WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:03.080 --> 00:00:05.830 align:start position:0% April<00:00:03.800> 1961, 00:00:05.830 --> 00:00:05.840 align:start position:0% April 1961, 00:00:05.840 --> 00:00:09.670 align:start position:0% April 1961, the<00:00:05.920> Soviets<00:00:06.880> put<00:00:07.080> the<00:00:07.200> first<00:00:07.640> man<00:00:08.120> in<00:00:08.320> space. 00:00:09.670 --> 00:00:09.680 align:start position:0% the Soviets put the first man in space. 00:00:09.680 --> 00:00:11.590 align:start position:0% the Soviets put the first man in space. Just<00:00:09.960> weeks<00:00:10.280> later,<00:00:11.040> the<00:00:11.120> Americans 00:00:11.590 --> 00:00:11.600 align:start position:0% Just weeks later, the Americans 00:00:11.600 --> 00:00:13.590 align:start position:0% Just weeks later, the Americans announced<00:00:11.960> they<00:00:12.120> would<00:00:12.320> be<00:00:12.640> one-upping<00:00:13.160> them 00:00:13.590 --> 00:00:13.600 align:start position:0% announced they would be one-upping them 00:00:13.600 --> 00:00:15.870 align:start position:0% announced they would be one-upping them by<00:00:13.760> sending<00:00:14.360> a<00:00:14.440> man<00:00:14.760> to<00:00:14.880> the<00:00:15.000> moon. 00:00:15.870 --> 00:00:15.880 align:start position:0% by sending a man to the moon. 00:00:15.880 --> 00:00:17.750 align:start position:0% by sending a man to the moon. >> I<00:00:16.000> believe<00:00:16.440> that<00:00:16.600> this<00:00:16.800> nation<00:00:17.240> should<00:00:17.480> commit 00:00:17.750 --> 00:00:17.760 align:start position:0% >> I believe that this nation should commit 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:18.870 align:start position:0% >> I believe that this nation should commit itself 00:00:18.870 --> 00:00:18.880 align:start position:0% itself 00:00:18.880 --> 00:00:20.710 align:start position:0% itself to<00:00:18.960> achieving<00:00:19.440> the<00:00:19.520> goal 00:00:20.710 --> 00:00:20.720 align:start position:0% to achieving the goal 00:00:20.720 --> 00:00:23.390 align:start position:0% to achieving the goal before<00:00:21.080> this<00:00:21.320> decade<00:00:21.760> is<00:00:21.920> out<00:00:22.840> of<00:00:22.960> landing<00:00:23.360> a 00:00:23.390 --> 00:00:23.400 align:start position:0% before this decade is out of landing a 00:00:23.400 --> 00:00:25.750 align:start position:0% before this decade is out of landing a man<00:00:23.720> on<00:00:23.840> the<00:00:23.920> moon<00:00:24.360> and<00:00:24.480> returning<00:00:24.960> him<00:00:25.280> safely 00:00:25.750 --> 00:00:25.760 align:start position:0% man on the moon and returning him safely 00:00:25.760 --> 00:00:26.750 align:start position:0% man on the moon and returning him safely to<00:00:25.880> the<00:00:26.080> earth. 00:00:26.750 --> 00:00:26.760 align:start position:0% to the earth. 00:00:26.760 --> 00:00:29.390 align:start position:0% to the earth. >> It<00:00:26.920> was<00:00:27.200> a<00:00:27.320> bold<00:00:27.720> assertion,<00:00:28.520> particularly<00:00:29.120> as 00:00:29.390 --> 00:00:29.400 align:start position:0% >> It was a bold assertion, particularly as 00:00:29.400 --> 00:00:32.109 align:start position:0% >> It was a bold assertion, particularly as by<00:00:29.560> this<00:00:29.760> time<00:00:30.400> the<00:00:30.480> US<00:00:30.800> had<00:00:31.240> only<00:00:31.520> ever<00:00:31.800> sent 00:00:32.109 --> 00:00:32.119 align:start position:0% by this time the US had only ever sent 00:00:32.119 --> 00:00:34.070 align:start position:0% by this time the US had only ever sent one<00:00:32.360> person<00:00:32.720> into<00:00:32.920> space. 00:00:34.070 --> 00:00:34.080 align:start position:0% one person into space. 00:00:34.080 --> 00:00:35.870 align:start position:0% one person into space. To<00:00:34.160> get<00:00:34.360> to<00:00:34.440> the<00:00:34.560> moon,<00:00:35.280> they<00:00:35.440> needed<00:00:35.760> to 00:00:35.870 --> 00:00:35.880 align:start position:0% To get to the moon, they needed to 00:00:35.880 --> 00:00:38.430 align:start position:0% To get to the moon, they needed to improve<00:00:36.440> their<00:00:36.640> deep<00:00:36.960> space<00:00:37.320> technology<00:00:38.120> and 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:38.440 align:start position:0% improve their deep space technology and 00:00:38.440 --> 00:00:43.110 align:start position:0% improve their deep space technology and fast.<00:00:39.680> And<00:00:39.880> so,<00:00:40.600> Project<00:00:41.000> Gemini<00:00:41.720> was<00:00:41.960> born. 00:00:43.110 --> 00:00:43.120 align:start position:0% fast. And so, Project Gemini was born. 00:00:43.120 --> 00:00:45.230 align:start position:0% fast. And so, Project Gemini was born. Gemini<00:00:43.520> was<00:00:43.760> the<00:00:43.920> key<00:00:44.360> stepping<00:00:44.800> stone<00:00:45.120> to 00:00:45.230 --> 00:00:45.240 align:start position:0% Gemini was the key stepping stone to 00:00:45.240 --> 00:00:47.230 align:start position:0% Gemini was the key stepping stone to building<00:00:45.720> the<00:00:45.840> technology<00:00:46.400> that<00:00:46.600> would<00:00:46.800> keep 00:00:47.230 --> 00:00:47.240 align:start position:0% building the technology that would keep 00:00:47.240 --> 00:00:49.630 align:start position:0% building the technology that would keep men<00:00:47.560> in<00:00:47.680> space<00:00:48.160> long<00:00:48.520> enough<00:00:49.040> to<00:00:49.160> get<00:00:49.440> to<00:00:49.520> the 00:00:49.630 --> 00:00:49.640 align:start position:0% men in space long enough to get to the 00:00:49.640 --> 00:00:52.710 align:start position:0% men in space long enough to get to the moon.<00:00:50.440> A<00:00:50.480> stepping<00:00:50.880> stone<00:00:51.480> most<00:00:51.800> of<00:00:51.920> us<00:00:52.400> have 00:00:52.710 --> 00:00:52.720 align:start position:0% moon. A stepping stone most of us have 00:00:52.720 --> 00:00:54.590 align:start position:0% moon. A stepping stone most of us have all<00:00:53.080> but<00:00:53.280> forgotten. 00:00:54.590 --> 00:00:54.600 align:start position:0% all but forgotten. 00:00:54.600 --> 00:00:56.430 align:start position:0% all but forgotten. This<00:00:54.760> pioneering<00:00:55.400> project<00:00:55.760> was<00:00:55.880> designed<00:00:56.320> to 00:00:56.430 --> 00:00:56.440 align:start position:0% This pioneering project was designed to 00:00:56.440 --> 00:00:59.110 align:start position:0% This pioneering project was designed to bridge<00:00:56.840> the<00:00:57.000> giant<00:00:57.480> gap<00:00:57.800> between<00:00:58.320> Mercury<00:00:59.000> and 00:00:59.110 --> 00:00:59.120 align:start position:0% bridge the giant gap between Mercury and 00:00:59.120 --> 00:01:01.630 align:start position:0% bridge the giant gap between Mercury and Apollo,<00:01:00.200> and<00:01:00.440> it<00:01:00.680> repeatedly<00:01:00.915> [music] 00:01:01.630 --> 00:01:01.640 align:start position:0% Apollo, and it repeatedly [music] 00:01:01.640 --> 00:01:04.270 align:start position:0% Apollo, and it repeatedly [music] pushed<00:01:02.120> brave<00:01:02.560> crews<00:01:03.040> to<00:01:03.160> the<00:01:03.280> very<00:01:03.800> edge<00:01:04.160> of 00:01:04.270 --> 00:01:04.280 align:start position:0% pushed brave crews to the very edge of 00:01:04.280 --> 00:01:07.230 align:start position:0% pushed brave crews to the very edge of survival<00:01:05.199> with<00:01:05.400> astronauts<00:01:06.280> nearly<00:01:06.680> boiling 00:01:07.230 --> 00:01:07.240 align:start position:0% survival with astronauts nearly boiling 00:01:07.240 --> 00:01:10.190 align:start position:0% survival with astronauts nearly boiling alive,<00:01:08.240> riding<00:01:08.920> nuclear<00:01:09.360> warheads<00:01:09.960> into 00:01:10.190 --> 00:01:10.200 align:start position:0% alive, riding nuclear warheads into 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:13.030 align:start position:0% alive, riding nuclear warheads into space,<00:01:11.280> and<00:01:11.480> being<00:01:11.800> rescued<00:01:12.360> by<00:01:12.480> some<00:01:12.720> of<00:01:12.840> the 00:01:13.030 --> 00:01:13.040 align:start position:0% space, and being rescued by some of the 00:01:13.040 --> 00:01:15.750 align:start position:0% space, and being rescued by some of the earliest<00:01:13.680> cosmic<00:01:14.240> computers. 00:01:15.750 --> 00:01:15.760 align:start position:0% earliest cosmic computers. 00:01:15.760 --> 00:01:17.630 align:start position:0% earliest cosmic computers. I'm<00:01:15.960> Alex<00:01:16.200> Mccolgan<00:01:16.920> and<00:01:17.080> you're<00:01:17.200> watching 00:01:17.630 --> 00:01:17.640 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccolgan and you're watching 00:01:17.640 --> 00:01:19.950 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccolgan and you're watching Astrum<00:01:18.120> Extra.<00:01:18.960> Join<00:01:19.200> me<00:01:19.320> today<00:01:19.680> as<00:01:19.880> we 00:01:19.950 --> 00:01:19.960 align:start position:0% Astrum Extra. Join me today as we 00:01:19.960 --> 00:01:22.590 align:start position:0% Astrum Extra. Join me today as we explore<00:01:20.560> the<00:01:20.680> science<00:01:21.280> and<00:01:21.520> technology<00:01:22.320> of 00:01:22.590 --> 00:01:22.600 align:start position:0% explore the science and technology of 00:01:22.600 --> 00:01:24.910 align:start position:0% explore the science and technology of Project<00:01:23.040> Gemini.<00:01:23.920> Discover<00:01:24.320> its<00:01:24.480> biggest 00:01:24.910 --> 00:01:24.920 align:start position:0% Project Gemini. Discover its biggest 00:01:24.920 --> 00:01:27.630 align:start position:0% Project Gemini. Discover its biggest wins<00:01:25.280> and<00:01:25.440> nearest<00:01:25.840> misses,<00:01:26.720> and<00:01:26.840> reveal<00:01:27.360> how 00:01:27.630 --> 00:01:27.640 align:start position:0% wins and nearest misses, and reveal how 00:01:27.640 --> 00:01:30.270 align:start position:0% wins and nearest misses, and reveal how these<00:01:28.080> vital<00:01:28.600> missions<00:01:29.120> paved<00:01:29.480> the<00:01:29.560> way<00:01:30.120> for 00:01:30.270 --> 00:01:30.280 align:start position:0% these vital missions paved the way for 00:01:30.280 --> 00:01:37.030 align:start position:0% these vital missions paved the way for Apollo<00:01:30.920> 11<00:01:31.720> landing<00:01:32.240> on<00:01:32.440> the<00:01:32.560> moon. 00:01:37.030 --> 00:01:37.040 align:start position:0% 00:01:37.040 --> 00:01:40.670 align:start position:0% On<00:01:37.120> the<00:01:37.200> 12th<00:01:37.440> of<00:01:37.560> April<00:01:37.880> 1961,<00:01:39.240> the<00:01:39.360> US<00:01:39.920> lost 00:01:40.670 --> 00:01:40.680 align:start position:0% On the 12th of April 1961, the US lost 00:01:40.680 --> 00:01:42.990 align:start position:0% On the 12th of April 1961, the US lost the<00:01:40.800> race<00:01:41.160> to<00:01:41.280> put<00:01:41.440> the<00:01:41.520> first<00:01:41.840> man<00:01:42.040> into<00:01:42.280> space 00:01:42.990 --> 00:01:43.000 align:start position:0% the race to put the first man into space 00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:46.510 align:start position:0% the race to put the first man into space when<00:01:43.280> Yuri<00:01:43.680> Gagarin,<00:01:44.680> a<00:01:45.000> Soviet<00:01:45.520> cosmonaut, 00:01:46.510 --> 00:01:46.520 align:start position:0% when Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, 00:01:46.520 --> 00:01:49.150 align:start position:0% when Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, successfully<00:01:47.320> orbited<00:01:47.840> the<00:01:48.080> earth. 00:01:49.150 --> 00:01:49.160 align:start position:0% successfully orbited the earth. 00:01:49.160 --> 00:01:51.270 align:start position:0% successfully orbited the earth. Determined<00:01:49.680> not<00:01:49.880> to<00:01:50.000> fall<00:01:50.240> behind<00:01:50.640> again, 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:51.280 align:start position:0% Determined not to fall behind again, 00:01:51.280 --> 00:01:53.590 align:start position:0% Determined not to fall behind again, President<00:01:51.760> John<00:01:52.160> F.<00:01:52.400> Kennedy<00:01:52.920> committed<00:01:53.520> the 00:01:53.590 --> 00:01:53.600 align:start position:0% President John F. Kennedy committed the 00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:55.790 align:start position:0% President John F. Kennedy committed the United<00:01:54.000> States<00:01:54.360> to<00:01:54.520> landing<00:01:54.960> a<00:01:55.080> man<00:01:55.560> on<00:01:55.720> the 00:01:55.790 --> 00:01:55.800 align:start position:0% United States to landing a man on the 00:01:55.800 --> 00:01:57.990 align:start position:0% United States to landing a man on the moon<00:01:56.480> as<00:01:56.680> quickly<00:01:57.040> as<00:01:57.160> they<00:01:57.280> could. 00:01:57.990 --> 00:01:58.000 align:start position:0% moon as quickly as they could. 00:01:58.000 --> 00:02:00.270 align:start position:0% moon as quickly as they could. >> We<00:01:58.400> choose<00:01:58.880> to<00:01:59.000> go<00:01:59.240> to<00:01:59.360> the<00:01:59.480> moon<00:01:59.920> in<00:02:00.040> this 00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:00.280 align:start position:0% >> We choose to go to the moon in this 00:02:00.280 --> 00:02:02.790 align:start position:0% >> We choose to go to the moon in this decade<00:02:00.880> and<00:02:01.040> do<00:02:01.200> the<00:02:01.360> other<00:02:01.600> things,<00:02:02.440> not 00:02:02.790 --> 00:02:02.800 align:start position:0% decade and do the other things, not 00:02:02.800 --> 00:02:05.190 align:start position:0% decade and do the other things, not because<00:02:03.320> they<00:02:03.560> are<00:02:03.760> easy,<00:02:04.320> but<00:02:04.520> because<00:02:05.000> they 00:02:05.190 --> 00:02:05.200 align:start position:0% because they are easy, but because they 00:02:05.200 --> 00:02:06.150 align:start position:0% because they are easy, but because they are<00:02:05.320> hard. 00:02:06.150 --> 00:02:06.160 align:start position:0% are hard. 00:02:06.160 --> 00:02:07.910 align:start position:0% are hard. >> But<00:02:06.240> the<00:02:06.320> United<00:02:06.640> States<00:02:06.920> Mercury<00:02:07.400> program 00:02:07.910 --> 00:02:07.920 align:start position:0% >> But the United States Mercury program 00:02:07.920 --> 00:02:10.749 align:start position:0% >> But the United States Mercury program had<00:02:08.320> only<00:02:08.720> just<00:02:09.360> cracked<00:02:09.800> how<00:02:09.960> to<00:02:10.119> get<00:02:10.360> a<00:02:10.440> man 00:02:10.749 --> 00:02:10.759 align:start position:0% had only just cracked how to get a man 00:02:10.759 --> 00:02:13.390 align:start position:0% had only just cracked how to get a man into<00:02:11.080> space,<00:02:11.959> specifically<00:02:12.800> one<00:02:13.040> man<00:02:13.320> in 00:02:13.390 --> 00:02:13.400 align:start position:0% into space, specifically one man in 00:02:13.400 --> 00:02:16.070 align:start position:0% into space, specifically one man in fact,<00:02:14.040> Alan<00:02:14.360> Shepard,<00:02:15.160> whose<00:02:15.400> mission<00:02:15.760> had 00:02:16.070 --> 00:02:16.080 align:start position:0% fact, Alan Shepard, whose mission had 00:02:16.080 --> 00:02:19.830 align:start position:0% fact, Alan Shepard, whose mission had only<00:02:16.480> lasted<00:02:17.000> for<00:02:17.120> just<00:02:17.720> over<00:02:18.040> 15<00:02:18.640> minutes. 00:02:19.830 --> 00:02:19.840 align:start position:0% only lasted for just over 15 minutes. 00:02:19.840 --> 00:02:22.350 align:start position:0% only lasted for just over 15 minutes. This<00:02:19.959> was<00:02:20.200> a<00:02:20.320> far<00:02:20.720> cry<00:02:21.040> from<00:02:21.360> conquering<00:02:22.040> space 00:02:22.350 --> 00:02:22.360 align:start position:0% This was a far cry from conquering space 00:02:22.360 --> 00:02:24.270 align:start position:0% This was a far cry from conquering space travel.<00:02:23.240> If<00:02:23.360> they<00:02:23.480> wanted<00:02:23.880> to<00:02:23.959> get<00:02:24.101> [music]<00:02:24.200> to 00:02:24.270 --> 00:02:24.280 align:start position:0% travel. If they wanted to get [music] to 00:02:24.280 --> 00:02:26.750 align:start position:0% travel. If they wanted to get [music] to the<00:02:24.440> moon,<00:02:25.400> they<00:02:25.560> needed<00:02:25.880> to<00:02:25.959> make<00:02:26.160> progress 00:02:26.750 --> 00:02:26.760 align:start position:0% the moon, they needed to make progress 00:02:26.760 --> 00:02:29.990 align:start position:0% the moon, they needed to make progress and<00:02:27.040> fast.<00:02:28.000> And<00:02:28.200> that's<00:02:28.840> when<00:02:29.080> Project<00:02:29.560> Gemini 00:02:29.990 --> 00:02:30.000 align:start position:0% and fast. And that's when Project Gemini 00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:31.270 align:start position:0% and fast. And that's when Project Gemini was<00:02:30.240> born. 00:02:31.270 --> 00:02:31.280 align:start position:0% was born. 00:02:31.280 --> 00:02:33.270 align:start position:0% was born. Its<00:02:31.480> aims<00:02:31.800> were<00:02:32.000> set<00:02:32.360> out<00:02:32.560> from<00:02:32.720> the<00:02:32.800> beginning 00:02:33.270 --> 00:02:33.280 align:start position:0% Its aims were set out from the beginning 00:02:33.280 --> 00:02:35.830 align:start position:0% Its aims were set out from the beginning as<00:02:33.400> a<00:02:33.480> project<00:02:34.080> to<00:02:34.200> master<00:02:34.800> long<00:02:35.160> duration 00:02:35.830 --> 00:02:35.840 align:start position:0% as a project to master long duration 00:02:35.840 --> 00:02:38.430 align:start position:0% as a project to master long duration space<00:02:36.160> flight,<00:02:36.959> perfect<00:02:37.440> orbital<00:02:37.880> rendezvous 00:02:38.430 --> 00:02:38.440 align:start position:0% space flight, perfect orbital rendezvous 00:02:38.440 --> 00:02:41.070 align:start position:0% space flight, perfect orbital rendezvous and<00:02:38.600> docking,<00:02:39.360> to<00:02:39.480> test<00:02:39.720> space<00:02:40.080> walks,<00:02:40.880> and 00:02:41.070 --> 00:02:41.080 align:start position:0% and docking, to test space walks, and 00:02:41.080 --> 00:02:43.870 align:start position:0% and docking, to test space walks, and refine<00:02:41.720> re-entry<00:02:42.441> [music]<00:02:42.520> and<00:02:42.720> landing.<00:02:43.760> But 00:02:43.870 --> 00:02:43.880 align:start position:0% refine re-entry [music] and landing. But 00:02:43.880 --> 00:02:46.270 align:start position:0% refine re-entry [music] and landing. But before<00:02:44.400> all<00:02:44.560> that,<00:02:45.200> first<00:02:45.600> they<00:02:45.760> needed<00:02:46.160> to 00:02:46.270 --> 00:02:46.280 align:start position:0% before all that, first they needed to 00:02:46.280 --> 00:02:49.070 align:start position:0% before all that, first they needed to get<00:02:46.640> into<00:02:47.000> space.<00:02:47.920> So,<00:02:48.040> let's<00:02:48.240> start<00:02:48.560> with<00:02:48.840> how 00:02:49.070 --> 00:02:49.080 align:start position:0% get into space. So, let's start with how 00:02:49.080 --> 00:02:51.910 align:start position:0% get into space. So, let's start with how they<00:02:49.480> actually<00:02:50.000> planned<00:02:50.560> to<00:02:50.680> get<00:02:50.840> up<00:02:51.000> there. 00:02:51.910 --> 00:02:51.920 align:start position:0% they actually planned to get up there. 00:02:51.920 --> 00:02:53.566 align:start position:0% they actually planned to get up there. The<00:02:51.959> Mercury<00:02:52.480> and<00:02:52.680> Gemini<00:02:53.040> rockets<00:02:53.480> had 00:02:53.566 --> 00:02:53.576 align:start position:0% The Mercury and Gemini rockets had 00:02:53.576 --> 00:02:55.790 align:start position:0% The Mercury and Gemini rockets had [music]<00:02:53.720> some<00:02:53.920> similarities.<00:02:55.280> Both<00:02:55.560> were 00:02:55.790 --> 00:02:55.800 align:start position:0% [music] some similarities. Both were 00:02:55.800 --> 00:02:57.949 align:start position:0% [music] some similarities. Both were originally<00:02:56.360> missiles<00:02:57.200> repurposed<00:02:57.840> for 00:02:57.949 --> 00:02:57.959 align:start position:0% originally missiles repurposed for 00:02:57.959 --> 00:03:00.030 align:start position:0% originally missiles repurposed for spaceflight.<00:02:59.040> Perhaps<00:02:59.480> not<00:02:59.640> the<00:02:59.720> most 00:03:00.030 --> 00:03:00.040 align:start position:0% spaceflight. Perhaps not the most 00:03:00.040 --> 00:03:02.229 align:start position:0% spaceflight. Perhaps not the most comforting<00:03:00.519> thought,<00:03:01.280> but<00:03:01.480> their<00:03:01.720> structural 00:03:02.229 --> 00:03:02.239 align:start position:0% comforting thought, but their structural 00:03:02.239 --> 00:03:04.030 align:start position:0% comforting thought, but their structural differences<00:03:02.800> meant<00:03:03.239> there<00:03:03.440> were<00:03:03.640> new 00:03:04.030 --> 00:03:04.040 align:start position:0% differences meant there were new 00:03:04.040 --> 00:03:05.750 align:start position:0% differences meant there were new problems<00:03:04.600> for<00:03:04.720> the<00:03:04.840> Gemini<00:03:05.280> mission<00:03:05.640> to 00:03:05.750 --> 00:03:05.760 align:start position:0% problems for the Gemini mission to 00:03:05.760 --> 00:03:06.870 align:start position:0% problems for the Gemini mission to solve. 00:03:06.870 --> 00:03:06.880 align:start position:0% solve. 00:03:06.880 --> 00:03:08.990 align:start position:0% solve. The<00:03:07.000> Mercury<00:03:07.640> Atlas<00:03:08.040> rocket<00:03:08.360> was<00:03:08.519> based<00:03:08.880> on 00:03:08.990 --> 00:03:09.000 align:start position:0% The Mercury Atlas rocket was based on 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:10.790 align:start position:0% The Mercury Atlas rocket was based on the<00:03:09.120> US<00:03:09.560> Air<00:03:09.760> Force's<00:03:10.280> Atlas 00:03:10.790 --> 00:03:10.800 align:start position:0% the US Air Force's Atlas 00:03:10.800 --> 00:03:13.190 align:start position:0% the US Air Force's Atlas Intercontinental<00:03:11.720> Ballistic<00:03:12.200> Missile.<00:03:13.080> It 00:03:13.190 --> 00:03:13.200 align:start position:0% Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It 00:03:13.200 --> 00:03:15.390 align:start position:0% Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It was<00:03:13.360> smaller<00:03:13.920> with<00:03:14.320> a<00:03:14.480> pretty<00:03:14.800> flexible 00:03:15.390 --> 00:03:15.400 align:start position:0% was smaller with a pretty flexible 00:03:15.400 --> 00:03:17.802 align:start position:0% was smaller with a pretty flexible structure<00:03:16.239> and<00:03:16.360> used<00:03:16.600> less<00:03:16.880> dense<00:03:17.280> cryogenic 00:03:17.802 --> 00:03:17.812 align:start position:0% structure and used less dense cryogenic 00:03:17.812 --> 00:03:20.670 align:start position:0% structure and used less dense cryogenic [music]<00:03:18.040> or<00:03:18.440> low<00:03:18.640> temperature<00:03:19.160> fuels. 00:03:20.670 --> 00:03:20.680 align:start position:0% [music] or low temperature fuels. 00:03:20.680 --> 00:03:22.670 align:start position:0% [music] or low temperature fuels. The<00:03:20.720> Gemini<00:03:21.080> Titan<00:03:21.480> rocket<00:03:21.800> was<00:03:21.959> derived<00:03:22.400> from 00:03:22.670 --> 00:03:22.680 align:start position:0% The Gemini Titan rocket was derived from 00:03:22.680 --> 00:03:25.070 align:start position:0% The Gemini Titan rocket was derived from another<00:03:22.959> missile,<00:03:23.519> the<00:03:23.640> Titan<00:03:24.040> II.<00:03:24.760> As<00:03:24.959> it 00:03:25.070 --> 00:03:25.080 align:start position:0% another missile, the Titan II. As it 00:03:25.080 --> 00:03:27.270 align:start position:0% another missile, the Titan II. As it needed<00:03:25.440> to<00:03:25.560> support<00:03:25.959> two<00:03:26.200> passengers,<00:03:27.000> it<00:03:27.120> was 00:03:27.270 --> 00:03:27.280 align:start position:0% needed to support two passengers, it was 00:03:27.280 --> 00:03:29.630 align:start position:0% needed to support two passengers, it was larger,<00:03:27.920> stiffer,<00:03:28.680> and<00:03:28.880> used<00:03:29.160> denser 00:03:29.630 --> 00:03:29.640 align:start position:0% larger, stiffer, and used denser 00:03:29.640 --> 00:03:31.910 align:start position:0% larger, stiffer, and used denser hypergolic<00:03:30.200> fuels,<00:03:30.880> substances<00:03:31.600> that<00:03:31.760> would 00:03:31.910 --> 00:03:31.920 align:start position:0% hypergolic fuels, substances that would 00:03:31.920 --> 00:03:34.310 align:start position:0% hypergolic fuels, substances that would ignite<00:03:32.400> upon<00:03:32.680> contact<00:03:33.200> with<00:03:33.320> each<00:03:33.480> other. 00:03:34.310 --> 00:03:34.320 align:start position:0% ignite upon contact with each other. 00:03:34.320 --> 00:03:37.430 align:start position:0% ignite upon contact with each other. This<00:03:34.600> new<00:03:35.239> stiff<00:03:35.720> frame<00:03:36.480> with<00:03:36.640> its<00:03:36.800> long<00:03:37.160> fuel 00:03:37.430 --> 00:03:37.440 align:start position:0% This new stiff frame with its long fuel 00:03:37.440 --> 00:03:39.590 align:start position:0% This new stiff frame with its long fuel lines<00:03:37.840> and<00:03:38.000> the<00:03:38.120> dense<00:03:38.480> liquids<00:03:38.880> within 00:03:39.590 --> 00:03:39.600 align:start position:0% lines and the dense liquids within 00:03:39.600 --> 00:03:41.710 align:start position:0% lines and the dense liquids within created<00:03:40.120> quite<00:03:40.640> the<00:03:40.760> headache<00:03:41.120> for<00:03:41.239> engineers 00:03:41.710 --> 00:03:41.720 align:start position:0% created quite the headache for engineers 00:03:41.720 --> 00:03:44.310 align:start position:0% created quite the headache for engineers at<00:03:41.840> launch,<00:03:42.480> as<00:03:42.640> they<00:03:42.760> caused<00:03:43.280> mission<00:03:43.640> ending 00:03:44.310 --> 00:03:44.320 align:start position:0% at launch, as they caused mission ending 00:03:44.320 --> 00:03:46.830 align:start position:0% at launch, as they caused mission ending pogo<00:03:44.760> oscillations.<00:03:46.000> Essentially,<00:03:46.560> as<00:03:46.720> the 00:03:46.830 --> 00:03:46.840 align:start position:0% pogo oscillations. Essentially, as the 00:03:46.840 --> 00:03:49.190 align:start position:0% pogo oscillations. Essentially, as the fuel<00:03:47.200> accelerates,<00:03:48.040> a<00:03:48.239> tiny<00:03:48.760> natural 00:03:49.190 --> 00:03:49.200 align:start position:0% fuel accelerates, a tiny natural 00:03:49.200 --> 00:03:51.229 align:start position:0% fuel accelerates, a tiny natural vibration<00:03:49.840> in<00:03:49.920> the<00:03:50.000> the<00:03:50.280> frame<00:03:50.640> causes<00:03:51.120> the 00:03:51.229 --> 00:03:51.239 align:start position:0% vibration in the the frame causes the 00:03:51.239 --> 00:03:53.870 align:start position:0% vibration in the the frame causes the fuel<00:03:51.519> lines<00:03:51.920> to<00:03:52.040> flex<00:03:52.440> slightly.