WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.439 --> 00:00:05.349 align:start position:0% Why<00:00:01.839> does<00:00:02.080> reality<00:00:02.879> have<00:00:03.120> a<00:00:03.520> speed<00:00:03.919> limit?<00:00:05.120> It 00:00:05.349 --> 00:00:05.359 align:start position:0% Why does reality have a speed limit? It 00:00:05.359 --> 00:00:07.110 align:start position:0% Why does reality have a speed limit? It is<00:00:05.600> common<00:00:05.920> knowledge<00:00:06.240> that<00:00:06.480> the<00:00:06.720> speed<00:00:06.879> of 00:00:07.110 --> 00:00:07.120 align:start position:0% is common knowledge that the speed of 00:00:07.120 --> 00:00:10.150 align:start position:0% is common knowledge that the speed of light<00:00:07.359> is<00:00:07.600> the<00:00:07.919> fastest<00:00:08.400> that<00:00:08.720> anyone<00:00:09.200> can<00:00:09.440> go. 00:00:10.150 --> 00:00:10.160 align:start position:0% light is the fastest that anyone can go. 00:00:10.160 --> 00:00:12.150 align:start position:0% light is the fastest that anyone can go. But<00:00:10.320> why<00:00:10.559> does<00:00:10.719> this<00:00:10.880> cap<00:00:11.200> on<00:00:11.440> causality 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:12.160 align:start position:0% But why does this cap on causality 00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:20.230 align:start position:0% But why does this cap on causality exist?<00:00:13.200> And<00:00:13.440> why<00:00:13.759> is<00:00:13.920> it<00:00:14.160> exactly<00:00:15.040> 299,792,458 00:00:20.230 --> 00:00:20.240 align:start position:0% 00:00:20.240 --> 00:00:21.750 align:start position:0% m/s? 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:21.760 align:start position:0% m/s? 00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:24.950 align:start position:0% m/s? Why<00:00:22.000> not<00:00:22.240> more?<00:00:23.039> Why<00:00:23.199> not<00:00:23.439> less?<00:00:24.560> If<00:00:24.720> you're 00:00:24.950 --> 00:00:24.960 align:start position:0% Why not more? Why not less? If you're 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:26.870 align:start position:0% Why not more? Why not less? If you're like<00:00:25.199> me,<00:00:25.600> you've<00:00:25.920> wondered<00:00:26.240> about<00:00:26.480> these 00:00:26.870 --> 00:00:26.880 align:start position:0% like me, you've wondered about these 00:00:26.880 --> 00:00:28.790 align:start position:0% like me, you've wondered about these strange<00:00:27.359> properties<00:00:27.760> of<00:00:28.000> light.<00:00:28.640> But 00:00:28.790 --> 00:00:28.800 align:start position:0% strange properties of light. But 00:00:28.800 --> 00:00:30.950 align:start position:0% strange properties of light. But recently,<00:00:29.519> I<00:00:29.760> think<00:00:29.840> I<00:00:30.080> might<00:00:30.240> have<00:00:30.400> found<00:00:30.640> an 00:00:30.950 --> 00:00:30.960 align:start position:0% recently, I think I might have found an 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:33.510 align:start position:0% recently, I think I might have found an answer,<00:00:31.760> and<00:00:32.000> it<00:00:32.239> lies<00:00:32.559> in<00:00:32.800> hyperbolic 00:00:33.510 --> 00:00:33.520 align:start position:0% answer, and it lies in hyperbolic 00:00:33.520 --> 00:00:36.150 align:start position:0% answer, and it lies in hyperbolic geometry.<00:00:34.880> And<00:00:35.040> the<00:00:35.280> more<00:00:35.440> I've<00:00:35.760> considered 00:00:36.150 --> 00:00:36.160 align:start position:0% geometry. And the more I've considered 00:00:36.160 --> 00:00:40.630 align:start position:0% geometry. And the more I've considered it,<00:00:36.719> the<00:00:36.960> more<00:00:37.280> it's<00:00:37.760> blown<00:00:38.160> my<00:00:38.399> mind. 00:00:40.630 --> 00:00:40.640 align:start position:0% it, the more it's blown my mind. 00:00:40.640 --> 00:00:42.709 align:start position:0% it, the more it's blown my mind. I'm<00:00:40.960> Alex<00:00:41.280> Mccoan,<00:00:41.920> and<00:00:42.160> you're<00:00:42.399> watching 00:00:42.709 --> 00:00:42.719 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching 00:00:42.719 --> 00:00:45.110 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm.<00:00:43.680> Join<00:00:44.000> with<00:00:44.160> me<00:00:44.320> today<00:00:44.640> for<00:00:44.960> the 00:00:45.110 --> 00:00:45.120 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today for the 00:00:45.120 --> 00:00:47.430 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today for the third<00:00:45.440> part<00:00:45.680> in<00:00:45.920> our<00:00:46.239> series<00:00:46.480> on<00:00:46.719> the<00:00:46.960> unseen 00:00:47.430 --> 00:00:47.440 align:start position:0% third part in our series on the unseen 00:00:47.440 --> 00:00:49.510 align:start position:0% third part in our series on the unseen world<00:00:48.160> and<00:00:48.399> bring<00:00:48.719> together<00:00:49.039> what<00:00:49.200> we<00:00:49.360> have 00:00:49.510 --> 00:00:49.520 align:start position:0% world and bring together what we have 00:00:49.520 --> 00:00:51.990 align:start position:0% world and bring together what we have learned<00:00:49.840> so<00:00:50.079> far<00:00:50.559> to<00:00:50.800> try<00:00:50.960> to<00:00:51.200> answer<00:00:51.600> some<00:00:51.920> of 00:00:51.990 --> 00:00:52.000 align:start position:0% learned so far to try to answer some of 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:54.470 align:start position:0% learned so far to try to answer some of the<00:00:52.239> biggest<00:00:52.800> questions<00:00:53.440> about<00:00:53.760> why<00:00:54.160> our 00:00:54.470 --> 00:00:54.480 align:start position:0% the biggest questions about why our 00:00:54.480 --> 00:00:57.590 align:start position:0% the biggest questions about why our universe<00:00:54.960> is<00:00:55.199> the<00:00:55.440> way<00:00:55.520> it<00:00:55.760> is. 00:00:57.590 --> 00:00:57.600 align:start position:0% universe is the way it is. 00:00:57.600 --> 00:00:59.670 align:start position:0% universe is the way it is. Before<00:00:57.920> we<00:00:58.160> begin,<00:00:58.719> I<00:00:58.960> should<00:00:59.199> mention<00:00:59.440> that 00:00:59.670 --> 00:00:59.680 align:start position:0% Before we begin, I should mention that 00:00:59.680 --> 00:01:01.590 align:start position:0% Before we begin, I should mention that this<00:00:59.920> is<00:01:00.000> a<00:01:00.239> continuation<00:01:00.800> of<00:01:00.960> a<00:01:01.199> model<00:01:01.440> that 00:01:01.590 --> 00:01:01.600 align:start position:0% this is a continuation of a model that 00:01:01.600 --> 00:01:03.110 align:start position:0% this is a continuation of a model that is<00:01:01.760> being<00:01:02.000> developed<00:01:02.320> in<00:01:02.559> collaboration 00:01:03.110 --> 00:01:03.120 align:start position:0% is being developed in collaboration 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:04.950 align:start position:0% is being developed in collaboration between<00:01:03.359> me<00:01:03.600> and<00:01:03.760> my<00:01:04.000> brother,<00:01:04.479> which<00:01:04.720> we 00:01:04.950 --> 00:01:04.960 align:start position:0% between me and my brother, which we 00:01:04.960 --> 00:01:07.990 align:start position:0% between me and my brother, which we began<00:01:05.280> in<00:01:05.519> this<00:01:05.760> video<00:01:06.159> about<00:01:06.560> 4D<00:01:07.040> space<00:01:07.680> and 00:01:07.990 --> 00:01:08.000 align:start position:0% began in this video about 4D space and 00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:10.230 align:start position:0% began in this video about 4D space and continued<00:01:08.479> exploring<00:01:08.960> in<00:01:09.360> this<00:01:09.600> video<00:01:10.000> about 00:01:10.230 --> 00:01:10.240 align:start position:0% continued exploring in this video about 00:01:10.240 --> 00:01:12.550 align:start position:0% continued exploring in this video about the<00:01:10.479> shape<00:01:10.720> of<00:01:10.880> our<00:01:11.119> universe.<00:01:12.159> If<00:01:12.400> you 00:01:12.550 --> 00:01:12.560 align:start position:0% the shape of our universe. If you 00:01:12.560 --> 00:01:14.310 align:start position:0% the shape of our universe. If you haven't<00:01:12.799> watched<00:01:13.040> those<00:01:13.280> videos<00:01:13.600> yet,<00:01:14.080> I 00:01:14.310 --> 00:01:14.320 align:start position:0% haven't watched those videos yet, I 00:01:14.320 --> 00:01:15.830 align:start position:0% haven't watched those videos yet, I would<00:01:14.479> highly<00:01:14.799> recommend<00:01:15.200> you<00:01:15.439> check<00:01:15.680> them 00:01:15.830 --> 00:01:15.840 align:start position:0% would highly recommend you check them 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:18.310 align:start position:0% would highly recommend you check them out<00:01:16.240> as<00:01:16.479> we<00:01:16.640> will<00:01:16.799> be<00:01:16.960> blending<00:01:17.439> both<00:01:17.759> concepts 00:01:18.310 --> 00:01:18.320 align:start position:0% out as we will be blending both concepts 00:01:18.320 --> 00:01:21.350 align:start position:0% out as we will be blending both concepts together<00:01:18.720> in<00:01:19.040> this<00:01:19.360> video.<00:01:20.799> Check<00:01:20.960> the<00:01:21.119> links 00:01:21.350 --> 00:01:21.360 align:start position:0% together in this video. Check the links 00:01:21.360 --> 00:01:23.109 align:start position:0% together in this video. Check the links in<00:01:21.520> the<00:01:21.680> description<00:01:22.000> or<00:01:22.159> the<00:01:22.320> top<00:01:22.560> right<00:01:22.880> if 00:01:23.109 --> 00:01:23.119 align:start position:0% in the description or the top right if 00:01:23.119 --> 00:01:25.190 align:start position:0% in the description or the top right if you<00:01:23.280> need<00:01:23.360> a<00:01:23.600> refresher. 00:01:25.190 --> 00:01:25.200 align:start position:0% you need a refresher. 00:01:25.200 --> 00:01:27.350 align:start position:0% you need a refresher. With<00:01:25.439> that<00:01:25.600> out<00:01:25.759> the<00:01:26.000> way,<00:01:26.400> let's<00:01:26.799> talk<00:01:27.040> a 00:01:27.350 --> 00:01:27.360 align:start position:0% With that out the way, let's talk a 00:01:27.360 --> 00:01:30.230 align:start position:0% With that out the way, let's talk a little<00:01:27.439> bit<00:01:27.680> about<00:01:28.080> light.<00:01:29.520> There<00:01:29.759> is<00:01:29.920> an 00:01:30.230 --> 00:01:30.240 align:start position:0% little bit about light. There is an 00:01:30.240 --> 00:01:31.830 align:start position:0% little bit about light. There is an interesting<00:01:30.720> observation<00:01:31.200> we<00:01:31.520> can<00:01:31.600> make 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:31.840 align:start position:0% interesting observation we can make 00:01:31.840 --> 00:01:34.069 align:start position:0% interesting observation we can make about<00:01:32.079> light.<00:01:33.040> From<00:01:33.280> an<00:01:33.520> external 00:01:34.069 --> 00:01:34.079 align:start position:0% about light. From an external 00:01:34.079 --> 00:01:36.469 align:start position:0% about light. From an external perspective,<00:01:34.960> it<00:01:35.200> appears<00:01:35.520> as<00:01:35.759> if<00:01:36.000> light<00:01:36.240> is 00:01:36.469 --> 00:01:36.479 align:start position:0% perspective, it appears as if light is 00:01:36.479 --> 00:01:41.350 align:start position:0% perspective, it appears as if light is traveling<00:01:36.880> at<00:01:37.200> 299,792,458 00:01:41.350 --> 00:01:41.360 align:start position:0% 00:01:41.360 --> 00:01:43.190 align:start position:0% m/s. 00:01:43.190 --> 00:01:43.200 align:start position:0% m/s. 00:01:43.200 --> 00:01:45.429 align:start position:0% m/s. This<00:01:43.439> is<00:01:43.680> true<00:01:44.079> no<00:01:44.240> matter<00:01:44.640> what<00:01:44.880> perspective 00:01:45.429 --> 00:01:45.439 align:start position:0% This is true no matter what perspective 00:01:45.439 --> 00:01:47.670 align:start position:0% This is true no matter what perspective you<00:01:45.680> look<00:01:45.840> at<00:01:46.000> it<00:01:46.159> from.<00:01:46.799> Whether<00:01:47.119> you<00:01:47.280> are<00:01:47.360> at 00:01:47.670 --> 00:01:47.680 align:start position:0% you look at it from. Whether you are at 00:01:47.680 --> 00:01:49.590 align:start position:0% you look at it from. Whether you are at standstill,<00:01:48.720> whether<00:01:48.960> you<00:01:49.040> are<00:01:49.280> moving 00:01:49.590 --> 00:01:49.600 align:start position:0% standstill, whether you are moving 00:01:49.600 --> 00:01:52.710 align:start position:0% standstill, whether you are moving towards<00:01:50.000> it<00:01:50.320> or<00:01:50.640> away<00:01:50.960> from<00:01:51.119> it,<00:01:51.759> it<00:01:52.240> always 00:01:52.710 --> 00:01:52.720 align:start position:0% towards it or away from it, it always 00:01:52.720 --> 00:01:54.789 align:start position:0% towards it or away from it, it always looks<00:01:53.040> as<00:01:53.280> if<00:01:53.439> it<00:01:53.680> is<00:01:53.840> traveling<00:01:54.240> at<00:01:54.560> this 00:01:54.789 --> 00:01:54.799 align:start position:0% looks as if it is traveling at this 00:01:54.799 --> 00:01:58.709 align:start position:0% looks as if it is traveling at this speed.<00:01:56.159> However,<00:01:57.040> there<00:01:57.280> is<00:01:57.520> a<00:01:57.840> single 00:01:58.709 --> 00:01:58.719 align:start position:0% speed. However, there is a single 00:01:58.719 --> 00:02:00.630 align:start position:0% speed. However, there is a single interesting<00:01:59.280> exception<00:01:59.680> to<00:01:59.920> this<00:02:00.079> rule<00:02:00.399> which 00:02:00.630 --> 00:02:00.640 align:start position:0% interesting exception to this rule which 00:02:00.640 --> 00:02:03.510 align:start position:0% interesting exception to this rule which had<00:02:00.960> always<00:02:01.280> puzzled<00:02:01.759> me.<00:02:02.560> The<00:02:02.880> photons 00:02:03.510 --> 00:02:03.520 align:start position:0% had always puzzled me. The photons 00:02:03.520 --> 00:02:05.030 align:start position:0% had always puzzled me. The photons perspective. 00:02:05.030 --> 00:02:05.040 align:start position:0% perspective. 00:02:05.040 --> 00:02:07.429 align:start position:0% perspective. Einstein<00:02:05.600> has<00:02:05.840> proven<00:02:06.240> that<00:02:06.560> for<00:02:06.799> an<00:02:07.040> object 00:02:07.429 --> 00:02:07.439 align:start position:0% Einstein has proven that for an object 00:02:07.439 --> 00:02:10.150 align:start position:0% Einstein has proven that for an object traveling<00:02:07.920> at<00:02:08.160> light<00:02:08.479> speed,<00:02:09.360> time<00:02:09.840> would 00:02:10.150 --> 00:02:10.160 align:start position:0% traveling at light speed, time would 00:02:10.160 --> 00:02:12.470 align:start position:0% traveling at light speed, time would slow<00:02:10.399> down<00:02:10.720> so<00:02:11.120> much<00:02:11.360> that<00:02:11.680> it<00:02:11.840> would<00:02:12.000> be<00:02:12.239> at 00:02:12.470 --> 00:02:12.480 align:start position:0% slow down so much that it would be at 00:02:12.480 --> 00:02:15.430 align:start position:0% slow down so much that it would be at zero.<00:02:13.840> If<00:02:14.080> you<00:02:14.239> were<00:02:14.400> to<00:02:14.640> suddenly<00:02:15.120> start 00:02:15.430 --> 00:02:15.440 align:start position:0% zero. If you were to suddenly start 00:02:15.440 --> 00:02:17.110 align:start position:0% zero. If you were to suddenly start traveling<00:02:15.840> at<00:02:16.080> the<00:02:16.239> speed<00:02:16.400> of<00:02:16.560> light<00:02:16.800> towards 00:02:17.110 --> 00:02:17.120 align:start position:0% traveling at the speed of light towards 00:02:17.120 --> 00:02:19.830 align:start position:0% traveling at the speed of light towards Jupiter,<00:02:18.000> you<00:02:18.239> would<00:02:18.400> notice<00:02:19.040> zero<00:02:19.520> time 00:02:19.830 --> 00:02:19.840 align:start position:0% Jupiter, you would notice zero time 00:02:19.840 --> 00:02:21.990 align:start position:0% Jupiter, you would notice zero time passing,<00:02:20.560> but<00:02:20.879> would<00:02:21.120> observe<00:02:21.440> that<00:02:21.680> you<00:02:21.840> have 00:02:21.990 --> 00:02:22.000 align:start position:0% passing, but would observe that you have 00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:25.910 align:start position:0% passing, but would observe that you have traveled<00:02:22.640> 679<00:02:23.920> million<00:02:24.319> km 00:02:25.910 --> 00:02:25.920 align:start position:0% traveled 679 million km 00:02:25.920 --> 00:02:27.589 align:start position:0% traveled 679 million km and<00:02:26.160> then<00:02:26.319> would<00:02:26.480> probably<00:02:26.800> die<00:02:27.040> of<00:02:27.280> the<00:02:27.440> lack 00:02:27.589 --> 00:02:27.599 align:start position:0% and then would probably die of the lack 00:02:27.599 --> 00:02:29.750 align:start position:0% and then would probably die of the lack of<00:02:27.760> air,<00:02:28.160> the<00:02:28.319> punishing<00:02:28.720> G<00:02:28.959> forces,<00:02:29.440> and<00:02:29.599> the 00:02:29.750 --> 00:02:29.760 align:start position:0% of air, the punishing G forces, and the 00:02:29.760 --> 00:02:32.070 align:start position:0% of air, the punishing G forces, and the friction<00:02:30.160> burn<00:02:30.480> along<00:02:30.720> the<00:02:30.879> way.<00:02:31.680> But<00:02:31.840> what 00:02:32.070 --> 00:02:32.080 align:start position:0% friction burn along the way. But what 00:02:32.080 --> 00:02:33.830 align:start position:0% friction burn along the way. But what happens<00:02:32.319> if<00:02:32.560> we<00:02:32.720> try<00:02:32.879> to<00:02:33.040> calculate<00:02:33.599> your 00:02:33.830 --> 00:02:33.840 align:start position:0% happens if we try to calculate your 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:36.869 align:start position:0% happens if we try to calculate your speed<00:02:34.160> using<00:02:34.480> these<00:02:34.720> figures?<00:02:35.840> Well,<00:02:36.560> speed 00:02:36.869 --> 00:02:36.879 align:start position:0% speed using these figures? Well, speed 00:02:36.879 --> 00:02:42.309 align:start position:0% speed using these figures? Well, speed is<00:02:37.120> distance<00:02:37.519> over<00:02:37.840> time.<00:02:38.800> So<00:02:39.599> 679<00:02:40.959> million<00:02:41.599> / 00:02:42.309 --> 00:02:42.319 align:start position:0% is distance over time. So 679 million / 00:02:42.319 --> 00:02:44.949 align:start position:0% is distance over time. So 679 million / 0<00:02:43.040> equals. 00:02:44.949 --> 00:02:44.959 align:start position:0% 0 equals. 00:02:44.959 --> 00:02:46.869 align:start position:0% 0 equals. If<00:02:45.200> you<00:02:45.440> tried<00:02:45.840> plugging<00:02:46.160> this<00:02:46.400> into<00:02:46.640> your 00:02:46.869 --> 00:02:46.879 align:start position:0% If you tried plugging this into your 00:02:46.879 --> 00:02:48.710 align:start position:0% If you tried plugging this into your calculator,<00:02:47.599> you<00:02:47.760> would<00:02:47.920> quickly<00:02:48.239> run<00:02:48.480> into 00:02:48.710 --> 00:02:48.720 align:start position:0% calculator, you would quickly run into 00:02:48.720 --> 00:02:51.670 align:start position:0% calculator, you would quickly run into an<00:02:49.040> error<00:02:49.200> here.<00:02:50.239> Calculators<00:02:50.959> do<00:02:51.200> not<00:02:51.360> like 00:02:51.670 --> 00:02:51.680 align:start position:0% an error here. Calculators do not like 00:02:51.680 --> 00:02:54.150 align:start position:0% an error here. Calculators do not like dividing<00:02:52.080> by<00:02:52.319> zero.<00:02:53.200> This<00:02:53.360> is<00:02:53.599> because<00:02:53.920> the 00:02:54.150 --> 00:02:54.160 align:start position:0% dividing by zero. This is because the 00:02:54.160 --> 00:02:55.990 align:start position:0% dividing by zero. This is because the smaller<00:02:54.480> the<00:02:54.720> denominator<00:02:55.280> becomes<00:02:55.599> on<00:02:55.760> a 00:02:55.990 --> 00:02:56.000 align:start position:0% smaller the denominator becomes on a 00:02:56.000 --> 00:02:57.910 align:start position:0% smaller the denominator becomes on a fraction,<00:02:56.640> the<00:02:56.800> larger<00:02:57.120> the<00:02:57.280> total<00:02:57.599> number 00:02:57.910 --> 00:02:57.920 align:start position:0% fraction, the larger the total number 00:02:57.920 --> 00:03:00.550 align:start position:0% fraction, the larger the total number becomes.<00:02:58.959> If<00:02:59.200> you<00:02:59.440> reduce<00:02:59.760> the<00:03:00.000> value<00:03:00.239> of<00:03:00.400> the 00:03:00.550 --> 00:03:00.560 align:start position:0% becomes. If you reduce the value of the 00:03:00.560 --> 00:03:02.949 align:start position:0% becomes. If you reduce the value of the denominator<00:03:01.200> all<00:03:01.440> the<00:03:01.599> way<00:03:01.680> down<00:03:01.920> to<00:03:02.159> zero, 00:03:02.949 --> 00:03:02.959 align:start position:0% denominator all the way down to zero, 00:03:02.959 --> 00:03:04.869 align:start position:0% denominator all the way down to zero, the<00:03:03.200> only<00:03:03.440> way<00:03:03.519> this<00:03:03.840> can<00:03:04.000> work<00:03:04.239> is<00:03:04.480> if<00:03:04.640> your 00:03:04.869 --> 00:03:04.879 align:start position:0% the only way this can work is if your 00:03:04.879 --> 00:03:08.309 align:start position:0% the only way this can work is if your total<00:03:05.360> answer<00:03:05.840> becomes<00:03:06.480> infinity. 00:03:08.309 --> 00:03:08.319 align:start position:0% total answer becomes infinity. 00:03:08.319 --> 00:03:10.949 align:start position:0% total answer becomes infinity. If<00:03:08.560> you<00:03:08.720> travel<00:03:09.120> for<00:03:09.360> zero<00:03:09.840> time<00:03:10.239> over<00:03:10.640> any 00:03:10.949 --> 00:03:10.959 align:start position:0% If you travel for zero time over any 00:03:10.959 --> 00:03:13.430 align:start position:0% If you travel for zero time over any distance<00:03:11.360> greater<00:03:11.680> than<00:03:11.920> zero,<00:03:12.879> you<00:03:13.200> have 00:03:13.430 --> 00:03:13.440 align:start position:0% distance greater than zero, you have 00:03:13.440 --> 00:03:16.550 align:start position:0% distance greater than zero, you have just<00:03:13.680> traveled<00:03:14.159> at<00:03:14.400> infinite<00:03:14.959> speed.<00:03:16.080> So<00:03:16.319> from 00:03:16.550 --> 00:03:16.560 align:start position:0% just traveled at infinite speed. So from 00:03:16.560 --> 00:03:18.790 align:start position:0% just traveled at infinite speed. So from light's<00:03:16.959> perspective,<00:03:17.680> it<00:03:17.920> is<00:03:18.080> traveling 00:03:18.790 --> 00:03:18.800 align:start position:0% light's perspective, it is traveling 00:03:18.800 --> 00:03:24.309 align:start position:0% light's perspective, it is traveling infinitely<00:03:19.440> fast,<00:03:20.239> not<00:03:20.400> at<00:03:20.720> 299,792,458 00:03:24.309 --> 00:03:24.319 align:start position:0% 00:03:24.319 --> 00:03:25.910 align:start position:0% m/s. 00:03:25.910 --> 00:03:25.920 align:start position:0% m/s. 00:03:25.920 --> 00:03:29.030 align:start position:0% m/s. Let's<00:03:26.239> call<00:03:26.400> that<00:03:26.720> C<00:03:27.040> from<00:03:27.200> now<00:03:27.360> on. 00:03:29.030 --> 00:03:29.040 align:start position:0% Let's call that C from now on. 00:03:29.040 --> 00:03:31.030 align:start position:0% Let's call that C from now on. So<00:03:29.280> why<00:03:29.519> is<00:03:29.599> it<00:03:29.760> that<00:03:30.000> everyone<00:03:30.319> else<00:03:30.560> detects 00:03:31.030 --> 00:03:31.040 align:start position:0% So why is it that everyone else detects 00:03:31.040 --> 00:03:33.670 align:start position:0% So why is it that everyone else detects light<00:03:31.360> traveling<00:03:31.840> at<00:03:32.080> C,<00:03:32.720> but<00:03:33.040> light<00:03:33.360> thinks 00:03:33.670 --> 00:03:33.680 align:start position:0% light traveling at C, but light thinks 00:03:33.680 --> 00:03:36.789 align:start position:0% light traveling at C, but light thinks it's<00:03:34.000> going<00:03:34.239> infinitely<00:03:34.879> fast?<00:03:36.239> What<00:03:36.560> I'm 00:03:36.789 --> 00:03:36.799 align:start position:0% it's going infinitely fast? What I'm 00:03:36.799 --> 00:03:39.430 align:start position:0% it's going infinitely fast? What I'm about<00:03:37.040> to<00:03:37.200> share<00:03:37.519> is<00:03:37.840> one<00:03:38.080> possible<00:03:38.480> theory. 00:03:39.430 --> 00:03:39.440 align:start position:0% about to share is one possible theory. 00:03:39.440 --> 00:03:41.990 align:start position:0% about to share is one possible theory. It's<00:03:39.760> going<00:03:39.920> to<00:03:40.080> involve<00:03:40.560> a<00:03:40.879> 4D<00:03:41.360> hyperbolic 00:03:41.990 --> 00:03:42.000 align:start position:0% It's going to involve a 4D hyperbolic 00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:44.630 align:start position:0% It's going to involve a 4D hyperbolic space.<00:03:42.959> That's<00:03:43.200> quite<00:03:43.440> a<00:03:43.599> mouthful.<00:03:44.400> So, 00:03:44.630 --> 00:03:44.640 align:start position:0% space. That's quite a mouthful. So, 00:03:44.640 --> 00:03:46.630 align:start position:0% space. That's quite a mouthful. So, let's<00:03:44.799> take<00:03:44.959> our<00:03:45.200> time<00:03:45.440> exploring<00:03:45.920> this<00:03:46.159> space 00:03:46.630 --> 00:03:46.640 align:start position:0% let's take our time exploring this space 00:03:46.640 --> 00:03:49.589 align:start position:0% let's take our time exploring this space so<00:03:46.799> we<00:03:47.040> know<00:03:47.120> what<00:03:47.360> we're<00:03:47.599> talking<00:03:47.840> about. 00:03:49.589 --> 00:03:49.599 align:start position:0% so we know what we're talking about. 00:03:49.599 --> 00:03:51.990 align:start position:0% so we know what we're talking about. To<00:03:49.840> quickly<00:03:50.239> recap<00:03:50.640> on<00:03:50.879> the<00:03:51.040> rules<00:03:51.200> of<00:03:51.360> a<00:03:51.519> 4D 00:03:51.990 --> 00:03:52.000 align:start position:0% To quickly recap on the rules of a 4D 00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:54.309 align:start position:0% To quickly recap on the rules of a 4D space,<00:03:52.640> let's<00:03:52.879> imagine<00:03:53.200> that<00:03:53.519> all<00:03:53.680> of<00:03:53.920> 3D 00:03:54.309 --> 00:03:54.319 align:start position:0% space, let's imagine that all of 3D 00:03:54.319 --> 00:03:56.309 align:start position:0% space, let's imagine that all of 3D reality<00:03:54.799> has<00:03:55.120> been<00:03:55.280> compressed<00:03:55.760> into<00:03:56.080> a 00:03:56.309 --> 00:03:56.319 align:start position:0% reality has been compressed into a 00:03:56.319 --> 00:03:59.030 align:start position:0% reality has been compressed into a single<00:03:56.799> flat<00:03:57.200> line<00:03:57.760> traveling<00:03:58.319> horizontally 00:03:59.030 --> 00:03:59.040 align:start position:0% single flat line traveling horizontally 00:03:59.040 --> 00:04:01.750 align:start position:0% single flat line traveling horizontally across<00:03:59.519> space.<00:04:00.640> This<00:04:00.879> leaves<00:04:01.120> us<00:04:01.280> free<00:04:01.519> to 00:04:01.750 --> 00:04:01.760 align:start position:0% across space. This leaves us free to 00:04:01.760 --> 00:04:04.229 align:start position:0% across space. This leaves us free to make<00:04:02.000> everything<00:04:02.400> up<00:04:02.720> or<00:04:03.040> down<00:04:03.360> in<00:04:03.599> this<00:04:03.840> space 00:04:04.229 --> 00:04:04.239 align:start position:0% make everything up or down in this space 00:04:04.239 --> 00:04:07.190 align:start position:0% make everything up or down in this space into<00:04:04.640> the<00:04:04.799> future<00:04:05.280> or<00:04:05.519> the<00:04:05.760> past.<00:04:06.640> To<00:04:06.879> put<00:04:07.040> it 00:04:07.190 --> 00:04:07.200 align:start position:0% into the future or the past. To put it 00:04:07.200 --> 00:04:09.670 align:start position:0% into the future or the past. To put it another<00:04:07.599> way,<00:04:08.080> the<00:04:08.319> x-axis<00:04:09.040> represents 00:04:09.670 --> 00:04:09.680 align:start position:0% another way, the x-axis represents 00:04:09.680 --> 00:04:12.070 align:start position:0% another way, the x-axis represents moving<00:04:10.000> through<00:04:10.319> space<00:04:10.959> and<00:04:11.200> the<00:04:11.360> yaxis 00:04:12.070 --> 00:04:12.080 align:start position:0% moving through space and the yaxis 00:04:12.080 --> 00:04:14.550 align:start position:0% moving through space and the yaxis represents<00:04:12.560> moving<00:04:12.879> through<00:04:13.200> time.<00:04:14.239> This<00:04:14.400> is 00:04:14.550 --> 00:04:14.560 align:start position:0% represents moving through time. This is 00:04:14.560 --> 00:04:17.110 align:start position:0% represents moving through time. This is how<00:04:14.720> we<00:04:14.959> can<00:04:15.120> get<00:04:15.280> the<00:04:15.599> extra<00:04:15.920> dimension,<00:04:16.720> our 00:04:17.110 --> 00:04:17.120 align:start position:0% how we can get the extra dimension, our 00:04:17.120 --> 00:04:20.789 align:start position:0% how we can get the extra dimension, our fourth<00:04:17.600> D.<00:04:18.639> Here<00:04:18.959> in<00:04:19.199> 4D<00:04:19.680> space,<00:04:20.239> time<00:04:20.560> is 00:04:20.789 --> 00:04:20.799 align:start position:0% fourth D. Here in 4D space, time is 00:04:20.799 --> 00:04:23.670 align:start position:0% fourth D. Here in 4D space, time is simply<00:04:21.120> another<00:04:21.600> direction<00:04:21.919> we<00:04:22.160> can<00:04:22.240> go<00:04:22.400> in. 00:04:23.670 --> 00:04:23.680 align:start position:0% simply another direction we can go in. 00:04:23.680 --> 00:04:25.350 align:start position:0% simply another direction we can go in. Hyperbolic<00:04:24.400> might<00:04:24.720> sound<00:04:24.880> a<00:04:25.199> little 00:04:25.350 --> 00:04:25.360 align:start position:0% Hyperbolic might sound a little 00:04:25.360 --> 00:04:28.310 align:start position:0% Hyperbolic might sound a little intimidating<00:04:26.080> too,<00:04:26.720> but<00:04:26.960> simply<00:04:27.360> put,<00:04:27.840> all<00:04:28.080> it 00:04:28.310 --> 00:04:28.320 align:start position:0% intimidating too, but simply put, all it 00:04:28.320 --> 00:04:30.150 align:start position:0% intimidating too, but simply put, all it means<00:04:28.479> is<00:04:28.639> that<00:04:28.880> the<00:04:29.040> lines<00:04:29.360> diverge<00:04:29.840> away 00:04:30.150 --> 00:04:30.160 align:start position:0% means is that the lines diverge away 00:04:30.160 --> 00:04:33.189 align:start position:0% means is that the lines diverge away from<00:04:30.320> one<00:04:30.560> another<00:04:31.280> always.<00:04:32.560> This<00:04:32.800> has<00:04:32.960> the 00:04:33.189 --> 00:04:33.199 align:start position:0% from one another always. This has the 00:04:33.199 --> 00:04:35.830 align:start position:0% from one another always. This has the effect<00:04:33.520> of<00:04:33.919> warping<00:04:34.479> space<00:04:34.800> in<00:04:35.040> a<00:04:35.280> way<00:04:35.440> our 00:04:35.830 --> 00:04:35.840 align:start position:0% effect of warping space in a way our 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:38.310 align:start position:0% effect of warping space in a way our brains<00:04:36.240> don't<00:04:36.560> really<00:04:36.800> process<00:04:37.280> well,<00:04:37.919> but 00:04:38.310 --> 00:04:38.320 align:start position:0% brains don't really process well, but 00:04:38.320 --> 00:04:40.550 align:start position:0% brains don't really process well, but essentially<00:04:38.800> means<00:04:39.199> there's<00:04:39.680> more<00:04:39.919> and<00:04:40.240> more 00:04:40.550 --> 00:04:40.560 align:start position:0% essentially means there's more and more 00:04:40.560 --> 00:04:42.870 align:start position:0% essentially means there's more and more space<00:04:40.880> the<00:04:41.120> further<00:04:41.360> out<00:04:41.600> you<00:04:41.840> go,<00:04:42.400> but 00:04:42.870 --> 00:04:42.880 align:start position:0% space the further out you go, but 00:04:42.880 --> 00:04:46.150 align:start position:0% space the further out you go, but exponentially<00:04:43.680> so.<00:04:45.040> Other<00:04:45.360> than<00:04:45.520> that, 00:04:46.150 --> 00:04:46.160 align:start position:0% exponentially so. Other than that, 00:04:46.160 --> 00:04:48.070 align:start position:0% exponentially so. Other than that, traveling<00:04:46.560> through<00:04:46.800> this<00:04:47.040> space<00:04:47.440> obeys<00:04:47.919> the 00:04:48.070 --> 00:04:48.080 align:start position:0% traveling through this space obeys the 00:04:48.080 --> 00:04:49.909 align:start position:0% traveling through this space obeys the same<00:04:48.240> rules<00:04:48.560> that<00:04:48.800> traveling<00:04:49.120> through<00:04:49.520> 3D 00:04:49.909 --> 00:04:49.919 align:start position:0% same rules that traveling through 3D 00:04:49.919 --> 00:04:52.230 align:start position:0% same rules that traveling through 3D space<00:04:50.240> uses<00:04:50.800> in<00:04:51.040> terms<00:04:51.199> of<00:04:51.280> the<00:04:51.520> physics<00:04:51.840> rules 00:04:52.230 --> 00:04:52.240 align:start position:0% space uses in terms of the physics rules 00:04:52.240 --> 00:04:54.790 align:start position:0% space uses in terms of the physics rules involved.<00:04:53.199> Objects<00:04:53.680> that<00:04:53.919> start<00:04:54.160> moving<00:04:54.560> must 00:04:54.790 --> 00:04:54.800 align:start position:0% involved. Objects that start moving must 00:04:54.800 --> 00:04:56.790 align:start position:0% involved. Objects that start moving must be<00:04:54.960> acted<00:04:55.280> upon<00:04:55.600> by<00:04:55.759> another<00:04:56.080> force<00:04:56.400> or<00:04:56.639> they 00:04:56.790 --> 00:04:56.800 align:start position:0% be acted upon by another force or they 00:04:56.800 --> 00:04:59.110 align:start position:0% be acted upon by another force or they will<00:04:57.040> continue<00:04:57.360> moving<00:04:57.600> at<00:04:57.840> the<00:04:58.000> same<00:04:58.160> rate. 00:04:59.110 --> 00:04:59.120 align:start position:0% will continue moving at the same rate. 00:04:59.120 --> 00:05:01.590 align:start position:0% will continue moving at the same rate. Objects<00:04:59.600> at<00:04:59.759> rest<00:04:59.993> [music]<00:05:00.160> remain<00:05:00.479> at<00:05:00.720> rest. 00:05:01.590 --> 00:05:01.600 align:start position:0% Objects at rest [music] remain at rest. 00:05:01.600 --> 00:05:05.270 align:start position:0% Objects at rest [music] remain at rest. Conservation<00:05:02.160> of<00:05:02.479> momentum<00:05:02.960> is<00:05:03.280> maintained. 00:05:05.270 --> 00:05:05.280 align:start position:0% Conservation of momentum is maintained. 00:05:05.280 --> 00:05:07.830 align:start position:0% Conservation of momentum is maintained. Now<00:05:05.600> let's<00:05:05.840> imagine<00:05:06.400> for<00:05:06.800> whatever<00:05:07.280> reason 00:05:07.830 --> 00:05:07.840 align:start position:0% Now let's imagine for whatever reason 00:05:07.840 --> 00:05:09.990 align:start position:0% Now let's imagine for whatever reason there<00:05:08.080> was<00:05:08.320> some<00:05:08.560> big<00:05:08.960> expansion<00:05:09.520> event<00:05:09.840> in 00:05:09.990 --> 00:05:10.000 align:start position:0% there was some big expansion event in 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:12.070 align:start position:0% there was some big expansion event in the<00:05:10.160> past<00:05:10.400> that<00:05:10.639> sent<00:05:10.880> us<00:05:11.039> all<00:05:11.360> moving<00:05:11.680> in<00:05:11.919> the 00:05:12.070 --> 00:05:12.080 align:start position:0% the past that sent us all moving in the 00:05:12.080 --> 00:05:15.189 align:start position:0% the past that sent us all moving in the upwards<00:05:12.639> direction.<00:05:13.680> A<00:05:13.919> big<00:05:14.320> bang<00:05:14.880> if<00:05:15.120> you 00:05:15.189 --> 00:05:15.199 align:start position:0% upwards direction. A big bang if you 00:05:15.199 --> 00:05:17.590 align:start position:0% upwards direction. A big bang if you will.<00:05:16.240> I<00:05:16.479> wonder<00:05:16.720> where<00:05:16.960> one<00:05:17.120> of<00:05:17.199> those<00:05:17.440> might 00:05:17.590 --> 00:05:17.600 align:start position:0% will. I wonder where one of those might 00:05:17.600 --> 00:05:20.469 align:start position:0% will. I wonder where one of those might have<00:05:17.759> come<00:05:17.919> from.<00:05:19.039> But<00:05:19.440> this<00:05:19.680> expansion<00:05:20.240> was 00:05:20.469 --> 00:05:20.479 align:start position:0% have come from. But this expansion was 00:05:20.479 --> 00:05:23.670 align:start position:0% have come from. But this expansion was not<00:05:20.720> simply<00:05:21.120> in<00:05:21.440> space,<00:05:21.919> but<00:05:22.240> in<00:05:22.479> time,<00:05:22.960> too. 00:05:23.670 --> 00:05:23.680 align:start position:0% not simply in space, but in time, too. 00:05:23.680 --> 00:05:26.310 align:start position:0% not simply in space, but in time, too. It's<00:05:23.919> a<00:05:24.160> 4D<00:05:24.228> [music]<00:05:24.720> explosion. 00:05:26.310 --> 00:05:26.320 align:start position:0% It's a 4D [music] explosion. 00:05:26.320 --> 00:05:29.590 align:start position:0% It's a 4D [music] explosion. We<00:05:26.560> are<00:05:26.720> now<00:05:27.039> in<00:05:27.280> motion,<00:05:28.160> moving<00:05:28.639> solely<00:05:29.120> up 00:05:29.590 --> 00:05:29.600 align:start position:0% We are now in motion, moving solely up 00:05:29.600 --> 00:05:31.350 align:start position:0% We are now in motion, moving solely up at<00:05:29.840> the<00:05:30.000> top<00:05:30.240> of<00:05:30.479> this<00:05:30.720> expanding<00:05:30.778> [music] 00:05:31.350 --> 00:05:31.360 align:start position:0% at the top of this expanding [music] 00:05:31.360 --> 00:05:33.670 align:start position:0% at the top of this expanding [music] bubble.<00:05:32.400> For<00:05:32.639> now,<00:05:32.880> we<00:05:33.039> are<00:05:33.199> not<00:05:33.440> moving 00:05:33.670 --> 00:05:33.680 align:start position:0% bubble. For now, we are not moving 00:05:33.680 --> 00:05:36.070 align:start position:0% bubble. For now, we are not moving anywhere<00:05:34.080> in<00:05:34.400> space.<00:05:34.960> We<00:05:35.199> are<00:05:35.360> simply<00:05:35.759> moving 00:05:36.070 --> 00:05:36.080 align:start position:0% anywhere in space. We are simply moving 00:05:36.080 --> 00:05:39.590 align:start position:0% anywhere in space. We are simply moving forwards<00:05:36.639> in<00:05:36.880> time.<00:05:38.000> We<00:05:38.240> travel<00:05:38.639> consistently 00:05:39.590 --> 00:05:39.600 align:start position:0% forwards in time. We travel consistently 00:05:39.600 --> 00:05:41.248 align:start position:0% forwards in time. We travel consistently and<00:05:39.840> will<00:05:40.160> continue<00:05:40.400> to<00:05:40.639> travel<00:05:40.960> consistently 00:05:41.248 --> 00:05:41.258 align:start position:0% and will continue to travel consistently 00:05:41.258 --> 00:05:43.029 align:start position:0% and will continue to travel consistently [music]<00:05:41.520> until<00:05:41.840> we<00:05:42.080> are<00:05:42.160> acted<00:05:42.560> upon<00:05:42.880> by 00:05:43.029 --> 00:05:43.039 align:start position:0% [music] until we are acted upon by 00:05:43.039 --> 00:05:46.469 align:start position:0% [music] until we are acted upon by another<00:05:43.360> object<00:05:43.759> or<00:05:44.000> force.<00:05:45.440> But<00:05:45.759> as<00:05:46.080> we<00:05:46.240> are 00:05:46.469 --> 00:05:46.479 align:start position:0% another object or force. But as we are 00:05:46.479 --> 00:05:48.710 align:start position:0% another object or force. But as we are new<00:05:46.800> and<00:05:47.120> there<00:05:47.280> is<00:05:47.520> nothing<00:05:47.759> but<00:05:48.080> empty<00:05:48.400> space 00:05:48.710 --> 00:05:48.720 align:start position:0% new and there is nothing but empty space 00:05:48.720 --> 00:05:50.629 align:start position:0% new and there is nothing but empty space above<00:05:49.039> us,<00:05:49.520> we<00:05:49.759> are<00:05:49.919> going<00:05:50.080> to<00:05:50.240> go<00:05:50.400> up 00:05:50.629 --> 00:05:50.639 align:start position:0% above us, we are going to go up 00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:52.710 align:start position:0% above us, we are going to go up infinitely.<00:05:51.680> There's<00:05:51.919> nothing<00:05:52.160> up<00:05:52.320> there<00:05:52.479> to 00:05:52.710 --> 00:05:52.720 align:start position:0% infinitely. There's nothing up there to 00:05:52.720 --> 00:05:54.629 align:start position:0% infinitely. There's nothing up there to bump<00:05:52.960> into. 00:05:54.629 --> 00:05:54.639 align:start position:0% bump into. 00:05:54.639 --> 00:05:56.550 align:start position:0% bump into. Now<00:05:55.120> let's<00:05:55.440> imagine<00:05:55.840> for<00:05:56.080> a<00:05:56.240> second<00:05:56.324> [music] 00:05:56.550 --> 00:05:56.560 align:start position:0% Now let's imagine for a second [music] 00:05:56.560 --> 00:05:58.710 align:start position:0% Now let's imagine for a second [music] that<00:05:56.800> we<00:05:57.039> decide<00:05:57.360> we<00:05:57.600> no<00:05:57.840> longer<00:05:58.160> want<00:05:58.400> to<00:05:58.560> go 00:05:58.710 --> 00:05:58.720 align:start position:0% that we decide we no longer want to go 00:05:58.720 --> 00:06:00.950 align:start position:0% that we decide we no longer want to go straight<00:05:59.039> up.<00:05:59.840> Let's<00:06:00.160> try<00:06:00.400> to<00:06:00.639> change 00:06:00.950 --> 00:06:00.960 align:start position:0% straight up. Let's try to change 00:06:00.960 --> 00:06:02.550 align:start position:0% straight up. Let's try to change direction. 00:06:02.550 --> 00:06:02.560 align:start position:0% direction. 00:06:02.560 --> 00:06:04.230 align:start position:0% direction. In<00:06:02.874> [music]<00:06:02.880> physics,<00:06:03.440> any<00:06:03.759> change<00:06:04.000> of 00:06:04.230 --> 00:06:04.240 align:start position:0% In [music] physics, any change of 00:06:04.240 --> 00:06:07.029 align:start position:0% In [music] physics, any change of direction<00:06:04.639> is<00:06:04.880> a<00:06:05.039> form<00:06:05.280> of<00:06:05.440> acceleration. 00:06:07.029 --> 00:06:07.039 align:start position:0% direction is a form of acceleration. 00:06:07.039 --> 00:06:08.469 align:start position:0% direction is a form of acceleration. This<00:06:07.280> may<00:06:07.520> not<00:06:07.759> make<00:06:07.919> much<00:06:08.240> sense 00:06:08.469 --> 00:06:08.479 align:start position:0% This may not make much sense 00:06:08.479 --> 00:06:10.309 align:start position:0% This may not make much sense intuitively,<00:06:09.520> but<00:06:09.759> it<00:06:10.000> becomes<00:06:10.079> [music] 00:06:10.309 --> 00:06:10.319 align:start position:0% intuitively, but it becomes [music] 00:06:10.319 --> 00:06:12.469 align:start position:0% intuitively, but it becomes [music] easier<00:06:10.720> to<00:06:10.960> understand<00:06:11.360> if<00:06:11.680> we<00:06:11.840> split<00:06:12.160> our 00:06:12.469 --> 00:06:12.479 align:start position:0% easier to understand if we split our 00:06:12.479 --> 00:06:15.510 align:start position:0% easier to understand if we split our vector<00:06:12.880> into<00:06:13.199> two<00:06:13.600> components.<00:06:14.720> our<00:06:15.120> velocity 00:06:15.510 --> 00:06:15.520 align:start position:0% vector into two components. our velocity 00:06:15.520 --> 00:06:18.070 align:start position:0% vector into two components. our velocity in<00:06:15.759> the<00:06:15.919> x<00:06:16.160> direction<00:06:16.800> and<00:06:17.039> our<00:06:17.280> velocity<00:06:17.840> in 00:06:18.070 --> 00:06:18.080 align:start position:0% in the x direction and our velocity in 00:06:18.080 --> 00:06:20.710 align:start position:0% in the x direction and our velocity in the<00:06:18.240> y<00:06:18.479> direction.<00:06:19.600> It<00:06:19.840> then<00:06:20.000> becomes<00:06:20.319> easy<00:06:20.560> to 00:06:20.710 --> 00:06:20.720 align:start position:0% the y direction. It then becomes easy to 00:06:20.720 --> 00:06:22.514 align:start position:0% the y direction. It then becomes easy to see<00:06:20.880> that<00:06:21.199> changing<00:06:21.600> our<00:06:21.919> direction<00:06:22.400> comes 00:06:22.514 --> 00:06:22.524 align:start position:0% see that changing our direction comes 00:06:22.524 --> 00:06:24.629 align:start position:0% see that changing our direction comes [music]<00:06:22.720> about<00:06:23.039> by<00:06:23.360> decelerating<00:06:24.160> with<00:06:24.400> one 00:06:24.629 --> 00:06:24.639 align:start position:0% [music] about by decelerating with one 00:06:24.639 --> 00:06:27.029 align:start position:0% [music] about by decelerating with one of<00:06:24.800> our<00:06:25.039> values<00:06:25.600> and<00:06:25.919> accelerating<00:06:26.639> with<00:06:26.800> the 00:06:27.029 --> 00:06:27.039 align:start position:0% of our values and accelerating with the 00:06:27.039 --> 00:06:29.909 align:start position:0% of our values and accelerating with the other.<00:06:28.400> We<00:06:28.720> don't<00:06:28.960> have<00:06:29.120> to<00:06:29.360> change<00:06:29.600> both 00:06:29.909 --> 00:06:29.919 align:start position:0% other. We don't have to change both 00:06:29.919 --> 00:06:31.990 align:start position:0% other. We don't have to change both values<00:06:30.319> though.<00:06:30.960> Let's<00:06:31.199> just<00:06:31.360> give<00:06:31.600> ourselves 00:06:31.990 --> 00:06:32.000 align:start position:0% values though. Let's just give ourselves 00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:33.590 align:start position:0% values though. Let's just give ourselves a<00:06:32.240> little<00:06:32.349> [music]<00:06:32.400> impetus<00:06:32.880> in<00:06:33.120> the<00:06:33.199> x 00:06:33.590 --> 00:06:33.600 align:start position:0% a little [music] impetus in the x 00:06:33.600 --> 00:06:36.309 align:start position:0% a little [music] impetus in the x direction.<00:06:35.039> Obviously<00:06:35.600> the<00:06:35.840> more<00:06:36.000> we<00:06:36.160> are 00:06:36.309 --> 00:06:36.319 align:start position:0% direction. Obviously the more we are 00:06:36.319 --> 00:06:38.469 align:start position:0% direction. Obviously the more we are pushed<00:06:36.800> the<00:06:36.960> faster<00:06:37.360> we<00:06:37.520> are<00:06:37.680> going<00:06:37.759> to<00:06:38.000> travel 00:06:38.469 --> 00:06:38.479 align:start position:0% pushed the faster we are going to travel 00:06:38.479 --> 00:06:40.070 align:start position:0% pushed the faster we are going to travel and<00:06:38.720> the<00:06:38.880> more<00:06:38.900> [music]<00:06:39.120> our<00:06:39.360> total<00:06:39.759> vector 00:06:40.070 --> 00:06:40.080 align:start position:0% and the more [music] our total vector 00:06:40.080 --> 00:06:41.830 align:start position:0% and the more [music] our total vector begins<00:06:40.319> to<00:06:40.479> lean<00:06:40.800> towards<00:06:41.120> a<00:06:41.440> perfect 00:06:41.830 --> 00:06:41.840 align:start position:0% begins to lean towards a perfect 00:06:41.840 --> 00:06:44.784 align:start position:0% begins to lean towards a perfect horizontal<00:06:42.479> line.<00:06:43.440> the<00:06:43.680> size<00:06:43.919> of<00:06:44.080> our<00:06:44.319> vector 00:06:44.784 --> 00:06:44.794 align:start position:0% horizontal line. the size of our vector 00:06:44.794 --> 00:06:46.710 align:start position:0% horizontal line. the size of our vector [music]<00:06:44.800> increases. 00:06:46.710 --> 00:06:46.720 align:start position:0% [music] increases. 00:06:46.720 --> 00:06:48.469 align:start position:0% [music] increases. However,<00:06:47.199> let's<00:06:47.440> say<00:06:47.600> that<00:06:47.759> we<00:06:48.000> want<00:06:48.160> to<00:06:48.319> go 00:06:48.469 --> 00:06:48.479 align:start position:0% However, let's say that we want to go 00:06:48.479 --> 00:06:50.629 align:start position:0% However, let's say that we want to go faster.