50.790 --> 00:04:50.800 align:start position:0% only thing that can prove this is actual 00:04:50.800 --> 00:04:54.390 align:start position:0% only thing that can prove this is actual observation.<00:04:52.080> As<00:04:52.320> they<00:04:52.560> say,<00:04:53.360> seeing<00:04:53.919> is 00:04:54.390 --> 00:04:54.400 align:start position:0% observation. As they say, seeing is 00:04:54.400 --> 00:04:56.150 align:start position:0% observation. As they say, seeing is believing. 00:04:56.150 --> 00:04:56.160 align:start position:0% believing. 00:04:56.160 --> 00:04:58.550 align:start position:0% believing. You'd<00:04:56.560> think,<00:04:56.960> given<00:04:57.280> that<00:04:57.520> planet<00:04:57.919> 9<00:04:58.240> is 00:04:58.550 --> 00:04:58.560 align:start position:0% You'd think, given that planet 9 is 00:04:58.560 --> 00:05:00.790 align:start position:0% You'd think, given that planet 9 is supposedly<00:04:59.120> in<00:04:59.440> our<00:04:59.680> solar<00:05:00.000> system,<00:05:00.639> it 00:05:00.790 --> 00:05:00.800 align:start position:0% supposedly in our solar system, it 00:05:00.800 --> 00:05:02.469 align:start position:0% supposedly in our solar system, it should<00:05:01.040> be<00:05:01.199> pretty<00:05:01.520> simple<00:05:01.759> to<00:05:02.000> point<00:05:02.240> our 00:05:02.469 --> 00:05:02.479 align:start position:0% should be pretty simple to point our 00:05:02.479 --> 00:05:04.469 align:start position:0% should be pretty simple to point our telescope<00:05:02.960> at<00:05:03.199> where<00:05:03.440> it<00:05:03.600> should<00:05:03.759> be<00:05:04.000> and<00:05:04.320> take 00:05:04.469 --> 00:05:04.479 align:start position:0% telescope at where it should be and take 00:05:04.479 --> 00:05:07.270 align:start position:0% telescope at where it should be and take a<00:05:04.720> picture.<00:05:05.840> But<00:05:06.240> this<00:05:06.479> is<00:05:06.639> in<00:05:06.880> fact 00:05:07.270 --> 00:05:07.280 align:start position:0% a picture. But this is in fact 00:05:07.280 --> 00:05:09.830 align:start position:0% a picture. But this is in fact exceptionally<00:05:08.080> difficult<00:05:08.400> to<00:05:08.639> do.<00:05:09.600> The 00:05:09.830 --> 00:05:09.840 align:start position:0% exceptionally difficult to do. The 00:05:09.840 --> 00:05:11.830 align:start position:0% exceptionally difficult to do. The brightness<00:05:10.160> of<00:05:10.320> a<00:05:10.479> planet<00:05:10.800> in<00:05:11.039> the<00:05:11.280> optical 00:05:11.830 --> 00:05:11.840 align:start position:0% brightness of a planet in the optical 00:05:11.840 --> 00:05:14.790 align:start position:0% brightness of a planet in the optical spectrum<00:05:12.720> falls<00:05:13.039> off<00:05:13.280> at<00:05:13.440> a<00:05:13.680> rate<00:05:14.080> inversely 00:05:14.790 --> 00:05:14.800 align:start position:0% spectrum falls off at a rate inversely 00:05:14.800 --> 00:05:16.710 align:start position:0% spectrum falls off at a rate inversely proportional<00:05:15.360> to<00:05:15.520> the<00:05:15.759> fourth<00:05:16.160> power<00:05:16.479> of 00:05:16.710 --> 00:05:16.720 align:start position:0% proportional to the fourth power of 00:05:16.720 --> 00:05:19.029 align:start position:0% proportional to the fourth power of distance<00:05:17.039> from<00:05:17.199> the<00:05:17.440> sun<00:05:18.160> instead<00:05:18.639> of<00:05:18.800> the 00:05:19.029 --> 00:05:19.039 align:start position:0% distance from the sun instead of the 00:05:19.039 --> 00:05:21.830 align:start position:0% distance from the sun instead of the usual<00:05:19.520> square<00:05:19.919> of<00:05:20.080> the<00:05:20.240> distance<00:05:21.039> because<00:05:21.520> for 00:05:21.830 --> 00:05:21.840 align:start position:0% usual square of the distance because for 00:05:21.840 --> 00:05:25.110 align:start position:0% usual square of the distance because for us<00:05:22.000> to<00:05:22.240> see<00:05:22.400> it,<00:05:23.039> the<00:05:23.360> already<00:05:23.840> diffused<00:05:24.400> light 00:05:25.110 --> 00:05:25.120 align:start position:0% us to see it, the already diffused light 00:05:25.120 --> 00:05:27.909 align:start position:0% us to see it, the already diffused light has<00:05:25.360> to<00:05:25.600> reflect<00:05:26.240> back. 00:05:27.909 --> 00:05:27.919 align:start position:0% has to reflect back. 00:05:27.919 --> 00:05:30.390 align:start position:0% has to reflect back. Previous<00:05:28.400> optical<00:05:29.039> wide<00:05:29.440> field<00:05:29.759> surveys<00:05:30.240> from 00:05:30.390 --> 00:05:30.400 align:start position:0% Previous optical wide field surveys from 00:05:30.400 --> 00:05:33.270 align:start position:0% Previous optical wide field surveys from the<00:05:30.720> Ziki<00:05:31.360> transient<00:05:31.840> facility,<00:05:32.800> the<00:05:33.039> dark 00:05:33.270 --> 00:05:33.280 align:start position:0% the Ziki transient facility, the dark 00:05:33.280 --> 00:05:36.790 align:start position:0% the Ziki transient facility, the dark energy<00:05:33.759> survey<00:05:34.320> and<00:05:34.720> Hanstars<00:05:35.520> 1<00:05:36.320> have<00:05:36.560> all 00:05:36.790 --> 00:05:36.800 align:start position:0% energy survey and Hanstars 1 have all 00:05:36.800 --> 00:05:39.270 align:start position:0% energy survey and Hanstars 1 have all spent<00:05:37.199> years<00:05:37.680> hunting.<00:05:38.560> But<00:05:38.800> none<00:05:38.960> of<00:05:39.120> them 00:05:39.270 --> 00:05:39.280 align:start position:0% spent years hunting. But none of them 00:05:39.280 --> 00:05:41.590 align:start position:0% spent years hunting. But none of them have<00:05:39.520> found<00:05:39.759> a<00:05:40.080> single<00:05:40.560> candidate<00:05:41.039> for<00:05:41.280> planet 00:05:41.590 --> 00:05:41.600 align:start position:0% have found a single candidate for planet 00:05:41.600 --> 00:05:45.029 align:start position:0% have found a single candidate for planet 9.<00:05:42.960> However,<00:05:43.520> there<00:05:43.759> is<00:05:44.160> something<00:05:44.560> else<00:05:44.800> we 00:05:45.029 --> 00:05:45.039 align:start position:0% 9. However, there is something else we 00:05:45.039 --> 00:05:47.830 align:start position:0% 9. However, there is something else we can<00:05:45.199> look<00:05:45.360> for.<00:05:46.240> All<00:05:46.479> planets<00:05:46.880> we<00:05:47.120> know<00:05:47.440> emit 00:05:47.830 --> 00:05:47.840 align:start position:0% can look for. All planets we know emit 00:05:47.840 --> 00:05:51.350 align:start position:0% can look for. All planets we know emit their<00:05:48.160> own<00:05:48.400> radiation<00:05:49.120> in<00:05:49.440> the<00:05:49.680> infrared. 00:05:51.350 --> 00:05:51.360 align:start position:0% their own radiation in the infrared. 00:05:51.360 --> 00:05:53.270 align:start position:0% their own radiation in the infrared. A<00:05:51.600> new<00:05:51.840> team<00:05:52.080> of<00:05:52.320> planet<00:05:52.720> hunters<00:05:53.120> from 00:05:53.270 --> 00:05:53.280 align:start position:0% A new team of planet hunters from 00:05:53.280 --> 00:05:56.550 align:start position:0% A new team of planet hunters from Taiwan,<00:05:54.160> led<00:05:54.400> by<00:05:54.720> Professor<00:05:55.199> Tommo<00:05:55.680> Goto<00:05:56.320> and 00:05:56.550 --> 00:05:56.560 align:start position:0% Taiwan, led by Professor Tommo Goto and 00:05:56.560 --> 00:05:59.830 align:start position:0% Taiwan, led by Professor Tommo Goto and PhD<00:05:57.199> student<00:05:57.919> Terry<00:05:58.320> Fan<00:05:59.120> decided<00:05:59.440> to<00:05:59.680> take 00:05:59.830 --> 00:05:59.840 align:start position:0% PhD student Terry Fan decided to take 00:05:59.840 --> 00:06:02.390 align:start position:0% PhD student Terry Fan decided to take advantage<00:06:00.240> of<00:06:00.400> this<00:06:00.960> and<00:06:01.280> look<00:06:01.600> for<00:06:01.759> planet<00:06:02.080> 9 00:06:02.390 --> 00:06:02.400 align:start position:0% advantage of this and look for planet 9 00:06:02.400 --> 00:06:06.550 align:start position:0% advantage of this and look for planet 9 in<00:06:02.720> two<00:06:03.520> far<00:06:03.919> infrared<00:06:04.720> all<00:06:04.960> sky<00:06:05.360> surveys.<00:06:06.319> The 00:06:06.550 --> 00:06:06.560 align:start position:0% in two far infrared all sky surveys. The 00:06:06.560 --> 00:06:08.950 align:start position:0% in two far infrared all sky surveys. The first<00:06:06.800> taken<00:06:07.120> by<00:06:07.360> the<00:06:07.520> Iras<00:06:08.080> or<00:06:08.400> infrared 00:06:08.950 --> 00:06:08.960 align:start position:0% first taken by the Iras or infrared 00:06:08.960 --> 00:06:12.230 align:start position:0% first taken by the Iras or infrared astronomical<00:06:09.680> satellite<00:06:10.319> in<00:06:10.639> 1983<00:06:11.840> and<00:06:12.080> the 00:06:12.230 --> 00:06:12.240 align:start position:0% astronomical satellite in 1983 and the 00:06:12.240 --> 00:06:14.710 align:start position:0% astronomical satellite in 1983 and the second<00:06:12.560> by<00:06:12.720> the<00:06:12.960> Accari<00:06:13.520> infrared<00:06:14.000> satellite 00:06:14.710 --> 00:06:14.720 align:start position:0% second by the Accari infrared satellite 00:06:14.720 --> 00:06:17.029 align:start position:0% second by the Accari infrared satellite which<00:06:14.880> is<00:06:15.039> the<00:06:15.280> Japanese<00:06:15.680> word<00:06:15.919> for<00:06:16.160> light<00:06:16.720> in 00:06:17.029 --> 00:06:17.039 align:start position:0% which is the Japanese word for light in 00:06:17.039 --> 00:06:18.629 align:start position:0% which is the Japanese word for light in 2006. 00:06:18.629 --> 00:06:18.639 align:start position:0% 2006. 00:06:18.639 --> 00:06:21.029 align:start position:0% 2006. The<00:06:18.880> IRA<00:06:19.360> satellite<00:06:19.840> conducted<00:06:20.319> the<00:06:20.639> first 00:06:21.029 --> 00:06:21.039 align:start position:0% The IRA satellite conducted the first 00:06:21.039 --> 00:06:23.990 align:start position:0% The IRA satellite conducted the first ever<00:06:21.600> all<00:06:21.840> sky<00:06:22.160> infrared<00:06:22.720> survey<00:06:23.360> above<00:06:23.759> the 00:06:23.990 --> 00:06:24.000 align:start position:0% ever all sky infrared survey above the 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:25.990 align:start position:0% ever all sky infrared survey above the obscuring<00:06:24.720> warm<00:06:25.039> blanket<00:06:25.520> of<00:06:25.680> Earth's 00:06:25.990 --> 00:06:26.000 align:start position:0% obscuring warm blanket of Earth's 00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:28.230 align:start position:0% obscuring warm blanket of Earth's atmosphere.<00:06:27.039> Because<00:06:27.360> of<00:06:27.440> its<00:06:27.680> vantage<00:06:28.080> point 00:06:28.230 --> 00:06:28.240 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Because of its vantage point 00:06:28.240 --> 00:06:30.950 align:start position:0% atmosphere. Because of its vantage point and<00:06:28.479> its<00:06:28.880> ultra<00:06:29.280> cold<00:06:29.600> sensor<00:06:30.319> cooled<00:06:30.720> with 00:06:30.950 --> 00:06:30.960 align:start position:0% and its ultra cold sensor cooled with 00:06:30.960 --> 00:06:34.870 align:start position:0% and its ultra cold sensor cooled with superfluid<00:06:31.680> helium<00:06:32.240> to<00:06:32.639> 2.5°<00:06:33.840> above<00:06:34.319> absolute 00:06:34.870 --> 00:06:34.880 align:start position:0% superfluid helium to 2.5° above absolute 00:06:34.880 --> 00:06:38.790 align:start position:0% superfluid helium to 2.5° above absolute zero,<00:06:35.600> it<00:06:35.840> detected<00:06:36.800> 350,000 00:06:38.790 --> 00:06:38.800 align:start position:0% zero, it detected 350,000 00:06:38.800 --> 00:06:41.430 align:start position:0% zero, it detected 350,000 new<00:06:39.120> infrared<00:06:39.680> sources,<00:06:40.560> ranging<00:06:41.039> from 00:06:41.430 --> 00:06:41.440 align:start position:0% new infrared sources, ranging from 00:06:41.440 --> 00:06:44.070 align:start position:0% new infrared sources, ranging from galaxies<00:06:42.160> to<00:06:42.479> asteroids. 00:06:44.070 --> 00:06:44.080 align:start position:0% galaxies to asteroids. 00:06:44.080 --> 00:06:46.070 align:start position:0% galaxies to asteroids. The<00:06:44.319> Accari<00:06:44.800> satellite<00:06:45.280> was<00:06:45.520> a<00:06:45.680> similar 00:06:46.070 --> 00:06:46.080 align:start position:0% The Accari satellite was a similar 00:06:46.080 --> 00:06:48.070 align:start position:0% The Accari satellite was a similar design,<00:06:46.639> but<00:06:46.800> it<00:06:47.039> had<00:06:47.280> better<00:06:47.680> spatial 00:06:48.070 --> 00:06:48.080 align:start position:0% design, but it had better spatial 00:06:48.080 --> 00:06:50.629 align:start position:0% design, but it had better spatial resolution<00:06:48.880> and<00:06:49.199> could<00:06:49.520> record<00:06:50.160> longer 00:06:50.629 --> 00:06:50.639 align:start position:0% resolution and could record longer 00:06:50.639 --> 00:06:53.350 align:start position:0% resolution and could record longer infrared<00:06:51.120> wavelengths.<00:06:52.400> The<00:06:52.639> combined<00:06:53.039> data 00:06:53.350 --> 00:06:53.360 align:start position:0% infrared wavelengths. The combined data 00:06:53.360 --> 00:06:57.110 align:start position:0% infrared wavelengths. The combined data set<00:06:53.520> of<00:06:53.759> IRS<00:06:54.240> and<00:06:54.400> Aari<00:06:55.199> was<00:06:55.520> truly<00:06:55.919> huge<00:06:56.639> with 00:06:57.110 --> 00:06:57.120 align:start position:0% set of IRS and Aari was truly huge with 00:06:57.120 --> 00:07:00.390 align:start position:0% set of IRS and Aari was truly huge with 2.4<00:06:58.240> million<00:06:58.720> objects<00:06:59.360> found<00:06:59.759> across 00:07:00.390 --> 00:07:00.400 align:start position:0% 2.4 million objects found across 00:07:00.400 --> 00:07:03.270 align:start position:0% 2.4 million objects found across multiple<00:07:00.880> decades.<00:07:02.000> Filtering<00:07:02.639> this<00:07:03.039> for 00:07:03.270 --> 00:07:03.280 align:start position:0% multiple decades. Filtering this for 00:07:03.280 --> 00:07:06.469 align:start position:0% multiple decades. Filtering this for planet<00:07:03.599> 9<00:07:03.840> candidates<00:07:04.400> was<00:07:04.639> a<00:07:04.880> mammoth<00:07:05.440> task. 00:07:06.469 --> 00:07:06.479 align:start position:0% planet 9 candidates was a mammoth task. 00:07:06.479 --> 00:07:09.749 align:start position:0% planet 9 candidates was a mammoth task. Fan<00:07:06.960> and<00:07:07.280> Gooto<00:07:07.919> had<00:07:08.240> to<00:07:08.400> track<00:07:08.800> each<00:07:09.199> object's 00:07:09.749 --> 00:07:09.759 align:start position:0% Fan and Gooto had to track each object's 00:07:09.759 --> 00:07:12.390 align:start position:0% Fan and Gooto had to track each object's position<00:07:10.479> individually. 00:07:12.390 --> 00:07:12.400 align:start position:0% position individually. 00:07:12.400 --> 00:07:14.390 align:start position:0% position individually. Their<00:07:12.720> strategy<00:07:13.360> was<00:07:13.599> to<00:07:13.840> compare<00:07:14.240> the 00:07:14.390 --> 00:07:14.400 align:start position:0% Their strategy was to compare the 00:07:14.400 --> 00:07:16.870 align:start position:0% Their strategy was to compare the surveys<00:07:14.880> across<00:07:15.199> time,<00:07:16.000> looking<00:07:16.240> for<00:07:16.479> objects 00:07:16.870 --> 00:07:16.880 align:start position:0% surveys across time, looking for objects 00:07:16.880 --> 00:07:18.629 align:start position:0% surveys across time, looking for objects that<00:07:17.039> had<00:07:17.280> moved<00:07:17.520> in<00:07:17.680> a<00:07:17.840> way<00:07:18.000> the<00:07:18.240> models 00:07:18.629 --> 00:07:18.639 align:start position:0% that had moved in a way the models 00:07:18.639 --> 00:07:21.189 align:start position:0% that had moved in a way the models predicted<00:07:19.360> Planet<00:07:19.680> 9<00:07:20.000> would.<00:07:20.800> They<00:07:21.039> were 00:07:21.189 --> 00:07:21.199 align:start position:0% predicted Planet 9 would. They were 00:07:21.199 --> 00:07:23.189 align:start position:0% predicted Planet 9 would. They were looking<00:07:21.599> specifically<00:07:22.400> for<00:07:22.639> a<00:07:22.880> planet 00:07:23.189 --> 00:07:23.199 align:start position:0% looking specifically for a planet 00:07:23.199 --> 00:07:26.309 align:start position:0% looking specifically for a planet somewhere<00:07:23.680> between<00:07:24.240> 7<00:07:24.800> and<00:07:25.280> 17<00:07:25.759> times<00:07:26.080> the 00:07:26.309 --> 00:07:26.319 align:start position:0% somewhere between 7 and 17 times the 00:07:26.319 --> 00:07:28.550 align:start position:0% somewhere between 7 and 17 times the mass<00:07:26.479> of<00:07:26.639> Earth<00:07:27.360> with<00:07:27.520> an<00:07:27.759> orbital<00:07:28.160> distance 00:07:28.550 --> 00:07:28.560 align:start position:0% mass of Earth with an orbital distance 00:07:28.560 --> 00:07:31.990 align:start position:0% mass of Earth with an orbital distance of<00:07:28.800> around<00:07:29.360> 280<00:07:30.400> astronomical<00:07:31.120> units<00:07:31.520> at<00:07:31.680> its 00:07:31.990 --> 00:07:32.000 align:start position:0% of around 280 astronomical units at its 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:35.589 align:start position:0% of around 280 astronomical units at its closest<00:07:32.720> or<00:07:32.960> perihelion<00:07:34.080> and<00:07:34.319> as<00:07:34.560> far<00:07:34.880> out<00:07:35.199> as 00:07:35.589 --> 00:07:35.599 align:start position:0% closest or perihelion and as far out as 00:07:35.599 --> 00:07:37.270 align:start position:0% closest or perihelion and as far out as 1,120 00:07:37.270 --> 00:07:37.280 align:start position:0% 1,120 00:07:37.280 --> 00:07:40.070 align:start position:0% 1,120 astronomical<00:07:38.000> units<00:07:38.400> at<00:07:38.639> its<00:07:38.880> farthest<00:07:39.680> or 00:07:40.070 --> 00:07:40.080 align:start position:0% astronomical units at its farthest or 00:07:40.080 --> 00:07:42.950 align:start position:0% astronomical units at its farthest or ahelion.<00:07:41.440> They<00:07:41.759> also<00:07:42.080> use<00:07:42.240> that<00:07:42.560> information 00:07:42.950 --> 00:07:42.960 align:start position:0% ahelion. They also use that information 00:07:42.960 --> 00:07:44.870 align:start position:0% ahelion. They also use that information to<00:07:43.120> estimate<00:07:43.520> the<00:07:43.759> diameter<00:07:44.160> of<00:07:44.319> the<00:07:44.479> planet 00:07:44.870 --> 00:07:44.880 align:start position:0% to estimate the diameter of the planet 00:07:44.880 --> 00:07:47.670 align:start position:0% to estimate the diameter of the planet and<00:07:45.120> its<00:07:45.440> black<00:07:45.840> body<00:07:46.240> temperature<00:07:47.039> to<00:07:47.280> narrow 00:07:47.670 --> 00:07:47.680 align:start position:0% and its black body temperature to narrow 00:07:47.680 --> 00:07:50.150 align:start position:0% and its black body temperature to narrow down<00:07:47.919> their<00:07:48.240> search<00:07:48.560> further.<00:07:49.520> Objects 00:07:50.150 --> 00:07:50.160 align:start position:0% down their search further. Objects 00:07:50.160 --> 00:07:52.390 align:start position:0% down their search further. Objects closer<00:07:50.560> than<00:07:50.720> around<00:07:51.120> 500<00:07:51.680> astronomical 00:07:52.390 --> 00:07:52.400 align:start position:0% closer than around 500 astronomical 00:07:52.400 --> 00:07:54.550 align:start position:0% closer than around 500 astronomical units<00:07:52.880> had<00:07:53.280> already<00:07:53.680> been<00:07:53.840> searched<00:07:54.160> by<00:07:54.319> other 00:07:54.550 --> 00:07:54.560 align:start position:0% units had already been searched by other 00:07:54.560 --> 00:07:57.430 align:start position:0% units had already been searched by other groups.<00:07:55.440> So<00:07:56.000> Terry<00:07:56.400> focused<00:07:56.800> on<00:07:56.879> the<00:07:57.120> area 00:07:57.430 --> 00:07:57.440 align:start position:0% groups. So Terry focused on the area 00:07:57.440 --> 00:08:00.710 align:start position:0% groups. So Terry focused on the area between<00:07:58.000> 500<00:07:58.560> and<00:07:59.120> 700<00:07:59.680> astronomical<00:08:00.400> units 00:08:00.710 --> 00:08:00.720 align:start position:0% between 500 and 700 astronomical units 00:08:00.720 --> 00:08:03.830 align:start position:0% between 500 and 700 astronomical units for<00:08:00.960> his<00:08:01.199> search.<00:08:02.160> He<00:08:02.400> then<00:08:02.639> predicted<00:08:03.440> what 00:08:03.830 --> 00:08:03.840 align:start position:0% for his search. He then predicted what 00:08:03.840 --> 00:08:05.990 align:start position:0% for his search. He then predicted what angular<00:08:04.319> distance<00:08:04.720> planet<00:08:05.039> 9<00:08:05.440> should<00:08:05.599> cover 00:08:05.990 --> 00:08:06.000 align:start position:0% angular distance planet 9 should cover 00:08:06.000 --> 00:08:09.749 align:start position:0% angular distance planet 9 should cover in<00:08:06.319> 23<00:08:06.879> years.<00:08:07.840> He<00:08:08.080> was<00:08:08.319> hopeful.<00:08:09.120> An<00:08:09.440> object 00:08:09.749 --> 00:08:09.759 align:start position:0% in 23 years. He was hopeful. An object 00:08:09.759 --> 00:08:12.469 align:start position:0% in 23 years. He was hopeful. An object on<00:08:10.000> a<00:08:10.160> highly<00:08:10.639> elliptical<00:08:11.120> orbit<00:08:11.599> moves<00:08:12.080> much 00:08:12.469 --> 00:08:12.479 align:start position:0% on a highly elliptical orbit moves much 00:08:12.479 --> 00:08:15.350 align:start position:0% on a highly elliptical orbit moves much slower<00:08:12.879> near<00:08:13.199> its<00:08:13.440> abhelion.<00:08:14.479> So,<00:08:14.720> Planet<00:08:15.039> 9 00:08:15.350 --> 00:08:15.360 align:start position:0% slower near its abhelion. So, Planet 9 00:08:15.360 --> 00:08:17.990 align:start position:0% slower near its abhelion. So, Planet 9 should<00:08:15.599> spend<00:08:16.080> more<00:08:16.400> time<00:08:16.800> out<00:08:17.120> past<00:08:17.520> 500 00:08:17.990 --> 00:08:18.000 align:start position:0% should spend more time out past 500 00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:20.469 align:start position:0% should spend more time out past 500 astronomical<00:08:18.720> units<00:08:19.280> and<00:08:19.599> therefore<00:08:20.080> be<00:08:20.319> in 00:08:20.469 --> 00:08:20.479 align:start position:0% astronomical units and therefore be in 00:08:20.479 --> 00:08:23.350 align:start position:0% astronomical units and therefore be in the<00:08:20.720> survey<00:08:21.120> area<00:08:21.440> for<00:08:21.680> longer. 00:08:23.350 --> 00:08:23.360 align:start position:0% the survey area for longer. 00:08:23.360 --> 00:08:25.270 align:start position:0% the survey area for longer. Any<00:08:23.599> data<00:08:23.919> from<00:08:24.080> these<00:08:24.319> two<00:08:24.560> satellites<00:08:25.039> that 00:08:25.270 --> 00:08:25.280 align:start position:0% Any data from these two satellites that 00:08:25.280 --> 00:08:26.869 align:start position:0% Any data from these two satellites that did<00:08:25.440> not<00:08:25.599> fit<00:08:25.919> that<00:08:26.160> prediction<00:08:26.560> was 00:08:26.869 --> 00:08:26.879 align:start position:0% did not fit that prediction was 00:08:26.879 --> 00:08:30.150 align:start position:0% did not fit that prediction was discounted.<00:08:27.840> And<00:08:28.080> incredibly,<00:08:29.120> from<00:08:29.440> over<00:08:29.840> 2 00:08:30.150 --> 00:08:30.160 align:start position:0% discounted. And incredibly, from over 2 00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:32.949 align:start position:0% discounted. And incredibly, from over 2 million<00:08:30.479> data<00:08:30.800> points,<00:08:31.599> Terry<00:08:32.080> was<00:08:32.240> left<00:08:32.640> with 00:08:32.949 --> 00:08:32.959 align:start position:0% million data points, Terry was left with 00:08:32.959 --> 00:08:36.070 align:start position:0% million data points, Terry was left with only<00:08:33.680> 13<00:08:34.399> candidates. 00:08:36.070 --> 00:08:36.080 align:start position:0% only 13 candidates. 00:08:36.080 --> 00:08:38.630 align:start position:0% only 13 candidates. From<00:08:36.320> there,<00:08:36.880> he<00:08:37.279> painstakingly<00:08:38.159> whittleled 00:08:38.630 --> 00:08:38.640 align:start position:0% From there, he painstakingly whittleled 00:08:38.640 --> 00:08:42.469 align:start position:0% From there, he painstakingly whittleled those<00:08:38.880> down<00:08:39.360> by<00:08:39.680> eye<00:08:40.560> and<00:08:40.959> was<00:08:41.279> left<00:08:41.760> with<00:08:42.080> just 00:08:42.469 --> 00:08:42.479 align:start position:0% those down by eye and was left with just 00:08:42.479 --> 00:08:43.990 align:start position:0% those down by eye and was left with just one. 00:08:43.990 --> 00:08:44.000 align:start position:0% one. 00:08:44.000 --> 00:08:46.710 align:start position:0% one. It's<00:08:44.320> hard<00:08:44.480> to<00:08:44.720> tell,<00:08:45.360> but<00:08:45.519> in<00:08:45.760> the<00:08:46.000> top<00:08:46.320> left 00:08:46.710 --> 00:08:46.720 align:start position:0% It's hard to tell, but in the top left 00:08:46.720 --> 00:08:49.670 align:start position:0% It's hard to tell, but in the top left corner<00:08:47.040> of<00:08:47.279> the<00:08:47.519> Iris<00:08:48.080> image,<00:08:48.959> there<00:08:49.279> are 00:08:49.670 --> 00:08:49.680 align:start position:0% corner of the Iris image, there are 00:08:49.680 --> 00:08:51.910 align:start position:0% corner of the Iris image, there are seven<00:08:50.000> pixels<00:08:50.560> that<00:08:50.800> are<00:08:51.120> warmer<00:08:51.519> than<00:08:51.760> the 00:08:51.910 --> 00:08:51.920 align:start position:0% seven pixels that are warmer than the 00:08:51.920 --> 00:08:54.790 align:start position:0% seven pixels that are warmer than the background.<00:08:52.880> And<00:08:53.120> in<00:08:53.279> the<00:08:53.519> Accari<00:08:54.160> image 00:08:54.790 --> 00:08:54.800 align:start position:0% background. And in the Accari image 00:08:54.800 --> 00:08:58.150 align:start position:0% background. And in the Accari image taken<00:08:55.360> 23<00:08:56.000> years<00:08:56.240> later,<00:08:57.120> the<00:08:57.360> candidate<00:08:57.839> has 00:08:58.150 --> 00:08:58.160 align:start position:0% taken 23 years later, the candidate has 00:08:58.160 --> 00:09:01.750 align:start position:0% taken 23 years later, the candidate has moved<00:08:58.880> 47<00:08:59.760> and<00:08:59.920> 12<00:09:00.399> arc<00:09:00.800> minutes,<00:09:01.519> the 00:09:01.750 --> 00:09:01.760 align:start position:0% moved 47 and 12 arc minutes, the 00:09:01.760 --> 00:09:04.550 align:start position:0% moved 47 and 12 arc minutes, the equivalent<00:09:02.240> of<00:09:02.560> 1<00:09:02.800> and<00:09:02.959> 1/2<00:09:03.279> full<00:09:03.519> moons,<00:09:04.320> to 00:09:04.550 --> 00:09:04.560 align:start position:0% equivalent of 1 and 1/2 full moons, to 00:09:04.560 --> 00:09:07.750 align:start position:0% equivalent of 1 and 1/2 full moons, to the<00:09:04.720> lower<00:09:05.120> part<00:09:05.440> of<00:09:05.600> the<00:09:05.760> image.<00:09:07.040> Now,<00:09:07.519> I 00:09:07.750 --> 00:09:07.760 align:start position:0% the lower part of the image. Now, I 00:09:07.760 --> 00:09:09.670 align:start position:0% the lower part of the image. Now, I think<00:09:07.920> we<00:09:08.080> can<00:09:08.240> all<00:09:08.480> agree<00:09:08.880> that<00:09:09.200> if<00:09:09.360> we<00:09:09.519> saw 00:09:09.670 --> 00:09:09.680 align:start position:0% think we can all agree that if we saw 00:09:09.680 --> 00:09:12.630 align:start position:0% think we can all agree that if we saw these<00:09:10.000> images<00:09:10.320> in<00:09:10.560> isolation,<00:09:11.519> we'd<00:09:12.080> never 00:09:12.630 --> 00:09:12.640 align:start position:0% these images in isolation, we'd never 00:09:12.640 --> 00:09:15.590 align:start position:0% these images in isolation, we'd never guess<00:09:13.120> what<00:09:13.440> it<00:09:13.680> is,<00:09:14.560> but<00:09:14.880> context<00:09:15.360> is 00:09:15.590 --> 00:09:15.600 align:start position:0% guess what it is, but context is 00:09:15.600 --> 00:09:17.910 align:start position:0% guess what it is, but context is everything.<00:09:16.560> We<00:09:16.880> could<00:09:17.120> be<00:09:17.279> genuinely 00:09:17.910 --> 00:09:17.920 align:start position:0% everything. We could be genuinely 00:09:17.920 --> 00:09:21.670 align:start position:0% everything. We could be genuinely looking<00:09:18.240> at<00:09:18.480> the<00:09:18.800> first<00:09:19.279> image<00:09:19.680> of<00:09:19.920> Planet<00:09:20.320> 9. 00:09:21.670 --> 00:09:21.680 align:start position:0% looking at the first image of Planet 9. 00:09:21.680 --> 00:09:24.070 align:start position:0% looking at the first image of Planet 9. Professor<00:09:22.160> Goto<00:09:22.800> says<00:09:23.120> that<00:09:23.360> if<00:09:23.680> it<00:09:23.839> is 00:09:24.070 --> 00:09:24.080 align:start position:0% Professor Goto says that if it is 00:09:24.080 --> 00:09:26.790 align:start position:0% Professor Goto says that if it is confirmed,<00:09:25.040> he<00:09:25.279> may<00:09:25.600> allow<00:09:26.000> Terry<00:09:26.399> to<00:09:26.560> finish 00:09:26.790 --> 00:09:26.800 align:start position:0% confirmed, he may allow Terry to finish 00:09:26.800 --> 00:09:29.910 align:start position:0% confirmed, he may allow Terry to finish his<00:09:27.040> PhD<00:09:27.600> early,<00:09:28.480> which<00:09:28.720> is<00:09:29.200> probably<00:09:29.680> fair 00:09:29.910 --> 00:09:29.920 align:start position:0% his PhD early, which is probably fair 00:09:29.920 --> 00:09:31.910 align:start position:0% his PhD early, which is probably fair enough. 00:09:31.910 --> 00:09:31.920 align:start position:0% enough. 00:09:31.920 --> 00:09:33.670 align:start position:0% enough. Much<00:09:32.240> of<00:09:32.399> the<00:09:32.560> data<00:09:32.880> surrounding<00:09:33.279> this<00:09:33.519> new 00:09:33.670 --> 00:09:33.680 align:start position:0% Much of the data surrounding this new 00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:35.990 align:start position:0% Much of the data surrounding this new candidate<00:09:34.320> fits<00:09:34.640> that<00:09:35.040> expected<00:09:35.600> of<00:09:35.760> the 00:09:35.990 --> 00:09:36.000 align:start position:0% candidate fits that expected of the 00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:38.550 align:start position:0% candidate fits that expected of the proposed<00:09:36.480> planet<00:09:36.880> 9,<00:09:37.760> but<00:09:37.920> there<00:09:38.160> is<00:09:38.320> some 00:09:38.550 --> 00:09:38.560 align:start position:0% proposed planet 9, but there is some 00:09:38.560 --> 00:09:40.870 align:start position:0% proposed planet 9, but there is some concern<00:09:38.959> from<00:09:39.200> Mike<00:09:39.519> Brown<00:09:39.839> and<00:09:40.240> Constantine 00:09:40.870 --> 00:09:40.880 align:start position:0% concern from Mike Brown and Constantine 00:09:40.880 --> 00:09:42.870 align:start position:0% concern from Mike Brown and Constantine Batigan<00:09:41.600> about<00:09:41.839> the<00:09:42.080> inclination<00:09:42.560> of<00:09:42.720> the 00:09:42.870 --> 00:09:42.880 align:start position:0% Batigan about the inclination of the 00:09:42.880 --> 00:09:45.269 align:start position:0% Batigan about the inclination of the orbit<00:09:43.200> of<00:09:43.360> this<00:09:43.519> new<00:09:43.760> object<00:09:44.480> being<00:09:44.880> too 00:09:45.269 --> 00:09:45.279 align:start position:0% orbit of this new object being too 00:09:45.279 --> 00:09:48.150 align:start position:0% orbit of this new object being too steep.<00:09:46.560> The<00:09:46.800> team<00:09:47.120> hasn't<00:09:47.519> been<00:09:47.680> able<00:09:47.920> to 00:09:48.150 --> 00:09:48.160 align:start position:0% steep. The team hasn't been able to 00:09:48.160 --> 00:09:50.710 align:start position:0% steep. The team hasn't been able to completely<00:09:48.880> map<00:09:49.120> out<00:09:49.360> how<00:09:49.600> it<00:09:49.839> moves,<00:09:50.480> but 00:09:50.710 --> 00:09:50.720 align:start position:0% completely map out how it moves, but 00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:52.389 align:start position:0% completely map out how it moves, but Terry<00:09:51.200> doesn't<00:09:51.440> think<00:09:51.680> we'll<00:09:51.920> have<00:09:52.080> to<00:09:52.160> wait 00:09:52.389 --> 00:09:52.399 align:start position:0% Terry doesn't think we'll have to wait 00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:55.430 align:start position:0% Terry doesn't think we'll have to wait long<00:09:52.640> to<00:09:52.880> find<00:09:53.040> out.<00:09:54.160> The<00:09:54.399> telescope<00:09:55.040> set<00:09:55.279> to 00:09:55.430 --> 00:09:55.440 align:start position:0% long to find out. The telescope set to 00:09:55.440 --> 00:09:57.350 align:start position:0% long to find out. The telescope set to follow<00:09:55.680> up<00:09:55.839> on<00:09:56.000> these<00:09:56.240> measurements<00:09:56.880> is<00:09:57.120> the 00:09:57.350 --> 00:09:57.360 align:start position:0% follow up on these measurements is the 00:09:57.360 --> 00:10:00.710 align:start position:0% follow up on these measurements is the Vera<00:09:58.000> Rubin<00:09:58.560> telescope.<00:09:59.680> Featuring<00:10:00.399> the 00:10:00.710 --> 00:10:00.720 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin telescope. Featuring the 00:10:00.720 --> 00:10:03.590 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin telescope. Featuring the largest<00:10:01.360> camera<00:10:01.680> sensor<00:10:02.160> ever<00:10:02.640> created<00:10:03.120> at 00:10:03.590 --> 00:10:03.600 align:start position:0% largest camera sensor ever created at 00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:06.949 align:start position:0% largest camera sensor ever created at 3.2<00:10:04.240> GPI,<00:10:05.360> it's<00:10:05.680> able<00:10:05.920> to<00:10:06.080> capture<00:10:06.480> objects 00:10:06.949 --> 00:10:06.959 align:start position:0% 3.2 GPI, it's able to capture objects 00:10:06.959 --> 00:10:09.670 align:start position:0% 3.2 GPI, it's able to capture objects that<00:10:07.200> are<00:10:07.600> orders<00:10:08.080> of<00:10:08.320> magnitude<00:10:08.880> dimmer<00:10:09.360> than 00:10:09.670 --> 00:10:09.680 align:start position:0% that are orders of magnitude dimmer than 00:10:09.680 --> 00:10:12.150 align:start position:0% that are orders of magnitude dimmer than previous<00:10:10.080> optical<00:10:10.560> sky<00:10:10.959> surveys.<00:10:12.000> And 00:10:12.150 --> 00:10:12.160 align:start position:0% previous optical sky surveys. And 00:10:12.160 --> 00:10:14.310 align:start position:0% previous optical sky surveys. And scientists<00:10:12.720> believe<00:10:13.120> it<00:10:13.360> could<00:10:13.839> increase<00:10:14.079> the 00:10:14.310 --> 00:10:14.320 align:start position:0% scientists believe it could increase the 00:10:14.320 --> 00:10:16.949 align:start position:0% scientists believe it could increase the known<00:10:14.640> objects<00:10:15.120> in<00:10:15.360> our<00:10:15.600> solar<00:10:15.920> system<00:10:16.399> by<00:10:16.720> up 00:10:16.949 --> 00:10:16.959 align:start position:0% known objects in our solar system by up 00:10:16.959 --> 00:10:19.910 align:start position:0% known objects in our solar system by up to<00:10:17.120> a<00:10:17.360> factor<00:10:17.760> of<00:10:18.240> 100. 00:10:19.910 --> 00:10:19.920 align:start position:0% to a factor of 100. 00:10:19.920 --> 00:10:21.910 align:start position:0% to a factor of 100. I<00:10:20.240> recently<00:10:20.640> made<00:10:20.800> a<00:10:21.040> video<00:10:21.120> about<00:10:21.279> the<00:10:21.440> Vera 00:10:21.910 --> 00:10:21.920 align:start position:0% I recently made a video about the Vera 00:10:21.920 --> 00:10:23.750 align:start position:0% I recently made a video about the Vera Rubin<00:10:22.320> Observatory.<00:10:23.120> So,<00:10:23.279> if<00:10:23.440> you<00:10:23.519> want<00:10:23.680> to 00:10:23.750 --> 00:10:23.760 align:start position:0% Rubin Observatory. So, if you want to 00:10:23.760 --> 00:10:25.590 align:start position:0% Rubin Observatory. So, if you want to find<00:10:23.920> out<00:10:24.160> more<00:10:24.320> about<00:10:24.560> it,<00:10:24.800> then<00:10:25.120> click<00:10:25.360> this 00:10:25.590 --> 00:10:25.600 align:start position:0% find out more about it, then click this 00:10:25.600 --> 00:10:28.389 align:start position:0% find out more about it, then click this link.<00:10:26.480> It's<00:10:26.880> the<00:10:27.120> best<00:10:27.360> technology<00:10:28.000> we<00:10:28.240> have 00:10:28.389 --> 00:10:28.399 align:start position:0% link. It's the best technology we have 00:10:28.399 --> 00:10:31.509 align:start position:0% link. It's the best technology we have for<00:10:28.640> the<00:10:28.800> task.<00:10:29.600> As<00:10:29.839> Mike<00:10:30.160> Brown<00:10:30.480> says,<00:10:31.200> if<00:10:31.360> you 00:10:31.509 --> 00:10:31.519 align:start position:0% for the task. As Mike Brown says, if you 00:10:31.519 --> 00:10:33.590 align:start position:0% for the task. As Mike Brown says, if you were<00:10:31.680> to<00:10:31.839> hand<00:10:32.079> me<00:10:32.320> a<00:10:32.480> big<00:10:32.720> wad<00:10:32.959> of<00:10:33.120> cash<00:10:33.360> and 00:10:33.590 --> 00:10:33.600 align:start position:0% were to hand me a big wad of cash and 00:10:33.600 --> 00:10:36.310 align:start position:0% were to hand me a big wad of cash and say,<00:10:33.920> "Go<00:10:34.320> build<00:10:34.560> a<00:10:34.720> telescope<00:10:35.360> to<00:10:35.680> go<00:10:36.000> either 00:10:36.310 --> 00:10:36.320 align:start position:0% say, "Go build a telescope to go either 00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:38.710 align:start position:0% say, "Go build a telescope to go either find<00:10:36.560> this<00:10:36.800> planet<00:10:37.120> 9<00:10:37.440> or<00:10:37.920> find<00:10:38.240> the<00:10:38.480> best 00:10:38.710 --> 00:10:38.720 align:start position:0% find this planet 9 or find the best 00:10:38.720 --> 00:10:41.269 align:start position:0% find this planet 9 or find the best evidence<00:10:39.200> possible<00:10:39.600> for<00:10:39.839> planet<00:10:40.160> 9,"<00:10:40.880> I<00:10:41.120> would 00:10:41.269 --> 00:10:41.279 align:start position:0% evidence possible for planet 9," I would 00:10:41.279 --> 00:10:43.350 align:start position:0% evidence possible for planet 9," I would probably<00:10:41.680> go<00:10:41.920> and<00:10:42.160> build<00:10:42.399> the<00:10:42.560> Vera<00:10:42.959> Rubin 00:10:43.350 --> 00:10:43.360 align:start position:0% probably go and build the Vera Rubin 00:10:43.360 --> 00:10:46.389 align:start position:0% probably go and build the Vera Rubin Observatory.<00:10:44.560> The<00:10:44.800> telescope's<00:10:45.680> 10-year 00:10:46.389 --> 00:10:46.399 align:start position:0% Observatory. The telescope's 10-year 00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:49.670 align:start position:0% Observatory. The telescope's 10-year long<00:10:46.800> legacy<00:10:47.519> survey<00:10:47.920> of<00:10:48.160> space<00:10:48.480> and<00:10:48.720> time,<00:10:49.120> or 00:10:49.670 --> 00:10:49.680 align:start position:0% long legacy survey of space and time, or 00:10:49.680 --> 00:10:52.630 align:start position:0% long legacy survey of space and time, or LSST,<00:10:51.040> is<00:10:51.279> scanning<00:10:51.600> the<00:10:51.760> night<00:10:52.000> sky<00:10:52.320> to<00:10:52.480> look 00:10:52.630 --> 00:10:52.640 align:start position:0% LSST, is scanning the night sky to look 00:10:52.640 --> 00:10:55.590 align:start position:0% LSST, is scanning the night sky to look for<00:10:52.800> solar<00:10:53.120> system<00:10:53.440> objects,<00:10:54.320> generating<00:10:55.120> 20 00:10:55.590 --> 00:10:55.600 align:start position:0% for solar system objects, generating 20 00:10:55.600 --> 00:10:59.110 align:start position:0% for solar system objects, generating 20 terab<00:10:56.240> of<00:10:56.399> data<00:10:56.880> in<00:10:57.200> a<00:10:57.440> single<00:10:57.839> night. 00:10:59.110 --> 00:10:59.120 align:start position:0% terab of data in a single night. 00:10:59.120 --> 00:11:01.269 align:start position:0% terab of data in a single night. Give<00:10:59.360> it<00:10:59.519> a<00:10:59.680> few<00:10:59.839> years<00:11:00.240> and<00:11:00.480> we<00:11:00.720> might<00:11:01.040> know 00:11:01.269 --> 00:11:01.279 align:start position:0% Give it a few years and we might know 00:11:01.279 --> 00:11:04.790 align:start position:0% Give it a few years and we might know for<00:11:01.519> sure<00:11:02.079> if<00:11:02.399> this<00:11:02.720> is<00:11:03.040> planet<00:11:03.360> 9.<00:11:04.240> But<00:11:04.480> in<00:11:04.640> the 00:11:04.790 --> 00:11:04.800 align:start position:0% for sure if this is planet 9. But in the 00:11:04.800 --> 00:11:07.509 align:start position:0% for sure if this is planet 9. But in the meantime,<00:11:05.519> Terry,<00:11:06.240> Professor<00:11:06.640> Gooto,<00:11:07.360> and 00:11:07.509 --> 00:11:07.519 align:start position:0% meantime, Terry, Professor Gooto, and 00:11:07.519 --> 00:11:09.430 align:start position:0% meantime, Terry, Professor Gooto, and their<00:11:07.760> colleagues<00:11:08.399> are<00:11:08.640> not<00:11:08.880> resting<00:11:09.200> on 00:11:09.430 --> 00:11:09.440 align:start position:0% their colleagues are not resting on 00:11:09.440 --> 00:11:11.590 align:start position:0% their colleagues are not resting on their<00:11:09.600> laurels.<00:11:10.399> By<00:11:10.720> filtering<00:11:11.200> for<00:11:11.440> the 00:11:11.590 --> 00:11:11.600 align:start position:0% their laurels. By filtering for the 00:11:11.600 --> 00:11:13.590 align:start position:0% their laurels. By filtering for the predicted<00:11:12.079> parallax<00:11:12.640> of<00:11:12.720> planet<00:11:13.040> 9<00:11:13.279> in<00:11:13.440> the 00:11:13.590 --> 00:11:13.600 align:start position:0% predicted parallax of planet 9 in the 00:11:13.600 --> 00:11:16.389 align:start position:0% predicted parallax of planet 9 in the Accari<00:11:14.160> data,<00:11:14.959> they<00:11:15.200> have<00:11:15.519> in<00:11:15.680> fact<00:11:16.000> already 00:11:16.389 --> 00:11:16.399 align:start position:0% Accari data, they have in fact already 00:11:16.399 --> 00:11:19.590 align:start position:0% Accari data, they have in fact already found<00:11:16.880> two<00:11:17.360> other<00:11:17.600> possible<00:11:18.079> candidates.<00:11:19.360> One 00:11:19.590 --> 00:11:19.600 align:start position:0% found two other possible candidates. One 00:11:19.600 --> 00:11:21.990 align:start position:0% found two other possible candidates. One way<00:11:19.920> or<00:11:20.160> another,<00:11:20.880> they<00:11:21.120> are<00:11:21.279> pretty<00:11:21.519> sure 00:11:21.990 --> 00:11:22.000 align:start position:0% way or another, they are pretty sure 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:24.470 align:start position:0% way or another, they are pretty sure that<00:11:22.240> if<00:11:22.399> Planet<00:11:22.720> 9<00:11:23.040> is<00:11:23.200> out<00:11:23.440> there,<00:11:24.079> they'll 00:11:24.470 --> 00:11:24.480 align:start position:0% that if Planet 9 is out there, they'll 00:11:24.480 --> 00:11:28.949 align:start position:0% that if Planet 9 is out there, they'll find<00:11:24.720> it.<00:11:25.760> Of<00:11:26.959> course,<00:11:27.839> not<00:11:28.160> everyone<00:11:28.480> is<00:11:28.720> as 00:11:28.949 --> 00:11:28.959 align:start position:0% find it. Of course, not everyone is as 00:11:28.959 --> 00:11:31.670 align:start position:0% find it. Of course, not everyone is as confident.<00:11:30.079> What<00:11:30.240> if<00:11:30.560> measurements<00:11:31.120> show<00:11:31.360> us 00:11:31.670 --> 00:11:31.680 align:start position:0% confident. What if measurements show us 00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:35.190 align:start position:0% confident. What if measurements show us it's<00:11:32.079> not<00:11:32.399> there?<00:11:33.360> What<00:11:33.680> then? 00:11:35.190 --> 00:11:35.200 align:start position:0% it's not there? What then? 00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:37.509 align:start position:0% it's not there? What then? Surprisingly<00:11:35.839> to<00:11:36.079> me,<00:11:36.720> given<00:11:37.040> the<00:11:37.279> many 00:11:37.509 --> 00:11:37.519 align:start position:0% Surprisingly to me, given the many 00:11:37.519 --> 00:11:39.590 align:start position:0% Surprisingly to me, given the many orbital<00:11:38.000> behaviors<00:11:38.560> a<00:11:38.720> theory<00:11:39.120> needs<00:11:39.360> to 00:11:39.590 --> 00:11:39.600 align:start position:0% orbital behaviors a theory needs to 00:11:39.600 --> 00:11:42.310 align:start position:0% orbital behaviors a theory needs to explain,<00:11:40.640> there<00:11:40.959> are<00:11:41.279> several<00:11:41.839> possible 00:11:42.310 --> 00:11:42.320 align:start position:0% explain, there are several possible 00:11:42.320 --> 00:11:43.910 align:start position:0% explain, there are several possible hypotheses. 00:11:43.910 --> 00:11:43.920 align:start position:0% hypotheses. 00:11:43.920 --> 00:11:47.509 align:start position:0% hypotheses. The<00:11:44.160> first<00:11:44.640> is<00:11:44.959> of<00:11:45.279> a<00:11:45.519> new<00:11:45.760> belt,<00:11:46.560> a<00:11:46.800> scaledown 00:11:47.509 --> 00:11:47.519 align:start position:0% The first is of a new belt, a scaledown 00:11:47.519 --> 00:11:49.750 align:start position:0% The first is of a new belt, a scaledown version<00:11:47.839> of<00:11:48.000> what<00:11:48.240> we<00:11:48.480> see<00:11:48.800> around<00:11:49.120> a<00:11:49.279> galactic 00:11:49.750 --> 00:11:49.760 align:start position:0% version of what we see around a galactic 00:11:49.760 --> 00:11:52.710 align:start position:0% version of what we see around a galactic center.<00:11:50.959> Twothirds<00:11:51.519> of<00:11:51.600> spiral<00:11:52.079> galaxies, 00:11:52.710 --> 00:11:52.720 align:start position:0% center. Twothirds of spiral galaxies, 00:11:52.720 --> 00:11:55.350 align:start position:0% center. Twothirds of spiral galaxies, including<00:11:53.200> our<00:11:53.440> own,<00:11:54.160> are<00:11:54.399> what's<00:11:54.720> known<00:11:55.040> as 00:11:55.350 --> 00:11:55.360 align:start position:0% including our own, are what's known as 00:11:55.360 --> 00:11:57.990 align:start position:0% including our own, are what's known as barred<00:11:55.920> spiral<00:11:56.399> galaxies<00:11:57.120> with<00:11:57.279> a<00:11:57.440> bar-like 00:11:57.990 --> 00:11:58.000 align:start position:0% barred spiral galaxies with a bar-like 00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:00.230 align:start position:0% barred spiral galaxies with a bar-like central<00:11:58.480> region<00:11:58.880> composed<00:11:59.360> of<00:11:59.680> millions<00:12:00.079> of 00:12:00.230 --> 00:12:00.240 align:start position:0% central region composed of millions of 00:12:00.240 --> 00:12:03.030 align:start position:0% central region composed of millions of stars<00:12:00.880> on<00:12:01.120> aligned<00:12:01.760> and<00:12:02.079> highly<00:12:02.560> elliptical 00:12:03.030 --> 00:12:03.040 align:start position:0% stars on aligned and highly elliptical 00:12:03.040 --> 00:12:06.150 align:start position:0% stars on aligned and highly elliptical orbits<00:12:03.600> known<00:12:03.839> as<00:12:04.240> X1<00:12:04.800> orbits<00:12:05.680> around<00:12:06.000> the 00:12:06.150 --> 00:12:06.160 align:start position:0% orbits known as X1 orbits around the 00:12:06.160 --> 00:12:07.910 align:start position:0% orbits known as X1 orbits around the center<00:12:06.399> of<00:12:06.560> the<00:12:06.720> galaxy<00:12:07.120> and<00:12:07.360> its<00:12:07.680> super 00:12:07.910 --> 00:12:07.920 align:start position:0% center of the galaxy and its super 00:12:07.920 --> 00:12:10.790 align:start position:0% center of the galaxy and its super massive<00:12:08.320> black<00:12:08.560> hole.<00:12:09.519> These<00:12:09.760> orbits<00:12:10.240> emerge 00:12:10.790 --> 00:12:10.800 align:start position:0% massive black hole. These orbits emerge 00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:13.350 align:start position:0% massive black hole. These orbits emerge out<00:12:10.959> of<00:12:11.200> group<00:12:11.519> dynamics,<00:12:12.480> lots<00:12:12.800> of<00:12:12.959> small 00:12:13.350 --> 00:12:13.360 align:start position:0% out of group dynamics, lots of small 00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:16.790 align:start position:0% out of group dynamics, lots of small interactions<00:12:14.560> rather<00:12:14.880> than<00:12:15.279> one<00:12:15.519> big<00:12:15.760> one. 00:12:16.790 --> 00:12:16.800 align:start position:0% interactions rather than one big one. 00:12:16.800 --> 00:12:19.430 align:start position:0% interactions rather than one big one. Almost<00:12:17.120> like<00:12:17.279> a<00:12:17.600> memoration<00:12:18.160> of<00:12:18.320> birds,<00:12:19.120> many 00:12:19.430 --> 00:12:19.440 align:start position:0% Almost like a memoration of birds, many 00:12:19.440 --> 00:12:20.949 align:start position:0% Almost like a memoration of birds, many tiny<00:12:19.839> interactions<00:12:20.399> between<00:12:20.720> the 00:12:20.949 --> 00:12:20.959 align:start position:0% tiny interactions between the 00:12:20.959 --> 00:12:23.990 align:start position:0% tiny interactions between the individuals<00:12:21.839> leads<00:12:22.240> to<00:12:22.560> coherent<00:12:23.519> beautiful 00:12:23.990 --> 00:12:24.000 align:start position:0% individuals leads to coherent beautiful 00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:27.430 align:start position:0% individuals leads to coherent beautiful movement<00:12:24.800> without<00:12:25.200> the<00:12:25.440> conductor.<00:12:26.880> In<00:12:27.200> our 00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:27.440 align:start position:0% movement without the conductor. In our 00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:30.710 align:start position:0% movement without the conductor. In our solar<00:12:27.839> system,<00:12:28.480> we<00:12:28.800> may<00:12:29.200> find<00:12:29.519> an<00:12:29.760> equivalent 00:12:30.710 --> 00:12:30.720 align:start position:0% solar system, we may find an equivalent 00:12:30.720 --> 00:12:35.110 align:start position:0% solar system, we may find an equivalent known<00:12:31.040> as<00:12:31.440> Zeric<00:12:32.320> Madigan<00:12:33.200> or<00:12:33.519> ZM<00:12:34.160> belt<00:12:34.800> named 00:12:35.110 --> 00:12:35.120 align:start position:0% known as Zeric Madigan or ZM belt named 00:12:35.120 --> 00:12:36.949 align:start position:0% known as Zeric Madigan or ZM belt named after<00:12:35.360> the<00:12:35.600> two<00:12:35.920> scientists<00:12:36.320> who<00:12:36.560> proposed 00:12:36.949 --> 00:12:36.959 align:start position:0% after the two scientists who proposed 00:12:36.959 --> 00:12:40.949 align:start position:0% after the two scientists who proposed it,<00:12:37.440> Dr.<00:12:37.839> Alexander<00:12:38.399> Zerk<00:12:39.200> and<00:12:39.680> Dr.<00:12:40.160> Anarie 00:12:40.949 --> 00:12:40.959 align:start position:0% it, Dr. Alexander Zerk and Dr. Anarie 00:12:40.959 --> 00:12:43.990 align:start position:0% it, Dr. Alexander Zerk and Dr. Anarie Madigan.<00:12:42.240> What<00:12:42.480> we<00:12:42.720> would<00:12:43.200> expect<00:12:43.519> to<00:12:43.760> see 00:12:43.990 --> 00:12:44.000 align:start position:0% Madigan. What we would expect to see 00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:47.269 align:start position:0% Madigan. What we would expect to see around<00:12:44.320> our<00:12:44.639> sun<00:12:44.880> if<00:12:45.120> it<00:12:45.360> had<00:12:45.680> a<00:12:45.920> ZM<00:12:46.399> belt<00:12:46.959> is 00:12:47.269 --> 00:12:47.279 align:start position:0% around our sun if it had a ZM belt is 00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:50.069 align:start position:0% around our sun if it had a ZM belt is what<00:12:47.440> we<00:12:47.600> see<00:12:47.839> now<00:12:48.639> clustered<00:12:49.519> elliptical 00:12:50.069 --> 00:12:50.079 align:start position:0% what we see now clustered elliptical 00:12:50.079 --> 00:12:52.790 align:start position:0% what we see now clustered elliptical orbits<00:12:51.200> and<00:12:51.360> it's<00:12:51.600> proposed<00:12:52.000> that<00:12:52.240> Sednner 00:12:52.790 --> 00:12:52.800 align:start position:0% orbits and it's proposed that Sednner 00:12:52.800 --> 00:12:55.829 align:start position:0% orbits and it's proposed that Sednner and<00:12:53.040> other<00:12:53.360> TNOs<00:12:54.160> are<00:12:54.480> actually<00:12:54.959> part<00:12:55.360> of<00:12:55.600> that 00:12:55.829 --> 00:12:55.839 align:start position:0% and other TNOs are actually part of that 00:12:55.839 --> 00:12:59.509 align:start position:0% and other TNOs are actually part of that belt.<00:12:56.959> In<00:12:57.279> this<00:12:57.519> hypothesis<00:12:58.639> a<00:12:58.880> singular 00:12:59.509 --> 00:12:59.519 align:start position:0% belt. In this hypothesis a singular 00:12:59.519 --> 00:13:02.629 align:start position:0% belt. In this hypothesis a singular massive<00:12:59.920> body<00:13:00.240> like<00:13:00.480> planet<00:13:00.800> 9<00:13:01.360> is<00:13:01.680> not<00:13:02.000> needed 00:13:02.629 --> 00:13:02.639 align:start position:0% massive body like planet 9 is not needed 00:13:02.639 --> 00:13:05.030 align:start position:0% massive body like planet 9 is not needed if<00:13:02.880> the<00:13:03.120> combined<00:13:03.440> mass<00:13:03.760> of<00:13:03.839> the<00:13:04.000> ZM<00:13:04.480> belt<00:13:04.720> is 00:13:05.030 --> 00:13:05.040 align:start position:0% if the combined mass of the ZM belt is 00:13:05.040 --> 00:13:08.629 align:start position:0% if the combined mass of the ZM belt is more<00:13:05.279> than<00:13:05.519> 10<00:13:05.839> to<00:13:06.160> 20<00:13:06.480> Earths.<00:13:07.680> Even<00:13:08.000> better, 00:13:08.629 --> 00:13:08.639 align:start position:0% more than 10 to 20 Earths. Even better, 00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:11.110 align:start position:0% more than 10 to 20 Earths. Even better, the<00:13:08.880> LSST<00:13:09.839> program<00:13:10.079> at<00:13:10.320> the<00:13:10.399> Vera<00:13:10.800> Rubin 00:13:11.110 --> 00:13:11.120 align:start position:0% the LSST program at the Vera Rubin 00:13:11.120 --> 00:13:13.910 align:start position:0% the LSST program at the Vera Rubin Observatory<00:13:12.079> will<00:13:12.399> be<00:13:12.560> able<00:13:12.800> to<00:13:12.959> detect<00:13:13.680> if 00:13:13.910 --> 00:13:13.920 align:start position:0% Observatory will be able to detect if 00:13:13.920 --> 00:13:17.990 align:start position:0% Observatory will be able to detect if this<00:13:14.160> belt<00:13:14.560> exists<00:13:15.360> or<00:13:15.680> not.<00:13:17.120> But<00:13:17.279> there<00:13:17.600> is<00:13:17.760> a 00:13:17.990 --> 00:13:18.000 align:start position:0% this belt exists or not. But there is a 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:20.150 align:start position:0% this belt exists or not. But there is a third<00:13:18.399> explanation<00:13:19.040> that<00:13:19.360> will<00:13:19.680> never<00:13:19.920> be 00:13:20.150 --> 00:13:20.160 align:start position:0% third explanation that will never be 00:13:20.160 --> 00:13:22.870 align:start position:0% third explanation that will never be directly<00:13:20.560> seen<00:13:20.800> by<00:13:21.120> any<00:13:21.519> telescope.<00:13:22.639> The 00:13:22.870 --> 00:13:22.880 align:start position:0% directly seen by any telescope. The 00:13:22.880 --> 00:13:26.069 align:start position:0% directly seen by any telescope. The cosmic<00:13:23.440> equivalent<00:13:24.079> of<00:13:24.320> a<00:13:24.560> hit<00:13:24.880> and<00:13:25.200> run<00:13:25.760> that 00:13:26.069 --> 00:13:26.079 align:start position:0% cosmic equivalent of a hit and run that 00:13:26.079 --> 00:13:29.190 align:start position:0% cosmic equivalent of a hit and run that happened<00:13:26.480> a<00:13:26.800> very<00:13:27.120> long<00:13:27.360> time<00:13:27.600> ago.<00:13:28.959> The 00:13:29.190 --> 00:13:29.200 align:start position:0% happened a very long time ago. The 00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:31.509 align:start position:0% happened a very long time ago. The culprit<00:13:29.680> here<00:13:30.399> could<00:13:30.639> have<00:13:30.800> been<00:13:31.120> another 00:13:31.509 --> 00:13:31.519 align:start position:0% culprit here could have been another 00:13:31.519 --> 00:13:34.870 align:start position:0% culprit here could have been another star<00:13:31.920> passing<00:13:32.399> through.<00:13:33.760> The<00:13:34.000> gravity<00:13:34.480> of<00:13:34.720> the 00:13:34.870 --> 00:13:34.880 align:start position:0% star passing through. The gravity of the 00:13:34.880 --> 00:13:37.430 align:start position:0% star passing through. The gravity of the object<00:13:35.440> could<00:13:35.680> have<00:13:36.000> tugged<00:13:36.399> on<00:13:36.720> these<00:13:37.040> outer 00:13:37.430 --> 00:13:37.440 align:start position:0% object could have tugged on these outer 00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:39.910 align:start position:0% object could have tugged on these outer bodies,<00:13:38.240> disturbing<00:13:38.800> their<00:13:39.040> orbit<00:13:39.360> enough 00:13:39.910 --> 00:13:39.920 align:start position:0% bodies, disturbing their orbit enough 00:13:39.920 --> 00:13:42.790 align:start position:0% bodies, disturbing their orbit enough and<00:13:40.240> in<00:13:40.560> such<00:13:40.720> a<00:13:40.959> way<00:13:41.440> to<00:13:41.760> cause<00:13:42.079> the<00:13:42.320> behavior 00:13:42.790 --> 00:13:42.800 align:start position:0% and in such a way to cause the behavior 00:13:42.800 --> 00:13:46.150 align:start position:0% and in such a way to cause the behavior we<00:13:43.040> see<00:13:43.200> today.<00:13:44.639> But<00:13:45.040> what<00:13:45.360> if<00:13:45.519> it<00:13:45.760> wasn't<00:13:46.000> a 00:13:46.150 --> 00:13:46.160 align:start position:0% we see today. But what if it wasn't a 00:13:46.160 --> 00:13:48.949 align:start position:0% we see today. But what if it wasn't a near<00:13:46.399> miss?<00:13:47.279> What<00:13:47.519> if<00:13:47.760> the<00:13:48.079> object<00:13:48.560> didn't 00:13:48.949 --> 00:13:48.959 align:start position:0% near miss? What if the object didn't 00:13:48.959 --> 00:13:51.750 align:start position:0% near miss? What if the object didn't escape?<00:13:50.079> What<00:13:50.240> if<00:13:50.480> instead<00:13:50.880> of<00:13:51.040> a<00:13:51.279> passing 00:13:51.750 --> 00:13:51.760 align:start position:0% escape? What if instead of a passing 00:13:51.760 --> 00:13:54.629 align:start position:0% escape? What if instead of a passing planet<00:13:52.240> or<00:13:52.560> star,<00:13:53.519> our<00:13:53.920> solar<00:13:54.240> system 00:13:54.629 --> 00:13:54.639 align:start position:0% planet or star, our solar system 00:13:54.639 --> 00:13:58.150 align:start position:0% planet or star, our solar system captured<00:13:55.200> a<00:13:55.519> primordial<00:13:56.240> black<00:13:56.560> hole?<00:13:57.920> That 00:13:58.150 --> 00:13:58.160 align:start position:0% captured a primordial black hole? That 00:13:58.160 --> 00:14:00.550 align:start position:0% captured a primordial black hole? That may<00:13:58.480> sound<00:13:58.880> implausible. 00:14:00.550 --> 00:14:00.560 align:start position:0% may sound implausible. 00:14:00.560 --> 00:14:03.030 align:start position:0% may sound implausible. However,<00:14:00.959> it<00:14:01.279> has<00:14:01.600> been<00:14:01.839> proposed<00:14:02.399> that<00:14:02.720> this 00:14:03.030 --> 00:14:03.040 align:start position:0% However, it has been proposed that this 00:14:03.040 --> 00:14:06.310 align:start position:0% However, it has been proposed that this is<00:14:03.279> indeed<00:14:04.000> not<00:14:04.240> just<00:14:04.480> possible,<00:14:05.519> but<00:14:05.839> around 00:14:06.310 --> 00:14:06.320 align:start position:0% is indeed not just possible, but around 00:14:06.320 --> 00:14:08.790 align:start position:0% is indeed not just possible, but around as<00:14:06.639> likely<00:14:07.040> as<00:14:07.360> capturing<00:14:07.839> a<00:14:08.079> planet<00:14:08.480> of 00:14:08.790 --> 00:14:08.800 align:start position:0% as likely as capturing a planet of 00:14:08.800 --> 00:14:11.990 align:start position:0% as likely as capturing a planet of equivalent<00:14:09.360> mass.