<00:03:53.280> This<00:03:53.480> flex 00:03:53.870 --> 00:03:53.880 align:start position:0% fuel lines to flex slightly. This flex 00:03:53.880 --> 00:03:55.630 align:start position:0% fuel lines to flex slightly. This flex changes<00:03:54.240> the<00:03:54.360> pressure<00:03:54.840> inside<00:03:55.280> the<00:03:55.360> fuel 00:03:55.630 --> 00:03:55.640 align:start position:0% changes the pressure inside the fuel 00:03:55.640 --> 00:03:58.470 align:start position:0% changes the pressure inside the fuel line,<00:03:56.200> forcing<00:03:56.640> a<00:03:56.760> sudden,<00:03:57.520> tiny<00:03:57.920> surge<00:03:58.280> of 00:03:58.470 --> 00:03:58.480 align:start position:0% line, forcing a sudden, tiny surge of 00:03:58.480 --> 00:04:00.790 align:start position:0% line, forcing a sudden, tiny surge of extra<00:03:58.800> fuel<00:03:59.160> into<00:03:59.400> the<00:03:59.480> engine.<00:04:00.400> The<00:04:00.440> engine 00:04:00.790 --> 00:04:00.800 align:start position:0% extra fuel into the engine. The engine 00:04:00.800 --> 00:04:03.310 align:start position:0% extra fuel into the engine. The engine burns<00:04:01.200> this<00:04:01.400> extra<00:04:01.720> fuel,<00:04:02.280> creating<00:04:02.760> a<00:04:02.880> sudden 00:04:03.310 --> 00:04:03.320 align:start position:0% burns this extra fuel, creating a sudden 00:04:03.320 --> 00:04:06.710 align:start position:0% burns this extra fuel, creating a sudden spike<00:04:03.720> in<00:04:03.840> thrust,<00:04:04.600> a<00:04:04.720> literal<00:04:05.200> kick<00:04:05.680> forward. 00:04:06.710 --> 00:04:06.720 align:start position:0% spike in thrust, a literal kick forward. 00:04:06.720 --> 00:04:09.350 align:start position:0% spike in thrust, a literal kick forward. That<00:04:06.920> extra<00:04:07.280> kick<00:04:08.040> ripples<00:04:08.560> back<00:04:08.959> up<00:04:09.120> through 00:04:09.350 --> 00:04:09.360 align:start position:0% That extra kick ripples back up through 00:04:09.360 --> 00:04:11.430 align:start position:0% That extra kick ripples back up through the<00:04:09.480> rocket<00:04:09.800> structure,<00:04:10.600> causing<00:04:11.000> the<00:04:11.120> fuel 00:04:11.430 --> 00:04:11.440 align:start position:0% the rocket structure, causing the fuel 00:04:11.440 --> 00:04:14.230 align:start position:0% the rocket structure, causing the fuel lines<00:04:11.800> to<00:04:11.959> flex<00:04:12.600> even<00:04:13.000> harder. 00:04:14.230 --> 00:04:14.240 align:start position:0% lines to flex even harder. 00:04:14.240 --> 00:04:17.590 align:start position:0% lines to flex even harder. This<00:04:14.560> all<00:04:14.920> creates<00:04:15.480> a<00:04:15.600> closed<00:04:16.280> feedback<00:04:16.760> loop. 00:04:17.590 --> 00:04:17.600 align:start position:0% This all creates a closed feedback loop. 00:04:17.600 --> 00:04:19.670 align:start position:0% This all creates a closed feedback loop. The<00:04:17.640> rocket<00:04:18.000> bounces<00:04:18.560> up<00:04:18.680> and<00:04:18.799> down,<00:04:19.480> which 00:04:19.670 --> 00:04:19.680 align:start position:0% The rocket bounces up and down, which 00:04:19.680 --> 00:04:21.870 align:start position:0% The rocket bounces up and down, which pulses<00:04:20.239> the<00:04:20.359> fuel,<00:04:21.000> which<00:04:21.280> pulses<00:04:21.760> the 00:04:21.870 --> 00:04:21.880 align:start position:0% pulses the fuel, which pulses the 00:04:21.880 --> 00:04:24.390 align:start position:0% pulses the fuel, which pulses the engine,<00:04:22.680> which<00:04:23.000> bounces<00:04:23.520> the<00:04:23.640> rocket<00:04:24.080> even 00:04:24.390 --> 00:04:24.400 align:start position:0% engine, which bounces the rocket even 00:04:24.400 --> 00:04:27.190 align:start position:0% engine, which bounces the rocket even harder.<00:04:25.240> It's<00:04:25.440> like<00:04:25.919> the<00:04:26.000> rocket<00:04:26.360> becomes<00:04:27.120> a 00:04:27.190 --> 00:04:27.200 align:start position:0% harder. It's like the rocket becomes a 00:04:27.200 --> 00:04:30.070 align:start position:0% harder. It's like the rocket becomes a giant<00:04:27.720> pogo<00:04:28.160> stick.<00:04:29.120> But,<00:04:29.240> whilst<00:04:29.520> this<00:04:29.800> might 00:04:30.070 --> 00:04:30.080 align:start position:0% giant pogo stick. But, whilst this might 00:04:30.080 --> 00:04:31.590 align:start position:0% giant pogo stick. But, whilst this might sound<00:04:30.600> fun, 00:04:31.590 --> 00:04:31.600 align:start position:0% sound fun, 00:04:31.600 --> 00:04:34.430 align:start position:0% sound fun, on<00:04:31.919> early<00:04:32.200> Titan<00:04:32.600> II<00:04:32.840> test<00:04:33.240> flights,<00:04:34.000> bouncing 00:04:34.430 --> 00:04:34.440 align:start position:0% on early Titan II test flights, bouncing 00:04:34.440 --> 00:04:36.510 align:start position:0% on early Titan II test flights, bouncing vibrations<00:04:35.080> were<00:04:35.240> recorded<00:04:35.720> that<00:04:35.880> were<00:04:36.000> so 00:04:36.510 --> 00:04:36.520 align:start position:0% vibrations were recorded that were so 00:04:36.520 --> 00:04:38.750 align:start position:0% vibrations were recorded that were so violent,<00:04:37.440> they<00:04:37.600> would<00:04:37.800> have<00:04:38.040> rendered<00:04:38.560> an 00:04:38.750 --> 00:04:38.760 align:start position:0% violent, they would have rendered an 00:04:38.760 --> 00:04:40.909 align:start position:0% violent, they would have rendered an astronaut<00:04:39.400> unconscious. 00:04:40.909 --> 00:04:40.919 align:start position:0% astronaut unconscious. 00:04:40.919 --> 00:04:42.909 align:start position:0% astronaut unconscious. This<00:04:41.080> was<00:04:41.240> because<00:04:41.840> the<00:04:41.960> Titan<00:04:42.360> II<00:04:42.720> was 00:04:42.909 --> 00:04:42.919 align:start position:0% This was because the Titan II was 00:04:42.919 --> 00:04:44.990 align:start position:0% This was because the Titan II was originally<00:04:43.400> designed<00:04:43.840> to<00:04:43.919> carry<00:04:44.360> a<00:04:44.480> nuclear 00:04:44.990 --> 00:04:45.000 align:start position:0% originally designed to carry a nuclear 00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:47.510 align:start position:0% originally designed to carry a nuclear warhead,<00:04:45.840> rather<00:04:46.200> than<00:04:46.400> people.<00:04:47.280> So,<00:04:47.400> the 00:04:47.510 --> 00:04:47.520 align:start position:0% warhead, rather than people. So, the 00:04:47.520 --> 00:04:49.790 align:start position:0% warhead, rather than people. So, the initial<00:04:47.880> engineering<00:04:48.400> tolerances<00:04:49.080> were<00:04:49.720> a 00:04:49.790 --> 00:04:49.800 align:start position:0% initial engineering tolerances were a 00:04:49.800 --> 00:04:51.430 align:start position:0% initial engineering tolerances were a bit<00:04:50.040> aggressive. 00:04:51.430 --> 00:04:51.440 align:start position:0% bit aggressive. 00:04:51.440 --> 00:04:53.710 align:start position:0% bit aggressive. NASA,<00:04:51.919> unsurprisingly,<00:04:53.000> refused<00:04:53.440> to<00:04:53.520> put<00:04:53.680> a 00:04:53.710 --> 00:04:53.720 align:start position:0% NASA, unsurprisingly, refused to put a 00:04:53.720 --> 00:04:55.950 align:start position:0% NASA, unsurprisingly, refused to put a human<00:04:54.120> on<00:04:54.200> the<00:04:54.320> Titan<00:04:54.680> II<00:04:55.080> until<00:04:55.440> the<00:04:55.520> pogo 00:04:55.950 --> 00:04:55.960 align:start position:0% human on the Titan II until the pogo 00:04:55.960 --> 00:05:00.750 align:start position:0% human on the Titan II until the pogo levels<00:04:56.400> were<00:04:56.520> reduced<00:04:57.040> to<00:04:57.160> below<00:04:57.640> 0.25<00:04:59.080> G.<00:05:00.040> So, 00:05:00.750 --> 00:05:00.760 align:start position:0% levels were reduced to below 0.25 G. So, 00:05:00.760 --> 00:05:02.310 align:start position:0% levels were reduced to below 0.25 G. So, how<00:05:00.919> did<00:05:01.080> they<00:05:01.200> do<00:05:01.440> it? 00:05:02.310 --> 00:05:02.320 align:start position:0% how did they do it? 00:05:02.320 --> 00:05:04.790 align:start position:0% how did they do it? Well,<00:05:02.600> they<00:05:02.760> had<00:05:03.120> two<00:05:03.400> choices.<00:05:04.320> Start<00:05:04.640> from 00:05:04.790 --> 00:05:04.800 align:start position:0% Well, they had two choices. Start from 00:05:04.800 --> 00:05:07.070 align:start position:0% Well, they had two choices. Start from scratch<00:05:05.360> building<00:05:05.840> a<00:05:05.960> new<00:05:06.240> rocket<00:05:06.680> that<00:05:06.840> was 00:05:07.070 --> 00:05:07.080 align:start position:0% scratch building a new rocket that was 00:05:07.080 --> 00:05:09.470 align:start position:0% scratch building a new rocket that was more<00:05:07.400> flexible<00:05:08.360> with<00:05:08.560> shorter<00:05:08.880> fuel<00:05:09.120> lines 00:05:09.470 --> 00:05:09.480 align:start position:0% more flexible with shorter fuel lines 00:05:09.480 --> 00:05:12.070 align:start position:0% more flexible with shorter fuel lines that<00:05:09.720> ran<00:05:10.000> on<00:05:10.240> a<00:05:10.360> new<00:05:10.640> propellant,<00:05:11.760> or<00:05:11.919> they 00:05:12.070 --> 00:05:12.080 align:start position:0% that ran on a new propellant, or they 00:05:12.080 --> 00:05:15.470 align:start position:0% that ran on a new propellant, or they could<00:05:12.320> engineer<00:05:12.800> solutions<00:05:13.440> into<00:05:13.960> the<00:05:14.080> Titan. 00:05:15.470 --> 00:05:15.480 align:start position:0% could engineer solutions into the Titan. 00:05:15.480 --> 00:05:17.470 align:start position:0% could engineer solutions into the Titan. With<00:05:15.680> time<00:05:15.960> being<00:05:16.200> of<00:05:16.320> the<00:05:16.440> essence,<00:05:17.280> they 00:05:17.470 --> 00:05:17.480 align:start position:0% With time being of the essence, they 00:05:17.480 --> 00:05:19.670 align:start position:0% With time being of the essence, they chose<00:05:18.160> option<00:05:18.560> two. 00:05:19.670 --> 00:05:19.680 align:start position:0% chose option two. 00:05:19.680 --> 00:05:22.550 align:start position:0% chose option two. NASA<00:05:20.000> formed<00:05:20.440> a<00:05:20.520> pogo<00:05:21.120> working<00:05:21.640> group<00:05:22.240> of<00:05:22.360> more 00:05:22.550 --> 00:05:22.560 align:start position:0% NASA formed a pogo working group of more 00:05:22.560 --> 00:05:24.990 align:start position:0% NASA formed a pogo working group of more than<00:05:22.720> 1,000<00:05:23.600> engineers<00:05:24.240> to<00:05:24.360> come<00:05:24.600> up<00:05:24.800> with<00:05:24.960> a 00:05:24.990 --> 00:05:25.000 align:start position:0% than 1,000 engineers to come up with a 00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:26.230 align:start position:0% than 1,000 engineers to come up with a solution. 00:05:26.230 --> 00:05:26.240 align:start position:0% solution. 00:05:26.240 --> 00:05:27.670 align:start position:0% solution. One<00:05:26.320> of<00:05:26.400> the<00:05:26.480> main<00:05:26.720> ways<00:05:26.919> they<00:05:27.040> reduced<00:05:27.560> the 00:05:27.670 --> 00:05:27.680 align:start position:0% One of the main ways they reduced the 00:05:27.680 --> 00:05:30.150 align:start position:0% One of the main ways they reduced the vibration<00:05:28.320> was<00:05:28.520> to<00:05:28.640> put<00:05:29.000> a<00:05:29.160> shock<00:05:29.640> absorber 00:05:30.150 --> 00:05:30.160 align:start position:0% vibration was to put a shock absorber 00:05:30.160 --> 00:05:33.470 align:start position:0% vibration was to put a shock absorber into<00:05:30.480> fuel<00:05:30.720> lines<00:05:31.280> called<00:05:31.720> a<00:05:31.840> surge<00:05:32.520> dampener. 00:05:33.470 --> 00:05:33.480 align:start position:0% into fuel lines called a surge dampener. 00:05:33.480 --> 00:05:35.510 align:start position:0% into fuel lines called a surge dampener. These<00:05:33.760> were<00:05:33.880> small<00:05:34.400> cavities<00:05:35.000> filled<00:05:35.320> with 00:05:35.510 --> 00:05:35.520 align:start position:0% These were small cavities filled with 00:05:35.520 --> 00:05:37.870 align:start position:0% These were small cavities filled with trapped,<00:05:36.200> compressible<00:05:36.880> gas,<00:05:37.440> usually 00:05:37.870 --> 00:05:37.880 align:start position:0% trapped, compressible gas, usually 00:05:37.880 --> 00:05:40.630 align:start position:0% trapped, compressible gas, usually helium,<00:05:38.720> inserted<00:05:39.200> directly<00:05:39.840> into<00:05:40.240> the<00:05:40.360> fuel 00:05:40.630 --> 00:05:40.640 align:start position:0% helium, inserted directly into the fuel 00:05:40.640 --> 00:05:41.590 align:start position:0% helium, inserted directly into the fuel lines. 00:05:41.590 --> 00:05:41.600 align:start position:0% lines. 00:05:41.600 --> 00:05:43.870 align:start position:0% lines. So,<00:05:42.040> when<00:05:42.240> a<00:05:42.320> pressure<00:05:42.760> pulse<00:05:43.120> traveled<00:05:43.600> down 00:05:43.870 --> 00:05:43.880 align:start position:0% So, when a pressure pulse traveled down 00:05:43.880 --> 00:05:45.990 align:start position:0% So, when a pressure pulse traveled down them,<00:05:44.520> instead<00:05:44.840> of<00:05:44.960> hitting<00:05:45.280> the<00:05:45.400> engine<00:05:45.840> and 00:05:45.990 --> 00:05:46.000 align:start position:0% them, instead of hitting the engine and 00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:49.270 align:start position:0% them, instead of hitting the engine and creating<00:05:46.480> a<00:05:46.560> kick,<00:05:47.520> it<00:05:47.720> hit<00:05:47.960> the<00:05:48.040> gas<00:05:48.320> cavity. 00:05:49.270 --> 00:05:49.280 align:start position:0% creating a kick, it hit the gas cavity. 00:05:49.280 --> 00:05:51.590 align:start position:0% creating a kick, it hit the gas cavity. The<00:05:49.400> gas<00:05:49.920> then<00:05:50.120> compressed<00:05:50.840> just<00:05:51.120> like<00:05:51.480> a 00:05:51.590 --> 00:05:51.600 align:start position:0% The gas then compressed just like a 00:05:51.600 --> 00:05:54.470 align:start position:0% The gas then compressed just like a mechanical<00:05:52.120> spring,<00:05:53.000> absorbing<00:05:53.600> the<00:05:53.720> energy 00:05:54.470 --> 00:05:54.480 align:start position:0% mechanical spring, absorbing the energy 00:05:54.480 --> 00:05:56.390 align:start position:0% mechanical spring, absorbing the energy and<00:05:54.640> smoothing<00:05:55.320> the<00:05:55.440> flow<00:05:56.080> into<00:05:56.320> a<00:05:56.340> [music] 00:05:56.390 --> 00:05:56.400 align:start position:0% and smoothing the flow into a [music] 00:05:56.400 --> 00:05:58.950 align:start position:0% and smoothing the flow into a [music] steady<00:05:56.720> stream.<00:05:57.800> This<00:05:58.240> dampened<00:05:58.880> the 00:05:58.950 --> 00:05:58.960 align:start position:0% steady stream. This dampened the 00:05:58.960 --> 00:06:01.390 align:start position:0% steady stream. This dampened the vibrations<00:05:59.840> and<00:06:00.240> astronauts<00:06:00.800> were<00:06:01.000> able<00:06:01.280> to 00:06:01.390 --> 00:06:01.400 align:start position:0% vibrations and astronauts were able to 00:06:01.400 --> 00:06:03.350 align:start position:0% vibrations and astronauts were able to ride<00:06:01.680> the<00:06:01.760> Titan<00:06:02.240> throughout<00:06:02.880> the<00:06:02.960> Gemini 00:06:03.350 --> 00:06:03.360 align:start position:0% ride the Titan throughout the Gemini 00:06:03.360 --> 00:06:06.030 align:start position:0% ride the Titan throughout the Gemini program<00:06:04.040> with<00:06:04.240> no<00:06:04.600> adverse<00:06:04.839> [music]<00:06:05.000> effects. 00:06:06.030 --> 00:06:06.040 align:start position:0% program with no adverse [music] effects. 00:06:06.040 --> 00:06:07.790 align:start position:0% program with no adverse [music] effects. And<00:06:06.280> this<00:06:06.440> knowledge<00:06:06.800> fed<00:06:07.120> right<00:06:07.520> into<00:06:07.720> the 00:06:07.790 --> 00:06:07.800 align:start position:0% And this knowledge fed right into the 00:06:07.800 --> 00:06:13.350 align:start position:0% And this knowledge fed right into the Apollo<00:06:08.240> program's<00:06:08.920> Saturn<00:06:09.400> V<00:06:09.880> rocket. 00:06:13.350 --> 00:06:13.360 align:start position:0% 00:06:13.360 --> 00:06:16.510 align:start position:0% The<00:06:13.440> Saturn<00:06:13.800> V<00:06:14.120> was<00:06:14.400> a<00:06:14.560> colossus,<00:06:16.000> standing 00:06:16.510 --> 00:06:16.520 align:start position:0% The Saturn V was a colossus, standing 00:06:16.520 --> 00:06:18.470 align:start position:0% The Saturn V was a colossus, standing around<00:06:16.920> three<00:06:17.360> times<00:06:17.840> taller<00:06:18.200> than<00:06:18.360> the 00:06:18.470 --> 00:06:18.480 align:start position:0% around three times taller than the 00:06:18.480 --> 00:06:21.470 align:start position:0% around three times taller than the Titan,<00:06:19.400> but<00:06:19.680> it<00:06:19.880> had<00:06:20.400> a<00:06:20.520> completely<00:06:21.000> different 00:06:21.470 --> 00:06:21.480 align:start position:0% Titan, but it had a completely different 00:06:21.480 --> 00:06:23.510 align:start position:0% Titan, but it had a completely different fuel<00:06:21.800> and<00:06:21.880> structural<00:06:22.320> makeup.<00:06:23.200> In<00:06:23.360> other 00:06:23.510 --> 00:06:23.520 align:start position:0% fuel and structural makeup. In other 00:06:23.520 --> 00:06:26.750 align:start position:0% fuel and structural makeup. In other words,<00:06:24.080> the<00:06:24.160> engineers<00:06:24.760> had<00:06:25.160> no<00:06:25.640> idea<00:06:26.200> how<00:06:26.600> it 00:06:26.750 --> 00:06:26.760 align:start position:0% words, the engineers had no idea how it 00:06:26.760 --> 00:06:29.550 align:start position:0% words, the engineers had no idea how it would<00:06:26.919> fare<00:06:27.280> on<00:06:27.400> takeoff.<00:06:28.480> So,<00:06:28.680> when<00:06:29.240> during 00:06:29.550 --> 00:06:29.560 align:start position:0% would fare on takeoff. So, when during 00:06:29.560 --> 00:06:32.190 align:start position:0% would fare on takeoff. So, when during the<00:06:29.800> uncrewed<00:06:30.440> Apollo<00:06:30.840> 6<00:06:31.240> test,<00:06:31.800> the<00:06:31.880> rocket 00:06:32.190 --> 00:06:32.200 align:start position:0% the uncrewed Apollo 6 test, the rocket 00:06:32.200 --> 00:06:35.390 align:start position:0% the uncrewed Apollo 6 test, the rocket began<00:06:32.480> to<00:06:32.640> shake,<00:06:33.560> NASA<00:06:34.000> engineers<00:06:34.840> sprang 00:06:35.390 --> 00:06:35.400 align:start position:0% began to shake, NASA engineers sprang 00:06:35.400 --> 00:06:37.670 align:start position:0% began to shake, NASA engineers sprang into<00:06:35.600> action.<00:06:36.600> Because<00:06:36.880> of<00:06:37.000> the<00:06:37.160> legacy 00:06:37.670 --> 00:06:37.680 align:start position:0% into action. Because of the legacy 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:40.070 align:start position:0% into action. Because of the legacy Gemini<00:06:38.120> data,<00:06:38.880> they<00:06:39.240> already<00:06:39.680> had<00:06:40.000> the 00:06:40.070 --> 00:06:40.080 align:start position:0% Gemini data, they already had the 00:06:40.080 --> 00:06:42.630 align:start position:0% Gemini data, they already had the mathematical<00:06:40.840> models<00:06:41.280> to<00:06:41.520> easily<00:06:42.000> diagnose 00:06:42.630 --> 00:06:42.640 align:start position:0% mathematical models to easily diagnose 00:06:42.640 --> 00:06:45.470 align:start position:0% mathematical models to easily diagnose Pogo,<00:06:43.600> and<00:06:43.760> the<00:06:43.880> engineering<00:06:44.320> solutions<00:06:45.360> to 00:06:45.470 --> 00:06:45.480 align:start position:0% Pogo, and the engineering solutions to 00:06:45.480 --> 00:06:47.310 align:start position:0% Pogo, and the engineering solutions to install<00:06:45.840> similar<00:06:46.320> suppressors<00:06:47.000> in<00:06:47.200> the 00:06:47.310 --> 00:06:47.320 align:start position:0% install similar suppressors in the 00:06:47.320 --> 00:06:50.110 align:start position:0% install similar suppressors in the Saturn's<00:06:47.414> [music]<00:06:47.880> F-1<00:06:48.640> and<00:06:48.800> J-2<00:06:49.320> engines, 00:06:50.110 --> 00:06:50.120 align:start position:0% Saturn's [music] F-1 and J-2 engines, 00:06:50.120 --> 00:06:51.710 align:start position:0% Saturn's [music] F-1 and J-2 engines, preventing<00:06:50.600> the<00:06:50.680> rocket<00:06:51.040> from<00:06:51.200> shaking 00:06:51.710 --> 00:06:51.720 align:start position:0% preventing the rocket from shaking 00:06:51.720 --> 00:06:54.110 align:start position:0% preventing the rocket from shaking itself<00:06:52.040> to<00:06:52.160> pieces<00:06:53.000> and<00:06:53.120> allowing<00:06:53.560> astronauts 00:06:54.110 --> 00:06:54.120 align:start position:0% itself to pieces and allowing astronauts 00:06:54.120 --> 00:06:57.070 align:start position:0% itself to pieces and allowing astronauts to<00:06:54.240> ride<00:06:54.520> it<00:06:54.640> safely<00:06:55.360> on<00:06:55.520> the<00:06:55.600> next<00:06:55.919> test. 00:06:57.070 --> 00:06:57.080 align:start position:0% to ride it safely on the next test. 00:06:57.080 --> 00:06:59.790 align:start position:0% to ride it safely on the next test. But,<00:06:57.440> getting<00:06:57.919> off<00:06:58.240> the<00:06:58.360> ground<00:06:59.120> was<00:06:59.360> just<00:06:59.680> the 00:06:59.790 --> 00:06:59.800 align:start position:0% But, getting off the ground was just the 00:06:59.800 --> 00:07:01.110 align:start position:0% But, getting off the ground was just the start. 00:07:01.110 --> 00:07:01.120 align:start position:0% start. 00:07:01.120 --> 00:07:03.710 align:start position:0% start. Back<00:07:01.400> in<00:07:01.560> the<00:07:01.720> early<00:07:01.919> 1960s,<00:07:03.000> the<00:07:03.080> Gemini<00:07:03.600> and 00:07:03.710 --> 00:07:03.720 align:start position:0% Back in the early 1960s, the Gemini and 00:07:03.720 --> 00:07:05.110 align:start position:0% Back in the early 1960s, the Gemini and Apollo<00:07:04.080> programs<00:07:04.560> were<00:07:04.840> running 00:07:05.110 --> 00:07:05.120 align:start position:0% Apollo programs were running 00:07:05.120 --> 00:07:07.830 align:start position:0% Apollo programs were running concurrently.<00:07:06.360> Gemini<00:07:06.800> was<00:07:07.040> the<00:07:07.120> more<00:07:07.440> active 00:07:07.830 --> 00:07:07.840 align:start position:0% concurrently. Gemini was the more active 00:07:07.840 --> 00:07:10.190 align:start position:0% concurrently. Gemini was the more active training<00:07:08.200> ground,<00:07:08.880> while<00:07:09.120> Apollo<00:07:09.640> was<00:07:09.840> still 00:07:10.190 --> 00:07:10.200 align:start position:0% training ground, while Apollo was still 00:07:10.200 --> 00:07:13.510 align:start position:0% training ground, while Apollo was still on<00:07:10.320> the<00:07:10.400> drawing<00:07:10.800> board.<00:07:11.680> So,<00:07:11.919> in<00:07:12.080> 1962,<00:07:13.400> when 00:07:13.510 --> 00:07:13.520 align:start position:0% on the drawing board. So, in 1962, when 00:07:13.520 --> 00:07:16.150 align:start position:0% on the drawing board. So, in 1962, when NASA<00:07:13.840> selected<00:07:14.520> lunar<00:07:15.040> orbit<00:07:15.400> rendezvous<00:07:16.040> as 00:07:16.150 --> 00:07:16.160 align:start position:0% NASA selected lunar orbit rendezvous as 00:07:16.160 --> 00:07:18.350 align:start position:0% NASA selected lunar orbit rendezvous as a<00:07:16.240> way<00:07:16.400> for<00:07:16.520> the<00:07:16.640> Apollo<00:07:17.040> mission<00:07:17.400> to<00:07:17.560> land,<00:07:18.240> it 00:07:18.350 --> 00:07:18.360 align:start position:0% a way for the Apollo mission to land, it 00:07:18.360 --> 00:07:20.790 align:start position:0% a way for the Apollo mission to land, it needed<00:07:18.840> a<00:07:18.880> command<00:07:19.280> module<00:07:19.720> for<00:07:19.840> travel<00:07:20.640> and<00:07:20.760> a 00:07:20.790 --> 00:07:20.800 align:start position:0% needed a command module for travel and a 00:07:20.800 --> 00:07:23.150 align:start position:0% needed a command module for travel and a separate<00:07:21.360> lunar<00:07:21.640> module<00:07:22.080> to<00:07:22.200> descend<00:07:22.960> to<00:07:23.040> the 00:07:23.150 --> 00:07:23.160 align:start position:0% separate lunar module to descend to the 00:07:23.160 --> 00:07:24.550 align:start position:0% separate lunar module to descend to the lunar<00:07:23.400> surface. 00:07:24.550 --> 00:07:24.560 align:start position:0% lunar surface. 00:07:24.560 --> 00:07:27.590 align:start position:0% lunar surface. But,<00:07:24.720> NASA<00:07:25.160> had<00:07:25.440> never<00:07:25.919> even<00:07:26.360> flown<00:07:26.960> two<00:07:27.200> craft 00:07:27.590 --> 00:07:27.600 align:start position:0% But, NASA had never even flown two craft 00:07:27.600 --> 00:07:30.230 align:start position:0% But, NASA had never even flown two craft at<00:07:27.680> the<00:07:27.760> same<00:07:28.040> time,<00:07:28.760> let<00:07:29.040> alone<00:07:29.760> needing<00:07:30.120> to 00:07:30.230 --> 00:07:30.240 align:start position:0% at the same time, let alone needing to 00:07:30.240 --> 00:07:32.430 align:start position:0% at the same time, let alone needing to separate<00:07:30.880> and<00:07:31.240> reconnect<00:07:31.960> them<00:07:32.240> in<00:07:32.360> the 00:07:32.430 --> 00:07:32.440 align:start position:0% separate and reconnect them in the 00:07:32.440 --> 00:07:34.270 align:start position:0% separate and reconnect them in the depths<00:07:32.800> of<00:07:32.919> space. 00:07:34.270 --> 00:07:34.280 align:start position:0% depths of space. 