<00:06:49.600> In<00:06:49.759> fact,<00:06:50.000> we<00:06:50.034> [music]<00:06:50.240> want<00:06:50.319> to<00:06:50.479> go 00:06:50.629 --> 00:06:50.639 align:start position:0% faster. In fact, we [music] want to go 00:06:50.639 --> 00:06:53.029 align:start position:0% faster. In fact, we [music] want to go so<00:06:50.960> fast<00:06:51.360> that<00:06:51.600> we<00:06:51.840> are<00:06:52.000> no<00:06:52.240> longer<00:06:52.639> traveling 00:06:53.029 --> 00:06:53.039 align:start position:0% so fast that we are no longer traveling 00:06:53.039 --> 00:06:55.430 align:start position:0% so fast that we are no longer traveling in<00:06:53.199> the<00:06:53.360> y<00:06:53.680> direction<00:06:54.319> and<00:06:54.639> are<00:06:54.880> only<00:06:55.120> moving 00:06:55.430 --> 00:06:55.440 align:start position:0% in the y direction and are only moving 00:06:55.440 --> 00:06:58.950 align:start position:0% in the y direction and are only moving in<00:06:55.600> the<00:06:55.759> x<00:06:56.080> direction<00:06:56.720> or<00:06:57.120> space.<00:06:58.560> Is<00:06:58.720> there 00:06:58.950 --> 00:06:58.960 align:start position:0% in the x direction or space. Is there 00:06:58.960 --> 00:07:00.710 align:start position:0% in the x direction or space. Is there any<00:06:59.280> amount<00:06:59.520> of<00:06:59.759> push<00:06:59.859> [music]<00:07:00.000> we<00:07:00.240> can<00:07:00.400> get<00:07:00.560> in 00:07:00.710 --> 00:07:00.720 align:start position:0% any amount of push [music] we can get in 00:07:00.720 --> 00:07:02.550 align:start position:0% any amount of push [music] we can get in the<00:07:00.800> x<00:07:01.120> direction<00:07:01.599> that<00:07:01.840> will<00:07:02.080> make<00:07:02.160> it<00:07:02.400> so 00:07:02.550 --> 00:07:02.560 align:start position:0% the x direction that will make it so 00:07:02.560 --> 00:07:04.390 align:start position:0% the x direction that will make it so that<00:07:02.720> we<00:07:02.880> are<00:07:03.120> actually<00:07:03.440> going<00:07:03.759> completely 00:07:04.390 --> 00:07:04.400 align:start position:0% that we are actually going completely 00:07:04.400 --> 00:07:07.510 align:start position:0% that we are actually going completely horizontally?<00:07:05.759> No.<00:07:06.639> You<00:07:06.880> can<00:07:07.039> increase<00:07:07.280> the 00:07:07.510 --> 00:07:07.520 align:start position:0% horizontally? No. You can increase the 00:07:07.520 --> 00:07:09.589 align:start position:0% horizontally? No. You can increase the distance<00:07:07.759> in<00:07:08.000> X<00:07:08.240> by<00:07:08.479> a<00:07:08.639> larger<00:07:08.960> and<00:07:09.199> larger 00:07:09.589 --> 00:07:09.599 align:start position:0% distance in X by a larger and larger 00:07:09.599 --> 00:07:11.589 align:start position:0% distance in X by a larger and larger amount,<00:07:10.240> but<00:07:10.479> as<00:07:10.639> long<00:07:10.800> as<00:07:10.960> Y<00:07:10.994> [music]<00:07:11.280> has 00:07:11.589 --> 00:07:11.599 align:start position:0% amount, but as long as Y [music] has 00:07:11.599 --> 00:07:13.830 align:start position:0% amount, but as long as Y [music] has some<00:07:11.840> value,<00:07:12.639> you<00:07:12.800> will<00:07:12.960> never<00:07:13.280> actually<00:07:13.680> get 00:07:13.830 --> 00:07:13.840 align:start position:0% some value, you will never actually get 00:07:13.840 --> 00:07:15.909 align:start position:0% some value, you will never actually get that<00:07:14.080> vector<00:07:14.560> perfectly<00:07:15.120> going<00:07:15.440> across 00:07:15.909 --> 00:07:15.919 align:start position:0% that vector perfectly going across 00:07:15.919 --> 00:07:18.790 align:start position:0% that vector perfectly going across space.<00:07:17.360> The<00:07:17.599> only<00:07:17.840> way<00:07:18.000> you<00:07:18.240> could<00:07:18.400> get<00:07:18.560> your 00:07:18.790 --> 00:07:18.800 align:start position:0% space. The only way you could get your 00:07:18.800 --> 00:07:20.950 align:start position:0% space. The only way you could get your vector<00:07:19.199> in<00:07:19.440> the<00:07:19.599> time<00:07:19.919> direction<00:07:20.400> to<00:07:20.639> slow 00:07:20.950 --> 00:07:20.960 align:start position:0% vector in the time direction to slow 00:07:20.960 --> 00:07:23.029 align:start position:0% vector in the time direction to slow down<00:07:21.520> is<00:07:21.759> if<00:07:21.919> you<00:07:22.080> pushed<00:07:22.479> against<00:07:22.720> something 00:07:23.029 --> 00:07:23.039 align:start position:0% down is if you pushed against something 00:07:23.039 --> 00:07:25.029 align:start position:0% down is if you pushed against something that's<00:07:23.280> ahead<00:07:23.520> of<00:07:23.680> you<00:07:24.240> or<00:07:24.479> pulled<00:07:24.800> on 00:07:25.029 --> 00:07:25.039 align:start position:0% that's ahead of you or pulled on 00:07:25.039 --> 00:07:27.670 align:start position:0% that's ahead of you or pulled on something<00:07:25.360> behind<00:07:25.759> you.<00:07:26.800> But<00:07:27.039> if<00:07:27.280> everything 00:07:27.670 --> 00:07:27.680 align:start position:0% something behind you. But if everything 00:07:27.680 --> 00:07:29.510 align:start position:0% something behind you. But if everything near<00:07:27.919> you<00:07:28.160> is<00:07:28.319> in<00:07:28.479> the<00:07:28.639> same<00:07:28.800> second<00:07:29.120> you<00:07:29.360> are 00:07:29.510 --> 00:07:29.520 align:start position:0% near you is in the same second you are 00:07:29.520 --> 00:07:32.070 align:start position:0% near you is in the same second you are in,<00:07:30.000> there's<00:07:30.319> nothing<00:07:30.479> to<00:07:30.639> push<00:07:30.880> against.<00:07:31.840> You 00:07:32.070 --> 00:07:32.080 align:start position:0% in, there's nothing to push against. You 00:07:32.080 --> 00:07:34.710 align:start position:0% in, there's nothing to push against. You can<00:07:32.240> only<00:07:32.479> push<00:07:32.720> each<00:07:32.960> other<00:07:33.199> left<00:07:33.520> or<00:07:33.840> right. 00:07:34.710 --> 00:07:34.720 align:start position:0% can only push each other left or right. 00:07:34.720 --> 00:07:37.670 align:start position:0% can only push each other left or right. Nothing<00:07:35.039> is<00:07:35.280> ahead<00:07:35.599> or<00:07:35.919> behind. 00:07:37.670 --> 00:07:37.680 align:start position:0% Nothing is ahead or behind. 00:07:37.680 --> 00:07:38.790 align:start position:0% Nothing is ahead or behind. Interestingly,<00:07:37.850> [music] 00:07:38.790 --> 00:07:38.800 align:start position:0% Interestingly, [music] 00:07:38.800 --> 00:07:41.189 align:start position:0% Interestingly, [music] with<00:07:39.039> only<00:07:39.360> this<00:07:39.759> available<00:07:40.240> to<00:07:40.479> you,<00:07:40.960> your 00:07:41.189 --> 00:07:41.199 align:start position:0% with only this available to you, your 00:07:41.199 --> 00:07:43.350 align:start position:0% with only this available to you, your vector<00:07:41.599> can<00:07:41.759> trend<00:07:42.160> closer<00:07:42.560> and<00:07:42.880> closer<00:07:43.199> to 00:07:43.350 --> 00:07:43.360 align:start position:0% vector can trend closer and closer to 00:07:43.360 --> 00:07:46.550 align:start position:0% vector can trend closer and closer to flat,<00:07:44.000> but<00:07:44.240> it<00:07:44.400> never<00:07:44.720> actually<00:07:45.039> reaches<00:07:45.440> it. 00:07:46.550 --> 00:07:46.560 align:start position:0% flat, but it never actually reaches it. 00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:48.309 align:start position:0% flat, but it never actually reaches it. And<00:07:46.800> increasing<00:07:47.280> your<00:07:47.520> speed<00:07:47.840> produces 00:07:48.309 --> 00:07:48.319 align:start position:0% And increasing your speed produces 00:07:48.319 --> 00:07:50.230 align:start position:0% And increasing your speed produces diminishing<00:07:48.880> returns<00:07:49.199> on<00:07:49.440> how<00:07:49.599> much<00:07:49.759> flatter 00:07:50.230 --> 00:07:50.240 align:start position:0% diminishing returns on how much flatter 00:07:50.240 --> 00:07:52.629 align:start position:0% diminishing returns on how much flatter you<00:07:50.479> can<00:07:50.560> get<00:07:50.720> your<00:07:50.960> vector.<00:07:51.919> You<00:07:52.160> have<00:07:52.400> a 00:07:52.629 --> 00:07:52.639 align:start position:0% you can get your vector. You have a 00:07:52.639 --> 00:07:54.710 align:start position:0% you can get your vector. You have a limit.<00:07:53.840> You<00:07:54.000> would<00:07:54.225> [music]<00:07:54.319> essentially 00:07:54.710 --> 00:07:54.720 align:start position:0% limit. You would [music] essentially 00:07:54.720 --> 00:07:57.110 align:start position:0% limit. You would [music] essentially need<00:07:54.879> to<00:07:55.039> go<00:07:55.360> infinite<00:07:55.919> speed<00:07:56.240> to<00:07:56.560> approximate 00:07:57.110 --> 00:07:57.120 align:start position:0% need to go infinite speed to approximate 00:07:57.120 --> 00:08:00.070 align:start position:0% need to go infinite speed to approximate a<00:07:57.360> flat<00:07:57.680> line.<00:07:58.240> And<00:07:58.400> to<00:07:58.560> go<00:07:58.879> infinite<00:07:59.440> speed, 00:08:00.070 --> 00:08:00.080 align:start position:0% a flat line. And to go infinite speed, 00:08:00.080 --> 00:08:02.230 align:start position:0% a flat line. And to go infinite speed, you<00:08:00.240> would<00:08:00.479> need<00:08:00.720> infinite<00:08:01.199> energy. 00:08:02.230 --> 00:08:02.240 align:start position:0% you would need infinite energy. 00:08:02.240 --> 00:08:05.189 align:start position:0% you would need infinite energy. Difficult<00:08:02.560> to<00:08:02.720> get<00:08:02.879> your<00:08:03.039> hands<00:08:03.280> on.<00:08:03.840> Of 00:08:05.189 --> 00:08:05.199 align:start position:0% Difficult to get your hands on. Of 00:08:05.199 --> 00:08:07.350 align:start position:0% Difficult to get your hands on. Of course,<00:08:05.520> this<00:08:05.759> is<00:08:05.840> where<00:08:06.080> the<00:08:06.319> idea<00:08:06.800> diverges 00:08:07.350 --> 00:08:07.360 align:start position:0% course, this is where the idea diverges 00:08:07.360 --> 00:08:09.589 align:start position:0% course, this is where the idea diverges from<00:08:07.599> reality.<00:08:08.639> There's<00:08:08.879> nothing<00:08:09.120> here<00:08:09.360> so 00:08:09.589 --> 00:08:09.599 align:start position:0% from reality. There's nothing here so 00:08:09.599 --> 00:08:11.589 align:start position:0% from reality. There's nothing here so far<00:08:09.759> that<00:08:10.000> imposes<00:08:10.479> a<00:08:10.720> speed<00:08:10.879> limit<00:08:11.120> on<00:08:11.360> our 00:08:11.589 --> 00:08:11.599 align:start position:0% far that imposes a speed limit on our 00:08:11.599 --> 00:08:13.990 align:start position:0% far that imposes a speed limit on our model.<00:08:12.560> You<00:08:12.800> should<00:08:13.039> easily<00:08:13.440> be<00:08:13.520> able<00:08:13.680> to<00:08:13.759> go 00:08:13.990 --> 00:08:14.000 align:start position:0% model. You should easily be able to go 00:08:14.000 --> 00:08:16.710 align:start position:0% model. You should easily be able to go faster<00:08:14.319> than<00:08:14.479> the<00:08:14.720> usual<00:08:15.039> light<00:08:15.360> speed<00:08:15.599> limit. 00:08:16.710 --> 00:08:16.720 align:start position:0% faster than the usual light speed limit. 00:08:16.720 --> 00:08:18.869 align:start position:0% faster than the usual light speed limit. With<00:08:16.960> infinite<00:08:17.440> energy,<00:08:18.000> you<00:08:18.240> could<00:08:18.400> go<00:08:18.639> 3 00:08:18.869 --> 00:08:18.879 align:start position:0% With infinite energy, you could go 3 00:08:18.879 --> 00:08:22.950 align:start position:0% With infinite energy, you could go 3 billion<00:08:19.280> m/s<00:08:20.400> or<00:08:20.720> 3<00:08:20.960> trillion.<00:08:22.400> But<00:08:22.560> in<00:08:22.720> the 00:08:22.950 --> 00:08:22.960 align:start position:0% billion m/s or 3 trillion. But in the 00:08:22.960 --> 00:08:24.390 align:start position:0% billion m/s or 3 trillion. But in the real<00:08:23.199> universe,<00:08:23.840> we<00:08:24.080> don't<00:08:24.240> see<00:08:24.355> [music] 00:08:24.390 --> 00:08:24.400 align:start position:0% real universe, we don't see [music] 00:08:24.400 --> 00:08:26.950 align:start position:0% real universe, we don't see [music] that.<00:08:25.440> Everything<00:08:25.919> normally<00:08:26.400> seems<00:08:26.720> to<00:08:26.879> be 00:08:26.950 --> 00:08:26.960 align:start position:0% that. Everything normally seems to be 00:08:26.960 --> 00:08:29.589 align:start position:0% that. Everything normally seems to be capped<00:08:27.360> at<00:08:27.680> C. 00:08:29.589 --> 00:08:29.599 align:start position:0% capped at C. 00:08:29.599 --> 00:08:31.510 align:start position:0% capped at C. There<00:08:29.919> is<00:08:30.160> a<00:08:30.400> similar<00:08:30.720> trend<00:08:30.960> where<00:08:31.199> the<00:08:31.440> more 00:08:31.510 --> 00:08:31.520 align:start position:0% There is a similar trend where the more 00:08:31.520 --> 00:08:33.509 align:start position:0% There is a similar trend where the more energy<00:08:31.840> you<00:08:32.080> put<00:08:32.240> in<00:08:32.640> the<00:08:32.800> less<00:08:33.039> additional 00:08:33.509 --> 00:08:33.519 align:start position:0% energy you put in the less additional 00:08:33.519 --> 00:08:35.750 align:start position:0% energy you put in the less additional speed<00:08:33.760> you<00:08:34.000> get.<00:08:34.479> But<00:08:34.640> that<00:08:34.880> occurs<00:08:35.279> at<00:08:35.440> close 00:08:35.750 --> 00:08:35.760 align:start position:0% speed you get. But that occurs at close 00:08:35.760 --> 00:08:38.755 align:start position:0% speed you get. But that occurs at close to<00:08:35.839> light<00:08:36.159> speed,<00:08:36.800> not<00:08:37.039> infinite<00:08:37.599> speed.<00:08:38.560> So 00:08:38.755 --> 00:08:38.765 align:start position:0% to light speed, not infinite speed. So 00:08:38.765 --> 00:08:40.630 align:start position:0% to light speed, not infinite speed. So [music]<00:08:38.880> our<00:08:39.200> 4D<00:08:39.599> model<00:08:40.000> seems<00:08:40.320> to<00:08:40.479> have 00:08:40.630 --> 00:08:40.640 align:start position:0% [music] our 4D model seems to have 00:08:40.640 --> 00:08:44.230 align:start position:0% [music] our 4D model seems to have failed.<00:08:42.080> But<00:08:42.479> this<00:08:42.719> is<00:08:42.880> not<00:08:43.200> regular<00:08:43.760> 4D 00:08:44.230 --> 00:08:44.240 align:start position:0% failed. But this is not regular 4D 00:08:44.240 --> 00:08:46.870 align:start position:0% failed. But this is not regular 4D space.<00:08:45.120> This<00:08:45.316> [music]<00:08:45.360> is<00:08:45.440> a<00:08:45.680> hyperbolic<00:08:46.399> 4D 00:08:46.870 --> 00:08:46.880 align:start position:0% space. This [music] is a hyperbolic 4D 00:08:46.880 --> 00:08:49.350 align:start position:0% space. This [music] is a hyperbolic 4D space.<00:08:47.920> Let's<00:08:48.240> observe<00:08:48.640> what<00:08:48.880> happens<00:08:49.200> when 00:08:49.350 --> 00:08:49.360 align:start position:0% space. Let's observe what happens when 00:08:49.360 --> 00:08:51.350 align:start position:0% space. Let's observe what happens when you<00:08:49.519> try<00:08:49.760> to<00:08:49.920> travel<00:08:50.240> at<00:08:50.480> near<00:08:50.880> infinite 00:08:51.350 --> 00:08:51.360 align:start position:0% you try to travel at near infinite 00:08:51.360 --> 00:08:54.070 align:start position:0% you try to travel at near infinite speeds<00:08:51.760> when<00:08:51.920> the<00:08:52.160> lines<00:08:52.480> start<00:08:52.720> to<00:08:52.959> bend. 00:08:54.070 --> 00:08:54.080 align:start position:0% speeds when the lines start to bend. 00:08:54.080 --> 00:08:57.030 align:start position:0% speeds when the lines start to bend. Here<00:08:55.200> you<00:08:55.519> have<00:08:55.680> zoomed<00:08:56.080> along<00:08:56.320> at<00:08:56.560> a<00:08:56.800> speed 00:08:57.030 --> 00:08:57.040 align:start position:0% Here you have zoomed along at a speed 00:08:57.040 --> 00:08:59.190 align:start position:0% Here you have zoomed along at a speed that's<00:08:57.360> as<00:08:57.680> fast<00:08:57.920> as<00:08:58.240> infinite<00:08:58.640> as<00:08:58.880> you<00:08:59.040> can 00:08:59.190 --> 00:08:59.200 align:start position:0% that's as fast as infinite as you can 00:08:59.200 --> 00:09:01.750 align:start position:0% that's as fast as infinite as you can imagine.<00:09:00.320> Speed<00:09:00.640> is<00:09:00.880> a<00:09:01.120> tricky<00:09:01.519> little 00:09:01.750 --> 00:09:01.760 align:start position:0% imagine. Speed is a tricky little 00:09:01.760 --> 00:09:03.829 align:start position:0% imagine. Speed is a tricky little concept<00:09:02.160> here.<00:09:02.880> But<00:09:03.040> let's<00:09:03.279> say<00:09:03.519> that<00:09:03.656> [music] 00:09:03.829 --> 00:09:03.839 align:start position:0% concept here. But let's say that [music] 00:09:03.839 --> 00:09:05.829 align:start position:0% concept here. But let's say that [music] from<00:09:04.160> your<00:09:04.399> perspective<00:09:05.040> you<00:09:05.279> covered<00:09:05.600> a 00:09:05.829 --> 00:09:05.839 align:start position:0% from your perspective you covered a 00:09:05.839 --> 00:09:09.430 align:start position:0% from your perspective you covered a distance<00:09:06.080> of<00:09:06.480> 400<00:09:07.120> million<00:09:07.519> m<00:09:07.839> in<00:09:08.080> a<00:09:08.240> second. 00:09:09.430 --> 00:09:09.440 align:start position:0% distance of 400 million m in a second. 00:09:09.440 --> 00:09:12.389 align:start position:0% distance of 400 million m in a second. So<00:09:09.920> faster<00:09:10.320> than<00:09:10.480> the<00:09:10.640> speed<00:09:10.880> of<00:09:11.040> light.<00:09:12.080> What 00:09:12.389 --> 00:09:12.399 align:start position:0% So faster than the speed of light. What 00:09:12.399 --> 00:09:15.269 align:start position:0% So faster than the speed of light. What happens?<00:09:13.839> Well,<00:09:14.160> you<00:09:14.399> hit<00:09:14.640> this<00:09:14.959> little 00:09:15.269 --> 00:09:15.279 align:start position:0% happens? Well, you hit this little 00:09:15.279 --> 00:09:17.990 align:start position:0% happens? Well, you hit this little curved<00:09:15.600> line<00:09:15.920> over<00:09:16.160> here.<00:09:17.360> Although<00:09:17.680> it<00:09:17.839> is 00:09:17.990 --> 00:09:18.000 align:start position:0% curved line over here. Although it is 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:20.630 align:start position:0% curved line over here. Although it is bent<00:09:18.240> to<00:09:18.480> be<00:09:18.720> almost<00:09:19.040> a<00:09:19.279> C-shape,<00:09:20.240> if<00:09:20.480> you 00:09:20.630 --> 00:09:20.640 align:start position:0% bent to be almost a C-shape, if you 00:09:20.640 --> 00:09:22.470 align:start position:0% bent to be almost a C-shape, if you follow<00:09:20.880> the<00:09:21.040> line<00:09:21.279> down,<00:09:21.600> you<00:09:21.839> will<00:09:22.000> see<00:09:22.160> that 00:09:22.470 --> 00:09:22.480 align:start position:0% follow the line down, you will see that 00:09:22.480 --> 00:09:25.829 align:start position:0% follow the line down, you will see that it<00:09:22.640> is<00:09:22.800> a<00:09:23.040> timeline,<00:09:24.000> not<00:09:24.240> a<00:09:24.480> space<00:09:24.800> line.<00:09:25.600> And 00:09:25.829 --> 00:09:25.839 align:start position:0% it is a timeline, not a space line. And 00:09:25.839 --> 00:09:28.150 align:start position:0% it is a timeline, not a space line. And because<00:09:26.080> it<00:09:26.320> is<00:09:26.399> a<00:09:26.560> hyperbolic<00:09:27.200> space,<00:09:28.000> there 00:09:28.150 --> 00:09:28.160 align:start position:0% because it is a hyperbolic space, there 00:09:28.160 --> 00:09:30.710 align:start position:0% because it is a hyperbolic space, there is<00:09:28.320> more<00:09:28.560> here<00:09:28.880> than<00:09:29.040> meets<00:09:29.279> the<00:09:29.440> eye.<00:09:30.399> Let's 00:09:30.710 --> 00:09:30.720 align:start position:0% is more here than meets the eye. Let's 00:09:30.720 --> 00:09:32.630 align:start position:0% is more here than meets the eye. Let's jump<00:09:30.959> over<00:09:31.120> to<00:09:31.279> that<00:09:31.519> point<00:09:31.760> and<00:09:32.080> see<00:09:32.240> where<00:09:32.480> we 00:09:32.630 --> 00:09:32.640 align:start position:0% jump over to that point and see where we 00:09:32.640 --> 00:09:34.630 align:start position:0% jump over to that point and see where we ended<00:09:32.959> up. 00:09:34.630 --> 00:09:34.640 align:start position:0% ended up. 00:09:34.640 --> 00:09:37.030 align:start position:0% ended up. Although<00:09:35.040> in<00:09:35.279> our<00:09:35.519> movement<00:09:35.920> vector<00:09:36.480> by<00:09:36.720> our 00:09:37.030 --> 00:09:37.040 align:start position:0% Although in our movement vector by our 00:09:37.040 --> 00:09:39.030 align:start position:0% Although in our movement vector by our origin,<00:09:37.440> we<00:09:37.680> only<00:09:37.920> traveled<00:09:38.320> one<00:09:38.720> square 00:09:39.030 --> 00:09:39.040 align:start position:0% origin, we only traveled one square 00:09:39.040 --> 00:09:41.990 align:start position:0% origin, we only traveled one square high,<00:09:40.000> by<00:09:40.320> our<00:09:40.640> end<00:09:40.880> destination,<00:09:41.600> we<00:09:41.839> have 00:09:41.990 --> 00:09:42.000 align:start position:0% high, by our end destination, we have 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:44.150 align:start position:0% high, by our end destination, we have ended<00:09:42.320> up<00:09:42.480> at<00:09:42.640> a<00:09:42.880> point<00:09:43.200> multiple<00:09:43.760> squares 00:09:44.150 --> 00:09:44.160 align:start position:0% ended up at a point multiple squares 00:09:44.160 --> 00:09:47.829 align:start position:0% ended up at a point multiple squares high.<00:09:45.600> By<00:09:45.920> taking<00:09:46.240> a<00:09:46.480> journey<00:09:46.800> sideways<00:09:47.600> and 00:09:47.829 --> 00:09:47.839 align:start position:0% high. By taking a journey sideways and 00:09:47.839 --> 00:09:50.070 align:start position:0% high. By taking a journey sideways and by<00:09:48.160> only<00:09:48.399> experiencing<00:09:49.040> a<00:09:49.279> second<00:09:49.519> of<00:09:49.680> forward 00:09:50.070 --> 00:09:50.080 align:start position:0% by only experiencing a second of forward 00:09:50.080 --> 00:09:52.389 align:start position:0% by only experiencing a second of forward momentum<00:09:50.480> through<00:09:50.720> time<00:09:51.040> ourselves,<00:09:52.000> we<00:09:52.240> have 00:09:52.389 --> 00:09:52.399 align:start position:0% momentum through time ourselves, we have 00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:55.110 align:start position:0% momentum through time ourselves, we have ended<00:09:52.640> up<00:09:52.959> many<00:09:53.360> seconds<00:09:53.760> into<00:09:54.000> the<00:09:54.240> future. 00:09:55.110 --> 00:09:55.120 align:start position:0% ended up many seconds into the future. 00:09:55.120 --> 00:09:57.269 align:start position:0% ended up many seconds into the future. We<00:09:55.360> have<00:09:55.519> taken<00:09:55.839> a<00:09:56.160> shortcut<00:09:56.720> into<00:09:57.040> the 00:09:57.269 --> 00:09:57.279 align:start position:0% We have taken a shortcut into the 00:09:57.279 --> 00:09:58.790 align:start position:0% We have taken a shortcut into the future. 00:09:58.790 --> 00:09:58.800 align:start position:0% future. 00:09:58.800 --> 00:10:00.550 align:start position:0% future. This<00:09:59.040> is<00:09:59.200> what<00:09:59.440> we<00:09:59.600> observe<00:10:00.000> in<00:10:00.160> the<00:10:00.320> real 00:10:00.550 --> 00:10:00.560 align:start position:0% This is what we observe in the real 00:10:00.560 --> 00:10:03.030 align:start position:0% This is what we observe in the real world.<00:10:01.279> Objects<00:10:01.680> that<00:10:01.920> move<00:10:02.160> at<00:10:02.399> great<00:10:02.720> speed 00:10:03.030 --> 00:10:03.040 align:start position:0% world. Objects that move at great speed 00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:05.110 align:start position:0% world. Objects that move at great speed seem<00:10:03.360> to<00:10:03.519> suddenly<00:10:04.000> experience<00:10:04.560> reduced 00:10:05.110 --> 00:10:05.120 align:start position:0% seem to suddenly experience reduced 00:10:05.120 --> 00:10:07.509 align:start position:0% seem to suddenly experience reduced time.<00:10:06.000> They<00:10:06.320> believe<00:10:06.640> only<00:10:06.880> a<00:10:07.040> few<00:10:07.200> seconds 00:10:07.509 --> 00:10:07.519 align:start position:0% time. They believe only a few seconds 00:10:07.519 --> 00:10:10.070 align:start position:0% time. They believe only a few seconds have<00:10:07.680> passed,<00:10:08.399> but<00:10:08.640> far<00:10:09.040> more<00:10:09.279> time<00:10:09.600> can<00:10:09.760> occur 00:10:10.070 --> 00:10:10.080 align:start position:0% have passed, but far more time can occur 00:10:10.080 --> 00:10:13.350 align:start position:0% have passed, but far more time can occur to<00:10:10.240> an<00:10:10.399> external<00:10:10.959> observer.<00:10:12.399> And<00:10:12.560> suddenly<00:10:13.040> it 00:10:13.350 --> 00:10:13.360 align:start position:0% to an external observer. And suddenly it 00:10:13.360 --> 00:10:16.069 align:start position:0% to an external observer. And suddenly it really<00:10:13.600> throws<00:10:13.920> off<00:10:14.079> our<00:10:14.399> maths.<00:10:15.440> Because<00:10:15.839> how 00:10:16.069 --> 00:10:16.079 align:start position:0% really throws off our maths. Because how 00:10:16.079 --> 00:10:18.310 align:start position:0% really throws off our maths. Because how does<00:10:16.240> an<00:10:16.480> external<00:10:16.959> observer<00:10:17.519> record<00:10:17.920> our 00:10:18.310 --> 00:10:18.320 align:start position:0% does an external observer record our 00:10:18.320 --> 00:10:21.110 align:start position:0% does an external observer record our speed?<00:10:19.519> If<00:10:19.680> we<00:10:19.920> started<00:10:20.240> at<00:10:20.399> an<00:10:20.560> origin<00:10:20.959> point 00:10:21.110 --> 00:10:21.120 align:start position:0% speed? If we started at an origin point 00:10:21.120 --> 00:10:23.430 align:start position:0% speed? If we started at an origin point of<00:10:21.360> zero,<00:10:22.000> but<00:10:22.240> ended<00:10:22.560> at<00:10:22.640> an<00:10:22.800> origin<00:10:23.200> point 00:10:23.430 --> 00:10:23.440 align:start position:0% of zero, but ended at an origin point 00:10:23.440 --> 00:10:26.150 align:start position:0% of zero, but ended at an origin point that's<00:10:23.839> 10<00:10:24.160> seconds<00:10:24.480> into<00:10:24.800> the<00:10:24.959> future,<00:10:25.839> they 00:10:26.150 --> 00:10:26.160 align:start position:0% that's 10 seconds into the future, they 00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:28.389 align:start position:0% that's 10 seconds into the future, they have<00:10:26.320> to<00:10:26.480> say<00:10:26.640> that<00:10:26.800> we<00:10:26.959> have<00:10:27.200> traveled<00:10:27.680> 400 00:10:28.389 --> 00:10:28.399 align:start position:0% have to say that we have traveled 400 00:10:28.399 --> 00:10:31.190 align:start position:0% have to say that we have traveled 400 million<00:10:28.800> m<00:10:29.279> in<00:10:29.600> 10<00:10:29.839> seconds<00:10:30.399> for<00:10:30.560> a<00:10:30.800> speed<00:10:30.959> of 00:10:31.190 --> 00:10:31.200 align:start position:0% million m in 10 seconds for a speed of 00:10:31.200 --> 00:10:34.470 align:start position:0% million m in 10 seconds for a speed of 40<00:10:31.519> million<00:10:31.839> m/s,<00:10:33.279> far<00:10:33.600> below<00:10:33.920> the<00:10:34.079> speed<00:10:34.320> of 00:10:34.470 --> 00:10:34.480 align:start position:0% 40 million m/s, far below the speed of 00:10:34.480 --> 00:10:36.470 align:start position:0% 40 million m/s, far below the speed of light,<00:10:35.040> no<00:10:35.040> matter<00:10:35.440> what<00:10:35.680> we<00:10:35.839> thought<00:10:36.079> we<00:10:36.320> were 00:10:36.470 --> 00:10:36.480 align:start position:0% light, no matter what we thought we were 00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:39.670 align:start position:0% light, no matter what we thought we were doing,<00:10:37.519> which<00:10:37.760> is<00:10:38.000> kind<00:10:38.240> of<00:10:38.399> like<00:10:38.800> what<00:10:39.200> light 00:10:39.670 --> 00:10:39.680 align:start position:0% doing, which is kind of like what light 00:10:39.680 --> 00:10:41.990 align:start position:0% doing, which is kind of like what light seems<00:10:40.000> to<00:10:40.160> be<00:10:40.320> experiencing. 00:10:41.990 --> 00:10:42.000 align:start position:0% seems to be experiencing. 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:43.750 align:start position:0% seems to be experiencing. And<00:10:42.160> the<00:10:42.399> faster<00:10:42.720> you<00:10:42.959> push<00:10:43.200> yourself<00:10:43.440> in<00:10:43.680> the 00:10:43.750 --> 00:10:43.760 align:start position:0% And the faster you push yourself in the 00:10:43.760 --> 00:10:45.990 align:start position:0% And the faster you push yourself in the X<00:10:44.079> direction,<00:10:44.800> the<00:10:44.959> more<00:10:45.200> you<00:10:45.360> encounter<00:10:45.760> the 00:10:45.990 --> 00:10:46.000 align:start position:0% X direction, the more you encounter the 00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.389 align:start position:0% X direction, the more you encounter the warping<00:10:46.399> effects<00:10:46.720> of<00:10:46.880> hyperbolic<00:10:47.440> geometry. 00:10:48.389 --> 00:10:48.399 align:start position:0% warping effects of hyperbolic geometry. 00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:50.069 align:start position:0% warping effects of hyperbolic geometry. And<00:10:48.560> the<00:10:48.800> more<00:10:48.959> it<00:10:49.200> keeps<00:10:49.360> pulling<00:10:49.680> you<00:10:49.839> back 00:10:50.069 --> 00:10:50.079 align:start position:0% And the more it keeps pulling you back 00:10:50.079 --> 00:10:51.670 align:start position:0% And the more it keeps pulling you back towards<00:10:50.399> the<00:10:50.560> speed<00:10:50.880> limit<00:10:51.120> cap<00:10:51.360> of<00:10:51.519> the 00:10:51.670 --> 00:10:51.680 align:start position:0% towards the speed limit cap of the 00:10:51.680 --> 00:10:54.150 align:start position:0% towards the speed limit cap of the universe,<00:10:52.560> it<00:10:52.800> will<00:10:52.959> never<00:10:53.279> let<00:10:53.519> you<00:10:53.760> exceed 00:10:54.150 --> 00:10:54.160 align:start position:0% universe, it will never let you exceed 00:10:54.160 --> 00:10:57.509 align:start position:0% universe, it will never let you exceed it.<00:10:55.360> This<00:10:55.600> explains<00:10:56.079> why<00:10:56.399> there<00:10:56.640> is<00:10:56.800> a<00:10:57.040> cap<00:10:57.279> to 00:10:57.509 --> 00:10:57.519 align:start position:0% it. This explains why there is a cap to 00:10:57.519 --> 00:11:00.389 align:start position:0% it. This explains why there is a cap to the<00:10:57.680> universe.<00:10:58.720> Not<00:10:58.880> even<00:10:59.200> light,<00:10:59.839> which<00:11:00.160> as 00:11:00.389 --> 00:11:00.399 align:start position:0% the universe. Not even light, which as 00:11:00.399 --> 00:11:02.389 align:start position:0% the universe. Not even light, which as far<00:11:00.560> as<00:11:00.720> it<00:11:00.959> is<00:11:01.120> concerned<00:11:01.839> does<00:11:02.079> travel 00:11:02.389 --> 00:11:02.399 align:start position:0% far as it is concerned does travel 00:11:02.399 --> 00:11:04.389 align:start position:0% far as it is concerned does travel infinitely<00:11:02.959> quickly,<00:11:03.680> would<00:11:03.920> be<00:11:04.079> able<00:11:04.240> to 00:11:04.389 --> 00:11:04.399 align:start position:0% infinitely quickly, would be able to 00:11:04.399 --> 00:11:06.949 align:start position:0% infinitely quickly, would be able to overcome<00:11:04.800> it,<00:11:05.440> provided<00:11:06.079> the<00:11:06.320> base<00:11:06.560> we<00:11:06.800> were 00:11:06.949 --> 00:11:06.959 align:start position:0% overcome it, provided the base we were 00:11:06.959 --> 00:11:10.310 align:start position:0% overcome it, provided the base we were resting<00:11:07.279> on<00:11:07.600> was<00:11:07.839> ever<00:11:08.160> so<00:11:08.399> slightly<00:11:08.800> curved. 00:11:10.310 --> 00:11:10.320 align:start position:0% resting on was ever so slightly curved. 00:11:10.320 --> 00:11:12.310 align:start position:0% resting on was ever so slightly curved. As<00:11:10.560> soon<00:11:10.720> as<00:11:10.800> the<00:11:11.040> photon<00:11:11.519> slid<00:11:11.920> onto<00:11:12.160> the 00:11:12.310 --> 00:11:12.320 align:start position:0% As soon as the photon slid onto the 00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:14.790 align:start position:0% As soon as the photon slid onto the plane<00:11:12.560> that<00:11:12.720> was<00:11:12.959> space,<00:11:13.760> it<00:11:14.000> would<00:11:14.160> get<00:11:14.399> swept 00:11:14.790 --> 00:11:14.800 align:start position:0% plane that was space, it would get swept 00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:16.949 align:start position:0% plane that was space, it would get swept up<00:11:14.959> in<00:11:15.200> the<00:11:15.360> curvature<00:11:15.839> of<00:11:16.000> this<00:11:16.240> hyperbolic 00:11:16.949 --> 00:11:16.959 align:start position:0% up in the curvature of this hyperbolic 00:11:16.959 --> 00:11:19.910 align:start position:0% up in the curvature of this hyperbolic 4D<00:11:17.440> space.<00:11:18.560> It<00:11:18.800> would<00:11:19.040> trace<00:11:19.360> the<00:11:19.519> limit<00:11:19.760> of 00:11:19.910 --> 00:11:19.920 align:start position:0% 4D space. It would trace the limit of 00:11:19.920 --> 00:11:22.870 align:start position:0% 4D space. It would trace the limit of it,<00:11:20.240> true,<00:11:20.720> but<00:11:20.959> it<00:11:21.120> would<00:11:21.279> get<00:11:21.440> caught<00:11:21.760> in<00:11:21.920> it. 00:11:22.870 --> 00:11:22.880 align:start position:0% it, true, but it would get caught in it. 00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:25.509 align:start position:0% it, true, but it would get caught in it. And<00:11:23.040> then<00:11:23.519> from<00:11:23.839> our<00:11:24.160> perspective,<00:11:25.040> it<00:11:25.279> would 00:11:25.509 --> 00:11:25.519 align:start position:0% And then from our perspective, it would 00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.110 align:start position:0% And then from our perspective, it would start<00:11:25.680> to<00:11:25.920> look<00:11:26.079> as<00:11:26.240> if<00:11:26.399> we<00:11:26.640> were<00:11:26.800> simply 00:11:27.110 --> 00:11:27.120 align:start position:0% start to look as if we were simply 00:11:27.120 --> 00:11:30.870 align:start position:0% start to look as if we were simply moving<00:11:27.519> uniformly<00:11:28.320> at<00:11:28.560> a<00:11:28.800> speed<00:11:29.040> of<00:11:29.279> C. 00:11:30.870 --> 00:11:30.880 align:start position:0% moving uniformly at a speed of C. 00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:33.430 align:start position:0% moving uniformly at a speed of C. After<00:11:31.200> all,<00:11:31.760> we<00:11:32.000> would<00:11:32.240> see<00:11:32.399> it<00:11:32.640> leave<00:11:33.200> and 00:11:33.430 --> 00:11:33.440 align:start position:0% After all, we would see it leave and 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:35.030 align:start position:0% After all, we would see it leave and then<00:11:33.600> we<00:11:33.760> would<00:11:33.920> time<00:11:34.320> how<00:11:34.480> long<00:11:34.640> it<00:11:34.880> would 00:11:35.030 --> 00:11:35.040 align:start position:0% then we would time how long it would 00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:37.670 align:start position:0% then we would time how long it would take<00:11:35.200> to<00:11:35.360> arrive<00:11:35.680> at<00:11:35.839> its<00:11:36.079> destination.<00:11:37.440> It 00:11:37.670 --> 00:11:37.680 align:start position:0% take to arrive at its destination. It 00:11:37.680 --> 00:11:39.670 align:start position:0% take to arrive at its destination. It doesn't<00:11:37.920> matter<00:11:38.160> for<00:11:38.560> us<00:11:38.880> that<00:11:39.120> it<00:11:39.360> believed 00:11:39.670 --> 00:11:39.680 align:start position:0% doesn't matter for us that it believed 00:11:39.680 --> 00:11:40.630 align:start position:0% doesn't matter for us that it believed that<00:11:39.839> it<00:11:39.920> had<00:11:40.079> arrived<00:11:40.399> there 00:11:40.630 --> 00:11:40.640 align:start position:0% that it had arrived there 00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:42.630 align:start position:0% that it had arrived there instantaneously<00:11:41.440> by<00:11:41.760> taking<00:11:42.000> a<00:11:42.240> shortcut 00:11:42.630 --> 00:11:42.640 align:start position:0% instantaneously by taking a shortcut 00:11:42.640 --> 00:11:45.030 align:start position:0% instantaneously by taking a shortcut through<00:11:42.959> time.<00:11:43.680> We<00:11:43.920> would<00:11:44.079> just<00:11:44.240> record<00:11:44.560> it<00:11:44.800> as 00:11:45.030 --> 00:11:45.040 align:start position:0% through time. We would just record it as 00:11:45.040 --> 00:11:46.870 align:start position:0% through time. We would just record it as having<00:11:45.360> arrived<00:11:45.839> after<00:11:46.160> some<00:11:46.399> time<00:11:46.640> had 00:11:46.870 --> 00:11:46.880 align:start position:0% having arrived after some time had 00:11:46.880 --> 00:11:48.630 align:start position:0% having arrived after some time had passed. 00:11:48.630 --> 00:11:48.640 align:start position:0% passed. 00:11:48.640 --> 00:11:51.269 align:start position:0% passed. So<00:11:49.200> there<00:11:49.360> you<00:11:49.680> have<00:11:49.760> it.<00:11:50.560> Why<00:11:50.800> is<00:11:50.959> there<00:11:51.120> a 00:11:51.269 --> 00:11:51.279 align:start position:0% So there you have it. Why is there a 00:11:51.279 --> 00:11:54.069 align:start position:0% So there you have it. Why is there a speed<00:11:51.519> limit<00:11:51.760> for<00:11:51.920> our<00:11:52.240> universe?<00:11:53.440> Perhaps 00:11:54.069 --> 00:11:54.079 align:start position:0% speed limit for our universe? Perhaps 00:11:54.079 --> 00:11:57.269 align:start position:0% speed limit for our universe? Perhaps because<00:11:54.560> space<00:11:54.880> is<00:11:55.120> curved<00:11:55.839> and<00:11:56.079> our<00:11:56.480> 4D<00:11:56.880> space 00:11:57.269 --> 00:11:57.279 align:start position:0% because space is curved and our 4D space 00:11:57.279 --> 00:12:00.470 align:start position:0% because space is curved and our 4D space is<00:11:57.519> hyperbolic.<00:11:58.959> At<00:11:59.040> least<00:11:59.600> so<00:11:59.920> claims<00:12:00.320> this 00:12:00.470 --> 00:12:00.480 align:start position:0% is hyperbolic. At least so claims this 00:12:00.480 --> 00:12:03.269 align:start position:0% is hyperbolic. At least so claims this theory.<00:12:01.440> It<00:12:01.680> is.<00:12:02.000> It<00:12:02.240> must<00:12:02.399> be<00:12:02.560> stressed.<00:12:03.120> Just 00:12:03.269 --> 00:12:03.279 align:start position:0% theory. It is. It must be stressed. Just 00:12:03.279 --> 00:12:05.430 align:start position:0% theory. It is. It must be stressed. Just a<00:12:03.519> theory.<00:12:04.320> It's<00:12:04.560> possible<00:12:04.800> that<00:12:05.040> smarter 00:12:05.430 --> 00:12:05.440 align:start position:0% a theory. It's possible that smarter 00:12:05.440 --> 00:12:06.790 align:start position:0% a theory. It's possible that smarter people<00:12:05.600> than<00:12:05.760> me<00:12:05.920> in<00:12:06.160> the<00:12:06.240> comments<00:12:06.480> will 00:12:06.790 --> 00:12:06.800 align:start position:0% people than me in the comments will 00:12:06.800 --> 00:12:09.509 align:start position:0% people than me in the comments will explain<00:12:07.120> why<00:12:07.360> this<00:12:07.600> is<00:12:07.760> wrong.<00:12:08.800> However,<00:12:09.279> it 00:12:09.509 --> 00:12:09.519 align:start position:0% explain why this is wrong. However, it 00:12:09.519 --> 00:12:11.590 align:start position:0% explain why this is wrong. However, it does<00:12:09.680> neatly<00:12:10.160> explain<00:12:10.480> to<00:12:10.639> me<00:12:10.880> why<00:12:11.279> time 00:12:11.590 --> 00:12:11.600 align:start position:0% does neatly explain to me why time 00:12:11.600 --> 00:12:14.389 align:start position:0% does neatly explain to me why time dilation<00:12:12.160> happens<00:12:12.959> and<00:12:13.200> why<00:12:13.519> reality<00:12:14.000> has<00:12:14.240> a 00:12:14.389 --> 00:12:14.399 align:start position:0% dilation happens and why reality has a 00:12:14.399 --> 00:12:16.150 align:start position:0% dilation happens and why reality has a speed<00:12:14.639> limit,<00:12:15.200> which<00:12:15.440> I<00:12:15.600> find<00:12:15.920> quite 00:12:16.150 --> 00:12:16.160 align:start position:0% speed limit, which I find quite 00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:18.790 align:start position:0% speed limit, which I find quite appealing.<00:12:17.279> In<00:12:17.519> fairness,<00:12:18.079> perhaps<00:12:18.399> the<00:12:18.560> only 00:12:18.790 --> 00:12:18.800 align:start position:0% appealing. In fairness, perhaps the only 00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:20.710 align:start position:0% appealing. In fairness, perhaps the only way<00:12:18.880> to<00:12:19.040> test<00:12:19.279> it<00:12:19.600> would<00:12:19.839> be<00:12:19.920> to<00:12:20.160> try<00:12:20.320> to<00:12:20.480> go 00:12:20.710 --> 00:12:20.720 align:start position:0% way to test it would be to try to go 00:12:20.720 --> 00:12:22.790 align:start position:0% way to test it would be to try to go faster<00:12:21.120> than<00:12:21.279> the<00:12:21.519> speed<00:12:21.680> of<00:12:21.839> light.<00:12:22.480> And<00:12:22.639> we 00:12:22.790 --> 00:12:22.800 align:start position:0% faster than the speed of light. And we 00:12:22.800 --> 00:12:24.870 align:start position:0% faster than the speed of light. And we have<00:12:22.959> never<00:12:23.200> gotten<00:12:23.519> close<00:12:23.760> to<00:12:23.920> that<00:12:24.160> speed. 00:12:24.870 --> 00:12:24.880 align:start position:0% have never gotten close to that speed. 00:12:24.880 --> 00:12:27.190 align:start position:0% have never gotten close to that speed. The<00:12:25.120> fastest<00:12:25.519> a<00:12:25.760> human<00:12:26.079> has<00:12:26.240> ever<00:12:26.480> gone<00:12:26.800> is 00:12:27.190 --> 00:12:27.200 align:start position:0% The fastest a human has ever gone is 00:12:27.200 --> 00:12:28.790 align:start position:0% The fastest a human has ever gone is 11,083 00:12:28.790 --> 00:12:28.800 align:start position:0% 11,083 00:12:28.800 --> 00:12:32.069 align:start position:0% 11,083 m/s.<00:12:30.079> When<00:12:30.320> NASA<00:12:30.720> astronauts<00:12:31.360> returned<00:12:31.680> in<00:12:31.920> a 00:12:32.069 --> 00:12:32.079 align:start position:0% m/s. When NASA astronauts returned in a 00:12:32.079 --> 00:12:34.150 align:start position:0% m/s. When NASA astronauts returned in a spaceship<00:12:32.480> from<00:12:32.639> the<00:12:32.800> moon,<00:12:33.680> it<00:12:33.920> would 00:12:34.150 --> 00:12:34.160 align:start position:0% spaceship from the moon, it would 00:12:34.160 --> 00:12:36.550 align:start position:0% spaceship from the moon, it would require<00:12:34.720> incredible<00:12:35.440> amounts<00:12:35.839> of<00:12:36.000> energy<00:12:36.320> to 00:12:36.550 --> 00:12:36.560 align:start position:0% require incredible amounts of energy to 00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:39.910 align:start position:0% require incredible amounts of energy to travel<00:12:37.040> sea<00:12:37.519> from<00:12:37.760> our<00:12:38.079> perspective. 00:12:39.910 --> 00:12:39.920 align:start position:0% travel sea from our perspective. 00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:42.310 align:start position:0% travel sea from our perspective. If<00:12:40.160> it<00:12:40.320> is<00:12:40.560> true,<00:12:40.880> though,<00:12:41.440> it<00:12:41.680> would<00:12:41.839> provide 00:12:42.310 --> 00:12:42.320 align:start position:0% If it is true, though, it would provide 00:12:42.320 --> 00:12:44.870 align:start position:0% If it is true, though, it would provide firm<00:12:42.800> evidence<00:12:43.200> that<00:12:43.519> our<00:12:43.839> universe<00:12:44.560> really 00:12:44.870 --> 00:12:44.880 align:start position:0% firm evidence that our universe really 00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:48.150 align:start position:0% firm evidence that our universe really was<00:12:45.200> hyperbolic<00:12:45.839> in<00:12:46.079> nature<00:12:46.800> and<00:12:47.120> sadly<00:12:47.680> quash 00:12:48.150 --> 00:12:48.160 align:start position:0% was hyperbolic in nature and sadly quash 00:12:48.160 --> 00:12:49.990 align:start position:0% was hyperbolic in nature and sadly quash any<00:12:48.399> hope<00:12:48.560> of<00:12:48.800> us<00:12:48.959> traveling<00:12:49.360> backwards<00:12:49.839> in 00:12:49.990 --> 00:12:50.000 align:start position:0% any hope of us traveling backwards in 00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:53.030 align:start position:0% any hope of us traveling backwards in time<00:12:50.240> at<00:12:50.480> any<00:12:50.720> point.<00:12:51.600> So,<00:12:52.079> sorry<00:12:52.399> time<00:12:52.720> travel 00:12:53.030 --> 00:12:53.040 align:start position:0% time at any point. So, sorry time travel 00:12:53.040 --> 00:12:55.829 align:start position:0% time at any point. So, sorry time travel fans.<00:12:54.399> But<00:12:54.720> at<00:12:54.720> least<00:12:55.040> we<00:12:55.279> can<00:12:55.360> console 00:12:55.829 --> 00:12:55.839 align:start position:0% fans. But at least we can console 00:12:55.839 --> 00:12:57.509 align:start position:0% fans. But at least we can console ourselves<00:12:56.240> that<00:12:56.560> although<00:12:56.880> we<00:12:57.120> probably 00:12:57.509 --> 00:12:57.519 align:start position:0% ourselves that although we probably 00:12:57.519 --> 00:12:59.590 align:start position:0% ourselves that although we probably can't<00:12:57.839> travel<00:12:58.160> to<00:12:58.320> the<00:12:58.480> past,<00:12:59.200> traveling 00:12:59.590 --> 00:12:59.600 align:start position:0% can't travel to the past, traveling 00:12:59.600 --> 00:13:01.750 align:start position:0% can't travel to the past, traveling through<00:12:59.920> shortcuts<00:13:00.399> to<00:13:00.639> the<00:13:00.800> future<00:13:01.440> is 00:13:01.750 --> 00:13:01.760 align:start position:0% through shortcuts to the future is 00:13:01.760 --> 00:13:03.110 align:start position:0% through shortcuts to the future is definitely<00:13:02.160> within<00:13:02.399> the<00:13:02.560> realms<00:13:02.880> of 00:13:03.110 --> 00:13:03.120 align:start position:0% definitely within the realms of 00:13:03.120 --> 00:13:05.990 align:start position:0% definitely within the realms of possibility. 00:13:05.990 --> 00:13:06.000 align:start position:0% possibility. 00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:08.310 align:start position:0% possibility. How<00:13:06.320> would<00:13:06.480> the<00:13:06.720> universe<00:13:07.279> change<00:13:07.839> if<00:13:08.079> you 00:13:08.310 --> 00:13:08.320 align:start position:0% How would the universe change if you 00:13:08.320 --> 00:13:11.030 align:start position:0% How would the universe change if you approach<00:13:08.800> the<00:13:09.040> speed<00:13:09.279> of<00:13:09.519> light?<00:13:10.560> What<00:13:10.800> would 00:13:11.030 --> 00:13:11.040 align:start position:0% approach the speed of light? What would 00:13:11.040 --> 00:13:13.190 align:start position:0% approach the speed of light? What would everything<00:13:11.360> around<00:13:11.680> you<00:13:11.920> look<00:13:12.160> like?