<00:14:10.720> Primordial<00:14:11.440> black<00:14:11.600> holes 00:14:11.990 --> 00:14:12.000 align:start position:0% equivalent mass. Primordial black holes 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:13.910 align:start position:0% equivalent mass. Primordial black holes are<00:14:12.240> believed<00:14:12.560> to<00:14:12.720> have<00:14:12.880> formed<00:14:13.199> in<00:14:13.360> the<00:14:13.519> dense 00:14:13.910 --> 00:14:13.920 align:start position:0% are believed to have formed in the dense 00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:16.389 align:start position:0% are believed to have formed in the dense expansion<00:14:14.480> phase<00:14:14.720> of<00:14:14.880> the<00:14:15.040> Big<00:14:15.279> Bang<00:14:15.839> and<00:14:16.160> do 00:14:16.389 --> 00:14:16.399 align:start position:0% expansion phase of the Big Bang and do 00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:18.550 align:start position:0% expansion phase of the Big Bang and do not<00:14:16.560> have<00:14:16.800> a<00:14:17.120> strict<00:14:17.600> weight<00:14:17.920> limit<00:14:18.240> like 00:14:18.550 --> 00:14:18.560 align:start position:0% not have a strict weight limit like 00:14:18.560 --> 00:14:20.230 align:start position:0% not have a strict weight limit like those<00:14:18.800> that<00:14:19.040> are<00:14:19.120> formed<00:14:19.360> by<00:14:19.519> a<00:14:19.680> collapsing 00:14:20.230 --> 00:14:20.240 align:start position:0% those that are formed by a collapsing 00:14:20.240 --> 00:14:23.030 align:start position:0% those that are formed by a collapsing star.<00:14:21.199> So<00:14:21.519> one<00:14:21.680> with<00:14:21.920> the<00:14:22.079> mass<00:14:22.240> of<00:14:22.399> a<00:14:22.560> planet 00:14:23.030 --> 00:14:23.040 align:start position:0% star. So one with the mass of a planet 00:14:23.040 --> 00:14:26.069 align:start position:0% star. So one with the mass of a planet can<00:14:23.360> exist<00:14:24.079> and<00:14:24.320> would<00:14:24.560> be<00:14:24.720> about<00:14:24.959> the<00:14:25.199> size<00:14:25.920> of 00:14:26.069 --> 00:14:26.079 align:start position:0% can exist and would be about the size of 00:14:26.079 --> 00:14:29.670 align:start position:0% can exist and would be about the size of a<00:14:26.320> football.<00:14:27.440> Impossible<00:14:28.079> to<00:14:28.320> see<00:14:28.560> from<00:14:28.800> Earth 00:14:29.670 --> 00:14:29.680 align:start position:0% a football. Impossible to see from Earth 00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:32.069 align:start position:0% a football. Impossible to see from Earth unless<00:14:30.240> of<00:14:30.480> course<00:14:31.120> it's<00:14:31.519> consuming 00:14:32.069 --> 00:14:32.079 align:start position:0% unless of course it's consuming 00:14:32.079 --> 00:14:35.829 align:start position:0% unless of course it's consuming something.<00:14:33.440> One<00:14:34.000> final<00:14:34.480> possibility<00:14:35.440> is<00:14:35.680> that 00:14:35.829 --> 00:14:35.839 align:start position:0% something. One final possibility is that 00:14:35.839 --> 00:14:38.870 align:start position:0% something. One final possibility is that we<00:14:36.160> need<00:14:36.320> to<00:14:36.480> rewrite<00:14:36.959> the<00:14:37.120> laws<00:14:37.440> of<00:14:37.600> gravity. 00:14:38.870 --> 00:14:38.880 align:start position:0% we need to rewrite the laws of gravity. 00:14:38.880 --> 00:14:41.829 align:start position:0% we need to rewrite the laws of gravity. Proponents<00:14:39.440> of<00:14:39.680> modified<00:14:40.320> Newtonian<00:14:40.959> gravity 00:14:41.829 --> 00:14:41.839 align:start position:0% Proponents of modified Newtonian gravity 00:14:41.839 --> 00:14:44.790 align:start position:0% Proponents of modified Newtonian gravity or<00:14:42.160> Mand<00:14:42.639> for<00:14:42.880> short<00:14:43.680> claim<00:14:43.920> that<00:14:44.160> their<00:14:44.399> model 00:14:44.790 --> 00:14:44.800 align:start position:0% or Mand for short claim that their model 00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:47.030 align:start position:0% or Mand for short claim that their model explains<00:14:45.360> our<00:14:45.760> current<00:14:46.000> observations<00:14:46.639> of<00:14:46.880> the 00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:47.040 align:start position:0% explains our current observations of the 00:14:47.040 --> 00:14:49.750 align:start position:0% explains our current observations of the cluster<00:14:47.519> TNO<00:14:48.079> orbits.<00:14:48.880> The<00:14:49.120> increased<00:14:49.440> pull 00:14:49.750 --> 00:14:49.760 align:start position:0% cluster TNO orbits. The increased pull 00:14:49.760 --> 00:14:52.150 align:start position:0% cluster TNO orbits. The increased pull from<00:14:49.920> the<00:14:50.079> galactic<00:14:50.560> center<00:14:50.959> under<00:14:51.360> a<00:14:51.680> Mond 00:14:52.150 --> 00:14:52.160 align:start position:0% from the galactic center under a Mond 00:14:52.160 --> 00:14:55.110 align:start position:0% from the galactic center under a Mond model<00:14:52.800> is<00:14:53.199> calculated<00:14:53.760> to<00:14:54.000> align<00:14:54.399> the<00:14:54.639> orbits 00:14:55.110 --> 00:14:55.120 align:start position:0% model is calculated to align the orbits 00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:59.110 align:start position:0% model is calculated to align the orbits towards<00:14:55.519> it.<00:14:56.240> And<00:14:56.560> that's<00:14:56.880> what<00:14:57.120> we<00:14:57.360> see.<00:14:58.720> Now, 00:14:59.110 --> 00:14:59.120 align:start position:0% towards it. And that's what we see. Now, 00:14:59.120 --> 00:15:01.030 align:start position:0% towards it. And that's what we see. Now, there<00:14:59.360> are<00:14:59.600> issues<00:14:59.920> with<00:15:00.160> Mand,<00:15:00.639> which<00:15:00.800> I 00:15:01.030 --> 00:15:01.040 align:start position:0% there are issues with Mand, which I 00:15:01.040 --> 00:15:03.189 align:start position:0% there are issues with Mand, which I won't<00:15:01.199> get<00:15:01.360> into<00:15:01.680> here,<00:15:02.240> but<00:15:02.480> it's<00:15:02.720> curious 00:15:03.189 --> 00:15:03.199 align:start position:0% won't get into here, but it's curious 00:15:03.199 --> 00:15:05.990 align:start position:0% won't get into here, but it's curious that<00:15:03.519> it<00:15:04.000> could<00:15:04.399> provide<00:15:04.959> a<00:15:05.199> good<00:15:05.440> fit<00:15:05.680> for<00:15:05.839> the 00:15:05.990 --> 00:15:06.000 align:start position:0% that it could provide a good fit for the 00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:08.470 align:start position:0% that it could provide a good fit for the data<00:15:06.320> for<00:15:06.480> the<00:15:06.639> Tnos<00:15:07.360> in<00:15:07.440> the<00:15:07.600> solar<00:15:07.839> system 00:15:08.470 --> 00:15:08.480 align:start position:0% data for the Tnos in the solar system 00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:11.910 align:start position:0% data for the Tnos in the solar system without<00:15:09.199> needing<00:15:09.519> a<00:15:09.760> Planet<00:15:10.160> 9 00:15:11.910 --> 00:15:11.920 align:start position:0% without needing a Planet 9 00:15:11.920 --> 00:15:15.269 align:start position:0% without needing a Planet 9 planet,<00:15:12.880> star,<00:15:13.760> black<00:15:14.000> hole,<00:15:14.800> or<00:15:15.040> a 00:15:15.269 --> 00:15:15.279 align:start position:0% planet, star, black hole, or a 00:15:15.279 --> 00:15:18.150 align:start position:0% planet, star, black hole, or a gravitational<00:15:16.000> rewrite.<00:15:17.279> What<00:15:17.519> do<00:15:17.760> you<00:15:17.920> hope 00:15:18.150 --> 00:15:18.160 align:start position:0% gravitational rewrite. What do you hope 00:15:18.160 --> 00:15:21.269 align:start position:0% gravitational rewrite. What do you hope we'll<00:15:18.480> find?<00:15:19.279> Let<00:15:19.440> me<00:15:19.600> know<00:15:19.760> in<00:15:19.920> the<00:15:20.079> comments. 00:15:21.269 --> 00:15:21.279 align:start position:0% we'll find? Let me know in the comments. 00:15:21.279 --> 00:15:23.910 align:start position:0% we'll find? Let me know in the comments. Personally,<00:15:22.000> I<00:15:22.240> hope<00:15:22.399> it's<00:15:22.639> a<00:15:22.800> planet.<00:15:23.680> For 00:15:23.910 --> 00:15:23.920 align:start position:0% Personally, I hope it's a planet. For 00:15:23.920 --> 00:15:26.069 align:start position:0% Personally, I hope it's a planet. For those<00:15:24.079> of<00:15:24.240> us<00:15:24.399> who<00:15:24.880> grew<00:15:25.120> up<00:15:25.279> and<00:15:25.519> learned<00:15:25.839> all 00:15:26.069 --> 00:15:26.079 align:start position:0% those of us who grew up and learned all 00:15:26.079 --> 00:15:28.629 align:start position:0% those of us who grew up and learned all about<00:15:26.320> Pluto<00:15:26.720> before<00:15:26.959> it<00:15:27.199> got<00:15:27.279> downgraded,<00:15:28.480> it 00:15:28.629 --> 00:15:28.639 align:start position:0% about Pluto before it got downgraded, it 00:15:28.639 --> 00:15:31.350 align:start position:0% about Pluto before it got downgraded, it would<00:15:28.880> somehow<00:15:29.360> be<00:15:29.519> nice<00:15:29.839> to<00:15:30.079> go<00:15:30.320> back<00:15:30.560> up<00:15:30.800> to<00:15:31.040> 9 00:15:31.350 --> 00:15:31.360 align:start position:0% would somehow be nice to go back up to 9 00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:34.069 align:start position:0% would somehow be nice to go back up to 9 once<00:15:31.680> more.<00:15:32.720> And<00:15:33.040> who<00:15:33.360> doesn't<00:15:33.680> want<00:15:33.839> to 00:15:34.069 --> 00:15:34.079 align:start position:0% once more. And who doesn't want to 00:15:34.079 --> 00:15:35.990 align:start position:0% once more. And who doesn't want to complete<00:15:34.480> our<00:15:34.880> understanding<00:15:35.360> of<00:15:35.519> the<00:15:35.680> solar 00:15:35.990 --> 00:15:36.000 align:start position:0% complete our understanding of the solar 00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:38.949 align:start position:0% complete our understanding of the solar system?<00:15:37.120> Regardless<00:15:37.680> of<00:15:37.920> what<00:15:38.079> it<00:15:38.320> is,<00:15:38.800> the 00:15:38.949 --> 00:15:38.959 align:start position:0% system? Regardless of what it is, the 00:15:38.959 --> 00:15:42.550 align:start position:0% system? Regardless of what it is, the Vera<00:15:39.519> Rubin<00:15:40.000> Observatory<00:15:40.800> is<00:15:41.040> now<00:15:41.519> searching, 00:15:42.550 --> 00:15:42.560 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin Observatory is now searching, 00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:44.710 align:start position:0% Vera Rubin Observatory is now searching, and<00:15:42.880> we're<00:15:43.120> going<00:15:43.279> to<00:15:43.360> know<00:15:43.519> for<00:15:43.760> sure<00:15:44.320> very 00:15:44.710 --> 00:15:44.720 align:start position:0% and we're going to know for sure very 00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:47.670 align:start position:0% and we're going to know for sure very soon.<00:15:45.760> I<00:15:46.160> can't<00:15:46.399> wait<00:15:46.639> to<00:15:46.800> see<00:15:47.199> what's<00:15:47.519> out 00:15:47.670 --> 00:15:47.680 align:start position:0% soon. I can't wait to see what's out 00:15:47.680 --> 00:15:51.910 align:start position:0% soon. I can't wait to see what's out there. 00:15:51.910 --> 00:15:51.920 align:start position:0% 00:15:51.920 --> 00:15:55.350 align:start position:0% For<00:15:52.240> more<00:15:52.560> than<00:15:52.959> 70<00:15:53.440> years,<00:15:54.399> we<00:15:54.639> thought<00:15:55.040> our 00:15:55.350 --> 00:15:55.360 align:start position:0% For more than 70 years, we thought our 00:15:55.360 --> 00:15:58.069 align:start position:0% For more than 70 years, we thought our map<00:15:55.600> of<00:15:55.759> the<00:15:55.920> solar<00:15:56.240> system<00:15:56.639> was<00:15:56.959> complete.<00:15:57.839> A 00:15:58.069 --> 00:15:58.079 align:start position:0% map of the solar system was complete. A 00:15:58.079 --> 00:16:00.710 align:start position:0% map of the solar system was complete. A familiar<00:15:58.560> and<00:15:58.880> tidy<00:15:59.360> collection<00:15:59.839> of<00:16:00.320> nine 00:16:00.710 --> 00:16:00.720 align:start position:0% familiar and tidy collection of nine 00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:05.110 align:start position:0% familiar and tidy collection of nine worlds<00:16:01.519> orbiting<00:16:02.079> a<00:16:02.480> single<00:16:02.959> star.<00:16:04.160> But<00:16:04.800> far 00:16:05.110 --> 00:16:05.120 align:start position:0% worlds orbiting a single star. But far 00:16:05.120 --> 00:16:07.910 align:start position:0% worlds orbiting a single star. But far out<00:16:05.440> in<00:16:05.680> the<00:16:05.839> frozen<00:16:06.320> darkness,<00:16:07.279> billions<00:16:07.759> of 00:16:07.910 --> 00:16:07.920 align:start position:0% out in the frozen darkness, billions of 00:16:07.920 --> 00:16:09.670 align:start position:0% out in the frozen darkness, billions of kilometers<00:16:08.480> from<00:16:08.720> the<00:16:08.959> furthest<00:16:09.360> known 00:16:09.670 --> 00:16:09.680 align:start position:0% kilometers from the furthest known 00:16:09.680 --> 00:16:13.590 align:start position:0% kilometers from the furthest known planet,<00:16:10.480> a<00:16:10.720> ghost<00:16:11.120> was<00:16:11.360> lurking.<00:16:12.560> A<00:16:12.880> tiny 00:16:13.590 --> 00:16:13.600 align:start position:0% planet, a ghost was lurking. A tiny 00:16:13.600 --> 00:16:16.550 align:start position:0% planet, a ghost was lurking. A tiny point<00:16:14.000> of<00:16:14.240> light<00:16:15.040> slowly,<00:16:15.839> almost 00:16:16.550 --> 00:16:16.560 align:start position:0% point of light slowly, almost 00:16:16.560 --> 00:16:18.150 align:start position:0% point of light slowly, almost imperceptibly 00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:18.160 align:start position:0% imperceptibly 00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:20.949 align:start position:0% imperceptibly drifting<00:16:18.800> across<00:16:19.360> astronomers<00:16:20.320> forgotten 00:16:20.949 --> 00:16:20.959 align:start position:0% drifting across astronomers forgotten 00:16:20.959 --> 00:16:24.550 align:start position:0% drifting across astronomers forgotten photographs,<00:16:22.000> unnoticed<00:16:22.880> and<00:16:23.279> unknown<00:16:24.240> for 00:16:24.550 --> 00:16:24.560 align:start position:0% photographs, unnoticed and unknown for 00:16:24.560 --> 00:16:26.470 align:start position:0% photographs, unnoticed and unknown for years. 00:16:26.470 --> 00:16:26.480 align:start position:0% years. 00:16:26.480 --> 00:16:28.949 align:start position:0% years. Its<00:16:26.720> discovery<00:16:27.360> wouldn't<00:16:27.759> just<00:16:28.079> add<00:16:28.320> a<00:16:28.639> tenth 00:16:28.949 --> 00:16:28.959 align:start position:0% Its discovery wouldn't just add a tenth 00:16:28.959 --> 00:16:30.710 align:start position:0% Its discovery wouldn't just add a tenth name<00:16:29.199> to<00:16:29.360> the<00:16:29.440> roster<00:16:29.759> of<00:16:29.920> planets<00:16:30.240> orbiting 00:16:30.710 --> 00:16:30.720 align:start position:0% name to the roster of planets orbiting 00:16:30.720 --> 00:16:33.430 align:start position:0% name to the roster of planets orbiting our<00:16:30.959> sun.<00:16:31.600> It<00:16:31.839> would<00:16:32.160> trigger<00:16:32.560> an<00:16:33.040> identity 00:16:33.430 --> 00:16:33.440 align:start position:0% our sun. It would trigger an identity 00:16:33.440 --> 00:16:36.230 align:start position:0% our sun. It would trigger an identity crisis<00:16:33.920> for<00:16:34.160> the<00:16:34.399> solar<00:16:34.720> system<00:16:35.120> itself, 00:16:36.230 --> 00:16:36.240 align:start position:0% crisis for the solar system itself, 00:16:36.240 --> 00:16:38.150 align:start position:0% crisis for the solar system itself, forcing<00:16:36.639> astronomers<00:16:37.199> into<00:16:37.519> a<00:16:37.680> bitter 00:16:38.150 --> 00:16:38.160 align:start position:0% forcing astronomers into a bitter 00:16:38.160 --> 00:16:40.230 align:start position:0% forcing astronomers into a bitter conflict<00:16:38.720> over<00:16:38.959> the<00:16:39.199> meaning<00:16:39.519> of<00:16:39.759> one<00:16:39.920> of<00:16:40.000> the 00:16:40.230 --> 00:16:40.240 align:start position:0% conflict over the meaning of one of the 00:16:40.240 --> 00:16:43.350 align:start position:0% conflict over the meaning of one of the most<00:16:40.480> fundamental<00:16:41.440> words<00:16:42.240> and<00:16:42.880> in<00:16:43.120> the 00:16:43.350 --> 00:16:43.360 align:start position:0% most fundamental words and in the 00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:46.470 align:start position:0% most fundamental words and in the process<00:16:44.399> redrawing<00:16:45.040> our<00:16:45.440> map<00:16:45.680> of<00:16:45.920> the<00:16:46.160> solar 00:16:46.470 --> 00:16:46.480 align:start position:0% process redrawing our map of the solar 00:16:46.480 --> 00:16:49.829 align:start position:0% process redrawing our map of the solar system<00:16:46.959> forever.<00:16:48.399> This<00:16:48.720> is<00:16:48.880> the<00:16:49.199> story<00:16:49.519> of<00:16:49.680> the 00:16:49.829 --> 00:16:49.839 align:start position:0% system forever. This is the story of the 00:16:49.839 --> 00:16:52.870 align:start position:0% system forever. This is the story of the world<00:16:50.160> that<00:16:50.720> true<00:16:50.959> to<00:16:51.199> its<00:16:51.440> name<00:16:52.240> sowed 00:16:52.870 --> 00:16:52.880 align:start position:0% world that true to its name sowed 00:16:52.880 --> 00:16:57.110 align:start position:0% world that true to its name sowed discord<00:16:53.519> in<00:16:53.680> the<00:16:53.839> scientific<00:16:54.320> community. 00:16:57.110 --> 00:16:57.120 align:start position:0% discord in the scientific community. 00:16:57.120 --> 00:16:59.110 align:start position:0% discord in the scientific community. I'm<00:16:57.360> Alex<00:16:57.759> Mccoan<00:16:58.399> and<00:16:58.639> you're<00:16:58.880> watching 00:16:59.110 --> 00:16:59.120 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:16:59.120 --> 00:17:01.749 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:16:59.920> Join<00:17:00.240> me<00:17:00.399> today<00:17:00.720> as<00:17:00.959> we<00:17:01.199> travel<00:17:01.600> to 00:17:01.749 --> 00:17:01.759 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we travel to 00:17:01.759 --> 00:17:04.390 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we travel to the<00:17:02.000> chaotic<00:17:02.800> outer<00:17:03.279> edges<00:17:03.600> of<00:17:03.839> our<00:17:04.079> solar 00:17:04.390 --> 00:17:04.400 align:start position:0% the chaotic outer edges of our solar 00:17:04.400 --> 00:17:07.270 align:start position:0% the chaotic outer edges of our solar system<00:17:04.880> to<00:17:05.120> meet<00:17:05.520> Eerys,<00:17:06.400> the<00:17:06.640> world<00:17:06.959> that 00:17:07.270 --> 00:17:07.280 align:start position:0% system to meet Eerys, the world that 00:17:07.280 --> 00:17:09.590 align:start position:0% system to meet Eerys, the world that started<00:17:07.600> a<00:17:07.839> war<00:17:08.319> over<00:17:08.640> the<00:17:08.880> meaning<00:17:09.199> of<00:17:09.360> a 00:17:09.590 --> 00:17:09.600 align:start position:0% started a war over the meaning of a 00:17:09.600 --> 00:17:14.710 align:start position:0% started a war over the meaning of a single<00:17:09.919> word,<00:17:10.959> planet. 00:17:14.710 --> 00:17:14.720 align:start position:0% 00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:17.270 align:start position:0% The<00:17:15.039> story<00:17:15.199> of<00:17:15.360> Aris<00:17:15.919> begins<00:17:16.559> not<00:17:16.880> with<00:17:17.120> a 00:17:17.270 --> 00:17:17.280 align:start position:0% The story of Aris begins not with a 00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:19.510 align:start position:0% The story of Aris begins not with a lucky<00:17:17.600> glance<00:17:17.919> through<00:17:18.160> a<00:17:18.319> telescope,<00:17:19.280> but 00:17:19.510 --> 00:17:19.520 align:start position:0% lucky glance through a telescope, but 00:17:19.520 --> 00:17:21.829 align:start position:0% lucky glance through a telescope, but with<00:17:19.839> a<00:17:20.079> monumental<00:17:20.880> effort<00:17:21.199> to<00:17:21.439> take<00:17:21.600> an 00:17:21.829 --> 00:17:21.839 align:start position:0% with a monumental effort to take an 00:17:21.839 --> 00:17:24.150 align:start position:0% with a monumental effort to take an inventory<00:17:22.400> of<00:17:22.640> the<00:17:22.880> sun's<00:17:23.280> most<00:17:23.679> distant 00:17:24.150 --> 00:17:24.160 align:start position:0% inventory of the sun's most distant 00:17:24.160 --> 00:17:25.829 align:start position:0% inventory of the sun's most distant subjects. 00:17:25.829 --> 00:17:25.839 align:start position:0% subjects. 00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:27.510 align:start position:0% subjects. At<00:17:26.000> the<00:17:26.160> Palomar<00:17:26.640> Observatory<00:17:27.199> in 00:17:27.510 --> 00:17:27.520 align:start position:0% At the Palomar Observatory in 00:17:27.520 --> 00:17:30.150 align:start position:0% At the Palomar Observatory in California,<00:17:28.400> a<00:17:28.640> team<00:17:28.799> of<00:17:28.960> astronomers<00:17:29.840> Mike 00:17:30.150 --> 00:17:30.160 align:start position:0% California, a team of astronomers Mike 00:17:30.160 --> 00:17:33.750 align:start position:0% California, a team of astronomers Mike Brown,<00:17:30.799> Chad<00:17:31.280> Truo,<00:17:32.160> and<00:17:32.400> David<00:17:32.799> Rabinovitz 00:17:33.750 --> 00:17:33.760 align:start position:0% Brown, Chad Truo, and David Rabinovitz 00:17:33.760 --> 00:17:36.549 align:start position:0% Brown, Chad Truo, and David Rabinovitz had<00:17:34.080> embarked<00:17:34.480> on<00:17:34.720> a<00:17:35.039> systematic<00:17:35.919> survey<00:17:36.320> of 00:17:36.549 --> 00:17:36.559 align:start position:0% had embarked on a systematic survey of 00:17:36.559 --> 00:17:38.870 align:start position:0% had embarked on a systematic survey of the<00:17:36.720> outer<00:17:37.120> reaches<00:17:37.520> of<00:17:37.600> our<00:17:37.840> solar<00:17:38.160> system, 00:17:38.870 --> 00:17:38.880 align:start position:0% the outer reaches of our solar system, 00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:40.950 align:start position:0% the outer reaches of our solar system, looking<00:17:39.120> for<00:17:39.360> signs<00:17:39.679> of<00:17:39.919> objects<00:17:40.320> orbiting 00:17:40.950 --> 00:17:40.960 align:start position:0% looking for signs of objects orbiting 00:17:40.960 --> 00:17:44.230 align:start position:0% looking for signs of objects orbiting beyond<00:17:41.520> Neptune,<00:17:42.400> dubbed<00:17:43.039> Trans<00:17:43.520> Neptunian 00:17:44.230 --> 00:17:44.240 align:start position:0% beyond Neptune, dubbed Trans Neptunian 00:17:44.240 --> 00:17:47.669 align:start position:0% beyond Neptune, dubbed Trans Neptunian objects<00:17:44.720> or<00:17:45.200> TNOs. 00:17:47.669 --> 00:17:47.679 align:start position:0% objects or TNOs. 00:17:47.679 --> 00:17:50.470 align:start position:0% objects or TNOs. The<00:17:47.840> team<00:17:48.080> were<00:17:48.320> using<00:17:48.559> the<00:17:48.880> 1.2<00:17:49.360> 2<00:17:49.600> m<00:17:50.000> Samuel 00:17:50.470 --> 00:17:50.480 align:start position:0% The team were using the 1.2 2 m Samuel 00:17:50.480 --> 00:17:53.270 align:start position:0% The team were using the 1.2 2 m Samuel Oshin<00:17:51.039> telescope<00:17:51.760> to<00:17:52.000> capture<00:17:52.400> images<00:17:52.799> of<00:17:53.039> a 00:17:53.270 --> 00:17:53.280 align:start position:0% Oshin telescope to capture images of a 00:17:53.280 --> 00:17:55.350 align:start position:0% Oshin telescope to capture images of a wide<00:17:53.600> field<00:17:53.919> of<00:17:54.080> the<00:17:54.320> sky,<00:17:54.880> putting<00:17:55.200> them 00:17:55.350 --> 00:17:55.360 align:start position:0% wide field of the sky, putting them 00:17:55.360 --> 00:17:57.430 align:start position:0% wide field of the sky, putting them through<00:17:55.919> automated<00:17:56.559> image<00:17:56.960> searching 00:17:57.430 --> 00:17:57.440 align:start position:0% through automated image searching 00:17:57.440 --> 00:17:59.990 align:start position:0% through automated image searching software<00:17:57.919> that<00:17:58.320> flagged<00:17:58.799> objects<00:17:59.440> moving<00:17:59.760> at 00:17:59.990 --> 00:18:00.000 align:start position:0% software that flagged objects moving at 00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:02.070 align:start position:0% software that flagged objects moving at a<00:18:00.160> certain<00:18:00.480> speed.<00:18:01.200> And<00:18:01.360> their<00:18:01.520> search<00:18:01.840> had 00:18:02.070 --> 00:18:02.080 align:start position:0% a certain speed. And their search had 00:18:02.080 --> 00:18:04.390 align:start position:0% a certain speed. And their search had already<00:18:02.320> proved<00:18:02.640> fruitful<00:18:03.600> with<00:18:03.919> newly 00:18:04.390 --> 00:18:04.400 align:start position:0% already proved fruitful with newly 00:18:04.400 --> 00:18:07.590 align:start position:0% already proved fruitful with newly discovered<00:18:04.960> worlds<00:18:05.360> like<00:18:05.679> Quawa,<00:18:06.559> Orcus,<00:18:07.360> and 00:18:07.590 --> 00:18:07.600 align:start position:0% discovered worlds like Quawa, Orcus, and 00:18:07.600 --> 00:18:10.470 align:start position:0% discovered worlds like Quawa, Orcus, and Sedna.<00:18:08.400> They<00:18:08.640> were<00:18:09.120> gradually<00:18:09.919> populating 00:18:10.470 --> 00:18:10.480 align:start position:0% Sedna. They were gradually populating 00:18:10.480 --> 00:18:12.870 align:start position:0% Sedna. They were gradually populating this<00:18:10.799> dark,<00:18:11.200> distant<00:18:11.600> realm.<00:18:12.400> But<00:18:12.480> the<00:18:12.720> team 00:18:12.870 --> 00:18:12.880 align:start position:0% this dark, distant realm. But the team 00:18:12.880 --> 00:18:15.430 align:start position:0% this dark, distant realm. But the team were<00:18:13.120> hoping<00:18:13.360> to<00:18:13.520> find<00:18:13.840> something<00:18:14.320> bigger.<00:18:15.200> As 00:18:15.430 --> 00:18:15.440 align:start position:0% were hoping to find something bigger. As 00:18:15.440 --> 00:18:17.669 align:start position:0% were hoping to find something bigger. As Mike<00:18:15.679> Brown<00:18:16.000> later<00:18:16.320> wrote,<00:18:16.880> "There<00:18:17.200> had<00:18:17.440> to<00:18:17.600> be 00:18:17.669 --> 00:18:17.679 align:start position:0% Mike Brown later wrote, "There had to be 00:18:17.679 --> 00:18:19.909 align:start position:0% Mike Brown later wrote, "There had to be a<00:18:17.840> tense<00:18:18.240> planet.<00:18:18.960> The<00:18:19.200> possibility<00:18:19.600> that 00:18:19.909 --> 00:18:19.919 align:start position:0% a tense planet. The possibility that 00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:23.029 align:start position:0% a tense planet. The possibility that Pluto<00:18:20.320> was<00:18:20.559> a<00:18:20.880> unique<00:18:21.520> planetary<00:18:22.080> oddball<00:18:22.799> out 00:18:23.029 --> 00:18:23.039 align:start position:0% Pluto was a unique planetary oddball out 00:18:23.039 --> 00:18:25.029 align:start position:0% Pluto was a unique planetary oddball out at<00:18:23.200> the<00:18:23.360> edge<00:18:23.520> of<00:18:23.600> the<00:18:23.760> solar<00:18:24.080> system<00:18:24.640> seemed 00:18:25.029 --> 00:18:25.039 align:start position:0% at the edge of the solar system seemed 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:28.310 align:start position:0% at the edge of the solar system seemed absurd<00:18:25.600> to<00:18:25.760> me."<00:18:26.799> He<00:18:27.039> decided<00:18:27.440> to<00:18:27.679> manually 00:18:28.310 --> 00:18:28.320 align:start position:0% absurd to me." He decided to manually 00:18:28.320 --> 00:18:30.390 align:start position:0% absurd to me." He decided to manually re-examine<00:18:28.960> some<00:18:29.200> old<00:18:29.440> data<00:18:29.760> sets<00:18:29.919> that<00:18:30.160> his 00:18:30.390 --> 00:18:30.400 align:start position:0% re-examine some old data sets that his 00:18:30.400 --> 00:18:33.110 align:start position:0% re-examine some old data sets that his software<00:18:30.799> had<00:18:31.039> passed<00:18:31.360> over.<00:18:32.160> Then,<00:18:32.720> after 00:18:33.110 --> 00:18:33.120 align:start position:0% software had passed over. Then, after 00:18:33.120 --> 00:18:35.430 align:start position:0% software had passed over. Then, after months<00:18:33.440> of<00:18:33.600> rechecking,<00:18:34.640> on<00:18:34.880> the<00:18:34.960> 5th<00:18:35.280> of 00:18:35.430 --> 00:18:35.440 align:start position:0% months of rechecking, on the 5th of 00:18:35.440 --> 00:18:38.549 align:start position:0% months of rechecking, on the 5th of January<00:18:36.000> 2005,<00:18:37.120> Brown<00:18:37.600> began<00:18:38.160> clicking 00:18:38.549 --> 00:18:38.559 align:start position:0% January 2005, Brown began clicking 00:18:38.559 --> 00:18:41.029 align:start position:0% January 2005, Brown began clicking through<00:18:38.880> a<00:18:39.120> sequence<00:18:39.440> of<00:18:39.840> three<00:18:40.240> images<00:18:40.799> from 00:18:41.029 --> 00:18:41.039 align:start position:0% through a sequence of three images from 00:18:41.039 --> 00:18:44.710 align:start position:0% through a sequence of three images from the<00:18:41.280> 21st<00:18:41.679> of<00:18:41.840> October<00:18:42.559> 2003.<00:18:43.760> And<00:18:44.000> there<00:18:44.480> in 00:18:44.710 --> 00:18:44.720 align:start position:0% the 21st of October 2003. And there in 00:18:44.720 --> 00:18:47.909 align:start position:0% the 21st of October 2003. And there in the<00:18:44.880> images<00:18:45.600> was<00:18:45.840> a<00:18:46.080> single<00:18:46.880> faint<00:18:47.360> dot<00:18:47.760> of 00:18:47.909 --> 00:18:47.919 align:start position:0% the images was a single faint dot of 00:18:47.919 --> 00:18:51.110 align:start position:0% the images was a single faint dot of light<00:18:48.720> moving<00:18:49.120> at<00:18:49.360> a<00:18:49.600> glacial<00:18:50.240> pace<00:18:50.720> against 00:18:51.110 --> 00:18:51.120 align:start position:0% light moving at a glacial pace against 00:18:51.120 --> 00:18:53.909 align:start position:0% light moving at a glacial pace against the<00:18:51.360> background<00:18:51.679> of<00:18:51.919> fixed<00:18:52.240> stars.<00:18:53.360> Brown 00:18:53.909 --> 00:18:53.919 align:start position:0% the background of fixed stars. Brown 00:18:53.919 --> 00:18:56.150 align:start position:0% the background of fixed stars. Brown knew<00:18:54.240> instantly<00:18:54.799> that<00:18:55.120> this<00:18:55.360> was<00:18:55.600> something 00:18:56.150 --> 00:18:56.160 align:start position:0% knew instantly that this was something 00:18:56.160 --> 00:18:59.270 align:start position:0% knew instantly that this was something significant.<00:18:57.360> It<00:18:57.520> was<00:18:57.760> bright,<00:18:58.559> meaning<00:18:58.960> it 00:18:59.270 --> 00:18:59.280 align:start position:0% significant. It was bright, meaning it 00:18:59.280 --> 00:19:02.070 align:start position:0% significant. It was bright, meaning it was<00:18:59.520> either<00:18:59.919> large<00:19:00.320> or<00:19:00.640> highly<00:19:01.120> reflective, 00:19:02.070 --> 00:19:02.080 align:start position:0% was either large or highly reflective, 00:19:02.080 --> 00:19:04.390 align:start position:0% was either large or highly reflective, and<00:19:02.320> it<00:19:02.559> was<00:19:02.720> moving<00:19:03.200> far<00:19:03.520> slower<00:19:04.080> than 00:19:04.390 --> 00:19:04.400 align:start position:0% and it was moving far slower than 00:19:04.400 --> 00:19:06.789 align:start position:0% and it was moving far slower than anything<00:19:04.799> they<00:19:05.039> had<00:19:05.280> found<00:19:05.520> before,<00:19:06.480> meaning 00:19:06.789 --> 00:19:06.799 align:start position:0% anything they had found before, meaning 00:19:06.799 --> 00:19:10.150 align:start position:0% anything they had found before, meaning it<00:19:07.120> was<00:19:07.520> incredibly<00:19:08.320> far<00:19:08.640> away.<00:19:09.200> His<00:19:09.919> first 00:19:10.150 --> 00:19:10.160 align:start position:0% it was incredibly far away. His first 00:19:10.160 --> 00:19:14.070 align:start position:0% it was incredibly far away. His first thought<00:19:10.480> was,<00:19:11.120> "I<00:19:11.520> found<00:19:12.000> a<00:19:12.320> planet." 00:19:14.070 --> 00:19:14.080 align:start position:0% thought was, "I found a planet." 00:19:14.080 --> 00:19:16.390 align:start position:0% thought was, "I found a planet." The<00:19:14.400> team<00:19:14.640> began<00:19:15.039> tracking<00:19:15.440> the<00:19:15.679> object 00:19:16.390 --> 00:19:16.400 align:start position:0% The team began tracking the object 00:19:16.400 --> 00:19:20.630 align:start position:0% The team began tracking the object provisionally<00:19:17.200> designated<00:19:18.000> 2003<00:19:19.039> UB313 00:19:20.630 --> 00:19:20.640 align:start position:0% provisionally designated 2003 UB313 00:19:20.640 --> 00:19:23.830 align:start position:0% provisionally designated 2003 UB313 to<00:19:20.960> determine<00:19:21.360> its<00:19:21.679> orbit<00:19:22.080> and<00:19:22.400> size.<00:19:23.520> They 00:19:23.830 --> 00:19:23.840 align:start position:0% to determine its orbit and size. They 00:19:23.840 --> 00:19:25.350 align:start position:0% to determine its orbit and size. They had<00:19:24.080> planned<00:19:24.400> to<00:19:24.559> keep<00:19:24.720> their<00:19:24.880> discovery 00:19:25.350 --> 00:19:25.360 align:start position:0% had planned to keep their discovery 00:19:25.360 --> 00:19:27.270 align:start position:0% had planned to keep their discovery under<00:19:25.679> wraps<00:19:26.000> until<00:19:26.320> they<00:19:26.480> had<00:19:26.799> completed 00:19:27.270 --> 00:19:27.280 align:start position:0% under wraps until they had completed 00:19:27.280 --> 00:19:29.029 align:start position:0% under wraps until they had completed further<00:19:27.600> observations,<00:19:28.559> but<00:19:28.799> the 00:19:29.029 --> 00:19:29.039 align:start position:0% further observations, but the 00:19:29.039 --> 00:19:31.110 align:start position:0% further observations, but the competitive<00:19:29.600> world<00:19:29.840> of<00:19:30.080> planetary<00:19:30.640> science 00:19:31.110 --> 00:19:31.120 align:start position:0% competitive world of planetary science 00:19:31.120 --> 00:19:35.430 align:start position:0% competitive world of planetary science intervened.<00:19:32.320> On<00:19:32.480> the<00:19:32.640> 27th<00:19:33.200> of<00:19:33.360> July<00:19:33.919> 2005,<00:19:35.120> a 00:19:35.430 --> 00:19:35.440 align:start position:0% intervened. On the 27th of July 2005, a 00:19:35.440 --> 00:19:37.750 align:start position:0% intervened. On the 27th of July 2005, a different<00:19:35.919> team<00:19:36.480> controversially<00:19:37.360> announced 00:19:37.750 --> 00:19:37.760 align:start position:0% different team controversially announced 00:19:37.760 --> 00:19:41.590 align:start position:0% different team controversially announced the<00:19:37.919> discovery<00:19:38.400> of<00:19:38.799> another<00:19:39.280> large<00:19:39.679> TNO<00:19:40.640> home 00:19:41.590 --> 00:19:41.600 align:start position:0% the discovery of another large TNO home 00:19:41.600 --> 00:19:44.150 align:start position:0% the discovery of another large TNO home after<00:19:42.000> accessing<00:19:42.559> Brown's<00:19:43.120> team's<00:19:43.679> public 00:19:44.150 --> 00:19:44.160 align:start position:0% after accessing Brown's team's public 00:19:44.160 --> 00:19:47.270 align:start position:0% after accessing Brown's team's public observation<00:19:44.720> logs.<00:19:45.840> To<00:19:46.080> avoid<00:19:46.480> being<00:19:46.799> scooped 00:19:47.270 --> 00:19:47.280 align:start position:0% observation logs. To avoid being scooped 00:19:47.280 --> 00:19:49.669 align:start position:0% observation logs. To avoid being scooped again,<00:19:48.000> Brown's<00:19:48.480> team<00:19:48.640> was<00:19:48.880> forced<00:19:49.280> to<00:19:49.440> go 00:19:49.669 --> 00:19:49.679 align:start position:0% again, Brown's team was forced to go 00:19:49.679 --> 00:19:52.230 align:start position:0% again, Brown's team was forced to go public.<00:19:50.559> On<00:19:50.799> the<00:19:50.960> 29th<00:19:51.360> of<00:19:51.600> July,<00:19:52.000> they 00:19:52.230 --> 00:19:52.240 align:start position:0% public. On the 29th of July, they 00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:54.950 align:start position:0% public. On the 29th of July, they announced<00:19:52.640> the<00:19:52.880> discovery<00:19:53.280> of<00:19:53.520> not<00:19:53.840> just<00:19:54.160> one 00:19:54.950 --> 00:19:54.960 align:start position:0% announced the discovery of not just one 00:19:54.960 --> 00:19:57.430 align:start position:0% announced the discovery of not just one but<00:19:55.360> two<00:19:55.919> major<00:19:56.320> bodies<00:19:56.559> in<00:19:56.720> the<00:19:56.799> outer<00:19:57.200> solar 00:19:57.430 --> 00:19:57.440 align:start position:0% but two major bodies in the outer solar 00:19:57.440 --> 00:20:00.470 align:start position:0% but two major bodies in the outer solar system.<00:19:58.080> Humea<00:19:58.880> and<00:19:59.200> this<00:19:59.440> new<00:19:59.760> object<00:20:00.160> that 00:20:00.470 --> 00:20:00.480 align:start position:0% system. Humea and this new object that 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:03.350 align:start position:0% system. Humea and this new object that would<00:20:00.720> eventually<00:20:01.360> become<00:20:01.679> known<00:20:01.919> as<00:20:02.240> Aerys. 00:20:03.350 --> 00:20:03.360 align:start position:0% would eventually become known as Aerys. 00:20:03.360 --> 00:20:06.230 align:start position:0% would eventually become known as Aerys. The<00:20:03.679> secret<00:20:04.080> was<00:20:04.400> out<00:20:05.039> and<00:20:05.280> the<00:20:05.440> solar<00:20:05.840> system 00:20:06.230 --> 00:20:06.240 align:start position:0% The secret was out and the solar system 00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:10.070 align:start position:0% The secret was out and the solar system would<00:20:06.559> never<00:20:06.880> be<00:20:07.120> the<00:20:07.280> same. 00:20:10.070 --> 00:20:10.080 align:start position:0% would never be the same. 00:20:10.080 --> 00:20:13.029 align:start position:0% would never be the same. In<00:20:10.320> Greek<00:20:10.640> mythology,<00:20:11.520> Eris<00:20:12.080> is<00:20:12.320> the<00:20:12.480> goddess 00:20:13.029 --> 00:20:13.039 align:start position:0% In Greek mythology, Eris is the goddess 00:20:13.039 --> 00:20:16.789 align:start position:0% In Greek mythology, Eris is the goddess of<00:20:13.360> strife,<00:20:14.240> a<00:20:14.480> malevolent<00:20:15.120> deity<00:20:15.919> who,<00:20:16.480> when 00:20:16.789 --> 00:20:16.799 align:start position:0% of strife, a malevolent deity who, when 00:20:16.799 --> 00:20:19.270 align:start position:0% of strife, a malevolent deity who, when snubbed<00:20:17.280> from<00:20:17.440> a<00:20:17.600> wedding,<00:20:18.320> tossed<00:20:18.720> a<00:20:18.880> golden 00:20:19.270 --> 00:20:19.280 align:start position:0% snubbed from a wedding, tossed a golden 00:20:19.280 --> 00:20:21.909 align:start position:0% snubbed from a wedding, tossed a golden apple<00:20:19.760> inscribed<00:20:20.559> for<00:20:20.720> the<00:20:20.880> fairest<00:20:21.600> among 00:20:21.909 --> 00:20:21.919 align:start position:0% apple inscribed for the fairest among 00:20:21.919 --> 00:20:24.390 align:start position:0% apple inscribed for the fairest among the<00:20:22.080> goddesses,<00:20:22.960> instigating<00:20:23.600> a<00:20:23.840> quarrel 00:20:24.390 --> 00:20:24.400 align:start position:0% the goddesses, instigating a quarrel 00:20:24.400 --> 00:20:27.590 align:start position:0% the goddesses, instigating a quarrel that<00:20:24.640> led<00:20:24.960> directly<00:20:25.440> to<00:20:25.600> the<00:20:25.760> Trojan<00:20:26.240> War.<00:20:27.200> In 00:20:27.590 --> 00:20:27.600 align:start position:0% that led directly to the Trojan War. In 00:20:27.600 --> 00:20:29.909 align:start position:0% that led directly to the Trojan War. In 2005,<00:20:28.480> the<00:20:28.720> discovery<00:20:29.120> of<00:20:29.200> the<00:20:29.440> celestial 00:20:29.909 --> 00:20:29.919 align:start position:0% 2005, the discovery of the celestial 00:20:29.919 --> 00:20:32.470 align:start position:0% 2005, the discovery of the celestial body<00:20:30.240> that<00:20:30.559> would<00:20:30.880> bear<00:20:31.120> her<00:20:31.440> name<00:20:32.000> was<00:20:32.240> the 00:20:32.470 --> 00:20:32.480 align:start position:0% body that would bear her name was the 00:20:32.480 --> 00:20:35.190 align:start position:0% body that would bear her name was the modern<00:20:32.799> equivalent<00:20:33.360> of<00:20:33.600> that<00:20:33.919> golden<00:20:34.320> apple. 00:20:35.190 --> 00:20:35.200 align:start position:0% modern equivalent of that golden apple. 00:20:35.200 --> 00:20:37.990 align:start position:0% modern equivalent of that golden apple. thrown<00:20:35.600> into<00:20:35.840> the<00:20:36.000> halls<00:20:36.400> of<00:20:36.559> astronomy.<00:20:37.679> It 00:20:37.990 --> 00:20:38.000 align:start position:0% thrown into the halls of astronomy. It 00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:40.789 align:start position:0% thrown into the halls of astronomy. It ignited<00:20:38.480> a<00:20:38.720> scientific<00:20:39.360> war<00:20:39.760> over<00:20:40.080> the<00:20:40.400> very 00:20:40.789 --> 00:20:40.799 align:start position:0% ignited a scientific war over the very 00:20:40.799 --> 00:20:43.669 align:start position:0% ignited a scientific war over the very definition<00:20:41.360> of<00:20:41.600> a<00:20:41.840> planet.<00:20:42.880> The<00:20:43.120> problem<00:20:43.360> was 00:20:43.669 --> 00:20:43.679 align:start position:0% definition of a planet. The problem was 00:20:43.679 --> 00:20:46.630 align:start position:0% definition of a planet. The problem was simple<00:20:44.240> yet<00:20:44.559> profound.<00:20:45.679> Initial<00:20:46.080> estimates 00:20:46.630 --> 00:20:46.640 align:start position:0% simple yet profound. Initial estimates 00:20:46.640 --> 00:20:49.750 align:start position:0% simple yet profound. Initial estimates suggested<00:20:47.200> AIS<00:20:47.760> was<00:20:48.080> larger<00:20:48.480> than<00:20:48.720> Pluto,<00:20:49.440> and 00:20:49.750 --> 00:20:49.760 align:start position:0% suggested AIS was larger than Pluto, and 00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:51.830 align:start position:0% suggested AIS was larger than Pluto, and subsequent<00:20:50.320> calculations<00:20:51.039> based<00:20:51.280> on<00:20:51.520> its 00:20:51.830 --> 00:20:51.840 align:start position:0% subsequent calculations based on its 00:20:51.840 --> 00:20:55.270 align:start position:0% subsequent calculations based on its moon's<00:20:52.240> orbit<00:20:52.880> showed<00:20:53.280> it<00:20:53.520> was<00:20:53.919> 27%<00:20:55.039> more 00:20:55.270 --> 00:20:55.280 align:start position:0% moon's orbit showed it was 27% more 00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:58.870 align:start position:0% moon's orbit showed it was 27% more massive.<00:20:56.240> If<00:20:56.559> Pluto<00:20:57.200> was<00:20:57.520> a<00:20:57.760> planet,<00:20:58.640> then 00:20:58.870 --> 00:20:58.880 align:start position:0% massive. If Pluto was a planet, then 00:20:58.880 --> 00:21:02.070 align:start position:0% massive. If Pluto was a planet, then Aerys,<00:20:59.520> its<00:20:59.760> more<00:21:00.080> massive<00:21:00.559> twin,<00:21:01.520> certainly 00:21:02.070 --> 00:21:02.080 align:start position:0% Aerys, its more massive twin, certainly 00:21:02.080 --> 00:21:04.789 align:start position:0% Aerys, its more massive twin, certainly had<00:21:02.240> to<00:21:02.400> be<00:21:02.559> one<00:21:02.799> as<00:21:03.039> well.<00:21:03.760> And<00:21:04.000> if<00:21:04.159> Aerys<00:21:04.640> was 00:21:04.789 --> 00:21:04.799 align:start position:0% had to be one as well. And if Aerys was 00:21:04.799 --> 00:21:06.950 align:start position:0% had to be one as well. And if Aerys was a<00:21:04.960> planet,<00:21:05.520> what<00:21:05.760> about<00:21:06.000> the<00:21:06.240> other<00:21:06.559> large 00:21:06.950 --> 00:21:06.960 align:start position:0% a planet, what about the other large 00:21:06.960 --> 00:21:09.669 align:start position:0% a planet, what about the other large TNOs<00:21:07.679> that<00:21:07.919> had<00:21:08.240> recently<00:21:08.720> been<00:21:08.960> discovered 00:21:09.669 --> 00:21:09.679 align:start position:0% TNOs that had recently been discovered 00:21:09.679 --> 00:21:12.230 align:start position:0% TNOs that had recently been discovered such<00:21:09.919> as<00:21:10.320> Maka 00:21:12.230 --> 00:21:12.240 align:start position:0% such as Maka 00:21:12.240 --> 00:21:15.029 align:start position:0% such as Maka and<00:21:12.559> Sedna?<00:21:13.600> Where<00:21:13.919> would<00:21:14.240> the<00:21:14.480> line<00:21:14.799> be 00:21:15.029 --> 00:21:15.039 align:start position:0% and Sedna? Where would the line be 00:21:15.039 --> 00:21:17.830 align:start position:0% and Sedna? Where would the line be drawn?<00:21:16.000> The<00:21:16.320> discovery<00:21:16.880> created<00:21:17.520> an 00:21:17.830 --> 00:21:17.840 align:start position:0% drawn? The discovery created an 00:21:17.840 --> 00:21:20.549 align:start position:0% drawn? The discovery created an unavoidable<00:21:18.559> logical<00:21:19.039> crisis.<00:21:20.000> As<00:21:20.240> Mike 00:21:20.549 --> 00:21:20.559 align:start position:0% unavoidable logical crisis. As Mike 00:21:20.559 --> 00:21:22.710 align:start position:0% unavoidable logical crisis. As Mike Brown<00:21:20.880> put<00:21:21.039> it,<00:21:21.520> we<00:21:21.760> were<00:21:21.919> either<00:21:22.320> going<00:21:22.559> to 00:21:22.710 --> 00:21:22.720 align:start position:0% Brown put it, we were either going to 00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:26.870 align:start position:0% Brown put it, we were either going to have<00:21:22.880> to<00:21:23.120> add<00:21:23.520> new<00:21:23.840> planets<00:21:24.640> or<00:21:24.960> subtract<00:21:25.440> one. 00:21:26.870 --> 00:21:26.880 align:start position:0% have to add new planets or subtract one. 00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:29.110 align:start position:0% have to add new planets or subtract one. The<00:21:27.120> International<00:21:27.760> Astronomical<00:21:28.559> Union, 00:21:29.110 --> 00:21:29.120 align:start position:0% The International Astronomical Union, 00:21:29.120 --> 00:21:30.870 align:start position:0% The International Astronomical Union, the<00:21:29.360> global<00:21:29.760> body<00:21:30.080> responsible<00:21:30.720> for 00:21:30.870 --> 00:21:30.880 align:start position:0% the global body responsible for 00:21:30.880 --> 00:21:33.830 align:start position:0% the global body responsible for astronomical<00:21:31.760> nomenclature,<00:21:32.880> was<00:21:33.280> forced<00:21:33.679> to 00:21:33.830 --> 00:21:33.840 align:start position:0% astronomical nomenclature, was forced to 00:21:33.840 --> 00:21:37.750 align:start position:0% astronomical nomenclature, was forced to act.<00:21:34.960> At<00:21:35.280> its<00:21:35.760> 26th<00:21:36.640> General<00:21:37.039> Assembly<00:21:37.520> in 00:21:37.750 --> 00:21:37.760 align:start position:0% act. At its 26th General Assembly in 00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:41.510 align:start position:0% act. At its 26th General Assembly in Prague<00:21:38.159> in<00:21:38.400> August<00:21:39.039> 2006,<00:21:40.240> the<00:21:40.480> question<00:21:40.880> of 00:21:41.510 --> 00:21:41.520 align:start position:0% Prague in August 2006, the question of 00:21:41.520 --> 00:21:44.390 align:start position:0% Prague in August 2006, the question of what<00:21:41.760> is<00:21:41.919> a<00:21:42.159> planet<00:21:42.960> was<00:21:43.280> put<00:21:43.440> to<00:21:43.679> a<00:21:43.919> formal 00:21:44.390 --> 00:21:44.400 align:start position:0% what is a planet was put to a formal 00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:46.789 align:start position:0% what is a planet was put to a formal debate<00:21:44.880> and<00:21:45.120> vote<00:21:45.760> for<00:21:46.000> the<00:21:46.240> first<00:21:46.400> time<00:21:46.559> in 00:21:46.789 --> 00:21:46.799 align:start position:0% debate and vote for the first time in 00:21:46.799 --> 00:21:49.909 align:start position:0% debate and vote for the first time in history.<00:21:47.840> The<00:21:48.080> debate<00:21:48.480> was<00:21:48.799> vigorous<00:21:49.600> and 00:21:49.909 --> 00:21:49.919 align:start position:0% history. The debate was vigorous and 00:21:49.919 --> 00:21:51.990 align:start position:0% history. The debate was vigorous and exposed<00:21:50.480> a<00:21:50.880> deep<00:21:51.200> rift<00:21:51.600> within<00:21:51.840> the 00:21:51.990 --> 00:21:52.000 align:start position:0% exposed a deep rift within the 00:21:52.000 --> 00:21:54.310 align:start position:0% exposed a deep rift within the astronomical<00:21:52.720> community,<00:21:53.600> splitting<00:21:54.080> it 00:21:54.310 --> 00:21:54.320 align:start position:0% astronomical community, splitting it 00:21:54.320 --> 00:21:57.430 align:start position:0% astronomical community, splitting it into<00:21:54.640> two<00:21:55.039> main<00:21:55.360> camps.<00:21:56.480> On<00:21:56.720> one<00:21:56.880> side<00:21:57.200> were 00:21:57.430 --> 00:21:57.440 align:start position:0% into two main camps. On one side were 00:21:57.440 --> 00:22:00.310 align:start position:0% into two main camps. On one side were those<00:21:57.760> who<00:21:58.159> advocated<00:21:58.799> for<00:21:59.120> a<00:21:59.520> geoysical 00:22:00.310 --> 00:22:00.320 align:start position:0% those who advocated for a geoysical 00:22:00.320 --> 00:22:02.710 align:start position:0% those who advocated for a geoysical definition.<00:22:01.440> They<00:22:01.679> argued<00:22:02.000> that<00:22:02.159> a<00:22:02.400> planet 00:22:02.710 --> 00:22:02.720 align:start position:0% definition. They argued that a planet 00:22:02.720 --> 00:22:04.549 align:start position:0% definition. They argued that a planet should<00:22:02.880> be<00:22:03.039> defined<00:22:03.440> by<00:22:03.600> its<00:22:03.919> intrinsic 00:22:04.549 --> 00:22:04.559 align:start position:0% should be defined by its intrinsic 00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:07.029 align:start position:0% should be defined by its intrinsic properties.<00:22:05.600> If<00:22:05.840> an<00:22:06.000> object<00:22:06.320> is<00:22:06.640> massive 00:22:07.029 --> 00:22:07.039 align:start position:0% properties. If an object is massive 00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:09.029 align:start position:0% properties. If an object is massive enough<00:22:07.200> for<00:22:07.360> its<00:22:07.600> own<00:22:07.760> gravity<00:22:08.159> to<00:22:08.480> overcome 00:22:09.029 --> 00:22:09.039 align:start position:0% enough for its own gravity to overcome 00:22:09.039 --> 00:22:11.350 align:start position:0% enough for its own gravity to overcome its<00:22:09.360> material<00:22:09.840> strength<00:22:10.320> and<00:22:10.559> pull<00:22:10.720> it<00:22:10.880> into<00:22:11.120> a 00:22:11.350 --> 00:22:11.360 align:start position:0% its material strength and pull it into a 00:22:11.360 --> 00:22:13.669 align:start position:0% its material strength and pull it into a nearly<00:22:11.760> round<00:22:12.080> shape,<00:22:12.720> a<00:22:12.880> state<00:22:13.120> known<00:22:13.360> as 00:22:13.669 --> 00:22:13.679 align:start position:0% nearly round shape, a state known as 00:22:13.679 --> 00:22:15.990 align:start position:0% nearly round shape, a state known as hydrostatic<00:22:14.400> equilibrium,<00:22:15.520> it<00:22:15.679> should<00:22:15.840> be 00:22:15.990 --> 00:22:16.000 align:start position:0% hydrostatic equilibrium, it should be 00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:17.430 align:start position:0% hydrostatic equilibrium, it should be called<00:22:16.159> a<00:22:16.400> planet. 00:22:17.430 --> 00:22:17.440 align:start position:0% called a planet. 00:22:17.440 --> 00:22:20.470 align:start position:0% called a planet. Under<00:22:17.840> this<00:22:18.159> simple<00:22:18.640> definition,<00:22:19.679> Pluto, 00:22:20.470 --> 00:22:20.480 align:start position:0% Under this simple definition, Pluto, 00:22:20.480 --> 00:22:23.510 align:start position:0% Under this simple definition, Pluto, Ays,<00:22:21.280> the<00:22:21.520> dwarf<00:22:21.919> planet<00:22:22.320> series,<00:22:23.200> and 00:22:23.510 --> 00:22:23.520 align:start position:0% Ays, the dwarf planet series, and 00:22:23.520 --> 00:22:26.149 align:start position:0% Ays, the dwarf planet series, and potentially<00:22:24.159> dozens<00:22:24.640> of<00:22:24.799> other<00:22:25.120> bodies<00:22:25.919> would 00:22:26.149 --> 00:22:26.159 align:start position:0% potentially dozens of other bodies would 00:22:26.159 --> 00:22:28.789 align:start position:0% potentially dozens of other bodies would have<00:22:26.400> become<00:22:26.799> planets. 00:22:28.789 --> 00:22:28.799 align:start position:0% have become planets. 00:22:28.799 --> 00:22:30.549 align:start position:0% have become planets. On<00:22:28.960> the<00:22:29.120> other<00:22:29.280> side<00:22:29.520> were<00:22:29.760> those<00:22:30.000> who<00:22:30.159> favored 00:22:30.549 --> 00:22:30.559 align:start position:0% On the other side were those who favored 00:22:30.559 --> 00:22:33.750 align:start position:0% On the other side were those who favored a<00:22:30.960> dynamical<00:22:31.760> definition.<00:22:32.880> They<00:22:33.120> argued<00:22:33.520> that 00:22:33.750 --> 00:22:33.760 align:start position:0% a dynamical definition. They argued that 00:22:33.760 --> 00:22:36.149 align:start position:0% a dynamical definition. They argued that a<00:22:33.919> planet's<00:22:34.480> identity<00:22:34.799> is<00:22:35.120> tied<00:22:35.520> not<00:22:35.760> just<00:22:36.000> to 00:22:36.149 --> 00:22:36.159 align:start position:0% a planet's identity is tied not just to 00:22:36.159 --> 00:22:38.310 align:start position:0% a planet's identity is tied not just to its<00:22:36.400> physical<00:22:36.880> state,<00:22:37.520> but<00:22:37.760> to<00:22:38.000> its 00:22:38.310 --> 00:22:38.320 align:start position:0% its physical state, but to its 00:22:38.320 --> 00:22:40.070 align:start position:0% its physical state, but to its gravitational<00:22:39.120> influence<00:22:39.679> on<00:22:39.840> its 00:22:40.070 --> 00:22:40.080 align:start position:0% gravitational influence on its 00:22:40.080 --> 00:22:42.470 align:start position:0% gravitational influence on its surroundings.<00:22:41.039> A<00:22:41.360> true<00:22:41.679> planet,<00:22:42.240> they 00:22:42.470 --> 00:22:42.480 align:start position:0% surroundings. A true planet, they 00:22:42.480 --> 00:22:44.390 align:start position:0% surroundings. A true planet, they contended,<00:22:43.280> must<00:22:43.520> be<00:22:43.679> the<00:22:43.919> dominant 00:22:44.390 --> 00:22:44.400 align:start position:0% contended, must be the dominant 00:22:44.400 --> 00:22:46.789 align:start position:0% contended, must be the dominant gravitational<00:22:45.120> player<00:22:45.760> in<00:22:46.080> its<00:22:46.320> orbital 00:22:46.789 --> 00:22:46.799 align:start position:0% gravitational player in its orbital 00:22:46.799 --> 00:22:49.190 align:start position:0% gravitational player in its orbital zone.<00:22:47.760> In<00:22:47.919> the<00:22:48.080> words<00:22:48.400> of<00:22:48.559> the<00:22:48.799> final 00:22:49.190 --> 00:22:49.200 align:start position:0% zone. In the words of the final 00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:51.750 align:start position:0% zone. In the words of the final resolution,<00:22:50.159> it<00:22:50.400> must<00:22:50.640> have<00:22:51.039> cleared<00:22:51.440> the 00:22:51.750 --> 00:22:51.760 align:start position:0% resolution, it must have cleared the 00:22:51.760 --> 00:22:54.390 align:start position:0% resolution, it must have cleared the neighborhood<00:22:52.320> around<00:22:52.720> its<00:22:53.039> orbit.<00:22:54.159> The 00:22:54.390 --> 00:22:54.400 align:start position:0% neighborhood around its orbit. The 00:22:54.400 --> 00:22:56.549 align:start position:0% neighborhood around its orbit. The voting<00:22:54.799> process<00:22:55.120> itself<00:22:55.600> was<00:22:56.000> fraught<00:22:56.320> with 00:22:56.549 --> 00:22:56.559 align:start position:0% voting process itself was fraught with 00:22:56.559 --> 00:22:59.270 align:start position:0% voting process itself was fraught with controversy.<00:22:57.679> The<00:22:57.919> final<00:22:58.240> vote<00:22:58.559> was<00:22:58.720> held<00:22:59.039> on 00:22:59.270 --> 00:22:59.280 align:start position:0% controversy. The final vote was held on 00:22:59.280 --> 00:23:01.669 align:start position:0% controversy. The final vote was held on the<00:22:59.440> last<00:22:59.679> day<00:22:59.919> of<00:23:00.159> the<00:23:00.320> 10-day<00:23:00.880> conference, 00:23:01.669 --> 00:23:01.679 align:start position:0% the last day of the 10-day conference, 00:23:01.679 --> 00:23:04.549 align:start position:0% the last day of the 10-day conference, by<00:23:01.919> which<00:23:02.159> time<00:23:02.640> most<00:23:02.960> of<00:23:03.200> the<00:23:03.440> 2,500 00:23:04.549 --> 00:23:04.559 align:start position:0% by which time most of the 2,500 00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:08.070 align:start position:0% by which time most of the 2,500 attendees<00:23:05.679> had<00:23:06.000> already<00:23:06.320> gone<00:23:06.640> home.<00:23:07.440> Only 00:23:08.070 --> 00:23:08.080 align:start position:0% attendees had already gone home. Only 00:23:08.080 --> 00:23:11.190 align:start position:0% attendees had already gone home. Only 424<00:23:09.440> astronomers<00:23:10.080> were<00:23:10.400> present<00:23:10.720> to<00:23:10.880> cast 00:23:11.190 --> 00:23:11.200 align:start position:0% 424 astronomers were present to cast 00:23:11.200 --> 00:23:13.830 align:start position:0% 424 astronomers were present to cast their<00:23:11.360> ballots,<00:23:12.240> a<00:23:12.480> tiny<00:23:12.880> fraction<00:23:13.440> of<00:23:13.600> the 00:23:13.830 --> 00:23:13.840 align:start position:0% their ballots, a tiny fraction of the 00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:16.710 align:start position:0% their ballots, a tiny fraction of the global<00:23:14.240> astronomical<00:23:15.120> community.<00:23:16.320> When<00:23:16.559> the 00:23:16.710 --> 00:23:16.720 align:start position:0% global astronomical community. When the 00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:19.029 align:start position:0% global astronomical community. When the votes<00:23:17.039> were<00:23:17.280> counted,<00:23:18.159> the<00:23:18.400> dynamical 00:23:19.029 --> 00:23:19.039 align:start position:0% votes were counted, the dynamical 00:23:19.039 --> 00:23:22.789 align:start position:0% votes were counted, the dynamical definition<00:23:19.840> had<00:23:20.080> won.<00:23:20.960> The<00:23:21.280> IAU<00:23:22.159> passed 00:23:22.789 --> 00:23:22.799 align:start position:0% definition had won. The IAU passed 00:23:22.799 --> 00:23:26.470 align:start position:0% definition had won. The IAU passed resolution<00:23:23.520> 5A,<00:23:24.480> establishing<00:23:25.280> a<00:23:25.679> threepart 00:23:26.470 --> 00:23:26.480 align:start position:0% resolution 5A, establishing a threepart 00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:28.149 align:start position:0% resolution 5A, establishing a threepart definition<00:23:26.880> for<00:23:27.039> a<00:23:27.200> planet<00:23:27.520> in<00:23:27.679> the<00:23:27.840> solar 00:23:28.149 --> 00:23:28.159 align:start position:0% definition for a planet in the solar 00:23:28.159 --> 00:23:31.350 align:start position:0% definition for a planet in the solar system.<00:23:28.960> It<00:23:29.280> must<00:23:29.679> a<00:23:30.240> be<00:23:30.400> in<00:23:30.640> orbit<00:23:30.960> around<00:23:31.200> the 00:23:31.350 --> 00:23:31.360 align:start position:0% system. It must a be in orbit around the 00:23:31.360 --> 00:23:35.270 align:start position:0% system. It must a be in orbit around the sun,<00:23:32.240> b<00:23:32.960> be<00:23:33.200> in<00:23:33.360> hydrostatic<00:23:34.080> equilibrium, 00:23:35.270 --> 00:23:35.280 align:start position:0% sun, b be in hydrostatic equilibrium, 00:23:35.280 --> 00:23:38.950 align:start position:0% sun, b be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and<00:23:35.520> c<00:23:36.240> have<00:23:36.720> cleared<00:23:37.039> its<00:23:37.360> neighborhood. 00:23:38.950 --> 00:23:38.960 align:start position:0% and c have cleared its neighborhood. 00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:41.029 align:start position:0% and c have cleared its neighborhood. Pluto<00:23:39.679> sharing<00:23:40.000> its<00:23:40.159> orbital<00:23:40.559> space<00:23:40.799> with 00:23:41.029 --> 00:23:41.039 align:start position:0% Pluto sharing its orbital space with 00:23:41.039 --> 00:23:43.190 align:start position:0% Pluto sharing its orbital space with Neptune<00:23:41.520> and<00:23:41.679> a<00:23:41.919> host<00:23:42.080> of<00:23:42.240> other<00:23:42.480> Kyber<00:23:42.880> belt 00:23:43.190 --> 00:23:43.200 align:start position:0% Neptune and a host of other Kyber belt 00:23:43.200 --> 00:23:46.630 align:start position:0% Neptune and a host of other Kyber belt objects<00:23:43.919> failed<00:23:44.320> on<00:23:44.480> the<00:23:44.720> third<00:23:44.960> criterion. 00:23:46.630 --> 00:23:46.640 align:start position:0% objects failed on the third criterion. 