00:07:34.280 --> 00:07:36.310 align:start position:0% depths of space. This<00:07:34.480> kick-started<00:07:35.160> a<00:07:35.280> whole<00:07:35.600> testing<00:07:36.040> phase 00:07:36.310 --> 00:07:36.320 align:start position:0% This kick-started a whole testing phase 00:07:36.320 --> 00:07:38.630 align:start position:0% This kick-started a whole testing phase for<00:07:36.440> the<00:07:36.520> Gemini<00:07:36.880> missions<00:07:37.280> to<00:07:37.480> work<00:07:37.919> out<00:07:38.280> how 00:07:38.630 --> 00:07:38.640 align:start position:0% for the Gemini missions to work out how 00:07:38.640 --> 00:07:39.870 align:start position:0% for the Gemini missions to work out how to<00:07:38.760> do<00:07:38.960> it. 00:07:39.870 --> 00:07:39.880 align:start position:0% to do it. 00:07:39.880 --> 00:07:41.670 align:start position:0% to do it. At<00:07:40.000> first,<00:07:40.320> engineers<00:07:40.800> were<00:07:40.919> skeptical<00:07:41.440> about 00:07:41.670 --> 00:07:41.680 align:start position:0% At first, engineers were skeptical about 00:07:41.680 --> 00:07:43.630 align:start position:0% At first, engineers were skeptical about the<00:07:41.760> possibility<00:07:42.440> of<00:07:42.560> spacecraft<00:07:43.160> that<00:07:43.320> moved 00:07:43.630 --> 00:07:43.640 align:start position:0% the possibility of spacecraft that moved 00:07:43.640 --> 00:07:47.230 align:start position:0% the possibility of spacecraft that moved at<00:07:43.720> 28,000<00:07:44.640> km/h<00:07:45.680> meeting<00:07:46.040> in<00:07:46.160> space,<00:07:47.040> but<00:07:47.160> it 00:07:47.230 --> 00:07:47.240 align:start position:0% at 28,000 km/h meeting in space, but it 00:07:47.240 --> 00:07:49.630 align:start position:0% at 28,000 km/h meeting in space, but it was<00:07:47.360> deemed<00:07:47.800> worth<00:07:48.080> a<00:07:48.160> try. 00:07:49.630 --> 00:07:49.640 align:start position:0% was deemed worth a try. 00:07:49.640 --> 00:07:51.110 align:start position:0% was deemed worth a try. This<00:07:49.760> was<00:07:49.880> one<00:07:50.000> of<00:07:50.120> the<00:07:50.240> main<00:07:50.640> aims<00:07:50.920> of<00:07:51.040> the 00:07:51.110 --> 00:07:51.120 align:start position:0% This was one of the main aims of the 00:07:51.120 --> 00:07:53.190 align:start position:0% This was one of the main aims of the Gemini<00:07:51.520> program,<00:07:52.320> and<00:07:52.440> the<00:07:52.480> first<00:07:52.760> mission<00:07:53.040> to 00:07:53.190 --> 00:07:53.200 align:start position:0% Gemini program, and the first mission to 00:07:53.200 --> 00:07:55.390 align:start position:0% Gemini program, and the first mission to test<00:07:53.680> the<00:07:53.760> new<00:07:53.920> ideas<00:07:54.640> was<00:07:54.760> an<00:07:54.880> intense 00:07:55.390 --> 00:07:55.400 align:start position:0% test the new ideas was an intense 00:07:55.400 --> 00:07:58.350 align:start position:0% test the new ideas was an intense pursuit.<00:07:56.320> Gemini<00:07:56.680> 7<00:07:57.360> served<00:07:57.720> as<00:07:57.880> the<00:07:58.000> passive 00:07:58.350 --> 00:07:58.360 align:start position:0% pursuit. Gemini 7 served as the passive 00:07:58.360 --> 00:08:01.310 align:start position:0% pursuit. Gemini 7 served as the passive target,<00:07:59.120> while<00:07:59.280> Gemini<00:07:59.680> 6A<00:08:00.680> was<00:08:00.840> launched<00:08:01.200> to 00:08:01.310 --> 00:08:01.320 align:start position:0% target, while Gemini 6A was launched to 00:08:01.320 --> 00:08:02.075 align:start position:0% target, while Gemini 6A was launched to find<00:08:01.680> it. 00:08:02.075 --> 00:08:02.085 align:start position:0% find it. 00:08:02.085 --> 00:08:02.430 align:start position:0% find it. >> [music] 00:08:02.430 --> 00:08:02.440 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:08:02.440 --> 00:08:04.910 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> They<00:08:02.520> weren't<00:08:02.800> just<00:08:03.000> looking<00:08:03.280> for<00:08:03.520> a<00:08:03.600> flyby. 00:08:04.910 --> 00:08:04.920 align:start position:0% >> They weren't just looking for a flyby. 00:08:04.920 --> 00:08:07.710 align:start position:0% >> They weren't just looking for a flyby. They<00:08:05.040> needed<00:08:05.400> to<00:08:05.520> achieve<00:08:06.320> station<00:08:06.920> keeping, 00:08:07.710 --> 00:08:07.720 align:start position:0% They needed to achieve station keeping, 00:08:07.720 --> 00:08:10.630 align:start position:0% They needed to achieve station keeping, where<00:08:07.960> two<00:08:08.440> spacecraft<00:08:09.160> travel<00:08:09.720> at<00:08:09.960> the<00:08:10.040> exact 00:08:10.630 --> 00:08:10.640 align:start position:0% where two spacecraft travel at the exact 00:08:10.640 --> 00:08:13.350 align:start position:0% where two spacecraft travel at the exact same<00:08:10.880> velocity<00:08:11.640> and<00:08:11.880> altitude,<00:08:12.880> appearing 00:08:13.350 --> 00:08:13.360 align:start position:0% same velocity and altitude, appearing 00:08:13.360 --> 00:08:15.830 align:start position:0% same velocity and altitude, appearing motionless<00:08:14.080> relative<00:08:14.560> to<00:08:14.680> each<00:08:14.880> other.<00:08:15.720> And 00:08:15.830 --> 00:08:15.840 align:start position:0% motionless relative to each other. And 00:08:15.840 --> 00:08:17.990 align:start position:0% motionless relative to each other. And this<00:08:16.080> required<00:08:16.640> some<00:08:16.960> deep<00:08:17.440> scientific 00:08:17.990 --> 00:08:18.000 align:start position:0% this required some deep scientific 00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:19.760 align:start position:0% this required some deep scientific thought<00:08:18.520> and<00:08:19.040> engineering<00:08:19.640> ingenuity. 00:08:19.760 --> 00:08:19.770 align:start position:0% thought and engineering ingenuity. 00:08:19.770 --> 00:08:21.150 align:start position:0% thought and engineering ingenuity. [music] 00:08:21.150 --> 00:08:21.160 align:start position:0% [music] 00:08:21.160 --> 00:08:23.830 align:start position:0% [music] First,<00:08:21.520> they<00:08:21.680> used<00:08:22.080> the<00:08:22.400> Clohessy-Wiltshire 00:08:23.830 --> 00:08:23.840 align:start position:0% First, they used the Clohessy-Wiltshire 00:08:23.840 --> 00:08:26.550 align:start position:0% First, they used the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations<00:08:24.840> to<00:08:24.960> understand<00:08:25.520> and<00:08:25.720> master<00:08:26.440> the 00:08:26.550 --> 00:08:26.560 align:start position:0% equations to understand and master the 00:08:26.560 --> 00:08:29.550 align:start position:0% equations to understand and master the paradox<00:08:27.280> of<00:08:27.480> orbit,<00:08:28.400> why<00:08:28.600> you<00:08:28.720> need<00:08:28.919> to<00:08:29.080> slow 00:08:29.550 --> 00:08:29.560 align:start position:0% paradox of orbit, why you need to slow 00:08:29.560 --> 00:08:31.710 align:start position:0% paradox of orbit, why you need to slow down<00:08:30.440> to<00:08:30.560> speed<00:08:30.880> up<00:08:31.040> to<00:08:31.160> catch<00:08:31.480> another 00:08:31.710 --> 00:08:31.720 align:start position:0% down to speed up to catch another 00:08:31.720 --> 00:08:34.350 align:start position:0% down to speed up to catch another spacecraft.<00:08:33.039> These<00:08:33.240> formulas<00:08:33.760> revealed<00:08:34.159> that 00:08:34.350 --> 00:08:34.360 align:start position:0% spacecraft. These formulas revealed that 00:08:34.360 --> 00:08:37.469 align:start position:0% spacecraft. These formulas revealed that to<00:08:34.760> move<00:08:35.039> forward,<00:08:35.640> or<00:08:35.880> speed<00:08:36.320> up,<00:08:36.880> a<00:08:36.960> pilot 00:08:37.469 --> 00:08:37.479 align:start position:0% to move forward, or speed up, a pilot 00:08:37.479 --> 00:08:40.350 align:start position:0% to move forward, or speed up, a pilot often<00:08:37.840> had<00:08:38.039> to<00:08:38.159> fire<00:08:38.520> thrusters<00:08:39.400> not<00:08:39.599> towards 00:08:40.350 --> 00:08:40.360 align:start position:0% often had to fire thrusters not towards 00:08:40.360 --> 00:08:43.430 align:start position:0% often had to fire thrusters not towards the<00:08:40.520> other<00:08:40.719> spacecraft,<00:08:41.840> but<00:08:42.080> in<00:08:42.200> reverse. 00:08:43.430 --> 00:08:43.440 align:start position:0% the other spacecraft, but in reverse. 00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:45.670 align:start position:0% the other spacecraft, but in reverse. This<00:08:43.680> dropped<00:08:44.160> the<00:08:44.280> craft<00:08:44.760> into<00:08:45.160> a<00:08:45.280> lower 00:08:45.670 --> 00:08:45.680 align:start position:0% This dropped the craft into a lower 00:08:45.680 --> 00:08:48.350 align:start position:0% This dropped the craft into a lower orbit<00:08:46.400> with<00:08:46.640> stronger<00:08:47.200> gravity. 00:08:48.350 --> 00:08:48.360 align:start position:0% orbit with stronger gravity. 00:08:48.360 --> 00:08:51.150 align:start position:0% orbit with stronger gravity. That<00:08:48.920> accelerated<00:08:49.839> them,<00:08:50.400> allowing<00:08:50.839> them<00:08:51.000> to 00:08:51.150 --> 00:08:51.160 align:start position:0% That accelerated them, allowing them to 00:08:51.160 --> 00:08:53.790 align:start position:0% That accelerated them, allowing them to gain<00:08:51.560> ground<00:08:51.960> before<00:08:52.560> popping<00:08:53.000> back<00:08:53.320> up<00:08:53.560> to<00:08:53.720> a 00:08:53.790 --> 00:08:53.800 align:start position:0% gain ground before popping back up to a 00:08:53.800 --> 00:08:55.829 align:start position:0% gain ground before popping back up to a matching<00:08:54.280> orbit<00:08:54.800> at<00:08:54.920> the<00:08:55.040> precise 00:08:55.829 --> 00:08:55.839 align:start position:0% matching orbit at the precise 00:08:55.839 --> 00:08:58.829 align:start position:0% matching orbit at the precise microsecond<00:08:56.760> of<00:08:56.880> intercept.<00:08:58.120> Secondly,<00:08:58.640> they 00:08:58.829 --> 00:08:58.839 align:start position:0% microsecond of intercept. Secondly, they 00:08:58.839 --> 00:09:01.470 align:start position:0% microsecond of intercept. Secondly, they used<00:08:59.240> a<00:08:59.360> digital<00:09:00.000> onboard<00:09:00.480> computer<00:09:01.040> that<00:09:01.200> was 00:09:01.470 --> 00:09:01.480 align:start position:0% used a digital onboard computer that was 00:09:01.480 --> 00:09:04.950 align:start position:0% used a digital onboard computer that was linked<00:09:01.800> to<00:09:02.040> a<00:09:02.240> Westinghouse<00:09:03.240> L-band<00:09:04.040> radar. 00:09:04.950 --> 00:09:04.960 align:start position:0% linked to a Westinghouse L-band radar. 00:09:04.960 --> 00:09:07.070 align:start position:0% linked to a Westinghouse L-band radar. The<00:09:05.080> radar<00:09:05.440> bounced<00:09:05.880> pulses<00:09:06.400> off<00:09:06.560> the<00:09:06.680> target 00:09:07.070 --> 00:09:07.080 align:start position:0% The radar bounced pulses off the target 00:09:07.080 --> 00:09:09.870 align:start position:0% The radar bounced pulses off the target to<00:09:07.160> measure<00:09:07.440> range,<00:09:07.960> or<00:09:08.080> distance,<00:09:09.040> and<00:09:09.440> range 00:09:09.870 --> 00:09:09.880 align:start position:0% to measure range, or distance, and range 00:09:09.880 --> 00:09:12.550 align:start position:0% to measure range, or distance, and range rate,<00:09:10.760> the<00:09:10.880> closing<00:09:11.320> speed. 00:09:12.550 --> 00:09:12.560 align:start position:0% rate, the closing speed. 00:09:12.560 --> 00:09:14.310 align:start position:0% rate, the closing speed. The<00:09:12.600> computer<00:09:13.040> then<00:09:13.240> translated<00:09:13.839> these<00:09:14.040> raw 00:09:14.310 --> 00:09:14.320 align:start position:0% The computer then translated these raw 00:09:14.320 --> 00:09:16.710 align:start position:0% The computer then translated these raw pings<00:09:14.720> into<00:09:14.920> steering<00:09:15.320> commands,<00:09:16.120> replacing 00:09:16.710 --> 00:09:16.720 align:start position:0% pings into steering commands, replacing 00:09:16.720 --> 00:09:18.990 align:start position:0% pings into steering commands, replacing guesswork<00:09:17.320> with<00:09:17.600> calculus,<00:09:18.440> which<00:09:18.680> is 00:09:18.990 --> 00:09:19.000 align:start position:0% guesswork with calculus, which is 00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:21.150 align:start position:0% guesswork with calculus, which is usually<00:09:19.640> more<00:09:19.839> accurate. 00:09:21.150 --> 00:09:21.160 align:start position:0% usually more accurate. 00:09:21.160 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0% usually more accurate. And<00:09:21.360> finally,<00:09:21.800> NASA<00:09:22.160> developed<00:09:22.680> a 00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0% And finally, NASA developed a 00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:26.510 align:start position:0% And finally, NASA developed a concentric,<00:09:23.920> or<00:09:24.320> co-elliptic,<00:09:25.280> flight<00:09:25.600> plan. 00:09:26.510 --> 00:09:26.520 align:start position:0% concentric, or co-elliptic, flight plan. 00:09:26.520 --> 00:09:29.270 align:start position:0% concentric, or co-elliptic, flight plan. This<00:09:26.680> kept<00:09:27.080> Gemini<00:09:27.520> 6A<00:09:28.520> at<00:09:28.640> a<00:09:28.680> constant 00:09:29.270 --> 00:09:29.280 align:start position:0% This kept Gemini 6A at a constant 00:09:29.280 --> 00:09:32.430 align:start position:0% This kept Gemini 6A at a constant altitude<00:09:29.920> below<00:09:30.560> Gemini<00:09:31.000> 7,<00:09:31.760> trailing<00:09:32.280> it 00:09:32.430 --> 00:09:32.440 align:start position:0% altitude below Gemini 7, trailing it 00:09:32.440 --> 00:09:33.790 align:start position:0% altitude below Gemini 7, trailing it like<00:09:32.600> a<00:09:32.680> shadow. 00:09:33.790 --> 00:09:33.800 align:start position:0% like a shadow. 00:09:33.800 --> 00:09:36.270 align:start position:0% like a shadow. By<00:09:33.880> maintaining<00:09:34.480> this<00:09:34.720> steady<00:09:35.080> vertical<00:09:35.640> gap, 00:09:36.270 --> 00:09:36.280 align:start position:0% By maintaining this steady vertical gap, 00:09:36.280 --> 00:09:38.310 align:start position:0% By maintaining this steady vertical gap, the<00:09:36.360> radar<00:09:36.720> geometry<00:09:37.320> remained<00:09:37.760> stable<00:09:38.200> and 00:09:38.310 --> 00:09:38.320 align:start position:0% the radar geometry remained stable and 00:09:38.320 --> 00:09:40.350 align:start position:0% the radar geometry remained stable and predictable,<00:09:39.240> allowing<00:09:39.600> the<00:09:39.720> crew<00:09:40.240> to 00:09:40.350 --> 00:09:40.360 align:start position:0% predictable, allowing the crew to 00:09:40.360 --> 00:09:43.070 align:start position:0% predictable, allowing the crew to transition<00:09:41.120> into<00:09:41.440> the<00:09:41.560> final<00:09:42.080> phase<00:09:42.840> with 00:09:43.070 --> 00:09:43.080 align:start position:0% transition into the final phase with 00:09:43.080 --> 00:09:44.510 align:start position:0% transition into the final phase with high<00:09:43.320> precision. 00:09:44.510 --> 00:09:44.520 align:start position:0% high precision. 00:09:44.520 --> 00:09:47.430 align:start position:0% high precision. And<00:09:44.680> on<00:09:44.760> the<00:09:44.840> 15th<00:09:45.320> of<00:09:45.400> December,<00:09:45.880> 1965, 00:09:47.430 --> 00:09:47.440 align:start position:0% And on the 15th of December, 1965, 00:09:47.440 --> 00:09:50.070 align:start position:0% And on the 15th of December, 1965, this<00:09:47.800> all<00:09:48.200> played<00:09:48.560> out<00:09:48.800> for<00:09:49.000> real. 00:09:50.070 --> 00:09:50.080 align:start position:0% this all played out for real. 00:09:50.080 --> 00:09:54.390 align:start position:0% this all played out for real. From<00:09:50.280> 435<00:09:51.600> km<00:09:52.320> away,<00:09:53.040> Gemini<00:09:53.400> 6A's<00:09:54.091> [music] 00:09:54.390 --> 00:09:54.400 align:start position:0% From 435 km away, Gemini 6A's [music] 00:09:54.400 --> 00:09:56.590 align:start position:0% From 435 km away, Gemini 6A's [music] onboard<00:09:54.840> computer<00:09:55.440> crunched<00:09:56.000> the<00:09:56.120> numbers 00:09:56.590 --> 00:09:56.600 align:start position:0% onboard computer crunched the numbers 00:09:56.600 --> 00:09:59.270 align:start position:0% onboard computer crunched the numbers for<00:09:56.720> the<00:09:56.840> long-range<00:09:57.440> intercept.<00:09:58.680> As<00:09:58.840> the<00:09:58.960> gap 00:09:59.270 --> 00:09:59.280 align:start position:0% for the long-range intercept. As the gap 00:09:59.280 --> 00:10:03.150 align:start position:0% for the long-range intercept. As the gap closed<00:09:59.720> to<00:09:59.840> 80<00:10:00.080> km,<00:10:01.000> the<00:10:01.160> hunt<00:10:01.600> became<00:10:02.000> visual. 00:10:03.150 --> 00:10:03.160 align:start position:0% closed to 80 km, the hunt became visual. 00:10:03.160 --> 00:10:05.510 align:start position:0% closed to 80 km, the hunt became visual. Gemini<00:10:03.520> 6A's<00:10:04.160> onboard<00:10:04.600> astronaut<00:10:05.280> Wally 00:10:05.510 --> 00:10:05.520 align:start position:0% Gemini 6A's onboard astronaut Wally 00:10:05.520 --> 00:10:09.070 align:start position:0% Gemini 6A's onboard astronaut Wally Schirra<00:10:06.360> reported<00:10:06.960> spotting<00:10:07.560> a<00:10:07.760> bright<00:10:08.320> star 00:10:09.070 --> 00:10:09.080 align:start position:0% Schirra reported spotting a bright star 00:10:09.080 --> 00:10:11.350 align:start position:0% Schirra reported spotting a bright star that<00:10:09.280> wasn't<00:10:09.640> on<00:10:09.840> any<00:10:10.000> chart,<00:10:10.840> which<00:10:11.040> turned 00:10:11.350 --> 00:10:11.360 align:start position:0% that wasn't on any chart, which turned 00:10:11.360 --> 00:10:13.070 align:start position:0% that wasn't on any chart, which turned out<00:10:11.520> to<00:10:11.640> be<00:10:11.760> the<00:10:11.920> glint<00:10:12.440> of<00:10:12.560> sunlight 00:10:13.070 --> 00:10:13.080 align:start position:0% out to be the glint of sunlight 00:10:13.080 --> 00:10:15.590 align:start position:0% out to be the glint of sunlight reflecting<00:10:13.720> off<00:10:13.960> Gemini<00:10:14.360> 7. 00:10:15.590 --> 00:10:15.600 align:start position:0% reflecting off Gemini 7. 00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:17.630 align:start position:0% reflecting off Gemini 7. But<00:10:15.640> there<00:10:15.840> was<00:10:16.120> a<00:10:16.240> long<00:10:16.600> way<00:10:16.760> to<00:10:16.880> go,<00:10:17.240> and<00:10:17.400> it 00:10:17.630 --> 00:10:17.640 align:start position:0% But there was a long way to go, and it 00:10:17.640 --> 00:10:19.950 align:start position:0% But there was a long way to go, and it wasn't<00:10:17.960> all<00:10:18.120> smooth<00:10:18.440> sailing.<00:10:19.320> In<00:10:19.440> the<00:10:19.560> final 00:10:19.950 --> 00:10:19.960 align:start position:0% wasn't all smooth sailing. In the final 00:10:19.960 --> 00:10:22.870 align:start position:0% wasn't all smooth sailing. In the final 30<00:10:20.320> m,<00:10:21.000> the<00:10:21.120> geometry<00:10:21.640> of<00:10:21.800> orbit<00:10:22.120> shifted<00:10:22.640> too 00:10:22.870 --> 00:10:22.880 align:start position:0% 30 m, the geometry of orbit shifted too 00:10:22.880 --> 00:10:25.990 align:start position:0% 30 m, the geometry of orbit shifted too quickly<00:10:23.320> for<00:10:23.480> 1960s<00:10:24.400> processes<00:10:24.960> to<00:10:25.080> track,<00:10:25.800> so 00:10:25.990 --> 00:10:26.000 align:start position:0% quickly for 1960s processes to track, so 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:28.670 align:start position:0% quickly for 1960s processes to track, so Schirra<00:10:26.480> took<00:10:26.960> manual<00:10:27.400> control,<00:10:28.240> peering 00:10:28.670 --> 00:10:28.680 align:start position:0% Schirra took manual control, peering 00:10:28.680 --> 00:10:30.550 align:start position:0% Schirra took manual control, peering through<00:10:28.920> an<00:10:29.080> optical<00:10:29.520> sight<00:10:29.840> to<00:10:30.000> nudge<00:10:30.400> his 00:10:30.550 --> 00:10:30.560 align:start position:0% through an optical sight to nudge his 00:10:30.560 --> 00:10:33.230 align:start position:0% through an optical sight to nudge his thrusters<00:10:31.320> closer<00:10:31.720> and<00:10:31.840> closer<00:10:32.320> until 00:10:33.230 --> 00:10:33.240 align:start position:0% thrusters closer and closer until 00:10:33.240 --> 00:10:34.670 align:start position:0% thrusters closer and closer until success. 00:10:34.670 --> 00:10:34.680 align:start position:0% success. 00:10:34.680 --> 00:10:37.550 align:start position:0% success. The<00:10:34.720> science<00:10:35.480> stood<00:10:36.080> up,<00:10:36.840> and<00:10:37.000> they<00:10:37.160> weren't 00:10:37.550 --> 00:10:37.560 align:start position:0% The science stood up, and they weren't 00:10:37.560 --> 00:10:40.430 align:start position:0% The science stood up, and they weren't just<00:10:37.960> close.<00:10:38.840> At<00:10:38.960> times,<00:10:39.360> they<00:10:39.520> were<00:10:39.720> only<00:10:40.000> 30 00:10:40.430 --> 00:10:40.440 align:start position:0% just close. At times, they were only 30 00:10:40.440 --> 00:10:43.550 align:start position:0% just close. At times, they were only 30 cm<00:10:41.080> apart,<00:10:41.920> staying<00:10:42.320> there<00:10:42.560> for<00:10:42.680> nearly<00:10:43.040> 5 00:10:43.550 --> 00:10:43.560 align:start position:0% cm apart, staying there for nearly 5 00:10:43.560 --> 00:10:47.270 align:start position:0% cm apart, staying there for nearly 5 hours<00:10:44.320> and<00:10:44.520> circling<00:10:45.120> the<00:10:45.280> Earth<00:10:45.640> at<00:10:45.760> 28,000 00:10:47.270 --> 00:10:47.280 align:start position:0% hours and circling the Earth at 28,000 00:10:47.280 --> 00:10:50.110 align:start position:0% hours and circling the Earth at 28,000 km<00:10:47.839> per<00:10:48.040> hour<00:10:48.680> while<00:10:48.920> remaining<00:10:49.480> perfectly 00:10:50.110 --> 00:10:50.120 align:start position:0% km per hour while remaining perfectly 00:10:50.120 --> 00:10:52.750 align:start position:0% km per hour while remaining perfectly still<00:10:50.600> relative<00:10:51.160> to<00:10:51.360> one<00:10:51.680> another. 00:10:52.750 --> 00:10:52.760 align:start position:0% still relative to one another. 00:10:52.760 --> 00:10:55.110 align:start position:0% still relative to one another. But<00:10:52.839> the<00:10:52.920> final<00:10:53.240> test<00:10:53.600> was<00:10:53.920> yet<00:10:54.200> to<00:10:54.280> come<00:10:55.000> on 00:10:55.110 --> 00:10:55.120 align:start position:0% But the final test was yet to come on 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:57.750 align:start position:0% But the final test was yet to come on the<00:10:55.200> 16th<00:10:55.760> of<00:10:55.880> March,<00:10:56.240> 1966, 00:10:57.750 --> 00:10:57.760 align:start position:0% the 16th of March, 1966, 00:10:57.760 --> 00:10:59.590 align:start position:0% the 16th of March, 1966, in<00:10:57.920> Gemini<00:10:58.480> 8. 00:10:59.590 --> 00:10:59.600 align:start position:0% in Gemini 8. 00:10:59.600 --> 00:11:01.590 align:start position:0% in Gemini 8. They<00:10:59.680> had<00:10:59.880> shown<00:11:00.280> it<00:11:00.400> could<00:11:00.640> find<00:11:01.120> and<00:11:01.400> get 00:11:01.590 --> 00:11:01.600 align:start position:0% They had shown it could find and get 00:11:01.600 --> 00:11:04.910 align:start position:0% They had shown it could find and get close<00:11:01.960> to<00:11:02.080> a<00:11:02.160> target.<00:11:03.080> Now,<00:11:03.839> Gemini<00:11:04.320> 8<00:11:04.600> had<00:11:04.800> to 00:11:04.910 --> 00:11:04.920 align:start position:0% close to a target. Now, Gemini 8 had to 00:11:04.920 --> 00:11:08.070 align:start position:0% close to a target. Now, Gemini 8 had to prove<00:11:05.320> they<00:11:05.480> could<00:11:05.720> join<00:11:06.160> it.<00:11:06.960> Harder<00:11:07.360> still, 00:11:08.070 --> 00:11:08.080 align:start position:0% prove they could join it. Harder still, 00:11:08.080 --> 00:11:11.070 align:start position:0% prove they could join it. Harder still, the<00:11:08.200> vehicle<00:11:08.720> it<00:11:08.920> had<00:11:09.160> to<00:11:09.280> dock<00:11:09.640> with<00:11:10.240> was<00:11:10.680> a 00:11:11.070 --> 00:11:11.080 align:start position:0% the vehicle it had to dock with was a 00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:14.150 align:start position:0% the vehicle it had to dock with was a dumb<00:11:11.520> target,<00:11:12.360> an<00:11:12.600> unmanned<00:11:13.200> robotic<00:11:13.680> stage 00:11:14.150 --> 00:11:14.160 align:start position:0% dumb target, an unmanned robotic stage 00:11:14.160 --> 00:11:17.829 align:start position:0% dumb target, an unmanned robotic stage called<00:11:14.640> the<00:11:14.800> Agena.<00:11:15.680> So,<00:11:16.040> Gemini<00:11:16.560> 8<00:11:16.960> had<00:11:17.200> to<00:11:17.280> do 00:11:17.829 --> 00:11:17.839 align:start position:0% called the Agena. So, Gemini 8 had to do 00:11:17.839 --> 00:11:19.350 align:start position:0% called the Agena. So, Gemini 8 had to do 100% 00:11:19.350 --> 00:11:19.360 align:start position:0% 100% 00:11:19.360 --> 00:11:20.710 align:start position:0% 100% of<00:11:19.480> the<00:11:19.600> work. 00:11:20.710 --> 00:11:20.720 align:start position:0% of the work. 00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:23.150 align:start position:0% of the work. Luckily,<00:11:21.480> a<00:11:21.640> hotshot<00:11:22.200> pilot<00:11:22.720> was<00:11:22.920> at<00:11:23.040> the 00:11:23.150 --> 00:11:23.160 align:start position:0% Luckily, a hotshot pilot was at the 00:11:23.160 --> 00:11:25.790 align:start position:0% Luckily, a hotshot pilot was at the controls.<00:11:24.240> You<00:11:24.400> might<00:11:24.720> even<00:11:24.960> recognize<00:11:25.640> his 00:11:25.790 --> 00:11:25.800 align:start position:0% controls. You might even recognize his 00:11:25.800 --> 00:11:31.710 align:start position:0% controls. You might even recognize his name,<00:11:26.800> Neil<00:11:27.440> Armstrong. 00:11:31.710 --> 00:11:31.720 align:start position:0% 00:11:31.720 --> 00:11:34.550 align:start position:0% Alongside<00:11:32.280> co-pilot<00:11:33.000> David<00:11:33.360> Scott,<00:11:34.160> who<00:11:34.320> went 00:11:34.550 --> 00:11:34.560 align:start position:0% Alongside co-pilot David Scott, who went 00:11:34.560 --> 00:11:37.270 align:start position:0% Alongside co-pilot David Scott, who went on<00:11:34.720> to<00:11:34.840> crew<00:11:35.160> two<00:11:35.520> Apollo<00:11:35.920> missions<00:11:36.280> himself, 00:11:37.270 --> 00:11:37.280 align:start position:0% on to crew two Apollo missions himself, 00:11:37.280 --> 00:11:39.470 align:start position:0% on to crew two Apollo missions himself, Armstrong<00:11:37.840> used<00:11:38.120> the<00:11:38.240> same<00:11:38.520> playbook<00:11:39.200> of 00:11:39.470 --> 00:11:39.480 align:start position:0% Armstrong used the same playbook of 00:11:39.480 --> 00:11:41.310 align:start position:0% Armstrong used the same playbook of orbital<00:11:40.040> and<00:11:40.280> radar<00:11:40.720> principles<00:11:40.858> [music] 00:11:41.310 --> 00:11:41.320 align:start position:0% orbital and radar principles [music] 00:11:41.320 --> 00:11:43.310 align:start position:0% orbital and radar principles [music] from<00:11:41.480> the<00:11:41.560> Gemini<00:11:41.960> missions<00:11:42.320> before<00:11:42.680> this, 00:11:43.310 --> 00:11:43.320 align:start position:0% from the Gemini missions before this, 00:11:43.320 --> 00:11:46.070 align:start position:0% from the Gemini missions before this, but<00:11:43.440> then<00:11:43.720> also<00:11:44.640> had<00:11:44.880> to<00:11:45.040> add<00:11:45.520> steering<00:11:45.960> the 00:11:46.070 --> 00:11:46.080 align:start position:0% but then also had to add steering the 00:11:46.080 --> 00:11:48.708 align:start position:0% but then also had to add steering the ship<00:11:46.880> into<00:11:47.280> a<00:11:47.400> target<00:11:48.160> docking<00:11:48.680> adapter. 