<00:13:12.959> How 00:13:13.190 --> 00:13:13.200 align:start position:0% everything around you look like? How 00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:16.710 align:start position:0% everything around you look like? How would<00:13:13.519> space<00:13:13.839> and<00:13:14.160> time<00:13:14.480> act? 00:13:16.710 --> 00:13:16.720 align:start position:0% would space and time act? 00:13:16.720 --> 00:13:19.269 align:start position:0% would space and time act? The<00:13:16.959> answer<00:13:17.279> is<00:13:18.079> a<00:13:18.320> lot<00:13:18.480> different<00:13:18.800> from<00:13:19.040> what 00:13:19.269 --> 00:13:19.279 align:start position:0% The answer is a lot different from what 00:13:19.279 --> 00:13:26.470 align:start position:0% The answer is a lot different from what you<00:13:19.440> are<00:13:19.600> currently<00:13:20.079> used<00:13:20.320> to. 00:13:26.470 --> 00:13:26.480 align:start position:0% 00:13:26.480 --> 00:13:28.389 align:start position:0% To<00:13:26.639> travel<00:13:26.959> the<00:13:27.200> speed<00:13:27.360> of<00:13:27.519> light<00:13:27.920> isn't 00:13:28.389 --> 00:13:28.399 align:start position:0% To travel the speed of light isn't 00:13:28.399 --> 00:13:30.310 align:start position:0% To travel the speed of light isn't actually<00:13:28.880> possible<00:13:29.279> for<00:13:29.600> anything<00:13:30.000> other 00:13:30.310 --> 00:13:30.320 align:start position:0% actually possible for anything other 00:13:30.320 --> 00:13:33.910 align:start position:0% actually possible for anything other than<00:13:30.560> massless<00:13:31.200> particles<00:13:32.079> like<00:13:32.399> photons.<00:13:33.760> It 00:13:33.910 --> 00:13:33.920 align:start position:0% than massless particles like photons. It 00:13:33.920 --> 00:13:36.150 align:start position:0% than massless particles like photons. It would<00:13:34.160> require<00:13:34.720> infinite<00:13:35.279> energy<00:13:35.680> to<00:13:35.920> get 00:13:36.150 --> 00:13:36.160 align:start position:0% would require infinite energy to get 00:13:36.160 --> 00:13:39.110 align:start position:0% would require infinite energy to get something<00:13:36.399> with<00:13:36.720> mass<00:13:37.120> to<00:13:37.360> that<00:13:37.600> speed.<00:13:38.880> The 00:13:39.110 --> 00:13:39.120 align:start position:0% something with mass to that speed. The 00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:41.509 align:start position:0% something with mass to that speed. The energy<00:13:39.519> required<00:13:40.240> exponentially<00:13:41.040> goes<00:13:41.279> up 00:13:41.509 --> 00:13:41.519 align:start position:0% energy required exponentially goes up 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:44.389 align:start position:0% energy required exponentially goes up the<00:13:41.760> closer<00:13:42.000> you<00:13:42.240> get.<00:13:43.680> But<00:13:43.920> there<00:13:44.160> are 00:13:44.389 --> 00:13:44.399 align:start position:0% the closer you get. But there are 00:13:44.399 --> 00:13:46.949 align:start position:0% the closer you get. But there are instances<00:13:44.880> of<00:13:45.120> matter<00:13:45.440> coming<00:13:45.760> close.<00:13:46.639> We've 00:13:46.949 --> 00:13:46.959 align:start position:0% instances of matter coming close. We've 00:13:46.959 --> 00:13:49.750 align:start position:0% instances of matter coming close. We've observed<00:13:47.440> some<00:13:47.760> particles<00:13:48.240> traveling<00:13:48.720> 99%<00:13:49.600> of 00:13:49.750 --> 00:13:49.760 align:start position:0% observed some particles traveling 99% of 00:13:49.760 --> 00:13:52.710 align:start position:0% observed some particles traveling 99% of the<00:13:50.000> speed<00:13:50.160> of<00:13:50.320> light.<00:13:51.279> Now,<00:13:51.600> for<00:13:51.760> you<00:13:51.920> and<00:13:52.160> me, 00:13:52.710 --> 00:13:52.720 align:start position:0% the speed of light. Now, for you and me, 00:13:52.720 --> 00:13:54.790 align:start position:0% the speed of light. Now, for you and me, we<00:13:53.040> have<00:13:53.200> no<00:13:53.440> hope<00:13:53.760> of<00:13:54.000> ever<00:13:54.320> approaching 00:13:54.790 --> 00:13:54.800 align:start position:0% we have no hope of ever approaching 00:13:54.800 --> 00:13:58.230 align:start position:0% we have no hope of ever approaching these<00:13:55.040> speeds.<00:13:56.160> But<00:13:56.399> if<00:13:56.639> you<00:13:56.880> did<00:13:57.120> manage<00:13:57.440> it, 00:13:58.230 --> 00:13:58.240 align:start position:0% these speeds. But if you did manage it, 00:13:58.240 --> 00:14:00.230 align:start position:0% these speeds. But if you did manage it, what<00:13:58.480> happens<00:13:58.800> to<00:13:59.040> space<00:13:59.279> and<00:13:59.519> time<00:13:59.760> from<00:14:00.000> your 00:14:00.230 --> 00:14:00.240 align:start position:0% what happens to space and time from your 00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:03.430 align:start position:0% what happens to space and time from your perspective<00:14:01.120> would<00:14:01.360> be<00:14:01.519> very<00:14:01.920> noticeable. 00:14:03.430 --> 00:14:03.440 align:start position:0% perspective would be very noticeable. 00:14:03.440 --> 00:14:05.189 align:start position:0% perspective would be very noticeable. Let's<00:14:03.680> ease<00:14:03.920> you<00:14:04.079> into<00:14:04.320> this<00:14:04.560> as<00:14:04.800> it's<00:14:05.040> going 00:14:05.189 --> 00:14:05.199 align:start position:0% Let's ease you into this as it's going 00:14:05.199 --> 00:14:06.949 align:start position:0% Let's ease you into this as it's going to<00:14:05.360> be<00:14:05.440> a<00:14:05.680> bit<00:14:05.920> tricky<00:14:06.160> to<00:14:06.399> wrap<00:14:06.560> your<00:14:06.800> head 00:14:06.949 --> 00:14:06.959 align:start position:0% to be a bit tricky to wrap your head 00:14:06.959 --> 00:14:09.509 align:start position:0% to be a bit tricky to wrap your head around.<00:14:07.920> We<00:14:08.160> will<00:14:08.320> simulate<00:14:08.880> going<00:14:09.199> from 00:14:09.509 --> 00:14:09.519 align:start position:0% around. We will simulate going from 00:14:09.519 --> 00:14:11.590 align:start position:0% around. We will simulate going from standing<00:14:09.920> to<00:14:10.240> traveling<00:14:10.800> almost<00:14:11.120> the<00:14:11.360> speed 00:14:11.590 --> 00:14:11.600 align:start position:0% standing to traveling almost the speed 00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:14.389 align:start position:0% standing to traveling almost the speed of<00:14:11.760> light.<00:14:12.880> This<00:14:13.120> is<00:14:13.279> a<00:14:13.519> fun<00:14:13.760> little<00:14:14.000> game 00:14:14.389 --> 00:14:14.399 align:start position:0% of light. This is a fun little game 00:14:14.399 --> 00:14:16.550 align:start position:0% of light. This is a fun little game called<00:14:14.639> A<00:14:14.880> Slower<00:14:15.199> Speed<00:14:15.440> of<00:14:15.600> Light,<00:14:16.160> released 00:14:16.550 --> 00:14:16.560 align:start position:0% called A Slower Speed of Light, released 00:14:16.560 --> 00:14:19.509 align:start position:0% called A Slower Speed of Light, released by<00:14:16.800> MIT,<00:14:17.920> demonstrating<00:14:18.800> what<00:14:19.120> would<00:14:19.279> happen 00:14:19.509 --> 00:14:19.519 align:start position:0% by MIT, demonstrating what would happen 00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:21.750 align:start position:0% by MIT, demonstrating what would happen if<00:14:19.839> the<00:14:20.000> speed<00:14:20.240> of<00:14:20.399> light<00:14:20.639> got<00:14:20.880> progressively 00:14:21.750 --> 00:14:21.760 align:start position:0% if the speed of light got progressively 00:14:21.760 --> 00:14:25.189 align:start position:0% if the speed of light got progressively slower<00:14:22.480> eventually<00:14:23.120> to<00:14:23.440> walking<00:14:23.920> speed.<00:14:24.959> At 00:14:25.189 --> 00:14:25.199 align:start position:0% slower eventually to walking speed. At 00:14:25.199 --> 00:14:27.590 align:start position:0% slower eventually to walking speed. At first,<00:14:25.839> my<00:14:26.160> character<00:14:26.560> looks<00:14:26.959> around<00:14:27.360> and 00:14:27.590 --> 00:14:27.600 align:start position:0% first, my character looks around and 00:14:27.600 --> 00:14:30.069 align:start position:0% first, my character looks around and sees<00:14:27.920> the<00:14:28.079> world<00:14:28.320> normally.<00:14:29.360> But<00:14:29.519> as<00:14:29.680> I<00:14:29.920> start 00:14:30.069 --> 00:14:30.079 align:start position:0% sees the world normally. But as I start 00:14:30.079 --> 00:14:32.069 align:start position:0% sees the world normally. But as I start to<00:14:30.320> pick<00:14:30.480> up<00:14:30.639> these<00:14:30.880> orbs,<00:14:31.600> instead<00:14:31.920> of 00:14:32.069 --> 00:14:32.079 align:start position:0% to pick up these orbs, instead of 00:14:32.079 --> 00:14:34.790 align:start position:0% to pick up these orbs, instead of speeding<00:14:32.480> me<00:14:32.720> up,<00:14:33.360> the<00:14:33.600> game<00:14:33.920> slows<00:14:34.240> the<00:14:34.560> speed 00:14:34.790 --> 00:14:34.800 align:start position:0% speeding me up, the game slows the speed 00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:37.430 align:start position:0% speeding me up, the game slows the speed of<00:14:34.959> light<00:14:35.279> down<00:14:36.000> to<00:14:36.320> simulate<00:14:36.800> what<00:14:37.040> it<00:14:37.279> would 00:14:37.430 --> 00:14:37.440 align:start position:0% of light down to simulate what it would 00:14:37.440 --> 00:14:39.590 align:start position:0% of light down to simulate what it would look<00:14:37.600> like<00:14:37.839> if<00:14:38.079> we<00:14:38.240> were<00:14:38.480> traveling<00:14:39.040> extremely 00:14:39.590 --> 00:14:39.600 align:start position:0% look like if we were traveling extremely 00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:42.230 align:start position:0% look like if we were traveling extremely fast<00:14:39.920> over<00:14:40.240> vast<00:14:40.720> distances. 00:14:42.230 --> 00:14:42.240 align:start position:0% fast over vast distances. 00:14:42.240 --> 00:14:44.629 align:start position:0% fast over vast distances. As<00:14:42.480> the<00:14:42.720> speed<00:14:42.959> of<00:14:43.120> light<00:14:43.440> slows,<00:14:44.320> what 00:14:44.629 --> 00:14:44.639 align:start position:0% As the speed of light slows, what 00:14:44.639 --> 00:14:48.069 align:start position:0% As the speed of light slows, what becomes<00:14:44.959> apparent<00:14:45.360> to<00:14:45.519> you? 00:14:48.069 --> 00:14:48.079 align:start position:0% becomes apparent to you? 00:14:48.079 --> 00:14:50.069 align:start position:0% becomes apparent to you? The<00:14:48.320> first<00:14:48.480> thing<00:14:48.639> I<00:14:48.959> notice<00:14:49.440> is<00:14:49.680> that<00:14:49.839> the 00:14:50.069 --> 00:14:50.079 align:start position:0% The first thing I notice is that the 00:14:50.079 --> 00:14:52.389 align:start position:0% The first thing I notice is that the colors<00:14:50.399> start<00:14:50.639> to<00:14:50.880> change.<00:14:51.760> This<00:14:52.000> is<00:14:52.160> because 00:14:52.389 --> 00:14:52.399 align:start position:0% colors start to change. This is because 00:14:52.399 --> 00:14:54.389 align:start position:0% colors start to change. This is because of<00:14:52.639> something<00:14:53.040> called<00:14:53.360> the<00:14:53.600> relativistic 00:14:54.389 --> 00:14:54.399 align:start position:0% of something called the relativistic 00:14:54.399 --> 00:14:57.030 align:start position:0% of something called the relativistic Doppler<00:14:54.959> effect. 00:14:57.030 --> 00:14:57.040 align:start position:0% Doppler effect. 00:14:57.040 --> 00:14:58.790 align:start position:0% Doppler effect. You<00:14:57.279> see,<00:14:57.519> when<00:14:57.760> you<00:14:57.920> look<00:14:58.160> around<00:14:58.399> and<00:14:58.639> you 00:14:58.790 --> 00:14:58.800 align:start position:0% You see, when you look around and you 00:14:58.800 --> 00:15:01.509 align:start position:0% You see, when you look around and you see<00:14:59.120> color<00:14:59.440> on<00:14:59.760> objects,<00:15:00.720> this<00:15:00.959> is<00:15:01.120> because 00:15:01.509 --> 00:15:01.519 align:start position:0% see color on objects, this is because 00:15:01.519 --> 00:15:03.829 align:start position:0% see color on objects, this is because light<00:15:01.839> is<00:15:02.079> reaching<00:15:02.399> your<00:15:02.639> eyes<00:15:02.959> at<00:15:03.279> specific 00:15:03.829 --> 00:15:03.839 align:start position:0% light is reaching your eyes at specific 00:15:03.839 --> 00:15:05.750 align:start position:0% light is reaching your eyes at specific wavelengths. 00:15:05.750 --> 00:15:05.760 align:start position:0% wavelengths. 00:15:05.760 --> 00:15:07.910 align:start position:0% wavelengths. The<00:15:06.000> longest<00:15:06.399> wavelengths<00:15:07.040> you<00:15:07.279> can<00:15:07.360> see<00:15:07.600> are 00:15:07.910 --> 00:15:07.920 align:start position:0% The longest wavelengths you can see are 00:15:07.920 --> 00:15:10.629 align:start position:0% The longest wavelengths you can see are reds.<00:15:09.120> The<00:15:09.360> shortest<00:15:09.760> wavelengths<00:15:10.399> are 00:15:10.629 --> 00:15:10.639 align:start position:0% reds. The shortest wavelengths are 00:15:10.639 --> 00:15:12.470 align:start position:0% reds. The shortest wavelengths are violets. 00:15:12.470 --> 00:15:12.480 align:start position:0% violets. 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.389 align:start position:0% violets. Beyond<00:15:12.800> the<00:15:12.959> range<00:15:13.120> of<00:15:13.440> our<00:15:13.680> sight<00:15:13.920> are<00:15:14.160> the 00:15:14.389 --> 00:15:14.399 align:start position:0% Beyond the range of our sight are the 00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:17.350 align:start position:0% Beyond the range of our sight are the infrared<00:15:15.120> and<00:15:15.600> ultraviolet. 00:15:17.350 --> 00:15:17.360 align:start position:0% infrared and ultraviolet. 00:15:17.360 --> 00:15:19.590 align:start position:0% infrared and ultraviolet. But<00:15:17.519> when<00:15:17.760> you<00:15:17.920> are<00:15:18.079> going<00:15:18.399> very<00:15:18.800> fast, 00:15:19.590 --> 00:15:19.600 align:start position:0% But when you are going very fast, 00:15:19.600 --> 00:15:21.430 align:start position:0% But when you are going very fast, because<00:15:19.839> of<00:15:19.920> the<00:15:20.079> Doppler<00:15:20.639> effect,<00:15:21.120> some<00:15:21.279> of 00:15:21.430 --> 00:15:21.440 align:start position:0% because of the Doppler effect, some of 00:15:21.440 --> 00:15:22.710 align:start position:0% because of the Doppler effect, some of the<00:15:21.600> wavelengths<00:15:22.079> that<00:15:22.320> were<00:15:22.399> in<00:15:22.560> the 00:15:22.710 --> 00:15:22.720 align:start position:0% the wavelengths that were in the 00:15:22.720 --> 00:15:25.269 align:start position:0% the wavelengths that were in the infrared<00:15:23.199> and<00:15:23.440> ultraviolet<00:15:24.399> now<00:15:24.720> shift<00:15:25.040> to 00:15:25.269 --> 00:15:25.279 align:start position:0% infrared and ultraviolet now shift to 00:15:25.279 --> 00:15:28.069 align:start position:0% infrared and ultraviolet now shift to wavelengths<00:15:25.920> you<00:15:26.160> can<00:15:26.320> detect.<00:15:27.440> Suddenly 00:15:28.069 --> 00:15:28.079 align:start position:0% wavelengths you can detect. Suddenly 00:15:28.079 --> 00:15:30.310 align:start position:0% wavelengths you can detect. Suddenly things<00:15:28.240> that<00:15:28.480> were<00:15:28.639> invisible<00:15:29.199> to<00:15:29.360> us<00:15:29.600> before 00:15:30.310 --> 00:15:30.320 align:start position:0% things that were invisible to us before 00:15:30.320 --> 00:15:33.590 align:start position:0% things that were invisible to us before become<00:15:30.880> visible.<00:15:31.920> Like<00:15:32.160> heat<00:15:32.560> in<00:15:32.800> infrared 00:15:33.590 --> 00:15:33.600 align:start position:0% become visible. Like heat in infrared 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:35.430 align:start position:0% become visible. Like heat in infrared and<00:15:33.920> fluorescent<00:15:34.560> substances<00:15:35.040> in 00:15:35.430 --> 00:15:35.440 align:start position:0% and fluorescent substances in 00:15:35.440 --> 00:15:38.470 align:start position:0% and fluorescent substances in ultraviolet.<00:15:36.639> The<00:15:36.880> faster<00:15:37.279> you<00:15:37.519> travel,<00:15:38.240> the 00:15:38.470 --> 00:15:38.480 align:start position:0% ultraviolet. The faster you travel, the 00:15:38.480 --> 00:15:45.590 align:start position:0% ultraviolet. The faster you travel, the larger<00:15:38.880> your<00:15:39.199> visible<00:15:39.600> range<00:15:40.000> now<00:15:40.320> becomes. 00:15:45.590 --> 00:15:45.600 align:start position:0% 00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:48.069 align:start position:0% Light<00:15:46.000> does<00:15:46.240> travel<00:15:46.560> in<00:15:46.800> waves,<00:15:47.440> but<00:15:47.680> it<00:15:47.920> is 00:15:48.069 --> 00:15:48.079 align:start position:0% Light does travel in waves, but it is 00:15:48.079 --> 00:15:50.230 align:start position:0% Light does travel in waves, but it is also<00:15:48.480> a<00:15:48.720> stream<00:15:48.959> of<00:15:49.199> particles<00:15:49.920> called 00:15:50.230 --> 00:15:50.240 align:start position:0% also a stream of particles called 00:15:50.240 --> 00:15:51.829 align:start position:0% also a stream of particles called photons. 00:15:51.829 --> 00:15:51.839 align:start position:0% photons. 00:15:51.839 --> 00:15:53.910 align:start position:0% photons. As<00:15:52.079> you<00:15:52.240> head<00:15:52.560> into<00:15:52.800> the<00:15:53.040> flow<00:15:53.279> of<00:15:53.440> particles 00:15:53.910 --> 00:15:53.920 align:start position:0% As you head into the flow of particles 00:15:53.920 --> 00:15:56.389 align:start position:0% As you head into the flow of particles at<00:15:54.240> speed,<00:15:55.040> the<00:15:55.279> more<00:15:55.519> particles<00:15:56.000> will<00:15:56.240> hit 00:15:56.389 --> 00:15:56.399 align:start position:0% at speed, the more particles will hit 00:15:56.399 --> 00:15:58.870 align:start position:0% at speed, the more particles will hit your<00:15:56.639> eye,<00:15:57.360> making<00:15:57.680> everything<00:15:58.160> ahead<00:15:58.480> of<00:15:58.639> you 00:15:58.870 --> 00:15:58.880 align:start position:0% your eye, making everything ahead of you 00:15:58.880 --> 00:16:01.430 align:start position:0% your eye, making everything ahead of you brighter.<00:15:59.920> On<00:16:00.160> the<00:16:00.240> other<00:16:00.399> hand,<00:16:00.800> if<00:16:01.040> you<00:16:01.199> look 00:16:01.430 --> 00:16:01.440 align:start position:0% brighter. On the other hand, if you look 00:16:01.440 --> 00:16:03.749 align:start position:0% brighter. On the other hand, if you look behind<00:16:01.839> you<00:16:02.160> as<00:16:02.320> you<00:16:02.480> travel<00:16:02.800> forwards, 00:16:03.749 --> 00:16:03.759 align:start position:0% behind you as you travel forwards, 00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:05.829 align:start position:0% behind you as you travel forwards, everything<00:16:04.079> will<00:16:04.320> get<00:16:04.560> darker<00:16:05.120> because<00:16:05.519> less 00:16:05.829 --> 00:16:05.839 align:start position:0% everything will get darker because less 00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:08.470 align:start position:0% everything will get darker because less photons<00:16:06.320> are<00:16:06.480> reaching<00:16:06.800> you.<00:16:07.680> This<00:16:08.000> is<00:16:08.240> known 00:16:08.470 --> 00:16:08.480 align:start position:0% photons are reaching you. This is known 00:16:08.480 --> 00:16:15.030 align:start position:0% photons are reaching you. This is known as<00:16:08.639> the<00:16:08.880> search<00:16:09.199> light<00:16:09.519> effect. 00:16:15.030 --> 00:16:15.040 align:start position:0% 00:16:15.040 --> 00:16:17.910 align:start position:0% What<00:16:15.360> else<00:16:15.519> do<00:16:15.680> you<00:16:15.839> start<00:16:16.079> to<00:16:16.240> notice?<00:16:17.680> You 00:16:17.910 --> 00:16:17.920 align:start position:0% What else do you start to notice? You 00:16:17.920 --> 00:16:20.389 align:start position:0% What else do you start to notice? You may<00:16:18.160> notice<00:16:18.639> that<00:16:18.880> we<00:16:19.120> seem<00:16:19.360> to<00:16:19.600> be<00:16:19.759> gradually 00:16:20.389 --> 00:16:20.399 align:start position:0% may notice that we seem to be gradually 00:16:20.399 --> 00:16:23.590 align:start position:0% may notice that we seem to be gradually speeding<00:16:20.880> up,<00:16:21.839> but<00:16:22.320> actually<00:16:22.880> our<00:16:23.199> speed 00:16:23.590 --> 00:16:23.600 align:start position:0% speeding up, but actually our speed 00:16:23.600 --> 00:16:25.269 align:start position:0% speeding up, but actually our speed always<00:16:24.000> stays<00:16:24.240> the<00:16:24.480> same<00:16:24.639> throughout<00:16:25.040> the 00:16:25.269 --> 00:16:25.279 align:start position:0% always stays the same throughout the 00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:27.509 align:start position:0% always stays the same throughout the game.<00:16:25.680> We<00:16:26.000> are<00:16:26.160> just<00:16:26.399> walking<00:16:26.800> like<00:16:27.040> we<00:16:27.279> were 00:16:27.509 --> 00:16:27.519 align:start position:0% game. We are just walking like we were 00:16:27.519 --> 00:16:30.389 align:start position:0% game. We are just walking like we were at<00:16:27.759> the<00:16:27.920> beginning.<00:16:29.120> This<00:16:29.360> is<00:16:29.519> the<00:16:29.839> result<00:16:30.079> of 00:16:30.389 --> 00:16:30.399 align:start position:0% at the beginning. This is the result of 00:16:30.399 --> 00:16:34.710 align:start position:0% at the beginning. This is the result of special<00:16:30.800> relativity<00:16:32.079> namely<00:16:32.800> time<00:16:33.120> dilation. 00:16:34.710 --> 00:16:34.720 align:start position:0% special relativity namely time dilation. 00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:36.550 align:start position:0% special relativity namely time dilation. One<00:16:34.880> of<00:16:35.040> the<00:16:35.120> laws<00:16:35.440> of<00:16:35.600> the<00:16:35.759> universe<00:16:36.160> is<00:16:36.399> that 00:16:36.550 --> 00:16:36.560 align:start position:0% One of the laws of the universe is that 00:16:36.560 --> 00:16:39.110 align:start position:0% One of the laws of the universe is that the<00:16:36.880> speed<00:16:37.120> of<00:16:37.360> light<00:16:37.680> is<00:16:37.839> a<00:16:38.079> constant. 00:16:39.110 --> 00:16:39.120 align:start position:0% the speed of light is a constant. 00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:42.230 align:start position:0% the speed of light is a constant. However,<00:16:39.759> space<00:16:40.160> and<00:16:40.399> time<00:16:40.800> are<00:16:41.040> not<00:16:41.519> and<00:16:41.920> can 00:16:42.230 --> 00:16:42.240 align:start position:0% However, space and time are not and can 00:16:42.240 --> 00:16:45.749 align:start position:0% However, space and time are not and can be<00:16:42.480> warped.<00:16:43.839> So<00:16:44.160> when<00:16:44.399> you<00:16:44.560> are<00:16:44.720> moving,<00:16:45.519> two 00:16:45.749 --> 00:16:45.759 align:start position:0% be warped. So when you are moving, two 00:16:45.759 --> 00:16:48.150 align:start position:0% be warped. So when you are moving, two things<00:16:46.079> change.<00:16:46.800> Your<00:16:47.040> time<00:16:47.600> and<00:16:47.839> your 00:16:48.150 --> 00:16:48.160 align:start position:0% things change. Your time and your 00:16:48.160 --> 00:16:50.150 align:start position:0% things change. Your time and your distances<00:16:48.880> relative<00:16:49.360> to<00:16:49.600> stationary 00:16:50.150 --> 00:16:50.160 align:start position:0% distances relative to stationary 00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:52.310 align:start position:0% distances relative to stationary observers. 00:16:52.310 --> 00:16:52.320 align:start position:0% observers. 00:16:52.320 --> 00:16:55.910 align:start position:0% observers. Let<00:16:52.560> me<00:16:52.720> explain.<00:16:54.160> Time<00:16:54.560> goes<00:16:54.880> slower<00:16:55.440> for<00:16:55.680> an 00:16:55.910 --> 00:16:55.920 align:start position:0% Let me explain. Time goes slower for an 00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:58.790 align:start position:0% Let me explain. Time goes slower for an object<00:16:56.320> that<00:16:56.639> goes<00:16:56.959> faster.<00:16:58.160> This<00:16:58.399> has<00:16:58.639> been 00:16:58.790 --> 00:16:58.800 align:start position:0% object that goes faster. This has been 00:16:58.800 --> 00:17:01.590 align:start position:0% object that goes faster. This has been proven.<00:16:59.759> If<00:16:59.920> you<00:17:00.160> have<00:17:00.320> two<00:17:00.639> clocks,<00:17:01.279> one 00:17:01.590 --> 00:17:01.600 align:start position:0% proven. If you have two clocks, one 00:17:01.600 --> 00:17:03.749 align:start position:0% proven. If you have two clocks, one stationary<00:17:02.399> and<00:17:02.720> the<00:17:02.880> other<00:17:03.040> in<00:17:03.360> rapid 00:17:03.749 --> 00:17:03.759 align:start position:0% stationary and the other in rapid 00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:06.470 align:start position:0% stationary and the other in rapid motion,<00:17:04.240> say<00:17:04.480> on<00:17:04.720> a<00:17:04.880> rocket,<00:17:05.760> the<00:17:06.000> times<00:17:06.240> on 00:17:06.470 --> 00:17:06.480 align:start position:0% motion, say on a rocket, the times on 00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:09.110 align:start position:0% motion, say on a rocket, the times on each<00:17:06.799> will<00:17:07.120> go<00:17:07.280> out<00:17:07.439> of<00:17:07.679> sync.<00:17:08.559> This<00:17:08.799> is<00:17:08.880> why 00:17:09.110 --> 00:17:09.120 align:start position:0% each will go out of sync. This is why 00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:11.270 align:start position:0% each will go out of sync. This is why the<00:17:09.360> times<00:17:09.600> on<00:17:09.839> satellites<00:17:10.319> in<00:17:10.559> orbit<00:17:10.880> around 00:17:11.270 --> 00:17:11.280 align:start position:0% the times on satellites in orbit around 00:17:11.280 --> 00:17:13.829 align:start position:0% the times on satellites in orbit around Earth<00:17:11.760> need<00:17:11.919> to<00:17:12.079> be<00:17:12.240> occasionally<00:17:12.959> adjusted 00:17:13.829 --> 00:17:13.839 align:start position:0% Earth need to be occasionally adjusted 00:17:13.839 --> 00:17:15.429 align:start position:0% Earth need to be occasionally adjusted or<00:17:14.079> they'd<00:17:14.400> go<00:17:14.559> out<00:17:14.720> of<00:17:14.880> sync<00:17:15.199> with 00:17:15.429 --> 00:17:15.439 align:start position:0% or they'd go out of sync with 00:17:15.439 --> 00:17:18.789 align:start position:0% or they'd go out of sync with Earth-based<00:17:16.079> clocks.<00:17:17.360> Not<00:17:17.520> by<00:17:17.760> much,<00:17:18.240> a<00:17:18.480> few 00:17:18.789 --> 00:17:18.799 align:start position:0% Earth-based clocks. Not by much, a few 00:17:18.799 --> 00:17:21.189 align:start position:0% Earth-based clocks. Not by much, a few milliseconds<00:17:19.520> per<00:17:19.839> year,<00:17:20.559> but<00:17:20.799> they<00:17:20.959> would 00:17:21.189 --> 00:17:21.199 align:start position:0% milliseconds per year, but they would 00:17:21.199 --> 00:17:23.669 align:start position:0% milliseconds per year, but they would add<00:17:21.439> up<00:17:21.679> eventually. 00:17:23.669 --> 00:17:23.679 align:start position:0% add up eventually. 00:17:23.679 --> 00:17:25.750 align:start position:0% add up eventually. The<00:17:23.919> faster<00:17:24.319> you<00:17:24.559> go,<00:17:25.039> the<00:17:25.199> more<00:17:25.439> time 00:17:25.750 --> 00:17:25.760 align:start position:0% The faster you go, the more time 00:17:25.760 --> 00:17:28.390 align:start position:0% The faster you go, the more time dilation<00:17:26.319> happens<00:17:27.199> until<00:17:27.760> should<00:17:28.079> you<00:17:28.240> hit 00:17:28.390 --> 00:17:28.400 align:start position:0% dilation happens until should you hit 00:17:28.400 --> 00:17:30.710 align:start position:0% dilation happens until should you hit the<00:17:28.640> speed<00:17:28.880> of<00:17:29.039> light,<00:17:29.600> the<00:17:29.840> rate<00:17:30.080> of<00:17:30.240> time 00:17:30.710 --> 00:17:30.720 align:start position:0% the speed of light, the rate of time 00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:33.190 align:start position:0% the speed of light, the rate of time reaches<00:17:31.440> zero. 00:17:33.190 --> 00:17:33.200 align:start position:0% reaches zero. 00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:35.909 align:start position:0% reaches zero. This<00:17:33.440> means<00:17:33.760> photons<00:17:34.559> or<00:17:35.039> light<00:17:35.360> particles 00:17:35.909 --> 00:17:35.919 align:start position:0% This means photons or light particles 00:17:35.919 --> 00:17:37.909 align:start position:0% This means photons or light particles traveling<00:17:36.400> the<00:17:36.559> speed<00:17:36.799> of<00:17:36.960> light<00:17:37.600> are 00:17:37.909 --> 00:17:37.919 align:start position:0% traveling the speed of light are 00:17:37.919 --> 00:17:41.909 align:start position:0% traveling the speed of light are unaffected<00:17:38.720> by<00:17:38.960> the<00:17:39.120> passage<00:17:39.520> of<00:17:39.760> time. 00:17:41.909 --> 00:17:41.919 align:start position:0% unaffected by the passage of time. 00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:44.390 align:start position:0% unaffected by the passage of time. But<00:17:42.240> let's<00:17:42.559> go<00:17:42.799> back<00:17:43.039> to<00:17:43.280> how<00:17:43.600> time<00:17:43.919> dilation 00:17:44.390 --> 00:17:44.400 align:start position:0% But let's go back to how time dilation 00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:46.789 align:start position:0% But let's go back to how time dilation affects<00:17:44.720> us<00:17:44.960> in<00:17:45.120> the<00:17:45.280> game.<00:17:46.160> Removing<00:17:46.559> the 00:17:46.789 --> 00:17:46.799 align:start position:0% affects us in the game. Removing the 00:17:46.799 --> 00:17:48.789 align:start position:0% affects us in the game. Removing the lighting<00:17:47.200> effects<00:17:47.520> will<00:17:47.760> help<00:17:47.919> us<00:17:48.160> see<00:17:48.320> this<00:17:48.559> a 00:17:48.789 --> 00:17:48.799 align:start position:0% lighting effects will help us see this a 00:17:48.799 --> 00:17:50.950 align:start position:0% lighting effects will help us see this a lot<00:17:48.960> more<00:17:49.120> clearly.<00:17:50.240> Now<00:17:50.559> remember, 00:17:50.950 --> 00:17:50.960 align:start position:0% lot more clearly. Now remember, 00:17:50.960 --> 00:17:53.110 align:start position:0% lot more clearly. Now remember, throughout<00:17:51.280> the<00:17:51.520> game,<00:17:51.919> our<00:17:52.320> walking<00:17:52.720> speed 00:17:53.110 --> 00:17:53.120 align:start position:0% throughout the game, our walking speed 00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:55.350 align:start position:0% throughout the game, our walking speed stays<00:17:53.440> the<00:17:53.679> same.<00:17:54.240> It's<00:17:54.480> the<00:17:54.720> speed<00:17:54.880> of<00:17:55.120> light 00:17:55.350 --> 00:17:55.360 align:start position:0% stays the same. It's the speed of light 00:17:55.360 --> 00:17:58.150 align:start position:0% stays the same. It's the speed of light that<00:17:55.600> slows<00:17:56.000> down<00:17:56.240> as<00:17:56.480> we<00:17:56.640> collect<00:17:56.880> more<00:17:57.120> orbs. 00:17:58.150 --> 00:17:58.160 align:start position:0% that slows down as we collect more orbs. 00:17:58.160 --> 00:18:00.310 align:start position:0% that slows down as we collect more orbs. And<00:17:58.320> yet,<00:17:58.640> it<00:17:58.880> seems<00:17:59.120> that<00:17:59.360> we<00:17:59.520> move<00:17:59.840> a<00:18:00.080> lot 00:18:00.310 --> 00:18:00.320 align:start position:0% And yet, it seems that we move a lot 00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:02.470 align:start position:0% And yet, it seems that we move a lot faster<00:18:00.720> towards<00:18:01.120> the<00:18:01.360> end<00:18:01.520> of<00:18:01.679> the<00:18:01.840> game<00:18:02.240> than 00:18:02.470 --> 00:18:02.480 align:start position:0% faster towards the end of the game than 00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:05.350 align:start position:0% faster towards the end of the game than at<00:18:02.720> the<00:18:02.880> beginning.<00:18:04.240> What<00:18:04.480> is<00:18:04.640> happening<00:18:05.039> here 00:18:05.350 --> 00:18:05.360 align:start position:0% at the beginning. What is happening here 00:18:05.360 --> 00:18:08.070 align:start position:0% at the beginning. What is happening here is<00:18:05.600> that<00:18:05.919> our<00:18:06.240> time<00:18:06.559> is<00:18:06.799> going<00:18:07.200> slower<00:18:07.679> than 00:18:08.070 --> 00:18:08.080 align:start position:0% is that our time is going slower than 00:18:08.080 --> 00:18:11.270 align:start position:0% is that our time is going slower than everything<00:18:08.480> around<00:18:08.799> us.<00:18:09.840> As<00:18:10.000> a<00:18:10.240> result,<00:18:10.880> it's 00:18:11.270 --> 00:18:11.280 align:start position:0% everything around us. As a result, it's 00:18:11.280 --> 00:18:14.150 align:start position:0% everything around us. As a result, it's like<00:18:11.679> the<00:18:12.000> distances<00:18:12.559> of<00:18:12.720> space<00:18:13.039> are<00:18:13.280> shorter, 00:18:14.150 --> 00:18:14.160 align:start position:0% like the distances of space are shorter, 00:18:14.160 --> 00:18:16.150 align:start position:0% like the distances of space are shorter, meaning<00:18:14.480> we<00:18:14.799> get<00:18:15.039> somewhere<00:18:15.440> quicker<00:18:15.840> from 00:18:16.150 --> 00:18:16.160 align:start position:0% meaning we get somewhere quicker from 00:18:16.160 --> 00:18:19.430 align:start position:0% meaning we get somewhere quicker from our<00:18:16.400> perspective.<00:18:17.840> In<00:18:18.080> practice,<00:18:18.960> this<00:18:19.200> means 00:18:19.430 --> 00:18:19.440 align:start position:0% our perspective. In practice, this means 00:18:19.440 --> 00:18:21.430 align:start position:0% our perspective. In practice, this means that<00:18:19.679> if<00:18:19.919> we<00:18:20.160> traveled<00:18:20.480> in<00:18:20.640> a<00:18:20.880> vehicle<00:18:21.120> that 00:18:21.430 --> 00:18:21.440 align:start position:0% that if we traveled in a vehicle that 00:18:21.440 --> 00:18:24.070 align:start position:0% that if we traveled in a vehicle that approaches<00:18:21.919> the<00:18:22.080> speed<00:18:22.320> of<00:18:22.480> light,<00:18:23.360> we<00:18:23.679> travel 00:18:24.070 --> 00:18:24.080 align:start position:0% approaches the speed of light, we travel 00:18:24.080 --> 00:18:26.630 align:start position:0% approaches the speed of light, we travel for<00:18:24.480> 1<00:18:24.799> year<00:18:24.960> at<00:18:25.200> that<00:18:25.440> speed.<00:18:26.000> It<00:18:26.080> all<00:18:26.320> seems 00:18:26.630 --> 00:18:26.640 align:start position:0% for 1 year at that speed. It all seems 00:18:26.640 --> 00:18:28.630 align:start position:0% for 1 year at that speed. It all seems normal<00:18:26.880> for<00:18:27.120> us. 00:18:28.630 --> 00:18:28.640 align:start position:0% normal for us. 00:18:28.640 --> 00:18:30.789 align:start position:0% normal for us. But<00:18:28.880> 10<00:18:29.200> years<00:18:29.520> have<00:18:29.760> passed<00:18:30.080> for<00:18:30.320> people<00:18:30.559> on 00:18:30.789 --> 00:18:30.799 align:start position:0% But 10 years have passed for people on 00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:32.630 align:start position:0% But 10 years have passed for people on Earth. 00:18:32.630 --> 00:18:32.640 align:start position:0% Earth. 00:18:32.640 --> 00:18:34.470 align:start position:0% Earth. Should<00:18:32.960> you<00:18:33.200> actually<00:18:33.600> be<00:18:33.840> able<00:18:34.000> to<00:18:34.240> travel 00:18:34.470 --> 00:18:34.480 align:start position:0% Should you actually be able to travel 00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:36.630 align:start position:0% Should you actually be able to travel the<00:18:34.720> speed<00:18:34.880> of<00:18:35.039> light,<00:18:35.760> you<00:18:36.000> could<00:18:36.160> get 00:18:36.630 --> 00:18:36.640 align:start position:0% the speed of light, you could get 00:18:36.640 --> 00:18:39.270 align:start position:0% the speed of light, you could get anywhere<00:18:37.120> in<00:18:37.360> the<00:18:37.600> universe<00:18:38.240> instantaneously 00:18:39.270 --> 00:18:39.280 align:start position:0% anywhere in the universe instantaneously 00:18:39.280 --> 00:18:42.230 align:start position:0% anywhere in the universe instantaneously from<00:18:39.600> your<00:18:39.840> perspective.<00:18:40.880> But<00:18:41.120> on<00:18:41.360> Earth, 00:18:42.230 --> 00:18:42.240 align:start position:0% from your perspective. But on Earth, 00:18:42.240 --> 00:18:44.390 align:start position:0% from your perspective. But on Earth, however<00:18:42.720> far<00:18:43.039> in<00:18:43.280> light<00:18:43.600> years<00:18:43.840> your<00:18:44.080> journey 00:18:44.390 --> 00:18:44.400 align:start position:0% however far in light years your journey 00:18:44.400 --> 00:18:46.630 align:start position:0% however far in light years your journey takes<00:18:44.720> you<00:18:45.280> will<00:18:45.520> equal<00:18:45.919> the<00:18:46.160> equivalent 00:18:46.630 --> 00:18:46.640 align:start position:0% takes you will equal the equivalent 00:18:46.640 --> 00:18:49.350 align:start position:0% takes you will equal the equivalent amount<00:18:46.880> of<00:18:47.120> years<00:18:47.440> from<00:18:47.679> their<00:18:47.919> perspective. 00:18:49.350 --> 00:18:49.360 align:start position:0% amount of years from their perspective. 00:18:49.360 --> 00:18:51.990 align:start position:0% amount of years from their perspective. So<00:18:50.000> do<00:18:50.240> you<00:18:50.320> want<00:18:50.480> to<00:18:50.640> go<00:18:50.880> 40<00:18:51.120> light<00:18:51.360> years<00:18:51.600> away 00:18:51.990 --> 00:18:52.000 align:start position:0% So do you want to go 40 light years away 00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:54.710 align:start position:0% So do you want to go 40 light years away and<00:18:52.320> can<00:18:52.480> travel<00:18:52.720> the<00:18:52.960> speed<00:18:53.200> of<00:18:53.360> light?<00:18:54.400> You 00:18:54.710 --> 00:18:54.720 align:start position:0% and can travel the speed of light? You 00:18:54.720 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0% and can travel the speed of light? You get<00:18:54.880> there<00:18:55.200> instantaneously<00:18:56.240> from<00:18:56.480> your 00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0% get there instantaneously from your 00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:59.830 align:start position:0% get there instantaneously from your perspective.<00:18:57.840> But<00:18:58.000> for<00:18:58.240> people<00:18:58.480> on<00:18:58.799> Earth, 00:18:59.830 --> 00:18:59.840 align:start position:0% perspective. But for people on Earth, 00:18:59.840 --> 00:19:03.350 align:start position:0% perspective. But for people on Earth, you<00:19:00.160> show<00:19:00.320> up<00:19:00.559> there<00:19:00.960> 40<00:19:01.360> years<00:19:01.679> later.<00:19:02.960> Again 00:19:03.350 --> 00:19:03.360 align:start position:0% you show up there 40 years later. Again 00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:05.669 align:start position:0% you show up there 40 years later. Again though<00:19:03.679> in<00:19:04.000> practice,<00:19:04.640> light<00:19:04.960> speeded<00:19:05.280> travel 00:19:05.669 --> 00:19:05.679 align:start position:0% though in practice, light speeded travel 00:19:05.679 --> 00:19:07.750 align:start position:0% though in practice, light speeded travel is<00:19:05.919> impossible<00:19:06.559> for<00:19:06.880> anything<00:19:07.280> made<00:19:07.520> of 00:19:07.750 --> 00:19:07.760 align:start position:0% is impossible for anything made of 00:19:07.760 --> 00:19:09.590 align:start position:0% is impossible for anything made of matter. 00:19:09.590 --> 00:19:09.600 align:start position:0% matter. 00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:11.990 align:start position:0% matter. The<00:19:09.840> last<00:19:10.080> effect<00:19:10.320> is<00:19:10.559> a<00:19:10.720> weird<00:19:11.039> one.<00:19:11.679> It's 00:19:11.990 --> 00:19:12.000 align:start position:0% The last effect is a weird one. It's 00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:15.029 align:start position:0% The last effect is a weird one. It's like<00:19:12.320> our<00:19:12.720> field<00:19:12.960> of<00:19:13.200> view<00:19:13.440> changes.<00:19:14.720> This<00:19:14.880> is 00:19:15.029 --> 00:19:15.039 align:start position:0% like our field of view changes. This is 00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:16.950 align:start position:0% like our field of view changes. This is from<00:19:15.280> the<00:19:15.440> effects<00:19:15.840> of<00:19:16.000> the<00:19:16.160> aberration<00:19:16.799> of 00:19:16.950 --> 00:19:16.960 align:start position:0% from the effects of the aberration of 00:19:16.960 --> 00:19:20.789 align:start position:0% from the effects of the aberration of light<00:19:17.760> and<00:19:17.919> the<00:19:18.160> Lorent<00:19:18.720> transformation. 00:19:20.789 --> 00:19:20.799 align:start position:0% light and the Lorent transformation. 00:19:20.799 --> 00:19:23.350 align:start position:0% light and the Lorent transformation. Light<00:19:21.120> takes<00:19:21.520> time<00:19:21.679> to<00:19:21.919> reach<00:19:22.160> our<00:19:22.480> eyes.<00:19:23.200> And 00:19:23.350 --> 00:19:23.360 align:start position:0% Light takes time to reach our eyes. And 00:19:23.360 --> 00:19:25.590 align:start position:0% Light takes time to reach our eyes. And when<00:19:23.600> we<00:19:23.760> see<00:19:24.000> anything,<00:19:24.480> we<00:19:24.799> are<00:19:24.960> seeing<00:19:25.280> that 00:19:25.590 --> 00:19:25.600 align:start position:0% when we see anything, we are seeing that 00:19:25.600 --> 00:19:28.630 align:start position:0% when we see anything, we are seeing that object<00:19:26.000> in<00:19:26.240> the<00:19:26.400> past.<00:19:27.360> Even<00:19:27.760> now<00:19:28.240> you<00:19:28.400> are 00:19:28.630 --> 00:19:28.640 align:start position:0% object in the past. Even now you are 00:19:28.640 --> 00:19:31.029 align:start position:0% object in the past. Even now you are watching<00:19:28.960> this<00:19:29.200> video<00:19:29.520> with<00:19:29.760> a<00:19:30.000> tiny<00:19:30.480> tiny 00:19:31.029 --> 00:19:31.039 align:start position:0% watching this video with a tiny tiny 00:19:31.039 --> 00:19:34.630 align:start position:0% watching this video with a tiny tiny tiny<00:19:31.600> time<00:19:31.840> delay.<00:19:32.880> As<00:19:33.200> light<00:19:33.440> takes<00:19:33.840> time<00:19:34.320> to 00:19:34.630 --> 00:19:34.640 align:start position:0% tiny time delay. As light takes time to 00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:37.270 align:start position:0% tiny time delay. As light takes time to leave<00:19:34.880> your<00:19:35.039> screen<00:19:35.520> and<00:19:35.760> reach<00:19:36.000> your<00:19:36.240> eyes, 00:19:37.270 --> 00:19:37.280 align:start position:0% leave your screen and reach your eyes, 00:19:37.280 --> 00:19:39.990 align:start position:0% leave your screen and reach your eyes, as<00:19:37.520> we<00:19:37.760> move<00:19:37.919> in<00:19:38.160> the<00:19:38.320> game,<00:19:38.880> that<00:19:39.280> object<00:19:39.760> we 00:19:39.990 --> 00:19:40.000 align:start position:0% as we move in the game, that object we 00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:42.070 align:start position:0% as we move in the game, that object we are<00:19:40.160> seeing<00:19:40.720> isn't<00:19:41.120> where<00:19:41.360> we<00:19:41.520> think<00:19:41.679> it<00:19:41.840> is 00:19:42.070 --> 00:19:42.080 align:start position:0% are seeing isn't where we think it is 00:19:42.080 --> 00:19:44.710 align:start position:0% are seeing isn't where we think it is anymore.<00:19:43.280> You<00:19:43.520> may<00:19:43.679> have<00:19:43.840> thought<00:19:44.240> as<00:19:44.480> you've 00:19:44.710 --> 00:19:44.720 align:start position:0% anymore. You may have thought as you've 00:19:44.720 --> 00:19:46.789 align:start position:0% anymore. You may have thought as you've been<00:19:44.960> watching<00:19:45.280> this<00:19:45.600> video<00:19:46.000> that<00:19:46.240> I<00:19:46.480> must<00:19:46.640> be 00:19:46.789 --> 00:19:46.799 align:start position:0% been watching this video that I must be 00:19:46.799 --> 00:19:48.870 align:start position:0% been watching this video that I must be useless<00:19:47.200> at<00:19:47.440> computer<00:19:47.760> games<00:19:48.160> because<00:19:48.400> I<00:19:48.720> keep 00:19:48.870 --> 00:19:48.880 align:start position:0% useless at computer games because I keep 00:19:48.880 --> 00:19:51.830 align:start position:0% useless at computer games because I keep crashing<00:19:49.360> into<00:19:49.679> walls<00:19:50.000> and<00:19:50.320> missing<00:19:50.720> orbs. 00:19:51.830 --> 00:19:51.840 align:start position:0% crashing into walls and missing orbs. 00:19:51.840 --> 00:19:53.830 align:start position:0% crashing into walls and missing orbs. But<00:19:52.080> this<00:19:52.320> effect<00:19:52.720> means<00:19:53.039> that<00:19:53.360> I'm<00:19:53.600> not 00:19:53.830 --> 00:19:53.840 align:start position:0% But this effect means that I'm not 00:19:53.840 --> 00:19:56.150 align:start position:0% But this effect means that I'm not standing<00:19:54.160> where<00:19:54.400> I<00:19:54.559> think<00:19:54.720> I<00:19:54.960> am<00:19:55.360> because<00:19:55.840> the 00:19:56.150 --> 00:19:56.160 align:start position:0% standing where I think I am because the 00:19:56.160 --> 00:19:58.310 align:start position:0% standing where I think I am because the more<00:19:56.320> orbs<00:19:56.720> I<00:19:56.880> have,<00:19:57.200> the<00:19:57.440> slower<00:19:57.840> light<00:19:58.080> is 00:19:58.310 --> 00:19:58.320 align:start position:0% more orbs I have, the slower light is 00:19:58.320 --> 00:20:00.710 align:start position:0% more orbs I have, the slower light is traveling.<00:19:59.120> So,<00:19:59.360> I<00:19:59.600> actually<00:20:00.000> need<00:20:00.240> to<00:20:00.400> start 00:20:00.710 --> 00:20:00.720 align:start position:0% traveling. So, I actually need to start 00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:02.549 align:start position:0% traveling. So, I actually need to start turning<00:20:01.120> a<00:20:01.360> little<00:20:01.520> ahead<00:20:01.840> of<00:20:02.000> what<00:20:02.160> I'm<00:20:02.400> used 00:20:02.549 --> 00:20:02.559 align:start position:0% turning a little ahead of what I'm used 00:20:02.559 --> 00:20:04.789 align:start position:0% turning a little ahead of what I'm used to,<00:20:03.200> which<00:20:03.440> is<00:20:03.679> difficult<00:20:04.080> to<00:20:04.240> comprehend 00:20:04.789 --> 00:20:04.799 align:start position:0% to, which is difficult to comprehend 00:20:04.799 --> 00:20:07.190 align:start position:0% to, which is difficult to comprehend while<00:20:05.120> navigating.<00:20:06.080> It's<00:20:06.320> like<00:20:06.640> playing<00:20:06.960> with 00:20:07.190 --> 00:20:07.200 align:start position:0% while navigating. It's like playing with 00:20:07.200 --> 00:20:10.230 align:start position:0% while navigating. It's like playing with lag.<00:20:08.400> This<00:20:08.640> effect<00:20:09.039> also<00:20:09.440> means<00:20:09.679> that<00:20:09.919> I<00:20:10.080> can 00:20:10.230 --> 00:20:10.240 align:start position:0% lag. This effect also means that I can 00:20:10.240 --> 00:20:12.470 align:start position:0% lag. This effect also means that I can see<00:20:10.559> much<00:20:10.799> more<00:20:11.039> of<00:20:11.280> my<00:20:11.520> surroundings<00:20:12.000> in<00:20:12.240> one 00:20:12.470 --> 00:20:12.480 align:start position:0% see much more of my surroundings in one 00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:16.549 align:start position:0% see much more of my surroundings in one go.