00:23:46.640 --> 00:23:49.909 align:start position:0% objects failed on the third criterion. A<00:23:46.880> new<00:23:47.039> category<00:23:47.760> was<00:23:48.240> created,<00:23:49.120> the<00:23:49.360> dwarf 00:23:49.909 --> 00:23:49.919 align:start position:0% A new category was created, the dwarf 00:23:49.919 --> 00:23:52.230 align:start position:0% A new category was created, the dwarf planet,<00:23:50.559> for<00:23:50.799> objects<00:23:51.280> that<00:23:51.520> meet<00:23:51.760> the<00:23:52.000> first 00:23:52.230 --> 00:23:52.240 align:start position:0% planet, for objects that meet the first 00:23:52.240 --> 00:23:55.029 align:start position:0% planet, for objects that meet the first two<00:23:52.480> criteria,<00:23:53.360> but<00:23:53.679> not<00:23:53.840> the<00:23:54.080> third. 00:23:55.029 --> 00:23:55.039 align:start position:0% two criteria, but not the third. 00:23:55.039 --> 00:23:57.430 align:start position:0% two criteria, but not the third. Crucially,<00:23:56.000> a<00:23:56.240> follow-up<00:23:56.720> resolution<00:23:57.200> was 00:23:57.430 --> 00:23:57.440 align:start position:0% Crucially, a follow-up resolution was 00:23:57.440 --> 00:23:59.590 align:start position:0% Crucially, a follow-up resolution was defeated<00:23:58.240> that<00:23:58.480> would<00:23:58.720> have<00:23:58.880> made<00:23:59.120> dwarf 00:23:59.590 --> 00:23:59.600 align:start position:0% defeated that would have made dwarf 00:23:59.600 --> 00:24:02.230 align:start position:0% defeated that would have made dwarf planets<00:24:00.080> a<00:24:00.400> subcategory<00:24:01.039> of<00:24:01.280> planet. 00:24:02.230 --> 00:24:02.240 align:start position:0% planets a subcategory of planet. 00:24:02.240 --> 00:24:05.510 align:start position:0% planets a subcategory of planet. Instead,<00:24:02.960> the<00:24:03.360> IAU<00:24:04.320> declared<00:24:04.720> that<00:24:04.960> planets 00:24:05.510 --> 00:24:05.520 align:start position:0% Instead, the IAU declared that planets 00:24:05.520 --> 00:24:08.149 align:start position:0% Instead, the IAU declared that planets and<00:24:05.760> dwarf<00:24:06.159> planets<00:24:06.640> are<00:24:06.960> two<00:24:07.440> distinct 00:24:08.149 --> 00:24:08.159 align:start position:0% and dwarf planets are two distinct 00:24:08.159 --> 00:24:11.269 align:start position:0% and dwarf planets are two distinct classes<00:24:08.559> of<00:24:08.799> objects.<00:24:09.760> In<00:24:10.000> an<00:24:10.240> instant,<00:24:11.039> the 00:24:11.269 --> 00:24:11.279 align:start position:0% classes of objects. In an instant, the 00:24:11.279 --> 00:24:13.990 align:start position:0% classes of objects. In an instant, the solar<00:24:11.600> system<00:24:12.000> was<00:24:12.480> officially<00:24:13.120> reduced<00:24:13.679> to 00:24:13.990 --> 00:24:14.000 align:start position:0% solar system was officially reduced to 00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:17.830 align:start position:0% solar system was officially reduced to just<00:24:14.480> eight<00:24:14.960> planets.<00:24:16.240> Critics<00:24:17.039> immediately 00:24:17.830 --> 00:24:17.840 align:start position:0% just eight planets. Critics immediately 00:24:17.840 --> 00:24:19.990 align:start position:0% just eight planets. Critics immediately pointed<00:24:18.159> out<00:24:18.400> flaws<00:24:18.720> in<00:24:18.880> this<00:24:19.039> definition. 00:24:19.990 --> 00:24:20.000 align:start position:0% pointed out flaws in this definition. 00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:22.710 align:start position:0% pointed out flaws in this definition. The<00:24:20.240> phrase<00:24:20.960> clear<00:24:21.279> the<00:24:21.520> neighborhood<00:24:22.320> was 00:24:22.710 --> 00:24:22.720 align:start position:0% The phrase clear the neighborhood was 00:24:22.720 --> 00:24:25.510 align:start position:0% The phrase clear the neighborhood was ambiguous<00:24:23.679> and<00:24:23.919> the<00:24:24.080> first<00:24:24.320> criterion<00:24:25.279> in 00:24:25.510 --> 00:24:25.520 align:start position:0% ambiguous and the first criterion in 00:24:25.520 --> 00:24:28.870 align:start position:0% ambiguous and the first criterion in orbit<00:24:26.000> around<00:24:26.320> the<00:24:26.559> sun<00:24:27.279> applied<00:24:27.760> only<00:24:28.000> to<00:24:28.400> our 00:24:28.870 --> 00:24:28.880 align:start position:0% orbit around the sun applied only to our 00:24:28.880 --> 00:24:31.269 align:start position:0% orbit around the sun applied only to our solar<00:24:29.200> system<00:24:29.840> and<00:24:30.159> ignored<00:24:30.559> the<00:24:30.799> thousands 00:24:31.269 --> 00:24:31.279 align:start position:0% solar system and ignored the thousands 00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:34.230 align:start position:0% solar system and ignored the thousands of<00:24:31.440> exoplanets<00:24:32.159> that<00:24:32.320> we<00:24:32.559> now<00:24:32.720> know<00:24:33.039> exist.<00:24:34.000> It 00:24:34.230 --> 00:24:34.240 align:start position:0% of exoplanets that we now know exist. It 00:24:34.240 --> 00:24:37.350 align:start position:0% of exoplanets that we now know exist. It was<00:24:34.400> not<00:24:34.720> a<00:24:35.120> universal,<00:24:36.000> elegant<00:24:36.559> principle, 00:24:37.350 --> 00:24:37.360 align:start position:0% was not a universal, elegant principle, 00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:41.029 align:start position:0% was not a universal, elegant principle, but<00:24:37.600> a<00:24:37.840> reactive,<00:24:38.880> controversial,<00:24:40.000> and<00:24:40.559> local 00:24:41.029 --> 00:24:41.039 align:start position:0% but a reactive, controversial, and local 00:24:41.039 --> 00:24:43.909 align:start position:0% but a reactive, controversial, and local fix.<00:24:41.919> With<00:24:42.159> the<00:24:42.400> debate<00:24:42.799> settled,<00:24:43.440> at<00:24:43.520> least 00:24:43.909 --> 00:24:43.919 align:start position:0% fix. With the debate settled, at least 00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:46.310 align:start position:0% fix. With the debate settled, at least officially,<00:24:44.799> the<00:24:45.039> Discovery<00:24:45.600> team<00:24:45.919> had<00:24:46.080> the 00:24:46.310 --> 00:24:46.320 align:start position:0% officially, the Discovery team had the 00:24:46.320 --> 00:24:48.390 align:start position:0% officially, the Discovery team had the honor<00:24:46.640> of<00:24:46.799> naming<00:24:47.200> their<00:24:47.679> troublemaking 00:24:48.390 --> 00:24:48.400 align:start position:0% honor of naming their troublemaking 00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:51.830 align:start position:0% honor of naming their troublemaking world.<00:24:49.279> They<00:24:49.520> chose<00:24:50.000> EIS,<00:24:50.720> a<00:24:50.960> name<00:24:51.200> Mike<00:24:51.440> Brown 00:24:51.830 --> 00:24:51.840 align:start position:0% world. They chose EIS, a name Mike Brown 00:24:51.840 --> 00:24:54.149 align:start position:0% world. They chose EIS, a name Mike Brown felt<00:24:52.240> was<00:24:52.559> perfect<00:24:52.880> for<00:24:53.039> the<00:24:53.279> object<00:24:53.679> that<00:24:53.919> had 00:24:54.149 --> 00:24:54.159 align:start position:0% felt was perfect for the object that had 00:24:54.159 --> 00:24:56.710 align:start position:0% felt was perfect for the object that had thrown<00:24:54.480> astronomy<00:24:55.039> into<00:24:55.279> such<00:24:55.520> strife.<00:24:56.480> The 00:24:56.710 --> 00:24:56.720 align:start position:0% thrown astronomy into such strife. The 00:24:56.720 --> 00:24:58.950 align:start position:0% thrown astronomy into such strife. The name<00:24:56.960> was<00:24:57.200> formally<00:24:57.679> accepted<00:24:58.080> in<00:24:58.400> September 00:24:58.950 --> 00:24:58.960 align:start position:0% name was formally accepted in September 00:24:58.960 --> 00:25:01.830 align:start position:0% name was formally accepted in September 2006,<00:25:00.080> cementing<00:25:00.640> the<00:25:00.880> legacy<00:25:01.360> of<00:25:01.600> this 00:25:01.830 --> 00:25:01.840 align:start position:0% 2006, cementing the legacy of this 00:25:01.840 --> 00:25:04.470 align:start position:0% 2006, cementing the legacy of this distant<00:25:02.240> world<00:25:02.799> as<00:25:03.039> the<00:25:03.200> celestial<00:25:03.840> apple<00:25:04.240> of 00:25:04.470 --> 00:25:04.480 align:start position:0% distant world as the celestial apple of 00:25:04.480 --> 00:25:07.909 align:start position:0% distant world as the celestial apple of discord. 00:25:07.909 --> 00:25:07.919 align:start position:0% 00:25:07.919 --> 00:25:10.310 align:start position:0% Having<00:25:08.400> established<00:25:08.960> its<00:25:09.200> role<00:25:09.440> as<00:25:09.679> a<00:25:09.840> cosmic 00:25:10.310 --> 00:25:10.320 align:start position:0% Having established its role as a cosmic 00:25:10.320 --> 00:25:13.029 align:start position:0% Having established its role as a cosmic disruptor,<00:25:11.279> it's<00:25:11.520> time<00:25:11.679> to<00:25:11.919> journey<00:25:12.320> to<00:25:12.559> Aerys 00:25:13.029 --> 00:25:13.039 align:start position:0% disruptor, it's time to journey to Aerys 00:25:13.039 --> 00:25:15.750 align:start position:0% disruptor, it's time to journey to Aerys itself<00:25:13.760> and<00:25:14.080> understand<00:25:14.480> the<00:25:14.720> nature<00:25:15.120> of<00:25:15.440> this 00:25:15.750 --> 00:25:15.760 align:start position:0% itself and understand the nature of this 00:25:15.760 --> 00:25:18.870 align:start position:0% itself and understand the nature of this renegade<00:25:16.400> world.<00:25:17.440> Eris<00:25:17.919> does<00:25:18.080> not<00:25:18.240> reside<00:25:18.640> in 00:25:18.870 --> 00:25:18.880 align:start position:0% renegade world. Eris does not reside in 00:25:18.880 --> 00:25:21.510 align:start position:0% renegade world. Eris does not reside in the<00:25:19.039> relatively<00:25:19.600> stable<00:25:20.320> disc-like<00:25:21.039> Kyper 00:25:21.510 --> 00:25:21.520 align:start position:0% the relatively stable disc-like Kyper 00:25:21.520 --> 00:25:23.750 align:start position:0% the relatively stable disc-like Kyper belt,<00:25:21.919> the<00:25:22.159> home<00:25:22.320> of<00:25:22.480> Pluto<00:25:22.960> and<00:25:23.200> many<00:25:23.440> other 00:25:23.750 --> 00:25:23.760 align:start position:0% belt, the home of Pluto and many other 00:25:23.760 --> 00:25:27.190 align:start position:0% belt, the home of Pluto and many other icy<00:25:24.000> bodies.<00:25:24.880> Instead,<00:25:25.679> it<00:25:25.919> belongs<00:25:26.320> to<00:25:26.559> a<00:25:26.799> far 00:25:27.190 --> 00:25:27.200 align:start position:0% icy bodies. Instead, it belongs to a far 00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:30.630 align:start position:0% icy bodies. Instead, it belongs to a far more<00:25:27.520> chaotic<00:25:28.240> and<00:25:28.640> wild<00:25:29.120> region<00:25:29.840> known<00:25:30.400> as 00:25:30.630 --> 00:25:30.640 align:start position:0% more chaotic and wild region known as 00:25:30.640 --> 00:25:33.990 align:start position:0% more chaotic and wild region known as the<00:25:30.960> Scattered<00:25:31.600> Disc.<00:25:32.960> The<00:25:33.200> Scattered<00:25:33.679> Disc 00:25:33.990 --> 00:25:34.000 align:start position:0% the Scattered Disc. The Scattered Disc 00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:37.269 align:start position:0% the Scattered Disc. The Scattered Disc is<00:25:34.240> a<00:25:34.480> vast,<00:25:35.279> sparssely<00:25:35.919> populated<00:25:36.559> halo<00:25:36.960> of 00:25:37.269 --> 00:25:37.279 align:start position:0% is a vast, sparssely populated halo of 00:25:37.279 --> 00:25:40.870 align:start position:0% is a vast, sparssely populated halo of icy<00:25:37.600> objects<00:25:38.080> with<00:25:38.559> extreme<00:25:39.200> orbits.<00:25:40.480> These 00:25:40.870 --> 00:25:40.880 align:start position:0% icy objects with extreme orbits. These 00:25:40.880 --> 00:25:43.430 align:start position:0% icy objects with extreme orbits. These are<00:25:41.120> the<00:25:41.360> solar<00:25:41.679> systems<00:25:42.080> outcasts.<00:25:43.120> Bodies 00:25:43.430 --> 00:25:43.440 align:start position:0% are the solar systems outcasts. Bodies 00:25:43.440 --> 00:25:45.510 align:start position:0% are the solar systems outcasts. Bodies that<00:25:43.679> likely<00:25:44.000> formed<00:25:44.400> closer<00:25:44.720> to<00:25:44.880> the<00:25:45.039> sun, 00:25:45.510 --> 00:25:45.520 align:start position:0% that likely formed closer to the sun, 00:25:45.520 --> 00:25:48.310 align:start position:0% that likely formed closer to the sun, but<00:25:45.840> were<00:25:46.240> gravitationally<00:25:47.360> scattered<00:25:48.000> into 00:25:48.310 --> 00:25:48.320 align:start position:0% but were gravitationally scattered into 00:25:48.320 --> 00:25:50.549 align:start position:0% but were gravitationally scattered into their<00:25:48.480> current<00:25:48.799> paths<00:25:49.200> by<00:25:49.520> Neptune<00:25:50.080> as<00:25:50.320> it 00:25:50.549 --> 00:25:50.559 align:start position:0% their current paths by Neptune as it 00:25:50.559 --> 00:25:52.870 align:start position:0% their current paths by Neptune as it migrated<00:25:51.120> into<00:25:51.360> its<00:25:51.679> current<00:25:51.919> orbit<00:25:52.400> billions 00:25:52.870 --> 00:25:52.880 align:start position:0% migrated into its current orbit billions 00:25:52.880 --> 00:25:56.149 align:start position:0% migrated into its current orbit billions of<00:25:53.039> years<00:25:53.200> ago.<00:25:54.320> Eris'<00:25:54.880> orbit<00:25:55.200> isn't<00:25:55.520> a<00:25:55.760> circle 00:25:56.149 --> 00:25:56.159 align:start position:0% of years ago. Eris' orbit isn't a circle 00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:58.549 align:start position:0% of years ago. Eris' orbit isn't a circle like<00:25:56.400> you<00:25:56.640> might<00:25:56.880> expect,<00:25:57.600> but<00:25:57.840> a<00:25:58.080> huge 00:25:58.549 --> 00:25:58.559 align:start position:0% like you might expect, but a huge 00:25:58.559 --> 00:26:01.750 align:start position:0% like you might expect, but a huge ellipse<00:25:59.120> that<00:25:59.440> takes<00:25:59.679> it<00:26:00.159> 557 00:26:01.750 --> 00:26:01.760 align:start position:0% ellipse that takes it 557 00:26:01.760 --> 00:26:04.549 align:start position:0% ellipse that takes it 557 Earth<00:26:02.080> years<00:26:02.400> to<00:26:02.640> trace.<00:26:03.520> At<00:26:03.760> its<00:26:04.080> closest 00:26:04.549 --> 00:26:04.559 align:start position:0% Earth years to trace. At its closest 00:26:04.559 --> 00:26:07.590 align:start position:0% Earth years to trace. At its closest approach<00:26:05.039> or<00:26:05.520> perihelion,<00:26:06.720> Aerys<00:26:07.200> comes 00:26:07.590 --> 00:26:07.600 align:start position:0% approach or perihelion, Aerys comes 00:26:07.600 --> 00:26:10.470 align:start position:0% approach or perihelion, Aerys comes within<00:26:08.000> about<00:26:08.559> 38<00:26:09.279> astronomical<00:26:10.000> units<00:26:10.320> of 00:26:10.470 --> 00:26:10.480 align:start position:0% within about 38 astronomical units of 00:26:10.480 --> 00:26:12.950 align:start position:0% within about 38 astronomical units of the<00:26:10.640> sun,<00:26:11.360> roughly<00:26:11.840> the<00:26:12.080> same<00:26:12.320> distance<00:26:12.640> as 00:26:12.950 --> 00:26:12.960 align:start position:0% the sun, roughly the same distance as 00:26:12.960 --> 00:26:15.590 align:start position:0% the sun, roughly the same distance as Pluto's<00:26:13.600> average<00:26:13.919> orbit.<00:26:15.039> But<00:26:15.120> at<00:26:15.360> its 00:26:15.590 --> 00:26:15.600 align:start position:0% Pluto's average orbit. But at its 00:26:15.600 --> 00:26:18.789 align:start position:0% Pluto's average orbit. But at its furthest<00:26:16.159> point,<00:26:16.480> or<00:26:16.960> appelion,<00:26:18.159> it<00:26:18.400> swings 00:26:18.789 --> 00:26:18.799 align:start position:0% furthest point, or appelion, it swings 00:26:18.799 --> 00:26:22.950 align:start position:0% furthest point, or appelion, it swings out<00:26:19.039> nearly<00:26:19.679> 98<00:26:20.480> astronomical<00:26:21.279> units,<00:26:22.080> almost 00:26:22.950 --> 00:26:22.960 align:start position:0% out nearly 98 astronomical units, almost 00:26:22.960 --> 00:26:26.470 align:start position:0% out nearly 98 astronomical units, almost 15<00:26:23.520> billion<00:26:23.919> km<00:26:24.559> away.<00:26:25.279> That's<00:26:25.600> nearly<00:26:26.159> three 00:26:26.470 --> 00:26:26.480 align:start position:0% 15 billion km away. That's nearly three 00:26:26.480 --> 00:26:28.950 align:start position:0% 15 billion km away. That's nearly three times<00:26:27.279> Pluto's<00:26:27.840> current<00:26:28.159> distance<00:26:28.559> from<00:26:28.799> the 00:26:28.950 --> 00:26:28.960 align:start position:0% times Pluto's current distance from the 00:26:28.960 --> 00:26:32.149 align:start position:0% times Pluto's current distance from the sun.<00:26:30.240> Aris'<00:26:30.799> orbit<00:26:31.120> is<00:26:31.279> also<00:26:31.679> steeply 00:26:32.149 --> 00:26:32.159 align:start position:0% sun. Aris' orbit is also steeply 00:26:32.159 --> 00:26:35.510 align:start position:0% sun. Aris' orbit is also steeply inclined<00:26:32.720> at<00:26:33.120> 44°<00:26:34.159> to<00:26:34.320> the<00:26:34.480> ecliptic,<00:26:35.279> the 00:26:35.510 --> 00:26:35.520 align:start position:0% inclined at 44° to the ecliptic, the 00:26:35.520 --> 00:26:38.230 align:start position:0% inclined at 44° to the ecliptic, the plane<00:26:35.760> on<00:26:36.000> which<00:26:36.240> the<00:26:36.480> main<00:26:36.720> planets<00:26:37.200> travel. 00:26:38.230 --> 00:26:38.240 align:start position:0% plane on which the main planets travel. 00:26:38.240 --> 00:26:41.669 align:start position:0% plane on which the main planets travel. This<00:26:38.400> means<00:26:38.720> Aerys<00:26:39.200> spends<00:26:39.520> its<00:26:40.080> 557<00:26:41.440> Earthy 00:26:41.669 --> 00:26:41.679 align:start position:0% This means Aerys spends its 557 Earthy 00:26:41.679 --> 00:26:44.710 align:start position:0% This means Aerys spends its 557 Earthy year-long<00:26:42.240> year<00:26:42.880> soaring<00:26:43.440> high<00:26:43.679> above<00:26:44.400> and 00:26:44.710 --> 00:26:44.720 align:start position:0% year-long year soaring high above and 00:26:44.720 --> 00:26:47.029 align:start position:0% year-long year soaring high above and plunging<00:26:45.279> far<00:26:45.600> below<00:26:46.080> the<00:26:46.320> rest<00:26:46.480> of<00:26:46.559> the<00:26:46.720> solar 00:26:47.029 --> 00:26:47.039 align:start position:0% plunging far below the rest of the solar 00:26:47.039 --> 00:26:48.789 align:start position:0% plunging far below the rest of the solar system. 00:26:48.789 --> 00:26:48.799 align:start position:0% system. 00:26:48.799 --> 00:26:50.789 align:start position:0% system. For<00:26:49.120> years,<00:26:49.760> Aerys<00:26:50.159> was<00:26:50.320> thought<00:26:50.480> to<00:26:50.640> be 00:26:50.789 --> 00:26:50.799 align:start position:0% For years, Aerys was thought to be 00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:53.510 align:start position:0% For years, Aerys was thought to be Pluto's<00:26:51.279> larger<00:26:51.679> twin.<00:26:52.400> But<00:26:52.559> in<00:26:52.799> 2010, 00:26:53.510 --> 00:26:53.520 align:start position:0% Pluto's larger twin. But in 2010, 00:26:53.520 --> 00:26:55.430 align:start position:0% Pluto's larger twin. But in 2010, astronomers<00:26:54.080> had<00:26:54.240> a<00:26:54.480> chance<00:26:54.640> to<00:26:54.799> measure<00:26:55.120> it 00:26:55.430 --> 00:26:55.440 align:start position:0% astronomers had a chance to measure it 00:26:55.440 --> 00:26:58.710 align:start position:0% astronomers had a chance to measure it with<00:26:55.919> incredible<00:26:56.640> precision.<00:26:57.919> Ays<00:26:58.400> passed 00:26:58.710 --> 00:26:58.720 align:start position:0% with incredible precision. Ays passed 00:26:58.720 --> 00:27:00.950 align:start position:0% with incredible precision. Ays passed directly<00:26:59.120> in<00:26:59.360> front<00:26:59.520> of<00:26:59.600> a<00:26:59.760> distant<00:27:00.159> star,<00:27:00.720> an 00:27:00.950 --> 00:27:00.960 align:start position:0% directly in front of a distant star, an 00:27:00.960 --> 00:27:04.149 align:start position:0% directly in front of a distant star, an event<00:27:01.279> known<00:27:01.600> as<00:27:01.760> a<00:27:02.080> stellar<00:27:02.480> occultation.<00:27:03.840> By 00:27:04.149 --> 00:27:04.159 align:start position:0% event known as a stellar occultation. By 00:27:04.159 --> 00:27:05.990 align:start position:0% event known as a stellar occultation. By timing<00:27:04.559> how<00:27:04.799> long<00:27:05.039> the<00:27:05.200> stars<00:27:05.600> light<00:27:05.840> was 00:27:05.990 --> 00:27:06.000 align:start position:0% timing how long the stars light was 00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:08.230 align:start position:0% timing how long the stars light was blocked<00:27:06.640> from<00:27:07.120> different<00:27:07.520> locations<00:27:07.919> on 00:27:08.230 --> 00:27:08.240 align:start position:0% blocked from different locations on 00:27:08.240 --> 00:27:10.390 align:start position:0% blocked from different locations on Earth,<00:27:08.960> they<00:27:09.200> could<00:27:09.360> calculate<00:27:09.840> its<00:27:10.080> size 00:27:10.390 --> 00:27:10.400 align:start position:0% Earth, they could calculate its size 00:27:10.400 --> 00:27:14.070 align:start position:0% Earth, they could calculate its size with<00:27:10.799> pinpoint<00:27:11.440> accuracy.<00:27:12.799> The<00:27:13.039> result<00:27:13.600> was<00:27:13.840> a 00:27:14.070 --> 00:27:14.080 align:start position:0% with pinpoint accuracy. The result was a 00:27:14.080 --> 00:27:18.470 align:start position:0% with pinpoint accuracy. The result was a surprise.<00:27:15.200> With<00:27:15.440> a<00:27:15.679> diameter<00:27:16.159> of<00:27:16.480> 2,326 00:27:18.470 --> 00:27:18.480 align:start position:0% surprise. With a diameter of 2,326 00:27:18.480 --> 00:27:21.590 align:start position:0% surprise. With a diameter of 2,326 km,<00:27:19.440> Eris<00:27:19.919> was<00:27:20.080> almost<00:27:20.640> exactly<00:27:21.120> the<00:27:21.440> same 00:27:21.590 --> 00:27:21.600 align:start position:0% km, Eris was almost exactly the same 00:27:21.600 --> 00:27:24.710 align:start position:0% km, Eris was almost exactly the same size<00:27:21.919> as<00:27:22.159> Pluto<00:27:22.880> and<00:27:23.120> in<00:27:23.360> fact<00:27:24.159> slightly 00:27:24.710 --> 00:27:24.720 align:start position:0% size as Pluto and in fact slightly 00:27:24.720 --> 00:27:27.669 align:start position:0% size as Pluto and in fact slightly smaller.<00:27:26.000> This<00:27:26.240> revealed<00:27:26.640> the<00:27:26.880> most<00:27:27.120> crucial 00:27:27.669 --> 00:27:27.679 align:start position:0% smaller. This revealed the most crucial 00:27:27.679 --> 00:27:29.750 align:start position:0% smaller. This revealed the most crucial difference<00:27:28.000> between<00:27:28.320> the<00:27:28.559> two<00:27:28.720> worlds.<00:27:29.600> With 00:27:29.750 --> 00:27:29.760 align:start position:0% difference between the two worlds. With 00:27:29.760 --> 00:27:33.029 align:start position:0% difference between the two worlds. With a<00:27:30.000> mass<00:27:30.480> 27%<00:27:31.520> greater<00:27:31.840> than<00:27:32.000> Pluto's<00:27:32.640> packed 00:27:33.029 --> 00:27:33.039 align:start position:0% a mass 27% greater than Pluto's packed 00:27:33.039 --> 00:27:36.230 align:start position:0% a mass 27% greater than Pluto's packed into<00:27:33.279> a<00:27:33.520> slightly<00:27:34.000> smaller<00:27:34.559> volume,<00:27:35.360> AIS<00:27:35.919> must 00:27:36.230 --> 00:27:36.240 align:start position:0% into a slightly smaller volume, AIS must 00:27:36.240 --> 00:27:39.029 align:start position:0% into a slightly smaller volume, AIS must be<00:27:36.559> significantly<00:27:37.360> denser.<00:27:38.559> Scientists 00:27:39.029 --> 00:27:39.039 align:start position:0% be significantly denser. Scientists 00:27:39.039 --> 00:27:43.750 align:start position:0% be significantly denser. Scientists calculated<00:27:39.600> its<00:27:39.840> density<00:27:40.320> at<00:27:40.799> 2.43<00:27:41.919> g<00:27:42.320> per<00:27:42.480> cm, 00:27:43.750 --> 00:27:43.760 align:start position:0% calculated its density at 2.43 g per cm, 00:27:43.760 --> 00:27:47.110 align:start position:0% calculated its density at 2.43 g per cm, substantially<00:27:44.559> higher<00:27:44.880> than<00:27:45.039> Pluto's<00:27:45.679> 1.85<00:27:46.799> g 00:27:47.110 --> 00:27:47.120 align:start position:0% substantially higher than Pluto's 1.85 g 00:27:47.120 --> 00:27:50.870 align:start position:0% substantially higher than Pluto's 1.85 g per<00:27:47.360> cm.<00:27:48.799> This<00:27:49.039> points<00:27:49.440> to<00:27:49.679> a<00:27:50.080> very<00:27:50.559> different 00:27:50.870 --> 00:27:50.880 align:start position:0% per cm. This points to a very different 00:27:50.880 --> 00:27:53.190 align:start position:0% per cm. This points to a very different internal<00:27:51.440> structure.<00:27:52.240> While<00:27:52.559> Pluto<00:27:52.960> is 00:27:53.190 --> 00:27:53.200 align:start position:0% internal structure. While Pluto is 00:27:53.200 --> 00:27:56.870 align:start position:0% internal structure. While Pluto is thought<00:27:53.440> to<00:27:53.600> be<00:27:53.840> a<00:27:54.159> roughly<00:27:54.880> 7030%<00:27:56.080> mix<00:27:56.480> of 00:27:56.870 --> 00:27:56.880 align:start position:0% thought to be a roughly 7030% mix of 00:27:56.880 --> 00:27:59.909 align:start position:0% thought to be a roughly 7030% mix of rock<00:27:57.200> and<00:27:57.520> ice,<00:27:58.399> Eris<00:27:58.880> must<00:27:59.120> be<00:27:59.279> composed 00:27:59.909 --> 00:27:59.919 align:start position:0% rock and ice, Eris must be composed 00:27:59.919 --> 00:28:02.389 align:start position:0% rock and ice, Eris must be composed predominantly<00:28:00.559> of<00:28:00.799> rock<00:28:01.440> with<00:28:01.760> only<00:28:02.080> a 00:28:02.389 --> 00:28:02.399 align:start position:0% predominantly of rock with only a 00:28:02.399 --> 00:28:05.190 align:start position:0% predominantly of rock with only a comparatively<00:28:03.200> thin<00:28:03.600> mantle<00:28:04.000> of<00:28:04.080> ice<00:28:04.320> on<00:28:04.559> top, 00:28:05.190 --> 00:28:05.200 align:start position:0% comparatively thin mantle of ice on top, 00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:08.389 align:start position:0% comparatively thin mantle of ice on top, a<00:28:05.440> rocky<00:28:05.840> heart<00:28:06.320> in<00:28:06.559> a<00:28:06.720> frozen<00:28:07.200> shell.<00:28:08.159> That 00:28:08.389 --> 00:28:08.399 align:start position:0% a rocky heart in a frozen shell. That 00:28:08.399 --> 00:28:10.710 align:start position:0% a rocky heart in a frozen shell. That shell<00:28:08.720> is<00:28:08.880> also<00:28:09.200> one<00:28:09.360> of<00:28:09.440> the<00:28:09.679> most<00:28:10.000> brilliant 00:28:10.710 --> 00:28:10.720 align:start position:0% shell is also one of the most brilliant 00:28:10.720 --> 00:28:14.070 align:start position:0% shell is also one of the most brilliant surfaces<00:28:11.360> in<00:28:11.679> the<00:28:11.919> solar<00:28:12.240> system.<00:28:13.360> Eris<00:28:13.840> has 00:28:14.070 --> 00:28:14.080 align:start position:0% surfaces in the solar system. Eris has 00:28:14.080 --> 00:28:19.590 align:start position:0% surfaces in the solar system. Eris has an<00:28:14.399> incredibly<00:28:15.279> high<00:28:15.600> albido<00:28:16.399> of<00:28:16.960> 0.99, 00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:19.600 align:start position:0% an incredibly high albido of 0.99, 00:28:19.600 --> 00:28:23.750 align:start position:0% an incredibly high albido of 0.99, meaning<00:28:20.320> it<00:28:20.640> reflects<00:28:21.520> 99%<00:28:22.880> of<00:28:23.120> the<00:28:23.279> sunlight 00:28:23.750 --> 00:28:23.760 align:start position:0% meaning it reflects 99% of the sunlight 00:28:23.760 --> 00:28:26.630 align:start position:0% meaning it reflects 99% of the sunlight that<00:28:24.000> reaches<00:28:24.399> it.<00:28:25.360> This<00:28:25.840> dazzling 00:28:26.630 --> 00:28:26.640 align:start position:0% that reaches it. This dazzling 00:28:26.640 --> 00:28:28.789 align:start position:0% that reaches it. This dazzling brightness<00:28:27.120> is<00:28:27.520> potentially<00:28:28.080> due<00:28:28.399> to<00:28:28.559> a 00:28:28.789 --> 00:28:28.799 align:start position:0% brightness is potentially due to a 00:28:28.799 --> 00:28:31.269 align:start position:0% brightness is potentially due to a phenomenon<00:28:29.360> called<00:28:29.760> atmospheric<00:28:30.399> collapse. 00:28:31.269 --> 00:28:31.279 align:start position:0% phenomenon called atmospheric collapse. 00:28:31.279 --> 00:28:33.990 align:start position:0% phenomenon called atmospheric collapse. Like<00:28:31.600> Pluto,<00:28:32.320> Aerys<00:28:32.799> has<00:28:32.960> an<00:28:33.120> atmosphere 00:28:33.990 --> 00:28:34.000 align:start position:0% Like Pluto, Aerys has an atmosphere 00:28:34.000 --> 00:28:36.310 align:start position:0% Like Pluto, Aerys has an atmosphere primarily<00:28:34.640> composed<00:28:35.120> of<00:28:35.360> nitrogen<00:28:36.000> and 00:28:36.310 --> 00:28:36.320 align:start position:0% primarily composed of nitrogen and 00:28:36.320 --> 00:28:38.950 align:start position:0% primarily composed of nitrogen and methane<00:28:36.799> ice<00:28:37.120> that<00:28:37.279> is<00:28:37.440> turned<00:28:37.679> to<00:28:37.919> gas.<00:28:38.720> But 00:28:38.950 --> 00:28:38.960 align:start position:0% methane ice that is turned to gas. But 00:28:38.960 --> 00:28:41.510 align:start position:0% methane ice that is turned to gas. But as<00:28:39.279> its<00:28:39.600> extreme<00:28:40.000> orbit<00:28:40.480> carries<00:28:40.799> it<00:28:40.960> into<00:28:41.279> the 00:28:41.510 --> 00:28:41.520 align:start position:0% as its extreme orbit carries it into the 00:28:41.520 --> 00:28:43.990 align:start position:0% as its extreme orbit carries it into the deep<00:28:41.919> freeze<00:28:42.320> of<00:28:42.480> his<00:28:42.640> appelon,<00:28:43.679> this 00:28:43.990 --> 00:28:44.000 align:start position:0% deep freeze of his appelon, this 00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:46.549 align:start position:0% deep freeze of his appelon, this atmosphere<00:28:44.720> freezes<00:28:45.200> solid<00:28:45.679> and<00:28:46.080> falls<00:28:46.399> to 00:28:46.549 --> 00:28:46.559 align:start position:0% atmosphere freezes solid and falls to 00:28:46.559 --> 00:28:49.350 align:start position:0% atmosphere freezes solid and falls to the<00:28:46.720> surface<00:28:47.120> as<00:28:47.360> a<00:28:47.600> fresh<00:28:48.240> bright<00:28:48.880> layer<00:28:49.039> of 00:28:49.350 --> 00:28:49.360 align:start position:0% the surface as a fresh bright layer of 00:28:49.360 --> 00:28:52.789 align:start position:0% the surface as a fresh bright layer of frost<00:28:49.760> or<00:28:50.080> snow.<00:28:51.120> As<00:28:51.360> Aris<00:28:51.840> begins<00:28:52.240> its 00:28:52.789 --> 00:28:52.799 align:start position:0% frost or snow. As Aris begins its 00:28:52.799 --> 00:28:55.909 align:start position:0% frost or snow. As Aris begins its 280year<00:28:53.919> journey<00:28:54.320> back<00:28:54.559> towards<00:28:55.039> the<00:28:55.200> sun, 00:28:55.909 --> 00:28:55.919 align:start position:0% 280year journey back towards the sun, 00:28:55.919 --> 00:28:58.870 align:start position:0% 280year journey back towards the sun, this<00:28:56.240> frost<00:28:56.720> will<00:28:57.279> warm<00:28:57.679> and<00:28:57.919> sublimate, 00:28:58.870 --> 00:28:58.880 align:start position:0% this frost will warm and sublimate, 00:28:58.880 --> 00:29:01.350 align:start position:0% this frost will warm and sublimate, turning<00:28:59.279> back<00:28:59.440> into<00:28:59.760> a<00:28:59.919> gas<00:29:00.399> and<00:29:00.720> renewing<00:29:01.200> the 00:29:01.350 --> 00:29:01.360 align:start position:0% turning back into a gas and renewing the 00:29:01.360 --> 00:29:03.430 align:start position:0% turning back into a gas and renewing the atmosphere,<00:29:02.159> only<00:29:02.480> to<00:29:02.640> freeze<00:29:02.960> and<00:29:03.200> fall 00:29:03.430 --> 00:29:03.440 align:start position:0% atmosphere, only to freeze and fall 00:29:03.440 --> 00:29:06.789 align:start position:0% atmosphere, only to freeze and fall again<00:29:04.000> centuries<00:29:04.559> later. 00:29:06.789 --> 00:29:06.799 align:start position:0% again centuries later. 00:29:06.799 --> 00:29:09.029 align:start position:0% again centuries later. And<00:29:07.039> more<00:29:07.279> recently,<00:29:08.080> observations<00:29:08.720> from<00:29:08.880> the 00:29:09.029 --> 00:29:09.039 align:start position:0% And more recently, observations from the 00:29:09.039 --> 00:29:11.510 align:start position:0% And more recently, observations from the James<00:29:09.360> Webb<00:29:09.679> Space<00:29:09.919> Telescope<00:29:10.799> have<00:29:11.039> added 00:29:11.510 --> 00:29:11.520 align:start position:0% James Webb Space Telescope have added 00:29:11.520 --> 00:29:14.870 align:start position:0% James Webb Space Telescope have added another<00:29:12.080> layer<00:29:12.240> of<00:29:12.480> complexity.<00:29:13.840> Analysis<00:29:14.480> of 00:29:14.870 --> 00:29:14.880 align:start position:0% another layer of complexity. Analysis of 00:29:14.880 --> 00:29:17.029 align:start position:0% another layer of complexity. Analysis of different<00:29:15.200> isotopes<00:29:15.760> of<00:29:15.919> methane<00:29:16.320> on<00:29:16.480> Eris's 00:29:17.029 --> 00:29:17.039 align:start position:0% different isotopes of methane on Eris's 00:29:17.039 --> 00:29:19.110 align:start position:0% different isotopes of methane on Eris's surface<00:29:17.760> suggests<00:29:18.240> they<00:29:18.559> may<00:29:18.720> have<00:29:18.960> been 00:29:19.110 --> 00:29:19.120 align:start position:0% surface suggests they may have been 00:29:19.120 --> 00:29:22.470 align:start position:0% surface suggests they may have been produced<00:29:19.600> by<00:29:20.080> geothermal<00:29:21.039> activity,<00:29:22.080> hinting 00:29:22.470 --> 00:29:22.480 align:start position:0% produced by geothermal activity, hinting 00:29:22.480 --> 00:29:25.510 align:start position:0% produced by geothermal activity, hinting at<00:29:22.960> unexpected<00:29:23.919> thermal<00:29:24.399> processes<00:29:25.120> deep 00:29:25.510 --> 00:29:25.520 align:start position:0% at unexpected thermal processes deep 00:29:25.520 --> 00:29:28.630 align:start position:0% at unexpected thermal processes deep within<00:29:25.840> its<00:29:26.080> rocky<00:29:26.480> core.<00:29:27.600> This<00:29:28.000> distant 00:29:28.630 --> 00:29:28.640 align:start position:0% within its rocky core. This distant 00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:31.990 align:start position:0% within its rocky core. This distant frozen<00:29:29.200> world<00:29:29.600> may<00:29:29.919> have,<00:29:30.559> or<00:29:31.039> at<00:29:31.120> least<00:29:31.600> once 00:29:31.990 --> 00:29:32.000 align:start position:0% frozen world may have, or at least once 00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:36.870 align:start position:0% frozen world may have, or at least once had<00:29:32.640> a<00:29:32.880> warm<00:29:33.360> heart. 00:29:36.870 --> 00:29:36.880 align:start position:0% 00:29:36.880 --> 00:29:39.430 align:start position:0% The<00:29:37.120> key<00:29:37.360> to<00:29:37.520> unlocking<00:29:38.000> Eris's<00:29:38.559> secrets<00:29:39.120> and 00:29:39.430 --> 00:29:39.440 align:start position:0% The key to unlocking Eris's secrets and 00:29:39.440 --> 00:29:41.269 align:start position:0% The key to unlocking Eris's secrets and the<00:29:39.679> final<00:29:40.000> piece<00:29:40.240> of<00:29:40.480> evidence<00:29:40.799> that<00:29:41.039> would 00:29:41.269 --> 00:29:41.279 align:start position:0% the final piece of evidence that would 00:29:41.279 --> 00:29:45.110 align:start position:0% the final piece of evidence that would seal<00:29:41.679> Pluto's<00:29:42.159> fate<00:29:42.799> came<00:29:43.039> in<00:29:43.279> September<00:29:43.840> 2005 00:29:45.110 --> 00:29:45.120 align:start position:0% seal Pluto's fate came in September 2005 00:29:45.120 --> 00:29:47.510 align:start position:0% seal Pluto's fate came in September 2005 using<00:29:45.440> the<00:29:45.679> advanced<00:29:46.159> adaptive<00:29:46.720> optic<00:29:47.200> system 00:29:47.510 --> 00:29:47.520 align:start position:0% using the advanced adaptive optic system 00:29:47.520 --> 00:29:50.710 align:start position:0% using the advanced adaptive optic system on<00:29:47.760> the<00:29:48.080> WM<00:29:48.720> KEK<00:29:49.039> telescope,<00:29:50.000> a<00:29:50.159> telescope 00:29:50.710 --> 00:29:50.720 align:start position:0% on the WM KEK telescope, a telescope 00:29:50.720 --> 00:29:52.710 align:start position:0% on the WM KEK telescope, a telescope that<00:29:50.960> corrects<00:29:51.440> for<00:29:51.679> the<00:29:51.919> blurring<00:29:52.399> effects 00:29:52.710 --> 00:29:52.720 align:start position:0% that corrects for the blurring effects 00:29:52.720 --> 00:29:54.870 align:start position:0% that corrects for the blurring effects of<00:29:52.880> Earth's<00:29:53.200> atmosphere<00:29:53.679> to<00:29:53.919> produce<00:29:54.480> space 00:29:54.870 --> 00:29:54.880 align:start position:0% of Earth's atmosphere to produce space 00:29:54.880 --> 00:29:57.830 align:start position:0% of Earth's atmosphere to produce space telescope<00:29:55.520> quality<00:29:55.919> images.<00:29:56.960> Mike<00:29:57.279> Brown<00:29:57.600> and 00:29:57.830 --> 00:29:57.840 align:start position:0% telescope quality images. Mike Brown and 00:29:57.840 --> 00:30:00.470 align:start position:0% telescope quality images. Mike Brown and his<00:29:58.080> team<00:29:58.480> spotted<00:29:58.880> a<00:29:59.200> faint<00:29:59.760> companion 00:30:00.470 --> 00:30:00.480 align:start position:0% his team spotted a faint companion 00:30:00.480 --> 00:30:04.630 align:start position:0% his team spotted a faint companion orbiting<00:30:00.960> Aerys.<00:30:02.000> it<00:30:02.320> had<00:30:02.720> a<00:30:02.960> moon.<00:30:04.399> This 00:30:04.630 --> 00:30:04.640 align:start position:0% orbiting Aerys. it had a moon. This 00:30:04.640 --> 00:30:07.350 align:start position:0% orbiting Aerys. it had a moon. This changed<00:30:05.279> everything.<00:30:06.399> While<00:30:06.720> an<00:30:06.880> object's 00:30:07.350 --> 00:30:07.360 align:start position:0% changed everything. While an object's 00:30:07.360 --> 00:30:09.110 align:start position:0% changed everything. While an object's size<00:30:07.679> can<00:30:07.919> be<00:30:08.080> estimated<00:30:08.640> from<00:30:08.880> its 00:30:09.110 --> 00:30:09.120 align:start position:0% size can be estimated from its 00:30:09.120 --> 00:30:11.190 align:start position:0% size can be estimated from its brightness,<00:30:10.000> its<00:30:10.240> mass<00:30:10.559> can<00:30:10.799> only<00:30:11.039> be 00:30:11.190 --> 00:30:11.200 align:start position:0% brightness, its mass can only be 00:30:11.200 --> 00:30:13.430 align:start position:0% brightness, its mass can only be determined<00:30:11.679> with<00:30:11.919> certainty<00:30:12.720> by<00:30:13.039> observing 00:30:13.430 --> 00:30:13.440 align:start position:0% determined with certainty by observing 00:30:13.440 --> 00:30:16.149 align:start position:0% determined with certainty by observing its<00:30:13.760> gravitational<00:30:14.399> pull<00:30:14.799> on<00:30:15.120> another<00:30:15.520> body, 00:30:16.149 --> 00:30:16.159 align:start position:0% its gravitational pull on another body, 00:30:16.159 --> 00:30:19.029 align:start position:0% its gravitational pull on another body, for<00:30:16.320> instance,<00:30:16.799> a<00:30:17.039> natural<00:30:17.440> satellite.<00:30:18.720> By 00:30:19.029 --> 00:30:19.039 align:start position:0% for instance, a natural satellite. By 00:30:19.039 --> 00:30:21.029 align:start position:0% for instance, a natural satellite. By carefully<00:30:19.600> tracking<00:30:20.000> the<00:30:20.159> moon's<00:30:20.559> nearly 00:30:21.029 --> 00:30:21.039 align:start position:0% carefully tracking the moon's nearly 00:30:21.039 --> 00:30:24.070 align:start position:0% carefully tracking the moon's nearly circular<00:30:22.000> 16-day<00:30:22.720> orbit,<00:30:23.440> the<00:30:23.679> team<00:30:23.919> could 00:30:24.070 --> 00:30:24.080 align:start position:0% circular 16-day orbit, the team could 00:30:24.080 --> 00:30:26.389 align:start position:0% circular 16-day orbit, the team could apply<00:30:24.480> Kepler's<00:30:24.960> law<00:30:25.200> of<00:30:25.360> planetary<00:30:25.919> motion 00:30:26.389 --> 00:30:26.399 align:start position:0% apply Kepler's law of planetary motion 00:30:26.399 --> 00:30:29.110 align:start position:0% apply Kepler's law of planetary motion to<00:30:26.720> calculate<00:30:27.120> the<00:30:27.360> mass<00:30:27.600> of<00:30:27.760> AIS<00:30:28.320> with<00:30:28.720> great 00:30:29.110 --> 00:30:29.120 align:start position:0% to calculate the mass of AIS with great 00:30:29.120 --> 00:30:32.149 align:start position:0% to calculate the mass of AIS with great precision.<00:30:30.240> It<00:30:30.559> was<00:30:30.799> this<00:30:31.039> calculation<00:30:31.600> that 00:30:32.149 --> 00:30:32.159 align:start position:0% precision. It was this calculation that 00:30:32.159 --> 00:30:34.870 align:start position:0% precision. It was this calculation that definitively<00:30:32.880> proved<00:30:33.440> AIS<00:30:33.919> was<00:30:34.159> more<00:30:34.480> massive 00:30:34.870 --> 00:30:34.880 align:start position:0% definitively proved AIS was more massive 00:30:34.880 --> 00:30:37.510 align:start position:0% definitively proved AIS was more massive than<00:30:35.120> Pluto,<00:30:35.919> making<00:30:36.240> the<00:30:36.480> planet<00:30:36.720> debate<00:30:37.279> not 00:30:37.510 --> 00:30:37.520 align:start position:0% than Pluto, making the planet debate not 00:30:37.520 --> 00:30:40.230 align:start position:0% than Pluto, making the planet debate not just<00:30:37.679> an<00:30:37.919> academic<00:30:38.480> exercise,<00:30:39.360> but<00:30:39.679> an<00:30:39.919> urgent 00:30:40.230 --> 00:30:40.240 align:start position:0% just an academic exercise, but an urgent 00:30:40.240 --> 00:30:43.590 align:start position:0% just an academic exercise, but an urgent necessity.<00:30:41.679> The<00:30:41.919> moon<00:30:42.159> itself<00:30:42.559> is<00:30:42.799> a<00:30:43.200> stark 00:30:43.590 --> 00:30:43.600 align:start position:0% necessity. The moon itself is a stark 00:30:43.600 --> 00:30:47.110 align:start position:0% necessity. The moon itself is a stark contrast<00:30:44.080> to<00:30:44.320> its<00:30:44.559> parent.<00:30:45.600> While<00:30:46.000> only<00:30:46.320> 25% 00:30:47.110 --> 00:30:47.120 align:start position:0% contrast to its parent. While only 25% 00:30:47.120 --> 00:30:49.590 align:start position:0% contrast to its parent. While only 25% the<00:30:47.360> diameter<00:30:47.760> of<00:30:47.919> Aerys,<00:30:48.640> this<00:30:48.880> moon<00:30:49.200> is<00:30:49.360> one 00:30:49.590 --> 00:30:49.600 align:start position:0% the diameter of Aerys, this moon is one 00:30:49.600 --> 00:30:52.070 align:start position:0% the diameter of Aerys, this moon is one of<00:30:49.679> the<00:30:49.919> largest<00:30:50.320> of<00:30:50.559> any<00:30:50.880> dwarf<00:30:51.360> planet, 00:30:52.070 --> 00:30:52.080 align:start position:0% of the largest of any dwarf planet, 00:30:52.080 --> 00:30:55.110 align:start position:0% of the largest of any dwarf planet, second<00:30:52.480> only<00:30:52.880> to<00:30:53.120> Pluto's<00:30:53.679> own<00:30:54.000> Kerin,<00:30:54.880> and 00:30:55.110 --> 00:30:55.120 align:start position:0% second only to Pluto's own Kerin, and 00:30:55.120 --> 00:30:58.149 align:start position:0% second only to Pluto's own Kerin, and larger<00:30:55.520> than<00:30:55.760> Saturn's<00:30:56.159> Enceladus<00:30:56.880> or<00:30:57.120> Mimis. 00:30:58.149 --> 00:30:58.159 align:start position:0% larger than Saturn's Enceladus or Mimis. 00:30:58.159 --> 00:31:01.110 align:start position:0% larger than Saturn's Enceladus or Mimis. It's<00:30:58.480> also<00:30:58.960> tidily<00:30:59.520> locked<00:30:59.760> to<00:30:59.919> Aerys,<00:31:00.799> but 00:31:01.110 --> 00:31:01.120 align:start position:0% It's also tidily locked to Aerys, but 00:31:01.120 --> 00:31:03.269 align:start position:0% It's also tidily locked to Aerys, but estimates<00:31:01.600> of<00:31:01.760> its<00:31:02.000> mass<00:31:02.399> from<00:31:02.720> how<00:31:02.960> much<00:31:03.120> it 00:31:03.269 --> 00:31:03.279 align:start position:0% estimates of its mass from how much it 00:31:03.279 --> 00:31:05.510 align:start position:0% estimates of its mass from how much it causes<00:31:03.679> Aerys<00:31:04.080> to<00:31:04.240> wobble<00:31:04.640> in<00:31:04.799> its<00:31:05.039> position 00:31:05.510 --> 00:31:05.520 align:start position:0% causes Aerys to wobble in its position 00:31:05.520 --> 00:31:07.990 align:start position:0% causes Aerys to wobble in its position are<00:31:05.760> far<00:31:06.159> below<00:31:06.559> what<00:31:06.880> would<00:31:07.120> usually<00:31:07.600> allow 00:31:07.990 --> 00:31:08.000 align:start position:0% are far below what would usually allow 00:31:08.000 --> 00:31:10.630 align:start position:0% are far below what would usually allow tidal<00:31:08.480> locking.<00:31:09.360> This<00:31:09.520> suggests<00:31:09.919> that<00:31:10.159> Aerys 00:31:10.630 --> 00:31:10.640 align:start position:0% tidal locking. This suggests that Aerys 00:31:10.640 --> 00:31:13.590 align:start position:0% tidal locking. This suggests that Aerys itself<00:31:11.360> dissipates<00:31:12.000> energy<00:31:12.559> far<00:31:12.880> more<00:31:13.120> easily 00:31:13.590 --> 00:31:13.600 align:start position:0% itself dissipates energy far more easily 00:31:13.600 --> 00:31:16.549 align:start position:0% itself dissipates energy far more easily than<00:31:13.760> we<00:31:14.000> first<00:31:14.240> thought.<00:31:15.440> While<00:31:15.679> Aerys<00:31:16.159> is 00:31:16.549 --> 00:31:16.559 align:start position:0% than we first thought. While Aerys is 00:31:16.559 --> 00:31:19.830 align:start position:0% than we first thought. While Aerys is brilliant<00:31:17.120> white,<00:31:17.919> its<00:31:18.240> moon<00:31:18.559> is<00:31:19.120> incredibly 00:31:19.830 --> 00:31:19.840 align:start position:0% brilliant white, its moon is incredibly 00:31:19.840 --> 00:31:22.710 align:start position:0% brilliant white, its moon is incredibly dark.<00:31:20.640> Described<00:31:21.200> as<00:31:21.440> being<00:31:21.840> darker<00:31:22.399> than 00:31:22.710 --> 00:31:22.720 align:start position:0% dark. Described as being darker than 00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:25.350 align:start position:0% dark. Described as being darker than coal,<00:31:23.760> this<00:31:24.000> suggests<00:31:24.480> a<00:31:24.799> very<00:31:25.039> different 00:31:25.350 --> 00:31:25.360 align:start position:0% coal, this suggests a very different 00:31:25.360 --> 00:31:27.510 align:start position:0% coal, this suggests a very different surface<00:31:25.840> composition,<00:31:26.720> devoid<00:31:27.120> of<00:31:27.279> the 00:31:27.510 --> 00:31:27.520 align:start position:0% surface composition, devoid of the 00:31:27.520 --> 00:31:30.310 align:start position:0% surface composition, devoid of the bright<00:31:27.840> frosts<00:31:28.320> that<00:31:28.480> coat<00:31:28.799> Ays,<00:31:29.760> the<00:31:30.000> leading 00:31:30.310 --> 00:31:30.320 align:start position:0% bright frosts that coat Ays, the leading 00:31:30.320 --> 00:31:32.549 align:start position:0% bright frosts that coat Ays, the leading hypothesis<00:31:30.960> for<00:31:31.200> the<00:31:31.279> moon's<00:31:31.679> origin<00:31:32.080> is<00:31:32.320> a 00:31:32.549 --> 00:31:32.559 align:start position:0% hypothesis for the moon's origin is a 00:31:32.559 --> 00:31:34.870 align:start position:0% hypothesis for the moon's origin is a giant<00:31:33.039> impact,<00:31:33.760> much<00:31:34.000> like<00:31:34.240> the<00:31:34.480> one<00:31:34.640> that 00:31:34.870 --> 00:31:34.880 align:start position:0% giant impact, much like the one that 00:31:34.880 --> 00:31:37.269 align:start position:0% giant impact, much like the one that formed<00:31:35.279> Earth's<00:31:35.679> moon.<00:31:36.480> Early<00:31:36.720> in<00:31:36.880> the<00:31:37.039> solar 00:31:37.269 --> 00:31:37.279 align:start position:0% formed Earth's moon. Early in the solar 00:31:37.279 --> 00:31:39.750 align:start position:0% formed Earth's moon. Early in the solar systems<00:31:37.760> history,<00:31:38.320> a<00:31:38.559> massive<00:31:38.960> object<00:31:39.279> likely 00:31:39.750 --> 00:31:39.760 align:start position:0% systems history, a massive object likely 00:31:39.760 --> 00:31:42.549 align:start position:0% systems history, a massive object likely slammed<00:31:40.320> into<00:31:40.559> the<00:31:40.720> young<00:31:40.960> Aerys,<00:31:41.760> blasting<00:31:42.320> a 00:31:42.549 --> 00:31:42.559 align:start position:0% slammed into the young Aerys, blasting a 00:31:42.559 --> 00:31:44.230 align:start position:0% slammed into the young Aerys, blasting a cloud<00:31:42.880> of<00:31:43.039> debris<00:31:43.440> into<00:31:43.679> orbit<00:31:44.000> that 00:31:44.230 --> 00:31:44.240 align:start position:0% cloud of debris into orbit that 00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:46.630 align:start position:0% cloud of debris into orbit that eventually<00:31:44.799> coalesed<00:31:45.600> to<00:31:45.840> form<00:31:46.159> a<00:31:46.399> single 00:31:46.630 --> 00:31:46.640 align:start position:0% eventually coalesed to form a single 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:49.190 align:start position:0% eventually coalesed to form a single satellite.<00:31:47.840> This<00:31:48.080> violent<00:31:48.480> birth<00:31:48.799> would<00:31:49.039> have 00:31:49.190 --> 00:31:49.200 align:start position:0% satellite. This violent birth would have 00:31:49.200 --> 00:31:51.669 align:start position:0% satellite. This violent birth would have stripped<00:31:49.519> away<00:31:49.840> volatile<00:31:50.399> ices,<00:31:51.279> leaving 00:31:51.669 --> 00:31:51.679 align:start position:0% stripped away volatile ices, leaving 00:31:51.679 --> 00:31:55.590 align:start position:0% stripped away volatile ices, leaving behind<00:31:52.080> a<00:31:52.399> darker,<00:31:53.360> rockier<00:31:53.919> body.<00:31:55.200> Just<00:31:55.440> as 00:31:55.590 --> 00:31:55.600 align:start position:0% behind a darker, rockier body. Just as 00:31:55.600 --> 00:31:57.350 align:start position:0% behind a darker, rockier body. Just as Aris<00:31:56.080> was<00:31:56.240> named<00:31:56.480> for<00:31:56.559> the<00:31:56.720> goddess<00:31:57.120> of 00:31:57.350 --> 00:31:57.360 align:start position:0% Aris was named for the goddess of 00:31:57.360 --> 00:32:00.149 align:start position:0% Aris was named for the goddess of discord,<00:31:58.320> her<00:31:58.559> moon<00:31:58.880> was<00:31:59.120> given<00:31:59.360> the<00:31:59.679> name<00:31:59.919> of 00:32:00.149 --> 00:32:00.159 align:start position:0% discord, her moon was given the name of 00:32:00.159 --> 00:32:03.110 align:start position:0% discord, her moon was given the name of her<00:32:00.399> mythological<00:32:01.120> daughter,<00:32:02.000> this<00:32:02.159> Nomia, 00:32:03.110 --> 00:32:03.120 align:start position:0% her mythological daughter, this Nomia, 00:32:03.120 --> 00:32:06.070 align:start position:0% her mythological daughter, this Nomia, the<00:32:03.279> demon<00:32:03.760> spirit<00:32:04.159> of<00:32:04.399> lawlessness. 00:32:06.070 --> 00:32:06.080 align:start position:0% the demon spirit of lawlessness. 00:32:06.080 --> 00:32:09.029 align:start position:0% the demon spirit of lawlessness. The<00:32:06.399> name<00:32:06.799> is<00:32:07.200> fitting<00:32:07.760> for<00:32:08.000> a<00:32:08.159> moon<00:32:08.480> born<00:32:08.799> from 00:32:09.029 --> 00:32:09.039 align:start position:0% The name is fitting for a moon born from 00:32:09.039 --> 00:32:11.990 align:start position:0% The name is fitting for a moon born from chaos,<00:32:09.840> orbiting<00:32:10.240> a<00:32:10.480> world<00:32:11.120> that<00:32:11.360> overturned 00:32:11.990 --> 00:32:12.000 align:start position:0% chaos, orbiting a world that overturned 00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:13.750 align:start position:0% chaos, orbiting a world that overturned the<00:32:12.240> established<00:32:12.799> laws<00:32:13.120> of<00:32:13.279> the<00:32:13.440> solar 00:32:13.750 --> 00:32:13.760 align:start position:0% the established laws of the solar 00:32:13.760 --> 00:32:17.110 align:start position:0% the established laws of the solar system. 00:32:17.110 --> 00:32:17.120 align:start position:0% 00:32:17.120 --> 00:32:20.149 align:start position:0% In<00:32:17.360> the<00:32:17.600> years<00:32:17.840> since<00:32:18.159> the<00:32:18.480> 2006<00:32:19.279> vote,<00:32:19.919> Mike 00:32:20.149 --> 00:32:20.159 align:start position:0% In the years since the 2006 vote, Mike 00:32:20.159 --> 00:32:22.230 align:start position:0% In the years since the 2006 vote, Mike Brown<00:32:20.480> has<00:32:20.720> earned<00:32:20.960> the<00:32:21.120> name<00:32:21.519> the<00:32:21.760> Pluto 00:32:22.230 --> 00:32:22.240 align:start position:0% Brown has earned the name the Pluto 00:32:22.240 --> 00:32:24.950 align:start position:0% Brown has earned the name the Pluto Killer.<00:32:23.039> But<00:32:23.279> this<00:32:23.600> misses<00:32:24.000> the<00:32:24.320> true<00:32:24.559> legacy 00:32:24.950 --> 00:32:24.960 align:start position:0% Killer. But this misses the true legacy 00:32:24.960 --> 00:32:27.830 align:start position:0% Killer. But this misses the true legacy of<00:32:25.120> his<00:32:25.360> discovery.<00:32:26.480> Finding<00:32:26.880> Aerys<00:32:27.440> didn't 00:32:27.830 --> 00:32:27.840 align:start position:0% of his discovery. Finding Aerys didn't 00:32:27.840 --> 00:32:31.110 align:start position:0% of his discovery. Finding Aerys didn't kill<00:32:28.159> Pluto.<00:32:29.200> It<00:32:29.440> revealed<00:32:29.919> Pluto's<00:32:30.640> true 00:32:31.110 --> 00:32:31.120 align:start position:0% kill Pluto. It revealed Pluto's true 00:32:31.120 --> 00:32:34.310 align:start position:0% kill Pluto. It revealed Pluto's true family,<00:32:32.080> making<00:32:32.399> our<00:32:32.720> solar<00:32:33.039> system<00:32:33.440> larger, 00:32:34.310 --> 00:32:34.320 align:start position:0% family, making our solar system larger, 00:32:34.320 --> 00:32:37.590 align:start position:0% family, making our solar system larger, more<00:32:34.640> complex,<00:32:35.440> and<00:32:35.760> more<00:32:36.080> interesting.<00:32:37.360> For 00:32:37.590 --> 00:32:37.600 align:start position:0% more complex, and more interesting. For 00:32:37.600 --> 00:32:40.549 align:start position:0% more complex, and more interesting. For decades,<00:32:38.320> we<00:32:38.559> had<00:32:38.799> a<00:32:39.039> flawed<00:32:39.519> model.<00:32:40.240> Eight 00:32:40.549 --> 00:32:40.559 align:start position:0% decades, we had a flawed model. Eight 00:32:40.559 --> 00:32:43.190 align:start position:0% decades, we had a flawed model. Eight planets<00:32:41.120> of<00:32:41.279> a<00:32:41.519> certain<00:32:41.840> character,<00:32:42.640> and<00:32:42.880> then 00:32:43.190 --> 00:32:43.200 align:start position:0% planets of a certain character, and then 00:32:43.200 --> 00:32:46.389 align:start position:0% planets of a certain character, and then one<00:32:43.679> strange<00:32:44.240> outlier.<00:32:45.360> By<00:32:45.679> forcing<00:32:46.080> this 00:32:46.389 --> 00:32:46.399 align:start position:0% one strange outlier. By forcing this 00:32:46.399 --> 00:32:49.110 align:start position:0% one strange outlier. By forcing this reclassification,<00:32:47.840> Eris<00:32:48.240> gave<00:32:48.480> us<00:32:48.640> a<00:32:48.880> more 00:32:49.110 --> 00:32:49.120 align:start position:0% reclassification, Eris gave us a more 00:32:49.120 --> 00:32:51.269 align:start position:0% reclassification, Eris gave us a more accurate<00:32:49.600> and<00:32:49.919> coherent<00:32:50.480> picture<00:32:50.799> of<00:32:50.960> our 00:32:51.269 --> 00:32:51.279 align:start position:0% accurate and coherent picture of our 00:32:51.279 --> 00:32:54.310 align:start position:0% accurate and coherent picture of our cosmic<00:32:51.760> home.<00:32:52.720> There<00:32:52.880> are<00:32:53.039> four<00:32:53.360> inner<00:32:53.840> rocky 00:32:54.310 --> 00:32:54.320 align:start position:0% cosmic home. There are four inner rocky 00:32:54.320 --> 00:32:57.110 align:start position:0% cosmic home. There are four inner rocky terrestrial<00:32:54.960> planets.<00:32:55.919> There<00:32:56.080> are<00:32:56.320> four<00:32:56.799> gas 00:32:57.110 --> 00:32:57.120 align:start position:0% terrestrial planets. There are four gas 00:32:57.120 --> 00:33:00.789 align:start position:0% terrestrial planets. There are four gas and<00:32:57.440> ice<00:32:57.760> giants.<00:32:58.960> And<00:32:59.120> beyond<00:32:59.519> them<00:33:00.080> lies<00:33:00.480> a 00:33:00.789 --> 00:33:00.799 align:start position:0% and ice giants. And beyond them lies a 00:33:00.799 --> 00:33:04.389 align:start position:0% and ice giants. And beyond them lies a vast<00:33:01.679> third<00:33:01.919> realm,<00:33:02.799> a<00:33:03.039> swarm<00:33:03.519> of<00:33:03.840> thousands 00:33:04.389 --> 00:33:04.399 align:start position:0% vast third realm, a swarm of thousands 00:33:04.399 --> 00:33:07.509 align:start position:0% vast third realm, a swarm of thousands of<00:33:04.799> icy<00:33:05.200> dwarf<00:33:05.760> planets,<00:33:06.559> a<00:33:06.799> population<00:33:07.279> of 00:33:07.509 --> 00:33:07.519 align:start position:0% of icy dwarf planets, a population of 00:33:07.519 --> 00:33:10.549 align:start position:0% of icy dwarf planets, a population of worlds<00:33:07.919> whose<00:33:08.320> existence<00:33:09.120> we<00:33:09.360> were<00:33:09.600> only<00:33:10.000> just 00:33:10.549 --> 00:33:10.559 align:start position:0% worlds whose existence we were only just 00:33:10.559 --> 00:33:13.990 align:start position:0% worlds whose existence we were only just beginning<00:33:10.880> to<00:33:11.120> grasp.<00:33:12.159> Eris<00:33:12.720> and<00:33:12.960> Pluto<00:33:13.679> are 00:33:13.990 --> 00:33:14.000 align:start position:0% beginning to grasp. Eris and Pluto are 00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:16.310 align:start position:0% beginning to grasp. Eris and Pluto are kings<00:33:14.320> of<00:33:14.559> this<00:33:14.720> third<00:33:15.039> zone,<00:33:15.679> the<00:33:15.919> largest 00:33:16.310 --> 00:33:16.320 align:start position:0% kings of this third zone, the largest 00:33:16.320 --> 00:33:18.389 align:start position:0% kings of this third zone, the largest and<00:33:16.559> most<00:33:16.880> prominent<00:33:17.360> members<00:33:17.760> of<00:33:17.919> the<00:33:18.080> Trans 00:33:18.389 --> 00:33:18.399 align:start position:0% and most prominent members of the Trans 00:33:18.399 --> 00:33:21.509 align:start position:0% and most prominent members of the Trans Neptunian<00:33:19.039> population<00:33:19.679> discovered<00:33:20.159> so<00:33:20.480> far. 00:33:21.509 --> 00:33:21.519 align:start position:0% Neptunian population discovered so far. 00:33:21.519 --> 00:33:24.149 align:start position:0% Neptunian population discovered so far. And<00:33:21.840> Aerys<00:33:22.240> itself<00:33:22.880> remains<00:33:23.360> the<00:33:23.760> ultimate 00:33:24.149 --> 00:33:24.159 align:start position:0% And Aerys itself remains the ultimate 00:33:24.159 --> 00:33:26.950 align:start position:0% And Aerys itself remains the ultimate mystery.<00:33:25.200> It<00:33:25.360> is<00:33:25.519> the<00:33:25.760> most<00:33:26.000> massive<00:33:26.559> known 00:33:26.950 --> 00:33:26.960 align:start position:0% mystery. It is the most massive known 00:33:26.960 --> 00:33:29.509 align:start position:0% mystery. It is the most massive known object<00:33:27.440> in<00:33:27.679> our<00:33:28.000> solar<00:33:28.320> system<00:33:28.640> that<00:33:28.880> has<00:33:29.200> not 00:33:29.509 --> 00:33:29.519 align:start position:0% object in our solar system that has not 00:33:29.519 --> 00:33:32.149 align:start position:0% object in our solar system that has not been<00:33:29.679> yet<00:33:29.919> visited<00:33:30.399> by<00:33:30.559> a<00:33:30.720> spacecraft.