00:11:48.708 --> 00:11:48.718 align:start position:0% ship into a target docking adapter. 00:11:48.718 --> 00:11:50.030 align:start position:0% ship into a target docking adapter. [music] 00:11:50.030 --> 00:11:50.040 align:start position:0% [music] 00:11:50.040 --> 00:11:53.630 align:start position:0% [music] As<00:11:50.200> he<00:11:50.320> closed<00:11:50.800> in<00:11:51.120> at<00:11:51.320> a<00:11:51.400> speed<00:11:51.840> of<00:11:52.080> just<00:11:52.760> 1.6 00:11:53.630 --> 00:11:53.640 align:start position:0% As he closed in at a speed of just 1.6 00:11:53.640 --> 00:11:56.910 align:start position:0% As he closed in at a speed of just 1.6 km/h,<00:11:54.960> he<00:11:55.080> took<00:11:55.320> care<00:11:55.680> to<00:11:55.800> align<00:11:56.200> them<00:11:56.440> just 00:11:56.910 --> 00:11:56.920 align:start position:0% km/h, he took care to align them just 00:11:56.920 --> 00:12:00.150 align:start position:0% km/h, he took care to align them just right<00:11:57.520> as<00:11:57.760> even<00:11:58.160> a<00:11:58.320> glancing<00:11:59.080> blow<00:12:00.040> could 00:12:00.150 --> 00:12:00.160 align:start position:0% right as even a glancing blow could 00:12:00.160 --> 00:12:02.630 align:start position:0% right as even a glancing blow could potentially<00:12:00.960> send<00:12:01.280> both<00:12:01.560> craft<00:12:02.080> into<00:12:02.440> an 00:12:02.630 --> 00:12:02.640 align:start position:0% potentially send both craft into an 00:12:02.640 --> 00:12:05.470 align:start position:0% potentially send both craft into an uncontrollable<00:12:03.600> spin,<00:12:04.440> forcing<00:12:04.920> them<00:12:05.160> out 00:12:05.470 --> 00:12:05.480 align:start position:0% uncontrollable spin, forcing them out 00:12:05.480 --> 00:12:06.910 align:start position:0% uncontrollable spin, forcing them out into<00:12:05.760> space. 00:12:06.910 --> 00:12:06.920 align:start position:0% into space. 00:12:06.920 --> 00:12:09.190 align:start position:0% into space. Inching<00:12:07.280> closer,<00:12:08.040> Armstrong<00:12:08.560> switched<00:12:08.920> to<00:12:09.080> a 00:12:09.190 --> 00:12:09.200 align:start position:0% Inching closer, Armstrong switched to a 00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:11.670 align:start position:0% Inching closer, Armstrong switched to a manual<00:12:09.880> optical<00:12:10.280> sight.<00:12:11.240> He<00:12:11.280> was<00:12:11.440> now 00:12:11.670 --> 00:12:11.680 align:start position:0% manual optical sight. He was now 00:12:11.680 --> 00:12:14.150 align:start position:0% manual optical sight. He was now balancing<00:12:12.320> six<00:12:12.760> degrees<00:12:13.200> of<00:12:13.320> freedom, 00:12:14.150 --> 00:12:14.160 align:start position:0% balancing six degrees of freedom, 00:12:14.160 --> 00:12:16.350 align:start position:0% balancing six degrees of freedom, simultaneously<00:12:15.000> managing<00:12:15.440> thrusters<00:12:16.040> for 00:12:16.350 --> 00:12:16.360 align:start position:0% simultaneously managing thrusters for 00:12:16.360 --> 00:12:19.310 align:start position:0% simultaneously managing thrusters for rotational<00:12:17.120> and<00:12:17.440> linear<00:12:17.880> movement.<00:12:19.040> A<00:12:19.120> few 00:12:19.310 --> 00:12:19.320 align:start position:0% rotational and linear movement. A few 00:12:19.320 --> 00:12:22.390 align:start position:0% rotational and linear movement. A few minutes<00:12:19.560> later,<00:12:20.320> Gemini's<00:12:20.840> nose<00:12:21.360> slid<00:12:22.160> into 00:12:22.390 --> 00:12:22.400 align:start position:0% minutes later, Gemini's nose slid into 00:12:22.400 --> 00:12:24.350 align:start position:0% minutes later, Gemini's nose slid into the<00:12:22.520> Agena's<00:12:23.120> latches. 00:12:24.350 --> 00:12:24.360 align:start position:0% the Agena's latches. 00:12:24.360 --> 00:12:26.030 align:start position:0% the Agena's latches. But<00:12:24.560> just<00:12:25.040> minutes<00:12:25.398> [music]<00:12:25.560> after<00:12:25.880> the 00:12:26.030 --> 00:12:26.040 align:start position:0% But just minutes [music] after the 00:12:26.040 --> 00:12:28.550 align:start position:0% But just minutes [music] after the successful<00:12:26.720> docking,<00:12:27.600> something<00:12:28.040> happened 00:12:28.550 --> 00:12:28.560 align:start position:0% successful docking, something happened 00:12:28.560 --> 00:12:30.190 align:start position:0% successful docking, something happened that<00:12:28.720> could<00:12:28.840> have<00:12:28.960> caused<00:12:29.440> the<00:12:29.560> mission<00:12:30.040> to 00:12:30.190 --> 00:12:30.200 align:start position:0% that could have caused the mission to 00:12:30.200 --> 00:12:33.590 align:start position:0% that could have caused the mission to end<00:12:30.560> in<00:12:30.760> tragedy. 00:12:33.590 --> 00:12:33.600 align:start position:0% end in tragedy. 00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:35.630 align:start position:0% end in tragedy. In<00:12:33.760> the<00:12:33.840> middle<00:12:34.200> of<00:12:34.320> a<00:12:34.360> controlled<00:12:34.839> maneuver 00:12:35.630 --> 00:12:35.640 align:start position:0% In the middle of a controlled maneuver 00:12:35.640 --> 00:12:37.829 align:start position:0% In the middle of a controlled maneuver while<00:12:35.800> turning<00:12:36.160> the<00:12:36.280> combined<00:12:36.720> spacecraft<00:12:37.400> 90 00:12:37.829 --> 00:12:37.839 align:start position:0% while turning the combined spacecraft 90 00:12:37.839 --> 00:12:41.108 align:start position:0% while turning the combined spacecraft 90 degrees,<00:12:38.800> Scott<00:12:39.320> noticed<00:12:40.200> they<00:12:40.440> were<00:12:40.640> also 00:12:41.108 --> 00:12:41.118 align:start position:0% degrees, Scott noticed they were also 00:12:41.118 --> 00:12:42.750 align:start position:0% degrees, Scott noticed they were also [music]<00:12:41.120> rolling. 00:12:42.750 --> 00:12:42.760 align:start position:0% [music] rolling. 00:12:42.760 --> 00:12:44.950 align:start position:0% [music] rolling. Armstrong<00:12:43.160> attempted<00:12:43.600> to<00:12:43.680> stop<00:12:44.080> it<00:12:44.240> by<00:12:44.440> firing 00:12:44.950 --> 00:12:44.960 align:start position:0% Armstrong attempted to stop it by firing 00:12:44.960 --> 00:12:47.390 align:start position:0% Armstrong attempted to stop it by firing Gemini's<00:12:45.400> thrusters,<00:12:46.240> but<00:12:46.400> the<00:12:46.480> spin<00:12:46.960> started 00:12:47.390 --> 00:12:47.400 align:start position:0% Gemini's thrusters, but the spin started 00:12:47.400 --> 00:12:50.230 align:start position:0% Gemini's thrusters, but the spin started again<00:12:48.000> and<00:12:48.160> was<00:12:48.323> [music]<00:12:48.360> getting<00:12:48.880> worse. 00:12:50.230 --> 00:12:50.240 align:start position:0% again and was [music] getting worse. 00:12:50.240 --> 00:12:52.430 align:start position:0% again and was [music] getting worse. By<00:12:50.360> this<00:12:50.600> time,<00:12:51.080> they<00:12:51.280> were<00:12:51.520> on<00:12:51.800> the<00:12:52.000> opposite 00:12:52.430 --> 00:12:52.440 align:start position:0% By this time, they were on the opposite 00:12:52.440 --> 00:12:54.030 align:start position:0% By this time, they were on the opposite side<00:12:52.680> of<00:12:52.760> the<00:12:52.880> planet<00:12:53.240> from<00:12:53.400> mission<00:12:53.640> control 00:12:54.030 --> 00:12:54.040 align:start position:0% side of the planet from mission control 00:12:54.040 --> 00:12:56.270 align:start position:0% side of the planet from mission control in<00:12:54.160> Houston<00:12:55.000> and<00:12:55.240> out<00:12:55.440> of<00:12:55.560> touch<00:12:56.040> with<00:12:56.160> the 00:12:56.270 --> 00:12:56.280 align:start position:0% in Houston and out of touch with the 00:12:56.280 --> 00:12:57.710 align:start position:0% in Houston and out of touch with the controllers<00:12:56.839> there. 00:12:57.710 --> 00:12:57.720 align:start position:0% controllers there. 00:12:57.720 --> 00:13:00.590 align:start position:0% controllers there. Armstrong<00:12:58.400> and<00:12:58.560> Scott<00:12:59.280> were<00:12:59.520> on<00:12:59.760> their<00:13:00.040> own 00:13:00.590 --> 00:13:00.600 align:start position:0% Armstrong and Scott were on their own 00:13:00.600 --> 00:13:03.710 align:start position:0% Armstrong and Scott were on their own and<00:13:00.880> struggling<00:13:01.720> to<00:13:01.839> regain<00:13:02.200> control. 00:13:03.710 --> 00:13:03.720 align:start position:0% and struggling to regain control. 00:13:03.720 --> 00:13:06.390 align:start position:0% and struggling to regain control. Soon<00:13:04.120> the<00:13:04.240> spin<00:13:04.720> was<00:13:05.080> so<00:13:05.440> great<00:13:05.920> that<00:13:06.040> the<00:13:06.160> pair 00:13:06.390 --> 00:13:06.400 align:start position:0% Soon the spin was so great that the pair 00:13:06.400 --> 00:13:08.470 align:start position:0% Soon the spin was so great that the pair were<00:13:06.520> finding<00:13:06.920> it<00:13:07.040> hard<00:13:07.280> to<00:13:07.400> even<00:13:07.680> focus<00:13:08.360> on 00:13:08.470 --> 00:13:08.480 align:start position:0% were finding it hard to even focus on 00:13:08.480 --> 00:13:10.390 align:start position:0% were finding it hard to even focus on the<00:13:08.560> instrument<00:13:09.040> panels<00:13:09.800> and<00:13:09.960> there<00:13:10.040> was<00:13:10.280> a 00:13:10.390 --> 00:13:10.400 align:start position:0% the instrument panels and there was a 00:13:10.400 --> 00:13:12.870 align:start position:0% the instrument panels and there was a very<00:13:10.880> real<00:13:11.160> concern<00:13:11.640> that<00:13:12.080> if<00:13:12.280> the<00:13:12.440> spin 00:13:12.870 --> 00:13:12.880 align:start position:0% very real concern that if the spin 00:13:12.880 --> 00:13:15.950 align:start position:0% very real concern that if the spin continued,<00:13:14.000> the<00:13:14.160> Agena<00:13:14.800> could<00:13:15.280> start<00:13:15.839> to 00:13:15.950 --> 00:13:15.960 align:start position:0% continued, the Agena could start to 00:13:15.960 --> 00:13:19.550 align:start position:0% continued, the Agena could start to break<00:13:16.280> apart<00:13:16.760> and<00:13:17.120> even<00:13:17.640> explode.<00:13:19.080> Suspecting 00:13:19.550 --> 00:13:19.560 align:start position:0% break apart and even explode. Suspecting 00:13:19.560 --> 00:13:21.630 align:start position:0% break apart and even explode. Suspecting the<00:13:19.640> problem<00:13:19.960> was<00:13:20.160> coming<00:13:20.520> from<00:13:20.760> the<00:13:20.880> Agena, 00:13:21.630 --> 00:13:21.640 align:start position:0% the problem was coming from the Agena, 00:13:21.640 --> 00:13:24.950 align:start position:0% the problem was coming from the Agena, Armstrong<00:13:22.360> undocked,<00:13:23.320> but<00:13:23.520> this<00:13:24.160> only<00:13:24.520> served 00:13:24.950 --> 00:13:24.960 align:start position:0% Armstrong undocked, but this only served 00:13:24.960 --> 00:13:27.350 align:start position:0% Armstrong undocked, but this only served to<00:13:25.080> exacerbate<00:13:25.680> the<00:13:25.800> problem.<00:13:26.800> Without<00:13:27.160> their 00:13:27.350 --> 00:13:27.360 align:start position:0% to exacerbate the problem. Without their 00:13:27.360 --> 00:13:29.590 align:start position:0% to exacerbate the problem. Without their combined<00:13:27.840> mass,<00:13:28.520> the<00:13:28.640> Gemini<00:13:29.040> capsule 00:13:29.590 --> 00:13:29.600 align:start position:0% combined mass, the Gemini capsule 00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:32.430 align:start position:0% combined mass, the Gemini capsule accelerated,<00:13:30.880> reaching<00:13:31.320> a<00:13:31.440> spin<00:13:31.920> of<00:13:32.120> one 00:13:32.430 --> 00:13:32.440 align:start position:0% accelerated, reaching a spin of one 00:13:32.440 --> 00:13:34.670 align:start position:0% accelerated, reaching a spin of one revolution<00:13:33.080> per<00:13:33.320> second. 00:13:34.670 --> 00:13:34.680 align:start position:0% revolution per second. 00:13:34.680 --> 00:13:37.070 align:start position:0% revolution per second. Centrifugal<00:13:35.320> force<00:13:35.680> began<00:13:36.040> to<00:13:36.160> pull<00:13:36.600> blood 00:13:37.070 --> 00:13:37.080 align:start position:0% Centrifugal force began to pull blood 00:13:37.080 --> 00:13:38.990 align:start position:0% Centrifugal force began to pull blood into<00:13:37.280> the<00:13:37.400> astronauts'<00:13:37.920> heads.<00:13:38.720> They<00:13:38.880> were 00:13:38.990 --> 00:13:39.000 align:start position:0% into the astronauts' heads. They were 00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:41.630 align:start position:0% into the astronauts' heads. They were seconds<00:13:39.680> away<00:13:40.120> from<00:13:40.360> blacking<00:13:40.840> out<00:13:41.400> and 00:13:41.630 --> 00:13:41.640 align:start position:0% seconds away from blacking out and 00:13:41.640 --> 00:13:43.230 align:start position:0% seconds away from blacking out and dying. 00:13:43.230 --> 00:13:43.240 align:start position:0% dying. 00:13:43.240 --> 00:13:45.630 align:start position:0% dying. The<00:13:43.280> problem<00:13:43.640> was<00:13:43.960> a<00:13:44.080> stuck<00:13:44.800> thruster<00:13:45.360> in<00:13:45.480> the 00:13:45.630 --> 00:13:45.640 align:start position:0% The problem was a stuck thruster in the 00:13:45.640 --> 00:13:47.990 align:start position:0% The problem was a stuck thruster in the orbital<00:13:46.080> attitude<00:13:46.640> and<00:13:46.760> maneuvering<00:13:47.280> system 00:13:47.990 --> 00:13:48.000 align:start position:0% orbital attitude and maneuvering system 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:49.790 align:start position:0% orbital attitude and maneuvering system on<00:13:48.160> the<00:13:48.240> adapter<00:13:48.720> module<00:13:49.200> of<00:13:49.320> the<00:13:49.440> Gemini 00:13:49.790 --> 00:13:49.800 align:start position:0% on the adapter module of the Gemini 00:13:49.800 --> 00:13:52.070 align:start position:0% on the adapter module of the Gemini spacecraft.<00:13:50.960> Armstrong<00:13:51.400> managed<00:13:51.680> to<00:13:51.800> turn 00:13:52.070 --> 00:13:52.080 align:start position:0% spacecraft. Armstrong managed to turn 00:13:52.080 --> 00:13:53.990 align:start position:0% spacecraft. Armstrong managed to turn off<00:13:52.240> the<00:13:52.480> OAMS 00:13:53.990 --> 00:13:54.000 align:start position:0% off the OAMS 00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:56.550 align:start position:0% off the OAMS and<00:13:54.200> use<00:13:54.440> the<00:13:54.600> re-entry<00:13:55.040> control<00:13:55.600> system<00:13:56.480> or 00:13:56.550 --> 00:13:56.560 align:start position:0% and use the re-entry control system or 00:13:56.560 --> 00:14:00.030 align:start position:0% and use the re-entry control system or RCS<00:13:57.200> to<00:13:57.320> stop<00:13:57.600> the<00:13:57.680> spin,<00:13:58.400> using<00:13:58.760> 3/4<00:13:59.800> of<00:13:59.880> its 00:14:00.030 --> 00:14:00.040 align:start position:0% RCS to stop the spin, using 3/4 of its 00:14:00.040 --> 00:14:01.790 align:start position:0% RCS to stop the spin, using 3/4 of its propellant<00:14:00.520> to<00:14:00.600> achieve<00:14:00.960> this. 00:14:01.790 --> 00:14:01.800 align:start position:0% propellant to achieve this. 00:14:01.800 --> 00:14:04.070 align:start position:0% propellant to achieve this. With<00:14:02.040> so<00:14:02.360> little<00:14:02.680> fuel<00:14:02.960> left,<00:14:03.560> Armstrong<00:14:04.000> and 00:14:04.070 --> 00:14:04.080 align:start position:0% With so little fuel left, Armstrong and 00:14:04.080 --> 00:14:06.950 align:start position:0% With so little fuel left, Armstrong and Scott<00:14:04.400> had<00:14:04.600> no<00:14:04.880> choice<00:14:05.440> than<00:14:05.640> to<00:14:06.000> immediately 00:14:06.950 --> 00:14:06.960 align:start position:0% Scott had no choice than to immediately 00:14:06.960 --> 00:14:08.390 align:start position:0% Scott had no choice than to immediately return<00:14:07.280> to<00:14:07.440> Earth. 00:14:08.390 --> 00:14:08.400 align:start position:0% return to Earth. 00:14:08.400 --> 00:14:10.270 align:start position:0% return to Earth. Whilst<00:14:08.680> this<00:14:08.920> forced<00:14:09.280> an<00:14:09.400> emergency<00:14:09.920> landing 00:14:10.270 --> 00:14:10.280 align:start position:0% Whilst this forced an emergency landing 00:14:10.280 --> 00:14:13.310 align:start position:0% Whilst this forced an emergency landing in<00:14:10.360> the<00:14:10.440> Pacific<00:14:11.560> around<00:14:11.880> 4<00:14:12.120> hours<00:14:12.400> later,<00:14:13.160> it 00:14:13.310 --> 00:14:13.320 align:start position:0% in the Pacific around 4 hours later, it 00:14:13.320 --> 00:14:16.710 align:start position:0% in the Pacific around 4 hours later, it meant<00:14:13.600> both<00:14:13.960> astronauts<00:14:14.560> kept<00:14:15.080> their<00:14:15.320> lives. 00:14:16.710 --> 00:14:16.720 align:start position:0% meant both astronauts kept their lives. 00:14:16.720 --> 00:14:19.070 align:start position:0% meant both astronauts kept their lives. Despite<00:14:17.120> this<00:14:17.400> near-death<00:14:17.920> experience,<00:14:18.960> the 00:14:19.070 --> 00:14:19.080 align:start position:0% Despite this near-death experience, the 00:14:19.080 --> 00:14:21.670 align:start position:0% Despite this near-death experience, the Gemini<00:14:19.480> 8<00:14:19.680> crew<00:14:20.000> had<00:14:20.280> done<00:14:20.680> what<00:14:20.880> they<00:14:21.120> set<00:14:21.440> out 00:14:21.670 --> 00:14:21.680 align:start position:0% Gemini 8 crew had done what they set out 00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:24.670 align:start position:0% Gemini 8 crew had done what they set out to<00:14:21.800> do,<00:14:22.520> to<00:14:22.640> prove<00:14:23.040> it<00:14:23.160> was<00:14:23.440> possible<00:14:24.040> to<00:14:24.200> join 00:14:24.670 --> 00:14:24.680 align:start position:0% to do, to prove it was possible to join 00:14:24.680 --> 00:14:27.190 align:start position:0% to do, to prove it was possible to join another<00:14:25.000> craft<00:14:25.400> in<00:14:25.600> orbit.<00:14:26.560> And<00:14:26.760> 5<00:14:26.960> months 00:14:27.190 --> 00:14:27.200 align:start position:0% another craft in orbit. And 5 months 00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:30.270 align:start position:0% another craft in orbit. And 5 months later,<00:14:27.880> the<00:14:28.000> Gemini<00:14:28.480> 11<00:14:29.000> mission<00:14:29.600> perfected 00:14:30.270 --> 00:14:30.280 align:start position:0% later, the Gemini 11 mission perfected 00:14:30.280 --> 00:14:32.460 align:start position:0% later, the Gemini 11 mission perfected the<00:14:30.320> procedure,<00:14:31.320> docking<00:14:31.839> with<00:14:32.000> the<00:14:32.080> Agena 00:14:32.460 --> 00:14:32.470 align:start position:0% the procedure, docking with the Agena 00:14:32.470 --> 00:14:36.829 align:start position:0% the procedure, docking with the Agena [music]<00:14:32.839> 300<00:14:33.680> km<00:14:34.240> above<00:14:34.760> Earth<00:14:35.480> just<00:14:35.960> 94 00:14:36.829 --> 00:14:36.839 align:start position:0% [music] 300 km above Earth just 94 00:14:36.839 --> 00:14:38.670 align:start position:0% [music] 300 km above Earth just 94 minutes<00:14:37.280> after<00:14:37.600> launch. 00:14:38.670 --> 00:14:38.680 align:start position:0% minutes after launch. 00:14:38.680 --> 00:14:41.270 align:start position:0% minutes after launch. This<00:14:38.880> was<00:14:39.440> an<00:14:39.520> incredible<00:14:40.240> achievement,<00:14:41.160> to 00:14:41.270 --> 00:14:41.280 align:start position:0% This was an incredible achievement, to 00:14:41.280 --> 00:14:43.950 align:start position:0% This was an incredible achievement, to go<00:14:41.400> from<00:14:41.640> peril<00:14:42.520> to<00:14:42.680> perfection<00:14:43.480> in<00:14:43.600> such<00:14:43.920> a 00:14:43.950 --> 00:14:43.960 align:start position:0% go from peril to perfection in such a 00:14:43.960 --> 00:14:46.790 align:start position:0% go from peril to perfection in such a short<00:14:44.440> space<00:14:44.800> of<00:14:44.920> time,<00:14:45.760> and<00:14:45.920> one<00:14:46.320> that<00:14:46.560> would 00:14:46.790 --> 00:14:46.800 align:start position:0% short space of time, and one that would 00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.910 align:start position:0% short space of time, and one that would pave<00:14:47.080> the<00:14:47.200> way<00:14:47.480> for<00:14:47.640> the<00:14:47.800> future<00:14:48.240> rendezvous 00:14:48.910 --> 00:14:48.920 align:start position:0% pave the way for the future rendezvous 00:14:48.920 --> 00:14:51.550 align:start position:0% pave the way for the future rendezvous of<00:14:49.120> Apollo<00:14:49.560> 11's<00:14:50.160> lunar<00:14:50.480> module<00:14:50.920> and<00:14:51.040> command 00:14:51.550 --> 00:14:51.560 align:start position:0% of Apollo 11's lunar module and command 00:14:51.560 --> 00:14:53.350 align:start position:0% of Apollo 11's lunar module and command and<00:14:51.760> service<00:14:52.200> module. 00:14:53.350 --> 00:14:53.360 align:start position:0% and service module. 00:14:53.360 --> 00:14:55.390 align:start position:0% and service module. But<00:14:53.480> this<00:14:53.760> wasn't<00:14:54.080> the<00:14:54.280> only<00:14:54.600> aspect<00:14:55.040> of<00:14:55.120> space 00:14:55.390 --> 00:14:55.400 align:start position:0% But this wasn't the only aspect of space 00:14:55.400 --> 00:14:57.790 align:start position:0% But this wasn't the only aspect of space travel<00:14:55.720> NASA<00:14:56.040> was<00:14:56.200> investigating.<00:14:57.240> They<00:14:57.440> also 00:14:57.790 --> 00:14:57.800 align:start position:0% travel NASA was investigating. They also 00:14:57.800 --> 00:14:59.950 align:start position:0% travel NASA was investigating. They also wanted<00:14:58.160> to<00:14:58.240> master<00:14:58.720> the<00:14:58.960> EVA<00:14:59.600> or 00:14:59.950 --> 00:14:59.960 align:start position:0% wanted to master the EVA or 00:14:59.960 --> 00:15:02.430 align:start position:0% wanted to master the EVA or extravehicular<00:15:00.880> activity,<00:15:01.800> more<00:15:01.960> commonly 00:15:02.430 --> 00:15:02.440 align:start position:0% extravehicular activity, more commonly 00:15:02.440 --> 00:15:05.710 align:start position:0% extravehicular activity, more commonly known<00:15:02.720> to<00:15:02.920> you<00:15:03.240> and<00:15:03.400> me<00:15:03.920> as<00:15:04.080> a<00:15:04.120> spacewalk. 00:15:05.710 --> 00:15:05.720 align:start position:0% known to you and me as a spacewalk. 00:15:05.720 --> 00:15:08.150 align:start position:0% known to you and me as a spacewalk. Scientists<00:15:06.240> had<00:15:06.760> no<00:15:07.120> idea<00:15:07.560> how<00:15:07.760> the<00:15:07.880> human 00:15:08.150 --> 00:15:08.160 align:start position:0% Scientists had no idea how the human 00:15:08.160 --> 00:15:09.829 align:start position:0% Scientists had no idea how the human body<00:15:08.440> would<00:15:08.600> stand<00:15:09.000> up<00:15:09.160> to<00:15:09.240> the<00:15:09.360> rigors<00:15:09.720> of 00:15:09.829 --> 00:15:09.839 align:start position:0% body would stand up to the rigors of 00:15:09.839 --> 00:15:13.670 align:start position:0% body would stand up to the rigors of space<00:15:10.360> outside<00:15:11.400> a<00:15:11.480> capsule,<00:15:12.320> if<00:15:12.480> at<00:15:12.680> all.<00:15:13.520> Was 00:15:13.670 --> 00:15:13.680 align:start position:0% space outside a capsule, if at all. Was 00:15:13.680 --> 00:15:15.950 align:start position:0% space outside a capsule, if at all. Was it<00:15:13.839> even<00:15:14.080> something<00:15:14.480> NASA<00:15:14.839> could<00:15:15.600> prepare 00:15:15.950 --> 00:15:15.960 align:start position:0% it even something NASA could prepare 00:15:15.960 --> 00:15:19.750 align:start position:0% it even something NASA could prepare their<00:15:16.160> astronauts<00:15:16.720> for? 00:15:19.750 --> 00:15:19.760 align:start position:0% 00:15:19.760 --> 00:15:21.710 align:start position:0% Ground<00:15:20.000> simulations<00:15:20.600> can<00:15:20.760> only<00:15:20.960> go<00:15:21.120> so<00:15:21.400> far 00:15:21.710 --> 00:15:21.720 align:start position:0% Ground simulations can only go so far 00:15:21.720 --> 00:15:23.430 align:start position:0% Ground simulations can only go so far when<00:15:21.920> you're<00:15:22.280> practicing<00:15:22.880> walking<00:15:23.240> on<00:15:23.320> the 00:15:23.430 --> 00:15:23.440 align:start position:0% when you're practicing walking on the 00:15:23.440 --> 00:15:26.190 align:start position:0% when you're practicing walking on the moon.