<00:20:13.440> This<00:20:13.679> animation<00:20:14.240> helps<00:20:14.559> show<00:20:14.799> why. 00:20:16.549 --> 00:20:16.559 align:start position:0% go. This animation helps show why. 00:20:16.559 --> 00:20:18.789 align:start position:0% go. This animation helps show why. The<00:20:16.799> light<00:20:17.039> source<00:20:17.440> is<00:20:17.760> moving<00:20:18.160> relative<00:20:18.559> to 00:20:18.789 --> 00:20:18.799 align:start position:0% The light source is moving relative to 00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:21.990 align:start position:0% The light source is moving relative to me<00:20:18.960> as<00:20:19.200> I<00:20:19.360> move<00:20:19.600> forward. 00:20:21.990 --> 00:20:22.000 align:start position:0% me as I move forward. 00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:23.990 align:start position:0% me as I move forward. But<00:20:22.240> because<00:20:22.559> the<00:20:22.799> beam<00:20:23.039> of<00:20:23.200> light<00:20:23.440> takes<00:20:23.760> time 00:20:23.990 --> 00:20:24.000 align:start position:0% But because the beam of light takes time 00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:26.710 align:start position:0% But because the beam of light takes time to<00:20:24.160> reach<00:20:24.480> me,<00:20:25.120> I<00:20:25.440> see<00:20:25.600> where<00:20:25.840> it<00:20:26.000> was<00:20:26.320> relative 00:20:26.710 --> 00:20:26.720 align:start position:0% to reach me, I see where it was relative 00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:30.789 align:start position:0% to reach me, I see where it was relative to<00:20:26.880> me<00:20:27.039> in<00:20:27.280> the<00:20:27.440> past. 00:20:30.789 --> 00:20:30.799 align:start position:0% 00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:33.029 align:start position:0% When<00:20:31.120> there<00:20:31.280> is<00:20:31.440> a<00:20:31.679> lot<00:20:31.840> to<00:20:32.080> see<00:20:32.240> around<00:20:32.559> me, 00:20:33.029 --> 00:20:33.039 align:start position:0% When there is a lot to see around me, 00:20:33.039 --> 00:20:35.029 align:start position:0% When there is a lot to see around me, it's<00:20:33.280> as<00:20:33.440> if<00:20:33.600> my<00:20:33.760> field<00:20:34.000> of<00:20:34.159> view<00:20:34.480> increases 00:20:35.029 --> 00:20:35.039 align:start position:0% it's as if my field of view increases 00:20:35.039 --> 00:20:37.510 align:start position:0% it's as if my field of view increases the<00:20:35.280> faster<00:20:35.600> I<00:20:35.919> travel<00:20:36.559> as<00:20:36.799> I'm<00:20:37.039> suddenly 00:20:37.510 --> 00:20:37.520 align:start position:0% the faster I travel as I'm suddenly 00:20:37.520 --> 00:20:39.350 align:start position:0% the faster I travel as I'm suddenly seeing<00:20:37.919> all<00:20:38.080> these<00:20:38.400> objects<00:20:38.720> as<00:20:38.960> they<00:20:39.120> were 00:20:39.350 --> 00:20:39.360 align:start position:0% seeing all these objects as they were 00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:43.029 align:start position:0% seeing all these objects as they were relative<00:20:39.679> to<00:20:39.840> me<00:20:40.000> in<00:20:40.240> the<00:20:40.400> past. 00:20:43.029 --> 00:20:43.039 align:start position:0% relative to me in the past. 00:20:43.039 --> 00:20:45.270 align:start position:0% relative to me in the past. Light,<00:20:43.520> space,<00:20:43.840> and<00:20:44.080> time<00:20:44.559> get<00:20:44.960> more 00:20:45.270 --> 00:20:45.280 align:start position:0% Light, space, and time get more 00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:47.750 align:start position:0% Light, space, and time get more complicated<00:20:45.919> still,<00:20:46.799> but<00:20:47.039> I<00:20:47.200> won't<00:20:47.440> delve 00:20:47.750 --> 00:20:47.760 align:start position:0% complicated still, but I won't delve 00:20:47.760 --> 00:20:50.230 align:start position:0% complicated still, but I won't delve into<00:20:48.000> it<00:20:48.159> in<00:20:48.400> this<00:20:48.640> episode.<00:20:49.600> All<00:20:49.840> I<00:20:50.000> can<00:20:50.159> say 00:20:50.230 --> 00:20:50.240 align:start position:0% into it in this episode. All I can say 00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:52.470 align:start position:0% into it in this episode. All I can say is<00:20:50.480> that<00:20:50.640> I'm<00:20:50.880> glad<00:20:51.280> light<00:20:51.600> appears<00:20:52.080> almost 00:20:52.470 --> 00:20:52.480 align:start position:0% is that I'm glad light appears almost 00:20:52.480 --> 00:20:55.029 align:start position:0% is that I'm glad light appears almost instantaneous<00:20:53.200> for<00:20:53.520> us.<00:20:54.240> This<00:20:54.480> game<00:20:54.720> was<00:20:54.880> a 00:20:55.029 --> 00:20:55.039 align:start position:0% instantaneous for us. This game was a 00:20:55.039 --> 00:20:57.190 align:start position:0% instantaneous for us. This game was a bit<00:20:55.120> of<00:20:55.200> a<00:20:55.440> thought<00:20:55.679> experiment<00:20:56.400> to<00:20:56.640> see<00:20:56.880> what 00:20:57.190 --> 00:20:57.200 align:start position:0% bit of a thought experiment to see what 00:20:57.200 --> 00:20:59.029 align:start position:0% bit of a thought experiment to see what the<00:20:57.440> world<00:20:57.679> would<00:20:57.919> be<00:20:58.080> like<00:20:58.240> if<00:20:58.480> light<00:20:58.799> was 00:20:59.029 --> 00:20:59.039 align:start position:0% the world would be like if light was 00:20:59.039 --> 00:21:01.510 align:start position:0% the world would be like if light was slow,<00:20:59.919> but<00:21:00.080> it<00:21:00.320> hasn't<00:21:00.559> even<00:21:00.799> gone<00:21:01.039> into<00:21:01.280> the 00:21:01.510 --> 00:21:01.520 align:start position:0% slow, but it hasn't even gone into the 00:21:01.520 --> 00:21:04.149 align:start position:0% slow, but it hasn't even gone into the other<00:21:01.760> really<00:21:02.159> problematic<00:21:02.799> scenarios<00:21:03.760> like 00:21:04.149 --> 00:21:04.159 align:start position:0% other really problematic scenarios like 00:21:04.159 --> 00:21:05.990 align:start position:0% other really problematic scenarios like Earth<00:21:04.559> traveling<00:21:04.960> around<00:21:05.200> the<00:21:05.440> sun<00:21:05.679> at<00:21:05.840> the 00:21:05.990 --> 00:21:06.000 align:start position:0% Earth traveling around the sun at the 00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:08.950 align:start position:0% Earth traveling around the sun at the speed<00:21:06.159> it<00:21:06.480> does,<00:21:07.280> how<00:21:07.600> all<00:21:07.919> our<00:21:08.240> electronics 00:21:08.950 --> 00:21:08.960 align:start position:0% speed it does, how all our electronics 00:21:08.960 --> 00:21:11.110 align:start position:0% speed it does, how all our electronics would<00:21:09.120> be<00:21:09.280> affected,<00:21:10.080> and<00:21:10.400> other<00:21:10.720> major 00:21:11.110 --> 00:21:11.120 align:start position:0% would be affected, and other major 00:21:11.120 --> 00:21:14.390 align:start position:0% would be affected, and other major issues.<00:21:12.240> In<00:21:12.480> the<00:21:12.640> opposite<00:21:12.960> vein,<00:21:13.919> us<00:21:14.159> being 00:21:14.390 --> 00:21:14.400 align:start position:0% issues. In the opposite vein, us being 00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:15.990 align:start position:0% issues. In the opposite vein, us being able<00:21:14.640> to<00:21:14.799> approach<00:21:15.120> the<00:21:15.360> speed<00:21:15.520> of<00:21:15.679> light 00:21:15.990 --> 00:21:16.000 align:start position:0% able to approach the speed of light 00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:18.070 align:start position:0% able to approach the speed of light would<00:21:16.240> be<00:21:16.400> beneficial<00:21:16.799> for<00:21:17.120> traveling<00:21:17.679> large 00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.080 align:start position:0% would be beneficial for traveling large 00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:21.029 align:start position:0% would be beneficial for traveling large distances<00:21:18.559> in<00:21:18.880> short<00:21:19.200> times.<00:21:20.159> However,<00:21:20.720> time 00:21:21.029 --> 00:21:21.039 align:start position:0% distances in short times. However, time 00:21:21.039 --> 00:21:23.669 align:start position:0% distances in short times. However, time is<00:21:21.280> passing<00:21:21.679> normally<00:21:22.159> for<00:21:22.320> people<00:21:22.559> on<00:21:22.799> Earth, 00:21:23.669 --> 00:21:23.679 align:start position:0% is passing normally for people on Earth, 00:21:23.679 --> 00:21:25.510 align:start position:0% is passing normally for people on Earth, meaning<00:21:24.080> traveling<00:21:24.640> anywhere<00:21:25.120> in<00:21:25.280> the 00:21:25.510 --> 00:21:25.520 align:start position:0% meaning traveling anywhere in the 00:21:25.520 --> 00:21:27.750 align:start position:0% meaning traveling anywhere in the universe<00:21:25.919> and<00:21:26.159> coming<00:21:26.480> back<00:21:26.720> again<00:21:27.280> could<00:21:27.600> be 00:21:27.750 --> 00:21:27.760 align:start position:0% universe and coming back again could be 00:21:27.760 --> 00:21:30.470 align:start position:0% universe and coming back again could be possible<00:21:28.159> for<00:21:28.400> you.<00:21:29.200> But<00:21:29.520> Earth<00:21:29.840> would<00:21:30.080> look<00:21:30.240> a 00:21:30.470 --> 00:21:30.480 align:start position:0% possible for you. But Earth would look a 00:21:30.480 --> 00:21:33.029 align:start position:0% possible for you. But Earth would look a lot<00:21:30.640> different<00:21:30.880> on<00:21:31.120> your<00:21:31.360> return<00:21:32.000> with<00:21:32.320> years, 00:21:33.029 --> 00:21:33.039 align:start position:0% lot different on your return with years, 00:21:33.039 --> 00:21:35.590 align:start position:0% lot different on your return with years, decades,<00:21:33.840> millennia,<00:21:34.480> or<00:21:34.799> more<00:21:35.200> having 00:21:35.590 --> 00:21:35.600 align:start position:0% decades, millennia, or more having 00:21:35.600 --> 00:21:38.870 align:start position:0% decades, millennia, or more having passed<00:21:36.240> depending<00:21:36.720> on<00:21:36.960> how<00:21:37.200> far<00:21:37.360> you<00:21:37.600> went.<00:21:38.640> On 00:21:38.870 --> 00:21:38.880 align:start position:0% passed depending on how far you went. On 00:21:38.880 --> 00:21:41.590 align:start position:0% passed depending on how far you went. On your<00:21:39.120> journey,<00:21:39.760> due<00:21:40.000> to<00:21:40.159> the<00:21:40.320> various<00:21:40.720> effects 00:21:41.590 --> 00:21:41.600 align:start position:0% your journey, due to the various effects 00:21:41.600 --> 00:21:43.669 align:start position:0% your journey, due to the various effects outside<00:21:42.000> your<00:21:42.240> ship,<00:21:42.720> everything<00:21:43.039> would<00:21:43.360> look 00:21:43.669 --> 00:21:43.679 align:start position:0% outside your ship, everything would look 00:21:43.679 --> 00:21:45.909 align:start position:0% outside your ship, everything would look warped.<00:21:44.559> Your<00:21:44.799> field<00:21:45.039> of<00:21:45.200> view<00:21:45.440> would<00:21:45.679> be 00:21:45.909 --> 00:21:45.919 align:start position:0% warped. Your field of view would be 00:21:45.919 --> 00:21:48.149 align:start position:0% warped. Your field of view would be greater.<00:21:46.880> a<00:21:47.120> greater<00:21:47.440> range<00:21:47.679> of<00:21:47.840> light 00:21:48.149 --> 00:21:48.159 align:start position:0% greater. a greater range of light 00:21:48.159 --> 00:21:50.470 align:start position:0% greater. a greater range of light wavelengths<00:21:48.720> become<00:21:49.120> visible<00:21:49.840> and<00:21:50.159> in<00:21:50.400> front 00:21:50.470 --> 00:21:50.480 align:start position:0% wavelengths become visible and in front 00:21:50.480 --> 00:21:53.590 align:start position:0% wavelengths become visible and in front of<00:21:50.640> you<00:21:50.880> would<00:21:51.120> be<00:21:51.280> much<00:21:51.600> much<00:21:52.000> brighter. 00:21:53.590 --> 00:21:53.600 align:start position:0% of you would be much much brighter. 00:21:53.600 --> 00:21:56.549 align:start position:0% of you would be much much brighter. So<00:21:54.320> there<00:21:54.559> we<00:21:54.720> have<00:21:54.880> it.<00:21:55.520> How<00:21:55.760> your<00:21:56.080> universe 00:21:56.549 --> 00:21:56.559 align:start position:0% So there we have it. How your universe 00:21:56.559 --> 00:21:58.549 align:start position:0% So there we have it. How your universe would<00:21:56.799> change<00:21:57.280> if<00:21:57.520> you<00:21:57.760> approached<00:21:58.159> the<00:21:58.400> speed 00:21:58.549 --> 00:21:58.559 align:start position:0% would change if you approached the speed 00:21:58.559 --> 00:22:01.909 align:start position:0% would change if you approached the speed of<00:21:58.799> light. 00:22:01.909 --> 00:22:01.919 align:start position:0% 00:22:01.919 --> 00:22:04.549 align:start position:0% What<00:22:02.320> is<00:22:02.720> time? 00:22:04.549 --> 00:22:04.559 align:start position:0% What is time? 00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:06.630 align:start position:0% What is time? In<00:22:04.799> this<00:22:05.039> channel,<00:22:05.440> we've<00:22:05.840> talked<00:22:06.159> a<00:22:06.480> lot 00:22:06.630 --> 00:22:06.640 align:start position:0% In this channel, we've talked a lot 00:22:06.640 --> 00:22:10.070 align:start position:0% In this channel, we've talked a lot about<00:22:06.960> time.<00:22:08.080> As<00:22:08.400> black<00:22:08.720> holes<00:22:09.200> warp<00:22:09.679> space 00:22:10.070 --> 00:22:10.080 align:start position:0% about time. As black holes warp space 00:22:10.080 --> 00:22:12.070 align:start position:0% about time. As black holes warp space around<00:22:10.400> them,<00:22:10.799> we've<00:22:11.120> learned<00:22:11.360> that<00:22:11.679> time 00:22:12.070 --> 00:22:12.080 align:start position:0% around them, we've learned that time 00:22:12.080 --> 00:22:14.950 align:start position:0% around them, we've learned that time slows<00:22:12.480> down.<00:22:13.520> We've<00:22:13.840> discovered<00:22:14.320> the<00:22:14.559> time 00:22:14.950 --> 00:22:14.960 align:start position:0% slows down. We've discovered the time 00:22:14.960 --> 00:22:17.990 align:start position:0% slows down. We've discovered the time influencing<00:22:15.600> effects<00:22:16.000> of<00:22:16.240> gravity<00:22:17.200> and<00:22:17.520> even 00:22:17.990 --> 00:22:18.000 align:start position:0% influencing effects of gravity and even 00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:20.470 align:start position:0% influencing effects of gravity and even how<00:22:18.159> the<00:22:18.400> James<00:22:18.720> Webb<00:22:19.039> telescope<00:22:19.840> can<00:22:20.080> peer 00:22:20.470 --> 00:22:20.480 align:start position:0% how the James Webb telescope can peer 00:22:20.480 --> 00:22:22.870 align:start position:0% how the James Webb telescope can peer through<00:22:20.720> time<00:22:21.039> to<00:22:21.280> the<00:22:21.520> distant<00:22:21.919> past<00:22:22.559> by 00:22:22.870 --> 00:22:22.880 align:start position:0% through time to the distant past by 00:22:22.880 --> 00:22:25.029 align:start position:0% through time to the distant past by taking<00:22:23.200> advantage<00:22:23.760> of<00:22:24.000> the<00:22:24.240> fixed<00:22:24.559> speed<00:22:24.880> of 00:22:25.029 --> 00:22:25.039 align:start position:0% taking advantage of the fixed speed of 00:22:25.039 --> 00:22:28.390 align:start position:0% taking advantage of the fixed speed of light.<00:22:26.240> All<00:22:26.480> this<00:22:26.640> makes<00:22:26.880> sense<00:22:27.200> so<00:22:27.440> far,<00:22:28.080> but 00:22:28.390 --> 00:22:28.400 align:start position:0% light. All this makes sense so far, but 00:22:28.400 --> 00:22:31.510 align:start position:0% light. All this makes sense so far, but what<00:22:28.880> actually<00:22:29.360> is<00:22:29.679> time?<00:22:30.720> You<00:22:30.960> can't<00:22:31.200> taste 00:22:31.510 --> 00:22:31.520 align:start position:0% what actually is time? You can't taste 00:22:31.520 --> 00:22:34.789 align:start position:0% what actually is time? You can't taste it,<00:22:32.000> touch<00:22:32.320> it,<00:22:32.640> or<00:22:32.960> feel<00:22:33.200> it.<00:22:33.840> Yet,<00:22:34.159> time<00:22:34.559> has 00:22:34.789 --> 00:22:34.799 align:start position:0% it, touch it, or feel it. Yet, time has 00:22:34.799 --> 00:22:37.350 align:start position:0% it, touch it, or feel it. Yet, time has an<00:22:35.039> unstoppable<00:22:35.760> influence<00:22:36.240> on<00:22:36.480> us<00:22:36.799> and<00:22:37.120> is 00:22:37.350 --> 00:22:37.360 align:start position:0% an unstoppable influence on us and is 00:22:37.360 --> 00:22:39.510 align:start position:0% an unstoppable influence on us and is pushing<00:22:37.679> us<00:22:37.840> forward<00:22:38.400> whether<00:22:38.720> we<00:22:38.880> like<00:22:39.120> it<00:22:39.280> or 00:22:39.510 --> 00:22:39.520 align:start position:0% pushing us forward whether we like it or 00:22:39.520 --> 00:22:42.310 align:start position:0% pushing us forward whether we like it or not.<00:22:40.880> Doesn't<00:22:41.200> something<00:22:41.440> that<00:22:41.679> impacts 00:22:42.310 --> 00:22:42.320 align:start position:0% not. Doesn't something that impacts 00:22:42.320 --> 00:22:44.950 align:start position:0% not. Doesn't something that impacts everything<00:22:42.720> we<00:22:43.039> do<00:22:43.520> deserve<00:22:44.000> some<00:22:44.400> additional 00:22:44.950 --> 00:22:44.960 align:start position:0% everything we do deserve some additional 00:22:44.960 --> 00:22:46.789 align:start position:0% everything we do deserve some additional understanding? 00:22:46.789 --> 00:22:46.799 align:start position:0% understanding? 00:22:46.799 --> 00:22:48.789 align:start position:0% understanding? I'm<00:22:47.120> Alex<00:22:47.440> Mccoan<00:22:48.080> and<00:22:48.320> you're<00:22:48.559> watching 00:22:48.789 --> 00:22:48.799 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:51.350 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:22:49.840> And<00:22:50.000> while<00:22:50.320> this<00:22:50.480> is<00:22:50.640> an<00:22:50.880> area<00:22:51.120> that 00:22:51.350 --> 00:22:51.360 align:start position:0% Astramm. And while this is an area that 00:22:51.360 --> 00:22:54.070 align:start position:0% Astramm. And while this is an area that scientists<00:22:52.000> have<00:22:52.320> many<00:22:52.640> theories<00:22:53.039> about,<00:22:53.840> I'd 00:22:54.070 --> 00:22:54.080 align:start position:0% scientists have many theories about, I'd 00:22:54.080 --> 00:22:55.990 align:start position:0% scientists have many theories about, I'd like<00:22:54.240> to<00:22:54.400> share<00:22:54.640> with<00:22:54.799> you<00:22:54.960> today<00:22:55.440> one<00:22:55.679> model 00:22:55.990 --> 00:22:56.000 align:start position:0% like to share with you today one model 00:22:56.000 --> 00:22:57.750 align:start position:0% like to share with you today one model that<00:22:56.320> might<00:22:56.480> help<00:22:56.720> you<00:22:56.960> understand<00:22:57.440> this 00:22:57.750 --> 00:22:57.760 align:start position:0% that might help you understand this 00:22:57.760 --> 00:23:00.070 align:start position:0% that might help you understand this mysterious<00:22:58.559> concept<00:22:58.960> that<00:22:59.280> is<00:22:59.440> ticking<00:22:59.840> all 00:23:00.070 --> 00:23:00.080 align:start position:0% mysterious concept that is ticking all 00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:02.870 align:start position:0% mysterious concept that is ticking all around<00:23:00.320> us.<00:23:01.200> By<00:23:01.520> the<00:23:01.679> end<00:23:01.760> of<00:23:01.919> this<00:23:02.159> video,<00:23:02.640> we 00:23:02.870 --> 00:23:02.880 align:start position:0% around us. By the end of this video, we 00:23:02.880 --> 00:23:05.110 align:start position:0% around us. By the end of this video, we are<00:23:03.039> going<00:23:03.200> to<00:23:03.360> have<00:23:03.520> a<00:23:03.760> possible<00:23:04.320> explanation 00:23:05.110 --> 00:23:05.120 align:start position:0% are going to have a possible explanation 00:23:05.120 --> 00:23:07.430 align:start position:0% are going to have a possible explanation for<00:23:05.360> why<00:23:05.679> time<00:23:06.000> slows<00:23:06.400> down<00:23:06.640> as<00:23:06.960> velocity 00:23:07.430 --> 00:23:07.440 align:start position:0% for why time slows down as velocity 00:23:07.440 --> 00:23:10.149 align:start position:0% for why time slows down as velocity increases<00:23:08.400> and<00:23:08.720> why<00:23:08.960> shapes<00:23:09.440> warp<00:23:09.840> when 00:23:10.149 --> 00:23:10.159 align:start position:0% increases and why shapes warp when 00:23:10.159 --> 00:23:12.149 align:start position:0% increases and why shapes warp when undergoing<00:23:10.640> velocities<00:23:11.360> close<00:23:11.600> to<00:23:11.840> the<00:23:12.000> speed 00:23:12.149 --> 00:23:12.159 align:start position:0% undergoing velocities close to the speed 00:23:12.159 --> 00:23:15.029 align:start position:0% undergoing velocities close to the speed of<00:23:12.400> light.<00:23:13.520> This<00:23:13.840> video<00:23:14.080> is<00:23:14.320> a<00:23:14.480> collaboration 00:23:15.029 --> 00:23:15.039 align:start position:0% of light. This video is a collaboration 00:23:15.039 --> 00:23:17.270 align:start position:0% of light. This video is a collaboration with<00:23:15.280> my<00:23:15.520> brother<00:23:16.080> based<00:23:16.400> on<00:23:16.640> recognized 00:23:17.270 --> 00:23:17.280 align:start position:0% with my brother based on recognized 00:23:17.280 --> 00:23:19.590 align:start position:0% with my brother based on recognized scientific<00:23:17.760> theory<00:23:18.559> where<00:23:18.799> we<00:23:18.960> have<00:23:19.120> taken 00:23:19.590 --> 00:23:19.600 align:start position:0% scientific theory where we have taken 00:23:19.600 --> 00:23:21.750 align:start position:0% scientific theory where we have taken scientific<00:23:20.240> concepts<00:23:20.720> and<00:23:21.039> combined<00:23:21.440> them 00:23:21.750 --> 00:23:21.760 align:start position:0% scientific concepts and combined them 00:23:21.760 --> 00:23:23.510 align:start position:0% scientific concepts and combined them into<00:23:22.080> something<00:23:22.400> you<00:23:22.720> may<00:23:22.880> not<00:23:23.120> have<00:23:23.280> seen 00:23:23.510 --> 00:23:23.520 align:start position:0% into something you may not have seen 00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:26.390 align:start position:0% into something you may not have seen before.<00:23:24.559> But<00:23:24.799> before<00:23:25.039> we<00:23:25.280> get<00:23:25.360> to<00:23:25.600> that,<00:23:26.159> we 00:23:26.390 --> 00:23:26.400 align:start position:0% before. But before we get to that, we 00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.230 align:start position:0% before. But before we get to that, we have<00:23:26.559> to<00:23:26.720> begin<00:23:27.039> with<00:23:27.280> one<00:23:27.600> foundational 00:23:28.230 --> 00:23:28.240 align:start position:0% have to begin with one foundational 00:23:28.240 --> 00:23:31.510 align:start position:0% have to begin with one foundational idea.<00:23:29.520> Time<00:23:29.919> is<00:23:30.320> actually<00:23:30.960> another 00:23:31.510 --> 00:23:31.520 align:start position:0% idea. Time is actually another 00:23:31.520 --> 00:23:33.669 align:start position:0% idea. Time is actually another dimension. 00:23:33.669 --> 00:23:33.679 align:start position:0% dimension. 00:23:33.679 --> 00:23:35.669 align:start position:0% dimension. Now,<00:23:34.080> before<00:23:34.400> you<00:23:34.640> double<00:23:35.039> check<00:23:35.280> that<00:23:35.520> you 00:23:35.669 --> 00:23:35.679 align:start position:0% Now, before you double check that you 00:23:35.679 --> 00:23:37.590 align:start position:0% Now, before you double check that you haven't<00:23:36.000> logged<00:23:36.320> into<00:23:36.559> some<00:23:36.799> sci-fi<00:23:37.280> channel 00:23:37.590 --> 00:23:37.600 align:start position:0% haven't logged into some sci-fi channel 00:23:37.600 --> 00:23:40.070 align:start position:0% haven't logged into some sci-fi channel by<00:23:37.840> mistake,<00:23:38.559> let's<00:23:38.880> discuss<00:23:39.200> what<00:23:39.440> I<00:23:39.679> mean<00:23:39.840> by 00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:40.080 align:start position:0% by mistake, let's discuss what I mean by 00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:41.590 align:start position:0% by mistake, let's discuss what I mean by dimensions. 00:23:41.590 --> 00:23:41.600 align:start position:0% dimensions. 00:23:41.600 --> 00:23:43.430 align:start position:0% dimensions. While<00:23:41.840> in<00:23:42.080> popular<00:23:42.480> culture,<00:23:43.120> different 00:23:43.430 --> 00:23:43.440 align:start position:0% While in popular culture, different 00:23:43.440 --> 00:23:45.350 align:start position:0% While in popular culture, different dimensions<00:23:44.000> are<00:23:44.240> often<00:23:44.640> described<00:23:45.039> as 00:23:45.350 --> 00:23:45.360 align:start position:0% dimensions are often described as 00:23:45.360 --> 00:23:47.510 align:start position:0% dimensions are often described as parallel<00:23:45.919> worlds<00:23:46.240> that<00:23:46.480> are<00:23:46.640> very<00:23:46.960> similar<00:23:47.280> to 00:23:47.510 --> 00:23:47.520 align:start position:0% parallel worlds that are very similar to 00:23:47.520 --> 00:23:50.310 align:start position:0% parallel worlds that are very similar to ours<00:23:48.080> yet<00:23:48.480> subtly<00:23:48.960> different.<00:23:49.840> In<00:23:50.080> this 00:23:50.310 --> 00:23:50.320 align:start position:0% ours yet subtly different. In this 00:23:50.320 --> 00:23:51.990 align:start position:0% ours yet subtly different. In this context,<00:23:50.880> when<00:23:51.120> we<00:23:51.280> talk<00:23:51.440> of<00:23:51.679> different 00:23:51.990 --> 00:23:52.000 align:start position:0% context, when we talk of different 00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:53.990 align:start position:0% context, when we talk of different dimensions,<00:23:52.880> we<00:23:53.120> are<00:23:53.280> referring<00:23:53.600> to<00:23:53.840> the 00:23:53.990 --> 00:23:54.000 align:start position:0% dimensions, we are referring to the 00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:56.230 align:start position:0% dimensions, we are referring to the dimensions<00:23:54.480> of<00:23:54.799> space,<00:23:55.520> as<00:23:55.760> in 00:23:56.230 --> 00:23:56.240 align:start position:0% dimensions of space, as in 00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:59.430 align:start position:0% dimensions of space, as in three-dimensional<00:23:57.120> space<00:23:57.840> or<00:23:58.240> 3D<00:23:58.720> space, 00:23:59.430 --> 00:23:59.440 align:start position:0% three-dimensional space or 3D space, 00:23:59.440 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0% three-dimensional space or 3D space, which<00:23:59.760> may<00:24:00.080> be<00:24:00.320> far<00:24:00.640> more<00:24:00.960> familiar<00:24:01.280> to<00:24:01.520> you. 00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0% which may be far more familiar to you. 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:06.230 align:start position:0% which may be far more familiar to you. This<00:24:03.280> is<00:24:03.440> by<00:24:03.760> no<00:24:04.080> means<00:24:04.480> trivial,<00:24:05.039> though.<00:24:05.840> 3D 00:24:06.230 --> 00:24:06.240 align:start position:0% This is by no means trivial, though. 3D 00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:09.110 align:start position:0% This is by no means trivial, though. 3D space<00:24:06.559> is<00:24:06.799> all<00:24:07.039> around<00:24:07.360> you.<00:24:08.080> It<00:24:08.400> is<00:24:08.720> the 00:24:09.110 --> 00:24:09.120 align:start position:0% space is all around you. It is the 00:24:09.120 --> 00:24:11.909 align:start position:0% space is all around you. It is the around<00:24:09.520> you<00:24:10.159> and<00:24:10.480> is<00:24:10.720> very<00:24:11.120> relevant<00:24:11.520> to<00:24:11.679> our 00:24:11.909 --> 00:24:11.919 align:start position:0% around you and is very relevant to our 00:24:11.919 --> 00:24:14.710 align:start position:0% around you and is very relevant to our topic.<00:24:12.960> Let's<00:24:13.279> begin<00:24:13.679> by<00:24:13.919> making<00:24:14.240> sure<00:24:14.400> we 00:24:14.710 --> 00:24:14.720 align:start position:0% topic. Let's begin by making sure we 00:24:14.720 --> 00:24:17.430 align:start position:0% topic. Let's begin by making sure we understand<00:24:15.039> the<00:24:15.440> 3Ds<00:24:16.400> and<00:24:16.640> the<00:24:16.799> relationships 00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:17.440 align:start position:0% understand the 3Ds and the relationships 00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:21.830 align:start position:0% understand the 3Ds and the relationships between<00:24:17.840> them<00:24:18.400> before<00:24:18.720> we<00:24:18.960> add<00:24:19.279> the<00:24:19.520> fourth<00:24:19.919> D. 00:24:21.830 --> 00:24:21.840 align:start position:0% between them before we add the fourth D. 00:24:21.840 --> 00:24:24.149 align:start position:0% between them before we add the fourth D. Broadly<00:24:22.320> speaking,<00:24:23.039> 3D<00:24:23.679> or 00:24:24.149 --> 00:24:24.159 align:start position:0% Broadly speaking, 3D or 00:24:24.159 --> 00:24:26.710 align:start position:0% Broadly speaking, 3D or three-dimensional<00:24:24.960> space<00:24:25.679> simply<00:24:26.080> refers<00:24:26.480> to 00:24:26.710 --> 00:24:26.720 align:start position:0% three-dimensional space simply refers to 00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:28.630 align:start position:0% three-dimensional space simply refers to space<00:24:27.039> that<00:24:27.279> can<00:24:27.440> be<00:24:27.520> measured<00:24:27.919> in<00:24:28.240> three 00:24:28.630 --> 00:24:28.640 align:start position:0% space that can be measured in three 00:24:28.640 --> 00:24:31.590 align:start position:0% space that can be measured in three different<00:24:29.120> perpendicular<00:24:30.080> directions.<00:24:31.360> The 00:24:31.590 --> 00:24:31.600 align:start position:0% different perpendicular directions. The 00:24:31.600 --> 00:24:33.669 align:start position:0% different perpendicular directions. The perpendicular<00:24:32.400> nature<00:24:32.720> of<00:24:32.880> these<00:24:33.200> dimensions 00:24:33.669 --> 00:24:33.679 align:start position:0% perpendicular nature of these dimensions 00:24:33.679 --> 00:24:35.750 align:start position:0% perpendicular nature of these dimensions is<00:24:34.000> important,<00:24:34.799> but<00:24:35.039> we'll<00:24:35.279> get<00:24:35.360> to<00:24:35.520> that 00:24:35.750 --> 00:24:35.760 align:start position:0% is important, but we'll get to that 00:24:35.760 --> 00:24:38.549 align:start position:0% is important, but we'll get to that later.<00:24:36.480> Three-dimensional<00:24:37.840> space<00:24:38.240> is 00:24:38.549 --> 00:24:38.559 align:start position:0% later. Three-dimensional space is 00:24:38.559 --> 00:24:40.710 align:start position:0% later. Three-dimensional space is usually<00:24:39.039> described<00:24:39.440> as<00:24:39.679> having<00:24:40.000> height, 00:24:40.710 --> 00:24:40.720 align:start position:0% usually described as having height, 00:24:40.720 --> 00:24:43.830 align:start position:0% usually described as having height, width,<00:24:41.200> and<00:24:41.520> depth,<00:24:42.240> and<00:24:42.480> they<00:24:42.720> all<00:24:42.960> have<00:24:43.200> 90° 00:24:43.830 --> 00:24:43.840 align:start position:0% width, and depth, and they all have 90° 00:24:43.840 --> 00:24:46.549 align:start position:0% width, and depth, and they all have 90° angles<00:24:44.247> [music]<00:24:44.320> between<00:24:44.640> them.<00:24:45.520> Simply<00:24:46.000> put, 00:24:46.549 --> 00:24:46.559 align:start position:0% angles [music] between them. Simply put, 00:24:46.559 --> 00:24:49.269 align:start position:0% angles [music] between them. Simply put, objects<00:24:47.039> like<00:24:47.360> us<00:24:47.600> that<00:24:47.840> exist<00:24:48.080> in<00:24:48.320> 3D<00:24:48.799> space 00:24:49.269 --> 00:24:49.279 align:start position:0% objects like us that exist in 3D space 00:24:49.279 --> 00:24:52.070 align:start position:0% objects like us that exist in 3D space can<00:24:49.520> move<00:24:49.840> left<00:24:50.159> and<00:24:50.480> right,<00:24:51.120> up<00:24:51.360> and<00:24:51.600> down, 00:24:52.070 --> 00:24:52.080 align:start position:0% can move left and right, up and down, 00:24:52.080 --> 00:24:54.950 align:start position:0% can move left and right, up and down, and<00:24:52.320> forwards<00:24:52.799> and<00:24:53.039> backwards. 00:24:54.950 --> 00:24:54.960 align:start position:0% and forwards and backwards. 00:24:54.960 --> 00:24:56.630 align:start position:0% and forwards and backwards. We<00:24:55.200> are<00:24:55.440> comfortable<00:24:55.760> with<00:24:56.000> this<00:24:56.320> kind<00:24:56.480> of 00:24:56.630 --> 00:24:56.640 align:start position:0% We are comfortable with this kind of 00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.350 align:start position:0% We are comfortable with this kind of space.<00:24:57.520> Using<00:24:57.840> this<00:24:58.080> as<00:24:58.320> our<00:24:58.640> basis,<00:24:59.120> it 00:24:59.350 --> 00:24:59.360 align:start position:0% space. Using this as our basis, it 00:24:59.360 --> 00:25:01.350 align:start position:0% space. Using this as our basis, it becomes<00:24:59.760> much<00:25:00.000> easier<00:25:00.320> to<00:25:00.559> imagine<00:25:00.960> what<00:25:01.200> we 00:25:01.350 --> 00:25:01.360 align:start position:0% becomes much easier to imagine what we 00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:05.750 align:start position:0% becomes much easier to imagine what we mean<00:25:01.520> by<00:25:01.840> 2D<00:25:02.320> space<00:25:02.799> and<00:25:03.039> even<00:25:03.360> 1D<00:25:03.919> space. 00:25:05.750 --> 00:25:05.760 align:start position:0% mean by 2D space and even 1D space. 00:25:05.760 --> 00:25:07.909 align:start position:0% mean by 2D space and even 1D space. To<00:25:06.000> move<00:25:06.159> from<00:25:06.400> one<00:25:06.640> space<00:25:06.960> to<00:25:07.200> another,<00:25:07.760> all 00:25:07.909 --> 00:25:07.919 align:start position:0% To move from one space to another, all 00:25:07.919 --> 00:25:10.230 align:start position:0% To move from one space to another, all we<00:25:08.080> need<00:25:08.159> to<00:25:08.320> do<00:25:08.559> is<00:25:08.799> remove<00:25:09.200> or<00:25:09.520> add<00:25:09.760> an<00:25:10.000> extra 00:25:10.230 --> 00:25:10.240 align:start position:0% we need to do is remove or add an extra 00:25:10.240 --> 00:25:12.149 align:start position:0% we need to do is remove or add an extra dimension<00:25:10.640> of<00:25:10.880> measurement<00:25:11.279> or<00:25:11.520> movement 00:25:12.149 --> 00:25:12.159 align:start position:0% dimension of measurement or movement 00:25:12.159 --> 00:25:14.630 align:start position:0% dimension of measurement or movement that<00:25:12.400> must<00:25:12.640> be<00:25:12.880> a<00:25:13.120> 90°<00:25:13.760> angle<00:25:14.080> from<00:25:14.320> all 00:25:14.630 --> 00:25:14.640 align:start position:0% that must be a 90° angle from all 00:25:14.640 --> 00:25:17.830 align:start position:0% that must be a 90° angle from all previously<00:25:15.200> existing<00:25:15.600> angles.<00:25:16.799> So<00:25:17.360> 2D 00:25:17.830 --> 00:25:17.840 align:start position:0% previously existing angles. So 2D 00:25:17.840 --> 00:25:19.830 align:start position:0% previously existing angles. So 2D objects<00:25:18.240> move<00:25:18.480> in<00:25:18.720> a<00:25:18.880> plane<00:25:19.120> that's<00:25:19.360> bounded 00:25:19.830 --> 00:25:19.840 align:start position:0% objects move in a plane that's bounded 00:25:19.840 --> 00:25:22.710 align:start position:0% objects move in a plane that's bounded by<00:25:20.000> the<00:25:20.159> X<00:25:20.400> and<00:25:20.559> Y<00:25:20.960> directions,<00:25:21.840> or<00:25:22.080> the<00:25:22.240> X<00:25:22.480> and 00:25:22.710 --> 00:25:22.720 align:start position:0% by the X and Y directions, or the X and 00:25:22.720 --> 00:25:25.669 align:start position:0% by the X and Y directions, or the X and Z<00:25:23.039> directions,<00:25:23.840> or<00:25:24.080> the<00:25:24.240> Y<00:25:24.480> and<00:25:24.640> Z<00:25:24.960> directions, 00:25:25.669 --> 00:25:25.679 align:start position:0% Z directions, or the Y and Z directions, 00:25:25.679 --> 00:25:28.789 align:start position:0% Z directions, or the Y and Z directions, but<00:25:26.000> not<00:25:26.159> all<00:25:26.400> three<00:25:26.559> at<00:25:26.799> once.<00:25:27.840> 1D<00:25:28.320> objects 00:25:28.789 --> 00:25:28.799 align:start position:0% but not all three at once. 1D objects 00:25:28.799 --> 00:25:33.830 align:start position:0% but not all three at once. 1D objects can<00:25:29.039> only<00:25:29.279> move<00:25:29.520> either<00:25:29.840> along<00:25:30.320> X<00:25:30.880> or<00:25:31.200> Y<00:25:31.840> or<00:25:32.159> Z. 00:25:33.830 --> 00:25:33.840 align:start position:0% can only move either along X or Y or Z. 00:25:33.840 --> 00:25:36.470 align:start position:0% can only move either along X or Y or Z. Imagine<00:25:34.400> a<00:25:34.640> person<00:25:34.960> who<00:25:35.279> lived<00:25:35.520> in<00:25:35.760> such<00:25:35.840> a<00:25:36.000> 1D 00:25:36.470 --> 00:25:36.480 align:start position:0% Imagine a person who lived in such a 1D 00:25:36.480 --> 00:25:38.630 align:start position:0% Imagine a person who lived in such a 1D world.<00:25:37.279> Their<00:25:37.600> whole<00:25:37.840> existence<00:25:38.240> would<00:25:38.480> be 00:25:38.630 --> 00:25:38.640 align:start position:0% world. Their whole existence would be 00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:40.470 align:start position:0% world. Their whole existence would be found<00:25:38.960> either<00:25:39.279> moving<00:25:39.600> one<00:25:39.840> way<00:25:40.080> or<00:25:40.320> the 00:25:40.470 --> 00:25:40.480 align:start position:0% found either moving one way or the 00:25:40.480 --> 00:25:43.110 align:start position:0% found either moving one way or the other.<00:25:41.360> All<00:25:41.600> of<00:25:41.760> reality<00:25:42.159> would<00:25:42.400> exist<00:25:42.799> either 00:25:43.110 --> 00:25:43.120 align:start position:0% other. All of reality would exist either 00:25:43.120 --> 00:25:45.110 align:start position:0% other. All of reality would exist either to<00:25:43.279> the<00:25:43.440> left<00:25:43.600> or<00:25:43.840> to<00:25:44.000> the<00:25:44.080> right<00:25:44.240> of<00:25:44.480> them<00:25:44.880> and 00:25:45.110 --> 00:25:45.120 align:start position:0% to the left or to the right of them and 00:25:45.120 --> 00:25:47.590 align:start position:0% to the left or to the right of them and would<00:25:45.279> appear<00:25:45.600> as<00:25:45.840> a<00:25:46.000> singular<00:25:46.480> dot.<00:25:47.360> They 00:25:47.590 --> 00:25:47.600 align:start position:0% would appear as a singular dot. They 00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.590 align:start position:0% would appear as a singular dot. They could<00:25:47.760> not<00:25:48.000> move<00:25:48.240> or<00:25:48.559> see<00:25:48.799> in<00:25:49.039> any<00:25:49.200> of<00:25:49.360> the 00:25:49.590 --> 00:25:49.600 align:start position:0% could not move or see in any of the 00:25:49.600 --> 00:25:51.750 align:start position:0% could not move or see in any of the other<00:25:49.840> directions<00:25:50.559> and<00:25:50.880> probably<00:25:51.360> could<00:25:51.600> not 00:25:51.750 --> 00:25:51.760 align:start position:0% other directions and probably could not 00:25:51.760 --> 00:25:54.070 align:start position:0% other directions and probably could not even<00:25:52.080> comprehend<00:25:52.640> such<00:25:53.039> directions<00:25:53.520> as<00:25:53.760> even 00:25:54.070 --> 00:25:54.080 align:start position:0% even comprehend such directions as even 00:25:54.080 --> 00:25:56.950 align:start position:0% even comprehend such directions as even existing.<00:25:55.360> Photons<00:25:55.760> whizzing<00:25:56.159> by<00:25:56.480> them<00:25:56.720> would 00:25:56.950 --> 00:25:56.960 align:start position:0% existing. Photons whizzing by them would 00:25:56.960 --> 00:25:58.710 align:start position:0% existing. Photons whizzing by them would only<00:25:57.120> be<00:25:57.360> visible<00:25:57.679> if<00:25:57.919> they<00:25:58.159> entered<00:25:58.480> the 00:25:58.710 --> 00:25:58.720 align:start position:0% only be visible if they entered the 00:25:58.720 --> 00:26:01.190 align:start position:0% only be visible if they entered the singular<00:25:59.279> line<00:25:59.600> that<00:25:59.919> was<00:26:00.159> a<00:26:00.400> 1D<00:26:00.799> person's 00:26:01.190 --> 00:26:01.200 align:start position:0% singular line that was a 1D person's 00:26:01.200 --> 00:26:04.230 align:start position:0% singular line that was a 1D person's whole<00:26:01.440> area<00:26:01.840> of<00:26:02.080> existence. 00:26:04.230 --> 00:26:04.240 align:start position:0% whole area of existence. 00:26:04.240 --> 00:26:06.870 align:start position:0% whole area of existence. Now,<00:26:04.960> adding<00:26:05.360> extra<00:26:05.840> directions<00:26:06.320> of<00:26:06.480> movement 00:26:06.870 --> 00:26:06.880 align:start position:0% Now, adding extra directions of movement 00:26:06.880 --> 00:26:08.870 align:start position:0% Now, adding extra directions of movement is<00:26:07.120> what's<00:26:07.440> needed<00:26:07.760> to<00:26:07.919> move<00:26:08.159> things<00:26:08.400> up<00:26:08.640> from 00:26:08.870 --> 00:26:08.880 align:start position:0% is what's needed to move things up from 00:26:08.880 --> 00:26:12.950 align:start position:0% is what's needed to move things up from 1D<00:26:09.360> to<00:26:09.600> 2D<00:26:10.080> to<00:26:10.400> 3D.<00:26:11.679> So,<00:26:12.000> in<00:26:12.240> theory,<00:26:12.640> we<00:26:12.880> can 00:26:12.950 --> 00:26:12.960 align:start position:0% 1D to 2D to 3D. So, in theory, we can 00:26:12.960 --> 00:26:14.710 align:start position:0% 1D to 2D to 3D. So, in theory, we can predict<00:26:13.360> what<00:26:13.520> we<00:26:13.679> need<00:26:13.840> to<00:26:14.000> do<00:26:14.080> if<00:26:14.320> we<00:26:14.480> were<00:26:14.559> to 00:26:14.710 --> 00:26:14.720 align:start position:0% predict what we need to do if we were to 00:26:14.720 --> 00:26:18.950 align:start position:0% predict what we need to do if we were to jump<00:26:14.960> to<00:26:15.200> 4D.<00:26:16.240> However,<00:26:16.960> here<00:26:17.200> we<00:26:17.440> hit<00:26:17.679> a<00:26:17.840> snag. 00:26:18.950 --> 00:26:18.960 align:start position:0% jump to 4D. However, here we hit a snag. 00:26:18.960 --> 00:26:20.710 align:start position:0% jump to 4D. However, here we hit a snag. While<00:26:19.200> it's<00:26:19.440> easy<00:26:19.679> to<00:26:19.840> draw<00:26:20.000> a<00:26:20.240> line<00:26:20.400> that's 00:26:20.710 --> 00:26:20.720 align:start position:0% While it's easy to draw a line that's 00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:22.710 align:start position:0% While it's easy to draw a line that's perfectly<00:26:21.200> perpendicular<00:26:21.919> to<00:26:22.159> a<00:26:22.400> single 00:26:22.710 --> 00:26:22.720 align:start position:0% perfectly perpendicular to a single 00:26:22.720 --> 00:26:25.350 align:start position:0% perfectly perpendicular to a single other<00:26:23.039> line,<00:26:23.840> or<00:26:24.080> to<00:26:24.240> draw<00:26:24.559> another<00:26:24.960> line<00:26:25.200> on 00:26:25.350 --> 00:26:25.360 align:start position:0% other line, or to draw another line on 00:26:25.360 --> 00:26:27.350 align:start position:0% other line, or to draw another line on top<00:26:25.520> of<00:26:25.679> those<00:26:25.919> lines<00:26:26.240> that<00:26:26.480> is<00:26:26.640> perpendicular 00:26:27.350 --> 00:26:27.360 align:start position:0% top of those lines that is perpendicular 00:26:27.360 --> 00:26:30.390 align:start position:0% top of those lines that is perpendicular to<00:26:27.600> the<00:26:27.760> two<00:26:28.080> previous<00:26:28.480> lines,<00:26:29.679> how<00:26:29.919> would<00:26:30.080> we 00:26:30.390 --> 00:26:30.400 align:start position:0% to the two previous lines, how would we 00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:32.710 align:start position:0% to the two previous lines, how would we draw<00:26:30.640> a<00:26:30.960> fourth<00:26:31.360> line<00:26:31.600> that's<00:26:32.000> perpendicular 00:26:32.710 --> 00:26:32.720 align:start position:0% draw a fourth line that's perpendicular 00:26:32.720 --> 00:26:35.190 align:start position:0% draw a fourth line that's perpendicular to<00:26:33.039> all<00:26:33.279> three?<00:26:34.159> Surely,<00:26:34.559> such<00:26:34.720> a<00:26:34.880> thing<00:26:35.039> is 00:26:35.190 --> 00:26:35.200 align:start position:0% to all three? Surely, such a thing is 00:26:35.200 --> 00:26:38.630 align:start position:0% to all three? Surely, such a thing is impossible.<00:26:36.480> Well,<00:26:37.039> within<00:26:37.360> 3D<00:26:37.840> space,<00:26:38.400> such 00:26:38.630 --> 00:26:38.640 align:start position:0% impossible. Well, within 3D space, such 00:26:38.640 --> 00:26:41.190 align:start position:0% impossible. Well, within 3D space, such a<00:26:38.799> thing<00:26:39.120> is<00:26:39.520> impossible. 00:26:41.190 --> 00:26:41.200 align:start position:0% a thing is impossible. 00:26:41.200 --> 00:26:42.789 align:start position:0% a thing is impossible. The<00:26:41.440> best<00:26:41.679> we<00:26:41.919> can<00:26:42.080> do<00:26:42.240> is<00:26:42.559> draw 00:26:42.789 --> 00:26:42.799 align:start position:0% The best we can do is draw 00:26:42.799 --> 00:26:44.310 align:start position:0% The best we can do is draw approximations. 00:26:44.310 --> 00:26:44.320 align:start position:0% approximations. 00:26:44.320 --> 00:26:46.390 align:start position:0% approximations. For<00:26:44.559> instance,<00:26:45.200> it's<00:26:45.440> possible<00:26:45.760> to<00:26:45.919> draw<00:26:46.159> an 00:26:46.390 --> 00:26:46.400 align:start position:0% For instance, it's possible to draw an 00:26:46.400 --> 00:26:49.110 align:start position:0% For instance, it's possible to draw an approximation<00:26:47.039> of<00:26:47.279> a<00:26:47.440> 3D<00:26:47.840> shape<00:26:48.159> on<00:26:48.320> 2D<00:26:48.720> paper 00:26:49.110 --> 00:26:49.120 align:start position:0% approximation of a 3D shape on 2D paper 00:26:49.120 --> 00:26:51.750 align:start position:0% approximation of a 3D shape on 2D paper by<00:26:49.440> doing<00:26:49.679> something<00:26:50.000> like<00:26:50.240> this. 00:26:51.750 --> 00:26:51.760 align:start position:0% by doing something like this. 00:26:51.760 --> 00:26:53.990 align:start position:0% by doing something like this. These<00:26:52.080> lines<00:26:52.400> are<00:26:52.559> all<00:26:52.880> two-dimensional,<00:26:53.760> but 00:26:53.990 --> 00:26:54.000 align:start position:0% These lines are all two-dimensional, but 00:26:54.000 --> 00:26:56.230 align:start position:0% These lines are all two-dimensional, but we<00:26:54.159> look<00:26:54.320> at<00:26:54.480> this<00:26:54.720> and<00:26:55.039> our<00:26:55.200> brain<00:26:55.520> recognizes 00:26:56.230 --> 00:26:56.240 align:start position:0% we look at this and our brain recognizes 00:26:56.240 --> 00:26:58.950 align:start position:0% we look at this and our brain recognizes that<00:26:56.480> this<00:26:56.640> is<00:26:56.799> a<00:26:57.039> picture<00:26:57.279> of<00:26:57.440> a<00:26:57.600> 3D<00:26:58.000> shape. 00:26:58.950 --> 00:26:58.960 align:start position:0% that this is a picture of a 3D shape. 00:26:58.960 --> 00:27:01.029 align:start position:0% that this is a picture of a 3D shape. So,<00:26:59.279> in<00:26:59.440> the<00:26:59.600> same<00:26:59.840> way,<00:27:00.240> we<00:27:00.480> could<00:27:00.640> probably 00:27:01.029 --> 00:27:01.039 align:start position:0% So, in the same way, we could probably 00:27:01.039 --> 00:27:03.350 align:start position:0% So, in the same way, we could probably do<00:27:01.279> something<00:27:01.520> similar<00:27:01.840> to<00:27:02.000> what<00:27:02.240> a<00:27:02.480> 4D<00:27:02.880> object 00:27:03.350 --> 00:27:03.360 align:start position:0% do something similar to what a 4D object 00:27:03.360 --> 00:27:06.390 align:start position:0% do something similar to what a 4D object might<00:27:03.679> look<00:27:03.840> like<00:27:04.159> using<00:27:04.480> just<00:27:04.799> 3D<00:27:05.200> lines. 