<00:33:31.840> While 00:33:32.149 --> 00:33:32.159 align:start position:0% been yet visited by a spacecraft. While 00:33:32.159 --> 00:33:34.470 align:start position:0% been yet visited by a spacecraft. While NASA's<00:33:32.559> New<00:33:32.799> Horizon's<00:33:33.360> mission<00:33:33.679> gave<00:33:33.919> us<00:33:34.159> a 00:33:34.470 --> 00:33:34.480 align:start position:0% NASA's New Horizon's mission gave us a 00:33:34.480 --> 00:33:36.470 align:start position:0% NASA's New Horizon's mission gave us a breathtaking,<00:33:35.360> intimate<00:33:35.840> portrait<00:33:36.240> of 00:33:36.470 --> 00:33:36.480 align:start position:0% breathtaking, intimate portrait of 00:33:36.480 --> 00:33:39.669 align:start position:0% breathtaking, intimate portrait of Pluto,<00:33:37.279> Aerys<00:33:37.760> remains<00:33:38.399> a<00:33:38.720> distant<00:33:39.120> point<00:33:39.440> of 00:33:39.669 --> 00:33:39.679 align:start position:0% Pluto, Aerys remains a distant point of 00:33:39.679 --> 00:33:42.630 align:start position:0% Pluto, Aerys remains a distant point of light.<00:33:40.480> its<00:33:40.720> secrets<00:33:41.200> held<00:33:41.600> across<00:33:42.159> billions 00:33:42.630 --> 00:33:42.640 align:start position:0% light. its secrets held across billions 00:33:42.640 --> 00:33:45.990 align:start position:0% light. its secrets held across billions of<00:33:42.799> kilometers<00:33:43.360> of<00:33:43.679> empty<00:33:44.080> space.<00:33:45.279> A<00:33:45.519> proposed 00:33:45.990 --> 00:33:46.000 align:start position:0% of kilometers of empty space. A proposed 00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:48.950 align:start position:0% of kilometers of empty space. A proposed flyby<00:33:46.559> mission<00:33:46.799> would<00:33:47.120> take<00:33:47.279> an<00:33:47.519> estimated<00:33:48.240> 25 00:33:48.950 --> 00:33:48.960 align:start position:0% flyby mission would take an estimated 25 00:33:48.960 --> 00:33:52.070 align:start position:0% flyby mission would take an estimated 25 years<00:33:49.760> just<00:33:50.000> to<00:33:50.320> reach<00:33:50.640> its<00:33:50.960> destination,<00:33:51.840> a 00:33:52.070 --> 00:33:52.080 align:start position:0% years just to reach its destination, a 00:33:52.080 --> 00:33:54.789 align:start position:0% years just to reach its destination, a journey<00:33:52.320> that<00:33:52.480> would<00:33:52.720> span<00:33:53.279> generations. 00:33:54.789 --> 00:33:54.799 align:start position:0% journey that would span generations. 00:33:54.799 --> 00:33:56.870 align:start position:0% journey that would span generations. For<00:33:55.039> the<00:33:55.120> foreseeable<00:33:55.760> future,<00:33:56.320> the<00:33:56.559> goddess 00:33:56.870 --> 00:33:56.880 align:start position:0% For the foreseeable future, the goddess 00:33:56.880 --> 00:33:59.990 align:start position:0% For the foreseeable future, the goddess of<00:33:57.039> discord<00:33:57.519> will<00:33:57.760> keep<00:33:58.000> her<00:33:58.240> secrets. 00:33:59.990 --> 00:34:00.000 align:start position:0% of discord will keep her secrets. 00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:02.870 align:start position:0% of discord will keep her secrets. Her<00:34:00.480> discovery<00:34:01.120> resolved<00:34:01.600> one<00:34:01.919> great<00:34:02.159> debate, 00:34:02.870 --> 00:34:02.880 align:start position:0% Her discovery resolved one great debate, 00:34:02.880 --> 00:34:05.430 align:start position:0% Her discovery resolved one great debate, but<00:34:03.039> it<00:34:03.279> opened<00:34:03.600> up<00:34:03.760> a<00:34:04.080> new<00:34:04.320> chapter<00:34:04.799> in<00:34:05.039> our 00:34:05.430 --> 00:34:05.440 align:start position:0% but it opened up a new chapter in our 00:34:05.440 --> 00:34:07.350 align:start position:0% but it opened up a new chapter in our exploration<00:34:06.000> of<00:34:06.159> the<00:34:06.320> solar<00:34:06.640> system, 00:34:07.350 --> 00:34:07.360 align:start position:0% exploration of the solar system, 00:34:07.360 --> 00:34:09.270 align:start position:0% exploration of the solar system, reminding<00:34:07.760> us<00:34:08.000> that<00:34:08.159> the<00:34:08.480> most<00:34:08.720> exciting 00:34:09.270 --> 00:34:09.280 align:start position:0% reminding us that the most exciting 00:34:09.280 --> 00:34:11.430 align:start position:0% reminding us that the most exciting discoveries<00:34:10.240> are<00:34:10.399> not<00:34:10.639> those<00:34:10.879> that<00:34:11.119> provide 00:34:11.430 --> 00:34:11.440 align:start position:0% discoveries are not those that provide 00:34:11.440 --> 00:34:14.389 align:start position:0% discoveries are not those that provide the<00:34:11.679> final<00:34:12.000> answers,<00:34:13.040> but<00:34:13.280> those<00:34:13.599> that<00:34:13.839> reveal 00:34:14.389 --> 00:34:14.399 align:start position:0% the final answers, but those that reveal 00:34:14.399 --> 00:34:16.629 align:start position:0% the final answers, but those that reveal just<00:34:14.720> how<00:34:14.960> much<00:34:15.200> more<00:34:15.679> there<00:34:15.919> is<00:34:16.159> left<00:34:16.399> to 00:34:16.629 --> 00:34:16.639 align:start position:0% just how much more there is left to 00:34:16.639 --> 00:34:23.510 align:start position:0% just how much more there is left to explore. 00:34:23.510 --> 00:34:23.520 align:start position:0% 00:34:23.520 --> 00:34:26.310 align:start position:0% In<00:34:23.760> the<00:34:23.919> summer<00:34:24.240> of<00:34:24.720> 1977, 00:34:26.310 --> 00:34:26.320 align:start position:0% In the summer of 1977, 00:34:26.320 --> 00:34:28.550 align:start position:0% In the summer of 1977, NASA's<00:34:26.879> Jet<00:34:27.200> Propulsion<00:34:27.760> Laboratory 00:34:28.550 --> 00:34:28.560 align:start position:0% NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 00:34:28.560 --> 00:34:31.750 align:start position:0% NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory launched<00:34:28.960> a<00:34:29.200> pair<00:34:29.599> of<00:34:29.919> Titan<00:34:30.560> Centaur<00:34:31.119> rockets 00:34:31.750 --> 00:34:31.760 align:start position:0% launched a pair of Titan Centaur rockets 00:34:31.760 --> 00:34:34.629 align:start position:0% launched a pair of Titan Centaur rockets containing<00:34:32.320> nearly<00:34:32.960> identical<00:34:33.440> spacecraft 00:34:34.629 --> 00:34:34.639 align:start position:0% containing nearly identical spacecraft 00:34:34.639 --> 00:34:37.750 align:start position:0% containing nearly identical spacecraft known<00:34:34.879> as<00:34:35.119> Voyager<00:34:35.679> 1<00:34:36.000> and<00:34:36.240> Voyager<00:34:36.800> 2.<00:34:37.520> These 00:34:37.750 --> 00:34:37.760 align:start position:0% known as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. These 00:34:37.760 --> 00:34:40.149 align:start position:0% known as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. These twin<00:34:38.079> probes<00:34:38.560> were<00:34:38.720> built<00:34:38.960> to<00:34:39.119> last<00:34:39.440> for<00:34:39.839> 5 00:34:40.149 --> 00:34:40.159 align:start position:0% twin probes were built to last for 5 00:34:40.159 --> 00:34:42.389 align:start position:0% twin probes were built to last for 5 years<00:34:40.879> with<00:34:41.040> the<00:34:41.280> intention<00:34:41.679> of<00:34:41.919> studying 00:34:42.389 --> 00:34:42.399 align:start position:0% years with the intention of studying 00:34:42.399 --> 00:34:44.470 align:start position:0% years with the intention of studying Jupiter<00:34:42.879> and<00:34:43.119> Saturn<00:34:43.599> and<00:34:43.839> their<00:34:44.079> larger 00:34:44.470 --> 00:34:44.480 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn and their larger 00:34:44.480 --> 00:34:48.710 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn and their larger moons.<00:34:45.760> Incredibly,<00:34:46.960> nearly<00:34:47.679> 45<00:34:48.399> years 00:34:48.710 --> 00:34:48.720 align:start position:0% moons. Incredibly, nearly 45 years 00:34:48.720 --> 00:34:51.669 align:start position:0% moons. Incredibly, nearly 45 years later,<00:34:49.679> NASA<00:34:50.159> is<00:34:50.480> still<00:34:50.879> in<00:34:51.200> constant 00:34:51.669 --> 00:34:51.679 align:start position:0% later, NASA is still in constant 00:34:51.679 --> 00:34:53.990 align:start position:0% later, NASA is still in constant communication<00:34:52.240> with<00:34:52.560> both<00:34:52.879> probes,<00:34:53.679> which 00:34:53.990 --> 00:34:54.000 align:start position:0% communication with both probes, which 00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:56.310 align:start position:0% communication with both probes, which take<00:34:54.320> routine<00:34:54.800> commands<00:34:55.200> and<00:34:55.520> transmit<00:34:56.000> data 00:34:56.310 --> 00:34:56.320 align:start position:0% take routine commands and transmit data 00:34:56.320 --> 00:34:58.710 align:start position:0% take routine commands and transmit data back<00:34:56.560> to<00:34:56.800> Earth's<00:34:57.200> deep<00:34:57.520> space<00:34:57.920> network, 00:34:58.710 --> 00:34:58.720 align:start position:0% back to Earth's deep space network, 00:34:58.720 --> 00:35:01.030 align:start position:0% back to Earth's deep space network, making<00:34:59.119> Voyager<00:34:59.839> the<00:35:00.240> longest<00:35:00.720> running 00:35:01.030 --> 00:35:01.040 align:start position:0% making Voyager the longest running 00:35:01.040 --> 00:35:02.870 align:start position:0% making Voyager the longest running mission<00:35:01.440> in<00:35:01.680> the<00:35:01.839> history<00:35:02.160> of<00:35:02.480> space 00:35:02.870 --> 00:35:02.880 align:start position:0% mission in the history of space 00:35:02.880 --> 00:35:04.790 align:start position:0% mission in the history of space exploration. 00:35:04.790 --> 00:35:04.800 align:start position:0% exploration. 00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:06.790 align:start position:0% exploration. After<00:35:05.200> completing<00:35:05.760> all<00:35:06.000> of<00:35:06.160> its<00:35:06.400> initial 00:35:06.790 --> 00:35:06.800 align:start position:0% After completing all of its initial 00:35:06.800 --> 00:35:09.430 align:start position:0% After completing all of its initial objectives<00:35:07.520> within<00:35:07.920> four<00:35:08.240> years,<00:35:08.960> NASA 00:35:09.430 --> 00:35:09.440 align:start position:0% objectives within four years, NASA 00:35:09.440 --> 00:35:11.270 align:start position:0% objectives within four years, NASA extended<00:35:09.920> Voyager's<00:35:10.400> mission<00:35:10.720> to<00:35:10.880> include 00:35:11.270 --> 00:35:11.280 align:start position:0% extended Voyager's mission to include 00:35:11.280 --> 00:35:13.510 align:start position:0% extended Voyager's mission to include the<00:35:11.520> two<00:35:11.839> outer<00:35:12.160> giants,<00:35:12.880> Neptune<00:35:13.280> and 00:35:13.510 --> 00:35:13.520 align:start position:0% the two outer giants, Neptune and 00:35:13.520 --> 00:35:16.310 align:start position:0% the two outer giants, Neptune and Uranus,<00:35:14.400> before<00:35:14.800> embarking<00:35:15.520> on<00:35:15.760> the<00:35:16.000> even 00:35:16.310 --> 00:35:16.320 align:start position:0% Uranus, before embarking on the even 00:35:16.320 --> 00:35:18.790 align:start position:0% Uranus, before embarking on the even more<00:35:16.640> ambitious<00:35:17.359> Voyager<00:35:18.079> Interstellar 00:35:18.790 --> 00:35:18.800 align:start position:0% more ambitious Voyager Interstellar 00:35:18.800 --> 00:35:21.190 align:start position:0% more ambitious Voyager Interstellar mission<00:35:19.599> with<00:35:19.839> the<00:35:20.079> purpose<00:35:20.400> of<00:35:20.640> exploring 00:35:21.190 --> 00:35:21.200 align:start position:0% mission with the purpose of exploring 00:35:21.200 --> 00:35:23.589 align:start position:0% mission with the purpose of exploring the<00:35:21.520> outer<00:35:22.000> limits<00:35:22.320> of<00:35:22.480> the<00:35:22.640> sun's<00:35:23.040> sphere<00:35:23.359> of 00:35:23.589 --> 00:35:23.599 align:start position:0% the outer limits of the sun's sphere of 00:35:23.599 --> 00:35:27.030 align:start position:0% the outer limits of the sun's sphere of influence<00:35:24.320> and<00:35:24.640> beyond.<00:35:25.920> Voyager<00:35:26.400> 1<00:35:26.560> and<00:35:26.720> 2 00:35:27.030 --> 00:35:27.040 align:start position:0% influence and beyond. Voyager 1 and 2 00:35:27.040 --> 00:35:31.589 align:start position:0% influence and beyond. Voyager 1 and 2 have<00:35:27.280> now<00:35:27.520> traveled<00:35:28.480> 22<00:35:29.280> billion<00:35:29.760> km<00:35:30.720> and<00:35:31.119> 18 00:35:31.589 --> 00:35:31.599 align:start position:0% have now traveled 22 billion km and 18 00:35:31.599 --> 00:35:35.109 align:start position:0% have now traveled 22 billion km and 18 billion<00:35:32.000> km<00:35:32.560> from<00:35:32.880> Earth<00:35:33.440> respectively.<00:35:34.800> So 00:35:35.109 --> 00:35:35.119 align:start position:0% billion km from Earth respectively. So 00:35:35.119 --> 00:35:37.990 align:start position:0% billion km from Earth respectively. So far<00:35:35.599> they<00:35:35.920> have<00:35:36.160> left<00:35:36.400> the<00:35:36.640> heliosphere<00:35:37.599> and 00:35:37.990 --> 00:35:38.000 align:start position:0% far they have left the heliosphere and 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:41.910 align:start position:0% far they have left the heliosphere and entered<00:35:38.560> interstellar<00:35:39.359> space.<00:35:40.800> But<00:35:41.119> time 00:35:41.910 --> 00:35:41.920 align:start position:0% entered interstellar space. But time 00:35:41.920 --> 00:35:44.470 align:start position:0% entered interstellar space. But time even<00:35:42.160> for<00:35:42.400> the<00:35:42.560> longived<00:35:43.200> Voyager<00:35:43.599> probes<00:35:44.240> is 00:35:44.470 --> 00:35:44.480 align:start position:0% even for the longived Voyager probes is 00:35:44.480 --> 00:35:48.310 align:start position:0% even for the longived Voyager probes is running<00:35:44.720> out.<00:35:45.680> Perhaps<00:35:46.160> as<00:35:46.400> soon<00:35:46.560> as<00:35:46.960> 2025<00:35:48.079> the 00:35:48.310 --> 00:35:48.320 align:start position:0% running out. Perhaps as soon as 2025 the 00:35:48.320 --> 00:35:50.150 align:start position:0% running out. Perhaps as soon as 2025 the probes<00:35:48.720> will<00:35:48.880> lose<00:35:49.200> their<00:35:49.440> remaining<00:35:49.839> power 00:35:50.150 --> 00:35:50.160 align:start position:0% probes will lose their remaining power 00:35:50.160 --> 00:35:53.670 align:start position:0% probes will lose their remaining power supply<00:35:50.800> and<00:35:51.119> go<00:35:51.359> dark<00:35:51.680> forever. 00:35:53.670 --> 00:35:53.680 align:start position:0% supply and go dark forever. 00:35:53.680 --> 00:35:56.310 align:start position:0% supply and go dark forever. In<00:35:54.000> preparation<00:35:54.480> for<00:35:54.720> this,<00:35:55.280> NASA<00:35:55.760> has<00:35:55.920> begun 00:35:56.310 --> 00:35:56.320 align:start position:0% In preparation for this, NASA has begun 00:35:56.320 --> 00:35:58.870 align:start position:0% In preparation for this, NASA has begun taking<00:35:56.560> the<00:35:56.800> prob's<00:35:57.200> instruments<00:35:57.760> offline<00:35:58.640> in 00:35:58.870 --> 00:35:58.880 align:start position:0% taking the prob's instruments offline in 00:35:58.880 --> 00:36:00.790 align:start position:0% taking the prob's instruments offline in the<00:35:59.040> hope<00:35:59.200> of<00:35:59.440> extending<00:36:00.000> the<00:36:00.240> life<00:36:00.480> of<00:36:00.640> the 00:36:00.790 --> 00:36:00.800 align:start position:0% the hope of extending the life of the 00:36:00.800 --> 00:36:03.270 align:start position:0% the hope of extending the life of the mission<00:36:01.119> for<00:36:01.280> a<00:36:01.520> few<00:36:01.680> more<00:36:01.920> years.<00:36:02.960> But<00:36:03.119> when 00:36:03.270 --> 00:36:03.280 align:start position:0% mission for a few more years. But when 00:36:03.280 --> 00:36:05.990 align:start position:0% mission for a few more years. But when the<00:36:03.520> Voyager<00:36:04.000> probes<00:36:04.400> inevitably<00:36:05.119> go<00:36:05.359> dark, 00:36:05.990 --> 00:36:06.000 align:start position:0% the Voyager probes inevitably go dark, 00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:08.550 align:start position:0% the Voyager probes inevitably go dark, they<00:36:06.240> will<00:36:06.400> leave<00:36:06.640> behind<00:36:07.119> a<00:36:07.440> wealth<00:36:07.839> of<00:36:08.000> data 00:36:08.550 --> 00:36:08.560 align:start position:0% they will leave behind a wealth of data 00:36:08.560 --> 00:36:11.109 align:start position:0% they will leave behind a wealth of data that<00:36:08.880> is<00:36:09.119> unprecedented<00:36:10.000> in<00:36:10.240> its<00:36:10.480> size<00:36:10.800> and 00:36:11.109 --> 00:36:11.119 align:start position:0% that is unprecedented in its size and 00:36:11.119 --> 00:36:13.910 align:start position:0% that is unprecedented in its size and scope.<00:36:12.320> So<00:36:12.560> now<00:36:12.800> that<00:36:12.960> we<00:36:13.119> are<00:36:13.359> entering<00:36:13.680> the 00:36:13.910 --> 00:36:13.920 align:start position:0% scope. So now that we are entering the 00:36:13.920 --> 00:36:16.390 align:start position:0% scope. So now that we are entering the Voyager<00:36:14.400> mission's<00:36:14.880> final<00:36:15.280> days,<00:36:16.000> we<00:36:16.240> can 00:36:16.390 --> 00:36:16.400 align:start position:0% Voyager mission's final days, we can 00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:19.030 align:start position:0% Voyager mission's final days, we can ask,<00:36:17.280> what<00:36:17.520> did<00:36:17.760> Voyagers<00:36:18.320> 1<00:36:18.560> and<00:36:18.800> two 00:36:19.030 --> 00:36:19.040 align:start position:0% ask, what did Voyagers 1 and two 00:36:19.040 --> 00:36:21.589 align:start position:0% ask, what did Voyagers 1 and two discover<00:36:19.599> out<00:36:19.839> there?<00:36:20.640> Did<00:36:20.880> the<00:36:21.040> probes<00:36:21.359> and 00:36:21.589 --> 00:36:21.599 align:start position:0% discover out there? Did the probes and 00:36:21.599 --> 00:36:23.270 align:start position:0% discover out there? Did the probes and their<00:36:21.760> instruments<00:36:22.320> hold<00:36:22.560> up<00:36:22.800> under<00:36:23.119> the 00:36:23.270 --> 00:36:23.280 align:start position:0% their instruments hold up under the 00:36:23.280 --> 00:36:26.230 align:start position:0% their instruments hold up under the rigors<00:36:23.680> of<00:36:23.839> interstellar<00:36:24.560> travel?<00:36:25.599> And<00:36:25.920> why 00:36:26.230 --> 00:36:26.240 align:start position:0% rigors of interstellar travel? And why 00:36:26.240 --> 00:36:28.950 align:start position:0% rigors of interstellar travel? And why are<00:36:26.480> scientists<00:36:27.200> so<00:36:27.680> surprised<00:36:28.240> by<00:36:28.480> what<00:36:28.720> they 00:36:28.950 --> 00:36:28.960 align:start position:0% are scientists so surprised by what they 00:36:28.960 --> 00:36:30.790 align:start position:0% are scientists so surprised by what they learned? 00:36:30.790 --> 00:36:30.800 align:start position:0% learned? 00:36:30.800 --> 00:36:32.870 align:start position:0% learned? I'm<00:36:31.119> Alex<00:36:31.440> Mccoan<00:36:32.160> and<00:36:32.400> you're<00:36:32.560> watching 00:36:32.870 --> 00:36:32.880 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:36:32.880 --> 00:36:35.589 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:36:33.760> Join<00:36:34.000> me<00:36:34.240> today<00:36:34.560> as<00:36:34.800> we<00:36:35.040> look<00:36:35.200> at<00:36:35.359> the 00:36:35.589 --> 00:36:35.599 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we look at the 00:36:35.599 --> 00:36:38.150 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we look at the most<00:36:35.839> stunning<00:36:36.400> discoveries<00:36:37.040> of<00:36:37.280> the<00:36:37.520> nearly 00:36:38.150 --> 00:36:38.160 align:start position:0% most stunning discoveries of the nearly 00:36:38.160 --> 00:36:41.270 align:start position:0% most stunning discoveries of the nearly 45<00:36:38.880> year<00:36:39.200> Voyager<00:36:39.680> mission<00:36:40.400> and<00:36:40.640> relive<00:36:41.040> the 00:36:41.270 --> 00:36:41.280 align:start position:0% 45 year Voyager mission and relive the 00:36:41.280 --> 00:36:43.510 align:start position:0% 45 year Voyager mission and relive the remarkable<00:36:41.839> journey<00:36:42.079> the<00:36:42.320> probes<00:36:42.720> took<00:36:43.200> after 00:36:43.510 --> 00:36:43.520 align:start position:0% remarkable journey the probes took after 00:36:43.520 --> 00:36:45.990 align:start position:0% remarkable journey the probes took after they<00:36:43.760> left<00:36:44.079> Neptune's<00:36:44.720> orbit,<00:36:45.520> traveling 00:36:45.990 --> 00:36:46.000 align:start position:0% they left Neptune's orbit, traveling 00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:48.470 align:start position:0% they left Neptune's orbit, traveling from<00:36:46.160> the<00:36:46.320> solar<00:36:46.640> systems<00:36:47.200> icy<00:36:47.520> outer<00:36:47.920> giants 00:36:48.470 --> 00:36:48.480 align:start position:0% from the solar systems icy outer giants 00:36:48.480 --> 00:36:53.190 align:start position:0% from the solar systems icy outer giants to<00:36:48.720> the<00:36:48.880> brink<00:36:49.280> of<00:36:49.520> interstellar<00:36:50.240> space. 00:36:53.190 --> 00:36:53.200 align:start position:0% to the brink of interstellar space. 00:36:53.200 --> 00:36:55.430 align:start position:0% to the brink of interstellar space. While<00:36:53.520> Voyagers<00:36:54.079> 1<00:36:54.240> and<00:36:54.400> 2<00:36:54.720> were<00:36:54.960> supposed<00:36:55.200> to 00:36:55.430 --> 00:36:55.440 align:start position:0% While Voyagers 1 and 2 were supposed to 00:36:55.440 --> 00:36:57.990 align:start position:0% While Voyagers 1 and 2 were supposed to be<00:36:55.599> on<00:36:55.760> a<00:36:55.920> 5-year<00:36:56.480> mission,<00:36:57.200> their<00:36:57.440> team<00:36:57.760> of 00:36:57.990 --> 00:36:58.000 align:start position:0% be on a 5-year mission, their team of 00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:00.310 align:start position:0% be on a 5-year mission, their team of forwardthinking<00:36:58.800> scientists<00:36:59.359> and<00:36:59.599> engineers 00:37:00.310 --> 00:37:00.320 align:start position:0% forwardthinking scientists and engineers 00:37:00.320 --> 00:37:02.390 align:start position:0% forwardthinking scientists and engineers made<00:37:00.640> a<00:37:00.880> number<00:37:01.040> of<00:37:01.280> design<00:37:01.599> choices<00:37:02.079> that 00:37:02.390 --> 00:37:02.400 align:start position:0% made a number of design choices that 00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:04.710 align:start position:0% made a number of design choices that enabled<00:37:02.800> the<00:37:03.040> probes<00:37:03.440> to<00:37:03.599> hold<00:37:03.839> up<00:37:04.160> over<00:37:04.400> a 00:37:04.710 --> 00:37:04.720 align:start position:0% enabled the probes to hold up over a 00:37:04.720 --> 00:37:07.349 align:start position:0% enabled the probes to hold up over a much<00:37:05.040> longer<00:37:05.440> journey.<00:37:06.480> Each<00:37:06.800> probe<00:37:07.200> is 00:37:07.349 --> 00:37:07.359 align:start position:0% much longer journey. Each probe is 00:37:07.359 --> 00:37:10.069 align:start position:0% much longer journey. Each probe is equipped<00:37:07.760> with<00:37:07.920> a<00:37:08.160> longlasting<00:37:09.040> radioisotope 00:37:10.069 --> 00:37:10.079 align:start position:0% equipped with a longlasting radioisotope 00:37:10.079 --> 00:37:12.069 align:start position:0% equipped with a longlasting radioisotope thermmoelectric<00:37:10.880> generator,<00:37:11.760> which 00:37:12.069 --> 00:37:12.079 align:start position:0% thermmoelectric generator, which 00:37:12.079 --> 00:37:13.510 align:start position:0% thermmoelectric generator, which converts<00:37:12.480> heat<00:37:12.720> from<00:37:12.880> the<00:37:13.040> decaying 00:37:13.510 --> 00:37:13.520 align:start position:0% converts heat from the decaying 00:37:13.520 --> 00:37:16.710 align:start position:0% converts heat from the decaying plutonium<00:37:14.400> 238<00:37:15.280> isotope<00:37:15.920> into<00:37:16.240> electric 00:37:16.710 --> 00:37:16.720 align:start position:0% plutonium 238 isotope into electric 00:37:16.720 --> 00:37:19.190 align:start position:0% plutonium 238 isotope into electric power.<00:37:17.839> These<00:37:18.160> probes<00:37:18.720> also<00:37:18.960> have 00:37:19.190 --> 00:37:19.200 align:start position:0% power. These probes also have 00:37:19.200 --> 00:37:21.349 align:start position:0% power. These probes also have redundancies<00:37:20.000> of<00:37:20.320> most<00:37:20.560> of<00:37:20.720> their<00:37:20.960> 11 00:37:21.349 --> 00:37:21.359 align:start position:0% redundancies of most of their 11 00:37:21.359 --> 00:37:23.109 align:start position:0% redundancies of most of their 11 scientific<00:37:21.920> instruments<00:37:22.480> in<00:37:22.720> case<00:37:22.960> of 00:37:23.109 --> 00:37:23.119 align:start position:0% scientific instruments in case of 00:37:23.119 --> 00:37:26.470 align:start position:0% scientific instruments in case of machine<00:37:23.520> failure<00:37:24.480> as<00:37:24.720> well<00:37:24.960> as<00:37:25.440> 16<00:37:25.839> hydroine 00:37:26.470 --> 00:37:26.480 align:start position:0% machine failure as well as 16 hydroine 00:37:26.480 --> 00:37:30.069 align:start position:0% machine failure as well as 16 hydroine thrusters<00:37:27.440> including<00:37:27.920> eight<00:37:28.320> backups. 00:37:30.069 --> 00:37:30.079 align:start position:0% thrusters including eight backups. 00:37:30.079 --> 00:37:32.870 align:start position:0% thrusters including eight backups. Most<00:37:30.480> importantly,<00:37:31.440> the<00:37:31.680> launch<00:37:32.079> happened<00:37:32.560> at 00:37:32.870 --> 00:37:32.880 align:start position:0% Most importantly, the launch happened at 00:37:32.880 --> 00:37:35.670 align:start position:0% Most importantly, the launch happened at the<00:37:33.119> perfect<00:37:33.599> time.<00:37:34.800> When<00:37:35.040> the<00:37:35.200> Voyager 00:37:35.670 --> 00:37:35.680 align:start position:0% the perfect time. When the Voyager 00:37:35.680 --> 00:37:38.870 align:start position:0% the perfect time. When the Voyager planetary<00:37:36.160> mission<00:37:36.480> launched<00:37:36.880> in<00:37:37.119> 1977,<00:37:38.480> NASA 00:37:38.870 --> 00:37:38.880 align:start position:0% planetary mission launched in 1977, NASA 00:37:38.880 --> 00:37:42.870 align:start position:0% planetary mission launched in 1977, NASA took<00:37:39.119> advantage<00:37:39.599> of<00:37:39.839> a<00:37:40.079> once<00:37:40.560> in<00:37:41.760> 176-year 00:37:42.870 --> 00:37:42.880 align:start position:0% took advantage of a once in 176-year 00:37:42.880 --> 00:37:45.270 align:start position:0% took advantage of a once in 176-year alignment<00:37:43.359> of<00:37:43.599> the<00:37:43.760> planets,<00:37:44.560> which<00:37:44.800> not<00:37:45.119> only 00:37:45.270 --> 00:37:45.280 align:start position:0% alignment of the planets, which not only 00:37:45.280 --> 00:37:47.670 align:start position:0% alignment of the planets, which not only allowed<00:37:45.680> for<00:37:45.839> flybys<00:37:46.400> of<00:37:46.560> Neptune<00:37:46.960> and<00:37:47.200> Uranus 00:37:47.670 --> 00:37:47.680 align:start position:0% allowed for flybys of Neptune and Uranus 00:37:47.680 --> 00:37:50.230 align:start position:0% allowed for flybys of Neptune and Uranus with<00:37:47.920> minimal<00:37:48.400> course<00:37:48.720> adjustment,<00:37:49.760> but<00:37:50.000> gave 00:37:50.230 --> 00:37:50.240 align:start position:0% with minimal course adjustment, but gave 00:37:50.240 --> 00:37:52.950 align:start position:0% with minimal course adjustment, but gave the<00:37:50.480> probes<00:37:50.880> a<00:37:51.200> gravity<00:37:51.680> assist<00:37:52.240> from<00:37:52.560> each<00:37:52.800> of 00:37:52.950 --> 00:37:52.960 align:start position:0% the probes a gravity assist from each of 00:37:52.960 --> 00:37:55.190 align:start position:0% the probes a gravity assist from each of the<00:37:53.119> giants<00:37:53.520> they<00:37:53.760> visited,<00:37:54.560> thereby 00:37:55.190 --> 00:37:55.200 align:start position:0% the giants they visited, thereby 00:37:55.200 --> 00:37:56.950 align:start position:0% the giants they visited, thereby increasing<00:37:55.599> their<00:37:55.920> effective<00:37:56.320> velocity 00:37:56.950 --> 00:37:56.960 align:start position:0% increasing their effective velocity 00:37:56.960 --> 00:37:58.630 align:start position:0% increasing their effective velocity beyond<00:37:57.359> what<00:37:57.599> they<00:37:57.760> could<00:37:57.920> get<00:37:58.160> from<00:37:58.400> their 00:37:58.630 --> 00:37:58.640 align:start position:0% beyond what they could get from their 00:37:58.640 --> 00:38:01.109 align:start position:0% beyond what they could get from their own<00:37:58.880> rocket<00:37:59.280> propulsion. 00:38:01.109 --> 00:38:01.119 align:start position:0% own rocket propulsion. 00:38:01.119 --> 00:38:03.430 align:start position:0% own rocket propulsion. This<00:38:01.359> idea<00:38:01.920> was<00:38:02.320> relatively<00:38:02.880> new<00:38:03.040> at<00:38:03.280> the 00:38:03.430 --> 00:38:03.440 align:start position:0% This idea was relatively new at the 00:38:03.440 --> 00:38:05.349 align:start position:0% This idea was relatively new at the time,<00:38:03.920> having<00:38:04.240> been<00:38:04.560> only<00:38:04.800> attempted 00:38:05.349 --> 00:38:05.359 align:start position:0% time, having been only attempted 00:38:05.359 --> 00:38:07.910 align:start position:0% time, having been only attempted previously<00:38:06.079> on<00:38:06.400> NASA's<00:38:06.800> Pioneer<00:38:07.359> missions<00:38:07.680> to 00:38:07.910 --> 00:38:07.920 align:start position:0% previously on NASA's Pioneer missions to 00:38:07.920 --> 00:38:10.069 align:start position:0% previously on NASA's Pioneer missions to Jupiter<00:38:08.320> and<00:38:08.480> Saturn. 00:38:10.069 --> 00:38:10.079 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn. 00:38:10.079 --> 00:38:13.990 align:start position:0% Jupiter and Saturn. In<00:38:10.400> 1981,<00:38:11.599> Voyager<00:38:12.079> 1<00:38:12.400> escaped<00:38:12.880> the<00:38:13.119> ecliptic, 00:38:13.990 --> 00:38:14.000 align:start position:0% In 1981, Voyager 1 escaped the ecliptic, 00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:15.750 align:start position:0% In 1981, Voyager 1 escaped the ecliptic, which<00:38:14.240> is<00:38:14.400> the<00:38:14.560> Earth's<00:38:15.040> plane<00:38:15.280> of<00:38:15.440> orbit 00:38:15.750 --> 00:38:15.760 align:start position:0% which is the Earth's plane of orbit 00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:18.870 align:start position:0% which is the Earth's plane of orbit around<00:38:16.000> the<00:38:16.160> Sun,<00:38:16.880> heading<00:38:17.520> 35°<00:38:18.480> to<00:38:18.720> the 00:38:18.870 --> 00:38:18.880 align:start position:0% around the Sun, heading 35° to the 00:38:18.880 --> 00:38:21.829 align:start position:0% around the Sun, heading 35° to the north.<00:38:19.760> Voyager<00:38:20.240> 2<00:38:20.560> later<00:38:20.960> went<00:38:21.280> under<00:38:21.599> the 00:38:21.829 --> 00:38:21.839 align:start position:0% north. Voyager 2 later went under the 00:38:21.839 --> 00:38:26.150 align:start position:0% north. Voyager 2 later went under the ecliptic,<00:38:22.800> heading<00:38:23.280> 48°<00:38:24.079> to<00:38:24.320> the<00:38:24.480> south. 00:38:26.150 --> 00:38:26.160 align:start position:0% ecliptic, heading 48° to the south. 00:38:26.160 --> 00:38:28.150 align:start position:0% ecliptic, heading 48° to the south. After<00:38:26.480> the<00:38:26.640> Voyager<00:38:27.119> planetary<00:38:27.599> mission<00:38:27.920> was 00:38:28.150 --> 00:38:28.160 align:start position:0% After the Voyager planetary mission was 00:38:28.160 --> 00:38:29.829 align:start position:0% After the Voyager planetary mission was extended<00:38:28.560> to<00:38:28.800> become<00:38:29.119> the<00:38:29.280> Voyager 00:38:29.829 --> 00:38:29.839 align:start position:0% extended to become the Voyager 00:38:29.839 --> 00:38:32.150 align:start position:0% extended to become the Voyager Interstellar<00:38:30.480> mission,<00:38:31.280> the<00:38:31.520> cameras<00:38:31.920> on 00:38:32.150 --> 00:38:32.160 align:start position:0% Interstellar mission, the cameras on 00:38:32.160 --> 00:38:34.390 align:start position:0% Interstellar mission, the cameras on both<00:38:32.400> probes<00:38:32.880> were<00:38:33.040> deactivated<00:38:33.760> in<00:38:34.000> order<00:38:34.160> to 00:38:34.390 --> 00:38:34.400 align:start position:0% both probes were deactivated in order to 00:38:34.400 --> 00:38:37.109 align:start position:0% both probes were deactivated in order to conserve<00:38:34.800> power.<00:38:35.760> The<00:38:35.920> last<00:38:36.240> image<00:38:36.560> taken<00:38:36.880> by 00:38:37.109 --> 00:38:37.119 align:start position:0% conserve power. The last image taken by 00:38:37.119 --> 00:38:39.910 align:start position:0% conserve power. The last image taken by Voyager<00:38:37.599> 1<00:38:37.920> is<00:38:38.160> the<00:38:38.400> famous<00:38:38.800> pale<00:38:39.280> blue<00:38:39.520> dot 00:38:39.910 --> 00:38:39.920 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 is the famous pale blue dot 00:38:39.920 --> 00:38:42.150 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 is the famous pale blue dot photograph<00:38:40.400> of<00:38:40.640> Earth<00:38:41.359> taken<00:38:41.760> from<00:38:41.920> a 00:38:42.150 --> 00:38:42.160 align:start position:0% photograph of Earth taken from a 00:38:42.160 --> 00:38:45.349 align:start position:0% photograph of Earth taken from a distance<00:38:42.480> of<00:38:42.720> around<00:38:43.200> 6<00:38:43.599> billion<00:38:44.079> km.<00:38:45.119> The 00:38:45.349 --> 00:38:45.359 align:start position:0% distance of around 6 billion km. The 00:38:45.359 --> 00:38:49.030 align:start position:0% distance of around 6 billion km. The most<00:38:45.599> remote<00:38:46.000> image<00:38:46.320> of<00:38:46.480> Earth<00:38:46.880> ever<00:38:47.280> taken. 00:38:49.030 --> 00:38:49.040 align:start position:0% most remote image of Earth ever taken. 00:38:49.040 --> 00:38:51.430 align:start position:0% most remote image of Earth ever taken. However,<00:38:49.760> this<00:38:50.079> was<00:38:50.400> barely<00:38:50.800> the<00:38:51.119> start<00:38:51.280> of 00:38:51.430 --> 00:38:51.440 align:start position:0% However, this was barely the start of 00:38:51.440 --> 00:38:53.589 align:start position:0% However, this was barely the start of the<00:38:51.680> Voyager's<00:38:52.240> journeys.<00:38:53.119> To<00:38:53.359> reach 00:38:53.589 --> 00:38:53.599 align:start position:0% the Voyager's journeys. To reach 00:38:53.599 --> 00:38:55.430 align:start position:0% the Voyager's journeys. To reach interstellar<00:38:54.240> space,<00:38:54.640> the<00:38:54.800> probes<00:38:55.200> would 00:38:55.430 --> 00:38:55.440 align:start position:0% interstellar space, the probes would 00:38:55.440 --> 00:38:57.829 align:start position:0% interstellar space, the probes would have<00:38:55.520> to<00:38:55.680> traverse<00:38:56.079> the<00:38:56.320> termination<00:38:57.040> shock, 00:38:57.829 --> 00:38:57.839 align:start position:0% have to traverse the termination shock, 00:38:57.839 --> 00:39:00.630 align:start position:0% have to traverse the termination shock, a<00:38:58.079> region<00:38:58.400> in<00:38:58.640> which<00:38:58.960> hypersonic<00:38:59.839> solar<00:39:00.160> winds 00:39:00.630 --> 00:39:00.640 align:start position:0% a region in which hypersonic solar winds 00:39:00.640 --> 00:39:02.550 align:start position:0% a region in which hypersonic solar winds ran<00:39:00.880> into<00:39:01.280> fierce<00:39:01.760> resistance<00:39:02.240> from<00:39:02.400> the 00:39:02.550 --> 00:39:02.560 align:start position:0% ran into fierce resistance from the 00:39:02.560 --> 00:39:05.270 align:start position:0% ran into fierce resistance from the interstellar<00:39:03.280> wind.<00:39:04.720> Beyond<00:39:05.119> the 00:39:05.270 --> 00:39:05.280 align:start position:0% interstellar wind. Beyond the 00:39:05.280 --> 00:39:07.349 align:start position:0% interstellar wind. Beyond the termination<00:39:05.920> shock,<00:39:06.480> the<00:39:06.640> voyagers<00:39:07.200> would 00:39:07.349 --> 00:39:07.359 align:start position:0% termination shock, the voyagers would 00:39:07.359 --> 00:39:09.829 align:start position:0% termination shock, the voyagers would encounter<00:39:07.839> the<00:39:08.079> helio<00:39:08.560> sheath,<00:39:09.359> where 00:39:09.829 --> 00:39:09.839 align:start position:0% encounter the helio sheath, where 00:39:09.839 --> 00:39:12.630 align:start position:0% encounter the helio sheath, where slowing<00:39:10.400> solar<00:39:10.800> winds<00:39:11.200> pile<00:39:11.599> up,<00:39:12.160> becoming 00:39:12.630 --> 00:39:12.640 align:start position:0% slowing solar winds pile up, becoming 00:39:12.640 --> 00:39:15.109 align:start position:0% slowing solar winds pile up, becoming denser<00:39:13.119> and<00:39:13.440> hotter,<00:39:14.320> followed<00:39:14.720> by<00:39:14.960> the 00:39:15.109 --> 00:39:15.119 align:start position:0% denser and hotter, followed by the 00:39:15.119 --> 00:39:18.069 align:start position:0% denser and hotter, followed by the helopor,<00:39:16.480> the<00:39:16.720> final<00:39:17.119> boundary<00:39:17.599> between<00:39:17.920> the 00:39:18.069 --> 00:39:18.079 align:start position:0% helopor, the final boundary between the 00:39:18.079 --> 00:39:21.510 align:start position:0% helopor, the final boundary between the heliosphere<00:39:18.880> and<00:39:19.200> interstellar<00:39:19.920> space.<00:39:21.119> But 00:39:21.510 --> 00:39:21.520 align:start position:0% heliosphere and interstellar space. But 00:39:21.520 --> 00:39:23.510 align:start position:0% heliosphere and interstellar space. But in<00:39:21.760> spite<00:39:21.920> of<00:39:22.079> what<00:39:22.320> you<00:39:22.480> may<00:39:22.720> think,<00:39:23.280> the 00:39:23.510 --> 00:39:23.520 align:start position:0% in spite of what you may think, the 00:39:23.520 --> 00:39:25.510 align:start position:0% in spite of what you may think, the start<00:39:23.680> of<00:39:23.839> the<00:39:24.000> interstellar<00:39:24.560> medium<00:39:25.040> doesn't 00:39:25.510 --> 00:39:25.520 align:start position:0% start of the interstellar medium doesn't 00:39:25.520 --> 00:39:27.510 align:start position:0% start of the interstellar medium doesn't actually<00:39:26.079> mark<00:39:26.400> the<00:39:26.640> end<00:39:26.800> of<00:39:26.960> our<00:39:27.200> solar 00:39:27.510 --> 00:39:27.520 align:start position:0% actually mark the end of our solar 00:39:27.520 --> 00:39:30.950 align:start position:0% actually mark the end of our solar system.<00:39:28.480> Indeed,<00:39:29.040> it<00:39:29.200> will<00:39:29.440> be<00:39:29.599> another<00:39:30.160> 300 00:39:30.950 --> 00:39:30.960 align:start position:0% system. Indeed, it will be another 300 00:39:30.960 --> 00:39:33.349 align:start position:0% system. Indeed, it will be another 300 years<00:39:31.359> until<00:39:31.680> Voyager<00:39:32.160> 1<00:39:32.400> reaches<00:39:32.720> the<00:39:32.880> Ort 00:39:33.349 --> 00:39:33.359 align:start position:0% years until Voyager 1 reaches the Ort 00:39:33.359 --> 00:39:36.230 align:start position:0% years until Voyager 1 reaches the Ort cloud,<00:39:34.079> the<00:39:34.400> vast<00:39:34.720> region<00:39:35.119> of<00:39:35.359> billions<00:39:35.839> of 00:39:36.230 --> 00:39:36.240 align:start position:0% cloud, the vast region of billions of 00:39:36.240 --> 00:39:38.230 align:start position:0% cloud, the vast region of billions of icy<00:39:36.560> planetessimals<00:39:37.440> that<00:39:37.599> surround<00:39:37.920> our 00:39:38.230 --> 00:39:38.240 align:start position:0% icy planetessimals that surround our 00:39:38.240 --> 00:39:40.870 align:start position:0% icy planetessimals that surround our solar<00:39:38.560> system<00:39:38.880> like<00:39:39.040> a<00:39:39.200> bubble<00:39:39.920> and<00:39:40.240> another 00:39:40.870 --> 00:39:40.880 align:start position:0% solar system like a bubble and another 00:39:40.880 --> 00:39:43.990 align:start position:0% solar system like a bubble and another 30,000<00:39:41.680> years<00:39:42.079> until<00:39:42.400> it<00:39:42.640> exits<00:39:43.119> the<00:39:43.359> cloud, 00:39:43.990 --> 00:39:44.000 align:start position:0% 30,000 years until it exits the cloud, 00:39:44.000 --> 00:39:46.790 align:start position:0% 30,000 years until it exits the cloud, leaving<00:39:44.400> our<00:39:44.640> solar<00:39:44.960> system<00:39:45.280> forever. 00:39:46.790 --> 00:39:46.800 align:start position:0% leaving our solar system forever. 00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:48.630 align:start position:0% leaving our solar system forever. When<00:39:47.040> the<00:39:47.200> Voyagers<00:39:47.839> traveled<00:39:48.240> through<00:39:48.400> the 00:39:48.630 --> 00:39:48.640 align:start position:0% When the Voyagers traveled through the 00:39:48.640 --> 00:39:50.950 align:start position:0% When the Voyagers traveled through the helio<00:39:49.119> sheath,<00:39:49.680> they<00:39:49.920> made<00:39:50.160> an<00:39:50.400> incredible 00:39:50.950 --> 00:39:50.960 align:start position:0% helio sheath, they made an incredible 00:39:50.960 --> 00:39:53.510 align:start position:0% helio sheath, they made an incredible discovery.<00:39:52.160> Because<00:39:52.480> the<00:39:52.720> sun's<00:39:53.040> magnetic 00:39:53.510 --> 00:39:53.520 align:start position:0% discovery. Because the sun's magnetic 00:39:53.520 --> 00:39:55.990 align:start position:0% discovery. Because the sun's magnetic field<00:39:54.000> spins<00:39:54.400> in<00:39:54.720> opposite<00:39:55.280> directions<00:39:55.760> on 00:39:55.990 --> 00:39:56.000 align:start position:0% field spins in opposite directions on 00:39:56.000 --> 00:39:58.470 align:start position:0% field spins in opposite directions on its<00:39:56.240> north<00:39:56.480> and<00:39:56.720> south<00:39:57.040> poles,<00:39:57.839> the<00:39:58.079> spin 00:39:58.470 --> 00:39:58.480 align:start position:0% its north and south poles, the spin 00:39:58.480 --> 00:40:00.470 align:start position:0% its north and south poles, the spin creates<00:39:58.800> a<00:39:59.040> ripple<00:39:59.440> where<00:39:59.680> they<00:39:59.839> meet<00:40:00.240> called 00:40:00.470 --> 00:40:00.480 align:start position:0% creates a ripple where they meet called 00:40:00.480 --> 00:40:03.349 align:start position:0% creates a ripple where they meet called the<00:40:00.720> heliospheric<00:40:01.760> current<00:40:02.079> sheet.<00:40:02.960> Sort<00:40:03.200> of 00:40:03.349 --> 00:40:03.359 align:start position:0% the heliospheric current sheet. Sort of 00:40:03.359 --> 00:40:05.349 align:start position:0% the heliospheric current sheet. Sort of like<00:40:03.599> the<00:40:03.839> rings<00:40:04.240> created<00:40:04.640> by<00:40:04.800> dropping<00:40:05.119> a 00:40:05.349 --> 00:40:05.359 align:start position:0% like the rings created by dropping a 00:40:05.359 --> 00:40:08.310 align:start position:0% like the rings created by dropping a stone<00:40:05.599> in<00:40:05.839> water.<00:40:07.040> However,<00:40:07.520> when<00:40:07.760> the<00:40:07.920> sheet 00:40:08.310 --> 00:40:08.320 align:start position:0% stone in water. However, when the sheet 00:40:08.320 --> 00:40:10.550 align:start position:0% stone in water. However, when the sheet reaches<00:40:08.720> the<00:40:08.880> termination<00:40:09.520> shock,<00:40:10.320> it 00:40:10.550 --> 00:40:10.560 align:start position:0% reaches the termination shock, it 00:40:10.560 --> 00:40:13.030 align:start position:0% reaches the termination shock, it compresses<00:40:11.680> as<00:40:11.920> though<00:40:12.160> the<00:40:12.400> ripples<00:40:12.800> were 00:40:13.030 --> 00:40:13.040 align:start position:0% compresses as though the ripples were 00:40:13.040 --> 00:40:15.589 align:start position:0% compresses as though the ripples were hitting<00:40:13.280> the<00:40:13.520> edge<00:40:13.680> of<00:40:13.839> a<00:40:14.000> pool. 00:40:15.589 --> 00:40:15.599 align:start position:0% hitting the edge of a pool. 00:40:15.599 --> 00:40:17.990 align:start position:0% hitting the edge of a pool. The<00:40:15.760> Voyager<00:40:16.240> probes<00:40:16.640> discovered<00:40:17.359> that<00:40:17.680> after 00:40:17.990 --> 00:40:18.000 align:start position:0% The Voyager probes discovered that after 00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:20.230 align:start position:0% The Voyager probes discovered that after the<00:40:18.160> termination<00:40:18.720> shock,<00:40:19.280> these<00:40:19.599> stacked<00:40:20.000> up 00:40:20.230 --> 00:40:20.240 align:start position:0% the termination shock, these stacked up 00:40:20.240 --> 00:40:23.270 align:start position:0% the termination shock, these stacked up ripples<00:40:20.720> form<00:40:21.200> magnetic<00:40:21.839> bubbles.<00:40:23.040> This 00:40:23.270 --> 00:40:23.280 align:start position:0% ripples form magnetic bubbles. This 00:40:23.280 --> 00:40:25.030 align:start position:0% ripples form magnetic bubbles. This means<00:40:23.440> the<00:40:23.680> boundary<00:40:23.920> of<00:40:24.079> the<00:40:24.240> helio<00:40:24.640> sheath 00:40:25.030 --> 00:40:25.040 align:start position:0% means the boundary of the helio sheath 00:40:25.040 --> 00:40:27.349 align:start position:0% means the boundary of the helio sheath is<00:40:25.280> not<00:40:25.680> as<00:40:25.920> smooth<00:40:26.240> and<00:40:26.560> clearcut<00:40:27.119> as 00:40:27.349 --> 00:40:27.359 align:start position:0% is not as smooth and clearcut as 00:40:27.359 --> 00:40:29.990 align:start position:0% is not as smooth and clearcut as scientists<00:40:27.839> thought.<00:40:28.720> Instead,<00:40:29.359> it<00:40:29.599> is<00:40:29.760> a 00:40:29.990 --> 00:40:30.000 align:start position:0% scientists thought. Instead, it is a 00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:32.550 align:start position:0% scientists thought. Instead, it is a fluctuating<00:40:30.800> and<00:40:31.119> magnetically<00:40:31.920> bubbly 00:40:32.550 --> 00:40:32.560 align:start position:0% fluctuating and magnetically bubbly 00:40:32.560 --> 00:40:34.069 align:start position:0% fluctuating and magnetically bubbly environment. 00:40:34.069 --> 00:40:34.079 align:start position:0% environment. 00:40:34.079 --> 00:40:36.550 align:start position:0% environment. This<00:40:34.400> messy<00:40:34.960> finding<00:40:35.520> has<00:40:35.839> prompted<00:40:36.240> a 00:40:36.550 --> 00:40:36.560 align:start position:0% This messy finding has prompted a 00:40:36.560 --> 00:40:38.390 align:start position:0% This messy finding has prompted a complete<00:40:36.880> revision<00:40:37.359> of<00:40:37.520> our<00:40:37.839> model<00:40:38.079> of<00:40:38.240> the 00:40:38.390 --> 00:40:38.400 align:start position:0% complete revision of our model of the 00:40:38.400 --> 00:40:40.550 align:start position:0% complete revision of our model of the helio<00:40:38.880> sheath. 00:40:40.550 --> 00:40:40.560 align:start position:0% helio sheath. 00:40:40.560 --> 00:40:43.910 align:start position:0% helio sheath. On<00:40:40.800> the<00:40:40.960> 25th<00:40:41.359> of<00:40:41.520> July<00:40:42.000> 2012,<00:40:42.880> the<00:40:43.119> Voyager<00:40:43.599> 1 00:40:43.910 --> 00:40:43.920 align:start position:0% On the 25th of July 2012, the Voyager 1 00:40:43.920 --> 00:40:46.150 align:start position:0% On the 25th of July 2012, the Voyager 1 space<00:40:44.240> probe<00:40:44.640> became<00:40:45.040> the<00:40:45.280> first<00:40:45.599> man-made 00:40:46.150 --> 00:40:46.160 align:start position:0% space probe became the first man-made 00:40:46.160 --> 00:40:48.150 align:start position:0% space probe became the first man-made object<00:40:46.480> to<00:40:46.720> leave<00:40:46.960> the<00:40:47.119> sun's<00:40:47.440> heliosphere 00:40:48.150 --> 00:40:48.160 align:start position:0% object to leave the sun's heliosphere 00:40:48.160 --> 00:40:50.950 align:start position:0% object to leave the sun's heliosphere and<00:40:48.480> enter<00:40:48.880> interstellar<00:40:49.520> space.<00:40:50.560> It<00:40:50.720> was 00:40:50.950 --> 00:40:50.960 align:start position:0% and enter interstellar space. It was 00:40:50.960 --> 00:40:54.550 align:start position:0% and enter interstellar space. It was traveling<00:40:51.280> at<00:40:51.520> an<00:40:51.760> incredible<00:40:52.240> speed<00:40:52.640> of<00:40:53.200> 540 00:40:54.550 --> 00:40:54.560 align:start position:0% traveling at an incredible speed of 540 00:40:54.560 --> 00:40:58.230 align:start position:0% traveling at an incredible speed of 540 million<00:40:54.960> km<00:40:55.520> per<00:40:55.760> year<00:40:56.400> or<00:40:56.720> 3.6<00:40:57.520> astronomical 00:40:58.230 --> 00:40:58.240 align:start position:0% million km per year or 3.6 astronomical 00:40:58.240 --> 00:41:00.710 align:start position:0% million km per year or 3.6 astronomical units.<00:40:59.040> An<00:40:59.280> astronomical<00:41:00.000> unit<00:41:00.319> being<00:41:00.560> the 00:41:00.710 --> 00:41:00.720 align:start position:0% units. An astronomical unit being the 00:41:00.720 --> 00:41:03.430 align:start position:0% units. An astronomical unit being the distance<00:41:01.119> between<00:41:01.440> Earth<00:41:01.680> and<00:41:01.839> the<00:41:02.000> Sun.<00:41:03.200> The 00:41:03.430 --> 00:41:03.440 align:start position:0% distance between Earth and the Sun. The 00:41:03.440 --> 00:41:05.430 align:start position:0% distance between Earth and the Sun. The distance<00:41:03.760> at<00:41:04.000> which<00:41:04.160> Voyager<00:41:04.640> 1<00:41:04.960> crossed<00:41:05.280> the 00:41:05.430 --> 00:41:05.440 align:start position:0% distance at which Voyager 1 crossed the 00:41:05.440 --> 00:41:09.190 align:start position:0% distance at which Voyager 1 crossed the helop<00:41:06.400> was<00:41:06.640> about<00:41:07.599> 120<00:41:08.079> astronomical<00:41:08.800> units 00:41:09.190 --> 00:41:09.200 align:start position:0% helop was about 120 astronomical units 00:41:09.200 --> 00:41:11.270 align:start position:0% helop was about 120 astronomical units from<00:41:09.359> the<00:41:09.520> sun<00:41:10.160> which<00:41:10.480> itself<00:41:10.880> was<00:41:11.119> a 00:41:11.270 --> 00:41:11.280 align:start position:0% from the sun which itself was a 00:41:11.280 --> 00:41:14.150 align:start position:0% from the sun which itself was a revelation.<00:41:12.240> It<00:41:12.400> was<00:41:12.560> unknown<00:41:13.040> where<00:41:13.520> exactly 00:41:14.150 --> 00:41:14.160 align:start position:0% revelation. It was unknown where exactly 00:41:14.160 --> 00:41:16.790 align:start position:0% revelation. It was unknown where exactly the<00:41:14.400> helop<00:41:15.200> occurred. 00:41:16.790 --> 00:41:16.800 align:start position:0% the helop occurred. 00:41:16.800 --> 00:41:19.349 align:start position:0% the helop occurred. Funnily<00:41:17.280> enough,<00:41:18.160> some<00:41:18.400> early<00:41:18.720> models<00:41:19.040> put<00:41:19.200> it 00:41:19.349 --> 00:41:19.359 align:start position:0% Funnily enough, some early models put it 00:41:19.359 --> 00:41:21.829 align:start position:0% Funnily enough, some early models put it as<00:41:19.599> close<00:41:19.760> as<00:41:20.000> Jupiter<00:41:20.800> and<00:41:21.040> others<00:41:21.520> much 00:41:21.829 --> 00:41:21.839 align:start position:0% as close as Jupiter and others much 00:41:21.839 --> 00:41:25.030 align:start position:0% as close as Jupiter and others much further.<00:41:23.200> Remember,<00:41:23.760> the<00:41:24.000> helop<00:41:24.720> is<00:41:24.880> the 00:41:25.030 --> 00:41:25.040 align:start position:0% further. Remember, the helop is the 00:41:25.040 --> 00:41:27.109 align:start position:0% further. Remember, the helop is the boundary<00:41:25.440> where<00:41:25.599> the<00:41:25.760> sun's<00:41:26.160> solar<00:41:26.480> wind<00:41:26.800> is 00:41:27.109 --> 00:41:27.119 align:start position:0% boundary where the sun's solar wind is 00:41:27.119 --> 00:41:28.710 align:start position:0% boundary where the sun's solar wind is stopped<00:41:27.520> by<00:41:27.760> its<00:41:28.000> collision<00:41:28.400> with<00:41:28.560> the 00:41:28.710 --> 00:41:28.720 align:start position:0% stopped by its collision with the 00:41:28.720 --> 00:41:31.109 align:start position:0% stopped by its collision with the interstellar<00:41:29.280> medium.<00:41:30.319> kind<00:41:30.560> of<00:41:30.640> like<00:41:30.880> the 00:41:31.109 --> 00:41:31.119 align:start position:0% interstellar medium. kind of like the 00:41:31.119 --> 00:41:33.270 align:start position:0% interstellar medium. kind of like the crashing<00:41:31.520> of<00:41:31.680> two<00:41:32.000> powerful<00:41:32.480> bodies<00:41:32.800> of<00:41:32.960> water 00:41:33.270 --> 00:41:33.280 align:start position:0% crashing of two powerful bodies of water 00:41:33.280 --> 00:41:36.390 align:start position:0% crashing of two powerful bodies of water against<00:41:33.680> each<00:41:33.839> other.<00:41:35.280> Solar<00:41:35.680> wind<00:41:35.920> is<00:41:36.160> the 00:41:36.390 --> 00:41:36.400 align:start position:0% against each other. Solar wind is the 00:41:36.400 --> 00:41:38.790 align:start position:0% against each other. Solar wind is the steady<00:41:36.720> stream<00:41:37.119> of<00:41:37.440> charged<00:41:37.839> particles<00:41:38.560> such 00:41:38.790 --> 00:41:38.800 align:start position:0% steady stream of charged particles such 00:41:38.800 --> 00:41:41.109 align:start position:0% steady stream of charged particles such as<00:41:39.119> electrons,<00:41:39.920> protons,<00:41:40.480> and<00:41:40.640> alpha 00:41:41.109 --> 00:41:41.119 align:start position:0% as electrons, protons, and alpha 00:41:41.119 --> 00:41:43.670 align:start position:0% as electrons, protons, and alpha particles<00:41:41.920> that<00:41:42.240> come<00:41:42.400> from<00:41:42.640> the<00:41:42.800> sun's<00:41:43.200> outer 00:41:43.670 --> 00:41:43.680 align:start position:0% particles that come from the sun's outer 00:41:43.680 --> 00:41:46.069 align:start position:0% particles that come from the sun's outer layer.<00:41:44.480> The<00:41:44.640> interstellar<00:41:45.280> medium,<00:41:45.760> by 00:41:46.069 --> 00:41:46.079 align:start position:0% layer. The interstellar medium, by 00:41:46.079 --> 00:41:48.790 align:start position:0% layer. The interstellar medium, by contrast,<00:41:46.880> consists<00:41:47.280> of<00:41:47.520> charged<00:41:48.000> particles, 00:41:48.790 --> 00:41:48.800 align:start position:0% contrast, consists of charged particles, 00:41:48.800 --> 00:41:51.190 align:start position:0% contrast, consists of charged particles, gases,<00:41:49.280> and<00:41:49.520> cosmic<00:41:50.000> dust<00:41:50.480> left<00:41:50.800> over<00:41:51.040> from 00:41:51.190 --> 00:41:51.200 align:start position:0% gases, and cosmic dust left over from 00:41:51.200 --> 00:41:53.030 align:start position:0% gases, and cosmic dust left over from the<00:41:51.440> Big<00:41:51.680> Bang<00:41:52.160> and<00:41:52.400> other<00:41:52.640> ancient 00:41:53.030 --> 00:41:53.040 align:start position:0% the Big Bang and other ancient 00:41:53.040 --> 00:41:55.990 align:start position:0% the Big Bang and other ancient supernova.<00:41:54.480> When<00:41:54.720> these<00:41:55.119> charged<00:41:55.520> streams 00:41:55.990 --> 00:41:56.000 align:start position:0% supernova. When these charged streams 00:41:56.000 --> 00:41:57.990 align:start position:0% supernova. When these charged streams hit<00:41:56.160> each<00:41:56.400> other,<00:41:56.800> they<00:41:57.119> change<00:41:57.440> course<00:41:57.760> and 00:41:57.990 --> 00:41:58.000 align:start position:0% hit each other, they change course and 00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:00.150 align:start position:0% hit each other, they change course and form<00:41:58.240> a<00:41:58.480> region<00:41:58.720> of<00:41:58.880> equilibrium<00:41:59.760> called<00:42:00.000> the 00:42:00.150 --> 00:42:00.160 align:start position:0% form a region of equilibrium called the 00:42:00.160 --> 00:42:02.630 align:start position:0% form a region of equilibrium called the helopor<00:42:01.040> boundary. 00:42:02.630 --> 00:42:02.640 align:start position:0% helopor boundary. 00:42:02.640 --> 00:42:05.589 align:start position:0% helopor boundary. At<00:42:02.960> first,<00:42:03.520> NASA<00:42:04.000> wasn't<00:42:04.400> sure<00:42:04.640> if<00:42:04.880> Voyager<00:42:05.359> 1 00:42:05.589 --> 00:42:05.599 align:start position:0% At first, NASA wasn't sure if Voyager 1 00:42:05.599 --> 00:42:08.069 align:start position:0% At first, NASA wasn't sure if Voyager 1 had<00:42:05.839> truly<00:42:06.319> crossed<00:42:06.560> the<00:42:06.720> helop<00:42:07.599> and<00:42:07.839> entered 00:42:08.069 --> 00:42:08.079 align:start position:0% had truly crossed the helop and entered 00:42:08.079 --> 00:42:10.790 align:start position:0% had truly crossed the helop and entered interstellar<00:42:08.720> space.<00:42:09.680> As<00:42:09.920> models<00:42:10.319> predicted, 00:42:10.790 --> 00:42:10.800 align:start position:0% interstellar space. As models predicted, 00:42:10.800 --> 00:42:13.109 align:start position:0% interstellar space. As models predicted, the<00:42:10.960> prob's<00:42:11.359> plasma<00:42:11.760> wave<00:42:12.079> detector<00:42:12.640> found<00:42:12.880> a 00:42:13.109 --> 00:42:13.119 align:start position:0% the prob's plasma wave detector found a 00:42:13.119 --> 00:42:15.829 align:start position:0% the prob's plasma wave detector found a massive<00:42:13.520> increase<00:42:13.760> in<00:42:14.000> plasma<00:42:14.480> density,<00:42:15.440> 80 00:42:15.829 --> 00:42:15.839 align:start position:0% massive increase in plasma density, 80 00:42:15.839 --> 00:42:17.670 align:start position:0% massive increase in plasma density, 80 times<00:42:16.160> what<00:42:16.480> it<00:42:16.640> had<00:42:16.800> registered<00:42:17.280> in<00:42:17.520> the 00:42:17.670 --> 00:42:17.680 align:start position:0% times what it had registered in the 00:42:17.680 --> 00:42:20.390 align:start position:0% times what it had registered in the outer<00:42:18.000> helio<00:42:18.400> sheath,<00:42:19.200> and<00:42:19.440> a<00:42:19.680> spike<00:42:20.079> in 00:42:20.390 --> 00:42:20.400 align:start position:0% outer helio sheath, and a spike in 00:42:20.400 --> 00:42:23.190 align:start position:0% outer helio sheath, and a spike in galactic<00:42:20.880> cosmic<00:42:21.359> rays.<00:42:22.560> But<00:42:22.800> something 00:42:23.190 --> 00:42:23.200 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. But something 00:42:23.200 --> 00:42:25.270 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. But something strange<00:42:23.839> didn't<00:42:24.240> happen<00:42:24.720> that<00:42:24.960> left 00:42:25.270 --> 00:42:25.280 align:start position:0% strange didn't happen that left 00:42:25.280 --> 00:42:28.069 align:start position:0% strange didn't happen that left scientists<00:42:25.839> baffled.<00:42:27.200> After<00:42:27.599> crossing<00:42:27.920> the 00:42:28.069 --> 00:42:28.079 align:start position:0% scientists baffled. After crossing the 00:42:28.079 --> 00:42:31.270 align:start position:0% scientists baffled. After crossing the helopor,<00:42:29.119> Voyager<00:42:29.599> 1<00:42:29.839> detected<00:42:30.400> no<00:42:30.800> change<00:42:31.119> in 00:42:31.270 --> 00:42:31.280 align:start position:0% helopor, Voyager 1 detected no change in 00:42:31.280 --> 00:42:34.470 align:start position:0% helopor, Voyager 1 detected no change in the<00:42:31.440> ambient<00:42:31.920> magnetic<00:42:32.480> field.<00:42:33.680> Why<00:42:34.000> was<00:42:34.240> that 00:42:34.470 --> 00:42:34.480 align:start position:0% the ambient magnetic field. Why was that 00:42:34.480 --> 00:42:37.670 align:start position:0% the ambient magnetic field. Why was that so<00:42:34.800> surprising?<00:42:36.079> Well,<00:42:36.560> theoretical<00:42:37.280> models 00:42:37.670 --> 00:42:37.680 align:start position:0% so surprising? Well, theoretical models 00:42:37.680 --> 00:42:39.589 align:start position:0% so surprising? Well, theoretical models assumed<00:42:38.079> that<00:42:38.319> the<00:42:38.560> ambient<00:42:39.040> magnetic 00:42:39.589 --> 00:42:39.599 align:start position:0% assumed that the ambient magnetic 00:42:39.599 --> 00:42:41.750 align:start position:0% assumed that the ambient magnetic orientation<00:42:40.400> would<00:42:40.640> change<00:42:40.960> in<00:42:41.200> a<00:42:41.440> region 00:42:41.750 --> 00:42:41.760 align:start position:0% orientation would change in a region 00:42:41.760 --> 00:42:43.670 align:start position:0% orientation would change in a region dominated<00:42:42.240> by<00:42:42.400> the<00:42:42.640> magnetic<00:42:43.119> fields<00:42:43.440> of 00:42:43.670 --> 00:42:43.680 align:start position:0% dominated by the magnetic fields of 00:42:43.680 --> 00:42:46.790 align:start position:0% dominated by the magnetic fields of other<00:42:43.920> stars.<00:42:45.119> But<00:42:45.359> remarkably,<00:42:46.079> Voyager<00:42:46.560> 1 00:42:46.790 --> 00:42:46.800 align:start position:0% other stars. But remarkably, Voyager 1 00:42:46.800 --> 00:42:48.870 align:start position:0% other stars. But remarkably, Voyager 1 detected<00:42:47.359> no<00:42:47.680> discernable<00:42:48.319> change<00:42:48.560> in<00:42:48.720> the 00:42:48.870 --> 00:42:48.880 align:start position:0% detected no discernable change in the 00:42:48.880 --> 00:42:51.349 align:start position:0% detected no discernable change in the ambient<00:42:49.359> magnetism. 