<00:15:24.240> So,<00:15:24.480> after<00:15:24.840> years<00:15:25.280> of<00:15:25.400> vacuum<00:15:25.880> chamber 00:15:26.190 --> 00:15:26.200 align:start position:0% moon. So, after years of vacuum chamber 00:15:26.200 --> 00:15:26.825 align:start position:0% moon. So, after years of vacuum chamber test, 00:15:26.825 --> 00:15:26.835 align:start position:0% test, 00:15:26.835 --> 00:15:26.910 align:start position:0% test, >> [music] 00:15:26.910 --> 00:15:26.920 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:15:26.920 --> 00:15:29.710 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> NASA<00:15:27.320> decided<00:15:27.920> the<00:15:28.160> only<00:15:28.520> way<00:15:28.760> to<00:15:28.920> truly<00:15:29.440> know 00:15:29.710 --> 00:15:29.720 align:start position:0% >> NASA decided the only way to truly know 00:15:29.720 --> 00:15:32.065 align:start position:0% >> NASA decided the only way to truly know if<00:15:29.880> a<00:15:29.960> human<00:15:30.280> could<00:15:30.440> survive<00:15:30.960> the<00:15:31.040> void<00:15:31.760> was<00:15:31.960> to 00:15:32.065 --> 00:15:32.075 align:start position:0% if a human could survive the void was to 00:15:32.075 --> 00:15:33.430 align:start position:0% if a human could survive the void was to [music]<00:15:32.080> put<00:15:32.400> their<00:15:32.600> theories<00:15:33.080> to<00:15:33.200> the 00:15:33.430 --> 00:15:33.440 align:start position:0% [music] put their theories to the 00:15:33.440 --> 00:15:35.390 align:start position:0% [music] put their theories to the ultimate<00:15:33.960> test. 00:15:35.390 --> 00:15:35.400 align:start position:0% ultimate test. 00:15:35.400 --> 00:15:37.990 align:start position:0% ultimate test. During<00:15:35.800> Gemini<00:15:36.200> 4,<00:15:36.760> only<00:15:37.080> the<00:15:37.240> second<00:15:37.720> crewed 00:15:37.990 --> 00:15:38.000 align:start position:0% During Gemini 4, only the second crewed 00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:39.990 align:start position:0% During Gemini 4, only the second crewed mission<00:15:38.240> of<00:15:38.320> the<00:15:38.400> program,<00:15:39.280> astronaut<00:15:39.840> Ed 00:15:39.990 --> 00:15:40.000 align:start position:0% mission of the program, astronaut Ed 00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:42.190 align:start position:0% mission of the program, astronaut Ed White<00:15:40.360> was<00:15:40.520> tasked<00:15:40.920> with<00:15:41.000> the<00:15:41.080> unthinkable, 00:15:42.190 --> 00:15:42.200 align:start position:0% White was tasked with the unthinkable, 00:15:42.200 --> 00:15:44.270 align:start position:0% White was tasked with the unthinkable, opening<00:15:42.720> the<00:15:42.840> spacecraft's<00:15:43.440> hatch<00:15:44.080> and 00:15:44.270 --> 00:15:44.280 align:start position:0% opening the spacecraft's hatch and 00:15:44.280 --> 00:15:46.270 align:start position:0% opening the spacecraft's hatch and stepping<00:15:44.720> out<00:15:45.000> into<00:15:45.200> the<00:15:45.320> vacuum<00:15:45.760> of<00:15:45.920> low 00:15:46.270 --> 00:15:46.280 align:start position:0% stepping out into the vacuum of low 00:15:46.280 --> 00:15:48.310 align:start position:0% stepping out into the vacuum of low Earth<00:15:46.600> orbit. 00:15:48.310 --> 00:15:48.320 align:start position:0% Earth orbit. 00:15:48.320 --> 00:15:50.150 align:start position:0% Earth orbit. 4<00:15:48.520> years<00:15:48.800> earlier,<00:15:49.400> the<00:15:49.480> US<00:15:49.760> [music]<00:15:49.840> had 00:15:50.150 --> 00:15:50.160 align:start position:0% 4 years earlier, the US [music] had 00:15:50.160 --> 00:15:52.430 align:start position:0% 4 years earlier, the US [music] had barely<00:15:50.800> managed<00:15:51.200> to<00:15:51.280> put<00:15:51.480> a<00:15:51.560> man<00:15:51.840> in<00:15:51.960> space<00:15:52.320> for 00:15:52.430 --> 00:15:52.440 align:start position:0% barely managed to put a man in space for 00:15:52.440 --> 00:15:55.790 align:start position:0% barely managed to put a man in space for 15<00:15:53.120> minutes.<00:15:54.040> Now,<00:15:54.520> they<00:15:54.720> wanted<00:15:55.080> to<00:15:55.200> dangle 00:15:55.790 --> 00:15:55.800 align:start position:0% 15 minutes. Now, they wanted to dangle 00:15:55.800 --> 00:15:57.990 align:start position:0% 15 minutes. Now, they wanted to dangle an<00:15:55.960> astronaut<00:15:56.560> outside<00:15:57.040> the<00:15:57.160> safety<00:15:57.680> of<00:15:57.800> his 00:15:57.990 --> 00:15:58.000 align:start position:0% an astronaut outside the safety of his 00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:00.910 align:start position:0% an astronaut outside the safety of his spacecraft<00:15:58.800> with<00:15:59.080> nothing<00:15:59.880> but<00:16:00.000> a<00:16:00.080> thin<00:16:00.600> layer 00:16:00.910 --> 00:16:00.920 align:start position:0% spacecraft with nothing but a thin layer 00:16:00.920 --> 00:16:04.950 align:start position:0% spacecraft with nothing but a thin layer of<00:16:01.080> fabric<00:16:01.560> between<00:16:01.960> him<00:16:02.720> and<00:16:02.920> instant<00:16:03.400> death. 00:16:04.950 --> 00:16:04.960 align:start position:0% of fabric between him and instant death. 00:16:04.960 --> 00:16:07.436 align:start position:0% of fabric between him and instant death. While<00:16:05.080> NASA<00:16:05.400> was<00:16:05.560> confident<00:16:06.200> in<00:16:06.360> the<00:16:06.480> new<00:16:06.760> G4C 00:16:07.436 --> 00:16:07.446 align:start position:0% While NASA was confident in the new G4C 00:16:07.446 --> 00:16:09.830 align:start position:0% While NASA was confident in the new G4C [music]<00:16:07.800> space<00:16:08.160> suit<00:16:08.440> it<00:16:08.600> had<00:16:08.800> developed,<00:16:09.800> the 00:16:09.830 --> 00:16:09.840 align:start position:0% [music] space suit it had developed, the 00:16:09.840 --> 00:16:12.150 align:start position:0% [music] space suit it had developed, the technology<00:16:10.440> was<00:16:10.640> brand<00:16:11.120> new,<00:16:11.760> having<00:16:12.000> been 00:16:12.150 --> 00:16:12.160 align:start position:0% technology was brand new, having been 00:16:12.160 --> 00:16:13.986 align:start position:0% technology was brand new, having been finalized<00:16:12.680> just<00:16:12.880> a<00:16:12.920> year<00:16:13.240> before. 00:16:13.986 --> 00:16:13.996 align:start position:0% finalized just a year before. 00:16:13.996 --> 00:16:14.270 align:start position:0% finalized just a year before. >> [music] 00:16:14.270 --> 00:16:14.280 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:16:14.280 --> 00:16:18.870 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> On<00:16:14.400> the<00:16:14.520> 3rd<00:16:14.760> of<00:16:14.840> June,<00:16:15.120> 1965,<00:16:16.440> at<00:16:16.640> 19:46<00:16:17.840> UTC, 00:16:18.870 --> 00:16:18.880 align:start position:0% >> On the 3rd of June, 1965, at 19:46 UTC, 00:16:18.880 --> 00:16:21.191 align:start position:0% >> On the 3rd of June, 1965, at 19:46 UTC, it<00:16:19.000> was<00:16:19.240> finally<00:16:19.840> put<00:16:20.200> to<00:16:20.360> a<00:16:20.520> real-life 00:16:21.191 --> 00:16:21.201 align:start position:0% it was finally put to a real-life 00:16:21.201 --> 00:16:22.830 align:start position:0% it was finally put to a real-life [music]<00:16:21.320> test,<00:16:22.080> and<00:16:22.200> the<00:16:22.320> atmosphere<00:16:22.760> in 00:16:22.830 --> 00:16:22.840 align:start position:0% [music] test, and the atmosphere in 00:16:22.840 --> 00:16:25.590 align:start position:0% [music] test, and the atmosphere in mission<00:16:23.080> control<00:16:23.720> was<00:16:24.000> electric. 00:16:25.590 --> 00:16:25.600 align:start position:0% mission control was electric. 00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:28.110 align:start position:0% mission control was electric. Though<00:16:25.720> Soviet<00:16:26.200> cosmonaut<00:16:26.880> Alexei<00:16:27.480> Leonov 00:16:28.110 --> 00:16:28.120 align:start position:0% Though Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov 00:16:28.120 --> 00:16:30.470 align:start position:0% Though Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov had<00:16:28.320> claimed<00:16:28.600> the<00:16:28.720> first<00:16:29.240> spacewalk<00:16:29.839> crown<00:16:30.200> 3 00:16:30.470 --> 00:16:30.480 align:start position:0% had claimed the first spacewalk crown 3 00:16:30.480 --> 00:16:32.829 align:start position:0% had claimed the first spacewalk crown 3 months<00:16:30.760> earlier,<00:16:31.520> White<00:16:31.880> was<00:16:32.000> about<00:16:32.480> nearly 00:16:32.829 --> 00:16:32.839 align:start position:0% months earlier, White was about nearly 00:16:32.839 --> 00:16:34.829 align:start position:0% months earlier, White was about nearly double<00:16:32.991> [music]<00:16:33.360> his<00:16:33.600> record,<00:16:34.360> remaining 00:16:34.829 --> 00:16:34.839 align:start position:0% double [music] his record, remaining 00:16:34.839 --> 00:16:38.829 align:start position:0% double [music] his record, remaining outside<00:16:35.400> for<00:16:35.560> a<00:16:35.640> grueling<00:16:36.280> 23<00:16:37.520> minutes. 00:16:38.829 --> 00:16:38.839 align:start position:0% outside for a grueling 23 minutes. 00:16:38.839 --> 00:16:41.550 align:start position:0% outside for a grueling 23 minutes. Initially,<00:16:39.760> it<00:16:39.880> looked<00:16:40.320> effortless. 00:16:41.550 --> 00:16:41.560 align:start position:0% Initially, it looked effortless. 00:16:41.560 --> 00:16:44.150 align:start position:0% Initially, it looked effortless. White<00:16:41.880> appeared<00:16:42.240> to<00:16:42.320> be<00:16:42.520> walking<00:16:43.160> on<00:16:43.400> air, 00:16:44.150 --> 00:16:44.160 align:start position:0% White appeared to be walking on air, 00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:46.110 align:start position:0% White appeared to be walking on air, proving<00:16:44.520> that<00:16:44.720> his<00:16:44.960> pressurized<00:16:45.560> suit<00:16:45.920> could 00:16:46.110 --> 00:16:46.120 align:start position:0% proving that his pressurized suit could 00:16:46.120 --> 00:16:48.550 align:start position:0% proving that his pressurized suit could maintain<00:16:46.680> atmospheric<00:16:47.240> stability<00:16:48.160> while 00:16:48.550 --> 00:16:48.560 align:start position:0% maintain atmospheric stability while 00:16:48.560 --> 00:16:50.390 align:start position:0% maintain atmospheric stability while allowing<00:16:49.000> him<00:16:49.240> to<00:16:49.360> move. 00:16:50.390 --> 00:16:50.400 align:start position:0% allowing him to move. 00:16:50.400 --> 00:16:53.230 align:start position:0% allowing him to move. But,<00:16:50.560> that<00:16:50.880> ease<00:16:51.440> was<00:16:51.720> deceptive. 00:16:53.230 --> 00:16:53.240 align:start position:0% But, that ease was deceptive. 00:16:53.240 --> 00:16:55.990 align:start position:0% But, that ease was deceptive. To<00:16:53.360> maneuver,<00:16:54.280> White<00:16:54.680> used<00:16:55.040> the<00:16:55.200> handheld 00:16:55.990 --> 00:16:56.000 align:start position:0% To maneuver, White used the handheld 00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:57.829 align:start position:0% To maneuver, White used the handheld maneuvering<00:16:56.520> unit,<00:16:57.120> better<00:16:57.226> [music]<00:16:57.360> known 00:16:57.829 --> 00:16:57.839 align:start position:0% maneuvering unit, better [music] known 00:16:57.839 --> 00:17:00.630 align:start position:0% maneuvering unit, better [music] known as<00:16:58.080> the<00:16:58.200> zip<00:16:58.520> gun.<00:16:59.160> By<00:16:59.360> firing<00:16:59.920> bursts<00:17:00.400> of 00:17:00.630 --> 00:17:00.640 align:start position:0% as the zip gun. By firing bursts of 00:17:00.640 --> 00:17:03.350 align:start position:0% as the zip gun. By firing bursts of pressurized<00:17:01.320> oxygen,<00:17:02.120> White<00:17:02.520> used<00:17:02.960> Newton's 00:17:03.350 --> 00:17:03.360 align:start position:0% pressurized oxygen, White used Newton's 00:17:03.360 --> 00:17:05.990 align:start position:0% pressurized oxygen, White used Newton's third<00:17:03.680> law,<00:17:04.319> each<00:17:04.520> action<00:17:04.959> having<00:17:05.400> an<00:17:05.560> equal 00:17:05.990 --> 00:17:06.000 align:start position:0% third law, each action having an equal 00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:07.990 align:start position:0% third law, each action having an equal and<00:17:06.280> opposite<00:17:06.680> reaction,<00:17:07.560> to<00:17:07.640> propel 00:17:07.990 --> 00:17:08.000 align:start position:0% and opposite reaction, to propel 00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:09.110 align:start position:0% and opposite reaction, to propel himself. 00:17:09.110 --> 00:17:09.120 align:start position:0% himself. 00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:11.309 align:start position:0% himself. But,<00:17:09.199> this<00:17:09.520> ran<00:17:09.760> out<00:17:09.920> of<00:17:10.040> gas<00:17:10.360> 3<00:17:10.720> minutes<00:17:11.120> into 00:17:11.309 --> 00:17:11.319 align:start position:0% But, this ran out of gas 3 minutes into 00:17:11.319 --> 00:17:12.870 align:start position:0% But, this ran out of gas 3 minutes into the<00:17:11.400> spacewalk. 00:17:12.870 --> 00:17:12.880 align:start position:0% the spacewalk. 00:17:12.880 --> 00:17:14.901 align:start position:0% the spacewalk. Without<00:17:13.240> handholds<00:17:13.920> or<00:17:14.240> a<00:17:14.319> stable<00:17:14.800> platform, 00:17:14.901 --> 00:17:14.911 align:start position:0% Without handholds or a stable platform, 00:17:14.911 --> 00:17:15.670 align:start position:0% Without handholds or a stable platform, [music] 00:17:15.670 --> 00:17:15.680 align:start position:0% [music] 00:17:15.680 --> 00:17:17.990 align:start position:0% [music] he<00:17:15.760> was<00:17:16.000> unable<00:17:16.480> to<00:17:16.600> move<00:17:16.800> around<00:17:17.160> easily, 00:17:17.990 --> 00:17:18.000 align:start position:0% he was unable to move around easily, 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:19.590 align:start position:0% he was unable to move around easily, with<00:17:18.199> many<00:17:18.439> of<00:17:18.520> his<00:17:18.720> motions<00:17:19.160> sending<00:17:19.439> him 00:17:19.590 --> 00:17:19.600 align:start position:0% with many of his motions sending him 00:17:19.600 --> 00:17:22.910 align:start position:0% with many of his motions sending him into<00:17:19.839> chaotic<00:17:20.151> [music]<00:17:20.640> multi-axis<00:17:21.640> tumbles. 00:17:22.910 --> 00:17:22.920 align:start position:0% into chaotic [music] multi-axis tumbles. 00:17:22.920 --> 00:17:24.790 align:start position:0% into chaotic [music] multi-axis tumbles. The<00:17:23.000> real<00:17:23.240> danger,<00:17:23.600> however,<00:17:24.199> began<00:17:24.600> when<00:17:24.720> it 00:17:24.790 --> 00:17:24.800 align:start position:0% The real danger, however, began when it 00:17:24.800 --> 00:17:26.870 align:start position:0% The real danger, however, began when it was<00:17:24.920> time<00:17:25.199> to<00:17:25.319> get<00:17:25.520> back<00:17:25.800> into<00:17:26.040> the<00:17:26.120> spacecraft 00:17:26.870 --> 00:17:26.880 align:start position:0% was time to get back into the spacecraft 00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:29.190 align:start position:0% was time to get back into the spacecraft and<00:17:27.079> come<00:17:27.360> home. 00:17:29.190 --> 00:17:29.200 align:start position:0% and come home. 00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:31.990 align:start position:0% and come home. After<00:17:29.600> White<00:17:29.960> used<00:17:30.280> his<00:17:30.560> umbilical<00:17:31.200> to<00:17:31.640> climb 00:17:31.990 --> 00:17:32.000 align:start position:0% After White used his umbilical to climb 00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:34.110 align:start position:0% After White used his umbilical to climb back<00:17:32.360> to<00:17:32.440> the<00:17:32.520> craft,<00:17:33.320> a<00:17:33.360> mechanical 00:17:34.110 --> 00:17:34.120 align:start position:0% back to the craft, a mechanical 00:17:34.120 --> 00:17:36.150 align:start position:0% back to the craft, a mechanical nightmare<00:17:34.760> unfolded. 00:17:36.150 --> 00:17:36.160 align:start position:0% nightmare unfolded. 00:17:36.160 --> 00:17:39.070 align:start position:0% nightmare unfolded. The<00:17:36.200> spacecraft's<00:17:36.800> hatch<00:17:37.560> wouldn't<00:17:38.120> lock.<00:17:38.960> An 00:17:39.070 --> 00:17:39.080 align:start position:0% The spacecraft's hatch wouldn't lock. An 00:17:39.080 --> 00:17:40.990 align:start position:0% The spacecraft's hatch wouldn't lock. An internal<00:17:39.480> spring<00:17:39.920> which<00:17:40.160> usually<00:17:40.560> meshed 00:17:40.990 --> 00:17:41.000 align:start position:0% internal spring which usually meshed 00:17:41.000 --> 00:17:42.950 align:start position:0% internal spring which usually meshed gears<00:17:41.360> together<00:17:42.120> would<00:17:42.422> [music]<00:17:42.440> not 00:17:42.950 --> 00:17:42.960 align:start position:0% gears together would [music] not 00:17:42.960 --> 00:17:44.270 align:start position:0% gears together would [music] not compress. 00:17:44.270 --> 00:17:44.280 align:start position:0% compress. 00:17:44.280 --> 00:17:46.310 align:start position:0% compress. If<00:17:44.360> they<00:17:44.520> couldn't<00:17:44.840> seal<00:17:45.200> that<00:17:45.440> hatch,<00:17:46.120> they 00:17:46.310 --> 00:17:46.320 align:start position:0% If they couldn't seal that hatch, they 00:17:46.320 --> 00:17:48.350 align:start position:0% If they couldn't seal that hatch, they couldn't<00:17:46.720> re-pressurize<00:17:47.400> the<00:17:47.480> cabin, 00:17:48.350 --> 00:17:48.360 align:start position:0% couldn't re-pressurize the cabin, 00:17:48.360 --> 00:17:50.190 align:start position:0% couldn't re-pressurize the cabin, meaning<00:17:48.600> both<00:17:48.920> White<00:17:49.360> and<00:17:49.480> Commander<00:17:49.840> James 00:17:50.190 --> 00:17:50.200 align:start position:0% meaning both White and Commander James 00:17:50.200 --> 00:17:52.870 align:start position:0% meaning both White and Commander James McDivitt<00:17:51.080> would<00:17:51.280> either<00:17:51.520> run<00:17:51.720> out<00:17:51.840> of<00:17:52.040> oxygen 00:17:52.870 --> 00:17:52.880 align:start position:0% McDivitt would either run out of oxygen 00:17:52.880 --> 00:17:55.790 align:start position:0% McDivitt would either run out of oxygen or<00:17:53.040> perish<00:17:53.840> during<00:17:54.200> re-entry.<00:17:55.360> McDivitt 00:17:55.790 --> 00:17:55.800 align:start position:0% or perish during re-entry. McDivitt 00:17:55.800 --> 00:17:58.230 align:start position:0% or perish during re-entry. McDivitt jammed<00:17:56.320> his<00:17:56.560> fingers<00:17:56.960> into<00:17:57.200> the<00:17:57.280> mechanism, 00:17:58.230 --> 00:17:58.240 align:start position:0% jammed his fingers into the mechanism, 00:17:58.240 --> 00:18:00.630 align:start position:0% jammed his fingers into the mechanism, forcing<00:17:58.800> the<00:17:58.920> gears<00:17:59.240> together<00:18:00.000> whilst<00:18:00.280> White 00:18:00.630 --> 00:18:00.640 align:start position:0% forcing the gears together whilst White 00:18:00.640 --> 00:18:02.710 align:start position:0% forcing the gears together whilst White manhandled<00:18:01.480> the<00:18:01.560> handle. 00:18:02.710 --> 00:18:02.720 align:start position:0% manhandled the handle. 00:18:02.720 --> 00:18:05.070 align:start position:0% manhandled the handle. Inside<00:18:03.120> the<00:18:03.200> bulky<00:18:03.720> pressurized<00:18:04.320> suits,<00:18:04.960> the 00:18:05.070 --> 00:18:05.080 align:start position:0% Inside the bulky pressurized suits, the 00:18:05.080 --> 00:18:08.150 align:start position:0% Inside the bulky pressurized suits, the physical<00:18:05.440> exertion<00:18:06.000> was<00:18:06.480> monumental. 00:18:08.150 --> 00:18:08.160 align:start position:0% physical exertion was monumental. 00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:10.350 align:start position:0% physical exertion was monumental. By<00:18:08.280> the<00:18:08.440> time<00:18:08.680> the<00:18:08.800> gears<00:18:09.200> finally<00:18:10.000> clicked 00:18:10.350 --> 00:18:10.360 align:start position:0% By the time the gears finally clicked 00:18:10.360 --> 00:18:13.270 align:start position:0% By the time the gears finally clicked into<00:18:10.600> place,<00:18:11.400> both<00:18:11.720> men<00:18:12.120> were<00:18:12.280> drenched<00:18:13.120> in 00:18:13.270 --> 00:18:13.280 align:start position:0% into place, both men were drenched in 00:18:13.280 --> 00:18:16.030 align:start position:0% into place, both men were drenched in sweat,<00:18:14.080> their<00:18:14.240> heart<00:18:14.560> rates<00:18:14.960> spiking<00:18:15.920> to 00:18:16.030 --> 00:18:16.040 align:start position:0% sweat, their heart rates spiking to 00:18:16.040 --> 00:18:18.590 align:start position:0% sweat, their heart rates spiking to dangerous<00:18:16.480> levels.<00:18:17.440> NASA<00:18:17.840> officially<00:18:18.360> logged 00:18:18.590 --> 00:18:18.600 align:start position:0% dangerous levels. NASA officially logged 00:18:18.600 --> 00:18:20.510 align:start position:0% dangerous levels. NASA officially logged the<00:18:18.680> mission<00:18:18.960> as<00:18:19.040> a<00:18:19.080> triumph,<00:18:19.960> but<00:18:20.120> the<00:18:20.240> near 00:18:20.510 --> 00:18:20.520 align:start position:0% the mission as a triumph, but the near 00:18:20.520 --> 00:18:22.790 align:start position:0% the mission as a triumph, but the near disaster<00:18:21.440> changed<00:18:21.960> everything<00:18:22.400> behind<00:18:22.760> the 00:18:22.790 --> 00:18:22.800 align:start position:0% disaster changed everything behind the 00:18:22.800 --> 00:18:23.830 align:start position:0% disaster changed everything behind the scenes. 00:18:23.830 --> 00:18:23.840 align:start position:0% scenes. 00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:25.710 align:start position:0% scenes. The<00:18:23.920> easy<00:18:24.200> spacewalk<00:18:24.920> had<00:18:25.200> revealed<00:18:25.640> a 00:18:25.710 --> 00:18:25.720 align:start position:0% The easy spacewalk had revealed a 00:18:25.720 --> 00:18:28.070 align:start position:0% The easy spacewalk had revealed a sobering<00:18:26.200> truth.<00:18:27.200> Performing<00:18:27.617> [music]<00:18:27.720> work 00:18:28.070 --> 00:18:28.080 align:start position:0% sobering truth. Performing [music] work 00:18:28.080 --> 00:18:30.670 align:start position:0% sobering truth. Performing [music] work in<00:18:28.280> zero<00:18:28.640> G<00:18:28.960> was<00:18:29.200> far<00:18:29.680> more<00:18:29.880> exhausting<00:18:30.440> than 00:18:30.670 --> 00:18:30.680 align:start position:0% in zero G was far more exhausting than 00:18:30.680 --> 00:18:32.990 align:start position:0% in zero G was far more exhausting than anyone<00:18:31.240> had<00:18:31.480> predicted,<00:18:32.400> and<00:18:32.520> the<00:18:32.600> lessons 00:18:32.990 --> 00:18:33.000 align:start position:0% anyone had predicted, and the lessons 00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:35.350 align:start position:0% anyone had predicted, and the lessons learned<00:18:33.280> on<00:18:33.400> Gemini<00:18:33.800> 4<00:18:34.520> would<00:18:34.680> set<00:18:34.840> the<00:18:34.920> stage 00:18:35.350 --> 00:18:35.360 align:start position:0% learned on Gemini 4 would set the stage 00:18:35.360 --> 00:18:37.510 align:start position:0% learned on Gemini 4 would set the stage for<00:18:35.480> a<00:18:35.560> much<00:18:36.080> more<00:18:36.240> difficult<00:18:36.640> challenge<00:18:37.080> five 00:18:37.510 --> 00:18:37.520 align:start position:0% for a much more difficult challenge five 00:18:37.520 --> 00:18:38.990 align:start position:0% for a much more difficult challenge five missions<00:18:37.880> later. 00:18:38.990 --> 00:18:39.000 align:start position:0% missions later. 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:43.470 align:start position:0% missions later. Gemini<00:18:39.760> 9A. 00:18:43.470 --> 00:18:43.480 align:start position:0% 00:18:43.480 --> 00:18:45.910 align:start position:0% Gemini<00:18:43.840> 9A<00:18:44.440> was<00:18:44.600> meant<00:18:44.760> to<00:18:44.840> be<00:18:44.960> a<00:18:45.040> leap<00:18:45.400> forward 00:18:45.910 --> 00:18:45.920 align:start position:0% Gemini 9A was meant to be a leap forward 00:18:45.920 --> 00:18:47.910 align:start position:0% Gemini 9A was meant to be a leap forward in<00:18:46.080> extravehicular<00:18:46.920> activity<00:18:47.720> with 00:18:47.910 --> 00:18:47.920 align:start position:0% in extravehicular activity with 00:18:47.920 --> 00:18:50.550 align:start position:0% in extravehicular activity with astronaut<00:18:48.440> Gene<00:18:48.800> Cernan<00:18:49.640> tasked<00:18:50.080> to<00:18:50.160> test<00:18:50.440> the 00:18:50.550 --> 00:18:50.560 align:start position:0% astronaut Gene Cernan tasked to test the 00:18:50.560 --> 00:18:53.150 align:start position:0% astronaut Gene Cernan tasked to test the astronaut<00:18:51.040> maneuvering<00:18:51.520> unit,<00:18:52.200> a<00:18:52.280> futuristic 00:18:53.150 --> 00:18:53.160 align:start position:0% astronaut maneuvering unit, a futuristic 00:18:53.160 --> 00:18:54.430 align:start position:0% astronaut maneuvering unit, a futuristic rocket<00:18:53.480> pack. 00:18:54.430 --> 00:18:54.440 align:start position:0% rocket pack. 00:18:54.440 --> 00:18:56.350 align:start position:0% rocket pack. However,<00:18:54.720> the<00:18:54.840> mission<00:18:55.200> was<00:18:55.440> plagued<00:18:56.200> with 00:18:56.350 --> 00:18:56.360 align:start position:0% However, the mission was plagued with 00:18:56.360 --> 00:18:58.150 align:start position:0% However, the mission was plagued with catastrophic<00:18:57.000> failures. 00:18:58.150 --> 00:18:58.160 align:start position:0% catastrophic failures. 00:18:58.160 --> 00:19:00.150 align:start position:0% catastrophic failures. To<00:18:58.200> protect<00:18:58.600> against<00:18:58.960> the<00:18:59.200> AMU's<00:18:59.920> hot 00:19:00.150 --> 00:19:00.160 align:start position:0% To protect against the AMU's hot 00:19:00.160 --> 00:19:02.670 align:start position:0% To protect against the AMU's hot thrusters,<00:19:01.280> Cernan's<00:19:01.720> spacesuit<00:19:02.320> was 00:19:02.670 --> 00:19:02.680 align:start position:0% thrusters, Cernan's spacesuit was 00:19:02.680 --> 00:19:04.590 align:start position:0% thrusters, Cernan's spacesuit was additionally<00:19:03.360> outfitted<00:19:03.920> with<00:19:04.280> metal 00:19:04.590 --> 00:19:04.600 align:start position:0% additionally outfitted with metal 00:19:04.600 --> 00:19:07.150 align:start position:0% additionally outfitted with metal trousers<00:19:05.160> made<00:19:05.400> of<00:19:05.560> Chromel-R,<00:19:06.680> basically 00:19:07.150 --> 00:19:07.160 align:start position:0% trousers made of Chromel-R, basically 00:19:07.160 --> 00:19:09.590 align:start position:0% trousers made of Chromel-R, basically like<00:19:07.600> woven<00:19:07.960> steel. 00:19:09.590 --> 00:19:09.600 align:start position:0% like woven steel. 00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:12.110 align:start position:0% like woven steel. But<00:19:09.680> once<00:19:09.880> he<00:19:10.120> exited<00:19:10.760> the<00:19:10.880> hatch,<00:19:11.680> the<00:19:11.760> vacuum 00:19:12.110 --> 00:19:12.120 align:start position:0% But once he exited the hatch, the vacuum 00:19:12.120 --> 00:19:14.390 align:start position:0% But once he exited the hatch, the vacuum of<00:19:12.320> space<00:19:12.680> turned<00:19:13.080> the<00:19:13.200> metal<00:19:13.520> trousers<00:19:14.040> into 00:19:14.390 --> 00:19:14.400 align:start position:0% of space turned the metal trousers into 00:19:14.400 --> 00:19:16.470 align:start position:0% of space turned the metal trousers into a<00:19:14.560> rigid<00:19:15.240> shell. 