00:27:06.390 --> 00:27:06.400 align:start position:0% might look like using just 3D lines. 00:27:06.400 --> 00:27:08.310 align:start position:0% might look like using just 3D lines. Mathematicians<00:27:07.200> have<00:27:07.520> attempted<00:27:08.000> to<00:27:08.159> do 00:27:08.310 --> 00:27:08.320 align:start position:0% Mathematicians have attempted to do 00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:10.390 align:start position:0% Mathematicians have attempted to do this,<00:27:08.880> although<00:27:09.200> their<00:27:09.520> results<00:27:09.919> tend<00:27:10.159> to<00:27:10.320> be 00:27:10.390 --> 00:27:10.400 align:start position:0% this, although their results tend to be 00:27:10.400 --> 00:27:12.549 align:start position:0% this, although their results tend to be a<00:27:10.640> little<00:27:10.880> confusing. 00:27:12.549 --> 00:27:12.559 align:start position:0% a little confusing. 00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:14.789 align:start position:0% a little confusing. Although<00:27:12.880> this<00:27:13.120> is<00:27:13.279> mathematically<00:27:14.240> sound<00:27:14.559> as 00:27:14.789 --> 00:27:14.799 align:start position:0% Although this is mathematically sound as 00:27:14.799 --> 00:27:17.510 align:start position:0% Although this is mathematically sound as a<00:27:14.960> basis<00:27:15.200> for<00:27:15.360> a<00:27:15.520> 4D<00:27:16.000> object,<00:27:16.880> I<00:27:17.120> personally 00:27:17.510 --> 00:27:17.520 align:start position:0% a basis for a 4D object, I personally 00:27:17.520 --> 00:27:19.669 align:start position:0% a basis for a 4D object, I personally don't<00:27:17.760> find<00:27:17.919> my<00:27:18.240> understanding<00:27:18.720> of<00:27:18.880> 4D<00:27:19.360> space 00:27:19.669 --> 00:27:19.679 align:start position:0% don't find my understanding of 4D space 00:27:19.679 --> 00:27:21.990 align:start position:0% don't find my understanding of 4D space deepened<00:27:20.080> by<00:27:20.320> looking<00:27:20.559> at<00:27:20.720> it.<00:27:21.440> So<00:27:21.600> I<00:27:21.840> won't 00:27:21.990 --> 00:27:22.000 align:start position:0% deepened by looking at it. So I won't 00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:25.350 align:start position:0% deepened by looking at it. So I won't focus<00:27:22.320> on<00:27:22.480> it<00:27:22.640> in<00:27:22.880> this<00:27:23.120> video.<00:27:24.480> There<00:27:24.799> is<00:27:25.120> some 00:27:25.350 --> 00:27:25.360 align:start position:0% focus on it in this video. There is some 00:27:25.360 --> 00:27:27.110 align:start position:0% focus on it in this video. There is some evidence,<00:27:25.840> however,<00:27:26.240> that<00:27:26.480> a<00:27:26.720> fourth 00:27:27.110 --> 00:27:27.120 align:start position:0% evidence, however, that a fourth 00:27:27.120 --> 00:27:29.669 align:start position:0% evidence, however, that a fourth direction<00:27:27.520> exists<00:27:28.400> and<00:27:28.640> we<00:27:28.880> are<00:27:29.039> moving<00:27:29.360> along 00:27:29.669 --> 00:27:29.679 align:start position:0% direction exists and we are moving along 00:27:29.679 --> 00:27:32.789 align:start position:0% direction exists and we are moving along it<00:27:29.919> right<00:27:30.240> now.<00:27:31.279> That<00:27:31.520> fourth<00:27:32.000> direction<00:27:32.559> or 00:27:32.789 --> 00:27:32.799 align:start position:0% it right now. That fourth direction or 00:27:32.799 --> 00:27:35.830 align:start position:0% it right now. That fourth direction or dimension<00:27:33.440> is<00:27:33.760> time.<00:27:34.880> Einstein<00:27:35.440> predicted 00:27:35.830 --> 00:27:35.840 align:start position:0% dimension is time. Einstein predicted 00:27:35.840 --> 00:27:37.750 align:start position:0% dimension is time. Einstein predicted this<00:27:36.080> connection<00:27:36.400> when<00:27:36.640> he<00:27:36.880> linked<00:27:37.200> space<00:27:37.520> and 00:27:37.750 --> 00:27:37.760 align:start position:0% this connection when he linked space and 00:27:37.760 --> 00:27:40.470 align:start position:0% this connection when he linked space and time<00:27:38.080> into<00:27:38.320> one<00:27:38.640> unified<00:27:39.360> spaceime<00:27:40.080> in<00:27:40.320> his 00:27:40.470 --> 00:27:40.480 align:start position:0% time into one unified spaceime in his 00:27:40.480 --> 00:27:43.029 align:start position:0% time into one unified spaceime in his theories<00:27:40.880> of<00:27:41.039> relativity.<00:27:41.840> According<00:27:42.799> to 00:27:43.029 --> 00:27:43.039 align:start position:0% theories of relativity. According to 00:27:43.039 --> 00:27:45.430 align:start position:0% theories of relativity. According to him,<00:27:43.520> time<00:27:43.760> and<00:27:44.000> space<00:27:44.240> are<00:27:44.480> two<00:27:44.720> parts<00:27:45.039> of<00:27:45.200> the 00:27:45.430 --> 00:27:45.440 align:start position:0% him, time and space are two parts of the 00:27:45.440 --> 00:27:48.149 align:start position:0% him, time and space are two parts of the same<00:27:45.600> thing.<00:27:46.559> To<00:27:46.799> me,<00:27:47.039> this<00:27:47.200> connects<00:27:47.520> with<00:27:47.760> 4D 00:27:48.149 --> 00:27:48.159 align:start position:0% same thing. To me, this connects with 4D 00:27:48.159 --> 00:27:50.789 align:start position:0% same thing. To me, this connects with 4D space<00:27:48.559> very<00:27:48.880> nicely.<00:27:49.840> Just<00:27:50.080> as<00:27:50.240> there<00:27:50.400> is<00:27:50.559> no 00:27:50.789 --> 00:27:50.799 align:start position:0% space very nicely. Just as there is no 00:27:50.799 --> 00:27:52.950 align:start position:0% space very nicely. Just as there is no real<00:27:51.039> difference<00:27:51.360> between<00:27:51.600> the<00:27:51.840> zed<00:27:52.320> and<00:27:52.640> the 00:27:52.950 --> 00:27:52.960 align:start position:0% real difference between the zed and the 00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:56.149 align:start position:0% real difference between the zed and the x<00:27:53.279> or<00:27:53.600> y<00:27:53.919> directions,<00:27:54.960> so<00:27:55.200> too<00:27:55.679> would<00:27:55.919> there 00:27:56.149 --> 00:27:56.159 align:start position:0% x or y directions, so too would there 00:27:56.159 --> 00:27:58.389 align:start position:0% x or y directions, so too would there not<00:27:56.399> be<00:27:56.640> any<00:27:56.960> difference<00:27:57.279> between<00:27:57.760> time<00:27:58.080> and 00:27:58.389 --> 00:27:58.399 align:start position:0% not be any difference between time and 00:27:58.399 --> 00:28:01.190 align:start position:0% not be any difference between time and space<00:27:58.960> if<00:27:59.279> time<00:27:59.520> is<00:27:59.760> just<00:28:00.000> another<00:28:00.399> direction, 00:28:01.190 --> 00:28:01.200 align:start position:0% space if time is just another direction, 00:28:01.200 --> 00:28:03.830 align:start position:0% space if time is just another direction, albeit<00:28:01.679> one<00:28:01.840> that<00:28:02.080> we<00:28:02.240> can't<00:28:02.480> see.<00:28:03.440> And<00:28:03.600> time 00:28:03.830 --> 00:28:03.840 align:start position:0% albeit one that we can't see. And time 00:28:03.840 --> 00:28:07.029 align:start position:0% albeit one that we can't see. And time is<00:28:04.080> important.<00:28:05.120> Without<00:28:05.520> time,<00:28:05.919> our<00:28:06.240> 3D<00:28:06.720> space 00:28:07.029 --> 00:28:07.039 align:start position:0% is important. Without time, our 3D space 00:28:07.039 --> 00:28:09.590 align:start position:0% is important. Without time, our 3D space wouldn't<00:28:07.360> move.<00:28:08.159> it<00:28:08.399> would<00:28:08.640> perpetually<00:28:09.440> be 00:28:09.590 --> 00:28:09.600 align:start position:0% wouldn't move. it would perpetually be 00:28:09.600 --> 00:28:11.669 align:start position:0% wouldn't move. it would perpetually be in<00:28:09.919> one<00:28:10.159> state<00:28:10.640> because<00:28:10.960> it's<00:28:11.200> time<00:28:11.440> that 00:28:11.669 --> 00:28:11.679 align:start position:0% in one state because it's time that 00:28:11.679 --> 00:28:14.710 align:start position:0% in one state because it's time that allows<00:28:12.000> us<00:28:12.159> to<00:28:12.320> move<00:28:12.480> about<00:28:12.720> in<00:28:12.960> it.<00:28:14.240> But<00:28:14.480> why 00:28:14.710 --> 00:28:14.720 align:start position:0% allows us to move about in it. But why 00:28:14.720 --> 00:28:16.950 align:start position:0% allows us to move about in it. But why can't<00:28:14.960> we<00:28:15.200> see<00:28:15.360> it?<00:28:16.000> Why<00:28:16.240> can't<00:28:16.399> we<00:28:16.640> look<00:28:16.799> in 00:28:16.950 --> 00:28:16.960 align:start position:0% can't we see it? Why can't we look in 00:28:16.960 --> 00:28:19.990 align:start position:0% can't we see it? Why can't we look in the<00:28:17.200> direction<00:28:17.520> of<00:28:17.760> time?<00:28:18.799> To<00:28:19.120> explain<00:28:19.520> this, 00:28:19.990 --> 00:28:20.000 align:start position:0% the direction of time? To explain this, 00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:22.070 align:start position:0% the direction of time? To explain this, let's<00:28:20.320> look<00:28:20.480> at<00:28:20.720> the<00:28:20.960> difference<00:28:21.440> between<00:28:21.840> the 00:28:22.070 --> 00:28:22.080 align:start position:0% let's look at the difference between the 00:28:22.080 --> 00:28:24.789 align:start position:0% let's look at the difference between the different<00:28:22.559> dimensional<00:28:23.200> spaces. 00:28:24.789 --> 00:28:24.799 align:start position:0% different dimensional spaces. 00:28:24.799 --> 00:28:26.549 align:start position:0% different dimensional spaces. We<00:28:25.039> best<00:28:25.279> notice<00:28:25.600> this<00:28:25.840> when<00:28:26.000> we<00:28:26.240> consider 00:28:26.549 --> 00:28:26.559 align:start position:0% We best notice this when we consider 00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:28.789 align:start position:0% We best notice this when we consider what<00:28:26.880> 2D<00:28:27.279> objects<00:28:27.760> might<00:28:28.000> look<00:28:28.240> like<00:28:28.399> if<00:28:28.640> they 00:28:28.789 --> 00:28:28.799 align:start position:0% what 2D objects might look like if they 00:28:28.799 --> 00:28:31.750 align:start position:0% what 2D objects might look like if they were<00:28:28.960> to<00:28:29.120> move<00:28:29.279> around<00:28:29.520> in<00:28:29.760> 3D<00:28:30.240> space.<00:28:31.440> This<00:28:31.600> is 00:28:31.750 --> 00:28:31.760 align:start position:0% were to move around in 3D space. This is 00:28:31.760 --> 00:28:34.230 align:start position:0% were to move around in 3D space. This is where<00:28:32.000> we<00:28:32.240> start<00:28:32.399> to<00:28:32.640> delve<00:28:32.880> into<00:28:33.120> the<00:28:33.360> model. 00:28:34.230 --> 00:28:34.240 align:start position:0% where we start to delve into the model. 00:28:34.240 --> 00:28:36.950 align:start position:0% where we start to delve into the model. Let's<00:28:34.559> begin<00:28:34.880> by<00:28:35.120> visualizing<00:28:35.919> a<00:28:36.159> standard<00:28:36.559> 3D 00:28:36.950 --> 00:28:36.960 align:start position:0% Let's begin by visualizing a standard 3D 00:28:36.960 --> 00:28:39.350 align:start position:0% Let's begin by visualizing a standard 3D space.<00:28:37.840> But<00:28:38.000> because<00:28:38.240> we<00:28:38.480> want<00:28:38.640> to<00:28:38.799> eventually 00:28:39.350 --> 00:28:39.360 align:start position:0% space. But because we want to eventually 00:28:39.360 --> 00:28:41.669 align:start position:0% space. But because we want to eventually see<00:28:39.600> all<00:28:39.840> of<00:28:40.000> space<00:28:40.240> and<00:28:40.399> time<00:28:40.640> in<00:28:40.880> one<00:28:41.120> model, 00:28:41.669 --> 00:28:41.679 align:start position:0% see all of space and time in one model, 00:28:41.679 --> 00:28:44.549 align:start position:0% see all of space and time in one model, let's<00:28:42.000> cheat<00:28:42.320> a<00:28:42.559> little.<00:28:43.520> Let's<00:28:43.760> compress<00:28:44.320> all 00:28:44.549 --> 00:28:44.559 align:start position:0% let's cheat a little. Let's compress all 00:28:44.559 --> 00:28:47.830 align:start position:0% let's cheat a little. Let's compress all of<00:28:44.720> 3D<00:28:45.200> reality<00:28:45.679> as<00:28:45.919> we<00:28:46.080> know<00:28:46.240> it<00:28:46.480> into<00:28:46.880> a<00:28:47.120> flat 00:28:47.830 --> 00:28:47.840 align:start position:0% of 3D reality as we know it into a flat 00:28:47.840 --> 00:28:50.870 align:start position:0% of 3D reality as we know it into a flat two-dimensional<00:28:48.720> place.<00:28:49.760> In<00:28:50.000> this<00:28:50.240> plane, 00:28:50.870 --> 00:28:50.880 align:start position:0% two-dimensional place. In this plane, 00:28:50.880 --> 00:28:53.590 align:start position:0% two-dimensional place. In this plane, let's<00:28:51.120> make<00:28:51.279> that<00:28:51.600> our<00:28:52.080> XY<00:28:52.640> plane,<00:28:53.120> which<00:28:53.360> we 00:28:53.590 --> 00:28:53.600 align:start position:0% let's make that our XY plane, which we 00:28:53.600 --> 00:28:56.230 align:start position:0% let's make that our XY plane, which we will<00:28:53.760> label<00:28:54.159> space,<00:28:54.960> which<00:28:55.279> frees<00:28:55.600> up<00:28:55.760> the<00:28:55.919> Z 00:28:56.230 --> 00:28:56.240 align:start position:0% will label space, which frees up the Z 00:28:56.240 --> 00:28:59.510 align:start position:0% will label space, which frees up the Z dimension<00:28:56.720> for<00:28:56.960> time.<00:28:58.080> In<00:28:58.320> this<00:28:58.559> model,<00:28:59.200> all 00:28:59.510 --> 00:28:59.520 align:start position:0% dimension for time. In this model, all 00:28:59.520 --> 00:29:03.029 align:start position:0% dimension for time. In this model, all 3D<00:28:59.919> people<00:29:00.240> are<00:29:00.480> now<00:29:00.720> just<00:29:00.960> 2D.<00:29:02.080> A<00:29:02.320> 2D<00:29:02.720> person 00:29:03.029 --> 00:29:03.039 align:start position:0% 3D people are now just 2D. A 2D person 00:29:03.039 --> 00:29:04.870 align:start position:0% 3D people are now just 2D. A 2D person could<00:29:03.279> exist<00:29:03.600> and<00:29:03.840> live<00:29:04.080> their<00:29:04.320> lives<00:29:04.559> in<00:29:04.720> the 00:29:04.870 --> 00:29:04.880 align:start position:0% could exist and live their lives in the 00:29:04.880 --> 00:29:06.950 align:start position:0% could exist and live their lives in the place<00:29:05.200> marks<00:29:05.600> space<00:29:06.000> at<00:29:06.159> the<00:29:06.320> bottom<00:29:06.559> of<00:29:06.720> our 00:29:06.950 --> 00:29:06.960 align:start position:0% place marks space at the bottom of our 00:29:06.960 --> 00:29:10.070 align:start position:0% place marks space at the bottom of our chart.<00:29:08.080> However,<00:29:08.640> by<00:29:08.880> moving<00:29:09.200> them<00:29:09.440> up<00:29:09.679> on<00:29:09.919> the 00:29:10.070 --> 00:29:10.080 align:start position:0% chart. However, by moving them up on the 00:29:10.080 --> 00:29:12.630 align:start position:0% chart. However, by moving them up on the chart<00:29:10.399> at<00:29:10.559> a<00:29:10.720> constant<00:29:11.120> rate,<00:29:11.760> they<00:29:12.000> are<00:29:12.159> also 00:29:12.630 --> 00:29:12.640 align:start position:0% chart at a constant rate, they are also 00:29:12.640 --> 00:29:14.950 align:start position:0% chart at a constant rate, they are also moving<00:29:12.960> through<00:29:13.279> time. 00:29:14.950 --> 00:29:14.960 align:start position:0% moving through time. 00:29:14.960 --> 00:29:17.110 align:start position:0% moving through time. Let's<00:29:15.279> for<00:29:15.520> ease<00:29:15.840> and<00:29:16.080> convenience<00:29:16.640> say<00:29:16.880> that 00:29:17.110 --> 00:29:17.120 align:start position:0% Let's for ease and convenience say that 00:29:17.120 --> 00:29:19.510 align:start position:0% Let's for ease and convenience say that the<00:29:17.279> top<00:29:17.520> of<00:29:17.679> our<00:29:17.919> diagram<00:29:18.399> is<00:29:18.559> the<00:29:18.799> future 00:29:19.510 --> 00:29:19.520 align:start position:0% the top of our diagram is the future 00:29:19.520 --> 00:29:21.830 align:start position:0% the top of our diagram is the future while<00:29:19.679> the<00:29:19.919> bottom<00:29:20.240> is<00:29:20.480> the<00:29:20.640> past.<00:29:21.520> So,<00:29:21.679> the 00:29:21.830 --> 00:29:21.840 align:start position:0% while the bottom is the past. So, the 00:29:21.840 --> 00:29:24.149 align:start position:0% while the bottom is the past. So, the higher<00:29:22.159> up<00:29:22.399> our<00:29:22.720> 2D<00:29:23.120> person<00:29:23.520> goes<00:29:23.760> in<00:29:24.000> this 00:29:24.149 --> 00:29:24.159 align:start position:0% higher up our 2D person goes in this 00:29:24.159 --> 00:29:27.269 align:start position:0% higher up our 2D person goes in this diagram,<00:29:24.880> the<00:29:25.120> older<00:29:25.440> they<00:29:25.679> get.<00:29:26.640> As<00:29:26.880> we<00:29:27.120> don't 00:29:27.269 --> 00:29:27.279 align:start position:0% diagram, the older they get. As we don't 00:29:27.279 --> 00:29:29.350 align:start position:0% diagram, the older they get. As we don't seem<00:29:27.440> to<00:29:27.600> have<00:29:27.760> a<00:29:28.000> whole<00:29:28.240> lot<00:29:28.399> of<00:29:28.640> control<00:29:29.039> over 00:29:29.350 --> 00:29:29.360 align:start position:0% seem to have a whole lot of control over 00:29:29.360 --> 00:29:31.590 align:start position:0% seem to have a whole lot of control over our<00:29:29.760> ability<00:29:30.159> to<00:29:30.480> travel<00:29:30.720> through<00:29:31.039> time, 00:29:31.590 --> 00:29:31.600 align:start position:0% our ability to travel through time, 00:29:31.600 --> 00:29:33.750 align:start position:0% our ability to travel through time, let's<00:29:31.840> imagine<00:29:32.159> for<00:29:32.399> a<00:29:32.559> second<00:29:32.720> that<00:29:32.960> our<00:29:33.279> 2D 00:29:33.750 --> 00:29:33.760 align:start position:0% let's imagine for a second that our 2D 00:29:33.760 --> 00:29:35.750 align:start position:0% let's imagine for a second that our 2D person<00:29:34.159> travels<00:29:34.559> upwards<00:29:35.039> at<00:29:35.200> a<00:29:35.440> constant 00:29:35.750 --> 00:29:35.760 align:start position:0% person travels upwards at a constant 00:29:35.760 --> 00:29:37.830 align:start position:0% person travels upwards at a constant rate,<00:29:36.399> as<00:29:36.559> if<00:29:36.720> there<00:29:36.880> is<00:29:37.039> some<00:29:37.360> consistent 00:29:37.830 --> 00:29:37.840 align:start position:0% rate, as if there is some consistent 00:29:37.840 --> 00:29:39.830 align:start position:0% rate, as if there is some consistent force<00:29:38.240> or<00:29:38.480> wind<00:29:38.799> at<00:29:38.960> play<00:29:39.279> pushing<00:29:39.600> them 00:29:39.830 --> 00:29:39.840 align:start position:0% force or wind at play pushing them 00:29:39.840 --> 00:29:42.950 align:start position:0% force or wind at play pushing them upwards<00:29:40.320> towards<00:29:40.640> the<00:29:40.880> future.<00:29:42.080> Sadly,<00:29:42.640> we 00:29:42.950 --> 00:29:42.960 align:start position:0% upwards towards the future. Sadly, we 00:29:42.960 --> 00:29:44.950 align:start position:0% upwards towards the future. Sadly, we cannot<00:29:43.360> slow<00:29:43.600> down<00:29:43.919> time<00:29:44.159> for<00:29:44.399> ourselves 00:29:44.950 --> 00:29:44.960 align:start position:0% cannot slow down time for ourselves 00:29:44.960 --> 00:29:47.110 align:start position:0% cannot slow down time for ourselves simply<00:29:45.279> through<00:29:45.600> willpower,<00:29:46.480> no<00:29:46.559> matter<00:29:46.880> how 00:29:47.110 --> 00:29:47.120 align:start position:0% simply through willpower, no matter how 00:29:47.120 --> 00:29:49.990 align:start position:0% simply through willpower, no matter how much<00:29:47.360> we<00:29:47.600> might<00:29:47.840> want<00:29:48.000> to<00:29:48.159> do<00:29:48.320> so.<00:29:49.360> However,<00:29:49.760> it 00:29:49.990 --> 00:29:50.000 align:start position:0% much we might want to do so. However, it 00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:51.750 align:start position:0% much we might want to do so. However, it is<00:29:50.159> misleading<00:29:50.720> to<00:29:50.960> say<00:29:51.120> that<00:29:51.279> we<00:29:51.520> can't 00:29:51.750 --> 00:29:51.760 align:start position:0% is misleading to say that we can't 00:29:51.760 --> 00:29:54.630 align:start position:0% is misleading to say that we can't change<00:29:52.000> it<00:29:52.159> at<00:29:52.399> all.<00:29:53.520> The<00:29:53.760> faster<00:29:54.159> we<00:29:54.320> travel 00:29:54.630 --> 00:29:54.640 align:start position:0% change it at all. The faster we travel 00:29:54.640 --> 00:29:57.909 align:start position:0% change it at all. The faster we travel in<00:29:54.880> space,<00:29:55.520> the<00:29:55.760> slower<00:29:56.159> we<00:29:56.399> travel<00:29:56.720> in<00:29:56.960> time. 00:29:57.909 --> 00:29:57.919 align:start position:0% in space, the slower we travel in time. 00:29:57.919 --> 00:29:59.669 align:start position:0% in space, the slower we travel in time. This<00:29:58.080> is<00:29:58.240> one<00:29:58.399> of<00:29:58.480> the<00:29:58.640> guiding<00:29:59.039> principles<00:29:59.440> of 00:29:59.669 --> 00:29:59.679 align:start position:0% This is one of the guiding principles of 00:29:59.679 --> 00:30:02.230 align:start position:0% This is one of the guiding principles of Einstein's<00:30:00.320> relativity.<00:30:01.440> This<00:30:01.679> model<00:30:02.000> can 00:30:02.230 --> 00:30:02.240 align:start position:0% Einstein's relativity. This model can 00:30:02.240 --> 00:30:04.230 align:start position:0% Einstein's relativity. This model can express<00:30:02.559> this<00:30:02.880> idea<00:30:03.200> through<00:30:03.520> the<00:30:03.679> power<00:30:04.000> of 00:30:04.230 --> 00:30:04.240 align:start position:0% express this idea through the power of 00:30:04.240 --> 00:30:05.830 align:start position:0% express this idea through the power of vectors. 00:30:05.830 --> 00:30:05.840 align:start position:0% vectors. 00:30:05.840 --> 00:30:08.470 align:start position:0% vectors. As<00:30:06.080> our<00:30:06.399> 2D<00:30:06.880> person<00:30:07.279> tries<00:30:07.600> to<00:30:07.760> move<00:30:08.000> to<00:30:08.240> their 00:30:08.470 --> 00:30:08.480 align:start position:0% As our 2D person tries to move to their 00:30:08.480 --> 00:30:10.789 align:start position:0% As our 2D person tries to move to their left<00:30:08.799> or<00:30:09.039> to<00:30:09.200> their<00:30:09.360> right,<00:30:10.000> their<00:30:10.240> vector<00:30:10.640> of 00:30:10.789 --> 00:30:10.799 align:start position:0% left or to their right, their vector of 00:30:10.799 --> 00:30:13.510 align:start position:0% left or to their right, their vector of travel<00:30:11.200> changes.<00:30:12.559> While<00:30:12.880> traveling<00:30:13.200> at<00:30:13.360> a 00:30:13.510 --> 00:30:13.520 align:start position:0% travel changes. While traveling at a 00:30:13.520 --> 00:30:15.510 align:start position:0% travel changes. While traveling at a fixed<00:30:13.840> rate,<00:30:14.240> like<00:30:14.480> a<00:30:14.640> sail<00:30:14.880> on<00:30:15.039> a<00:30:15.279> ship 00:30:15.510 --> 00:30:15.520 align:start position:0% fixed rate, like a sail on a ship 00:30:15.520 --> 00:30:17.830 align:start position:0% fixed rate, like a sail on a ship catching<00:30:15.840> a<00:30:16.000> breeze,<00:30:16.720> we<00:30:16.960> can<00:30:17.120> only<00:30:17.360> go<00:30:17.600> as 00:30:17.830 --> 00:30:17.840 align:start position:0% catching a breeze, we can only go as 00:30:17.840 --> 00:30:20.149 align:start position:0% catching a breeze, we can only go as fast<00:30:18.080> as<00:30:18.240> the<00:30:18.399> wind<00:30:18.640> takes<00:30:18.880> us.<00:30:19.440> So<00:30:19.679> the<00:30:19.840> vector 00:30:20.149 --> 00:30:20.159 align:start position:0% fast as the wind takes us. So the vector 00:30:20.159 --> 00:30:21.990 align:start position:0% fast as the wind takes us. So the vector coming<00:30:20.399> out<00:30:20.640> from<00:30:20.799> their<00:30:21.039> front<00:30:21.360> must<00:30:21.679> always 00:30:21.990 --> 00:30:22.000 align:start position:0% coming out from their front must always 00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:24.549 align:start position:0% coming out from their front must always remain<00:30:22.320> the<00:30:22.559> same.<00:30:23.440> To<00:30:23.679> travel<00:30:23.919> the<00:30:24.159> fastest 00:30:24.549 --> 00:30:24.559 align:start position:0% remain the same. To travel the fastest 00:30:24.559 --> 00:30:26.950 align:start position:0% remain the same. To travel the fastest through<00:30:24.880> time,<00:30:25.360> our<00:30:25.600> 2D<00:30:26.000> person<00:30:26.320> must<00:30:26.559> orient 00:30:26.950 --> 00:30:26.960 align:start position:0% through time, our 2D person must orient 00:30:26.960 --> 00:30:29.190 align:start position:0% through time, our 2D person must orient his<00:30:27.200> vector<00:30:27.760> completely<00:30:28.320> in<00:30:28.559> the<00:30:28.799> future 00:30:29.190 --> 00:30:29.200 align:start position:0% his vector completely in the future 00:30:29.200 --> 00:30:32.549 align:start position:0% his vector completely in the future direction<00:30:29.919> or<00:30:30.240> upwards.<00:30:31.600> However,<00:30:32.159> if<00:30:32.399> they 00:30:32.549 --> 00:30:32.559 align:start position:0% direction or upwards. However, if they 00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:34.549 align:start position:0% direction or upwards. However, if they are<00:30:32.720> to<00:30:32.960> travel<00:30:33.279> any<00:30:33.600> amount<00:30:33.919> in<00:30:34.159> either 00:30:34.549 --> 00:30:34.559 align:start position:0% are to travel any amount in either 00:30:34.559 --> 00:30:36.630 align:start position:0% are to travel any amount in either direction<00:30:34.880> to<00:30:35.120> their<00:30:35.360> sides,<00:30:36.000> they<00:30:36.240> can<00:30:36.399> only 00:30:36.630 --> 00:30:36.640 align:start position:0% direction to their sides, they can only 00:30:36.640 --> 00:30:38.789 align:start position:0% direction to their sides, they can only do<00:30:36.880> so<00:30:37.120> by<00:30:37.440> pointing<00:30:37.760> their<00:30:38.000> vector<00:30:38.399> away<00:30:38.559> from 00:30:38.789 --> 00:30:38.799 align:start position:0% do so by pointing their vector away from 00:30:38.799 --> 00:30:41.110 align:start position:0% do so by pointing their vector away from their<00:30:39.039> direction<00:30:39.360> of<00:30:39.600> travel.<00:30:40.640> They<00:30:40.880> have 00:30:41.110 --> 00:30:41.120 align:start position:0% their direction of travel. They have 00:30:41.120 --> 00:30:43.590 align:start position:0% their direction of travel. They have motion<00:30:41.440> in<00:30:41.679> the<00:30:41.840> X<00:30:42.159> direction<00:30:42.640> now,<00:30:43.200> but<00:30:43.440> they 00:30:43.590 --> 00:30:43.600 align:start position:0% motion in the X direction now, but they 00:30:43.600 --> 00:30:45.830 align:start position:0% motion in the X direction now, but they have<00:30:43.840> done<00:30:44.000> so<00:30:44.320> by<00:30:44.559> reducing<00:30:44.960> their<00:30:45.279> motion<00:30:45.600> in 00:30:45.830 --> 00:30:45.840 align:start position:0% have done so by reducing their motion in 00:30:45.840 --> 00:30:48.470 align:start position:0% have done so by reducing their motion in the<00:30:46.000> Z<00:30:46.399> direction.<00:30:47.440> They<00:30:47.679> are<00:30:47.840> moving<00:30:48.159> through 00:30:48.470 --> 00:30:48.480 align:start position:0% the Z direction. They are moving through 00:30:48.480 --> 00:30:50.870 align:start position:0% the Z direction. They are moving through space<00:30:49.120> but<00:30:49.360> at<00:30:49.520> the<00:30:49.679> cost<00:30:49.919> of<00:30:50.159> moving<00:30:50.480> a<00:30:50.720> little 00:30:50.870 --> 00:30:50.880 align:start position:0% space but at the cost of moving a little 00:30:50.880 --> 00:30:53.510 align:start position:0% space but at the cost of moving a little slower<00:30:51.279> through<00:30:51.520> time.<00:30:52.559> Taking<00:30:52.880> this<00:30:53.120> to<00:30:53.279> its 00:30:53.510 --> 00:30:53.520 align:start position:0% slower through time. Taking this to its 00:30:53.520 --> 00:30:56.230 align:start position:0% slower through time. Taking this to its furthest<00:30:54.000> extreme,<00:30:54.880> our<00:30:55.200> individual<00:30:55.919> has 00:30:56.230 --> 00:30:56.240 align:start position:0% furthest extreme, our individual has 00:30:56.240 --> 00:30:58.470 align:start position:0% furthest extreme, our individual has completely<00:30:56.720> flipped<00:30:57.039> on<00:30:57.200> their<00:30:57.440> side<00:30:57.840> and<00:30:58.159> now 00:30:58.470 --> 00:30:58.480 align:start position:0% completely flipped on their side and now 00:30:58.480 --> 00:31:00.710 align:start position:0% completely flipped on their side and now only<00:30:58.799> has<00:30:59.120> motion<00:30:59.440> in<00:30:59.600> the<00:30:59.840> direction<00:31:00.080> of<00:31:00.320> x 00:31:00.710 --> 00:31:00.720 align:start position:0% only has motion in the direction of x 00:31:00.720 --> 00:31:03.269 align:start position:0% only has motion in the direction of x and<00:31:01.039> none<00:31:01.279> in<00:31:01.520> the<00:31:01.679> direction<00:31:01.919> of<00:31:02.159> zed.<00:31:03.039> They 00:31:03.269 --> 00:31:03.279 align:start position:0% and none in the direction of zed. They 00:31:03.279 --> 00:31:06.389 align:start position:0% and none in the direction of zed. They have<00:31:03.440> velocity<00:31:04.000> in<00:31:04.320> space<00:31:04.880> but<00:31:05.200> not<00:31:05.440> time.<00:31:06.240> So 00:31:06.389 --> 00:31:06.399 align:start position:0% have velocity in space but not time. So 00:31:06.399 --> 00:31:08.710 align:start position:0% have velocity in space but not time. So I<00:31:06.640> suppose<00:31:06.960> this<00:31:07.200> implies<00:31:07.600> our<00:31:07.919> vector<00:31:08.320> is<00:31:08.480> the 00:31:08.710 --> 00:31:08.720 align:start position:0% I suppose this implies our vector is the 00:31:08.720 --> 00:31:10.789 align:start position:0% I suppose this implies our vector is the speed<00:31:08.960> of<00:31:09.200> causality<00:31:10.000> or<00:31:10.320> the<00:31:10.480> speed<00:31:10.640> of 00:31:10.789 --> 00:31:10.799 align:start position:0% speed of causality or the speed of 00:31:10.799 --> 00:31:12.549 align:start position:0% speed of causality or the speed of light. 00:31:12.549 --> 00:31:12.559 align:start position:0% light. 00:31:12.559 --> 00:31:14.389 align:start position:0% light. If<00:31:12.799> this<00:31:13.120> is<00:31:13.279> the<00:31:13.520> speed<00:31:13.760> we're<00:31:14.080> talking 00:31:14.389 --> 00:31:14.399 align:start position:0% If this is the speed we're talking 00:31:14.399 --> 00:31:16.950 align:start position:0% If this is the speed we're talking about,<00:31:15.039> then<00:31:15.360> moving<00:31:15.679> at<00:31:15.919> low<00:31:16.240> speeds<00:31:16.640> through 00:31:16.950 --> 00:31:16.960 align:start position:0% about, then moving at low speeds through 00:31:16.960 --> 00:31:18.789 align:start position:0% about, then moving at low speeds through space<00:31:17.360> would<00:31:17.600> not<00:31:17.840> have<00:31:18.000> any<00:31:18.159> noticeable 00:31:18.789 --> 00:31:18.799 align:start position:0% space would not have any noticeable 00:31:18.799 --> 00:31:21.110 align:start position:0% space would not have any noticeable difference<00:31:19.120> in<00:31:19.360> our<00:31:19.600> speed<00:31:19.919> through<00:31:20.159> time. 00:31:21.110 --> 00:31:21.120 align:start position:0% difference in our speed through time. 00:31:21.120 --> 00:31:23.350 align:start position:0% difference in our speed through time. We'd<00:31:21.440> have<00:31:21.520> to<00:31:21.679> go<00:31:22.000> really<00:31:22.480> fast<00:31:22.799> before<00:31:23.120> we 00:31:23.350 --> 00:31:23.360 align:start position:0% We'd have to go really fast before we 00:31:23.360 --> 00:31:25.669 align:start position:0% We'd have to go really fast before we started<00:31:23.600> to<00:31:23.760> notice<00:31:24.159> anything.<00:31:25.039> The<00:31:25.200> vector 00:31:25.669 --> 00:31:25.679 align:start position:0% started to notice anything. The vector 00:31:25.679 --> 00:31:28.310 align:start position:0% started to notice anything. The vector still<00:31:25.919> mostly<00:31:26.320> points<00:31:26.640> upwards.<00:31:28.000> An 00:31:28.310 --> 00:31:28.320 align:start position:0% still mostly points upwards. An 00:31:28.320 --> 00:31:30.310 align:start position:0% still mostly points upwards. An interesting<00:31:28.799> result<00:31:29.039> of<00:31:29.200> this<00:31:29.360> model<00:31:29.679> is<00:31:29.919> that 00:31:30.310 --> 00:31:30.320 align:start position:0% interesting result of this model is that 00:31:30.320 --> 00:31:32.789 align:start position:0% interesting result of this model is that from<00:31:30.559> the<00:31:30.720> 2D<00:31:31.120> man's<00:31:31.520> perspective,<00:31:32.399> nothing 00:31:32.789 --> 00:31:32.799 align:start position:0% from the 2D man's perspective, nothing 00:31:32.799 --> 00:31:35.590 align:start position:0% from the 2D man's perspective, nothing has<00:31:33.039> really<00:31:33.360> changed.<00:31:34.320> He<00:31:34.559> has<00:31:34.799> his<00:31:35.039> own<00:31:35.279> view 00:31:35.590 --> 00:31:35.600 align:start position:0% has really changed. He has his own view 00:31:35.600 --> 00:31:38.310 align:start position:0% has really changed. He has his own view of<00:31:35.840> what<00:31:36.159> reality<00:31:36.640> is. 00:31:38.310 --> 00:31:38.320 align:start position:0% of what reality is. 00:31:38.320 --> 00:31:40.230 align:start position:0% of what reality is. For<00:31:38.559> him,<00:31:38.880> the<00:31:39.120> vector<00:31:39.519> coming<00:31:39.760> out<00:31:39.840> of<00:31:40.000> his 00:31:40.230 --> 00:31:40.240 align:start position:0% For him, the vector coming out of his 00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:43.029 align:start position:0% For him, the vector coming out of his chest<00:31:40.559> is<00:31:40.880> still<00:31:41.200> time.<00:31:42.240> The<00:31:42.480> dimensions<00:31:42.880> of 00:31:43.029 --> 00:31:43.039 align:start position:0% chest is still time. The dimensions of 00:31:43.039 --> 00:31:45.350 align:start position:0% chest is still time. The dimensions of the<00:31:43.200> plane<00:31:43.519> he's<00:31:43.840> lying<00:31:44.080> flat<00:31:44.399> on<00:31:44.720> is<00:31:45.039> his 00:31:45.350 --> 00:31:45.360 align:start position:0% the plane he's lying flat on is his 00:31:45.360 --> 00:31:47.830 align:start position:0% the plane he's lying flat on is his space.<00:31:46.320> To<00:31:46.559> him,<00:31:46.880> it's<00:31:47.200> the<00:31:47.360> rest<00:31:47.519> of<00:31:47.679> the 00:31:47.830 --> 00:31:47.840 align:start position:0% space. To him, it's the rest of the 00:31:47.840 --> 00:31:49.750 align:start position:0% space. To him, it's the rest of the universe<00:31:48.159> that's<00:31:48.480> gone<00:31:48.640> a<00:31:48.799> little<00:31:48.960> weird,<00:31:49.519> but 00:31:49.750 --> 00:31:49.760 align:start position:0% universe that's gone a little weird, but 00:31:49.760 --> 00:31:53.190 align:start position:0% universe that's gone a little weird, but he<00:31:50.000> himself<00:31:50.559> is<00:31:50.880> perfectly<00:31:51.360> normal.<00:31:52.720> However, 00:31:53.190 --> 00:31:53.200 align:start position:0% he himself is perfectly normal. However, 00:31:53.200 --> 00:31:55.750 align:start position:0% he himself is perfectly normal. However, once<00:31:53.440> he<00:31:53.679> reorients<00:31:54.399> himself,<00:31:55.120> it<00:31:55.360> is<00:31:55.519> clear 00:31:55.750 --> 00:31:55.760 align:start position:0% once he reorients himself, it is clear 00:31:55.760 --> 00:31:57.430 align:start position:0% once he reorients himself, it is clear that<00:31:55.919> the<00:31:56.159> rest<00:31:56.320> of<00:31:56.480> the<00:31:56.640> universe<00:31:57.039> has<00:31:57.279> moved 00:31:57.430 --> 00:31:57.440 align:start position:0% that the rest of the universe has moved 00:31:57.440 --> 00:32:00.230 align:start position:0% that the rest of the universe has moved on<00:31:57.679> without<00:31:58.080> him.<00:31:58.880> This<00:31:59.120> is<00:31:59.279> clearer<00:31:59.760> if<00:32:00.080> we 00:32:00.230 --> 00:32:00.240 align:start position:0% on without him. This is clearer if we 00:32:00.240 --> 00:32:03.190 align:start position:0% on without him. This is clearer if we add<00:32:00.480> a<00:32:00.799> second<00:32:01.200> 2D<00:32:01.679> person. 00:32:03.190 --> 00:32:03.200 align:start position:0% add a second 2D person. 00:32:03.200 --> 00:32:05.350 align:start position:0% add a second 2D person. Initially,<00:32:03.760> both<00:32:04.000> of<00:32:04.159> our<00:32:04.480> individuals<00:32:05.120> do 00:32:05.350 --> 00:32:05.360 align:start position:0% Initially, both of our individuals do 00:32:05.360 --> 00:32:07.509 align:start position:0% Initially, both of our individuals do not<00:32:05.519> move<00:32:05.760> in<00:32:06.000> space.<00:32:06.559> All<00:32:06.799> of<00:32:06.960> their<00:32:07.120> vector 00:32:07.509 --> 00:32:07.519 align:start position:0% not move in space. All of their vector 00:32:07.519 --> 00:32:09.669 align:start position:0% not move in space. All of their vector is<00:32:07.760> pointing<00:32:08.080> in<00:32:08.240> the<00:32:08.480> direction<00:32:08.720> of<00:32:08.960> time. 00:32:09.669 --> 00:32:09.679 align:start position:0% is pointing in the direction of time. 00:32:09.679 --> 00:32:11.669 align:start position:0% is pointing in the direction of time. Nothing<00:32:10.000> that<00:32:10.240> strange<00:32:10.640> seems<00:32:10.960> to<00:32:11.120> happen<00:32:11.440> so 00:32:11.669 --> 00:32:11.679 align:start position:0% Nothing that strange seems to happen so 00:32:11.679 --> 00:32:14.549 align:start position:0% Nothing that strange seems to happen so far.<00:32:12.880> However,<00:32:13.200> if<00:32:13.440> our<00:32:13.760> stick<00:32:14.000> man<00:32:14.240> on<00:32:14.480> the 00:32:14.549 --> 00:32:14.559 align:start position:0% far. However, if our stick man on the 00:32:14.559 --> 00:32:16.789 align:start position:0% far. However, if our stick man on the right<00:32:14.880> turns<00:32:15.279> and<00:32:15.600> vectors<00:32:16.080> at<00:32:16.320> near<00:32:16.559> the 00:32:16.789 --> 00:32:16.799 align:start position:0% right turns and vectors at near the 00:32:16.799 --> 00:32:19.029 align:start position:0% right turns and vectors at near the speed<00:32:16.960> of<00:32:17.120> light<00:32:17.360> for<00:32:17.519> a<00:32:17.679> bit,<00:32:18.080> then<00:32:18.399> reorients 00:32:19.029 --> 00:32:19.039 align:start position:0% speed of light for a bit, then reorients 00:32:19.039 --> 00:32:21.110 align:start position:0% speed of light for a bit, then reorients himself<00:32:19.600> while<00:32:19.760> the<00:32:20.000> second<00:32:20.240> 2D<00:32:20.640> man<00:32:20.880> on<00:32:21.039> the 00:32:21.110 --> 00:32:21.120 align:start position:0% himself while the second 2D man on the 00:32:21.120 --> 00:32:23.269 align:start position:0% himself while the second 2D man on the left<00:32:21.279> just<00:32:21.519> stays<00:32:21.840> where<00:32:22.000> he<00:32:22.240> is,<00:32:22.720> it<00:32:22.960> becomes 00:32:23.269 --> 00:32:23.279 align:start position:0% left just stays where he is, it becomes 00:32:23.279 --> 00:32:25.990 align:start position:0% left just stays where he is, it becomes clear<00:32:23.519> that<00:32:23.760> our<00:32:24.080> 2D<00:32:24.480> men<00:32:24.880> have<00:32:25.200> not<00:32:25.440> moved<00:32:25.760> at 00:32:25.990 --> 00:32:26.000 align:start position:0% clear that our 2D men have not moved at 00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:28.630 align:start position:0% clear that our 2D men have not moved at the<00:32:26.159> same<00:32:26.320> rate<00:32:26.640> through<00:32:26.880> time.<00:32:28.159> Assuming 00:32:28.630 --> 00:32:28.640 align:start position:0% the same rate through time. Assuming 00:32:28.640 --> 00:32:30.710 align:start position:0% the same rate through time. Assuming that<00:32:28.880> our<00:32:29.200> two<00:32:29.440> stickmen<00:32:29.919> can<00:32:30.159> somehow<00:32:30.480> still 00:32:30.710 --> 00:32:30.720 align:start position:0% that our two stickmen can somehow still 00:32:30.720 --> 00:32:32.789 align:start position:0% that our two stickmen can somehow still see<00:32:30.960> each<00:32:31.200> other,<00:32:31.760> let's<00:32:32.080> imagine<00:32:32.399> that<00:32:32.559> they 00:32:32.789 --> 00:32:32.799 align:start position:0% see each other, let's imagine that they 00:32:32.799 --> 00:32:34.549 align:start position:0% see each other, let's imagine that they somehow<00:32:33.200> project<00:32:33.519> an<00:32:33.760> image<00:32:33.919> of<00:32:34.080> themselves 00:32:34.549 --> 00:32:34.559 align:start position:0% somehow project an image of themselves 00:32:34.559 --> 00:32:37.350 align:start position:0% somehow project an image of themselves onto<00:32:34.960> the<00:32:35.120> other<00:32:35.440> person's<00:32:35.919> space<00:32:36.240> plane, 00:32:37.350 --> 00:32:37.360 align:start position:0% onto the other person's space plane, 00:32:37.360 --> 00:32:39.269 align:start position:0% onto the other person's space plane, they<00:32:37.600> immediately<00:32:38.159> notice<00:32:38.480> that<00:32:38.720> there<00:32:38.960> is<00:32:39.120> a 00:32:39.269 --> 00:32:39.279 align:start position:0% they immediately notice that there is a 00:32:39.279 --> 00:32:41.750 align:start position:0% they immediately notice that there is a difference<00:32:39.519> in<00:32:39.760> age.<00:32:40.799> The<00:32:40.960> one<00:32:41.200> who<00:32:41.440> traveled 00:32:41.750 --> 00:32:41.760 align:start position:0% difference in age. The one who traveled 00:32:41.760 --> 00:32:43.909 align:start position:0% difference in age. The one who traveled at<00:32:41.919> the<00:32:42.000> speed<00:32:42.240> of<00:32:42.399> light<00:32:42.720> did<00:32:42.960> not<00:32:43.200> advance<00:32:43.600> so 00:32:43.909 --> 00:32:43.919 align:start position:0% at the speed of light did not advance so 00:32:43.919 --> 00:32:45.909 align:start position:0% at the speed of light did not advance so quickly<00:32:44.159> through<00:32:44.480> time<00:32:44.720> as<00:32:44.960> the<00:32:45.200> other,<00:32:45.600> who 00:32:45.909 --> 00:32:45.919 align:start position:0% quickly through time as the other, who 00:32:45.919 --> 00:32:49.269 align:start position:0% quickly through time as the other, who remains<00:32:46.240> stationary<00:32:46.880> and<00:32:47.120> so<00:32:47.440> is<00:32:47.679> younger. 00:32:49.269 --> 00:32:49.279 align:start position:0% remains stationary and so is younger. 00:32:49.279 --> 00:32:51.029 align:start position:0% remains stationary and so is younger. But<00:32:49.519> why<00:32:49.760> do<00:32:49.919> we<00:32:50.080> find<00:32:50.240> this<00:32:50.480> model<00:32:50.799> so 00:32:51.029 --> 00:32:51.039 align:start position:0% But why do we find this model so 00:32:51.039 --> 00:32:53.430 align:start position:0% But why do we find this model so compelling?<00:32:52.080> Well,<00:32:52.399> it<00:32:52.640> is<00:32:52.799> because<00:32:53.039> of<00:32:53.279> what 00:32:53.430 --> 00:32:53.440 align:start position:0% compelling? Well, it is because of what 00:32:53.440 --> 00:32:55.590 align:start position:0% compelling? Well, it is because of what those<00:32:53.760> projections<00:32:54.320> would<00:32:54.559> look<00:32:54.799> like<00:32:55.200> during 00:32:55.590 --> 00:32:55.600 align:start position:0% those projections would look like during 00:32:55.600 --> 00:32:57.830 align:start position:0% those projections would look like during changes<00:32:56.000> in<00:32:56.320> direction. 00:32:57.830 --> 00:32:57.840 align:start position:0% changes in direction. 00:32:57.840 --> 00:32:59.430 align:start position:0% changes in direction. From<00:32:58.159> the<00:32:58.320> point<00:32:58.480> of<00:32:58.640> view<00:32:58.799> of<00:32:58.960> the<00:32:59.200> first 00:32:59.430 --> 00:32:59.440 align:start position:0% From the point of view of the first 00:32:59.440 --> 00:33:01.669 align:start position:0% From the point of view of the first stickman,<00:33:00.320> initially<00:33:00.799> the<00:33:01.120> projection<00:33:01.519> of 00:33:01.669 --> 00:33:01.679 align:start position:0% stickman, initially the projection of 00:33:01.679 --> 00:33:03.830 align:start position:0% stickman, initially the projection of their<00:33:01.919> friends<00:33:02.240> seems<00:33:02.559> fairly<00:33:02.880> normal. 00:33:03.830 --> 00:33:03.840 align:start position:0% their friends seems fairly normal. 00:33:03.840 --> 00:33:05.830 align:start position:0% their friends seems fairly normal. However,<00:33:04.240> as<00:33:04.480> they<00:33:04.799> start<00:33:05.039> traveling<00:33:05.600> very 00:33:05.830 --> 00:33:05.840 align:start position:0% However, as they start traveling very 00:33:05.840 --> 00:33:07.909 align:start position:0% However, as they start traveling very quickly<00:33:06.159> in<00:33:06.399> space<00:33:07.039> and<00:33:07.279> their<00:33:07.519> vector 00:33:07.909 --> 00:33:07.919 align:start position:0% quickly in space and their vector 00:33:07.919 --> 00:33:10.630 align:start position:0% quickly in space and their vector oriented<00:33:08.480> in<00:33:08.640> a<00:33:08.880> direction<00:33:09.279> away<00:33:09.600> from<00:33:09.840> time, 00:33:10.630 --> 00:33:10.640 align:start position:0% oriented in a direction away from time, 00:33:10.640 --> 00:33:12.870 align:start position:0% oriented in a direction away from time, a<00:33:10.880> 2D<00:33:11.360> shape<00:33:11.679> reveals<00:33:12.159> its<00:33:12.399> inherent 00:33:12.870 --> 00:33:12.880 align:start position:0% a 2D shape reveals its inherent 00:33:12.880 --> 00:33:15.110 align:start position:0% a 2D shape reveals its inherent flatness.<00:33:14.000> And<00:33:14.240> from<00:33:14.399> a<00:33:14.559> face<00:33:14.880> on 00:33:15.110 --> 00:33:15.120 align:start position:0% flatness. And from a face on 00:33:15.120 --> 00:33:19.830 align:start position:0% flatness. And from a face on perspective,<00:33:15.760> it<00:33:16.080> goes<00:33:16.240> from<00:33:16.559> this<00:33:17.120> to<00:33:17.440> this. 00:33:19.830 --> 00:33:19.840 align:start position:0% perspective, it goes from this to this. 00:33:19.840 --> 00:33:22.310 align:start position:0% perspective, it goes from this to this. The<00:33:20.159> speedily<00:33:20.799> traveling<00:33:21.279> stickman<00:33:21.919> appears 00:33:22.310 --> 00:33:22.320 align:start position:0% The speedily traveling stickman appears 00:33:22.320 --> 00:33:24.549 align:start position:0% The speedily traveling stickman appears to<00:33:22.480> flatten<00:33:23.200> with<00:33:23.440> an<00:33:23.760> effect<00:33:24.000> that's<00:33:24.320> more 00:33:24.549 --> 00:33:24.559 align:start position:0% to flatten with an effect that's more 00:33:24.559 --> 00:33:27.110 align:start position:0% to flatten with an effect that's more pronounced<00:33:25.120> the<00:33:25.360> faster<00:33:25.760> they<00:33:26.000> go.<00:33:26.720> and<00:33:26.880> the 00:33:27.110 --> 00:33:27.120 align:start position:0% pronounced the faster they go. and the 00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:28.789 align:start position:0% pronounced the faster they go. and the flattening<00:33:27.679> takes<00:33:27.919> place<00:33:28.159> in<00:33:28.320> the<00:33:28.480> direction 00:33:28.789 --> 00:33:28.799 align:start position:0% flattening takes place in the direction 00:33:28.799 --> 00:33:30.789 align:start position:0% flattening takes place in the direction of<00:33:28.960> their<00:33:29.120> travel.