00:42:51.349 --> 00:42:51.359 align:start position:0% ambient magnetism. 00:42:51.359 --> 00:42:53.589 align:start position:0% ambient magnetism. NASA<00:42:51.839> was<00:42:52.000> so<00:42:52.240> confused<00:42:52.800> that<00:42:53.040> they<00:42:53.280> waited 00:42:53.589 --> 00:42:53.599 align:start position:0% NASA was so confused that they waited 00:42:53.599 --> 00:42:55.589 align:start position:0% NASA was so confused that they waited nearly<00:42:54.000> a<00:42:54.319> year<00:42:54.640> before<00:42:54.960> announcing<00:42:55.359> that 00:42:55.589 --> 00:42:55.599 align:start position:0% nearly a year before announcing that 00:42:55.599 --> 00:42:58.150 align:start position:0% nearly a year before announcing that Voyager<00:42:56.079> 1<00:42:56.560> had<00:42:57.119> in<00:42:57.359> fact<00:42:57.760> entered 00:42:58.150 --> 00:42:58.160 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 had in fact entered 00:42:58.160 --> 00:43:00.710 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 had in fact entered interstellar<00:42:58.800> space. 00:43:00.710 --> 00:43:00.720 align:start position:0% interstellar space. 00:43:00.720 --> 00:43:04.470 align:start position:0% interstellar space. On<00:43:00.960> the<00:43:01.040> 5th<00:43:01.280> of<00:43:01.440> November<00:43:02.079> 2018,<00:43:03.200> Voyager<00:43:03.839> 2, 00:43:04.470 --> 00:43:04.480 align:start position:0% On the 5th of November 2018, Voyager 2, 00:43:04.480 --> 00:43:06.470 align:start position:0% On the 5th of November 2018, Voyager 2, traveling<00:43:04.880> at<00:43:05.119> the<00:43:05.359> slightly<00:43:05.760> slower<00:43:06.160> speed 00:43:06.470 --> 00:43:06.480 align:start position:0% traveling at the slightly slower speed 00:43:06.480 --> 00:43:10.950 align:start position:0% traveling at the slightly slower speed of<00:43:06.800> 490<00:43:07.760> million<00:43:08.079> km<00:43:08.960> or<00:43:09.440> 3.3<00:43:10.160> astronomical 00:43:10.950 --> 00:43:10.960 align:start position:0% of 490 million km or 3.3 astronomical 00:43:10.960 --> 00:43:13.910 align:start position:0% of 490 million km or 3.3 astronomical units<00:43:11.359> per<00:43:11.680> year,<00:43:12.480> joined<00:43:12.800> Voyager<00:43:13.280> 1<00:43:13.599> in 00:43:13.910 --> 00:43:13.920 align:start position:0% units per year, joined Voyager 1 in 00:43:13.920 --> 00:43:16.150 align:start position:0% units per year, joined Voyager 1 in becoming<00:43:14.240> the<00:43:14.560> second<00:43:14.880> man-made<00:43:15.520> object<00:43:15.920> to 00:43:16.150 --> 00:43:16.160 align:start position:0% becoming the second man-made object to 00:43:16.160 --> 00:43:18.790 align:start position:0% becoming the second man-made object to enter<00:43:16.480> interstellar<00:43:17.119> space.<00:43:18.160> The<00:43:18.400> crossing 00:43:18.790 --> 00:43:18.800 align:start position:0% enter interstellar space. The crossing 00:43:18.800 --> 00:43:21.270 align:start position:0% enter interstellar space. The crossing also<00:43:19.040> occurred<00:43:19.920> 120<00:43:20.240> astronomical<00:43:20.960> units 00:43:21.270 --> 00:43:21.280 align:start position:0% also occurred 120 astronomical units 00:43:21.280 --> 00:43:23.910 align:start position:0% also occurred 120 astronomical units from<00:43:21.440> the<00:43:21.599> sun.<00:43:22.319> And<00:43:22.480> like<00:43:22.720> the<00:43:22.960> Voyager<00:43:23.359> 1<00:43:23.680> 6 00:43:23.910 --> 00:43:23.920 align:start position:0% from the sun. And like the Voyager 1 6 00:43:23.920 --> 00:43:26.390 align:start position:0% from the sun. And like the Voyager 1 6 years<00:43:24.240> earlier,<00:43:24.960> the<00:43:25.119> probe<00:43:25.520> detected<00:43:26.079> no 00:43:26.390 --> 00:43:26.400 align:start position:0% years earlier, the probe detected no 00:43:26.400 --> 00:43:29.109 align:start position:0% years earlier, the probe detected no change<00:43:26.720> in<00:43:26.880> the<00:43:27.119> ambient<00:43:27.599> magnetic<00:43:28.079> field. 00:43:29.109 --> 00:43:29.119 align:start position:0% change in the ambient magnetic field. 00:43:29.119 --> 00:43:31.589 align:start position:0% change in the ambient magnetic field. But<00:43:29.359> something<00:43:29.680> else<00:43:30.000> surprised<00:43:30.480> scientists. 00:43:31.589 --> 00:43:31.599 align:start position:0% But something else surprised scientists. 00:43:31.599 --> 00:43:34.069 align:start position:0% But something else surprised scientists. You<00:43:31.760> see,<00:43:32.079> the<00:43:32.319> sun<00:43:32.640> goes<00:43:32.880> through<00:43:33.440> 11-year 00:43:34.069 --> 00:43:34.079 align:start position:0% You see, the sun goes through 11-year 00:43:34.079 --> 00:43:36.550 align:start position:0% You see, the sun goes through 11-year solar<00:43:34.400> cycles<00:43:35.200> during<00:43:35.520> which<00:43:35.760> its<00:43:36.079> activity 00:43:36.550 --> 00:43:36.560 align:start position:0% solar cycles during which its activity 00:43:36.560 --> 00:43:39.829 align:start position:0% solar cycles during which its activity waxes<00:43:37.119> and<00:43:37.440> wanes.<00:43:38.480> Voyager<00:43:39.040> 2's<00:43:39.359> crossing 00:43:39.829 --> 00:43:39.839 align:start position:0% waxes and wanes. Voyager 2's crossing 00:43:39.839 --> 00:43:41.910 align:start position:0% waxes and wanes. Voyager 2's crossing occurred<00:43:40.240> at<00:43:40.400> a<00:43:40.640> time<00:43:40.800> when<00:43:41.040> solar<00:43:41.440> winds<00:43:41.760> were 00:43:41.910 --> 00:43:41.920 align:start position:0% occurred at a time when solar winds were 00:43:41.920 --> 00:43:44.630 align:start position:0% occurred at a time when solar winds were peaking.<00:43:43.119> models<00:43:43.520> predicted<00:43:44.000> that<00:43:44.240> the<00:43:44.480> size 00:43:44.630 --> 00:43:44.640 align:start position:0% peaking. models predicted that the size 00:43:44.640 --> 00:43:46.790 align:start position:0% peaking. models predicted that the size of<00:43:44.800> the<00:43:44.960> heliosphere<00:43:45.680> would<00:43:45.920> fluctuate<00:43:46.560> with 00:43:46.790 --> 00:43:46.800 align:start position:0% of the heliosphere would fluctuate with 00:43:46.800 --> 00:43:48.870 align:start position:0% of the heliosphere would fluctuate with the<00:43:46.960> solar<00:43:47.280> cycle,<00:43:48.079> meaning<00:43:48.400> it<00:43:48.560> would<00:43:48.720> have 00:43:48.870 --> 00:43:48.880 align:start position:0% the solar cycle, meaning it would have 00:43:48.880 --> 00:43:51.109 align:start position:0% the solar cycle, meaning it would have been<00:43:49.119> expanding<00:43:49.599> when<00:43:49.920> Voyager<00:43:50.400> 2<00:43:50.640> made<00:43:50.800> its 00:43:51.109 --> 00:43:51.119 align:start position:0% been expanding when Voyager 2 made its 00:43:51.119 --> 00:43:54.150 align:start position:0% been expanding when Voyager 2 made its crossing.<00:43:52.319> Yet,<00:43:52.880> Voyager<00:43:53.440> 2<00:43:53.680> crossed<00:43:54.000> the 00:43:54.150 --> 00:43:54.160 align:start position:0% crossing. Yet, Voyager 2 crossed the 00:43:54.160 --> 00:43:57.030 align:start position:0% crossing. Yet, Voyager 2 crossed the helop<00:43:55.119> at<00:43:55.440> exactly<00:43:56.000> the<00:43:56.319> same<00:43:56.560> distance 00:43:57.030 --> 00:43:57.040 align:start position:0% helop at exactly the same distance 00:43:57.040 --> 00:44:00.710 align:start position:0% helop at exactly the same distance Voyager<00:43:57.599> 1<00:43:57.839> had<00:43:58.319> 6<00:43:58.640> years<00:43:58.880> prior,<00:43:59.920> meaning<00:44:00.319> our 00:44:00.710 --> 00:44:00.720 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 had 6 years prior, meaning our 00:44:00.720 --> 00:44:02.870 align:start position:0% Voyager 1 had 6 years prior, meaning our models<00:44:01.119> were<00:44:01.359> wrong.<00:44:02.400> Like<00:44:02.640> the 00:44:02.870 --> 00:44:02.880 align:start position:0% models were wrong. Like the 00:44:02.880 --> 00:44:04.790 align:start position:0% models were wrong. Like the magneettometer<00:44:03.680> finding,<00:44:04.480> this 00:44:04.790 --> 00:44:04.800 align:start position:0% magneettometer finding, this 00:44:04.800 --> 00:44:06.630 align:start position:0% magneettometer finding, this demonstrated<00:44:05.359> the<00:44:05.680> value<00:44:05.920> of<00:44:06.240> testing 00:44:06.630 --> 00:44:06.640 align:start position:0% demonstrated the value of testing 00:44:06.640 --> 00:44:09.670 align:start position:0% demonstrated the value of testing theoretical<00:44:07.359> models<00:44:07.680> with<00:44:08.000> field<00:44:08.319> data.<00:44:09.440> We 00:44:09.670 --> 00:44:09.680 align:start position:0% theoretical models with field data. We 00:44:09.680 --> 00:44:11.670 align:start position:0% theoretical models with field data. We now<00:44:09.920> suspect<00:44:10.480> the<00:44:10.800> boundary<00:44:11.200> between<00:44:11.440> the 00:44:11.670 --> 00:44:11.680 align:start position:0% now suspect the boundary between the 00:44:11.680 --> 00:44:14.150 align:start position:0% now suspect the boundary between the heliosphere<00:44:12.480> and<00:44:12.800> interstellar<00:44:13.440> medium<00:44:13.920> is 00:44:14.150 --> 00:44:14.160 align:start position:0% heliosphere and interstellar medium is 00:44:14.160 --> 00:44:16.069 align:start position:0% heliosphere and interstellar medium is much<00:44:14.400> more<00:44:14.640> twisted<00:44:15.280> and<00:44:15.520> filled<00:44:15.839> with 00:44:16.069 --> 00:44:16.079 align:start position:0% much more twisted and filled with 00:44:16.079 --> 00:44:19.349 align:start position:0% much more twisted and filled with fluctuations<00:44:16.880> than<00:44:17.200> prior<00:44:17.520> models<00:44:18.000> proposed. 00:44:19.349 --> 00:44:19.359 align:start position:0% fluctuations than prior models proposed. 00:44:19.359 --> 00:44:21.910 align:start position:0% fluctuations than prior models proposed. One<00:44:19.599> leading<00:44:20.079> idea<00:44:20.400> is<00:44:20.640> that<00:44:20.800> our<00:44:21.119> sun<00:44:21.440> emerged 00:44:21.910 --> 00:44:21.920 align:start position:0% One leading idea is that our sun emerged 00:44:21.920 --> 00:44:24.230 align:start position:0% One leading idea is that our sun emerged billions<00:44:22.319> of<00:44:22.480> years<00:44:22.720> ago<00:44:23.119> from<00:44:23.359> a<00:44:23.599> hot<00:44:23.920> and 00:44:24.230 --> 00:44:24.240 align:start position:0% billions of years ago from a hot and 00:44:24.240 --> 00:44:26.630 align:start position:0% billions of years ago from a hot and heavily<00:44:24.880> ionized<00:44:25.280> region<00:44:25.920> following<00:44:26.400> the 00:44:26.630 --> 00:44:26.640 align:start position:0% heavily ionized region following the 00:44:26.640 --> 00:44:29.589 align:start position:0% heavily ionized region following the explosion<00:44:27.119> of<00:44:27.359> one<00:44:27.520> or<00:44:27.680> more<00:44:27.920> supernovi<00:44:29.359> and 00:44:29.589 --> 00:44:29.599 align:start position:0% explosion of one or more supernovi and 00:44:29.599 --> 00:44:31.910 align:start position:0% explosion of one or more supernovi and that<00:44:29.839> magnetic<00:44:30.400> turbulence<00:44:31.040> persists<00:44:31.680> to 00:44:31.910 --> 00:44:31.920 align:start position:0% that magnetic turbulence persists to 00:44:31.920 --> 00:44:35.270 align:start position:0% that magnetic turbulence persists to this<00:44:32.160> day<00:44:32.480> near<00:44:32.720> the<00:44:32.880> helopor.<00:44:34.319> If<00:44:34.560> so,<00:44:35.040> the 00:44:35.270 --> 00:44:35.280 align:start position:0% this day near the helopor. If so, the 00:44:35.280 --> 00:44:37.349 align:start position:0% this day near the helopor. If so, the probes<00:44:35.680> will<00:44:35.920> likely<00:44:36.400> encounter<00:44:36.880> a<00:44:37.119> different 00:44:37.349 --> 00:44:37.359 align:start position:0% probes will likely encounter a different 00:44:37.359 --> 00:44:39.349 align:start position:0% probes will likely encounter a different magnetic<00:44:37.920> orientation<00:44:38.640> as<00:44:38.880> they<00:44:39.119> travel 00:44:39.349 --> 00:44:39.359 align:start position:0% magnetic orientation as they travel 00:44:39.359 --> 00:44:41.589 align:start position:0% magnetic orientation as they travel further<00:44:39.760> away,<00:44:40.480> but<00:44:40.640> their<00:44:40.880> instruments<00:44:41.359> will 00:44:41.589 --> 00:44:41.599 align:start position:0% further away, but their instruments will 00:44:41.599 --> 00:44:44.950 align:start position:0% further away, but their instruments will probably<00:44:42.079> be<00:44:42.480> long<00:44:42.800> dark<00:44:43.119> by<00:44:43.359> that<00:44:43.599> time. 00:44:44.950 --> 00:44:44.960 align:start position:0% probably be long dark by that time. 00:44:44.960 --> 00:44:46.710 align:start position:0% probably be long dark by that time. Although<00:44:45.280> the<00:44:45.440> historic<00:44:45.920> Voyager<00:44:46.400> mission 00:44:46.710 --> 00:44:46.720 align:start position:0% Although the historic Voyager mission 00:44:46.720 --> 00:44:49.190 align:start position:0% Although the historic Voyager mission will<00:44:46.880> soon<00:44:47.200> be<00:44:47.359> ending,<00:44:48.079> the<00:44:48.240> twin<00:44:48.560> probes<00:44:49.040> are 00:44:49.190 --> 00:44:49.200 align:start position:0% will soon be ending, the twin probes are 00:44:49.200 --> 00:44:51.910 align:start position:0% will soon be ending, the twin probes are just<00:44:49.440> beginning<00:44:49.839> their<00:44:50.079> cosmic<00:44:50.560> journeys.<00:44:51.599> In 00:44:51.910 --> 00:44:51.920 align:start position:0% just beginning their cosmic journeys. In 00:44:51.920 --> 00:44:54.710 align:start position:0% just beginning their cosmic journeys. In 40,000<00:44:52.720> years,<00:44:53.359> Voyager<00:44:53.839> 1<00:44:54.160> will<00:44:54.400> likely 00:44:54.710 --> 00:44:54.720 align:start position:0% 40,000 years, Voyager 1 will likely 00:44:54.720 --> 00:44:57.589 align:start position:0% 40,000 years, Voyager 1 will likely drift<00:44:55.119> towards<00:44:55.520> a<00:44:55.839> star<00:44:56.160> in<00:44:56.319> the<00:44:56.480> Camellopilus 00:44:57.589 --> 00:44:57.599 align:start position:0% drift towards a star in the Camellopilus 00:44:57.599 --> 00:45:00.790 align:start position:0% drift towards a star in the Camellopilus constellation,<00:44:58.720> while<00:44:59.040> Voyager<00:44:59.680> 2<00:45:00.000> will<00:45:00.319> pass 00:45:00.790 --> 00:45:00.800 align:start position:0% constellation, while Voyager 2 will pass 00:45:00.800 --> 00:45:05.670 align:start position:0% constellation, while Voyager 2 will pass 1.7<00:45:01.599> lighty<00:45:01.839> years<00:45:02.160> from<00:45:02.400> the<00:45:02.560> star<00:45:03.040> Ross<00:45:03.599> 248. 00:45:05.670 --> 00:45:05.680 align:start position:0% 1.7 lighty years from the star Ross 248. 00:45:05.680 --> 00:45:07.990 align:start position:0% 1.7 lighty years from the star Ross 248. In<00:45:06.079> 296,000 00:45:07.990 --> 00:45:08.000 align:start position:0% In 296,000 00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:10.390 align:start position:0% In 296,000 years,<00:45:08.400> it<00:45:08.640> will<00:45:08.800> pass<00:45:09.119> 4.3<00:45:09.920> lighty<00:45:10.160> years 00:45:10.390 --> 00:45:10.400 align:start position:0% years, it will pass 4.3 lighty years 00:45:10.400 --> 00:45:13.670 align:start position:0% years, it will pass 4.3 lighty years from<00:45:10.640> Sirius.<00:45:12.079> These<00:45:12.480> small,<00:45:13.119> intrepid 00:45:13.670 --> 00:45:13.680 align:start position:0% from Sirius. These small, intrepid 00:45:13.680 --> 00:45:15.750 align:start position:0% from Sirius. These small, intrepid probes<00:45:14.160> will<00:45:14.400> likely<00:45:14.800> outlast<00:45:15.359> the<00:45:15.520> Earth 00:45:15.750 --> 00:45:15.760 align:start position:0% probes will likely outlast the Earth 00:45:15.760 --> 00:45:17.990 align:start position:0% probes will likely outlast the Earth itself<00:45:16.319> as<00:45:16.560> they<00:45:16.800> continue<00:45:17.200> their<00:45:17.440> solitary 00:45:17.990 --> 00:45:18.000 align:start position:0% itself as they continue their solitary 00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:20.710 align:start position:0% itself as they continue their solitary wanderings<00:45:18.480> across<00:45:18.800> the<00:45:18.960> Milky<00:45:19.280> Way.<00:45:20.240> And<00:45:20.480> if 00:45:20.710 --> 00:45:20.720 align:start position:0% wanderings across the Milky Way. And if 00:45:20.720 --> 00:45:22.710 align:start position:0% wanderings across the Milky Way. And if by<00:45:20.960> chance<00:45:21.200> they<00:45:21.520> encounter<00:45:22.079> intelligent 00:45:22.710 --> 00:45:22.720 align:start position:0% by chance they encounter intelligent 00:45:22.720 --> 00:45:24.710 align:start position:0% by chance they encounter intelligent life<00:45:23.040> in<00:45:23.280> one<00:45:23.520> of<00:45:23.599> the<00:45:23.760> far<00:45:24.000> reaches<00:45:24.400> of<00:45:24.560> our 00:45:24.710 --> 00:45:24.720 align:start position:0% life in one of the far reaches of our 00:45:24.720 --> 00:45:26.870 align:start position:0% life in one of the far reaches of our galaxy,<00:45:25.599> they<00:45:25.839> will<00:45:25.920> be<00:45:26.079> a<00:45:26.240> testament<00:45:26.640> to 00:45:26.870 --> 00:45:26.880 align:start position:0% galaxy, they will be a testament to 00:45:26.880 --> 00:45:29.990 align:start position:0% galaxy, they will be a testament to mankind's<00:45:27.520> ingenuity<00:45:28.079> and<00:45:28.319> resilience.<00:45:29.760> On 00:45:29.990 --> 00:45:30.000 align:start position:0% mankind's ingenuity and resilience. On 00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:31.750 align:start position:0% mankind's ingenuity and resilience. On each<00:45:30.240> of<00:45:30.400> the<00:45:30.560> probes<00:45:30.960> is<00:45:31.119> a<00:45:31.359> golden 00:45:31.750 --> 00:45:31.760 align:start position:0% each of the probes is a golden 00:45:31.760 --> 00:45:33.990 align:start position:0% each of the probes is a golden audiovisisual<00:45:32.640> disc<00:45:33.119> called<00:45:33.280> the<00:45:33.520> golden 00:45:33.990 --> 00:45:34.000 align:start position:0% audiovisisual disc called the golden 00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:36.710 align:start position:0% audiovisisual disc called the golden record.<00:45:34.960> These<00:45:35.280> records<00:45:35.760> carry<00:45:36.160> photographs 00:45:36.710 --> 00:45:36.720 align:start position:0% record. These records carry photographs 00:45:36.720 --> 00:45:39.430 align:start position:0% record. These records carry photographs of<00:45:36.960> Earth<00:45:37.280> and<00:45:37.520> its<00:45:37.760> many<00:45:38.079> life<00:45:38.319> forms,<00:45:39.119> the 00:45:39.430 --> 00:45:39.440 align:start position:0% of Earth and its many life forms, the 00:45:39.440 --> 00:45:42.309 align:start position:0% of Earth and its many life forms, the sounds<00:45:39.760> of<00:45:40.000> whales<00:45:40.400> and<00:45:40.640> of<00:45:40.880> babies<00:45:41.280> crying, 00:45:42.309 --> 00:45:42.319 align:start position:0% sounds of whales and of babies crying, 00:45:42.319 --> 00:45:45.349 align:start position:0% sounds of whales and of babies crying, music<00:45:42.720> by<00:45:42.960> Mozart<00:45:43.599> and<00:45:43.760> Chuck<00:45:44.079> Berry,<00:45:45.040> and 00:45:45.349 --> 00:45:45.359 align:start position:0% music by Mozart and Chuck Berry, and 00:45:45.359 --> 00:45:47.510 align:start position:0% music by Mozart and Chuck Berry, and dozens<00:45:45.760> of<00:45:46.000> indigenous<00:45:46.640> peoples,<00:45:47.280> and 00:45:47.510 --> 00:45:47.520 align:start position:0% dozens of indigenous peoples, and 00:45:47.520 --> 00:45:50.069 align:start position:0% dozens of indigenous peoples, and greetings<00:45:47.920> in<00:45:48.240> 55<00:45:48.800> languages. 00:45:50.069 --> 00:45:50.079 align:start position:0% greetings in 55 languages. 00:45:50.079 --> 00:45:52.069 align:start position:0% greetings in 55 languages. They<00:45:50.319> would<00:45:50.560> offer<00:45:50.800> a<00:45:51.040> distant<00:45:51.440> stranger<00:45:51.839> a 00:45:52.069 --> 00:45:52.079 align:start position:0% They would offer a distant stranger a 00:45:52.079 --> 00:45:54.309 align:start position:0% They would offer a distant stranger a glimpse<00:45:52.400> of<00:45:52.560> who<00:45:52.720> we<00:45:52.960> are<00:45:53.200> and<00:45:53.520> what<00:45:53.760> life<00:45:54.079> on 00:45:54.309 --> 00:45:54.319 align:start position:0% glimpse of who we are and what life on 00:45:54.319 --> 00:45:57.670 align:start position:0% glimpse of who we are and what life on Earth<00:45:54.560> is<00:45:54.800> like.<00:45:55.760> As<00:45:56.079> for<00:45:56.240> us,<00:45:56.960> we<00:45:57.200> must<00:45:57.440> say 00:45:57.670 --> 00:45:57.680 align:start position:0% Earth is like. As for us, we must say 00:45:57.680 --> 00:46:00.069 align:start position:0% Earth is like. As for us, we must say goodbye<00:45:58.079> to<00:45:58.240> these<00:45:58.560> old<00:45:58.960> familiar<00:45:59.440> friends 00:46:00.069 --> 00:46:00.079 align:start position:0% goodbye to these old familiar friends 00:46:00.079 --> 00:46:01.910 align:start position:0% goodbye to these old familiar friends and<00:46:00.400> continue<00:46:00.720> our<00:46:01.040> own<00:46:01.200> lives<00:46:01.520> here<00:46:01.680> on 00:46:01.910 --> 00:46:01.920 align:start position:0% and continue our own lives here on 00:46:01.920 --> 00:46:04.550 align:start position:0% and continue our own lives here on Earth.<00:46:02.960> Hopefully,<00:46:03.440> the<00:46:03.680> Voyager<00:46:04.240> mission 00:46:04.550 --> 00:46:04.560 align:start position:0% Earth. Hopefully, the Voyager mission 00:46:04.560 --> 00:46:06.390 align:start position:0% Earth. Hopefully, the Voyager mission will<00:46:04.800> not<00:46:05.040> be<00:46:05.200> our<00:46:05.520> last<00:46:05.760> brush<00:46:06.079> with<00:46:06.240> the 00:46:06.390 --> 00:46:06.400 align:start position:0% will not be our last brush with the 00:46:06.400 --> 00:46:11.510 align:start position:0% will not be our last brush with the stars,<00:46:07.040> but<00:46:07.359> only<00:46:07.599> the<00:46:07.920> beginning. 00:46:11.510 --> 00:46:11.520 align:start position:0% 00:46:11.520 --> 00:46:14.309 align:start position:0% In<00:46:11.760> the<00:46:11.920> dark,<00:46:12.319> frigid<00:46:12.800> void<00:46:13.200> beyond<00:46:13.520> Neptune 00:46:14.309 --> 00:46:14.319 align:start position:0% In the dark, frigid void beyond Neptune 00:46:14.319 --> 00:46:17.750 align:start position:0% In the dark, frigid void beyond Neptune lies<00:46:14.720> a<00:46:15.040> vast<00:46:15.520> and<00:46:16.000> mysterious<00:46:16.720> region<00:46:17.520> where 00:46:17.750 --> 00:46:17.760 align:start position:0% lies a vast and mysterious region where 00:46:17.760 --> 00:46:19.510 align:start position:0% lies a vast and mysterious region where the<00:46:17.920> ancient<00:46:18.400> remnants<00:46:18.800> of<00:46:18.960> our<00:46:19.200> solar 00:46:19.510 --> 00:46:19.520 align:start position:0% the ancient remnants of our solar 00:46:19.520 --> 00:46:22.309 align:start position:0% the ancient remnants of our solar systems<00:46:20.000> birth<00:46:20.480> drift<00:46:21.040> silently<00:46:21.839> through<00:46:22.079> the 00:46:22.309 --> 00:46:22.319 align:start position:0% systems birth drift silently through the 00:46:22.319 --> 00:46:24.950 align:start position:0% systems birth drift silently through the darkness,<00:46:23.440> perfectly<00:46:24.000> preserved<00:46:24.480> by<00:46:24.720> the 00:46:24.950 --> 00:46:24.960 align:start position:0% darkness, perfectly preserved by the 00:46:24.960 --> 00:46:27.829 align:start position:0% darkness, perfectly preserved by the deep<00:46:25.440> freeze<00:46:25.920> of<00:46:26.240> space. 00:46:27.829 --> 00:46:27.839 align:start position:0% deep freeze of space. 00:46:27.839 --> 00:46:29.910 align:start position:0% deep freeze of space. To<00:46:28.079> reach<00:46:28.400> this<00:46:28.720> shadowy<00:46:29.280> expanse<00:46:29.760> from 00:46:29.910 --> 00:46:29.920 align:start position:0% To reach this shadowy expanse from 00:46:29.920 --> 00:46:32.230 align:start position:0% To reach this shadowy expanse from Earth,<00:46:30.480> we<00:46:30.720> must<00:46:30.960> travel<00:46:31.359> past<00:46:31.680> the<00:46:31.839> rocky 00:46:32.230 --> 00:46:32.240 align:start position:0% Earth, we must travel past the rocky 00:46:32.240 --> 00:46:34.950 align:start position:0% Earth, we must travel past the rocky planets,<00:46:33.040> flying<00:46:33.440> by<00:46:33.760> Mars,<00:46:34.240> and<00:46:34.400> then<00:46:34.640> beyond 00:46:34.950 --> 00:46:34.960 align:start position:0% planets, flying by Mars, and then beyond 00:46:34.960 --> 00:46:37.109 align:start position:0% planets, flying by Mars, and then beyond the<00:46:35.200> swirling<00:46:35.680> storms<00:46:36.160> of<00:46:36.319> Jupiter<00:46:36.800> and 00:46:37.109 --> 00:46:37.119 align:start position:0% the swirling storms of Jupiter and 00:46:37.119 --> 00:46:40.150 align:start position:0% the swirling storms of Jupiter and Saturn.<00:46:38.319> Farther<00:46:38.800> still,<00:46:39.440> out<00:46:39.680> beyond<00:46:40.000> the 00:46:40.150 --> 00:46:40.160 align:start position:0% Saturn. Farther still, out beyond the 00:46:40.160 --> 00:46:43.109 align:start position:0% Saturn. Farther still, out beyond the blue<00:46:40.480> giants,<00:46:41.119> Uranus<00:46:41.599> and<00:46:41.839> Neptune,<00:46:42.800> we 00:46:43.109 --> 00:46:43.119 align:start position:0% blue giants, Uranus and Neptune, we 00:46:43.119 --> 00:46:45.990 align:start position:0% blue giants, Uranus and Neptune, we finally<00:46:43.599> reach<00:46:44.000> our<00:46:44.319> destination. 00:46:45.990 --> 00:46:46.000 align:start position:0% finally reach our destination. 00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:50.069 align:start position:0% finally reach our destination. Welcome<00:46:46.640> to<00:46:46.960> the<00:46:47.119> Kyper<00:46:47.680> Belt.<00:46:48.880> A<00:46:49.119> vast<00:46:49.680> ring 00:46:50.069 --> 00:46:50.079 align:start position:0% Welcome to the Kyper Belt. A vast ring 00:46:50.079 --> 00:46:53.030 align:start position:0% Welcome to the Kyper Belt. A vast ring of<00:46:50.480> icy<00:46:50.800> debris<00:46:51.599> encircling<00:46:52.319> our<00:46:52.720> solar 00:46:53.030 --> 00:46:53.040 align:start position:0% of icy debris encircling our solar 00:46:53.040 --> 00:46:56.550 align:start position:0% of icy debris encircling our solar system<00:46:53.599> like<00:46:53.839> a<00:46:54.160> frozen<00:46:54.720> halo. 00:46:56.550 --> 00:46:56.560 align:start position:0% system like a frozen halo. 00:46:56.560 --> 00:46:58.550 align:start position:0% system like a frozen halo. This<00:46:56.800> isn't<00:46:57.119> just<00:46:57.359> a<00:46:57.599> collection<00:46:57.920> of<00:46:58.160> distant 00:46:58.550 --> 00:46:58.560 align:start position:0% This isn't just a collection of distant 00:46:58.560 --> 00:47:02.069 align:start position:0% This isn't just a collection of distant rocks.<00:46:59.359> Is<00:46:59.520> a<00:46:59.680> time<00:46:59.920> capsule<00:47:00.480> from<00:47:00.880> 4.6 00:47:02.069 --> 00:47:02.079 align:start position:0% rocks. Is a time capsule from 4.6 00:47:02.079 --> 00:47:05.190 align:start position:0% rocks. Is a time capsule from 4.6 billion<00:47:02.640> years<00:47:02.880> ago,<00:47:03.680> holding<00:47:04.079> the<00:47:04.480> untouched 00:47:05.190 --> 00:47:05.200 align:start position:0% billion years ago, holding the untouched 00:47:05.200 --> 00:47:06.790 align:start position:0% billion years ago, holding the untouched building<00:47:05.520> blocks<00:47:05.920> of<00:47:06.079> our<00:47:06.319> cosmic 00:47:06.790 --> 00:47:06.800 align:start position:0% building blocks of our cosmic 00:47:06.800 --> 00:47:09.430 align:start position:0% building blocks of our cosmic neighborhood.<00:47:07.839> It<00:47:08.160> is<00:47:08.319> home<00:47:08.720> to<00:47:08.960> several 00:47:09.430 --> 00:47:09.440 align:start position:0% neighborhood. It is home to several 00:47:09.440 --> 00:47:11.990 align:start position:0% neighborhood. It is home to several dwarf<00:47:09.839> planets<00:47:10.480> and<00:47:10.800> mysterious<00:47:11.359> objects 00:47:11.990 --> 00:47:12.000 align:start position:0% dwarf planets and mysterious objects 00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:14.150 align:start position:0% dwarf planets and mysterious objects that<00:47:12.240> have<00:47:12.480> left<00:47:12.880> many<00:47:13.280> astronomers 00:47:14.150 --> 00:47:14.160 align:start position:0% that have left many astronomers 00:47:14.160 --> 00:47:16.790 align:start position:0% that have left many astronomers scratching<00:47:14.720> their<00:47:14.960> heads. 00:47:16.790 --> 00:47:16.800 align:start position:0% scratching their heads. 00:47:16.800 --> 00:47:18.870 align:start position:0% scratching their heads. I'm<00:47:17.119> Alex<00:47:17.440> Mccoan<00:47:18.160> and<00:47:18.319> you're<00:47:18.640> watching 00:47:18.870 --> 00:47:18.880 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:47:18.880 --> 00:47:21.910 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:47:19.839> Join<00:47:20.079> me<00:47:20.319> today<00:47:20.560> as<00:47:20.880> we<00:47:21.119> explore<00:47:21.599> the 00:47:21.910 --> 00:47:21.920 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we explore the 00:47:21.920 --> 00:47:24.390 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we explore the worlds<00:47:22.480> lurking<00:47:23.119> in<00:47:23.359> the<00:47:23.520> shadows<00:47:23.920> of<00:47:24.160> our 00:47:24.390 --> 00:47:24.400 align:start position:0% worlds lurking in the shadows of our 00:47:24.400 --> 00:47:26.630 align:start position:0% worlds lurking in the shadows of our solar<00:47:24.720> system<00:47:25.280> and<00:47:25.520> piece<00:47:25.839> together<00:47:26.160> clues 00:47:26.630 --> 00:47:26.640 align:start position:0% solar system and piece together clues 00:47:26.640 --> 00:47:28.950 align:start position:0% solar system and piece together clues about<00:47:26.880> its<00:47:27.200> history,<00:47:28.079> about<00:47:28.400> planetary 00:47:28.950 --> 00:47:28.960 align:start position:0% about its history, about planetary 00:47:28.960 --> 00:47:32.390 align:start position:0% about its history, about planetary formation,<00:47:30.000> comet<00:47:30.480> activity,<00:47:31.359> and<00:47:31.680> even<00:47:32.079> the 00:47:32.390 --> 00:47:32.400 align:start position:0% formation, comet activity, and even the 00:47:32.400 --> 00:47:38.230 align:start position:0% formation, comet activity, and even the origins<00:47:33.040> of<00:47:33.280> life. 00:47:38.230 --> 00:47:38.240 align:start position:0% 00:47:38.240 --> 00:47:40.390 align:start position:0% Before<00:47:38.640> we<00:47:38.880> knew<00:47:39.119> for<00:47:39.359> sure<00:47:39.520> that<00:47:39.760> the<00:47:39.920> Kyper 00:47:40.390 --> 00:47:40.400 align:start position:0% Before we knew for sure that the Kyper 00:47:40.400 --> 00:47:42.950 align:start position:0% Before we knew for sure that the Kyper belt<00:47:40.720> was<00:47:40.880> real,<00:47:41.680> astronomers<00:47:42.400> suspected 00:47:42.950 --> 00:47:42.960 align:start position:0% belt was real, astronomers suspected 00:47:42.960 --> 00:47:46.150 align:start position:0% belt was real, astronomers suspected that<00:47:43.520> something<00:47:44.160> existed<00:47:44.640> beyond<00:47:45.040> Neptune. 00:47:46.150 --> 00:47:46.160 align:start position:0% that something existed beyond Neptune. 00:47:46.160 --> 00:47:48.870 align:start position:0% that something existed beyond Neptune. For<00:47:46.480> decades,<00:47:47.359> everyone's<00:47:48.000> favorite<00:47:48.400> dwarf 00:47:48.870 --> 00:47:48.880 align:start position:0% For decades, everyone's favorite dwarf 00:47:48.880 --> 00:47:51.190 align:start position:0% For decades, everyone's favorite dwarf planet,<00:47:49.440> Pluto,<00:47:50.240> was<00:47:50.480> thought<00:47:50.720> to<00:47:50.880> be<00:47:50.960> an 00:47:51.190 --> 00:47:51.200 align:start position:0% planet, Pluto, was thought to be an 00:47:51.200 --> 00:47:53.349 align:start position:0% planet, Pluto, was thought to be an isolated<00:47:51.839> object<00:47:52.240> in<00:47:52.480> the<00:47:52.640> outer<00:47:53.040> solar 00:47:53.349 --> 00:47:53.359 align:start position:0% isolated object in the outer solar 00:47:53.359 --> 00:47:57.349 align:start position:0% isolated object in the outer solar system.<00:47:54.319> But<00:47:54.720> something<00:47:55.280> didn't<00:47:55.680> add<00:47:56.000> up.<00:47:57.040> Its 00:47:57.349 --> 00:47:57.359 align:start position:0% system. But something didn't add up. Its 00:47:57.359 --> 00:47:59.910 align:start position:0% system. But something didn't add up. Its small<00:47:57.680> size<00:47:58.079> and<00:47:58.319> unusual<00:47:58.880> orbit<00:47:59.440> suggested 00:47:59.910 --> 00:47:59.920 align:start position:0% small size and unusual orbit suggested 00:47:59.920 --> 00:48:03.190 align:start position:0% small size and unusual orbit suggested that<00:48:00.160> Pluto<00:48:00.800> wasn't<00:48:01.200> alone<00:48:02.160> and<00:48:02.400> that<00:48:02.800> maybe 00:48:03.190 --> 00:48:03.200 align:start position:0% that Pluto wasn't alone and that maybe 00:48:03.200 --> 00:48:06.230 align:start position:0% that Pluto wasn't alone and that maybe it<00:48:03.520> was<00:48:03.680> merely<00:48:04.160> one<00:48:04.560> of<00:48:04.800> a<00:48:05.040> number<00:48:05.359> of<00:48:05.680> yet<00:48:06.000> to 00:48:06.230 --> 00:48:06.240 align:start position:0% it was merely one of a number of yet to 00:48:06.240 --> 00:48:09.030 align:start position:0% it was merely one of a number of yet to be<00:48:06.400> discovered<00:48:07.040> distant<00:48:07.440> objects. 00:48:09.030 --> 00:48:09.040 align:start position:0% be discovered distant objects. 00:48:09.040 --> 00:48:12.470 align:start position:0% be discovered distant objects. In<00:48:09.359> 1951,<00:48:10.560> astronomer<00:48:11.200> Kerard<00:48:11.760> Kyper 00:48:12.470 --> 00:48:12.480 align:start position:0% In 1951, astronomer Kerard Kyper 00:48:12.480 --> 00:48:15.109 align:start position:0% In 1951, astronomer Kerard Kyper predicted<00:48:12.880> the<00:48:13.119> existence<00:48:13.520> of<00:48:13.680> a<00:48:13.920> belt<00:48:14.319> of<00:48:14.720> icy 00:48:15.109 --> 00:48:15.119 align:start position:0% predicted the existence of a belt of icy 00:48:15.119 --> 00:48:16.950 align:start position:0% predicted the existence of a belt of icy objects<00:48:15.760> just<00:48:16.079> beyond<00:48:16.400> the<00:48:16.560> orbit<00:48:16.800> of 00:48:16.950 --> 00:48:16.960 align:start position:0% objects just beyond the orbit of 00:48:16.960 --> 00:48:19.510 align:start position:0% objects just beyond the orbit of Neptune.<00:48:17.920> But<00:48:18.079> without<00:48:18.480> telescopes<00:48:19.119> powerful 00:48:19.510 --> 00:48:19.520 align:start position:0% Neptune. But without telescopes powerful 00:48:19.520 --> 00:48:22.150 align:start position:0% Neptune. But without telescopes powerful enough<00:48:19.760> to<00:48:20.000> detect<00:48:20.400> these<00:48:20.800> objects,<00:48:21.520> the<00:48:21.760> idea 00:48:22.150 --> 00:48:22.160 align:start position:0% enough to detect these objects, the idea 00:48:22.160 --> 00:48:25.349 align:start position:0% enough to detect these objects, the idea remained<00:48:22.640> theoretical<00:48:23.359> for<00:48:23.680> decades.<00:48:25.040> That 00:48:25.349 --> 00:48:25.359 align:start position:0% remained theoretical for decades. That 00:48:25.359 --> 00:48:28.710 align:start position:0% remained theoretical for decades. That changed<00:48:25.920> in<00:48:26.319> 1992<00:48:27.440> when<00:48:27.760> astronomers<00:48:28.400> David 00:48:28.710 --> 00:48:28.720 align:start position:0% changed in 1992 when astronomers David 00:48:28.720 --> 00:48:31.349 align:start position:0% changed in 1992 when astronomers David Jarrett<00:48:29.200> and<00:48:29.440> Jane<00:48:29.839> Louu<00:48:30.559> discovered<00:48:31.040> the 00:48:31.349 --> 00:48:31.359 align:start position:0% Jarrett and Jane Louu discovered the 00:48:31.359 --> 00:48:34.390 align:start position:0% Jarrett and Jane Louu discovered the first<00:48:31.920> confirmed<00:48:32.640> Kyper<00:48:33.040> belt<00:48:33.359> object<00:48:34.079> known 00:48:34.390 --> 00:48:34.400 align:start position:0% first confirmed Kyper belt object known 00:48:34.400 --> 00:48:38.549 align:start position:0% first confirmed Kyper belt object known as<00:48:34.720> 1992<00:48:36.079> QB1. 00:48:38.549 --> 00:48:38.559 align:start position:0% as 1992 QB1. 00:48:38.559 --> 00:48:40.950 align:start position:0% as 1992 QB1. Pluto<00:48:38.960> and<00:48:39.200> its<00:48:39.520> moon<00:48:39.760> Karen<00:48:40.400> were<00:48:40.720> both 00:48:40.950 --> 00:48:40.960 align:start position:0% Pluto and its moon Karen were both 00:48:40.960 --> 00:48:44.710 align:start position:0% Pluto and its moon Karen were both discovered<00:48:41.440> before<00:48:41.920> 1992<00:48:42.800> QB1,<00:48:43.920> Pluto<00:48:44.400> in 00:48:44.710 --> 00:48:44.720 align:start position:0% discovered before 1992 QB1, Pluto in 00:48:44.720 --> 00:48:48.630 align:start position:0% discovered before 1992 QB1, Pluto in 1930<00:48:45.839> and<00:48:46.079> Karen<00:48:46.559> in<00:48:46.800> 1978,<00:48:48.240> but<00:48:48.400> these 00:48:48.630 --> 00:48:48.640 align:start position:0% 1930 and Karen in 1978, but these 00:48:48.640 --> 00:48:51.109 align:start position:0% 1930 and Karen in 1978, but these objects<00:48:49.040> were<00:48:49.359> only<00:48:49.680> confirmed<00:48:50.079> as<00:48:50.319> KBOs 00:48:51.109 --> 00:48:51.119 align:start position:0% objects were only confirmed as KBOs 00:48:51.119 --> 00:48:55.109 align:start position:0% objects were only confirmed as KBOs after<00:48:51.440> the<00:48:51.760> 1992<00:48:52.880> KBO.<00:48:54.240> Since<00:48:54.559> then, 00:48:55.109 --> 00:48:55.119 align:start position:0% after the 1992 KBO. Since then, 00:48:55.119 --> 00:48:57.349 align:start position:0% after the 1992 KBO. Since then, thousands<00:48:55.680> more<00:48:55.920> Kyper<00:48:56.400> belt<00:48:56.640> objects<00:48:57.040> have 00:48:57.349 --> 00:48:57.359 align:start position:0% thousands more Kyper belt objects have 00:48:57.359 --> 00:49:00.390 align:start position:0% thousands more Kyper belt objects have been<00:48:57.680> identified,<00:48:58.720> populating<00:48:59.440> this<00:48:59.839> distant 00:49:00.390 --> 00:49:00.400 align:start position:0% been identified, populating this distant 00:49:00.400 --> 00:49:03.270 align:start position:0% been identified, populating this distant region<00:49:00.880> beyond<00:49:01.359> Neptune. 00:49:03.270 --> 00:49:03.280 align:start position:0% region beyond Neptune. 00:49:03.280 --> 00:49:05.910 align:start position:0% region beyond Neptune. To<00:49:03.599> grasp<00:49:04.079> the<00:49:04.480> true<00:49:04.800> scale<00:49:05.200> and<00:49:05.520> position<00:49:05.760> of 00:49:05.910 --> 00:49:05.920 align:start position:0% To grasp the true scale and position of 00:49:05.920 --> 00:49:08.069 align:start position:0% To grasp the true scale and position of the<00:49:06.079> Kyper<00:49:06.480> belt,<00:49:07.040> let's<00:49:07.359> imagine<00:49:07.680> we're 00:49:08.069 --> 00:49:08.079 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, let's imagine we're 00:49:08.079 --> 00:49:10.230 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, let's imagine we're traveling<00:49:08.480> in<00:49:08.720> a<00:49:08.880> spaceship,<00:49:09.680> starting<00:49:10.000> from 00:49:10.230 --> 00:49:10.240 align:start position:0% traveling in a spaceship, starting from 00:49:10.240 --> 00:49:12.790 align:start position:0% traveling in a spaceship, starting from the<00:49:10.400> sun<00:49:10.720> and<00:49:11.040> moving<00:49:11.359> out<00:49:11.599> towards<00:49:12.079> the<00:49:12.319> outer 00:49:12.790 --> 00:49:12.800 align:start position:0% the sun and moving out towards the outer 00:49:12.800 --> 00:49:15.349 align:start position:0% the sun and moving out towards the outer edge<00:49:13.119> of<00:49:13.359> our<00:49:13.680> solar<00:49:14.000> system. 00:49:15.349 --> 00:49:15.359 align:start position:0% edge of our solar system. 00:49:15.359 --> 00:49:17.910 align:start position:0% edge of our solar system. As<00:49:15.680> we<00:49:16.000> move<00:49:16.240> along<00:49:16.559> our<00:49:16.880> journey,<00:49:17.599> let's 00:49:17.910 --> 00:49:17.920 align:start position:0% As we move along our journey, let's 00:49:17.920 --> 00:49:20.069 align:start position:0% As we move along our journey, let's compare<00:49:18.240> the<00:49:18.400> Kyper<00:49:18.880> belt<00:49:19.200> to<00:49:19.440> both<00:49:19.680> the<00:49:19.839> more 00:49:20.069 --> 00:49:20.079 align:start position:0% compare the Kyper belt to both the more 00:49:20.079 --> 00:49:22.470 align:start position:0% compare the Kyper belt to both the more well-known<00:49:20.640> asteroid<00:49:21.200> belt<00:49:21.760> and<00:49:22.000> the<00:49:22.240> less 00:49:22.470 --> 00:49:22.480 align:start position:0% well-known asteroid belt and the less 00:49:22.480 --> 00:49:27.510 align:start position:0% well-known asteroid belt and the less well-known<00:49:23.040> odd<00:49:23.520> cloud. 00:49:27.510 --> 00:49:27.520 align:start position:0% 00:49:27.520 --> 00:49:30.069 align:start position:0% Starting<00:49:27.920> near<00:49:28.160> the<00:49:28.319> sun,<00:49:28.800> we<00:49:29.200> zip<00:49:29.599> past<00:49:29.920> the 00:49:30.069 --> 00:49:30.079 align:start position:0% Starting near the sun, we zip past the 00:49:30.079 --> 00:49:33.190 align:start position:0% Starting near the sun, we zip past the rocky<00:49:30.480> planets,<00:49:31.280> Mercury,<00:49:32.000> Venus,<00:49:32.800> Earth, 00:49:33.190 --> 00:49:33.200 align:start position:0% rocky planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, 00:49:33.200 --> 00:49:36.470 align:start position:0% rocky planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and<00:49:33.440> Mars.<00:49:34.640> Between<00:49:35.119> Mars<00:49:35.440> and<00:49:35.599> Jupiter,<00:49:36.240> we 00:49:36.470 --> 00:49:36.480 align:start position:0% and Mars. Between Mars and Jupiter, we 00:49:36.480 --> 00:49:38.790 align:start position:0% and Mars. Between Mars and Jupiter, we see<00:49:36.559> the<00:49:36.800> asteroid<00:49:37.280> belt<00:49:38.000> made<00:49:38.240> up<00:49:38.400> of<00:49:38.559> the 00:49:38.790 --> 00:49:38.800 align:start position:0% see the asteroid belt made up of the 00:49:38.800 --> 00:49:41.109 align:start position:0% see the asteroid belt made up of the leftover<00:49:39.280> materials<00:49:39.839> from<00:49:40.079> when<00:49:40.400> our<00:49:40.640> planets 00:49:41.109 --> 00:49:41.119 align:start position:0% leftover materials from when our planets 00:49:41.119 --> 00:49:44.549 align:start position:0% leftover materials from when our planets formed.<00:49:42.240> a<00:49:42.559> thin<00:49:43.119> spread<00:49:43.440> out<00:49:43.680> ring<00:49:43.920> of<00:49:44.160> rocky 00:49:44.549 --> 00:49:44.559 align:start position:0% formed. a thin spread out ring of rocky 00:49:44.559 --> 00:49:48.069 align:start position:0% formed. a thin spread out ring of rocky debris.<00:49:45.359> The<00:49:45.520> asteroid<00:49:46.000> belt<00:49:46.319> is<00:49:46.559> about<00:49:47.040> 2.2 00:49:48.069 --> 00:49:48.079 align:start position:0% debris. The asteroid belt is about 2.2 00:49:48.079 --> 00:49:51.190 align:start position:0% debris. The asteroid belt is about 2.2 to<00:49:48.480> 3.2<00:49:49.359> astronomical<00:49:50.160> units<00:49:50.559> away<00:49:50.800> from<00:49:50.960> the 00:49:51.190 --> 00:49:51.200 align:start position:0% to 3.2 astronomical units away from the 00:49:51.200 --> 00:49:53.750 align:start position:0% to 3.2 astronomical units away from the sun<00:49:51.680> and<00:49:52.000> about<00:49:52.400> one<00:49:52.720> astronomical<00:49:53.440> unit 00:49:53.750 --> 00:49:53.760 align:start position:0% sun and about one astronomical unit 00:49:53.760 --> 00:49:56.710 align:start position:0% sun and about one astronomical unit wide.<00:49:54.800> As<00:49:55.040> a<00:49:55.280> reminder,<00:49:55.760> one<00:49:56.000> astronomical 00:49:56.710 --> 00:49:56.720 align:start position:0% wide. As a reminder, one astronomical 00:49:56.720 --> 00:49:58.790 align:start position:0% wide. As a reminder, one astronomical unit<00:49:57.119> is<00:49:57.359> equivalent<00:49:57.839> to<00:49:57.920> the<00:49:58.160> distance<00:49:58.480> from 00:49:58.790 --> 00:49:58.800 align:start position:0% unit is equivalent to the distance from 00:49:58.800 --> 00:50:01.430 align:start position:0% unit is equivalent to the distance from the<00:49:58.960> sun<00:49:59.359> to<00:49:59.520> the<00:49:59.760> earth. 00:50:01.430 --> 00:50:01.440 align:start position:0% the sun to the earth. 00:50:01.440 --> 00:50:03.670 align:start position:0% the sun to the earth. Most<00:50:01.760> of<00:50:01.920> the<00:50:02.079> known<00:50:02.400> asteroids<00:50:03.040> reside<00:50:03.440> in 00:50:03.670 --> 00:50:03.680 align:start position:0% Most of the known asteroids reside in 00:50:03.680 --> 00:50:05.829 align:start position:0% Most of the known asteroids reside in this<00:50:03.839> part<00:50:04.000> of<00:50:04.160> our<00:50:04.400> solar<00:50:04.720> system,<00:50:05.520> ranging 00:50:05.829 --> 00:50:05.839 align:start position:0% this part of our solar system, ranging 00:50:05.839 --> 00:50:07.829 align:start position:0% this part of our solar system, ranging in<00:50:06.079> size<00:50:06.400> from<00:50:06.559> the<00:50:06.800> largest<00:50:07.119> asteroid, 00:50:07.829 --> 00:50:07.839 align:start position:0% in size from the largest asteroid, 00:50:07.839 --> 00:50:12.150 align:start position:0% in size from the largest asteroid, Vesta,<00:50:08.480> at<00:50:08.960> 525<00:50:10.240> km<00:50:10.800> wide,<00:50:11.599> almost<00:50:11.920> the 00:50:12.150 --> 00:50:12.160 align:start position:0% Vesta, at 525 km wide, almost the 00:50:12.160 --> 00:50:14.870 align:start position:0% Vesta, at 525 km wide, almost the distance<00:50:12.400> from<00:50:12.720> London<00:50:13.040> to<00:50:13.280> Belfast,<00:50:14.319> to<00:50:14.640> the 00:50:14.870 --> 00:50:14.880 align:start position:0% distance from London to Belfast, to the 00:50:14.880 --> 00:50:17.430 align:start position:0% distance from London to Belfast, to the smallest<00:50:15.440> objects,<00:50:16.319> some<00:50:16.480> of<00:50:16.640> which<00:50:16.960> are<00:50:17.200> just 00:50:17.430 --> 00:50:17.440 align:start position:0% smallest objects, some of which are just 00:50:17.440 --> 00:50:21.270 align:start position:0% smallest objects, some of which are just tens<00:50:17.839> of<00:50:18.000> kilome<00:50:18.559> across.<00:50:20.000> However,<00:50:20.800> despite 00:50:21.270 --> 00:50:21.280 align:start position:0% tens of kilome across. However, despite 00:50:21.280 --> 00:50:23.910 align:start position:0% tens of kilome across. However, despite residing<00:50:21.839> in<00:50:22.079> such<00:50:22.319> a<00:50:22.559> large<00:50:22.880> space,<00:50:23.680> the 00:50:23.910 --> 00:50:23.920 align:start position:0% residing in such a large space, the 00:50:23.920 --> 00:50:26.230 align:start position:0% residing in such a large space, the total<00:50:24.240> mass<00:50:24.559> of<00:50:24.880> all<00:50:25.119> of<00:50:25.280> the<00:50:25.440> asteroids<00:50:26.000> in 00:50:26.230 --> 00:50:26.240 align:start position:0% total mass of all of the asteroids in 00:50:26.240 --> 00:50:29.349 align:start position:0% total mass of all of the asteroids in the<00:50:26.400> whole<00:50:26.800> asteroid<00:50:27.280> belt<00:50:27.680> combined<00:50:28.800> is<00:50:29.119> only 00:50:29.349 --> 00:50:29.359 align:start position:0% the whole asteroid belt combined is only 00:50:29.359 --> 00:50:33.030 align:start position:0% the whole asteroid belt combined is only about<00:50:29.760> 3%<00:50:30.400> of<00:50:30.559> the<00:50:30.800> mass<00:50:31.040> of<00:50:31.200> the<00:50:31.359> moon. 00:50:33.030 --> 00:50:33.040 align:start position:0% about 3% of the mass of the moon. 00:50:33.040 --> 00:50:35.270 align:start position:0% about 3% of the mass of the moon. Beyond<00:50:33.440> the<00:50:33.599> asteroid<00:50:34.079> belt,<00:50:34.559> we<00:50:34.880> encounter 00:50:35.270 --> 00:50:35.280 align:start position:0% Beyond the asteroid belt, we encounter 00:50:35.280 --> 00:50:38.630 align:start position:0% Beyond the asteroid belt, we encounter the<00:50:35.520> gas<00:50:35.839> and<00:50:36.079> ice<00:50:36.400> giants,<00:50:37.119> Jupiter,<00:50:37.920> Saturn, 00:50:38.630 --> 00:50:38.640 align:start position:0% the gas and ice giants, Jupiter, Saturn, 00:50:38.640 --> 00:50:41.109 align:start position:0% the gas and ice giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,<00:50:39.119> and<00:50:39.359> Neptune,<00:50:40.240> colossal<00:50:40.800> worlds 00:50:41.109 --> 00:50:41.119 align:start position:0% Uranus, and Neptune, colossal worlds 00:50:41.119 --> 00:50:43.750 align:start position:0% Uranus, and Neptune, colossal worlds that<00:50:41.359> dominate<00:50:41.760> the<00:50:41.920> outer<00:50:42.240> solar<00:50:42.559> system. 00:50:43.750 --> 00:50:43.760 align:start position:0% that dominate the outer solar system. 00:50:43.760 --> 00:50:46.390 align:start position:0% that dominate the outer solar system. Finally,<00:50:44.400> as<00:50:44.640> we<00:50:44.800> pass<00:50:45.119> Neptune's<00:50:45.680> orbit<00:50:46.079> at 00:50:46.390 --> 00:50:46.400 align:start position:0% Finally, as we pass Neptune's orbit at 00:50:46.400 --> 00:50:49.190 align:start position:0% Finally, as we pass Neptune's orbit at 30<00:50:46.720> astronomical<00:50:47.520> units,<00:50:48.319> we<00:50:48.559> reach<00:50:48.880> our 00:50:49.190 --> 00:50:49.200 align:start position:0% 30 astronomical units, we reach our 00:50:49.200 --> 00:50:52.549 align:start position:0% 30 astronomical units, we reach our destination,<00:50:50.480> an<00:50:50.720> even<00:50:51.040> more<00:50:51.280> remote<00:50:52.160> icy 00:50:52.549 --> 00:50:52.559 align:start position:0% destination, an even more remote icy 00:50:52.559 --> 00:50:57.349 align:start position:0% destination, an even more remote icy frontier,<00:50:53.520> the<00:50:53.760> Kyper<00:50:54.240> belt. 00:50:57.349 --> 00:50:57.359 align:start position:0% 00:50:57.359 --> 00:51:00.870 align:start position:0% This<00:50:57.680> vast<00:50:58.160> expanse<00:50:58.720> stretches<00:50:59.200> from<00:50:59.760> 30<00:51:00.240> to 00:51:00.870 --> 00:51:00.880 align:start position:0% This vast expanse stretches from 30 to 00:51:00.880 --> 00:51:04.150 align:start position:0% This vast expanse stretches from 30 to 50<00:51:01.440> astronomical<00:51:02.240> units<00:51:03.040> and<00:51:03.280> is<00:51:03.440> home<00:51:03.680> to<00:51:03.839> a 00:51:04.150 --> 00:51:04.160 align:start position:0% 50 astronomical units and is home to a 00:51:04.160 --> 00:51:07.190 align:start position:0% 50 astronomical units and is home to a range<00:51:04.559> of<00:51:04.800> intriguing<00:51:05.520> objects<00:51:06.480> from<00:51:06.800> frozen 00:51:07.190 --> 00:51:07.200 align:start position:0% range of intriguing objects from frozen 00:51:07.200 --> 00:51:09.349 align:start position:0% range of intriguing objects from frozen relics<00:51:07.599> of<00:51:07.760> the<00:51:07.839> early<00:51:08.079> solar<00:51:08.400> system<00:51:09.040> to 00:51:09.349 --> 00:51:09.359 align:start position:0% relics of the early solar system to 00:51:09.359 --> 00:51:12.710 align:start position:0% relics of the early solar system to dwarf<00:51:09.839> planets<00:51:10.400> including<00:51:10.880> Pluto,<00:51:11.760> Omea, 00:51:12.710 --> 00:51:12.720 align:start position:0% dwarf planets including Pluto, Omea, 00:51:12.720 --> 00:51:15.910 align:start position:0% dwarf planets including Pluto, Omea, Eis,<00:51:13.440> Makumake,<00:51:14.559> and<00:51:14.880> countless<00:51:15.440> other 00:51:15.910 --> 00:51:15.920 align:start position:0% Eis, Makumake, and countless other 00:51:15.920 --> 00:51:17.990 align:start position:0% Eis, Makumake, and countless other smaller<00:51:16.400> objects. 00:51:17.990 --> 00:51:18.000 align:start position:0% smaller objects. 00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:19.990 align:start position:0% smaller objects. Like<00:51:18.160> the<00:51:18.400> asteroid<00:51:18.800> belt,<00:51:19.200> the<00:51:19.359> Kyper<00:51:19.760> belt 00:51:19.990 --> 00:51:20.000 align:start position:0% Like the asteroid belt, the Kyper belt 00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:22.069 align:start position:0% Like the asteroid belt, the Kyper belt contains<00:51:20.319> ancient<00:51:20.720> debris<00:51:21.040> from<00:51:21.359> our<00:51:21.680> early 00:51:22.069 --> 00:51:22.079 align:start position:0% contains ancient debris from our early 00:51:22.079 --> 00:51:24.790 align:start position:0% contains ancient debris from our early solar<00:51:22.480> system.<00:51:23.520> In<00:51:23.760> fact,<00:51:24.079> Kyper<00:51:24.480> belt 00:51:24.790 --> 00:51:24.800 align:start position:0% solar system. In fact, Kyper belt 00:51:24.800 --> 00:51:26.710 align:start position:0% solar system. In fact, Kyper belt objects<00:51:25.200> are<00:51:25.440> considered<00:51:25.920> some<00:51:26.240> of<00:51:26.400> the 00:51:26.710 --> 00:51:26.720 align:start position:0% objects are considered some of the 00:51:26.720 --> 00:51:29.670 align:start position:0% objects are considered some of the oldest<00:51:27.280> surviving<00:51:27.839> pieces<00:51:28.319> of<00:51:28.640> our<00:51:29.040> solar 00:51:29.670 --> 00:51:29.680 align:start position:0% oldest surviving pieces of our solar 00:51:29.680 --> 00:51:32.069 align:start position:0% oldest surviving pieces of our solar nebula<00:51:30.640> that<00:51:31.040> originally<00:51:31.520> formed<00:51:31.920> the 00:51:32.069 --> 00:51:32.079 align:start position:0% nebula that originally formed the 00:51:32.079 --> 00:51:35.349 align:start position:0% nebula that originally formed the planets<00:51:32.400> of<00:51:32.559> our<00:51:32.800> solar<00:51:33.119> system.<00:51:34.240> And<00:51:34.480> so,<00:51:35.119> at 00:51:35.349 --> 00:51:35.359 align:start position:0% planets of our solar system. And so, at 00:51:35.359 --> 00:51:37.589 align:start position:0% planets of our solar system. And so, at one<00:51:35.599> point<00:51:35.760> in<00:51:36.000> the<00:51:36.160> very<00:51:36.400> distant<00:51:36.800> past, 00:51:37.589 --> 00:51:37.599 align:start position:0% one point in the very distant past, 00:51:37.599 --> 00:51:39.670 align:start position:0% one point in the very distant past, these<00:51:37.920> stray<00:51:38.400> pieces<00:51:38.880> might<00:51:39.119> have<00:51:39.359> been<00:51:39.520> able 00:51:39.670 --> 00:51:39.680 align:start position:0% these stray pieces might have been able 00:51:39.680 --> 00:51:42.230 align:start position:0% these stray pieces might have been able to<00:51:39.920> come<00:51:40.160> together<00:51:40.720> to<00:51:40.960> form<00:51:41.359> yet<00:51:41.680> another 00:51:42.230 --> 00:51:42.240 align:start position:0% to come together to form yet another 00:51:42.240 --> 00:51:45.109 align:start position:0% to come together to form yet another planetary<00:51:42.800> body.<00:51:43.920> However,<00:51:44.559> Neptune's 00:51:45.109 --> 00:51:45.119 align:start position:0% planetary body. However, Neptune's 00:51:45.119 --> 00:51:47.190 align:start position:0% planetary body. However, Neptune's gravity<00:51:45.520> prevented<00:51:46.000> the<00:51:46.319> icy<00:51:46.640> objects<00:51:47.040> from 00:51:47.190 --> 00:51:47.200 align:start position:0% gravity prevented the icy objects from 00:51:47.200 --> 00:51:49.589 align:start position:0% gravity prevented the icy objects from coalescing<00:51:48.319> and<00:51:48.640> never<00:51:48.880> allowed<00:51:49.280> them<00:51:49.440> to 00:51:49.589 --> 00:51:49.599 align:start position:0% coalescing and never allowed them to 00:51:49.599 --> 00:51:51.829 align:start position:0% coalescing and never allowed them to form<00:51:50.000> something<00:51:50.319> new. 00:51:51.829 --> 00:51:51.839 align:start position:0% form something new. 00:51:51.839 --> 00:51:53.670 align:start position:0% form something new. Unlike<00:51:52.240> the<00:51:52.400> asteroid<00:51:52.880> belt,<00:51:53.200> which<00:51:53.520> is 00:51:53.670 --> 00:51:53.680 align:start position:0% Unlike the asteroid belt, which is 00:51:53.680 --> 00:51:55.990 align:start position:0% Unlike the asteroid belt, which is primarily<00:51:54.240> made<00:51:54.400> of<00:51:54.559> rocky<00:51:55.040> material,<00:51:55.839> the 00:51:55.990 --> 00:51:56.000 align:start position:0% primarily made of rocky material, the 00:51:56.000 --> 00:51:58.470 align:start position:0% primarily made of rocky material, the Kyper<00:51:56.400> belt<00:51:56.720> consists<00:51:57.119> of<00:51:57.359> mostly<00:51:57.920> frozen 00:51:58.470 --> 00:51:58.480 align:start position:0% Kyper belt consists of mostly frozen 00:51:58.480 --> 00:52:02.150 align:start position:0% Kyper belt consists of mostly frozen methane,<00:51:59.440> ammonia,<00:52:00.240> and<00:52:00.480> water<00:52:00.880> ice,<00:52:01.680> forming 00:52:02.150 --> 00:52:02.160 align:start position:0% methane, ammonia, and water ice, forming 00:52:02.160 --> 00:52:05.349 align:start position:0% methane, ammonia, and water ice, forming a<00:52:02.480> frozen,<00:52:03.359> thick,<00:52:04.079> doughut-shaped<00:52:04.880> ring<00:52:05.119> of 00:52:05.349 --> 00:52:05.359 align:start position:0% a frozen, thick, doughut-shaped ring of 00:52:05.359 --> 00:52:08.950 align:start position:0% a frozen, thick, doughut-shaped ring of debris.<00:52:06.800> The<00:52:07.040> Kyper<00:52:07.440> belt<00:52:07.760> contains<00:52:08.400> hundreds 00:52:08.950 --> 00:52:08.960 align:start position:0% debris. The Kyper belt contains hundreds 00:52:08.960 --> 00:52:11.750 align:start position:0% debris. The Kyper belt contains hundreds of<00:52:09.280> thousands<00:52:09.920> of<00:52:10.240> large<00:52:10.640> icy<00:52:10.960> bodies<00:52:11.440> bigger 00:52:11.750 --> 00:52:11.760 align:start position:0% of thousands of large icy bodies bigger 00:52:11.760 --> 00:52:14.710 align:start position:0% of thousands of large icy bodies bigger than<00:52:12.000> 100<00:52:12.319> km<00:52:12.880> across<00:52:13.680> and<00:52:13.920> more<00:52:14.160> than<00:52:14.400> a 00:52:14.710 --> 00:52:14.720 align:start position:0% than 100 km across and more than a 00:52:14.720 --> 00:52:17.510 align:start position:0% than 100 km across and more than a trillion<00:52:15.280> comets,<00:52:16.240> not<00:52:16.400> to<00:52:16.640> mention<00:52:17.119> smaller 00:52:17.510 --> 00:52:17.520 align:start position:0% trillion comets, not to mention smaller 00:52:17.520 --> 00:52:20.309 align:start position:0% trillion comets, not to mention smaller debris<00:52:18.079> and<00:52:18.400> dust.<00:52:19.599> And<00:52:19.760> the<00:52:20.000> average 00:52:20.309 --> 00:52:20.319 align:start position:0% debris and dust. And the average 00:52:20.319 --> 00:52:22.950 align:start position:0% debris and dust. And the average distance<00:52:20.720> between<00:52:21.119> objects<00:52:21.520> is<00:52:21.839> so<00:52:22.160> large<00:52:22.720> it 00:52:22.950 --> 00:52:22.960 align:start position:0% distance between objects is so large it 00:52:22.960 --> 00:52:25.430 align:start position:0% distance between objects is so large it can<00:52:23.119> be<00:52:23.280> hard<00:52:23.520> to<00:52:23.760> imagine.<00:52:24.880> Each<00:52:25.119> of<00:52:25.280> those 00:52:25.430 --> 00:52:25.440 align:start position:0% can be hard to imagine. Each of those 00:52:25.440 --> 00:52:29.510 align:start position:0% can be hard to imagine. Each of those objects<00:52:25.920> is<00:52:26.319> on<00:52:26.559> average<00:52:27.359> between<00:52:27.839> 0.02 00:52:29.510 --> 00:52:29.520 align:start position:0% objects is on average between 0.02 00:52:29.520 --> 00:52:34.710 align:start position:0% objects is on average between 0.02 to<00:52:29.839> 0.1<00:52:31.119> astronomical<00:52:32.000> unit<00:52:32.400> apart.<00:52:33.839> Imagine 00:52:34.710 --> 00:52:34.720 align:start position:0% to 0.1 astronomical unit apart. Imagine 00:52:34.720 --> 00:52:38.790 align:start position:0% to 0.1 astronomical unit apart. Imagine 10<00:52:35.280> million<00:52:35.839> km<00:52:36.640> between<00:52:37.040> objects. 00:52:38.790 --> 00:52:38.800 align:start position:0% 10 million km between objects. 