00:19:16.470 --> 00:19:16.480 align:start position:0% a rigid shell. 00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:18.470 align:start position:0% a rigid shell. Cernan<00:19:16.920> later<00:19:17.280> described<00:19:17.760> the<00:19:17.800> experience<00:19:18.320> as 00:19:18.470 --> 00:19:18.480 align:start position:0% Cernan later described the experience as 00:19:18.480 --> 00:19:20.910 align:start position:0% Cernan later described the experience as having<00:19:18.960> all<00:19:19.240> the<00:19:19.360> flexibility<00:19:20.120> of<00:19:20.280> a<00:19:20.400> rusty 00:19:20.910 --> 00:19:20.920 align:start position:0% having all the flexibility of a rusty 00:19:20.920 --> 00:19:22.470 align:start position:0% having all the flexibility of a rusty suit<00:19:21.200> of<00:19:21.320> armor. 00:19:22.470 --> 00:19:22.480 align:start position:0% suit of armor. 00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:25.510 align:start position:0% suit of armor. The<00:19:22.560> struggle<00:19:23.240> was<00:19:23.720> immediate. 00:19:25.510 --> 00:19:25.520 align:start position:0% The struggle was immediate. 00:19:25.520 --> 00:19:28.070 align:start position:0% The struggle was immediate. Without<00:19:25.920> adequate<00:19:26.320> handholds<00:19:26.960> or<00:19:27.120> footholds, 00:19:28.070 --> 00:19:28.080 align:start position:0% Without adequate handholds or footholds, 00:19:28.080 --> 00:19:30.190 align:start position:0% Without adequate handholds or footholds, every<00:19:28.360> attempt<00:19:28.840> to<00:19:28.960> move<00:19:29.560> triggered<00:19:30.000> an 00:19:30.190 --> 00:19:30.200 align:start position:0% every attempt to move triggered an 00:19:30.200 --> 00:19:32.670 align:start position:0% every attempt to move triggered an opposite<00:19:30.640> reaction,<00:19:31.480> causing<00:19:31.880> Cernan<00:19:32.560> to 00:19:32.670 --> 00:19:32.680 align:start position:0% opposite reaction, causing Cernan to 00:19:32.680 --> 00:19:35.070 align:start position:0% opposite reaction, causing Cernan to spin<00:19:33.280> uncontrollably. 00:19:35.070 --> 00:19:35.080 align:start position:0% spin uncontrollably. 00:19:35.080 --> 00:19:37.150 align:start position:0% spin uncontrollably. The<00:19:35.160> Gemini<00:19:35.520> suit<00:19:35.880> relied<00:19:36.280> solely<00:19:37.000> on 00:19:37.150 --> 00:19:37.160 align:start position:0% The Gemini suit relied solely on 00:19:37.160 --> 00:19:39.470 align:start position:0% The Gemini suit relied solely on circulating<00:19:37.840> oxygen<00:19:38.360> for<00:19:38.480> cooling,<00:19:39.280> which 00:19:39.470 --> 00:19:39.480 align:start position:0% circulating oxygen for cooling, which 00:19:39.480 --> 00:19:41.230 align:start position:0% circulating oxygen for cooling, which proved<00:19:39.960> insufficient<00:19:40.640> for<00:19:40.720> the<00:19:40.840> sheer 00:19:41.230 --> 00:19:41.240 align:start position:0% proved insufficient for the sheer 00:19:41.240 --> 00:19:43.070 align:start position:0% proved insufficient for the sheer physical<00:19:41.680> exertion<00:19:42.200> needed<00:19:42.720> to<00:19:42.840> get 00:19:43.070 --> 00:19:43.080 align:start position:0% physical exertion needed to get 00:19:43.080 --> 00:19:45.430 align:start position:0% physical exertion needed to get anywhere.<00:19:43.960> It<00:19:44.080> turns<00:19:44.440> out<00:19:44.960> they<00:19:45.120> hadn't 00:19:45.430 --> 00:19:45.440 align:start position:0% anywhere. It turns out they hadn't 00:19:45.440 --> 00:19:46.950 align:start position:0% anywhere. It turns out they hadn't completely<00:19:46.040> learned<00:19:46.280> their<00:19:46.440> lesson<00:19:46.800> in<00:19:46.880> the 00:19:46.950 --> 00:19:46.960 align:start position:0% completely learned their lesson in the 00:19:46.960 --> 00:19:48.430 align:start position:0% completely learned their lesson in the previous<00:19:47.400> mission. 00:19:48.430 --> 00:19:48.440 align:start position:0% previous mission. 00:19:48.440 --> 00:19:51.390 align:start position:0% previous mission. Cernan's<00:19:48.880> heart<00:19:49.200> rate<00:19:49.480> hit<00:19:49.840> 180<00:19:51.000> beats<00:19:51.280> per 00:19:51.390 --> 00:19:51.400 align:start position:0% Cernan's heart rate hit 180 beats per 00:19:51.400 --> 00:19:54.430 align:start position:0% Cernan's heart rate hit 180 beats per minute.<00:19:52.120> He<00:19:52.240> began<00:19:52.640> sweating<00:19:53.120> so<00:19:53.360> profusely 00:19:54.430 --> 00:19:54.440 align:start position:0% minute. He began sweating so profusely 00:19:54.440 --> 00:19:57.270 align:start position:0% minute. He began sweating so profusely that<00:19:54.560> his<00:19:54.720> visor<00:19:55.160> fogged<00:19:55.640> over<00:19:55.880> completely. 00:19:57.270 --> 00:19:57.280 align:start position:0% that his visor fogged over completely. 00:19:57.280 --> 00:19:59.430 align:start position:0% that his visor fogged over completely. To<00:19:57.400> see,<00:19:58.000> he<00:19:58.120> had<00:19:58.320> to<00:19:58.520> rub<00:19:58.800> the<00:19:58.960> tip<00:19:59.200> of<00:19:59.280> his 00:19:59.430 --> 00:19:59.440 align:start position:0% To see, he had to rub the tip of his 00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:01.790 align:start position:0% To see, he had to rub the tip of his nose<00:19:59.760> against<00:20:00.040> the<00:20:00.120> glass<00:20:00.520> to<00:20:00.640> clear<00:20:01.160> a<00:20:01.240> tiny 00:20:01.790 --> 00:20:01.800 align:start position:0% nose against the glass to clear a tiny 00:20:01.800 --> 00:20:04.670 align:start position:0% nose against the glass to clear a tiny patch.<00:20:02.760> Recognizing<00:20:03.440> the<00:20:03.520> danger,<00:20:04.320> Commander 00:20:04.670 --> 00:20:04.680 align:start position:0% patch. Recognizing the danger, Commander 00:20:04.680 --> 00:20:07.750 align:start position:0% patch. Recognizing the danger, Commander Tom<00:20:05.000> Stafford<00:20:05.720> aborted<00:20:06.280> the<00:20:06.400> test.<00:20:07.320> Near 00:20:07.750 --> 00:20:07.760 align:start position:0% Tom Stafford aborted the test. Near 00:20:07.760 --> 00:20:10.710 align:start position:0% Tom Stafford aborted the test. Near blind,<00:20:08.680> Cernan<00:20:09.200> guided<00:20:09.720> himself<00:20:10.160> back<00:20:10.520> to<00:20:10.600> the 00:20:10.710 --> 00:20:10.720 align:start position:0% blind, Cernan guided himself back to the 00:20:10.720 --> 00:20:12.830 align:start position:0% blind, Cernan guided himself back to the hatch<00:20:11.160> by<00:20:11.360> touch<00:20:11.760> alone. 00:20:12.830 --> 00:20:12.840 align:start position:0% hatch by touch alone. 00:20:12.840 --> 00:20:15.310 align:start position:0% hatch by touch alone. Reentering<00:20:13.360> the<00:20:13.440> cockpit<00:20:13.960> was<00:20:14.240> a<00:20:14.400> nightmare 00:20:15.310 --> 00:20:15.320 align:start position:0% Reentering the cockpit was a nightmare 00:20:15.320 --> 00:20:17.670 align:start position:0% Reentering the cockpit was a nightmare of<00:20:15.440> excruciating<00:20:16.560> pain. 00:20:17.670 --> 00:20:17.680 align:start position:0% of excruciating pain. 00:20:17.680 --> 00:20:19.510 align:start position:0% of excruciating pain. The<00:20:17.760> suit<00:20:18.040> was<00:20:18.200> so<00:20:18.400> stiff<00:20:18.680> that<00:20:18.880> Stafford<00:20:19.320> had 00:20:19.510 --> 00:20:19.520 align:start position:0% The suit was so stiff that Stafford had 00:20:19.520 --> 00:20:22.230 align:start position:0% The suit was so stiff that Stafford had to<00:20:19.640> help<00:20:20.120> physically<00:20:20.640> manhandle<00:20:21.360> Cernan<00:20:21.840> back 00:20:22.230 --> 00:20:22.240 align:start position:0% to help physically manhandle Cernan back 00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:24.070 align:start position:0% to help physically manhandle Cernan back into<00:20:22.520> his<00:20:22.720> seat<00:20:23.240> so<00:20:23.360> they<00:20:23.480> could<00:20:23.680> force<00:20:23.960> the 00:20:24.070 --> 00:20:24.080 align:start position:0% into his seat so they could force the 00:20:24.080 --> 00:20:25.630 align:start position:0% into his seat so they could force the hatch<00:20:24.360> shut. 00:20:25.630 --> 00:20:25.640 align:start position:0% hatch shut. 00:20:25.640 --> 00:20:28.830 align:start position:0% hatch shut. After<00:20:25.880> being<00:20:26.240> out<00:20:26.520> for<00:20:26.720> 2<00:20:27.240> hours,<00:20:28.200> they<00:20:28.360> closed 00:20:28.830 --> 00:20:28.840 align:start position:0% After being out for 2 hours, they closed 00:20:28.840 --> 00:20:31.350 align:start position:0% After being out for 2 hours, they closed the<00:20:28.920> door<00:20:29.560> and<00:20:29.720> repressurized. 00:20:31.350 --> 00:20:31.360 align:start position:0% the door and repressurized. 00:20:31.360 --> 00:20:33.510 align:start position:0% the door and repressurized. When<00:20:31.560> Cernan<00:20:32.000> popped<00:20:32.320> open<00:20:32.520> his<00:20:32.680> visor,<00:20:33.400> he 00:20:33.510 --> 00:20:33.520 align:start position:0% When Cernan popped open his visor, he 00:20:33.520 --> 00:20:36.150 align:start position:0% When Cernan popped open his visor, he looked<00:20:33.920> as<00:20:34.120> red<00:20:34.520> as<00:20:34.640> a<00:20:34.720> boiled<00:20:35.240> lobster<00:20:36.040> and 00:20:36.150 --> 00:20:36.160 align:start position:0% looked as red as a boiled lobster and 00:20:36.160 --> 00:20:40.550 align:start position:0% looked as red as a boiled lobster and had<00:20:36.320> lost<00:20:36.800> nearly<00:20:37.160> 6<00:20:37.960> kg<00:20:38.760> of<00:20:38.920> water<00:20:39.200> weight. 00:20:40.550 --> 00:20:40.560 align:start position:0% had lost nearly 6 kg of water weight. 00:20:40.560 --> 00:20:42.950 align:start position:0% had lost nearly 6 kg of water weight. Stafford<00:20:41.040> was<00:20:41.200> reportedly<00:20:41.720> so<00:20:42.120> concerned 00:20:42.950 --> 00:20:42.960 align:start position:0% Stafford was reportedly so concerned 00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:44.950 align:start position:0% Stafford was reportedly so concerned that<00:20:43.080> he<00:20:43.200> took<00:20:43.480> the<00:20:43.600> water<00:20:43.880> gun<00:20:44.040> for<00:20:44.160> drinking 00:20:44.950 --> 00:20:44.960 align:start position:0% that he took the water gun for drinking 00:20:44.960 --> 00:20:46.710 align:start position:0% that he took the water gun for drinking and<00:20:45.080> rehydrated<00:20:45.880> food<00:20:46.120> packages<00:20:46.600> and 00:20:46.710 --> 00:20:46.720 align:start position:0% and rehydrated food packages and 00:20:46.720 --> 00:20:48.310 align:start position:0% and rehydrated food packages and squirted<00:20:47.200> him<00:20:47.360> in<00:20:47.440> the<00:20:47.520> face<00:20:47.880> to<00:20:48.000> cool<00:20:48.160> him 00:20:48.310 --> 00:20:48.320 align:start position:0% squirted him in the face to cool him 00:20:48.320 --> 00:20:50.870 align:start position:0% squirted him in the face to cool him down,<00:20:49.040> risking<00:20:49.520> the<00:20:49.680> loose<00:20:50.000> water<00:20:50.360> shorting 00:20:50.870 --> 00:20:50.880 align:start position:0% down, risking the loose water shorting 00:20:50.880 --> 00:20:53.950 align:start position:0% down, risking the loose water shorting out<00:20:51.120> electronics.<00:20:52.440> This<00:20:52.600> extremely<00:20:53.720> near 00:20:53.950 --> 00:20:53.960 align:start position:0% out electronics. This extremely near 00:20:53.960 --> 00:20:57.310 align:start position:0% out electronics. This extremely near miss<00:20:54.280> led<00:20:54.560> to<00:20:54.720> two<00:20:55.040> massive<00:20:55.720> fixes<00:20:56.360> for<00:20:56.520> Apollo 00:20:57.310 --> 00:20:57.320 align:start position:0% miss led to two massive fixes for Apollo 00:20:57.320 --> 00:21:00.750 align:start position:0% miss led to two massive fixes for Apollo that<00:20:57.480> continue<00:20:57.920> to<00:20:58.040> this<00:20:58.200> day. 00:21:00.750 --> 00:21:00.760 align:start position:0% 00:21:00.760 --> 00:21:03.750 align:start position:0% The<00:21:00.840> first<00:21:01.400> was<00:21:01.920> underwater<00:21:02.600> training. 00:21:03.750 --> 00:21:03.760 align:start position:0% The first was underwater training. 00:21:03.760 --> 00:21:06.710 align:start position:0% The first was underwater training. NASA<00:21:04.080> realized<00:21:04.640> zero-g<00:21:05.480> aircraft<00:21:06.040> lights<00:21:06.400> or 00:21:06.710 --> 00:21:06.720 align:start position:0% NASA realized zero-g aircraft lights or 00:21:06.720 --> 00:21:09.070 align:start position:0% NASA realized zero-g aircraft lights or 30-second<00:21:07.480> bursts<00:21:08.120> weren't<00:21:08.560> enough<00:21:08.920> to 00:21:09.070 --> 00:21:09.080 align:start position:0% 30-second bursts weren't enough to 00:21:09.080 --> 00:21:11.390 align:start position:0% 30-second bursts weren't enough to educate<00:21:09.560> the<00:21:09.680> astronauts,<00:21:10.680> so<00:21:10.800> they<00:21:11.000> moved 00:21:11.390 --> 00:21:11.400 align:start position:0% educate the astronauts, so they moved 00:21:11.400 --> 00:21:14.670 align:start position:0% educate the astronauts, so they moved EVA<00:21:11.840> training<00:21:12.280> to<00:21:12.680> natural<00:21:13.240> buoyancy<00:21:13.720> tanks. 00:21:14.670 --> 00:21:14.680 align:start position:0% EVA training to natural buoyancy tanks. 00:21:14.680 --> 00:21:16.230 align:start position:0% EVA training to natural buoyancy tanks. Spacesuits<00:21:15.280> and<00:21:15.520> vehicles<00:21:15.954> [music]<00:21:16.120> are 00:21:16.230 --> 00:21:16.240 align:start position:0% Spacesuits and vehicles [music] are 00:21:16.240 --> 00:21:18.350 align:start position:0% Spacesuits and vehicles [music] are submerged<00:21:16.760> so<00:21:16.880> they<00:21:17.080> hover<00:21:17.440> in<00:21:17.560> the<00:21:17.680> water 00:21:18.350 --> 00:21:18.360 align:start position:0% submerged so they hover in the water 00:21:18.360 --> 00:21:19.670 align:start position:0% submerged so they hover in the water with<00:21:18.480> their<00:21:18.680> weight<00:21:19.040> balanced<00:21:19.440> by<00:21:19.560> the 00:21:19.670 --> 00:21:19.680 align:start position:0% with their weight balanced by the 00:21:19.680 --> 00:21:22.030 align:start position:0% with their weight balanced by the buoyancy<00:21:20.160> of<00:21:20.240> the<00:21:20.360> fluid<00:21:21.120> so<00:21:21.320> astronauts<00:21:21.840> can 00:21:22.030 --> 00:21:22.040 align:start position:0% buoyancy of the fluid so astronauts can 00:21:22.040 --> 00:21:24.430 align:start position:0% buoyancy of the fluid so astronauts can simulate<00:21:22.760> long-term<00:21:23.400> labor. 00:21:24.430 --> 00:21:24.440 align:start position:0% simulate long-term labor. 00:21:24.440 --> 00:21:26.790 align:start position:0% simulate long-term labor. This<00:21:24.640> training<00:21:25.520> enabled<00:21:25.960> Buzz<00:21:26.240> Aldrin<00:21:26.680> to 00:21:26.790 --> 00:21:26.800 align:start position:0% This training enabled Buzz Aldrin to 00:21:26.800 --> 00:21:29.030 align:start position:0% This training enabled Buzz Aldrin to successfully<00:21:27.560> complete<00:21:28.040> his<00:21:28.320> spacewalk<00:21:28.920> on 00:21:29.030 --> 00:21:29.040 align:start position:0% successfully complete his spacewalk on 00:21:29.040 --> 00:21:31.670 align:start position:0% successfully complete his spacewalk on the<00:21:29.120> Gemini<00:21:29.520> 12<00:21:29.960> mission,<00:21:30.720> another<00:21:31.040> name<00:21:31.320> you 00:21:31.670 --> 00:21:31.680 align:start position:0% the Gemini 12 mission, another name you 00:21:31.680 --> 00:21:33.350 align:start position:0% the Gemini 12 mission, another name you likely<00:21:32.040> recognize. 00:21:33.350 --> 00:21:33.360 align:start position:0% likely recognize. 00:21:33.360 --> 00:21:35.550 align:start position:0% likely recognize. Secondly,<00:21:33.840> engineers<00:21:34.400> realized<00:21:35.200> that<00:21:35.280> gas 00:21:35.550 --> 00:21:35.560 align:start position:0% Secondly, engineers realized that gas 00:21:35.560 --> 00:21:37.830 align:start position:0% Secondly, engineers realized that gas cooling<00:21:35.960> within<00:21:36.280> a<00:21:36.320> spacesuit<00:21:37.040> was<00:21:37.240> not<00:21:37.640> good 00:21:37.830 --> 00:21:37.840 align:start position:0% cooling within a spacesuit was not good 00:21:37.840 --> 00:21:39.950 align:start position:0% cooling within a spacesuit was not good enough<00:21:38.120> for<00:21:38.280> working<00:21:38.760> astronauts.<00:21:39.800> They 00:21:39.950 --> 00:21:39.960 align:start position:0% enough for working astronauts. They 00:21:39.960 --> 00:21:42.510 align:start position:0% enough for working astronauts. They developed<00:21:40.440> a<00:21:40.640> liquid<00:21:41.240> cooling<00:21:41.640> garment,<00:21:42.440> the 00:21:42.510 --> 00:21:42.520 align:start position:0% developed a liquid cooling garment, the 00:21:42.520 --> 00:21:45.150 align:start position:0% developed a liquid cooling garment, the water-cooled<00:21:43.400> long<00:21:43.760> johns<00:21:44.560> that<00:21:44.680> allowed 00:21:45.150 --> 00:21:45.160 align:start position:0% water-cooled long johns that allowed 00:21:45.160 --> 00:21:47.270 align:start position:0% water-cooled long johns that allowed Apollo<00:21:45.520> astronauts<00:21:46.000> to<00:21:46.120> spend<00:21:46.440> as<00:21:46.520> much<00:21:46.720> as<00:21:46.920> 8 00:21:47.270 --> 00:21:47.280 align:start position:0% Apollo astronauts to spend as much as 8 00:21:47.280 --> 00:21:49.190 align:start position:0% Apollo astronauts to spend as much as 8 hours<00:21:47.640> on<00:21:47.760> the<00:21:47.880> lunar<00:21:48.160> surface<00:21:48.680> without 00:21:49.190 --> 00:21:49.200 align:start position:0% hours on the lunar surface without 00:21:49.200 --> 00:21:51.790 align:start position:0% hours on the lunar surface without overheating,<00:21:50.280> a<00:21:50.360> far<00:21:50.680> cry<00:21:51.000> from<00:21:51.240> Gemini's 00:21:51.790 --> 00:21:51.800 align:start position:0% overheating, a far cry from Gemini's 00:21:51.800 --> 00:21:54.030 align:start position:0% overheating, a far cry from Gemini's initial<00:21:52.280> 23<00:21:52.880> minutes. 00:21:54.030 --> 00:21:54.040 align:start position:0% initial 23 minutes. 00:21:54.040 --> 00:21:55.950 align:start position:0% initial 23 minutes. But<00:21:54.080> it<00:21:54.200> wasn't<00:21:54.480> just<00:21:54.760> time<00:21:55.160> outside<00:21:55.880> the 00:21:55.950 --> 00:21:55.960 align:start position:0% But it wasn't just time outside the 00:21:55.960 --> 00:21:58.030 align:start position:0% But it wasn't just time outside the spacecraft<00:21:56.600> NASA<00:21:56.960> were<00:21:57.120> worried<00:21:57.400> about<00:21:57.720> on<00:21:57.960> a 00:21:58.030 --> 00:21:58.040 align:start position:0% spacecraft NASA were worried about on a 00:21:58.040 --> 00:22:00.950 align:start position:0% spacecraft NASA were worried about on a moon<00:21:58.320> mission.<00:21:59.120> Getting<00:21:59.480> there<00:21:59.800> would<00:22:00.040> take<00:22:00.560> 8 00:22:00.950 --> 00:22:00.960 align:start position:0% moon mission. Getting there would take 8 00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:04.230 align:start position:0% moon mission. Getting there would take 8 to<00:22:01.120> 12<00:22:01.640> days,<00:22:02.600> and<00:22:02.720> before<00:22:03.080> Gemini,<00:22:03.800> no<00:22:04.040> one 00:22:04.230 --> 00:22:04.240 align:start position:0% to 12 days, and before Gemini, no one 00:22:04.240 --> 00:22:06.590 align:start position:0% to 12 days, and before Gemini, no one knew<00:22:04.480> if<00:22:04.640> the<00:22:04.760> human<00:22:05.080> body<00:22:05.560> or<00:22:05.760> a<00:22:05.840> spacecraft's 00:22:06.590 --> 00:22:06.600 align:start position:0% knew if the human body or a spacecraft's 00:22:06.600 --> 00:22:09.750 align:start position:0% knew if the human body or a spacecraft's power<00:22:06.920> systems<00:22:07.720> could<00:22:07.920> even<00:22:08.200> last<00:22:08.480> that<00:22:08.680> long. 00:22:09.750 --> 00:22:09.760 align:start position:0% power systems could even last that long. 00:22:09.760 --> 00:22:11.870 align:start position:0% power systems could even last that long. Before<00:22:10.000> the<00:22:10.120> Gemini<00:22:10.480> program,<00:22:11.200> NASA<00:22:11.480> relied 00:22:11.870 --> 00:22:11.880 align:start position:0% Before the Gemini program, NASA relied 00:22:11.880 --> 00:22:14.430 align:start position:0% Before the Gemini program, NASA relied almost<00:22:12.240> exclusively<00:22:13.360> on<00:22:13.520> silver-zinc 00:22:14.430 --> 00:22:14.440 align:start position:0% almost exclusively on silver-zinc 00:22:14.440 --> 00:22:17.190 align:start position:0% almost exclusively on silver-zinc batteries.<00:22:15.480> These<00:22:15.960> were<00:22:16.120> the<00:22:16.240> workhorses<00:22:17.080> of 00:22:17.190 --> 00:22:17.200 align:start position:0% batteries. These were the workhorses of 00:22:17.200 --> 00:22:19.550 align:start position:0% batteries. These were the workhorses of the<00:22:17.320> Mercury<00:22:17.800> program,<00:22:18.640> chosen<00:22:19.000> because<00:22:19.400> they 00:22:19.550 --> 00:22:19.560 align:start position:0% the Mercury program, chosen because they 00:22:19.560 --> 00:22:21.590 align:start position:0% the Mercury program, chosen because they offered<00:22:19.840> the<00:22:19.960> highest<00:22:20.440> energy<00:22:20.760> density<00:22:21.320> of 00:22:21.590 --> 00:22:21.600 align:start position:0% offered the highest energy density of 00:22:21.600 --> 00:22:23.550 align:start position:0% offered the highest energy density of any<00:22:21.880> battery<00:22:22.240> technology<00:22:22.880> available<00:22:23.400> at<00:22:23.480> the 00:22:23.550 --> 00:22:23.560 align:start position:0% any battery technology available at the 00:22:23.560 --> 00:22:24.590 align:start position:0% any battery technology available at the time. 00:22:24.590 --> 00:22:24.600 align:start position:0% time. 00:22:24.600 --> 00:22:26.590 align:start position:0% time. But<00:22:24.720> to<00:22:24.800> power<00:22:25.120> a<00:22:25.200> command<00:22:25.720> module<00:22:26.080> for<00:22:26.200> 2 00:22:26.590 --> 00:22:26.600 align:start position:0% But to power a command module for 2 00:22:26.600 --> 00:22:28.870 align:start position:0% But to power a command module for 2 weeks<00:22:27.320> using<00:22:27.600> only<00:22:27.840> batteries<00:22:28.320> on<00:22:28.440> a<00:22:28.480> mission 00:22:28.870 --> 00:22:28.880 align:start position:0% weeks using only batteries on a mission 00:22:28.880 --> 00:22:30.710 align:start position:0% weeks using only batteries on a mission to<00:22:28.960> the<00:22:29.080> moon,<00:22:29.960> the<00:22:30.080> weight<00:22:30.480> of<00:22:30.600> the 00:22:30.710 --> 00:22:30.720 align:start position:0% to the moon, the weight of the 00:22:30.720 --> 00:22:32.630 align:start position:0% to the moon, the weight of the silver-zinc<00:22:31.400> cells<00:22:31.800> would<00:22:31.920> have<00:22:32.120> added 00:22:32.630 --> 00:22:32.640 align:start position:0% silver-zinc cells would have added 00:22:32.640 --> 00:22:34.190 align:start position:0% silver-zinc cells would have added thousands<00:22:33.360> of<00:22:33.480> kilograms<00:22:34.040> to<00:22:34.120> the 00:22:34.190 --> 00:22:34.200 align:start position:0% thousands of kilograms to the 00:22:34.200 --> 00:22:36.990 align:start position:0% thousands of kilograms to the spacecraft,<00:22:35.160> requiring<00:22:35.760> a<00:22:35.840> much<00:22:36.120> larger<00:22:36.560> and 00:22:36.990 --> 00:22:37.000 align:start position:0% spacecraft, requiring a much larger and 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:40.270 align:start position:0% spacecraft, requiring a much larger and likely<00:22:37.480> non-existent<00:22:38.440> rocket<00:22:39.080> to<00:22:39.200> lift<00:22:39.440> it. 00:22:40.270 --> 00:22:40.280 align:start position:0% likely non-existent rocket to lift it. 00:22:40.280 --> 00:22:42.990 align:start position:0% likely non-existent rocket to lift it. In<00:22:40.360> other<00:22:40.520> words,<00:22:40.920> it<00:22:41.200> was<00:22:41.760> impossible. 00:22:42.990 --> 00:22:43.000 align:start position:0% In other words, it was impossible. 00:22:43.000 --> 00:22:46.030 align:start position:0% In other words, it was impossible. So<00:22:43.080> their<00:22:43.240> solution<00:22:44.040> was<00:22:44.400> the<00:22:44.560> fuel<00:22:44.960> cell. 00:22:46.030 --> 00:22:46.040 align:start position:0% So their solution was the fuel cell. 00:22:46.040 --> 00:22:48.750 align:start position:0% So their solution was the fuel cell. Unlike<00:22:46.360> a<00:22:46.400> battery,<00:22:47.160> which<00:22:47.400> stores<00:22:47.800> energy,<00:22:48.680> a 00:22:48.750 --> 00:22:48.760 align:start position:0% Unlike a battery, which stores energy, a 00:22:48.760 --> 00:22:50.920 align:start position:0% Unlike a battery, which stores energy, a fuel<00:22:49.040> cell<00:22:49.360> is<00:22:49.480> essentially<00:22:50.120> a<00:22:50.280> miniature 00:22:50.920 --> 00:22:50.930 align:start position:0% fuel cell is essentially a miniature 00:22:50.930 --> 00:22:53.270 align:start position:0% fuel cell is essentially a miniature [music]<00:22:51.000> chemical<00:22:51.600> plant.<00:22:52.480> It<00:22:52.640> has<00:22:52.960> liquid 00:22:53.270 --> 00:22:53.280 align:start position:0% [music] chemical plant. It has liquid 00:22:53.280 --> 00:22:55.590 align:start position:0% [music] chemical plant. It has liquid hydrogen<00:22:53.760> on<00:22:53.840> one<00:22:54.040> side<00:22:54.680> and<00:22:54.840> liquid<00:22:55.160> oxygen 00:22:55.590 --> 00:22:55.600 align:start position:0% hydrogen on one side and liquid oxygen 00:22:55.600 --> 00:22:56.710 align:start position:0% hydrogen on one side and liquid oxygen on<00:22:55.720> the<00:22:55.840> other. 00:22:56.710 --> 00:22:56.720 align:start position:0% on the other. 00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:59.070 align:start position:0% on the other. These<00:22:56.840> are<00:22:56.920> separated<00:22:57.480> by<00:22:57.720> a<00:22:57.840> proton<00:22:58.480> exchange 00:22:59.070 --> 00:22:59.080 align:start position:0% These are separated by a proton exchange 00:22:59.080 --> 00:23:01.710 align:start position:0% These are separated by a proton exchange membrane,<00:22:59.920> essentially<00:23:00.440> a<00:23:00.560> polymer<00:23:01.000> sheet. 