<00:33:29.919> The<00:33:30.159> stickman<00:33:30.640> who 00:33:30.789 --> 00:33:30.799 align:start position:0% of their travel. The stickman who 00:33:30.799 --> 00:33:32.630 align:start position:0% of their travel. The stickman who remains<00:33:31.200> stationary<00:33:31.760> might<00:33:32.000> wonder<00:33:32.399> the 00:33:32.630 --> 00:33:32.640 align:start position:0% remains stationary might wonder the 00:33:32.640 --> 00:33:34.310 align:start position:0% remains stationary might wonder the strange<00:33:33.120> change<00:33:33.360> that<00:33:33.679> is<00:33:33.840> occurring<00:33:34.159> to 00:33:34.310 --> 00:33:34.320 align:start position:0% strange change that is occurring to 00:33:34.320 --> 00:33:36.630 align:start position:0% strange change that is occurring to their<00:33:34.559> friend,<00:33:35.360> never<00:33:35.679> comprehending<00:33:36.399> that 00:33:36.630 --> 00:33:36.640 align:start position:0% their friend, never comprehending that 00:33:36.640 --> 00:33:39.350 align:start position:0% their friend, never comprehending that it<00:33:36.880> represents<00:33:37.360> a<00:33:37.679> reorientation<00:33:38.559> of<00:33:38.799> a<00:33:38.960> 2D 00:33:39.350 --> 00:33:39.360 align:start position:0% it represents a reorientation of a 2D 00:33:39.360 --> 00:33:42.630 align:start position:0% it represents a reorientation of a 2D figure<00:33:39.760> in<00:33:40.080> 3D<00:33:40.480> space.<00:33:41.760> Now,<00:33:42.000> what<00:33:42.240> captures 00:33:42.630 --> 00:33:42.640 align:start position:0% figure in 3D space. Now, what captures 00:33:42.640 --> 00:33:44.950 align:start position:0% figure in 3D space. Now, what captures my<00:33:42.880> imagination<00:33:43.440> about<00:33:43.840> this<00:33:44.159> is<00:33:44.399> that<00:33:44.640> this 00:33:44.950 --> 00:33:44.960 align:start position:0% my imagination about this is that this 00:33:44.960 --> 00:33:47.110 align:start position:0% my imagination about this is that this same<00:33:45.200> thing<00:33:45.519> happens<00:33:45.919> in<00:33:46.159> real<00:33:46.480> life. 00:33:47.110 --> 00:33:47.120 align:start position:0% same thing happens in real life. 00:33:47.120 --> 00:33:49.269 align:start position:0% same thing happens in real life. According<00:33:48.000> to<00:33:48.159> Einstein's<00:33:48.720> theories<00:33:49.039> of 00:33:49.269 --> 00:33:49.279 align:start position:0% According to Einstein's theories of 00:33:49.279 --> 00:33:51.750 align:start position:0% According to Einstein's theories of relativity,<00:33:50.320> objects<00:33:50.799> traveling<00:33:51.200> at<00:33:51.440> great 00:33:51.750 --> 00:33:51.760 align:start position:0% relativity, objects traveling at great 00:33:51.760 --> 00:33:54.310 align:start position:0% relativity, objects traveling at great speeds<00:33:52.080> in<00:33:52.320> 3D<00:33:52.799> space<00:33:53.279> would<00:33:53.600> appear<00:33:53.919> from<00:33:54.159> an 00:33:54.310 --> 00:33:54.320 align:start position:0% speeds in 3D space would appear from an 00:33:54.320 --> 00:33:56.630 align:start position:0% speeds in 3D space would appear from an external<00:33:54.880> observer<00:33:55.519> to<00:33:55.760> flatten<00:33:56.240> in<00:33:56.480> the 00:33:56.630 --> 00:33:56.640 align:start position:0% external observer to flatten in the 00:33:56.640 --> 00:33:58.549 align:start position:0% external observer to flatten in the direction<00:33:56.960> of<00:33:57.120> their<00:33:57.360> travel.<00:33:58.320> This 00:33:58.549 --> 00:33:58.559 align:start position:0% direction of their travel. This 00:33:58.559 --> 00:34:00.950 align:start position:0% direction of their travel. This squishing<00:33:59.120> effect<00:33:59.519> happens<00:34:00.000> exactly<00:34:00.480> in<00:34:00.720> line 00:34:00.950 --> 00:34:00.960 align:start position:0% squishing effect happens exactly in line 00:34:00.960 --> 00:34:03.190 align:start position:0% squishing effect happens exactly in line with<00:34:01.120> this<00:34:01.360> model<00:34:01.919> and<00:34:02.159> is<00:34:02.320> to<00:34:02.559> do<00:34:02.720> with<00:34:02.960> time 00:34:03.190 --> 00:34:03.200 align:start position:0% with this model and is to do with time 00:34:03.200 --> 00:34:04.870 align:start position:0% with this model and is to do with time dilation. 00:34:04.870 --> 00:34:04.880 align:start position:0% dilation. 00:34:04.880 --> 00:34:06.710 align:start position:0% dilation. However,<00:34:05.360> from<00:34:05.600> the<00:34:05.840> person<00:34:06.240> whose 00:34:06.710 --> 00:34:06.720 align:start position:0% However, from the person whose 00:34:06.720 --> 00:34:08.790 align:start position:0% However, from the person whose traveling's<00:34:07.360> perspective,<00:34:08.240> they<00:34:08.480> do<00:34:08.639> not 00:34:08.790 --> 00:34:08.800 align:start position:0% traveling's perspective, they do not 00:34:08.800 --> 00:34:10.790 align:start position:0% traveling's perspective, they do not flatten,<00:34:09.520> but<00:34:09.760> it<00:34:09.919> is<00:34:10.079> the<00:34:10.320> rest<00:34:10.480> of<00:34:10.639> the 00:34:10.790 --> 00:34:10.800 align:start position:0% flatten, but it is the rest of the 00:34:10.800 --> 00:34:13.190 align:start position:0% flatten, but it is the rest of the universe<00:34:11.200> that<00:34:11.440> warps.<00:34:12.320> I<00:34:12.639> talk<00:34:12.800> about<00:34:12.960> this 00:34:13.190 --> 00:34:13.200 align:start position:0% universe that warps. I talk about this 00:34:13.200 --> 00:34:14.950 align:start position:0% universe that warps. I talk about this in<00:34:13.440> greater<00:34:13.760> depth<00:34:14.000> in<00:34:14.240> another<00:34:14.560> video<00:34:14.800> of 00:34:14.950 --> 00:34:14.960 align:start position:0% in greater depth in another video of 00:34:14.960 --> 00:34:16.950 align:start position:0% in greater depth in another video of mine<00:34:15.359> where<00:34:15.599> we<00:34:15.839> can<00:34:16.000> see<00:34:16.159> the<00:34:16.399> effects<00:34:16.720> of 00:34:16.950 --> 00:34:16.960 align:start position:0% mine where we can see the effects of 00:34:16.960 --> 00:34:19.589 align:start position:0% mine where we can see the effects of spatial<00:34:17.440> warping<00:34:17.839> in<00:34:18.079> a<00:34:18.240> computer<00:34:18.560> model. 00:34:19.589 --> 00:34:19.599 align:start position:0% spatial warping in a computer model. 00:34:19.599 --> 00:34:21.589 align:start position:0% spatial warping in a computer model. From<00:34:19.919> their<00:34:20.159> perspective,<00:34:20.960> everything<00:34:21.359> would 00:34:21.589 --> 00:34:21.599 align:start position:0% From their perspective, everything would 00:34:21.599 --> 00:34:23.430 align:start position:0% From their perspective, everything would stretch<00:34:21.919> at<00:34:22.079> the<00:34:22.240> edges<00:34:22.480> of<00:34:22.639> their<00:34:22.879> vision 00:34:23.430 --> 00:34:23.440 align:start position:0% stretch at the edges of their vision 00:34:23.440 --> 00:34:25.030 align:start position:0% stretch at the edges of their vision while<00:34:23.679> their<00:34:23.919> destination<00:34:24.560> would<00:34:24.720> seem 00:34:25.030 --> 00:34:25.040 align:start position:0% while their destination would seem 00:34:25.040 --> 00:34:27.510 align:start position:0% while their destination would seem further<00:34:25.440> away,<00:34:26.240> which<00:34:26.560> is<00:34:26.720> again<00:34:27.119> what<00:34:27.359> this 00:34:27.510 --> 00:34:27.520 align:start position:0% further away, which is again what this 00:34:27.520 --> 00:34:29.909 align:start position:0% further away, which is again what this model<00:34:27.839> would<00:34:28.079> predict.<00:34:29.119> The<00:34:29.359> only<00:34:29.599> difference 00:34:29.909 --> 00:34:29.919 align:start position:0% model would predict. The only difference 00:34:29.919 --> 00:34:32.069 align:start position:0% model would predict. The only difference is<00:34:30.480> that<00:34:30.720> in<00:34:30.960> this<00:34:31.200> model,<00:34:31.599> we're<00:34:31.839> just 00:34:32.069 --> 00:34:32.079 align:start position:0% is that in this model, we're just 00:34:32.079 --> 00:34:35.270 align:start position:0% is that in this model, we're just exploring<00:34:32.560> a<00:34:32.720> 2D<00:34:33.200> object<00:34:33.599> stretching.<00:34:34.800> So<00:34:35.040> the 00:34:35.270 --> 00:34:35.280 align:start position:0% exploring a 2D object stretching. So the 00:34:35.280 --> 00:34:37.669 align:start position:0% exploring a 2D object stretching. So the stretch<00:34:35.599> is<00:34:35.760> only<00:34:36.000> in<00:34:36.240> one<00:34:36.480> direction<00:34:37.359> while 00:34:37.669 --> 00:34:37.679 align:start position:0% stretch is only in one direction while 00:34:37.679 --> 00:34:40.629 align:start position:0% stretch is only in one direction while in<00:34:37.919> real<00:34:38.159> life<00:34:38.480> it's<00:34:38.879> 3D<00:34:39.919> which<00:34:40.159> means<00:34:40.399> it 00:34:40.629 --> 00:34:40.639 align:start position:0% in real life it's 3D which means it 00:34:40.639 --> 00:34:43.669 align:start position:0% in real life it's 3D which means it stretches<00:34:41.040> in<00:34:41.280> two<00:34:41.599> directions<00:34:42.079> instead.<00:34:43.440> But 00:34:43.669 --> 00:34:43.679 align:start position:0% stretches in two directions instead. But 00:34:43.679 --> 00:34:45.750 align:start position:0% stretches in two directions instead. But that<00:34:43.919> is<00:34:44.079> what<00:34:44.240> you<00:34:44.399> might<00:34:44.639> expect<00:34:45.280> as<00:34:45.599> you 00:34:45.750 --> 00:34:45.760 align:start position:0% that is what you might expect as you 00:34:45.760 --> 00:34:47.589 align:start position:0% that is what you might expect as you turn<00:34:46.000> away<00:34:46.240> from<00:34:46.480> our<00:34:46.800> conventional<00:34:47.359> three 00:34:47.589 --> 00:34:47.599 align:start position:0% turn away from our conventional three 00:34:47.599 --> 00:34:50.069 align:start position:0% turn away from our conventional three dimensions<00:34:48.399> and<00:34:48.720> start<00:34:49.040> orienting<00:34:49.599> yourself 00:34:50.069 --> 00:34:50.079 align:start position:0% dimensions and start orienting yourself 00:34:50.079 --> 00:34:53.190 align:start position:0% dimensions and start orienting yourself away<00:34:50.320> from<00:34:50.560> time.<00:34:51.760> But<00:34:51.919> if<00:34:52.159> this<00:34:52.320> is<00:34:52.480> correct, 00:34:53.190 --> 00:34:53.200 align:start position:0% away from time. But if this is correct, 00:34:53.200 --> 00:34:56.869 align:start position:0% away from time. But if this is correct, so<00:34:53.520> what?<00:34:54.240> Why<00:34:54.480> does<00:34:54.639> it<00:34:54.800> matter?<00:34:56.079> If<00:34:56.320> time<00:34:56.639> is 00:34:56.869 --> 00:34:56.879 align:start position:0% so what? Why does it matter? If time is 00:34:56.879 --> 00:34:59.589 align:start position:0% so what? Why does it matter? If time is truly<00:34:57.200> a<00:34:57.520> direction,<00:34:58.400> then<00:34:58.640> it<00:34:58.800> deepens<00:34:59.200> our 00:34:59.589 --> 00:34:59.599 align:start position:0% truly a direction, then it deepens our 00:34:59.599 --> 00:35:02.069 align:start position:0% truly a direction, then it deepens our understanding<00:35:00.079> of<00:35:00.320> the<00:35:00.560> universe.<00:35:01.599> It<00:35:01.839> also 00:35:02.069 --> 00:35:02.079 align:start position:0% understanding of the universe. It also 00:35:02.079 --> 00:35:04.870 align:start position:0% understanding of the universe. It also raises<00:35:02.560> more<00:35:02.880> questions.<00:35:04.000> What<00:35:04.240> is<00:35:04.400> the<00:35:04.560> force 00:35:04.870 --> 00:35:04.880 align:start position:0% raises more questions. What is the force 00:35:04.880 --> 00:35:07.670 align:start position:0% raises more questions. What is the force that<00:35:05.200> pushes<00:35:05.520> us<00:35:05.760> ever<00:35:06.000> forward<00:35:06.320> in<00:35:06.560> time?<00:35:07.440> Why 00:35:07.670 --> 00:35:07.680 align:start position:0% that pushes us ever forward in time? Why 00:35:07.680 --> 00:35:09.349 align:start position:0% that pushes us ever forward in time? Why does<00:35:07.839> it<00:35:08.000> seem<00:35:08.240> that<00:35:08.480> we<00:35:08.640> can<00:35:08.800> never<00:35:09.119> move 00:35:09.349 --> 00:35:09.359 align:start position:0% does it seem that we can never move 00:35:09.359 --> 00:35:11.829 align:start position:0% does it seem that we can never move against<00:35:09.680> it?<00:35:10.640> Although<00:35:10.960> in<00:35:11.119> this<00:35:11.280> model<00:35:11.680> there 00:35:11.829 --> 00:35:11.839 align:start position:0% against it? Although in this model there 00:35:11.839 --> 00:35:13.430 align:start position:0% against it? Although in this model there is<00:35:12.000> no<00:35:12.160> reason<00:35:12.320> why<00:35:12.560> a<00:35:12.720> vector<00:35:13.040> could<00:35:13.280> not 00:35:13.430 --> 00:35:13.440 align:start position:0% is no reason why a vector could not 00:35:13.440 --> 00:35:15.430 align:start position:0% is no reason why a vector could not point<00:35:13.680> downwards,<00:35:14.400> in<00:35:14.640> real<00:35:14.880> life<00:35:15.200> that 00:35:15.430 --> 00:35:15.440 align:start position:0% point downwards, in real life that 00:35:15.440 --> 00:35:18.069 align:start position:0% point downwards, in real life that doesn't<00:35:15.599> seem<00:35:15.839> to<00:35:16.000> ever<00:35:16.240> happen.<00:35:17.440> This<00:35:17.760> model 00:35:18.069 --> 00:35:18.079 align:start position:0% doesn't seem to ever happen. This model 00:35:18.079 --> 00:35:20.550 align:start position:0% doesn't seem to ever happen. This model also<00:35:18.400> answers<00:35:18.720> the<00:35:18.960> question<00:35:19.200> of<00:35:19.760> if<00:35:20.079> time<00:35:20.320> is 00:35:20.550 --> 00:35:20.560 align:start position:0% also answers the question of if time is 00:35:20.560 --> 00:35:23.910 align:start position:0% also answers the question of if time is a<00:35:20.800> direction.<00:35:21.680> What<00:35:21.920> is<00:35:22.079> our<00:35:22.400> shape<00:35:22.720> in<00:35:22.960> time? 00:35:23.910 --> 00:35:23.920 align:start position:0% a direction. What is our shape in time? 00:35:23.920 --> 00:35:26.069 align:start position:0% a direction. What is our shape in time? Does<00:35:24.160> part<00:35:24.400> of<00:35:24.560> us<00:35:24.720> protrude<00:35:25.280> into<00:35:25.520> the<00:35:25.760> past 00:35:26.069 --> 00:35:26.079 align:start position:0% Does part of us protrude into the past 00:35:26.079 --> 00:35:28.790 align:start position:0% Does part of us protrude into the past or<00:35:26.480> into<00:35:26.800> the<00:35:26.960> future?<00:35:28.000> According<00:35:28.400> to<00:35:28.560> this 00:35:28.790 --> 00:35:28.800 align:start position:0% or into the future? According to this 00:35:28.800 --> 00:35:31.510 align:start position:0% or into the future? According to this model,<00:35:29.200> that<00:35:29.520> does<00:35:29.760> not<00:35:29.920> happen.<00:35:30.800> We<00:35:31.040> are<00:35:31.200> flat 00:35:31.510 --> 00:35:31.520 align:start position:0% model, that does not happen. We are flat 00:35:31.520 --> 00:35:33.430 align:start position:0% model, that does not happen. We are flat pancakes<00:35:32.000> in<00:35:32.160> the<00:35:32.320> fourth<00:35:32.640> dimension. 00:35:33.430 --> 00:35:33.440 align:start position:0% pancakes in the fourth dimension. 00:35:33.440 --> 00:35:35.109 align:start position:0% pancakes in the fourth dimension. Pennies<00:35:33.839> that<00:35:34.000> look<00:35:34.240> round<00:35:34.480> when<00:35:34.640> you<00:35:34.800> look<00:35:34.960> at 00:35:35.109 --> 00:35:35.119 align:start position:0% Pennies that look round when you look at 00:35:35.119 --> 00:35:37.430 align:start position:0% Pennies that look round when you look at us<00:35:35.280> headon,<00:35:35.920> but<00:35:36.240> revealing<00:35:36.720> our<00:35:36.960> thinness 00:35:37.430 --> 00:35:37.440 align:start position:0% us headon, but revealing our thinness 00:35:37.440 --> 00:35:39.829 align:start position:0% us headon, but revealing our thinness when<00:35:37.680> we<00:35:37.839> turn<00:35:38.160> away<00:35:38.400> from<00:35:38.560> you.<00:35:39.359> That's<00:35:39.599> a 00:35:39.829 --> 00:35:39.839 align:start position:0% when we turn away from you. That's a 00:35:39.839 --> 00:35:41.589 align:start position:0% when we turn away from you. That's a strange<00:35:40.160> thought,<00:35:40.640> but<00:35:40.880> it<00:35:41.040> may<00:35:41.200> just<00:35:41.440> be 00:35:41.589 --> 00:35:41.599 align:start position:0% strange thought, but it may just be 00:35:41.599 --> 00:35:44.069 align:start position:0% strange thought, but it may just be true.<00:35:42.480> This<00:35:42.720> might<00:35:42.960> explain<00:35:43.440> why<00:35:43.680> we<00:35:43.920> are 00:35:44.069 --> 00:35:44.079 align:start position:0% true. This might explain why we are 00:35:44.079 --> 00:35:46.470 align:start position:0% true. This might explain why we are unable<00:35:44.480> to<00:35:44.640> see<00:35:44.960> through<00:35:45.280> time.<00:35:46.000> We<00:35:46.240> just 00:35:46.470 --> 00:35:46.480 align:start position:0% unable to see through time. We just 00:35:46.480 --> 00:35:47.990 align:start position:0% unable to see through time. We just don't<00:35:46.720> extend<00:35:47.040> enough<00:35:47.280> in<00:35:47.520> that<00:35:47.680> direction 00:35:47.990 --> 00:35:48.000 align:start position:0% don't extend enough in that direction 00:35:48.000 --> 00:35:50.630 align:start position:0% don't extend enough in that direction for<00:35:48.240> it<00:35:48.400> to<00:35:48.560> be<00:35:48.640> visible.<00:35:49.599> Your<00:35:49.839> form<00:35:50.240> might<00:35:50.480> be 00:35:50.630 --> 00:35:50.640 align:start position:0% for it to be visible. Your form might be 00:35:50.640 --> 00:35:52.870 align:start position:0% for it to be visible. Your form might be quite<00:35:50.960> different<00:35:51.200> than<00:35:51.440> you<00:35:51.680> first<00:35:52.000> thought. 00:35:52.870 --> 00:35:52.880 align:start position:0% quite different than you first thought. 00:35:52.880 --> 00:35:55.670 align:start position:0% quite different than you first thought. Of<00:35:53.680> course,<00:35:54.079> this<00:35:54.400> model<00:35:54.720> is<00:35:54.960> just<00:35:55.200> a<00:35:55.359> theory 00:35:55.670 --> 00:35:55.680 align:start position:0% Of course, this model is just a theory 00:35:55.680 --> 00:35:57.750 align:start position:0% Of course, this model is just a theory of<00:35:55.920> ours,<00:35:56.560> although<00:35:56.880> we<00:35:57.040> have<00:35:57.200> tried<00:35:57.359> to<00:35:57.520> base 00:35:57.750 --> 00:35:57.760 align:start position:0% of ours, although we have tried to base 00:35:57.760 --> 00:35:59.510 align:start position:0% of ours, although we have tried to base it<00:35:57.920> on<00:35:58.079> scientific<00:35:58.560> observations<00:35:59.200> and 00:35:59.510 --> 00:35:59.520 align:start position:0% it on scientific observations and 00:35:59.520 --> 00:36:01.510 align:start position:0% it on scientific observations and conventional<00:36:00.000> theory.<00:36:00.800> But<00:36:00.960> what<00:36:01.200> do<00:36:01.280> you 00:36:01.510 --> 00:36:01.520 align:start position:0% conventional theory. But what do you 00:36:01.520 --> 00:36:03.349 align:start position:0% conventional theory. But what do you think?<00:36:02.079> Does<00:36:02.320> this<00:36:02.480> model<00:36:02.800> help<00:36:02.960> you<00:36:03.200> make 00:36:03.349 --> 00:36:03.359 align:start position:0% think? Does this model help you make 00:36:03.359 --> 00:36:05.750 align:start position:0% think? Does this model help you make sense<00:36:03.520> of<00:36:03.760> time<00:36:03.920> as<00:36:04.160> a<00:36:04.320> fourth<00:36:04.640> dimension? 00:36:05.750 --> 00:36:05.760 align:start position:0% sense of time as a fourth dimension? 00:36:05.760 --> 00:36:07.430 align:start position:0% sense of time as a fourth dimension? Please<00:36:06.000> leave<00:36:06.240> your<00:36:06.480> ideas<00:36:06.800> in<00:36:06.960> the<00:36:07.119> comments 00:36:07.430 --> 00:36:07.440 align:start position:0% Please leave your ideas in the comments 00:36:07.440 --> 00:36:09.510 align:start position:0% Please leave your ideas in the comments below<00:36:07.680> on<00:36:07.920> the<00:36:08.079> nature<00:36:08.320> of<00:36:08.480> time<00:36:08.880> and<00:36:09.119> what<00:36:09.280> it 00:36:09.510 --> 00:36:09.520 align:start position:0% below on the nature of time and what it 00:36:09.520 --> 00:36:12.150 align:start position:0% below on the nature of time and what it might<00:36:09.760> actually<00:36:10.079> be<00:36:10.400> instead.<00:36:11.599> I<00:36:11.839> hope<00:36:12.000> to 00:36:12.150 --> 00:36:12.160 align:start position:0% might actually be instead. I hope to 00:36:12.160 --> 00:36:14.150 align:start position:0% might actually be instead. I hope to explore<00:36:12.560> more<00:36:12.880> strange<00:36:13.280> concepts<00:36:13.680> like<00:36:13.920> this 00:36:14.150 --> 00:36:14.160 align:start position:0% explore more strange concepts like this 00:36:14.160 --> 00:36:16.710 align:start position:0% explore more strange concepts like this in<00:36:14.400> a<00:36:14.560> new<00:36:14.800> series<00:36:15.119> called<00:36:15.359> The<00:36:15.599> Unseen<00:36:16.079> World, 00:36:16.710 --> 00:36:16.720 align:start position:0% in a new series called The Unseen World, 00:36:16.720 --> 00:36:18.550 align:start position:0% in a new series called The Unseen World, where<00:36:16.960> I<00:36:17.200> want<00:36:17.359> to<00:36:17.520> explore<00:36:17.920> the<00:36:18.160> shape<00:36:18.400> of 00:36:18.550 --> 00:36:18.560 align:start position:0% where I want to explore the shape of 00:36:18.560 --> 00:36:21.349 align:start position:0% where I want to explore the shape of reality<00:36:19.040> around<00:36:19.359> us.<00:36:20.240> While<00:36:20.560> it's<00:36:20.880> normally 00:36:21.349 --> 00:36:21.359 align:start position:0% reality around us. While it's normally 00:36:21.359 --> 00:36:23.190 align:start position:0% reality around us. While it's normally invisible<00:36:21.839> to<00:36:22.079> us,<00:36:22.480> the<00:36:22.720> shape<00:36:22.960> and 00:36:23.190 --> 00:36:23.200 align:start position:0% invisible to us, the shape and 00:36:23.200 --> 00:36:25.190 align:start position:0% invisible to us, the shape and dimensions<00:36:23.680> of<00:36:23.839> the<00:36:24.079> universe<00:36:24.560> can<00:36:24.800> explain 00:36:25.190 --> 00:36:25.200 align:start position:0% dimensions of the universe can explain 00:36:25.200 --> 00:36:27.589 align:start position:0% dimensions of the universe can explain why<00:36:25.599> things<00:36:25.839> are<00:36:26.000> the<00:36:26.240> way<00:36:26.320> they<00:36:26.640> are.<00:36:27.200> And<00:36:27.359> I'm 00:36:27.589 --> 00:36:27.599 align:start position:0% why things are the way they are. And I'm 00:36:27.599 --> 00:36:29.510 align:start position:0% why things are the way they are. And I'm excited<00:36:27.920> to<00:36:28.160> explore<00:36:28.480> it<00:36:28.640> with<00:36:28.880> you.<00:36:29.200> If<00:36:29.359> you 00:36:29.510 --> 00:36:29.520 align:start position:0% excited to explore it with you. If you 00:36:29.520 --> 00:36:33.829 align:start position:0% excited to explore it with you. If you are<00:36:29.680> interested<00:36:30.079> in<00:36:30.240> it,<00:36:30.880> let<00:36:31.040> me<00:36:31.280> know. 00:36:33.829 --> 00:36:33.839 align:start position:0% are interested in it, let me know. 00:36:33.839 --> 00:36:36.790 align:start position:0% are interested in it, let me know. Light<00:36:34.240> is<00:36:34.800> so<00:36:35.280> much<00:36:35.599> stranger<00:36:36.240> than<00:36:36.400> you<00:36:36.640> might 00:36:36.790 --> 00:36:36.800 align:start position:0% Light is so much stranger than you might 00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:40.230 align:start position:0% Light is so much stranger than you might think.<00:36:38.079> Sure,<00:36:38.480> it<00:36:38.720> may<00:36:38.960> seem<00:36:39.280> simple<00:36:39.599> enough, 00:36:40.230 --> 00:36:40.240 align:start position:0% think. Sure, it may seem simple enough, 00:36:40.240 --> 00:36:41.829 align:start position:0% think. Sure, it may seem simple enough, traveling<00:36:40.720> around<00:36:41.040> the<00:36:41.280> universe, 00:36:41.829 --> 00:36:41.839 align:start position:0% traveling around the universe, 00:36:41.839 --> 00:36:43.589 align:start position:0% traveling around the universe, delivering<00:36:42.320> energy<00:36:42.720> from<00:36:42.960> one<00:36:43.200> place<00:36:43.440> to 00:36:43.589 --> 00:36:43.599 align:start position:0% delivering energy from one place to 00:36:43.599 --> 00:36:46.550 align:start position:0% delivering energy from one place to another.<00:36:44.480> It<00:36:44.720> helps<00:36:44.960> us<00:36:45.200> see.<00:36:46.000> It<00:36:46.240> provides 00:36:46.550 --> 00:36:46.560 align:start position:0% another. It helps us see. It provides 00:36:46.560 --> 00:36:48.950 align:start position:0% another. It helps us see. It provides life<00:36:46.800> to<00:36:47.040> plants<00:36:47.680> and<00:36:47.920> thus<00:36:48.240> to<00:36:48.400> our<00:36:48.640> planet 00:36:48.950 --> 00:36:48.960 align:start position:0% life to plants and thus to our planet 00:36:48.960 --> 00:36:52.069 align:start position:0% life to plants and thus to our planet generally.<00:36:50.000> It<00:36:50.240> has<00:36:50.400> a<00:36:50.720> reputation<00:36:51.200> for<00:36:51.520> being 00:36:52.069 --> 00:36:52.079 align:start position:0% generally. It has a reputation for being 00:36:52.079 --> 00:36:55.349 align:start position:0% generally. It has a reputation for being very<00:36:52.560> fast.<00:36:53.839> And<00:36:54.000> yet,<00:36:54.560> for<00:36:54.800> a<00:36:54.960> source<00:36:55.200> of 00:36:55.349 --> 00:36:55.359 align:start position:0% very fast. And yet, for a source of 00:36:55.359 --> 00:36:57.750 align:start position:0% very fast. And yet, for a source of energy<00:36:55.760> that<00:36:56.079> has<00:36:56.320> become<00:36:56.640> synonymous<00:36:57.359> with 00:36:57.750 --> 00:36:57.760 align:start position:0% energy that has become synonymous with 00:36:57.760 --> 00:36:59.990 align:start position:0% energy that has become synonymous with greater<00:36:58.160> understanding,<00:36:59.359> light<00:36:59.760> is 00:36:59.990 --> 00:37:00.000 align:start position:0% greater understanding, light is 00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:02.950 align:start position:0% greater understanding, light is surprisingly<00:37:00.800> difficult<00:37:01.200> to<00:37:01.520> understand. 00:37:02.950 --> 00:37:02.960 align:start position:0% surprisingly difficult to understand. 00:37:02.960 --> 00:37:05.190 align:start position:0% surprisingly difficult to understand. Light<00:37:03.280> helps<00:37:03.520> us<00:37:03.760> see<00:37:03.920> other<00:37:04.240> things<00:37:04.560> better, 00:37:05.190 --> 00:37:05.200 align:start position:0% Light helps us see other things better, 00:37:05.200 --> 00:37:07.990 align:start position:0% Light helps us see other things better, sure,<00:37:06.000> but<00:37:06.240> when<00:37:06.560> scientists<00:37:07.200> tried<00:37:07.440> to<00:37:07.680> look 00:37:07.990 --> 00:37:08.000 align:start position:0% sure, but when scientists tried to look 00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:11.030 align:start position:0% sure, but when scientists tried to look at<00:37:08.400> light<00:37:08.800> itself,<00:37:09.920> it<00:37:10.160> was<00:37:10.320> surprisingly 00:37:11.030 --> 00:37:11.040 align:start position:0% at light itself, it was surprisingly 00:37:11.040 --> 00:37:13.829 align:start position:0% at light itself, it was surprisingly difficult.<00:37:12.320> No,<00:37:12.720> I<00:37:12.960> don't<00:37:13.200> mean<00:37:13.359> that<00:37:13.599> they 00:37:13.829 --> 00:37:13.839 align:start position:0% difficult. No, I don't mean that they 00:37:13.839 --> 00:37:16.150 align:start position:0% difficult. No, I don't mean that they started<00:37:14.240> staring<00:37:14.720> into<00:37:14.960> any<00:37:15.200> lamps.<00:37:15.920> Please 00:37:16.150 --> 00:37:16.160 align:start position:0% started staring into any lamps. Please 00:37:16.160 --> 00:37:18.470 align:start position:0% started staring into any lamps. Please don't<00:37:16.320> do<00:37:16.480> that<00:37:16.640> at<00:37:16.880> home.<00:37:17.599> But<00:37:17.920> experiments 00:37:18.470 --> 00:37:18.480 align:start position:0% don't do that at home. But experiments 00:37:18.480 --> 00:37:21.190 align:start position:0% don't do that at home. But experiments in<00:37:18.640> the<00:37:18.800> last<00:37:19.119> 200<00:37:19.599> years<00:37:19.839> or<00:37:20.079> so<00:37:20.320> have<00:37:20.640> proven 00:37:21.190 --> 00:37:21.200 align:start position:0% in the last 200 years or so have proven 00:37:21.200 --> 00:37:23.829 align:start position:0% in the last 200 years or so have proven that<00:37:21.520> what<00:37:21.839> light<00:37:22.160> appears<00:37:22.640> to<00:37:22.800> be<00:37:23.280> and<00:37:23.520> what 00:37:23.829 --> 00:37:23.839 align:start position:0% that what light appears to be and what 00:37:23.839 --> 00:37:26.710 align:start position:0% that what light appears to be and what light<00:37:24.320> is<00:37:25.200> are<00:37:25.599> actually<00:37:26.079> two<00:37:26.400> different 00:37:26.710 --> 00:37:26.720 align:start position:0% light is are actually two different 00:37:26.720 --> 00:37:30.069 align:start position:0% light is are actually two different things<00:37:27.599> for<00:37:27.920> one<00:37:28.160> simple<00:37:28.560> reason.<00:37:29.440> Annoyingly 00:37:30.069 --> 00:37:30.079 align:start position:0% things for one simple reason. Annoyingly 00:37:30.079 --> 00:37:32.710 align:start position:0% things for one simple reason. Annoyingly enough,<00:37:30.880> light<00:37:31.280> behaves<00:37:31.839> differently<00:37:32.400> when 00:37:32.710 --> 00:37:32.720 align:start position:0% enough, light behaves differently when 00:37:32.720 --> 00:37:35.030 align:start position:0% enough, light behaves differently when you're<00:37:33.040> not<00:37:33.359> looking<00:37:33.599> at<00:37:33.839> it<00:37:34.320> compared<00:37:34.800> to 00:37:35.030 --> 00:37:35.040 align:start position:0% you're not looking at it compared to 00:37:35.040 --> 00:37:38.310 align:start position:0% you're not looking at it compared to when<00:37:35.280> you<00:37:35.520> are.<00:37:36.880> What<00:37:37.200> is<00:37:37.359> the<00:37:37.599> true<00:37:37.839> nature<00:37:38.079> of 00:37:38.310 --> 00:37:38.320 align:start position:0% when you are. What is the true nature of 00:37:38.320 --> 00:37:41.109 align:start position:0% when you are. What is the true nature of light?<00:37:39.200> Why<00:37:39.440> is<00:37:39.599> it<00:37:39.839> behaving<00:37:40.320> strangely<00:37:40.880> when 00:37:41.109 --> 00:37:41.119 align:start position:0% light? Why is it behaving strangely when 00:37:41.119 --> 00:37:44.069 align:start position:0% light? Why is it behaving strangely when we're<00:37:41.359> not<00:37:41.680> looking?<00:37:43.119> And<00:37:43.280> what<00:37:43.520> does<00:37:43.680> it<00:37:43.839> say 00:37:44.069 --> 00:37:44.079 align:start position:0% we're not looking? And what does it say 00:37:44.079 --> 00:37:47.829 align:start position:0% we're not looking? And what does it say about<00:37:44.320> how<00:37:44.560> the<00:37:44.880> universe<00:37:45.359> really<00:37:45.760> works? 00:37:47.829 --> 00:37:47.839 align:start position:0% about how the universe really works? 00:37:47.839 --> 00:37:49.829 align:start position:0% about how the universe really works? I'm<00:37:48.079> Alex<00:37:48.480> Mccoan<00:37:49.119> and<00:37:49.280> you're<00:37:49.520> watching 00:37:49.829 --> 00:37:49.839 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:37:49.839 --> 00:37:52.230 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:37:50.640> And<00:37:50.800> in<00:37:51.040> today's<00:37:51.440> video,<00:37:51.760> it's<00:37:52.079> time 00:37:52.230 --> 00:37:52.240 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in today's video, it's time 00:37:52.240 --> 00:37:54.870 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in today's video, it's time we<00:37:52.560> try<00:37:52.800> and<00:37:53.040> find<00:37:53.280> out.<00:37:54.079> Let's<00:37:54.400> shed<00:37:54.640> some 00:37:54.870 --> 00:37:54.880 align:start position:0% we try and find out. Let's shed some 00:37:54.880 --> 00:37:58.630 align:start position:0% we try and find out. Let's shed some light<00:37:55.440> on<00:37:55.839> light. 00:37:58.630 --> 00:37:58.640 align:start position:0% light on light. 00:37:58.640 --> 00:38:01.349 align:start position:0% light on light. Let's<00:37:58.960> begin<00:37:59.280> with<00:37:59.440> the<00:37:59.680> basics.<00:38:00.720> What<00:38:01.040> is 00:38:01.349 --> 00:38:01.359 align:start position:0% Let's begin with the basics. What is 00:38:01.359 --> 00:38:05.109 align:start position:0% Let's begin with the basics. What is light?<00:38:02.400> In<00:38:02.640> the<00:38:02.800> early<00:38:03.200> 1700s,<00:38:04.320> Isaac<00:38:04.720> Newton 00:38:05.109 --> 00:38:05.119 align:start position:0% light? In the early 1700s, Isaac Newton 00:38:05.119 --> 00:38:07.270 align:start position:0% light? In the early 1700s, Isaac Newton theorized<00:38:05.599> that<00:38:05.839> light<00:38:06.079> was<00:38:06.320> made<00:38:06.480> up<00:38:06.640> of<00:38:06.880> tiny 00:38:07.270 --> 00:38:07.280 align:start position:0% theorized that light was made up of tiny 00:38:07.280 --> 00:38:09.190 align:start position:0% theorized that light was made up of tiny little<00:38:07.599> particles<00:38:08.320> that<00:38:08.640> he<00:38:08.880> called 00:38:09.190 --> 00:38:09.200 align:start position:0% little particles that he called 00:38:09.200 --> 00:38:10.950 align:start position:0% little particles that he called corpuscals. 00:38:10.950 --> 00:38:10.960 align:start position:0% corpuscals. 00:38:10.960 --> 00:38:14.950 align:start position:0% corpuscals. But<00:38:11.280> in<00:38:11.680> 1801,<00:38:12.800> nearly<00:38:13.280> 100<00:38:13.760> years<00:38:14.079> later,<00:38:14.800> a 00:38:14.950 --> 00:38:14.960 align:start position:0% But in 1801, nearly 100 years later, a 00:38:14.960 --> 00:38:16.710 align:start position:0% But in 1801, nearly 100 years later, a man<00:38:15.200> named<00:38:15.440> Thomas<00:38:15.839> Young<00:38:16.160> discovered<00:38:16.480> that 00:38:16.710 --> 00:38:16.720 align:start position:0% man named Thomas Young discovered that 00:38:16.720 --> 00:38:18.950 align:start position:0% man named Thomas Young discovered that light<00:38:17.040> must<00:38:17.440> actually<00:38:17.839> be<00:38:18.079> more<00:38:18.320> wavelike 00:38:18.950 --> 00:38:18.960 align:start position:0% light must actually be more wavelike 00:38:18.960 --> 00:38:22.310 align:start position:0% light must actually be more wavelike than<00:38:19.359> particle-like.<00:38:20.800> He<00:38:21.040> proved<00:38:21.440> this<00:38:21.920> using 00:38:22.310 --> 00:38:22.320 align:start position:0% than particle-like. He proved this using 00:38:22.320 --> 00:38:24.470 align:start position:0% than particle-like. He proved this using an<00:38:22.560> important<00:38:23.040> method<00:38:23.359> known<00:38:23.680> as<00:38:23.920> the<00:38:24.160> double 00:38:24.470 --> 00:38:24.480 align:start position:0% an important method known as the double 00:38:24.480 --> 00:38:27.430 align:start position:0% an important method known as the double slit<00:38:24.880> experiment.<00:38:26.240> He<00:38:26.480> set<00:38:26.640> up<00:38:26.800> a<00:38:27.040> source<00:38:27.280> of 00:38:27.430 --> 00:38:27.440 align:start position:0% slit experiment. He set up a source of 00:38:27.440 --> 00:38:29.829 align:start position:0% slit experiment. He set up a source of light<00:38:27.920> and<00:38:28.160> shone<00:38:28.480> it<00:38:28.640> through<00:38:28.960> two<00:38:29.440> narrow 00:38:29.829 --> 00:38:29.839 align:start position:0% light and shone it through two narrow 00:38:29.839 --> 00:38:32.550 align:start position:0% light and shone it through two narrow slits<00:38:30.240> onto<00:38:30.560> a<00:38:30.800> board.<00:38:31.680> Young<00:38:32.000> noticed<00:38:32.320> that 00:38:32.550 --> 00:38:32.560 align:start position:0% slits onto a board. Young noticed that 00:38:32.560 --> 00:38:34.550 align:start position:0% slits onto a board. Young noticed that rather<00:38:32.880> than<00:38:33.040> getting<00:38:33.440> two<00:38:33.760> bands<00:38:34.079> of<00:38:34.240> light 00:38:34.550 --> 00:38:34.560 align:start position:0% rather than getting two bands of light 00:38:34.560 --> 00:38:36.870 align:start position:0% rather than getting two bands of light on<00:38:34.800> the<00:38:34.960> other<00:38:35.119> side<00:38:35.280> of<00:38:35.440> the<00:38:35.680> slits,<00:38:36.560> a 00:38:36.870 --> 00:38:36.880 align:start position:0% on the other side of the slits, a 00:38:36.880 --> 00:38:38.630 align:start position:0% on the other side of the slits, a strange<00:38:37.440> striped<00:38:38.000> pattern<00:38:38.071> [music]<00:38:38.400> was 00:38:38.630 --> 00:38:38.640 align:start position:0% strange striped pattern [music] was 00:38:38.640 --> 00:38:40.310 align:start position:0% strange striped pattern [music] was forming. 00:38:40.310 --> 00:38:40.320 align:start position:0% forming. 00:38:40.320 --> 00:38:42.230 align:start position:0% forming. This<00:38:40.560> was<00:38:40.800> known<00:38:41.040> as<00:38:41.280> an<00:38:41.520> interference 00:38:42.230 --> 00:38:42.240 align:start position:0% This was known as an interference 00:38:42.240 --> 00:38:44.870 align:start position:0% This was known as an interference pattern<00:38:42.656> [music]<00:38:42.960> and<00:38:43.280> was<00:38:43.760> incontrovertible 00:38:44.870 --> 00:38:44.880 align:start position:0% pattern [music] and was incontrovertible 00:38:44.880 --> 00:38:47.109 align:start position:0% pattern [music] and was incontrovertible proof<00:38:45.200> that<00:38:45.520> light<00:38:45.760> had<00:38:46.079> been<00:38:46.240> traveling<00:38:46.640> as<00:38:46.880> a 00:38:47.109 --> 00:38:47.119 align:start position:0% proof that light had been traveling as a 00:38:47.119 --> 00:38:51.030 align:start position:0% proof that light had been traveling as a wave.<00:38:48.560> Why?<00:38:49.680> Let's<00:38:49.920> talk<00:38:50.079> about<00:38:50.320> waves<00:38:50.640> for<00:38:50.880> a 00:38:51.030 --> 00:38:51.040 align:start position:0% wave. Why? Let's talk about waves for a 00:38:51.040 --> 00:38:53.430 align:start position:0% wave. Why? Let's talk about waves for a moment.<00:38:52.000> When<00:38:52.240> waves<00:38:52.720> travel,<00:38:53.200> they 00:38:53.430 --> 00:38:53.440 align:start position:0% moment. When waves travel, they 00:38:53.440 --> 00:38:55.829 align:start position:0% moment. When waves travel, they oscillate<00:38:54.000> up<00:38:54.240> and<00:38:54.446> [music]<00:38:54.560> down.<00:38:55.440> But<00:38:55.599> when 00:38:55.829 --> 00:38:55.839 align:start position:0% oscillate up and [music] down. But when 00:38:55.839 --> 00:38:57.829 align:start position:0% oscillate up and [music] down. But when two<00:38:56.079> waves<00:38:56.480> try<00:38:56.720> to<00:38:56.960> oscillate<00:38:57.440> the<00:38:57.599> same 00:38:57.829 --> 00:38:57.839 align:start position:0% two waves try to oscillate the same 00:38:57.839 --> 00:39:00.230 align:start position:0% two waves try to oscillate the same point<00:38:58.079> in<00:38:58.320> space<00:38:58.560> at<00:38:58.800> the<00:38:58.960> same<00:38:59.119> time,<00:38:59.839> you<00:39:00.079> get 00:39:00.230 --> 00:39:00.240 align:start position:0% point in space at the same time, you get 00:39:00.240 --> 00:39:03.030 align:start position:0% point in space at the same time, you get something<00:39:00.640> known<00:39:00.960> as<00:39:01.280> interference. 00:39:03.030 --> 00:39:03.040 align:start position:0% something known as interference. 00:39:03.040 --> 00:39:05.349 align:start position:0% something known as interference. Imagine<00:39:03.359> you<00:39:03.599> had<00:39:03.839> a<00:39:04.000> bathtub<00:39:04.640> with<00:39:04.800> a<00:39:05.040> rubber 00:39:05.349 --> 00:39:05.359 align:start position:0% Imagine you had a bathtub with a rubber 00:39:05.359 --> 00:39:07.589 align:start position:0% Imagine you had a bathtub with a rubber duck<00:39:05.599> sitting<00:39:05.920> on<00:39:06.079> the<00:39:06.240> surface.<00:39:06.891> [music]<00:39:07.280> Two 00:39:07.589 --> 00:39:07.599 align:start position:0% duck sitting on the surface. [music] Two 00:39:07.599 --> 00:39:10.470 align:start position:0% duck sitting on the surface. [music] Two waves<00:39:08.000> reach<00:39:08.320> the<00:39:08.480> duck<00:39:08.720> at<00:39:08.960> once.<00:39:09.839> One<00:39:10.079> wave 00:39:10.470 --> 00:39:10.480 align:start position:0% waves reach the duck at once. One wave 00:39:10.480 --> 00:39:12.790 align:start position:0% waves reach the duck at once. One wave tries<00:39:10.720> to<00:39:10.880> raise<00:39:11.119> the<00:39:11.280> duck<00:39:11.599> up<00:39:12.000> at<00:39:12.240> the<00:39:12.480> exact 00:39:12.790 --> 00:39:12.800 align:start position:0% tries to raise the duck up at the exact 00:39:12.800 --> 00:39:14.790 align:start position:0% tries to raise the duck up at the exact same<00:39:12.960> time<00:39:13.280> the<00:39:13.599> other<00:39:13.760> wave<00:39:14.160> tries<00:39:14.400> to<00:39:14.560> drop 00:39:14.790 --> 00:39:14.800 align:start position:0% same time the other wave tries to drop 00:39:14.800 --> 00:39:18.150 align:start position:0% same time the other wave tries to drop it<00:39:15.040> down.<00:39:16.079> What<00:39:16.400> happens?<00:39:17.520> Provided<00:39:18.000> the 00:39:18.150 --> 00:39:18.160 align:start position:0% it down. What happens? Provided the 00:39:18.160 --> 00:39:20.630 align:start position:0% it down. What happens? Provided the waves<00:39:18.480> are<00:39:18.640> of<00:39:18.880> the<00:39:19.119> same<00:39:19.280> magnitude<00:39:20.079> and<00:39:20.400> are 00:39:20.630 --> 00:39:20.640 align:start position:0% waves are of the same magnitude and are 00:39:20.640 --> 00:39:23.190 align:start position:0% waves are of the same magnitude and are perfectly<00:39:21.119> out<00:39:21.359> of<00:39:21.520> phase,<00:39:22.240> they<00:39:22.560> will<00:39:22.720> cancel 00:39:23.190 --> 00:39:23.200 align:start position:0% perfectly out of phase, they will cancel 00:39:23.200 --> 00:39:25.270 align:start position:0% perfectly out of phase, they will cancel each<00:39:23.440> other<00:39:23.680> out<00:39:24.160> and<00:39:24.320> the<00:39:24.560> duck<00:39:24.880> would<00:39:25.119> not 00:39:25.270 --> 00:39:25.280 align:start position:0% each other out and the duck would not 00:39:25.280 --> 00:39:28.069 align:start position:0% each other out and the duck would not move<00:39:25.520> at<00:39:25.760> all.<00:39:26.640> This<00:39:26.880> is<00:39:27.040> called<00:39:27.359> destructive 00:39:28.069 --> 00:39:28.079 align:start position:0% move at all. This is called destructive 00:39:28.079 --> 00:39:29.990 align:start position:0% move at all. This is called destructive interference. 00:39:29.990 --> 00:39:30.000 align:start position:0% interference. 00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:32.470 align:start position:0% interference. Similarly,<00:39:30.960> if<00:39:31.200> the<00:39:31.359> waves<00:39:31.760> both<00:39:32.079> tried<00:39:32.320> to 00:39:32.470 --> 00:39:32.480 align:start position:0% Similarly, if the waves both tried to 00:39:32.480 --> 00:39:34.790 align:start position:0% Similarly, if the waves both tried to raise<00:39:32.720> the<00:39:32.880> duck<00:39:33.119> up<00:39:33.359> at<00:39:33.520> the<00:39:33.680> same<00:39:33.839> time,<00:39:34.560> the 00:39:34.790 --> 00:39:34.800 align:start position:0% raise the duck up at the same time, the 00:39:34.800 --> 00:39:37.829 align:start position:0% raise the duck up at the same time, the duck<00:39:35.119> would<00:39:35.359> be<00:39:35.520> raised<00:39:36.000> twice<00:39:36.320> as<00:39:36.640> high.<00:39:37.599> This 00:39:37.829 --> 00:39:37.839 align:start position:0% duck would be raised twice as high. This 00:39:37.839 --> 00:39:41.190 align:start position:0% duck would be raised twice as high. This is<00:39:38.000> known<00:39:38.240> as<00:39:38.560> constructive<00:39:39.200> interference. 00:39:41.190 --> 00:39:41.200 align:start position:0% is known as constructive interference. 00:39:41.200 --> 00:39:43.270 align:start position:0% is known as constructive interference. Because<00:39:41.520> waves<00:39:42.000> tend<00:39:42.240> to<00:39:42.480> expand<00:39:42.880> in<00:39:43.119> a 00:39:43.270 --> 00:39:43.280 align:start position:0% Because waves tend to expand in a 00:39:43.280 --> 00:39:45.589 align:start position:0% Because waves tend to expand in a circle,<00:39:44.079> two<00:39:44.320> waves<00:39:44.800> next<00:39:45.040> to<00:39:45.200> each<00:39:45.359> other 00:39:45.589 --> 00:39:45.599 align:start position:0% circle, two waves next to each other 00:39:45.599 --> 00:39:47.990 align:start position:0% circle, two waves next to each other will<00:39:45.920> start<00:39:46.160> to<00:39:46.400> both<00:39:46.800> constructively<00:39:47.599> and 00:39:47.990 --> 00:39:48.000 align:start position:0% will start to both constructively and 00:39:48.000 --> 00:39:50.630 align:start position:0% will start to both constructively and destructively<00:39:48.800> interfere<00:39:49.280> with<00:39:49.520> each<00:39:49.680> other. 00:39:50.630 --> 00:39:50.640 align:start position:0% destructively interfere with each other. 00:39:50.640 --> 00:39:53.670 align:start position:0% destructively interfere with each other. Here<00:39:50.960> are<00:39:51.280> two<00:39:51.520> waves<00:39:51.920> in<00:39:52.240> water.<00:39:53.200> See<00:39:53.440> these 00:39:53.670 --> 00:39:53.680 align:start position:0% Here are two waves in water. See these 00:39:53.680 --> 00:39:56.150 align:start position:0% Here are two waves in water. See these lines?<00:39:54.480> These<00:39:54.880> calmer<00:39:55.280> patches<00:39:55.760> are<00:39:56.000> where 00:39:56.150 --> 00:39:56.160 align:start position:0% lines? These calmer patches are where 00:39:56.160 --> 00:39:58.790 align:start position:0% lines? These calmer patches are where the<00:39:56.320> waves<00:39:56.640> are<00:39:56.800> canceling<00:39:57.200> each<00:39:57.440> other<00:39:57.599> out. 00:39:58.790 --> 00:39:58.800 align:start position:0% the waves are canceling each other out. 00:39:58.800 --> 00:40:01.030 align:start position:0% the waves are canceling each other out. This<00:39:59.040> is<00:39:59.119> the<00:39:59.359> effect<00:39:59.680> we<00:40:00.000> see<00:40:00.240> with<00:40:00.640> light 00:40:01.030 --> 00:40:01.040 align:start position:0% This is the effect we see with light 00:40:01.040 --> 00:40:03.750 align:start position:0% This is the effect we see with light traveling<00:40:01.520> through<00:40:01.760> the<00:40:01.920> two<00:40:02.160> slits.