00:52:38.800 --> 00:52:40.870 align:start position:0% 10 million km between objects. Here<00:52:39.119> in<00:52:39.359> the<00:52:39.520> dim<00:52:39.839> outer<00:52:40.160> reaches<00:52:40.559> of<00:52:40.640> our 00:52:40.870 --> 00:52:40.880 align:start position:0% Here in the dim outer reaches of our 00:52:40.880 --> 00:52:43.829 align:start position:0% Here in the dim outer reaches of our solar<00:52:41.200> system,<00:52:41.839> these<00:52:42.240> icy<00:52:42.559> bodies<00:52:43.040> drift<00:52:43.520> in 00:52:43.829 --> 00:52:43.839 align:start position:0% solar system, these icy bodies drift in 00:52:43.839 --> 00:52:46.710 align:start position:0% solar system, these icy bodies drift in near<00:52:44.240> silence,<00:52:45.200> preserving<00:52:45.920> vital<00:52:46.400> clues 00:52:46.710 --> 00:52:46.720 align:start position:0% near silence, preserving vital clues 00:52:46.720 --> 00:52:51.109 align:start position:0% near silence, preserving vital clues about<00:52:47.040> the<00:52:47.280> origins<00:52:47.760> of<00:52:48.079> planets<00:52:48.800> and<00:52:49.119> comets. 00:52:51.109 --> 00:52:51.119 align:start position:0% about the origins of planets and comets. 00:52:51.119 --> 00:52:53.910 align:start position:0% about the origins of planets and comets. But<00:52:51.440> it<00:52:51.760> doesn't<00:52:52.079> end<00:52:52.319> there.<00:52:53.359> That<00:52:53.599> was<00:52:53.680> just 00:52:53.910 --> 00:52:53.920 align:start position:0% But it doesn't end there. That was just 00:52:53.920 --> 00:52:56.230 align:start position:0% But it doesn't end there. That was just the<00:52:54.160> main<00:52:54.559> region<00:52:54.880> of<00:52:54.960> the<00:52:55.119> Kyper<00:52:55.520> belt. 00:52:56.230 --> 00:52:56.240 align:start position:0% the main region of the Kyper belt. 00:52:56.240 --> 00:52:58.630 align:start position:0% the main region of the Kyper belt. Overlapping<00:52:57.040> the<00:52:57.359> outer<00:52:57.760> edge<00:52:58.000> of<00:52:58.160> the<00:52:58.319> main 00:52:58.630 --> 00:52:58.640 align:start position:0% Overlapping the outer edge of the main 00:52:58.640 --> 00:53:01.510 align:start position:0% Overlapping the outer edge of the main region<00:52:59.359> is<00:52:59.680> another<00:53:00.240> area<00:53:00.559> of<00:53:00.720> Kyper<00:53:01.119> belt 00:53:01.510 --> 00:53:01.520 align:start position:0% region is another area of Kyper belt 00:53:01.520 --> 00:53:03.670 align:start position:0% region is another area of Kyper belt called<00:53:01.760> the<00:53:02.160> scattered<00:53:02.640> disc,<00:53:03.359> which 00:53:03.670 --> 00:53:03.680 align:start position:0% called the scattered disc, which 00:53:03.680 --> 00:53:06.150 align:start position:0% called the scattered disc, which continues<00:53:04.160> out<00:53:04.480> to<00:53:04.720> nearly<00:53:05.280> 1,000 00:53:06.150 --> 00:53:06.160 align:start position:0% continues out to nearly 1,000 00:53:06.160 --> 00:53:08.950 align:start position:0% continues out to nearly 1,000 astronomical<00:53:06.960> units<00:53:07.760> with<00:53:08.000> some<00:53:08.240> Kyper<00:53:08.640> belt 00:53:08.950 --> 00:53:08.960 align:start position:0% astronomical units with some Kyper belt 00:53:08.960 --> 00:53:10.870 align:start position:0% astronomical units with some Kyper belt objects<00:53:09.280> on<00:53:09.599> orbits<00:53:10.000> that<00:53:10.160> reach<00:53:10.480> even 00:53:10.870 --> 00:53:10.880 align:start position:0% objects on orbits that reach even 00:53:10.880 --> 00:53:13.750 align:start position:0% objects on orbits that reach even farther<00:53:11.359> beyond<00:53:11.680> that.<00:53:13.040> So,<00:53:13.280> while<00:53:13.520> the 00:53:13.750 --> 00:53:13.760 align:start position:0% farther beyond that. So, while the 00:53:13.760 --> 00:53:16.069 align:start position:0% farther beyond that. So, while the asteroid<00:53:14.160> belt<00:53:14.480> and<00:53:14.720> Kyper<00:53:15.119> belt<00:53:15.440> share<00:53:15.760> some 00:53:16.069 --> 00:53:16.079 align:start position:0% asteroid belt and Kyper belt share some 00:53:16.079 --> 00:53:19.349 align:start position:0% asteroid belt and Kyper belt share some similarities,<00:53:17.359> as<00:53:17.520> you<00:53:17.680> can<00:53:17.839> see,<00:53:18.559> one<00:53:18.960> is 00:53:19.349 --> 00:53:19.359 align:start position:0% similarities, as you can see, one is 00:53:19.359 --> 00:53:22.950 align:start position:0% similarities, as you can see, one is vastly<00:53:20.000> more<00:53:20.400> expansive<00:53:21.040> than<00:53:21.280> the<00:53:21.440> other. 00:53:22.950 --> 00:53:22.960 align:start position:0% vastly more expansive than the other. 00:53:22.960 --> 00:53:24.790 align:start position:0% vastly more expansive than the other. And<00:53:23.280> while<00:53:23.599> we<00:53:23.839> may<00:53:24.000> have<00:53:24.160> reached<00:53:24.400> the<00:53:24.559> end<00:53:24.720> of 00:53:24.790 --> 00:53:24.800 align:start position:0% And while we may have reached the end of 00:53:24.800 --> 00:53:27.030 align:start position:0% And while we may have reached the end of the<00:53:24.960> Kyper<00:53:25.359> belt,<00:53:26.000> there's<00:53:26.240> still<00:53:26.640> another 00:53:27.030 --> 00:53:27.040 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, there's still another 00:53:27.040 --> 00:53:28.870 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, there's still another massive<00:53:27.440> structure<00:53:27.760> that<00:53:28.000> surrounds<00:53:28.480> every 00:53:28.870 --> 00:53:28.880 align:start position:0% massive structure that surrounds every 00:53:28.880 --> 00:53:31.190 align:start position:0% massive structure that surrounds every other<00:53:29.119> object<00:53:29.599> and<00:53:29.920> belt<00:53:30.319> I've<00:53:30.559> mentioned<00:53:30.880> so 00:53:31.190 --> 00:53:31.200 align:start position:0% other object and belt I've mentioned so 00:53:31.200 --> 00:53:33.829 align:start position:0% other object and belt I've mentioned so far.<00:53:32.160> In<00:53:32.400> a<00:53:32.559> recent<00:53:32.880> video,<00:53:33.200> I<00:53:33.440> talked<00:53:33.680> about 00:53:33.829 --> 00:53:33.839 align:start position:0% far. In a recent video, I talked about 00:53:33.839 --> 00:53:36.390 align:start position:0% far. In a recent video, I talked about the<00:53:34.000> Orort<00:53:34.480> cloud,<00:53:35.200> the<00:53:35.440> colossal<00:53:36.000> structure 00:53:36.390 --> 00:53:36.400 align:start position:0% the Orort cloud, the colossal structure 00:53:36.400 --> 00:53:38.790 align:start position:0% the Orort cloud, the colossal structure of<00:53:36.640> orbiting<00:53:37.280> icy<00:53:37.520> debris<00:53:37.920> that<00:53:38.160> encircles 00:53:38.790 --> 00:53:38.800 align:start position:0% of orbiting icy debris that encircles 00:53:38.800 --> 00:53:41.910 align:start position:0% of orbiting icy debris that encircles our<00:53:39.119> entire<00:53:39.680> solar<00:53:40.079> system.<00:53:41.040> It's<00:53:41.440> so 00:53:41.910 --> 00:53:41.920 align:start position:0% our entire solar system. It's so 00:53:41.920 --> 00:53:44.390 align:start position:0% our entire solar system. It's so jaw-droppingly<00:53:42.880> far<00:53:43.119> away<00:53:43.599> that<00:53:43.920> even<00:53:44.079> our 00:53:44.390 --> 00:53:44.400 align:start position:0% jaw-droppingly far away that even our 00:53:44.400 --> 00:53:46.790 align:start position:0% jaw-droppingly far away that even our most<00:53:44.640> powerful<00:53:45.040> telescopes<00:53:45.920> can't<00:53:46.319> catch<00:53:46.559> a 00:53:46.790 --> 00:53:46.800 align:start position:0% most powerful telescopes can't catch a 00:53:46.800 --> 00:53:49.589 align:start position:0% most powerful telescopes can't catch a glimpse.<00:53:48.000> So,<00:53:48.400> how<00:53:48.640> do<00:53:48.880> those<00:53:49.200> two 00:53:49.589 --> 00:53:49.599 align:start position:0% glimpse. So, how do those two 00:53:49.599 --> 00:53:51.750 align:start position:0% glimpse. So, how do those two structures,<00:53:50.319> the<00:53:50.480> or<00:53:50.800> cloud<00:53:51.040> and<00:53:51.200> the<00:53:51.359> Kyper 00:53:51.750 --> 00:53:51.760 align:start position:0% structures, the or cloud and the Kyper 00:53:51.760 --> 00:53:54.870 align:start position:0% structures, the or cloud and the Kyper belt,<00:53:52.400> differ<00:53:52.720> from<00:53:53.040> each<00:53:53.200> other?<00:53:54.400> For<00:53:54.640> one, 00:53:54.870 --> 00:53:54.880 align:start position:0% belt, differ from each other? For one, 00:53:54.880 --> 00:53:57.030 align:start position:0% belt, differ from each other? For one, the<00:53:55.119> Kyper<00:53:55.520> belt<00:53:55.839> is<00:53:56.079> thousands<00:53:56.559> of<00:53:56.720> times 00:53:57.030 --> 00:53:57.040 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt is thousands of times 00:53:57.040 --> 00:53:58.790 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt is thousands of times closer<00:53:57.359> to<00:53:57.520> the<00:53:57.680> sun<00:53:57.920> than<00:53:58.160> the<00:53:58.400> center<00:53:58.559> of<00:53:58.720> the 00:53:58.790 --> 00:53:58.800 align:start position:0% closer to the sun than the center of the 00:53:58.800 --> 00:54:01.030 align:start position:0% closer to the sun than the center of the or<00:53:59.200> cloud,<00:53:59.680> which<00:53:59.920> is<00:54:00.079> theorized<00:54:00.559> to<00:54:00.720> stretch 00:54:01.030 --> 00:54:01.040 align:start position:0% or cloud, which is theorized to stretch 00:54:01.040 --> 00:54:04.950 align:start position:0% or cloud, which is theorized to stretch from<00:54:01.599> 2,000<00:54:02.559> to<00:54:03.200> 100,000<00:54:04.160> astronomical 00:54:04.950 --> 00:54:04.960 align:start position:0% from 2,000 to 100,000 astronomical 00:54:04.960 --> 00:54:07.670 align:start position:0% from 2,000 to 100,000 astronomical units.<00:54:06.240> Another<00:54:06.640> major<00:54:06.960> difference<00:54:07.280> is<00:54:07.520> that 00:54:07.670 --> 00:54:07.680 align:start position:0% units. Another major difference is that 00:54:07.680 --> 00:54:09.990 align:start position:0% units. Another major difference is that the<00:54:07.839> Kyper<00:54:08.160> Belt<00:54:08.480> is<00:54:08.640> donut-shaped,<00:54:09.839> while 00:54:09.990 --> 00:54:10.000 align:start position:0% the Kyper Belt is donut-shaped, while 00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:12.470 align:start position:0% the Kyper Belt is donut-shaped, while the<00:54:10.160> or<00:54:10.480> cloud<00:54:10.800> is<00:54:11.040> spherical,<00:54:12.000> like<00:54:12.240> a 00:54:12.470 --> 00:54:12.480 align:start position:0% the or cloud is spherical, like a 00:54:12.480 --> 00:54:16.309 align:start position:0% the or cloud is spherical, like a gigantic<00:54:13.200> bubble<00:54:13.599> of<00:54:13.920> swarming<00:54:14.480> debris. 00:54:16.309 --> 00:54:16.319 align:start position:0% gigantic bubble of swarming debris. 00:54:16.319 --> 00:54:18.470 align:start position:0% gigantic bubble of swarming debris. But<00:54:16.640> something<00:54:16.960> these<00:54:17.280> structures<00:54:17.839> do<00:54:18.240> have 00:54:18.470 --> 00:54:18.480 align:start position:0% But something these structures do have 00:54:18.480 --> 00:54:20.870 align:start position:0% But something these structures do have in<00:54:18.640> common<00:54:19.200> is<00:54:19.440> that<00:54:19.599> they<00:54:19.839> are<00:54:20.000> both<00:54:20.400> sources 00:54:20.870 --> 00:54:20.880 align:start position:0% in common is that they are both sources 00:54:20.880 --> 00:54:23.190 align:start position:0% in common is that they are both sources of<00:54:21.119> the<00:54:21.280> celestial<00:54:21.920> phenomenon<00:54:22.480> that<00:54:22.720> we<00:54:22.960> know 00:54:23.190 --> 00:54:23.200 align:start position:0% of the celestial phenomenon that we know 00:54:23.200 --> 00:54:27.190 align:start position:0% of the celestial phenomenon that we know as<00:54:23.599> comets. 00:54:27.190 --> 00:54:27.200 align:start position:0% 00:54:27.200 --> 00:54:29.510 align:start position:0% The<00:54:27.359> or<00:54:27.680> cloud<00:54:27.920> is<00:54:28.079> the<00:54:28.240> source<00:54:28.480> of<00:54:28.720> many<00:54:29.119> long 00:54:29.510 --> 00:54:29.520 align:start position:0% The or cloud is the source of many long 00:54:29.520 --> 00:54:32.309 align:start position:0% The or cloud is the source of many long period<00:54:29.839> comets<00:54:30.800> while<00:54:30.960> the<00:54:31.119> Kyper<00:54:31.599> belt<00:54:32.079> is 00:54:32.309 --> 00:54:32.319 align:start position:0% period comets while the Kyper belt is 00:54:32.319 --> 00:54:35.510 align:start position:0% period comets while the Kyper belt is where<00:54:32.640> some<00:54:33.040> short<00:54:33.440> period<00:54:33.760> comets<00:54:34.240> are<00:54:34.400> born. 00:54:35.510 --> 00:54:35.520 align:start position:0% where some short period comets are born. 00:54:35.520 --> 00:54:37.510 align:start position:0% where some short period comets are born. While<00:54:35.680> the<00:54:35.839> Kyper<00:54:36.240> belt<00:54:36.480> today<00:54:36.800> is<00:54:37.040> one<00:54:37.280> of<00:54:37.359> the 00:54:37.510 --> 00:54:37.520 align:start position:0% While the Kyper belt today is one of the 00:54:37.520 --> 00:54:39.270 align:start position:0% While the Kyper belt today is one of the most<00:54:37.839> massive<00:54:38.319> structures<00:54:38.720> in<00:54:38.880> the<00:54:39.040> solar 00:54:39.270 --> 00:54:39.280 align:start position:0% most massive structures in the solar 00:54:39.280 --> 00:54:41.829 align:start position:0% most massive structures in the solar system,<00:54:40.000> it's<00:54:40.240> just<00:54:40.480> a<00:54:40.720> small<00:54:41.119> fraction<00:54:41.599> of 00:54:41.829 --> 00:54:41.839 align:start position:0% system, it's just a small fraction of 00:54:41.839 --> 00:54:44.549 align:start position:0% system, it's just a small fraction of what<00:54:42.079> it<00:54:42.240> once<00:54:42.480> was.<00:54:43.680> Originally, 00:54:44.549 --> 00:54:44.559 align:start position:0% what it once was. Originally, 00:54:44.559 --> 00:54:47.349 align:start position:0% what it once was. Originally, altogether,<00:54:45.440> it<00:54:45.680> probably<00:54:46.160> contained<00:54:46.800> 7<00:54:47.040> to 00:54:47.349 --> 00:54:47.359 align:start position:0% altogether, it probably contained 7 to 00:54:47.359 --> 00:54:49.990 align:start position:0% altogether, it probably contained 7 to 10<00:54:47.760> times<00:54:48.079> the<00:54:48.319> mass<00:54:48.559> of<00:54:48.720> Earth,<00:54:49.599> but<00:54:49.760> the 00:54:49.990 --> 00:54:50.000 align:start position:0% 10 times the mass of Earth, but the 00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:52.390 align:start position:0% 10 times the mass of Earth, but the shifting<00:54:50.480> orbits<00:54:50.960> of<00:54:51.040> the<00:54:51.280> four<00:54:51.599> giant<00:54:52.079> gas 00:54:52.390 --> 00:54:52.400 align:start position:0% shifting orbits of the four giant gas 00:54:52.400 --> 00:54:55.109 align:start position:0% shifting orbits of the four giant gas and<00:54:52.720> ice<00:54:53.040> planets<00:54:53.839> cause<00:54:54.160> most<00:54:54.480> of<00:54:54.640> that<00:54:54.800> to<00:54:55.040> be 00:54:55.109 --> 00:54:55.119 align:start position:0% and ice planets cause most of that to be 00:54:55.119 --> 00:54:58.470 align:start position:0% and ice planets cause most of that to be lost<00:54:55.440> to<00:54:55.599> space.<00:54:56.640> What<00:54:56.960> remains<00:54:57.599> is<00:54:57.920> no<00:54:58.160> more 00:54:58.470 --> 00:54:58.480 align:start position:0% lost to space. What remains is no more 00:54:58.480 --> 00:55:02.630 align:start position:0% lost to space. What remains is no more than<00:54:58.720> about<00:54:59.119> 10%<00:55:00.079> of<00:55:00.400> Earth's<00:55:00.800> mass.<00:55:02.079> Not<00:55:02.400> only 00:55:02.630 --> 00:55:02.640 align:start position:0% than about 10% of Earth's mass. Not only 00:55:02.640 --> 00:55:05.270 align:start position:0% than about 10% of Earth's mass. Not only that,<00:55:03.040> but<00:55:03.280> the<00:55:03.440> Kyper<00:55:03.839> belt<00:55:04.160> today<00:55:04.640> continues 00:55:05.270 --> 00:55:05.280 align:start position:0% that, but the Kyper belt today continues 00:55:05.280 --> 00:55:08.549 align:start position:0% that, but the Kyper belt today continues to<00:55:05.599> slowly<00:55:06.319> erode<00:55:06.720> away.<00:55:07.760> As<00:55:08.079> objects 00:55:08.549 --> 00:55:08.559 align:start position:0% to slowly erode away. As objects 00:55:08.559 --> 00:55:10.950 align:start position:0% to slowly erode away. As objects occasionally<00:55:09.359> collide<00:55:09.680> and<00:55:09.920> break<00:55:10.160> apart, 00:55:10.950 --> 00:55:10.960 align:start position:0% occasionally collide and break apart, 00:55:10.960 --> 00:55:12.549 align:start position:0% occasionally collide and break apart, smaller<00:55:11.440> fragments<00:55:11.920> are<00:55:12.079> left<00:55:12.240> in<00:55:12.400> their 00:55:12.549 --> 00:55:12.559 align:start position:0% smaller fragments are left in their 00:55:12.559 --> 00:55:15.109 align:start position:0% smaller fragments are left in their wake,<00:55:13.280> and<00:55:13.520> some<00:55:13.680> of<00:55:13.760> the<00:55:14.000> resulting<00:55:14.400> dust<00:55:14.800> is 00:55:15.109 --> 00:55:15.119 align:start position:0% wake, and some of the resulting dust is 00:55:15.119 --> 00:55:16.870 align:start position:0% wake, and some of the resulting dust is blown<00:55:15.520> out<00:55:15.680> of<00:55:15.839> the<00:55:16.000> solar<00:55:16.240> system<00:55:16.559> by<00:55:16.720> the 00:55:16.870 --> 00:55:16.880 align:start position:0% blown out of the solar system by the 00:55:16.880 --> 00:55:20.150 align:start position:0% blown out of the solar system by the solar<00:55:17.280> wind.<00:55:18.400> Sometimes<00:55:18.880> these<00:55:19.200> collisions 00:55:20.150 --> 00:55:20.160 align:start position:0% solar wind. Sometimes these collisions 00:55:20.160 --> 00:55:22.950 align:start position:0% solar wind. Sometimes these collisions or<00:55:20.559> Neptune's<00:55:21.200> gravity<00:55:22.000> will<00:55:22.240> cause<00:55:22.559> Kyper 00:55:22.950 --> 00:55:22.960 align:start position:0% or Neptune's gravity will cause Kyper 00:55:22.960 --> 00:55:25.109 align:start position:0% or Neptune's gravity will cause Kyper belt<00:55:23.280> objects<00:55:23.680> to<00:55:23.839> head<00:55:24.160> on<00:55:24.400> a<00:55:24.559> new<00:55:24.800> path 00:55:25.109 --> 00:55:25.119 align:start position:0% belt objects to head on a new path 00:55:25.119 --> 00:55:27.670 align:start position:0% belt objects to head on a new path towards<00:55:25.599> the<00:55:25.760> sun,<00:55:26.480> creating<00:55:27.040> short<00:55:27.280> period 00:55:27.670 --> 00:55:27.680 align:start position:0% towards the sun, creating short period 00:55:27.680 --> 00:55:29.990 align:start position:0% towards the sun, creating short period comets,<00:55:28.400> which<00:55:28.640> have<00:55:28.880> orbits<00:55:29.280> of<00:55:29.440> less<00:55:29.680> than 00:55:29.990 --> 00:55:30.000 align:start position:0% comets, which have orbits of less than 00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:31.829 align:start position:0% comets, which have orbits of less than 200<00:55:30.480> years. 00:55:31.829 --> 00:55:31.839 align:start position:0% 200 years. 00:55:31.839 --> 00:55:33.990 align:start position:0% 200 years. Over<00:55:32.160> time,<00:55:32.400> the<00:55:32.640> sun's<00:55:32.960> radiation<00:55:33.520> causes 00:55:33.990 --> 00:55:34.000 align:start position:0% Over time, the sun's radiation causes 00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:36.630 align:start position:0% Over time, the sun's radiation causes comets<00:55:34.480> to<00:55:34.640> shed<00:55:35.040> material,<00:55:35.920> producing<00:55:36.400> the 00:55:36.630 --> 00:55:36.640 align:start position:0% comets to shed material, producing the 00:55:36.640 --> 00:55:39.430 align:start position:0% comets to shed material, producing the spectacular<00:55:37.280> tails<00:55:37.680> we<00:55:37.839> see<00:55:38.000> from<00:55:38.240> Earth. 00:55:39.430 --> 00:55:39.440 align:start position:0% spectacular tails we see from Earth. 00:55:39.440 --> 00:55:41.270 align:start position:0% spectacular tails we see from Earth. Several<00:55:39.839> famous<00:55:40.240> comets<00:55:40.640> originate<00:55:41.040> from<00:55:41.119> the 00:55:41.270 --> 00:55:41.280 align:start position:0% Several famous comets originate from the 00:55:41.280 --> 00:55:43.510 align:start position:0% Several famous comets originate from the Kyper<00:55:41.680> belt,<00:55:42.000> or<00:55:42.240> it<00:55:42.400> scattered<00:55:42.800> disc, 00:55:43.510 --> 00:55:43.520 align:start position:0% Kyper belt, or it scattered disc, 00:55:43.520 --> 00:55:45.829 align:start position:0% Kyper belt, or it scattered disc, including<00:55:44.079> Hal's<00:55:44.559> comet<00:55:45.040> with<00:55:45.280> an<00:55:45.520> average 00:55:45.829 --> 00:55:45.839 align:start position:0% including Hal's comet with an average 00:55:45.839 --> 00:55:49.190 align:start position:0% including Hal's comet with an average orbital<00:55:46.400> period<00:55:46.720> of<00:55:47.040> 76<00:55:47.680> Earth<00:55:48.079> years,<00:55:48.880> or 00:55:49.190 --> 00:55:49.200 align:start position:0% orbital period of 76 Earth years, or 00:55:49.200 --> 00:55:51.510 align:start position:0% orbital period of 76 Earth years, or comet<00:55:49.520> Shoemaker<00:55:50.079> Levy<00:55:50.480> 9,<00:55:50.960> which<00:55:51.280> broke 00:55:51.510 --> 00:55:51.520 align:start position:0% comet Shoemaker Levy 9, which broke 00:55:51.520 --> 00:55:54.549 align:start position:0% comet Shoemaker Levy 9, which broke apart<00:55:51.920> and<00:55:52.160> smashed<00:55:52.480> into<00:55:52.720> Jupiter<00:55:53.200> in<00:55:53.440> 1994 00:55:54.549 --> 00:55:54.559 align:start position:0% apart and smashed into Jupiter in 1994 00:55:54.559 --> 00:55:56.710 align:start position:0% apart and smashed into Jupiter in 1994 in<00:55:54.799> the<00:55:54.960> first<00:55:55.280> ever<00:55:55.599> observed<00:55:56.079> collision<00:55:56.480> of 00:55:56.710 --> 00:55:56.720 align:start position:0% in the first ever observed collision of 00:55:56.720 --> 00:56:00.309 align:start position:0% in the first ever observed collision of two<00:55:57.119> solar<00:55:57.440> system<00:55:57.760> bodies.<00:55:59.119> As<00:55:59.440> we<00:55:59.599> all<00:55:59.839> know, 00:56:00.309 --> 00:56:00.319 align:start position:0% two solar system bodies. As we all know, 00:56:00.319 --> 00:56:02.710 align:start position:0% two solar system bodies. As we all know, Jupiter<00:56:00.799> survived,<00:56:01.599> but<00:56:01.839> the<00:56:02.000> impact<00:56:02.400> was 00:56:02.710 --> 00:56:02.720 align:start position:0% Jupiter survived, but the impact was 00:56:02.720 --> 00:56:05.270 align:start position:0% Jupiter survived, but the impact was visible<00:56:03.040> from<00:56:03.280> Earth<00:56:03.920> and<00:56:04.240> was<00:56:04.640> quite<00:56:05.040> a 00:56:05.270 --> 00:56:05.280 align:start position:0% visible from Earth and was quite a 00:56:05.280 --> 00:56:07.990 align:start position:0% visible from Earth and was quite a spectacular<00:56:06.079> sight<00:56:06.400> to<00:56:06.559> behold.<00:56:07.599> You<00:56:07.760> can<00:56:07.920> see 00:56:07.990 --> 00:56:08.000 align:start position:0% spectacular sight to behold. You can see 00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:10.069 align:start position:0% spectacular sight to behold. You can see it<00:56:08.160> out<00:56:08.319> for<00:56:08.480> yourself<00:56:08.960> if<00:56:09.200> you<00:56:09.359> check<00:56:09.599> out<00:56:09.760> my 00:56:10.069 --> 00:56:10.079 align:start position:0% it out for yourself if you check out my 00:56:10.079 --> 00:56:11.670 align:start position:0% it out for yourself if you check out my video<00:56:10.319> on<00:56:10.559> the<00:56:10.720> aftermath<00:56:11.280> of<00:56:11.440> this 00:56:11.670 --> 00:56:11.680 align:start position:0% video on the aftermath of this 00:56:11.680 --> 00:56:13.349 align:start position:0% video on the aftermath of this collision. 00:56:13.349 --> 00:56:13.359 align:start position:0% collision. 00:56:13.359 --> 00:56:15.030 align:start position:0% collision. You<00:56:13.599> may<00:56:13.760> also<00:56:14.000> have<00:56:14.240> heard<00:56:14.480> in<00:56:14.640> the<00:56:14.799> news 00:56:15.030 --> 00:56:15.040 align:start position:0% You may also have heard in the news 00:56:15.040 --> 00:56:17.430 align:start position:0% You may also have heard in the news recently<00:56:15.760> about<00:56:16.079> a<00:56:16.400> near-Earth<00:56:16.960> asteroid 00:56:17.430 --> 00:56:17.440 align:start position:0% recently about a near-Earth asteroid 00:56:17.440 --> 00:56:21.109 align:start position:0% recently about a near-Earth asteroid named<00:56:17.920> 2024<00:56:19.119> Y4. 00:56:21.109 --> 00:56:21.119 align:start position:0% named 2024 Y4. 00:56:21.119 --> 00:56:23.910 align:start position:0% named 2024 Y4. While<00:56:21.440> there<00:56:21.760> is<00:56:22.000> a<00:56:22.319> very<00:56:22.880> very<00:56:23.359> small<00:56:23.680> chance 00:56:23.910 --> 00:56:23.920 align:start position:0% While there is a very very small chance 00:56:23.920 --> 00:56:26.549 align:start position:0% While there is a very very small chance of<00:56:24.160> this<00:56:24.400> asteroid<00:56:24.960> colliding<00:56:25.359> with<00:56:25.599> our<00:56:25.839> moon 00:56:26.549 --> 00:56:26.559 align:start position:0% of this asteroid colliding with our moon 00:56:26.559 --> 00:56:29.109 align:start position:0% of this asteroid colliding with our moon or<00:56:26.880> even<00:56:27.200> a<00:56:27.520> smaller<00:56:27.920> chance<00:56:28.160> of<00:56:28.319> it<00:56:28.480> impacting 00:56:29.109 --> 00:56:29.119 align:start position:0% or even a smaller chance of it impacting 00:56:29.119 --> 00:56:31.430 align:start position:0% or even a smaller chance of it impacting Earth,<00:56:30.000> the<00:56:30.240> short<00:56:30.559> period<00:56:30.960> comets 00:56:31.430 --> 00:56:31.440 align:start position:0% Earth, the short period comets 00:56:31.440 --> 00:56:34.069 align:start position:0% Earth, the short period comets originating<00:56:32.000> from<00:56:32.160> the<00:56:32.319> Kyper<00:56:32.720> belt<00:56:33.119> pose<00:56:33.599> no 00:56:34.069 --> 00:56:34.079 align:start position:0% originating from the Kyper belt pose no 00:56:34.079 --> 00:56:36.630 align:start position:0% originating from the Kyper belt pose no immediate<00:56:34.559> threat<00:56:34.799> to<00:56:35.040> us<00:56:35.200> in<00:56:35.440> the<00:56:35.599> next<00:56:35.920> 100 00:56:36.630 --> 00:56:36.640 align:start position:0% immediate threat to us in the next 100 00:56:36.640 --> 00:56:39.910 align:start position:0% immediate threat to us in the next 100 or<00:56:36.960> more<00:56:37.359> years.<00:56:38.400> In<00:56:38.640> other<00:56:38.799> words,<00:56:39.520> you<00:56:39.760> don't 00:56:39.910 --> 00:56:39.920 align:start position:0% or more years. In other words, you don't 00:56:39.920 --> 00:56:42.470 align:start position:0% or more years. In other words, you don't need<00:56:40.079> to<00:56:40.240> worry<00:56:40.480> about<00:56:40.720> that. 00:56:42.470 --> 00:56:42.480 align:start position:0% need to worry about that. 00:56:42.480 --> 00:56:44.230 align:start position:0% need to worry about that. Despite<00:56:42.799> the<00:56:42.960> Kyper<00:56:43.359> belt<00:56:43.680> being<00:56:43.839> just<00:56:44.000> a 00:56:44.230 --> 00:56:44.240 align:start position:0% Despite the Kyper belt being just a 00:56:44.240 --> 00:56:46.789 align:start position:0% Despite the Kyper belt being just a small<00:56:44.640> remnant<00:56:45.119> of<00:56:45.280> what<00:56:45.440> it<00:56:45.599> once<00:56:45.839> was,<00:56:46.559> it 00:56:46.789 --> 00:56:46.799 align:start position:0% small remnant of what it once was, it 00:56:46.799 --> 00:56:48.870 align:start position:0% small remnant of what it once was, it still<00:56:47.040> offers<00:56:47.359> a<00:56:47.599> nearly<00:56:47.920> endless<00:56:48.319> frontier 00:56:48.870 --> 00:56:48.880 align:start position:0% still offers a nearly endless frontier 00:56:48.880 --> 00:56:52.390 align:start position:0% still offers a nearly endless frontier of<00:56:49.200> objects<00:56:49.599> for<00:56:49.920> us<00:56:50.160> to<00:56:50.400> explore.<00:56:51.680> And<00:56:52.000> unlike 00:56:52.390 --> 00:56:52.400 align:start position:0% of objects for us to explore. And unlike 00:56:52.400 --> 00:56:54.390 align:start position:0% of objects for us to explore. And unlike the<00:56:52.559> or<00:56:52.880> cloud,<00:56:53.280> which<00:56:53.520> we<00:56:53.760> have<00:56:54.000> not<00:56:54.240> been 00:56:54.390 --> 00:56:54.400 align:start position:0% the or cloud, which we have not been 00:56:54.400 --> 00:56:57.190 align:start position:0% the or cloud, which we have not been able<00:56:54.559> to<00:56:54.720> visit<00:56:55.040> yet,<00:56:55.839> we<00:56:56.240> have<00:56:56.720> been<00:56:56.960> to<00:56:57.040> the 00:56:57.190 --> 00:56:57.200 align:start position:0% able to visit yet, we have been to the 00:56:57.200 --> 00:57:00.710 align:start position:0% able to visit yet, we have been to the Kyper<00:56:57.599> Belt. 00:57:00.710 --> 00:57:00.720 align:start position:0% 00:57:00.720 --> 00:57:02.069 align:start position:0% While<00:57:01.040> most<00:57:01.200> of<00:57:01.359> what<00:57:01.520> we<00:57:01.680> know<00:57:01.839> about<00:57:01.920> the 00:57:02.069 --> 00:57:02.079 align:start position:0% While most of what we know about the 00:57:02.079 --> 00:57:03.829 align:start position:0% While most of what we know about the Kyper<00:57:02.480> Belt<00:57:02.720> comes<00:57:02.960> from<00:57:03.200> groundbased 00:57:03.829 --> 00:57:03.839 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt comes from groundbased 00:57:03.839 --> 00:57:05.270 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt comes from groundbased telescopes<00:57:04.400> and<00:57:04.480> the<00:57:04.640> Hubble<00:57:05.040> Space 00:57:05.270 --> 00:57:05.280 align:start position:0% telescopes and the Hubble Space 00:57:05.280 --> 00:57:08.150 align:start position:0% telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope,<00:57:06.319> NASA's<00:57:06.880> New<00:57:07.119> Horizons<00:57:07.760> is<00:57:07.920> the 00:57:08.150 --> 00:57:08.160 align:start position:0% Telescope, NASA's New Horizons is the 00:57:08.160 --> 00:57:10.069 align:start position:0% Telescope, NASA's New Horizons is the only<00:57:08.400> spacecraft<00:57:08.880> to<00:57:09.119> have<00:57:09.359> actually<00:57:09.839> been 00:57:10.069 --> 00:57:10.079 align:start position:0% only spacecraft to have actually been 00:57:10.079 --> 00:57:13.510 align:start position:0% only spacecraft to have actually been there.<00:57:11.200> It<00:57:11.520> performed<00:57:11.839> a<00:57:12.079> flyby<00:57:12.559> of<00:57:12.799> the<00:57:12.960> dwarf 00:57:13.510 --> 00:57:13.520 align:start position:0% there. It performed a flyby of the dwarf 00:57:13.520 --> 00:57:17.510 align:start position:0% there. It performed a flyby of the dwarf planet<00:57:13.920> Pluto<00:57:14.720> and<00:57:14.960> Kyper<00:57:15.359> belt<00:57:15.680> object<00:57:16.319> 2014 00:57:17.510 --> 00:57:17.520 align:start position:0% planet Pluto and Kyper belt object 2014 00:57:17.520 --> 00:57:19.190 align:start position:0% planet Pluto and Kyper belt object 2014 MU69 00:57:19.190 --> 00:57:19.200 align:start position:0% MU69 00:57:19.200 --> 00:57:22.150 align:start position:0% MU69 which<00:57:19.440> was<00:57:19.760> later<00:57:20.160> officially<00:57:20.720> named<00:57:21.200> Araoth 00:57:22.150 --> 00:57:22.160 align:start position:0% which was later officially named Araoth 00:57:22.160 --> 00:57:24.630 align:start position:0% which was later officially named Araoth meaning<00:57:22.559> sky<00:57:23.280> in<00:57:23.440> the<00:57:23.599> Native<00:57:23.920> American 00:57:24.630 --> 00:57:24.640 align:start position:0% meaning sky in the Native American 00:57:24.640 --> 00:57:28.309 align:start position:0% meaning sky in the Native American Powatan<00:57:25.520> or<00:57:25.839> Algonquian<00:57:26.720> language. 00:57:28.309 --> 00:57:28.319 align:start position:0% Powatan or Algonquian language. 00:57:28.319 --> 00:57:31.270 align:start position:0% Powatan or Algonquian language. This<00:57:28.559> flyby<00:57:29.040> of<00:57:29.119> Arath<00:57:29.760> in<00:57:30.000> 2019<00:57:30.640> was<00:57:30.880> the<00:57:31.119> most 00:57:31.270 --> 00:57:31.280 align:start position:0% This flyby of Arath in 2019 was the most 00:57:31.280 --> 00:57:33.910 align:start position:0% This flyby of Arath in 2019 was the most distant<00:57:31.760> flyby<00:57:32.400> in<00:57:32.640> the<00:57:32.880> history<00:57:33.200> of<00:57:33.520> space 00:57:33.910 --> 00:57:33.920 align:start position:0% distant flyby in the history of space 00:57:33.920 --> 00:57:38.150 align:start position:0% distant flyby in the history of space exploration,<00:57:35.119> taking<00:57:35.520> place<00:57:36.000> 1.5<00:57:36.960> billion<00:57:37.520> km 00:57:38.150 --> 00:57:38.160 align:start position:0% exploration, taking place 1.5 billion km 00:57:38.160 --> 00:57:40.549 align:start position:0% exploration, taking place 1.5 billion km beyond<00:57:38.720> Pluto,<00:57:39.599> with<00:57:39.760> the<00:57:39.920> New<00:57:40.079> Horizon 00:57:40.549 --> 00:57:40.559 align:start position:0% beyond Pluto, with the New Horizon 00:57:40.559 --> 00:57:42.630 align:start position:0% beyond Pluto, with the New Horizon spacecraft<00:57:41.200> getting<00:57:41.520> as<00:57:41.760> close<00:57:42.000> as<00:57:42.240> about 00:57:42.630 --> 00:57:42.640 align:start position:0% spacecraft getting as close as about 00:57:42.640 --> 00:57:46.069 align:start position:0% spacecraft getting as close as about 3,500<00:57:44.000> km<00:57:44.799> above<00:57:45.200> the<00:57:45.440> surface<00:57:45.760> of<00:57:45.920> the 00:57:46.069 --> 00:57:46.079 align:start position:0% 3,500 km above the surface of the 00:57:46.079 --> 00:57:49.030 align:start position:0% 3,500 km above the surface of the object.<00:57:47.440> And<00:57:47.599> even<00:57:47.920> among<00:57:48.319> the<00:57:48.480> swarm<00:57:48.880> of 00:57:49.030 --> 00:57:49.040 align:start position:0% object. And even among the swarm of 00:57:49.040 --> 00:57:50.549 align:start position:0% object. And even among the swarm of mysterious<00:57:49.599> objects<00:57:50.000> that<00:57:50.160> make<00:57:50.319> up<00:57:50.400> the 00:57:50.549 --> 00:57:50.559 align:start position:0% mysterious objects that make up the 00:57:50.559 --> 00:57:53.109 align:start position:0% mysterious objects that make up the Kyper<00:57:50.960> Belt,<00:57:51.599> Aricoth<00:57:52.240> still<00:57:52.559> managed<00:57:52.960> to 00:57:53.109 --> 00:57:53.119 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt, Aricoth still managed to 00:57:53.119 --> 00:57:55.670 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt, Aricoth still managed to surprise<00:57:53.520> the<00:57:53.680> New<00:57:53.920> Horizon's<00:57:54.480> team.<00:57:55.359> Its 00:57:55.670 --> 00:57:55.680 align:start position:0% surprise the New Horizon's team. Its 00:57:55.680 --> 00:57:58.150 align:start position:0% surprise the New Horizon's team. Its strange<00:57:56.079> shape<00:57:56.400> was<00:57:56.640> unlike<00:57:57.200> anything<00:57:57.680> we<00:57:57.920> had 00:57:58.150 --> 00:57:58.160 align:start position:0% strange shape was unlike anything we had 00:57:58.160 --> 00:58:01.270 align:start position:0% strange shape was unlike anything we had ever<00:57:58.480> seen<00:57:58.720> in<00:57:58.960> our<00:57:59.200> solar<00:57:59.520> system. 00:58:01.270 --> 00:58:01.280 align:start position:0% ever seen in our solar system. 00:58:01.280 --> 00:58:05.030 align:start position:0% ever seen in our solar system. Aricoth<00:58:01.920> is<00:58:02.160> a<00:58:02.480> small<00:58:03.119> icy<00:58:03.520> KBO<00:58:04.480> known<00:58:04.720> as<00:58:04.880> a 00:58:05.030 --> 00:58:05.040 align:start position:0% Aricoth is a small icy KBO known as a 00:58:05.040 --> 00:58:08.470 align:start position:0% Aricoth is a small icy KBO known as a contact<00:58:05.440> binary.<00:58:06.480> Composed<00:58:06.960> of<00:58:07.280> two<00:58:07.839> distinct 00:58:08.470 --> 00:58:08.480 align:start position:0% contact binary. Composed of two distinct 00:58:08.480 --> 00:58:10.789 align:start position:0% contact binary. Composed of two distinct loes<00:58:08.880> that<00:58:09.119> at<00:58:09.359> some<00:58:09.599> point<00:58:09.920> merged<00:58:10.319> into<00:58:10.559> one 00:58:10.789 --> 00:58:10.799 align:start position:0% loes that at some point merged into one 00:58:10.799 --> 00:58:13.829 align:start position:0% loes that at some point merged into one body,<00:58:11.599> its<00:58:11.839> shape<00:58:12.240> resembles<00:58:12.799> a<00:58:13.119> flattened 00:58:13.829 --> 00:58:13.839 align:start position:0% body, its shape resembles a flattened 00:58:13.839 --> 00:58:15.829 align:start position:0% body, its shape resembles a flattened snowman. 00:58:15.829 --> 00:58:15.839 align:start position:0% snowman. 00:58:15.839 --> 00:58:20.230 align:start position:0% snowman. At<00:58:16.160> just<00:58:16.559> 35<00:58:17.040> km<00:58:17.599> long,<00:58:18.240> 20<00:58:18.480> km<00:58:19.040> wide,<00:58:19.520> and<00:58:19.920> 10 00:58:20.230 --> 00:58:20.240 align:start position:0% At just 35 km long, 20 km wide, and 10 00:58:20.240 --> 00:58:23.030 align:start position:0% At just 35 km long, 20 km wide, and 10 km<00:58:20.799> thick,<00:58:21.760> you<00:58:22.000> might<00:58:22.160> not<00:58:22.400> think<00:58:22.720> there's 00:58:23.030 --> 00:58:23.040 align:start position:0% km thick, you might not think there's 00:58:23.040 --> 00:58:25.270 align:start position:0% km thick, you might not think there's much<00:58:23.280> to<00:58:23.520> learn<00:58:23.760> from<00:58:24.000> this<00:58:24.319> relatively<00:58:24.960> tiny 00:58:25.270 --> 00:58:25.280 align:start position:0% much to learn from this relatively tiny 00:58:25.280 --> 00:58:28.069 align:start position:0% much to learn from this relatively tiny object.<00:58:26.240> But<00:58:26.400> what<00:58:26.720> Arakoth<00:58:27.359> lacked<00:58:27.760> in 00:58:28.069 --> 00:58:28.079 align:start position:0% object. But what Arakoth lacked in 00:58:28.079 --> 00:58:30.950 align:start position:0% object. But what Arakoth lacked in atmosphere<00:58:28.720> and<00:58:29.040> diverse<00:58:29.520> geology,<00:58:30.480> it<00:58:30.640> made 00:58:30.950 --> 00:58:30.960 align:start position:0% atmosphere and diverse geology, it made 00:58:30.960 --> 00:58:33.670 align:start position:0% atmosphere and diverse geology, it made up<00:58:31.119> for<00:58:31.359> in<00:58:31.599> its<00:58:31.839> unique<00:58:32.319> structure.<00:58:33.440> The 00:58:33.670 --> 00:58:33.680 align:start position:0% up for in its unique structure. The 00:58:33.680 --> 00:58:35.910 align:start position:0% up for in its unique structure. The bizarre<00:58:34.240> pancake<00:58:34.799> snowman<00:58:35.359> shape<00:58:35.599> of<00:58:35.760> this 00:58:35.910 --> 00:58:35.920 align:start position:0% bizarre pancake snowman shape of this 00:58:35.920 --> 00:58:38.390 align:start position:0% bizarre pancake snowman shape of this Kyper<00:58:36.319> belt<00:58:36.640> object<00:58:37.359> provides<00:58:37.920> crucial 00:58:38.390 --> 00:58:38.400 align:start position:0% Kyper belt object provides crucial 00:58:38.400 --> 00:58:40.309 align:start position:0% Kyper belt object provides crucial insights<00:58:38.799> into<00:58:39.119> how<00:58:39.359> planetary<00:58:39.920> building 00:58:40.309 --> 00:58:40.319 align:start position:0% insights into how planetary building 00:58:40.319 --> 00:58:42.230 align:start position:0% insights into how planetary building blocks<00:58:40.720> came<00:58:40.880> together<00:58:41.280> in<00:58:41.520> the<00:58:41.680> early<00:58:41.920> solar 00:58:42.230 --> 00:58:42.240 align:start position:0% blocks came together in the early solar 00:58:42.240 --> 00:58:45.589 align:start position:0% blocks came together in the early solar system<00:58:42.880> and<00:58:43.119> how<00:58:43.359> planets<00:58:43.760> may<00:58:44.000> have<00:58:44.160> formed. 00:58:45.589 --> 00:58:45.599 align:start position:0% system and how planets may have formed. 00:58:45.599 --> 00:58:47.750 align:start position:0% system and how planets may have formed. Arath's<00:58:46.240> shape<00:58:46.559> seemed<00:58:46.880> to<00:58:47.040> give<00:58:47.200> it<00:58:47.440> a 00:58:47.750 --> 00:58:47.760 align:start position:0% Arath's shape seemed to give it a 00:58:47.760 --> 00:58:50.309 align:start position:0% Arath's shape seemed to give it a counterintuitive<00:58:49.040> gravity<00:58:49.520> field<00:58:50.000> and 00:58:50.309 --> 00:58:50.319 align:start position:0% counterintuitive gravity field and 00:58:50.319 --> 00:58:53.030 align:start position:0% counterintuitive gravity field and rotation.<00:58:51.599> And<00:58:51.839> several<00:58:52.240> papers<00:58:52.640> published 00:58:53.030 --> 00:58:53.040 align:start position:0% rotation. And several papers published 00:58:53.040 --> 00:58:55.349 align:start position:0% rotation. And several papers published since<00:58:53.200> the<00:58:53.359> flyby<00:58:54.000> have<00:58:54.319> led<00:58:54.559> to<00:58:54.640> an<00:58:54.880> almost 00:58:55.349 --> 00:58:55.359 align:start position:0% since the flyby have led to an almost 00:58:55.359 --> 00:58:57.589 align:start position:0% since the flyby have led to an almost undeniable<00:58:56.240> truth<00:58:56.559> about<00:58:56.880> how<00:58:57.200> planet 00:58:57.589 --> 00:58:57.599 align:start position:0% undeniable truth about how planet 00:58:57.599 --> 00:58:59.829 align:start position:0% undeniable truth about how planet decimals<00:58:58.160> form.<00:58:59.119> Something<00:58:59.359> the<00:58:59.599> New 00:58:59.829 --> 00:58:59.839 align:start position:0% decimals form. Something the New 00:58:59.839 --> 00:59:02.950 align:start position:0% decimals form. Something the New Horizon's<00:59:00.400> team<00:59:00.799> didn't<00:59:01.280> expect.<00:59:02.640> Planet 00:59:02.950 --> 00:59:02.960 align:start position:0% Horizon's team didn't expect. Planet 00:59:02.960 --> 00:59:05.270 align:start position:0% Horizon's team didn't expect. Planet decimals<00:59:03.440> form<00:59:03.760> when<00:59:04.240> smaller<00:59:04.640> objects<00:59:05.119> come 00:59:05.270 --> 00:59:05.280 align:start position:0% decimals form when smaller objects come 00:59:05.280 --> 00:59:07.510 align:start position:0% decimals form when smaller objects come together<00:59:05.520> to<00:59:05.760> make<00:59:05.920> larger<00:59:06.319> bodies<00:59:06.960> which<00:59:07.280> may 00:59:07.510 --> 00:59:07.520 align:start position:0% together to make larger bodies which may 00:59:07.520 --> 00:59:10.549 align:start position:0% together to make larger bodies which may eventually<00:59:08.240> combine<00:59:08.640> to<00:59:08.880> create<00:59:09.200> a<00:59:09.440> planet. 00:59:10.549 --> 00:59:10.559 align:start position:0% eventually combine to create a planet. 00:59:10.559 --> 00:59:13.030 align:start position:0% eventually combine to create a planet. Until<00:59:10.960> now,<00:59:11.440> there<00:59:11.680> have<00:59:11.920> been<00:59:12.160> two<00:59:12.559> competing 00:59:13.030 --> 00:59:13.040 align:start position:0% Until now, there have been two competing 00:59:13.040 --> 00:59:15.750 align:start position:0% Until now, there have been two competing theories.<00:59:13.920> hierarchical<00:59:14.720> accretion,<00:59:15.520> which 00:59:15.750 --> 00:59:15.760 align:start position:0% theories. hierarchical accretion, which 00:59:15.760 --> 00:59:17.990 align:start position:0% theories. hierarchical accretion, which proposed<00:59:16.240> that<00:59:16.480> small<00:59:16.799> objects<00:59:17.280> would<00:59:17.680> crash 00:59:17.990 --> 00:59:18.000 align:start position:0% proposed that small objects would crash 00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:20.309 align:start position:0% proposed that small objects would crash into<00:59:18.319> each<00:59:18.480> other<00:59:18.720> at<00:59:18.960> high<00:59:19.280> speeds<00:59:19.920> until 00:59:20.309 --> 00:59:20.319 align:start position:0% into each other at high speeds until 00:59:20.319 --> 00:59:23.030 align:start position:0% into each other at high speeds until they<00:59:20.480> created<00:59:20.960> something<00:59:21.200> bigger,<00:59:22.160> and<00:59:22.640> local 00:59:23.030 --> 00:59:23.040 align:start position:0% they created something bigger, and local 00:59:23.040 --> 00:59:25.190 align:start position:0% they created something bigger, and local cloud<00:59:23.440> collapse,<00:59:24.079> where<00:59:24.319> nearby<00:59:24.799> objects 00:59:25.190 --> 00:59:25.200 align:start position:0% cloud collapse, where nearby objects 00:59:25.200 --> 00:59:27.030 align:start position:0% cloud collapse, where nearby objects would<00:59:25.520> slowly<00:59:25.920> come<00:59:26.160> together<00:59:26.559> because<00:59:26.880> of 00:59:27.030 --> 00:59:27.040 align:start position:0% would slowly come together because of 00:59:27.040 --> 00:59:29.349 align:start position:0% would slowly come together because of their<00:59:27.280> gravitational<00:59:27.920> attraction,<00:59:28.880> thereby 00:59:29.349 --> 00:59:29.359 align:start position:0% their gravitational attraction, thereby 00:59:29.359 --> 00:59:32.470 align:start position:0% their gravitational attraction, thereby forming<00:59:29.839> larger<00:59:30.319> and<00:59:30.559> larger<00:59:30.880> bodies.<00:59:32.240> And 00:59:32.470 --> 00:59:32.480 align:start position:0% forming larger and larger bodies. And 00:59:32.480 --> 00:59:35.109 align:start position:0% forming larger and larger bodies. And now,<00:59:33.200> thanks<00:59:33.440> to<00:59:33.520> the<00:59:33.680> Araoth<00:59:34.319> flyby<00:59:34.799> and 00:59:35.109 --> 00:59:35.119 align:start position:0% now, thanks to the Araoth flyby and 00:59:35.119 --> 00:59:37.109 align:start position:0% now, thanks to the Araoth flyby and important<00:59:35.599> research<00:59:36.079> into<00:59:36.400> the<00:59:36.640> object's 00:59:37.109 --> 00:59:37.119 align:start position:0% important research into the object's 00:59:37.119 --> 00:59:39.589 align:start position:0% important research into the object's geology,<00:59:37.920> geoysics,<00:59:38.880> composition,<00:59:39.359> and 00:59:39.589 --> 00:59:39.599 align:start position:0% geology, geoysics, composition, and 00:59:39.599 --> 00:59:42.069 align:start position:0% geology, geoysics, composition, and formation,<00:59:40.640> we<00:59:40.880> can<00:59:41.040> be<00:59:41.119> fairly<00:59:41.520> certain<00:59:41.839> that 00:59:42.069 --> 00:59:42.079 align:start position:0% formation, we can be fairly certain that 00:59:42.079 --> 00:59:44.630 align:start position:0% formation, we can be fairly certain that the<00:59:42.319> theory<00:59:42.640> of<00:59:42.960> local<00:59:43.359> cloud<00:59:43.760> collapse<00:59:44.240> is 00:59:44.630 --> 00:59:44.640 align:start position:0% the theory of local cloud collapse is 00:59:44.640 --> 00:59:46.309 align:start position:0% the theory of local cloud collapse is correct. 00:59:46.309 --> 00:59:46.319 align:start position:0% correct. 00:59:46.319 --> 00:59:48.390 align:start position:0% correct. The<00:59:46.640> object's<00:59:47.119> smooth<00:59:47.520> surface,<00:59:47.920> and<00:59:48.160> the 00:59:48.390 --> 00:59:48.400 align:start position:0% The object's smooth surface, and the 00:59:48.400 --> 00:59:50.789 align:start position:0% The object's smooth surface, and the lack<00:59:48.640> of<00:59:48.799> fractures<00:59:49.359> from<00:59:49.599> stress<00:59:50.400> confirm 00:59:50.789 --> 00:59:50.799 align:start position:0% lack of fractures from stress confirm 00:59:50.799 --> 00:59:53.670 align:start position:0% lack of fractures from stress confirm that<00:59:51.040> the<00:59:51.200> cosmic<00:59:51.680> snowman<00:59:52.319> formed<00:59:52.799> at<00:59:53.280> low 00:59:53.670 --> 00:59:53.680 align:start position:0% that the cosmic snowman formed at low 00:59:53.680 --> 00:59:57.190 align:start position:0% that the cosmic snowman formed at low speed.<00:59:55.040> Alan<00:59:55.520> Stern,<00:59:56.160> a<00:59:56.319> planetary<00:59:56.799> scientist 00:59:57.190 --> 00:59:57.200 align:start position:0% speed. Alan Stern, a planetary scientist 00:59:57.200 --> 00:59:58.710 align:start position:0% speed. Alan Stern, a planetary scientist and<00:59:57.359> the<00:59:57.599> lead<00:59:57.760> for<00:59:57.920> the<00:59:58.000> New<00:59:58.160> Horizon's 00:59:58.710 --> 00:59:58.720 align:start position:0% and the lead for the New Horizon's 00:59:58.720 --> 01:00:01.030 align:start position:0% and the lead for the New Horizon's mission,<00:59:59.440> said<00:59:59.680> that<00:59:59.839> the<01:00:00.000> evidence<01:00:00.400> was<01:00:00.720> so 01:00:01.030 --> 01:00:01.040 align:start position:0% mission, said that the evidence was so 01:00:01.040 --> 01:00:03.670 align:start position:0% mission, said that the evidence was so strong,<01:00:01.839> we've<01:00:02.240> decisively<01:00:02.960> solved<01:00:03.359> a 01:00:03.670 --> 01:00:03.680 align:start position:0% strong, we've decisively solved a 01:00:03.680 --> 01:00:06.309 align:start position:0% strong, we've decisively solved a multi-deade<01:00:04.559> debate<01:00:05.200> about<01:00:05.599> how<01:00:06.000> planet 01:00:06.309 --> 01:00:06.319 align:start position:0% multi-deade debate about how planet 01:00:06.319 --> 01:00:08.390 align:start position:0% multi-deade debate about how planet decimals<01:00:06.880> form. 01:00:08.390 --> 01:00:08.400 align:start position:0% decimals form. 01:00:08.400 --> 01:00:10.549 align:start position:0% decimals form. And<01:00:08.720> thanks<01:00:09.040> to<01:00:09.200> New<01:00:09.440> Horizons,<01:00:10.000> we<01:00:10.240> get<01:00:10.400> to 01:00:10.549 --> 01:00:10.559 align:start position:0% And thanks to New Horizons, we get to 01:00:10.559 --> 01:00:13.349 align:start position:0% And thanks to New Horizons, we get to see<01:00:10.720> the<01:00:10.960> most<01:00:11.280> famous<01:00:11.680> Kyber<01:00:12.160> belt<01:00:12.480> object, 01:00:13.349 --> 01:00:13.359 align:start position:0% see the most famous Kyber belt object, 01:00:13.359 --> 01:00:16.630 align:start position:0% see the most famous Kyber belt object, Pluto. 01:00:16.630 --> 01:00:16.640 align:start position:0% 01:00:16.640 --> 01:00:18.789 align:start position:0% The<01:00:16.799> spacecraft<01:00:17.440> performed<01:00:17.839> a<01:00:18.000> flyby<01:00:18.559> in 01:00:18.789 --> 01:00:18.799 align:start position:0% The spacecraft performed a flyby in 01:00:18.799 --> 01:00:21.910 align:start position:0% The spacecraft performed a flyby in 2015,<01:00:19.920> allowing<01:00:20.319> us<01:00:20.480> to<01:00:20.640> get<01:00:20.960> up<01:00:21.280> close<01:00:21.599> and 01:00:21.910 --> 01:00:21.920 align:start position:0% 2015, allowing us to get up close and 01:00:21.920 --> 01:00:24.789 align:start position:0% 2015, allowing us to get up close and personal<01:00:22.480> like<01:00:22.880> never<01:00:23.280> before.<01:00:24.160> and<01:00:24.480> take 01:00:24.789 --> 01:00:24.799 align:start position:0% personal like never before. and take 01:00:24.799 --> 01:00:27.670 align:start position:0% personal like never before. and take those<01:00:25.280> stunning<01:00:25.920> images.<01:00:27.119> The<01:00:27.359> mission 01:00:27.670 --> 01:00:27.680 align:start position:0% those stunning images. The mission 01:00:27.680 --> 01:00:29.670 align:start position:0% those stunning images. The mission collected<01:00:28.160> observations<01:00:28.720> of<01:00:28.960> Pluto<01:00:29.440> and 01:00:29.670 --> 01:00:29.680 align:start position:0% collected observations of Pluto and 01:00:29.680 --> 01:00:32.309 align:start position:0% collected observations of Pluto and Karen,<01:00:30.319> the<01:00:30.480> dwarf<01:00:30.880> planet's<01:00:31.359> largest<01:00:31.680> moon, 01:00:32.309 --> 01:00:32.319 align:start position:0% Karen, the dwarf planet's largest moon, 01:00:32.319 --> 01:00:34.710 align:start position:0% Karen, the dwarf planet's largest moon, and<01:00:32.480> was<01:00:32.720> able<01:00:32.960> to<01:00:33.119> collect<01:00:33.440> data<01:00:33.839> on<01:00:34.160> Pluto's 01:00:34.710 --> 01:00:34.720 align:start position:0% and was able to collect data on Pluto's 01:00:34.720 --> 01:00:38.230 align:start position:0% and was able to collect data on Pluto's other<01:00:34.960> satellites,<01:00:35.920> Nyx,<01:00:36.559> Hydra,<01:00:37.359> Kerberus, 01:00:38.230 --> 01:00:38.240 align:start position:0% other satellites, Nyx, Hydra, Kerberus, 01:00:38.240 --> 01:00:41.430 align:start position:0% other satellites, Nyx, Hydra, Kerberus, and<01:00:38.559> Stixs.<01:00:40.000> Of<01:00:40.240> course,<01:00:40.480> we've<01:00:40.880> all<01:00:41.040> seen<01:00:41.280> the 01:00:41.430 --> 01:00:41.440 align:start position:0% and Stixs. Of course, we've all seen the 01:00:41.440 --> 01:00:43.030 align:start position:0% and Stixs. Of course, we've all seen the stunning<01:00:41.760> photographs<01:00:42.319> of<01:00:42.559> Pluto's 01:00:43.030 --> 01:00:43.040 align:start position:0% stunning photographs of Pluto's 01:00:43.040 --> 01:00:45.270 align:start position:0% stunning photographs of Pluto's heart-shaped<01:00:43.680> surface<01:00:44.079> region,<01:00:44.720> also<01:00:45.040> known 01:00:45.270 --> 01:00:45.280 align:start position:0% heart-shaped surface region, also known 01:00:45.280 --> 01:00:48.470 align:start position:0% heart-shaped surface region, also known as<01:00:45.599> Tomba<01:00:46.079> Rigio.<01:00:47.520> But<01:00:47.680> did<01:00:47.920> you<01:00:48.079> know<01:00:48.240> that 01:00:48.470 --> 01:00:48.480 align:start position:0% as Tomba Rigio. But did you know that 01:00:48.480 --> 01:00:50.870 align:start position:0% as Tomba Rigio. But did you know that the<01:00:48.720> heart-shaped<01:00:49.359> feature<01:00:49.760> is<01:00:50.160> actually<01:00:50.559> a 01:00:50.870 --> 01:00:50.880 align:start position:0% the heart-shaped feature is actually a 01:00:50.880 --> 01:00:53.829 align:start position:0% the heart-shaped feature is actually a glacia?<01:00:52.319> The<01:00:52.480> western<01:00:52.799> lobe<01:00:53.119> of<01:00:53.280> the<01:00:53.440> heart 01:00:53.829 --> 01:00:53.839 align:start position:0% glacia? The western lobe of the heart 01:00:53.839 --> 01:00:56.230 align:start position:0% glacia? The western lobe of the heart named<01:00:54.160> Sputnik<01:00:54.640> Plenicia<01:00:55.520> after<01:00:55.839> Earth's 01:00:56.230 --> 01:00:56.240 align:start position:0% named Sputnik Plenicia after Earth's 01:00:56.240 --> 01:00:59.270 align:start position:0% named Sputnik Plenicia after Earth's first<01:00:56.480> artificial<01:00:57.040> satellite<01:00:57.760> Sputnik<01:00:58.400> 1<01:00:59.040> is 01:00:59.270 --> 01:00:59.280 align:start position:0% first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 is 01:00:59.280 --> 01:01:02.150 align:start position:0% first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 is a<01:00:59.520> vast<01:01:00.240> nitrogen<01:01:00.799> glacia<01:01:01.280> that<01:01:01.520> stretches 01:01:02.150 --> 01:01:02.160 align:start position:0% a vast nitrogen glacia that stretches 01:01:02.160 --> 01:01:06.150 align:start position:0% a vast nitrogen glacia that stretches 1,000<01:01:02.880> km<01:01:03.359> wide<01:01:03.920> and<01:01:04.319> 4<01:01:04.559> km<01:01:05.119> deep<01:01:05.760> and<01:01:06.000> is 01:01:06.150 --> 01:01:06.160 align:start position:0% 1,000 km wide and 4 km deep and is 01:01:06.160 --> 01:01:08.390 align:start position:0% 1,000 km wide and 4 km deep and is undoubtedly<01:01:06.880> the<01:01:07.119> largest<01:01:07.440> known<01:01:07.760> glacia<01:01:08.160> in 01:01:08.390 --> 01:01:08.400 align:start position:0% undoubtedly the largest known glacia in 01:01:08.400 --> 01:01:11.109 align:start position:0% undoubtedly the largest known glacia in the<01:01:08.559> solar<01:01:08.880> system.<01:01:10.079> The<01:01:10.319> eastern<01:01:10.720> lobe<01:01:10.960> of 01:01:11.109 --> 01:01:11.119 align:start position:0% the solar system. The eastern lobe of 01:01:11.119 --> 01:01:12.630 align:start position:0% the solar system. The eastern lobe of the<01:01:11.280> heart<01:01:11.520> gets<01:01:11.760> its<01:01:11.920> light<01:01:12.160> color<01:01:12.400> from 01:01:12.630 --> 01:01:12.640 align:start position:0% the heart gets its light color from 01:01:12.640 --> 01:01:14.710 align:start position:0% the heart gets its light color from nitrogen<01:01:13.200> that<01:01:13.440> is<01:01:13.599> carried<01:01:13.920> from<01:01:14.160> Sputnik 01:01:14.710 --> 01:01:14.720 align:start position:0% nitrogen that is carried from Sputnik 01:01:14.720 --> 01:01:18.230 align:start position:0% nitrogen that is carried from Sputnik Penicia<01:01:15.520> and<01:01:15.760> deposited<01:01:16.319> as<01:01:16.640> ice. 01:01:18.230 --> 01:01:18.240 align:start position:0% Penicia and deposited as ice. 01:01:18.240 --> 01:01:20.470 align:start position:0% Penicia and deposited as ice. Not<01:01:18.559> only<01:01:18.720> did<01:01:18.960> we<01:01:19.119> get<01:01:19.359> stunning<01:01:19.839> images<01:01:20.240> of 01:01:20.470 --> 01:01:20.480 align:start position:0% Not only did we get stunning images of 01:01:20.480 --> 01:01:23.030 align:start position:0% Not only did we get stunning images of Pluto,<01:01:21.280> but<01:01:21.440> the<01:01:21.680> data<01:01:21.920> from<01:01:22.160> New<01:01:22.400> Horizons 01:01:23.030 --> 01:01:23.040 align:start position:0% Pluto, but the data from New Horizons 01:01:23.040 --> 01:01:25.430 align:start position:0% Pluto, but the data from New Horizons forever<01:01:23.520> changed<01:01:23.920> how<01:01:24.160> we<01:01:24.480> understand<01:01:25.040> our 01:01:25.430 --> 01:01:25.440 align:start position:0% forever changed how we understand our 01:01:25.440 --> 01:01:28.069 align:start position:0% forever changed how we understand our favorite<01:01:25.680> dwarf<01:01:26.160> planet.<01:01:27.280> It<01:01:27.520> revealed<01:01:27.839> that 01:01:28.069 --> 01:01:28.079 align:start position:0% favorite dwarf planet. It revealed that 01:01:28.079 --> 01:01:29.990 align:start position:0% favorite dwarf planet. It revealed that Pluto<01:01:28.480> is<01:01:28.720> far<01:01:28.960> more<01:01:29.200> complex<01:01:29.599> than<01:01:29.839> we 01:01:29.990 --> 01:01:30.000 align:start position:0% Pluto is far more complex than we 01:01:30.000 --> 01:01:32.309 align:start position:0% Pluto is far more complex than we previously<01:01:30.480> thought<01:01:31.119> and<01:01:31.440> offer<01:01:31.760> clues<01:01:32.079> to 01:01:32.309 --> 01:01:32.319 align:start position:0% previously thought and offer clues to 01:01:32.319 --> 01:01:35.190 align:start position:0% previously thought and offer clues to the<01:01:32.480> origin<01:01:32.799> of<01:01:33.040> its<01:01:33.280> heart-shaped<01:01:33.839> feature. 01:01:35.190 --> 01:01:35.200 align:start position:0% the origin of its heart-shaped feature. 01:01:35.200 --> 01:01:36.710 align:start position:0% the origin of its heart-shaped feature. The<01:01:35.359> data<01:01:35.680> led<01:01:35.920> some<01:01:36.160> to<01:01:36.319> believe<01:01:36.480> that 01:01:36.710 --> 01:01:36.720 align:start position:0% The data led some to believe that 01:01:36.720 --> 01:01:38.470 align:start position:0% The data led some to believe that Pluto's<01:01:37.119> heart-shaped<01:01:37.680> region<01:01:38.079> could<01:01:38.319> be 01:01:38.470 --> 01:01:38.480 align:start position:0% Pluto's heart-shaped region could be 01:01:38.480 --> 01:01:40.549 align:start position:0% Pluto's heart-shaped region could be explained<01:01:38.880> by<01:01:39.119> an<01:01:39.359> internal<01:01:39.920> water<01:01:40.240> ice 01:01:40.549 --> 01:01:40.559 align:start position:0% explained by an internal water ice 01:01:40.559 --> 01:01:43.270 align:start position:0% explained by an internal water ice ocean.<01:01:41.680> However,<01:01:42.160> a<01:01:42.319> recent<01:01:42.640> study<01:01:42.880> led<01:01:43.119> by 01:01:43.270 --> 01:01:43.280 align:start position:0% ocean. However, a recent study led by 01:01:43.280 --> 01:01:45.589 align:start position:0% ocean. However, a recent study led by astrophysicist<01:01:44.240> Harry<01:01:44.640> Valentine<01:01:45.200> from<01:01:45.440> the 01:01:45.589 --> 01:01:45.599 align:start position:0% astrophysicist Harry Valentine from the 01:01:45.599 --> 01:01:48.309 align:start position:0% astrophysicist Harry Valentine from the University<01:01:45.920> of<01:01:46.160> Ben<01:01:46.880> has<01:01:47.200> revealed<01:01:47.680> another 01:01:48.309 --> 01:01:48.319 align:start position:0% University of Ben has revealed another 01:01:48.319 --> 01:01:51.030 align:start position:0% University of Ben has revealed another more<01:01:48.640> likely<01:01:49.040> culprit.