00:23:01.710 --> 00:23:01.720 align:start position:0% membrane, essentially a polymer sheet. 00:23:01.720 --> 00:23:04.350 align:start position:0% membrane, essentially a polymer sheet. This<00:23:02.000> causes<00:23:02.720> an<00:23:02.840> electrochemical<00:23:03.880> reaction 00:23:04.350 --> 00:23:04.360 align:start position:0% This causes an electrochemical reaction 00:23:04.360 --> 00:23:06.670 align:start position:0% This causes an electrochemical reaction that<00:23:04.600> generates<00:23:05.120> electricity.<00:23:06.320> As<00:23:06.600> the 00:23:06.670 --> 00:23:06.680 align:start position:0% that generates electricity. As the 00:23:06.680 --> 00:23:08.870 align:start position:0% that generates electricity. As the primary<00:23:07.240> byproduct<00:23:07.880> of<00:23:08.000> this<00:23:08.160> reaction<00:23:08.640> was 00:23:08.870 --> 00:23:08.880 align:start position:0% primary byproduct of this reaction was 00:23:08.880 --> 00:23:11.350 align:start position:0% primary byproduct of this reaction was pure<00:23:09.320> water,<00:23:10.320> it<00:23:10.440> allowed<00:23:10.720> astronauts<00:23:11.240> to 00:23:11.350 --> 00:23:11.360 align:start position:0% pure water, it allowed astronauts to 00:23:11.360 --> 00:23:13.830 align:start position:0% pure water, it allowed astronauts to essentially<00:23:11.920> drink<00:23:12.600> their<00:23:12.760> fuel<00:23:13.040> exhaust, 00:23:13.830 --> 00:23:13.840 align:start position:0% essentially drink their fuel exhaust, 00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:15.830 align:start position:0% essentially drink their fuel exhaust, solving<00:23:14.280> their<00:23:14.440> weight<00:23:14.680> problem<00:23:15.040> of<00:23:15.200> power 00:23:15.830 --> 00:23:15.840 align:start position:0% solving their weight problem of power 00:23:15.840 --> 00:23:19.190 align:start position:0% solving their weight problem of power and<00:23:16.040> water<00:23:16.760> with<00:23:16.920> a<00:23:16.960> single<00:23:17.640> elegant<00:23:18.080> system. 00:23:19.190 --> 00:23:19.200 align:start position:0% and water with a single elegant system. 00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:21.070 align:start position:0% and water with a single elegant system. But<00:23:19.280> the<00:23:19.360> debut<00:23:19.800> of<00:23:19.920> this<00:23:20.080> system<00:23:20.680> didn't<00:23:20.880> go 00:23:21.070 --> 00:23:21.080 align:start position:0% But the debut of this system didn't go 00:23:21.080 --> 00:23:23.630 align:start position:0% But the debut of this system didn't go well.<00:23:21.920> On<00:23:22.040> day<00:23:22.240> one<00:23:22.600> of<00:23:22.760> the<00:23:22.880> Gemini<00:23:23.280> 5 00:23:23.630 --> 00:23:23.640 align:start position:0% well. On day one of the Gemini 5 00:23:23.640 --> 00:23:26.870 align:start position:0% well. On day one of the Gemini 5 mission,<00:23:24.440> an<00:23:24.600> oxygen<00:23:25.080> tank<00:23:25.520> heater<00:23:25.920> failed. 00:23:26.870 --> 00:23:26.880 align:start position:0% mission, an oxygen tank heater failed. 00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:29.270 align:start position:0% mission, an oxygen tank heater failed. Pressure<00:23:27.400> plummeted<00:23:28.400> and<00:23:28.560> the<00:23:28.640> fuel<00:23:28.920> cells 00:23:29.270 --> 00:23:29.280 align:start position:0% Pressure plummeted and the fuel cells 00:23:29.280 --> 00:23:31.310 align:start position:0% Pressure plummeted and the fuel cells began<00:23:29.720> to<00:23:29.840> lose<00:23:30.120> power. 00:23:31.310 --> 00:23:31.320 align:start position:0% began to lose power. 00:23:31.320 --> 00:23:32.910 align:start position:0% began to lose power. The<00:23:31.400> crew<00:23:31.680> had<00:23:31.880> to<00:23:31.960> turn<00:23:32.200> off<00:23:32.400> all 00:23:32.910 --> 00:23:32.920 align:start position:0% The crew had to turn off all 00:23:32.920 --> 00:23:35.070 align:start position:0% The crew had to turn off all non-essential<00:23:33.640> equipment<00:23:34.280> and<00:23:34.480> terminated 00:23:35.070 --> 00:23:35.080 align:start position:0% non-essential equipment and terminated 00:23:35.080 --> 00:23:36.990 align:start position:0% non-essential equipment and terminated their<00:23:35.240> rendezvous<00:23:35.760> exercise. 00:23:36.990 --> 00:23:37.000 align:start position:0% their rendezvous exercise. 00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:38.590 align:start position:0% their rendezvous exercise. Thankfully,<00:23:37.440> the<00:23:37.720> oxygen<00:23:38.200> pressure 00:23:38.590 --> 00:23:38.600 align:start position:0% Thankfully, the oxygen pressure 00:23:38.600 --> 00:23:42.310 align:start position:0% Thankfully, the oxygen pressure eventually<00:23:39.240> stabilized<00:23:39.920> at<00:23:40.000> a<00:23:40.120> low<00:23:40.480> 71<00:23:41.320> PSI, 00:23:42.310 --> 00:23:42.320 align:start position:0% eventually stabilized at a low 71 PSI, 00:23:42.320 --> 00:23:43.790 align:start position:0% eventually stabilized at a low 71 PSI, which<00:23:42.480> meant<00:23:42.680> they<00:23:42.880> still<00:23:43.280> had<00:23:43.331> [music]<00:23:43.680> the 00:23:43.790 --> 00:23:43.800 align:start position:0% which meant they still had [music] the 00:23:43.800 --> 00:23:45.990 align:start position:0% which meant they still had [music] the minimum<00:23:44.400> power<00:23:44.760> required<00:23:45.320> for<00:23:45.480> a<00:23:45.520> drifting 00:23:45.990 --> 00:23:46.000 align:start position:0% minimum power required for a drifting 00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:48.561 align:start position:0% minimum power required for a drifting flight.<00:23:46.880> Gordon<00:23:47.200> Cooper<00:23:47.680> and<00:23:47.960> Pete<00:23:48.280> Conrad 00:23:48.561 --> 00:23:48.571 align:start position:0% flight. Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad 00:23:48.571 --> 00:23:51.470 align:start position:0% flight. Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad [music]<00:23:48.960> spent<00:23:49.320> nearly<00:23:49.720> 8<00:23:50.200> days<00:23:50.760> drifting<00:23:51.320> in 00:23:51.470 --> 00:23:51.480 align:start position:0% [music] spent nearly 8 days drifting in 00:23:51.480 --> 00:23:54.990 align:start position:0% [music] spent nearly 8 days drifting in a<00:23:51.560> cold,<00:23:52.480> dark<00:23:53.000> capsule,<00:23:53.920> essentially<00:23:54.480> acting 00:23:54.990 --> 00:23:55.000 align:start position:0% a cold, dark capsule, essentially acting 00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:57.710 align:start position:0% a cold, dark capsule, essentially acting as<00:23:55.240> test<00:23:55.560> subjects<00:23:56.360> for<00:23:56.600> a<00:23:56.680> long<00:23:57.080> duration 00:23:57.710 --> 00:23:57.720 align:start position:0% as test subjects for a long duration 00:23:57.720 --> 00:24:00.670 align:start position:0% as test subjects for a long duration survival<00:23:58.600> in<00:23:58.720> a<00:23:58.760> damaged<00:23:59.200> ship.<00:24:00.120> This<00:24:00.280> lesson 00:24:00.670 --> 00:24:00.680 align:start position:0% survival in a damaged ship. This lesson 00:24:00.680 --> 00:24:02.870 align:start position:0% survival in a damaged ship. This lesson in<00:24:00.800> power<00:24:01.080> conservation<00:24:02.120> and<00:24:02.280> so-called 00:24:02.870 --> 00:24:02.880 align:start position:0% in power conservation and so-called 00:24:02.880 --> 00:24:05.310 align:start position:0% in power conservation and so-called trickle<00:24:03.320> mode<00:24:03.680> operation<00:24:04.360> would,<00:24:05.000> years 00:24:05.310 --> 00:24:05.320 align:start position:0% trickle mode operation would, years 00:24:05.320 --> 00:24:07.750 align:start position:0% trickle mode operation would, years later,<00:24:06.160> become<00:24:06.480> the<00:24:06.600> blueprint<00:24:07.200> for<00:24:07.320> saving 00:24:07.750 --> 00:24:07.760 align:start position:0% later, become the blueprint for saving 00:24:07.760 --> 00:24:10.630 align:start position:0% later, become the blueprint for saving the<00:24:07.880> lives<00:24:08.320> of<00:24:08.440> the<00:24:08.600> Apollo<00:24:09.080> 13<00:24:09.800> crew<00:24:10.440> when 00:24:10.630 --> 00:24:10.640 align:start position:0% the lives of the Apollo 13 crew when 00:24:10.640 --> 00:24:13.550 align:start position:0% the lives of the Apollo 13 crew when their<00:24:11.040> oxygen<00:24:11.520> tanks<00:24:11.840> exploded<00:24:12.840> and<00:24:13.000> vented 00:24:13.550 --> 00:24:13.560 align:start position:0% their oxygen tanks exploded and vented 00:24:13.560 --> 00:24:15.910 align:start position:0% their oxygen tanks exploded and vented into<00:24:13.800> space<00:24:14.440> just<00:24:14.800> two<00:24:15.080> days<00:24:15.520> into<00:24:15.760> their 00:24:15.910 --> 00:24:15.920 align:start position:0% into space just two days into their 00:24:15.920 --> 00:24:17.430 align:start position:0% into space just two days into their mission. 00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:17.440 align:start position:0% mission. 00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:19.950 align:start position:0% mission. With<00:24:17.680> the<00:24:17.920> technical<00:24:18.400> aspect<00:24:18.800> sorted,<00:24:19.600> NASA 00:24:19.950 --> 00:24:19.960 align:start position:0% With the technical aspect sorted, NASA 00:24:19.960 --> 00:24:22.310 align:start position:0% With the technical aspect sorted, NASA also<00:24:20.240> needed<00:24:20.560> to<00:24:20.680> ascertain<00:24:21.280> the<00:24:21.520> impact<00:24:22.000> of 00:24:22.310 --> 00:24:22.320 align:start position:0% also needed to ascertain the impact of 00:24:22.320 --> 00:24:24.870 align:start position:0% also needed to ascertain the impact of long-term<00:24:23.200> space<00:24:23.560> flight<00:24:23.880> on<00:24:24.040> the<00:24:24.120> human<00:24:24.560> body 00:24:24.870 --> 00:24:24.880 align:start position:0% long-term space flight on the human body 00:24:24.880 --> 00:24:26.150 align:start position:0% long-term space flight on the human body and<00:24:25.040> mind. 00:24:26.150 --> 00:24:26.160 align:start position:0% and mind. 00:24:26.160 --> 00:24:28.190 align:start position:0% and mind. So,<00:24:26.320> just<00:24:26.600> over<00:24:26.800> 3<00:24:27.000> months<00:24:27.280> later,<00:24:28.000> on<00:24:28.120> the 00:24:28.190 --> 00:24:28.200 align:start position:0% So, just over 3 months later, on the 00:24:28.200 --> 00:24:31.470 align:start position:0% So, just over 3 months later, on the Gemini<00:24:28.560> 7<00:24:28.960> mission,<00:24:29.840> Frank<00:24:30.240> Borman<00:24:31.040> and<00:24:31.240> Jim 00:24:31.470 --> 00:24:31.480 align:start position:0% Gemini 7 mission, Frank Borman and Jim 00:24:31.480 --> 00:24:34.670 align:start position:0% Gemini 7 mission, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell<00:24:31.920> were<00:24:32.280> tasked<00:24:32.720> with<00:24:32.960> spending<00:24:33.520> 14<00:24:34.160> days 00:24:34.670 --> 00:24:34.680 align:start position:0% Lovell were tasked with spending 14 days 00:24:34.680 --> 00:24:37.310 align:start position:0% Lovell were tasked with spending 14 days inside<00:24:35.080> a<00:24:35.120> cockpit<00:24:35.840> the<00:24:35.960> size<00:24:36.640> of<00:24:36.760> the<00:24:36.880> front 00:24:37.310 --> 00:24:37.320 align:start position:0% inside a cockpit the size of the front 00:24:37.320 --> 00:24:39.630 align:start position:0% inside a cockpit the size of the front seat<00:24:37.880> of<00:24:37.960> a<00:24:38.000> Volkswagen<00:24:38.560> Beetle. 00:24:39.630 --> 00:24:39.640 align:start position:0% seat of a Volkswagen Beetle. 00:24:39.640 --> 00:24:41.310 align:start position:0% seat of a Volkswagen Beetle. Scientists<00:24:40.080> feared<00:24:40.360> the<00:24:40.440> human<00:24:40.760> body<00:24:41.040> might 00:24:41.310 --> 00:24:41.320 align:start position:0% Scientists feared the human body might 00:24:41.320 --> 00:24:43.430 align:start position:0% Scientists feared the human body might break<00:24:41.640> down<00:24:41.960> in<00:24:42.040> microgravity,<00:24:43.240> with 00:24:43.430 --> 00:24:43.440 align:start position:0% break down in microgravity, with 00:24:43.440 --> 00:24:45.390 align:start position:0% break down in microgravity, with astronauts'<00:24:43.960> bones<00:24:44.400> becoming<00:24:44.760> so<00:24:44.960> brittle 00:24:45.390 --> 00:24:45.400 align:start position:0% astronauts' bones becoming so brittle 00:24:45.400 --> 00:24:47.670 align:start position:0% astronauts' bones becoming so brittle and<00:24:45.520> porous<00:24:46.000> that<00:24:46.360> re-entry<00:24:46.840> forces<00:24:47.400> would 00:24:47.670 --> 00:24:47.680 align:start position:0% and porous that re-entry forces would 00:24:47.680 --> 00:24:50.470 align:start position:0% and porous that re-entry forces would cause<00:24:48.040> them<00:24:48.200> to<00:24:48.320> shatter.<00:24:49.240> And<00:24:49.600> in<00:24:49.760> a<00:24:49.840> way, 00:24:50.470 --> 00:24:50.480 align:start position:0% cause them to shatter. And in a way, 00:24:50.480 --> 00:24:52.670 align:start position:0% cause them to shatter. And in a way, they<00:24:50.840> were<00:24:51.080> right.<00:24:52.080> The<00:24:52.160> results<00:24:52.560> were 00:24:52.670 --> 00:24:52.680 align:start position:0% they were right. The results were 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:55.710 align:start position:0% they were right. The results were startling.<00:24:53.840> Without<00:24:54.400> the<00:24:54.480> load<00:24:54.800> of<00:24:54.920> gravity, 00:24:55.710 --> 00:24:55.720 align:start position:0% startling. Without the load of gravity, 00:24:55.720 --> 00:24:58.550 align:start position:0% startling. Without the load of gravity, bones<00:24:56.200> did<00:24:56.920> begin<00:24:57.280> shedding<00:24:57.720> calcium<00:24:58.280> at<00:24:58.440> an 00:24:58.550 --> 00:24:58.560 align:start position:0% bones did begin shedding calcium at an 00:24:58.560 --> 00:25:01.710 align:start position:0% bones did begin shedding calcium at an alarming<00:24:59.200> rate<00:24:59.800> as<00:25:00.000> astronauts<00:25:00.840> peed<00:25:01.400> out 00:25:01.710 --> 00:25:01.720 align:start position:0% alarming rate as astronauts peed out 00:25:01.720 --> 00:25:04.590 align:start position:0% alarming rate as astronauts peed out their<00:25:01.960> bones.<00:25:02.960> But<00:25:03.080> thankfully,<00:25:03.960> not<00:25:04.240> enough 00:25:04.590 --> 00:25:04.600 align:start position:0% their bones. But thankfully, not enough 00:25:04.600 --> 00:25:06.830 align:start position:0% their bones. But thankfully, not enough for<00:25:04.720> them<00:25:04.960> to<00:25:05.040> break<00:25:05.440> on<00:25:05.600> reentry.<00:25:06.720> This 00:25:06.830 --> 00:25:06.840 align:start position:0% for them to break on reentry. This 00:25:06.840 --> 00:25:09.110 align:start position:0% for them to break on reentry. This discovery<00:25:07.400> gave<00:25:07.720> the<00:25:07.840> clinical<00:25:08.440> proof<00:25:08.920> that 00:25:09.110 --> 00:25:09.120 align:start position:0% discovery gave the clinical proof that 00:25:09.120 --> 00:25:11.750 align:start position:0% discovery gave the clinical proof that led<00:25:09.360> to<00:25:09.440> the<00:25:09.560> first<00:25:10.280> space-based<00:25:11.240> exercise 00:25:11.750 --> 00:25:11.760 align:start position:0% led to the first space-based exercise 00:25:11.760 --> 00:25:14.590 align:start position:0% led to the first space-based exercise protocols<00:25:12.400> and<00:25:12.680> load-bearing<00:25:13.400> restraints. 00:25:14.590 --> 00:25:14.600 align:start position:0% protocols and load-bearing restraints. 00:25:14.600 --> 00:25:16.590 align:start position:0% protocols and load-bearing restraints. Because<00:25:14.840> of<00:25:14.920> the<00:25:15.080> bone<00:25:15.560> and<00:25:15.720> muscle<00:25:16.080> loss<00:25:16.320> seen 00:25:16.590 --> 00:25:16.600 align:start position:0% Because of the bone and muscle loss seen 00:25:16.600 --> 00:25:19.190 align:start position:0% Because of the bone and muscle loss seen on<00:25:16.720> Gemini<00:25:17.040> 7,<00:25:17.840> Apollo<00:25:18.280> was<00:25:18.480> designed<00:25:18.960> with 00:25:19.190 --> 00:25:19.200 align:start position:0% on Gemini 7, Apollo was designed with 00:25:19.200 --> 00:25:21.150 align:start position:0% on Gemini 7, Apollo was designed with the<00:25:19.360> much<00:25:19.840> more<00:25:20.080> robust<00:25:20.760> physical 00:25:21.150 --> 00:25:21.160 align:start position:0% the much more robust physical 00:25:21.160 --> 00:25:22.430 align:start position:0% the much more robust physical requirements. 00:25:22.430 --> 00:25:22.440 align:start position:0% requirements. 00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:24.670 align:start position:0% requirements. The<00:25:22.720> in-flight<00:25:23.280> exercise<00:25:23.760> program<00:25:24.160> became<00:25:24.600> a 00:25:24.670 --> 00:25:24.680 align:start position:0% The in-flight exercise program became a 00:25:24.680 --> 00:25:27.630 align:start position:0% The in-flight exercise program became a daily<00:25:25.200> scheduled<00:25:25.680> task,<00:25:26.520> a<00:25:26.640> regiment<00:25:27.280> of 00:25:27.630 --> 00:25:27.640 align:start position:0% daily scheduled task, a regiment of 00:25:27.640 --> 00:25:30.550 align:start position:0% daily scheduled task, a regiment of running<00:25:27.920> in<00:25:28.040> place,<00:25:28.800> isometric<00:25:29.440> holds,<00:25:30.360> and 00:25:30.550 --> 00:25:30.560 align:start position:0% running in place, isometric holds, and 00:25:30.560 --> 00:25:33.310 align:start position:0% running in place, isometric holds, and resistance<00:25:31.160> training<00:25:31.640> on<00:25:31.800> the<00:25:31.960> Exer-Genie. 00:25:33.310 --> 00:25:33.320 align:start position:0% resistance training on the Exer-Genie. 00:25:33.320 --> 00:25:35.310 align:start position:0% resistance training on the Exer-Genie. This<00:25:33.480> mission<00:25:33.840> also<00:25:34.160> refined<00:25:34.800> space<00:25:35.160> food 00:25:35.310 --> 00:25:35.320 align:start position:0% This mission also refined space food 00:25:35.320 --> 00:25:36.630 align:start position:0% This mission also refined space food technology. 00:25:36.630 --> 00:25:36.640 align:start position:0% technology. 00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:39.110 align:start position:0% technology. After<00:25:36.920> the<00:25:37.040> sandwich<00:25:37.560> incident<00:25:38.000> of<00:25:38.080> Gemini<00:25:38.480> 3, 00:25:39.110 --> 00:25:39.120 align:start position:0% After the sandwich incident of Gemini 3, 00:25:39.120 --> 00:25:40.910 align:start position:0% After the sandwich incident of Gemini 3, where<00:25:39.240> John<00:25:39.520> Young<00:25:39.840> snuck<00:25:40.200> a<00:25:40.280> contraband 00:25:40.910 --> 00:25:40.920 align:start position:0% where John Young snuck a contraband 00:25:40.920 --> 00:25:42.670 align:start position:0% where John Young snuck a contraband corned<00:25:41.200> beef<00:25:41.400> sandwich,<00:25:42.160> unleashing 00:25:42.670 --> 00:25:42.680 align:start position:0% corned beef sandwich, unleashing 00:25:42.680 --> 00:25:44.510 align:start position:0% corned beef sandwich, unleashing floating<00:25:43.120> crumbs<00:25:43.560> that<00:25:43.760> could<00:25:43.880> have<00:25:44.040> posed<00:25:44.400> a 00:25:44.510 --> 00:25:44.520 align:start position:0% floating crumbs that could have posed a 00:25:44.520 --> 00:25:46.270 align:start position:0% floating crumbs that could have posed a serious<00:25:45.080> short<00:25:45.400> circuit<00:25:45.800> risk<00:25:46.040> to<00:25:46.160> the 00:25:46.270 --> 00:25:46.280 align:start position:0% serious short circuit risk to the 00:25:46.280 --> 00:25:48.830 align:start position:0% serious short circuit risk to the electronics,<00:25:47.280> NASA<00:25:47.680> invented<00:25:48.200> a<00:25:48.280> gelatin 00:25:48.830 --> 00:25:48.840 align:start position:0% electronics, NASA invented a gelatin 00:25:48.840 --> 00:25:51.470 align:start position:0% electronics, NASA invented a gelatin coating<00:25:49.480> for<00:25:49.640> bite-sized<00:25:50.440> food<00:25:50.760> cubes, 00:25:51.470 --> 00:25:51.480 align:start position:0% coating for bite-sized food cubes, 00:25:51.480 --> 00:25:53.910 align:start position:0% coating for bite-sized food cubes, literally<00:25:52.040> sealing<00:25:52.720> the<00:25:52.840> food<00:25:53.480> to<00:25:53.560> prevent 00:25:53.910 --> 00:25:53.920 align:start position:0% literally sealing the food to prevent 00:25:53.920 --> 00:25:55.190 align:start position:0% literally sealing the food to prevent disaster. 00:25:55.190 --> 00:25:55.200 align:start position:0% disaster. 00:25:55.200 --> 00:25:56.990 align:start position:0% disaster. So,<00:25:55.520> subsequent<00:25:56.120> missions<00:25:56.520> tested<00:25:56.952> [music] 00:25:56.990 --> 00:25:57.000 align:start position:0% So, subsequent missions tested [music] 00:25:57.000 --> 00:25:59.310 align:start position:0% So, subsequent missions tested [music] these<00:25:57.160> snacks<00:25:57.720> alongside<00:25:58.480> rehydratable 00:25:59.310 --> 00:25:59.320 align:start position:0% these snacks alongside rehydratable 00:25:59.320 --> 00:26:02.150 align:start position:0% these snacks alongside rehydratable meals,<00:26:00.160> eating<00:26:00.520> bacon<00:26:00.920> squares,<00:26:01.680> cinnamon 00:26:02.150 --> 00:26:02.160 align:start position:0% meals, eating bacon squares, cinnamon 00:26:02.160 --> 00:26:05.310 align:start position:0% meals, eating bacon squares, cinnamon bread<00:26:02.520> cubes,<00:26:03.320> strawberry<00:26:03.960> cereal<00:26:04.480> cubes, 00:26:05.310 --> 00:26:05.320 align:start position:0% bread cubes, strawberry cereal cubes, 00:26:05.320 --> 00:26:08.190 align:start position:0% bread cubes, strawberry cereal cubes, peanut<00:26:05.680> cubes,<00:26:06.520> chicken<00:26:06.840> sandwich<00:26:07.360> cubes, 00:26:08.190 --> 00:26:08.200 align:start position:0% peanut cubes, chicken sandwich cubes, 00:26:08.200 --> 00:26:11.350 align:start position:0% peanut cubes, chicken sandwich cubes, coconut<00:26:08.680> cubes,<00:26:09.480> and<00:26:09.800> brownie<00:26:10.240> cubes. 00:26:11.350 --> 00:26:11.360 align:start position:0% coconut cubes, and brownie cubes. 00:26:11.360 --> 00:26:14.430 align:start position:0% coconut cubes, and brownie cubes. Whilst<00:26:11.640> they<00:26:11.840> do<00:26:12.200> sound<00:26:12.640> tasty,<00:26:13.640> I'm<00:26:13.880> not<00:26:14.120> sure 00:26:14.430 --> 00:26:14.440 align:start position:0% Whilst they do sound tasty, I'm not sure 00:26:14.440 --> 00:26:15.990 align:start position:0% Whilst they do sound tasty, I'm not sure I'd<00:26:14.600> like<00:26:14.800> to<00:26:14.880> try<00:26:15.120> them. 00:26:15.990 --> 00:26:16.000 align:start position:0% I'd like to try them. 00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:17.590 align:start position:0% I'd like to try them. The<00:26:16.040> limited<00:26:16.440> food<00:26:16.640> choices<00:26:17.040> were<00:26:17.160> just<00:26:17.440> the 00:26:17.590 --> 00:26:17.600 align:start position:0% The limited food choices were just the 00:26:17.600 --> 00:26:19.430 align:start position:0% The limited food choices were just the tip<00:26:17.960> of<00:26:18.080> the<00:26:18.240> iceberg<00:26:18.760> when<00:26:18.880> it<00:26:19.000> came<00:26:19.240> to<00:26:19.320> the 00:26:19.430 --> 00:26:19.440 align:start position:0% tip of the iceberg when it came to the 00:26:19.440 --> 00:26:21.470 align:start position:0% tip of the iceberg when it came to the less<00:26:19.680> pleasant<00:26:20.120> conditions<00:26:20.600> the<00:26:20.680> Gemini<00:26:21.040> 7 00:26:21.470 --> 00:26:21.480 align:start position:0% less pleasant conditions the Gemini 7 00:26:21.480 --> 00:26:23.430 align:start position:0% less pleasant conditions the Gemini 7 astronauts<00:26:22.040> had<00:26:22.200> to<00:26:22.320> endure. 00:26:23.430 --> 00:26:23.440 align:start position:0% astronauts had to endure. 00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:26.230 align:start position:0% astronauts had to endure. By<00:26:23.560> day<00:26:23.800> 10,<00:26:24.400> the<00:26:24.520> trapped<00:26:24.960> body<00:26:25.320> odor<00:26:25.960> and 00:26:26.230 --> 00:26:26.240 align:start position:0% By day 10, the trapped body odor and 00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:28.270 align:start position:0% By day 10, the trapped body odor and stored<00:26:26.760> waste<00:26:27.160> inside<00:26:27.600> the<00:26:27.680> cramped, 00:26:28.270 --> 00:26:28.280 align:start position:0% stored waste inside the cramped, 00:26:28.280 --> 00:26:31.550 align:start position:0% stored waste inside the cramped, unwashed<00:26:28.760> capsule<00:26:29.640> were<00:26:30.000> overwhelming. 00:26:31.550 --> 00:26:31.560 align:start position:0% unwashed capsule were overwhelming. 00:26:31.560 --> 00:26:34.390 align:start position:0% unwashed capsule were overwhelming. The<00:26:31.600> crew<00:26:31.920> even<00:26:32.200> engaged<00:26:32.760> in<00:26:33.160> a<00:26:33.240> suit<00:26:33.760> war<00:26:34.240> with 00:26:34.390 --> 00:26:34.400 align:start position:0% The crew even engaged in a suit war with 00:26:34.400 --> 00:26:36.870 align:start position:0% The crew even engaged in a suit war with mission<00:26:34.680> control.<00:26:35.560> Doctors<00:26:35.960> insisted<00:26:36.760> at 00:26:36.870 --> 00:26:36.880 align:start position:0% mission control. Doctors insisted at 00:26:36.880 --> 00:26:38.870 align:start position:0% mission control. Doctors insisted at least<00:26:37.080> one<00:26:37.240> of<00:26:37.320> them<00:26:37.520> stay<00:26:37.840> suited<00:26:38.400> for<00:26:38.520> safety 00:26:38.870 --> 00:26:38.880 align:start position:0% least one of them stay suited for safety 00:26:38.880 --> 00:26:41.550 align:start position:0% least one of them stay suited for safety at<00:26:39.040> all<00:26:39.240> times,<00:26:40.000> but<00:26:40.160> the<00:26:40.240> stiff,<00:26:40.800> hot<00:26:41.080> suits 00:26:41.550 --> 00:26:41.560 align:start position:0% at all times, but the stiff, hot suits 00:26:41.560 --> 00:26:44.150 align:start position:0% at all times, but the stiff, hot suits were<00:26:41.680> causing<00:26:42.200> unbearable<00:26:43.000> misery. 00:26:44.150 --> 00:26:44.160 align:start position:0% were causing unbearable misery. 