<00:40:03.359> As<00:40:03.599> the 00:40:03.750 --> 00:40:03.760 align:start position:0% traveling through the two slits. As the 00:40:03.760 --> 00:40:05.990 align:start position:0% traveling through the two slits. As the light<00:40:04.000> from<00:40:04.240> one<00:40:04.480> slit<00:40:04.960> propagates,<00:40:05.760> it 00:40:05.990 --> 00:40:06.000 align:start position:0% light from one slit propagates, it 00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:07.910 align:start position:0% light from one slit propagates, it cancels<00:40:06.400> out<00:40:06.560> the<00:40:06.720> other<00:40:06.960> wave<00:40:07.200> of<00:40:07.359> light<00:40:07.599> at 00:40:07.910 --> 00:40:07.920 align:start position:0% cancels out the other wave of light at 00:40:07.920 --> 00:40:09.670 align:start position:0% cancels out the other wave of light at certain<00:40:08.240> points,<00:40:09.040> creating<00:40:09.440> the 00:40:09.670 --> 00:40:09.680 align:start position:0% certain points, creating the 00:40:09.680 --> 00:40:11.750 align:start position:0% certain points, creating the interference<00:40:10.240> pattern<00:40:10.640> that<00:40:10.960> Young<00:40:11.359> noticed 00:40:11.750 --> 00:40:11.760 align:start position:0% interference pattern that Young noticed 00:40:11.760 --> 00:40:14.470 align:start position:0% interference pattern that Young noticed on<00:40:12.000> the<00:40:12.160> board.<00:40:13.359> So,<00:40:13.680> the<00:40:13.920> mystery<00:40:14.240> was 00:40:14.470 --> 00:40:14.480 align:start position:0% on the board. So, the mystery was 00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:17.030 align:start position:0% on the board. So, the mystery was solved.<00:40:15.280> Light<00:40:15.599> was<00:40:15.760> a<00:40:15.920> wave<00:40:16.320> and<00:40:16.560> not<00:40:16.800> a 00:40:17.030 --> 00:40:17.040 align:start position:0% solved. Light was a wave and not a 00:40:17.040 --> 00:40:18.950 align:start position:0% solved. Light was a wave and not a particle.<00:40:18.160> Except<00:40:18.287> [music] 00:40:18.950 --> 00:40:18.960 align:start position:0% particle. Except [music] 00:40:18.960 --> 00:40:20.790 align:start position:0% particle. Except [music] there<00:40:19.200> is<00:40:19.440> more<00:40:19.680> to<00:40:19.920> this<00:40:20.079> experiment<00:40:20.560> than 00:40:20.790 --> 00:40:20.800 align:start position:0% there is more to this experiment than 00:40:20.800 --> 00:40:22.950 align:start position:0% there is more to this experiment than meets<00:40:21.040> the<00:40:21.280> eye.<00:40:22.079> Let's<00:40:22.400> fast<00:40:22.640> forward 00:40:22.950 --> 00:40:22.960 align:start position:0% meets the eye. Let's fast forward 00:40:22.960 --> 00:40:27.190 align:start position:0% meets the eye. Let's fast forward another<00:40:23.520> 100<00:40:24.000> years<00:40:24.480> to<00:40:24.800> 1905. 00:40:27.190 --> 00:40:27.200 align:start position:0% another 100 years to 1905. 00:40:27.200 --> 00:40:28.950 align:start position:0% another 100 years to 1905. Scientists<00:40:27.680> around<00:40:28.000> this<00:40:28.240> time<00:40:28.400> had<00:40:28.640> become 00:40:28.950 --> 00:40:28.960 align:start position:0% Scientists around this time had become 00:40:28.960 --> 00:40:30.710 align:start position:0% Scientists around this time had become puzzled<00:40:29.359> by<00:40:29.599> something<00:40:29.920> known<00:40:30.240> as<00:40:30.400> the 00:40:30.710 --> 00:40:30.720 align:start position:0% puzzled by something known as the 00:40:30.720 --> 00:40:33.670 align:start position:0% puzzled by something known as the photoelectric<00:40:31.680> effect.<00:40:32.640> It<00:40:32.960> turned<00:40:33.200> out<00:40:33.359> that 00:40:33.670 --> 00:40:33.680 align:start position:0% photoelectric effect. It turned out that 00:40:33.680 --> 00:40:35.270 align:start position:0% photoelectric effect. It turned out that when<00:40:33.839> you<00:40:34.000> shone<00:40:34.320> a<00:40:34.480> light<00:40:34.640> on<00:40:34.800> a<00:40:34.960> metal 00:40:35.270 --> 00:40:35.280 align:start position:0% when you shone a light on a metal 00:40:35.280 --> 00:40:37.750 align:start position:0% when you shone a light on a metal surface,<00:40:36.240> electron-like<00:40:37.040> particles<00:40:37.520> were 00:40:37.750 --> 00:40:37.760 align:start position:0% surface, electron-like particles were 00:40:37.760 --> 00:40:40.390 align:start position:0% surface, electron-like particles were coming<00:40:38.000> off<00:40:38.240> it.<00:40:39.200> This<00:40:39.359> was<00:40:39.520> deduced<00:40:40.000> to<00:40:40.240> be 00:40:40.390 --> 00:40:40.400 align:start position:0% coming off it. This was deduced to be 00:40:40.400 --> 00:40:42.150 align:start position:0% coming off it. This was deduced to be because<00:40:40.800> electrons<00:40:41.359> in<00:40:41.440> the<00:40:41.599> metal<00:40:41.920> were 00:40:42.150 --> 00:40:42.160 align:start position:0% because electrons in the metal were 00:40:42.160 --> 00:40:44.069 align:start position:0% because electrons in the metal were getting<00:40:42.400> knocked<00:40:42.720> off<00:40:42.880> it<00:40:43.119> by<00:40:43.359> the<00:40:43.599> increased 00:40:44.069 --> 00:40:44.079 align:start position:0% getting knocked off it by the increased 00:40:44.079 --> 00:40:47.109 align:start position:0% getting knocked off it by the increased energy<00:40:44.480> the<00:40:44.720> light<00:40:44.960> was<00:40:45.119> imparting. 00:40:47.109 --> 00:40:47.119 align:start position:0% energy the light was imparting. 00:40:47.119 --> 00:40:49.750 align:start position:0% energy the light was imparting. Imagine<00:40:47.359> it<00:40:47.599> like<00:40:47.839> a<00:40:48.000> fruit<00:40:48.320> on<00:40:48.480> a<00:40:48.640> tree.<00:40:49.520> If 00:40:49.750 --> 00:40:49.760 align:start position:0% Imagine it like a fruit on a tree. If 00:40:49.760 --> 00:40:51.910 align:start position:0% Imagine it like a fruit on a tree. If you<00:40:50.000> pull<00:40:50.320> the<00:40:50.560> fruit<00:40:50.800> off<00:40:50.960> the<00:40:51.200> tree,<00:40:51.680> you 00:40:51.910 --> 00:40:51.920 align:start position:0% you pull the fruit off the tree, you 00:40:51.920 --> 00:40:54.630 align:start position:0% you pull the fruit off the tree, you need<00:40:52.079> to<00:40:52.240> use<00:40:52.480> a<00:40:52.720> certain<00:40:52.960> amount<00:40:53.280> of<00:40:53.440> energy. 00:40:54.630 --> 00:40:54.640 align:start position:0% need to use a certain amount of energy. 00:40:54.640 --> 00:40:56.630 align:start position:0% need to use a certain amount of energy. Once<00:40:54.960> the<00:40:55.200> energy<00:40:55.520> is<00:40:55.839> greater<00:40:56.240> than<00:40:56.400> the 00:40:56.630 --> 00:40:56.640 align:start position:0% Once the energy is greater than the 00:40:56.640 --> 00:40:58.069 align:start position:0% Once the energy is greater than the strength<00:40:56.960> of<00:40:57.040> the<00:40:57.280> fruit's<00:40:57.599> connection<00:40:57.920> to 00:40:58.069 --> 00:40:58.079 align:start position:0% strength of the fruit's connection to 00:40:58.079 --> 00:41:01.349 align:start position:0% strength of the fruit's connection to the<00:40:58.319> branch,<00:40:58.880> the<00:40:59.119> fruit<00:40:59.440> pops<00:40:59.839> off.<00:41:00.880> This<00:41:01.119> was 00:41:01.349 --> 00:41:01.359 align:start position:0% the branch, the fruit pops off. This was 00:41:01.359 --> 00:41:02.870 align:start position:0% the branch, the fruit pops off. This was happening<00:41:01.760> with<00:41:02.000> the<00:41:02.160> light<00:41:02.400> and<00:41:02.640> the 00:41:02.870 --> 00:41:02.880 align:start position:0% happening with the light and the 00:41:02.880 --> 00:41:05.030 align:start position:0% happening with the light and the electrons.<00:41:03.839> Once<00:41:04.079> the<00:41:04.319> light<00:41:04.560> hit<00:41:04.800> an 00:41:05.030 --> 00:41:05.040 align:start position:0% electrons. Once the light hit an 00:41:05.040 --> 00:41:06.790 align:start position:0% electrons. Once the light hit an electron<00:41:05.440> and<00:41:05.680> gave<00:41:05.839> it<00:41:06.079> enough<00:41:06.319> energy<00:41:06.640> to 00:41:06.790 --> 00:41:06.800 align:start position:0% electron and gave it enough energy to 00:41:06.800 --> 00:41:09.030 align:start position:0% electron and gave it enough energy to pass<00:41:07.040> the<00:41:07.200> threshold,<00:41:08.079> it<00:41:08.319> broke<00:41:08.560> free<00:41:08.800> from 00:41:09.030 --> 00:41:09.040 align:start position:0% pass the threshold, it broke free from 00:41:09.040 --> 00:41:12.390 align:start position:0% pass the threshold, it broke free from the<00:41:09.200> metal.<00:41:10.560> However,<00:41:11.359> what<00:41:11.760> surprised 00:41:12.390 --> 00:41:12.400 align:start position:0% the metal. However, what surprised 00:41:12.400 --> 00:41:14.870 align:start position:0% the metal. However, what surprised scientists<00:41:13.200> was<00:41:13.440> that<00:41:13.680> if<00:41:13.920> you<00:41:14.160> increased<00:41:14.640> the 00:41:14.870 --> 00:41:14.880 align:start position:0% scientists was that if you increased the 00:41:14.880 --> 00:41:16.950 align:start position:0% scientists was that if you increased the intensity<00:41:15.280> of<00:41:15.440> the<00:41:15.680> light,<00:41:16.240> they<00:41:16.560> had 00:41:16.950 --> 00:41:16.960 align:start position:0% intensity of the light, they had 00:41:16.960 --> 00:41:18.870 align:start position:0% intensity of the light, they had expected<00:41:17.440> the<00:41:17.680> electrons<00:41:18.240> to<00:41:18.400> be<00:41:18.480> knocked 00:41:18.870 --> 00:41:18.880 align:start position:0% expected the electrons to be knocked 00:41:18.880 --> 00:41:20.710 align:start position:0% expected the electrons to be knocked away<00:41:19.200> faster. 00:41:20.710 --> 00:41:20.720 align:start position:0% away faster. 00:41:20.720 --> 00:41:22.470 align:start position:0% away faster. If<00:41:20.960> you<00:41:21.119> pull<00:41:21.359> the<00:41:21.599> fruit<00:41:21.839> off<00:41:22.000> the<00:41:22.240> tree 00:41:22.470 --> 00:41:22.480 align:start position:0% If you pull the fruit off the tree 00:41:22.480 --> 00:41:25.750 align:start position:0% If you pull the fruit off the tree harder,<00:41:23.119> it<00:41:23.359> would<00:41:23.680> come<00:41:23.839> off<00:41:24.079> faster.<00:41:25.440> More 00:41:25.750 --> 00:41:25.760 align:start position:0% harder, it would come off faster. More 00:41:25.760 --> 00:41:27.910 align:start position:0% harder, it would come off faster. More energy<00:41:26.319> equals<00:41:26.720> more<00:41:26.960> departing<00:41:27.440> kinetic 00:41:27.910 --> 00:41:27.920 align:start position:0% energy equals more departing kinetic 00:41:27.920 --> 00:41:30.550 align:start position:0% energy equals more departing kinetic energy.<00:41:29.040> However,<00:41:29.520> this<00:41:29.760> did<00:41:29.920> not<00:41:30.160> appear<00:41:30.400> to 00:41:30.550 --> 00:41:30.560 align:start position:0% energy. However, this did not appear to 00:41:30.560 --> 00:41:33.589 align:start position:0% energy. However, this did not appear to be<00:41:30.720> the<00:41:30.880> case.<00:41:31.839> Instead,<00:41:32.800> increasing<00:41:33.359> the 00:41:33.589 --> 00:41:33.599 align:start position:0% be the case. Instead, increasing the 00:41:33.599 --> 00:41:35.589 align:start position:0% be the case. Instead, increasing the frequency<00:41:34.079> of<00:41:34.319> the<00:41:34.480> light<00:41:34.960> increased<00:41:35.359> the 00:41:35.589 --> 00:41:35.599 align:start position:0% frequency of the light increased the 00:41:35.599 --> 00:41:38.390 align:start position:0% frequency of the light increased the velocity<00:41:36.079> of<00:41:36.240> the<00:41:36.480> departing<00:41:36.960> electrons.<00:41:38.160> The 00:41:38.390 --> 00:41:38.400 align:start position:0% velocity of the departing electrons. The 00:41:38.400 --> 00:41:40.950 align:start position:0% velocity of the departing electrons. The intensity<00:41:39.040> of<00:41:39.200> the<00:41:39.440> light<00:41:39.920> didn't<00:41:40.319> affect<00:41:40.720> the 00:41:40.950 --> 00:41:40.960 align:start position:0% intensity of the light didn't affect the 00:41:40.960 --> 00:41:43.910 align:start position:0% intensity of the light didn't affect the departing<00:41:41.520> electrons<00:41:42.000> velocity<00:41:42.560> at<00:41:42.880> all,<00:41:43.520> but 00:41:43.910 --> 00:41:43.920 align:start position:0% departing electrons velocity at all, but 00:41:43.920 --> 00:41:45.990 align:start position:0% departing electrons velocity at all, but did<00:41:44.160> affect<00:41:44.560> the<00:41:44.800> quantity<00:41:45.200> of<00:41:45.440> electrons 00:41:45.990 --> 00:41:46.000 align:start position:0% did affect the quantity of electrons 00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:48.470 align:start position:0% did affect the quantity of electrons being<00:41:46.240> emitted.<00:41:47.440> It<00:41:47.680> was<00:41:47.839> a<00:41:48.079> bit<00:41:48.240> of<00:41:48.319> a 00:41:48.470 --> 00:41:48.480 align:start position:0% being emitted. It was a bit of a 00:41:48.480 --> 00:41:49.990 align:start position:0% being emitted. It was a bit of a puzzler. 00:41:49.990 --> 00:41:50.000 align:start position:0% puzzler. 00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:52.069 align:start position:0% puzzler. Albert<00:41:50.400> Einstein<00:41:50.960> was<00:41:51.119> the<00:41:51.280> man<00:41:51.440> who<00:41:51.760> solved 00:41:52.069 --> 00:41:52.079 align:start position:0% Albert Einstein was the man who solved 00:41:52.079 --> 00:41:55.030 align:start position:0% Albert Einstein was the man who solved the<00:41:52.319> puzzle.<00:41:53.359> He<00:41:53.599> deduced<00:41:54.160> that<00:41:54.480> light<00:41:54.800> must 00:41:55.030 --> 00:41:55.040 align:start position:0% the puzzle. He deduced that light must 00:41:55.040 --> 00:41:56.870 align:start position:0% the puzzle. He deduced that light must be<00:41:55.280> traveling<00:41:55.680> in<00:41:55.920> little<00:41:56.240> packets<00:41:56.720> of 00:41:56.870 --> 00:41:56.880 align:start position:0% be traveling in little packets of 00:41:56.880 --> 00:41:59.190 align:start position:0% be traveling in little packets of energy.<00:41:57.760> So<00:41:58.000> sending<00:41:58.319> more<00:41:58.480> of<00:41:58.720> them, 00:41:59.190 --> 00:41:59.200 align:start position:0% energy. So sending more of them, 00:41:59.200 --> 00:42:01.270 align:start position:0% energy. So sending more of them, increasing<00:41:59.599> the<00:41:59.839> frequency<00:42:00.640> was<00:42:00.880> the<00:42:01.040> only 00:42:01.270 --> 00:42:01.280 align:start position:0% increasing the frequency was the only 00:42:01.280 --> 00:42:03.109 align:start position:0% increasing the frequency was the only way<00:42:01.359> to<00:42:01.680> increase<00:42:01.920> the<00:42:02.160> energy<00:42:02.560> going<00:42:02.800> to<00:42:02.960> the 00:42:03.109 --> 00:42:03.119 align:start position:0% way to increase the energy going to the 00:42:03.119 --> 00:42:05.510 align:start position:0% way to increase the energy going to the electrons.<00:42:04.319> He<00:42:04.560> called<00:42:04.720> these<00:42:04.960> packets 00:42:05.510 --> 00:42:05.520 align:start position:0% electrons. He called these packets 00:42:05.520 --> 00:42:08.150 align:start position:0% electrons. He called these packets photons<00:42:06.319> and<00:42:06.560> later<00:42:06.960> earned<00:42:07.200> a<00:42:07.440> Nobel<00:42:07.920> Prize 00:42:08.150 --> 00:42:08.160 align:start position:0% photons and later earned a Nobel Prize 00:42:08.160 --> 00:42:11.270 align:start position:0% photons and later earned a Nobel Prize for<00:42:08.400> his<00:42:08.640> work.<00:42:09.680> Light,<00:42:10.160> it<00:42:10.400> seemed,<00:42:10.800> was<00:42:11.119> more 00:42:11.270 --> 00:42:11.280 align:start position:0% for his work. Light, it seemed, was more 00:42:11.280 --> 00:42:14.710 align:start position:0% for his work. Light, it seemed, was more like<00:42:11.520> a<00:42:11.760> particle<00:42:12.240> again<00:42:13.040> or<00:42:13.520> both<00:42:13.920> a<00:42:14.160> wave<00:42:14.480> and 00:42:14.710 --> 00:42:14.720 align:start position:0% like a particle again or both a wave and 00:42:14.720 --> 00:42:17.109 align:start position:0% like a particle again or both a wave and a<00:42:14.880> particle<00:42:15.200> at<00:42:15.440> once. 00:42:17.109 --> 00:42:17.119 align:start position:0% a particle at once. 00:42:17.119 --> 00:42:19.349 align:start position:0% a particle at once. Of<00:42:17.359> course,<00:42:17.839> even<00:42:18.160> this<00:42:18.480> is<00:42:18.720> not<00:42:18.960> the<00:42:19.119> full 00:42:19.349 --> 00:42:19.359 align:start position:0% Of course, even this is not the full 00:42:19.359 --> 00:42:21.670 align:start position:0% Of course, even this is not the full picture.<00:42:20.400> To<00:42:20.640> be<00:42:20.800> honest,<00:42:21.200> we<00:42:21.440> aren't 00:42:21.670 --> 00:42:21.680 align:start position:0% picture. To be honest, we aren't 00:42:21.680 --> 00:42:23.349 align:start position:0% picture. To be honest, we aren't completely<00:42:22.079> sure<00:42:22.319> about<00:42:22.560> the<00:42:22.720> full<00:42:22.960> picture 00:42:23.349 --> 00:42:23.359 align:start position:0% completely sure about the full picture 00:42:23.359 --> 00:42:26.150 align:start position:0% completely sure about the full picture even<00:42:23.680> now.<00:42:24.480> Instead,<00:42:25.040> we<00:42:25.280> have<00:42:25.440> more<00:42:25.760> results 00:42:26.150 --> 00:42:26.160 align:start position:0% even now. Instead, we have more results 00:42:26.160 --> 00:42:28.710 align:start position:0% even now. Instead, we have more results that<00:42:26.480> are<00:42:26.720> contradictory.<00:42:28.079> Let's<00:42:28.319> go<00:42:28.480> back<00:42:28.640> to 00:42:28.710 --> 00:42:28.720 align:start position:0% that are contradictory. Let's go back to 00:42:28.720 --> 00:42:31.270 align:start position:0% that are contradictory. Let's go back to the<00:42:28.880> double<00:42:29.200> slit<00:42:29.599> experiment. 00:42:31.270 --> 00:42:31.280 align:start position:0% the double slit experiment. 00:42:31.280 --> 00:42:33.190 align:start position:0% the double slit experiment. Armed<00:42:31.599> with<00:42:31.760> the<00:42:31.920> knowledge<00:42:32.160> of<00:42:32.319> photons, 00:42:33.190 --> 00:42:33.200 align:start position:0% Armed with the knowledge of photons, 00:42:33.200 --> 00:42:35.510 align:start position:0% Armed with the knowledge of photons, physicists<00:42:33.920> once<00:42:34.240> again<00:42:34.480> took<00:42:34.800> a<00:42:34.960> look<00:42:35.119> at<00:42:35.280> the 00:42:35.510 --> 00:42:35.520 align:start position:0% physicists once again took a look at the 00:42:35.520 --> 00:42:38.230 align:start position:0% physicists once again took a look at the double<00:42:35.839> slit<00:42:36.240> experiment.<00:42:37.520> Experimental 00:42:38.230 --> 00:42:38.240 align:start position:0% double slit experiment. Experimental 00:42:38.240 --> 00:42:40.309 align:start position:0% double slit experiment. Experimental techniques<00:42:38.640> had<00:42:38.960> improved<00:42:39.280> in<00:42:39.520> the<00:42:39.599> last<00:42:39.920> 100 00:42:40.309 --> 00:42:40.319 align:start position:0% techniques had improved in the last 100 00:42:40.319 --> 00:42:42.790 align:start position:0% techniques had improved in the last 100 years,<00:42:40.720> and<00:42:40.960> it<00:42:41.119> was<00:42:41.280> now<00:42:41.520> possible<00:42:41.839> to<00:42:42.079> emit<00:42:42.480> a 00:42:42.790 --> 00:42:42.800 align:start position:0% years, and it was now possible to emit a 00:42:42.800 --> 00:42:45.910 align:start position:0% years, and it was now possible to emit a single<00:42:43.200> photon<00:42:43.599> of<00:42:43.839> light<00:42:44.079> at<00:42:44.240> a<00:42:44.480> time.<00:42:45.520> So, 00:42:45.910 --> 00:42:45.920 align:start position:0% single photon of light at a time. So, 00:42:45.920 --> 00:42:47.990 align:start position:0% single photon of light at a time. So, the<00:42:46.160> double<00:42:46.480> slit<00:42:46.880> experiment<00:42:47.520> was<00:42:47.760> done 00:42:47.990 --> 00:42:48.000 align:start position:0% the double slit experiment was done 00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:51.109 align:start position:0% the double slit experiment was done again.<00:42:49.119> This<00:42:49.440> time<00:42:49.839> only<00:42:50.160> a<00:42:50.400> single<00:42:50.640> photon 00:42:51.109 --> 00:42:51.119 align:start position:0% again. This time only a single photon 00:42:51.119 --> 00:42:52.950 align:start position:0% again. This time only a single photon would<00:42:51.280> be<00:42:51.440> sent<00:42:51.599> through<00:42:51.760> the<00:42:51.920> slit<00:42:52.400> onto<00:42:52.720> a 00:42:52.950 --> 00:42:52.960 align:start position:0% would be sent through the slit onto a 00:42:52.960 --> 00:42:55.670 align:start position:0% would be sent through the slit onto a detector<00:42:53.359> on<00:42:53.599> the<00:42:53.760> far<00:42:54.000> side. 00:42:55.670 --> 00:42:55.680 align:start position:0% detector on the far side. 00:42:55.680 --> 00:42:57.510 align:start position:0% detector on the far side. When<00:42:56.000> this<00:42:56.240> was<00:42:56.400> done,<00:42:56.720> the<00:42:56.960> detector 00:42:57.510 --> 00:42:57.520 align:start position:0% When this was done, the detector 00:42:57.520 --> 00:42:59.670 align:start position:0% When this was done, the detector registered<00:42:58.000> the<00:42:58.160> arrival<00:42:58.560> of<00:42:58.720> the<00:42:58.880> photon<00:42:59.359> at 00:42:59.670 --> 00:42:59.680 align:start position:0% registered the arrival of the photon at 00:42:59.680 --> 00:43:02.710 align:start position:0% registered the arrival of the photon at just<00:42:59.839> a<00:43:00.160> single<00:43:00.480> point.<00:43:01.520> So<00:43:02.160> light<00:43:02.480> was 00:43:02.710 --> 00:43:02.720 align:start position:0% just a single point. So light was 00:43:02.720 --> 00:43:05.910 align:start position:0% just a single point. So light was behaving<00:43:03.119> like<00:43:03.359> a<00:43:03.599> particle<00:43:04.000> again.<00:43:05.040> But<00:43:05.280> then 00:43:05.910 --> 00:43:05.920 align:start position:0% behaving like a particle again. But then 00:43:05.920 --> 00:43:08.309 align:start position:0% behaving like a particle again. But then why<00:43:06.240> had<00:43:06.480> it<00:43:06.720> interfered<00:43:07.200> with<00:43:07.359> itself<00:43:07.839> in<00:43:08.079> the 00:43:08.309 --> 00:43:08.319 align:start position:0% why had it interfered with itself in the 00:43:08.319 --> 00:43:10.790 align:start position:0% why had it interfered with itself in the previous<00:43:08.640> version<00:43:08.960> of<00:43:09.119> the<00:43:09.359> experiment? 00:43:10.790 --> 00:43:10.800 align:start position:0% previous version of the experiment? 00:43:10.800 --> 00:43:13.109 align:start position:0% previous version of the experiment? Scientists<00:43:11.280> had<00:43:11.520> an<00:43:11.760> idea.<00:43:12.640> They<00:43:12.880> sent 00:43:13.109 --> 00:43:13.119 align:start position:0% Scientists had an idea. They sent 00:43:13.119 --> 00:43:15.829 align:start position:0% Scientists had an idea. They sent through<00:43:13.520> multiple<00:43:14.079> photons<00:43:14.800> one<00:43:15.040> at<00:43:15.200> a<00:43:15.440> time 00:43:15.829 --> 00:43:15.839 align:start position:0% through multiple photons one at a time 00:43:15.839 --> 00:43:18.390 align:start position:0% through multiple photons one at a time and<00:43:16.079> plotted<00:43:16.480> the<00:43:16.640> result<00:43:16.880> on<00:43:17.119> the<00:43:17.280> detector. 00:43:18.390 --> 00:43:18.400 align:start position:0% and plotted the result on the detector. 00:43:18.400 --> 00:43:20.309 align:start position:0% and plotted the result on the detector. And<00:43:18.640> this<00:43:18.800> is<00:43:18.960> where<00:43:19.119> the<00:43:19.359> result<00:43:19.760> became 00:43:20.309 --> 00:43:20.319 align:start position:0% And this is where the result became 00:43:20.319 --> 00:43:23.829 align:start position:0% And this is where the result became really<00:43:20.720> strange.<00:43:22.160> Once<00:43:22.480> again,<00:43:22.960> the<00:43:23.280> detector 00:43:23.829 --> 00:43:23.839 align:start position:0% really strange. Once again, the detector 00:43:23.839 --> 00:43:25.910 align:start position:0% really strange. Once again, the detector started<00:43:24.240> seeing<00:43:24.480> the<00:43:24.720> photons<00:43:25.200> arriving<00:43:25.680> at 00:43:25.910 --> 00:43:25.920 align:start position:0% started seeing the photons arriving at 00:43:25.920 --> 00:43:28.630 align:start position:0% started seeing the photons arriving at single<00:43:26.319> points<00:43:26.880> one<00:43:27.119> at<00:43:27.280> a<00:43:27.520> time.<00:43:28.319> But 00:43:28.630 --> 00:43:28.640 align:start position:0% single points one at a time. But 00:43:28.640 --> 00:43:31.589 align:start position:0% single points one at a time. But bafflingly<00:43:29.760> the<00:43:30.000> arriving<00:43:30.480> photons<00:43:31.119> started 00:43:31.589 --> 00:43:31.599 align:start position:0% bafflingly the arriving photons started 00:43:31.599 --> 00:43:33.910 align:start position:0% bafflingly the arriving photons started creating<00:43:32.079> a<00:43:32.319> pattern. 00:43:33.910 --> 00:43:33.920 align:start position:0% creating a pattern. 00:43:33.920 --> 00:43:36.790 align:start position:0% creating a pattern. It<00:43:34.240> was<00:43:34.480> the<00:43:34.800> interference<00:43:35.440> pattern.<00:43:36.560> The 00:43:36.790 --> 00:43:36.800 align:start position:0% It was the interference pattern. The 00:43:36.800 --> 00:43:40.390 align:start position:0% It was the interference pattern. The proof<00:43:37.119> that<00:43:37.440> light<00:43:37.839> behaved<00:43:38.240> like<00:43:38.480> a<00:43:38.640> wave. 00:43:40.390 --> 00:43:40.400 align:start position:0% proof that light behaved like a wave. 00:43:40.400 --> 00:43:42.630 align:start position:0% proof that light behaved like a wave. But<00:43:40.640> strangely<00:43:41.200> enough,<00:43:41.920> this<00:43:42.160> was<00:43:42.319> only 00:43:42.630 --> 00:43:42.640 align:start position:0% But strangely enough, this was only 00:43:42.640 --> 00:43:44.710 align:start position:0% But strangely enough, this was only occurring<00:43:43.040> when<00:43:43.280> a<00:43:43.520> single<00:43:43.760> photon<00:43:44.319> was<00:43:44.480> going 00:43:44.710 --> 00:43:44.720 align:start position:0% occurring when a single photon was going 00:43:44.720 --> 00:43:48.150 align:start position:0% occurring when a single photon was going through<00:43:45.040> at<00:43:45.280> a<00:43:45.440> time.<00:43:46.480> Somehow<00:43:47.359> the<00:43:47.680> single 00:43:48.150 --> 00:43:48.160 align:start position:0% through at a time. Somehow the single 00:43:48.160 --> 00:43:50.710 align:start position:0% through at a time. Somehow the single photon<00:43:49.040> which<00:43:49.280> was<00:43:49.520> leaving<00:43:49.839> the<00:43:50.079> detector 00:43:50.710 --> 00:43:50.720 align:start position:0% photon which was leaving the detector 00:43:50.720 --> 00:43:53.270 align:start position:0% photon which was leaving the detector like<00:43:50.960> a<00:43:51.200> particle<00:43:51.920> and<00:43:52.160> was<00:43:52.400> arriving<00:43:52.800> at<00:43:53.040> its 00:43:53.270 --> 00:43:53.280 align:start position:0% like a particle and was arriving at its 00:43:53.280 --> 00:43:56.069 align:start position:0% like a particle and was arriving at its destination<00:43:53.920> as<00:43:54.160> a<00:43:54.400> particle<00:43:55.200> was<00:43:55.440> apparently 00:43:56.069 --> 00:43:56.079 align:start position:0% destination as a particle was apparently 00:43:56.079 --> 00:43:58.630 align:start position:0% destination as a particle was apparently in<00:43:56.400> some<00:43:56.640> way<00:43:57.040> traveling<00:43:57.520> through<00:43:57.839> both<00:43:58.240> slits 00:43:58.630 --> 00:43:58.640 align:start position:0% in some way traveling through both slits 00:43:58.640 --> 00:44:01.589 align:start position:0% in some way traveling through both slits at<00:43:58.880> once<00:43:59.920> enough<00:44:00.319> to<00:44:00.560> then<00:44:00.880> interfere<00:44:01.440> with 00:44:01.589 --> 00:44:01.599 align:start position:0% at once enough to then interfere with 00:44:01.599 --> 00:44:05.829 align:start position:0% at once enough to then interfere with itself<00:44:02.000> on<00:44:02.240> the<00:44:02.400> other<00:44:02.640> side<00:44:03.119> like<00:44:03.280> a<00:44:03.520> wave. 00:44:05.829 --> 00:44:05.839 align:start position:0% itself on the other side like a wave. 00:44:05.839 --> 00:44:08.309 align:start position:0% itself on the other side like a wave. If<00:44:06.079> light<00:44:06.480> was<00:44:06.640> just<00:44:06.880> a<00:44:07.119> particle,<00:44:07.839> then<00:44:08.079> when 00:44:08.309 --> 00:44:08.319 align:start position:0% If light was just a particle, then when 00:44:08.319 --> 00:44:09.910 align:start position:0% If light was just a particle, then when it<00:44:08.480> went<00:44:08.640> through<00:44:08.800> the<00:44:08.960> slits,<00:44:09.440> you<00:44:09.680> wouldn't 00:44:09.910 --> 00:44:09.920 align:start position:0% it went through the slits, you wouldn't 00:44:09.920 --> 00:44:12.630 align:start position:0% it went through the slits, you wouldn't see<00:44:10.160> this<00:44:10.400> pattern.<00:44:11.359> You<00:44:11.599> would<00:44:11.760> only<00:44:12.000> see<00:44:12.319> two 00:44:12.630 --> 00:44:12.640 align:start position:0% see this pattern. You would only see two 00:44:12.640 --> 00:44:15.109 align:start position:0% see this pattern. You would only see two blobs<00:44:13.040> of<00:44:13.200> light.<00:44:13.920> one<00:44:14.240> for<00:44:14.480> particles<00:44:14.880> that 00:44:15.109 --> 00:44:15.119 align:start position:0% blobs of light. one for particles that 00:44:15.119 --> 00:44:16.790 align:start position:0% blobs of light. one for particles that went<00:44:15.280> through<00:44:15.440> the<00:44:15.599> slit<00:44:16.079> and<00:44:16.319> one<00:44:16.560> for 00:44:16.790 --> 00:44:16.800 align:start position:0% went through the slit and one for 00:44:16.800 --> 00:44:18.069 align:start position:0% went through the slit and one for particles<00:44:17.200> that<00:44:17.440> went<00:44:17.599> through<00:44:17.760> the<00:44:17.920> other 00:44:18.069 --> 00:44:18.079 align:start position:0% particles that went through the other 00:44:18.079 --> 00:44:21.270 align:start position:0% particles that went through the other one.<00:44:18.960> And<00:44:19.119> yet<00:44:19.839> here<00:44:20.240> was<00:44:20.480> the<00:44:20.720> interference 00:44:21.270 --> 00:44:21.280 align:start position:0% one. And yet here was the interference 00:44:21.280 --> 00:44:23.829 align:start position:0% one. And yet here was the interference pattern<00:44:21.680> with<00:44:21.920> its<00:44:22.319> multiple<00:44:22.800> lines<00:44:23.119> of<00:44:23.359> light 00:44:23.829 --> 00:44:23.839 align:start position:0% pattern with its multiple lines of light 00:44:23.839 --> 00:44:26.069 align:start position:0% pattern with its multiple lines of light disproving<00:44:24.560> that. 00:44:26.069 --> 00:44:26.079 align:start position:0% disproving that. 00:44:26.079 --> 00:44:28.550 align:start position:0% disproving that. Scientists<00:44:26.560> tried<00:44:26.800> to<00:44:26.960> pin<00:44:27.280> light<00:44:27.599> down.<00:44:28.319> They 00:44:28.550 --> 00:44:28.560 align:start position:0% Scientists tried to pin light down. They 00:44:28.560 --> 00:44:30.390 align:start position:0% Scientists tried to pin light down. They set<00:44:28.720> up<00:44:28.880> the<00:44:29.119> experiment,<00:44:29.760> but<00:44:30.079> this<00:44:30.240> time 00:44:30.390 --> 00:44:30.400 align:start position:0% set up the experiment, but this time 00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:33.030 align:start position:0% set up the experiment, but this time with<00:44:30.640> two<00:44:30.880> more<00:44:31.119> detectors<00:44:31.680> at<00:44:31.839> the<00:44:32.079> slit<00:44:32.880> so 00:44:33.030 --> 00:44:33.040 align:start position:0% with two more detectors at the slit so 00:44:33.040 --> 00:44:34.870 align:start position:0% with two more detectors at the slit so that<00:44:33.280> scientists<00:44:33.760> could<00:44:33.920> observe<00:44:34.400> whether<00:44:34.720> it 00:44:34.870 --> 00:44:34.880 align:start position:0% that scientists could observe whether it 00:44:34.880 --> 00:44:36.870 align:start position:0% that scientists could observe whether it was<00:44:35.040> indeed<00:44:35.440> passing<00:44:35.839> through<00:44:36.160> both<00:44:36.480> at<00:44:36.720> the 00:44:36.870 --> 00:44:36.880 align:start position:0% was indeed passing through both at the 00:44:36.880 --> 00:44:40.870 align:start position:0% was indeed passing through both at the same<00:44:37.119> time.<00:44:38.319> It<00:44:38.640> didn't.<00:44:40.079> But<00:44:40.319> at<00:44:40.480> the<00:44:40.640> same 00:44:40.870 --> 00:44:40.880 align:start position:0% same time. It didn't. But at the same 00:44:40.880 --> 00:44:43.190 align:start position:0% same time. It didn't. But at the same time,<00:44:41.520> it<00:44:41.920> stopped<00:44:42.480> creating<00:44:42.960> an 00:44:43.190 --> 00:44:43.200 align:start position:0% time, it stopped creating an 00:44:43.200 --> 00:44:45.510 align:start position:0% time, it stopped creating an interference<00:44:43.839> pattern<00:44:44.319> on<00:44:44.560> the<00:44:44.800> furthermost 00:44:45.510 --> 00:44:45.520 align:start position:0% interference pattern on the furthermost 00:44:45.520 --> 00:44:47.190 align:start position:0% interference pattern on the furthermost detector. 00:44:47.190 --> 00:44:47.200 align:start position:0% detector. 00:44:47.200 --> 00:44:49.510 align:start position:0% detector. And<00:44:47.440> from<00:44:47.760> this,<00:44:48.400> scientists<00:44:48.960> began<00:44:49.359> to 00:44:49.510 --> 00:44:49.520 align:start position:0% And from this, scientists began to 00:44:49.520 --> 00:44:52.470 align:start position:0% And from this, scientists began to realize<00:44:50.000> something.<00:44:51.119> Light<00:44:51.520> cared<00:44:52.079> about 00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:52.480 align:start position:0% realize something. Light cared about 00:44:52.480 --> 00:44:54.870 align:start position:0% realize something. Light cared about being<00:44:52.960> observed. 00:44:54.870 --> 00:44:54.880 align:start position:0% being observed. 00:44:54.880 --> 00:44:57.430 align:start position:0% being observed. To<00:44:55.119> be<00:44:55.280> clear,<00:44:55.920> it<00:44:56.160> didn't<00:44:56.480> matter<00:44:56.800> whether<00:44:57.200> it 00:44:57.430 --> 00:44:57.440 align:start position:0% To be clear, it didn't matter whether it 00:44:57.440 --> 00:44:59.430 align:start position:0% To be clear, it didn't matter whether it was<00:44:57.599> observed<00:44:58.079> by<00:44:58.240> a<00:44:58.400> human<00:44:58.720> eye<00:44:58.960> or<00:44:59.280> a 00:44:59.430 --> 00:44:59.440 align:start position:0% was observed by a human eye or a 00:44:59.440 --> 00:45:02.309 align:start position:0% was observed by a human eye or a machine.<00:45:00.400> The<00:45:00.720> moment<00:45:01.200> light<00:45:01.520> was<00:45:01.760> interacted 00:45:02.309 --> 00:45:02.319 align:start position:0% machine. The moment light was interacted 00:45:02.319 --> 00:45:05.349 align:start position:0% machine. The moment light was interacted with<00:45:02.640> in<00:45:02.960> some<00:45:03.200> way<00:45:03.680> by<00:45:04.000> any<00:45:04.319> particle,<00:45:05.119> which 00:45:05.349 --> 00:45:05.359 align:start position:0% with in some way by any particle, which 00:45:05.359 --> 00:45:07.430 align:start position:0% with in some way by any particle, which is<00:45:05.520> the<00:45:05.760> only<00:45:05.920> way<00:45:06.000> we<00:45:06.240> can<00:45:06.400> detect<00:45:06.720> light. 00:45:07.430 --> 00:45:07.440 align:start position:0% is the only way we can detect light. 00:45:07.440 --> 00:45:09.829 align:start position:0% is the only way we can detect light. There's<00:45:07.680> no<00:45:07.839> other<00:45:08.000> way<00:45:08.160> to<00:45:08.319> observe<00:45:08.720> it.<00:45:09.520> It 00:45:09.829 --> 00:45:09.839 align:start position:0% There's no other way to observe it. It 00:45:09.839 --> 00:45:12.069 align:start position:0% There's no other way to observe it. It started<00:45:10.319> behaving<00:45:10.880> differently<00:45:11.520> than<00:45:11.760> if<00:45:11.920> it 00:45:12.069 --> 00:45:12.079 align:start position:0% started behaving differently than if it 00:45:12.079 --> 00:45:14.870 align:start position:0% started behaving differently than if it hadn't<00:45:12.400> been<00:45:12.640> detected<00:45:13.200> at<00:45:13.440> all.<00:45:14.240> It<00:45:14.480> was<00:45:14.640> if 00:45:14.870 --> 00:45:14.880 align:start position:0% hadn't been detected at all. It was if 00:45:14.880 --> 00:45:17.030 align:start position:0% hadn't been detected at all. It was if light<00:45:15.280> was<00:45:15.520> snapping<00:45:15.920> into<00:45:16.160> focus<00:45:16.640> any<00:45:16.880> time 00:45:17.030 --> 00:45:17.040 align:start position:0% light was snapping into focus any time 00:45:17.040 --> 00:45:19.190 align:start position:0% light was snapping into focus any time the<00:45:17.280> universe<00:45:17.760> asked<00:45:18.079> it<00:45:18.240> the<00:45:18.480> question<00:45:18.880> of 00:45:19.190 --> 00:45:19.200 align:start position:0% the universe asked it the question of 00:45:19.200 --> 00:45:22.230 align:start position:0% the universe asked it the question of where<00:45:19.599> exactly<00:45:20.079> it<00:45:20.400> was.<00:45:21.440> When<00:45:21.760> without<00:45:22.079> the 00:45:22.230 --> 00:45:22.240 align:start position:0% where exactly it was. When without the 00:45:22.240 --> 00:45:24.309 align:start position:0% where exactly it was. When without the scrutiny,<00:45:22.880> it<00:45:23.040> appeared<00:45:23.440> to<00:45:23.599> relax<00:45:24.000> into 00:45:24.309 --> 00:45:24.319 align:start position:0% scrutiny, it appeared to relax into 00:45:24.319 --> 00:45:27.190 align:start position:0% scrutiny, it appeared to relax into something<00:45:24.560> a<00:45:24.880> little<00:45:24.960> more<00:45:25.200> nebulous. 00:45:27.190 --> 00:45:27.200 align:start position:0% something a little more nebulous. 00:45:27.200 --> 00:45:29.670 align:start position:0% something a little more nebulous. Bizarrely<00:45:27.839> enough,<00:45:28.560> this<00:45:28.800> seems<00:45:29.119> to<00:45:29.280> imply 00:45:29.670 --> 00:45:29.680 align:start position:0% Bizarrely enough, this seems to imply 00:45:29.680 --> 00:45:32.390 align:start position:0% Bizarrely enough, this seems to imply that<00:45:30.000> light<00:45:30.560> actually<00:45:31.040> is<00:45:31.359> more<00:45:31.599> like<00:45:31.839> a<00:45:32.000> wave 00:45:32.390 --> 00:45:32.400 align:start position:0% that light actually is more like a wave 00:45:32.400 --> 00:45:35.349 align:start position:0% that light actually is more like a wave of<00:45:32.720> probability<00:45:33.920> rather<00:45:34.240> than<00:45:34.480> any<00:45:34.800> discrete 00:45:35.349 --> 00:45:35.359 align:start position:0% of probability rather than any discrete 00:45:35.359 --> 00:45:38.309 align:start position:0% of probability rather than any discrete particle<00:45:35.839> or<00:45:36.079> wave.<00:45:36.640> Anytime<00:45:37.599> it<00:45:37.839> was<00:45:37.920> asked 00:45:38.309 --> 00:45:38.319 align:start position:0% particle or wave. Anytime it was asked 00:45:38.319 --> 00:45:41.030 align:start position:0% particle or wave. Anytime it was asked where<00:45:38.560> it<00:45:38.800> was,<00:45:39.359> it<00:45:39.599> confidently<00:45:40.240> provided<00:45:40.720> a 00:45:41.030 --> 00:45:41.040 align:start position:0% where it was, it confidently provided a 00:45:41.040 --> 00:45:43.990 align:start position:0% where it was, it confidently provided a definitive<00:45:41.599> answer.<00:45:42.560> It<00:45:42.960> was<00:45:43.359> at<00:45:43.599> this<00:45:43.839> point 00:45:43.990 --> 00:45:44.000 align:start position:0% definitive answer. It was at this point 00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:47.190 align:start position:0% definitive answer. It was at this point on<00:45:44.240> the<00:45:44.400> detector.<00:45:45.359> It<00:45:45.680> was<00:45:45.920> not<00:45:46.400> at<00:45:46.720> any<00:45:46.880> other 00:45:47.190 --> 00:45:47.200 align:start position:0% on the detector. It was not at any other 00:45:47.200 --> 00:45:49.990 align:start position:0% on the detector. It was not at any other point.<00:45:48.400> But<00:45:48.640> with<00:45:48.960> no<00:45:49.119> one<00:45:49.280> checking<00:45:49.680> up<00:45:49.839> on 00:45:49.990 --> 00:45:50.000 align:start position:0% point. But with no one checking up on 00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:52.390 align:start position:0% point. But with no one checking up on it,<00:45:50.560> light<00:45:50.960> seems<00:45:51.200> to<00:45:51.359> be<00:45:51.520> traveling<00:45:51.839> in<00:45:52.160> all 00:45:52.390 --> 00:45:52.400 align:start position:0% it, light seems to be traveling in all 00:45:52.400 --> 00:45:54.550 align:start position:0% it, light seems to be traveling in all directions<00:45:52.800> at<00:45:53.040> once<00:45:53.599> in<00:45:53.839> accordance<00:45:54.319> with 00:45:54.550 --> 00:45:54.560 align:start position:0% directions at once in accordance with 00:45:54.560 --> 00:45:57.190 align:start position:0% directions at once in accordance with certain<00:45:54.960> probabilities. 00:45:57.190 --> 00:45:57.200 align:start position:0% certain probabilities. 00:45:57.200 --> 00:45:59.109 align:start position:0% certain probabilities. If<00:45:57.440> you<00:45:57.599> ran<00:45:57.920> the<00:45:58.160> experiment<00:45:58.640> multiple 00:45:59.109 --> 00:45:59.119 align:start position:0% If you ran the experiment multiple 00:45:59.119 --> 00:46:00.870 align:start position:0% If you ran the experiment multiple times,<00:45:59.680> you<00:45:59.920> could<00:46:00.079> quantify<00:46:00.560> those 00:46:00.870 --> 00:46:00.880 align:start position:0% times, you could quantify those 00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:02.950 align:start position:0% times, you could quantify those probabilities,<00:46:01.839> discovering<00:46:02.400> that<00:46:02.640> it<00:46:02.800> was 00:46:02.950 --> 00:46:02.960 align:start position:0% probabilities, discovering that it was 00:46:02.960 --> 00:46:04.790 align:start position:0% probabilities, discovering that it was more<00:46:03.200> likely<00:46:03.440> to<00:46:03.599> be<00:46:03.839> on<00:46:04.000> the<00:46:04.160> bands<00:46:04.480> of<00:46:04.640> the 00:46:04.790 --> 00:46:04.800 align:start position:0% more likely to be on the bands of the 00:46:04.800 --> 00:46:07.109 align:start position:0% more likely to be on the bands of the interference<00:46:05.359> pattern<00:46:06.000> and<00:46:06.240> less<00:46:06.560> likely<00:46:06.880> to 00:46:07.109 --> 00:46:07.119 align:start position:0% interference pattern and less likely to 00:46:07.119 --> 00:46:09.990 align:start position:0% interference pattern and less likely to be<00:46:07.280> in<00:46:07.520> the<00:46:07.680> gaps.<00:46:08.800> But<00:46:09.040> anytime<00:46:09.520> a<00:46:09.760> single 00:46:09.990 --> 00:46:10.000 align:start position:0% be in the gaps. But anytime a single 00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:12.710 align:start position:0% be in the gaps. But anytime a single photon<00:46:10.400> of<00:46:10.560> light<00:46:10.880> was<00:46:11.119> asked,<00:46:12.000> it<00:46:12.240> gave<00:46:12.480> an 00:46:12.710 --> 00:46:12.720 align:start position:0% photon of light was asked, it gave an 00:46:12.720 --> 00:46:16.390 align:start position:0% photon of light was asked, it gave an answer<00:46:13.040> that<00:46:13.280> was<00:46:13.599> 100%<00:46:14.560> concrete. 00:46:16.390 --> 00:46:16.400 align:start position:0% answer that was 100% concrete. 00:46:16.400 --> 00:46:17.990 align:start position:0% answer that was 100% concrete. This<00:46:16.640> is<00:46:16.880> highlighted<00:46:17.359> through<00:46:17.680> something 00:46:17.990 --> 00:46:18.000 align:start position:0% This is highlighted through something 00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:21.670 align:start position:0% This is highlighted through something known<00:46:18.319> as<00:46:18.560> the<00:46:18.880> three<00:46:19.359> polarizer<00:46:20.079> paradox. 00:46:21.670 --> 00:46:21.680 align:start position:0% known as the three polarizer paradox. 00:46:21.680 --> 00:46:23.349 align:start position:0% known as the three polarizer paradox. Consider<00:46:22.079> for<00:46:22.240> a<00:46:22.480> moment<00:46:22.640> a<00:46:22.960> pair<00:46:23.119> of 00:46:23.349 --> 00:46:23.359 align:start position:0% Consider for a moment a pair of 00:46:23.359 --> 00:46:26.390 align:start position:0% Consider for a moment a pair of polarizing<00:46:24.000> sunglasses.<00:46:25.359> Obviously,<00:46:26.000> these 00:46:26.390 --> 00:46:26.400 align:start position:0% polarizing sunglasses. Obviously, these 00:46:26.400 --> 00:46:28.069 align:start position:0% polarizing sunglasses. Obviously, these reduce<00:46:26.720> the<00:46:26.960> amount<00:46:27.119> of<00:46:27.280> light<00:46:27.440> that<00:46:27.680> can<00:46:27.839> pass 00:46:28.069 --> 00:46:28.079 align:start position:0% reduce the amount of light that can pass 00:46:28.079 --> 00:46:30.790 align:start position:0% reduce the amount of light that can pass through<00:46:28.319> them,<00:46:28.800> usually<00:46:29.200> by<00:46:29.440> about<00:46:29.760> 50% 00:46:30.790 --> 00:46:30.800 align:start position:0% through them, usually by about 50% 00:46:30.800 --> 00:46:32.470 align:start position:0% through them, usually by about 50% depending<00:46:31.119> on<00:46:31.280> the<00:46:31.440> type<00:46:31.680> of<00:46:31.839> lens<00:46:32.079> and<00:46:32.319> the 00:46:32.470 --> 00:46:32.480 align:start position:0% depending on the type of lens and the 00:46:32.480 --> 00:46:35.109 align:start position:0% depending on the type of lens and the wavelength<00:46:32.960> of<00:46:33.119> light.<00:46:34.079> They<00:46:34.319> work<00:46:34.560> by<00:46:34.880> being 00:46:35.109 --> 00:46:35.119 align:start position:0% wavelength of light. They work by being 00:46:35.119 --> 00:46:37.670 align:start position:0% wavelength of light. They work by being formed<00:46:35.440> of<00:46:35.760> thin<00:46:36.160> chains<00:46:36.480> of<00:46:36.640> molecules<00:46:37.359> that 00:46:37.670 --> 00:46:37.680 align:start position:0% formed of thin chains of molecules that 00:46:37.680 --> 00:46:40.470 align:start position:0% formed of thin chains of molecules that run<00:46:37.920> lengthways<00:46:38.560> across<00:46:38.880> the<00:46:39.119> lens.<00:46:40.160> Any 00:46:40.470 --> 00:46:40.480 align:start position:0% run lengthways across the lens. Any 00:46:40.480 --> 00:46:42.150 align:start position:0% run lengthways across the lens. Any light<00:46:40.720> that<00:46:40.960> oscillates<00:46:41.520> in<00:46:41.760> the<00:46:41.920> same 00:46:42.150 --> 00:46:42.160 align:start position:0% light that oscillates in the same 00:46:42.160 --> 00:46:44.950 align:start position:0% light that oscillates in the same orientation<00:46:42.640> as<00:46:42.880> this<00:46:43.119> lens<00:46:43.520> gets<00:46:43.760> absorbed. 00:46:44.950 --> 00:46:44.960 align:start position:0% orientation as this lens gets absorbed. 00:46:44.960 --> 00:46:47.190 align:start position:0% orientation as this lens gets absorbed. Any<00:46:45.280> that<00:46:45.520> is<00:46:45.680> perpendicular<00:46:46.319> to<00:46:46.480> the<00:46:46.640> chains 00:46:47.190 --> 00:46:47.200 align:start position:0% Any that is perpendicular to the chains 00:46:47.200 --> 00:46:49.990 align:start position:0% Any that is perpendicular to the chains can<00:46:47.520> pass<00:46:47.760> through<00:46:48.079> without<00:46:48.480> trouble.<00:46:49.599> The 00:46:49.990 --> 00:46:50.000 align:start position:0% can pass through without trouble. The 00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:51.990 align:start position:0% can pass through without trouble. The interesting<00:46:50.480> case<00:46:50.720> occurs<00:46:51.200> when<00:46:51.520> a<00:46:51.760> single 00:46:51.990 --> 00:46:52.000 align:start position:0% interesting case occurs when a single 00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:54.069 align:start position:0% interesting case occurs when a single photon<00:46:52.480> is<00:46:52.640> passed<00:46:52.960> through<00:46:53.200> an<00:46:53.440> orientation 00:46:54.069 --> 00:46:54.079 align:start position:0% photon is passed through an orientation 00:46:54.079 --> 00:46:56.710 align:start position:0% photon is passed through an orientation that's<00:46:54.480> diagonal<00:46:54.960> to<00:46:55.119> the<00:46:55.280> lens.