<01:01:50.000> The<01:01:50.240> heart<01:01:50.480> shape<01:01:50.799> may 01:01:51.030 --> 01:01:51.040 align:start position:0% more likely culprit. The heart shape may 01:01:51.040 --> 01:01:53.109 align:start position:0% more likely culprit. The heart shape may have<01:01:51.200> been<01:01:51.359> caused<01:01:51.760> by<01:01:52.000> a<01:01:52.160> low<01:01:52.559> velocity 01:01:53.109 --> 01:01:53.119 align:start position:0% have been caused by a low velocity 01:01:53.119 --> 01:01:55.829 align:start position:0% have been caused by a low velocity impact<01:01:53.599> that<01:01:53.920> left<01:01:54.160> a<01:01:54.480> gigantic<01:01:55.280> splatter 01:01:55.829 --> 01:01:55.839 align:start position:0% impact that left a gigantic splatter 01:01:55.839 --> 01:01:58.390 align:start position:0% impact that left a gigantic splatter across<01:01:56.240> the<01:01:56.480> surface<01:01:56.799> of<01:01:56.960> Pluto,<01:01:57.839> creating 01:01:58.390 --> 01:01:58.400 align:start position:0% across the surface of Pluto, creating 01:01:58.400 --> 01:02:01.190 align:start position:0% across the surface of Pluto, creating the<01:01:58.640> western<01:01:59.119> half<01:01:59.440> of<01:01:59.680> the<01:01:59.839> heart<01:02:00.160> shape. 01:02:01.190 --> 01:02:01.200 align:start position:0% the western half of the heart shape. 01:02:01.200 --> 01:02:03.109 align:start position:0% the western half of the heart shape. This<01:02:01.440> impact<01:02:01.839> would<01:02:02.079> have<01:02:02.240> come<01:02:02.480> in<01:02:02.720> at<01:02:02.880> an 01:02:03.109 --> 01:02:03.119 align:start position:0% This impact would have come in at an 01:02:03.119 --> 01:02:07.109 align:start position:0% This impact would have come in at an oblique<01:02:03.680> angle,<01:02:04.400> as<01:02:04.640> in<01:02:05.040> not<01:02:05.440> straight<01:02:05.839> on. 01:02:07.109 --> 01:02:07.119 align:start position:0% oblique angle, as in not straight on. 01:02:07.119 --> 01:02:09.670 align:start position:0% oblique angle, as in not straight on. Imagine<01:02:07.760> throwing<01:02:08.160> a<01:02:08.400> water<01:02:08.720> balloon<01:02:09.119> across 01:02:09.670 --> 01:02:09.680 align:start position:0% Imagine throwing a water balloon across 01:02:09.680 --> 01:02:11.750 align:start position:0% Imagine throwing a water balloon across dry<01:02:10.000> pavement<01:02:10.559> in<01:02:10.720> the<01:02:10.880> same<01:02:11.040> way<01:02:11.200> you<01:02:11.440> might 01:02:11.750 --> 01:02:11.760 align:start position:0% dry pavement in the same way you might 01:02:11.760 --> 01:02:14.230 align:start position:0% dry pavement in the same way you might skip<01:02:12.000> a<01:02:12.240> stone<01:02:12.559> across<01:02:12.799> a<01:02:13.040> pond.<01:02:13.839> When<01:02:14.079> the 01:02:14.230 --> 01:02:14.240 align:start position:0% skip a stone across a pond. When the 01:02:14.240 --> 01:02:16.950 align:start position:0% skip a stone across a pond. When the balloon<01:02:14.640> scrapes<01:02:15.119> the<01:02:15.280> pavement,<01:02:15.920> it<01:02:16.160> pops, 01:02:16.950 --> 01:02:16.960 align:start position:0% balloon scrapes the pavement, it pops, 01:02:16.960 --> 01:02:19.510 align:start position:0% balloon scrapes the pavement, it pops, leaving<01:02:17.359> an<01:02:17.680> elongated<01:02:18.480> splat<01:02:18.880> of<01:02:19.119> water 01:02:19.510 --> 01:02:19.520 align:start position:0% leaving an elongated splat of water 01:02:19.520 --> 01:02:21.829 align:start position:0% leaving an elongated splat of water across<01:02:19.839> the<01:02:20.000> pavement.<01:02:21.119> This<01:02:21.440> kind<01:02:21.599> of 01:02:21.829 --> 01:02:21.839 align:start position:0% across the pavement. This kind of 01:02:21.839 --> 01:02:24.630 align:start position:0% across the pavement. This kind of angled,<01:02:22.559> low<01:02:22.960> velocity<01:02:23.440> impact<01:02:24.160> is<01:02:24.400> similar 01:02:24.630 --> 01:02:24.640 align:start position:0% angled, low velocity impact is similar 01:02:24.640 --> 01:02:26.870 align:start position:0% angled, low velocity impact is similar to<01:02:24.799> how<01:02:25.040> the<01:02:25.280> western<01:02:25.680> lobe<01:02:26.000> of<01:02:26.160> Pluto's<01:02:26.640> heart 01:02:26.870 --> 01:02:26.880 align:start position:0% to how the western lobe of Pluto's heart 01:02:26.880 --> 01:02:30.150 align:start position:0% to how the western lobe of Pluto's heart feature<01:02:27.680> may<01:02:28.000> have<01:02:28.240> been<01:02:28.480> created.<01:02:29.760> But<01:02:29.920> it's 01:02:30.150 --> 01:02:30.160 align:start position:0% feature may have been created. But it's 01:02:30.160 --> 01:02:32.230 align:start position:0% feature may have been created. But it's not<01:02:30.319> just<01:02:30.480> Pluto<01:02:30.880> that<01:02:31.119> we<01:02:31.280> get<01:02:31.520> to<01:02:31.680> see<01:02:31.920> up 01:02:32.230 --> 01:02:32.240 align:start position:0% not just Pluto that we get to see up 01:02:32.240 --> 01:02:35.349 align:start position:0% not just Pluto that we get to see up close.<01:02:33.040> The<01:02:33.280> images<01:02:33.599> of<01:02:33.760> Pluto's<01:02:34.319> moon<01:02:34.640> Karen 01:02:35.349 --> 01:02:35.359 align:start position:0% close. The images of Pluto's moon Karen 01:02:35.359 --> 01:02:38.230 align:start position:0% close. The images of Pluto's moon Karen were<01:02:35.760> also<01:02:36.240> incredible.<01:02:37.440> Can<01:02:37.680> you<01:02:37.839> make<01:02:38.000> out 01:02:38.230 --> 01:02:38.240 align:start position:0% were also incredible. Can you make out 01:02:38.240 --> 01:02:41.589 align:start position:0% were also incredible. Can you make out the<01:02:38.480> enormous<01:02:39.119> equatorial<01:02:39.839> tectonic<01:02:40.480> belt? 01:02:41.589 --> 01:02:41.599 align:start position:0% the enormous equatorial tectonic belt? 01:02:41.599 --> 01:02:44.789 align:start position:0% the enormous equatorial tectonic belt? His<01:02:41.920> existence<01:02:42.400> suggests<01:02:43.040> a<01:02:43.440> longgone<01:02:44.319> water 01:02:44.789 --> 01:02:44.799 align:start position:0% His existence suggests a longgone water 01:02:44.799 --> 01:02:50.069 align:start position:0% His existence suggests a longgone water ice<01:02:45.200> ocean<01:02:45.839> on<01:02:46.160> Karen. 01:02:50.069 --> 01:02:50.079 align:start position:0% 01:02:50.079 --> 01:02:52.069 align:start position:0% So<01:02:50.480> what<01:02:50.720> comes<01:02:50.960> next<01:02:51.200> in<01:02:51.440> our<01:02:51.599> quest<01:02:51.839> to 01:02:52.069 --> 01:02:52.079 align:start position:0% So what comes next in our quest to 01:02:52.079 --> 01:02:53.829 align:start position:0% So what comes next in our quest to understand<01:02:52.480> the<01:02:52.720> Kyper<01:02:53.119> belt<01:02:53.520> and 01:02:53.829 --> 01:02:53.839 align:start position:0% understand the Kyper belt and 01:02:53.839 --> 01:02:55.910 align:start position:0% understand the Kyper belt and consequently<01:02:54.640> to<01:02:54.960> understand<01:02:55.280> our<01:02:55.599> solar 01:02:55.910 --> 01:02:55.920 align:start position:0% consequently to understand our solar 01:02:55.920 --> 01:02:58.950 align:start position:0% consequently to understand our solar system?<01:02:56.960> New<01:02:57.280> Horizons<01:02:57.839> is<01:02:58.079> expected<01:02:58.480> to<01:02:58.720> exit 01:02:58.950 --> 01:02:58.960 align:start position:0% system? New Horizons is expected to exit 01:02:58.960 --> 01:03:01.750 align:start position:0% system? New Horizons is expected to exit the<01:02:59.119> Kyper<01:02:59.520> belt<01:02:59.760> sometime<01:03:00.160> between<01:03:00.559> 2028<01:03:01.440> and 01:03:01.750 --> 01:03:01.760 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt sometime between 2028 and 01:03:01.760 --> 01:03:04.710 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt sometime between 2028 and 2029.<01:03:03.119> And<01:03:03.359> while<01:03:03.599> there<01:03:03.839> is<01:03:04.000> no<01:03:04.319> current 01:03:04.710 --> 01:03:04.720 align:start position:0% 2029. And while there is no current 01:03:04.720 --> 01:03:07.270 align:start position:0% 2029. And while there is no current target<01:03:05.040> for<01:03:05.280> a<01:03:05.440> further<01:03:05.760> flyby,<01:03:06.720> it<01:03:06.960> is 01:03:07.270 --> 01:03:07.280 align:start position:0% target for a further flyby, it is 01:03:07.280 --> 01:03:09.750 align:start position:0% target for a further flyby, it is possible<01:03:07.760> that<01:03:08.079> NASA<01:03:08.720> identifies<01:03:09.280> another 01:03:09.750 --> 01:03:09.760 align:start position:0% possible that NASA identifies another 01:03:09.760 --> 01:03:12.390 align:start position:0% possible that NASA identifies another suitable<01:03:10.240> target.<01:03:11.440> New<01:03:11.680> tools<01:03:12.000> like<01:03:12.240> the 01:03:12.390 --> 01:03:12.400 align:start position:0% suitable target. New tools like the 01:03:12.400 --> 01:03:14.870 align:start position:0% suitable target. New tools like the James<01:03:12.720> Web<01:03:12.960> Space<01:03:13.280> Telescope<01:03:14.079> could<01:03:14.400> help<01:03:14.640> us 01:03:14.870 --> 01:03:14.880 align:start position:0% James Web Space Telescope could help us 01:03:14.880 --> 01:03:16.950 align:start position:0% James Web Space Telescope could help us to<01:03:15.039> further<01:03:15.520> analyze<01:03:16.000> the<01:03:16.240> composition<01:03:16.720> of 01:03:16.950 --> 01:03:16.960 align:start position:0% to further analyze the composition of 01:03:16.960 --> 01:03:19.670 align:start position:0% to further analyze the composition of Kyper<01:03:17.359> Belt<01:03:17.680> objects.<01:03:18.640> And<01:03:18.880> perhaps<01:03:19.280> in<01:03:19.520> the 01:03:19.670 --> 01:03:19.680 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt objects. And perhaps in the 01:03:19.680 --> 01:03:22.309 align:start position:0% Kyper Belt objects. And perhaps in the distant<01:03:20.000> future,<01:03:20.799> a<01:03:21.039> robotic<01:03:21.520> mission<01:03:22.000> might 01:03:22.309 --> 01:03:22.319 align:start position:0% distant future, a robotic mission might 01:03:22.319 --> 01:03:24.150 align:start position:0% distant future, a robotic mission might allow<01:03:22.640> us<01:03:22.799> to<01:03:22.960> land<01:03:23.280> on<01:03:23.599> one<01:03:23.760> of<01:03:23.839> these 01:03:24.150 --> 01:03:24.160 align:start position:0% allow us to land on one of these 01:03:24.160 --> 01:03:26.789 align:start position:0% allow us to land on one of these mysterious<01:03:24.880> objects<01:03:25.680> or<01:03:25.920> even<01:03:26.240> collect<01:03:26.559> a 01:03:26.789 --> 01:03:26.799 align:start position:0% mysterious objects or even collect a 01:03:26.799 --> 01:03:28.950 align:start position:0% mysterious objects or even collect a sample<01:03:27.200> for<01:03:27.440> a<01:03:27.760> return<01:03:28.160> mission<01:03:28.480> back<01:03:28.720> to 01:03:28.950 --> 01:03:28.960 align:start position:0% sample for a return mission back to 01:03:28.960 --> 01:03:31.510 align:start position:0% sample for a return mission back to Earth.<01:03:30.079> Who<01:03:30.319> knows<01:03:30.799> what<01:03:31.039> else<01:03:31.200> we'll 01:03:31.510 --> 01:03:31.520 align:start position:0% Earth. Who knows what else we'll 01:03:31.520 --> 01:03:34.069 align:start position:0% Earth. Who knows what else we'll discover<01:03:31.920> out<01:03:32.079> there<01:03:32.480> in<01:03:32.799> this<01:03:33.039> vast<01:03:33.599> frozen 01:03:34.069 --> 01:03:34.079 align:start position:0% discover out there in this vast frozen 01:03:34.079 --> 01:03:37.349 align:start position:0% discover out there in this vast frozen frontier.<01:03:35.200> As<01:03:35.520> technology<01:03:36.000> advances,<01:03:36.960> future 01:03:37.349 --> 01:03:37.359 align:start position:0% frontier. As technology advances, future 01:03:37.359 --> 01:03:39.670 align:start position:0% frontier. As technology advances, future missions<01:03:37.839> will<01:03:38.160> hopefully<01:03:38.559> push<01:03:38.960> deeper<01:03:39.359> into 01:03:39.670 --> 01:03:39.680 align:start position:0% missions will hopefully push deeper into 01:03:39.680 --> 01:03:42.470 align:start position:0% missions will hopefully push deeper into the<01:03:39.839> Kyper<01:03:40.319> belt,<01:03:41.039> revealing<01:03:41.520> more<01:03:41.920> of<01:03:42.079> its 01:03:42.470 --> 01:03:42.480 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, revealing more of its 01:03:42.480 --> 01:03:45.430 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, revealing more of its long-held<01:03:42.960> secrets,<01:03:43.920> one<01:03:44.400> icy<01:03:44.720> world<01:03:45.039> at<01:03:45.280> a 01:03:45.430 --> 01:03:45.440 align:start position:0% long-held secrets, one icy world at a 01:03:45.440 --> 01:03:49.349 align:start position:0% long-held secrets, one icy world at a time. 01:03:49.349 --> 01:03:49.359 align:start position:0% 01:03:49.359 --> 01:03:51.270 align:start position:0% What<01:03:49.599> if<01:03:49.839> I<01:03:50.000> told<01:03:50.160> you<01:03:50.400> that<01:03:50.559> there<01:03:50.880> is<01:03:51.039> a 01:03:51.270 --> 01:03:51.280 align:start position:0% What if I told you that there is a 01:03:51.280 --> 01:03:53.589 align:start position:0% What if I told you that there is a colossal<01:03:52.000> structure<01:03:52.400> that<01:03:52.720> begins<01:03:53.119> at<01:03:53.359> the 01:03:53.589 --> 01:03:53.599 align:start position:0% colossal structure that begins at the 01:03:53.599 --> 01:03:57.829 align:start position:0% colossal structure that begins at the edge<01:03:53.839> of<01:03:54.000> our<01:03:54.240> solar<01:03:54.640> system? 01:03:57.829 --> 01:03:57.839 align:start position:0% 01:03:57.839 --> 01:04:00.390 align:start position:0% One<01:03:58.000> that<01:03:58.240> encircles<01:03:58.960> our<01:03:59.359> sun<01:03:59.599> and<01:03:59.920> all<01:04:00.240> of 01:04:00.390 --> 01:04:00.400 align:start position:0% One that encircles our sun and all of 01:04:00.400 --> 01:04:04.470 align:start position:0% One that encircles our sun and all of the<01:04:00.640> planets.<01:04:01.760> But<01:04:02.079> we've<01:04:02.559> never<01:04:02.960> seen<01:04:03.200> it.<01:04:04.319> A 01:04:04.470 --> 01:04:04.480 align:start position:0% the planets. But we've never seen it. A 01:04:04.480 --> 01:04:07.109 align:start position:0% the planets. But we've never seen it. A shell<01:04:04.880> made<01:04:05.039> up<01:04:05.280> of<01:04:05.760> billions<01:04:06.480> or<01:04:06.720> even 01:04:07.109 --> 01:04:07.119 align:start position:0% shell made up of billions or even 01:04:07.119 --> 01:04:10.309 align:start position:0% shell made up of billions or even trillions<01:04:07.760> of<01:04:08.160> ancient<01:04:09.039> icy<01:04:09.359> chunks<01:04:09.839> the<01:04:10.160> size 01:04:10.309 --> 01:04:10.319 align:start position:0% trillions of ancient icy chunks the size 01:04:10.319 --> 01:04:13.270 align:start position:0% trillions of ancient icy chunks the size of<01:04:10.720> mountains<01:04:11.760> marks<01:04:12.160> the<01:04:12.480> outermost 01:04:13.270 --> 01:04:13.280 align:start position:0% of mountains marks the outermost 01:04:13.280 --> 01:04:16.390 align:start position:0% of mountains marks the outermost boundary<01:04:13.680> of<01:04:13.920> our<01:04:14.160> solar<01:04:14.480> system.<01:04:15.359> Or<01:04:15.920> so<01:04:16.160> we 01:04:16.390 --> 01:04:16.400 align:start position:0% boundary of our solar system. Or so we 01:04:16.400 --> 01:04:20.549 align:start position:0% boundary of our solar system. Or so we think. 01:04:20.549 --> 01:04:20.559 align:start position:0% 01:04:20.559 --> 01:04:23.029 align:start position:0% Jaw-droppingly<01:04:21.440> far<01:04:21.760> away,<01:04:22.400> beyond<01:04:22.799> the 01:04:23.029 --> 01:04:23.039 align:start position:0% Jaw-droppingly far away, beyond the 01:04:23.039 --> 01:04:25.109 align:start position:0% Jaw-droppingly far away, beyond the reach<01:04:23.280> of<01:04:23.520> even<01:04:23.760> our<01:04:24.160> most<01:04:24.559> powerful 01:04:25.109 --> 01:04:25.119 align:start position:0% reach of even our most powerful 01:04:25.119 --> 01:04:27.829 align:start position:0% reach of even our most powerful telescopes,<01:04:26.240> the<01:04:26.400> or<01:04:26.720> cloud<01:04:27.039> is<01:04:27.200> a<01:04:27.359> region 01:04:27.829 --> 01:04:27.839 align:start position:0% telescopes, the or cloud is a region 01:04:27.839 --> 01:04:30.549 align:start position:0% telescopes, the or cloud is a region shrouded<01:04:28.400> in<01:04:28.640> mystery<01:04:29.119> and<01:04:29.440> speculation 01:04:30.549 --> 01:04:30.559 align:start position:0% shrouded in mystery and speculation 01:04:30.559 --> 01:04:33.190 align:start position:0% shrouded in mystery and speculation where<01:04:30.799> the<01:04:31.039> sun's<01:04:31.359> influence<01:04:31.920> grows<01:04:32.319> faint<01:04:32.880> as 01:04:33.190 --> 01:04:33.200 align:start position:0% where the sun's influence grows faint as 01:04:33.200 --> 01:04:35.270 align:start position:0% where the sun's influence grows faint as it<01:04:33.359> brushes<01:04:33.839> up<01:04:34.079> against<01:04:34.400> the<01:04:34.640> void<01:04:35.039> of 01:04:35.270 --> 01:04:35.280 align:start position:0% it brushes up against the void of 01:04:35.280 --> 01:04:38.710 align:start position:0% it brushes up against the void of interstellar<01:04:36.000> space.<01:04:37.039> What<01:04:37.280> exactly<01:04:37.920> is<01:04:38.319> this 01:04:38.710 --> 01:04:38.720 align:start position:0% interstellar space. What exactly is this 01:04:38.720 --> 01:04:42.150 align:start position:0% interstellar space. What exactly is this odd<01:04:39.280> cloud?<01:04:40.400> If<01:04:40.640> we've<01:04:40.960> never<01:04:41.440> directly 01:04:42.150 --> 01:04:42.160 align:start position:0% odd cloud? If we've never directly 01:04:42.160 --> 01:04:44.309 align:start position:0% odd cloud? If we've never directly observed<01:04:42.640> it,<01:04:43.200> how<01:04:43.359> do<01:04:43.440> we<01:04:43.599> know<01:04:43.760> it's<01:04:44.079> out 01:04:44.309 --> 01:04:44.319 align:start position:0% observed it, how do we know it's out 01:04:44.319 --> 01:04:47.589 align:start position:0% observed it, how do we know it's out there?<01:04:45.200> And<01:04:45.599> why<01:04:45.839> do<01:04:46.160> some<01:04:46.559> people<01:04:47.200> question 01:04:47.589 --> 01:04:47.599 align:start position:0% there? And why do some people question 01:04:47.599 --> 01:04:51.990 align:start position:0% there? And why do some people question its<01:04:48.000> existence?<01:04:49.440> Let's<01:04:50.000> find<01:04:50.240> out.<01:04:51.440> I'm<01:04:51.680> Alex 01:04:51.990 --> 01:04:52.000 align:start position:0% its existence? Let's find out. I'm Alex 01:04:52.000 --> 01:04:54.549 align:start position:0% its existence? Let's find out. I'm Alex Mcccoan<01:04:52.720> and<01:04:52.960> you're<01:04:53.280> watching<01:04:53.599> Astramm. 01:04:54.549 --> 01:04:54.559 align:start position:0% Mcccoan and you're watching Astramm. 01:04:54.559 --> 01:04:56.789 align:start position:0% Mcccoan and you're watching Astramm. Join<01:04:54.799> me<01:04:55.039> today<01:04:55.280> as<01:04:55.520> we<01:04:55.839> venture<01:04:56.240> to<01:04:56.480> the 01:04:56.789 --> 01:04:56.799 align:start position:0% Join me today as we venture to the 01:04:56.799 --> 01:04:59.349 align:start position:0% Join me today as we venture to the farthest<01:04:57.359> reaches<01:04:57.839> of<01:04:58.079> our<01:04:58.319> solar<01:04:58.640> system<01:04:59.039> and 01:04:59.349 --> 01:04:59.359 align:start position:0% farthest reaches of our solar system and 01:04:59.359 --> 01:05:02.150 align:start position:0% farthest reaches of our solar system and beyond<01:05:00.240> to<01:05:00.559> construct<01:05:00.960> an<01:05:01.200> image<01:05:01.520> of<01:05:01.839> this 01:05:02.150 --> 01:05:02.160 align:start position:0% beyond to construct an image of this 01:05:02.160 --> 01:05:07.349 align:start position:0% beyond to construct an image of this unseen<01:05:03.039> astronomical<01:05:04.079> wonder. 01:05:07.349 --> 01:05:07.359 align:start position:0% 01:05:07.359 --> 01:05:09.349 align:start position:0% You've<01:05:07.839> probably<01:05:08.240> heard<01:05:08.400> of<01:05:08.640> the<01:05:08.880> asteroid 01:05:09.349 --> 01:05:09.359 align:start position:0% You've probably heard of the asteroid 01:05:09.359 --> 01:05:12.630 align:start position:0% You've probably heard of the asteroid belt<01:05:09.920> and<01:05:10.240> maybe<01:05:10.559> even<01:05:10.799> the<01:05:11.039> Kyper<01:05:11.520> belt.<01:05:12.319> At 01:05:12.630 --> 01:05:12.640 align:start position:0% belt and maybe even the Kyper belt. At 01:05:12.640 --> 01:05:14.390 align:start position:0% belt and maybe even the Kyper belt. At two<01:05:12.880> different<01:05:13.200> locations<01:05:13.599> in<01:05:13.839> our<01:05:14.079> solar 01:05:14.390 --> 01:05:14.400 align:start position:0% two different locations in our solar 01:05:14.400 --> 01:05:17.029 align:start position:0% two different locations in our solar system,<01:05:14.960> these<01:05:15.280> roughly<01:05:15.760> donut-shaped<01:05:16.640> bands 01:05:17.029 --> 01:05:17.039 align:start position:0% system, these roughly donut-shaped bands 01:05:17.039 --> 01:05:19.109 align:start position:0% system, these roughly donut-shaped bands of<01:05:17.280> debris<01:05:17.920> each<01:05:18.240> move<01:05:18.480> in<01:05:18.720> the<01:05:18.880> same 01:05:19.109 --> 01:05:19.119 align:start position:0% of debris each move in the same 01:05:19.119 --> 01:05:21.750 align:start position:0% of debris each move in the same direction<01:05:20.000> and<01:05:20.480> more<01:05:20.640> or<01:05:20.880> less<01:05:21.200> on<01:05:21.440> the<01:05:21.599> same 01:05:21.750 --> 01:05:21.760 align:start position:0% direction and more or less on the same 01:05:21.760 --> 01:05:24.150 align:start position:0% direction and more or less on the same orbital<01:05:22.319> plane<01:05:22.720> as<01:05:22.960> the<01:05:23.200> planets<01:05:23.599> around<01:05:23.839> our 01:05:24.150 --> 01:05:24.160 align:start position:0% orbital plane as the planets around our 01:05:24.160 --> 01:05:27.029 align:start position:0% orbital plane as the planets around our sun.<01:05:24.960> The<01:05:25.119> asteroid<01:05:25.599> belt<01:05:25.920> is<01:05:26.160> the<01:05:26.480> closest<01:05:26.880> to 01:05:27.029 --> 01:05:27.039 align:start position:0% sun. The asteroid belt is the closest to 01:05:27.039 --> 01:05:29.270 align:start position:0% sun. The asteroid belt is the closest to the<01:05:27.280> sun<01:05:27.520> of<01:05:27.760> these<01:05:28.000> two<01:05:28.240> debris<01:05:28.640> rings, 01:05:29.270 --> 01:05:29.280 align:start position:0% the sun of these two debris rings, 01:05:29.280 --> 01:05:31.990 align:start position:0% the sun of these two debris rings, located<01:05:29.760> between<01:05:30.160> Mars<01:05:30.480> and<01:05:30.720> Jupiter,<01:05:31.599> and 01:05:31.990 --> 01:05:32.000 align:start position:0% located between Mars and Jupiter, and 01:05:32.000 --> 01:05:34.150 align:start position:0% located between Mars and Jupiter, and consists<01:05:32.480> of<01:05:32.799> millions<01:05:33.359> of<01:05:33.520> orbiting 01:05:34.150 --> 01:05:34.160 align:start position:0% consists of millions of orbiting 01:05:34.160 --> 01:05:35.670 align:start position:0% consists of millions of orbiting asteroids. 01:05:35.670 --> 01:05:35.680 align:start position:0% asteroids. 01:05:35.680 --> 01:05:38.069 align:start position:0% asteroids. The<01:05:35.920> Kyper<01:05:36.400> belt<01:05:36.799> on<01:05:36.960> the<01:05:37.119> other<01:05:37.280> hand<01:05:37.839> was 01:05:38.069 --> 01:05:38.079 align:start position:0% The Kyper belt on the other hand was 01:05:38.079 --> 01:05:40.069 align:start position:0% The Kyper belt on the other hand was first<01:05:38.400> proposed<01:05:38.799> by<01:05:38.960> astronomer<01:05:39.599> Gerard 01:05:40.069 --> 01:05:40.079 align:start position:0% first proposed by astronomer Gerard 01:05:40.079 --> 01:05:42.710 align:start position:0% first proposed by astronomer Gerard Kyper<01:05:40.720> as<01:05:41.039> the<01:05:41.280> origin<01:05:41.680> of<01:05:42.000> short<01:05:42.319> period 01:05:42.710 --> 01:05:42.720 align:start position:0% Kyper as the origin of short period 01:05:42.720 --> 01:05:45.670 align:start position:0% Kyper as the origin of short period comets<01:05:43.200> in<01:05:43.359> the<01:05:43.440> midentth<01:05:44.079> century.<01:05:45.119> It<01:05:45.359> is<01:05:45.440> a 01:05:45.670 --> 01:05:45.680 align:start position:0% comets in the midentth century. It is a 01:05:45.680 --> 01:05:48.309 align:start position:0% comets in the midentth century. It is a massive<01:05:46.160> field<01:05:46.400> of<01:05:46.799> icy<01:05:47.119> debris<01:05:47.599> out<01:05:47.920> past 01:05:48.309 --> 01:05:48.319 align:start position:0% massive field of icy debris out past 01:05:48.319 --> 01:05:51.510 align:start position:0% massive field of icy debris out past Neptune.<01:05:49.440> Occasionally<01:05:50.400> a<01:05:50.640> piece<01:05:50.880> of<01:05:51.039> Kyper 01:05:51.510 --> 01:05:51.520 align:start position:0% Neptune. Occasionally a piece of Kyper 01:05:51.520 --> 01:05:53.910 align:start position:0% Neptune. Occasionally a piece of Kyper belt<01:05:51.760> debris<01:05:52.160> will<01:05:52.400> get<01:05:52.559> pushed<01:05:52.880> by<01:05:53.039> gravity 01:05:53.910 --> 01:05:53.920 align:start position:0% belt debris will get pushed by gravity 01:05:53.920 --> 01:05:56.390 align:start position:0% belt debris will get pushed by gravity sending<01:05:54.240> it<01:05:54.480> on<01:05:54.720> a<01:05:55.039> new<01:05:55.280> orbit<01:05:55.760> closer<01:05:56.079> to<01:05:56.240> the 01:05:56.390 --> 01:05:56.400 align:start position:0% sending it on a new orbit closer to the 01:05:56.400 --> 01:06:00.230 align:start position:0% sending it on a new orbit closer to the sun.<01:05:57.440> In<01:05:57.760> some<01:05:58.000> cases<01:05:58.720> this<01:05:58.960> creates<01:05:59.440> a<01:05:59.760> new 01:06:00.230 --> 01:06:00.240 align:start position:0% sun. In some cases this creates a new 01:06:00.240 --> 01:06:02.950 align:start position:0% sun. In some cases this creates a new short<01:06:00.559> period<01:06:01.039> comet.<01:06:02.000> These<01:06:02.319> comets<01:06:02.720> have 01:06:02.950 --> 01:06:02.960 align:start position:0% short period comet. These comets have 01:06:02.960 --> 01:06:05.430 align:start position:0% short period comet. These comets have orbits<01:06:03.359> of<01:06:03.520> less<01:06:03.680> than<01:06:03.920> 200<01:06:04.400> years<01:06:04.960> and<01:06:05.200> are 01:06:05.430 --> 01:06:05.440 align:start position:0% orbits of less than 200 years and are 01:06:05.440 --> 01:06:07.510 align:start position:0% orbits of less than 200 years and are often<01:06:05.760> predictable<01:06:06.480> as<01:06:06.720> they<01:06:06.960> continue<01:06:07.359> to 01:06:07.510 --> 01:06:07.520 align:start position:0% often predictable as they continue to 01:06:07.520 --> 01:06:10.069 align:start position:0% often predictable as they continue to make<01:06:07.760> subsequent<01:06:08.240> orbits<01:06:08.640> around<01:06:08.799> the<01:06:09.039> sun. 01:06:10.069 --> 01:06:10.079 align:start position:0% make subsequent orbits around the sun. 01:06:10.079 --> 01:06:11.829 align:start position:0% make subsequent orbits around the sun. At<01:06:10.319> the<01:06:10.480> same<01:06:10.640> time<01:06:10.880> that<01:06:11.119> Kyper<01:06:11.599> was 01:06:11.829 --> 01:06:11.839 align:start position:0% At the same time that Kyper was 01:06:11.839 --> 01:06:13.829 align:start position:0% At the same time that Kyper was investigating<01:06:12.400> short<01:06:12.640> period<01:06:13.039> comets,<01:06:13.680> a 01:06:13.829 --> 01:06:13.839 align:start position:0% investigating short period comets, a 01:06:13.839 --> 01:06:16.710 align:start position:0% investigating short period comets, a Dutch<01:06:14.160> astronomer<01:06:14.720> named<01:06:15.200> Yanort<01:06:16.400> was 01:06:16.710 --> 01:06:16.720 align:start position:0% Dutch astronomer named Yanort was 01:06:16.720 --> 01:06:19.349 align:start position:0% Dutch astronomer named Yanort was contemplating<01:06:17.280> the<01:06:17.599> origin<01:06:18.079> of<01:06:18.480> long<01:06:18.960> period 01:06:19.349 --> 01:06:19.359 align:start position:0% contemplating the origin of long period 01:06:19.359 --> 01:06:22.549 align:start position:0% contemplating the origin of long period comets.<01:06:20.640> Few<01:06:21.119> scientists<01:06:21.680> of<01:06:21.920> the<01:06:22.079> 20th 01:06:22.549 --> 01:06:22.559 align:start position:0% comets. Few scientists of the 20th 01:06:22.559 --> 01:06:24.630 align:start position:0% comets. Few scientists of the 20th century<01:06:22.960> made<01:06:23.280> more<01:06:23.680> contributions<01:06:24.319> to 01:06:24.630 --> 01:06:24.640 align:start position:0% century made more contributions to 01:06:24.640 --> 01:06:28.950 align:start position:0% century made more contributions to astronomy<01:06:25.280> than<01:06:25.760> u.<01:06:26.559> In<01:06:26.880> 1927,<01:06:28.079> he<01:06:28.319> calculated 01:06:28.950 --> 01:06:28.960 align:start position:0% astronomy than u. In 1927, he calculated 01:06:28.960 --> 01:06:31.510 align:start position:0% astronomy than u. In 1927, he calculated our<01:06:29.359> place<01:06:29.599> in<01:06:29.760> the<01:06:29.839> Milky<01:06:30.160> Way<01:06:30.400> galaxy.<01:06:31.359> And 01:06:31.510 --> 01:06:31.520 align:start position:0% our place in the Milky Way galaxy. And 01:06:31.520 --> 01:06:34.630 align:start position:0% our place in the Milky Way galaxy. And in<01:06:31.839> 1932,<01:06:33.280> he<01:06:33.520> was<01:06:33.680> the<01:06:33.920> first<01:06:34.160> to<01:06:34.400> find 01:06:34.630 --> 01:06:34.640 align:start position:0% in 1932, he was the first to find 01:06:34.640 --> 01:06:37.430 align:start position:0% in 1932, he was the first to find evidence<01:06:35.039> of<01:06:35.359> dark<01:06:35.760> matter,<01:06:36.480> to<01:06:36.720> name<01:06:36.960> a<01:06:37.200> few 01:06:37.430 --> 01:06:37.440 align:start position:0% evidence of dark matter, to name a few 01:06:37.440 --> 01:06:41.510 align:start position:0% evidence of dark matter, to name a few examples<01:06:37.839> of<01:06:38.079> his<01:06:38.319> discoveries.<01:06:39.760> In<01:06:40.160> 1950, 01:06:41.510 --> 01:06:41.520 align:start position:0% examples of his discoveries. In 1950, 01:06:41.520 --> 01:06:43.750 align:start position:0% examples of his discoveries. In 1950, Ort<01:06:42.000> was<01:06:42.240> the<01:06:42.480> first<01:06:42.799> to<01:06:42.960> theorize<01:06:43.520> the 01:06:43.750 --> 01:06:43.760 align:start position:0% Ort was the first to theorize the 01:06:43.760 --> 01:06:47.190 align:start position:0% Ort was the first to theorize the existence<01:06:44.240> of<01:06:44.559> a<01:06:44.880> thick<01:06:45.359> bubble<01:06:45.760> of<01:06:46.079> swarming 01:06:47.190 --> 01:06:47.200 align:start position:0% existence of a thick bubble of swarming 01:06:47.200 --> 01:06:49.430 align:start position:0% existence of a thick bubble of swarming icy<01:06:47.520> debris<01:06:47.839> that<01:06:48.160> surrounded<01:06:48.640> our<01:06:49.039> entire 01:06:49.430 --> 01:06:49.440 align:start position:0% icy debris that surrounded our entire 01:06:49.440 --> 01:06:51.990 align:start position:0% icy debris that surrounded our entire solar<01:06:49.760> system,<01:06:50.480> now<01:06:50.799> known<01:06:51.200> as<01:06:51.359> the<01:06:51.599> Ort 01:06:51.990 --> 01:06:52.000 align:start position:0% solar system, now known as the Ort 01:06:52.000 --> 01:06:55.349 align:start position:0% solar system, now known as the Ort cloud.<01:06:53.200> But<01:06:53.680> unlike<01:06:54.079> the<01:06:54.319> asteroid<01:06:54.799> belt<01:06:55.119> and 01:06:55.349 --> 01:06:55.359 align:start position:0% cloud. But unlike the asteroid belt and 01:06:55.359 --> 01:06:57.910 align:start position:0% cloud. But unlike the asteroid belt and Kyper<01:06:55.760> belt,<01:06:56.400> it's<01:06:56.720> still<01:06:56.960> yet<01:06:57.280> to<01:06:57.520> be 01:06:57.910 --> 01:06:57.920 align:start position:0% Kyper belt, it's still yet to be 01:06:57.920 --> 01:07:00.309 align:start position:0% Kyper belt, it's still yet to be directly<01:06:58.559> observed. 01:07:00.309 --> 01:07:00.319 align:start position:0% directly observed. 01:07:00.319 --> 01:07:02.470 align:start position:0% directly observed. To<01:07:00.640> understand<01:07:01.039> this<01:07:01.280> theory,<01:07:02.079> let<01:07:02.319> me 01:07:02.470 --> 01:07:02.480 align:start position:0% To understand this theory, let me 01:07:02.480 --> 01:07:07.109 align:start position:0% To understand this theory, let me explain<01:07:02.960> what<01:07:03.200> led<01:07:03.680> or<01:07:04.079> to<01:07:04.240> this<01:07:04.480> proposition. 01:07:07.109 --> 01:07:07.119 align:start position:0% explain what led or to this proposition. 01:07:07.119 --> 01:07:10.150 align:start position:0% explain what led or to this proposition. Unlike<01:07:07.599> comets<01:07:08.160> with<01:07:08.559> short<01:07:08.960> orbits,<01:07:09.760> such<01:07:09.920> as 01:07:10.150 --> 01:07:10.160 align:start position:0% Unlike comets with short orbits, such as 01:07:10.160 --> 01:07:12.630 align:start position:0% Unlike comets with short orbits, such as Hal's<01:07:10.640> comet<01:07:11.039> with<01:07:11.280> an<01:07:11.440> average<01:07:11.839> period<01:07:12.240> of 01:07:12.630 --> 01:07:12.640 align:start position:0% Hal's comet with an average period of 01:07:12.640 --> 01:07:17.109 align:start position:0% Hal's comet with an average period of 75.3<01:07:13.920> years<01:07:14.880> or<01:07:15.280> comet<01:07:15.680> Enka<01:07:16.400> with<01:07:16.640> a<01:07:16.799> period 01:07:17.109 --> 01:07:17.119 align:start position:0% 75.3 years or comet Enka with a period 01:07:17.119 --> 01:07:20.789 align:start position:0% 75.3 years or comet Enka with a period of<01:07:17.280> just<01:07:17.599> 3.3<01:07:18.400> years,<01:07:19.440> long<01:07:19.839> period<01:07:20.160> comets 01:07:20.789 --> 01:07:20.799 align:start position:0% of just 3.3 years, long period comets 01:07:20.799 --> 01:07:22.950 align:start position:0% of just 3.3 years, long period comets were<01:07:21.280> unpredictable. 01:07:22.950 --> 01:07:22.960 align:start position:0% were unpredictable. 01:07:22.960 --> 01:07:25.109 align:start position:0% were unpredictable. For<01:07:23.200> one<01:07:23.440> thing,<01:07:23.920> their<01:07:24.240> orbital<01:07:24.720> periods 01:07:25.109 --> 01:07:25.119 align:start position:0% For one thing, their orbital periods 01:07:25.119 --> 01:07:27.670 align:start position:0% For one thing, their orbital periods were<01:07:25.359> so<01:07:25.680> long<01:07:26.240> that<01:07:26.559> in<01:07:26.720> some<01:07:26.960> cases<01:07:27.440> they 01:07:27.670 --> 01:07:27.680 align:start position:0% were so long that in some cases they 01:07:27.680 --> 01:07:31.349 align:start position:0% were so long that in some cases they could<01:07:27.839> take<01:07:28.079> as<01:07:28.400> many<01:07:28.960> as<01:07:29.599> 30<01:07:30.400> million<01:07:30.960> years 01:07:31.349 --> 01:07:31.359 align:start position:0% could take as many as 30 million years 01:07:31.359 --> 01:07:35.589 align:start position:0% could take as many as 30 million years to<01:07:31.680> complete<01:07:32.240> one<01:07:32.720> orbit.<01:07:34.160> And<01:07:34.720> curiously, 01:07:35.589 --> 01:07:35.599 align:start position:0% to complete one orbit. And curiously, 01:07:35.599 --> 01:07:37.910 align:start position:0% to complete one orbit. And curiously, these<01:07:35.920> comets<01:07:36.400> came<01:07:36.640> from<01:07:36.960> all<01:07:37.440> different 01:07:37.910 --> 01:07:37.920 align:start position:0% these comets came from all different 01:07:37.920 --> 01:07:40.630 align:start position:0% these comets came from all different directions<01:07:38.799> and<01:07:39.119> had<01:07:39.520> various<01:07:40.079> orbital 01:07:40.630 --> 01:07:40.640 align:start position:0% directions and had various orbital 01:07:40.640 --> 01:07:42.230 align:start position:0% directions and had various orbital inclinations. 01:07:42.230 --> 01:07:42.240 align:start position:0% inclinations. 01:07:42.240 --> 01:07:44.789 align:start position:0% inclinations. It<01:07:42.559> was<01:07:42.720> a<01:07:43.039> mystery<01:07:43.599> on<01:07:43.920> the<01:07:44.160> grandest<01:07:44.640> of 01:07:44.789 --> 01:07:44.799 align:start position:0% It was a mystery on the grandest of 01:07:44.799 --> 01:07:48.150 align:start position:0% It was a mystery on the grandest of scales,<01:07:45.680> but<01:07:46.480> noticed<01:07:46.960> a<01:07:47.200> few<01:07:47.440> things<01:07:47.680> that 01:07:48.150 --> 01:07:48.160 align:start position:0% scales, but noticed a few things that 01:07:48.160 --> 01:07:50.950 align:start position:0% scales, but noticed a few things that all<01:07:48.400> of<01:07:48.640> these<01:07:48.960> long<01:07:49.280> period<01:07:49.599> comets<01:07:50.319> had<01:07:50.640> in 01:07:50.950 --> 01:07:50.960 align:start position:0% all of these long period comets had in 01:07:50.960 --> 01:07:53.190 align:start position:0% all of these long period comets had in common.<01:07:51.599> Their 01:07:53.190 --> 01:07:53.200 align:start position:0% common. Their 01:07:53.200 --> 01:07:55.109 align:start position:0% common. Their orbits<01:07:53.599> indicated<01:07:54.160> that<01:07:54.400> these<01:07:54.640> comets 01:07:55.109 --> 01:07:55.119 align:start position:0% orbits indicated that these comets 01:07:55.119 --> 01:07:56.789 align:start position:0% orbits indicated that these comets weren't<01:07:55.520> coming<01:07:55.760> from<01:07:56.079> far<01:07:56.400> out<01:07:56.559> in 01:07:56.789 --> 01:07:56.799 align:start position:0% weren't coming from far out in 01:07:56.799 --> 01:07:59.270 align:start position:0% weren't coming from far out in interstellar<01:07:57.599> space,<01:07:58.559> but<01:07:58.799> that<01:07:59.039> their 01:07:59.270 --> 01:07:59.280 align:start position:0% interstellar space, but that their 01:07:59.280 --> 01:08:01.910 align:start position:0% interstellar space, but that their origin<01:07:59.680> had<01:08:00.000> to<01:08:00.160> be<01:08:00.319> closer<01:08:00.640> to<01:08:00.880> home. 01:08:01.910 --> 01:08:01.920 align:start position:0% origin had to be closer to home. 01:08:01.920 --> 01:08:04.309 align:start position:0% origin had to be closer to home. However,<01:08:02.480> as<01:08:02.640> I'll<01:08:02.960> explain<01:08:03.280> in<01:08:03.520> a<01:08:03.680> moment, 01:08:04.309 --> 01:08:04.319 align:start position:0% However, as I'll explain in a moment, 01:08:04.319 --> 01:08:08.309 align:start position:0% However, as I'll explain in a moment, not<01:08:04.640> too<01:08:04.960> close<01:08:05.280> to<01:08:05.440> home.<01:08:06.880> So,<01:08:07.359> if<01:08:07.599> these<01:08:08.000> long 01:08:08.309 --> 01:08:08.319 align:start position:0% not too close to home. So, if these long 01:08:08.319 --> 01:08:10.150 align:start position:0% not too close to home. So, if these long period<01:08:08.720> comets<01:08:09.280> weren't<01:08:09.680> coming<01:08:09.839> from<01:08:10.000> the 01:08:10.150 --> 01:08:10.160 align:start position:0% period comets weren't coming from the 01:08:10.160 --> 01:08:12.470 align:start position:0% period comets weren't coming from the Kyper<01:08:10.640> belt<01:08:11.119> and<01:08:11.440> weren't<01:08:11.839> coming<01:08:12.000> from<01:08:12.240> far 01:08:12.470 --> 01:08:12.480 align:start position:0% Kyper belt and weren't coming from far 01:08:12.480 --> 01:08:15.430 align:start position:0% Kyper belt and weren't coming from far out<01:08:12.720> in<01:08:12.960> interstellar<01:08:13.680> space,<01:08:14.720> where<01:08:15.119> were 01:08:15.430 --> 01:08:15.440 align:start position:0% out in interstellar space, where were 01:08:15.440 --> 01:08:17.910 align:start position:0% out in interstellar space, where were they<01:08:15.760> coming<01:08:16.000> from? 01:08:17.910 --> 01:08:17.920 align:start position:0% they coming from? 01:08:17.920 --> 01:08:20.550 align:start position:0% they coming from? ought<01:08:18.239> found<01:08:18.560> a<01:08:18.799> peculiar<01:08:19.520> similarity<01:08:20.239> among 01:08:20.550 --> 01:08:20.560 align:start position:0% ought found a peculiar similarity among 01:08:20.560 --> 01:08:22.870 align:start position:0% ought found a peculiar similarity among the<01:08:20.799> orbits<01:08:21.199> of<01:08:21.359> these<01:08:21.600> comets,<01:08:22.480> one<01:08:22.640> that 01:08:22.870 --> 01:08:22.880 align:start position:0% the orbits of these comets, one that 01:08:22.880 --> 01:08:24.950 align:start position:0% the orbits of these comets, one that might<01:08:23.199> provide<01:08:23.600> the<01:08:23.920> answer<01:08:24.400> to<01:08:24.640> that 01:08:24.950 --> 01:08:24.960 align:start position:0% might provide the answer to that 01:08:24.960 --> 01:08:26.950 align:start position:0% might provide the answer to that question. 01:08:26.950 --> 01:08:26.960 align:start position:0% question. 01:08:26.960 --> 01:08:29.189 align:start position:0% question. The<01:08:27.199> point<01:08:27.440> in<01:08:27.679> a<01:08:27.839> comet's<01:08:28.239> orbit<01:08:28.640> where<01:08:28.799> it<01:08:28.960> is 01:08:29.189 --> 01:08:29.199 align:start position:0% The point in a comet's orbit where it is 01:08:29.199 --> 01:08:31.269 align:start position:0% The point in a comet's orbit where it is most<01:08:29.440> distant<01:08:29.759> from<01:08:29.920> the<01:08:30.080> sun<01:08:30.400> is<01:08:30.640> called<01:08:31.040> the 01:08:31.269 --> 01:08:31.279 align:start position:0% most distant from the sun is called the 01:08:31.279 --> 01:08:34.789 align:start position:0% most distant from the sun is called the appelon<01:08:32.719> or<01:08:33.120> noticed<01:08:33.520> that<01:08:33.839> all<01:08:34.239> observed 01:08:34.789 --> 01:08:34.799 align:start position:0% appelon or noticed that all observed 01:08:34.799 --> 01:08:36.470 align:start position:0% appelon or noticed that all observed long<01:08:35.040> period<01:08:35.359> comets<01:08:35.759> seem<01:08:35.920> to<01:08:36.080> have<01:08:36.239> an 01:08:36.470 --> 01:08:36.480 align:start position:0% long period comets seem to have an 01:08:36.480 --> 01:08:39.030 align:start position:0% long period comets seem to have an appelion<01:08:37.279> that<01:08:37.600> all<01:08:37.920> grouped<01:08:38.400> around<01:08:38.719> a 01:08:39.030 --> 01:08:39.040 align:start position:0% appelion that all grouped around a 01:08:39.040 --> 01:08:43.510 align:start position:0% appelion that all grouped around a certain<01:08:39.359> distance<01:08:40.319> around<01:08:40.960> 7.5<01:08:42.239> trillion<01:08:42.880> km 01:08:43.510 --> 01:08:43.520 align:start position:0% certain distance around 7.5 trillion km 01:08:43.520 --> 01:08:46.470 align:start position:0% certain distance around 7.5 trillion km from<01:08:43.759> the<01:08:43.920> sun.<01:08:44.799> That's<01:08:45.120> right,<01:08:45.839> trillion 01:08:46.470 --> 01:08:46.480 align:start position:0% from the sun. That's right, trillion 01:08:46.480 --> 01:08:48.470 align:start position:0% from the sun. That's right, trillion with<01:08:46.719> a<01:08:46.960> T. 01:08:48.470 --> 01:08:48.480 align:start position:0% with a T. 01:08:48.480 --> 01:08:50.550 align:start position:0% with a T. As<01:08:48.719> you<01:08:48.880> can<01:08:49.040> see,<01:08:49.520> when<01:08:49.759> it<01:08:50.000> comes<01:08:50.159> to<01:08:50.319> the 01:08:50.550 --> 01:08:50.560 align:start position:0% As you can see, when it comes to the 01:08:50.560 --> 01:08:52.630 align:start position:0% As you can see, when it comes to the distances<01:08:51.120> I'll<01:08:51.440> be<01:08:51.600> talking<01:08:51.920> about<01:08:52.159> in<01:08:52.480> this 01:08:52.630 --> 01:08:52.640 align:start position:0% distances I'll be talking about in this 01:08:52.640 --> 01:08:55.510 align:start position:0% distances I'll be talking about in this video,<01:08:53.359> our<01:08:53.759> typical<01:08:54.239> units<01:08:54.640> of<01:08:54.799> measurement 01:08:55.510 --> 01:08:55.520 align:start position:0% video, our typical units of measurement 01:08:55.520 --> 01:08:58.229 align:start position:0% video, our typical units of measurement fall<01:08:55.759> a<01:08:56.000> bit<01:08:56.159> short.<01:08:57.120> So,<01:08:57.440> instead<01:08:57.679> of<01:08:57.839> using 01:08:58.229 --> 01:08:58.239 align:start position:0% fall a bit short. So, instead of using 01:08:58.239 --> 01:09:00.070 align:start position:0% fall a bit short. So, instead of using kilometers,<01:08:59.040> I<01:08:59.279> will<01:08:59.440> switch<01:08:59.679> to 01:09:00.070 --> 01:09:00.080 align:start position:0% kilometers, I will switch to 01:09:00.080 --> 01:09:03.030 align:start position:0% kilometers, I will switch to astronomical<01:09:00.880> units.<01:09:02.000> One<01:09:02.239> astronomical 01:09:03.030 --> 01:09:03.040 align:start position:0% astronomical units. One astronomical 01:09:03.040 --> 01:09:06.309 align:start position:0% astronomical units. One astronomical unit<01:09:03.600> or<01:09:03.920> AU<01:09:04.880> is<01:09:05.120> defined<01:09:05.520> as<01:09:05.679> the<01:09:05.920> distance 01:09:06.309 --> 01:09:06.319 align:start position:0% unit or AU is defined as the distance 01:09:06.319 --> 01:09:09.430 align:start position:0% unit or AU is defined as the distance between<01:09:06.719> Earth<01:09:06.960> and<01:09:07.120> the<01:09:07.279> Sun<01:09:07.839> or<01:09:08.159> about<01:09:09.040> 150 01:09:09.430 --> 01:09:09.440 align:start position:0% between Earth and the Sun or about 150 01:09:09.440 --> 01:09:13.430 align:start position:0% between Earth and the Sun or about 150 million<01:09:09.839> km.<01:09:11.120> So,<01:09:11.679> Earth<01:09:12.000> is<01:09:12.400> 1<01:09:12.640> AU<01:09:13.120> from<01:09:13.279> the 01:09:13.430 --> 01:09:13.440 align:start position:0% million km. So, Earth is 1 AU from the 01:09:13.440 --> 01:09:16.470 align:start position:0% million km. So, Earth is 1 AU from the sun.<01:09:14.239> The<01:09:14.480> appelia<01:09:15.120> grouping<01:09:15.679> that<01:09:15.920> or 01:09:16.470 --> 01:09:16.480 align:start position:0% sun. The appelia grouping that or 01:09:16.480 --> 01:09:18.950 align:start position:0% sun. The appelia grouping that or noticed<01:09:17.359> where<01:09:17.600> the<01:09:17.839> long<01:09:18.080> period<01:09:18.400> comets 01:09:18.950 --> 01:09:18.960 align:start position:0% noticed where the long period comets 01:09:18.960 --> 01:09:20.870 align:start position:0% noticed where the long period comets reached<01:09:19.199> their<01:09:19.520> farthest<01:09:20.080> orbital<01:09:20.560> distance 01:09:20.870 --> 01:09:20.880 align:start position:0% reached their farthest orbital distance 01:09:20.880 --> 01:09:24.470 align:start position:0% reached their farthest orbital distance from<01:09:21.040> the<01:09:21.199> sun<01:09:22.000> was<01:09:22.400> about<01:09:23.199> 50,000 01:09:24.470 --> 01:09:24.480 align:start position:0% from the sun was about 50,000 01:09:24.480 --> 01:09:27.669 align:start position:0% from the sun was about 50,000 astronomical<01:09:25.359> units.<01:09:26.480> To<01:09:26.719> help<01:09:27.120> picture<01:09:27.440> the 01:09:27.669 --> 01:09:27.679 align:start position:0% astronomical units. To help picture the 01:09:27.679 --> 01:09:30.390 align:start position:0% astronomical units. To help picture the orbits<01:09:28.000> of<01:09:28.159> these<01:09:28.480> long<01:09:28.799> period<01:09:29.279> comets,<01:09:30.159> keep 01:09:30.390 --> 01:09:30.400 align:start position:0% orbits of these long period comets, keep 01:09:30.400 --> 01:09:32.630 align:start position:0% orbits of these long period comets, keep in<01:09:30.560> mind<01:09:30.719> that<01:09:31.040> the<01:09:31.279> outermost<01:09:31.839> planet<01:09:32.159> in<01:09:32.400> our 01:09:32.630 --> 01:09:32.640 align:start position:0% in mind that the outermost planet in our 01:09:32.640 --> 01:09:36.550 align:start position:0% in mind that the outermost planet in our solar<01:09:32.960> system,<01:09:33.600> Neptune,<01:09:34.480> is<01:09:34.719> around<01:09:35.359> 30<01:09:36.080> AU 01:09:36.550 --> 01:09:36.560 align:start position:0% solar system, Neptune, is around 30 AU 01:09:36.560 --> 01:09:40.630 align:start position:0% solar system, Neptune, is around 30 AU from<01:09:36.799> the<01:09:36.960> sun<01:09:37.520> or<01:09:37.759> about<01:09:38.159> 4.5<01:09:39.040> billion<01:09:39.520> km. 01:09:40.630 --> 01:09:40.640 align:start position:0% from the sun or about 4.5 billion km. 01:09:40.640 --> 01:09:42.390 align:start position:0% from the sun or about 4.5 billion km. The<01:09:40.880> main<01:09:41.040> region<01:09:41.279> of<01:09:41.359> the<01:09:41.520> Kyper<01:09:42.000> belt 01:09:42.390 --> 01:09:42.400 align:start position:0% The main region of the Kyper belt 01:09:42.400 --> 01:09:45.030 align:start position:0% The main region of the Kyper belt extends<01:09:42.799> from<01:09:43.040> Neptune's<01:09:43.600> orbit<01:09:43.920> at<01:09:44.239> 30<01:09:44.560> AU 01:09:45.030 --> 01:09:45.040 align:start position:0% extends from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU 01:09:45.040 --> 01:09:48.229 align:start position:0% extends from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out<01:09:45.279> to<01:09:45.440> around<01:09:45.839> 50<01:09:46.159> AU.<01:09:47.199> But<01:09:47.520> recent<01:09:47.920> evidence 01:09:48.229 --> 01:09:48.239 align:start position:0% out to around 50 AU. But recent evidence 01:09:48.239 --> 01:09:50.390 align:start position:0% out to around 50 AU. But recent evidence from<01:09:48.480> NASA's<01:09:48.960> New<01:09:49.199> Horizon<01:09:49.759> spacecraft 01:09:50.390 --> 01:09:50.400 align:start position:0% from NASA's New Horizon spacecraft 01:09:50.400 --> 01:09:52.630 align:start position:0% from NASA's New Horizon spacecraft suggests<01:09:50.960> a<01:09:51.279> second<01:09:51.679> region<01:09:51.920> of<01:09:52.080> the<01:09:52.159> Kyper 01:09:52.630 --> 01:09:52.640 align:start position:0% suggests a second region of the Kyper 01:09:52.640 --> 01:09:55.030 align:start position:0% suggests a second region of the Kyper belt<01:09:53.040> called<01:09:53.279> the<01:09:53.600> scattered<01:09:54.080> disc,<01:09:54.719> which 01:09:55.030 --> 01:09:55.040 align:start position:0% belt called the scattered disc, which 01:09:55.040 --> 01:09:58.870 align:start position:0% belt called the scattered disc, which continues<01:09:55.440> to<01:09:55.679> around<01:09:56.159> 1,000<01:09:56.800> AU.<01:09:58.159> It's<01:09:58.640> with 01:09:58.870 --> 01:09:58.880 align:start position:0% continues to around 1,000 AU. It's with 01:09:58.880 --> 01:10:01.669 align:start position:0% continues to around 1,000 AU. It's with these<01:09:59.199> key<01:09:59.520> findings<01:10:00.080> from<01:10:00.480> observed<01:10:01.040> comets 01:10:01.669 --> 01:10:01.679 align:start position:0% these key findings from observed comets 01:10:01.679 --> 01:10:03.669 align:start position:0% these key findings from observed comets that<01:10:02.000> they<01:10:02.239> didn't<01:10:02.560> come<01:10:02.719> from<01:10:02.960> far<01:10:03.280> out<01:10:03.440> in 01:10:03.669 --> 01:10:03.679 align:start position:0% that they didn't come from far out in 01:10:03.679 --> 01:10:05.430 align:start position:0% that they didn't come from far out in interstellar<01:10:04.320> space.<01:10:04.880> The<01:10:04.960> orbital 01:10:05.430 --> 01:10:05.440 align:start position:0% interstellar space. The orbital 01:10:05.440 --> 01:10:08.790 align:start position:0% interstellar space. The orbital distances<01:10:06.000> clustered<01:10:06.480> around<01:10:06.880> 50,000<01:10:07.760> AU<01:10:08.560> and 01:10:08.790 --> 01:10:08.800 align:start position:0% distances clustered around 50,000 AU and 01:10:08.800 --> 01:10:10.390 align:start position:0% distances clustered around 50,000 AU and the<01:10:08.960> fact<01:10:09.120> that<01:10:09.280> they<01:10:09.520> arrived<01:10:09.840> from<01:10:10.080> any 01:10:10.390 --> 01:10:10.400 align:start position:0% the fact that they arrived from any 01:10:10.400 --> 01:10:13.750 align:start position:0% the fact that they arrived from any direction<01:10:10.800> and<01:10:11.040> orbital<01:10:11.440> inclination<01:10:12.800> that 01:10:13.750 --> 01:10:13.760 align:start position:0% direction and orbital inclination that 01:10:13.760 --> 01:10:16.790 align:start position:0% direction and orbital inclination that theorized<01:10:14.320> a<01:10:14.640> special<01:10:15.360> spherical<01:10:15.920> swarm<01:10:16.400> of 01:10:16.790 --> 01:10:16.800 align:start position:0% theorized a special spherical swarm of 01:10:16.800 --> 01:10:19.110 align:start position:0% theorized a special spherical swarm of icy<01:10:17.120> debris<01:10:17.760> that<01:10:18.080> he<01:10:18.320> believed<01:10:18.640> to<01:10:18.800> be<01:10:18.880> the 01:10:19.110 --> 01:10:19.120 align:start position:0% icy debris that he believed to be the 01:10:19.120 --> 01:10:22.310 align:start position:0% icy debris that he believed to be the origin<01:10:19.440> of<01:10:19.760> long<01:10:20.159> period<01:10:20.560> comets.<01:10:22.000> In<01:10:22.159> the 01:10:22.310 --> 01:10:22.320 align:start position:0% origin of long period comets. In the 01:10:22.320 --> 01:10:24.390 align:start position:0% origin of long period comets. In the years<01:10:22.560> since<01:10:22.800> then,<01:10:23.360> mathematical<01:10:24.080> models 01:10:24.390 --> 01:10:24.400 align:start position:0% years since then, mathematical models 01:10:24.400 --> 01:10:26.630 align:start position:0% years since then, mathematical models have<01:10:24.640> shown<01:10:24.960> agreement<01:10:25.520> with<01:10:25.679> the<01:10:25.840> odd<01:10:26.320> cloud 01:10:26.630 --> 01:10:26.640 align:start position:0% have shown agreement with the odd cloud 01:10:26.640 --> 01:10:29.110 align:start position:0% have shown agreement with the odd cloud theory,<01:10:27.440> and<01:10:27.679> astronomers<01:10:28.400> have<01:10:28.719> further 01:10:29.110 --> 01:10:29.120 align:start position:0% theory, and astronomers have further 01:10:29.120 --> 01:10:31.430 align:start position:0% theory, and astronomers have further theorized<01:10:29.840> various<01:10:30.400> mechanics<01:10:30.880> by<01:10:31.120> which<01:10:31.280> the 01:10:31.430 --> 01:10:31.440 align:start position:0% theorized various mechanics by which the 01:10:31.440 --> 01:10:33.590 align:start position:0% theorized various mechanics by which the odd<01:10:31.840> cloud<01:10:32.320> came<01:10:32.560> to<01:10:32.800> be<01:10:32.960> in<01:10:33.120> its<01:10:33.280> current 01:10:33.590 --> 01:10:33.600 align:start position:0% odd cloud came to be in its current 01:10:33.600 --> 01:10:36.550 align:start position:0% odd cloud came to be in its current state.<01:10:34.640> The<01:10:34.880> leading<01:10:35.199> idea<01:10:35.600> is<01:10:35.760> that<01:10:36.000> the<01:10:36.159> odd 01:10:36.550 --> 01:10:36.560 align:start position:0% state. The leading idea is that the odd 01:10:36.560 --> 01:10:38.870 align:start position:0% state. The leading idea is that the odd cloud<01:10:36.960> formed<01:10:37.280> from<01:10:37.679> ancient<01:10:38.000> debris, 01:10:38.870 --> 01:10:38.880 align:start position:0% cloud formed from ancient debris, 01:10:38.880 --> 01:10:41.189 align:start position:0% cloud formed from ancient debris, leftovers<01:10:39.520> from<01:10:39.760> when<01:10:40.000> our<01:10:40.320> planet<01:10:40.640> formed 01:10:41.189 --> 01:10:41.199 align:start position:0% leftovers from when our planet formed 01:10:41.199 --> 01:10:44.550 align:start position:0% leftovers from when our planet formed 4.6<01:10:42.000> billion<01:10:42.400> years<01:10:42.560> ago.<01:10:43.600> After<01:10:43.920> the<01:10:44.159> planets 01:10:44.550 --> 01:10:44.560 align:start position:0% 4.6 billion years ago. After the planets 01:10:44.560 --> 01:10:46.550 align:start position:0% 4.6 billion years ago. After the planets formed,<01:10:45.120> the<01:10:45.360> surrounding<01:10:45.840> area<01:10:46.159> was<01:10:46.400> still 01:10:46.550 --> 01:10:46.560 align:start position:0% formed, the surrounding area was still 01:10:46.560 --> 01:10:49.110 align:start position:0% formed, the surrounding area was still rich<01:10:46.880> with<01:10:47.040> these<01:10:47.360> smaller<01:10:48.159> leftover<01:10:48.719> chunks 01:10:49.110 --> 01:10:49.120 align:start position:0% rich with these smaller leftover chunks 01:10:49.120 --> 01:10:51.830 align:start position:0% rich with these smaller leftover chunks of<01:10:49.280> material<01:10:49.840> called<01:10:50.159> planetessimals. 01:10:51.830 --> 01:10:51.840 align:start position:0% of material called planetessimals. 01:10:51.840 --> 01:10:53.750 align:start position:0% of material called planetessimals. The<01:10:52.080> gravity<01:10:52.480> from<01:10:52.719> these<01:10:53.040> early<01:10:53.360> planets 01:10:53.750 --> 01:10:53.760 align:start position:0% The gravity from these early planets 01:10:53.760 --> 01:10:56.310 align:start position:0% The gravity from these early planets then<01:10:54.080> scattered<01:10:54.560> the<01:10:54.800> leftover<01:10:55.360> material<01:10:56.000> in 01:10:56.310 --> 01:10:56.320 align:start position:0% then scattered the leftover material in 01:10:56.320 --> 01:10:59.350 align:start position:0% then scattered the leftover material in every<01:10:56.719> direction.<01:10:57.920> Some<01:10:58.239> material<01:10:58.719> was<01:10:59.040> flung 01:10:59.350 --> 01:10:59.360 align:start position:0% every direction. Some material was flung 01:10:59.360 --> 01:11:02.149 align:start position:0% every direction. Some material was flung out<01:10:59.520> of<01:10:59.600> the<01:10:59.760> solar<01:11:00.080> system<01:11:00.400> entirely.<01:11:01.679> But<01:11:01.840> a 01:11:02.149 --> 01:11:02.159 align:start position:0% out of the solar system entirely. But a 01:11:02.159 --> 01:11:04.310 align:start position:0% out of the solar system entirely. But a significant<01:11:02.719> portion<01:11:03.199> was<01:11:03.440> sent<01:11:03.760> into 01:11:04.310 --> 01:11:04.320 align:start position:0% significant portion was sent into 01:11:04.320 --> 01:11:07.430 align:start position:0% significant portion was sent into seemingly<01:11:04.960> random<01:11:06.000> eccentric<01:11:06.640> orbits<01:11:07.120> around 01:11:07.430 --> 01:11:07.440 align:start position:0% seemingly random eccentric orbits around 01:11:07.440 --> 01:11:10.550 align:start position:0% seemingly random eccentric orbits around the<01:11:07.600> sun.<01:11:08.640> These<01:11:09.199> scattered<01:11:09.679> planet<01:11:10.000> decimals 01:11:10.550 --> 01:11:10.560 align:start position:0% the sun. These scattered planet decimals 01:11:10.560 --> 01:11:12.470 align:start position:0% the sun. These scattered planet decimals had<01:11:10.880> eccentric<01:11:11.440> enough<01:11:11.760> orbits<01:11:12.159> that<01:11:12.320> they 01:11:12.470 --> 01:11:12.480 align:start position:0% had eccentric enough orbits that they 01:11:12.480 --> 01:11:14.790 align:start position:0% had eccentric enough orbits that they were<01:11:12.640> influenced<01:11:13.199> by<01:11:13.440> gravitational<01:11:14.159> forces 01:11:14.790 --> 01:11:14.800 align:start position:0% were influenced by gravitational forces 01:11:14.800 --> 01:11:17.350 align:start position:0% were influenced by gravitational forces outside<01:11:15.280> of<01:11:15.440> our<01:11:15.679> solar<01:11:16.000> system<01:11:16.719> while<01:11:17.040> still 01:11:17.350 --> 01:11:17.360 align:start position:0% outside of our solar system while still 01:11:17.360 --> 01:11:19.990 align:start position:0% outside of our solar system while still remaining<01:11:17.840> captured<01:11:18.239> in<01:11:18.400> our<01:11:18.640> sun's<01:11:18.960> orbit. 01:11:19.990 --> 01:11:20.000 align:start position:0% remaining captured in our sun's orbit. 01:11:20.000 --> 01:11:22.149 align:start position:0% remaining captured in our sun's orbit. And<01:11:20.159> it's<01:11:20.480> believed<01:11:20.800> that<01:11:21.120> this<01:11:21.360> is<01:11:21.600> how<01:11:21.760> these 01:11:22.149 --> 01:11:22.159 align:start position:0% And it's believed that this is how these 01:11:22.159 --> 01:11:25.430 align:start position:0% And it's believed that this is how these billions<01:11:22.800> or<01:11:23.280> trillions<01:11:23.840> of<01:11:24.239> icy<01:11:24.560> chunks<01:11:25.199> came 01:11:25.430 --> 01:11:25.440 align:start position:0% billions or trillions of icy chunks came 01:11:25.440 --> 01:11:28.390 align:start position:0% billions or trillions of icy chunks came to<01:11:25.679> be<01:11:25.840> part<01:11:26.080> of<01:11:26.239> the<01:11:26.480> or<01:11:26.960> cloud. 01:11:28.390 --> 01:11:28.400 align:start position:0% to be part of the or cloud. 