00:26:44.160 --> 00:26:46.630 align:start position:0% were causing unbearable misery. Borman<00:26:44.520> and<00:26:44.680> Lovell<00:26:45.360> eventually<00:26:45.920> reached<00:26:46.320> a 00:26:46.630 --> 00:26:46.640 align:start position:0% Borman and Lovell eventually reached a 00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:49.070 align:start position:0% Borman and Lovell eventually reached a mutiny<00:26:47.240> level<00:26:47.560> of<00:26:47.680> frustration,<00:26:48.560> finally 00:26:49.070 --> 00:26:49.080 align:start position:0% mutiny level of frustration, finally 00:26:49.080 --> 00:26:51.070 align:start position:0% mutiny level of frustration, finally winning<00:26:49.440> the<00:26:49.560> right<00:26:49.800> to<00:26:49.920> remove<00:26:50.320> them.<00:26:50.880> It<00:26:50.960> was 00:26:51.070 --> 00:26:51.080 align:start position:0% winning the right to remove them. It was 00:26:51.080 --> 00:26:53.070 align:start position:0% winning the right to remove them. It was a<00:26:51.160> psychological<00:26:51.840> victory<00:26:52.360> where<00:26:52.800> crew 00:26:53.070 --> 00:26:53.080 align:start position:0% a psychological victory where crew 00:26:53.080 --> 00:26:56.030 align:start position:0% a psychological victory where crew comfort<00:26:53.880> wasn't<00:26:54.160> a<00:26:54.200> luxury,<00:26:55.040> but<00:26:55.400> a<00:26:55.480> safety 00:26:56.030 --> 00:26:56.040 align:start position:0% comfort wasn't a luxury, but a safety 00:26:56.040 --> 00:26:57.390 align:start position:0% comfort wasn't a luxury, but a safety requirement. 00:26:57.390 --> 00:26:57.400 align:start position:0% requirement. 00:26:57.400 --> 00:26:59.110 align:start position:0% requirement. This<00:26:57.720> ultimately<00:26:58.240> led<00:26:58.520> to<00:26:58.600> the<00:26:58.680> Apollo 00:26:59.110 --> 00:26:59.120 align:start position:0% This ultimately led to the Apollo 00:26:59.120 --> 00:27:00.830 align:start position:0% This ultimately led to the Apollo astronauts<00:26:59.680> spending<00:27:00.040> the<00:27:00.120> majority<00:27:00.760> of 00:27:00.830 --> 00:27:00.840 align:start position:0% astronauts spending the majority of 00:27:00.840 --> 00:27:03.590 align:start position:0% astronauts spending the majority of their<00:27:01.000> trips<00:27:01.400> in<00:27:01.680> much<00:27:02.080> comfier<00:27:02.640> attire, 00:27:03.590 --> 00:27:03.600 align:start position:0% their trips in much comfier attire, 00:27:03.600 --> 00:27:05.870 align:start position:0% their trips in much comfier attire, flight<00:27:03.920> coveralls<00:27:04.480> or<00:27:04.720> undergarments, 00:27:05.870 --> 00:27:05.880 align:start position:0% flight coveralls or undergarments, 00:27:05.880 --> 00:27:08.310 align:start position:0% flight coveralls or undergarments, instead<00:27:06.600> saving<00:27:06.960> their<00:27:07.160> bulky<00:27:07.520> suits<00:27:08.040> for<00:27:08.160> the 00:27:08.310 --> 00:27:08.320 align:start position:0% instead saving their bulky suits for the 00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:10.510 align:start position:0% instead saving their bulky suits for the more<00:27:08.600> technical<00:27:09.200> and<00:27:09.520> dangerous<00:27:10.000> aspects<00:27:10.440> of 00:27:10.510 --> 00:27:10.520 align:start position:0% more technical and dangerous aspects of 00:27:10.520 --> 00:27:12.310 align:start position:0% more technical and dangerous aspects of the<00:27:10.640> mission<00:27:11.280> where,<00:27:11.640> should<00:27:11.840> anything<00:27:12.160> go 00:27:12.310 --> 00:27:12.320 align:start position:0% the mission where, should anything go 00:27:12.320 --> 00:27:14.110 align:start position:0% the mission where, should anything go wrong,<00:27:13.000> there<00:27:13.160> were<00:27:13.280> more<00:27:13.640> deadly 00:27:14.110 --> 00:27:14.120 align:start position:0% wrong, there were more deadly 00:27:14.120 --> 00:27:15.670 align:start position:0% wrong, there were more deadly consequences. 00:27:15.670 --> 00:27:15.680 align:start position:0% consequences. 00:27:15.680 --> 00:27:18.710 align:start position:0% consequences. This<00:27:15.840> was<00:27:16.360> the<00:27:16.480> launch,<00:27:17.280> spacewalks,<00:27:18.360> any 00:27:18.710 --> 00:27:18.720 align:start position:0% This was the launch, spacewalks, any 00:27:18.720 --> 00:27:20.830 align:start position:0% This was the launch, spacewalks, any other<00:27:19.000> technical<00:27:19.400> procedures,<00:27:20.080> and<00:27:20.240> then 00:27:20.830 --> 00:27:20.840 align:start position:0% other technical procedures, and then 00:27:20.840 --> 00:27:23.190 align:start position:0% other technical procedures, and then finally<00:27:21.800> re-entry. 00:27:23.190 --> 00:27:23.200 align:start position:0% finally re-entry. 00:27:23.200 --> 00:27:25.390 align:start position:0% finally re-entry. Getting<00:27:23.640> astronauts<00:27:24.160> back<00:27:24.400> to<00:27:24.520> Earth<00:27:24.680> safely 00:27:25.390 --> 00:27:25.400 align:start position:0% Getting astronauts back to Earth safely 00:27:25.400 --> 00:27:28.950 align:start position:0% Getting astronauts back to Earth safely is<00:27:25.600> easier<00:27:25.960> said<00:27:26.200> than<00:27:26.320> done. 00:27:28.950 --> 00:27:28.960 align:start position:0% 00:27:28.960 --> 00:27:31.110 align:start position:0% While<00:27:29.160> Mercury<00:27:29.600> capsules<00:27:30.160> were<00:27:30.520> largely 00:27:31.110 --> 00:27:31.120 align:start position:0% While Mercury capsules were largely 00:27:31.120 --> 00:27:33.430 align:start position:0% While Mercury capsules were largely passive<00:27:31.760> during<00:27:32.080> re-entry,<00:27:32.960> Gemini 00:27:33.430 --> 00:27:33.440 align:start position:0% passive during re-entry, Gemini 00:27:33.440 --> 00:27:36.110 align:start position:0% passive during re-entry, Gemini introduced<00:27:34.160> the<00:27:34.280> first<00:27:35.000> onboard<00:27:35.680> digital 00:27:36.110 --> 00:27:36.120 align:start position:0% introduced the first onboard digital 00:27:36.120 --> 00:27:39.110 align:start position:0% introduced the first onboard digital computer,<00:27:37.000> the<00:27:37.200> IBM-built<00:27:38.160> Gemini<00:27:38.640> guidance 00:27:39.110 --> 00:27:39.120 align:start position:0% computer, the IBM-built Gemini guidance 00:27:39.120 --> 00:27:41.550 align:start position:0% computer, the IBM-built Gemini guidance computer,<00:27:40.000> and<00:27:40.480> an<00:27:40.600> inertial<00:27:41.080> measurement 00:27:41.550 --> 00:27:41.560 align:start position:0% computer, and an inertial measurement 00:27:41.560 --> 00:27:44.510 align:start position:0% computer, and an inertial measurement unit<00:27:42.120> to<00:27:42.280> help<00:27:42.640> control<00:27:43.080> descent.<00:27:44.240> These 00:27:44.510 --> 00:27:44.520 align:start position:0% unit to help control descent. These 00:27:44.520 --> 00:27:46.390 align:start position:0% unit to help control descent. These tools<00:27:45.040> allowed<00:27:45.360> astronauts<00:27:45.760> to<00:27:45.920> actively 00:27:46.390 --> 00:27:46.400 align:start position:0% tools allowed astronauts to actively 00:27:46.400 --> 00:27:48.750 align:start position:0% tools allowed astronauts to actively steer<00:27:46.760> the<00:27:46.880> spacecraft<00:27:47.480> during<00:27:47.720> its<00:27:47.880> landing. 00:27:48.750 --> 00:27:48.760 align:start position:0% steer the spacecraft during its landing. 00:27:48.760 --> 00:27:50.750 align:start position:0% steer the spacecraft during its landing. By<00:27:48.920> rolling<00:27:49.400> the<00:27:49.480> capsule<00:27:50.080> to<00:27:50.240> shift<00:27:50.600> its 00:27:50.750 --> 00:27:50.760 align:start position:0% By rolling the capsule to shift its 00:27:50.760 --> 00:27:52.879 align:start position:0% By rolling the capsule to shift its center<00:27:51.080> of<00:27:51.240> lift,<00:27:51.840> a<00:27:51.880> technique<00:27:52.320> called 00:27:52.879 --> 00:27:52.889 align:start position:0% center of lift, a technique called 00:27:52.889 --> 00:27:55.270 align:start position:0% center of lift, a technique called [music]<00:27:52.960> lifting<00:27:53.440> re-entry,<00:27:54.560> crews<00:27:54.960> could 00:27:55.270 --> 00:27:55.280 align:start position:0% [music] lifting re-entry, crews could 00:27:55.280 --> 00:27:57.670 align:start position:0% [music] lifting re-entry, crews could actually<00:27:55.920> consistently<00:27:56.880> aim<00:27:57.160> towards<00:27:57.640> a 00:27:57.670 --> 00:27:57.680 align:start position:0% actually consistently aim towards a 00:27:57.680 --> 00:28:00.670 align:start position:0% actually consistently aim towards a specific<00:27:58.160> target<00:27:59.040> landing<00:27:59.960> rather<00:28:00.320> than<00:28:00.440> just 00:28:00.670 --> 00:28:00.680 align:start position:0% specific target landing rather than just 00:28:00.680 --> 00:28:01.830 align:start position:0% specific target landing rather than just falling. 00:28:01.830 --> 00:28:01.840 align:start position:0% falling. 00:28:01.840 --> 00:28:04.590 align:start position:0% falling. They<00:28:01.960> were<00:28:02.080> then<00:28:02.640> puzzled<00:28:03.200> when<00:28:03.480> Gemini<00:28:03.880> 3 00:28:04.590 --> 00:28:04.600 align:start position:0% They were then puzzled when Gemini 3 00:28:04.600 --> 00:28:07.110 align:start position:0% They were then puzzled when Gemini 3 missed<00:28:04.840> its<00:28:05.000> landing<00:28:05.360> target<00:28:05.840> by<00:28:05.989> [music]<00:28:06.280> 111 00:28:07.110 --> 00:28:07.120 align:start position:0% missed its landing target by [music] 111 00:28:07.120 --> 00:28:09.110 align:start position:0% missed its landing target by [music] 111 km. 00:28:09.110 --> 00:28:09.120 align:start position:0% km. 00:28:09.120 --> 00:28:10.390 align:start position:0% km. Eventually,<00:28:09.560> they<00:28:09.760> realized<00:28:10.200> that<00:28:10.280> the 00:28:10.390 --> 00:28:10.400 align:start position:0% Eventually, they realized that the 00:28:10.400 --> 00:28:12.270 align:start position:0% Eventually, they realized that the capsule<00:28:10.880> didn't<00:28:11.160> generate<00:28:11.640> as<00:28:11.760> much<00:28:11.960> lift<00:28:12.200> in 00:28:12.270 --> 00:28:12.280 align:start position:0% capsule didn't generate as much lift in 00:28:12.280 --> 00:28:13.790 align:start position:0% capsule didn't generate as much lift in the<00:28:12.400> atmosphere<00:28:12.840> as<00:28:12.960> their<00:28:13.120> mathematical 00:28:13.790 --> 00:28:13.800 align:start position:0% the atmosphere as their mathematical 00:28:13.800 --> 00:28:16.190 align:start position:0% the atmosphere as their mathematical models<00:28:14.120> expected.<00:28:15.240> So,<00:28:15.400> they<00:28:15.520> rebuilt<00:28:16.080> the 00:28:16.190 --> 00:28:16.200 align:start position:0% models expected. So, they rebuilt the 00:28:16.200 --> 00:28:18.510 align:start position:0% models expected. So, they rebuilt the aerodynamic<00:28:16.840> profiles<00:28:17.360> in<00:28:17.480> the<00:28:17.560> computer, 00:28:18.510 --> 00:28:18.520 align:start position:0% aerodynamic profiles in the computer, 00:28:18.520 --> 00:28:20.430 align:start position:0% aerodynamic profiles in the computer, and<00:28:18.640> by<00:28:18.760> the<00:28:18.880> end<00:28:19.080> of<00:28:19.120> the<00:28:19.240> Gemini<00:28:19.600> program, 00:28:20.430 --> 00:28:20.440 align:start position:0% and by the end of the Gemini program, 00:28:20.440 --> 00:28:23.750 align:start position:0% and by the end of the Gemini program, Buzz<00:28:20.720> Aldrin<00:28:21.200> and<00:28:21.440> Jim<00:28:21.720> Lovell<00:28:22.400> flew<00:28:22.840> a<00:28:23.160> fully 00:28:23.750 --> 00:28:23.760 align:start position:0% Buzz Aldrin and Jim Lovell flew a fully 00:28:23.760 --> 00:28:26.710 align:start position:0% Buzz Aldrin and Jim Lovell flew a fully automatic<00:28:24.440> re-entry,<00:28:25.360> splashing<00:28:25.880> down<00:28:26.360> just 00:28:26.710 --> 00:28:26.720 align:start position:0% automatic re-entry, splashing down just 00:28:26.720 --> 00:28:29.510 align:start position:0% automatic re-entry, splashing down just 4.8<00:28:27.600> km<00:28:28.280> from<00:28:28.440> their<00:28:28.600> recovery<00:28:29.080> ship<00:28:29.400> in 00:28:29.510 --> 00:28:29.520 align:start position:0% 4.8 km from their recovery ship in 00:28:29.520 --> 00:28:32.110 align:start position:0% 4.8 km from their recovery ship in Gemini<00:28:29.880> 12.<00:28:30.920> This<00:28:31.040> precision<00:28:31.640> was 00:28:32.110 --> 00:28:32.120 align:start position:0% Gemini 12. This precision was 00:28:32.120 --> 00:28:34.790 align:start position:0% Gemini 12. This precision was non-negotiable<00:28:33.240> for<00:28:33.400> Apollo.<00:28:34.400> Without<00:28:34.720> the 00:28:34.790 --> 00:28:34.800 align:start position:0% non-negotiable for Apollo. Without the 00:28:34.800 --> 00:28:37.110 align:start position:0% non-negotiable for Apollo. Without the ability<00:28:35.200> to<00:28:35.360> steer<00:28:35.760> through<00:28:36.080> the<00:28:36.200> atmosphere 00:28:37.110 --> 00:28:37.120 align:start position:0% ability to steer through the atmosphere 00:28:37.120 --> 00:28:39.190 align:start position:0% ability to steer through the atmosphere and<00:28:37.280> the<00:28:37.360> navigation<00:28:38.000> math<00:28:38.320> perfected<00:28:38.840> during 00:28:39.190 --> 00:28:39.200 align:start position:0% and the navigation math perfected during 00:28:39.200 --> 00:28:41.470 align:start position:0% and the navigation math perfected during Gemini's<00:28:39.720> rendezvous<00:28:40.200> maneuvers,<00:28:41.160> NASA 00:28:41.470 --> 00:28:41.480 align:start position:0% Gemini's rendezvous maneuvers, NASA 00:28:41.480 --> 00:28:43.150 align:start position:0% Gemini's rendezvous maneuvers, NASA could<00:28:41.720> never<00:28:42.160> have<00:28:42.320> guaranteed<00:28:42.840> a<00:28:42.880> safe 00:28:43.150 --> 00:28:43.160 align:start position:0% could never have guaranteed a safe 00:28:43.160 --> 00:28:45.230 align:start position:0% could never have guaranteed a safe return<00:28:43.560> from<00:28:43.720> the<00:28:43.800> moon<00:28:44.360> or<00:28:44.640> a<00:28:44.720> reliable 00:28:45.230 --> 00:28:45.240 align:start position:0% return from the moon or a reliable 00:28:45.240 --> 00:28:48.510 align:start position:0% return from the moon or a reliable pickup<00:28:45.640> in<00:28:45.720> the<00:28:45.880> vast<00:28:46.160> Pacific<00:28:46.640> Ocean. 00:28:48.510 --> 00:28:48.520 align:start position:0% pickup in the vast Pacific Ocean. 00:28:48.520 --> 00:28:50.790 align:start position:0% pickup in the vast Pacific Ocean. In<00:28:48.680> total,<00:28:49.120> the<00:28:49.240> Gemini<00:28:49.640> program<00:28:50.240> may<00:28:50.520> have 00:28:50.790 --> 00:28:50.800 align:start position:0% In total, the Gemini program may have 00:28:50.800 --> 00:28:53.139 align:start position:0% In total, the Gemini program may have only<00:28:51.040> lasted<00:28:51.480> 20<00:28:51.800> months,<00:28:52.480> but<00:28:52.640> in<00:28:52.760> that<00:28:52.960> time 00:28:53.139 --> 00:28:53.149 align:start position:0% only lasted 20 months, but in that time 00:28:53.149 --> 00:28:55.310 align:start position:0% only lasted 20 months, but in that time [music]<00:28:53.240> it<00:28:53.360> carried<00:28:53.720> out<00:28:53.920> 10<00:28:54.440> missions, 00:28:55.310 --> 00:28:55.320 align:start position:0% [music] it carried out 10 missions, 00:28:55.320 --> 00:28:57.870 align:start position:0% [music] it carried out 10 missions, taking<00:28:55.680> 16<00:28:56.400> astronauts<00:28:57.040> beyond<00:28:57.480> the<00:28:57.560> realms 00:28:57.870 --> 00:28:57.880 align:start position:0% taking 16 astronauts beyond the realms 00:28:57.880 --> 00:29:00.270 align:start position:0% taking 16 astronauts beyond the realms of<00:28:58.000> our<00:28:58.120> planet,<00:28:58.960> and<00:28:59.080> in<00:28:59.200> doing<00:28:59.520> so,<00:29:00.120> it 00:29:00.270 --> 00:29:00.280 align:start position:0% of our planet, and in doing so, it 00:29:00.280 --> 00:29:02.550 align:start position:0% of our planet, and in doing so, it changed<00:29:00.720> the<00:29:00.840> face<00:29:01.400> of<00:29:01.560> human<00:29:01.880> space<00:29:02.160> travel 00:29:02.550 --> 00:29:02.560 align:start position:0% changed the face of human space travel 00:29:02.560 --> 00:29:03.910 align:start position:0% changed the face of human space travel forever. 00:29:03.910 --> 00:29:03.920 align:start position:0% forever. 00:29:03.920 --> 00:29:06.150 align:start position:0% forever. Where<00:29:04.080> Mercury<00:29:04.680> had<00:29:04.880> proven<00:29:05.400> humans<00:29:05.880> could 00:29:06.150 --> 00:29:06.160 align:start position:0% Where Mercury had proven humans could 00:29:06.160 --> 00:29:08.550 align:start position:0% Where Mercury had proven humans could exist<00:29:06.520> in<00:29:06.640> space,<00:29:07.480> it<00:29:07.600> was<00:29:07.840> Gemini<00:29:08.360> that 00:29:08.550 --> 00:29:08.560 align:start position:0% exist in space, it was Gemini that 00:29:08.560 --> 00:29:10.870 align:start position:0% exist in space, it was Gemini that allowed<00:29:08.880> us<00:29:09.000> to<00:29:09.160> stay<00:29:09.560> there,<00:29:10.280> turning<00:29:10.600> pipe 00:29:10.870 --> 00:29:10.880 align:start position:0% allowed us to stay there, turning pipe 00:29:10.880 --> 00:29:14.070 align:start position:0% allowed us to stay there, turning pipe dreams<00:29:11.560> into<00:29:12.080> a<00:29:12.160> reality<00:29:13.160> and<00:29:13.320> paving<00:29:13.760> the<00:29:13.840> way 00:29:14.070 --> 00:29:14.080 align:start position:0% dreams into a reality and paving the way 00:29:14.080 --> 00:29:15.910 align:start position:0% dreams into a reality and paving the way for<00:29:14.200> the<00:29:14.360> lunar<00:29:14.640> landings. 00:29:15.910 --> 00:29:15.920 align:start position:0% for the lunar landings. 00:29:15.920 --> 00:29:18.230 align:start position:0% for the lunar landings. Apollo<00:29:16.240> may<00:29:16.400> today<00:29:16.760> take<00:29:17.040> all<00:29:17.200> the<00:29:17.280> glory,<00:29:18.120> but 00:29:18.230 --> 00:29:18.240 align:start position:0% Apollo may today take all the glory, but 00:29:18.240 --> 00:29:20.270 align:start position:0% Apollo may today take all the glory, but I<00:29:18.280> hope<00:29:18.480> you<00:29:18.560> now<00:29:18.760> agree<00:29:19.040> that<00:29:19.240> it<00:29:19.360> was<00:29:19.720> Gemini 00:29:20.270 --> 00:29:20.280 align:start position:0% I hope you now agree that it was Gemini 00:29:20.280 --> 00:29:22.030 align:start position:0% I hope you now agree that it was Gemini that<00:29:20.520> laid<00:29:20.800> the<00:29:20.920> groundwork<00:29:21.640> to<00:29:21.800> not<00:29:21.970> [music] 00:29:22.030 --> 00:29:22.040 align:start position:0% that laid the groundwork to not [music] 00:29:22.040 --> 00:29:24.190 align:start position:0% that laid the groundwork to not [music] only<00:29:22.240> get<00:29:22.480> us<00:29:22.600> to<00:29:22.680> the<00:29:22.800> moon,<00:29:23.240> but<00:29:23.600> home<00:29:23.920> again 00:29:24.190 --> 00:29:24.200 align:start position:0% only get us to the moon, but home again 00:29:24.200 --> 00:29:26.830 align:start position:0% only get us to the moon, but home again safely.<00:29:25.120> And<00:29:25.280> these<00:29:25.600> are<00:29:25.920> all<00:29:26.280> learnings<00:29:26.720> that 00:29:26.830 --> 00:29:26.840 align:start position:0% safely. And these are all learnings that 00:29:26.840 --> 00:29:28.790 align:start position:0% safely. And these are all learnings that are<00:29:26.920> still<00:29:27.280> very<00:29:27.560> much<00:29:27.800> in<00:29:27.880> use<00:29:28.080> today<00:29:28.560> as<00:29:28.680> we 00:29:28.790 --> 00:29:28.800 align:start position:0% are still very much in use today as we 00:29:28.800 --> 00:29:30.350 align:start position:0% are still very much in use today as we strive<00:29:29.080> to<00:29:29.160> get<00:29:29.320> back<00:29:29.560> to<00:29:29.640> the<00:29:29.720> lunar<00:29:30.000> surface 00:29:30.350 --> 00:29:30.360 align:start position:0% strive to get back to the lunar surface 00:29:30.360 --> 00:29:32.190 align:start position:0% strive to get back to the lunar surface with<00:29:30.480> the<00:29:30.720> Artemis<00:29:31.160> program,<00:29:32.000> and<00:29:32.120> then 00:29:32.190 --> 00:29:32.200 align:start position:0% with the Artemis program, and then 00:29:32.200 --> 00:29:35.670 align:start position:0% with the Artemis program, and then perhaps<00:29:32.600> even<00:29:33.120> look<00:29:33.320> beyond<00:29:33.960> to<00:29:34.080> Mars. 00:29:35.670 --> 00:29:35.680 align:start position:0% perhaps even look beyond to Mars. 00:29:35.680 --> 00:29:37.750 align:start position:0% perhaps even look beyond to Mars. As<00:29:35.840> we<00:29:35.960> do<00:29:36.160> so,<00:29:36.400> we'll<00:29:36.640> be<00:29:36.800> using<00:29:37.200> the<00:29:37.320> same 00:29:37.750 --> 00:29:37.760 align:start position:0% As we do so, we'll be using the same 00:29:37.760 --> 00:29:40.300 align:start position:0% As we do so, we'll be using the same fundamental<00:29:38.400> physics<00:29:38.840> and<00:29:39.040> hard-won<00:29:39.680> lessons 00:29:40.300 --> 00:29:40.310 align:start position:0% fundamental physics and hard-won lessons 00:29:40.310 --> 00:29:40.510 align:start position:0% fundamental physics and hard-won lessons >> [music] 00:29:40.510 --> 00:29:40.520 align:start position:0% >> [music] 00:29:40.520 --> 00:29:42.870 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> first<00:29:40.800> mastered<00:29:41.480> by<00:29:41.600> the<00:29:41.720> pioneers<00:29:42.720> of 00:29:42.870 --> 00:29:42.880 align:start position:0% >> first mastered by the pioneers of 00:29:42.880 --> 00:29:45.430 align:start position:0% >> first mastered by the pioneers of Gemini. 00:29:45.430 --> 00:29:45.440 align:start position:0% Gemini. 00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:50.710 align:start position:0% Gemini. >> That's<00:29:45.680> one<00:29:46.080> small<00:29:46.640> step<00:29:47.120> for<00:29:47.280> man, 00:29:50.710 --> 00:29:50.720 align:start position:0% 00:29:50.720 --> 00:29:51.790 align:start position:0% one 00:29:51.790 --> 00:29:51.800 align:start position:0% one 00:29:51.800 --> 00:29:57.230 align:start position:0% one giant<00:29:52.160> leap<00:29:52.520> for<00:29:52.680> mankind. 00:29:57.230 --> 00:29:57.240 align:start position:0% 00:29:57.240 --> 00:29:58.950 align:start position:0% >> You<00:29:57.360> may<00:29:57.520> have<00:29:57.640> noticed<00:29:58.040> this<00:29:58.240> video<00:29:58.640> didn't 00:29:58.950 --> 00:29:58.960 align:start position:0% >> You may have noticed this video didn't 00:29:58.960 --> 00:30:01.430 align:start position:0% >> You may have noticed this video didn't have<00:29:59.280> any<00:29:59.480> sponsors,<00:30:00.560> and<00:30:00.680> that's<00:30:00.880> because<00:30:01.320> it 00:30:01.430 --> 00:30:01.440 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it 00:30:01.440 --> 00:30:03.710 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it was<00:30:01.640> brought<00:30:01.960> to<00:30:02.120> you<00:30:02.400> by<00:30:02.680> our<00:30:02.960> astronauts<00:30:03.600> on 00:30:03.710 --> 00:30:03.720 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on 00:30:03.720 --> 00:30:04.870 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on Patreon. 00:30:04.870 --> 00:30:04.880 align:start position:0% Patreon. 00:30:04.880 --> 00:30:06.670 align:start position:0% Patreon. Consider<00:30:05.240> joining<00:30:05.640> our<00:30:05.800> Patreon<00:30:06.280> to<00:30:06.400> keep 00:30:06.670 --> 00:30:06.680 align:start position:0% Consider joining our Patreon to keep 00:30:06.680 --> 00:30:08.670 align:start position:0% Consider joining our Patreon to keep these<00:30:06.880> videos<00:30:07.240> thriving<00:30:07.920> even<00:30:08.360> when<00:30:08.520> they're 00:30:08.670 --> 00:30:08.680 align:start position:0% these videos thriving even when they're 00:30:08.680 --> 00:30:10.910 align:start position:0% these videos thriving even when they're sponsor-free.<00:30:10.000> It's<00:30:10.160> the<00:30:10.280> reason<00:30:10.600> we<00:30:10.720> can 00:30:10.910 --> 00:30:10.920 align:start position:0% sponsor-free. It's the reason we can 00:30:10.920 --> 00:30:13.270 align:start position:0% sponsor-free. It's the reason we can research<00:30:11.400> deep<00:30:11.840> into<00:30:12.040> the<00:30:12.160> topics<00:30:12.520> we<00:30:12.680> love 00:30:13.270 --> 00:30:13.280 align:start position:0% research deep into the topics we love 00:30:13.280 --> 00:30:15.030 align:start position:0% research deep into the topics we love without<00:30:13.600> cutting<00:30:13.960> corners<00:30:14.440> or<00:30:14.640> chasing 00:30:15.030 --> 00:30:15.040 align:start position:0% without cutting corners or chasing 00:30:15.040 --> 00:30:16.190 align:start position:0% without cutting corners or chasing clicks. 00:30:16.190 --> 00:30:16.200 align:start position:0% clicks. 00:30:16.200 --> 00:30:18.550 align:start position:0% clicks. Every<00:30:16.480> new<00:30:16.720> astronaut<00:30:17.440> allows<00:30:17.840> us<00:30:17.960> to<00:30:18.080> explore 00:30:18.550 --> 00:30:18.560 align:start position:0% Every new astronaut allows us to explore 00:30:18.560 --> 00:30:21.670 align:start position:0% Every new astronaut allows us to explore bigger<00:30:18.960> ideas<00:30:19.920> and<00:30:20.160> make<00:30:20.480> every<00:30:20.720> upload<00:30:21.360> even 00:30:21.670 --> 00:30:21.680 align:start position:0% bigger ideas and make every upload even 00:30:21.680 --> 00:30:24.270 align:start position:0% bigger ideas and make every upload even better<00:30:21.960> than<00:30:22.160> the<00:30:22.240> last.<00:30:23.320> So,<00:30:23.560> if<00:30:23.760> you've<00:30:24.040> ever 00:30:24.270 --> 00:30:24.280 align:start position:0% better than the last. So, if you've ever 00:30:24.280 --> 00:30:25.670 align:start position:0% better than the last. So, if you've ever thought<00:30:24.600> about<00:30:24.800> being<00:30:25.040> a<00:30:25.080> bigger<00:30:25.360> part<00:30:25.600> of 00:30:25.670 --> 00:30:25.680 align:start position:0% thought about being a bigger part of 00:30:25.680 --> 00:30:27.950 align:start position:0% thought about being a bigger part of this<00:30:25.840> channel,<00:30:26.560> join<00:30:26.840> the<00:30:26.920> crew<00:30:27.400> to<00:30:27.560> power 00:30:27.950 --> 00:30:27.960 align:start position:0% this channel, join the crew to power 00:30:27.960 --> 00:30:33.040 align:start position:0% this channel, join the crew to power Astrum<00:30:28.720> and<00:30:28.880> keep<00:30:29.240> space<00:30:29.760> curiosity<00:30:30.480> alive.