<00:46:56.319> In<00:46:56.560> this 00:46:56.710 --> 00:46:56.720 align:start position:0% that's diagonal to the lens. In this 00:46:56.720 --> 00:46:59.109 align:start position:0% that's diagonal to the lens. In this case,<00:46:57.280> you<00:46:57.520> don't<00:46:57.680> get<00:46:57.920> half<00:46:58.160> a<00:46:58.400> photon<00:46:58.880> going 00:46:59.109 --> 00:46:59.119 align:start position:0% case, you don't get half a photon going 00:46:59.119 --> 00:47:01.510 align:start position:0% case, you don't get half a photon going through.<00:47:00.079> Apparently,<00:47:00.720> you<00:47:00.960> can't<00:47:01.200> just 00:47:01.510 --> 00:47:01.520 align:start position:0% through. Apparently, you can't just 00:47:01.520 --> 00:47:03.750 align:start position:0% through. Apparently, you can't just absorb<00:47:02.000> part<00:47:02.319> of<00:47:02.560> the<00:47:02.720> oscillation<00:47:03.280> that<00:47:03.520> is 00:47:03.750 --> 00:47:03.760 align:start position:0% absorb part of the oscillation that is 00:47:03.760 --> 00:47:05.589 align:start position:0% absorb part of the oscillation that is parallel<00:47:04.160> to<00:47:04.319> the<00:47:04.480> lines<00:47:04.880> and<00:47:05.119> let<00:47:05.359> through 00:47:05.589 --> 00:47:05.599 align:start position:0% parallel to the lines and let through 00:47:05.599 --> 00:47:08.150 align:start position:0% parallel to the lines and let through the<00:47:05.839> other<00:47:06.079> part<00:47:06.240> that<00:47:06.480> is<00:47:06.640> perpendicular. 00:47:08.150 --> 00:47:08.160 align:start position:0% the other part that is perpendicular. 00:47:08.160 --> 00:47:10.710 align:start position:0% the other part that is perpendicular. Instead,<00:47:08.640> the<00:47:08.800> photon<00:47:09.440> snaps<00:47:10.160> into<00:47:10.480> either 00:47:10.710 --> 00:47:10.720 align:start position:0% Instead, the photon snaps into either 00:47:10.720 --> 00:47:13.510 align:start position:0% Instead, the photon snaps into either the<00:47:10.960> one<00:47:11.200> orientation<00:47:12.000> or<00:47:12.240> the<00:47:12.480> other.<00:47:13.280> It 00:47:13.510 --> 00:47:13.520 align:start position:0% the one orientation or the other. It 00:47:13.520 --> 00:47:16.069 align:start position:0% the one orientation or the other. It either<00:47:13.839> is<00:47:14.160> completely<00:47:14.640> absorbed<00:47:15.359> or<00:47:15.680> passes 00:47:16.069 --> 00:47:16.079 align:start position:0% either is completely absorbed or passes 00:47:16.079 --> 00:47:18.710 align:start position:0% either is completely absorbed or passes through<00:47:16.480> entirely.<00:47:17.520> but<00:47:17.760> now<00:47:18.000> with<00:47:18.240> a<00:47:18.400> new 00:47:18.710 --> 00:47:18.720 align:start position:0% through entirely. but now with a new 00:47:18.720 --> 00:47:21.349 align:start position:0% through entirely. but now with a new perpendicular<00:47:19.680> polarization<00:47:20.640> to<00:47:20.880> match<00:47:21.119> what 00:47:21.349 --> 00:47:21.359 align:start position:0% perpendicular polarization to match what 00:47:21.359 --> 00:47:23.430 align:start position:0% perpendicular polarization to match what it<00:47:21.599> would<00:47:21.760> have<00:47:21.920> to<00:47:22.079> have<00:47:22.319> had<00:47:22.880> to<00:47:23.040> have<00:47:23.280> been 00:47:23.430 --> 00:47:23.440 align:start position:0% it would have to have had to have been 00:47:23.440 --> 00:47:26.390 align:start position:0% it would have to have had to have been able<00:47:23.599> to<00:47:23.760> pass<00:47:24.000> through<00:47:24.319> easily. 00:47:26.390 --> 00:47:26.400 align:start position:0% able to pass through easily. 00:47:26.400 --> 00:47:28.470 align:start position:0% able to pass through easily. How<00:47:26.560> do<00:47:26.720> we<00:47:26.880> know<00:47:27.119> that<00:47:27.359> the<00:47:27.520> photon<00:47:28.079> wasn't 00:47:28.470 --> 00:47:28.480 align:start position:0% How do we know that the photon wasn't 00:47:28.480 --> 00:47:31.670 align:start position:0% How do we know that the photon wasn't this<00:47:28.800> orientation<00:47:29.520> all<00:47:29.760> along?<00:47:30.960> Because<00:47:31.359> of 00:47:31.670 --> 00:47:31.680 align:start position:0% this orientation all along? Because of 00:47:31.680 --> 00:47:33.670 align:start position:0% this orientation all along? Because of what<00:47:31.920> happens<00:47:32.319> when<00:47:32.560> you<00:47:32.720> start<00:47:33.040> adding<00:47:33.359> more 00:47:33.670 --> 00:47:33.680 align:start position:0% what happens when you start adding more 00:47:33.680 --> 00:47:35.510 align:start position:0% what happens when you start adding more lenses 00:47:35.510 --> 00:47:35.520 align:start position:0% lenses 00:47:35.520 --> 00:47:37.670 align:start position:0% lenses when<00:47:35.760> you<00:47:36.000> place<00:47:36.240> a<00:47:36.480> second<00:47:36.800> lens<00:47:37.119> behind<00:47:37.440> the 00:47:37.670 --> 00:47:37.680 align:start position:0% when you place a second lens behind the 00:47:37.680 --> 00:47:39.510 align:start position:0% when you place a second lens behind the first,<00:47:38.240> you<00:47:38.480> can<00:47:38.560> block<00:47:38.880> out<00:47:39.040> the<00:47:39.280> light 00:47:39.510 --> 00:47:39.520 align:start position:0% first, you can block out the light 00:47:39.520 --> 00:47:42.069 align:start position:0% first, you can block out the light entirely,<00:47:40.480> provided<00:47:40.880> the<00:47:41.119> two<00:47:41.359> polarizations 00:47:42.069 --> 00:47:42.079 align:start position:0% entirely, provided the two polarizations 00:47:42.079 --> 00:47:44.550 align:start position:0% entirely, provided the two polarizations are<00:47:42.319> perpendicular<00:47:43.040> to<00:47:43.280> each<00:47:43.440> other.<00:47:44.319> Let's 00:47:44.550 --> 00:47:44.560 align:start position:0% are perpendicular to each other. Let's 00:47:44.560 --> 00:47:46.950 align:start position:0% are perpendicular to each other. Let's say<00:47:44.800> we<00:47:45.040> rotate<00:47:45.440> the<00:47:45.680> second<00:47:45.920> lens<00:47:46.240> 90° 00:47:46.950 --> 00:47:46.960 align:start position:0% say we rotate the second lens 90° 00:47:46.960 --> 00:47:49.109 align:start position:0% say we rotate the second lens 90° compared<00:47:47.280> to<00:47:47.440> the<00:47:47.599> first<00:47:47.839> one.<00:47:48.640> Any<00:47:48.960> light 00:47:49.109 --> 00:47:49.119 align:start position:0% compared to the first one. Any light 00:47:49.119 --> 00:47:51.270 align:start position:0% compared to the first one. Any light that<00:47:49.359> gets<00:47:49.599> through<00:47:49.839> the<00:47:50.079> first<00:47:50.319> lens<00:47:50.720> has<00:47:50.960> a 00:47:51.270 --> 00:47:51.280 align:start position:0% that gets through the first lens has a 00:47:51.280 --> 00:47:53.829 align:start position:0% that gets through the first lens has a 0%<00:47:52.000> chance<00:47:52.240> of<00:47:52.480> getting<00:47:52.720> through<00:47:52.960> the<00:47:53.200> second, 00:47:53.829 --> 00:47:53.839 align:start position:0% 0% chance of getting through the second, 00:47:53.839 --> 00:47:55.589 align:start position:0% 0% chance of getting through the second, like<00:47:54.079> trying<00:47:54.400> to<00:47:54.560> post<00:47:54.800> a<00:47:55.040> letter<00:47:55.280> through<00:47:55.440> a 00:47:55.589 --> 00:47:55.599 align:start position:0% like trying to post a letter through a 00:47:55.599 --> 00:47:59.430 align:start position:0% like trying to post a letter through a chainl<00:47:56.160> fence.<00:47:57.440> As<00:47:57.599> a<00:47:57.839> result,<00:47:58.480> we<00:47:58.800> see<00:47:59.040> only 00:47:59.430 --> 00:47:59.440 align:start position:0% chainl fence. As a result, we see only 00:47:59.440 --> 00:48:03.670 align:start position:0% chainl fence. As a result, we see only black.<00:48:00.880> But<00:48:01.440> add<00:48:01.760> a<00:48:02.000> third<00:48:02.240> lens<00:48:02.960> and<00:48:03.280> place<00:48:03.440> it 00:48:03.670 --> 00:48:03.680 align:start position:0% black. But add a third lens and place it 00:48:03.680 --> 00:48:07.109 align:start position:0% black. But add a third lens and place it at<00:48:03.839> a<00:48:04.079> 45°<00:48:04.960> angle<00:48:05.359> between<00:48:05.680> the<00:48:05.920> other<00:48:06.160> two. 00:48:07.109 --> 00:48:07.119 align:start position:0% at a 45° angle between the other two. 00:48:07.119 --> 00:48:09.510 align:start position:0% at a 45° angle between the other two. And<00:48:07.280> bizarrely,<00:48:08.240> light<00:48:08.640> starts<00:48:09.040> making<00:48:09.280> it 00:48:09.510 --> 00:48:09.520 align:start position:0% And bizarrely, light starts making it 00:48:09.520 --> 00:48:12.790 align:start position:0% And bizarrely, light starts making it through<00:48:10.000> all<00:48:10.319> three<00:48:10.640> lenses.<00:48:11.200> Again, 00:48:12.790 --> 00:48:12.800 align:start position:0% through all three lenses. Again, 00:48:12.800 --> 00:48:15.430 align:start position:0% through all three lenses. Again, this<00:48:13.119> may<00:48:13.359> seem<00:48:13.680> counterintuitive.<00:48:15.040> How<00:48:15.280> does 00:48:15.430 --> 00:48:15.440 align:start position:0% this may seem counterintuitive. How does 00:48:15.440 --> 00:48:18.069 align:start position:0% this may seem counterintuitive. How does adding<00:48:15.839> more<00:48:16.240> blockages<00:48:17.440> increase<00:48:17.839> the 00:48:18.069 --> 00:48:18.079 align:start position:0% adding more blockages increase the 00:48:18.079 --> 00:48:20.630 align:start position:0% adding more blockages increase the amount<00:48:18.319> of<00:48:18.480> light<00:48:18.800> that<00:48:19.040> makes<00:48:19.280> it<00:48:19.440> through? 00:48:20.630 --> 00:48:20.640 align:start position:0% amount of light that makes it through? 00:48:20.640 --> 00:48:22.710 align:start position:0% amount of light that makes it through? But<00:48:20.880> this<00:48:21.200> result<00:48:21.599> actually<00:48:21.920> rules<00:48:22.319> out<00:48:22.480> the 00:48:22.710 --> 00:48:22.720 align:start position:0% But this result actually rules out the 00:48:22.720 --> 00:48:24.710 align:start position:0% But this result actually rules out the possibility<00:48:23.200> that<00:48:23.440> the<00:48:23.680> light<00:48:23.920> has<00:48:24.160> a<00:48:24.400> fixed 00:48:24.710 --> 00:48:24.720 align:start position:0% possibility that the light has a fixed 00:48:24.720 --> 00:48:27.670 align:start position:0% possibility that the light has a fixed orientation.<00:48:26.079> It<00:48:26.400> must<00:48:26.720> be<00:48:26.960> snapping<00:48:27.359> into 00:48:27.670 --> 00:48:27.680 align:start position:0% orientation. It must be snapping into 00:48:27.680 --> 00:48:30.230 align:start position:0% orientation. It must be snapping into focus<00:48:28.079> at<00:48:28.319> each<00:48:28.559> new<00:48:28.800> lens,<00:48:29.599> rolling<00:48:30.000> a 00:48:30.230 --> 00:48:30.240 align:start position:0% focus at each new lens, rolling a 00:48:30.240 --> 00:48:32.470 align:start position:0% focus at each new lens, rolling a quantum<00:48:30.640> dice<00:48:31.040> each<00:48:31.280> time<00:48:31.680> to<00:48:31.920> see<00:48:32.000> if<00:48:32.160> it<00:48:32.319> was 00:48:32.470 --> 00:48:32.480 align:start position:0% quantum dice each time to see if it was 00:48:32.480 --> 00:48:35.829 align:start position:0% quantum dice each time to see if it was the<00:48:32.640> right<00:48:32.880> orientation<00:48:33.520> all<00:48:33.760> along<00:48:34.400> or<00:48:34.720> not. 00:48:35.829 --> 00:48:35.839 align:start position:0% the right orientation all along or not. 00:48:35.839 --> 00:48:38.069 align:start position:0% the right orientation all along or not. if<00:48:36.079> it<00:48:36.240> makes<00:48:36.400> it<00:48:36.559> through<00:48:36.720> the<00:48:36.960> first<00:48:37.119> lens,<00:48:37.760> a 00:48:38.069 --> 00:48:38.079 align:start position:0% if it makes it through the first lens, a 00:48:38.079 --> 00:48:41.109 align:start position:0% if it makes it through the first lens, a 50%<00:48:38.720> chance<00:48:39.359> it<00:48:39.599> only<00:48:39.839> did<00:48:40.079> so<00:48:40.319> because<00:48:40.640> it<00:48:40.880> was 00:48:41.109 --> 00:48:41.119 align:start position:0% 50% chance it only did so because it was 00:48:41.119 --> 00:48:43.670 align:start position:0% 50% chance it only did so because it was oriented<00:48:41.920> perfectly<00:48:42.480> perpendicular<00:48:43.280> to<00:48:43.520> the 00:48:43.670 --> 00:48:43.680 align:start position:0% oriented perfectly perpendicular to the 00:48:43.680 --> 00:48:45.750 align:start position:0% oriented perfectly perpendicular to the lens's<00:48:44.160> polarization, 00:48:45.750 --> 00:48:45.760 align:start position:0% lens's polarization, 00:48:45.760 --> 00:48:48.150 align:start position:0% lens's polarization, which<00:48:46.000> means<00:48:46.319> once<00:48:46.559> it<00:48:46.800> reaches<00:48:47.119> the<00:48:47.359> second, 00:48:48.150 --> 00:48:48.160 align:start position:0% which means once it reaches the second, 00:48:48.160 --> 00:48:50.230 align:start position:0% which means once it reaches the second, it's<00:48:48.400> coming<00:48:48.640> at<00:48:48.880> it<00:48:49.040> from<00:48:49.280> a<00:48:49.440> polarization 00:48:50.230 --> 00:48:50.240 align:start position:0% it's coming at it from a polarization 00:48:50.240 --> 00:48:52.790 align:start position:0% it's coming at it from a polarization that's<00:48:50.640> diagonal.<00:48:51.680> So<00:48:51.920> once<00:48:52.160> again,<00:48:52.559> there's 00:48:52.790 --> 00:48:52.800 align:start position:0% that's diagonal. So once again, there's 00:48:52.800 --> 00:48:55.829 align:start position:0% that's diagonal. So once again, there's a<00:48:53.040> 50/50<00:48:53.839> chance<00:48:54.079> that<00:48:54.400> it<00:48:54.559> makes<00:48:54.720> it<00:48:54.960> through. 00:48:55.829 --> 00:48:55.839 align:start position:0% a 50/50 chance that it makes it through. 00:48:55.839 --> 00:48:58.309 align:start position:0% a 50/50 chance that it makes it through. It<00:48:56.079> rolls<00:48:56.319> a<00:48:56.559> quantum<00:48:56.880> dice<00:48:57.200> again<00:48:57.760> and<00:48:58.000> once 00:48:58.309 --> 00:48:58.319 align:start position:0% It rolls a quantum dice again and once 00:48:58.319 --> 00:49:01.510 align:start position:0% It rolls a quantum dice again and once again<00:48:58.640> has<00:48:58.880> a<00:48:59.119> 50/50<00:48:59.839> chance<00:49:00.079> of<00:49:00.319> proceeding. 00:49:01.510 --> 00:49:01.520 align:start position:0% again has a 50/50 chance of proceeding. 00:49:01.520 --> 00:49:03.670 align:start position:0% again has a 50/50 chance of proceeding. If<00:49:01.760> it<00:49:01.920> gets<00:49:02.079> through<00:49:02.319> this<00:49:02.559> hurdle<00:49:03.040> too,<00:49:03.520> then 00:49:03.670 --> 00:49:03.680 align:start position:0% If it gets through this hurdle too, then 00:49:03.680 --> 00:49:06.470 align:start position:0% If it gets through this hurdle too, then it<00:49:03.920> again<00:49:04.240> snaps<00:49:04.640> to<00:49:04.800> the<00:49:04.960> new<00:49:05.119> orientation<00:49:06.240> as 00:49:06.470 --> 00:49:06.480 align:start position:0% it again snaps to the new orientation as 00:49:06.480 --> 00:49:08.710 align:start position:0% it again snaps to the new orientation as if<00:49:06.720> it<00:49:06.960> were<00:49:07.119> that<00:49:07.440> new<00:49:07.680> orientation<00:49:08.480> all 00:49:08.710 --> 00:49:08.720 align:start position:0% if it were that new orientation all 00:49:08.720 --> 00:49:12.069 align:start position:0% if it were that new orientation all along,<00:49:09.599> which<00:49:09.920> it<00:49:10.240> obviously<00:49:10.720> wasn't.<00:49:11.920> Which 00:49:12.069 --> 00:49:12.079 align:start position:0% along, which it obviously wasn't. Which 00:49:12.079 --> 00:49:14.630 align:start position:0% along, which it obviously wasn't. Which means<00:49:12.720> that<00:49:13.040> now<00:49:13.280> it's<00:49:13.599> polarized<00:49:14.079> diagonally 00:49:14.630 --> 00:49:14.640 align:start position:0% means that now it's polarized diagonally 00:49:14.640 --> 00:49:16.790 align:start position:0% means that now it's polarized diagonally relative<00:49:15.040> to<00:49:15.200> the<00:49:15.359> third<00:49:15.599> lens,<00:49:16.400> meaning<00:49:16.640> that 00:49:16.790 --> 00:49:16.800 align:start position:0% relative to the third lens, meaning that 00:49:16.800 --> 00:49:19.430 align:start position:0% relative to the third lens, meaning that it<00:49:17.040> now<00:49:17.200> has<00:49:17.359> a<00:49:17.599> final<00:49:18.000> 50%<00:49:18.720> chance<00:49:18.960> of<00:49:19.119> getting 00:49:19.430 --> 00:49:19.440 align:start position:0% it now has a final 50% chance of getting 00:49:19.440 --> 00:49:22.549 align:start position:0% it now has a final 50% chance of getting through.<00:49:20.640> Of<00:49:20.880> course,<00:49:21.359> some<00:49:21.599> photons<00:49:22.079> do<00:49:22.319> not 00:49:22.549 --> 00:49:22.559 align:start position:0% through. Of course, some photons do not 00:49:22.559 --> 00:49:24.150 align:start position:0% through. Of course, some photons do not make<00:49:22.720> it<00:49:22.880> through<00:49:23.119> all<00:49:23.440> three<00:49:23.680> of<00:49:23.839> these 00:49:24.150 --> 00:49:24.160 align:start position:0% make it through all three of these 00:49:24.160 --> 00:49:26.549 align:start position:0% make it through all three of these probabilistic<00:49:24.880> gauntlets.<00:49:25.920> Only<00:49:26.240> about 00:49:26.549 --> 00:49:26.559 align:start position:0% probabilistic gauntlets. Only about 00:49:26.559 --> 00:49:29.910 align:start position:0% probabilistic gauntlets. Only about 12.5%<00:49:27.599> of<00:49:27.760> them<00:49:28.000> make<00:49:28.160> it.<00:49:29.040> But<00:49:29.280> that's<00:49:29.680> more 00:49:29.910 --> 00:49:29.920 align:start position:0% 12.5% of them make it. But that's more 00:49:29.920 --> 00:49:32.309 align:start position:0% 12.5% of them make it. But that's more than<00:49:30.160> 0%<00:49:31.200> which<00:49:31.440> is<00:49:31.599> what<00:49:31.839> was<00:49:32.000> happening 00:49:32.309 --> 00:49:32.319 align:start position:0% than 0% which is what was happening 00:49:32.319 --> 00:49:35.910 align:start position:0% than 0% which is what was happening previously<00:49:32.800> when<00:49:33.040> you<00:49:33.200> only<00:49:33.440> had<00:49:33.760> two<00:49:34.000> lenses. 00:49:35.910 --> 00:49:35.920 align:start position:0% previously when you only had two lenses. 00:49:35.920 --> 00:49:38.150 align:start position:0% previously when you only had two lenses. Light<00:49:36.319> likes<00:49:36.720> to<00:49:36.880> behave<00:49:37.280> in<00:49:37.599> discrete 00:49:38.150 --> 00:49:38.160 align:start position:0% Light likes to behave in discrete 00:49:38.160 --> 00:49:41.910 align:start position:0% Light likes to behave in discrete quantities.<00:49:39.359> It<00:49:39.599> is<00:49:39.760> quantum.<00:49:40.960> It<00:49:41.280> seemingly 00:49:41.910 --> 00:49:41.920 align:start position:0% quantities. It is quantum. It seemingly 00:49:41.920 --> 00:49:44.950 align:start position:0% quantities. It is quantum. It seemingly snaps<00:49:42.319> to<00:49:42.480> a<00:49:42.640> discrete<00:49:43.200> value<00:49:43.520> when<00:49:43.839> observed. 00:49:44.950 --> 00:49:44.960 align:start position:0% snaps to a discrete value when observed. 00:49:44.960 --> 00:49:48.230 align:start position:0% snaps to a discrete value when observed. And<00:49:45.280> honestly,<00:49:46.000> we<00:49:46.400> don't<00:49:46.640> really<00:49:46.880> know<00:49:47.119> why. 00:49:48.230 --> 00:49:48.240 align:start position:0% And honestly, we don't really know why. 00:49:48.240 --> 00:49:50.470 align:start position:0% And honestly, we don't really know why. If<00:49:48.480> you<00:49:48.640> think<00:49:48.800> about<00:49:48.960> a<00:49:49.200> wave,<00:49:49.760> there<00:49:50.000> is<00:49:50.160> no 00:49:50.470 --> 00:49:50.480 align:start position:0% If you think about a wave, there is no 00:49:50.480 --> 00:49:52.870 align:start position:0% If you think about a wave, there is no reason<00:49:50.960> why<00:49:51.280> you<00:49:51.520> couldn't<00:49:51.839> simply<00:49:52.319> have<00:49:52.559> half 00:49:52.870 --> 00:49:52.880 align:start position:0% reason why you couldn't simply have half 00:49:52.880 --> 00:49:55.670 align:start position:0% reason why you couldn't simply have half a<00:49:53.119> wave.<00:49:54.079> You<00:49:54.319> could<00:49:54.480> half<00:49:54.720> it<00:49:55.040> again<00:49:55.359> and 00:49:55.670 --> 00:49:55.680 align:start position:0% a wave. You could half it again and 00:49:55.680 --> 00:49:57.910 align:start position:0% a wave. You could half it again and again<00:49:56.160> an<00:49:56.400> infinite<00:49:56.880> number<00:49:57.040> of<00:49:57.280> times<00:49:57.599> and 00:49:57.910 --> 00:49:57.920 align:start position:0% again an infinite number of times and 00:49:57.920 --> 00:49:59.349 align:start position:0% again an infinite number of times and still<00:49:58.160> have<00:49:58.319> an<00:49:58.559> answer<00:49:58.800> that<00:49:59.119> makes 00:49:59.349 --> 00:49:59.359 align:start position:0% still have an answer that makes 00:49:59.359 --> 00:50:02.390 align:start position:0% still have an answer that makes mathematical<00:50:00.079> sense.<00:50:01.200> And<00:50:01.359> yet<00:50:02.000> it<00:50:02.240> seems 00:50:02.390 --> 00:50:02.400 align:start position:0% mathematical sense. And yet it seems 00:50:02.400 --> 00:50:05.349 align:start position:0% mathematical sense. And yet it seems that<00:50:02.720> down<00:50:03.040> on<00:50:03.280> a<00:50:03.440> low<00:50:03.760> enough<00:50:04.160> quantum<00:50:04.640> scale, 00:50:05.349 --> 00:50:05.359 align:start position:0% that down on a low enough quantum scale, 00:50:05.359 --> 00:50:07.430 align:start position:0% that down on a low enough quantum scale, you<00:50:05.599> can't<00:50:05.839> half<00:50:06.160> light<00:50:06.559> past<00:50:06.880> a<00:50:07.119> certain 00:50:07.430 --> 00:50:07.440 align:start position:0% you can't half light past a certain 00:50:07.440 --> 00:50:10.630 align:start position:0% you can't half light past a certain point.<00:50:08.240> You<00:50:08.480> can't<00:50:08.800> have<00:50:09.040> half<00:50:09.280> a<00:50:09.440> photon<00:50:10.319> or 00:50:10.630 --> 00:50:10.640 align:start position:0% point. You can't have half a photon or 00:50:10.640 --> 00:50:13.510 align:start position:0% point. You can't have half a photon or even<00:50:11.119> one<00:50:11.280> and<00:50:11.440> a<00:50:11.520> half<00:50:11.760> photons. 00:50:13.510 --> 00:50:13.520 align:start position:0% even one and a half photons. 00:50:13.520 --> 00:50:15.670 align:start position:0% even one and a half photons. And<00:50:13.760> if<00:50:13.920> you<00:50:14.079> try<00:50:14.240> to<00:50:14.400> do<00:50:14.640> so,<00:50:14.960> the<00:50:15.200> photon 00:50:15.670 --> 00:50:15.680 align:start position:0% And if you try to do so, the photon 00:50:15.680 --> 00:50:18.309 align:start position:0% And if you try to do so, the photon instead<00:50:16.240> snaps<00:50:16.640> to<00:50:16.960> one<00:50:17.520> or<00:50:17.760> the<00:50:18.000> other 00:50:18.309 --> 00:50:18.319 align:start position:0% instead snaps to one or the other 00:50:18.319 --> 00:50:21.349 align:start position:0% instead snaps to one or the other nearest<00:50:18.800> integer<00:50:19.599> based<00:50:19.920> on<00:50:20.160> probabilities, 00:50:21.349 --> 00:50:21.359 align:start position:0% nearest integer based on probabilities, 00:50:21.359 --> 00:50:24.870 align:start position:0% nearest integer based on probabilities, but<00:50:21.920> only<00:50:22.400> when<00:50:22.720> it's<00:50:22.880> asked.<00:50:24.160> Otherwise, 00:50:24.870 --> 00:50:24.880 align:start position:0% but only when it's asked. Otherwise, 00:50:24.880 --> 00:50:26.710 align:start position:0% but only when it's asked. Otherwise, it's<00:50:25.200> quite<00:50:25.440> content<00:50:25.920> to<00:50:26.240> exist 00:50:26.710 --> 00:50:26.720 align:start position:0% it's quite content to exist 00:50:26.720 --> 00:50:28.950 align:start position:0% it's quite content to exist probabilistically,<00:50:28.160> interfering<00:50:28.800> with 00:50:28.950 --> 00:50:28.960 align:start position:0% probabilistically, interfering with 00:50:28.960 --> 00:50:31.430 align:start position:0% probabilistically, interfering with itself<00:50:29.359> like<00:50:29.599> a<00:50:29.760> wave<00:50:30.000> as<00:50:30.240> it<00:50:30.400> travels<00:50:30.720> along 00:50:31.430 --> 00:50:31.440 align:start position:0% itself like a wave as it travels along 00:50:31.440 --> 00:50:33.750 align:start position:0% itself like a wave as it travels along before<00:50:31.839> jumping<00:50:32.160> to<00:50:32.319> an<00:50:32.559> answer<00:50:32.960> when<00:50:33.359> later 00:50:33.750 --> 00:50:33.760 align:start position:0% before jumping to an answer when later 00:50:33.760 --> 00:50:37.190 align:start position:0% before jumping to an answer when later asked<00:50:34.240> exactly<00:50:34.720> where<00:50:34.880> it<00:50:35.119> is.<00:50:36.480> What<00:50:36.800> is<00:50:36.960> going 00:50:37.190 --> 00:50:37.200 align:start position:0% asked exactly where it is. What is going 00:50:37.200 --> 00:50:40.230 align:start position:0% asked exactly where it is. What is going on<00:50:37.440> here?<00:50:38.559> This<00:50:38.960> is<00:50:39.200> still<00:50:39.440> being<00:50:39.680> theorized 00:50:40.230 --> 00:50:40.240 align:start position:0% on here? This is still being theorized 00:50:40.240 --> 00:50:43.030 align:start position:0% on here? This is still being theorized about.<00:50:41.280> The<00:50:41.599> closest<00:50:42.079> comparison<00:50:42.480> we<00:50:42.800> have<00:50:42.880> to 00:50:43.030 --> 00:50:43.040 align:start position:0% about. The closest comparison we have to 00:50:43.040 --> 00:50:45.829 align:start position:0% about. The closest comparison we have to it<00:50:43.280> is<00:50:43.599> something<00:50:43.839> known<00:50:44.160> as<00:50:44.400> harmonics<00:50:45.520> where 00:50:45.829 --> 00:50:45.839 align:start position:0% it is something known as harmonics where 00:50:45.839 --> 00:50:48.150 align:start position:0% it is something known as harmonics where on<00:50:46.000> a<00:50:46.240> bounded<00:50:46.720> string<00:50:47.280> only<00:50:47.599> a<00:50:47.839> certain 00:50:48.150 --> 00:50:48.160 align:start position:0% on a bounded string only a certain 00:50:48.160 --> 00:50:50.630 align:start position:0% on a bounded string only a certain number<00:50:48.319> of<00:50:48.480> waves<00:50:48.880> can<00:50:49.119> exist.<00:50:49.920> On<00:50:50.160> a<00:50:50.319> guitar 00:50:50.630 --> 00:50:50.640 align:start position:0% number of waves can exist. On a guitar 00:50:50.640 --> 00:50:52.790 align:start position:0% number of waves can exist. On a guitar string<00:50:50.880> you<00:50:51.119> can<00:50:51.200> have<00:50:51.359> one<00:50:51.599> wave<00:50:51.920> or<00:50:52.240> two<00:50:52.480> or 00:50:52.790 --> 00:50:52.800 align:start position:0% string you can have one wave or two or 00:50:52.800 --> 00:50:55.349 align:start position:0% string you can have one wave or two or more<00:50:53.440> but<00:50:53.680> never<00:50:53.920> a<00:50:54.160> number<00:50:54.480> that<00:50:54.720> isn't<00:50:55.119> a 00:50:55.349 --> 00:50:55.359 align:start position:0% more but never a number that isn't a 00:50:55.359 --> 00:50:58.069 align:start position:0% more but never a number that isn't a whole<00:50:55.599> number.<00:50:56.720> It<00:50:56.960> seems<00:50:57.200> that<00:50:57.520> light<00:50:57.839> works 00:50:58.069 --> 00:50:58.079 align:start position:0% whole number. It seems that light works 00:50:58.079 --> 00:51:00.549 align:start position:0% whole number. It seems that light works in<00:50:58.240> the<00:50:58.480> same<00:50:58.640> way.<00:50:59.680> Perhaps<00:51:00.160> something 00:51:00.549 --> 00:51:00.559 align:start position:0% in the same way. Perhaps something 00:51:00.559 --> 00:51:02.390 align:start position:0% in the same way. Perhaps something pinches<00:51:00.960> the<00:51:01.280> beginnings<00:51:01.680> and<00:51:01.920> the<00:51:02.079> end<00:51:02.240> of 00:51:02.390 --> 00:51:02.400 align:start position:0% pinches the beginnings and the end of 00:51:02.400 --> 00:51:04.790 align:start position:0% pinches the beginnings and the end of the<00:51:02.559> path<00:51:02.880> light<00:51:03.200> travels<00:51:03.599> down.<00:51:04.400> Although 00:51:04.790 --> 00:51:04.800 align:start position:0% the path light travels down. Although 00:51:04.800 --> 00:51:07.190 align:start position:0% the path light travels down. Although what<00:51:05.040> this<00:51:05.280> might<00:51:05.440> be<00:51:05.920> and<00:51:06.160> what<00:51:06.480> mechanisms 00:51:07.190 --> 00:51:07.200 align:start position:0% what this might be and what mechanisms 00:51:07.200 --> 00:51:11.109 align:start position:0% what this might be and what mechanisms drive<00:51:07.520> it<00:51:08.000> are<00:51:08.400> unknown<00:51:08.960> as<00:51:09.200> of<00:51:09.359> now. 00:51:11.109 --> 00:51:11.119 align:start position:0% drive it are unknown as of now. 00:51:11.119 --> 00:51:13.510 align:start position:0% drive it are unknown as of now. Fundamentally<00:51:11.920> though,<00:51:12.640> perhaps<00:51:13.119> the 00:51:13.510 --> 00:51:13.520 align:start position:0% Fundamentally though, perhaps the 00:51:13.520 --> 00:51:16.150 align:start position:0% Fundamentally though, perhaps the craziest<00:51:14.079> thing<00:51:14.319> about<00:51:14.720> all<00:51:14.960> of<00:51:15.200> this<00:51:15.599> is<00:51:15.839> that 00:51:16.150 --> 00:51:16.160 align:start position:0% craziest thing about all of this is that 00:51:16.160 --> 00:51:19.270 align:start position:0% craziest thing about all of this is that this<00:51:16.559> isn't<00:51:16.960> just<00:51:17.200> about<00:51:17.520> light.<00:51:18.559> Although<00:51:18.960> we 00:51:19.270 --> 00:51:19.280 align:start position:0% this isn't just about light. Although we 00:51:19.280 --> 00:51:21.510 align:start position:0% this isn't just about light. Although we focused<00:51:19.599> on<00:51:19.760> light<00:51:20.160> behaving<00:51:20.559> like<00:51:20.800> a<00:51:20.960> wave 00:51:21.510 --> 00:51:21.520 align:start position:0% focused on light behaving like a wave 00:51:21.520 --> 00:51:24.150 align:start position:0% focused on light behaving like a wave and<00:51:21.920> behaving<00:51:22.400> probabilistically,<00:51:23.839> all 00:51:24.150 --> 00:51:24.160 align:start position:0% and behaving probabilistically, all 00:51:24.160 --> 00:51:26.790 align:start position:0% and behaving probabilistically, all particles<00:51:24.640> of<00:51:24.880> matter<00:51:25.200> do<00:51:25.359> the<00:51:25.599> same.<00:51:26.480> Light 00:51:26.790 --> 00:51:26.800 align:start position:0% particles of matter do the same. Light 00:51:26.800 --> 00:51:28.790 align:start position:0% particles of matter do the same. Light is<00:51:26.960> just<00:51:27.119> another<00:51:27.440> form<00:51:27.680> of<00:51:27.839> energy<00:51:28.559> and 00:51:28.790 --> 00:51:28.800 align:start position:0% is just another form of energy and 00:51:28.800 --> 00:51:31.589 align:start position:0% is just another form of energy and energy<00:51:29.200> and<00:51:29.520> matter<00:51:29.920> are<00:51:30.079> linked.<00:51:31.119> Particles 00:51:31.589 --> 00:51:31.599 align:start position:0% energy and matter are linked. Particles 00:51:31.599 --> 00:51:34.470 align:start position:0% energy and matter are linked. Particles of<00:51:31.839> matter,<00:51:32.800> atoms,<00:51:33.440> and<00:51:33.760> even<00:51:34.000> complex 00:51:34.470 --> 00:51:34.480 align:start position:0% of matter, atoms, and even complex 00:51:34.480 --> 00:51:36.790 align:start position:0% of matter, atoms, and even complex molecules<00:51:35.520> have<00:51:35.839> been<00:51:36.079> shown<00:51:36.319> to<00:51:36.559> have 00:51:36.790 --> 00:51:36.800 align:start position:0% molecules have been shown to have 00:51:36.800 --> 00:51:38.390 align:start position:0% molecules have been shown to have wavelengths. 00:51:38.390 --> 00:51:38.400 align:start position:0% wavelengths. 00:51:38.400 --> 00:51:41.270 align:start position:0% wavelengths. Electrons<00:51:39.040> are<00:51:39.359> just<00:51:39.599> as<00:51:39.839> quantifiable<00:51:40.960> and 00:51:41.270 --> 00:51:41.280 align:start position:0% Electrons are just as quantifiable and 00:51:41.280 --> 00:51:43.270 align:start position:0% Electrons are just as quantifiable and just<00:51:41.520> as<00:51:41.760> driven<00:51:42.079> by<00:51:42.240> probabilities<00:51:42.960> as 00:51:43.270 --> 00:51:43.280 align:start position:0% just as driven by probabilities as 00:51:43.280 --> 00:51:46.710 align:start position:0% just as driven by probabilities as photons<00:51:43.839> are.<00:51:44.720> We<00:51:45.040> are<00:51:45.359> apparently<00:51:46.400> all 00:51:46.710 --> 00:51:46.720 align:start position:0% photons are. We are apparently all 00:51:46.720 --> 00:51:48.950 align:start position:0% photons are. We are apparently all driven<00:51:47.119> by<00:51:47.359> probability<00:51:48.160> if<00:51:48.400> you<00:51:48.559> scale 00:51:48.950 --> 00:51:48.960 align:start position:0% driven by probability if you scale 00:51:48.960 --> 00:51:51.750 align:start position:0% driven by probability if you scale things<00:51:49.200> down<00:51:49.520> small<00:51:49.920> enough. 00:51:51.750 --> 00:51:51.760 align:start position:0% things down small enough. 00:51:51.760 --> 00:51:55.670 align:start position:0% things down small enough. So<00:51:52.240> what<00:51:52.559> is<00:51:52.880> everything<00:51:53.839> truly<00:51:54.319> made<00:51:54.559> of? 00:51:55.670 --> 00:51:55.680 align:start position:0% So what is everything truly made of? 00:51:55.680 --> 00:51:58.150 align:start position:0% So what is everything truly made of? What<00:51:56.000> makes<00:51:56.240> up<00:51:56.559> energy<00:51:56.960> and<00:51:57.280> matter<00:51:57.839> that 00:51:58.150 --> 00:51:58.160 align:start position:0% What makes up energy and matter that 00:51:58.160 --> 00:52:00.950 align:start position:0% What makes up energy and matter that causes<00:51:58.559> it<00:51:58.720> to<00:51:58.880> behave<00:51:59.280> in<00:51:59.520> the<00:51:59.680> way<00:51:59.760> it<00:52:00.000> does? 00:52:00.950 --> 00:52:00.960 align:start position:0% causes it to behave in the way it does? 00:52:00.960 --> 00:52:02.950 align:start position:0% causes it to behave in the way it does? What<00:52:01.280> is<00:52:01.520> going<00:52:01.760> on<00:52:02.079> under<00:52:02.400> the<00:52:02.559> hood<00:52:02.800> of 00:52:02.950 --> 00:52:02.960 align:start position:0% What is going on under the hood of 00:52:02.960 --> 00:52:05.910 align:start position:0% What is going on under the hood of reality?<00:52:04.160> Why<00:52:04.480> is<00:52:04.720> the<00:52:04.880> universe<00:52:05.359> behaving 00:52:05.910 --> 00:52:05.920 align:start position:0% reality? Why is the universe behaving 00:52:05.920 --> 00:52:07.829 align:start position:0% reality? Why is the universe behaving different<00:52:06.400> when<00:52:06.800> looked<00:52:07.040> at<00:52:07.359> compared<00:52:07.680> to 00:52:07.829 --> 00:52:07.839 align:start position:0% different when looked at compared to 00:52:07.839 --> 00:52:10.549 align:start position:0% different when looked at compared to when<00:52:08.160> not?<00:52:09.119> And<00:52:09.359> what<00:52:09.599> does<00:52:09.760> it<00:52:10.000> imply<00:52:10.319> to 00:52:10.549 --> 00:52:10.559 align:start position:0% when not? And what does it imply to 00:52:10.559 --> 00:52:13.829 align:start position:0% when not? And what does it imply to think<00:52:11.040> that<00:52:11.440> even<00:52:11.760> you<00:52:12.400> are<00:52:12.720> on<00:52:13.040> some<00:52:13.280> level 00:52:13.829 --> 00:52:13.839 align:start position:0% think that even you are on some level 00:52:13.839 --> 00:52:15.829 align:start position:0% think that even you are on some level probabilistic? 00:52:15.829 --> 00:52:15.839 align:start position:0% probabilistic? 00:52:15.839 --> 00:52:18.710 align:start position:0% probabilistic? What<00:52:16.079> this<00:52:16.400> all<00:52:16.720> means<00:52:17.040> is<00:52:17.359> anyone's<00:52:17.920> guess. 00:52:18.710 --> 00:52:18.720 align:start position:0% What this all means is anyone's guess. 00:52:18.720 --> 00:52:20.470 align:start position:0% What this all means is anyone's guess. The<00:52:18.960> person<00:52:19.200> who<00:52:19.440> figures<00:52:19.760> it<00:52:19.920> out<00:52:20.160> will<00:52:20.400> be 00:52:20.470 --> 00:52:20.480 align:start position:0% The person who figures it out will be 00:52:20.480 --> 00:52:23.510 align:start position:0% The person who figures it out will be the<00:52:20.640> Einstein<00:52:21.200> of<00:52:21.440> our<00:52:21.680> time.<00:52:22.480> But<00:52:22.720> for<00:52:22.960> now, 00:52:23.510 --> 00:52:23.520 align:start position:0% the Einstein of our time. But for now, 00:52:23.520 --> 00:52:25.510 align:start position:0% the Einstein of our time. But for now, all<00:52:23.760> we<00:52:23.920> can<00:52:24.079> say<00:52:24.400> is<00:52:24.640> that<00:52:24.800> when<00:52:24.960> it<00:52:25.119> comes<00:52:25.280> to 00:52:25.510 --> 00:52:25.520 align:start position:0% all we can say is that when it comes to 00:52:25.520 --> 00:52:27.910 align:start position:0% all we can say is that when it comes to reality,<00:52:26.319> it<00:52:26.559> seems<00:52:26.880> the<00:52:27.200> universe<00:52:27.599> is 00:52:27.910 --> 00:52:27.920 align:start position:0% reality, it seems the universe is 00:52:27.920 --> 00:52:31.109 align:start position:0% reality, it seems the universe is playing<00:52:28.240> dice.<00:52:29.599> You<00:52:30.079> and<00:52:30.319> the<00:52:30.559> world<00:52:30.720> around 00:52:31.109 --> 00:52:31.119 align:start position:0% playing dice. You and the world around 00:52:31.119 --> 00:52:33.430 align:start position:0% playing dice. You and the world around you<00:52:31.599> might<00:52:31.839> be<00:52:32.000> a<00:52:32.240> lot<00:52:32.400> less<00:52:32.640> certain<00:52:32.960> than<00:52:33.200> you 00:52:33.430 --> 00:52:33.440 align:start position:0% you might be a lot less certain than you 00:52:33.440 --> 00:52:35.910 align:start position:0% you might be a lot less certain than you might<00:52:33.599> have<00:52:33.760> thought. 00:52:35.910 --> 00:52:35.920 align:start position:0% might have thought. 00:52:35.920 --> 00:52:38.470 align:start position:0% might have thought. Light<00:52:36.240> may<00:52:36.480> seem<00:52:36.720> instantaneous<00:52:37.520> to<00:52:37.760> us,<00:52:38.160> but 00:52:38.470 --> 00:52:38.480 align:start position:0% Light may seem instantaneous to us, but 00:52:38.480 --> 00:52:41.109 align:start position:0% Light may seem instantaneous to us, but over<00:52:38.800> astronomical<00:52:39.680> distances,<00:52:40.400> it's<00:52:40.800> really 00:52:41.109 --> 00:52:41.119 align:start position:0% over astronomical distances, it's really 00:52:41.119 --> 00:52:44.470 align:start position:0% over astronomical distances, it's really quite<00:52:41.520> slow.<00:52:42.400> RS<00:52:42.880> Papus<00:52:43.359> is<00:52:43.520> a<00:52:43.680> variable<00:52:44.160> star 00:52:44.470 --> 00:52:44.480 align:start position:0% quite slow. RS Papus is a variable star 00:52:44.480 --> 00:52:46.630 align:start position:0% quite slow. RS Papus is a variable star tucked<00:52:44.800> into<00:52:45.040> a<00:52:45.200> nebula.<00:52:46.000> And<00:52:46.240> being<00:52:46.480> a 00:52:46.630 --> 00:52:46.640 align:start position:0% tucked into a nebula. And being a 00:52:46.640 --> 00:52:48.710 align:start position:0% tucked into a nebula. And being a variable<00:52:47.119> star<00:52:47.520> means<00:52:47.839> it<00:52:48.000> pulsates<00:52:48.480> in 00:52:48.710 --> 00:52:48.720 align:start position:0% variable star means it pulsates in 00:52:48.720 --> 00:52:51.589 align:start position:0% variable star means it pulsates in brightness<00:52:49.200> over<00:52:49.520> time.<00:52:50.079> In<00:52:50.319> this<00:52:50.480> case,<00:52:51.040> 41 00:52:51.589 --> 00:52:51.599 align:start position:0% brightness over time. In this case, 41 00:52:51.599 --> 00:52:54.549 align:start position:0% brightness over time. In this case, 41 days.<00:52:52.480> And<00:52:52.720> incredibly,<00:52:53.680> because<00:52:54.000> light<00:52:54.319> is 00:52:54.549 --> 00:52:54.559 align:start position:0% days. And incredibly, because light is 00:52:54.559 --> 00:52:57.349 align:start position:0% days. And incredibly, because light is so<00:52:54.880> slow<00:52:55.280> over<00:52:55.520> these<00:52:55.839> vast<00:52:56.240> distances,<00:52:57.119> you 00:52:57.349 --> 00:52:57.359 align:start position:0% so slow over these vast distances, you 00:52:57.359 --> 00:52:58.950 align:start position:0% so slow over these vast distances, you can<00:52:57.440> watch<00:52:57.680> the<00:52:57.839> light<00:52:58.160> move<00:52:58.480> through<00:52:58.720> the 00:52:58.950 --> 00:52:58.960 align:start position:0% can watch the light move through the 00:52:58.960 --> 00:53:01.270 align:start position:0% can watch the light move through the surrounding<00:52:59.359> nebula<00:53:00.000> in<00:53:00.240> what<00:53:00.480> is<00:53:00.720> called<00:53:01.040> a 00:53:01.270 --> 00:53:01.280 align:start position:0% surrounding nebula in what is called a 00:53:01.280 --> 00:53:03.910 align:start position:0% surrounding nebula in what is called a light<00:53:01.520> echo.<00:53:02.480> Every<00:53:02.800> time<00:53:02.960> the<00:53:03.200> star<00:53:03.520> peaks 00:53:03.910 --> 00:53:03.920 align:start position:0% light echo. Every time the star peaks 00:53:03.920 --> 00:53:06.069 align:start position:0% light echo. Every time the star peaks and<00:53:04.160> dips<00:53:04.480> in<00:53:04.720> brightness,<00:53:05.359> you'll<00:53:05.599> see<00:53:05.680> a<00:53:05.920> new 00:53:06.069 --> 00:53:06.079 align:start position:0% and dips in brightness, you'll see a new 00:53:06.079 --> 00:53:08.230 align:start position:0% and dips in brightness, you'll see a new crest<00:53:06.400> of<00:53:06.559> light<00:53:06.960> move<00:53:07.280> away<00:53:07.520> from<00:53:07.680> the<00:53:07.920> star 00:53:08.230 --> 00:53:08.240 align:start position:0% crest of light move away from the star 00:53:08.240 --> 00:53:11.190 align:start position:0% crest of light move away from the star through<00:53:08.559> the<00:53:08.800> nebula.<00:53:09.920> This<00:53:10.160> is<00:53:10.400> a<00:53:10.800> real 00:53:11.190 --> 00:53:11.200 align:start position:0% through the nebula. This is a real 00:53:11.200 --> 00:53:13.510 align:start position:0% through the nebula. This is a real Hubble<00:53:11.680> time<00:53:12.000> lapse<00:53:12.400> taken<00:53:12.800> over<00:53:13.040> several 00:53:13.510 --> 00:53:13.520 align:start position:0% Hubble time lapse taken over several 00:53:13.520 --> 00:53:17.910 align:start position:0% Hubble time lapse taken over several weeks.<00:53:14.240> This<00:53:14.559> is<00:53:14.800> not<00:53:15.119> CGI. 00:53:17.910 --> 00:53:17.920 align:start position:0% weeks. This is not CGI. 00:53:17.920 --> 00:53:19.829 align:start position:0% weeks. This is not CGI. You<00:53:18.160> may<00:53:18.319> have<00:53:18.480> noticed<00:53:18.880> this<00:53:19.119> video<00:53:19.520> didn't 00:53:19.829 --> 00:53:19.839 align:start position:0% You may have noticed this video didn't 00:53:19.839 --> 00:53:22.309 align:start position:0% You may have noticed this video didn't have<00:53:20.079> any<00:53:20.400> sponsors,<00:53:21.280> and<00:53:21.440> that's<00:53:21.760> because<00:53:22.079> it 00:53:22.309 --> 00:53:22.319 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it 00:53:22.319 --> 00:53:24.630 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it was<00:53:22.480> brought<00:53:22.720> to<00:53:22.880> you<00:53:23.119> by<00:53:23.440> our<00:53:23.680> astronauts<00:53:24.400> on 00:53:24.630 --> 00:53:24.640 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on 00:53:24.640 --> 00:53:27.270 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on Patreon.<00:53:25.599> Consider<00:53:26.000> joining<00:53:26.319> our<00:53:26.640> Patreon<00:53:27.119> to 00:53:27.270 --> 00:53:27.280 align:start position:0% Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to 00:53:27.280 --> 00:53:29.270 align:start position:0% Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to keep<00:53:27.440> these<00:53:27.760> videos<00:53:28.079> thriving,<00:53:28.720> even<00:53:29.040> when 00:53:29.270 --> 00:53:29.280 align:start position:0% keep these videos thriving, even when 00:53:29.280 --> 00:53:31.589 align:start position:0% keep these videos thriving, even when they're<00:53:29.520> sponsor<00:53:30.000> free.<00:53:30.640> It's<00:53:30.880> the<00:53:31.119> reason<00:53:31.359> we 00:53:31.589 --> 00:53:31.599 align:start position:0% they're sponsor free. It's the reason we 00:53:31.599 --> 00:53:33.589 align:start position:0% they're sponsor free. It's the reason we can<00:53:31.760> research<00:53:32.319> deep<00:53:32.559> into<00:53:32.800> the<00:53:33.040> topics<00:53:33.280> we 00:53:33.589 --> 00:53:33.599 align:start position:0% can research deep into the topics we 00:53:33.599 --> 00:53:35.910 align:start position:0% can research deep into the topics we love<00:53:34.000> without<00:53:34.400> cutting<00:53:34.800> corners<00:53:35.200> or<00:53:35.520> chasing 00:53:35.910 --> 00:53:35.920 align:start position:0% love without cutting corners or chasing 00:53:35.920 --> 00:53:38.950 align:start position:0% love without cutting corners or chasing clicks.<00:53:36.960> Every<00:53:37.200> new<00:53:37.440> astronaut<00:53:38.240> allows<00:53:38.559> us<00:53:38.800> to 00:53:38.950 --> 00:53:38.960 align:start position:0% clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to 00:53:38.960 --> 00:53:41.510 align:start position:0% clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to explore<00:53:39.359> bigger<00:53:39.760> ideas<00:53:40.640> and<00:53:40.960> make<00:53:41.200> every 00:53:41.510 --> 00:53:41.520 align:start position:0% explore bigger ideas and make every 00:53:41.520 --> 00:53:44.549 align:start position:0% explore bigger ideas and make every upload<00:53:42.160> even<00:53:42.480> better<00:53:42.800> than<00:53:42.960> the<00:53:43.200> last.<00:53:44.079> So,<00:53:44.319> if 00:53:44.549 --> 00:53:44.559 align:start position:0% upload even better than the last. So, if 00:53:44.559 --> 00:53:46.230 align:start position:0% upload even better than the last. So, if you've<00:53:44.880> ever<00:53:45.119> thought<00:53:45.359> about<00:53:45.599> being<00:53:45.760> a<00:53:45.920> bigger 00:53:46.230 --> 00:53:46.240 align:start position:0% you've ever thought about being a bigger 00:53:46.240 --> 00:53:48.390 align:start position:0% you've ever thought about being a bigger part<00:53:46.400> of<00:53:46.559> this<00:53:46.720> channel,<00:53:47.359> join<00:53:47.599> the<00:53:47.760> crew<00:53:48.160> to 00:53:48.390 --> 00:53:48.400 align:start position:0% part of this channel, join the crew to 00:53:48.400 --> 00:53:51.349 align:start position:0% part of this channel, join the crew to power<00:53:48.720> Astramm<00:53:49.440> and<00:53:49.760> keep<00:53:50.160> space<00:53:50.559> curiosity 00:53:51.349 --> 00:53:51.359 align:start position:0% power Astramm and keep space curiosity 00:53:51.359 --> 00:53:54.359 align:start position:0% power Astramm and keep space curiosity alive.