01:11:28.400 --> 01:11:30.709 align:start position:0% to be part of the or cloud. Gravitational<01:11:29.199> pertubations<01:11:30.080> can<01:11:30.320> force 01:11:30.709 --> 01:11:30.719 align:start position:0% Gravitational pertubations can force 01:11:30.719 --> 01:11:33.750 align:start position:0% Gravitational pertubations can force kyper<01:11:31.120> belt<01:11:31.440> objects<01:11:32.000> out<01:11:32.239> of<01:11:32.480> place<01:11:33.280> creating 01:11:33.750 --> 01:11:33.760 align:start position:0% kyper belt objects out of place creating 01:11:33.760 --> 01:11:36.390 align:start position:0% kyper belt objects out of place creating short<01:11:34.000> period<01:11:34.400> comets. 01:11:36.390 --> 01:11:36.400 align:start position:0% short period comets. 01:11:36.400 --> 01:11:39.030 align:start position:0% short period comets. We<01:11:36.719> think<01:11:37.040> that<01:11:37.360> similar<01:11:37.760> forces<01:11:38.400> are<01:11:38.640> what 01:11:39.030 --> 01:11:39.040 align:start position:0% We think that similar forces are what 01:11:39.040 --> 01:11:41.990 align:start position:0% We think that similar forces are what send<01:11:40.000> cloud<01:11:40.400> objects<01:11:40.960> into<01:11:41.520> elliptical 01:11:41.990 --> 01:11:42.000 align:start position:0% send cloud objects into elliptical 01:11:42.000 --> 01:11:44.709 align:start position:0% send cloud objects into elliptical orbits<01:11:42.400> with<01:11:42.560> the<01:11:42.719> sun<01:11:43.360> thereby<01:11:43.920> creating 01:11:44.709 --> 01:11:44.719 align:start position:0% orbits with the sun thereby creating 01:11:44.719 --> 01:11:48.390 align:start position:0% orbits with the sun thereby creating long<01:11:45.120> period<01:11:45.520> comets.<01:11:46.719> These<01:11:47.199> pertubations 01:11:48.390 --> 01:11:48.400 align:start position:0% long period comets. These pertubations 01:11:48.400 --> 01:11:51.110 align:start position:0% long period comets. These pertubations could<01:11:48.719> be<01:11:48.880> caused<01:11:49.280> by<01:11:49.600> passing<01:11:50.080> stars<01:11:50.719> or 01:11:51.110 --> 01:11:51.120 align:start position:0% could be caused by passing stars or 01:11:51.120 --> 01:11:54.070 align:start position:0% could be caused by passing stars or molecular<01:11:51.760> clouds<01:11:52.560> or<01:11:52.960> tidal<01:11:53.440> forces<01:11:53.920> from 01:11:54.070 --> 01:11:54.080 align:start position:0% molecular clouds or tidal forces from 01:11:54.080 --> 01:11:57.510 align:start position:0% molecular clouds or tidal forces from the<01:11:54.239> Milky<01:11:54.560> Way<01:11:54.800> itself.<01:11:56.239> In<01:11:56.480> fact,<01:11:56.960> about 01:11:57.510 --> 01:11:57.520 align:start position:0% the Milky Way itself. In fact, about 01:11:57.520 --> 01:12:00.709 align:start position:0% the Milky Way itself. In fact, about 70,000<01:11:58.400> years<01:11:58.640> ago,<01:11:59.280> Schultz's<01:11:59.920> star<01:12:00.320> gained 01:12:00.709 --> 01:12:00.719 align:start position:0% 70,000 years ago, Schultz's star gained 01:12:00.719 --> 01:12:02.950 align:start position:0% 70,000 years ago, Schultz's star gained the<01:12:00.880> title<01:12:01.280> of<01:12:01.520> the<01:12:01.679> star<01:12:01.920> that<01:12:02.159> came<01:12:02.560> closest 01:12:02.950 --> 01:12:02.960 align:start position:0% the title of the star that came closest 01:12:02.960 --> 01:12:05.830 align:start position:0% the title of the star that came closest to<01:12:03.199> our<01:12:03.520> solar<01:12:03.840> system,<01:12:04.719> actually<01:12:05.280> grazing 01:12:05.830 --> 01:12:05.840 align:start position:0% to our solar system, actually grazing 01:12:05.840 --> 01:12:08.870 align:start position:0% to our solar system, actually grazing the<01:12:06.080> outer<01:12:06.480> region<01:12:06.800> of<01:12:06.880> the<01:12:07.040> Orc<01:12:07.440> cloud.<01:12:08.480> But 01:12:08.870 --> 01:12:08.880 align:start position:0% the outer region of the Orc cloud. But 01:12:08.880 --> 01:12:11.110 align:start position:0% the outer region of the Orc cloud. But luckily<01:12:09.360> for<01:12:09.520> us,<01:12:10.080> it<01:12:10.320> didn't<01:12:10.560> cause<01:12:10.800> any 01:12:11.110 --> 01:12:11.120 align:start position:0% luckily for us, it didn't cause any 01:12:11.120 --> 01:12:13.110 align:start position:0% luckily for us, it didn't cause any catastrophic<01:12:11.920> disruptions<01:12:12.480> to<01:12:12.640> the<01:12:12.719> Orc 01:12:13.110 --> 01:12:13.120 align:start position:0% catastrophic disruptions to the Orc 01:12:13.120 --> 01:12:16.149 align:start position:0% catastrophic disruptions to the Orc cloud<01:12:13.520> or<01:12:13.840> our<01:12:14.159> solar<01:12:14.480> system<01:12:14.719> at<01:12:14.960> large. 01:12:16.149 --> 01:12:16.159 align:start position:0% cloud or our solar system at large. 01:12:16.159 --> 01:12:19.110 align:start position:0% cloud or our solar system at large. Schultz's<01:12:16.880> star<01:12:17.199> is<01:12:17.520> a<01:12:17.760> low<01:12:18.080> mass<01:12:18.640> binary 01:12:19.110 --> 01:12:19.120 align:start position:0% Schultz's star is a low mass binary 01:12:19.120 --> 01:12:21.189 align:start position:0% Schultz's star is a low mass binary system<01:12:19.600> made<01:12:19.840> up<01:12:20.000> of<01:12:20.080> a<01:12:20.320> red<01:12:20.480> dwarf<01:12:20.880> and<01:12:21.040> a 01:12:21.189 --> 01:12:21.199 align:start position:0% system made up of a red dwarf and a 01:12:21.199 --> 01:12:24.229 align:start position:0% system made up of a red dwarf and a brown<01:12:21.440> dwarf<01:12:21.840> companion.<01:12:22.880> So<01:12:23.440> 10<01:12:23.760> millennia 01:12:24.229 --> 01:12:24.239 align:start position:0% brown dwarf companion. So 10 millennia 01:12:24.239 --> 01:12:27.030 align:start position:0% brown dwarf companion. So 10 millennia ago,<01:12:25.040> even<01:12:25.280> at<01:12:25.440> a<01:12:25.679> much<01:12:26.000> closer<01:12:26.480> distance<01:12:26.800> to 01:12:27.030 --> 01:12:27.040 align:start position:0% ago, even at a much closer distance to 01:12:27.040 --> 01:12:28.950 align:start position:0% ago, even at a much closer distance to the<01:12:27.199> or<01:12:27.520> cloud,<01:12:28.080> the<01:12:28.400> gravitational 01:12:28.950 --> 01:12:28.960 align:start position:0% the or cloud, the gravitational 01:12:28.960 --> 01:12:31.189 align:start position:0% the or cloud, the gravitational influence<01:12:29.440> of<01:12:29.600> this<01:12:29.760> binary<01:12:30.239> star<01:12:30.880> was 01:12:31.189 --> 01:12:31.199 align:start position:0% influence of this binary star was 01:12:31.199 --> 01:12:33.430 align:start position:0% influence of this binary star was significantly<01:12:31.920> weaker<01:12:32.320> than<01:12:32.560> that<01:12:32.800> of<01:12:33.040> our 01:12:33.430 --> 01:12:33.440 align:start position:0% significantly weaker than that of our 01:12:33.440 --> 01:12:36.310 align:start position:0% significantly weaker than that of our much<01:12:33.840> more<01:12:34.159> massive<01:12:34.719> sun. 01:12:36.310 --> 01:12:36.320 align:start position:0% much more massive sun. 01:12:36.320 --> 01:12:39.030 align:start position:0% much more massive sun. However,<01:12:37.120> while<01:12:37.520> most<01:12:37.920> objects<01:12:38.480> experienced 01:12:39.030 --> 01:12:39.040 align:start position:0% However, while most objects experienced 01:12:39.040 --> 01:12:41.270 align:start position:0% However, while most objects experienced little<01:12:39.360> to<01:12:39.600> no<01:12:39.840> impact<01:12:40.239> during<01:12:40.560> the<01:12:40.719> low<01:12:41.040> mass 01:12:41.270 --> 01:12:41.280 align:start position:0% little to no impact during the low mass 01:12:41.280 --> 01:12:43.189 align:start position:0% little to no impact during the low mass stars<01:12:41.760> brief<01:12:42.159> encounter<01:12:42.560> with<01:12:42.719> the<01:12:42.880> edge<01:12:43.040> of 01:12:43.189 --> 01:12:43.199 align:start position:0% stars brief encounter with the edge of 01:12:43.199 --> 01:12:46.070 align:start position:0% stars brief encounter with the edge of the<01:12:43.280> or<01:12:43.679> cloud,<01:12:44.400> numerical<01:12:45.040> simulations<01:12:45.679> from 01:12:46.070 --> 01:12:46.080 align:start position:0% the or cloud, numerical simulations from 01:12:46.080 --> 01:12:49.110 align:start position:0% the or cloud, numerical simulations from 2018<01:12:47.120> concluded<01:12:47.600> that<01:12:47.840> Schultz's<01:12:48.400> star<01:12:48.800> is 01:12:49.110 --> 01:12:49.120 align:start position:0% 2018 concluded that Schultz's star is 01:12:49.120 --> 01:12:50.790 align:start position:0% 2018 concluded that Schultz's star is believed<01:12:49.360> to<01:12:49.520> have<01:12:49.679> nudged<01:12:50.080> at<01:12:50.080> least<01:12:50.480> some 01:12:50.790 --> 01:12:50.800 align:start position:0% believed to have nudged at least some 01:12:50.800 --> 01:12:53.350 align:start position:0% believed to have nudged at least some objects<01:12:51.360> out<01:12:51.600> of<01:12:51.760> place,<01:12:52.480> creating<01:12:53.040> and 01:12:53.350 --> 01:12:53.360 align:start position:0% objects out of place, creating and 01:12:53.360 --> 01:12:55.910 align:start position:0% objects out of place, creating and influencing<01:12:53.920> the<01:12:54.159> trajectory<01:12:54.719> of<01:12:55.040> some<01:12:55.600> long 01:12:55.910 --> 01:12:55.920 align:start position:0% influencing the trajectory of some long 01:12:55.920 --> 01:12:58.470 align:start position:0% influencing the trajectory of some long period<01:12:56.400> comets. 01:12:58.470 --> 01:12:58.480 align:start position:0% period comets. 01:12:58.480 --> 01:13:00.390 align:start position:0% period comets. But<01:12:58.640> the<01:12:58.800> sun<01:12:59.040> has<01:12:59.199> been<01:12:59.360> around<01:12:59.600> for<01:12:59.760> over<01:13:00.159> 4 01:13:00.390 --> 01:13:00.400 align:start position:0% But the sun has been around for over 4 01:13:00.400 --> 01:13:02.790 align:start position:0% But the sun has been around for over 4 billion<01:13:00.800> years,<01:13:01.679> and<01:13:01.920> that's<01:13:02.080> a<01:13:02.320> lot<01:13:02.400> of<01:13:02.560> time 01:13:02.790 --> 01:13:02.800 align:start position:0% billion years, and that's a lot of time 01:13:02.800 --> 01:13:04.790 align:start position:0% billion years, and that's a lot of time for<01:13:03.040> other<01:13:03.280> close<01:13:03.600> encounters<01:13:04.080> with<01:13:04.320> stars<01:13:04.640> in 01:13:04.790 --> 01:13:04.800 align:start position:0% for other close encounters with stars in 01:13:04.800 --> 01:13:06.709 align:start position:0% for other close encounters with stars in the<01:13:04.960> distant<01:13:05.280> past.<01:13:06.239> Could<01:13:06.480> these 01:13:06.709 --> 01:13:06.719 align:start position:0% the distant past. Could these 01:13:06.719 --> 01:13:08.790 align:start position:0% the distant past. Could these interactions<01:13:07.280> have<01:13:07.520> prevented<01:13:07.920> the<01:13:08.080> or<01:13:08.480> cloud 01:13:08.790 --> 01:13:08.800 align:start position:0% interactions have prevented the or cloud 01:13:08.800 --> 01:13:13.830 align:start position:0% interactions have prevented the or cloud from<01:13:09.040> forming?<01:13:10.320> Our<01:13:10.719> models<01:13:11.280> suggest<01:13:11.760> no. 01:13:13.830 --> 01:13:13.840 align:start position:0% from forming? Our models suggest no. 01:13:13.840 --> 01:13:16.550 align:start position:0% from forming? Our models suggest no. However,<01:13:14.640> odd<01:13:15.040> cloud<01:13:15.360> material<01:13:16.000> may<01:13:16.320> get 01:13:16.550 --> 01:13:16.560 align:start position:0% However, odd cloud material may get 01:13:16.560 --> 01:13:20.229 align:start position:0% However, odd cloud material may get exchanged<01:13:17.199> with<01:13:17.440> passing<01:13:17.920> stars<01:13:18.400> over<01:13:18.800> eons. 01:13:20.229 --> 01:13:20.239 align:start position:0% exchanged with passing stars over eons. 01:13:20.239 --> 01:13:23.030 align:start position:0% exchanged with passing stars over eons. You<01:13:20.480> see,<01:13:21.199> other<01:13:21.760> more<01:13:22.080> recent<01:13:22.480> numerical 01:13:23.030 --> 01:13:23.040 align:start position:0% You see, other more recent numerical 01:13:23.040 --> 01:13:25.669 align:start position:0% You see, other more recent numerical simulations<01:13:23.760> have<01:13:24.000> suggested<01:13:24.880> that<01:13:25.199> odd 01:13:25.669 --> 01:13:25.679 align:start position:0% simulations have suggested that odd 01:13:25.679 --> 01:13:28.550 align:start position:0% simulations have suggested that odd clouds<01:13:26.400> could<01:13:26.640> exist<01:13:27.280> around<01:13:27.760> other<01:13:28.080> stars, 01:13:28.550 --> 01:13:28.560 align:start position:0% clouds could exist around other stars, 01:13:28.560 --> 01:13:33.030 align:start position:0% clouds could exist around other stars, too.<01:13:30.000> Our<01:13:30.480> odd<01:13:30.960> cloud<01:13:31.520> may<01:13:31.760> also<01:13:32.159> have<01:13:32.560> both<01:13:32.800> an 01:13:33.030 --> 01:13:33.040 align:start position:0% too. Our odd cloud may also have both an 01:13:33.040 --> 01:13:36.070 align:start position:0% too. Our odd cloud may also have both an inner<01:13:33.520> and<01:13:33.840> an<01:13:34.080> outer<01:13:34.400> region,<01:13:35.199> each<01:13:35.520> with<01:13:35.760> its 01:13:36.070 --> 01:13:36.080 align:start position:0% inner and an outer region, each with its 01:13:36.080 --> 01:13:38.630 align:start position:0% inner and an outer region, each with its own<01:13:36.239> distinct<01:13:36.800> shape.<01:13:37.840> Some<01:13:38.080> scientists 01:13:38.630 --> 01:13:38.640 align:start position:0% own distinct shape. Some scientists 01:13:38.640 --> 01:13:40.709 align:start position:0% own distinct shape. Some scientists suggest<01:13:39.040> that<01:13:39.360> the<01:13:39.600> inner<01:13:39.920> region<01:13:40.239> may<01:13:40.560> be 01:13:40.709 --> 01:13:40.719 align:start position:0% suggest that the inner region may be 01:13:40.719 --> 01:13:43.030 align:start position:0% suggest that the inner region may be more<01:13:40.960> like<01:13:41.120> a<01:13:41.280> disc<01:13:41.920> similar<01:13:42.239> to<01:13:42.400> the<01:13:42.640> donut 01:13:43.030 --> 01:13:43.040 align:start position:0% more like a disc similar to the donut 01:13:43.040 --> 01:13:45.590 align:start position:0% more like a disc similar to the donut shape<01:13:43.280> of<01:13:43.360> the<01:13:43.520> Kyper<01:13:43.920> belt<01:13:44.719> while<01:13:44.960> the<01:13:45.199> outer 01:13:45.590 --> 01:13:45.600 align:start position:0% shape of the Kyper belt while the outer 01:13:45.600 --> 01:13:47.430 align:start position:0% shape of the Kyper belt while the outer region<01:13:45.920> is<01:13:46.239> suggested<01:13:46.640> to<01:13:46.880> form<01:13:47.199> the 01:13:47.430 --> 01:13:47.440 align:start position:0% region is suggested to form the 01:13:47.440 --> 01:13:49.990 align:start position:0% region is suggested to form the spherical<01:13:48.000> shell<01:13:48.640> more<01:13:48.960> widely<01:13:49.440> associated 01:13:49.990 --> 01:13:50.000 align:start position:0% spherical shell more widely associated 01:13:50.000 --> 01:13:53.189 align:start position:0% spherical shell more widely associated with<01:13:50.080> the<01:13:50.239> or<01:13:50.560> cloud.<01:13:51.600> Altogether,<01:13:52.640> the<01:13:52.880> inner 01:13:53.189 --> 01:13:53.199 align:start position:0% with the or cloud. Altogether, the inner 01:13:53.199 --> 01:13:56.149 align:start position:0% with the or cloud. Altogether, the inner edge<01:13:53.440> of<01:13:53.679> this<01:13:54.000> two<01:13:54.320> region<01:13:54.880> or<01:13:55.120> cloud<01:13:55.600> may<01:13:55.840> be 01:13:56.149 --> 01:13:56.159 align:start position:0% edge of this two region or cloud may be 01:13:56.159 --> 01:13:58.470 align:start position:0% edge of this two region or cloud may be 2,000<01:13:56.800> astronomical<01:13:57.440> units<01:13:57.760> from<01:13:57.920> the<01:13:58.080> sun<01:13:58.320> at 01:13:58.470 --> 01:13:58.480 align:start position:0% 2,000 astronomical units from the sun at 01:13:58.480 --> 01:14:01.030 align:start position:0% 2,000 astronomical units from the sun at its<01:13:58.719> closest,<01:13:59.679> with<01:13:59.840> the<01:14:00.080> far<01:14:00.400> edge 01:14:01.030 --> 01:14:01.040 align:start position:0% its closest, with the far edge 01:14:01.040 --> 01:14:03.189 align:start position:0% its closest, with the far edge stretching<01:14:01.840> all<01:14:02.080> the<01:14:02.320> way<01:14:02.480> out<01:14:02.800> into 01:14:03.189 --> 01:14:03.199 align:start position:0% stretching all the way out into 01:14:03.199 --> 01:14:06.149 align:start position:0% stretching all the way out into interstellar<01:14:04.000> space,<01:14:04.880> potentially<01:14:05.600> reaching 01:14:06.149 --> 01:14:06.159 align:start position:0% interstellar space, potentially reaching 01:14:06.159 --> 01:14:10.070 align:start position:0% interstellar space, potentially reaching as<01:14:06.400> far<01:14:06.719> as<01:14:07.440> 100,000<01:14:08.880> astronomical<01:14:09.679> units 01:14:10.070 --> 01:14:10.080 align:start position:0% as far as 100,000 astronomical units 01:14:10.080 --> 01:14:12.709 align:start position:0% as far as 100,000 astronomical units from<01:14:10.320> the<01:14:10.480> center<01:14:10.719> of<01:14:10.960> our<01:14:11.199> solar<01:14:11.520> system. 01:14:12.709 --> 01:14:12.719 align:start position:0% from the center of our solar system. 01:14:12.719 --> 01:14:15.590 align:start position:0% from the center of our solar system. This<01:14:12.960> means<01:14:13.199> the<01:14:13.520> or<01:14:13.920> cloud<01:14:14.560> could<01:14:14.880> extend 01:14:15.590 --> 01:14:15.600 align:start position:0% This means the or cloud could extend 01:14:15.600 --> 01:14:20.070 align:start position:0% This means the or cloud could extend more<01:14:15.840> than<01:14:16.239> 1.5<01:14:17.679> light<01:14:18.000> years<01:14:18.320> across.<01:14:19.679> To<01:14:19.920> put 01:14:20.070 --> 01:14:20.080 align:start position:0% more than 1.5 light years across. To put 01:14:20.080 --> 01:14:22.310 align:start position:0% more than 1.5 light years across. To put that<01:14:20.320> into<01:14:20.640> perspective,<01:14:21.760> since<01:14:22.000> we're 01:14:22.310 --> 01:14:22.320 align:start position:0% that into perspective, since we're 01:14:22.320 --> 01:14:24.070 align:start position:0% that into perspective, since we're talking<01:14:22.640> about<01:14:22.960> very,<01:14:23.360> very<01:14:23.679> large 01:14:24.070 --> 01:14:24.080 align:start position:0% talking about very, very large 01:14:24.080 --> 01:14:27.350 align:start position:0% talking about very, very large distances,<01:14:25.280> consider<01:14:26.000> Voyager<01:14:26.560> 2<01:14:26.800> spacecraft 01:14:27.350 --> 01:14:27.360 align:start position:0% distances, consider Voyager 2 spacecraft 01:14:27.360 --> 01:14:30.229 align:start position:0% distances, consider Voyager 2 spacecraft for<01:14:27.520> a<01:14:27.679> moment.<01:14:28.640> As<01:14:28.880> of<01:14:29.120> the<01:14:29.360> publication<01:14:29.920> of 01:14:30.229 --> 01:14:30.239 align:start position:0% for a moment. As of the publication of 01:14:30.239 --> 01:14:33.270 align:start position:0% for a moment. As of the publication of this<01:14:30.560> video,<01:14:31.360> Voyager<01:14:31.920> 2<01:14:32.239> has<01:14:32.480> traveled<01:14:32.880> to<01:14:33.040> a 01:14:33.270 --> 01:14:33.280 align:start position:0% this video, Voyager 2 has traveled to a 01:14:33.280 --> 01:14:35.350 align:start position:0% this video, Voyager 2 has traveled to a distance<01:14:33.600> of<01:14:33.840> about 01:14:35.350 --> 01:14:35.360 align:start position:0% distance of about 01:14:35.360 --> 01:14:37.910 align:start position:0% distance of about 139<01:14:36.080> astronomical<01:14:36.800> units<01:14:37.120> from<01:14:37.360> the<01:14:37.520> sun 01:14:37.910 --> 01:14:37.920 align:start position:0% 139 astronomical units from the sun 01:14:37.920 --> 01:14:41.030 align:start position:0% 139 astronomical units from the sun since<01:14:38.239> its<01:14:38.480> launch<01:14:38.800> from<01:14:39.040> Earth<01:14:39.360> at<01:14:39.679> 1<01:14:40.000> AU<01:14:40.719> in 01:14:41.030 --> 01:14:41.040 align:start position:0% since its launch from Earth at 1 AU in 01:14:41.040 --> 01:14:43.270 align:start position:0% since its launch from Earth at 1 AU in August<01:14:41.440> of<01:14:41.679> 1977. 01:14:43.270 --> 01:14:43.280 align:start position:0% August of 1977. 01:14:43.280 --> 01:14:46.790 align:start position:0% August of 1977. That's<01:14:43.520> about<01:14:43.920> 3.3<01:14:44.719> AU<01:14:45.199> per<01:14:45.520> year,<01:14:46.080> or<01:14:46.400> about 01:14:46.790 --> 01:14:46.800 align:start position:0% That's about 3.3 AU per year, or about 01:14:46.800 --> 01:14:49.270 align:start position:0% That's about 3.3 AU per year, or about 56,000<01:14:47.760> kmh. 01:14:49.270 --> 01:14:49.280 align:start position:0% 56,000 kmh. 01:14:49.280 --> 01:14:51.270 align:start position:0% 56,000 kmh. It's<01:14:49.520> the<01:14:49.760> second<01:14:50.080> farthest<01:14:50.640> humanmade 01:14:51.270 --> 01:14:51.280 align:start position:0% It's the second farthest humanmade 01:14:51.280 --> 01:14:55.510 align:start position:0% It's the second farthest humanmade object<01:14:51.679> in<01:14:52.000> space<01:14:52.719> just<01:14:52.960> after<01:14:53.280> Voyager<01:14:53.840> 1.<01:14:55.280> In 01:14:55.510 --> 01:14:55.520 align:start position:0% object in space just after Voyager 1. In 01:14:55.520 --> 01:14:59.270 align:start position:0% object in space just after Voyager 1. In August<01:14:56.159> 2007,<01:14:57.440> Voyager<01:14:58.080> 2<01:14:58.400> passed<01:14:58.800> beyond<01:14:59.120> the 01:14:59.270 --> 01:14:59.280 align:start position:0% August 2007, Voyager 2 passed beyond the 01:14:59.280 --> 01:15:01.110 align:start position:0% August 2007, Voyager 2 passed beyond the boundary<01:14:59.520> of<01:14:59.679> the<01:14:59.840> heliosphere,<01:15:00.880> the 01:15:01.110 --> 01:15:01.120 align:start position:0% boundary of the heliosphere, the 01:15:01.120 --> 01:15:03.990 align:start position:0% boundary of the heliosphere, the outermost<01:15:01.840> layer<01:15:02.000> of<01:15:02.159> the<01:15:02.320> sun's<01:15:02.719> atmosphere. 01:15:03.990 --> 01:15:04.000 align:start position:0% outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere. 01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:06.950 align:start position:0% outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere. It<01:15:04.239> extends<01:15:04.640> out<01:15:04.960> beyond<01:15:05.440> the<01:15:05.679> planets<01:15:06.480> and 01:15:06.950 --> 01:15:06.960 align:start position:0% It extends out beyond the planets and 01:15:06.960 --> 01:15:08.790 align:start position:0% It extends out beyond the planets and three<01:15:07.199> times<01:15:07.520> further<01:15:07.920> than<01:15:08.080> the<01:15:08.320> distance<01:15:08.640> to 01:15:08.790 --> 01:15:08.800 align:start position:0% three times further than the distance to 01:15:08.800 --> 01:15:11.910 align:start position:0% three times further than the distance to Pluto.<01:15:10.159> Outside<01:15:10.560> of<01:15:10.640> the<01:15:10.800> heliosphere,<01:15:11.679> the 01:15:11.910 --> 01:15:11.920 align:start position:0% Pluto. Outside of the heliosphere, the 01:15:11.920 --> 01:15:14.229 align:start position:0% Pluto. Outside of the heliosphere, the sun's<01:15:12.320> constant<01:15:12.719> flow<01:15:13.040> of<01:15:13.199> charged<01:15:13.600> particles 01:15:14.229 --> 01:15:14.239 align:start position:0% sun's constant flow of charged particles 01:15:14.239 --> 01:15:16.709 align:start position:0% sun's constant flow of charged particles called<01:15:14.480> the<01:15:14.640> solar<01:15:14.960> wind<01:15:15.600> is<01:15:15.840> finally<01:15:16.239> impeded 01:15:16.709 --> 01:15:16.719 align:start position:0% called the solar wind is finally impeded 01:15:16.719 --> 01:15:19.189 align:start position:0% called the solar wind is finally impeded by<01:15:16.880> the<01:15:16.960> interstellar<01:15:17.600> medium.<01:15:18.640> And<01:15:18.960> in 01:15:19.189 --> 01:15:19.199 align:start position:0% by the interstellar medium. And in 01:15:19.199 --> 01:15:23.030 align:start position:0% by the interstellar medium. And in November<01:15:19.920> 2018,<01:15:21.120> Voyager<01:15:21.679> 2<01:15:22.159> finally<01:15:22.719> crossed 01:15:23.030 --> 01:15:23.040 align:start position:0% November 2018, Voyager 2 finally crossed 01:15:23.040 --> 01:15:25.510 align:start position:0% November 2018, Voyager 2 finally crossed the<01:15:23.360> final<01:15:23.920> layer<01:15:24.080> of<01:15:24.320> solar<01:15:24.719> turbulence 01:15:25.510 --> 01:15:25.520 align:start position:0% the final layer of solar turbulence 01:15:25.520 --> 01:15:27.910 align:start position:0% the final layer of solar turbulence called<01:15:25.679> the<01:15:25.920> helio<01:15:26.400> sheath<01:15:26.960> and<01:15:27.280> continued<01:15:27.679> on 01:15:27.910 --> 01:15:27.920 align:start position:0% called the helio sheath and continued on 01:15:27.920 --> 01:15:32.470 align:start position:0% called the helio sheath and continued on into<01:15:28.239> interstellar<01:15:28.960> space. 01:15:32.470 --> 01:15:32.480 align:start position:0% 01:15:32.480 --> 01:15:35.270 align:start position:0% Despite<01:15:33.199> passing<01:15:33.600> beyond<01:15:33.920> the<01:15:34.159> heliosphere 01:15:35.270 --> 01:15:35.280 align:start position:0% Despite passing beyond the heliosphere 01:15:35.280 --> 01:15:37.990 align:start position:0% Despite passing beyond the heliosphere and<01:15:35.679> well<01:15:36.080> past<01:15:36.400> the<01:15:36.560> main<01:15:36.800> Kyper<01:15:37.280> belt, 01:15:37.990 --> 01:15:38.000 align:start position:0% and well past the main Kyper belt, 01:15:38.000 --> 01:15:40.310 align:start position:0% and well past the main Kyper belt, Voyager<01:15:38.560> 2<01:15:38.880> would<01:15:39.199> still<01:15:39.440> need<01:15:39.600> to<01:15:39.760> travel<01:15:40.080> for 01:15:40.310 --> 01:15:40.320 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 would still need to travel for 01:15:40.320 --> 01:15:43.750 align:start position:0% Voyager 2 would still need to travel for another<01:15:40.880> 300<01:15:41.840> or<01:15:42.080> so<01:15:42.320> years<01:15:43.040> just<01:15:43.280> to<01:15:43.520> reach 01:15:43.750 --> 01:15:43.760 align:start position:0% another 300 or so years just to reach 01:15:43.760 --> 01:15:47.110 align:start position:0% another 300 or so years just to reach the<01:15:44.159> innermost<01:15:44.880> edge<01:15:45.280> of<01:15:45.440> the<01:15:45.600> or<01:15:46.080> cloud. 01:15:47.110 --> 01:15:47.120 align:start position:0% the innermost edge of the or cloud. 01:15:47.120 --> 01:15:51.110 align:start position:0% the innermost edge of the or cloud. That's<01:15:47.679> how<01:15:48.000> far<01:15:48.239> away<01:15:48.640> it<01:15:48.960> is.<01:15:50.159> And<01:15:50.320> to<01:15:50.560> fly 01:15:51.110 --> 01:15:51.120 align:start position:0% That's how far away it is. And to fly 01:15:51.120 --> 01:15:53.910 align:start position:0% That's how far away it is. And to fly through<01:15:51.440> the<01:15:51.679> or<01:15:52.080> cloud,<01:15:53.040> that<01:15:53.360> could<01:15:53.600> take 01:15:53.910 --> 01:15:53.920 align:start position:0% through the or cloud, that could take 01:15:53.920 --> 01:15:57.830 align:start position:0% through the or cloud, that could take another<01:15:54.560> 30,000<01:15:55.840> years.<01:15:57.199> Even<01:15:57.520> when 01:15:57.830 --> 01:15:57.840 align:start position:0% another 30,000 years. Even when 01:15:57.840 --> 01:16:01.669 align:start position:0% another 30,000 years. Even when traveling<01:15:58.400> at<01:15:58.880> 56,000<01:16:00.159> kmh, 01:16:01.669 --> 01:16:01.679 align:start position:0% traveling at 56,000 kmh, 01:16:01.679 --> 01:16:03.990 align:start position:0% traveling at 56,000 kmh, it<01:16:01.920> still<01:16:02.159> takes<01:16:02.640> all<01:16:02.960> that<01:16:03.280> time<01:16:03.520> just<01:16:03.760> to 01:16:03.990 --> 01:16:04.000 align:start position:0% it still takes all that time just to 01:16:04.000 --> 01:16:07.590 align:start position:0% it still takes all that time just to travel<01:16:04.480> around<01:16:05.120> 1<01:16:05.679> 12<01:16:06.000> light<01:16:06.320> years.<01:16:07.360> If 01:16:07.590 --> 01:16:07.600 align:start position:0% travel around 1 12 light years. If 01:16:07.600 --> 01:16:09.510 align:start position:0% travel around 1 12 light years. If you've<01:16:07.760> ever<01:16:08.000> wondered<01:16:08.320> why<01:16:08.560> interstellar<01:16:09.280> or 01:16:09.510 --> 01:16:09.520 align:start position:0% you've ever wondered why interstellar or 01:16:09.520 --> 01:16:12.470 align:start position:0% you've ever wondered why interstellar or intergalactic<01:16:10.320> space<01:16:10.560> travel<01:16:10.960> is<01:16:11.280> difficult, 01:16:12.470 --> 01:16:12.480 align:start position:0% intergalactic space travel is difficult, 01:16:12.480 --> 01:16:14.630 align:start position:0% intergalactic space travel is difficult, keep<01:16:12.719> in<01:16:12.960> mind<01:16:13.199> that<01:16:13.520> our<01:16:13.840> nearest<01:16:14.239> stellar 01:16:14.630 --> 01:16:14.640 align:start position:0% keep in mind that our nearest stellar 01:16:14.640 --> 01:16:17.669 align:start position:0% keep in mind that our nearest stellar neighbor<01:16:15.280> is<01:16:15.600> Proxima<01:16:16.159> Centuri<01:16:16.880> at<01:16:17.199> around 01:16:17.669 --> 01:16:17.679 align:start position:0% neighbor is Proxima Centuri at around 01:16:17.679 --> 01:16:20.950 align:start position:0% neighbor is Proxima Centuri at around 4.25<01:16:18.880> lighty<01:16:19.199> years<01:16:19.440> away. 01:16:20.950 --> 01:16:20.960 align:start position:0% 4.25 lighty years away. 01:16:20.960 --> 01:16:23.350 align:start position:0% 4.25 lighty years away. However,<01:16:22.000> some<01:16:22.320> still<01:16:22.640> question<01:16:23.120> the 01:16:23.350 --> 01:16:23.360 align:start position:0% However, some still question the 01:16:23.360 --> 01:16:25.910 align:start position:0% However, some still question the existence<01:16:23.679> of<01:16:23.840> the<01:16:24.000> or<01:16:24.320> cloud<01:16:25.199> mainly<01:16:25.600> because 01:16:25.910 --> 01:16:25.920 align:start position:0% existence of the or cloud mainly because 01:16:25.920 --> 01:16:28.870 align:start position:0% existence of the or cloud mainly because we're<01:16:26.320> unable<01:16:26.800> to<01:16:27.040> directly<01:16:27.520> observe<01:16:27.840> it. 01:16:28.870 --> 01:16:28.880 align:start position:0% we're unable to directly observe it. 01:16:28.880 --> 01:16:30.709 align:start position:0% we're unable to directly observe it. Another<01:16:29.280> argument<01:16:29.679> has<01:16:29.840> been<01:16:30.000> made<01:16:30.239> that<01:16:30.480> long 01:16:30.709 --> 01:16:30.719 align:start position:0% Another argument has been made that long 01:16:30.719 --> 01:16:32.709 align:start position:0% Another argument has been made that long period<01:16:31.040> comets<01:16:31.440> may<01:16:31.679> come<01:16:31.840> from<01:16:32.000> other<01:16:32.239> places 01:16:32.709 --> 01:16:32.719 align:start position:0% period comets may come from other places 01:16:32.719 --> 01:16:35.350 align:start position:0% period comets may come from other places such<01:16:32.880> as<01:16:33.040> interstellar<01:16:33.679> space.<01:16:34.640> And<01:16:34.800> in<01:16:34.960> fact, 01:16:35.350 --> 01:16:35.360 align:start position:0% such as interstellar space. And in fact, 01:16:35.360 --> 01:16:37.910 align:start position:0% such as interstellar space. And in fact, the<01:16:35.679> first<01:16:35.920> observation<01:16:36.640> of<01:16:37.040> an<01:16:37.280> interstellar 01:16:37.910 --> 01:16:37.920 align:start position:0% the first observation of an interstellar 01:16:37.920 --> 01:16:40.870 align:start position:0% the first observation of an interstellar comet,<01:16:38.800> one<01:16:39.040> that<01:16:39.280> had<01:16:39.600> origins<01:16:40.080> from<01:16:40.400> outside 01:16:40.870 --> 01:16:40.880 align:start position:0% comet, one that had origins from outside 01:16:40.880 --> 01:16:44.390 align:start position:0% comet, one that had origins from outside our<01:16:41.199> sun's<01:16:41.520> influence,<01:16:42.400> was<01:16:42.640> made<01:16:42.880> in<01:16:43.280> 2019<01:16:44.080> by 01:16:44.390 --> 01:16:44.400 align:start position:0% our sun's influence, was made in 2019 by 01:16:44.400 --> 01:16:47.590 align:start position:0% our sun's influence, was made in 2019 by amateur<01:16:44.800> astronomer<01:16:45.440> Gennady<01:16:46.080> Borisov. 01:16:47.590 --> 01:16:47.600 align:start position:0% amateur astronomer Gennady Borisov. 01:16:47.600 --> 01:16:49.350 align:start position:0% amateur astronomer Gennady Borisov. Professional<01:16:48.080> astronomers<01:16:48.719> joined<01:16:49.040> in<01:16:49.199> to 01:16:49.350 --> 01:16:49.360 align:start position:0% Professional astronomers joined in to 01:16:49.360 --> 01:16:51.750 align:start position:0% Professional astronomers joined in to collect<01:16:49.679> data<01:16:49.920> on<01:16:50.080> comet<01:16:50.480> Borisovv<01:16:51.360> named 01:16:51.750 --> 01:16:51.760 align:start position:0% collect data on comet Borisovv named 01:16:51.760 --> 01:16:54.550 align:start position:0% collect data on comet Borisovv named after<01:16:52.159> its<01:16:52.480> first<01:16:52.719> observer.<01:16:53.840> They<01:16:54.080> found<01:16:54.320> an 01:16:54.550 --> 01:16:54.560 align:start position:0% after its first observer. They found an 01:16:54.560 --> 01:16:56.709 align:start position:0% after its first observer. They found an unusual<01:16:55.120> composition,<01:16:56.080> a<01:16:56.320> higher 01:16:56.709 --> 01:16:56.719 align:start position:0% unusual composition, a higher 01:16:56.719 --> 01:16:58.630 align:start position:0% unusual composition, a higher concentration<01:16:57.280> of<01:16:57.440> carbon<01:16:57.840> monoxide<01:16:58.400> than 01:16:58.630 --> 01:16:58.640 align:start position:0% concentration of carbon monoxide than 01:16:58.640 --> 01:17:00.709 align:start position:0% concentration of carbon monoxide than the<01:16:58.800> average<01:16:59.120> comet<01:16:59.600> originating<01:17:00.159> from<01:17:00.400> our 01:17:00.709 --> 01:17:00.719 align:start position:0% the average comet originating from our 01:17:00.719 --> 01:17:02.870 align:start position:0% the average comet originating from our own<01:17:00.960> solar<01:17:01.280> system,<01:17:02.000> suggesting<01:17:02.480> that<01:17:02.640> this 01:17:02.870 --> 01:17:02.880 align:start position:0% own solar system, suggesting that this 01:17:02.880 --> 01:17:04.870 align:start position:0% own solar system, suggesting that this comet<01:17:03.280> may<01:17:03.600> have<01:17:03.760> formed<01:17:04.080> in<01:17:04.320> the<01:17:04.480> presence<01:17:04.719> of 01:17:04.870 --> 01:17:04.880 align:start position:0% comet may have formed in the presence of 01:17:04.880 --> 01:17:07.590 align:start position:0% comet may have formed in the presence of a<01:17:05.040> red<01:17:05.280> dwarf,<01:17:06.239> a<01:17:06.560> different<01:17:06.880> type<01:17:07.120> of<01:17:07.360> star 01:17:07.590 --> 01:17:07.600 align:start position:0% a red dwarf, a different type of star 01:17:07.600 --> 01:17:09.430 align:start position:0% a red dwarf, a different type of star than<01:17:07.840> our<01:17:08.159> sun. 01:17:09.430 --> 01:17:09.440 align:start position:0% than our sun. 01:17:09.440 --> 01:17:11.910 align:start position:0% than our sun. And<01:17:09.679> yet<01:17:10.159> the<01:17:10.400> vast<01:17:10.719> majority<01:17:11.120> of<01:17:11.280> astronomers 01:17:11.910 --> 01:17:11.920 align:start position:0% And yet the vast majority of astronomers 01:17:11.920 --> 01:17:14.310 align:start position:0% And yet the vast majority of astronomers agree<01:17:12.159> that<01:17:12.320> the<01:17:12.480> or<01:17:12.880> cloud<01:17:13.280> is<01:17:13.760> really<01:17:14.080> out 01:17:14.310 --> 01:17:14.320 align:start position:0% agree that the or cloud is really out 01:17:14.320 --> 01:17:16.310 align:start position:0% agree that the or cloud is really out there<01:17:14.960> despite<01:17:15.280> the<01:17:15.520> fact<01:17:15.600> that<01:17:15.840> we've<01:17:16.080> never 01:17:16.310 --> 01:17:16.320 align:start position:0% there despite the fact that we've never 01:17:16.320 --> 01:17:18.550 align:start position:0% there despite the fact that we've never laid<01:17:16.560> eyes<01:17:16.800> on<01:17:16.960> it. 01:17:18.550 --> 01:17:18.560 align:start position:0% laid eyes on it. 01:17:18.560 --> 01:17:20.950 align:start position:0% laid eyes on it. Plenty<01:17:18.960> of<01:17:19.280> indirect<01:17:20.000> observations<01:17:20.719> and 01:17:20.950 --> 01:17:20.960 align:start position:0% Plenty of indirect observations and 01:17:20.960 --> 01:17:23.590 align:start position:0% Plenty of indirect observations and mathematical<01:17:21.679> models<01:17:22.239> show<01:17:22.719> great<01:17:23.199> support 01:17:23.590 --> 01:17:23.600 align:start position:0% mathematical models show great support 01:17:23.600 --> 01:17:25.510 align:start position:0% mathematical models show great support for<01:17:23.840> the<01:17:24.000> theory<01:17:24.640> and<01:17:24.880> the<01:17:25.120> evidence 01:17:25.510 --> 01:17:25.520 align:start position:0% for the theory and the evidence 01:17:25.520 --> 01:17:28.310 align:start position:0% for the theory and the evidence continues<01:17:25.920> to<01:17:26.080> add<01:17:26.320> up.<01:17:27.440> But<01:17:27.679> why<01:17:27.920> is<01:17:28.080> it 01:17:28.310 --> 01:17:28.320 align:start position:0% continues to add up. But why is it 01:17:28.320 --> 01:17:30.070 align:start position:0% continues to add up. But why is it exactly<01:17:28.800> that<01:17:29.040> we've<01:17:29.360> never<01:17:29.520> been<01:17:29.760> able<01:17:29.920> to 01:17:30.070 --> 01:17:30.080 align:start position:0% exactly that we've never been able to 01:17:30.080 --> 01:17:32.790 align:start position:0% exactly that we've never been able to see<01:17:30.239> the<01:17:30.560> old<01:17:30.800> cloud?<01:17:31.679> After<01:17:32.000> all,<01:17:32.480> with 01:17:32.790 --> 01:17:32.800 align:start position:0% see the old cloud? After all, with 01:17:32.800 --> 01:17:35.030 align:start position:0% see the old cloud? After all, with telescopes,<01:17:33.360> we<01:17:33.600> can<01:17:33.679> see<01:17:33.920> stars<01:17:34.320> far<01:17:34.640> beyond 01:17:35.030 --> 01:17:35.040 align:start position:0% telescopes, we can see stars far beyond 01:17:35.040 --> 01:17:37.669 align:start position:0% telescopes, we can see stars far beyond our<01:17:35.280> own<01:17:35.520> solar<01:17:35.840> system<01:17:36.480> and<01:17:36.800> even<01:17:37.040> the<01:17:37.280> shapes 01:17:37.669 --> 01:17:37.679 align:start position:0% our own solar system and even the shapes 01:17:37.679 --> 01:17:39.910 align:start position:0% our own solar system and even the shapes of<01:17:37.920> distant<01:17:38.320> galaxies. 01:17:39.910 --> 01:17:39.920 align:start position:0% of distant galaxies. 01:17:39.920 --> 01:17:43.910 align:start position:0% of distant galaxies. The<01:17:40.239> difference<01:17:40.560> is<01:17:41.280> size<01:17:42.080> and<01:17:42.400> light.<01:17:43.679> Think 01:17:43.910 --> 01:17:43.920 align:start position:0% The difference is size and light. Think 01:17:43.920 --> 01:17:46.550 align:start position:0% The difference is size and light. Think about<01:17:44.159> it.<01:17:44.800> A<01:17:45.040> piece<01:17:45.199> of<01:17:45.360> or<01:17:45.679> cloud<01:17:46.000> debris<01:17:46.320> is 01:17:46.550 --> 01:17:46.560 align:start position:0% about it. A piece of or cloud debris is 01:17:46.560 --> 01:17:48.310 align:start position:0% about it. A piece of or cloud debris is roughly<01:17:46.800> the<01:17:47.040> size<01:17:47.199> of<01:17:47.440> one<01:17:47.679> mountain<01:17:48.080> on 01:17:48.310 --> 01:17:48.320 align:start position:0% roughly the size of one mountain on 01:17:48.320 --> 01:17:50.950 align:start position:0% roughly the size of one mountain on Earth.<01:17:49.199> Let's<01:17:49.520> consider<01:17:50.000> Mount<01:17:50.239> Everest<01:17:50.719> at 01:17:50.950 --> 01:17:50.960 align:start position:0% Earth. Let's consider Mount Everest at 01:17:50.960 --> 01:17:54.229 align:start position:0% Earth. Let's consider Mount Everest at around<01:17:51.199> 9<01:17:51.520> km<01:17:52.000> tall.<01:17:52.880> Now<01:17:53.199> consider<01:17:53.600> the<01:17:53.840> or 01:17:54.229 --> 01:17:54.239 align:start position:0% around 9 km tall. Now consider the or 01:17:54.239 --> 01:17:55.990 align:start position:0% around 9 km tall. Now consider the or clouds<01:17:54.640> innermost<01:17:55.120> boundary<01:17:55.520> begins 01:17:55.990 --> 01:17:56.000 align:start position:0% clouds innermost boundary begins 01:17:56.000 --> 01:18:00.550 align:start position:0% clouds innermost boundary begins somewhere<01:17:56.560> around<01:17:57.040> 3,000<01:17:57.840> AU<01:17:58.640> or<01:17:58.880> roughly<01:17:59.440> 450 01:18:00.550 --> 01:18:00.560 align:start position:0% somewhere around 3,000 AU or roughly 450 01:18:00.560 --> 01:18:03.350 align:start position:0% somewhere around 3,000 AU or roughly 450 million<01:18:01.040> km<01:18:01.520> from<01:18:01.679> the<01:18:01.920> sun.<01:18:02.880> The<01:18:03.120> distance 01:18:03.350 --> 01:18:03.360 align:start position:0% million km from the sun. The distance 01:18:03.360 --> 01:18:05.189 align:start position:0% million km from the sun. The distance from<01:18:03.520> the<01:18:03.679> sun<01:18:03.840> to<01:18:04.000> the<01:18:04.159> nearest<01:18:04.480> piece<01:18:04.640> of<01:18:04.800> or 01:18:05.189 --> 01:18:05.199 align:start position:0% from the sun to the nearest piece of or 01:18:05.199 --> 01:18:08.390 align:start position:0% from the sun to the nearest piece of or cloud<01:18:05.520> debris<01:18:06.239> is<01:18:06.800> 50<01:18:07.280> million<01:18:07.760> times<01:18:08.159> the 01:18:08.390 --> 01:18:08.400 align:start position:0% cloud debris is 50 million times the 01:18:08.400 --> 01:18:11.270 align:start position:0% cloud debris is 50 million times the size<01:18:08.640> of<01:18:08.800> the<01:18:09.040> debris.<01:18:10.080> Talk<01:18:10.400> about<01:18:10.880> looking 01:18:11.270 --> 01:18:11.280 align:start position:0% size of the debris. Talk about looking 01:18:11.280 --> 01:18:14.550 align:start position:0% size of the debris. Talk about looking for<01:18:11.440> a<01:18:11.679> needle<01:18:12.000> in<01:18:12.159> a<01:18:12.320> hay<01:18:12.640> stack.<01:18:13.840> But<01:18:14.159> more 01:18:14.550 --> 01:18:14.560 align:start position:0% for a needle in a hay stack. But more 01:18:14.560 --> 01:18:16.790 align:start position:0% for a needle in a hay stack. But more crucially<01:18:15.199> even<01:18:15.760> is<01:18:16.000> that<01:18:16.239> stars<01:18:16.560> and 01:18:16.790 --> 01:18:16.800 align:start position:0% crucially even is that stars and 01:18:16.800 --> 01:18:20.310 align:start position:0% crucially even is that stars and galaxies<01:18:17.440> give<01:18:17.679> off<01:18:18.000> light<01:18:18.719> but<01:18:19.440> debris<01:18:20.080> does 01:18:20.310 --> 01:18:20.320 align:start position:0% galaxies give off light but debris does 01:18:20.320 --> 01:18:23.510 align:start position:0% galaxies give off light but debris does not.<01:18:21.600> The<01:18:21.840> planets<01:18:22.320> are<01:18:22.560> relatively<01:18:23.120> close<01:18:23.360> to 01:18:23.510 --> 01:18:23.520 align:start position:0% not. The planets are relatively close to 01:18:23.520 --> 01:18:25.510 align:start position:0% not. The planets are relatively close to the<01:18:23.679> sun.<01:18:24.159> So,<01:18:24.320> they<01:18:24.560> are<01:18:24.719> able<01:18:24.960> to<01:18:25.120> reflect 01:18:25.510 --> 01:18:25.520 align:start position:0% the sun. So, they are able to reflect 01:18:25.520 --> 01:18:27.590 align:start position:0% the sun. So, they are able to reflect the<01:18:25.679> sun's<01:18:26.000> light<01:18:26.480> and<01:18:26.719> therefore<01:18:27.280> are 01:18:27.590 --> 01:18:27.600 align:start position:0% the sun's light and therefore are 01:18:27.600 --> 01:18:30.550 align:start position:0% the sun's light and therefore are visible.<01:18:28.640> Likewise,<01:18:29.199> the<01:18:29.440> asteroid<01:18:29.920> belt<01:18:30.320> and 01:18:30.550 --> 01:18:30.560 align:start position:0% visible. Likewise, the asteroid belt and 01:18:30.560 --> 01:18:32.630 align:start position:0% visible. Likewise, the asteroid belt and even<01:18:30.800> the<01:18:30.960> Kyper<01:18:31.440> belt<01:18:31.760> are<01:18:32.000> close<01:18:32.239> enough<01:18:32.480> to 01:18:32.630 --> 01:18:32.640 align:start position:0% even the Kyper belt are close enough to 01:18:32.640 --> 01:18:34.630 align:start position:0% even the Kyper belt are close enough to the<01:18:32.800> sun<01:18:33.040> that<01:18:33.280> we<01:18:33.440> can<01:18:33.600> use<01:18:33.760> telescopes<01:18:34.400> to 01:18:34.630 --> 01:18:34.640 align:start position:0% the sun that we can use telescopes to 01:18:34.640 --> 01:18:37.189 align:start position:0% the sun that we can use telescopes to directly<01:18:35.199> observe<01:18:35.600> their<01:18:35.840> debris.<01:18:36.880> But 01:18:37.189 --> 01:18:37.199 align:start position:0% directly observe their debris. But 01:18:37.199 --> 01:18:39.830 align:start position:0% directly observe their debris. But outside<01:18:37.600> of<01:18:37.760> the<01:18:38.000> heliosphere,<01:18:39.040> the<01:18:39.199> or<01:18:39.520> cloud 01:18:39.830 --> 01:18:39.840 align:start position:0% outside of the heliosphere, the or cloud 01:18:39.840 --> 01:18:42.790 align:start position:0% outside of the heliosphere, the or cloud is<01:18:40.159> just<01:18:40.480> too<01:18:40.880> far<01:18:41.440> and<01:18:41.760> too<01:18:42.080> dark<01:18:42.320> for<01:18:42.560> our 01:18:42.790 --> 01:18:42.800 align:start position:0% is just too far and too dark for our 01:18:42.800 --> 01:18:45.510 align:start position:0% is just too far and too dark for our telescopes<01:18:43.360> to<01:18:43.520> catch<01:18:43.760> a<01:18:43.920> glimpse.<01:18:45.199> Despite 01:18:45.510 --> 01:18:45.520 align:start position:0% telescopes to catch a glimpse. Despite 01:18:45.520 --> 01:18:48.149 align:start position:0% telescopes to catch a glimpse. Despite the<01:18:45.679> or<01:18:46.000> cloud's<01:18:46.480> gargantuan<01:18:47.440> footprint<01:18:47.920> and 01:18:48.149 --> 01:18:48.159 align:start position:0% the or cloud's gargantuan footprint and 01:18:48.159 --> 01:18:49.830 align:start position:0% the or cloud's gargantuan footprint and pivotal<01:18:48.640> role<01:18:48.880> in<01:18:49.120> shaping<01:18:49.520> our 01:18:49.830 --> 01:18:49.840 align:start position:0% pivotal role in shaping our 01:18:49.840 --> 01:18:51.910 align:start position:0% pivotal role in shaping our understanding<01:18:50.320> of<01:18:50.560> the<01:18:50.719> origin<01:18:51.040> of<01:18:51.280> many<01:18:51.600> long 01:18:51.910 --> 01:18:51.920 align:start position:0% understanding of the origin of many long 01:18:51.920 --> 01:18:55.030 align:start position:0% understanding of the origin of many long period<01:18:52.239> comets,<01:18:53.199> for<01:18:53.440> now<01:18:54.000> we<01:18:54.239> can<01:18:54.400> still<01:18:54.719> only 01:18:55.030 --> 01:18:55.040 align:start position:0% period comets, for now we can still only 01:18:55.040 --> 01:18:57.350 align:start position:0% period comets, for now we can still only infer<01:18:55.520> its<01:18:55.840> existence<01:18:56.320> through<01:18:56.640> mathematical 01:18:57.350 --> 01:18:57.360 align:start position:0% infer its existence through mathematical 01:18:57.360 --> 01:19:00.550 align:start position:0% infer its existence through mathematical models<01:18:57.920> and<01:18:58.159> indirect<01:18:58.640> observation.<01:19:00.080> But 01:19:00.550 --> 01:19:00.560 align:start position:0% models and indirect observation. But 01:19:00.560 --> 01:19:02.790 align:start position:0% models and indirect observation. But don't<01:19:00.800> let<01:19:01.040> our<01:19:01.280> inability<01:19:01.920> to<01:19:02.159> make<01:19:02.400> direct 01:19:02.790 --> 01:19:02.800 align:start position:0% don't let our inability to make direct 01:19:02.800 --> 01:19:04.550 align:start position:0% don't let our inability to make direct observations<01:19:03.600> discourage<01:19:04.080> you<01:19:04.320> from 01:19:04.550 --> 01:19:04.560 align:start position:0% observations discourage you from 01:19:04.560 --> 01:19:07.110 align:start position:0% observations discourage you from following<01:19:04.960> the<01:19:05.199> evidence.<01:19:06.239> I<01:19:06.480> can<01:19:06.640> think<01:19:06.719> of<01:19:06.880> a 01:19:07.110 --> 01:19:07.120 align:start position:0% following the evidence. I can think of a 01:19:07.120 --> 01:19:08.550 align:start position:0% following the evidence. I can think of a few<01:19:07.280> other<01:19:07.520> times<01:19:07.679> in<01:19:07.920> history<01:19:08.239> when 01:19:08.550 --> 01:19:08.560 align:start position:0% few other times in history when 01:19:08.560 --> 01:19:11.189 align:start position:0% few other times in history when scientists<01:19:09.120> put<01:19:09.360> forth<01:19:09.760> monumental<01:19:10.400> theories 01:19:11.189 --> 01:19:11.199 align:start position:0% scientists put forth monumental theories 01:19:11.199 --> 01:19:13.910 align:start position:0% scientists put forth monumental theories despite<01:19:11.679> a<01:19:11.920> lack<01:19:12.159> of<01:19:12.400> direct<01:19:12.719> observation. 01:19:13.910 --> 01:19:13.920 align:start position:0% despite a lack of direct observation. 01:19:13.920 --> 01:19:16.310 align:start position:0% despite a lack of direct observation. For<01:19:14.080> example,<01:19:14.800> in<01:19:15.040> the<01:19:15.199> 16th<01:19:15.679> and<01:19:15.920> 17th 01:19:16.310 --> 01:19:16.320 align:start position:0% For example, in the 16th and 17th 01:19:16.320 --> 01:19:18.950 align:start position:0% For example, in the 16th and 17th centuries,<01:19:16.960> respectively,<01:19:17.840> Capernacus<01:19:18.719> and 01:19:18.950 --> 01:19:18.960 align:start position:0% centuries, respectively, Capernacus and 01:19:18.960 --> 01:19:21.430 align:start position:0% centuries, respectively, Capernacus and Galileo<01:19:19.840> put<01:19:20.159> forth<01:19:20.400> the<01:19:20.640> theory<01:19:20.960> that<01:19:21.199> the 01:19:21.430 --> 01:19:21.440 align:start position:0% Galileo put forth the theory that the 01:19:21.440 --> 01:19:23.669 align:start position:0% Galileo put forth the theory that the planets<01:19:21.840> orbited<01:19:22.320> around<01:19:22.640> the<01:19:22.880> sun, 01:19:23.669 --> 01:19:23.679 align:start position:0% planets orbited around the sun, 01:19:23.679 --> 01:19:25.910 align:start position:0% planets orbited around the sun, contradicting<01:19:24.400> a<01:19:24.719> widely<01:19:25.199> held<01:19:25.520> belief<01:19:25.760> at 01:19:25.910 --> 01:19:25.920 align:start position:0% contradicting a widely held belief at 01:19:25.920 --> 01:19:27.910 align:start position:0% contradicting a widely held belief at the<01:19:26.080> time<01:19:26.400> that<01:19:26.640> the<01:19:26.880> Earth<01:19:27.120> was<01:19:27.360> the<01:19:27.600> center 01:19:27.910 --> 01:19:27.920 align:start position:0% the time that the Earth was the center 01:19:27.920 --> 01:19:30.950 align:start position:0% the time that the Earth was the center of<01:19:28.159> the<01:19:28.320> solar<01:19:28.719> universe.<01:19:30.000> Their<01:19:30.239> theory<01:19:30.640> of<01:19:30.800> a 01:19:30.950 --> 01:19:30.960 align:start position:0% of the solar universe. Their theory of a 01:19:30.960 --> 01:19:33.669 align:start position:0% of the solar universe. Their theory of a heliocentric<01:19:31.920> solar<01:19:32.320> system<01:19:32.880> was<01:19:33.120> not<01:19:33.440> based 01:19:33.669 --> 01:19:33.679 align:start position:0% heliocentric solar system was not based 01:19:33.679 --> 01:19:36.229 align:start position:0% heliocentric solar system was not based on<01:19:33.920> direct<01:19:34.239> observation,<01:19:35.280> but<01:19:35.520> rather<01:19:35.920> on 01:19:36.229 --> 01:19:36.239 align:start position:0% on direct observation, but rather on 01:19:36.239 --> 01:19:38.550 align:start position:0% on direct observation, but rather on indirect<01:19:36.880> observation<01:19:37.520> of<01:19:37.679> the<01:19:37.920> orbit<01:19:38.239> of<01:19:38.400> the 01:19:38.550 --> 01:19:38.560 align:start position:0% indirect observation of the orbit of the 01:19:38.560 --> 01:19:41.990 align:start position:0% indirect observation of the orbit of the planets.<01:19:39.760> As<01:19:39.920> we<01:19:40.159> know,<01:19:40.719> that<01:19:40.960> theory<01:19:41.679> turned 01:19:41.990 --> 01:19:42.000 align:start position:0% planets. As we know, that theory turned 01:19:42.000 --> 01:19:45.110 align:start position:0% planets. As we know, that theory turned out<01:19:42.239> to<01:19:42.480> be<01:19:42.800> spoton.<01:19:44.239> That's<01:19:44.480> the<01:19:44.719> thing<01:19:44.800> I 01:19:45.110 --> 01:19:45.120 align:start position:0% out to be spoton. That's the thing I 01:19:45.120 --> 01:19:47.350 align:start position:0% out to be spoton. That's the thing I love<01:19:45.360> about<01:19:45.760> science<01:19:46.320> and<01:19:46.560> the<01:19:46.800> pursuit<01:19:47.199> of 01:19:47.350 --> 01:19:47.360 align:start position:0% love about science and the pursuit of 01:19:47.360 --> 01:19:49.990 align:start position:0% love about science and the pursuit of knowledge.<01:19:48.239> There's<01:19:48.480> always<01:19:48.800> more<01:19:49.040> to<01:19:49.280> learn. 01:19:49.990 --> 01:19:50.000 align:start position:0% knowledge. There's always more to learn. 01:19:50.000 --> 01:19:52.070 align:start position:0% knowledge. There's always more to learn. The<01:19:50.159> farther<01:19:50.480> we<01:19:50.719> travel<01:19:51.040> through<01:19:51.280> time,<01:19:51.840> the 01:19:52.070 --> 01:19:52.080 align:start position:0% The farther we travel through time, the 01:19:52.080 --> 01:19:53.910 align:start position:0% The farther we travel through time, the better<01:19:52.320> our<01:19:52.719> understanding<01:19:53.199> of<01:19:53.360> the<01:19:53.600> solar 01:19:53.910 --> 01:19:53.920 align:start position:0% better our understanding of the solar 01:19:53.920 --> 01:19:57.430 align:start position:0% better our understanding of the solar system<01:19:54.159> will<01:19:54.400> get.<01:19:55.280> Who<01:19:55.520> knows?<01:19:56.239> Maybe<01:19:56.560> in<01:19:57.040> 100 01:19:57.430 --> 01:19:57.440 align:start position:0% system will get. Who knows? Maybe in 100 01:19:57.440 --> 01:19:59.350 align:start position:0% system will get. Who knows? Maybe in 100 years,<01:19:58.000> future<01:19:58.400> astronomers<01:19:58.960> will<01:19:59.199> have 01:19:59.350 --> 01:19:59.360 align:start position:0% years, future astronomers will have 01:19:59.360 --> 01:20:01.030 align:start position:0% years, future astronomers will have found<01:19:59.600> a<01:19:59.840> way<01:19:59.920> to<01:20:00.159> prove<01:20:00.400> the<01:20:00.640> existence<01:20:00.960> of 01:20:01.030 --> 01:20:01.040 align:start position:0% found a way to prove the existence of 01:20:01.040 --> 01:20:03.750 align:start position:0% found a way to prove the existence of the<01:20:01.199> or<01:20:01.520> cloud<01:20:01.760> once<01:20:02.000> and<01:20:02.239> for<01:20:02.320> all.<01:20:03.199> Or<01:20:03.440> maybe 01:20:03.750 --> 01:20:03.760 align:start position:0% the or cloud once and for all. Or maybe 01:20:03.760 --> 01:20:05.110 align:start position:0% the or cloud once and for all. Or maybe they'll<01:20:04.080> have<01:20:04.239> found<01:20:04.480> a<01:20:04.719> whole<01:20:04.880> new 01:20:05.110 --> 01:20:05.120 align:start position:0% they'll have found a whole new 01:20:05.120 --> 01:20:07.510 align:start position:0% they'll have found a whole new explanation<01:20:05.600> for<01:20:05.840> long<01:20:06.080> period<01:20:06.480> comets. 01:20:07.510 --> 01:20:07.520 align:start position:0% explanation for long period comets. 01:20:07.520 --> 01:20:10.070 align:start position:0% explanation for long period comets. Until<01:20:07.920> then,<01:20:08.560> the<01:20:08.719> or<01:20:09.120> cloud<01:20:09.440> remains<01:20:09.760> one<01:20:09.920> of 01:20:10.070 --> 01:20:10.080 align:start position:0% Until then, the or cloud remains one of 01:20:10.080 --> 01:20:16.630 align:start position:0% Until then, the or cloud remains one of astronomy's<01:20:11.120> most<01:20:11.520> compelling<01:20:12.239> enigmas. 01:20:16.630 --> 01:20:16.640 align:start position:0% 01:20:16.640 --> 01:20:19.430 align:start position:0% Thanks<01:20:16.960> for<01:20:17.120> watching.<01:20:18.400> This<01:20:18.719> video<01:20:18.960> was<01:20:19.199> in 01:20:19.430 --> 01:20:19.440 align:start position:0% Thanks for watching. This video was in 01:20:19.440 --> 01:20:21.750 align:start position:0% Thanks for watching. This video was in part<01:20:19.679> made<01:20:20.000> possible<01:20:20.400> by<01:20:20.719> all<01:20:20.880> the<01:20:21.040> astronauts 01:20:21.750 --> 01:20:21.760 align:start position:0% part made possible by all the astronauts 01:20:21.760 --> 01:20:24.070 align:start position:0% part made possible by all the astronauts on<01:20:21.920> Patreon.<01:20:22.880> If<01:20:23.120> you<01:20:23.280> think<01:20:23.440> these<01:20:23.760> videos 01:20:24.070 --> 01:20:24.080 align:start position:0% on Patreon. If you think these videos 01:20:24.080 --> 01:20:26.229 align:start position:0% on Patreon. If you think these videos add<01:20:24.320> some<01:20:24.480> educational<01:20:25.199> value<01:20:25.440> to<01:20:25.679> the<01:20:25.840> world 01:20:26.229 --> 01:20:26.239 align:start position:0% add some educational value to the world 01:20:26.239 --> 01:20:27.990 align:start position:0% add some educational value to the world and<01:20:26.480> want<01:20:26.640> to<01:20:26.800> give<01:20:26.960> them<01:20:27.199> more<01:20:27.440> stability 01:20:27.990 --> 01:20:28.000 align:start position:0% and want to give them more stability 01:20:28.000 --> 01:20:30.229 align:start position:0% and want to give them more stability than<01:20:28.239> the<01:20:28.400> algorithm,<01:20:29.280> you<01:20:29.600> can<01:20:29.760> become<01:20:30.000> a 01:20:30.229 --> 01:20:30.239 align:start position:0% than the algorithm, you can become a 01:20:30.239 --> 01:20:32.229 align:start position:0% than the algorithm, you can become a paid<01:20:30.560> member<01:20:30.800> on<01:20:31.040> Patreon<01:20:31.520> to<01:20:31.840> contribute 01:20:32.229 --> 01:20:32.239 align:start position:0% paid member on Patreon to contribute 01:20:32.239 --> 01:20:34.870 align:start position:0% paid member on Patreon to contribute towards<01:20:32.640> their<01:20:32.880> creation.<01:20:34.080> When<01:20:34.400> you<01:20:34.560> join, 01:20:34.870 --> 01:20:34.880 align:start position:0% towards their creation. When you join, 01:20:34.880 --> 01:20:36.630 align:start position:0% towards their creation. When you join, you'll<01:20:35.040> be<01:20:35.120> able<01:20:35.360> to<01:20:35.520> watch<01:20:35.679> the<01:20:36.000> whole<01:20:36.239> video 01:20:36.630 --> 01:20:36.640 align:start position:0% you'll be able to watch the whole video 01:20:36.640 --> 01:20:39.350 align:start position:0% you'll be able to watch the whole video ad<01:20:36.960> free,<01:20:37.600> see<01:20:37.840> your<01:20:38.000> name<01:20:38.159> in<01:20:38.400> the<01:20:38.560> credits, 01:20:39.350 --> 01:20:39.360 align:start position:0% ad free, see your name in the credits, 01:20:39.360 --> 01:20:42.149 align:start position:0% ad free, see your name in the credits, and<01:20:39.760> submit<01:20:40.080> questions<01:20:40.480> to<01:20:40.719> our<01:20:40.960> team.<01:20:41.840> Just 01:20:42.149 --> 01:20:42.159 align:start position:0% and submit questions to our team. Just 01:20:42.159 --> 01:20:43.430 align:start position:0% and submit questions to our team. Just sign<01:20:42.320> up<01:20:42.480> with<01:20:42.640> the<01:20:42.880> link<01:20:43.040> in<01:20:43.280> the 01:20:43.430 --> 01:20:43.440 align:start position:0% sign up with the link in the 01:20:43.440 --> 01:20:45.510 align:start position:0% sign up with the link in the description. 01:20:45.510 --> 01:20:45.520 align:start position:0% description. 01:20:45.520 --> 01:20:48.229 align:start position:0% description. Once<01:20:45.840> again,<01:20:46.239> a<01:20:46.560> huge<01:20:46.960> thank<01:20:47.199> you<01:20:47.360> from<01:20:47.679> myself 01:20:48.229 --> 01:20:48.239 align:start position:0% Once again, a huge thank you from myself 01:20:48.239 --> 01:20:52.840 align:start position:0% Once again, a huge thank you from myself and<01:20:48.719> the<01:20:49.040> whole<01:20:49.280> Astramm<01:20:49.840> team.